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UNIVERSITY  OF 
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U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE 
STATES  RELATIONS  SERVICE 

A.  C  TRDB.  DBBCTM 


EXPERIMENT 

STATION 

RECORD 


VOLUME   XL 

JANUARY-JUNE,  1919 


WASHIMOTON 

OOVBRNBfZNT  PUNTIMO  OfflCI 

1920 


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U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTUIE, 

8cientifi4:  Bwreaut. 

Weathbb  Bureau— O.  F.  Marvin,  Ckitf. 

BuBEAU  OF  Animal  Industry— J.  R.  Mohler,  Chief, 

Bureau  op  Plant  Industry— W.  A.  Taylor,  ChArf, 

Forest  Service — H.  S.  Graves,  Foreiter. 

Bureau  op  Soils— Milton  Whitney,  Ckief. 

Bureau  op  Chemistry — C.  L.  Alsberg,  CkUf. 

Bureau  op  Crop  Estimates— L.  M.  Estabrook,  StatiBtkian^ 

Bureau  of  Entomology — ^L.  0.  Howard,  Entomologist. 

Bureau  op  Biological  Survey— B.  W.  Nelson,  Chitf, 

Bureau  op  Public  Roads— T.  H.  McDonald,  Director. 

Bureau  of  Markets — George  Livingston,  Acting  Chief. 


States  Relations  Service — ^A.  C.  True,  Director. 

Office  op  Experiment  Stations— E.  W.  Allen, 


THE  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS. 


fE.H.  Jenkins.! 


AULBAXA— 

College  Station:  Atklmm:  J.  F.  Dnggar.^ 

Canebrake  Station:  UnUnUown;  7.  M.  Bnrges8.i 

Tttskegee  Station:  Tutkegee  InttltuU;  O.  W. 
Carrer.i 
AiJJSEA—SUka:  C.  C.  Oeorgeson.* 
Abizona—  Tttcton.'  D.  W.  Working.! 
AvKASSAB—FayeUeviUe:  M.  Nelson.^ 
CAuroBJXU.— Berkeley:  H.  J.  Webber.^ 
Cojjoiujyo—Fort  OoOint:  C.  P.  0111ette.i 
CosnracncxjT — 

State  Station:  New  Havens 

Storrs  Station:  5(orrfl;        | 
Delaware— iVtfwark.'  H.  Hayward.i 
VhOWDA—QaineeviUe:  P.  H.  RoU8.> 
Qkqboix— Experiment:  H.  P.  Stuckey.i 
Guam— fttofid  ofQwim:  C.  W.  Edwards.' 
Hawaq^ 

Federal  Station:  ffonotolu;  J.  M.  Westgate.* 

Sugar   Planters'  Station:   HomAul^;  H.   P. 
Agee.i 
Idaho— ifofeow:  E.  J.  Iddlngs.^ 
Illinois—  Vrtana:  E.  Dayenport.i 
Induna— Za  Fayette:  C.  O.  Woodbory.i 
Iowa— -i TOM.*  C.  F.  Curtiss.^ 
KAJXBAS^ManhattafL'  F.  D.  FaRell.> 
KKKTVCSY—LexingUm:  T.  P.  Coqper.i 
LouiaiA»A— 

State  Station:  BaUm  Rouge; 

Sugar  Station:  Audvbon  Park, 
New  Orleane; 

North  La.  Station:  CaJhoun: 

Rioe  Station:  Crowley; 
Maine— Orono:  C.  D.  Woods.* 
Maetland— Cbfle^ePork;  H.  J.  Patterson.i 
MAflSACSUSBTTS— ilmft«r«t'  F.W.  Morae.4 
Michxoam— JSSMt  Lantlng:  R.  S.  Shaw.i 
MniNEaoTA— Dhioertfly  Farm,  St.  Pavl-  R. 

Tbatdier.i 
ytamumm—A  yrietdtoral  OoOeye:  J.  R.  Ricks.l 

1  Director.       *  AgrooonUst  in  cbaige.       < 


>W.  R.  Dodsoa.1 


MiQBOuni— 

Codege  Station:  CbtemMo;  F.  B.  Miii]ifoid.> 
Fruit  Station:  Ifouiitete  Orooe:  F.  W.  Fawoti 
Montana- Bofeman:  F.  B.  Unfleld.' 
NEBBAfiKA— JDineoIfL*  E.  A.  Banett.* 
Nevada- £eno.'  S.  B.  Doten.^ 
New  Hampshibe— DttfAam.-  J.  C.  EendalLi 
New  Tbbsbt— 5h0  Bruntwkk:  7.  G.  Lipin«ii.i 
New  MEZX00-i9(at<  OolUye:  Fabian  Gaicla.i 
New  York— 

State  Station:  Oet^eva:  W.  H.  7ordan.> 
Cornell  Station:  Ithaca;  A.  R.  Mann.^ 
North  Carolina— JZote^^A  and  Weei  RaUlgk:  B. 

W.  Kilgore.! 
North  Dakota— AgrknUwal  OaOtye:  P.  F.  Trow* 

bridge.1 
Omo—  Wootter:  C.  B.  Thorae.> 
Obllahoua— SliZtiMter.'  H.  G.  Kni^t.> 
Oregon— Omwtttt:  A.  B.  Cocdley.> 

PSNN8TLTAMIA— 

State  College:  R.  L.  Watt8.i 
State  OoBege:  Institute  of  Animal  Nutrltioo; 
H.  P.  Annsby.> 
Porto  Rioo— 

Federal  Stotltm:  MayagueK  D.  W.  ICay.* 
Insular  Station:  Bio  Piedrae;  E.  D.  Coldn.1 
Rhode  Island— fin^tton:  B.  L.  Hartwell.> 
South  Carolou— Clenwon  CoOege:  H.  W.  Bairei> 
South  Dakota— JBroofclivr  J.  W.  WUsoa.! 
Tennessee— JrnosdOe:  H.  A.  Morgan.^ 
Texas— Cb0«9«  Station:  B.  Yoongblood.i 
VuBr-Logan:  F.  S.  Harris.* 
Vermont— Bttrlifvfon.-  J.  L.  HUls.* 
VmoiNiA— 

Blacketurg:  A.  W.  Drinkardjr.i 
Norfolk:  Truck  Station:  T.  C.  Johnson.^ 
Vmam  Islands— A.  {>oiz:  Longfleld  SmitlLS 
Wabbinoton— Pufiman.'  E.  C.  Johnson.^ 
Wbbc  "VntmoL—Morgantown:  7.  L.  Coulter.* 
WxacoNBiN— Ifodifoii;  H.  L.  Russell.* 
Wtoionq— Xaromie;  A.  D.  Faville.* 
Animal  husbandman  in  charge.       <  Aeting  direetor. 


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EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 

Kditor:  E.  W.  AI^LEN,  Ph.  D.,  Chief,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations. 
AABOciate  Editor :  H.  L.  KmoHT. 

EDITOBIAL  DEPABTMENTB. 

Aj^caltnral  Chemistry  and  Agrotechny — Sybil  L.  Smith. 

{W.  H.  Beal. 
J,  D.  LUCKBIT. 

•.         •.    ^  ,        fW.  H.  Evans,  Ph.  D. 
Agricalturol  Botany,  Bacteriology,  and  Plant  Pathology  <^^  ^  Botd. 

Field  C?P0i»— J.  D.  LucKBTT. 

Horticulture  and  Forestry — ^E.  J.  Glasson. 

Eoooomic  Zoology  and  Entomology— W.  A.  Hooksb,  D.  V.  M. 

IC.  F.  LanOwobtht,  Ph.  D.,  D.  Sc 
Sybil  L.  Smith. 
KTJr.ABETH  B.  BoWEB. 

Animal  Husbandry,  Dairying,  and  Dairy  Farming— F.  J.  Kelley. 

{W.  Ai  HOOKEB. 
Sybil  L.  Skith. 
Boral  Ibslneering— B.  W.  Tbdixirosb.* 

fB.  Mebbitt. 
Bnral  Bconomlcs  jj^^^  Mabbiit. 

{A.  DlLLE. 
MiJOE  T.  Spithmanr. 
Indexea — Amw.ta  B.  Dears. 


CONTENTS  OF  VOLUME  XL. 


EDITORIAL  NOTES. 

Tlie  present  position  and  outlook  of  the  stations 1 

Some  effects  of  association 2 

The  need  for  safeguarding  agricultural  Investigation 6 

The  Rothamsted  Station  in  war  time 101 

Suggestions  for  agricultural  education  and  research  in  Victoria 105 

Birmingham  meeting  of  the  Southern  Agricultural  Workers 801 

Abstract  journals  after  the  war 804 

The  return  of  station  workers  from  war  service 401 

The  influence  of  the  war  on  station  work  in  the  future 408 

Tlie  organization  of  agricultural  research  in  India 601 

Science  and  prophecy 701 

Btanents  of  progress  in  research 702 

long-continned  projects 706 

^On  leave  of  abeenee  for  military  service. 

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IV  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  CToI.40 

STATION  PUBLICATIONS  ABSTRACTED. 

AI.ABAHA  College  Station  :  Pac% 

Bulletin  202,  June,  1918 ^ 829 

Bulletin  203^  November,  1918 828 

Bulletin  204,  June,  1918 24 

Bulletin  205,  September,  1918 141 

Bulletin  20e,  December,  1918 ^ 667 

Circular  39,  December,  1918 655 

Thirty-first  Annual  Report,  1918 728, 752, 772, 778, 796 

Alabama  Tuskegeb  Station  : 

Bulletin  87, 1918 287 

Arkansas  Station: 

BuUetin  150,  June,  1918 166 

BuUetln  154,  July,  1918 165 

Bulletin  156,  August,  1918 18 

BuUetin  157,  December,  1918 437 

Bulletin  158,  December,  1918 726, 742, 772, 796 

Circular  44,  September,  1918 488 

Circular  45,  October,  1918 279 

arcular  46,  October,  1918 245 

Caufobnia  Station: 

BuUetin  299,  September,  1918 90 

BuUetin  800,  November,  1918 222 

BuUetin  801,  November,  1918 875 

Bulletin  802,  December,  1918 850 

Bulletin  803,  January,  1919 414 

Bulletin  804,  January,  1919 539 

BuUetin  805,  February,  1919 878 

Circular  204,  August,  1918 54S 

Circular  205,  August,  1918 84 

Circular  206,  February,  1919 676 

Circular  207,  February,  1919 675 

Circular  208,  February,  1919 789 

Report,  1918 , 500 

Colorado  Station: 

Bulletin  247,  July,  1918 39 

Bulletin  248,  November,  1918 536 

BuUetin  549,  October,  1918 524 

Connecticut  State  Station  : 

Bulletin  207,  September,  1918 323 

Bulletin  208,  October,  1918 758 

BuUetin  209,  December,  1918 726 

CoNNBcnctrr  Stobbs  Station  : 

BuUetin  96,  June,  1918 670 

BuUetin  97,  November,  1918 651 

Bulletin  98,  January,  1918 673 

Bulletin  99,  August,  1918 675 

Flobida  Station: 

Bulletin  150,  August,  1918 158 


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1W91                                                     CONTENTS.  V 

Guam  Station:  Pace^ 

Report,  lftl7 . 327, 839, 344, 3e6»  372, 396 

Hawaiiai?  St7gab  Pxanters'  Station  : 

Report  Experiment  StaUcm  CJommittee,  1918 634, 854 

Idaho  Station: 

Bolletiii  no,  June  1918 17 

Bnlletin  111,  Septwnber,   1918 90 

BuUetln  112.  December,  1918 854 

Carcular  7,  March,  1919 786 

luiNois  Station: 

Bnlletin   212,    January,  1919 .  423 

BuUeUn  213,   January,   1919 450 

BnUetin  214,  February,  1919 443 

BuUetin  215.  February,  1919 773 

BuUetln  216,   April,   1919 878 

Circular  230,  September  1918 90 

Circular  231,   September,   1918 44 

Circular  232,  October,  1918 44 

Orcular  238,  March,  1919 742 

Circular  234,  March.  1919 879 

SoU  Report  18.  November,  1918 514 

Thirtieth  Annual  Report,  1917 198 

Indiana  Station: 

BuUetin  217,  August,  1918 72 

,       BuUetin  218,  August,  1918 76 

Bulletin  219,  September,  1918 668 

Bulletin  222,  September,  1918 514 

Bulletin  224,  September.  1918 526 

Bulletin  225,  January,  1919 735 

Circular  84,  October,  1918 292 

Circular  85,  December,  1918 788 

Circular  87,  November,  1918 834 

Circular  89,  January,  1919 788 

Thirty-first  Annual  Report,  1918 738, 752, 773, 783, 796 

Iowa  Station: 

Bulletin  178,  May,  1918 77 

Bulletin  179.  November,  1918 755 

Bulletin  179  (abridged),  April,  1918 755 

Bulletin  180.  May,  1918 1 81 

Bulletin  181,  October,  1918 367 

Bulletin  182,  October,  1918 369 

Bulletin  183,  January,  1919 717 

Bulletin  184,  December,  1918 593 

Bulletin  185,  January,  1919 874 

Research  Bulletin  45,  February,  1918 617 

Research  Bulletin  46,  February,  1918 71 

Research  Bulletin  47.  March,  1918 775 

Research  Bulletin  48,  August,  1918 767 

Circular  53,  September,  1918 36 

Circular  54,  September,  1918 379 

Soil  Survey  Report  2,  January,  1918 216 

Soil  Survey  Report  3,  April,  1918 216 

Annual  Report,  1917 328,341,388,897 


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YI  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECORD.  [Vol.40 

Kansas  Station:  Pac«. 

Circular  69,  Angost,  1918 86 

Inspection  Circular  8,  December,  1918 472 

Report,    1917 319,329,340,344,352,361.369,371,372,388.397 

Kentucky  Station: 

Bulletin  217,  July.  1918 78 

Circular  22,  July,  1918 635 

Circular  23.  November.  1918 573 

Mains  Station  : 

Bulletin  272,  August,  1918 867 

Bulletin  273,  October,  1918 357 

Bulletin  274.  December,  1918 i 872 

Official  Inspection  87,  January.  1918 461 

Official  Inspection  88,  July  1918 443 

Official  Inspection  89,  August,  1918 470 

Official  Inspection  90,  October,  1918 424 

Mabtland  Station: 

Bulletin  217,  June,  1918 178 

Bulletin  218,  June,  1918 150 

Bulletin  219,  August,  1918 146 

Bulletin   220.   September,   1918 535 

Bulletin  221,  September,  1918 571 

Bulletin  222,  September,  1918 741 

Bulletin  223,  October,  1918 756 

Bulletin  224,   December,   1918 831* 

Thirty-first  Annual  Report,  1918 494 

Massachusetts  Station: 

Bulletin    184,    July,    1918 549 

Bulletin  185,  July,  1918 536 

Control  Series  Bulletin  9,  October,  1918 517 

Control  Series  Bulletin  10,  October,  1918 571,574 

Meteorological  Bulletins  359-360,  November-December,  1918 210 

Meteorological  Bulletins  361-362,  January-February,  1919 511 

Michigan  Station: 

Bulletin  282.  September,  1918 571 

Technical  Bulletin  42,  March,  1918 20 

Technical  Bulletin  43,  November,  1918 512 

Special  Bulletin  90,  October,  1918 731,788,796 

Special  Bulletin  91,  December,  1918 517 

Quarterly  Bulletin,  vol.  1 — 

No.  1,  August,  1918 39,49,64,72,75,76,88,97 

No.  2,  November,  1918 768,789,797 

Minnesota  Station: 

Bulletin  175,  July,  1918 338 

BuUetin    176,    July,   1918 339 

Bulletin  177,  September,  1918 377 

Twenty-sixth  Annual  Report,  1918 715, 

731, 732, 734, 740, 742, 745. 761, 771. 784, 797 
Mississippi  Station: 

Bulletin  184,  February,  1918 234 

Technical  Bulletin  8,  June,  1918 285 


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1«W3                                                      COKTBNTS.  Vn 

Miaaousi  Station:  Page. 

Bulletin  15e,  July.  1918 281 

Bulletin  157,  July,  1918 218 

Bulletin  159,  October,  1918 574 

Bulletin  160,  January,  1919 022 

Research  Bulletin  28,  June,  1918 567 

Research  Bulletin  29,  July,  1918 455 

Research  Bulletin  SI,  August,  1918 877 

Research  Bulletin  32,  September,  1918 836 

MusoTTsi  Fbtht  Station  : 

Circular  10,  December,  1917 341 

Circular  11,  May,  1918 842 

Circular  12,  October,  1918 841 

Circular  18,  November,  1918 _* 341 

Montana  Station: 

BuUetin  123,  February,  1918 452,459 

Bulletin  124,  February,  1918 452 

BuUetin  125,  March,  1918 443 

Circular  77,  February,  1918 452,459 

Circular  78,  March,  1918 447 

Circular  79.  March,  1918 473, 485 

Twenty-fourth  Annual  Report,  1917 417, 

419, 429, 444, 449, 452, 470, 472, 488, 494 

Nbbaska  Station: 

Bulletin  169,  December.  1918 521 

Bulletin  170,  October,  1918 569 

Kkw  Haicpshibb  Station  : 

Scientific  Contribution  1 277 

Nkw  Jkbsbt  Stations: 

BuUetin  317  (Report,  1917),  November,  1917 125,187.162,177,198 

BuUetin  820,  July,  1917 473 

BuUetin  327,  May,  1918 665 

BuUetin  828,  February,  1918 649 

Bulletin  329,  March,  1918 570 

Bulletin  380,  August,  1918 797 

Circular  92.  October,  1917 856 

Circular  97,  March,  1918 645 

arcular  98,  March,  1918 645 

Circular  99,  September,  1918 638 

Circular  100,  January,  1918 753 

Circular  101,  November,  1918 772 

Circular  102,  November,  1918 747 

Circular  103,  February,  1919 742 

Circular  104,  Decend)er,  1918 748 

ClTcnlar  105,  January,  1919 747 

Hints  to  Poultrym^,  voL  7— 

Na  1,  October,  1918 78 

No.  2,  November,  1918 280 

No.  8,  December,  1918 372 

Nbw  Mmco  Station: 

Bulletin  111,  April,  1918 86 

BuUetin  112,  May,  1918 '^4 


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Vni  EXPEBIME17T  STATION  BBCOBD.  [Vol.40 

Nsw  Mezioo  Station— Oontinued.  Paca 

Bulletin  113,  June,  1918 18 

Bulletin  114,  July.  1918 277 

BuUetin  115,  August,  1918 888 

Nsw  YoBK  Cornell  Station  : 

Memoir  16,  November,  1918 496 

Memoir  17,  December,  1918 719 

Memoir  18,  January,  1919 777 

Memoir  19,  February,  1919 820 

Thlrty-flrst  Annual  Report,  1918 694 

New  Yobk  State  Station  : 

Bulletin  444,  December,  1917 68 

Bulletin  445,  December,  1917 97 

Thirty-sixth  Annual  Report,  1917 511,  599 

Nobth  Oabouna  Station: 

Farmers*  Market  Bulletin,  voL  5,  No.  25,  November  7,  1918 294 

Nobth  Dakota  Station: 

Bulletin  127.  July,  1918 75 

Special  Bulletin,  voL  5 — 

No.  5,  July,  1918 961 

Na  6,  August,  1918 145 

No.  7,  December.  1918 559,  588 

Ohio  Station: 

BuUetin  325  (Thirty-seventh  Annual  Report,  1918),  June,  1918 198 

Bulletin  829,  September,  1918 167 

Bulletin  830,  September,  1918 878 

Bulletin  831,  November,  1918 592 

Monthly  Bulletin— 
Volume  8— 

No.  10,  October,  1918 126, 149, 158, 172, 173, 196 

No.  11,  Nov«nber,  1918 278.  292,  296 

No.  12,  December,  1918 334,342,375,879,997 

Volume  4 — 

No.  1,  January,  1919 341,  342,  375,  397 

No.  2,   February,  1910 639,640,658,694 

No.  3,  March,  1919 724,  736,  788,  744.  747,  754.  772,  797 

Oklahoma  Station: 

Bulletin  119,  July,  1918 290 

Bulletin  120,  October,  1918 278 

Bulletin  121,  December,  1918 366 

Bulletin  122,  March,  1919 804 

Circular  44,  January,  1918 76 

Twenty-sixth  Annual  Report,  1917 19,82,42,65,74,75,81,97 

Twenty-seventh  Annual  Report,  1918 608,617,624,638,644,676,683,694 

Obegon  Station: 

Bulletin  149,  January,  1918 40 

Bulletin  153,  June,  1918 54 

Bulletin  156,  December,  1918 576 

Bulletin  157,  January,  1919 687 

Bulletin  158,  Biarcfa,  1919 838 


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PnvNSTLVAiaA  Station:  Page. 

Bulletin  154,  January,  1919 038 

Bulletin  155,  February,  1919 723 

BuDetln  ISe,  March,  1919 848 

Bulletin  157,  Ajwll,  1919 816 

Iteio  Rico  Station  : 

Circular  16  (Spanish  edition),  October,  1918 66 

Report,  1917 42,44.47,51,62,66.97 

Shodb  Island  Station  : 

Bulletinl74,  May,  1918 685 

BuUetin  175,  June,  1918 628 

Inspection  Bulletin,  October,  1918 617 

Thirtieth  Annual  Beport,  1917 198 

South  Cj^hmuna  Station: 

BuUetin  197,  July,  1918 26 

Thirty-first  Annual  Report,  1918 624,643,647,672,694 

South  Dakota  Station: 

Bulletin  180,  Mardi,  1918 82 

Bulletin  181,  March,  1918 84 

TammsKK  Station: 

Bulletin  120,  July,  1918 * 662 

IkxAB  Station: 

Bulletin  229,  May,  1918 728 

Bulletin  280,  June,  1918 736 

Bulletin  231,  June,  1918 766 

Bulletin  232,  August,  1918 769 

Bulletin  233,  September,  1918 726 

Bulletin  234,  September,  1918 571 

BuUetin  285,  September,  1918 515 

BuUetin  236,  November,  1918 787 

Utah  Station: 

BuUetin  164,  September,  1918 227 

Bulletin  166^  October,  1918 - 888 

Circular  82,  September,  1918 71 

Circular  33,  September,  1918 278 

dreolar  84,  December,  1918 - 633 

Circular  85,  December,  1918 473 

Circular  36,  January,  1919 785 

Clrciilar  37,  January,  1919 435 

Circular  38,  December,  1918 483 

Circolar  39,  December,  1918 599 

VnoiNu  Station: 

Bulletin  220,  Noyember,  1918 845 

Washihoton  Station: 

BuUetin  151,  December,  1918 642 

BuUetin  158  (Twenty-eighth  Annual  Report,  1918),  January,  1919.  719, 

730, 740, 745. 753, 762, 770, 771, 797 

Popular  Bulletin  115.  August,  1918 ^ 

Popular  BuUetin  116,  January,  1919 636 


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X  EXPEBIMENT  STATXOH  BEGOBD.  [VoL^O 

Washington  Station— Continued. 

Weetem  Washington  Station  Monthly  Bulletin^  vol.  6—  Page. 

No.  7,  October,  1918 »7 

No.  8,  November,  1918 245,280.296 

No.  9,  December,  1918 340, 37d»  387, 397 

No.  10,  January,  1919 422,485.^4 

No.  11,  February,  1919 094 

No.  12,  March.  1919 742,743,764,797 

West  Yibginia  Station: 

Bulletin  167,  November,  1918 446 

Bulletin  168,  December,  1918 420 

Circular  29,  September,  1918 484 

Wisconsin  Station: 

BuUetln  295,  August,  1918 90 

BuUetln  296,  September,  1918 290 

Bulletin  297,  September,  1918 185 

Bulletin  298,  March,  1919 742 

Research  Bulletin  43,  January,  1919 761 

Research  Bulletin  44,  February,  1919 892 

Wyoming  Station: 

Bulletin  118,  December,  1918 630 

Bulletin  119,  December,  1918 636 

UNITED    STATES    DEPARTMENT    OF    AGRICULTURE    PUBLICATIONS 

ABSTRACTED. 

Annual  Reports,  1917 493 

Bulletin  391,  Accuracy  In  Commercial  Grading  of  Opened  Eggs,  M.  K. 

Jenkins  and  N.  Hendrlckson 872 

Bulletin  669,  The  Manufitcture  of  Neufchatel  and  Cream  Cheese  in  the 

Factory,  K.  J.  Matheson  and  F.  R.  Cammack 79 

BuUetln  677,  Soils  of  Southern  New  Jersey  and  Their  Uses,  J.  A.  BonsteeL.  Id 

Bulletin  703,  Miscellaneous  Truck  Crop  Insects  in  Louisiana,  T.  H.  Jones.  67 

Bulletin  709,  Reports  of  Storage  Holdings  of  Certain  Food  Products,  J.  O. 

Bell  and  I.  C.  Franklin 68 

BuUeUn  711,  Logging  in  the  Douglas  Fir  B^on,  W.  H.  QfbboDS.^ 152 

Bulletin  718,  Small  Sawmills:  Their  Equipment,  Construction,  and  Op- 
eration, D.  F.  Seerey 291 

Bulletin  719,  Women's  Rural  Organizations  and  Their  AcUTities,  Anne 

M.    Evans 93 

Bulletin  720,  Food  Habits  of  the  Mallard  Ducks  of  tbd  United  States, 

W.  L.  McAtee 254 

BuUetin  721,  The  Beet-sugar  Industry  in  the  United  States,  C.  O.  Towns- 
end 13« 

Bulletin  722,  A  Study  of  Heart-rot  in  Western  Hemlock,  J.  R.  Weir  and 

B.  E.  Hubert 159 

Bulletin  724,  Drainage  Methods  and  Foundations  for  County  Roads,  K 

W.  James,  V.  M.  Pierce,  and  C.  H.  Moorefield 291 

Bulletin  725,  A  Preliminary  Study  of  the  Bleaching  of  Oats  with  Sulphur 

Diozid,  G.  H.  Baston JB5 

Bulletin  726,  Farm  Practice  in  Growing  Sugar  Beets  for  Three  Districts 
in  Colorado,  1914-15,  L.  A.  Moorhouse,  R.  S.  Washburn,  T.  H.  Sum- 

metB,  and  S.  B.  Nuckols 188 


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M9}  CONTENTS.  XI 

Pac*. 

Biilletin  727,  AnthracQOse  of  Cucurbits,  M.  W.  Gardner 2oO 

Balletin  728,  Certain  Desert  Plants  as  Emergency  Stock  Feed,  B.  O. 
Wooton , 27ej 

Bulletin  730,  Papers  on  Dedduons  Fruit  Insects :  I,  The  Grape  Curcullo, 
and  II,  The  Grape  Root  Borer,  F.  E.  Brooks ;  III,  Experiments  In  the 
Control  of  the  Boot  Form  of  the  WooUy  Apple  Aphis,  B.  B.  Leach 256 

Bulletin  732,  Smyrna  Fig  Culture,  O.  P.  Elxford 149 

BuUetin  733,  Length  of  Cotton  Lint,  Crops  1916  and  1917,  W.  L.  Pryor..        34 

Bulletin  734,  Nematode  Galls  as  a  Factor  in  the  Marketing  and  Milling  of 
Wheat,  D.  A-  Coleman  and  S.  A.  Regan 144 

Balletin  735,  Farm  Practice  in  Growing  Sugar  Beets  in  the  Billings  Re- 
gions of  Montana,  S.  B.  Nuckols  and  E.  L.  Currier 139 

Bulletin  736,  The  Open  Shed  Compared  with  the  Closed  Barn  for  Dairy 
Cows,  T.  E.  Woodward,  W.  F.  Turner,  W.  R.  Hale,  and  J.  B.  McNulty.      177 

Bulletin  737,  The  Tobacco  Beetle :  An  Important  Pest  in  Tobacco  Prod- 
ucts, G.  A.  Runner 758 

Bulletin  738,  Effect  of  Grazing  upon  Western  Yellow  Pine  Reproduction 
to  Central  Idaho,  W.  N.  Sparhawk 343 

Bulletin  739,  The  Significance  of  the  Colon  Count  in  Raw  Milk,  S.  U. 
Ayers  and  P.  W.  Clemmer 376 

Bulletin  740,  A  Study  of  the  Chemical  Changes  which  Occur  in  Oysters 
during  Thehr  Preparation  for  the  Market,  E.  E.  Smith 459 

Bulletin  741,  Effect  of  Grazing  upon  Aspen  Reproduction,  A*  W.  Sampson.      448 

BuUetin  742,  Production  of  American  Egyptian  Cotton,  C.  S.  ScoHeld, 
T.  H.  Kearney,  C.  J.  Brand,  O.  F.  Cook,  and  W.  T.  Swingle 438 

Bulletin  744,  Cooling  Milk  and  Storing  and  Shipping  It  at  Low  Tempera- 
tures, J.  A.  Gamble  and  J.  T.  Bowen 475 

Bulletin  745,  Chopped  Soapweed  as  Emergency  Feed  for  Cattle  on  South- 
western Ranges,  C.  L.  Forsling 471 

Bulletin  747,  The  Economical  Use  of  Fuel  in  Milk  Plants  and  Creameries, 
J.  T.  Bowen 476 

Bulletin  748,  Farm  Practice  in  Growing  Sugar  Beets  In  Michigan  and 
Ohio,  R.  S.  Washburn,  L,  A.  Moorhouse,  T.  H.  Summers,  and 
C  0.  Townsend 440 

Bullettn  750,  A  Method  for  Preparing  a  Commercial  Grade  of  Calcium 
Arsenate,  J.  K.  Haywood  and  C.  M.  Smith 10 

Bulletin  758,  The  Use  of  Wood  for  Fuel 641 

Bulletin  756,  Pecan  Rosette  In  Relation  to  Soil  Deficiencies,  S.  M.  Me- 
Murran 544 

Bulletin  757,  Farm  Practices  in  Grain  Farming  in  North  Dakota,  0.  M. 
Hennis  and  R.  E.  Wlllard 735 

Bulletin  758,  Pulp-wood  Consumption  and  Wood-pulp  Production  in  1917, 
P.  H.  Smith 543 

Bulletin  760,  Farm  Practices  in  Growing  Sugar  Beets  in  Three  California 
Districts,  T.  H.  Summers,  L.  A.  Moorhouse,  R.  S.  Washburn,  and 
C.  O.  Townsend 737 

Bulletin  761,  A  Comparison  of  Concentrates  for  Fattening  Steers  in  the 
South,  W.  F.  Ward,  S.  S.  Jerdan,  and  E.  R.  Lloyd : 873 

Bulletin  762,  A  Comparison  of  Roughages  for  Fattening  Steers  in  the 
South,  W.  F.  Ward,  D.  T.  Gray,  and  B.  R.  Lloyd 665 

BuUetin  768,  Production  of  Lumber,  Lath,  and  Shingles  in  1917,  F.  H. 
Smith  and  A.  H.  Pierson 848 


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Xn  EXPEBIMEKT  STATION  BECOBD.  [Vol  40 

Bulletin  709,  The  Production  and  Conservation  of  Fats  and  Oils  in  the 

United  States,  H.  S.  Bailey  and  B.  B.  Renter (J14 

Bulletin  771,  A  Study  of  the  Effect  of  Storage,  Heat,  and  Moisture  on 

Pyrethrum,  W.  S.  Abbott 752 

Farmers'  Bulletin  941,  Water  Systems  for  Farm  Homes,  6.  M.  Warren—        91 

Fanners'  Bulletin  959,  The  Spotted  Garden  Slug,  W.  H  White 55 

Farmers'  Bulletin  980,  The  Splnose  Ear  Tick  and  Methods  of  Treating 

Infested  Animals,  M.  Imes 682 

Farmers'  Bulletin  961,  Farm  Practices  that  Increase  Crop  Yields  in  Ken- 
tucky and  Tennessee,  J.  H  Arnold 133 

Farmers'  Bulletin  988,  Bean  and  Pea  Weevils,  E.  A«  Back  and  A.  B. 

Duckett 64 

Farmers^  Bulletin  986,  Farm  Practices  that  Increase  Crop  Yields  in  the 

Gulf  Coast  Region,  M.  A.  Crosby 138 

Farmers'  Bulletin  998,  Cooperative  Bull  Associations,  J.  G.  Winkjer 79 

Farmers'  Bulletin  994,  Commercial  Bordeaux  Mixtures. — ^How  to  Calcu- 
late Their  Values,  B.  Wallace  and  L.  H.  Evans 45 

Farmers'  Bulletin  995,  Preventing  Wood  Rot  in  Pecan  Trees,  S.  M.  Mc- 

Murran 158 

Farmers'  Bulletin  990,  Steam  Sterilization  of  Seed  Beds  for  Tobacco 

and  other  Crops,  C.  G.  Belnhart 135 

Farmers'  Bulletin  997,  Terracing  Farm  Lands,  C.  B.  Ramser 188 

Farmers'  Bulletin  998,  Culture  of  the  Logan  Blackberry  and  Related 

Varieties,  G.  M.  Darrow 150 

Farmers'  Bulletin  999,  Sweet  Potato  Growing;  F.  B.  Miller 738 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1000,  Crop  Systems  for  Arkansas,  A.  D.  McNair 183 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1001,  Growing  Fruit  for  Home  CTse,  H.  P.  Gould  and 

G.  M.  Darrow 742 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1002,  Canada  Thistle  and  Methods  of  Eradication, 

A.  A.  Hansen 839 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1003,  How  to  Control  Billbugs  Destructive  to  Cereal 

and  Forage  Crops,  A*  F.  Satterthwait 666 

Farmers'  Bulletin  10O4,  The  Gas  Tractor  in  Eastern  Farming,  A.  P. 

Yerkes  and  L.  M.  Church 89 

Farmers*  Bulletin  1005,  Sweet  Clover  on  Com  Belt  Farms,  J.  A.  Drake 

and  J.  C.  Rundles 242 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1006,  The  Wheat  Jointworm  and  Its  Control,  W.  J. 

Phillips 170 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1007,  Control  of  the  Onion  Thrlps,  F.  H.  Chittenden 548 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1008,  Saving  Farm  Labor  by  Harvesting  Crops  with 

Live  Stock,  J.  A.  Drake 73 

Fanners'  Bulletin  1009,  Hay  Stackers,  H.  B.  McClure . 788 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1010,  Game  Laws  for  1918,  G.  A.  Lawyer  and  F.  L. 

Eamshaw  54 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1011,  The  Woolly  White  Fly  in  Florida  Citrus  Groves, 

W.  W.  Yothers 856 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1012,  The  Preparation  of  Bees  for  Outdoor  Wintering, 

B.  F.  Phillips  and  G.  S.  Demuth 64 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1018,  Practical  Hints  on  Running  a  Gas  Engine,  A. 

P.   Yerkes 291 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1014,  Wintering  Bees  in  Cellars,  E.  F.  Phillips  and 
G.  S.  Demuth - 64 


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^W                                                    OONTBHTS.  Zm 

Fanners'  BnlletiD  1015,  Prodndng  Family  and  Farm  SnppUes  on  the  Cot- 
ton Farm,  C.  L,  Goodrich • 292 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1016,  Propagation  and  Culture  of  the  Date  Palm,  B. 

I>rammond 540 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1017,  CatUe  Scab  and  Methods  of  Control  and  Eradlca- 

ti<m,  M.  Imes 290 

Farmers'  Bulletin   1018,  Hemorrhagic   Septicemia:    Stockyards  Fever, 

Swine  Plague,  Fowl  Cholera,  Etc.,  H.  J.  Washburn 188 

Farmers'  BuUetin  1019,  Straining  Milk,  E.  Kelly  and  J.  A.  Gamble 475 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1020,  The  Sweet  Potato  Weevil  and  Its  Ccmtrol,  F.  H. 

Chittenden 357 

Fanners'  Bulletin  1022,  Laws  Relating  to  Fur-bearing  Animals,  1918, 

D.  K  Lantz 850 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1023,  Machinery  for  Cutting  Firewood,  H.  R.  ToUey..  588 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1025,  The  Larger  Com  Stalk  Borer,  G.  G.  Ainslie 856 

Farmers*  Bulletin  1026,  Strawberry  Culture:  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf 

Coast  Regions,  G.  M.  Darrow 838 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1027,  Strawberry  Culture:  Western  United  States,  G. 

M.  Darrow 838 

Fanners'  Bulletin  1028,   Strawberry  Culture:   Eastern  United  States^ 

G.  M.  Darrow .* 838 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1029,  Conserving  Com  from  Weevils  in  the  Gulf  Coast 

States,  B.  A.  Back 861 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1030,  Feeding  Horses,  .G.  A.  Bell  and  J.  O.  Williams 875 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1031,  Fig  Growing  in  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf 

States,  H.  P.  Gould 838 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1032,  Operating  a  Cooperative  Motor  Truck  Route, 

H.  S.  Yohe 803 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1033,  Muscadine  Grape  Paste,  C.  Dearing 808 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1034,  Growing  Sugar  Cane  for  Simp,  P.  A.  Toder 830 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1036,  Care  and  Repair  of  Farm  Implements. — ^V.  Grain 

Separators,  E.  Johnson 880 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1040,  Illustrated  Poultry  Primer,  H.  M.  Lamon  and 

J.  W.  KJngfaome . 876 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1041,  The  Eelworm  Disease  of  Wheat  and  Its  Control, 

L.  P.  Byars 848 

Farmers'  Bulletin  1043,  Strawberry  Varieties  in  the  United  States,  G. 

M.  Darrow -, 838 

Farmers'  BuUetin  1044,  The  City  Home  Garden,  W.  R.  Beattie 833 

Report   of  Agricultural  Commission  to  Europe, W.  O.  Thompson  et  aL.422, 487, 403 

Weekly  News  Letter,  voL  6,  No.  80,  Fdt).  26, 1018 422 

OmcE  or  THS  Secbetabt  : 

arcular  120,  October,  1918 02 

Qrcular  121,  October,  1918 92 

Circular  122,  October,  1918 73 

Circular  123,  October,  1918 276 

Circular  124,  February,  1919 786 

Circular  125,  January,  1919 421,487 

Circular  126,  January,  1919 414 

Circular  127,  February,  1919 754 

Circular  128, 1910 778 

Gizeoiar  120,  Mardi  1919 744 


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XIV  EXPBBIMENT  STATION  BECOBD.  [Vol.40 

OmcE  OF  THE  Secbetaby — Continued.  Paget 

Circular  130,  March,  1919 780 

Circular  131,  March,  1919 890 

Circular  132,  March,  1919 890 

A  Method  of  Testing  Farms  in  the  South  for  Effldency  In  Manage- 
ment, C.  L.  Goodrich 788 

BUBEAU  OP  AnIKAL  INDUSTRY : 

The  Ophthalmic  and  Intradermic  Tests  for  Glanders 885 

BuBEAu  OP  BiouraicAL  Subivby: 

Annual  Report  of  the  Governor  of  Alaska  on  the  Alaska  Game  Law, 

1918 761 

BuBEAu  OF  Crop  Estimates  : 
Monthly  Crop  Report — 

Volume  4 — 

No.  10,  October,  1918 93 

No.  11,  November,  1918 293 

No.  12,  December,  1918 391 

Volume  5 — 

No.  1,  January,  1919 490 

No.  2,  February,  1919 594 

No.  3,  March,  1919 792 

No.  4,  April,  1919 894 

Forest  Service: 

A  Plan  for  the  Development  of  the  Village  of  Grand  Canyon,  Ariz., 

F.  A.  Waugh 248 

Landscape  Engineering  In  the  National  Forests,  F.  A.  Waugh 248 

Tree  Distribution  under  the  Kinkald  Act,  1911 248 

National  Forest  Areas,  June  30,  1918 447 

Recreation  Uses  on  the  National  Forests,  F.  A.  Waugh 542 

What  the  National  Forests  Mean  to  the  Water  User,  S.  T.  Dana 743 

Bttbeau  op  Markets  : 

Document  17,  October,  1918 188 

Food  Surveys,  vol.  2 — 

No.  11,  October  1,  1918 68 

No.  12,  October  5,  1918 68 

No.  13,  October  26. 1918 178 

No*  14,  November  25,  1918 269 

No.  15,  December  23. 1918 361 

No.  16,  January  25,  1919 462 

No.  17,  February  20,  1919 659 

No.  18,  February  25,  1919 659 

No.  19,  February  26, 1919 659 

No.  20,  March  12, 1919 765 

No.  21,  March  13. 1919 765 

No.  22,  March  17,  1919 865 

No.  23,  March  25, 1919 865 

No.  24,  March  28, 1919 865 

Seed  Reporter,  vol.  2— 

No.  4,  October,  1918 245 

No.  5.  November,  1918 146 

No.  6,  December,  1918 838 


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ItWJ                                                   OOKTBKTS.  XV 

BuBAU  09  Mabkstb — Coiitiiined. 

Seed  R^wrter,  yoL  2— Continued.  Page. 

No.  7,  January,  1919 338 

No.  8,  rebniaiy,  1919 535 

No.  9,  liarcb,  1919 585 

No.  10,  AiBil.  1919 881 

Handbook  Official  Grain  Standards  for  Wheat  and  Shelled  Corn, 

September,  1918 39 

Service  and  Regalatory  Announcements — 

No.  88,  April.  1918 89 

No.  34,  May,  1918 144 

No.  88,  June,  1918 144 

BuiKAu  or  Plant  ImyusTBT : 

Tangelos:  What  They  Are — ^Xhe  Value  in  Florida  of  the  Sampson 

and  Thornton  Tangelos,  W.  T.  Swingle  and  T.  R.  Robinson 247 

Varieties  of  the  Satsuma  Orange  Group  in  Japan,  T.  Tanaka 342 

Varieties  of  the  Satsuma  Orange  Group  in  the  United  States,  L.  B. 

Scott 842 

Washington  Asparagus:  Information  and  Suggestions  for  Growers 

of  New  Pedigreed  Bust-resistant  Strains,  J.  B.  Norton 538 

Wart  of  Potatoes :  A  Disease  New  to  the  United  States,  L.  O.  KunkeU  548 

Conifer  Additions  to  Shelter  Belts  on  the  Northern  Great  Plains 841 

Oare  of  Gooperatiye  Shelter  Belts  on  the  Northern  Great  Plains 842 

Inventory  of  Seeds  and  Plants  Imported,  October  1  to  December 

31,  1915 827 

Work  of  Belle  Fourche  Experiment  Farm,  1917>  314,  831»  340,  371,  374,  391 

Work  of  ScottBblufl  Experiment  Farm,  1917 430,  470,  493 

Work  of  Truckee-Oarson  Experiment  Farm,  1917 31,  44,  51,  72 

Work  of  Umatilla  Experiment  Farm,  1917 431,  444.  484,  494 

Work  of  Yuma  Experiment  Farm,  1917 433,  444,  472,  484,  494 

Plant  Disease  Bulletin,  voL  2— 

No.  11,  October,  1918 157 

No.  13,  November,  1918 157 

BuBAu  or  Public  Boads  : 
Public  Roads,  vol.  1— 

No.  4,  August,  1918 90 

No.  5,  September,  1918 188,  189 

Na  6-8,  December,  1918 485 

No.  9,  January,  1919 788 

No.  10,  February,  1919 888,  889 

BxTiKAu  OF  Soils: 

Field  Operations,  1915— 

Soil  Survey  in  California,  Lower  San  Joaquin  Valley .« 118 

Field  Operations,  1916— 

Bq;x)rt  of  Beconnaissance  of  Soils,  Agriculture^  and  Other  Be- 

sources  of  Kenai  Poiinsula  Begion,  Alaska 818 

Soil  Survey  in  Alabama,  Lowndes  County 216 

Soil  Surv^  in  Alabama,  Monroe  County 419 

Soil  Survey  in  Indiana,  Porter  County 420 

Soli  Survey  in  Iowa*  Clay  County 216 

Son  Survey  in  Minnesota,  Anoka  County 217 


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rvi  EXFEBIMElirF  8IAXI0H  SBCX>BD.  [▼•1.46 

Btjsbau  of  Soils— Ck>ntlnued. 

Field  OperatioDS,  1916— Contiiiued.  Pact. 

Soil  Survey  in  Missouri,  Barry  County . 119 

Soil  Survey  in  North  Carolina,  Cleveland  County 420 

Soil  Survey  in  Nortli  Carolina,  Halifax  County 217 

Soil  Survey  in  North  Carolina,  Stanly  County 217 

Soil  Survey  in  Oklahoma,  Payne  County 420 

Soil  Survey  in  Ohio,  Marion  County i 217 

Sou  Survey  in  Ohio,  Miami  County 119 

Soil  Survey  in  Pennsylvania,  Clearfield  County 814 

Soil  Survey  in  South  Carolina,  Berkeley  County 119 

Soil  Survey  in  Tennessee,  Shelby  County 814 

Soil  Survey  in  Texas,  Bell  County 120 

Soil  Survey  in  Vermont,  Windsor  County 814 

Soil  Survey  in  Wisconsin,  Door  County 120 

Soil  Survey  in  Wisconsin,  Milwaukee  County 120 

Field  Operations,  1917— 

Soil  Survey  in  Mississippi,  Covington  County 813 

Soil  Survey  in  Nebraska,  Phelps  County 813 

Soil  Survey  In  N^raska,  Wayne  County 814 

iNSBcncznB  and  FxmoicnnB  Boabd: 

Service  and  Regulatory  Announcements,  No.  21,  October,  1918 45 

OmcE  OF  Fabm  Manaobment  : 

Atlas  of  American  Agriculture:  II,  Climate. — I,  Frost  and  the  Grow- 
ing Season,  W.  G.  Reed 209 

Atlas  of  American  Agriculture:  V,  The  Crops. — A,  Cotton,  O.  C. 

Stine,  O.  B.  Baker,  et  al {S26 

States  Reiatxons  Service  : 

Syllabus  35,  January,  1919 609 

Weathbb  BuBEAtr: 

National  Weather  and  Crop  BulleUn  18,  July,  1918 116 

National  Weather  and  Crop  Bulletin  21,  August,  1918 118 

National  Weather  and  Crop  Bulletin  83,  1918 511 

National  Weather  and  Crop  Bulletin  2,  1919 616 

U.  S.  Monthly  Weather  Review — 
Volume  46— 

Nos.  7-8.  July-August,  1918 117 

Nos.   9-10,   Septemher-October,   1918 416 

No.  11,  November,  1918 016, 617 

No.  12,  December,  1918 615,616,617 

Supplement  11,  October  1,  1918 19 

Supplement  12,  October  26,   1918 19 

Supplement  18,  November,  1918 209 

Supplement  14,  March,  1919 715 

Climatological  Data,  vol.  5 — 

Nos.  5-6,  May-June,  1918 19 

Nos.  7-8,  July-August,  1918 117 

Nos.  9-10,  S^tember-October,  1918 511 

Nos.  11-12,  November-December,  1918 716 

Daily  River  Stages,  voL  15, 1917 209 


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IMA]                                                   OQHTBHTS.  XVII 
SCTENTIFIO  CONTRIBUTIONS.* 

Alnslie,  0.  K.«  A  Note  on  the  Economic  Importance  of  Bamia  cecropia 754 

AliiBlie,  G.  O^  Oontrlbations  to  a  Knowledge  of  the  Orambinse  of  North 

America,  I 168 

Alnslie,  O.  O.,  Ck>lor  Variation  in  Pupffi  of  Teria$  nidppe 263 

Aidrich,  J.  M.,  Seasonal  and  Climatic  Variation  in  Oerodonta 169 

Aldrich,  J.  M.,  Two  New  HydrotKaa 268 

Aldridi,  J.  M.,  The  Ke^^  Flies  of  North  America  (Genus  Fucellia,  Family 

Anthomylds) 268 

Aldrich,  J.  M.,  New  and  Little>known  Canadian  Osdnide 263 

Aldricfa,  J.  M«,  The  Anthomyld  Genus  Pegonomyia 357 

AUaid,  H.  A.,  AbnormaUties  in  Nicotiana 226 

AUard,  EL  A.,  Some  Studies  in  Blossom  Color  Inheritance  in  Tobacco, 

with  Special  Reference  to  NiooUana  sylifeHris  and  N.  tabacum 442 

Andrews,  C.  E.,  Para  Cymene. — I,  Nitration,  Mononitrocymene 710 

Armsby,  H.  P.,  and  J.  A.  Fries,  Net  Energy  Values  of  Alfalfa  Hay  and 

Stardi ■-  365 

ArtKhwager,  E.  F.,  Histological  Studies  on  Potato  Leaf  Roll 543 

Ayen,  S.  H.,  and  P.  Rupp,  A  Synthetic  Medium  for  the  Direct  Enumera- 
tion of  Organisms  of  the  Colon-Krogenes  Group 381 

Bad[,  E.  A.,  Clytus  dev(utatar^  a  New  Pest  of  the  Florida  Orange 169 

Bailey,  H.  S^  and  J.  M.  Johnson,  The  Determination  of  the  Hezabromid 
and  lodin  Numbers  of  Salmon  Oil  as  a  Means  of  Identifying  the  Species 

of  Canned  Salmon 205 

Bailey,  V^  Wild  Animals  [of  the  Yellowstone  National  Park] 850 

Baker,  A.  C^  The  Dimorphs  of  Species  of  Chaltophorus 165 

Baker,  A.  C,  Our  Birch  Symydobius  Distinct  from  the  European 262 

Baker,  A.  O.,  The  Identity  of  Aphis  circezandis 754 

Barber,  H.  S.,  Notes  and  Descriptions  of  Some  Orchid  Weevils 655 

Baasett,  a  E.,  The  Extent  and  Possibilities  of  Cooperation 489 

Beattie,  W.  R^  Extension  Work  in  Horticulture 833 

Benscm,  O.  H.,  Junior  Farmers*  Institute  Work 595 

Benson,  O.  H.,  and  G.  H.  Betts,  Agriculture.^Southern  Edition 897 

Blggar,  H.  H.,  Primitive  Methods  of  Maize  Seed  Preparation 137 

Biahopp,  F.  C  The  Distribution  of  the  Nose  Fly  and  Other  Species  of 

Gastrophilus  in  the  United  States 458 

Boyee,  J.  S^  Perennial  Mycelium  of  Oymnosparangiunu  blasdaleanum 845 

Boyce,  J.  S.,  Advance  Rot  and  Latent  Defects  in  Aeroplane  Timber 349 

Boyee,  J.  S.,  Imbedding  and  Staining  of  Diseased  Wood 843 

Brand,  C.  J.,  The  Effective  Use  of  the  Panama  Canal  in  the  Distribution 

of  Products 489 

Brand,  C.  J.,  The  Distribution  of  Agricultural  Products  and  the  Func- 
tion of  Produce  Exchanges... — 791 

Brewster,  J.  F.,  and  C.  L.  Alsberg,  Determination  of  the  Distribution  of 

Nitrogen  in  Certain  Seeds 502 

Brooks,  C,  J.  S.  Cooley,  and  D.  F.  Fisher,  Apple  Scald 849 

Burke,  H.  E.,  Oryssus  is  Parasitic - 656 

Carpenter,  C.  W.,  A  New  Disease  of  the  Irish  Potato 644 

Canmer,  E.,  Angular  Leaf  Spot  of  Cucumber:  Dissemination,  Overwinter- 
ing and  Control 250 

*  PriBtcd  lA  fcleiitiflc  and  technical  pabUcations  outside  the  Department. 
146069'*— 20 2 


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XVni  EXPERIMBNT  STATION  RECOBD.  I  Vol.40 

Pwu 

Gandell,  A*  N.,  Zorotypus  huhbardi,  a  New  Species  of  the  Order  Zorap- 

tera  from  the  United  States 2i0 

Caudell^  A.  N.,  Regarding  Diapheromera  veUei  and  Manomera  bimickieyi^^      Ml 
Caudell,  A.  N.,  On  a  Collection  of  Orthoptera  (Exclusive  of  the  LoonatidA) 

Made  in  Central  Peru  by  N.  Iconnicoff  and  C.  Schunke 35S 

Caudell,  A.  N.,  Two  New  Species  of  the  Blattid  Genua  Arenivaga 7M 

Ohace,  B.  M.,  The  Detection  and  Elimination  of  Frosted  Fruit 448 

Chapln,  R.  M.,  Arsenious  Oxid  as  a  Standard  Substance  In  lodtmetry..      009 

Chittenden,  F.  H.,  The  Lotus  Borer 756 

Clapp»  E.  H.,  Forest  Research  and  the  War 74ft 

Clark,  F.  G.,  Appraisal  of  Fire  Damage  to  Immature  Timber  f6r  Statisti- 
cal Purposes 848 

Clark,  W.  B.,  Volumetric  Determination  of  Reducing  Sugars 114 

Close,  C.  P.,  Extension  Service  In  Pomology  in  the  U.  S.  Department  of 

Agriculture 884 

Coe,  H.  S.,  Origin  of  the  Georgia  and  Alabama  Varieties  of  the  Velvet 

Bean . 141 

Cole,  F.  R.,  The  Dipterous  Family  Cyrtidje  in  North  America 787 

Collins,  W.  D.,  and  W.  F.  Clark,  Lead  in  Pharmaceutical  Zinc  Oxid 410 

Conant,  J.  B.,  The  Preparation  of  Sodium  p^Hydroxyphenylarsenate 609 

Connor,  L.  G.,  Labor  Costs  and  Seasonal  Distribution  of  Labor  on  Irri- 
gated Crops  in  Utah  Valley 888 

Cook,   F.   C,   and  B.   LeFevre,   Chemical   Analysis   of  Bacteriological 

Bouillons 810 

Cook,  O.  F.,  Meade  Cotton 287 

Cook,  O.  F.,  The  Size  of  Maya  Farms 688 

Cooley,  B.  H.,   Parasitism,  Morphology,   and  Cytology   of  Cronartium 

ribicola 646 

Crocker,  W.,  and  G.  T.  Harrington,  Catalase  and  Oxidase  Content  of  Seeds 

in  Relation  to  Their  Dormancy,  Age,  Vitality,  and  Respiration 222 

Crosby,  D.  J.,  Report  on  Movable  Schools  of  Agriculture  under  War  Con- 
ditions—       696 

Cushman,  R.  A.,  Notes  on  the  Biology  of  8chiz<motus  sieboldii 649 

Cushman,  R.  A.,  Two  New  Chalcids  from  the  Seeds  of  Amelanchier 656 

Cushman,  R.  A.,  A  Much  Described  Ichneumonid  and  Its  Systematic 

Position 606 

Cushman,  R.  A.,  A  Convenient  Method  of  Handling  Large  Numbers  of 

Individuals  in  Life  History  Studies  of  Insects 752 

Cushman,  R.  A.,  The  Correct  Names  for  Some  of  Our  Common  Ichneu- 
monid Parasites 760 

Cushman,  R.  A.,  Notes  on  the  Cocoon-spinning  Habits  of  Two  Species 

of  Braconids 761 

Cushman,  R.  A.,  and  S.  A.  Rohwer,  The  Genus  Bphialtes  First  Proposed 

by  Schrank 760 

Dana,  S.  T.,  Forestry  Pursuits :  Foresters,  Rangers,  Forest  Guards 898 

Davidson,  J.,  and  J.  A.  LeClerc,  The  Effect  of  Sodium  Nitrate  Applied 
at  Different  Stages  of  Growth  on  Yield,  Composition,  and  Quality 

of  Wheat,  II 244 

Davidson,  W.  M.,  The  California  Pistol  Case-bearer  (ColeopKora  Bocra-' 

menta) 757 

Denton,  M.  C,  Kitchen  Tests  for  Pectin  in  Jelly  Making 558 


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18191  CONTENTS.  XIX 

Page. 
EdwardeB,  Y.  P^  Pu^  and  Paper  Investigations  of  the  Forest  Products 
Laboratory  In  1918 641 

Erans,  Alice  C*  Farther  Studies  on  Bacterium  abortu9  and  Related 
Bacteria.— Ill,  Bacterium  aborim  and  Related  Bacteria  in  Cow's 
Mlk 184 

Brans,  Alice  C,  A  Streptothrix  (Nocardia)  Infection  of  Cow's  Udders —      185 

Fairchild,  D^  The  Testing  of  a  New  Tree  Crop  for  Hardiness 538 

fUrchild,  D.,  The  Palate  of  Civilized  Man  and  Its  Influence  on  Agri- 

coltuoe : . 656 

Fisher,  W.  S.,  A  New  Species  of  Longhorn  Beetle  Infesting  Cowpeas 

from  Mexico 654 

Fteher,  W.  S.,  A  New  Species  of  Agrilus  from  Florida 750 

ForsUng,  C.  L.,  Collection,  Preparation,  and  Feeding  of  Soapweed  under 

Practical  Range  Conditions  on  the  Jornada  Range  Reserve 277 

Fritz,  E.,  A  Combined  Map  and  Panorama  for  Orientation  from  Lookout 

Stations 640 

Gabrielson,  I.  N.,  Some  Notes  on  Connecticut  Birds 351 

Gahan,  A.  B.,  Four  New  African  Parasitic  Hymenoptera  Belonging  to  the 

Subfamily  Microgasterinse 458 

Gahan,  A.  B.,  A  Synopsis  of  the  Species  Belonging  to  the  Chalcidoid 

Genus  Rileya 760 

Gahan,  A.  B.,  Three  New  Chalcidoid  Egg  Parasites 760 

Gahan,  A.  B.,  Propachyneuron  Girault 760 

Gahan,  A-  B.,  Description  of  a  New  Hymenopterous  Parasite 761 

Gallagher,  B.  A.,  Experiments  on  Avian  Toxicology 587 

Galloway,  B.  T.,  Relation  of  the  Government  to  the  Marketing  Problem—      293 
Galloway,  B.  T.,  Some  of  the  Broader  Phytopathological  Problems  in 

Their  Relation  to  Foreign  Seed  and  Plant  Introduction 343 

Gardiner,  R.  F.,  Solubility  of  Lime,  Magnesia,  and  Potash  in  Such  Min- 
erals as  Epidote  Chrysolite,  and  Muscovite,  Especially  in  Regard  to 

Soil  Relationships ^ 812 

Gibbsy  a  D.,  The  Color  Laboratory  of  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry.— A  Brief 

Statement  of  Its  Objects  and  Problems 16 

Gilbert,  W.  W.,  and  Gardner,  M.  W.,  Seed  Treatment  Control  and  Over- 
wintering of  Cucumber  Angular  Leaf  Spot 449 

Gillespie,  L.  J.,  The  Growth  of  the  Potato  Scab  Organism  at  Various 
Hydrogen  Ion  Concentrations  as  Related  to  the  Comparative  Freedom 

of  Acid  Soils  from  the.Potato  Scab 644 

Glltner,  L.  T.,  Occurrence  of  Coccidioidal  Granuloma  (Oidiomycosis)  In 

Cattle ^ 88 

Glaser,  B.  W.,  A  Systematic  Study  of  the  Organisms  Distributed  under 

the  Name  of  Coccohacillua  acHdiorum 164 

Glaser,  R.  W.,  The  Polyhedral  Virus  of  Insects  with  a  Theoretical  Con- 

aideration  of  Filterable  Viruses  Generally 255 

Gould,  H.  P.,  Peach  Growing 149 

Graves,  A.  H.,  Resistance  in  the  American  Chestnut  to  the  Bark  Disease.      349 

Graves,  H.  S.,  Effect  of  the  War  on  Forests  of  France 152 

Graves,  H.  S^  Use  of  Airplanes  in  Forest  Patrol  Work 641 

Graves,  H.  S.,  Thunder  Mountain ®^ 

Greene,  C.  T.,  A  Contribution  to  the  Biology  of  North  American  Dlptera.      653 
Greene,  C.  T.,  Three  New  Species  of  Dlptera ^^^ 


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XX  EXPERIMENT  STATION  REOOBD.  [Vol.  40 

PacQi 
Greene,  C.  T.,  A  Note  on  the  Habit  of  Pegomyia  aHMt  and  Other  Antfao- 

myld  Genera 758 

Griffiths,  D.,  Decorative  Materials  In  the  Prickly  Pears  and  Th^r  Allies..  640 

Hall,  li.  D.,  Great  Central  Markets  for  Live  Stock  and  Meats 488 

Hall,  W.  L.,  Infinences  of  the  National  Forests  in  the  Southern  Appa- 
lachians   841 

Harger,  R.  N.,  The  Preparation  of  Metol  (n-Methyl-fhamidophenol  Snl- 

phate) 504 

Harrington,  G.  T.,  and  W.  Crocker,  Resistance  of  Seeds  to  Desiccation 39 

Harter,  L.  L.,  J.  L.  Weimer,  and  J.  M.  R.  Adams,  Sweet  Potato  Storage 

Rots 347 

Hartley,  C,  Stem  Lesions  Caused  by  Excessive  Heat i-L__  53 

Hartley,  C,  T.  C.  Merrill,  and  A.   S.  Rhoads,  Seedling  Diseases   of 

Conifers 545 

Harvey,  R.  B.,  Hardening  Process  in  Plants  and  Developments  from 

Frost  Injury 26 

Heald,  F.  B.,  The  Home  Project  as  a  Phase  of  Vocational  Agricultural 

Education 295 

Heinrich,  C,  a  Note  on  the  Tortridd  Genitalia 264 

Heinrich,  C,  A  New  Coleophora  Injurious  to  Apple  in  California 652 

Heinridi,  C,  A  New  Genus  of  Lepidoptera  Allied  to  Leucoptera 757 

Heinrich,  C,  On  the  Lepidopterous  Genus  Opostega  and  Its  Larval 

AfQnities 757 

Hill,  C.  E.,  A  Drill  for  Seeding  Nursery  Rows 1. 22d 

Hitchcock,  A.  S.,  and  Agnes  Chase,  Grasses  of  the  West  Indies 32 

Hodson,  E.  R.,  Some  Present-day  Problems  in  Forestry 151 

Hoffer,  G.  N.,  and  J.  R.  Holbert,  Selection  of  Disease-free  Seed  Com 526 

Hoffer,  G.  N.,  A.  G.  Johnson,  and  D.  Atanasoff,  Corn  Root  Rot  and 

Wheat  Scab 49 

Hough,  G.  J.,  An  Improved  Automatic  Burette 505 

Houston,  D.  F.,  Production  and  Consumption  of  Potash  [in  the  United 

States] 516 

Howard,  B.  J.,  Factory  Investigation  on  the  Manufacture  of  Tomato  Pulp 

and  Paste 17 

Howard,  L,  O.,  ScMstocerca  tartarica  Taken  at  Sea 649 

Howard,  L.  0.,  Two  New  Instances  of  Polyembryony  among  the  Bn- 

cyrtidfiB 653 

Howell,  A.  H.,  Description  of  a  New  Seaside  Sparrow  from  Florida 547 

Hubert,  B.  E.,  A  Type  of  Winterkilling  Known  as  the  Red-belt  Injury  of 

Forest  Trees  Occurring  in  the  Vicinity  of  Helena,  Mont 542 

Hudson,  C.  S.,  and  T.  S.  Harding,  The  Preparation  of  Xylose  from  Corn- 
cobs   17 

Humphreys,  W.  J.,  Some  Recent  Contributions  to  the  Physics  of  the  Air__  616 

Hunt,  Caroline  L.,  Changing  a  Peace  Time  Ration  for  War  Time 173 

Hunt,  H.  R.,  and  S.  Wright,  Pigmentation  in  Guinea  Pig  Hair 177 

Husmann,  G.  C,  Developing  New  Grade  Industries 839 

Hutchinson,  R.  H.,  A  Note  on  the  Life  Cycle  and  Fertility  of  the  Body 

Louse  (PedUmVus  corporis) 355 

Hyslop,  J.  A.,  A  New  Genus  (Perlssarthron)  of  Blaterid®  and  a  Revision 

of  the  American  Elateridse  of  the  Genus  Pyrophorus,  with  Descriptions 

of  New  Species 655 

Hyslop,  J.  A.,  The  Elaterid  Genus  Oistus  of  Candeze • 655 


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m91                                                     CONTENTS.  XXI 

Jackgon»  H.  H.  T^  Two  New  Shrews  from  Oregon 351 

Jackson,  EL  H.  T.,  The  Wisconsin  Napseozapus 646 

Jamieson,  Q.  S.,  The  Grayimetric  and  Volumetric  Determination  of  Zinc 

Precipitated  as  Zinc  Mercury  Tlilocyanate 610 

Jamieson,  Q.  S.«  The  Gravimetric  and  Volumetric  Determination  of  Mer- 
cury Precipitated  as  Mercury  Thiocyanate 712 

Jamieson,  G.  S^  The  Determination  of  Zinc  and  Copper  in  Gelatin 712 

Jenkins,  A.  EL,  Brown  Canker  of  Roses  Caused  by  Diaporthe  unibri/tui 544 

Jensen,  C  A.,  Relation  of  Inorganic  Soil  Colloids  to  Plowsole  in  Citrus 

Groves  In  Southern  California 417 

Johns,  O.  O^  A.  J.  Finks,  and  C.  E.  F.  Gersdorf,  Globulin  of  the  Coconut 
{CoooB  nudfera).^!.  Preparation  of  Coconut  Globulin.    Distribution 

of  the  Basic  Nitrogen  in  Coconut  Globulin 502 

Johns,  C  C,  and  D.  B.  Jones,  The  Proteins  of  the  Peanut,  ArachU 

hypogmi. — ^III,  The  Hydrolysis  of  Aradiln 109 

Johns,  C  C,  and  D.  B.  Jones,  The  Determination  of  Tyrosln  in  Proteins.  113 

Johnscm,  F.  R.,  Planting  In  Relation  to  the  Future  of  National  Forests*.  748 

Jones,  D.  B.,  and  C.  O.  Johns,  The  Hydrolysis  of  Kafirin 110 

Jones  L.  R.,  and  W.  W.  Gilbert,  Lightning  Injury  to  Herbaceous  Plants..  645 

Jones^  T.  H.,  life  History  of  Pen^^higua  popuU-tranwersus 60 

Kearney,  T.  H.,  A  Plant  Industry  Based  upon  Mutation 237 

Kearney,  T.  H.,  Plant  Life  on  Saline  Soils ^ 424 

Kearney,  T.  H.,  and  W.  G.  Wells,  A  Study  of  Hybrids  In  Egyptian  Cotton.  527 

Ktiley,  R.  W.f  Insects  Associated  with  Winter  Injury 884 

Kelly,  B.,  Dairy  Farm  Score  Card 476 

Kiernan,  J.  A.,  Tuberculosis  Eradication 681 

Kloman,  J.  A^  Tuberculosis  and  Our  Live  Stock  Industry 681 

Kohman,  B.  F.,  A  Rapid  and  Accurate  Method  for  Butter  Analysis,  Suit- 

able  for  Factory  Control  Worife 811 

Korstlan,  C.  F.,  Value  of  Scientific  Research  in  Forestry 161 

Kunkel,  L.  O^  Tissue  Invasion  by  PUufnodiophwra  bra%9UxB 60 

Lacy,  M.  G-,  Sources  of  Agricultural  Statistics 604 

LaFOrge,  F.  B.,  Note  on  the  Preparation  of  Gulonlc  Lactone 110 

lAForse,  F.  B.,  and  C.  S.  Hudson,  The  Preparation  of  Several  Useful 

Substances  from  Corncobs 17 

I^onb,  G.  N.,  Marketing  Farm  Timber  in  South  Carolina 343 

Lane,  C.  H.,  Agricultural  Instruction  in  the  High  Schools  of  Six  East- 
em   States 93 

Langworthy,  C.  F.,  Teaching  Food  Values 96 

LeClerc,  J.  A.,  L.  H.  Bailey,  and  Hannah  L.  Wessllng,  Milling  and  Baking 

Tests  of  Einkom,  Emmer,  Spelt,  and  Polish  Wheat 234 

Lee,  H.  A.,  Further  Data  on  the  Susceptibility  of  Rutaceoua  Plants  to 

Citrus   Canker 544 

Lee,  H.  A.,  and  B.  D.  Merrill,  The  Susceptibility  of  a  Nonrutaceoua 

Host  to  Citrus  Canker 851 

Leonard,  L.  T.,  and  C.  F.  Turner,  Influence  of  Cerotoma  trifureata  on  the 

Nitrogen  Gathering  Functioiis  of  the  Oowpea 860 

Lintner,  J.  J^  Methods  of  Detecting  Tuberculosis  in  Cattie 782 

Lcmg,  W.  H.,  and  R.  M,  Harsch,  JBdM  Stage  of  PuoeUiia  oxalidia 155 

Lore,  H.  H.,  and  W.  T.  Craig,  Methods  Used  and  Results  Obtained  in 

Cereal  luTOStigations  at  the  Cornell  Station 232 

Lore,  H.  H.,  and  W.  T.  Craig,  Small  Grain  Investigations 283 


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XXn  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECORD.  [VoL40 


Love,  EL  H.,  and  W.  T.  Craig.  The  Relation  between  Color  and  Other 
Characters  in  Certain  Avena  Crosses 239 

Lubs,  H.  A.,  A  Method  for  the  Purification  of  Certain  Azo  Dyes 808 

Lund,  C.  H.,  and  L.  E.  Wise,  Intermediates  Used  in  the  Preparation  of 

Photo-sensitlzlng   Dyes. — ^11,   Quaternary   Halids 711 

Lyman,  G.  R.,  The  Relation  of  Phytopathologists  to  Plant  Disease  Sur- 
vey  Work 449 

Lyman,  G.  R.,  The  Unification  of  American  Botany 817 

Lyman,  G.  R.,  et  al.,  Report  of  the  Conference  on  Diseases  of  Potatoes 

and  Seed  Certification 846 

McAtee,  W.  L.,  A  SIcetch  of  the  Natural  History  of  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, together  with  an  Indexed  Edition  of  the  U.  S.  Geologcal  Sur- 
vey's 1917  Map  of  Washington  and  Vicinity 160 

McAtee,  W.  L.,  Cause  of  the  "  Fishy  *'  Flavor  of  the  Flesh  of  Wild  Ducks-      265 
McAtee,  W.  L.,  Notes  on  Nova  Scotian  Eupteryid  Leaf  Hoppers,  Includ- 
ing Descriptions  of  Two  New  Species 261 

McAtee,  W.  L.,  Genera  of  the  Eupterygldie 354 

McAtee,  W.  L.,  Psyllidae  of  the  Vichilty  of  Washington,  D.  C,  with  De- 
scription of  a  New  Species  of  Aphalara. 854 

McAtee,  W.  L.,  and  A.  N.  Caudell,  First  List  of  the  Dermaptera  and  Or- 

thoptera  of  Plummers  Island,  Md.,  and  Vicinity 649 

McAtee,  W.  L.,  and  W.  R.  Walton,  District  of  Columbia  Dlptera:  Taban- 

id» 757 

McClelland,  T.  B.,  Influence  of  Foreign  Pollen  on  the  Development  of 

Vanilla  Fruits 840 

McCulloch,  L.,  A  Morphological  and  Cultural  Note  on  the  Organism  Caus- 
ing Stewart's  Disease  of  Sweet  Corn 846 

McGregor,  B.  A.,  A  New  Host  Plant  of  the  Boll  Weevil 750 

MacKaye,  B.,  Suggestions  for  Marketing  Small  Timber  in  Wisconsin 154 

McKee,  R.,  Glandular  Pubescence  in  Various  Medlcago  Species 187 

MacMlllan,  H.  G.,  Fusarium  Blight  of  Potatoes  under  Irrigation 847 

Marlatt,  C.  L.,  The  Origin  of  the  Pink  Bollworm 456 

Meigs,  E.  B.,  The  Quantitative  Determination  of  Phosphorus  by  the 

Nephelometric  Method 112 

Meinecke,  E.  P.,  The  White  Pine  Blister  Rust  and  the  Chestnut  Bark 

Disease 159 

Merill,  E.  C^  and  C.  O.  Ewing,  Laboratory  Apparatus  for  Rapid  Evapo- 
ration       505 

Merz,  A.  R.,  Russia's  Production  of  Platinum 12 

Middleton,  W.,  Notes  on  the  LarvBB  of  Some  Cephidn 655 

Mikeska  L.  A.,  J.  K.  Stewart,  and  L.  B.  Wise,  Intermediates  Used  in 

the  Preparation  of  Photo-sensitizing  Dyes. — ^I,  Quinolln  Bases 710 

Mitchell,  J.  A.,  Bear  Clover,  Chamwhatia  foUolosa  (Mountain  Misery, 

Bearmat,  Tarweed) 842 

Mohler,  J.  R.,  The  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  as  a  War  Auxiliary 577 

Mohler,  J.  R.,  Maintaining  Animal  Health  on  Farms 577 

Mohler,  J.  R.,  The  Control  of  Animal  Diseases 778 

Mohler,  J.  R.,  Erroneous  Impressions  of  Certain  Federal  Activities 778 

More,  C.  T.,  Uniform  Grades  and  Standard  Packages 293 

Mosier,  C.  A.,  and  T.  E.  Snyder,  Notes  on  Gadflies  in  the  Florida  Ever- 
glades       757 

Munns,  E.  N.,  Some  Biological  and  Economic  Aspects  of  the  Chaparral..      842 


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M»}  ooJcrKjaxs,  xxin 

Pagtt. 
Ndflon,  J.  A^  The  Segmentation  of  the  Abdomen  of  the  Honeybee  (Apis 

melUfica) 170 

NeiaoD,  J.  A^  An  Eyetees  Drone  Honeybee 759 

Ndaon,  SL  W.,  Wild  Animals  of  North  America 646 

Helaon,  B.  W..  WIW  Ufe  in  Our  National  Parka 646 

N6ugaret»  B.  L.,  The  Grape  Mealy  Bog  (PaeiMioooooM^  bakeri) 650 

Obeiholser,  H.  C,  Swan  Lake^  NlcoHet  County,  Minn.,  as  a  Breeding 

Groond  Ibr  Waterfowl ^^ 55 

Oberhelser,  H.  O.,  AiMonetta,  a  Good  Genoa 161 

Oberholaer,  H.  C,  Bierofalca  rtutioolus  candioans  in  North  Dakota 161 

Oberhidaer,  H.  G.,  Olor  oolMmMatMM  on  the  Potomac  River 161 

Oberholaer,  H.  G.,  BpUetta  nuMticaiat  the  Correct  Name  for  the  North 

American  Tree  Sparrow 161 

Oberbolser,  H.  C,  Bquaterola  cpnosurw  near  Washington,  D.  C 161 

Oberbolaer,  H.  C,  The  Criterion  of  Subspeciflc  Intergradatton  in  Verte- 
brate  Zoology 254 

Oberbolaer,  H.  a.  The  Migration  of  North  American  Birds,  lY-VI 254 

Obertiolser,  H.  C^  Diagnosis  of  a  New  Genns  of  Anatldie  from  South 

America    254 

Oberholser,  H.  C^  The  Subspecies  of  Larus  hyperboreus 254 

Oberhirfser,  H.  O,  Mutanda  Ornithologica,  IV 850 

Oberholatft  H.  C.»  Notes  on  North  American  Birds,  IV-VII 254 

Obertiolaer,  H.  C^  A  Sync^isis  of  the  Baoes  of  BombycUla  parrula 851 

OberhofeMfr,  H.  C,  Description  of  a  New  lole  from  the  Anamba  Islands—  851 

Oberholser,  H.  C,  The  MigraUon  of  North  American  Birds,  VII 646 

Oberiioiaer,  H.  C,  A  Second  Bird  Survey  at  Washington,  D.  C 646 

Oberholser,  H.  C^  The  Status  of  the  Genus  Orchilus  Cabanis 646 

Oberholser,  H.  C,  Mutanda  Ornithologica,  V 646 

Obst,  M.  M^  A  Bacterologic  Study  of  Sardines 555 

Oosley,  C  Farming  Plans  for  IdlD 789 

Palmer,  T.  S.,  Ceata's  Hummingbirds— Its  Type  Locality,  Barly  History 

and  Name 646 

Pemberton,  C.  EL,  and  H.  W.  Willard,  Work  and  Parasitism  of  the  Med- 
iterranean Fruit-fly  in  Hawaii  during  1917 62 

PembertOD,  C.  E.,  and  H.  F.  Willard,  A  Contribution  to  the  Biology  of 

Fruit-fly  Parasites  in  Hawaii 459 

Peten,  J.  G.»  A  Program  of  Forest  Conservation  for  the  South 841 

Pierce^  B.  G.,  Notes  on  Peridermiums  from  Ohio 645 

Pierce,  B.  G.,  Additional  List  of  State  and  National  Quarantines  Against 

the  White  Pine  Blister  Bust 852 

Ptaoep  W.  D^  Notes  w  Insects  of  the  Order  Strepsiptera,  with  Descrip* 

tl4»i8  of  New  Species 266 

Pierce,  W.  D.,  The  OoraparaUve  Morphology  of  the  Order  Strepsiptera, 

together  with  Beoords  and  Descriptions  of  Insects 266 

Pierce,  W.  D^  Medical  Sntomology  a  Vital  Factor  in  the  Prosecution  of 

the  War '^54 

Pierce,  W.  D^  The  Case  of  the  Genera  Bhina  and  Magdalis "^59 

Pierce,  W.  D„  B.  H.  Hutchhison,  and  A.  Moecowitz,  Government  Beport 
€0  Laundry  Machinery.— Its  AdaptabUity  to  Various  Bequlrements 

and  DJalnfudtoi  and  Disinsection -----  ^^ 

Piper,  a  Yn  The  Most  Pressing  Agricultural  Development  Problem  in  the 

United  SUtes ^ 


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XXIV  EXPEBIMBNT  STATIOK  BECOBB.  [Tol.40 


Piper,  C.  Vn  Cutthroat  Qtbbb,  Fa$i4eum  combM 157 

Popenoe,  W.,  Agricultural  Bzplorationa  in  Mexico 24d^d42 

Potter,  A.  A.,  and  G.  W.  Coons,  Diflereuces  between  tbe  Species  of 
Tllletla  on  Wheat 846 

Potter,  G.  M.,  Abortion  in  Cattle:  Some  of  the  Causes  and  PraventiTea..  665 
Potts,  B.  O^  Statistics  of  Production  and  Marketing  of  Dairy  Products..  476 
PoweU,  T.  F^  Opportunities  Afforded  the  Ballroads  of  the  United  States 

for  Profitable  Agricultural  Deyelopm^t  Work 488 

Power,  F.  B.,  The  Distribution  and  Characters  of  Some  of  the  Odorous 

Principles  of  Plants 710 

Preston,  J.  F.,  Economic  Use  of  the  Forests  of  Montana 642 

Bansom,  B.  H.,  Notes  on  Stomach  Worms,  Btc 782 

Bedfield,  H.  W.,  Benflade  Milk  and  Cream 802 

Beynolds,  F.  H.,  A  Multiple-pipette  Holder  for  the  Distribution  of  Serum 

for  the  Complement  Fixation  Test 681 

Beynolds,.  F.  H.,  and  H.  W.  Schoening,  An  Improved  Method  for  Becover- 
ing  Trypanosomes  from  the  Blood  of  Bats  for  Antigen  Purposes  in  Con- 
nection with  Complement  Fixation 86 

Bhoads,  A.  S.,  Some  New  or  Little-known  Hosts  for  Wood-destrc^ying 

Fungi,    II 880 

Bhoads,  A.  S.,  G.  G.  Hedgcock,  B.  Bethel,  and  C.  Hartley,  Host  Belation- 
ships  of  the  North  American  Busts,  Other  than  Gymno^porangiums, 

Which  Attack  Conifers 846 

Bicker,  P.  L.,  A  Sketch  of  Botanical  Activity  In  the  District  of  Columbia 

and  Vicinity 726 

Bidgway,  C.  S.,  A  Promising  Chenflcal  Photometer  for  Plant  Physiologi- 
cal Besearch 621 

Blxford,  G.  P.,  Early  Establishment  of  Blastophaga  in  California 264 

Bogers,  J.  S.,  and  B.  W.  Frey,  A  Volum^iometar .      206 

Bohwer,  S.  A^  Helping  to  Stabilize  Nomenclature 254 

Bohwer,  S.  A.,  Descriptions  and  Notes  on  Sonfe  Ichneumon  Flies  from 

Java —     458 

Bohwer,  S.  A.,  Notes  on  and  Descriptions  of  Some  Sawflies  from  the 

Australian  Begion 400 

Bohwer,  S.  A.,  The  American  Species  of  the  Genus  Cephus 065 

Bohwer,  S.  A.,  A  Note  on  Chalcis  abiewB 700 

Bohwer,  S.  A.,  Notes  on  and  Descriptions  of  Sawflies  B^onging  to  the 

Tenthredinld  Tribe  Henflchroini 701 

Bohwer,  S.  A.,  The  North  American  Species  of  the  Sawfly  Genus  Lau- 

rentia - : ~ — —  .»> —     701 

Bohwer,  S.  A.,  New  Sawflies  of  the  Subfamily  Diprioninie 701 

Bohwer,  S.  A.,  and  B.  A.  Cushman,  Idiogastra*  a  New  Suborder  of  Hy- 

menoptera,  with  Notes  on  the  Immature  Stages  of  Oryssus 205 

Bohwer,  S.  A.,  and  M.  M.  Fagan,  Addltlmis  and  Corrections  to  *'  The  Type 
Species  of  the  Genera  of  the  Oynipoidea  or  the  Gall  Wasps  and  Par- 

aMtic   Cynipoids" 882 

Safford,  W.  E.,  Chenopodium  muttaUiw,  a  Food  Plant  of  the  Aztecs T28 

Salant,  W.,  The  Importance  of  Diet  as  a  Factor  in  the  Production  of 

Pathologic  Changes 405 

Salant,  W.,  and  Helene  Connet,  Experiments  with  an  Isomer  of  Caffeln      202 
Salant,  W.,  and  A.  E.  Livingston,  The  Influence  of  lodln  and  Sodium 
lodid  on  the  Circulation ^w,,^-,,^.^,^-,,,,,,,— >,«>.^,      274 


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M9}  OONTEirrS.  XXV 

Salant,  W^  and  A.  M.  Swanaon,  The  Protectiye  Action  of  Diet  against 
Tartrate  NephriUs 286 

Stlant,  W.»  and  A.  M.  Swanson,  The  Infloenoe  of  Diet  on  the  Toxicity 
of  Sodiom  Tartrate 286 

flaiant,  W^  and  A«  K.  Swanson,  Diet  and  Benal  Activity  in  Tartrate 
Nephritis 888 

Salant»  W.,  and  A.  M.  Sivanaon,  Observations  on  the  Action  of  Tartrates, 
Citrates,  and  Oxalatea— A  Study  in  Toleranost  Onmulation,  and  the 
Bifect  of  Diet 466 

SasBcer,  E.  R.,  and  H.  F.  Diets,  mmigation  of  Gattleya  Orchids  with 
Hydrocyanic  Add  Qas 862 

Sassoer,  £2.  B.,  and  H.  L.  Sanford,  Effect  of  Hydrocyanic  Acid  Gas  under 

Tacmun  Conditions  on  Subterranean  Larvffi 266 

Schreiner,  O^  and  J.  J.  Skinner,  The  Triangle  System  for  Fertilizer  Ex* 

perimoits : 126 

Schroeder,  E.  C,  and  G.  W.  Brett,  The  Method  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal 

Industry  for  Testing  the  Potency  of  Tuberculin.. 680 

Schwartz,  Bh  Observations  and  Experiments  on  Intestinal  Trichins 476 

Schwarz,  E.  A^  and  H.  S.  Barber,  Two  New  Hydrophllid  Beetles 266 

Soofleld,  C  S^  Effect  of  Farm  Manure  in  Stimulating  the  Yields  of  Irri- 
gated Field  Crops 421 

Sham^  A.  D^  Lemon  Orchard  from  Buds  of  Single  Selected  Tree 151 

Sham^  A.  D^  Furrow-manure  Method  of  Feeding  Orange  Trees 246 

Shamel,  A.  D^  Successful  Grapefruit  Production  in  California 842 

Shamel,  A.  D.,  Bud  Variation  in  Dahlias 447 

Shamel,  A.  D.,  and  C.  S.  Pomeroy,  A  Fruiting  Orange  Thorn 151 

Sfaamel,  A.  D^  L.  B.  Scott,  and  C.  S.  Pomeroy,  A  Test  of  the  Efficiency 

of  Orchard  Heating 640 

Shaw,  H.  B.,  Climatic  Control  of  the  Morphology  and  Physiology  of  Beets.      631 

Shear,  CL  L^  Spoilage  of  Cranberries  after  Picking 262 

Shear,  C.  Ik,  Pathological  Aspects  of  the  Federal  Fruit  and  VegetaUe 

Inspection  Service 844 

Skinner,  J.  J.,  SoU  Aldehydes 22 

Skinner,  W.  W^  and  J.  W.  Sale^  Sugar  Substitutes  in  Bottied  Soft 

Drinks,  n-UI 68 

Slocmn,  R.  B^  Breeding  Poultry  for  Standard  and  Utility  Values 876 

Smith,  C.  B^  Agrtcultural  Extension  Work  in  the  United  States 896 

Smith,  H.  E.,  Notes  on  North  American  Taddnidse,  Including  the  De- 
scription of  One  New  Genus 653 

Smith,  J.  W.,  Agricultural  Meteorology 19 

Smith,  B.  S^  Calculation  of  the  Nutritive  Value  of  Milk  from  Rou- 
tine Teats 676 

Skiyder,  T.  E.,  A  Peculiar  Habit  of  a  Horsefly  (TalKmus  americanuM)  in 

the  Florida  Everglades 268 

Snyder,  T.  E.,  Injury  to  Cassaurina  Trees  in  Southern  Florida  by  the 

Mangrove  Borer 860 

Spauldlng,  P.,  The  White  Pine  BUster  Rust 542 

SfrtUman,  W.  J^  How  Farmers  Acquire  Their  Farms ®2 

SpiUman,  W.  J^  Farm  Science 209 

Stakman.  E.  C^  and  M.  N.  Levine,  Effect  of  Certain  Ecological  Factors 

on  the  Morpiiology  of  the  Uredhiospores  of  PuccMa  gramkUs 641 

Stakman,  E.  a,  M.  N.  Levine,  and  J.  G.  Leadi,  New  Biologic  Forms 
of  PuockUa  fframMs •" 


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XXVI  EXPEBIMBOT'  STiOTON  BECOBB.  tV^M 


Stakman,  E.  0.,  F.  J.  Piemeisel,  and  M.  N.  Lerlne,  Plasticity  of  Bioiosic 

Forms  of  Puccinia  gramiMia —  249 

Stedman,  J.  M.,  Fanners'  Institutes  in  the  United  States  in  1917 595 

Stevens,  N.  B.,  Keeping  Quality  of  Strawberries  in  BaUtisn  to  Ttaair 

Temperature  wfaoi  Picked 639 

Steyens,   N.   E.,   and   R.   B.   Wilcox,   Temperatures   of   Small   Fruits 

when  Picked 150 

Surface,  H.  B.,  and  F.  H.  Smith,  Pulp  Mills  of  the  United  States 641 

Tanaka,  T.,  Notes  on  Some  Fungus  Diseases  and  a  New  Codling  Moth 

Attacking  the  Persimmon  in  J^pan 52 

Tanaka,  T.,  A  New  Oodling  Moth  Attacking  the  Persimmon  [in  Japan]..  Ii67 
TillotBon,  G.  R.,  The  Possibilities  of  Farm  Woodland  Deyelopment  undi^ 

the  Smith-Lever  Act - 641 

Tlsdale,  W.  EL,  Physoderma  Disease  of  CJom 846 

Townsend,  G.  H.  T.,  A  New  Muacoid  Genus  from  the  Chiricahau  Moun- 
tains, Arte 857 

Townsend,  G.  H.  T.,  Some  Muscoid  Synonymy,  with  One  New  Genus 758 

Townsend,  G.  EL  T.,  New  Muscoid  Genera,  Species,  and  Synonymy 869 

Townsend,  G.  O.,  An  Immune  Variety  of  Sugar  Gane 848 

Tracy,  W.  W.,  sr..  Adaptation  of  Vegetables. 147 

Tracy,  W.  W.,  sr.,  Report  of  the  Gommittee  on  Score  Gards  for  Vegetables.  196 

True,  A.  G.,  Some  Timely  Topics  of  Interest  to  Farmers'  Institute  Workenu  095 
True,    A.    G.,    Gooperative    Agricultural    Extensicm    Work    under    the 

Smith-Lever  Act -*. 892 

True,  R.  EL,  O.  F.  Black,  and  J.  W.  Kelly,  Ash  Absorption  by  Spinach 

from  Goncentrated  Soil  Solutions 002 

True,  R.  H.,  and  F.  W.  Oeise,  Expwim^its  on  the  Value  of  Greensand 

as  a  Source  of  Potassium  for  Plant  Gulture 423 

True,  R.  H.,  et  aL,  Physiological  Studies  of  Normal  and  Blighted  Spinadi.  450 
Urbahns,  T.  D.,  life  History  Obsenrations  on  Four  Recently  Described 

Parasites  of  Bruchophagns  funebri$ 882 

Valgren,  V.  N.,  Obligations  and  Opportunities  of  Mutual  Insurance  Com- 
panies In  the  Gonservation  of  Property : 098 

Van  Eseltine,  6.  P.,  The  Allies  of  Selagineaa  rupeBtrU  in  the  South- 
eastern United  States 138 

Van  Fleet  W.,  New  Everbearing  Strawberries 689 

Vlereck,  H.  L.,  Notes  on  the  Bee  Oaius  Andrena  (Hymenoptera) 65 

Vlereck,  H.  L.,  A  List  of  Families  and  Subfamilies  of  Ichneumon  Flies 

of  the  Superfamlly  Ichneumonoldea  (Hymenoptera) 65 

Walton,  W.  R.,  Three  New  Tachinid  Parasites  of  Meodee 663 

Warburton,  G.  W.,  The  Occurrence  of  Dwarfness  in  Oats 827 

Washburn,  H.  J.,  Eradication  of  Disease  from  the  Farm 880 

Weber,  F.  G.,  and  J.  B.  Wilson,  The  Formation  of  Ammonia  and  Amins  in 

Ganned  Sardines  during  Storage 411 

Weir,  J.  R^  Experimental  Investigations  on  the  Genus  Rasoumo&kya 253 

Weir,  J.  R.,  and  E.  E.  Hubert,  Notes  on  Forest  Tree  Rusts 349 

Weir,  J.  R.,  and  E.  E.  Hubert,  The  Influence  of  Thinning  on  Western 

Hemlock  and  Grand  Fir  Infteted  with  Eohmodar^iUMi  Mfiotori«m__  842 

Wells,  R.  W.,  Eradication  of  Poultry  Lice 764 

Wetmore,  A.,  A  New  Guckoo  from  New  Zealand 55 

Wetmore,  A.,  A  Note  on  the  Tracheal  Air  Sac  in  the  Ruddy  Duck,,^. 351 

Wetmore,  A.,  Birds  Observed  near  Minoo,  Gentral  Oklahoma 646 


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1W»1  CONTENTS.  XXVH 

Page. 
Wetmore,  A.,  and  F.  Harper,  A  Note  on  the  Hibernation  of  Kinoitemon 

pennsytvanUmm 260 

Wherry,  E.  T.,  Crystallography  and  Opticai  Properties  of  Three  Aldopen- 

toees 202 

Wheny,  B.  T.,  The  Reactions  of  the  Soils  Supporting  the  Growth  of 

Certain  Native  Orchids 812 

Wherry,  B.  T.,  and  E.  Q.  Adams,  The  Classification  of  Mimetic  Crystals.  609 

White,  G.  C,  Improved  Transportation  Service  for  Perishable  Products.  488 
White,  G.  F.,  A  Note  on  the  Muscular  Coat  of  the  Ventriculus  of  the 

Honeybee  {Apis  tnelUfioa) 760 

WUcox,  B.  v..  City  Troops  Take  a  Food  Salient 389 

Willett,  G.,  Bird  Notes  from  Forrester  Island,  Alaska 351 

WiUiams,  R.  R.,  Some  General  Aspects  of  the  "  Vitamin  "  Problem 465 

Wilson,  A.  D.,  and  C.  W.  Warburton,  Field  Crops 622 

Wllson»  H.  F.,  and  J.  J.  Davis,  A  New  Genus  and  Species  of  Aphid 355 

WIndiell,  A.  N.,  and  E.  R.  Miller,  The  Dustfall  of  March  9,  1918 616 

Wise,  L.  B.,  and  E.  Q.  Adams,  Photographic  Sensitizing  Dyes:  Their 

Synthesis  and  Absorption  Spectra 16 

Wise,  L.  EL,  E.  Q.  Adams,  J.  K.  Stewart,  and  C.  H.  Lund,  Synthesis  of 

Photosensitizing  Dyes,  Pinaverdol  and  Pinacyanol 711 

Wood,  W.  B.,  The  Oriental  Peach  Moth:  A  Japanese  Fruit  Insect  Re- 
cently Introduced  into  the  United  States 652 

Wright,  R.  C,  Nitrogen  Relations  of  Certain  Crop  Plants  when  Grown 

Alone  and  in  Association 821 

Wright,  S.,  Color  Inheritance  in  Mammals,  VI-XI 869 

Yothers,    W.    W.,   The   Mixing   of   Oil    Emulsions   with    Lime-sulphur 

Solutions 454 

Young,  A.  W.,  The  Development  of  a  Portable  Insectary 752 


ILLUSTRATION. 


Pags. 
Fm.  1. — ^Diagram  of  life  history  of  the  strawberry  leaf  roller,  showing 
the  proper  times  during  the  season  for  spraying 755 


Digitized  by 


Google 


Digitized  by 


Google 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


A]MdinA»R.A.»244. 
AMwtt,W.B.,7S2. 
AbelovB,  J.  £..  580. 581. 
Adtert;B.W..49S. 
AdEert,  J.  E.,  359.685. 
Adftsd,  F.  D..  894. 
Acree,  8.  F.,  202. 
Adtmes,  H.  B.,  210. 
A.,  610. 

ec.soo. 

K.  Q.,  16, 609.  711. 

Adams,  H.  S.,  199. 

Adams,  J.  F.,  349, 698. 

Adams,  J.  M.  R.,  847. 

Adams,  L.W.,  558. 

Adams,  R.  L.,  695.  890. 

Adamson,  H.,  195. 

Addams,  J..  178. 

AM£a,E.M.,751. 

Agw.H.P.,51,684,854. 

Al]islSe,C.M..754. 

AlnsUe,  O.  O.,  168,  268,  856. 

Alta,A.,725. 

Altlwiliead.W.,788. 

Ikerman,  1.,  138,  534,  880. 

Alberts,  H.  W.,  624. 

Anwo,  F.  W.,  763,  808. 

Alboqncrqiie,  J.  P.,  d*.  688. 

Alcock,A.W.,687. 

AIeock.W.B.,579. 

Alder,  B.,  599. 

Aldridi,  J.  M.,  169,  263,  367. 

Aldrich,T.B.,409. 

AUncastre,  C,  410. 

AOao,  R.  G.,  523. 

A]]ard,H.A.,226,442. 

Allen,  711. 

ADea,  B.  C,  57. 

Anen.  B.  R.,  119,  609. 

A]]eD,J.A.,585. 

Allem  R.  McD.,  460. 

Anen,  R.T.,  814. 

Anen,  R.  W.,  431,  444.  484. 
494. 
^.  AIIeB,W.J.,848. 

Alter,  A.  O.,  661. 

Allison,  J.  R.,  342. 
*  A]07,1.,580. 

Alabers,C.L.,502. 
W  Alway.  F.  J..  211,  820,  811. 

Amandni,  N.,  561. 

Amberger,  C.  608, 666. 

Ames,  C.  T.,  284. 

AmMS,  H.  L.,  85. 

Amsbangh,  A.  E.,  668. 

Ander««K,L.T.,498. 

Aodcis,C.B.,696. 


Anderson,  A.  C,  97. 
Anderson,  A.  L.,  297. 
Anderson,  B.  O..  298. 
Anderson.  C.  E..  664. 
Anderson.  C.  W..  542. 
Anderson,  J..  264. 
Anderson.  J.  S.,  380. 
Andrews,  B.  F.,  195. 
Andrews,  C.  C,  45. 
Andrews,  C.  B..  710. 
Andrews,  B.  A.,  250. 
Andrews,  F.,  93. 
Angelld,  G.,  680. 
Angll,  J.,  615. 
Ankeney,  W.  N.,  495. 
Anstead,  R.  D.,  448,  041,  851. 
Anthony,  E.  L.,  608. 
Anthony,  R.  D..  149,  698. 
Anthony,  S.  A.,  39. 
Antonladis,  640. 
App.  F.,  137,  299.  473.  670. 
Arana  y  Franco,  M.  de.,  538. 
Arena,  P.,  46. 
Arms,  J.  R.,  557. 
Armsby,  H.  P.,  365. 
Armstrong,  S.  F.,  525. 
Amal,  A.,  656. 
Amand,  G..  844, 845. 
Amd,  T.,  811. 
Amett,  C.  N.,  199. 
Arnold,  C.  P.,  99. 
Arnold,  J.  H..  133,  299. 
Arnold,  J.  P.,  116. 
Arnold,  W.  W.,  351. 
Arny.  A.  C,  35,  226, 623. 
Arrow,  G.  J.,  63. 
Arthur,  J.  C,  133,  327. 
Arthns,  M.,  109. 
Artman,  C.  E.,  96. 
Artschwager,  E.  F.,  543. 
ArtslzoTsky,  V.,  443. 
Ashby,  A.  W.,  887. 
Ashby,  R,  C,  770. 
Ashby,  S.  F.,  750. 
Ashenhurst,  J.  O.,  486. 
Ashman,  R.,  364. 
Asmis,  W.,  801. 
Atanasoff,  D.,  49. 
Atkinson,  A.,  443. 
Anbry,  V.  G.,  280. 
Anchinleck.  G.  G.,  442. 680. 
Andas.  J.  W.,  32. 
Andebert.  O..  750. 
Aognstln,  287. 
Anne,  B.,  314,  881,  840,  871, 

874,  391. 
Ayery,  a  T.,  677. 


Ayers,  8.  H.,  376, 881. 
Ayres,  B.,  199,  200. 
Ayres,  W.  B.,  437, 438. 
Ayyangar,  G.  N.  R.,  631. 
Ayyangar,  P.  A.  R.,  808. 
Ayyar,  T.  V.  R.,  553.  854. 

Babcock,  D.  C,  807. 

Babcock,  E.  B.,  693.  798. 

Back,  EL  A.,  64, 169,  861. 

Backhouse,  W.  O.,  140. 

Bacon,  P.  E.,  878. 

Bacot,  A.  W.,  61. 

Baer,  A.  C,  81.  675. 

Baglionl,  S.,  560. 

Bagnall,  R.  S.,  59,  647. 

Bahr,  P.  H.,  262. 

Bailey,  E.  M.,  726. 

BaUey,  B.  W.,  196. 

BaUey,  H.  L.,  855. 

Bailey,  H.8..  205, 614. 

BaUey.  L.H..  284. 

Bailey.  V.,  850. 

Bain,  S.  M.,  200. 

Baird,  A.  B.,  62. 

Baird,  H.  8.,  576,  675. 

Bajda.  J.  J.,  808. 

Baker.  A.  C.  165. 262.  754. 

Baker,  A.  W.,  648. 

Baker,  C.  F.,  260. 

Baker,  H.  P.,  743. 

Baker,  O.  E.,  526. 

Baker,  8.  M.,  524. 

Bakke,  A.  L.,  427. 

Baldwin,  M.  E.,  504. 

Balfour.  B..  541. 

Ball.  B.  D..  353. 

Ball,  H.  W.,  715. 

Balland,   66,  268,  379,  556, 

557,  864. 
Ballard,  C.  W,.  509. 
Ballard,  W.  R.,  840. 
Ballhausen,  O.  C,  79. 
Ballon,  F.  H.,  841. 
Ballon,  H.  A..  261,  265,  048. 
Balls,  A.  K..  880. 
Balls.  W.Ii..  524. 
Bancroft.  C.  K.,  241.  844. 
Bandl,  E.,  814. 
BarbarA,  B..  164. 
Barb€,E.,6l9. 
Barber,  C.  A.,  635,  829,  830. 
Barber,  H.  S.,  265,  655. 
Barker,  B.  T.  P..  414,  747, 

844. 
Barker,  P.  B..  297. 
Barkman,  J.  O.,  799. 

901 


Digitized  by 


Google 


902 


EXFEBIMENT  STATIOK  BBOOBB. 


[yoL40 


Barnes,  J.  H.,  685. 
Barnett,  O.  M.,  697. 
Barnett,  R.  C,  387. 
Barnett,  R.  J.,  898. 
Barnum,  M.  G.»  896. 
Barr,  D.  P.,  868. 
Barre,  H.  W.,  648, 699 
Barrett,  337. 
Barrett,  J.  T..  696. 
Barrett,  W.,  420. 
Barrows,  E.  I^.,  298. 
Barss,  H.  P.,  699. 
Barthe,  A.  B.,  334. 
Bartlett,  H.  H.,  823. 
Bartram,  H.  E.,  50. 
Bartsch,  P.,  56. 
Bashambar  Das,  650. 
Basseches,  S.,  289. 
Bassett,  C.  E.,  489. 
Basaett.  S.  C,  826. 
Bastln,  S.  L.,  847. 
Baston,.  G.  H.,  35. 
Batchelor,  L.  D.,  696. 
Bates,  L.  I.,  857. 
Batten,  E.  T.,  298. 
Baomann,  E.  J.,  712. 
Bantista.  B.  B.,  627. 
Banzil,  113,  409. 
Bansil,  L.,  206. 
Bawlf,  W.  R.,  390. 
Bayla,  A.  M.,  538. 
Bazett,  H.  C,  806. 
Baay,  L.,  779. 
Beach,  B.  A.,  483. 
Beach,  G.  W.,  173. 
Bean,  R.  P.,  698. 
Bear,  F.  E.,  897. 
Bearce,  B.,  379. 
Beath,  O.  A.,  300. 
Beattie,  J.  M.,  360, 855. 
Bcattle,  W.  R.,  833. 
Beaamont,  A.  E.,  183. 
Beanverie,  J.,  819. 
Beck,  (Mrs.)  G.  W.,  864. 
Becker,  G.  Q.,  165. 166, 054. 
Beckerlch,  A.,  686. 
Beckett,  B.,342. 
Beckwith,  C.  S.,  356. 
Beckwlth,  T.  B.,  799. 
Becraft,  R.  J.,  200. 
Bedford,  O.  A.  H.,  656. 
Beeson,  C.  F.  C,  259. 260. 
BeesoD,  M.  A.,  32,  624. 
BelDhart,  B.  G.,  135* 
Belin,  186. 
BeliDi  M.,  579. 
Bell,  G.  A.  875. 
Bell,  J.  O.,  68. 
Bellamy,  A.  W.,  367. 
Belli,  C.  M.,  561. 
Beltrami,  P.,  582. 
Beltzer,  F.  J.  G.,  415. 
Benedict  C.  G.,  269. 
Benedict,  F.  G.,  269,  270, 465, 

561. 
Benedict,  S.  R.,  13, 67, 713. 


Bengtsson,  N.,  723. 
Bennett,  H.  H..  813,  814. 
Benson*  H  F.,  20flL 
Benson,  O.  H.,  595,  897. 
BenUey,  G.  M.,  553. 
Bentley.  W.  A.,  117. 
Benton,  R.,  798. 
Benton,  T.  H.,  216. 
Berczeller,  I*,  113. 
Bergeim,  O.,  269. 
Berger,  E.  W.,  260. 
Bergh,  O.  I.,  734. 
Bergman,  A.  M.,  585. 
Bergtold,  W.  H.,853. 
Berkeley,  C,  882. 
Berman,  H.,  210. 
Bernard,  C,  656. 
Bernard,  F.,  194, 791. 
Bernstein,  H.  S.,  79. 
Berry,  A.  H.,  288. 
Berry,  J.  B..  447. 
Berthel,  C,  723. 
Berthelot,  D.,  325, 619. 
Berthey,  Gw,  284. 
Bertrand,  A.,  46. 
Bertrand,  G.,  556. 
Bealcy,.F.W.>744. 
Besredka,  A.,  83,  289. 
Bessey,  B.  A.,  797. 
Bethel,  E.,  645. 
Betts,  G.  H.,  897. 
Beuzeyllle.  W.  A.  W.  de,  153. 
Bevan,  W.,  243, 648. 
Bezell,J.A.,894. 
Beyro,  A.  F.,  86. 
Beythien,  A^  658. 
Bianchini,  B.,  783. 
Biazzo,  R.,  808. 
Bieling,  R.,  478. 
Blerry,  H.,  863, 464,  563. 
Bigelow,  W.  D.,  14,  864. 
Biggar,  H.  H.,  137. 
Biggie,  J.,  177. 
BUi,  P.  A.  Tan  der,  160, 848. 
Bilham,  B.  G.,  187. 
Billeter,  H..  892. 
Bniing8,G.A..298. 
Billings,  W.  A..  181, 885. 
BIng,  P.  C,  297. 
Blolettl,  F.  T..  414. 
Birch,  R.  R.,  279,  778 
Birchard,  F.  J.,  637. 
Bird,  H.  g.,  138. 
Bisby,  G.  R.,  450. 
Bishopp,  F.  C,  458. 
Bjerre,  M.,  238. 
Black,  C.  C,  589. 
Black,  O.  F.,  450,  502. 
Blackman.  M.  W.,  453, 547. 
Blackwell,  C.  P.,  624. 
Blackwell,J.D.,492. 
Blair,  A.  W.,  300,  321. 
Blair,  R.  B.,  433,  444,  472, 

484,  494. 
Blair,  W.  8.,  246,  768. 
Blake,  J.  C.»  460. 


Blake,  M.  A.,  885. 

BUkealee,  A.  F.,  876. 

Blanchard,  847. 

Blanchard.  O.,  92. 

BUnck,  B.,  728. 

Bleyne,  A.  de,  246. 

Blodgett,F.H.,154. 

BlokseUl,  K.  B.  F.,  488. 

Blood,  A.  F.,  68, 

Bloor,  W.  R.,  16, 17C 

Bliimentlua.P.,798. 

Blumenthal,  P.  J^  199, 

Blnnt,]L^795. 

Boae,  H.  M.,  81,  225. 

Bobilioff,  W.,  158, 44& 

Bock,  J.  C,  609. 

Bodinna,  F.,  50& 

Bodkin,  G.  B.,  163, 261. 859. 

Boeck,  W.  C,  884. 

Boemer,  B.  G.,  89. 

Bolin,P.,135,626. 

BoUey,  H.  L.,  299. 

Bolten,  J.,  79. 

Bondzynakl,  412. 

Bonis,  A.,  618. 

Bonjour,  P.  B.,  892. 

Bonney,  V.,  285, 882. 

Bonna,  W.  W.*  589. 

Bonorino  Cuenca,  J.,  580. 

Bonsteel,  J.  A^  19. 

Bontrager,  W.  B,  296,  640. 

Boomgaard,  W.  H.,  628. 

Bo4uet.885. 

Boquet,A.,586. 

Borden,  J.  B.,  200. 

Bordner,  J.  8.,  599. 

Boring,  A.  M.,  400, 664, 665. 

Borland,  A.  A.,  698. 

Bornand,  M.,  862. 

Bos,  H.,  716. 

Boshnakian,  a,  244. 

Boss,  A.,  839,  890. 

Boss,  W.,  696. 

Bosworth,  A.  W.,  501,  661, 

869. 
Botto,  A.,  442. 
Bottomley,  W.  B.,  524. 
Bondet,  J.,  109. 
Bouma,  A.,  11. 
Bonqnet,  A.  G.  B..  883. 
Bonrdarie,  P.,  438. 
Bonyier,  B.  L.,  647. 
Bonyoncos,  G.  J.,  20,  815. 
Bovell,  J.  R.,  56, 484, 688, 
Buying,  A.  G.,  769. 
Bowdltch,  H.  I.,  661, 869. 
Bowen,J.T.,475,476. 
Bowerman,  E.  A.,  826. 
Bowers,  "W.  G.,  657, 
Boyack,  B.,  524. 
Boyce,  J.  8.,  345, 849, 843. 
Boyd,  W.  L.,  181,  885. 
Boyer,  409. 
Boyer,  L.,  180. 
Bracken,  J.,  588. 
Brackett,  B.  N.,  26. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


m»l 


IKDBX  OF  NAMES. 


90S 


l^dle7,F.S.,892. 

Bndley.  H.,  68S. 

Bndle7.J.a.697. 

Bradley.  L.,  128. 

Bradley.  W.W.,7«. 

6nlik,CK.,854. 

BralUar,  F..  795. 

Brand,  C.  J.,  144,  438,  489, 

791. 
Branford,  R.,  076. 
Bravn,  EL  L.,  224. 
Biaaler,C.EL,715. 
Brcakwell,  K.  524.  638. 
Bfcaseale,  J.  F.,  861. 
Bnaiealc,  J.  Y.,  298. 
Bleed,  B.&.  476. 
Bregger,  T.,  83. 
Breltenbecher,  J.  K..  860. 
Brenchley.  W.  E.,  520.  688. 

738,  882. 
Bresiler,  R.  G.,  492. 
Brtt)iefl,J.,61,62,855. 
Bi^tigni^re.  L:,  24. 
BiPtt,G.W..680. 
Breirater,  J.  F.,  502. 
BrldiveU,  J.  C,  269,  261.  206. 
Bri«ss,G.,827,339. 
Biishtman,  C.  L.,  202. 
Brin.  H.  C,  410. 
Brtiik]ey.L.K,217. 
Brinton,  D.  G.,  688. 
Briosi,  G.,  160. 
Brtonx.C.127. 
Brittaln,  W.  H.,  57,  854,  648. 
Brittlebank,  G.  C,  749. 
Britton.  W.  B.,  259, 753. 
Broadhunt,  J.,  694,  866. 
BrociE,W.&,837. 
Brocknnier,  8.  H.,  862. 
Brodle,F.J.,211. 
BrodiD,P..71,880. 
Broek.  P.  W.,  Tan  den,  668. 
Brokaw,W.H.,398. 
Bromley,  J.  H.,  498. 
Brooks,  A.,  646. 
Brooks,  C,  849. 
Brooks,  a  F.,  417, 617. 
Brooks,  F.E.,  257. 
Brooks,  S.  C,  400. 
BroMard,  E.  B.,  799. 
Brou^too-Alcoa:.  W.,  579. 
Brown,  B.  S.,  195. 
Brown.  C  R,  177. 
Brown,  R,  499, 881. 
Brown,  G.  A.,  97, 768, 797. 
Brown,  H.  B.,  284. 
Brown,  J.  G.,  226. 
Brawn,  J.  H.,  881. 
Brown.  I^,  886. 
Brown,  L.  P.,  864, 865. 
Brown,  N.  C,  841. 
Bjdwd,P.EL,216. 
Brown,  T.  W.,  IBX, 
Brown,  W.  H.,  458,  746. 
Brown,  W.  JL,  B42. 


Brown,  W.  S.,  298. 
Browne,  T.  K,  897. 
Browning,  C.  H.,  285,  577, 

883. 
Bmce,  D.,  798. 
Bnieckner.  A.  L..  497. 
Brn^re,  M.  B.,  196. 
Bines,  C.  T.,  459. 
Bmett,  B.  M..  813. 
Bnincr,  L.,  697. 
Brflnnich,  J.  C,  814, 415. 
Bmno,  A.,  128. 
Bryan.  W.  E.,  284. 
Bryant,  H.  C,  646. 
Bryant,  T.  R.,  799. 
Bryce,  P.  H.,  68,  864. 
Bryce,  P.  I.,  259. 
Buchanan,  R.  B.,  521,  583. 
Bnck.  J.  L.  B..  99. 
Bulger.  H.  A.,  880. 
Bollard,  W.  I..  626. 
Bnnsell,  H.  H..  450. 
Burd,  J.  B.,  120.  350,  505. 
Bnrden,  H.,  864. 
Barge.  W.  B.,  364,  365,  766, 

864. 
Bargess,  C.  H..  797. 
Burgess.  J.  L.,  299. 
Burke,  B.,  417,  419,  429,  470. 
Burke,  G.  S.,  558. 
Burke,  H.  E.,  656. 
Burke.  R.  T.  A.,  216. 
Bnrkholder,  C.  L.,  838. 
Burkholder,  W.  H.,  643. 
Btlrki,  F.,  385. 
Burkill,  I.  H.,  260.  687. 
Burlison,  W.  L.,  443. 
Burnett,  B.  A..  808. 
Burnett,  J.  B.,  97. 
Burr,  W.  W.,  398. 
BurrUl,  354. 
Burri]l,A.C..168,650. 
Burritt,  M.  C.  299. 
Burrows,  M.  T.,  179. 
Burruss.  J.  A.,  800. 
Burt,  B.  C,  832. 
Burt,  B.  A.,  48. 
Burton.  A.  M.,  228. 
BushneU,T.M..420. 
Buss,  W.  J.,  772. 
Bussy,  L.  P.  de,  170. 
Butler,  B.  F.,  182. 
Butler.  B.  J..  47, 844. 
Butler.  T..  301. 
Butt,  N.  I.,  683. 
Buttenberg.  P.,  657. 
Butterfleld,  K.  L.,  396,  889. 
Byam,  W.,  550. 
Byars,  L.  P.,  849. 

Cadoret,  A.,  750. 
Cady,  L..  640. 
Caesar,  L.,  263, 648.  654. 
Cain,  J.  C,  109. 
Cajorl,  F.  A.,  178. 
CaldweU,  D.  W.,  881. 


OaldweU,  G.  T..  584. 
Callaway.  B.  C,  575. 
CaWin,  H.  W.,  67. 
Camacho,  C.  646, 661. 
Camb6,  F.,  890. 
Cameron.  A.  B.,  169,  259, 

547. 684, 858. 
Cameron,  L.  C.  R.,  860. 
Cameron.  P.  C.,  177. 
Cammack.  F.  R.,  70. 
Camp.W.  R.,  294. 
Campbell,  J.  A..  851. 
Campbell,  W.  H.,  895. 
Cannon,  W.  A.,  30.  180,  426. 
Cannon.  W.  B.,  767. 
Capmau,  289. 
Caporn,  A.  St.  C,  525,  528, 

629. 
CapuB,  G..  241. 
Capus,  J.,  158,  259,  850. 
Card,  L.  B.,  495, 670. 
Cardln,  P.,  453. 
Cardfn,  P.  O..  458. 
Cardot,  H.,  12,  581. 
Carlde  Massini,  P.,  61,  62, 

855. 
Carlson,  A.  J.,  270. 
Carlson,  F.  W.,  698. 
Carnes,  N.  K.,  696. 
Camot  P.,  779. 
Carpano,  M.,  680. 
Carpenter,  C.  W.,  644. 
Carpenter.  P.  A.,  117. 
Carpenter,  Q.  H..  62.    260. 
Carpenter,  T.  M.,  270. 
Carr,  M.  B.,  110. 
Carr,  R.  H..  16,  316. 
Carrero,  J.  O.,  51. 
Carrier,  L.,  100,  800. 
Carroll,  W.  B.,  71,  278.  478, 

799. 
Carsner,  E.,  250. 
Carter,  E.  G.,  722. 
Carter,  H.  P.,  856. 
Carter,  H.  R.  168,  827. 
Carter.  J.,  697. 
Carter,  W.  T.,  jr.,  120. 
Carver.  O.  W..  267. 
Carver,  T.  N..  294. 
Cary,  C.  A,  778. 
Casagrandl,  O..  584. 
Oisalls.  T..  779. 
Cassidy,  L.,  552. 
Castella,  F.  de,  750. 
castle.  W.  B.,  274. 
Cate,  C.  C.  848. 
Catbcart,  C.  S.,  665. 
Cathcart,P.H.,  116,863. 
CaudeU.  A.  N.,  260,  858,  649, 

754. 
Cftuthen,  Bl  F.,  141, 728,  828. 

829. 
Caiin,  M.,  779. 
Gasiot,  P.,  892. 
Chace,  B.  M.,  446. 
Cbamberlain,  A.  H.,  895. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


904 


EXFEBIMBKT  STATIOISr  KECOBB. 


[Vol.  40 


Chamberlain,  B.  B.,  887. 
Champlln,  M.,  82, 84. 
Chan,  8.  W.,  500. 
Chandler,  A.  K,  511. 
Chandler,  8.  E.,  524. 
Chandler,  W.  H.,  886. 
ChanUer,  W.  L.,  88. 148, 190. 
Chandra  Nag,  N.,  15. 
Chanej,  A.  U.,  489. 
Chanier,  G.  A.,  285. 
ChapaiB,  J.  C,  259. 
Chapln,  A.  8.,  199. 
Chapln,  C  L.,  488. 
Chapin,  B.  8.,  18. 
Chapln,  B.  M.,  609. 
Chapman,  F.  M.,  254. 
Chapman,  B.  N.,  59. 
Chappell,  J.,  247. 
Chaptal,  L.,  750. 
Charmoy,  D.  d'B.  de,  648. 
Charron.  A.  T.,  570, 864. 
Chaie,  A.,  82. 
Chase,  F.,  447. 
Chaadhnrl,N.C.,288. 
Chansaln,  J.,  66. 
Cheel,  Em  849. 
Cheney,  A.  B.,  808. 
Cherlngton,  P.  T..  875. 
Chick.  H.,  272,  868. 
Chllllot,  J.,  849. 
Chittenden,  A.  K.,  97. 
Chittenden,  F.  H.,  857,  548, 

756. 
Chrifltensen,  C.  J.,  622. 
Christensen,  F.  W.,  669. 
Christensen.  H.  B.,  821. 
Chrlstlansoi,  J.,  681. 
Christie.  A.  W.,  124, 495. 
Christie,  G.  I..  299,  890. 
Chrystal,  E.  M.,  862. 
Chrystal,  B.  N.,  861. 
Chnrch,  L.  M.,  89. 
Claassen,  H.,  615. 
Claassen,  P.  W.,  169. 
Claghom,  K.  H.,  890« 
Claiborne,  N.,  116. 
Clapp,  E.  H.,  748. 
Clark,  A.  H.,  88. 
aark,  F.,  196. 
Clark,  F.  G.,  848. 
aark,  J.  B..  210. 
Clark.  W.  B.,  114. 
Clarke,  B.  B.,  67. 
Clarke,  T.  L.  B.,  868. 
Clarke,  W.  F.,  418. 
Clatworthy,  L.  M.,  569. 
Clansen,  B.  E.,  695. 
Clansen.  8.  W.,  116. 
Clay,  C.  li.,  461. 
Cleare,  L.  D.,  jr..  168. 
Cleland,  J.  B.,  849, 851, 562. 
Clemente,  F.  E,,  129. 
Clements,  L.  8.,  567. 
Clemmer,  P.  W.,  876. 
Close.  C.  P.,  834. 
aothier,  B.  W.,  800. 


Clonaton,  D.,  528. 
Cobb,  N.  A.  157. 
Cobb,  W.  Bm  420. 
Co-Ching  Cho,  417. 
Cockayne,  A.  H.,  289. 
Cockbnrn,  T.,  567. 
CockereU,  T.  D.  A.,  728. 827. 
Coe,  H.  8..  141. 
Cogan,  Eb  8.,  98. 
Coghlan,  H.  L.,  247. 
Cohen,  B.,  172, 478. 
Cohen,  J.  B.,  700. 
Cohen,  M.  8.,  286. 
Cohen.  S.8.,  286. 
Cohn.  B.  J.,  116. 171, 868. 
Colt,  J.  E.,  246, 889. 
Coker.  D.  B..  422. 
Colby.  F.  H..  46. 
Cole.  F.  B.,  757. 
Cole,  G.  N.,  417. 
Coleman.  D.  A.,  144. 
Coleman,  Lb  C.  661. 
Colin,  H.,  114,  802. 
ColUrd,  J.  W..  749. 
Collatz,  F.  A.,  668. 
CoUey,  B.  H.,  645. 
CoUin,  J.  B.,  860. 
Colllnge,  W.  E.,  647. 
Collins,  E.  J.,  619. 
CoUins,  J.  L..  698.  826. 
Collins,  an.,  421. 
ColUns,  W.  D..  418. 
Comandncd.  J.,  666. 
Combe,  A,,  462. 
Combes,  B.,  289. 
Cominotti,  L.,  782. 
Comstock,  J.  H.,  861. 
Conant.  J.  B.,  609. 
Condra,  G.  E.,  820. 
Conner.  A.  B.,  800. 736,  737. 
Conner,  8.  D.,  22,  316,  322, 

620.  816. 
Connet,  H..  202. 
Connor,  A.  J.,  716. 
Connor.  L.  G.,  888. 
Conradi.  A.  F.,  647. 
Convert,  F.,  891. 
Cook.  A.  A.,  410. 
Cook.  F.  C  810. 
Cook,  L.  EL,  897. 
Cook.  M.  T..  646, 747. 748. 
Cook.  O.  F.,  237,  327.  438, 

688. 
Cooley,  A.  M.,  296. 
Cooley,  J.  8.,  849. 
Cooley,  B.  A..  462. 
Cooley,  B.  B..  497. 
Coombs.  G.  E..  336,  629. 
Coons.  G.  H,.  49.  797. 847. 
Coons.  G.  W..  345. 
Cooper.  B..  799. 
Cooper.  E.  H.,  263. 
Cooper,  H.  P.,  814. 
Cooper,  J.  B.,  246. 
Cooper.  T.  P.,  799. 
CDifoOQld,  M.,  172. 


Corbonld,M.K.,658. 
Corcoran,  J.  A.,  648. 
C6rdoTa,  B.  G.,  890. 
Comer,  G.  W.,  668. 
Corradine,  B.  G.,  268; 
Cort,  W.  W.,  654. 
Cortelessi,  688. 
Corwln,  B.  W..  900. 
Cory.  B.  N.,  549. 
Coasette,  J.  B.,  841. 
Cotton,  B.T.,  854. 
CoQlter,J.M.,817. 
Coulter,  M.  C.  817. 
Conper,  T.,  528. 
Conpin.  H.,  826. 
Courtney,  A.  M..  207,  661. 
Courty,  F.,  118. 
Courty,  M.  F.,  611. 
Conston,  F.,  234, 334. 
CoQtant,  H.  W.,  728. 
Coutt8,F.  J.  H.,379. 
Cowdry,  N.  H..  726. 
Cbwgill,  H.  B.,  241,  634. 
Cowie.  G.  A..  724. 
Cowles,  H.  C,  616.  617. 
Cox,  J.  F.,  97. 
Craib,  W.  G..  641. 
Craig,  B.  A.,  778,  783. 
Craig,  W.  T..  232,  233.  289. 
Crandell.  J.  C.  669. 
CrandeU.  M.  F..  669. 
Crane,  D.  B.,  640. 
Craven.  F.  H.,  190. 
Crawford,  D.  L.,  262. 
Crawford,  H.  L.,  191. 
Crawley,  J.  T.,  337. 633. 
Creelman,  G.  C.  606. 
Cregor,  N.  M.,  497,  799. 
Crerar.  T.  A.,  284. 
Crevost,  C,  333. 
Cridd]e,N.,466. 
Crigler,  N.  B.,  197,  698. 
Crocheron.  B.  H.,  695, 789. 
Crocker.  W..  89, 222, 826. 
Croft,  B.  D.,  99. 
Cromer,  C.  O.,  216, 736. 
Cromwell,  A.  D.,  196w 
Crookes,  W..  244. 
Crosby,  C.  B.,  649, 697. 
Crosby,  D.  J.,  596. 
Crosby,  M.  A..  133. 
Cross,  W.  E.,  634. 
Crow.  J.  W.,  883. 
Cmchet,  D.,  166. 
Cmess,  W.  V.,  110, 414. 
Crum,  B.  W„  787. 
Crumley,  J.  J.,  744. 
Crutchfleld,  J.  8..  489. 
Cuenca,  J.  B.,  580. 
Cullen,  G.  E..  284.  677,  709, 

710. 
Curler,  B.  F.,  398. 
Currier,  El  J.,  298. 
Currier.  B.  L.,  92. 139, 488. 
Currin,  B.  E.,  624. 
Curtis,  B.  H.,  117, 810. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


1919] 


I2in>EX  OF  NAMES. 


905 


D,I..J.,16. 

OmuBan,  R.   A^  266,  «49, 

CBtler.  a  H.,  831. 

Dtcfcwefler,  H.,  311. 

Dtdlsman,  H.  8.,  <I00. 

DthIberg,A.a,377. 

DiUberg.  R.  C,  338. 

l>ald]wH.D..611. 

d'Albaqnergne,  J.  P^  638. 

Dtlenconrt,  F.,  690. 

DilUmore.W.,248. 

DKlmas,D.^610. 

Dalrymple*  86. 

Dmlrrmple  Ilay.  B.,  640. 

Dud,  W.  Tmn,  11. 

I1IUMII.&C.623. 

DUM,  &  T.,  743, 89& 

DtiideiN>,J.B.,196. 

Duseard,P.  A.,223. 

DaBiel,H.B.,804. 

DaBiel,L.,628. 

Dul€]g,A.Ii.,71,865. 

DaiiielMii.B.B.,194. 

DuiBfelt.  H.  J..  827. 

Dtpperen.  J.  W.  tah,  87. 

DarUaston.  B.  B.,  187. 

DameU-Smltb,  O.  P.,  626. 

Diirow,  Q.  M..  160,  742,  83& 

Dirtoii.N.H.,291. 

Dai,  R,  660. 

Duii,J.S.,47,700. 

da8aTaNeT«i,A.,626. 

Dtnde,611. 

Du^ertj,  (Mra.)  L.  S.,  390. 

DtTenport,  C.  B.,  275. 

DtreDport,  E.,  700. 

Divej,  H.  W.,  748. 

DiTid,F.,92. 

D«vkl0oii.J.,244. 

DiTidaon,J.B.,686. 

DiTidM>ii,P.,131. 

Dtiidwii,W.M.,757. 

DiTla,D.J.,180.478. 

DiYto,  B.  P.,  98. 

DtTli,KB.,808. 

DKi1fl,H.P..496. 

DktI8,H.Y..636. 

Dills,  J.  J.,  836. 

DiTli,K.C.,492. 

Davis,  L.,  604. 

DiTis,L.y.,814. 

Davis,  M.  A.,  180. 

DaTiB^M.H..Jr.,861. 

Davis,  B.K.,  798. 

Davis,  W.  A.,  620. 

Davis,  W.T.»  866. 

DftvlssoB,  B.  8.,  600, 711, 806. 

Day.  H.  A.,  840, 626. 

Day,IiwB.,186. 

Day,  P.  C,  617. 

Dasa,G.A..462. 

Dean.  H.  H.,  774. 

DM]|,H.K.,431. 

Dwi,lC.I..,340. 

14Q06D*— 20 8 


de  Arana  y  Franco,  M.,  638. 
Dearing,  C,  808. 
Deatrick,  B.  P..  820. 
DetMUns,  B.,  881. 
DeBann,  R.  W.,  208,  638, 742, 

834. 
de  BenseviUe,  W.  A  W.,  163. 
da  Bleyne^  A.,  245. 
de  Bossy,  L^  P.,  170. 
de  GasteUa,  F.,  750. 
Dechambre,  556. 
de  Charmoy,  D.  d*B..  64S. 
Dederlck,  F.  V.,  778. 
de  DomlnldB,  A.,  212. 
DeUnt,  A.,  715. 
Degrully,  L.,  850. 
de  Jong,  A.  W.  K.,  620,  843. 
Dekker,J..435,443. 
Delaney,  C  R.,  16. 
De  LaiqiMurent,  35^ 
De  Laieinty-Tholozan,  883. 
de  la  Rosa,  G.  F.,  487. 
de  L'ficluse,  A.,  820. 
del  Gnercio,  G.,  864. 
DeUentMiagh,  A.  G.,  609. 
Delort.  M.,  606. 
de  Ifattos,  A.  T.,  265, 652. 
Demlng,  W.  C,  99. 
d'Bmmen^s  de  Charmoy,  D., 

648. 
Demonssy,  B.,  807. 
Dempeey,  C.  H.,  894. 
Demnth,  G.  S.,  64. 
Dendy,  A.,  866. 
Dengler,  A.,  780. 
Denis,  W.,  11, 609.  765.  775. 
Dennis,  L.  H.,  692. 
Denny,  447. 
Denny,  F.  B.,  446. 
Denton,  M.  C,  267, 558. 
de  Ong,  B.  B.,  66. 
deRopp,A.,jr.,  128. 
Derr,  H.,  98. 
Desmonllns,  A.,  838. 
de8oQsa.J.y.G.,446. 
des  Rocheties,  A.  M.,  400. 
de8treel,B.  Dq  V.,500. 
deyerteail,J.,634. 
de  Yllmorin,  P.  L.,  652. 
Devise,  a  J.,  163. 
DeVries,H..182. 
de  Tries,  C  442. 
DeVnyst,  P.,  699. 
De  Weever,  P.  M.,  858. 
Dewlts,  J.,  650. 
Dickenon,  B.  L..  864,  754. 
Dickson,  B.  C.»  176. 
Dickson,  J.  C,  324. 
di  Domlsio,  G.,  782. 
I>lenert,F.,809. 
Dietrich,  W.,  177. 
Diets,  H.F.,  862. 
Diffloth,  P.,  689. 
DUkstim,  L.,  879. 
Dimo^  W.  W.,  606. 
Dobble,J.J.,879. 


Dodge,  B.  O.,  840. 
Dodge,  F.  D.,  202. 
Dodson,  A.  T.,  865. 
Dodson,  W.  R.,  303. 
Doelter,  C,  320. 
Doldge,  B.  M..  132,  847. 
Doisy,  B.  A.,  176. 
DoI6rl8,M.,460. 
Dominlcia,  A.  de,  212. 
Domisio,  G.  dl,  782. 
Donaldson,  H.H.,  546. 
Donaldson,  B.,  678,  679. 
Donard,  779. 
Doneghne.  R.  C,  498. 
Donk,  P.  J.,  14. 
Donleavy,  J.  J.,  714. 
Donnel,  C.  A.,  617. 
Dorph-Petersen,  K.,  832. 
Dorrance,  R.  L.,  800. 
Dorset,  M.,  84. 
Dorsey,  M.  J.,  196,  837. 
Dory  land,  B.  D..  231. 
Doughty,  W.  F.,  508. 
Douglass,  H.  P.,  892. 
DouYille,  84. 

Dov^ell,  C.  T..'366, 412,  804. 
Downes,  W.,  654.   • 
Downing,  B.  R.,  898. 
Downs,  P.  A..  675. 
Dox.  A.  W.,  832, 900.* 
Drake,  J.  A.,  73,  242. 
Drieberg,  C,  811. 
Drobish,  H.  B.,  495. 
Dmmmond,  B.,  640. 
Drnmmond,  J.   C,   66,   269, 

271. 
Dabard,  M.,  234. 
DqBoIs,  B.  F.,  868. 
Dubois,  R.,  461. 
Dnboec,  A.,  46. 
Dnckett,  A.  B.,  64. 
Dndgeon,  G.  C,  438, 628. 
Dndley,  F.  H.,  168. 
Dnff,  G.  H.,  646. 
Diifr4noy.  J.,  169,  728.  779, 

819,  820. 
Dnggar,  B.  M..  806. 
Dnggar,  J.  P.,  801, 492. 
Dnley,  F.  L.,  218. 
Dnmont.  J.,  779. 
Dnmont,  P.,  389. 
Duncan,  C.  S.,  888. 
Dunham,  B.  K.,  181, 182. 
Dnnlap,  F.,  697. 
Dnnloce,  862. 
Dunn,  L.  H.,  62.  850,  663. 
Dann,  M.  8.,  175. 
Dann,  R.,  S69, 874. 
Dunnewald,  T.  J..  120, 718. 
DmxBtan,  W.  R.,  883. 
Darant,  A.  1.,  498. 
Dasserre,  C*  72, 638. 
Datcfaer,  R.  A.,  568, 664. 
DnTeit,H.  e..624. 
Dntt,  H.  I/.,  57, 167. 
dTtra,  G.,  262. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


906 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 


[yoL40 


Duval,  P.,  770. 

Duvall,  H.  M..  850. 

Du  Vivier  de  Streel,  E.,  690. 

Dvorachek,  H.  B.,  279. 

Dyer,  B.,  610. 

DykBtra,  R.  R.,  497. 

I^mond,  J.  R.,  627. 

Earoshaw,  F.  L.,  54. 
Earp,  E.  L.,  S90. 
Easterby.  H.  T..  524,  634. 
Eastman,  E.  E.,  717. 
Eaton,  B.  J.,  449,  54G,  863. 
Eaton.  T.  H.,  196,  394. 
Eberhardt,  P.,  234. 
Eckenroth,  H.,  864. 
Eckles,  C.  H.,  297,  877. 
Eckmann,  E.  C,  118. 
Eckstein,  H.  C.,  510. 
Edrozo,  L.  B.,  62. 
Edwardes,  V.  P.,  641. 
Edwards,  C.  W.,  866,  372. 
Edwards,  W.  E.  J.,  97,  797. 
Effiatoun,  H.  C,  64. 
Egerer,  G.,  203,  806. 
Egglnton,  G.  E.,  536. 
Eggleston,  E.  H.,  280. 
Eggleeton,  J.  D.,  799. 
Ehrenberg,  P.,  620. 
Ekblaw,  K.  J.  T.,  798. 
Ekpoth,  C.  v.,  864. 
Eider,  C,  499. 
EUot,  H.  M.,  299. 
Ellzando,  A.  E.,  24. 
Elkington,  H.  D.,  855. 
Ellcnberger,  H.  B.,  777. 
Ellenwood,  C.  W.,  639. 
Elliott,  C,  846. 
Ely.  C.  R.,  652. 
Ely,  R.  T.,  102,  298. 
Emerson.  537. 
Emerson,  P.,  617,  730. 
Emerson.  R.  A.,  436. 
Emerton,  J.  H.,  648. 
Emery,  EL  C,  293. 
Emmerez  de  Charmoy,  D.d% 

648. 
Enders,  H.  E..  554. 
Erb,  E.  S..  25. 
Erculisse,  P.,  811. 
Erdman,  H.  E..  592. 
Erdos,  T.,  566. 
Eredla.  P.,  810. 
Erf,  O..  774. 
Ervin,  O.,  786. 
Escherich,  K.,  547. 
Bsslg,  E.  O.,  262.  543,  798. 
Etke8,P.W.,417. 
Evans,  A.  C,  184, 185. 
Evans,  A.  M..  93. 
Evans,  A.  T.,  496. 
Evans,  G.,  528. 
Evans,  L  B.  P..  238.  849. 
Evans,  L.  H.,  45. 
Everest,  A.  E..  810. 
Evermann,  B.  W..  160. 


Evershed.  A.  F.  C.-H.,  254. 
Eward.  J.  M..  36,  807,  369, 

567,  874. 
Ewing.  C.  C,  505. 
Ewing,  Ew  C,  235. 
Ewing,  H.  E.,  168. 
Eyer,  J.  R.,  799. 

Faber,  H.,  689. 
Fabre.  J.  H.,  255,  552. 
Faes,  H.,  151.  456. 
Pagan.  F.  N.,  150. 
Fagan,  M.  M.,  862. 
Fain,  J.  R.,  299. 
Fairchild,  D..  538,  656. 
Falconer,  J.  I.,  389,  890. 
Fales,  H.  L.,  207,  601. 
Falk,  K.  G..  712,  713. 
Fallon,  F.,  890,  392. 
Farmer,  J.,  676. 
Former,  J.  B.,  821. 
Farneti,  R..  160. 
Farr,  C.  H.,  517,  518. 
Farrar,  A.,  865. 
Farrell,  H.  W.,  493. 
Farrer,  W.,  828. 
Farrow,  B.  P.,  424. 
Fassig,  O.  L.,  617. 
Fateh-nd-din,  230,   825. 
Fauchfere,  A.,  622. 
Fanll,  J.  H.,  160. 
Faulwetter,  R.  C,  846. 
Faur4-Fremlet,  779. 
Faurot,  F.  W.,  341. 
Fawcett,  G.  L.,  634. 
Fawcett,  H.  S.,  158. 
Fearon,  "W.  R,,  114. 
Feigl,  J.,  274,  766. 
Feilltzen.  H.  von,  229,  822. 
Felde,  L.,  831. 
Pellenberg,  T.   von,   18,   14, 

15,  115,  202,  204,  205. 
Fellers,  C.  R.,  214,  215,  439. 
Felt,  B.  P.,  162,  554,  648. 
Felton,  L.  D.,  88. 
Fenton,  F.  A.,  265. 
Fenzi,  B.  O.,  221. 
Ferdinandsen,  C,  832. 
Ferguson,  M.  I.  H.,  862. 
Pernald.  H.  T.,  54. 
Fern&ndoz  de  la  Rosa,  G., 

487. 
Ferris,  G.  F.,  262. 
Ferry,  E.  L.,  765. 
Feurtes,  L.  A.,  646. 
Feytoud,  J.,  167,  170. 
Filfp,  N.,  875. 
Filippi,  B.,  611. 
Filippo,  J.  D.,  807. 
Findlay,  A.,  801. 
Finks,  A.  J.,  502. 
Finlow,R.  8.,847. 
Finney,  J.  H.  V.,  191. 
Fippin,  B.  O.,  697. 
Fischer,  810. 
Flsclier,  A.  P.,  352, 745. 


Fischer,  G.,  078, 679. 

FUcher,  M.  H.,  408. 

Fish,  P.  A^  077. 

Fisher,  D.  P.,  849. 

Fisher,  EL  L.,  202. 

Fisher,  K.,  810. 

Fisher.  U  C,  117. 

Fisher,  M.  L.,  800. 

Fisher,  W.  8.,  664, 759. 

Fisk,  W.  W.,  288. 

Fitch,  C.  P.,  181,  778.  885. 

Pitzpatrlck,  H.  M.,  226,  452. 

Fitzpatrick,  W.  W.,  672. 

Flack,  B.  v.,  621. 

Flammarion,  C,  511. 

Fleiscluier,  E.  C,  383. 

Fleisher,  M.  S.,  678. 

Fletcher,  H.  G„  500. 

Fletcher,  S.  W.,  196. 

Fletcher,  T.  B..  260. 

Fliaksberger,  K.  A.,  535. 

Flint,  B.  R,,  798. 

Flint,  W.  P.,  165. 

Flora,  S.  D.,  210. 

Flower,  86. 

Floyd,  B.  v.,  492,  696. 

Floyd,  O.  F.,  199. 

Folin,  O.,  775. 

Fontanel,  P.,  259. 

Pontes,  A.  C,  86. 

Foord,  J.  A.,  299,  890. 

Foot,  N.  C,  781. 

Foote,  P.  D..  617. 

Forbes,  D.,  862. 

Forbes,  B.  B.,  873. 

Forbes,  W.  T.  M.,  697. 

Forbush,  Bi  H.,  647. 

Forchh^mer,  P.,  187. 

Ford,  P.,  806. 

Fordyce,  L.,  19. 

Forsling,  C.  L..  277.  471. 

Foss,  J.  C  Jr.,  787. 

Foster,  L„  86,  74,  277. 

Foster,  M.  H.,  651. 

Foster,  S.  W.,  163. 

Fonmeau,  K.,  779. 

Fox,  D.  S.,  299. 

Franc,  888. 

France,  L.  V.,  665. 

Franck,  W.  J.,  39. 

Franco,  M.  de  A.  y,  688. 

Frandsen,  J.  H.,  777. 

Frank,  A.,  97,  245.  296.  897, 

694. 742,  797. 
Franklin,  I.  C,  68. 
Franklin.  W.  8.,  416,  417. 
Praps,  G.  8.,  615, 726, 769. 
Eraser,  W.  J..  90. 
Eraser,  W.  P.,  699. 
Frazee,  O.  E.,  490. 
Frear,  W.,  26,  695.  816. 
Free,  B.  B.,  29, 818. 
Free,  M.,  147. 
Freeborn.  8.  B..  798. 
FreeIand,RC12. 
Freeman,  G.  P..  142. 148. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


19101 


IKDEX  OF  NAMES. 


907 


VReman,  W.   G.,    802,   763, 

Fraiilet,F.,779. 

Fre7,B.W^208. 

Frlckhingtf ,  H.  W.,  047. 

Friedemann,  W.  G.,  866,412. 

Frlediiiui,G.A..548. 

Fries,  J.  A.,  866. 

FHe8e,F.A..608. 

FrfMn,  T.  H.,  170. 

Frits,  K,  640. 

FnoBtt,  W.  W..  261,  356. 

458,654,857. 
FHShner,  S.,  885. 
Fhimne,  F.  D.,  647.  846. 848. 
Fran,  G.,  848. 
Fn»t,J.N.,778. 
Frort.  8.  W.,  859. 
Frofhfngham,  L..  584. 
Frjer,  P.  jr.,  113, 804. 
FiiJil,H.,84. 
Fnllawajr,  D.  T.,  266. 
FuOer,  F.  D.,  671. 
Fuller,  M.O..  786. 
Fulton,  B.  a,  165,  709. 
Fnn^e8i,]CJ.,728. 
Fnik.GL,466. 
Fmklioiuer,  S.  A.,  795. 
Fnrnea,  W.  H.,  181. 182. 
FKBe»]L.848. 

GabridMii,  I.  N..  851. 
Geeeelcr.  W.  G.,  71, 458. 774. 
Gtlian,A.B.,760,761. 
GilBee»S.F^846,636. 
Gslne7,P.L..513. 
Galbnith,  A.  J..  600. 
Gale,  H.  &,  725. 
GillM^ier.  B.  A.,  587. 
€em-yalerio,B.,200. 
Galloway,  B.  T.,  293, 843. 
GalplB,  C  J^  485.  890,  892. 
Gamble,  J.  A^  475. 
Gaxber,B.J..35,623. 
Garbowakt,  K,  155. 
Garcia,  F.,  18, 833. 
GaidlneU,  H.  A..  498. 
Gardiner,  B.  F.,  812. 
Gardner,  F.D.,  299. 
Gardner,!.  &•  638. 
Gardner,   IC.   W.,  250,  449, 

496. 
Gardner,  T.W.,  899. 
Gardner,  V.  B.,  298. 
Gardner,  W.  A.,  728. 
Garin,C.,662. 

,H.,63,636. 

pP^766. 
Gamett,R.T.,861. 
Ganlft,CY..656. 
Garrett,  F.W.,  514. 
Garrey,  W.  B.,  400. 
GUt,W.K.,816. 
Gaitlaver,  J.,  892. 
Gatenby,J.B.,266. 
Gandii^eaa,A.,461. 


Gantier,  C,  263. 
Gay,  F.  P.,  184. 
Gayle,  H.  K.,  98, 408. 
Gaylord,  H.  P.,  68. 
Gaylord,J.M.,188. 
Geary,  B.,  560. 
Geerts,J.M.,441,532. 
Gelb,  H.  v.,  120. 
Gelb.W.J.,120. 
Gelser,J.C,857,858. 
Geiken,  D.  J.,  75. 
Gelse,F.W.423. 
George.  D.  C,  642. 
Gericke.  W.  F.,  223. 
Ger8dorff,C.E.F..502. 
Gerstenberger,  H.  J.,  303. 
GesUn,  B.,  825, 727. 
Getman,  A.  K.,  692. 
Gtee.J.B.,443. 
Ghosh,  A.  C,  231. 
Gibbons,  W.H.,  152. 
Gibbs,  H.  D.,  16. 
Glblln,L.A.,661,869. 
Gibson,  A.,  456, 648. 
Gibson.  B.  P.,  196. 
GIddlngs,  N.  J.,  446. 
Gide,  C,  98. 
Gidley,  J.  W..  54. 
Gleseker,  L.  F.,  429. 
Glfford,  W.  I.,  900. 
GiglioU,  I.,  116. 
Gilbert,  W.W.,  449, 645. 
GUchrist,  D.  A.,  624. 
GUe,P.L.,51. 
Giles,  A.  W.,  417. 
GiU.  W.,  448. 
GUlespie,  L.  J.,  644. 
Gillett,  L.  H.,  174.  559. 
GUlette,  C.  P.,  61,  161,  300, 

649. 
Gilmer,  G.  B.,  627. 
GUtner,  L.  T.,  88. 
GUtner,W.,797. 
Glmlngham,  C.  T.,  747. 
Ginsbnrg,  H.,  270. 
Glrola,  a  D.,  558, 630. 
Girons,  F.  S.,  71, 880. 
Githen8,T.S.,182. 
Given,  G.  C,  199. 
Giyens.  M.  H.,  172.  363.  762. 
Glahn,  W.  C  tod,  885. 
Glaser,  O.  C,  193. 
Glaser,  B.  W..  164,  255. 
Glass,  J.  S..  717. 
Gloyer,  G.  H.,  482. 
GmeUn,  H.  M..  524, 526. 
Goddard,  H.  N.,  895. 
Godet,  C,  538. 
Gofl,  E.  B.,  897. 
Goff,  B.  A.,  695. 
Gokhale,V.G.,623. 
Goldbeck,   A.   T.,    189,    888, 

889. 
Goldberg,  8.  A..  778. 
Goidberger,  B.,  190. 
Goldberger,  J.,  69, 274,  863. 


Goldthorpe,  H.  C,  722. 
Goncalves  de  Sonsa,  J.   V., 

446. 
Gonstles  Bios,  P.,  684. 
Gooderham,  C.  B.,  57. 
Goodling,  a  L.,  816. 
Goodrich,  C.  U,  292,  789. 
Goodspeed,  T.  H.,  181. 
Goot,  P.  van  der,  650. 
Gordon,  L.  8.,  91. 591. 
Goes.  L.  W.,  381, 798. 
Goss,  B.  B..  900. 
GoBsard,  H.  A.,  167. 259.  754. 
Gossard,  O.,  119. 217. 
Gould,  H.  P..  149,  742,  838. 
Goulding.  B.,  338. 
Gonrley.  J.  H.,  884. 
Gowen,  J.  W..  78,  867,  672, 

872. 
Graber,  L,  F.,  526. 
Grady,  B.  I.,  126. 
Grageda,  G.  F.,  682. 
Graham,  C.K.,  99. 
Graham.  J.  C,  497. 
Graham.  8.  A.,  256, 359. 
Gramlich,  H.  J..  569. 
Grant,  A.  A.,  685. 
Grantham,  A.  B,  98 
Grantham.  J.,  46. 
Gravea,  A.  H.,  849. 
Graves,  H.  8.,  152,  641,  744, 

841. 
Gray,  C.  E.,  67. 
Gray,  D.  T.,  665. 
Gray.  F.  J.,  499. 
Gray,  G.  P.,  52. 59. 548. 
GraybiU,  H.  W.,  185. 
Greathonse.  C.  A..  496. 
Greaves,  J.  E.,  722. 
Greeley,  H.,  488. 
Green.  F.  E..  889. 
Green,  B.  M.,  281.  574. 
Green.  W.  H.,  523. 
Green,  W.  J..  173, 639, 640. 
Greenaway,  A.  J..  109. 
Greene.  C.  T.,  658, 757, 758. 
Greene,  C.  W..  798. 
Greene,  J.  H.,  96. 
Greene,  L.,  788. 
Greenfield,  E.  ¥.,  709. 
Greenwald,  I.,  71. 
Greenwood,  174. 
Greenwood,  M.,  862. 
Greer,  C.  C,  899. 
Greer,  A  R.,  190. 
Gregg,  W.  R.,  19,  117,  20D 

416,417,715. 
Grelg-Smith,  B.,  208. 
Grempe,  P.  M.,  615. 
Grey,  B.  G.,  284. 
Griebel,  C.  508. 
Griebel.  (Mrs.)  C,  697. 
Griffln,  A.  A.,  117. 
Griffln,  O.  B.,  264. 
Griffith,  J.  P.  C,  877. 
1  Griffiths,  D.,  640. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


908 


EXPEBIMENT  STATION  BECOBD. 


[VoLiO 


OrUlltta,T.H.D..467. 
Grimes,  A.  M.,  188. 
Grimes,  J.  C,  799. 
Grimwade,  W.  B.,  624. 
Grlndley,  H.  S.,  610. 
Grinnell,  H.  W..  868. 
GrlnneU,  J.,  946. 
Grisdale,  J.  H.,  792. 
Grist,  D.  H.,  886. 
Griswold,  D.  J.,  498. 
Groenewold,  B.,  179. 
GroU,  B.,  891. 
Gross,  B.  Q.,  866. 
Grossfeld,  jr.,612. 
Grossfield,  J.,  607. 
Groth,  B.  H.  A.,  697. 
Gro7e,0.,414r749. 
Grover,  O.  L.,  90. 
Gmlee,  C.  G.,  660. 
Gnenaiiz,  666. 
Guercio,  G.  del,  864. 
Guernsey,  J.  B.,  118. 
GaiUiermond,   A.,   823,   825, 

426, 818. 
Goliiness,  B.,  600. 
GoDderson,  A.  J.,  886. 
Gnnn,  D.,  648. 
Gunnels,  C.  B.,  898. 
Gonther,  B.  T.,  266. 
Gurney,  W.  B.,  463, 626. 
Gnry,  B.,  204, 206. 
Gttssow,  H.  T.,  847,  849. 
Gntbrie,  BL  8.,  288. 
Guthrie,  F.  B.,  820.  636. 
Gntierres,  M.  B.,  886. 
Guy,  J.  H.,  892. 
Gnyer,  M.  P.,  276. 

Haag,J.B.,^8. 

Haas,  A.  B.,  199. 

Haas,  A.  B.  C,  223,  400. 

Habermann,  B.  E.,  696. 

Hadley,  C.  H.,  698. 

Hadley,  F.  B.,  290. 

Hadley,  P.  [B.],  686, 881. 

Hadwen,  8.,  868. 

Hagan,W.A.,778. 

Hager,  G.,  622. 

Hahn,  B.,  620. 

Haigh,  L.  D.,  667, 622. 

Haji,  B.  G.,  284. 

HaUsi,  P.,  608. 

Hale,  A.  J.,  109. 

Hale,  W.  B.,  177. 

Hall,  A.  D.,  104,  614, 516. 

Han,  C  J.  J.  Tan,  68. 

Hall,  I.  C,  14. 

HaU,I.W.,201. 

Hall,  I«.D.,  488. 

HaU,  H.  C,  89, 184, 186, 482, 

686,684. 
HaU,  B.  W.,  297. 
HaU,  W.  L.,  841. 
HaUenbeck,  C,  117. 
HaUer,  C,  199. 
HaUer,  F.  L.,  898. 


HalUgan,  C.  P.,  97,  797. 
HaUman,  B.  T.,  97,  797. 
Halpln,  J.  C,  488. 
Halsted,  B.  D.,  521,  697. 
HalYerson,  J.  C,  373,  614. 
Halverson,  W.  V.,  496. 
Hammarsten,  C,  607. 
Hammer,  B.  W.,  379,  776, 

776. 
Hammett,  F.  8.,  666. 
Hammond,  G.,  689. 
Hamrick,  A.  M.,  417. 
Hance,  B.  T.,  662. 
Uanlklrsch,  W.,  658. 
Uankins,  O.  G.,  799. 
Hanley,  J.  A.,  128. 
Hanna,  J.  C,  794. 
Hansen,  J.,  229. 
Hansen,  W.  8.,  200. 
Hanson,  A.  A.,  839. 
Hanson,  8.,  600. 
Haralson,  C,  148,  742. 
Harden,  A..  271,  272,  864, 

464,  869. 
Harding,  T.  8.,  17. 
Harding,  V.  J„  666. 
Hardison,  B.  B.,  217. 
Hardy,  J.  I.,  40. 
Hare,  B.  F.,  785. 
Harger,  B.  N.,  604. 
Harland,  8.  C,  627. 
Harmer,  P.  M.,  121. 
Harper,  F.,  260. 
Harraca,  J.  M.,  828. 
Harreyeld,  van,  87. 
Harreveld,  J.  van,  87,  685. 
Harrington,  O.  T.,  89,  222. 
Harris,  130,  157. 
Harris.  B.  P.,  691. 
Harris,  F.  8.,  227,  300,  816, 

633,  828. 
Harris,  F.  W.,  657. 
Harris,  J.  A.,  130,  662,  870, 

876. 
Harris,  L.  J.,  412. 
Harris,  W..  880. 
Harris,  W.  O.,  298. 
Harrison,  A.  H.,  168. 
Harrison,  J.  B.,  98,  241,  242, 

487,  688. 
Harsch,  B.  M.,  166. 
Hart,  B.  B.,  72,  186,  672. 
Hart,  G.  H.,  84. 
Hftrtel.  F.,  763. 
Barter,  L.  L.,  847. 
UarUey,  C,  53,  645,  646. 
Hartley,  B.  F.,  891. 
HartweU,  B.  L.,  300,  628. 
HartweU,  J.  A.,  182. 
HartieU,  F.  Z.,  68. 
Harrey,  Bw  N.,  618. 
Harvey,  L.  H.,  228,  226. 
Haryey,  B.  B.,  26. 
Harvey,  W.  F.,  678. 
Haselbaner,  P.,  85. 
Haseman,  L.,  466. 


Haaenfratz,  V.,  14. 
Haskins,  H.  D.,  413,  617. 
Haslam,  T.  P.,  884. 
Hastings,  L.  M.,  716. 
Hathaway,  C.  L.,  686. 
Hatschek,  B.,  408. 
Hanghwoiit,  F.  O.,  186. 
Hauman,  I&,  234. 
Hauser,  A.  J.,  879,  775.  776. 
HavenhUU  M.,  79& 
Hayiland,  W.  A.,  790. 
Hawk,  P.  B.,  808. 
Hawker,  H.  W.,  120,  420. 
Hawkins,  L.  A.,  450. 
Hawkins,  L.  8.,  400,  691» 

692. 
Hawthorn,  H.  W.,  299. 
Hay,  B^  D.,  640. 
Hayden,  C  C,  778. 
Hayes,  D.  G.,  698. 
Hayes,  F.  IC,  686. 
Hayes,  H.  K.,  83,  142,  226, 

828. 
Hayes,  W.  P.,  496. 
Hayward,  P.  8.,  748. 
Haywood,  J.  K.,  10. 
Headden,  W.  P.,  89,  800. 
Headlesk  T.  J.,  150,  866,  648, 

649. 
Headley,  F.  R,  81, 44. 51, 72. 
Heald,  F.  D.,  49,  642. 
Heald,  F.  B.,  295,  400. 
Heath,  B.  M.,  881. 
Hechler,  W.  B.,  86. 
Hedgcock,  G.  G.,  646. 
Hedges,  A.  C,  697. 
Hedrick,  U.  P.,  699. 
Hegner,  B.  W.,  555. 
Heldenhain,  H.,  712. 
Heimlich.  L.  F.,  152. 
Heine,  A.  C,  497. 
Heinricfa,  C,  264,  662,  767. 
H<dns,  A.  U.,  660. 
Heist,  G.  D.,  286. 
HeUmann,  G.,  117, 814,  716. 
Helm,  C.  A.,  297. 
Helyar,  J.  P.,  747. 
Hempsall,  W.  H.,  888. 
Henderson,  L.  Jr.,  66, 115, 171, 

868. 
Henderson,  M.  P..  846. 
Henderson,  N.,  560. 
HendricJ.,429. 
Hendrick,  H.  B.,  699. 
Hendrickson,  A.  H..  836. 
Hendrickson,  N.,  872. 
Hendry,  G.  W.,  484. 
Henke,  L.  A.,  828. 
Hennlg,  H.,  827. 
Hennis,aH.,786. 
Henny,  D.  C,  188. 
Henry,  586. 
Henry,  A  J.,  117, 200. 
Henry,  G.  M.,  355. 
Henry,  M.  F..  762. 
Hensel,  B.  F.,  818, 814. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


m9i 


IKDBX  OF  NAMES. 


909 


BtBMd,  R.  L.,  798. 

Henahaw,  647. 

Hen-Toh,  172. 

Bcpbiini.K.W.,879. 

Heribcrt-NllBwn,  N.,  529. 

Heniuui.Y.  B.,835. 

Henni,  W.  B.,  495. 

Hemnaiuiy  G.  R.,  882. 

BurrmMBn,  8.  F.,  180. 

Henod-HcmpMll,  W.,  868. 

Hertel,  H.,  689. 

Hcnfeld,  A^  607. 

Hcn;feld,B^201,207. 

H«tler,L.R.,52. 

Hen,  A.  F..  70, 863,  56(W  684. 

HfMrtnMm,H.,418. 

Hettenchy,  C  W.  6.,  111. 

HeaUeiii,  O.,  608. 

Henrn,  F.  C  van,  116. 

Heiriiis,  H.  P.,  791. 

Heyl,F.W..607. 

H]bliard,P.L.,222. 

Hibbard.  R.  P.,  97. 

mckok  (Mrs.),  H.  M.,  196. 

Hicks,  W.B.,  617,  726. 

Bldl,A.J.,780. 

Hlcsliii,  C  A.,  128. 

HUdt,S^607. 

Hnceiidorf,  F.  W.,  182. 

Hm,aJ.,208. 

HI]],CS.,99.228. 

HI11,C.L.,179. 

Hm,H.H.,99. 

HUUL.  2^866. 

HflUR.L.,799. 

HilUard,  C.  M.,  180, 864. 

IIIIs,K.,658. 

HntBer,  L.,  811. 

Hinckley.  J.  W..  247. 

Hinds,  W.  B^  762. 

Hlrayama,  8.,  117. 

Rltckcock,A.8.,82. 

Hitler,  H..  690. 

Hlxson,  A.  W.,  110. 

Hoag.  E.  F.,  892. 

Hoagland,  D.  R..   124,   824, 

817. 
HodgUnaon,  8.  S.,  40a 
Hodgkl88,H.fiL,698. 
Hodgson,  R.  £.,  497. 
HodgMn,  R.  W.,  62,  839. 
Hodflon,  B.  A.,  98, 798. 
Hodson.B.R.,161. 
Hoemer,  G.  R..  846. 
Hoffer,G.N.,49,626. 
Hogg,  T..  624. 
Hohenkerk,  L.  8.,  642. 
BoIbert,J.R.,626. 
Holden,  J.  A.,  430,  470, 493. 
Holding,  W.  A.,  499. 
Hole,  B.  8.,  243, 718, 848. 
HoDande,  D.,  816. 
Hollister,  H.  A.,  197.      . 
Holm,  G.  EL,  297.  696. 
Holmes,  J.  8.,  248. 


Holt,  L.   E^  207,   660,  661. 

866. 
Homana,  G.  M.,  744. 
Homer,  A.,  287, 288. 
Homer,  P.  F.,  666. 
Honing,  J.  A.,  88,  636. 
Hood  (Mrs.),  W.  H.,  898. 
Hooper,  C.  BL,  638. 
Hooper,  J.  J.,  678, 878. 
HooTer,  JT.  M.,  17. 
Hope,  G.  D.,  20. 
HopfleM,  J.  J.,  202. 
Hopkins,  C.G.,  614. 
Hopkins,  F.  G.,  664. 
Hopt,  B.,  826. 
Hornby,  H.  B.,  781. 
Home,  F.  A.,  864. 
Home,  W.  T.,  249. 
Homsey,  J.  W.,  128. 
Horsch,  711. 
Horton,  B.  B.,  716. 
Hosklns,  H.  P.,  186,782,886. 
Hoskins,  R.  G.,  866. 
Hosmer,B.S.,743^744. 
Hough,  G.  J.,  606. 
Hooser,  J.  8.,  866. 
HoQsbolder,  B.  W.,  781,  788, 

796. 
Houston,  A.  C,  786. 
Hooston,  D.,  283. 
Houston,  D.  F.,  39,  616,  890. 
Hoversten,  A.,  497. 
Howard,  A.,  629,  716, 718. 
Howard,  B.  J.,  17. 
Howard,  C.  D.,  461. 
Howard,  G.  L.  C,  629. 
Howard,  U  H.,  183. 
Howard,  U  O.,  36, 649,  663. 
Howard,  8.,  46. 
Howard,  W.  L.,  195,  444. 
Howarth,  W.  J.,  677. 
Howden,  B.,  409. 
Howe,  C.  D.,  743. 
Howe,  M.  A.,  541. 
Howell,  A.  H.,  647. 
Howltt.  J.  B.,  182,  638, 699. 
Huard,  V.  A.,  269. 
HQbbard,R.S..709,710. 
Huber,  H.  F.,  298. 
Hubert,  B.  B.,  159,  349,  642. 

842. 
Hndelson,  R.  R..  498,  697. 
Hudson,  C  8.,  17. 
Huoppe,  462. 
Huffel,  G.,  248. 
Huggenberg.  W.,  200. 
Hughes,  D.  M.,  96. 
Hughes,  B.  H.,  297. 
Hughes,  F.,  488. 
Iluie,  L.  H.,  167,  366. 
Hulbert,  R.,  688. 
Hulme,W.,208. 
Hults,  F.,  698. 
Humble,  C.  W.,  277,  208. 
Hume,  E.  M.,  272.  808. 
Hummel,  W.  G.,  400. 


Humphrey,  G.  C,  672. 
Humphreys,  W.  J.,  616, 617. 
Humphries,  A.  B.,  687,  667, 

866. 
Hungerf ord,  C.  W.,  98, 496. 
Hunt,  C.  L.,  178. 
Hunt,  H.  R.,  177. 
Hunt,  L.W.,  669. 
Hunt,  T.F..  422, 487. 
Hunter,  F.  R.,  298. 
Hunter,  J.  M.,  298, 772. 
Hunter,  O.  W.,  603. 
Hunter,  8.  J.,  462. 
Hunter,  W.,  466. 
Hunter,  W.  D.,  867. 
Hunsiker,  O.  F.,  288. 
Hurd,  W.  D.,  199, 294. 
Hurley,  D.  J.,  386. 
Husain,  M,  A.,  69, 60. 
Husmann,  O.  C,  839. 
HuBsey,  J.,  90. 
Hutcheson,  J.  R.,  800. 
Hutcheeon,  T.  B.,  436. 
Hutchinson,  A.  H.,  162. 
Hutchinson,  C.  M.,  620, 662. 
Hutchinson,  H.  B.,  23, 121. 
Hutchison,  R.  H.,  365,  551. 
Hutson,  J.  B.,  78. 
Huteon,  J.  C,  165, 260,  453. 
Hutton,  F.  Z.,  119. 
Hyman,  C.  H.,  682. 
Hyslop,  J.  A.,  656. 

Ibsen,  H.  K,  798. 
Ickert.  F..  408. 
Ido,  Y.,  86. 

Igaravldes,  P.  G.,  662. 
Iguchl,  K.,  276. 
Ikeno.  8.,  640. 
Illlck,  J.  8.,  744, 
niingwortb,  J.  F.,  263,  266, 

648. 
Imal,  Y.,  826. 
Imes,  M.,  290, 682. 
Imms,  A.  D.,  65, 651. 
Inglis,  J.  K.  H.,  18. 
lorns,  JSL  B.,  478. 
Isenbarger,  JT.  C,  197. 
Ishikawa,  M..  621. 
Israelsen,  O.   W.,  386,  488, 

699,  698,  786. 
Iterson,  G.  ran,  Jr.,  436. 
Iti4,  G.,  161. 
Ito.  H.,  86. 
Iturbe,  jr.,  683. 
lYens,  F.,  381. 
Ives,  F.  W.,  600. 
Ivy,  A,  C,  766. 

Jaccard,  P.,744. 
Jackson,  C.  B.,  896. 
Jackson,  F.  A.,  659. 
Jackson,  F.  H.,  888,  889. 
Jackaon,  H.  H.  T.,  361,  646. 
Jackson,  H.  8.,  165, 699. 
Jacobaoi,  H.  C,  714. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


910 


EXPERIMBNT  STATION  RECORD. 


[Vol  40 


Jacobflon,  C  A.,  <K>7. 
Jal&i,M.B.,7e8. 
Jaluike,B,W.,44S. 
Jakl,  y.  B.,  19, 209. 
James,  B.  W.,  291. 
Jamlcflon,  G.  8.,  010, 712. 
Jandesek,  J.,  189. 
Janney,  N.  W.,  662. 
Jardine,  N.  K.,  458. 
Jarvis,  C.  D.,  400, 690. 
JarvlB,  B.,  87. 
Jasper  (Madame),  280. 
Jas8cbke,V.J.,459. 
Jatlndra,  Nath  Sen,  24„  806. 
Jeanpretre^  J.,  811. 
Jeffreys,  H.,  118. 
Jegen,  O.,  060. 
JenUns,  A.  B.,  644. 
Jenkins,  B.  H.,  720. 
Jenkins,  M.  K.,  872. 
Jensen,  C,  247. 
Jensen,  C.  A,,  417. 
Jensen,  I.  J.,  200. 
Jensen,  K.,  801. 
Jerdan,  8.  8.,878. 
Jesseman,  L.  D.,  098. 
Jeswlet,  J.,  87. 
Jlflon.  J.  M.  r,  682. 
Jodidl,  8.  li.,  460. 
Joffe.  J..  776. 
Johann,  H.,  498. 
Johansson,  H.,  880. 
Johns,  a  O.,  109,  110,  118, 

002. 
Johnson,  A.  G.,  49. 
Johnson,  A.  K.,  669. 
Johnson,  A.  T.,  876. 
Johnson,  E.,  889. 
Johnson,  E.  C,  92. 
Johnson,  F.  R.,  748. 
Johnson,  H.  W.,  216. 
Johnson,  J.  M.,  205. 
Johnson,  O.  R.,  574. 
Johnson,  W.  B.,  99. 
Johnson,  W.  H.,  542. 
Johnson,  W.  O.,  798. 
Johnson,   W.   T.,   296,   897. 

494. 
Johnston,  A.  McA.,  725. 
Johnston,  B.  8.,  150,  715. 
Johnston,  J.  R.,  157. 
Johnston,  W.  L.,  840, 483. 
Jolly,  N.  W..  152. 
Jones,  C.  H.,  612. 
Jones,  D.  B.,  109, 110, 118. 
Jones,  D.  F.,  226,  823. 
Jones,  D.  H.,  284. 
Jones,  E.  M.,  813. 
Jones,  B.  R.,  90. 
Jones,  F.  M.,  653. 
Jones,  F.  8.,  87. 
Jones,  G.  B.,  814. 
Jones,  G.  H.,  180. 
Jones,  H.  I.,  98. 
Jones,  J.  P.,  199. 
Jones,  J.  M.,  800. 


Jones,  li.  H.,  097. 
Jones,  L.  R.,  156,  645. 
Jones,  P.  R.,  69,  453.  454. 
Jones,  R.,  199. 
Jones,  8.  C,  614. 
Jones,  T.  H.,  57, 60. 
Jon«r,  A.  W.  K.  de,  626,  843. 
Jordan,  D.  &,  160. 
Jordan,  B.  O.,  478. 
Jordan,  W.  H.,  97. 
Joret,  G.,  709. 
JOrgensen,  I.,  424, 429. 
Joseph.  W.  B.,  199,  472. 
Josserand,  B.  W.,  96. 
Joyce,  J.  L.,  678. 
Jiidkins,H.F.,078,675. 
JndsoD,  F.  W.,  898. 
JnUen,  L.,  888. 
Junge,  G.,  866. 
Jnrney,  R.  C,  217. 
Justin-Mueller,  B.,  018. 

Kahn,  R.  Ii.,  286. 
Kajanns,  B.,  686. 
Kaltenhach,  R.,  867. 
Eantor,  L.,  679. 
Rftppeli,  790. 
Karper,  R.  B.,  787. 
Karr,  W.  G.,  278. 
Kasai,  K.,  781. 
Kanpp,  B.  F.,  483. 
Keane,  C,  778. 
Kearney,  A.  T.,  698. 
Kearney,  T.  H.,  287,  424, 

438,  527. 
Keitt,  T.  B..  112. 
Kelley,  R.  W.,  834. 
Kellner,  866. 
Kellogf ,  B.  H.,  450. 
KeUogg,  R.,  264. 
Kelly,  B.,  475,  476. 
Kelly,  F.  L.,  595. 
Kelly,  H.  A.,  869. 
Kelly,  J.  W.,  450,  502. 
Kelsall,  A.,  57. 
Kelsey,  R.  W.,  100. 
Kelsick,  R.  B.,  827. 
Kemner,  N.  A.,  260,  358,  551. 
Kennedy,  C,  608. 
Kennedy,  C.  N.,  177. 
Kenney,  F.  R.,  98. 
Kenyon,  A.  M.,  796. 
Kerbosch,  M.,  656. 
Kern,  C.  A.,  816. 
Kern,  F.  D.,  848. 
Kernkamp,  H.  C.  H.,  684. 
Kerr,  J.  A.,  814. 
Kestner,  P.,  320. 
Keuchenlns,  P.  B.,  448,  852, 

854. 
Kezer,  A.,  428,  524. 
Kidd,  F.,  727. 
Kidder,  A.  F.,  900. 
Klenb5ck,  V.,,866. 
Klernan,  J.  A.,  681. 
Kiesselbach,  T.  A.,  521,  826. 


Kiknchi,  A.,  246. 
Kilian,  J.,  826. 
Kimball,  H.  H.,  117,  410. 
King,  C.  L.,  280. 
King,  C.  M..  47. 
King,  F.  G.,  498. 
King,  H.  D.,  408,  409. 
King,  H.  H.,  250,  208. 
King,  J.  Ii.,  107. 
King,  T.  B.,  798. 
Klnfl^ome,  J.  W..  870. 
Kingman,  F.  C,  231. 
Klngsley,  J.  8..  777. 
Klnman,  C.  F.,  44. 
Kinne,  H.,  296. 
Kinnison,  A.  F.,  98. 
Kirby,  R.  8.,  148. 
Kirch,  T.  E.,  686. 
Kirk,  H.  B.,  458. 
Kirkbride,  M.  B.,  480. 
Klrkham,  W.  B.,  469. 
KlrUand,  B.  P.,  743. 
Kirkland,  J.,  792. 
Kirkpatrlck,  W.  P..  670,  87a 
Klrwan,  B.  B.,  653. 
Kissen,  M.  L.,  899. 
Kleine,  R.,  547. 
Klelnschmldt,  L.  8.,  098. 
Klinger,  R.,  201,  207. 
Kloefller,  R.  G.,  559. 
Kloot,  A.,  608. 
Kloss,  A.,  692. 
Knapp,  A.  W.,  612. 
Knapp,  M.  D.,  46. 
Kneeland,  P.  D.,  46. 
Knetemann,  A.,  319. 
Knibbs,  G.  H.,  393. 
Knight,  H.  n.,  853,  690. 
Knight,  J.  W.,  200. 
Knobel,  B.  W.,  119. 
Knowles,  C.  H.,  231. 
Knowles,  R.  H.,  886. 
Knox,  G.  D.,  875. 
Knudson,  A.,  566. 
Kobayashl,  R.,  781. 
Koch,  A.,  497. 
Koch,  J.,  550. 
Koch,  L.,  628. 
Kofold,  C.  A.,  884. 
Kohman,  B.,  267. 
Kohman,  B.  F.,  811. 
Kohn,  L.  A.,  780. 
Kolner,  G.  W.,  888. 
Koller,  T.,  415. 
Kolmer,  J.  A..  280,  287,  477. 
Kolthoff,  I.  M.,  410. 
Kondo,  M.,  626. 
Kondo,  T.,  167. 
Kopaczewski,  W.,  880. 
Korns,  J.  H.,  380. 
Korstian,  C.  P.,  151, 
Kottnr,  G.  L.,  287,  385. 
Krakover,  L.  J.,  156. 
Kranold,  H.,  891. 
Krants,  B.  A.,  631. 
Kraus,  B.  J.,  40, 147. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


1919] 


IKDEX  OF  ITAMES. 


911 


KiaoB.  R.,  680, 582. 

Knnm,  P.  Q„  696. 

Kim7bfll,H.B.,40. 

Kreto,aO«. 

Krcii,H^14. 

i:Rtaelimar,C.,64«. 

Kraft,  M.  a,  799. 

Kroaffold-YlnaTer,  S.,  779. 

KnMby,P^e2S. 

KnMcer,7.,178. 

Kni]itwlede»CJr.,780 

Kaciviuld,K.726. 

Endows.,  266. 

Knhlman.  A.  H..  99. 

Kfihr,  a  A.  H.  Ton  W.,  Jr., 

114. 
Kii]aslii,N.[M.hl68. 
KiiIkanil,M.  1^686. 
KonJii  KiuuiaA,  K.,  661. 
Knnkel,  L.  O..  50, 157, 54S. 
Kilppen,]a.,814. 
Knriyama,  &,  171. 
Kiirk,F.W..66& 
Kiiaiiift,&,781. 
Kowana,  S.  L,  262. 
Kiuiziui,8.B.,809. 
Kvadslielm,  L.  IL,  536. 

L'AlAte,0..26. 

Ucrolx.A.,326. 

Uc7.1f.G..594. 

Ladd,B.F.,559. 

Ladd,G.B.,188. 

Uffer,  H.  SL.  860. 

UFDiie,  F.  B.,  17, 110. 

UUtte^  K.,  792. 

Uidlaw,W.,749. 

LiidU!r,H.W.,688. 

Ulrd,J.8.,610. 

liitaihnnnii  Bow,  T.,  808. 

Lai,  P.,  15. 

LtmarMuz,  H.,  798. 

lAab,aG.,860. 

iuOk,  O.  N.,  848. 

UMer,y.K.,665. 

Umon,  EL  H.,  876. 

LiBwm,  O.  H.,  Jr..  661, 671. 

Ludenberger,  L.  L.,  67. 

Uadolt,  811. 

Uae,aH.,98.96. 

Uae,  F.  K.,  889. 

Use,  IL  8.,  298. 

Laii£ruicliI,A.,188. 

U]igiloii,Ul£..168. 

Uiige,UB^886. 

UBceiler,O.A.,776. 

U]|gBtrotli,Ii.,Ul. 

Ungwortliy,  C.  F.,  96. 

LiBler,L.,92. 

UatB,  D.  B.,  860. 

Lavievie,  B.,  619. 

Upteqne^  U,  66,  267,  460, 

461. 
Upparent,  De,  86. 
Iiuu.cr,  O.,  66. 
Urelnty-Tholosan,  De,  883. 
Unwr.F.M.,888. 


Larsen,  C,  774. 
Laaaabllftre,  P.,  655. 
Latarjet.  A.,  779. 
Lathrop,  F.  H.,  298, 599. 
Latitoe,  H.,  845. 
Latimer,  W.  J.,  119. 
Laack,  W.  J..  178. 
Lande,  H.  H.,  99. 
Lawrance,  C.  F.,  296. 
Lawrence,  180, 583. 
Lawrie,  H.  N.,  559. 
Lawyer,  O.  A.,  54. 
Laymond,  J.  B.,  750. 
Layosa  y  Makallndong,    P., 

632. 
Leach,  B.B.,  258. 
Leach,  J.  G.,  642. 
Leake,  H.  H.,  601. 
Leary,  T.,  582. 
Leayltt,  C,  841. 
Leayitt,  V.  E.,  298. 
Lebert,  M.,  80Z 
LeOerc,  J.  A.,  234,  244. 
L'ficloae,A.de.320. 
Lecompte,  D.,  186. 
Lecoa,460. 
Ledeboer,  F.,  87. 
Lee,  H.  A.,  644, 851. 
Lee,W.Bw,181, 182. 
Leea,  A.  H.,  265, 266, 746. 
LeFeyre,  E.,  310. 
Leeat,CB.,448. 
Lege&dre,  267. 
Legendre,  B.,  461. 
Lehrmaii,  A.,  16. 
Leiby,  B.  W.,  263. 
Lelgbton,  J.,  527. 
Deitch,  B.  H.,  879,  880. 
Lelth,B.D.,761. 
Lemaire,  P.,  264, 461. 
Lenart,  G.,  507, 618. 
Leneyen,  89. 
Lensl,  F.,  183. 
Leonard,  L.  T.,  860. 
Leonard,  L.  Y.,  340, 397. 
Leonard,  M.  D.,  199, 649. 
Lfonardon.  F.,  594. 
Leone,  G.,  861. 
Leonia,  C.  O.,  208. 
Leopold,  A.,  743. 
Leprince,  460. 
Le  Boy,  O.  A.,  115, 460. 
Leane,P..256. 
L'Batrange,  W.  W.,  208. 
L6y4que  de  Vllmorin,  P.,  652. 
Leyl,  L.  B.,  714. 
Leyine,  M.  N.,  249,  641,  642. 
LeWall,  C.  H.,  558. 
Lewis,  A.  C,  237. 
Lewis,  a  I.,  808. 
Lewis,  B.  W.,  46. 
Lewis,  F.  a,  860, 900. 
Lewis,  H.  B.,  175, 273. 
Lewis,  H.  G.,  120. 
Lewis,  H.  B.,  78.  872,  670, 

608. 
Lewis,  H.  T.,  896. 


Lewis,  I.  P.,  639. 

Lewis,  J.  H.,  579. 

Lewis.  L.  L.,  290, 683. 

Lewis,  B.  D.,  199. 

Llacre,  A.,  267. 

Llaatard,  843. 

Lieber,  B.,  46. 

Uebert,  F.,  806. 

Liechti,  P.,  22. 

Li4yin,  O.,  114. 

Ligniferes.  J.,  587. 

LUlie,F.B.,466. 

Lincoln,  M.  J.,  899. 

Lind,  a,  138. 

Linden,  T.  yan  der,  206. 

Undet.  128. 

Lindet,  L..  269,  326. 

Lindfors,  T.,  155. 

Lindbard,  B.,  130, 232,  534. 

Lindner,  P.,  714. 

Lindsay.  J.  W.,  190. 

Lindsey,  J.  B.,  574. 

Linfleld,  F.  B.,  242, 300. 

Unklater,   W.   A.,   97,   694, 

797. 
Linney,  C  B.,  18. 
Linossier,  G.,  518. 
Lintner.J.  J.;782. 
Linton.  R.  G.,  670. 
Lionnet,  F.  E.,  680. 
Upkin,  L  J..  382. 
Lipman,  128. 
Lipman,  C.  B.,  317. 
Lipman,  J.  G.,  198,  298,  300, 

321,  797. 
Llppincott,W.  A.,499. 
List,  G.  M.,  161.  300. 
LitUe.  C.  C.  275. 
LltUer,  F.  M..  763. 
Livingston,  A.  E.,  274. 
Liyingeton,  B.  E.,  130,  520. 
Llyingston,  C,  90. 
Livingston,  L.  F.,  90. 
Liser,  C,  165. 

LJnng,  E.  W.,  529.  530,  624. 
Lloyd,  E.  B.,6G5.  878. 
Uoyd.P.E.,28.818,819. 
Lloyd.  F.  J.,  610. 
Lloyd.  J.  W.,  44. 
Lloyd,  L.,  61. 
Lobo,  B.,  167. 

Lochhead,  W.,  182,  259,  648. 
Lodcr,  A.  E.,  90. 
Lodge,  0.  C,  869. 
Loeb,  J.,  224.  400. 
Loeb,  L.,  467. 
Loew,  O.,  767. 
LOffler,  W..  866. 
Loflin,  E.,  558. 
Long.  E.  B.,  29, 223. 
Long,  J..  68. 
Long,  J.  A.,  663. 
Long.  W.  H.,  166. 
Long,  W.  S.,  114. 
Longwell,  J.  H.,  498. 
Longwell,  J.  S.,  187. 
Loos,  K..  647. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


912 


EXPEBIME27T  STATION  BEGOBD. 


(Tot  40 


Louis,  A.,  186. 
Loansbury,  C,  119. 
Lonnsbury,  C.  P.,  648. 
Love,  H.   H.,  2S2,  238,  230, 

488,  828. 
Loveland,  G.  A.,  826. 
Lovell,  J.  H..  264,  666. 
Lovitt,  W.  V.,796. 
Lube,  H.  A.,  808. 
Lucas,  J.  B.,  674. 
Lucas,  P.  8.,  675. 
Luckey,  D.  F„  677. 
Luden,  G.,  767. 
Lulthly,  J.,  777. 
Lumb,  J.  W.,  884. 
Lumsdeu,  L.  L.,  693. 
Lund,  B.  L.,  466. 
Lund,  C.  H.,  711. 
Lundquist,  G.  A.,  696. 
Lusk,  W.  F.,  399. 
Luttringer,  A.,  46. 
Lutz,  A.,  468. 
Lutz,  F.  E.,  269. 
Lyford,  C.  A.,  67. 
Lyford,  V.  G.,  398. 
Lyle,  G.  T..  459.  862. 
Lyman,  C.  A.,  298. 
Lyman,  G.  R.,  449,  698,  817, 

846. 
Lyman,  H.,  617. 
Lyman,  J.  F.,  179,  667. 
Lynde,  C.  J.,  720. 
Lyon,  T.  L.,  299, 618. 
Lyons,  G.  W.,  842. 

Maas,  J.  G.  J.  A.,  46. 
Maass.  O.,  202. 
Macaigne,  A.,  686. 
Macallum,  A.  B.,  466,  664. 
McAlpine.  D.,  623.  746. 
McAtee.  W.  L..  160,  254,  266, 

261,  364,  649,  757. 
McBeth,  I.  G..  342. 
McCalg,  J.,  94. 
McCaU,  A.  G.,  199. 
M'Callum,  A.,  192. 
McCampbell,  C.  W.,  472. 
McCandlisb,  A.  C,  71,  767, 

774,  872. 
McCann,  W.  I.,  498. 
McCarthy,  B.  F.,  841. 
MacCaughey,   V.,    336,    629, 

657. 
McClelland,  C.  K.,  236. 
McClelland,  T.  B.,  42,  840. 
McClugage,  H.  B.,  762. 
McClure,  H,  B.,  788. 
McClure,  B.  W.,  814. 
McClurg,  N.  L.,  666. 
McCollum,  B.  v.,  69,  TO,  172, 

463,   554,   563,   661,    700, 

762,  864. 
McConnie,  R.  C,  632. 
McCool,  M.  M.,  315,  512.  517. 
McCoy,  G.  W.,  79. 
McCabbin,  W.  A.,  699. 


McCue,  C.  A.,  888. 
McCulloch,  I/..  846. 
McCnne,  B.  C,  200. 
McDanlel,  A.  B.,  786. 
McDole,  G.  B.,  211. 
McDonald,  B.M.,  498. 
MacDonald,  P.,  660. 
MacDonald,  T.  H.,  189 
McDonald*  W.,  652. 
Macdonald,  W.,  600. 
MacDougal,  D.  T.,  28,  29,  30, 
31, 181,  233,  241,  520,  817. 
McDougall,  W.  B.,  167. 
McDowell,  F.N.,  420. 
McElheny,  V.  K.,  Jr.,  489. 
McElroy,  C  H.,  290, 683. 
McBh^en,  G.  F.,  617. 
McFarland,  C.  M.,  788. 
Macfarlane,  W.,  696. 
McGinni8,F.W.,696. 
McGowan,  H.  3.,  696. 
McGregor,  B.  A.,  769. 
McGuire,G.,712,713. 
McHargue,  J.  &,  819. 
Macht,  D.  I.,  884. 
Mclnroy,  J.,  782. 
McIntlre,R.,691. 
Maclntire,  W.  H.,  40. 
Mcintosh,  C.  F.,  496. 
M'Intosh,  W.,  182. 
McKay,  J.  W.,  623. 
McKay,  M.  B.,  844. 
Mackay,  L.  G.,  178. 
MacKaye,  B.,  164. 
McKee,  R.,  137. 
McKee,  R.  H..  110. 
McKeever.  W.  A.,  196. 
Mackenna,  J.,  48. 
McKerral,  A.,  632. 
Mackie.  D.  B.,  246.  646. 
Mackle,  W.  W.,  346. 
MacKinnon,  J.,  798. 
McLaine,  L.  8.,  67. 
McLean,  H.  a,  298. 
McLean,  W.  A.,  387. 
McLellan,  B.  G.,  612. 
McLendon,  C.  A.,  237. 
Madeod,  J.  J.  R.,  677,  865. 
McMaster,  P.  D.,  882. 
MacMillan,  H.  G.,  847. 
McMurran,  S.  M.,  168,  644. 
McNair,  A.  D.,  133. 
McNeil,  A.,  286. 
McNeil,  J.  H..  89. 
McNulty,  J.  B.,  177. 
McNutt,  J.  C,  497. 
Macoun,  W.  T..  741. 835. 
Mcpherson,  W.,  109. 
McRae,  J.,  508. 
McRae,  W.,  846,  852. 
McRostie,  G.  P..  438. 
McSwiney,  J.,  261. 
Macy,  P.  A.,  600. 
Maffei,  L.,  160. 
Mabeux,  G.,  648. 
Malgnon,  B.,  464. 


MalgBon,  F.,  463,  662. 
MakAllndong ,  P.  L.  y,  63S. 
Hakl,  H.,  163. 
Malet,  A.  H.,  163. 
Malloch,  J.  B.t  268. 
Mallory,  F.  a,  676. 
MaUy,  C  W.,  65. 
Halone,  J.  8.,  76,  278. 
Malone»  P.  O.,  99. 
Maltby.  B.  D.,  400. 
Mangin,  L.,  851. 
Mann,  A.  R.,  696. 
Maqnenne,  L.,  807. 
Marcarelli,  B.,  614. 
Marchal,  P.,  845. 
Marchand,  J.  L.,  82. 
Marchand,  W.,  767. 
Marchlsotti,  A.  C,  6SS. 
Mardell,  B.  L.,  16. 
Marlnl,  C,  409. 
Marlatt,  C.  L.,  456. 
Harriott,  R.  A.,  811. 
Marsden,  B.,  45,  168. 
ICarsh,  P.,  476. 
Marshall,  C.  J.,  183. 
Marshall,  G.  A.,  840. 
Marshall,  G.  A.  K.,  68. 
Marshall,  R.  B..  149,  24e. 
Martin,  D.  B.,  317. 
Martin,  Q.,  408. 
Martin,  Q.  W.,  461. 
Martin,  H.  H.,  117. 
Martin,  J.  C,  124. 
Martin,  J.  H.,  332. 
Martin,  J.  N..  246. 
Martin,  W.  H.,  298,  644,  T4a 
Martineau,  A.,  640. 
Martini,  B.,  647. 
Mary,  A.,  201. 
Mary,  Alexandre.  201. 
Mason,  A.  F..  498. 
Mason,  A.  W..  836. 
Mason,  F.  B.,  86. 
Massey,  L.  M.,  169.  751. 
Massinl,  P.  C.  61,  62,  858. 
Masson,  O.,  337. 
Masters,  fi.,  360. 
Matchett,  B.  P.,  765. 
Matheson,  K.  J.,  79. 
Mathewson,  A.,  90. 
Matthews,  C.  D.,  540. 
Matthews,  D.  W.,  841. 
Mattos,  A.  T.  de.  266,  552. 
Matsui,  H.,  110, 171. 
Matsumura,  8.,  60. 
MattUI,  H.  A.,  798. 
Maue,  Q.,  413. 
Maughan,  H.  J.,  227. 
Maurel,  B.,  556. 
Mayer.  B.,  385. 
Mayer,  K.  M.,  479. 
MayUnder.  A..  660. 
Maynard.  B.  J.,  74. 
Maynard,  L.  A.,  802. 
Mayne.  D.  D.,  897. 
Mayo,  N.  8.,  181. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


i^m 


IKDEX  OF  NAMES. 


91S 


MMdiam,  M.  R.,  202,  360. 
Mnde.  B.  M.,  34,  237,  458. 
Metdtn,  H.,  782,  863. 
Mtggitt,  A.  A.,  023. 
Mdcr.  F.  C  62. 
IMgB,  B.  B.,  112. 
MefBecke,  K.  P.,  159. 
Ifdiiaer,  O.  B.»  484,  785. 
Metatf  ,  a,  314. 
Mdxell.  H.,  Jr.,  490. 
Melander,  A.  J^  163,  698. 
Mddmin,  A.  N.,  801. 
Melhiu,  I.  B.,  50. 
Metier.  S.  J.,  182. 
Mendel,  275^ 
Mendel,  L.  B.,  70,  861,  463, 

664,  765,  876. 
Mendlola,  N.  B.,  682. 
Mendj.  J.  B..  458. 
Mercer,  J.  H.,  778. 
Merker,  H.  M.,  504. 
Mcrkle,  F.  O.,  213. 
Mcrrffl,  E.  C,  505. 
Merrill,  E.  D.,  851. 
MerrOl,  M.  C,  599. 
Merrill,  T.  a,  545. 
Men,  A  E.,  12. 
MemU.  F.,  649. 

Meetreast,  W.,  112,  779. 

Metcalfe,  D.  A.,  900. 

Meter,  J.  tao,  14. 

Meti.C.W.,652. 

Meyer,  A  H.,  119. 

M«7er,A.W.,663. 

Meyer,  K.F.,  383. 

Mla]l,B.,256. 

lOckeUC.E.,653. 

Mlddklffook,  W.,  783. 

Mkldleton,W.,666. 

M1%ge,B.,628. 

M!keika,L.A.,710. 

M!lei,G.F.,199. 

MIle8,W.R.,561. 

Mill,  a  B.,  314. 

Mfflir,  a  E..  512,  517,  797. 

Mlfleii,  F.  a,  252. 

Miller,  CO,  298. 

Miner,  a,  265, 356. 

Miller,  B.  R.,  616. 617. 

Miner.  F.B.,  788. 

Mmer,F.W.,799. 

Miller.  O.  8.,  jr..  54. 

Miller,  H.  F..  218.  497, 607. 

Miller,  ILR.,  56. 

fflller,E.C697. 

MlIlikeii.C.S.»247,5d9. 

Mnton.a.,199. 

MlDdling,  G.  W.,  617. 

lil]nildi,D.E^884. 

MlBot.  A.  &,  11,  509.  765, 
775. 

H1riadl7Jison.J.,632. 

M]in,a8.,550. 

IQtebell,  H.  H..  662. 

M!teliell,J.A..842. 

10tckeil,P.H.,4fi9. 


Mlyasawa,  B..  541, 825. 

Mice,  B.C.,  617. 

MohIer,J.R..577,778. 

Monnler,  A.,  726. 

Montemartini,  L..  253. 

Montgomery,  S.  G..  238. 

Monxiols,  779. 

Mooen,  C.  A.,  299. 

Moon,  y.H.,  481. 

Moore,  A.  B.,  400. 

Moore^  B.,  248. 425,  426. 

Moore,  J.  G..  835. 

Moore^  J.  J..  180. 

Moore»  P.,  670. 

Moore,  W.,  165.  355.  752, 880. 

Moon^eld,  C.  H.,  291. 

Moorhoiue.  H.,  688. 

Moorbonae,  K  A..  138.  299, 

440, 737. 
More,  a  T..  293. 
Moreira.  C,  170. 
Morel,  A.,  36. 
Morgan,  A.  F.,  660. 
Morgan,  B.  L..  480. 
Morgan,  G.,  799. 
Morgan,  H.  A.,  698. 
Morgan.  L.  B.,  373. 
Morgan,  T.  H..  275. 400. 665. 
Mori.  N..  888. 
Morlson.  C.  B..  398. 
Moritx.  BL  A..  187. 
Morley.  C,  65. 
Morley,  L.  W.,  498. 
Morrill,  A.  W..  649.853,855. 
Morrla,  H.  B.,  452. 459. 
Morrts,  J.  li.,  413. 
Morrison.  T.  M..  217. 
Mor«e,  W..  67. 
Morse.  W.  J..  335.  836.  599. 
Mortensen,  M.,  81,  470. 
Mortenaen.  M.  P..  377. 
Mortbensen,  B.,  649. 
Moscowitz.  A«,  651. 
Moster,  C  A.,  757. 
Mosler.  J.  G..  514. 
Mo8le7.F.O.,747. 
Moss,  B.  G.,  243. 
Mosserl,  v.,  857. 
Mothes.  J.  M..  446. 
Moulton,  C.  B.,  567. 
Monrlquand,    G..    268.    273. 

566. 
Monssu.  488. 
MonssQ,  G.,  88. 
Mowry,  J.  L..  190. 
MuckenfDS8,A.M.,271. 
Mueller.  B.  J..  618. 
Maello.  A.  C.  392. 
Muir.  854. 
Mukerji.  N.  G..  823. 
Muldon.  W.  B.,  778. 
Mulford.  W..  694. 
Mailer.  C.  813. 
Mflller-Tburgao.  H..  249. 
MnUett,  H.  A.,  337. 
Mnmford,  F.  B.,  297. 497. 


Mumford.  H.  W.,  299. 
Munce,  T.  W.,  89. 
Munns.  B.  N.,  842. 
Mufios   Xim6nei.  B.,  183. 
Mnnroe,  H.  D.,  498. 
Monroe.  J.  P..  692. 
Mnnson.  T.  V.,  342. 
MOntx,  800. 

Mnrdock,  H.  B..  386. 600. 
Mnrlln.  J.  B..  68. 
Mnrpby,  F.  T.,  496. 
Mnrpby,  L.,  671. 
Mnrpby,  P.  A..  347, 699. 
Murray,  C.  882. 
Murray,  T.  J.,  848. 
Musselman,  H.  H..  97. 
Mosser,  K.  B.,  774. 
Mutcbler.  F.  B.,  497. 
Myers,  C.  B..  638, 833. 
Myers,  C.  N.,  67. 
Myers,  J.  A.,  467. 
Myers,  V.  C,  12. 16,  609. 

Nabours,  B.  K.,  367. 
NafsIger.T.E.,241. 
Nagendra  Cbandra  Nag.  15. 
Nakano,  H..  130. 
Narain,  B..  426. 
Nasb.  G.  v..  253. 
Natb8en.J..366. 
Neal.  D.  C,  843. 
NHire,  L..  586. 885. 
Nebf.  R.  A..  98. 
Nelll.  A.  J..  864.  365,  766. 
Neill,  J.  W..  254. 
Neller.  J.  B.,  811. 
Nelson,  D.  B.,  884. 
Nelson,  B.  W.,  646. 
Nelson,  I.  C,  298. 
Nelson.  J.  A..  170. 759. 
Nelson,  J.  W..  118. 
Nelson,  M.,  796. 
Nelson.  O.  M..  177.. 
Nelson,  T.  C,  697. 
Nelson,  V.  B..  72. 
Nesom.  G.  U.,  217. 
Ness,  H.,  47.  492. 
Nenman,  L..  887. 
Neves.  A.  da  8.,  625. 
Newcomb.  W.  H..  560. 
Newcombe,  F.  C,  326. 
Newcomer,  B.  J.,  698. 
Newdlck,  B.  L.,  335. 
Newman.  C.  C,  245. 
Newman,  C.  L.,  900. 
Newsom,  L.  B.,  482. 
Newstead,  R..  855. 
Newton,  J.  O..  361,  696. 
NIcbolls,  W.  D.,  78. 
Nlcbols,  G.  B.,  162. 
Nicolardot,  P.,  109. 
Nicolas,  B..  881. 
Nicolay,  A.  S.,  266.  357.  664, 

754,  758. 
Nicolon.  M.,  777. 
Nicolsoa,  J.  W.,  797. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


914 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECOBD. 


[yoL40 


NUsson,  N.  Hm  529. 
Nishlkado,  Y.,  156. 
Nlshimura.  M.,  251. 
Nobbs,  E.  A..  280. 
Noel.  L.  von,  657. 
Nohara,  8.,  147. 
Nolan,  A.  W..  96, 794, 796. 
Nolechek,  W.  F.,  186. 
NoUet,  429. 
Volte,  O.,  620. 
Nordby,  J.B.,600. 
Norrla,  D..  677. 
North,  C.  B.,  864. 
North,  M.  B.,  S98. 
Northmp,  Z.,  97. 
Norton,  A.  P..  695. 
Norton,  H.  W.,  Jr.,  75, 76. 
Norton,  J.  B.,  536,  538. 
Norton,  J.  B.  8.,  168,  886. 
Norton,  J.  F.,  68,  805. 
Norton*  W.  D.,  495. 
Nougaret,  R.  L.,  660. 
Nouree,  SL  G.,  589,  891. 
Nowell,   W.,   166,   348,   760, 

761. 
Noyes,  A.  A.,  26. 
Noyes,  H.  A..  216,  606,  620, 

720,  820. 
Nuckols,  8.  B.,  138. 139. 
NuttaU.  J.  8.  W.,  275. 
Nntter,  J.  W.,  573. 
NystrOm,  B.,  211. 

Oakley,  R.  A.,  800. 
Oberholser,   H.   C,  56,  161, 

254,  350,  861,  646. 
Obst,  M.  M.,  656. 
Od6n,  8.,  804, 
O'Donnell,  I.  D..  687. 
Oelsner,  A.,  819. 
O'Gara,  P.  J.,  60,  859. 
Ogbnm,  W,  F.,  659. 
OgK,  F.  A.,  589. 
Okuda,  Y.,  171. 
OUv&n,  N.  F.,  808. 
Oliver,  A.  W.,  799. 
Oliver,  B.  W.,  284. 
Oliver,  F.  W..  524. 
Oliver,  J.,  678. 
Olmstead.  H.  W.,  868. 
Olney,  J.  F.,  199. 
Olney,  R.,  600. 
Onada,  R.,  700. 
Ong,  E.  R.  de,  56. 
Oppenhelm,  C.  J.,  806. 
Oppenbeimer,  C,  866. 
Opperman,  C.  L.,  199. 
Orelll,  O.  8.,  249. 
Ormerod,  F.,  875. 
Orr,  J.,  690. 
Orton,  C.  R.,  698, 848. 
Orton,  W.  A.,  185,  344. 
Orwln,  C.  8.,  192. 
Osbon,  a  C,  221. 
Osborn,  B.,  496. 
Osborn,  H.,  260,  800. 


Osborn,  T.  O.  B.,  51, 440. 
Osborne,  T.  B.,  70,  463,  564, 

765, 876. 
Oskamp.  J.,  834,  886. 
Osman,  B.  G.,  294. 
Oamaston,  B.  B.,  640. 
Osterhont,  W.  J.  Y.,  223.400. 
Osterwalder,  A.,  249, 251. 
Ostrander,  J.  B.,  210, 611. 
Oatrander,  W.  A.,  488. 
O8twald,W.,408. 
Oangl,  8.,  128. 
Osvald,  H.,  211, 212. 
Oswald,  W.  L.,  838,  839. 
Otanes  y  Qaesales,  F.,  457. 
Otis,  D.H.,  200. 
Otlet.  P.,  806. 
Otten,  L.,  160, 161. 
Onsley,  C,  789. 
Overholaer,  E.  L.,  798,  838. 
Owen,  B.  J.,  697. 
Owens,  J.  8.,  199.  200. 
Owen-Smith,  G.,  661. 
Oyama,  K.,  171. 

Pacella,  683. 
Pachano,  A.,  158. 
Pack,  C.  L.,  838. 
Packard,  C,  400. 
Packard,  W.,  600. 
Packard,  W.  B.,  835. 
Paddock,  F.  B.,  765. 
Paddock,  W.,  348.  886. 
Page,  L.  W.,  486. 
Palllard,  G.,  892. 
Paillot,  A.,  65,  264. 
Paine,  G.  P.,  117. 
Paine,  8.  G.,  844,  848. 
Palm,  B.,  249. 
Palmer,  A.  H.,  416, 
Palmer,  L.  8.,  501,  696. 
Palmer,  T.G.,  441. 
Palmer,  T.  8.,  646. 
Pammel,  L.  H.,  47,  832. 
Panna  Lai,  15. 
Pannwitz.  P..  668. 
Pantanelli,B.,563. 
Papanicolaou,  G.  N.,  467. 
Paqnito  Rebello,  J.  A.,  83. 
Parascandolo,  A.,  153. 
Parker,  J.  B.,  264. 
Parkinson,  M.,  196. 
Parks,  354. 
Parks,  A.  W.,  67. 
Parks,  T.  H.,  296.  638. 
ParnGll,  F.  R.,  523,  631. 
Parr,  R.,  619. 
Parshley,  H.  M.,  260, 754. 
Parsons,  H.  T.,  69,  172,  668, 

762. 
Parsons,  J.  T.,  711. 
Parsons,  T.  8.,  630, 686. 
Partington,  J.  R.,  816. 
Paterson,  J.  W.,  25. 
Paterson,  W.  G.  R..  239. 
Patten,  A.  J.,  72,  671. 


Patrick,  A.  L.,  419. 

Pattee,  A.  F.,  661. 

Patten,  C.  G.,  341, 446. 

Patton,  C  A.,  897. 

PattOB,D.N.,462. 

Paul,  688. 

Pavarino,  G.  L.,  168. 

Pavarino,  L.,  167. 

Payne,  H.  G.,  67. 

Peacey,  B.,  783. 

Pearce,  B.  G.,  677. 

Pearl,  R.,  268,  470,  499,  604, 

766,  879. 
Pearson,  C,  900. 
PearwB,  F.  A.,  280,  282,  299. 

876,  878. 
Pearson,  R.  A.,  422,  487. 
Pearson,  R.  8.,  46,  248,  848. 
Pease,  H.  T.,  67a 
Peck,  F.  W.,  299, 696. 
Peck,  &  8.,  610. 
Peek,  L.,  197. 
Peglion,  v.,  116. 
Peirce,  V.  M.,  291. 
Pellet,  H.,  813, 412. 
Pellett,  F.  C.  264. 
Peltier,  Q.  L.,  843. 
Peltrisot.  C.  N.,  207. 
Pemberton,  C.  B.,  62, 469. 
Penna,  J.,  686,  682. 
Penney,  H.  J.,  798. 
Perisho,  B.  C,  99. 
Perkins.  A.  B.,  379. 
Perkins,  A.  J.,  837. 
Perkins,  8. 0.,  217. 
Pfironnet,  666. 
Perotti,  R.,  666. 
Perret,  347. 
Perry,  A  C,  692. 
Perry,  L.,  197. 
Perry,  M.  W..  286. 
Perry,  W.,  246. 
P^msset,  782. 
Fetch,  T..  449. 
Peters,  C  A.,  801. 
Peters,  J.  G„  841. 
Peters,  L.  H.,  866. 
Peters,  W.  H.,  75. 
Petersen,,  K  B.,  832. 
Peterson,  V.,  899. 
Petherbridge,  F.  R.,  69, 60. 
Petrie.  W.  8.,  670. 
Petroir,  8.  A.,  886, 
Petry,  U  C.  826. 
Pettey.  F.  W.,  168.  858. 
Pettlt,  R.  H.,  64, 97.  650. 
Pew,  W.  H.,  867, 369. 
Pesard,  A.,  871. 
Pfeller,  W.,  680. 
Pfnlb,  779. 
Phelps,  B.  B.,  84. 
Phllardeao,  P.,  779. 
Philibert,  M.,  809. 
Philips,  A.  C,  76,  292,  671. 

778. 
PhUUps,B.F..64« 


Digitized  by 


Google 


191d] 


IKDEX  OP  NAMES. 


916 


PhUUp8,]S.]C,696. 

Phmipc,K^194. 

PMUIiM.W.J^170. 

PldteBs,B.lC.77& 

Plckaliis;&,747. 

Pickering,  W.  H.,  617. 

Pickett,  B.  a^  196, 742. 

Pictet.A.,110. 

P1idaIlii,A^129,444. 

Pieiiielsel,F.J.,249. 

Fierce,  H.B.,  517. 

Pierce,  B.  O.,  645,  852. 

Pierce,  W.  D.,  266,  551,  754, 

759. 
Plerottl.L.14. 
PlerB,H.,856. 
Plemn,A.H.,843. 
Pleten,A.J.,8Sl. 
PUicliot,a,280. 
PlBcknej,  K.  U^  199. 
Planey,  W.  B.,  496. 
Plpal,  P.  J.,  339, 577.  738. 
Piper,  a  v.,  91, 137, 
Plttmaii,D.W.,815. 
PlttiiMii.M.8.,560. 
PltJ,  W.,  72, 272. 
PUtlwO.B..647. 
Platon,  B.,  830. 
Pollard,  F.  J.  CL,  62. 
Pomeroy,  C.  &,  151. 540. 
PonUiu,  A.  W.,  863. 
PonttiM,  R.  li.,  199. 
Pool,  y.W.,  344. 
P(9e,A.S.,659. 
Pope,  H.M.,  174. 
Pope*  T.  H.,  10. 
Popenoe,  W.,  246, 342. 
Popp.M.,816. 
Porcher,  C,  613. 
Porteyln,  M.  H..  688. 
Portler,  P.,  363, 464, 563. 
Potter,  A.  A.,  345. 
Potter,  BL  L..  176. 
Potter,  O.  M.,  585. 
Potter.  R.  S.,  122. 
Potts,  R.G.,  476. 
Poaltnejr,  R.,  697. 
Poyltik7,O.R.,583. 
Powdermaker,  F.,  795. 
Powell,  T.F.,  488. 
Power,  F.  B.,  710. 
Powers,  W,  L.,  587. 
Prmmd,  G..  230. 825. 
Pratt,  a  R.,  361. 
Pmtt,  H.  C.  54. 
Pratt,  M.  a,  90. 
Pratt,  W. ».,  898. 
PraKher,  J.,  412. 
PreM!ott,&C,414. 
Pieston.  J.  Fn  542. 
Price,  1^288. 
PrMham,  J.  T.,  523,  524. 
IMnce,  A.  H.,  99. 
Prince,  O.  H.,  841. 
Proescber,  F.,  788. 
Profelt,  W.  J.,  828. 


Prouiay,  O..  779. 
Proolx,  B.  Q..  72. 
Prndhomme,  B.,  627. 
Pmnet,  A.,  850. 
Pryor,  L.  L,  692. 
Pryor.  W.  L„  34. 
Pnnnett.  R.  C,  541. 
Piiran  Singh,  248. 
Pnrdy,  W.  C  857,  858. 
Pye,  H.,  523. 

Qnesalea,  F.  O.  y,  457. 
Qaesenberry,  O.  R.,  298. 
Qaick,  EU  595. 
Onlnlan,  D.,  183. 
Quintanllla,  Q.,  434. 
Qulsno,  J.  B.,  663. 

Race,  J.,  876. 
Radder.  N.  J„  696. 
Rader.  F.  W.,  876,  397. 
Radford,  G.,  790. 
RaffiaeUl,  A.  O.,  558. 
Ragbonatliaswaml  Ayyangar. 

P.  A.,  808. 
Ragland,  F.,  96. 
Ragsdale,  A.  C,  281,  297. 
Ralford,  L.  C.  98. 
RaUUet,  586. 
Ramakrishna  Ayyar,  T.  V., 

553,  854. 
Bamlab.  K.,  681. 
Ramlres,  R.,  57. 
Ramsay,  J.  G.,  559. 
Ramsay,  J.  M.,  194. 
Ramsay,  J.  T.,  240. 
Ramsden,  W.,  382. 
Ramser,  C.  B.,  188. 
Ramsey,  W.  R.,  661. 
Randall,  B.  W.,  742. 
Randall,  R.  C,  26. 
Rane,  P.  W.,  800,  744. 
Rangaswaml    Ayyangar.    G. 

N.,  631. 
Rankin.  W.  H.,  53. 
Ransom,  B.  H.,  782. 
Rasmuson,  H.,  538. 
Rasmnssen,  F.,  199. 
Rast,  L.  B..  238,  437. 
Rathbnn,  A.  B.,  852. 
Ratber,  J.  B.,  18. 
Ran,  N.,  553. 
Ran,  P.,  553. 
Ransch,  M.  F.,  895. 
Ravai,  L.,  252,  640.  850. 
Rayenblll,  A.,  895. 
Razzautl,  A.,  553. 
Rebello,  J.  A.  P.,  33. 
Record,  8.  J.,  843. 
Reddick,  D.,  645. 
Redfleld,  H.  W..  802. 
Reed,  H.  J.,  696. 
Reed.  J.  H.,  86. 
Reed,  W.  G.,  209,  617. 
Reely.  H.  K.,  292. 
Rees,  R.  W.,  834. 


Reese,  A.  M.,  555. 
Reese.  C.  A..  170. 
Reeser,  H.  B.,  84. 
Regan,  S.  A.,  144. 
Regan,  W.  M..  298. 
Regan,  W.  S.,  549. 
Regand,  C,  779. 
Regelsperger,  G..  390. 
Relcbard,  A.,  611. 
Relcbard,  J.  W.,  741. 
Reid.  B.  B..  18. 
Relble,  J.  A.,  715. 
Rells.  H.  F.,  267. 
Remllnger,  P.,  183. 
Renard,  G.,  590. 
Renand,  A.,  202,  206. 
Reno,  G..  194. 
Retlef,  J.,  93. 
Kettle.  T.,  413. 
Renter,  B.  B.,  614. 
Row,  R.  H.,  244,  891. 
Rey,  B.,  833. 
Reynolds,  F.  H.,  85,  581. 
Ubo,  F.,  560. 
Uboades,  V..  117. 
Rboads,  A.  8.,  350,  54S.  645. 
Rbodln,  S.,  231,  243.  533. 
Rhondda  (Lord),  244. 
Rice,  F.  B..  123. 
Rich,  J.  K.,  71. 
Richards,  B.  L.,  799. 
Richards,  D.  B.,  799. 
Richards,  B.  H.,  68. 
Richards,  H.  M..  29.  223. 
Richards.  P.  B.,  260. 
Richards,  P.  B.,  199. 
Richardson,  108. 
Richardson,   A.   B.   V.,   105, 

523. 
Richardson,  C,  617. 
Richardson,  M.  W..  546. 
Richardson,  W.  D..  812. 
Rlchet,  C.  581,  880. 
Richmond,  T.  B..  203. 
Ricker,  P.  L.,  726. 
Ridden,  J.  D.,  662. 
Riddle,  O.,  664, 666. 
Rldeal,  8..  421. 
Ridge,  W.  H.,  782. 
Ridgway,C.8.,621. 
Rlggs,T.,Jr.,761. 
Rtos,  P.  G..  634. 
Rist,  F.  jr.,  826. 
Ritchie,  A.  H..  264,  250. 
Ritchie.  J.,  413. 
Ritchie.  J.  H.,  523. 
Rltter,  B.,  22. 
Rltter,  W.  B.,  617. 
Ritzman,  B.  G..  277. 
Rixford,  G.  P..  149,  264. 
Robbins,  W.  J.,  24.  325. 
Robbins.  W.  W..  636. 
Robert.  H..  590. 
Roberts,  G.  A.,  900. 
Roberts,  H.  F.,  826. 
Roberts,  R.  H.,  742. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


916 


EXPEEIMEKT  STATION  BECORD. 


[VoLiO 


Roberta,  W.,  280. 826. 

Robertsoo,  O.,  194. 

RobertaOB,  O.  H..  678. 

Robertaon,  W.  C,  240. 

Robey,O.lL,780. 

Robinson,  G.  H.,  806. 

Robinson,  T.R.,  247. 

Robison,  B.,  106. 

Robison,  W.  L.,  278. 

Rocbeb606. 

Rochettes,  A.  M.  des,  400. 

Rockwood,  B.  W.,  268. 604. 

Rodda.T.B.,861. 

Rodes,  W.,  109. 

Roe,  M.,  700. 

Roepke,  W.,  240. 

Rogers,  J.  H.,  884. 

Rogers,  J.  B.,  208. 

Robde»  A.,  116. 

Rohrbeck,  W.,  804. 

Rohwer,  8.  A..  254,  266,  458, 

450,666,760,761,862. 
Rolfs,  F.  M.,  42,  688, 644. 
Roper,  L  M.,  630. 
Ropp,  A.  de,  Jr.,  128. 
Rorer,  J.  B.,  158, 851. 
Rosa,  O.  F.  de  la,  487. 
Rose,  D.  H.,  841,  342. 
Rose^  J.  N.,  188. 
Rose^CMra)  J.N.,133. 
Rose,  M.  &,  173,  361. 
Rosen,  H.  H.,  648. 
Rosenfeld,  A.   H.,  441,  442, 

682. 
Ross,  H.,  624. 
Robs,  W.  A.,  261,  648,  668, 

664. 
Ross,  W.  D.,  806. 
Rossati,  O.,  823. 
RosseUo,  H.  J.,  682. 
Rossem,  C.  van,  626. 
Rossi,  G.,  866. 
Rotb,  B.  G.,  217. 
Roth,  P.,  661. 
Rothte,  803. 
Rothenfusser,  8.,  658. 
Rooband,  B.,  168, 640. 
Rons,  P.,  678. 
Rovner,  J.  W..  308.  777. 
Row,  T.  L.,  808. 
Rowlee,  W.  W.,  642. 
Rowley,  H.  T.,  403. 
Ruehe,  H,  A.,  802,  870. 
Ruehle,  O.  L.  A.,  707. 
Rufl,  412. 

Ruggles,  A.  G.,  266. 
Randies,  J.  C,  242. 
Runner,  G.  A.,  768. 
Rnpp,  G.,  412. 
Rnpp,  P.,  881. 
RnsseU,  104. 
Rnssell,  B.  J.,  24,  408.  614, 

515, 622. 
Rnssell,  H.  L.,  208. 
Rnssell,  J.,  202. 
Rost,  B.  W.,  767, 768. 


Ruth,  W.  A..  848. 
Ryan,  J.  B.,  900. 
Ryd,8.,710. 
Ryder,  H.M.,  111. 

Sackett,W.O.,681. 

Sadltf,W.,864. 

Safford,  W,  B.,  728. 

Saba,  P.,  866. 

SaiUard,  B.,  86. 

8aint-Girons,  F.,  71,  880. 

Sakolskl,  A.  M.,  602. 

Salant,  W..  202, 274, 286, 388, 

466. 
Sale,  J.  W.,  68. 
Salisbury,  B.  J.,  624. 
Salmon,  B.  8.,  156,  748. 
Salmon,  8.  C.  821, 828. 
Salomon,  C,  810. 
Salter,  C,  314. 
Salter»B.M.,420. 
Salthe,0.,864. 
Sammon%  T..  667. 
Samonte^  C  C,  632. 
Sampson,  A.  W.,  448. 
Sampson,  H.  C,  826. 
Sampson,  H.  O.,  06. 
Samson,  O.  B.,  177. 
Sanborn,  C  B.,  66. 
Sanders,  G.  B.,  57. 164. 
Sanders^  J.  G.,  643. 
Sanders,  T.  W.,  36. 
Sanderson,  T.,  146. 
Sandbonse,  H.  A..  270. 
Sands,  W.N.,  166. 
Sanford,  H.  U,  266. 
Sangbi,  B.  P.,  208. 
Sarasin,  J.,  110. 
Sargent,  CS.,  248, 542. 
Sarra,B.,561,663. 
Sarti,  a,  186, 782. 
Sasscer,  B.  B.,  266, 862. 
Batterthwait.  A.  F.,  666. 
Saunders, !«.  G.,  67. 
SauTageau,  C,  725. 
Savage,  W.  G.,  862. 
Savery,  H.  M.,  182. 
SayUle,  C,  823. 
Saxby,  F.  W.,  637. 
Sayer,  H.  D.,  601. 
Scarratt,  A.  W..  100. 
Schaefec,  C.  T.,  101. 
Scbaffer,  F.,  204, 205. 
Schecker,  G.,  510. 
Schellbach,  H.,  508. 
Soberer,  R.  W.,  180. 
Scbereschewsky,  J..  805. 
Scherret,  J.  R,  190. 
Rcberffius,  W.  H.,  624. 
Scblick,  W.  J.,  787. 
Scbloesing,  J.  J.  T.,  800. 
Schmidt,  J.,  627. 
Scbneider-OrelU.  O.,  240. 
Schneldewlnd,  725. 
Schneidewind,  W.,  621. 
Schodiet  8.  8.,  467. 


8choene,W.J.,647. 
Bchoening,  H.  W.,  86. 
Seboenmann,  L.  R.,  216. 
Sdioll,  B.  BL,  264. 
Schoorl,  N.,  11. 
M^iPPek  W.  F.,  478, 486. 
Schreincr,  O.,  126. 
8chribaitt.24,8S. 
8cliroeder,416. 
Sdiroeder,  B.  C,  680. 
8cbnael,0.,812. 
8chQer,H.W.,408. 
8cbQlti,A.R.,725. 
8dinIi,A.,629.682. 
8chula,J.A.,614. 
SchQster,  G.  L.,  718. 
8chflta«bP.,614. 
Schwab,  W.G.,  848. 
Schwarta,  B.,  476, 880. 
Schwars,  B.  A.,  169, 265. 
Sehwan,  B.  H.  L.,  717. 
Scbwennesoi,  A.  T..  484, 7S& 
8oofleld.C.8.,421,488. 
Seott,  B.  K.,  127. 
8eott,J.P.,881. 
8eott,J.W..686. 
Scott.  L.  B.,  342, 640. 
Scott,  P.  R.,  66. 
Scott.  R.G.,  601. 
Scott,  W.,  107. 
Scott,  W.B.,  298. 606. 
Seaton,  L.  F.,  500. 
SeaTer,F.J.,240. 
Seaver,  H.  B.,  208. 
Secrest,  HL,  153.  206. 694. 
Se^,  B.,  668,  807. 
Seelhorst,  C  ron,  820, 630. 
Seerey,  D.  F.,  201. 
Seifert,  EL,  887. 
Sekignchi,  R.,  416, 417. 
Selbome  (Barl  of),  700. 
Selby,  A«  D.,  108. 
SelTig,  C.  G.,  732. 
Semple,  B.  C,  617. 
Sen,  J.  N.,  366. 
Severance,  G.,  608. 
Severtn,  H.  C,  864. 
Severin,  H.  H.  P.,  56.  ICO. 
Sbamel,  A.  D.,  151.  246,  342, 

447,  640. 
Sharma,  L.  C.»230,  825. 
Sharp,  D.,  861. 
Sharpies,  A.,  610. 
Shaw,  H.  B.,  531. 
Shaw,  J.  K.,  536. 
Shaw,  B.  8.,  707. 
Shaw,  W.  G.,  600. 
Shear,  C.  L.,  262. 844. 
Sheehan.  B.  F.,  606. 
Shepard.  J.  H.,  32. 
Shepherd,  J.  F..  840. 
Sheppard.  J.  H..  299. 300. 
Sherbakoff,  C.  D..  168. 
Sherman.  F.,  263. 
Sherman,   R.   C,   174,   859, 

604,608. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


1919] 


Ilfn)EX  OF  NAMES. 


917 


Sberwood,  R.,  499. 

8liew«d.T.J..247. 

6liidiuK,700. 

Shimamiiza,  T.,  84. 

8UiiJI,aO.,45e. 

8lilplej,A.B.,63. 

8Upley,J.W..809,812. 

Shlppee,  y.  C.»  19. 

8kImB,O.F.,793,894. 

Shiver  J.  W.,  425. 

8lilTer,H.]fi.,112. 

Shoois  G.  R.,  97,  280,  296, 

887,897,485,494,694. 
Bhoop,  (Mrs.)  G.  R.,  97,  485, 

494.694. 
ShRTe,  B.  B.,  27. 
Bhrevc,  F.,  129, 130. 
Bliiill,A.F..456. 
Shntt,  F.  T.,  221,  719,  768, 

809. 
ndenk7.D.,812. 
8iegler,E.A.,499. 
8iftOD,H.B.,637. 
Slgetoml,  K.,  417. 
8U,8.N.,836. 
SOayaii,  H.  S.,  239. 
Sllni  Keres,  A.  da,  625. 
ammoods.  K.,  69.  172,  563, 

661,762. 
NnuDoiu,  J.  S.,  885; 
Slmiwon,  T.  C,  610. 
8iii«lt,D.,230,825. 
Bliifh,  P.,  248. 
Sfamott,  B.  W.,  425. 
BIrot,  IL,  709. 
8lTullaii,G.K.,217. 
8li1cken,F.B.,268. 
8lTori,P.,688. 
Q^Uema,  B.,  111. 
8katfe,&H..861. 
Skard,O.M.,810. 
Bkeny,W.C.,697. 
Sketton,  R.  F.,  272. 
Skerrttt,  B.  G.,  487. 
8kJdiiiore,G.W.,200. 
8k)mer,  J.  H.,  668. 
BUmicr,  J.  J.,  22, 126. 
Sktimer,  W.  W.,  68. 
Sladen,  F.  191  L*.  264, 750. 
Slocqin,  R.  B.,  876. 
8»«I1,J.C..812,478. 
SmtrtW.  A.,799. 
te]M,B.H..216. 
Siiifflle,B.W.,479. 
tetH^  A.  O.,  299. 
Smith,  (Mrs.)  A.  W.,  280. 
bBlt]i,CB.,299,396. 
8iBtth,CH.,661,662. 
8mftli,C.L.,742. 
•■itIi,C,ldL.10. 
8aiai,C.O.,589. 
>Bitli,CP.,146,B85,831. 
smth.  B.A^  719. 
SbHIi.B.B.,459. 
*«iai.F.,a67. 
finiili,  F.  a,  548, 641. 843. 


Smltb,  F.  L.,  866. 
Smith,  G.  C,  561. 
Smltb,  G.  P.  D.,  526. 
Smith.  H.C.,  419. 
Smith,  H.  BL,  653. 
Smfth.  H.  H.,  686. 
Smith,  H.  M.,  561. 
Smith,  H.  P.,  663. 
Smith,  H.  S.,  56. 
Smith,  J.  B.,  199. 
Smith,  J.  L.,  413. 
Smith.  J.  W.,  19,  617. 
Smith,  h,  B.,  647. 
Smith,  li.  H.,  82, 241. 
Smith.  P.  H.,  571. 
Smith,  P.  R.,  199. 
Smith,  R.  B.,  456,  543. 
Smith,  R.  G.,  208. 
Smith,  R.  H..  854. 
Smith,  R.  M.,  68. 
Smith.  R.  8.,  576. 
Smith,  T.,  185,  883. 
Smith,  T.  A.  J.,  524. 
Smith,  W.G.,  217. 
Smith.  W.  H.,  196. 
Smith,  Z.  M.,  692. 
Smith-Gordon,  L.,  91,  501. 
Smoll,  A.  B..  806. 
Smnl  jan.  M.  T..  647. 
Smythe.  R.  H.,  84. 
Smythlea,  B.  A.,  47. 
Snyder.  H.,  88. 
Snyder,  R.  S.,  122. 
Snyder.  T.  B.,  263,  757,  860. 
86,  M.,  826. 

Soderstrom,  G.  F..  868. 
Sohns,  J.  C.  F..  682. 
Soils-Cohen,  M.,  286. 
Soils-Cohen.  8.,  286. 
soiling,  J..  768. 
Sollmann,  T.,  187, 883. 
S51mgen,  N.  Lu.  319. 
Somerville,  W..  248. 
Bomm&t,  H.  J,,  866. 
Sordelll,  A.,  578,  580. 
Sorenson,  J.,  877. 
Sonrsac,  L..  749. 
8oii8a,J.y.G.de,446. 
Ronth,  F.  W..  849. 
Spafford,  W.  J..  231,  332 

524. 
Spaid,  A.  R.,  894. 
Sparfaawk,  W.  N.,  843. 
Bpanlding,  P..  54Z 
Spears,  H.  D.,  410. 
Speed.  J.,  199. 
Speight,  R.,  169. 
Spencer,  C.  L..  588. 
Spencer,  D.  A.,  74. 
Spencer,  K.  8.,  864, 
Speyer,  B.  R..  266,  468. 
SpUlman.  W.  J.,  92,  295, 

298,  687. 
Spinks,  G.  T.,  748. 
Spitser,  G..  877. 
Spoehr,  H.  A..  80. 


Spooner,  C.  S..  848. 
Spooner,  H.  J.,  589. 
Spragg,  F.  A.,  238,  797. 
Sprague,  B.,  360. 
Spragne,  B.  C,  795. 
Spragne,  P.  W.,  500. 
Sprlggs,  B.  I.,  360. 
Spring,  F.  G.,  449. 
Spnier,  A.,  698. 
Spnrway,  C.  H.,  39. 
Stabler,  W.  H.,  708. 
Stackhonse.  H.  M.,  26. 
Stadler,  L.  J.,  297. 
Stage,  H.  H.,  453. 
Stabel,  G.,  252. 
Stahl,  J.  L.,  97,  296,  494, 

694,  748,  797. 
Stakman,  B.  C,  249,  345, 

641, 642. 
Stalder,  G.,  615. 
Staples,  L.  C,  91. 
Stark,  M.  B.,  860. 
Stark,  W.  R..  443. 
Starling,  C.  C,  447. 
Starling,  E.  H.,  170. 
Starr,  C.  G.,  668. 
Stazzl,  P.,  887. 
Steams,  T.  C,  561. 
Stebblns,  M.  G.,  883. 
Stedman,  J.  M.,  595. 
Steenbergen.  H.  D.,  114. 
Steenbock,  H.,  185,  3G3, 

865. 
Steeres,  R.  P.,  94. 
StefAnsBon,  V.,  273. 
Steinberg,  R.  A.,  222. 
Stenins,  J.  A.,  506. 
Stephenson,  R.  E..  213. 
Stepp,  W,,  308. 
Steven,  H.  H.,  262. 
Stevens,  F.  L.,  249,  848, 

450. 
Stevens,  H.  E.,  158,  045. 
Stevens,  N.  m.  150,  630. 
Stevens,  O.  A.,  145. 
Stevens,  R.  B.,  188. 
Stevenson,  J.  A.,  52,  844, 

848, 897. 
Stevenson,  W.  H.,  216. 
Steward,  W.  G.,  188. 
Stewart,  A.  W.,  801. 
Stewart,  F.  B.,  693. 
Stewart,  G.,  238,  299,  435. 
Stewart,  G.  R.,  350,  495, 

505. 
Stewart.  J.  K..  710,  711. 
Stewart,  H.N.,  416,  617. 
Stewart,  R.,  423. 
Stewart,  R.  L.,  86. 
Stewart  V.  B.,  199,  645. 
Btlles,  P.  a,  468, 
Stiles,  W..  424,  429. 
Still,  G.  F.,  869. 
Stlllwell,  (Mrs.)  W.  B.,  197. 
Stimson,  R.  W^  196,     899, 

691. 


Digitized  by 


Google 


918 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  *fiECOBt>. 


IToCw 


Btlne.  O.  C,  100,  626. 

fitiner,  A.  J.,  99. 

Stlnson»  L.,  297. 

RUrlinff,  F.,  358. 

Btltz,  H.,  647. 

BtlTelman,  B..  887. 

Stockard,  C.  R.,  467. 

Stockman,  S.,  383,  676. 

»Stode],  O.,  83,  84.  884. 

Stoll.  H.  P.,  887. 

Stom,  L,  443. 

Stone,  J.  I/.,  498. 

Stone,  R.  E.,  699,  852. 

Stoner,  D.,  646. 

Stookey,  E.  B.,  97,  340,  397, 

422,  494, 797. 
Stopes,  M.  C,  524. 
Stoppel,  R.,  424. 
Storer,  T.  I.,  646. 
Stotsenbnrg,  J.  M.,  662. 
Stotz,  G.  J.,  487. 
Stout,  A.  B.,  225,  427. 
Stover,  W.  G..  638. 
Strecker,  W.,  309. 
Streel.  E.  Da  V.  de,  590. 
Street,  J.  P.,  182. 
Strickland,  C  F.,  592. 
Strong,  L.  J.,  12,  408. 
Stroud,  J.  F.,  419. 
Stuart,  G.  A.  D.,  48,  845. 
Stubbs,  C,  379. 
Suglura,  K.,  67, 174. 
Sullins,  D.  6..  495. 
Sullivan,  J.  W.,  280. 
Sullivan,  B.H..  117. 
Summer,  J.  B.,  308. 
Summers,  T.   H.,   138,   440, 

737. 
Surface,  H.  B.,  641. 
Sutton,  F.  J.,  538. 
Sutton,  G.  L.,  623. 
Sutton,  I.,  148. 
Sutton.  J.  W.,  798. 
Suzuki,  Y.,  179. 
Swain,  A.  F.,  798. 
Swaine,  J.  M.,  259,  552. 
Swanson,    A.    M.,   2S5,    383, 

465,  867. 
Swanson,  C.  O.,  10,  507,  722. 
Sweeney,  M.,  116. 
Sweeny,  M.  B..  799. 
Sweet,  A.  T.,  119,  813. 
Swenehart,  J.,  200. 
Swenk,  M.  H.,  697. 
Swett,  W.  W.,  877. 
Swezey,  854. 
Swigart,  C.  H.,  188. 
Swingle,  D.  B.,  429,  449,  452, 

469. 
Swingle,  W.  T.,  247, 438. 
Swynnerton,  C.  F.  M.,  152. 
Sydenstricker,  E.,  69. 
8zeg5,  E.,  113. 
Szili,  A.,  268. 

Tabpr,  C.  W.,  462,  796. 
Tagawa,  K.,  778. 


Tague,  E.  L.,  10.  607. 
Talbot,  F.  B..  68. 
Tanaka,  T.,  52, 167, 842. 
Tannehill,  I.  B.,  617. 
Tansley,  A.  G.,  424. 
Tarbett,  R.  B.,  868. 
Tate,  A.,  197. 
Taubenhaus,  J.  J.,  648. 
Taverner,  P.  A,,  256. 
Taylor,  A.  E.,  659. 
Taylor,  F.  E.,  288. 
Taylor,  G.,  716. 
Taylor,  H.  C,  200, 299,  890. 
Taylor,  H.  D.,  284,  883. 
Taylor,  H.  W.,  242. 
Taylor,  K.  P.  A.,  888. 
Taylor,  R.,  71. 
Taylor,  R.  H.,  838. 
Taylor,  T.  H..  457. 
Taylor,  W.  A..  487. 
Tedin,  H.,  136. 
Teixeira  de  Mattos.  A.,  266, 

652. 
Templeton,  G.  S.,  667,  772. 
TenBroeck,  C,  480. 
Teodoro,  G.,  654. 
Terry,  B.  I.,  843. 
Tex,  M.  C,  897. 
Thatcher,  L.  E.,  736. 
Thatcher,  R.  W..  300. 
Thayer.  P.,  149, 342,  640. 
Thaysen,  A.  C,  23. 
Theller,  A.,  290. 
Tholozan,  De  L.,  883. 
Thorn,  C,  283. 
Thomas,  A.  W.,  604. 
Thomas,  E.  B.,  539. 
Thomas,  B.  N.,  624,  891. 
Thomas.  F.  L.,  656. 
Thomas,  H.  B.,  47,  344. 
Thomas,  H.  H.,  ^44, 638. 
Thomas,  I*.  M.,  144. 
Thomas,  M.  C,  98. 
Thompson,  C,  120. 
Thompson,  C.  M.,  174. 
Thompson,  D'A..  W.,  566. 
Thompson.  E.  ET.,  500. 
Thompson,  E.  W.,  661. 
Thompson,  H.,  660. 
Thompson,  W.  C,  298. 
Thompson,  W.  O.,  800,  422, 

493. 
Thompson,  W.  P.,  830. 
Thomson,  W.  W.,  489. 
Thome,  C..B.,  292, 376,  724. 
Thorpe,  E.,  109, 506. 
Thurgau,  H.  M.,  249. 
Tibbetts.  H.  A.  M.,  298. 
Tifbiny.  R.  K.,  188. 
Tillman,  B.  W.,  813, 814. 
Tillmans,  J.,  608. 
TiUotson.  C.  R.,  641. 
Tlmberlake,  P.  H.,  263,  205, 

359. 
Tingley.  F.  0.,617. 
Tlnsley,  J.,  65. 
Tiadale,  W.  H.,  846. 


Todd,  O.W..  007. 
Todd,  J.  A..  835. 
Tolaas,  A.  O.,  460. 
ToUey,  H.  R.,  688. 
Tomlinson,  Q.  H.,  17. 
Tompkin,J.L.,498. 
Tonnellor^  A.  C,  633,  625w 
TopU8,W.G.,310. 
Torrcy,J.a,666,8G7. 
Tottingham,  W.  E.,  620,  727. 
Toumcy,  J.  W»,  393,  743,  842. 
Tower.  W.  L.,  129,  860. 
Towles,  R.  C,  178. 
Townsend,  C  O.,  139,  440, 

737,  848. 
Townsend,  C  H.  T.,  357»  758» 

859. 
Townsley,  T.  S.,  876. 
Townsley,  T.  W.,  671. 
Toyama,  I.,  287. 
Tracy,  W.  W..  sr.,  147, 196. 
Trftgftrdh,  1.463, 164. 
Trannoy,  R..  326. 619. 
Transeau,  B.  N.,  898. 
Treheme,  R,  C,  647. 
Trelease,  W.,  163. 
Trimble,  W.,  890. 
Trimble,  W.J„  100. 
Troop,  J.,  752. 
Trost,  J.  F.,  820. 
Trowbridge,  P.  F.,  667. 
True.  A.  C,  695,  692. 
True,  G.  H.,  774. 
True,  R.  H.,  100,  299,  423, 

460, 602. 
Truelle,  A.,  116,  268.  611, 

864. 
Truffaut,  G.,  619. 
Trumbull,  R.S.,  211. 
Tsakalotos,  D.  E.,  610. 
Tubbs.  D.  W..  798. 
Tucker,  B.  S.,  866. 
Tufts,  W.  P.,  446. 
Tullgren,  A.,  163. 
TuUoch,  W.  J.,  82. 
Tumpowsky,  I.,  270. 
Tungeln,  G.  H.  von,  693. 
Tunnicllff,  R.,  479. 
Tun8taIl,A.C.,53,d49. 
Tupper,  W.  W..  823. 
Turconi,  M.,  157. 160. 
Turner.  C.  C,  417. 
Turner,  C.  F.,  860. 
Turner,  C.  H.,  362. 
Turner,  C.  W.,  774. 
Turner,  R.  B.,  654. 
Turner,  "W.  F.,  177. 
Turpin,  O.  M.,  77. 
Tustin.  P.  B.,  879. 
Tylor.A.R..539. 

Uhlenhnth,  B.,  400. 
XTlander,  A.,  832. 
Umbeiser,  H.,  98. 
Unna,  B.,  411. 
Urbahns,  T.  D.,  862. 
Urich,  F.  W.,  170, 362,  866. 


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m9] 


rEn>£X  OF  KAMES. 


919 


Tacber,H.,686L 

TtIle.lL  8.,  695. 

Taleiitl]ie,E.,T80. 

Talerfo,  a  G..  290. 

Ta]sK]i,V.N..593. 

TiliqiKtte,  CU  373. 

Tilkfta.W.D..838. 

Vil'teia,  O.  A..  111. 

Tu  Alftine,  K,  308, 614. 

Taoatta,  B.  8..  420. 

run'Dua,W.,ll. 

Tu  Dapperen,  J.  "W^  87. 

van  den  Broek,  P.  W.,  658. 

Tander  Bm,  P.  A..  160, 848. 

Iran  der  Ooot,  P.,  650. 

Ta]iderleck,J.,513. 

Tan  der  Linden,  T.,  206. 

van  der  Veen,  B.,  245. 

Van  Dyke,  £.C,  170. 

yanenti,0.,891. 

TanEseltine,O.P.,183. 

Tan  Fleet,  W.,  639. 

van  Hall,  C.  J.  J.,  63. 

Tan  Harrereld,  87. 

fan  Harrereld,  J.,  87.  635. 

TanHelten,W.lC.,46. 

Tan  Heam,  F.  C,  115. 

Tan  HIM,  C.R.,  894,  896. 

Tan  Hook,  J.  C,  542. 

Taaltenon,  O.,  Jr..  435. 

Tan  Meter,  A.  B.,  658. 

Tttt  Meter,  J.,  14. 

TanNlekerk,M.,624. 

Tan  Pelt,  W.,  747. 

Tan  Benndaer,  M.,  498. 

TBBE08aem,C.,  626. 

Tan  Sacegkcm,  B.,  586, 780. 

Tan  Slyke,  D.  D.,  113, 714. 

Tan8l7ke.L.L.,501. 

Taaiteenberghe,  113. 

Taa  Zwalawenbiirg,  B.   H., 

06.66. 
Tarne7.aM.,716. 
Tanghitn,  H.  W.,  497. 
Tantler,B.,115. 
TeaIl,J.O.,748. 
Tedder.  ILB.,  868. 
Teen.  B..  Tan  der,  246. 
Tda,89.784. 
Terdl«.H.,446. 
Termeil,P.,694. 
TCroniiet,A.,U7. 
TerteiilI,J.de,634. 
Tickers,  O.  &,  29& 
TUaU  B.,  65. 
TIercck.  H. !«..  65. 
Tlgreoz.  H.,  12, 700. 
TIk.K.,626.631. 
T|]]ani,T.,838. 
TQlaTccchIa,  V.,  10. 
TOnorln,  P.  V.  de,  662. 
TtnaTcr,  8.  K.,  779. 
Tincent.  C  C,  17. 
Tlneent,  C  O.,  698. 
Tincent,  H..  83.  84.  779,  884. 
Tlawanfttli,  B.,  808. 


TlTian,  A.  399,  400. 
VlTier  de  Strecl.  R  Du,  690. 
VoegtUn,  C,  67. 
Voelcker.  J.  A.,  126.515.824. 
Voinenet,  S.,  507. 
Tolpino,  G..  869. 
Voorhlea,  E.  C,  878. 
Vrlea,  H.  De,  132. 
VHes.  O.  de,  442. 
yrijbarg.  A..  587. 
Vrooman,  C,  605. 
Yttrtheim.  A..  13. 

T?adaworth,  A.  B..  480. 784. 
Wadsworth.  H.  A..  798. 
T?aite,  B.  H.,  571. 
Waksman.   S.   A.,  214,   318. 

478.  721. 
Waldman.  L.,  462. 
Walker,  E.  W.  A.,  872. 
Walker,  G.  P.,  496. 
Walker,  L.  S.,  617. 
Walker,  8.  8..  297. 
WaUace,  R,  45. 
Wallace.  B.,  667. 
Waller,  A.  D..  561. 
Waller,  A  G.,  570. 
Walling.  W.  B..  688. 
Wallia.  B.  L.  31.  268. 
Walshes  F.  M.  B..  565. 
Waists.  H.  L.,  498. 
Walter,  B.  v.,  853, 
Walters,   J.  A.  T.,  388,  526, 

825. 
Walton,  W.  B.,  653,  757. 
Walworth.  E.  H.,  82. 
Wanl,  H.,  86. 
Wank,  W.BL,  798. 
Warburton,  C,  254. 
Warburton.  C.  W.,  622,  827. 
Ward,  B.,  241, 683. 
Ward,  B.  DeC.,  417, 617, 808. 
Ward,  W.  F.,  665. 878. 
Warden,  It.  L.,  15. 
Warden,  C.  C,  880, 676. 
Waring,  G.  A.,  484. 
Warren,  G.  F.,  280,  298,  376, 

890. 
Warren,  G.  M.,  91. 
Waskburn,  F.  L.,  254,  255. 
Washbnm,  H.  J.,  183, 880. 
Washburn,  B.  M.,  377. 
Washburn,  B.  8.,  138,  440, 

787. 
Washington.  H.  L.,  428. 
Wason,  B.,  590. 
Watanabe,  C.  K.,  12. 
Waterman,  W.  G.,  226. 
Waters,  H.  J.,  196, 667. 
Wathelet,J.,688. 
Watkins,  C.  B..  Jr.,  814. 
Watson,  E.  B.,  505. 
Watson,  J.  B.,  858. 
Watts,  F.,  522. 
Watts,  G.  B.,  99. 
Watts,  H.  B.,  652. 


Waugh,  F.  A..  248,  542. 
Waxberg,  H.,  685. 
Weathemrax,  P.,  627,  728. 
Webb.  C.  H.  S..  681. 
Webb.  W.,  695. 
Webber.  H.  J.,  247,  294,  539, 

695. 
Weber,  F.  C,  411. 
Webster,  A.  D.,  447. 
Webster,  J.  B.,  898. 
Webster,  B.  L.,  755. 
Webster,  T.  A.,  426. 
Wedel,  H.  von,  481. 
Weeter,  H.  M.,  377. 
Wehrle,  L.  P..  267. 
Welgart,   (Mrs.)  A.  A.,  695. 
Weigle,  G.  J.,  462. 
WeUl,  E.,  268,  273,  565. 
Weimer,  B.  B..  672. 
Welmer,  J.  L.,  347. 
Weinrlch,  W.,  836. 
Welnzirl,  J.,  764. 
Weir,  A.  B..  360. 
Weir,  J.  B.,   159.  258,   349, 

842. 
Weiss,  H.  B..  268,  354,  357, 

654.  753. 754,  758,  864. 
Welch,  P.  S.,  267. 
Welch.  B.  B..  799. 
Weldon,  G.  P..  251.  252. 
Wellington,  J.  W.,  599. 
Wellington,  B.,  98. 
Wellman,  M.  T.,  796. 
Wells,  A.  H.,  557. 
Wells,  C.  F.,  420. 
Wells,  B.  W.,  600,  754,  797. 
WeUs,  8.  B.,  561. 
Wells,  W.  G..  527. 
Welton,  F.  A..  834. 
Wenhols,  H..  523,  526. 
Wenner,  J.  J.,  479. 
Wennink.  C.  B..  251. 
Wery.  G.,  892. 
Westcott,  N.  P.,  488. 
Wessels,  P.  H.,  517. 
Wessling,  H.  L.,  234. 
Wesson,  D.,  68. 
West,  C,  727. 
West,  (Mrs.)  M.,59n. 
Wester.  P.  J.,  234,  259. 
Westley,  B.  O.,  900. 
Weston,  F.  E..  113.  804. 
Weston,  W.  H.,  Jr.,  344. 
Wetmore,  A.,  55,  260,   351, 

646. 
Wharton,  L.  D.,  587. 
Wheeler,  G.  A.,  69. 
TV  heeler,  J.  T.,  899,  400. 
Wheeler.  W.,  595. 
Wheeler.  W.  A.,  831. 
Wheeler,  W.  M.,  553. 
Whellens,  W.  H.,  151. 
Wherry,  B.  T..  202,  609,  812. 
Whetsel,  H.  H.,  249,  251. 
Whipple,  O.  B.,  429,  444,  447. 
Whltchcr,  G.  H.,  296. 


Digitized  by 


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920 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEOOBD. 


[Vol  40 


White,  A^  1«9.  741. 
White,  B.  D.,  476. 
White,  B.  A.,  189. 
White.  E.  N.,  658. 
White,  F.  M.,  90. 
White,  G.  C,  488. 
White.  G.  F.,  760. 
White,  J.  W..  728. 
White,  O.  E..  225,  435. 
White,  T.  H..  741. 
White.  W.  H.,  55. 
Whitfoid,  H.  N.,  745. 
Whltiey,  B.,  382. 
Whitten.  J.  C.  148. 
Wiancko,    A.    T.,   514.    735, 

823 
Wibberley,  T.,  589,  590. 790 
WlckB,  W.  H.,  149. 
WiclEson,  B.  J.,  599. 
Widtsoe,  J.  A.,  823. 
Wiegand,  B.  H.,  799. 
Wieringa,  G.,  89. 
Wieringa,  K.  T..  319. 
Wigdor,    M..    89,    184,    186- 

187,  477,  482,  686.  684. 
Wlggans,  C.  C,  798,  836^ 
Wight,  H.  M.,  54.  799. 
Wilcox.  B.  v.,  299,  389. 
Wilcox.  L.  P.,  799 
Wilcox,  B.  B.,  150. 
Wileman,  A.  B.,  456. 
Wiley,  H.  W.,  459. 
Wilder,  H.  J.,  300. 
WUkes,  C,  298. 
Wlllard,  H.  F.,  62,  469. 
WiUard,  J.  D.,  98. 
Wlllard,  B.  B.,  735. 
Willcocks,  F.  C,  856. 
WUlett,  G.,  361. 
Williams,  A.  D.,  485. 
Williams.  C.  B..  649,  856. 
WUliams,  C.  G.,  198,  397, 738, 

797. 
Williams,  J.  O.,  875. 
WiUlams,  B.  O.,  763, 863. 
Williams,  B.  B..  465. 
WiUlams,  W.  L.,  778. 
Williamson,  J..  637. 
WUliamson.  M.  A.,  892. 
WilUs,  J.  C,  624. 
WiUooghby,  W.  G.,  552. 
WUlcox,  W.  H..  564. 
WUls,  J.  G.,  188. 
Willstatter,  R..  312. 
Willaon,  C.  A.,  200. 
Wilson,  A.  D.,  622. 


Wilson,  B.  D.,  719. 
Wilson,  B.  B.,  805. 
Wilson,  G.  M..  692. 
Wilson,  G.  W.,  898. 
Wilson,  H.  F.,  356,  661. 
Wilson,  J.,  667. 
Wilson,  J.  B..  411. 
Wilson,  J.  F.,  798. 
Wilson,  L.  v.,  297. 
Wilson,  M.  A..  l81. 
Wilson.  B.  H.,  586.  894. 
WUson,  W.  A.,  879. 
Wimar,  D.  C,  814. 
Winchell,  A.  N.,  616,  617. 
Winchester,  H.  B.,  98. 
Wlnfleld,  G.,  879. 
Wing,  H.  H.,  774. 
Wing,  li.  W.,  298. 799. 
Wlngard,  S.  A..  845. 
Wlng^e,  5.,  817. 
Winkenwerder.  H.,  898. 
Winkjer,  J.  C,  79. 
Winright,  G..  82, 84. 
Winslow.  C.  B,  A.,  269. 
Wlnslow.  F.  G.  B.,  66. 
Winsor,  L.  M.,  200. 
Winston,  R.  A.,  814. 
Winters,  N.  B.,  728. 
Winters,  B.  Y.,  885. 
Wirs,  jr.,  526. 
Wise,  L.  B.,  16, 710.  711. 
WohnUch,B^,412. 
Wolbach,  S.  B.,  868. 
Wolcott,  (Mrs.)  H.  B.,  199. 
Wolf,  C.  G.  L..  677. 
Wolf,  F.  A.,  248.  900. 
Wolfe,  H.,  791. 
Wolfe,  T.  K.,  435. 
WoUr.  H.  W..  589. 
Wolir,  J.,  325.  727. 
Wolkoff,  M.  I..  30.  218. 
WolI,F.W.,875,599,878. 
Wolsogen  Ktthr.  C.  A.  H.,  von, 

Jr..  214. 
Wood,  D.  C.  281. 
Wood,  J.  T.,  408. 
Wood,  W.  W.,  799. 
Woodman,  A.  G.,  410. 
Woods,  a  D.,  424,  448,  461, 

470. 
Woods,  W.  B.,  662. 
Woods,  W.  C,  357. 
Woodward,  T.  B.,  177. 
Woodworth,  C.  M.,  900. 
Wooley,  J.  C.  90. 
Woolmvif  M.  8.,  692, 895. 


Wooton,  IL  O.,  276. 
Working,  D.  W.,  98,  800. 
Works,  G.  A.,  898,  400,  691, 

692. 
Wormald,  H.,  156, 850. 
Worsham,  B.  L.,  56. 
Wortley,B.J.,847. 
Wright,  J.  BL.  676. 
Wright.  0.  B.,  221. 
Wright,  B.  C,  821. 
Wright,  S.,  177.  869. 
Wright,  W.  P..  340. 
Wulfl./.V..842. 
Worth,  T.,  252. 258. 
Wyatt,  F.  A..  423. 
Wyer,  8.  S.,  658. 
Wyeth,F.  J.  8..881. 
Wylie.  C.  B.,  200. 
Wyllle,  J..  192. 

Ximtoes.  B.  M.,  188. 

Yamagnchl,  T.,  632. 
Tano,  M.,  552. 
Yapp,  W.  W..  778. 
Yeager,  A.  F.,  199. 498. 
Yeary,  W.  B.,  890. 
YerkeB,  A.  P.,  89,  291, 299. 
Yoder,  L.,  820. 
Yoder,  P.  A.,  830. 
Yohe,  H.  8.,  803. 
Yothers,  W.  W.,  454,  856. 
Young,  A.  J.,  sr.,  439. 
Yonng,  A.  W.,  762. 
Yoong,  B.  P.,  263. 
Yonng,  B.  G.,  566. 
Yonng,  H.  C,  263. 
Yonng,  H.  D.,  639. 
Young.  I.  F.,  899. 
Yonng,  V.  H.,  618. 
Ynasa,  H.,  853. 

Zander,  E.,  547. 

Zavlts,  a  A.,  333,  386. 624. 

Zeasman,  O.  B..  200. 

Zei68ler,J.,677. 

ZeUer,8.M..799. 

Zellner,  J.,  710. 

Zerban,  F.  W.,  12. 

ZUva,  8.  8.,  271,  272,  864. 

464, 869. 
Zimm,  L.  A.,  495. 
Zimmerman,  J.  G..  190. 
Zitkowskl.  H.  B..  208. 
Zook,I«.U,826. 


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INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


Page. 

AhtOa  perHtriw  n^sp.,  description.-  760 
▲bortioii— 

badUas,   isolating  and  recover- 
ing   479 

contagious,  blood  tests 885 

contagions,  in  cattle 290, 782 

contagions^  in  cattle,  Kans 86 

contagions.  In  cattle,  Wis 290 

contagious,  notes 778 

contagions,  studies 184,883 

contagions,  treatment 782,885 

in  catUe 586 

Abscission  in  Ooleu9  liHumei 825 

Absorption  test,  CastelUni's 288, 579 

Abstract  Journals  after  the  war 304 

AeuithaiAls  n.^.,  description 60 

AooHMofeeKdM  obteeiU9 — 

Temediee 558 

studies ^ 653 

Aorina  of  Barbados 56 

AcQtophtnaa  irihoUi  n.g.  and  n-sp., 

notes 856 

Aefnphagu9  n.spp.,  descriptions 859 

Acetic  add,  preparation  from  corn- 
cobs    17 

iefc€roiitia  laeheaia,  studies 62 

AeftoffoN — 

fukKikeanum  infection,  studies.  683 

mshinleinU,  studies 483 

Add  phosphate.      (fTee    Superphos-  * 
phate.) 

Acidosis  and  creatinurla 765 

Adds— 

amino.     {See  Amino  adds.) 

"  redair  bleu  "  test 311 

of  agricultural  products,  idcnti- 

flcation,  Ark 18 

iooiMfa  Mwta,  studies 754 

AcriflsTin,  antiseptic  value 182 

ioiotesit  caryw,  notes 269 

Acrocerids  of  North  America 757 

Atiiinomt/ee9-^ 

t^rwmogenut    as     affected     by 

acidity 644 

dkrono^eMiM,  notes 844,847* 

feMeOUAdet  n.q>.,  studies 721 

spp..  proteolytic  activity 721 


Page. 
Actinomyces     in     limed     cranberry 

soils 214 

Actlnomycetes,  pathogenic,   studies-       478 
Aoifthapeus-^ 

gilvonotatus   n.sp.,   description-       655 

orchivora,  notes,   N.J 754 

Adenin,  antineuritic  properties 271 

Advisory  Board  of  American  Plant 

Pathologists 698 

Adzukl  bean,  studies 131 

XiMium — 

encelUB  n.sp.  from  the  Andes 133 

0M9ffpii,  notes 154 

tubulosum  and  2B.  pasBifloriicola, 

studies 344 

JSgeria  HpuHformU,     (See  Currant 

borer.) 
Aerological  observations,  U.S. 

DLA 19, 200,  716 

Afforestation.     (See  Porestatlon.) 
Agalazy,   contagious,   in   goats   and 

sheep . 782s  783 

Agar-agar,    Japanese,    chemical 

studies  of  alg»  used  in. 110 

Agar  platea^ 

filling  and  inoculation 805 

photographic  records 881 

Agave  americana,  composition 710 

Agaves,  use  in  feeding,  U.S.D.A 270 

Age,  relation  to  fertility  in  the  rat—      468 
Agglutination — 

influence  of  sodium  chlorid  on —       778 

studies 82 

Agricultural — 

accident  insurance 198 

chemistry.     (See  Chemistry.) 

college  of  Philippines 499 

colleges,  administrative  organi- 
zation         690 

colleges  and  the  farmer 896 

colleges,  war  emergency  work—       294 
(See    also    Alabama,    Ari- 
zona, eto.) 
Commission   to  Europe,  report, 

U.S.D.A 498 

communities,  eugenics  in 193 


Not!.— The  abbreviations  "Ala.College,"  "  Conn.State,"  "Mass.,"  etc..  after  entries 
Kfer  to  the  publications  of  the  respective  State  experiment  stations ;  "Alaska,"  "  Guam," 
"  Hawaii,"  and  "  Porto  Rico,"  to  those  of  the  experiment  stations  in  Alas^ka.  Guam, 
Hawaii,  and  Porto  Bico ;  *'  Can^*  to  those  of  the  experiment  stations  in  Canada ;  and 
**  Uil.D.A.,"  to  thoae  of  this  Department. 

146069^—20 4  »21 

Digitized  by  VjOOQIC 


022 


EXPERIME27T  STATION  REOOBD. 


[Vol.40 


AgricQltoral — Continued. 

coopenition —  Pacs* 

In   Australia 502 

in   Belgium 688 

in  Bihar  and  Oriaaa 898 

In  Canada 193,489,688 

in    Denmark 689 

In  France 92,98 

in  Ireland 91 

in  Italy 889 

in  New  Jersey 592 

in  Punjab 592 

in  South  Africa 98 

in    Suffolk 692 

in   Texas 898 

in  United  States 489,691 

laws  in  New  York 889 

treatise 691 

credit- 
in  Prance 92 

in  relation  to  state  social- 
ism   688 

in  South  Africa 791 

In  Spain 389,800,892 

in  Switzerland 892 

societies  of  St.  Lucia 489 

statement 889 

treatises 892 

development  problem  of  south- 
eastern coastal  plain 91 

development  work  by  railroads.  488 

economics,     (iffee  Bural  econom- 
ics.) 

education — 

and   research   in   Victoria, 

suggestions  for 105 

in  California,  Cal 689 

in  Scotland 893 

in  Western  Australia 96 

supervised  practice  in 795 

vocational,  four-year  cur- 
riculum   795 

vocational,  home  project  in.  296 
vocational,    reference   ma- 
terial for 95 

vocational,   secondary 897 

vocational,  State  super- 
vision    690 

vocational,  teacher  train- 
ing-  899 

vocational,  year's  work 492 

(See  also  Agricultural  in- 
struction atid  Vocational 
education.) 

experiment  stations.     (See  Ex- 
periment stations.) 

extension.     (See  Extension 
work.) 

federation  in  New  York 689 

history,  manual 890 

History  Society,  notes 100 

institute  in  Spain,  project  for_-  890 

instruction — 

courses 492 

for  soldiers  and  sailors 691 

for  the  farm  boy 196 

in  Atlantic  Co.,  New  Jersey.  296 


Agricultural — Continued. 

instruction — continued.  Page. 

in  Canada 896 

in  Haiti 690 

in  high  schools 93,197 

in  lUinois 794 

in  Ireland 94 

in  Los  Angeles 197 

In  New  Brunswick 94 

in  New  Hampshire 296 

in  New  York 2»5 

In  PhUlppines 898 

in  Prince  Edward  Island—  197 

in  San  Francisco 295 

in  State  normal  schools 490 

lessons 198 

secondary 895 

textbook 95 

(See  aUo  Agricultural  edu- 
cation.)- 
investigatlon,     need    for    safe- 
guarding   6 

investigations    in    French    col- 
onies   890 

journals,  abstract 306 

journals,  new 297.  400, 699 

labor  by  children 591 

labor  by  school  boys 698 

labor  camp  for  boys 96 

labor,  city  men  for 389 

labor  for  1918  wheat  harvest  in 

Kansas,   U.S.D.A 92 

labor  requirements,  meeting 691 

labor,  women  for 891 

(See  ai9o  Labor.) 

laborers  in  Italy 790 

laborers,  minimum  wages 192, 

691,  687,  891 

laborers,  wages,  U.S.D.A 391 

ladder  to  land  ownership.. 687 

laws  in  New  York 390 

legislation,  yearbook 890 

machinery  census  in  Nebraska 194 

machinery  Bltuation,  1918 189 

meteorology.       (See    Meteorol- 
ogy.) 

organisations  of  Massachusetts.  689 
organisations,    official,    in 

France 689 

pastoral  colonies  in  Argentina 392 

policy  in  Germany 891 

policy  in  Great  Britain 01,  790 

policy  of  British  Empire  in  In- 
dia, Latin  America,  etc 086 

policy,  suggestions  for 790,  889 

production  for  1919,  n.S.D.A..  487 

production  in  Swltserland 790 

products,  marketing 298, 

488, 489. 791,  792 

products,  marketing,  N.C 294 

products,  perishable,  transporta- 
tion    488 

reconstruction.      {See    Becon- 
struction.) 

research,  elements  of  progress 701 

research  in  California,  Cal 599 

research  in  Scotland 898 


Digitized  by 


Google 


m9] 


IITDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


923 


Agricaltaral — Continued. 

KKarch,  organization  in  India.  601 

retoorces  of  Alaska,  U.S.D.A 813 

Rtoorces  of  Burma 195 

rwoureca  of  Cnba 194 

rcMorcM  of  Montana 92 

■diool  in  Lyon,  France 499 

tdioola,  clYle  and  social  training 

to 94 

■odetiea,  joint-stock,  share-Ieas- 

tog  basis 490 

«tatl8tiC9— 

to  Argentina 792 

In  Anstralla 840,898 

to  Brittoh  Qalana 93 

to  Califoniia 194 

to  Canada 594 

to  Chile 894 

to  England  and  Wales 594 

to  Finland 892 

to  France 793 

in  Idaho 689 

in    Indto 793,894 

to  Italy 194 

to  Kansas 690 

to   Nebraska 194 

in  Netherlands 894 

to  Scotland 194 

to  Spain 894 

to  Sweden 294 

to  Switzerland 793 

to  Trinidad  and  Tobago 392 

Bonroes 694 

teachers,  traintog 304,895, 

899,  491,  695.  696,  598,  COl,  692 

tenancy,  stadies 890 

tenancy,  stodies.  Wis 892 

Wages  Board  of  Great  Britain..  591 
Agricnltnr^— 

address  to  bankeri^  commit- 
tee, U.8.D.A 890 

after  the  war,  papers  on 298 

as  affected  by  new  international 

leUtlonships,   U.S.D.A 487 

British,  as  a  business  proposi- 
tion    392 

CQllectiviBm   in 688 

Department  ofL  (See  United 
States  Department  of  Agrlcnl- 
tare.) 

development  to  Eorope 689 

directors  of.  In  New  York 295 

elementary,  mannal 796 

to  Algerta 487 

to  Algeria  and  Tunis 594 

to  Belgton  Kongo 390,892 

to  Berkshire 590 

in  British  Gnlana 93, 487 

In  France  after  the  war 590,  686 

to  France  as  affected  by  the  war, 

U.S.D^ 487 

to  French  colonies 590,  622 

to  Great  Britain,  treatises 387, 

589,  889 

in  Indto,  handbook 823 

to  Itoly 891 

to  Italy,  IT.ai>.A 487 


Agricnltnre — Continued.  PagB. 

in   Macedonto 590 

in   Morocco 194,  791 

in  New  York 889 

in  New  Zealand 196 

in  Porto  Rico 690,  890 

In  Scottond 590 

in  South  Africs 791 

in  Spain 487 

in  Sudan 791 

in  the  South,  textbook 897 

in  United  Kingdom  as  affected 

by  the  war,  U.S.D.A 487 

to  Virgin  Istonds 891 

prevention  of  waste  in 689 

Prusston  boards  of 891 

rOle  of  state  in,  treatise 790 

textbooks 492,  897 

tropical.  Pacific  coast  institute.  294 

tropical,   treatise 622 

AgrQuB — 

anmius,  notes 552 

dosfieri  n.  sp.,  description 759 

AffHotea  manous  torvsc,  fumigation.  256 

Affromyga — 

destructor,  studies 467 

latereUa,  studies 169 

spp.  retoted  to  eimplev 263 

Agromyza,  key 263 

JLffrotis     ypeUon.      {See     Cutworm, 
black.) 

Ali^— 

cooling    near    the    ground    at 

night 814 

humidity,  retotion  to  nocturnal 

cooltog 715 

physics  of,  U.S.D.A 616 

{Bee  also  Atmosphere.) 

Alabama  College  Station,  report 796 

Albumin,  egg,  toxicity  and  nutritive 

value 463, 464,  562 

Alcohol — 

estimation  in  spirituous  liquors.  16 

determination  in  vinegar 712 

disinfection,    theory   and   prac- 
tice   581 

effect  on  catalase  of  blood 864 

power,  crops  for  production 624 

production  by  yeast 326 

recovery  from  potash  determina- 
tion    806 

{See    also    Ethyl    alcohol    and 
Methyl  alcohol.) 

Alcoholized  fowls  and  eggs,  studies.  470 

Alcohols,   determination 804 

Aldehydes — 

color  test  for 114 

of  soil 22 

Alder  wood  disease 844 

Aldopentoses,    crystallography    and 

optical  properties 202 

AleuroUus  farina,  notes 866 

Aleurothriwua    hoioardi    in    Florida, 

U.S.D.A 856 

Alfalfa— 

as  hog  pasture,  Minn-. 771 

as  hog  pasture^  N.  Dak.....—  76 

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924 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 


[Vol.  40 


Alfalfa — Continned.  Pags. 

as  hog  pasture,  U.S.D.A-.  72,471,472 

as  boney-prodncinir  plant,  Okla.  65 

as  orchard  crop,  Kans 840 

as  pasture  crop,  TJ.S.D.A 871,470 

as  winter  cover  crop 133 

breeding  experiments,  Can 735 

continuous  culture,  Mont 419 

crown  gall,  notes 844 

culture  experiments,  Can 735 

culture  experiments,  Guam 828 

culture  experiments,  Iowa 328 

culture  experiments,  Okla 32,624 

culture  experiments,  U.S.D.A 430 

culture  experiments  In  Canada.  228 

culture,   handbook 526 

culture  In  New  Jersey 137 

culture  in  New  Mexico,  N.Mex-  18 

culture  in  Texas,  Tex 729 

culture  in  Washington,  Wash 731 

decomposition  in  soil 214 

dodder  in  Colorado,  Colo 636 

effect  on  nitrogen   and   carbon 

content  of  soils.  Wash 719 

effect   on   nitrogen    content   of 

soils 722 

effect   on    nitrogen   content   of 

soils,  Kans 319 

effect   on    succeeding    crops, 

U.S.D.A 331,  430,  482 

feeding  value,  Iowa 870 

fertility  experiments,  Okla 82 

fertilizer  experiments,  Kans 319 

fertilizer  experiments,  Okla 624 

flour,  studies,  Wash 762 

.  hay,  energy  values 366 

hay,  feeding  value,  N.  Dak 75 

hay  for  milk  production 673 

hay,   green,  brown,  and   black, 

Kans 369 

hay,  manurial  value,  Ohio 127 

hay,    mineral    constituents,    di- 
gestibility,  Tex 769 

irrigation  experiments,  n.S.D.A-  431 

land  plaster  for,  Wash 730 

liming  experiments 134,  322 

liming  experiments,  N.J 126 

manuring  experiments,  U.S. 

D.A 430,  432 

meadow  culture  experiments 136 

meal,  analyses,  Ind 72 

meal,  analyses.  Mass 671 

meal,  analyses.  Me 470 

meal,  analyses,  Mich 571 

meal,  analyses,  N.J 666 

meal,  analyses,  Tex 671 

on  alkali  soils,  U.S.D.A 82 

on  reclaimed  swamp 231 

pasturing  off,  U.S.D.A 430 

pollination  by  bees 264 

pollination  by  bees.  Can 760 

rotation  experiments,  U.S.D.A-  331 

saponin,  studies 607 

seed,  clover  seed  chalcid  para- 
sites in 862 

seed,  investigations 89 

seeding  depths,  Utah 227 


Alfalfa — Continued.  Page. 

seeding  experiments,  U.S.D.A. 488 

seeding  time,  U.S.D.A. 832,430 

silage,  studies 10,  508 

soil  moisture  removal  by,  Mont-  480 
Turkestan,     as     hog     pasture, 

U.S.D..A 471 

utilizing  waste  land  for,  N.J..^  187 

variety  tests 228,828 

variety  tests,  Minn 788 

variety  tests,  U.S.D.A 430,438 

weevil,  notes 101, 858 

white  spot  disease 50 

yield  as  affected  by  number  of 

cuttings,  Nebr 522 

yields,  Minn 786 

yields,  U.S.D.A 81 

AlgSB 

control  in  canals 188 

development     and     nutritional 

physiology 180 

marine,  chemical  analyses 725 

marine,  used  in  Japanese  agar- 
agar,   chemical  studies 110 

new  races  and  species 180 

Algic  acids,  studies 804 

Alkali- 
content  of  soils  as  related   to 

crop    growth 719 

determination    In    hypochlorite 

solutions 809 

distribution   by  irrigation 710 

effect    on    nitric-nitrogen    accu- 
mulation in  soils . 722 

salts,   toxicity,  soil  factors  af- 
fecting   816 

soils,     durability      of     cement 

draintile  and  concrete  in 886 

soils,  gypsum  for 61 

soils,  plants  tolerant  to 221 

soils,  treatment,  U.S.D.A 82 

Alkaline- 
carbonates,   determination 112 

solutions,     dilute,     determining 

alkalinity 610 

Alkaloids,      cinchona,      disinfectiug 

action 478 

Almond  nitrogen,  biological  value —  660 

Almonds,  stocks  for 446 

Alsophila  pontefarto.     (See  Canker- 
worm,  falL) 
Altemaria — 

dtri  on  the  navel  orange 889 

BOlani,  dissemination  by  insects.  646 

sp.  on  cotton « ^ 846 

sp.  on  sweet  potato _.  847 

Altica  spp.,  biology,  Me 857 

Alum     solution,     chlorinated,    anti- 
septic   value 779 

Aluminum — 

relation  to  soil  acidity 126 

sulphate.  Injury  to  barley 220 

^Vlunite  as  source  of  potash 128 

AmblyomnM  di89im4le,  studies 869 

American-^ 

Association  for  Advancement  of 

Agricultural  Teaching 398 

uigitizea  Dy  vjOOQIC 


1919] 


Iin)£X  OF  SUBJECTS. 


925 


American — ContliiiietL  Pfti^ 
Association      for  .  Agricultural 

Legislation 298,789 

Association  of  Agricultural  En- 
gineers   600 

Association   of  Farmers*   Insti- 
tute  Workers 595 

Fkrm  Economics  Association 299 

Fsrm  Management  Association.  298 

Society  of  Agronomy 299 

Amino— 

acid  content  of  nutrient  media 201 

add,  new.  Isolation . 611 

adds,   effect  on  uric  acid  me- 

taboUam 175 

adds,  extraction 611 

adds  in  tissue  as  affected  by 

protein    feeding.. 562 

aldehyde,  significance  in  inter- 
mediary   metabolism 71 

nitrogen,  determination  in  milk.  509 
Aaunonia — 

concentration  in  the  tissues 662 

determination,  apparatus  for 700 

distillation,  scrubber  for 806 

extraction  from  soil 208 

in  rainwater . .« 809 

oxidation 815 

physical  and  diemical  data 607 

"superphosphate"  of 127 

Aflunonlfication  as  affected  by  sul- 
phur   128 

Ammonium — 

magnesium  phosphate   from 

urine 820 

nitrate,  fertilising  value 022 

phosphate,  effect  on  decomposi- 
tion of  soy  bean  fodder 214 

sulphate — 

andhdrfllty,  N.J 125 

efltet  on  decomposition  of 

soy  bean  fodder 214 

effect  on  germination   and 

growth    of   barley 218 

effect    on    growth    of    soy 

beans 30 

fertilising  value 134. 824 

for  lawn  grasses 125 

for  sugar  cane 242.  533 

preparation 801 

production  in  Natal 127 

storage  on  the  farm 25 

Amylases,    studies 504.608 

Anaerobes,  pathogenic — 

biochemistry 577 

cnltuie 677 

Anaphylactic  shock,  prevention 579 

Anaphylatozins,  studies 579 

Anaphylaxis— 

hcnatie  phenomena 880 

rdation  to  coagulation  of  blood.  380 

rOIe  of  enxyms  in 579 

Aaanto  Umeutella,    (See  Peadi  twig- 
moth.) 

Aa«M  spp.,  notes 754 


Anoairepha  fraiereultu —  Fagti 

notes,  P.R 56 

studies 757,  758 

Anatlds,  new  genus 254 

AnoyliB  oompfofio.     (See  Strawberry 
leaf-roller.) 

Andrena,  notes. 65 

AndropogoH  sorghum — 

malting  capadty .. 808 

seed  position  in  planting 635 

Angoumols  grain  moth — 

on  corn,  U.8.D.A 861 

popular  account,  N.J 356 

Animal — 

breeding.      {See  Cattle.    Sheep, 

etc.) 
diseases — 

control 778 

control  on  the  farm 380,577 

in  Baluchistan 284 

In   California 778 

in  Canada 284 

in  Great  Britain 676 

in   India 183,284,380,676 

In   Kansas 778 

in  Louisiana 86 

in  Maine 879 

in  Massachusetts 183 

in  Nebraska 880 

in  North  Carolina 880 

In  Pennsylvania 188 

in  South  Dakota 188 

In  Uruguay 188 

infectious,  bacteria  of 180, 284 

treatise 778 

(Bee  also  apeoifto  diseases. ) 

genetics  and  eugenics,  treatise.  274 

husbandry  coorses,  outlines 492,699 

Animala— 

destructlTe,  control 254 

of  District  of  Columbia 160 

of  Yellowstone  Park 860 

wild,  of  North  America 646 

wild,  restocking  ranges 646 

(Bee  also  Mammals,  Live  stock, 
Cattle,  Sheep,  eio,) 

Anisandrvks  dispar,  remedies 647 

Anobium  dotnesticum,  notes 169 

Anomala  beetle  in  Hawaii 854 

AnopA^lst— 

oruoiane,  studies 552 

puneHpennie,    relation    to    ma- 

Uria 168 

quadfimaoittatue,     breeding     in 

deep  water 168 

quadfimaeulatus,  breeding  in 
rice  fields  and  flight  dis- 
tance  857,  868 

Anopheles — 

Egyptian,  as  malaria  carriers—  262 

larve,  bacillary  parasite 662 

larve,  winter  hibernation 467 

Anophelines,  malarial,  studies 108 

Anoplocephala  spp.,  notes 180 

Anteonine,  studies 266 

Anthelmintic  investigations..  477,482.684 

uigitizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


926 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 


[Vol.  40 


Anthelmintics,  testing  on  earth- 
worms        187 

Antbocyanln,  studies 819 

Anthonomus — 

ffrandU.    (See  Cotton-boll  weevil.) 
pofMtrum,  iMirasite  of C5 

Anthrax — 

bacilli,  agglutination 779 

bacilli,  disinfection  by  cinchona 

alkaloids 478 

immnnity  of  fowls  and  pigeons —       186 
infection     through     wool     and 

hair 783 

notes 80,  670. 778 

serum,  review  of  literature 84 

symptomatic     (See  Blackleg.) 

treatment 582 

vaccination 582 

Anthrothripe  dozieri  n.sp.,  descrip- 
tion        353 

Antibodies — 

hemolytic,  preparation  and  ac- 

tioii  in  vitro 380 

liberation   on   injection   of   for- 
eign protehi 180 

Antibody  production,  effect  of  ar- 
sphenamin  and  mercuric  chlorid 
on 287 

Antigens — 

bacterial,  dried 678 

bacterial,  preparation 478 

tuberculous 481,  880,  887 

Antlneuritic  vitamin.     (See  Vitamin.) 

Antipolyneuritic     substances     from 

carrots  and  yeast 174 

(See  also  Polyneuritis.) 

Antiscorbutic — 

factor,   studies 209.272 

property  of  vegetables 172,  762 

Antiscorbutics.  rOle  in  the  diet 70 

(See  aieo  Scurvy.) 

Antiseptic — 

solution   of   crystal  ylolet  and 

brlUUnt  green 285 

solutions,  bleaching  powder  for.       414 
use  of  brilliant  green  for 581 

Antiseptics — 

mixtures  of.  action.. 581 

oil,  germicidal  power 882 

papers  on 779 

(See  also  Chlorin  antiseptics.) 

Antisera,  specific,  for  Infections  of 
unknown  cause 078 

Antitoxic— 

rOle  of  oxhydridase 680 

sera,  concentration 287,288 

sera,  production 580 

substances,  studies 179 

Ants— 

Argentine,  Ala.College 655 

Argentine,  natural  enemies 65 

economic  importance 647 

larvae,   studies 553 

notes 259 

white.     (See  Termites.) 

ApanMe9  ^lomeroltts,  oviposition..  263 


P»0e. 

ApKaiara  n.Bp.,  description 354 

ApKelopue  dihranewri  n.sp.,  studies.  265 

Aphidids— 

of  Japan 262 

of  Lahore — - 660 

Aphidinn  of  Japan,  new.. 60 

Aphidolysin  In  plant  lice 650 

Aphids— 

papers  on 259 

wing  development 456 

Aphie^ 

avefUB,  notes 648 

bakeri,  notes 650 

bakeri,  studies,  Idaho 854 

brossioiF.     (See  Cabbage  aphis.) 

ehenopodU,  new  genus  for 650 

eiroezandis,  identity 754 

goetypii,  synonym  of 764 

pomi.     (See  Apple  aphis.) 

rumicie  on  artichoke,  U.S.D.A 68 

eorhi,  notes 648 

earhi,  studies.  N.J 649 

Aphis — 

rosy,  control,  Ohio 754 

rosy,   notes 648 

rosy,  studies,  N.J 649 

woolly 266,  647 

woolly,  control,   U.S.D.A 258 

woolly,  studies.  Ark 166 

Aphycue  melanoetomatue,  studies 661 

Apion  hibieei,  studies 754 

Aplanohaoter  eteuHirti  n.comb.,  stud- 
ies    846 

Ai^aratus — 

absorption 808 

automatic  burette 606 

condensing^ 808, 709 

digestion 410 

Extraction . 806 

filtration 409 

for  ammonia  distillation 709,  806 

for  ammonia  oxidation 815 

for  analysis  of  gases 111 

for  determining  nitrates  and  ni- 
trites   809 

for  determining  urea  in  blood 207 

for  determining  water  in  food 

materials 204 

for    distributing   Dakin's    solu- 
tion    12 

for  filling  and  inoculating  agar 

plates 806 

for  measuring  leather 208 

for  rapid  evaporation 605 

for  serum  distribution 681 

for  tubing  culture  media 12 

glass  safety  valve 709 

mechanical  pipette 806 

nitrogen,  all-glass 609,  806 

respiration,  portable .  466 

special  stopcock 202 

Apple— 

aphids,  control ...  16S 

aphids,  control,  Mass .  549 

aphids,  control,  N.J 162,  649 

aphids,  control,  Ohio 754 


uigitizea  Dy 


Google 


1919] 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


927 


Apple— ConttniMd.  Pfti^ 

aphlds,    notes . , 647 

apblB,  remedies 161 

aphis,  studies,  N.J 649 

aphis,  wooUy 647 

aphis,  woolHy,  control,  U.8.D.A 258 

aphis,  woolly,  stodies.  Ark.....      166 

b]a<*  spot,  notes 748,  749 

blossom  weevil,  parasite  of .        65 

Mossom  wilt,  notes 850 

blotch,  control,  Okla 689 

hug,  green,  remedies... 854 

eapaids,  studies .. 69,  60 

diseases  in  New  York 249,  251 

diseases,  notes ....... — .         68 

drop  cansed  by  Ume-solphnr — .        57 

ilour,  studies.  Wash ......      762 

ftuit  spot  disease,  notes.......      844 

^lly,  manufacture-...^ — . — ...      414 

juice,  analyses.. ........      764 

leaf-hoppers  on  potato — . ..       858 

.    leaf  jassid,  description 261 

leaf  scorch,  notes . — ........      844 

macKot,  control....* ..  168,  654 

maggot,  notes .....  67,  169,  654 

mildew,  treatment..........  251,  849 

ordiards,  soil  management,  lUL      742 

scahb  notes  ............. .      748 

scab  treatment 841,  647 

scab,  treatment,  Can....*^....      154 

scald,  studies 849 

seeds,  oil  from — ............      511 

ek^toniaer,  notes 648 

tree  borer,  loond-lieadedy  stod- 

654 


as  aifected  by  position  In 

ter,  Mont 444 

breeding   esperiments — . — ..--  148 

breeding  eiperlments,  Iowa.. —  841 

breeding  experiments,  Minn,...  742 
bod   formaUon   as   aifected   by 

soil  management — . ....  148 

culture  experiments.  Mo .  887 

culture  experlmentB,  U.&D.A 444 

culture  in  New  Mexico,  N  JHex.  18 

cutinisation  of  Ains.... ..  246 

disease  resistance.  Ark ..  742 

dusting  experiments 841 

dusting  experiments,  W.Va — ..  445 

Jfmpossoo  unieolar  on ...  57 

etherisation.  Mo 887 

fertiliser  experiments. .....  149 

fertUixer  experiments,  Mo.....  887 

frnitfulness,  factors  in.  Mo...  886 

girdling;  Mo 887 

hardiness  on  dilferent  stocks...  887 

household  use • ....  178 

household  nee,  Ohio 178 

Industry  in  Viiginia,  census...  149 

keeping  quality.. ,   .,— .  246 

keeping  quality,  relation  to  soil 

moisture.    Wash ..... —  741 

lead  arsenate  Injury,  OUs 689 

Lepldoptera  infesting,  Md 756 

Mcintosh,  drought  li^jury  849 

pear  blight  on 848 


Apples— Cbntinued.  Pagi. 

polllnaUon 148. 149.  638 

pollination.    Wash 740 

pruning,  Ohio 639 

pruning  experiments,  Mo.... 837 

pruning  wounds.  Mo ...  841 

spraying .  162, 887 

spraying  with  Bordeaux ...  746 

spraying  with   lime  arsenate..  164 

tree  census  in  Washington .  840 

Tarieties  for  home  orchard.  Mo.  841 

varieties  for  Minnesota. .  148 

winter   injury,    Ind .  836 

winter  injury  in  Minnesota...  887 
Apricot- 
brown  rot,  treatment 851 

buds,  spray  Injury 62 

rust,   treatment 851 

thrips,  new  species 858 

Apricots- 
pruning  experiments 446 

stocks  for . ... 445 

tree  census  in  Washington.....  840 

Arachin.  hydrolysis ... 109 

Arachls  oil.  germicidal  action 14 

Arauoaria  araucana  {imlricata)  and 

its  resins 615 

Arch4p9  cerasivorana,  natural   con- 
trol   62 

Areca  palm  diseases,  notes 48,845 

Arenivaga.   new  species . 754 

Arffoa  minUUus,  notes . ..  267 

Argyroploce  duplew,  notes 466 

Aristonetta,  a  ^ood  genus — .. — ...  161 
Arisona — 

Station,  notes 98,297 

University,  notes 98,297,495,695 

Arkansas — 

Station,  report 796 

University  and  Station,  notes 297 

ArmUlaria  meilea  on  pear . 252 

ArmUlaria  root  rot,  notes 748 

Army — 

rations 68, 862,  660,  664 

worm,  fall 263 

worm,  polyhedral  virus 255 

Arrowroot,  culture  In  Philippines 231 

Arsenates  for  oriental  peach   moth 

control,  Md 756 

Arsenic-copper  sprays,  preparation..  843 

Arsenlcals.  root  injury  by,  Mont 449 

(See  aleo  Oaldum  arsenate  and 
Lead  arsenate.) 
Arsenlous  oxid  as  standard  in  lodlm- 

etry 609 

Arsenobensol  in  giardiasis  treatment.  884 
Aisphenamin,  effect  on  complement 

and  antibody  production 287 

Arthritis,  suppurative,  treatment 181 

Artichoke — 

globe,  insects  affecting,  U.8.D.A.  67 

Jerusalem,  in  France. .....  85 

sclerotinia   diseases 49 

Artichokes,  culture  and  use 708 

AscariasLs,  equine,  treatment 586 

uigitizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


928 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 


[Vol  40 


Ascarlds —  Pa^s. 

of  the  dog.  studies 186, 187 

toxic  product,  studies 84 

AsoarU  lumbriooides,   bloodnlestroy- 

log  substance  in 880 

Ash-leaf  bug,  notes,  N.J 763 

Ashes — 

corncob,  analyses 621 

utilisation  in  agriculture 120 

(Bee  al80  Wood  ashes.) 

Asiphonaphi8  jkruni  n.g.  and   n.8p., 

description 856 

Askaron,    studies 84 

Asparagu^^- 

culture 588 

growing  in  New  Jersey,  N.J —  638 

growth  on  add  soil 324 

Rhizoctonla  disease 747,844 

rust-resUtant  strains,  U.S.D.A..  638 

Aspen — 

reproduction  as  affected  by  gras- 

Ing.  U.S.D.A 448 

tortrlx,  notes 466 

A9perQiau&^ 

nidulang  In  canned  foods 764 

niffer,  action  of  cine  sulphate  on.  222 

tUffer,  inulase  formation  in 618 

orysKe,  amylase  of 504 

spp.,    proteolytlo   activities —  721 

AspidiotM— 

hartU,    notes 259 

n.sp.  and  n.subsp.,  descriptions.  865 
pemioio9U9.     (See      San      Jos^ 
scale) 
Association  of  Southern  Agricultural 

Workers 801 

Atmometer  mounting,  nonabsorbing.  715 
Atmosphere,       meteorological       ele- 
ments, as  affected  by  wind 716 

(See  also  Air.) 

Atmospheric  pollution,  measurement.  209 

Atractotomua  mdU,  notes — . 00 

Auction    marketing 489 

Augomonootenue  UhooedrU  n.g.  and 

n.sp.,    description 761 

Autoclave   for  use   In   field   labora- 
tories   848 

Autovacclnes  In  wound  treatment 883 

Avocado   tea,   recipe 864 

Avocados — 

analyses — 70a 

culture  experiments,  Guam 330 

new    variety 151 

of    Mexico 246,  842 

oil  of,  chemical  constants 803 

Ayres,  B.,  biographical  sketch 199 

Azalea  lace  bug,  notes,  N.J 753 

Azotobacter — 

as  affected  by  carbon  dlsulphld 

and    toluol 618 

In    limed    cranberry   soils 214 

soil   inoculation   with 832 

soil  inoculation   with,  Iowa 617 

symbiotic  relation  with  algiB 180 

Baheeia  hofHe  in  Netherlands 687. 

Baby  beef.     (See  Cattle,  baby  beef.) 


Pagfc. 

Bacilli,   pathogenic,   dlBinfeettoii  by 

cinchona    alkaloids 478 

BaeOiue — 

abofiuM  and   related    bacteria, 

studies  184 

ebortue  hovimme,  pathogenicity-  888 

ohiHrtue,  cultivation 870 

amylavorue,  note* 63,251,  848 

amwUwerue,   stndtoa.   Wash. 746 

atroeepHeue,    notes 844 

mHeeptie^,  studies 882 

avieepticue,  studies,  R.I 686 

Mpolarie  eepUeue,  U.8.D.A 188 

hoUMnut,  effect  of  beat  on 658 

hotuUttue,    studies 176 

capsiei  n.sp.,   studies 157 

earotovorue,  notes 844 

olo4io0  on  green  vegetables 668 

ooH  as  affected  by  acids 881 

eoU  eommufUe  In  swine 784 

eoli,    freesing 181 

eoU  on  green  vegetables 668 

ffollinarum,  studies,  R.I 685 

HpolytUme,   studies 184 

n.spp.  on  orchids,  descriptions 159 

neoropherue  in  swine 784 

emtUvorue,  notes 844 

pwratyphoeue  B  in  swine 784 

phytophtharue,   notes 847 

ponoei  n.form,  description 164 

pyocyimeue  in  swine 784 

•uipeet^er,  notes 788 

tf/phosue,  culture  media  for 677 

typhoeue,   destmctioB    In    sour 

milk 476 

typhoeiu  vaccines,  studies 286 

vieco9u9^an4»,    studies 860 

Bacillua— 

Brldr4-Sivorl,  affecting  pigs 688 

de   Loutras,   studies ^ 652 

Reading,    In    wounds... 679 

Bacteria — 

action  on   of  blood  from  diifer- 

ent   species 286 

as  affected  by  freezing 180 

classification  and  nomenclature.  621 
colon-typhoid,    affcjcting    birds, 

R.I 685 

hemorrhagic   septicemia  group, 

R.I 685 

in   mUk,  sou,  etc     (See  Milk, 
Soil,  etc 

Intestinal,  reUtlon  to  diet 867 

of  infectious  diseases 180,  284 

on  green  vegetables — ..,  668 

Bacteria] — 

antigens,  dried 678 

antigens,  preparati<H] 478 

cultures,  mass,  on  solid  media 805 

cultures,  system  of  notes 881 

species,  recognition 288 

Bacteriologie  culture  media.      (See 
Culture  media.) 

Bacteriology — 

applied,  treatise 677 

of  canned  foods 764 


Digitized  by 


Google 


1919] 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


929 


•m4fmimimm  n-sp.,  deacriptlon —  849 
iMti*  «to0M»»>  occomnce  In 

■oO 214 

■fOoMat,  proteolytle  actlTlty..  721 
n.    ipii.     on    orchids,    descrip- 

IBfll 

Okla 688 

Waflmwm  Infections,  R.I 686 

pwUormm,    Btodles 882 

•Uwarti,   studies 846 

tmw^efaeient,  notes 158,  761 

;  kOoHa  In  Soutli  Africa 648 

control  by  iMirasites 866 

Btin,  S.  IL,  biographical  sketch 200 

Bakm,  mannal  and  record  book  for.  863 

l^iHfig — 

industry 460 

powders,   examination 412, 

508.  658,  712 

BtiamimuM  spp.,  notes 269 

Balsa  wood  surrey  In  Central  Amer- 
ica    642 

BaiBboos,   Philippine 746 

Banana — 

borer,  investigations 266,463 

eehronn  disease,  notes 760 

floor,  notes . 863 

meal*  analyses - 178 

Rawanas 

coltDve  experiments,  Guam 830 

culture,  notes- 868 

tnsacts  affecting 463 

aotritlTe  Taloe 67 

Bartgea  water,  sulphur  In 779 

BarMisf  sroMMTV,  notes,  N^ 764 

Barium— 

eCact  on  plant  growth 819 

effect  on  wheat 616 

Bark  beetka,  Canadian 662 

Bariey— 

and  oats,   comparatlye  growth 

in  nutrient  solutions 184 

and  oats,  comparatiTo  yields —  136 
and   oats,    comparative   yields, 

Iowa 328 

as  affected  by  aluminum 126 

as  affected   by    cyanamld    and 

dleranodlamld 724 

Asplund  variety 626 

breeding 528 

breeding  experiments 233, 524 

breeding  experiments,  Colo 624 

chop,  analyses,  Tex 671 

eontlnuons  culture .  824 

culture  experiments.  Can 736 

culture  experiments,  Mich 781 

culture  experiments,  Minn 734 

culture  experiments  in  Canada-  228 
culture  experiments  in  India —  332, 
623,826 
culture  experiments  In  Queens- 
land   230 

culture  experiments  In  Rhodesia.  826 

enltnre  In  Indiana,  Ind ..  736 

culture  In  New  Mexico,  NJIex.  18 


Barley— Continued.  Page, 
culture  In  North  Dakota,  U.S. 

D.A 786 

culture  on  moor  soils 623 

decomposition  In  soil 214 

effect  on  milk  secretion,  Cal 878 

estimation  of  acidity  in 611 

feed,  analyses.  Mass 671 

feed   and  screenings,   analyses, 

Mich 671 

feed,  description,  Mich 72 

feeding  value,  n.S.D.A 72 

feeding  value.  Wash 771 

fertiliser  experiments 615, 

623,  621, 824,  826 

fertiliser  experiments,  Minn 738 

fields,  weed  control  in 686 

flour  for  bread  making 67, 

360.  666,  667 

flour,  recipes 67 

Oeo<ca  avMHiMwa  on,  Ind 762 

germination  and  growth  as  af- 
fected by  ammonium  sul- 
phate   218 

germination  at  different   dates 

after  thrashing,  Mont 443 

growing  with  legumes.. 822 

growth  as  affected  by   calcium 

oxld 124 

growth  on  add  son 324 

humin  nitrogen  content 610 

hybrid,  mosaic-like  splitting  in.  826 
Integumentary   system  in   rela- 
tion to  permeability 619 

lime  and  marl  for 822 

liming  experiments 134 

meal,  analyses,  Mass 671 

measure  of  ensymic  strength 612 

Michigan  Winter 288 

milling  experiments 666 

pedigreed,  In  Wisconsin 624 

phonological  observations 811 

plant,  relation  to  reaction  of  nu- 
trient  solution 824 

plat  tests,  technique 227 

relative  yielding  capacity 626 

rotation  experiments,  Minn 733 

rotation  experiments,  t7.S.D.A..  881 

secondary  rootiets 82 

seed,  resistance  to  desiccation —  89 

seeding  depths,  Utah 227 

seeding    experiments 228 

selection   experiments 233 

smut,    treatment 156,346 

soli  moisture  removal  by,  Mont-  430 

statistical  notes 626 

substitute  in  malting  opera- 
tions   808 

V,  spring  wheat.  III 448 

varieties  in  Argentina 234,626 

variety  tests 228, 

280,  238,  882, 628.  626,  826 

variety  tests,  Ala.  College 728 

variety  tests,  Ind 736 

variety  tests,  Mich 731 

variety  tests,  Minn 731,  782,  733 

variety  tests,  Okia 82 

Digitized  by  VjOOQIC 


930 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 


CVoL40 


Barley— €oDtiniied.  Pa^re. 
variety  testa,  U.S.D.A— -  31.  332,  431 

variety  testa,  Wash 730,  781 

xenla  In 826 

yields,  Minn 735 

Barns,  round.  111 90 

Barnyard  manure.     (See  Manure.) 
Basic  slag.     (See  Phosphatlc  slag.) 

Batocera  rubra,  notes G55 

Batraohedra  rOeya,  notes 453 

Bats  of  California 853 

Bay  trees,  culture  experiments,  Guam.  889 
Bean — 

anthracnose,  resistant  strains 648 

aphis  on  artichoke,  U.S.D.A 68 

diseases  In  Vermont 50 

diseases,  notes,  P.R 47 

fly,  Philippine,   studies 457 

leaf-beetle,  effect  on  cowpeas 860 

maggot  in  Chile 648 

plant,  relation  to  reaction  of  nu- 
trient   solution 324 

pods,  indiylduality  as  compared 

with  that  of  the  plant 81 

rust,  control,  Va 845 

sclerotlnia  diseases 49 

slug,  notes,  P.R 56 

weevil,    studios 553 

weevils,    U.S.D.A 64 

weevils,   notes 50,  266,  861 

weevils,  remedies 558 

Beans — 

adsuU,   studies 181 

breeding  experiments 524 

breeding  experiments,  Minn 740 

color  inheritance  In,  Mass 536 

cull,  for  fattening  steers,  Mich.  768 

culture  and  use  in  Trinidad 763 

culture  in  New  Mexico.  N.  Mex.  18 

effect  on  intestinal  flora 867 

fertilizer    experiments 134 

field,  Utah 485 

field  tests  in  Montserrat 228 

fodder,  of  India 231 

from  various  countries,  analyses.  557 

growth  on  acid  soil 324 

haricot,  field  tesU  in  Fiji 231 

liming  experiments 184 

membradd  attacking,  Ind 753 

milling  experiments 556 

mungo.     (See  Mungo  beans.) 
native,  substitutes  for  in  food 

of  French  Army 557 

seed   treatment 443 

soaking   seed , 727 

string,  response  to  carbon  dioxid.  820 

use  in  bread  making 66 

varieties  for  Texas,  Tex 729 

varieties  tolerant  to  salt 435 

variety  tests,  U.S.D.A 431 

variety  tests,  Wash 730 

velvet.     (Bee  Velvet  beans.) 

white  wax,  seeding  depths,  Utah.  227 
Bear — 

clover,  effect  on  forest  reproduc- 
tion   842 

grass  as  feeding  stuff,  U.S.D.A-  277 


Bedbugs— 

destmctloii  by 

relation  to  influenza 

Bedding  plants,  propagation 

Bee — 

genus  Andrena,  notes 

moth,  fumigation,  Tex 

moth,  parasite,  studies 

pastures,  tests,  Okla 

Beef,  ratio  of  bone  to  meat 

(See  aleo  CatUe.) 

Beehive,  Nicolson  observatory 

Beehives,  heat  insulators,  Mich 

Beekeeping — 

experiments.   Can 

for  West  Virginia 

handbooks 

in  British  Guiana 

in  Florida 

in  Maine 

in  Ontario 

in  war  time 

Beer,  home  mannfacture 

Bees — 

eyeless  drone 

foul  brood  in  South  Africa 

Isle  of  Wight  disease 

muscular  coat  of  ventriculns 

pollinating  alfalfa 

pollinating  alfalfa,  Can 

pollinating  cotton—'..' ' 

Queen,  mating 

Queen,  rearing 

Queen,  rearing,  P.R 

rtle  In  pollination 63{ 

segmentation  of  abdomen 

shipment.  Can 

wintering 

wintering.   Can 

wintering,  U.S.D.A 

Beet- 
pulp,  dried,  analyses,  Ind 

pulp,  dried,  analyses.  Mass 

pulp,  dried,  analyses.  Mich 

pulp,  dried,  analyses,  "SJ 

pulp,  dried,  analyses,  Tex 

root  gummosls,  notes 

Beetle  larva,  fumigation 

Beetles — 

hydrophilid,  new 

treatise 

Beets — 

effect  on  following  crop,  R.I 

field  or  fodder.     (See  Mangels.) 

liming  experiments 

muck  and  lime  for 

relative  yielding  capacity 

sugar.     (See  Sugar  beets.) 

BeUuearie  mmrginaia,  studies 

Belgian  League  of  Family  Education. 

Belladonna  root  disease 

Belle    Fonrche     project     In     1917, 

U.S.D.A 

Bembldnl,  revision 

Benzyl  alcohol,  antiseptic  value 

Beriberi- 
notes  

studies 278,  868,  565,  662, 


Pace. 
456 
648 
247 


755 
S59 

665 

264 
64 

766 
170 
264 
858 
858 
264 
264 
858 
116 

759 
648 

66 
760 
264 
760 
458 
666 
264 

65 
^656 
170 
760 
547 
760 

64 

72 
571 
571 
666 
571 
844 
266 

266 
562 

624 

184 
134 
626 

186 
690 
844 

891 
264 
884 

665 
868 


uigitizea  Dy  ' 


j^vy 


1919] 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


931 


breedlair  experiments,  Okla. 

kay*    nliiexal    coostitnenta,    dl- 

WtmOJamtf,  Tex 

psatnre  experiments,  OUa 

seed,  sulphuric  add  treatment 


624 

769 

82 

284 


and  Tinegan,  liomemade « —  116 

bottled,  sosar  aalwtitBtea  In 68 

Bkriagl,  descrlptloB.  and  ealtine 281 

BIbllosimplilcal    nedlnma,   adeatiflc, 

as  affected  by  the  war 804 

RIKtUynphy  of— 

asricaltmral  statistics B94 

ammonlnm  sulphate 221 

Anteonlae 266 

anthrax  serum 84 

ants 647 

Aaotobacter,  Iowa 619 

bats  of  OalUomla 868 

birds,  game^  of  Calif  or  nln 646 

Boprestls    ■»— .— — ... 266 

Chermeidds 262 

dcarette  beeUe.  U.8.D.A 769 

eolor  In  rdatlon  to  chemical  con- 

Btitatlon S06 

eonlfer  msts 646 

cotton  bollworm,  pink 867 

Cntlte 767 

Add    experiments,    standnrdiza- 

tkm 828 

food  economy 669 

foods,  dehydrated 864 

gills,  insect..^ 664 

grape  carcnlio,  U.S.D.A 267 

gronnd  water 785 

insect  wings 862 

,  aodal  habit 668 

416 

larch  insects 468 

Lnmbridds 267 

Ifaasachnsetts  College 696 

■Ok,   dried 879 

nataral   history  of  District  of 

Colombia 160 

Ophidia,  wonnds  and  diseases —  66 

PMitosans,  determination 114 

physiology. .^..^ 869 

Phtpla  jNHRoni8»— . 66 

plant  diseases • 47 

potash  from  blast  furnaces  and 

cement  works.* 128 

potash,  production  in  1917 726 

protoooa,  intestinal.. 187 

railroads,  agricultural  develop- 
ment work.. 488 

rats 646 

rural  chnrcbt  community  serv- 
ice    890 

BuiHation -. 694 

silage,  methods  of  treatment —  116 

soQ  aldehydes 22 

soils,  sugar  inverting  activity —  124 

Btrepslptera 266 

streptococci 184,  881 

167 


Blbliograpby  of— Continued.  Page. 

Taphrina     eommunia     and     T, 

pruni,  Mont .  462 

Tfaysanoptera  of  Florida 358 

transportation      of     periahable 

products.. 489 

Tropics,  magasine  articles  on 687 

vocational  education 196 

weed  growth . 882 

wheat,  Russian 535 

Bicarbonates — 

determination 112 

determination    in    hypocblorlte 

solutions 309 

Bile,  food  accessories  in 271 

Billbugs,  control,  U.S.D.A 656 

BiocoUoids.       {See    Colloidal     mix- 
tures.) 

Biological    survey    of    Wasbiogton, 

"Wjash 763 

Biomyia    eteodUfora   n.sp.,    descrip- 
tion   .... 653 

Birch- 
borer,  hronse,  on  white  birch..  552 

case-bearer,  notes 651 

gray,  relation  to  white  pine  re- 
generation   842 

leaf-hopper,  yellow,  notes 57 

Bird  enemies  of  white  grubs 647 

Birds- 
destructive,    control 254 

game,  of  California 646 

injurious   In   Norfolk   and    Ox- 
fordshire   256 

maggot-infested 861 

migration 254,  646 

nestling,  parasitism  by  fly 

larvro 647 

nomenclature 350,  646 

observed  near  Mlnco,  Oklahoma.  646 

of  Australia,  food  habits 851 

of  British  Guiana  Botanic  Oar- 
dens 163 

of  Connecticut,  notes 851 

of  Forrester  Island,  notes 861 

of  Massachusetts,  notes 647 

of  North  America,  notes 851 

reproduction  in,  physiology 664 

secondary  sexual  characters 871 

survey  at  Washington,  D.C 646 

useful,  of  Minnesota 254 

useful,  textbook  and  guide 266 

winter,  handbook. . 254 

Black  medic- 
culture  experiments 136 

liming  exi>eriments 322 

variety  tests 282 

Blackberries- 
breeding  and  testing  in  Minne- 
sota    148 

breeding  experiments,  Minn 742 

breeding  experiments.  Wash 740 

training.  Wash . 748 

utilisation 268 

Blackberry — 

diseases,  notes... .......  168 

uigitizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


932 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEGOBD. 


tVoL  40 


Blackberry — C6ntiniied.  Page. 

root  borer,  giant,  notes 158 

rust,  notes 68 

Blackhead  flreworm»  studies.  Wash.  768 

BUckleaf  40,  tests 161 

Blacklegs 

and  Its  treatment,  Cal 84 

notes 86,  778 

toxin,   studies 884 

yaccine,  standardisation 881 

Blast  furnaces,  by-product  potash —  128 

Blastophaga  In  California 264 

BUutothriw  Ifitanntca,  studios 651 

Bleaching  powder — 

for  use  in  hot  countries 418 

stabilisation 801 

Bli8au8      leucopterua      Say.        {See 

Chinch-buff.) 
Blood— 

agar  for  streptococci 881 

bactericidal  action 286 

catalase»  studies 364,  865,  766 

cholesterol,   determination. 16 

cholesterol,   studies 767 

circulation,    influence   of   iodin 

and  sodium  iodld  on 274 

creatin  and  creatinin  in 274,  765 

determination     of     phosphoric 

acid  in 16 

determination  of  potassium  in —  116 

determination  of  urea  in 207 

determination  of  uric  acid  in..  16 
distribution  of  phosphoric  acid 

in 176 

dried,  availability,  NJT 125 

fermented,  use  in  bread  making.  461 

meal,  analyses,  Ind 72 

plasma  chlorids,  determination.  714 
serum,    determination    of    non- 
protein nitrogen  in 810 

sugar,  determination — ..  116,  810,  718 
Blue  grass — 

billbug,  control,  U.S.D.A 655 

culture  in  Kansas,  Kans 830 

fertilizer  experiments.  Pa 728 

pasture  for  lambs,  Nebr 669 

seed,  resistance  to  desiccation 40 

yields,  Minn 788 

Blue  lettuce,  eradication,  Mont 430 

Blueberry  flea-beetle,  studies,  Me 867 

Body  weight  and  length,  rdatlon 872 

Bog  waters,  efPect  on  plants  and  bio- 
colloids 620 

Boll  weeylL    ( See  Cotton-boll  weevlL) 
Bollworm.     (See  Cotton  boll  worm.) 

Bolly  refuse,  feeding  value,  Okla 866 

Bomhu9  aurioomut,  life  history 170 

Bombus,  nesting  habits 665 

Bomhycilla  gatrula,  synopsis  of  races.  851 
Bomltyo  mwri,    (See  Silkworms.) 
Bone — 

ash,  feeding  value,  E^ans 371 

ground,  for  pig  feeding.  Ark 772 

meal,  analyses.  Mass 671 

meal,  steamed,  fertilising  value. 

Mo 218 


Books  on- 
agricultural  cooperation  in  Den- 


Pas«. 


689 


agricultural  development  policy 

of  British  Empire 886 

agriculture 897 

agriculture,  elementary 795 

agriculture  in  Belgian  Kongo.  890, 892 

agriculture  In  Berkshire 590 

agriculture  In  Cuba 194 

agriculture  in  France 690 

agriculture  In  French  colonies.-       690 
agriculture  In  Great  Britain..  689, 790 

agriculture  In  India 828 

agriculture  in  Morocco 791 

agriculture,    substances    impor- 
tant in 801 

agriculture,    tropical 622 

alfftlfa  culture 626 

animal   diseases 778 

animals,  wild,  of  North  America.       646 

apples,  household  use 178 

bacteriology,  applied 677 

beekeeping 264, 858 

beettes 652 

birds 264, 255 

birds,  game,  of  California 646 

botany,  hi^-school 898 

butter 288 

cassava 485 

castor  on  plant 234 

cheese  making 288 

chemical  German 709 

chemical    industry,    electrolysis 

in 109 

chemistry  ..  10, 109,  308, 408,  709,  801 

children,  care  and  feeding 660 

chrysanthemums 640 

cloth  making 899 

coconut  culture 247 

color    in    relation    to    chemical 

constitution 605 

cooking 698,899 

cooking,  Chinese 660 

cost  of  living 173 

cotton  bollworm,  pink 866 

country  homes 486 

dairy  farming 690 

diet 68,  661, 669,  866,  866 

dietaries  for  Institutions 866 

domestie  science 899 

dry  farming 823 

farm  science 296 

farmers,  organisation 193 

farming 96, 193, 689, 690 

farming  costs,  determination —       192 

fertnisen 421 

fibers 838. 436 

field  crops 622 

flax,  culture  and  preparation..      827 

food  conservation 669 

food  preservation 808 

food  statistics 766 

food  supply  of  Germany 661 

foods 178,  861, 469,  669,  796 

foods,  wild,  of  Great  Britain —      360 
forestry  .. 161 


Digitized  by 


Google 


1919] 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


933 


Books  €D— Continned.  Pafe. 

fowls,  anatomy 483 

fnr-bearins  animals 646 

Sarden  Insects 649 

CUdenlng-.  245,  340.  444, 636, 688, 640 

genetics  and  easenlcs 274 

cenetics,   laboratory  course 693 

grain    production    in     Switxer- 

land 526 

grasses,  British 625 

growth  and  form - —  666 

Goemsey  cattle 179 

heather  burning  for  grouse  and 

sheep 667 

home  economics 296 

hortlcnlture,  elementary 795 

household  accounting 659 

household   chemistry 493 

household  finance 796 

household  thrift 96 

hygiene 694.  866,  899 

Infant  feeding '  560 

insecU 255,  351.  647, 795 

lactose,  industrial  manufacture  415 

Lamclllcomia  of  British  India.  63 

land  ralues  in  France 892 

little  towns 892 

ttre-stock  management 176. 177 

mathematics,    agricultural 796 

meat   inspection 677 

medicine 577 

milk,  condensed,  and  milk  pow- 
der   283 

milk,  examination 376 

milling  and  baking 863 

nature  study 898 

nutrition 554 

nutritional   physiology 463 

oils,  Cats,  and  waxes 804 

osmotic  pressure 801 

patent    and    proprietary    medi- 

dnea 182 

pathological    technique 676 

peach   growing 149 

pig  dubs 96 

pig  diseases 88,783 

plant  diseases 47 

plant  exploitation ^ 524 

plant  genetics 817 

poUlnatlon  by  Insects 665 

potato  culture .-  36, 439,  828 

poultry 177, 280,  693 

laU 546 

remedies,  new  and  nonofficial —  284 

roses 342 

Bothamsted  experiments 514 

robber 46 

raial  chnrch 390, 486 

rural  credit 892 

nnal  life 292,  485, 687,  889 

nml  reconstruction  In  Ireland.  91 

sdiool  gardening . 296 

seaside  planting 447 

small-holdings  system 880 

sidl  management ..  396 

soy  bean  casein 415 

stoab  ciatare 280 


Books  on— Continued.  Fa^e. 

sugar  beet  seed 441 

sugar  cane,  botany  of 632 

sugar  situation 638 

tobacco 442 

tree  diseases 63 

vertebrates,    comparative   anat- 
omy   777 

vocational  education 196 

wasps - - 563 

waste  products,  utilisation 415 

water  supplies,  rural ? 786 

wheat,  flour,  and  brcSad,  prices.  792 

wheat,  Russian 831 

wheat,  world's  supply 244 

wool  industry 876 

wounds  of  animals 84 

Borax  in  fertilisers,  effect  on  corn 322 

Bordeaux  mixture — 

calculating  values,  U.S.D.A. 45 

fungicidal  value 747 

neutral  and  alkaline 252 

preparation 746,  748,  801 

spraying  celery  with,  Can 155 

use 748,  750 

Bordorite  mixture,  fungicidal  value.  747 

Doswcllia  serrata,  gum-oleo-resin 248 

Botanical    activity    in    District    of 

Columbia 726 

Botany — 

American,  unification 817 

textbook 898 

Botflies — 

paper  on 259 

studies 458.  858 

BotrptU — 

cinerea,  notes 347,  847 

oincrea  on  peony 844 

sp.  on  geranium 249 

Botulism — 

in  relation  to  canning  methods.  558 

studies    176 

Bouillon,  bacteriological,  new 180 

Bouillons,  bacteriological,  analyses —  810 

Boxwood  leaf-miner,  notes  N.J 754 

Boys — 

high-school,  in  agriculture 698 

in  a  farm  labor  camp 96 

metaboUsm  of 868 

Boys* — 

clubs  in  Canada 396 

Working  Reserve  In  New  York..  591 
Broohyunffuia  n.g.  and  n^spp..  descrip- 
tions    650 

Bracken  fern  as  source  of  potash —  321 

Braconid»,  British,  notes 862 

Braconids,  cocoon-spinning  habits —  761 

Bran,  manurial  value,  Ohio 127 

Brans,  analyses.  Can 768 

(See  also  Com,  Wheat,  Rye.  etc) 

Btassica  of  Japan,  key 626 

Bread — 

aleurone  cells  In.  digestion 267 

and  the  baking  industry 460 

barley,  reaction  and  salt  effect..  67 

dechlorinated 461 

digestibility 460 

uigiiizea  Dy  vjjOOQIC 


934 


EXPERIMEKT  STATION  BECOBD. 


[▼0I.M 


aes 


828 

867 


Bread — Oontiiraed.  Patfk 

effect  on  intestinal  flora 807 

from  different  flours,  digestibil- 
ity  860,  556,  657 

from  sweet  potatoes,  Ala.Tnske- 

gee 267 

making — 

Ohio 172 

direct    ntilization     of    nn- 

miUed  wheat  for 460 

physical  chemistry 171 

use  of  calcium  carbonate  in  461 

use  of  calcium  giucosates  in  460 
use  of  fermented  blood  and 

Tiscera  In 461 

use  of  Umewater  in —  66, 267, 461 

use  of  potatoes  in 566 

nse  of  rye  and  barley  in —  556 
nse  of  substitute  flours  In  860, 657 

measurement  of  acidity 66, 115 

ropy 66, 172,  860,  566.  868 

situation   In   Switzerland 625 

three  centuries  of  prices 792 

(See  also  Flour.) 
Breakfast,  small,  effect  on  heat  pro- 
duction   

Breeding — 

cross,   and    inbreeding,   studies, 

Conn.State 

experiments  with  grasshoppers- 
experiments  with  rats 468 

{See  aiso  Animal  breeding  and 
Plant  breeding.) 

Brevicorvne  ItraasUxs,  hemolysin  in..  650 

Brevlcoryne  n.g.,  erection 650 

Brevipalpue  ohovatua,  on  tea 656 

Brewers*  grains — 

analyses,  Ind 72 

analyses,  Mass 571 

analyses,   Mich 571 

dried,  analyses.  Me 470 

dried,  analyses,  N.J 665 

Brick    pavements   in    Middle    West, 

U.S.D.ii 888 

Bridge  building  as  affected  by  the 

war,  V.BJ>,A 90 

Bridges,      concrete      slab,      design, 

U.S.D.A 189 

Brilliant  green  as  an  antiseptic—  286,  581 

Brisket  disease,  studies 482 

Bromacetophenone  as  a  reagent.  Ark.  18 
Brome  grass — 

continuous  culture,  Mont 419 

field,  culture  experiments 186 

field,  variety  tests 282 

soil  moisture  removal  by,  Mont-  480 
Bromue — 

erectue,  fungus  parasites 156 

inermU,  yields,  Minn 786 

Bronthispa  froggattU,  notes 260 

Broom  com — 

culture  in  New  Mexico,  N.Mex 18 

yields  of  stover.  Wash 781 

Brown-tail  moth — 

control  by  starlings -_  647 

parasites  in  Canada 57 

Bruchee  hibieoi,  studies 764 


Bmchlde —  T9WL 

In  Hawmiian  Islands 206 

in  South  Africa 861 

Bruehaphoffua  /Wfli«5rCa.    (8ee  Clover 
seed  chaldd  fly.) 

Bruehue — 

ehineneie.     (Bee  Gowpea  weevfL) 
ohteetus,     {Bee  Bean-weevil.) 
ptoofiMi.     (See  Pea-weeviL) 
qwidrimaeuULiue,  notes 170 

BnfephtfUum  oaHyMnum,  regeneration       224 

Buckeye,  red,  toxicity,  Ala.CoIIege..       778 

Buckwheat — 

as  affected  by  preceding  crop, 

B.I 628 

as  green  manure 229 

as  green  manure,  Minn 784 

bran,  analyses,  Mich 571 

culture  experiments 825 

culture  experiments.  Can 736 

decomposition  in  soil 214 

effect  on  following  crop,  BJ 628 

feed,  middlings,  and   oflai,   an- 
alyses N.J 666 

hulls,  analyses,  Ind 72 

ndlling  experiments 556 

rotation  experiments 229 

young  and  mature^  salt  require- 
ments        426 

Bud- 
mite,    remedies 266 

moth,  eye-spotted,  notes^  Md 756 

Buddleia,  notes 844 

Buffalo— 

grass  hay,  mineral  constituents, 

digestlbiUty.  Tex 769 

tree-hopper,  notes,  Kans 840 

Bull  associations,   cooperative,  U.S. 

D.A 79 

Buprestis  in  North  America 206 

Bureau  of — 

Animal  Industry  as  a  war  anx- 

Ulary   6n 

Chemistry,   color   laboratory —         16 
Plant   Industry,   forest  pathol- 
ogy laboratory 600 

Plant     Industry,      reclamation 

project    farms 498,  494 

Burette,  automatic,  description 606 

Burgundy  mixture — 

combining  with  soap 746 

fungicidal    value 747 

preparation 262 

use  — 760 

Bums-— 

dressing   for 883 

treatment  by  paraflln 780 

Butter — 

brands.  State  and  National 476 

dairy  and  creamery,  water  con- 
tent. Me 461 

educational       scoring.       Conn. 

Storrs    673 

fat.     (Bee  Milk  fat.) 

legal  limits 476 

manufacture    79,  416 

manufacture,  Okla . 81 


Digitized  by 


Google 


ISi9] 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


935 


Bvttcf^-CoBtUiiKd. 

owtlfeodi  of  aaaljrtB Sll 

textbook 2S3 

BottciBlIk — 

checR,  murafactnre,  Obto S79 

ftocdom  from  typbold  bacilli 476 

■OBufiictiire  and  nae,  Iowa. 379 

ptvrldsv,  Jodglnsr S07 

tntlBs  for  fkt,  Minn 878 

notes 265 

apbU,  bemoljstn  in 6G0 

aphis,   new   generic  name 660 

a*  affected   by  sterHixatlon   of 

soil 619 

Mack  rot,  notes 844 

Mack  rot.  notes,  P.B 47 

Mackiec  disease,  studies 846 

botterQj,   stndleSi..^ — . . —  606 

diibroot,  studies 60 

^Bect  on  following  crop,  RJ 623 

hardening  by  cxposore  to  cold..  26 

variety  tests.  Pa 638 

yeliowsk  studies 106 

Ckcto^ 

abnormal  growths 240 

algsl  disease,  notes 801 

and  woodpeckers .^ 204 

cereopid  peat - 860 

cnltorei 108 

culture  cfqwrimenta,  Qoam 339 

diseases  and  pests  in  Ecuador—  158 

diseases,   notes 150,202 

sheU,  estimation 612 

thrips,  notes 856 

yield  data,  P.R 43 

CsoBOia  cos/lirfaiMi,  notes 456 

tus— 
caztMhydrate  metabolism —  29,30,223 

fruits,    analyses ' 763 

rate  and  coarse  of  gtowtb 30 

{Bee  sito  Opontla.) 

I  sQlphate,  antiseptic  Taluc-  779 
CsMM    kUeretiHaU    and    Puceinia 

feefelsss,   reUtion 155 

Otfeterias,  handbook 060 

Gtfein— 

determination  in  coffee 110 

isomer  of 202 

Gilsdlum,  culture  experiments 434 

CWssdrs  orrss.     (See  Rlce-weeyll.) 

Ctiaieras  Dam  slide 188 

Gileareoos  marl,  use  in  agriculture.  816 

Cddte,  fertilising  Talue 810 

^Irinm 

arsenate,  insecticidal  ralue 164 

arsenate,  preparation,  T7.B.D.A-  10 

cublde,  fungicidal  value 750 

culwnate,    chemical   effects   on 

soQ 124 

ctriMoate,  effect  on  nitriflcation  .  723 

csrbosAte,  effect  on  soil  molds.  123 
cjaaamid,  effect  on  decomposi> 

tloii  of  soy  bean  fodder 214 

cyanamid,  spoiled,  effect  on  oats.  810 

defidency,  efliect  on  oat  plant..  324 


Calcium— 0>ntinDed.  Ps0k 

hypochlorite,  effect  on  glanders 

bacUlus    478 

in  nutrition  of  plants,  animals, 

and  man 767 

metabolism  of  women 174 

of  cow's  milk,  effects  in  infant 

feeding 661,  869 

oxid,  chemical  effects  on  soils 124 

ozid,  conversion  in  soil 622 

oxid,  influence  on  physical  char- 
acter of  soils 622 

oxid  treatment  of  wheat 337 

oxid  V,   calcium  carbonate 610 

phosphates,    solubility   and  as- 

simiUbility   128 

salts,  influence  on  nibric-nitro- 

gen  accumulation 722 

salts,  rOle  in  nutrition 273 

sulphate.     (Bee  Gypsum.) 

sulpbid,  soil  treatment  with 619 

translocation  in  soils,  N.T.Coi^ 

nell 719 

(Bee  aleo  Lime.) 
Calf  meals,  analyses — 

Mass 671 

Ificb 071 

N.J 660 

California— 

Station,  notes 490,  690,  798 

SUtion,  publications 099 

Station,  report . 099 

University,   agricultural   educa- 
tion at,  Cal 599 

University,  notes 400,  600,  690,  798 

University,    School   of   Tropical 

Agriculture 294 

Caliper,  chest  contour,  N.H 277 

Calipers  for  measuring  cattle 872 

OaMophya  nigripennie,  life   history.  754 

Calorimetry,  dinical 868 

Calves — 

feeding  experiments,  Kans 369 

milk  as  sole  diet,  Iowa 767 

newborn,  infection  of 887 

wintering,  Mont 472 

Camphor — 

analyses,  N.  Dak .  009 

trees,  culture  experiments,  Guam  839 

Canada  Experiment  Farms,  report..  797 

Canadian  Phytopathological  Society.  699 
Canal — 

banks,  blanketing 188 

measurement 188 

Canals,  algs  control  in.. 188 

Canary  grass  on  bog  and  moss  soils.  212 

Canavalin,  studies 308 

Cankerworm — 

fall,   notes 07 

spring,  notes 263,402 

Canned — 

foods,  bacteriology 764 

foods,  production  and  distribu- 
tion    461 

foods,  vitamin  content 060 

fruit,  "  springing  "  of  tins 208 


Digitized  by 


Google 


936 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  REOORD. 


[▼0L4C 


Canned — Oontlniied.  Pa^B. 
vegetables,  analyses  and  water 

content 864 

Canning — 

and  drying 18,67 

metboda  In  relation  to  B.  totu- 

mu8 568 

papers  on - 864 

ntUity  of  blanching  In 313 

Cannonading  as  a  protection  against 

haU 118 

Cantaloups.     (Bee  Muskmelons.) 

CapiUaria  strumoBa,  notes ..  587 

Carbide  waste,  fertilislttg  value 726 

Carbohydrates—; 

effect  on  nntritlTe  value  of  pro- 
teins   562 

effects  on  intestinal  flora 867 

Isodynamic  substitution  of  fats 

for 663 

relation  to  protein  synthesis —  562 
Carbon — 

bisulphid  as  a  fumlgant,  Cal —  350 
bisulpbid,  combination  products  505 
bisulphid,  effect  on  soil  organ- 
Isms  518 

bisulphid,  insecticidal  value 162 

bisulphid,  soil  treatment  with..  619 

determination 206, 308 

dloxid,  analysis,  apparatus  for.  Ill 
dioxid  as  affecting  root  growth  80, 820 
dioxid,  determination  in  baking 

powders 412, 608 

dioxid,  determination  in  carbo- 
nates    113 

dioxid  treatment  of  soils,  Ind..  739 

monoxid,  analysis,  apparatus  for  111 
organic,  direct  assimilation  by 

Ceratodon  purpureus -« —  325 

tetrachlorid  as  deiousing  agent.  651 
Carbonate,   determination   in   hypo- 
chlorite solutions 309 

Carbonates,  mixture  of,  analysis —  112 
Carburetors,  adaptation  to  low  vola- 
tile fuels 191 

Carcinoma,   treatment 767 

Carnations,    fertilizer    experiments, 

Md 741 

Carpenter  worm  on  pear 858 

Carpocapea — 

pomofielki.    (Bee  Codling  moth.) 

tplendana,    notes 854 

OarpophU»9  hemipteruB,  notes 853 

Carrots — 

antipolyneurltlc  substances 

from 174 

culture  experiments 625 

culture  experiments,  Can 735 

culture  in  South  Dakota,  S.Dak.  32 

culture  on  moor  soils 623 

effect  on  following  crop,  R.I 624 

Influence  on  toxicity  of  sodium 

tartrate 286 

liming  experiments 134 

raw  and  boiled,  nutritive  value.  267 

relative  yielding  capacity 625 


Carrota— <3DiitlniBed.  Pace. 

sclerotinia  diseases . 49 

stock,  yields,  Minn 734 

Carvacrol,   manufacture 110 

Carya  of  North  America 248 

OarifoboruB    ffonagrd    in    Hawaiian 

Islands 266 

Casaurina  trees,  borer  Injury 860 

Casein — 

nutritive  value 468, 464 

solubility   In   dUute   salt   solu- 

aons 710 

studies 802 

Caselnogen,  separation  of  hydrolysis 

products 611 

Cassava — 

culture  and  use 763 

culture  experiments 231,484 

culture  in  Philippines 231 

fertiliser  experiments 626 

handbook 435 

red  mite  of 606 

variety  tests 622 

Cassia  oil,  constituents 202 

Castor — 

beans,  breeding  experiments 485 

beans  in  northern  Africa 284, 334 

beans  In  Rhodesia 626 

beans,  Insects  affecting 453,640 

beans  of  Indo-China,  analyses 627 

beans,  production  and  exploita- 
tion    334 

oil  plant,  treatise 234 

oil,  production  in  United  Statea, 

U.8.D.A 614 

Castration  in  birds 871 

Catalase— 

activity  of  tissues  in  avian  poly- 
neuritis    563 

of  blood  as  affected  by  acetone 

and  certain  acids 766 

of  blood  as  affected  by  alcohol 364 

of  blood  as  afflicted  by  food  in- 

gesUon 364,  366»  766 

production,    action    of   vitamin 

on 503 

Caterpillars — 

surface-feeding,  locomotions  « 362 

{Bee  aleo  Tent  caterpillar  and 
Zebra  caterpillar.) 

Catoehrpaope  pandava^  notes....^..  260 

Cats,  color  inheritance  in . ...  870 

Cat's  milk,  composition ......  776 

Cattle- 
baby  beef,  production,  Iowa....  867 

baby  beef,  production,  N.Mex 74 

beef,  growth  on  limited  ration. 

Mo 667 

beef,  raising  in  the  West .  177 

beef,  ratio  of  bone  to  meat 555 

beef,  wintering,  Mont.. ..  472 

birth  weights.  Me 873 

breeding,  community.. ......  800 

breeding,  diseases  of..........  778 

breeding   experimenta.....— .  877 

breeding  experiments,  M6    ., , , »  873 

breeding  records,  Me....,,— „  678 

uigiiizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


1919] 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


937 


GatUe— CSoBtlniiBd.  Page. 

caUpera 872 

color  inlieritaiiee  in . 870 

dairy  and  beef,  croae-breeding 78 

dairy  and   beef,  for  baby  beef 

production,  N.Mex . 74 

dlacaaca  of  digestlye  organs ..  86 

feeding  experiments,  Iowa 809 

feeding  experiments,  Kans 889 

Inheritance  of  characters,  Me 807 

lalMritanee    of    characters     In 

dairy  and  beef  crosses 78 

Japanese,  craniometry 276 

judging  for  selecting  dairy  cows. 

Me 872 

length  of  gesUtlon.  Me 878 

Ue^  control,  Conn.8torrs 601 

loan  companies,  treatise 889 

of  dUEerent  ages,  feeding  experi- 
ments, M.Mex 74 

paatwe  graaaea  for,  n.8J).A 72 

range,  emergency  feed  for,  U.S. 

DJI 276,  471 

range,  maintenance  on  yncca  and 

sotol,  N.Mex 277 

Romnanlan,  Improrement 870 

acab  and  its  control,  U.S.D.A —  290 

ticfc  in  Argentina 409 

tick,  stadles,  P.B 06 

{Bee  also  Ticks.) 

twinning  in.  Me 878 

<8e«  also  Cows  amd  Steers.) 

Cattleya  orchids,  fumigation 802 

OoDidoBUfia  eerakmlim,  notes 648 

Cecrapia-moth,  notea 704 

Gedar,  Inoenae,  reprodnction  as  af- 
fected by  bear  clover 842 

Gedrmts,  coltore  In  California 946 

Ceieiy— 

lertlllier  experiments... .  184 

lly,  OTlpoaltlon 467 

late  bUght,  atndles.  Can 100 

prenrntnre  seeding,  Mont 444 

rot,   notes 844 

Cdl  dlTlBlon,  stodics . 017. 018 

Cellar  aoeietles 898 

CeDa.    {Bee  Plant  cella.) 
GeBnloae— 

determination,  apparatus  for 410 

determinatioin  In  meal 206 

determination  in  wheat 14 

distillation  under  reduced  prea- 

110 


mortar  aa  affected  by  lime 786 

warta»  by-product  potash •  128 

{Bee  also  Concrete.) 

..  801 

.-  267 

CspJhatosporiiisi  eacohari,  notea. 47 

Oephldm  larrs,  notes 600 

Gephaa,  American  apades.. . 600 

Oetambycidm  of  Callfomla 861 

Cmwmiea  pteta^  notes........ ..  648 

OsraNMt  o^pOffto— 

In  HawaU . 62 

tnpping  and  poiaoiOog..— ..^.  806 

140969*— 20 5 


Page. 

Oengtodom  pgfparwi^,  direct  assimi- 
lation of  organic  carbon 820 

Oeratotna    trifurcaia.      {Bee    Bean 
leaf-beette.) 

Cervofpora— 

beMoola,  atudiea 844 

aaoehari,  notea 01 

vaglma,  notea......... ...  47 

Cereal — 

diseases,  notes,  Kans 344 

diaeaaea,  notes,  N.J 747 

improTcment  at  Svalof 823 

mildew,  notea 844 

rust,  studies 240,  641 

rusts,  resistance  to,  Minn 740 

amuts,  notea 840 

Cereals — 

breeding  experiments,  methods.  282 
consumption,    1902-1911,    U.S. 

D.A 93 

culture  experiments,  Okia 624 

fertiliser  experiments,  Okla 624 

green  manuring  experiments —  24 

in  the  diet 762 

investigations 232,  288 

irrigation  experiments,  Kans —  831 

of  India,  malting  capacity 808 

prices  in  Prance  for  1919 390 

production  in  arid  districts 023 

production  in  Nebraska 194 

production  in  Spain 484,  793 

production  In  Spain,  U.S.D.A—  694 

selection  experiments,  IBCans 830 

statistical  notes 626 

variety  tests,  Kans 330 

winterkining,  Kans 829 

(Bee    aieo    Qraln    <ind    epecific 

Cerebrospinal    fever   organism,    ag- 
glutination test 82 

Oereea  babolaa.     {Bee  Buffalo  tree- 
hopper.) 

Oerodonta  donaUB,  studies 169 

OeropUuiee  grimdie  in  Argentina —  166 

Cerotrloaa  n.g.,  erection 262 

CKigtoceratoetoma     hiepidum,     n.g. 

and  n.sp.,  notes 160 

cnuetoenewia  ^UGdrioolUe,  studies...  764 
Ohaitophame — 

iaponioiM  n.sp.,  description 166 

spp.,  dimorphs 166 

Chalcidoidea,  phoresy  in 469 

OhoMe  oibieew,  notes 760 

Ohaiepua  rubra,  notes 367 

Chalk— 

fertlliaing  value  and  use 822 

ground,  for  grassland 824 

Chdlogvnue  oebomi  n.sp.,  studies —  266 
Chammhatia  foUoloea,  effect  on  forest 

reproduction 842 

Chamber  of  Horticulture  for  Great 

Britain *^^ 

Chaparral,    biologic    and    economic 

aspects ^l 

CtuuritopodlBW  I1.0*'  6r«ctloiu ^^^ 

Digitized  by  VjOOQIC 


938 


EXPERIMBirr  STATION  REGOBD. 


[Vol.  40 


brands.  State  and  National 476 

Bulgarian,      manufacture     and 

composition 777 

Cheddar,  analyses 866 

C3ieddar,  manufacture 880 

from  buttermUli.  Ohio 879 

Jack,  manufacture,  Cal 576 

mailing,      homogenised      cream 

for 576,  866 

making  on  the  farm 675, 879 

making,  treatise 283 

Neufchfttel  and  cream  U.S.D.A..  79 
Neufchfttel,  manufacture,  Cal —  675 
schools,    cooperative,    in    Eng- 
land    896 

soft,  cold  storage 777 

Oheimatohia  hrumata,  notes 647 

Chemical — 

German,  introduction  to 709 

industry,  electrolysis  in 109 

Chemistry — 

applied  analytical,  treatise 10 

colloid,  handbook 408 

household,  textbook 498 

inorganic,  treatise 801 

organic  industrial,  treatise 408 

organic,  treatise 709 

physiological,  progress  in 654 

physiological,  treatise 109.808 

progress  in 109, 801 

Chenopodium,  effect  on  defecation —  477 

Chenopodium    nuttaiUiiB    n.sp.,     de- 
scription    728 

Chermes  of  spruce  and  larch 262 

Cherries — 

culture  in  New  Mexico,  N.Mex —  18 

oriental  peach  moth  injury,  Md-  766 

pollination 148, 638 

pruning,  Wis 742 

stocks  for 445 

tree  census  in  Washington 840 

Taileties  for  home  orchard,  Mo.  341 

winter  Injury,  Ind 885 

Cherry — 

aphis,  black,  notes 648 

brown  rot,  treatment,  Can 154 

leaf  beetle,  food  plant 170 

leaf  beetle,  studies,  N.Y.State..  63 

leaf  blight,  notes 249, 251 

mildew,  notes 53 

"stop-back,"    relation    to    tar- 
nished plant  bug,  Mo 455 

tree    ugly    nest    tortrlcld,    nat- 
ural control — ^ 62 

Chestnut — 

bark  disease 53, 159, 349 

black  canker,  studies 160 

black  rot,  studies 851 

bur  borer,  notes 854 

Chestnuts,  food  value 173 

CheyUius  eruditw,  notes 856 

Chick  embryo  as   affected   by   sub- 
normal temperature 671 

Chicken — 

sarcoma,  serum  treatment 678 

tick,  notes 267 


Chickens^  ?■«•. 

anthelmintics  for,  Ala-CoUege..      778 

brooders  for,  Guam 872 

brooders  for.  Wash 485 

growth  in  confinement 876 

nematodes  in  crop 587 

outline  for  laboratory  study 483 

rearing,  Conn.8torrs 670 

Rhode    Island    Red,    rate    of 

growth,  Conn.8torrs 670 

shipping  boxes,  N.J 78 

White  Leghorn,  rate  of  growth. 

Conn.  8torrs 670 

{See  aUo  Fowls  and  Poultry.) 

Chick-pea*^ 

analyses 657 

culture  in  Washington,  Wash 780 

use  In  bread  making 66 

Chicory — 

adulteration 658 

root,  inulln  In 325, 727 

substitute  for 508 

Child  labor  In  agriculture.. 691 

Children — 

care  and  feeding . 660 

creatln  and  ereatln  of  blood 274 

feeding 68,861 

{See  eiso  Infants,  feeding.) 

food  value  of  milk  for 179 

growth  and  nutrition  standards-      866 

malnutrition .      862 

rural,  survey  in  North  Carolina.      892 
undernourished,  nutrition  class 

for 661 

use  of  milk  for,  statistics 868 

Children's     gardens.      {See     School 
gardening.) 

Chilies.     (Bee  Pepper.) 

OhUo  simpler,  studies 167 

Chinch-bug — 

insect  enemies ..... . 165 

nymphal  stages .. — . 858 

Chlnin,  new  variety  of  avocado 161 

Ohiriedkuia  eavieola  n.g.  and  n.8p., 
description 867 

Chlamydobacterialesy  subgroups  and 
genera 521 

Chloramin-T — 

antiseptic  value 182,284 

preparation . .. IS 

(See  also  Dichloramin-T.) 

Chlorates — 

alkaline,  pharmacodynamics 681 

determination    in    hypochlorite 

solution.. .. 410 

Chlorid,  lodln,  antiseptic  value 779 

Ghloridea  ossntto^  studies 62 

(OMoridea)  ffeliothie  dbeoUUt.   (See 
Cotton  bollworm.) 

Chlorin— 

absorption  by  soils 619 

antiseptics 181,  284 

antiseptics,  action  on  blood  clot-      883 
(See  olso  Chloramln-T,  Da- 
kin's  solution,  Eusoly  <Hid 
Hypochlorite.) 

uigitizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


1919] 


IKDEX  OP  SUBJECTS. 


939 


PftflB. 

GUi^naM  alom  aolntloii,  anttsep- 

tlc  TSlue 779 

Chlorophycee,  development  and  bq- 

trltloiial  physiology 180 

Chocolate,  milk,  determUiatloii  of  lac- 
tose and  sacrose  in 14 

Cholsm  in  malting  operations 608 

Cholcra-Uke  diseases  of  birds,  B.I 685 

Cholesterol — 

determination  in  blood IB 

in  milk 11 

■todies 767 

Choiss  eattl^ytg,  notes,  N.J 754 

Chondriomes,  studies 228,  828 


817 
662 

640 
741 
860 
812 
166 
263 


Id  relation  to  hybridisation  in 

plants - — 

mammalian,  fizatioB 

Chrysanthemums — 

book  on 

fertiliser  experiments,  lid • 

Cknf9ohothrU  trmmfiu^mriea,  studies. 

Chrysolite,  solnbility  of  mafl^iesia  In. 

CftnrwMiphalM  pwMHub  in  Brasll.- 

Ohrvsos»y<a  ruftfaeteB  in  Hawaii 

Chrysophlyetis  endoMofioo — 

life  history.  Ps 848 

notes  — ._.-^. ««— — 848 

notes,  V.SJyJL 157,  543 

drysops,  collecting  larrm 767 

Clkrysofo«m»  colOrsdeiisto  n.sp.,  de- 
scription        757 

Chafas,    culture   experiments,    U.8. 
D.A 434 

Cicada,  periodical — 
In  1919,  U.8.D.A. 


764 
549 

856 


I 


popolar  account .....^.. 

Cicadas  of  Mississippi 

dehwiwm  4ntv^m9 — 

fertility  in 427 

flower  mnnber  per  head..^-.^-      225 

Cider— 

def^ctiye,  utflisatlon 116 

manufacture 116,  808 

studies^ 414 

Cigarette  beetle- 
in  Dutch  Bast  Indies 170,864 

studies,  V.BJ>,A 758 

ۤmem  Udmlarhu,     (Bee  Bedbugs.) 


478 
656 

15 
859 
465 

721 


notes 849 

canker,  resistance  of  tangelos  to, 

V.BJ},A 247 

cankar,  studies^ 544,851 

eoDar  rot,  notes .  748 

in  Florida,  Flo 158 

( In  Porto  Rico .^—  52 


alkaloids,  disinfecting  action 

red  mite  of 

Chifiamle  aldahyde,  determination  in 


Cbrhoicyrtus  n.g.,  erection 

Citrates,  toxic  action 

Carompcf    fflaber    proteolytic    a^ 
twty 


Citrus— Continued.  Pags. 

diseases  in  Porto  Rico,  P.R 47 

diseases,  notes 155 

groTOs,  lli^tning  injury 645 

grores,  plowsole  in 417 

melanose,  description  and   his- 
tory  158 

scab,  treatment,  P.R 52 

scale,  gray,  remedies 454 

scale  parasites   as    affected   by 

sprays,  P.R 52 

thrips,  summary  of  information.      649 
white  fly.     (iSfee  White  fly.) 
Citrus  fruits — 

Argentine  fly  on 758 

as  affected  by  freesing 247 

as  affected  by  freesing,  Cal 589 

cotton  stainer  injury 858 

fertUiser  needs  in  Porto  Rico, 

P.R 44 

fumigation 855 

insects  affecting 858 

(Bee  al90  Oranges,  Ijemons,  etc.) 
Citrus  mediei,  culture  in  California.      246 
Oladoeporimm — 

earpophUum,  notes 58 

oUri,  notes,  P.R 47,52 

Olavioeps    purpurea    on    Manitoba 

wheat 849 

Clemeon  College,  notes 898 

Cleptomyees  lagerheimianus  n.comb.  183 
Cleptomyces  n.g.  from  the  Andes —  188 
Climate— 

and     sun     spots,     correlations 

U.8.D.A 416 

and  types  of  farming,  U.S.D.A.      116 
in  relation  to  crop  adaptation  in 

New  Mexico,  N.Mex 

of    Belle    Fourche    reclamation 

project   U.8.D.A 814 

relation  to  plant  distribution  in 

United  States 130 

{Bee  also  Meteorology.) 
Climates,  past  and  present,  of  crop 

plants,   U.8.D.A 

dlmatological  data.     {See  Meteoro- 
logical obseryations.) 

aoth  making,  textbook 899 

Clothes  louse.    {Bee  Lice.) 
Clouds,  significance  in  weather  fore- 
casting, U.8.D.A 416 

Closer — 
alBlke— 

as  meadow  crop ^- 

effect    on    following    crop, 

R.I 

following  different  crops — 
following    different    crops, 

B.I 

for  irrigated  pastures,  U.S. 
D. 


18 


616 


186 

623 
135 

624 

432 


Tsrlety  tests 2JJ 

and  grass  mixtures,  tests,  Minn.      782 
and   timothy,   ffertillser  experi- 
ments  ■" 

and    timothy,    seeding    experi- 


184 


331 


uigitizea  Dy 


Google 


940 


EXPERIMENT  STATI037  BBGOBD. 


[T<d.iO 


CloTer— Contimied.  PaC6> 

and  timothy,  yields,  Minn 785 

aphis,  notes • . 600 

aphis,  studies,  Idaho .^ 864 

as  green  manure .. ... 24 

as  hog  pasture,  Minn — . ...  771 

as  source  of  humus,  Can ...  724 

bird-foot,  as  meadow  crop 186 

bur,  mineral  constituents,  diges- 
tibility, Tex 769 

crimson,  as  green  manure ..  24 

crimson,  as  winter  cover  crop —  133 
crimson,  following  various  crops, 

Ala.College 829 

culture  experiments.  Can 735 

cut,  analyses.  Mass .. —  571 

effect  on  acid  soils 620 

feldspar  for 615 

fertiliser  experiments,  Minn 733 

fertiliser  experiments,  Mo 218 

fertiliser  experiments.  Pa. 723 

hay  for  mill[  production 672 

hay,  manurial  value,  Ohio 127 

insects  affecting 163,650 

liming  experiments... 822, 816 

mammoth,  as  winter  cover  crop.  138 

on  bog  and  moss  soils...... 212 

red— 

as  meadow  crop 136 

breeding  experiments,  Can.  735 

culture  experimenta 526 

culture  experiments,  Iowa.  328- 

decomposition  in  soil 214 

effect  on  Asotobacter,  Iowa.  618 
effect    on    following    crop, 

B.I 628 

growing  with  grain.......  822 

insects  affecting 650 

leaf-spot  disease 166 

relative  yielding  capacity —  626 

seed  of,  and  Its  impurities.  627 

seed  production.  Wash .  730 

sulphur  requirement 727 

yields,  Minn 782 

seed  chalcld  fly,  notes 853 

seed  chaldd  fly,  parasites  of 862 

seed,  investigations .. 89 

sweet.    (Bee  Sweet  clover.) 

varieties  for  Texas,  Tex 729 

white,  as  meadow  crop 136 

white,    for    irrigated    pastures, 

U.S.D.A 482 

white,  honey  production  Okla 65 

white,  variety  tests 282 

winter  kllUng,  U.8.D.A 881 

Clyiue  devastator  in  Florida. 169 

Cnaphalodes,  studies .......  262 

Coat  color.    (Bee  Color.) 
Cocdde — 

insect  parasites  ...........M...  661 

of  Cuba 866 

"  ^ddian  dysentery  of  cattle......  290 

idMdee  iwmitis,  studies 88 

Idiosis  in  young  calves 186 

Ids  on  coffee  in  India 661 

ohaoiUue   aeridiorum   in    locust 

ontrol.,... .—.—..  104 


Oocetie   ' 

ettrimla,  remedies 464 

10000  industry  in  India. 6S0 

Cockroaches — 

control . .-.-^ 868 

of  Nova  Scotia 866 

parasite  of  . ...............  864 

Coeoa,  fat  content,  determination 206 

Coconut — 

bleeding  disease,  treatment 845 

bud  rot,  notes 155,760.761 

globulin,  studies 602 

meal,  analyses,  N.J 665 

meal  and  cake,  analyses,  T«c 671 

meal,  feeding  value,  8.C 672 

oil  meal,  analyses,  Ind 72 

oil  meal,  analyses.  Mass 671 

oU,  production  in  United  States, 

U.SJ>^ 614 

'oil,  specific  heat . — ..... 68 

root  dlaease,  notes .. 48, 166 

Coconuts — 

culture  and  plantatloB  machin- 
ery   247 

culture  experiments,  Guam 889 

fertiliser  experiments,  PJI 44 

food  value . — ... 173 

insects  affecting 268, 260 

leaf-bitten  i^enomena. 761 

Codling  moth — 

life  history  studies 800 

new,  attacking  persimmon....  62, 167 

notes 648. 763 

notes,  Md 766 

remedies 162, 647 

variety  on  walnuts ....  467 

Coffee- 
abnormal  growths ..  249 

culture  experiments,  Guam 889 

diseases  and  pests,  notes ..  262 

diseases,  notes 48 

fertiliser  experiments.  P.E 48 

leaf  disease  in  Porto  Blco,  P.R.  43 

leaf  rust,  studies 761 

Murta,  studies,  P.R 42 

preparations,    descriptions   and 

analyses 808 

scale  Insect  pests  in  India 651 

SclerotUim  disease 262 

substitutes 608,668,864 

Coiw  laoryma  foJki  as  food 658 

Cold  storage- 
its  capabUitles 864 

plants.  Government  opemtion 688 

<7aleophoro— 

fueoediiuna,  notes 661 

maUvoreUtk     (Bee  Pistol  case- 
bearer.) 

eaeram0nta,   biology 767 

volokei  n.sp.,  description 682 

Coleosporiaoett  of  Guatemala 827 

Oolme  blitsie^  absdssloB  In 825 

Coilbadllosis  In  newborn  calves 887 

CoUegM.       (Bee    Agricoltaral    col- 
leges.) 

€f^Uetotriohiim-^ 

fahatum,  Botep— — ~. 47 

uigitizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


IMS] 


nn)EX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


941 


CWIe«ofrie*M»— OmtiniMd.  Pace. 

gltBot^orioidw,  notes,  P.B. .  47 

knfettarkm,  itodles,  U.8.D.A 260 

Umdemmthiawum,  resUtance  to-  643 

CoUold  eliemlBtry,  handbook 408 

Colloidal^ 

^els,  water  absorption  and  eyap- 

oratlon 27 

lijpothesis  of  permeability 818 

mixture  ahowingr  water  relations 

of  plants,  constraction 28 

mixtures,  imbibition  In 20 

mlxtnres,  swelling,  effect  of  bog 

and  swamp  waters  on S20 

phenomena  in  poUen>tnbe  proto- 
plasm  28,  818 

properties  of  plant  mvcllages—  818 
Colon-aerofenes    organisms,    cnltare 

medium  for  enumeration 881 

ColoDintion  in  Punjab 595 

Colon-typhoid  intermediates  In  bird 

diseases,  BJ 685 

Color^ 

alenrone.  Inheritance  in  maize, 

N.T.Oomell 486 

In  relation  to  chemical  constitu- 
tion    606 

inheritance   666 

inheritance  in  barley 826,  826 

Inheritance  In  beans.  Mass 586 

Inheritance  in  cattle 73 

inheritance  in  cattle,  Me 867 

inheritance  in  Convolvulus 641 

inheritance  In  mammals 869 

Inheritance  in  mice 276 

inheritance  in  oats 230 

inheritance    In    pigeons 275 

inheritance  in  tobacco  blossoms.  442 

inheritance  in  wheat 525 

(See  also  Pigmentation.) 
laboratory  of  Bureau  of  Chem- 
istry    16 

tests,  biochemical,  studies 114 

Colorado  College,  notes 900 

Coiorimetric    determination    of    or- 
ganic substances 712 

CoouDunlty  and  national  life,  lessons 

iB 197 

OMsplcment — 

effect  of  arsphenamin  and  mer^ 

curie  chlorld  on 287 

fixation  in  tuberculosis..  481,  886,  887 
Hxation  test,  pipette  holder  for.  581 
flxatloii      with     protein     sub- 
stances    286 

Coneaaavalin,  studies 808 


draintHe,  reinforced, 
dnrabUlty  in  alkali  soils — 
freestng  and  thawing. 


787 
886 
786 

fldztures,  proportioning—... —      787 
reinforced,  as  affected  by  salt  in 

warm  climate 787 

road,  hydrated  lime  in 788 

dab  bridge  design,  U.S.D.ih 189 

preventing  drip  from 806 

descriptions 808,709 


Psge. 

Conifer  rusts,  host  relationshlpt. 646 

Conifers — 

for  re-afforestation 248 

for  shelter  belts,  U.S.D.A 841 

red  heart  rot,  studies 160 

seedling  diseases 546 

stem  lesions  due  to  heat 68 

Ooniophora  eerebella,  studies 860 

Connecticut — 

State  Station,  notes 398. 696 

Storrs  Station,  notes 496,695 

Oonotelu9  mewicanus  on  cucumber..  853 

OonotraeheiuB — 

flMunffuU,  studies 764 

iuglcmdU,  notes 269 

Convolvulus,  Inheritance  in 641 

Cooking — 

appliances,  electric 559 

Chinese,  recipes 660,866 

cost  of  fuels 668 

low-temperature 865 

textbooks 698,  899 

Cooperation.     (Bee  Agricultural  co- 
operation.) 

Cooperative  storage  and  marketing  in 

France 688 

CopidoBoma  sp.,  polyembryony 658 

Copper — 

acetate    and    carbonate,    fungi- 
cidal coelficlent 253 

determination  In  gelatin 712 

reaction,  sensitive 807 

Sprays,  basic  and  acid 158 

Sprays,  preparation 848 

stearate,  fungicidal  value 746 

sulphate  as  potato  disinfectant.  460 

sulphate,   preparation 801 

Copperas.    {See  Iron  sulphate.) 

Copra — 

cake  meal,  analyses,  N^ .*..  666 

IndUn  trade  In 281 

Coprosterol,  determination  in  feces.  15 

Coquina,  use  in  agriculture 816 

(7ores»4«s»  sp.  on  coffee . 262 

Corn — 

aleurone  color  factors,  N.T.Cor- 
nell   436 

and  cob  meal,  analyses,  N.J 666 

and  oats,  analyses,  N.J 666 

and  soy  beans  as  silage  crop —  185 
as  affected  by  barium  and  stron- 
tium  819 

as  affected  by  borax  In  fertilizer.  822 
as  affected  by  maturity  and  har- 
vesting methods,  Kans 830 

as  silage  crop . ...  184 

as  silage  crop.  Can 785 

as  silage  crop,  Kans 880, 881 

as  silage  crop,  Mich ... —  731 

as  silage  crop,  Minn 783 

as  silage  crop,  U.S.D.A 382, 431 

barren,  composition,  Kans. — ..  830 

barrenness,  studies,  S.C 624 

biUbug,  control,  U.S.D.A 656 

bran,  analyses,  Ind — .. 72 

bran,  analyses,  N.J...— ......  666 

uigitizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


942 


EXFEBIMBKT  STATIOK  RECORD. 


[yoL40 


Corn— OBDtiimed.  Pafa 

bran,  analyses,  Tex 571 

bran,  description,  Mich 72 

bran,  mineral  consUtnents,  dl- 

geatlbUity,  To 769 

breeding 528 

breeding  experimenta 88, 826 

breeding  experiments.  Conn.  State  828 

breeding  experiments,  8.C 624 

chop,  analyses,  Tex 571 

composition  as  affected  by  fer- 
tilisers   484 

continuous  cultore,  Mont 419 

cost  of  prodnction,  Ohio 292 

cover  crops  for 188 

culture  experiments,  Kans —  819,329 

culture  experiments  in  Canada 228 

culture  experiments  in  India-  230, 528 
culture  experiments  in  Queens- 
land    280 

culture  in  New  Mexico,  N.Mex —  18 

culture  in  New  South  Wales 526 

culture  in  PhUippines —  228,  281,  627 

culture  in  RhodesU 230, 333, 825 

culture  in  South  Dakota,  S.Dak.  84 

daily  course  of  growth ..  81 

determining  proper  stand 299 

different  types,  water  absorption  187 

dipteran  pest,  P.R 56 

direct  paniflcation ..  460 

diseases  in  West  Indies 155 

ear  characters,  relation  to  yield.  486 

earworm,  control,  Kans .  852 

effect  on  f(dlowing  crop,  R.I 623 

evolution  of 728 

experiments,    contradictory    re- 
sults   300 

feed  meal,  analyses,  Mich 571 

feed  meal,  analyses,  N.J 665 

feed  meal,  analyses,  Tex 671 

feed  meal,  description,  Mich 72 

feed  meals,  feeding  value,  Ind —  668 

fertiliser  experiments 230, 

823,  832,  434, 523, 524, 825 
fertiliser  experiments,   Ala.Col- 

lege 728 

fertiliser  experiments,  Kans 819 

fertiliser  experiments,  Minn 733 

fertiliser  experiments.  Mo. 218 

fertiliser  experiments,  N.J 126 

'  fertiliser  experiments.  Pa 728 

fertiliser  experiments,  8.C 624 

fwtiliser  experiments,  Tex 515 

fertiliser      experiments,      U.S. 

D.A 422,431 

field  tests  in  Fiji 281 

flint,  seeding  depths,  Utah 227 

flour,   digestibility 860,657 

flour,  recipes 67 

fodder,  mineral  constituents,  di- 
gestibility, Tex 769 

for  forage,  seeding  rate,  Nebr 522 

for  steers  in  the  South,  n.S.D.A.  873 

germ  meal,  analyses,  Mass 571 

germ  meals,  starch  and  hominy, 

feeding  value,  Ind 668 

gluten  feed,  analyses,  Mich....  571 


Com — Oontinued. 

gluten  feed,  analyses,  VJ 665 

gluten  feed  for  lambs,  Iowa. 874 

gluten  meal,  analyses,  Mich 571 

gluten  meal,  analyses,  N.J 665 

grasing  off,  U.S.D.A 871 

green     manuring     experiments, 

N.J 126 

growing  with  legumes 627 

growing  with  legumes,  Tex 729 

glowing  with  oats  and  millet —  822 

growing  with  pumpkins 280 

growing  with  soy  beans 185 

growing  with  tobacco  for  shade.  229 
growth  in  relation  to  tempera- 
ture and  moisture 19 

growth  of,  studies 238 

growth  on  acid  soil 824 

Guinea,  smut  of,  treatment 48 

heterosis  in,  bearing  on  double 

fertilisation 226 

high-protein    strains,    isolation, 

Minn 782 

hogging-off,  Minn 771 

hogging-off,  N.Dak 75 

hogging-off.    U.S.D.A 371,471 

humin  nitrogen  content 510 

hybrid  strains,  Kans 329 

hybrids,  chimeras  in 826 

improvement,  Guam 827 

Improvers*    Association   of   Ne- 
braska, proceedings 826 

inbreeding    experiments.    Conn. 

State 828 

Indian  recipes 172 

insect  pests  in  New  South  Wales  458 

irrigation  experiments 230 

linkage  in 88 

malting  capacity 808 

manurial  value,  Ohio 127 

meal,  analyses,  Mass 671 

meal,  analyses,  Me 470 

meal,  use  in  sweet  clover  silage.  10 

milling  experiments 556 

"Moro,"    origin 234 

oil  cake  meal,  analyses,  Mich 671 

oil  cake  meal,  description,  Mich-  72 

oil,  digestibility  and  usee 268 

oil,  production  in  United  States, 

U.S.D.A 614 

pedigreed,  in  Wisconsin 624 

Physoderma  disease,  studies 846 

pollination,  technique 627 

press  cake,  analsrses 72 

Production  Act  of  Great  Brit- 
ain  589.  891 

production  and  prices  in  United 

States,  1908-1918,  U.S.D.A..  93 

production  in  Brasil 826 

products,  growth-promoting 

properties 67 

raw,  sterilised,  and  decorticated, 

food  value 268 

root  rot  and  wheat  scab,  rela- 
tion    49 

rotation    experiments,    Ala.Col- 

lege 829 


Digitized  by 


Google 


mo] 


nn)£X  OF  SUBJECTS. 


943 


Cm— CdntlBoed.  Pai(lB. 
rotfttlon  experiments,  t7.S.D.A-  831, 431 
■JBipHng  and  gradln^f,  U.S.D.A.  89 
Med,  dlseafle-free,  selection,  Ind.  626 
seed,  local  v.  Imported,  U.8.D.A.  481 
seed,  primitive  methods  of  prepa- 
ration   187 

seed,  selection 185 

seed,  selection  and  storage,  S. 

Dak 84 

seed,  storage,  Obio 884 

seed  treatment 443 

seeding  rate.  Wash 780 

sdection  experiments 622,628 

self-fertilisation 88 

shelled,  official  standards,  U.S. 

D.A 89 

silage.     (See  Silage.) 

smut,  studies,  Kans 844 

spacing  experiments,  Tex 786 

statisUcal  notes 626 

stoTer,  feeding  Tslne,  U.S.D.A..  666 

snbstitntes  in  pig  feeding,  Ind —  668 
sweet.     (See  Sweet  com.) 

V.  barley  for  pigs,  U.8.D^ 72 

Tsrieties,  acdlmated,  Kans 829 

▼arieties  for  silage 184 

Tarietiea  for  silage,  U.S.D.A.  832, 431 

Tarieties,  taxonomy 627 

variety  tests 228, 230, 528.  524, 823 

variety  tests,  Iowa 328 

Tarlcty  teats,  8.C— ^ 624 

variety  tests,  Tex 729 

variety  tests,  U.S.D.A 31, 831, 481 

weeTils  on  Ovlf  Coast,  U.S.D.A-  801 

worm,  pink,  in  New  Sonth  Wales.  463 

yields.  Wash 731 

yields  of  fodder,  Kans 330, 881 

yields  per  acre,  1866-1917,  U.S. 

D.A. 490 

yields,  relation  to  nitrogen  and 

phoaphoras  content  of  soil 816 

Corncob  ashes,  analyses 621 

CSncobs.  utillaatlon 17 

GonieU  University,  notes 199, 498,697 

Conistftik  borer — 

Snropcan,  notes 756 

larger,    U.SJ>.A 856 

Otntoma  trifmrcata,  effect  on  cow- 

pess 860 

Oorpos  Intenm — 

of  pregnancy  In  swine.. 668 

•f  the  fowl,  studies 664 

Condatlon     coefficients,     compnta- 

tion    V 870 

CwWrtasi 

tuhmtmtcotor,  notes... 165 

stevensU  n.n.,  description 49 

VQffm^,  studies 645 

Ctotldnms,  studies 48 

gwyessi  perMoio9um,  notes 160 

Oofypto  sp.,  notes,  P.B 44 

go$MV^  on  castor  bean 463 

parshleyi,   notes 354 

perifondet,  notes 354 

OMMopoNtst  sardUa,  studlfia 266,  468 


Cost  of  living —  Pa0i. 

and  the  war 173 

and    wages,    measurements 650 

In  Scandinavia 561 

in  State  institutions 173 

in  Union  of  South  Africa 561 

In  Washington  State 861 

studies 462 

Cost  of  production  studies,  U.8.D.A-  890 

Ootinu9  Mti&a  larva,  fumigation..  256 
Cotton — 

anthracnose,  investigations,  S.C.  643 

anthracnose,  relation  to  weather  154 

as  ratoon  crop,  Guam 328 

bacterial  spot,  notes 154 

boll  weevil,  control 237 

boll  weevil,  lead  arsenate  for, 

Ahi.CoUege   762 

boll  weevil,  new  host  plant 759 

boll  weevil,  notes 56,  553,  853 

boU-weevll  problem,  Miss 235 

bollworm  and  pink  bollworm,  re- 
lation    857 

bollworm,  pink,  notes  56,  167,  256,  268 

bollworm,  pink,  origin . 466 

bollworm,  pink,  treatise . 856 

boUworms,  control 256 

boUy  refuse,  Okla 366 

breeding  experiments 228,  527 

breeding  experiments,  Okla 624 

breeding  experiments,  S.C 624 

breeding  for  drought  resistance-  523 

budding  incompatible  varieties.  34 

cost  of  production 335,  390,  527 

cost  of  production,  U.S.D.A 483 

culture  experiments,  Miss 234 

culture  experiments  In  Barbados  434 

culture  experiments  In  FIJI 231 

culture  experiments  in  India—  230, 
332,   523,  625 
culture  experiments  in  Queens- 
land    230 

culture    experiments    In    South 

Africa 524 

culture  in  southern  California 335 

culture      on      Tuma      project* 

U.S.D.A 433 

depth  of  plowing  tests,  Okla 624 

diseases  In  Texas 164 

diseases,  notes 165 

Egyptian,    culture   experiments, 

U.S.D.A 488 

Egyptian,  in  America,  U.S.D.A-.  488 
Egyptian,  maintenance  of  qual- 
ity   628 

Egyptian,  mutation  in 287,  527,  628 

farm,  producing  home  supplies 

on,  U.S.D.A 292 

farms,  management.. 299 

fertilizer  experiments 228, 

230,  231,  323,  528,  625,  627 
fertiliser   experiments,   Ala.Col- 

lege 728 

fertilizer  experiments.  Miss 286 

fertilizer  experiments,  S.C 624 

fertilizer  experiments,  Tex 616 

flowering  and  boiling  records —  628 

uigitizea  Dy  vjOOQIC 


944 


EXPERIMENT  8TATI017  BBGOBD. 


[ToLM 


Cotton — OontlBiwd. 

following  legnmes  and  corn,  Ala. 

CoUege 829 

fruiting  processes,  Miss 236 

insects  affecting 165, 256, 854 

irrigation  experiments 280 

leaf  spot,  angular,  S.C 643 

leaf  spot,  studies 846 

lightning  injury 646 

liming  experiments,  Tex 616 

lint,  length  of,  crops  1016  and 

1917,  U.S.D.A 34 

long-staple 626 

long-staple,  fertilisation  by  bees.  468 

Meade 287, 487 

picking,  prices  paid  for,  n.S.D. A.  98 

prevention  of  cross-pollination —  836 

production  and  distribution 238 

production  and  prices  in  United 

States,  1908-1918,  U.S.D.A..  98 

production  and  utilization 888 

production  in  Egypt 886 

production  in  Louisiana 627 

production  in  United  States 891 

Research  Association,  British..  284 

resources  of  French  colonies 488 

root  rot,  notes 48 

seed  from  dry  sections,  Tex 729 

Sea    Island,    fertiliser    experi- 
ments   627 

Sea    Island,    relation    of    lint 

length  to  rainfall 827 

Sea  Island,  spacing 628 

seed  from  dry  sections,  Tex 729 

seed  position  in  planting 686 

selecting  heavy  seeds 287 

selection  experiments 622 

shortage  of  the  world 886 

snapped  and  bolly,  U.S.D.A 98 

spacing  experiments,  Miss 286 

spacing  experiments,  n.S.D.A..  438 

spinning  tests 228 

stainer  on  citrus 368 

stainers,   notes 165,261,864 

stem  weevil,  notes 563 

thinning  tests,  n.S.D.A 438 

treatise,   U.S.D.A 626 

varieties,  Ark 437,  438 

variety,  relation  to  oil  content 

of  seed 238 

variety  tests 280, 

281,  237,  382,  836, 437,  623, 626 

variety  tests,  Ouam 828 

variety  tests,  Miss 284 

variety  tests,  Okla 624 

variety  tests,  S.C 624 

variety  tests,  U.S.D.A 488 

water  requirement 286 

wilt-resistant  strains 237 

wilt-resistant  strains.  Miss 286 

yields    in    relation    to    potash 

scarcity 836 

Cottonseed — 

cake,  analyses,  Tex 671 

cold-pressed,  analyses,  Ind '    72 

cold-pressed,  analyses,  Tex 671 

delinted,  Okla 82 


PtffiL 

'feed,  analyses,  Ind 72 

feed,  analyses.  Mass 671 

feed,  analyses.  Mich 571 

feed  analyses,  N.J 666 

feed,  analyses,  Tex 671 

heavy,  selecting 2S7 

hulls,  feeding  value,  U.SJ>.il 606 

meal — 

analyses,  Ind 72 

analyses.  Mass 671 

analyses.  Me 470 

analyses,  Mich 671 

analyses,   N.J 665 

analyses,  Tex 671 

feeding  value,  Okla 75. 278 

fertilising  value,  Tex 615 

for  milk  production 572 

manurtal  value,  Ohio 127 

phosphorus   compounds  in. 

Ark 772 

oil  content,  relation  to  variety.  288 

oil,  digestibility 268 

oil,  production  in  United  States, 

U.S.D.A 614 

oil,  specific  heat 68 

products  for  steers,  U.S.D.A 87S 

products,   mineral  constituents. 

digestibiUty,  Tex 760 

products,  nutritional  value 4€f3 

Country — 

church,  social  service 194,890,486 

home,  book  on 486 

(See  also  Rural.) 

Cover  crop  experiments 183 

Cover  crops — 

field  tests  in  PhlUppines 229 

f6r  Guam,  Quam 828 

Cow — 

manure   for   greenhouse   crops, 

Md 741 

manure  under  open-shed  system, 

U,S.D.A 178 

testing  asBOCiationfl  in  Ireland..  673 
Cowpea — 

and  sorghum  silage,  mineral  con- 

stitoeiits,  Tex 769 

beetle,  longieorn 654 

Blackeye,  as  affected  by  salt 485 

hay,  feeding  value,  U.S.D.A 667 

hay,    mineral    constituents,    di- 

geatibiUty,  Tex 769 

weevil  in  Hawaiian  Islands 266 

Cowpeaa— 

as  affected  by  barium  and  stron- 

tlunn 819 

as  affected  by  bean  leaf  beetle.-  860 

culture  experiments,  OUa 624 

culture  experiments  in  Hawaii..  823 

culture  in  Guam,  Guam 828 

culture  in  Philippines 281 

fertiliser  experiments 828 

fertiliaer  experiments.  Mo 218 

fertiliser  experiments,  Okla 624 

field  tests  in  Fiji 281 

growing  with  com 627 

growing  with  com,  Tex .....  729 

uigitizea  Dy  vjjOOQIC 


ttl»] 


IKDBX  OF  SUBJEOTS. 


945 


inociilatioii «. 215 

Irrlsatkm   expeiimenta,   Kans—  S81 

Umiag  ezperfmentSp  N.J 126 

rotmtkm   cxpertioenti,    Ala.O»l- 

kfe 829 

rotatton  earperlmeDts,  Tez 729 

mtStag  with  moiy  beam,  AIa.Col- 

Icce  829 

TsrIeCj  tMta,  OUa..II 82. 624 

wlety  testa»  Ter 729 

ra — 

adrmneed  reststry  testB,  HI 778 

tge  at  flnt  ealf ,  relation  to  milk 

TteM.  Md 178 

barley  for.  Cat 878 

dairy,  eompetitioii,  Cal 876 

feedEbig  ezperlments,  Ky 678 

feeding  eqpcrtments,  8.C 672 

gnin  rations,  Maes 674 

Goemaey,  blatory 179 

Gveioaey,  milk  recorda.  He 872 

beat  period  and  milk  production.  878 
bigb  milk  producing,   sterility, 

Obio 874 

Holatein-FMeaian,  offldal  testa, 

m 778 

Hoistein-Fricaian,  7-day  testa..  774 
■Ok  production.    (Bee  UUk  pro- 

daction.) 

mineral  metabolism,  Obio 873 

OB  general  farms.  Mo 674 

on  Para  graas  pasture,  Onam.-  866 

«n  pasture^  concentrate  feeding.  877 
open  abed   v.   dosed  bam  for, 

U.BJ>.A,^ 177 

pasturing.  Mo 575 

pasturing  esiperimenta,  U.S.D.A.  874 

proteins    fOr 572 

recordi,  Oa] 875 

reeorda,  analyses,  Me 872 

salt  reqidrenient 775 

selecting  by  score  card  totals. 

Me 872 

nddeia.     {See  Udders.) 

vater  reqolremeDta 774 

uUd  onion  poisoning 677 

Wisconsin  Begist^  of  Produc- 
tion    774 

(809  also   Galres,   Cattle,   and 

Heites.) 
Crtb— 

grass  as  affected  by  soQ  addlty.  126 

tarabaguii,  composition 171 

OaaiUn»— 

of  Nortk  America 168 

of  Nora  Scotia 67 

kew^lotihrtam^,  studies 168 

keiimenme,  notes,  Wasb 768 

Cnatterries— 

bueefes  aflectiag,  Wasb 758 

•poflage  after  piddng 262 

snbstitotes  in 67 

taivestlgatlons 160 

soOa,  limed,  Asotobaetsr  in A14 


Crane  fly,  leaf-eating,  Mfe  bistory 

Orapoiils«   iwffSSIH!,      (See    Orape 
cnrculio.) 


169 


ing 676,865 

pasteoriaation 79 

pastenriaatlon,   Okla 81 

pastenrlntion  and  aging,  effects 

on  Tiscoslty,  Iowa 81 

recehrlng  atatlons.  111 879 

remade . 802 

Creameries— 

Ooyemment  operation 688 

milk  fat  losses  in,  Minn 877 

use  of  fnel  In,  U.8.D.A 476 

Creamery  waste  snlpbnrlc  add,  nse 

in  saperpbospbate  mannfactnre —  16 
Creatin  and  creatlnin — 

determination  In  milk. ......  609 

in  blood 274,766 

Creatlnorla — 

and  acidosis  ..•«...«.•..•.....  766 

stndles ....... 866 

Cricfceto  of  Nom  Scotia 866 

Crfmartium    KMoola.      {See    Wblte 

pine  blister  rast> 
Crop- 
adaptation  in  rtiatlon  to  climate, 

N.Mez 18 

estimates,  yaloe  and  accnracy.  692 

improrensnt  In  India 823 

^ast   and    pressnt    eXk' 

U.aD.A 616 

production,  cost  in  Obio,  Obio.  292 

prodoction  for  1919,  U.8.D.A..  487 

production  in  Algeria  and  Tunis  694 

reports,    U.8.D.A 93, 

298,  891,  490,  594,  792.  894 
rotations.       {See    Botation    of 

crops.) 
ytelds,  ftncreaalttg  In  Golf  Coast 

region,   U.&D.A 188 

yields.  Increasing  in  Kentucky 

and  Tennessee,  U.S.D.A 133 

yields  per   acre,    cbange    from 

year  to  year.  U.8.D.A 490 

yields  per  acre  in  India 894 

Cropping  system,  continuous 589,  590 

Cropping  aystems — 

adaptation  to  soils  in  New  Jer* 

sey,  U.8.D.A 19 

eflDsct  on  soil  moisture,  Mont —  429 
effect  on  soil  nitrate  content, 

Mont 419 

for  Arkansas,  U.8.DJk 183 

drougbt-resistant  and  water  tol- 
erant  . 891 

efftets  on  eacb  otber 185 

effects  on  following  crops,  B.I-  628 
for  sandy,  alkali,  and  bill  lands  891 
Irrigated,  costs  and  seasonal  dis- 
tribution of  labor,  Utab 888 

new,  for  Bbodesia 838,  825 

uigiiizea  Dy  vjjOOQIC 


946 


EXPEMBCEKT  STATION  BECX>BD. 


[YoL40 


Crops — Coudaued.  Pata. 

of  India  and  tlie  Bast,  diseases  47 

plant  food  remoyed  by,  Mont...  429 
(Bee  aUto  Field  crops.) 
Orololaria-- 

juneea,  seed  position  in  plant- 
ing    686 

taUiatM,  notes,  P.R 44 

Crow,  subspecies  in.  Colorado.. — ...  853 

Crown  gall,  notes . ... 844 

Cmcifer  rots,  notes ... 844 

Cmcifers,  root  loose  injury ..  60 

Crude  fiber.     {See  Cellulose.) 
Cryptoeoccue  farciminosus  Infection, 

association  of  bacteria  in.. 680 

Cryptothrtpa     eUri     n.8p.,    descrip- 
tion    358 

Crystal  violet,  antiseptic  value 285 

Cuckoo,  new,  from  New  Zealand 55 

Cucumber  blossoms,  beetle  on 853 

Cucumbers- 
angular  leaf  spot,  studies —  250,  440 

growing  under  glass 147 

llgfatning  injury 645 

sderotinla  diseases 40 

seed  treatment 450 

Cucurbit    anthracnose,     studies, 

U.S.D.A 250 

Culex,  breeding  in  rice  fields 867 

Culture  media — 

amino-acid   content ... 201 

bouillon,  new 180 

bouillon,  studies 810 

for  enumerating  colon-aerogenes 

organisms   . 881 

for  pathogenic  anaerobes 677 

for  soil  organisms,  Ind 739 

for  streptococci 180,  881 

for  Taccine  organisms 677 

pipette  for  tubing 12 

preparation 408 

reactions^  notes ..  805 

Cultures — 

bacterial,  system  of  notes. 881 

mass,  on  solid  media 805 

Currant — 

borer,  notes.. . .. 758 

clearwing  moth,  notes 763 

fruit  fly,  notes . 66,169 

leaf  spot,  notes,  Can 154 

seeds,  oil  and  press  cake  from —  808 

Currants,  variety  tests,  U.8.D^ 840 

Cuterebra  n.8pp.,  descriptions ...  458 

Cut-over  lands — 

in  Adirondacks .......  841 

re-afforesting 248 

utilisation 91 

Cutthroat  grass  in  Florida 187 

Cutworm,  black,  biology 167 

Cutworms  in  Louisiana,  U.8.D.A 58 

Cyanamid,  decomposition  in  soil 724 

Ciflae  fomUoaHua — 

notes ...........  269, 260 

studies,  V.B.UA 857 

^costomum,  notes ... 686 

fidrocladiufn  «ooparitim,  control.  761 

ndrotoma  aplendens,  life  history.  169 


OyUene  pieto.     (See  Hickory  borNr.) 

Cynipoidea,  type  species 862 

CyrtidflB  of  N<H>th  America 757 

Cytisus,  notes 844 

Daeus  tryotU,  control 856 

DahUas— 

and  their  tmifnry            ,      541 

bud  variation .-.....-  447 

Dairy- 
cows.     (See  Cows.) 

farm  cost  accounting^  Ohio. 875 

Cum  aoora  card ... 476 

farming,  crop  rotation  in,  Ohio.  876 
farming  for  small  farmers,  book 

on 680 

farming  in  Kentucky,  Ky 78 

farming  In  Sussex  Co.,  N.J 478 

farming,  papers  on.... 299 

herd  records,  Cal 876 

herds  on  general  farms.  Mo 674 

inspection  In  Rhode  Island 668 

laws  In  Wisconsin 462 

products,    educational    scoring, 

Conn.Storr8 678 

products,  statistics 476 

{See  also  Creameries,  Milk,  et4K) 

Dairying,  course  in 492 

Daisy,  y^ow.  inheritance  studies. 181 

Dakiu's  solution — 

automatic  distributor  for 12 

notes 182, 888 

preparation.. 13 

{Bee  aXeo  Chloramln-T  and  Hy- 
pochlorite.) 

Dams,  hydraulic  flU,  sliding  factor..  188 
Darso— 

chemistry  of,  OUa 608 

feeding  value,  Okla 278 

Dftdieen  meal,  analyses ^ 178 

Dasheens— 

culture  and  use . ..... 768 

culture  in  Philippines 245 

'  seeding  experiments,  Tex 730 

D€uylli8  thomcioa  larv»,  notes 658 

Datana  iniegerrima,  notes 269 

Date  palms,  culture,  U.S.D.A. 640 

Datwra     etrtimymktm,     inheritance 

studies 181 

Davainea-  eeetieflMu,  life  cycle 359 

Dawn,  "  warmth  of  '• 314 

Deaminlsation  in  the  animal  body 866 

Dehydration.     {Bee  Drying.) 

Delaware  College  and  Station,  notes.  98, 798 

Dendrograph,  description 817 

Dengue  fever  in  Australia 652 

Denudation,  problems  of 118 

Department    of    agriculture.     {See 
United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture.) 
Dermaptera    of    Plummers    Island, 

Maryland — ■■» ^ 649 

Dermatitis — 

granular,  studies 686 

pustular,  notes . 288 

Dermatohia  hominie,  relation  to  ticks.  62 

Dermatobia,  summary  of  Information.  268 

Digitized  by  VjOOQIC 


m»] 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


947 


Dermenes  vuipitm9,  la  Hawaii 266 

DoraiSftdera,  treatment... 588 


hftbltat,  experimental  erolntion 

in 120 

lakes  as  sonree  of  potasb .  128 

HUNUtalna,  plant  dlatribntion  on  129 


plants 
U.aDJ^ 


onergency      feed. 


27« 

plants.  Tltal   staUstics 129 

IMeeatlon  of  Africa 717 

Dtsmonydnc  of  British  India 63 

Bevtaffiles,     breeding    experiments. 

Minn 742 

Dextrin,  oxidation  with  bromln 618 

IMabetes--r 

eBtet  of  alcohol  In ...... —  364 

Increased  oxidation  in.. 766 

Diabetic  coma*  cause 463 

Diabetics,  foods  for 284 

Dtachasma  as  fmit-fly  parasite 469 

JHaarttmM  mmiiebria,  systematic  po- 
sition    656 

JMspkerMners  v^MH,  notes .....  858 

JHsportte— 

^aiotaiU,  stodles 


parosllioa^  notes ... 

sBibriwfl  nap.  on  rosea ..... 

Diarrhea,  bacterial  white.  In  fowls, 
lU 

Diastase^  oxIdo-Rdiicing .- — ... 


847 
68 

644 

686 
580 


aooeMroJIs.      (Bee  Sugar   cane 

borer.) 
sraesWIa,  sommary  of  Informa- 

UoB,   n.8J>.A 866 

iXbrvcftyt  oKtiooamiKS,  stndlee 859 

DtdOommbi-T — 

and    petrolatum    dressing    for 

boms 888 

antiseptic  yalne  and  nse-  181, 182, 284 

notes 882,888 

Dktwmt  n.gpp.,  descriptions 263 

Dk*9oph9rod€lpham    Moeseyi    n^sp., 

description 261 

Dloaadiamld — 

decomposition  In  son 724 

inlnring  barley  and  mnstard —      616 
DidlniiDD,    resistance   to   potassium 
Cjanid 456 


accessory  factors.  (Bee  Vitamin.) 

books  on 68, 178, 861, 661, 865,  866 

cereals  in 762 

cfflect  on  feces 477 

effect  on  toxicity  of  sodlam  tar- 

tiate 286 

effect  on   toxicity   of   tartrate, 

citrate,  and  oxalate 465 

Cat!  In,  significance . .  170 

in  borne  for  Incurables,  T<Hronto-  660 

in  bouse  of  industry,  Toronto.-  660 

In  DUUtary  hospitals 866 

to  war  time 178 

of  armies 862, 660 


ZMet—- Oontinued.  Page, 
of  British  and  Indian  troops  in 

relation  to  disease 664 

of  children.     {Bee  Children.) 

of  Italian  Army «  660 

of  Italian  Navy 661 

of  laboring  class  in  Glasgow 862 

of  munition  workers  In  England  865 
of    soldiers     in     the     training 

camps 68 

of  working  class,  "  man  yalue  *'.  174 

planning . 403 

protective  action  against  drugs 

and  poisons.. 465 

reduced,  effects 260,661 

relation  to  blood  cholesterol  and 

"lymphoid  defense" 767 

relation  to  intestinal  flora 867 

value  of  milk  and  vegetables  in.  369 

value  of  milk  In 179, 281 

(Bee  al8o  Food  and  Nutrition.) 
Dietaries— 

for  institutions 866 

statistics 862 

Dietary — 

computer « ^. 659 

diseases,  nature  of  active  agents.  466 
(Bee  dUo  Beriberi,  PeUagra, 
and  Scurvy.) 

for  miners 362 

properties  of  the  pea 762 

properties  of  the  potato 172 

Dietetics,  fundamental  principles 866 

DIgesUon— 

apparatus,  description 410 

studies,  first  American  report..  869 

Digestive  leucocytosis,  studies 71 

Dilatometer  method  for  wilting  co- 

efllclent,  Mich 22 

Dmdymu9  verHoolor,  notes 763 

Diorymellua  Iwvimargo,  notes,  N.J..  754 

Dioaoorea  spp.,  descriptions 637 

DIoscorea,  studies 667 

DiparopHa  oaatanea,  control 256 

Diphtheria — 

badlU,  disinfectants  for 478 

immunity   studies 179 

milk  as  source  of  infection 79 

toxin-antitoxin  mixtures,  Immu- 

nisaUon  with 680 

IHploearpon  rosw,  control 169,761 

Diplodia  tuberUxHa,  studies 347 

Diploffoater  aerivora,  studies 267 

Diprion  tkaOe,  notes,  N.J 754 

Diprionins,  new  species 761 

Diptera  of  North  America,  biology..  658 
Diseases—- 

of  animals.     (Bee  Animal  dis- 
eases.)' 
of  plants.    (Bee  Plant  diseases.) 
Disinfectanta— 

bacteriological  testing 780 

chlorln-containing 181 

methods  of  examining 84 

Disinfection,    alcohol,    theory    and 

practice 581 

Disking  experiments,  Minn 788 

uigiTizea  Dy  vjjOOQIC 


J    I 


948 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECX)RI>. 


[Vol.  40 


DlrtUlert'  grains—  Fage. 

analysea,  Ind 72 

analyses,  Mass 671 

analyses,  Mich 571 

dried,  analyses.  Me 470 

dried,  analyses,  N.J «65 

for  milk  production 572 

Distilling  apparatus,  descriptions.  709, 800 
Distributor,  automatic,  for  Dakln*B 

solution 12 

DJall  bias  as  food 058 

Dodder  In  West  Indies 156 

Dogs — 

color  Inheritance  In 870 

composition  of  milk 775 

Dohrtiiphcra  vmtU8t<h  studies 068 

Dolichos — 

analyses .. 657 

weevil  In  Hawaiian  Islands r  200 

Dolichurus  stantotU  In  Hawaii 864 

Dolomite,  fertilizing  value 815 

Dolomltlc  medium,  growth  of  sorrel 

In 40 

Domestic  science^  textbook 800 

Douglas  flp — 

Razoumofskya  Infection — .».-  268 

region,  logging  in,  U.S.DJL. 162 

rots  of 849 

Dourlae  In  South  Dakota 188 

Drainage- 
effect  OIL  soil  addlty 22 

of  marshlands,  Oreg 587 

of  roadbeds,  U.SJ>Jk 291 

tile  system,  Oreg 587 

waters  of  AfHca,  barrages  for —  717 

Dralntile— 

cement,  In  alkali  soils 888 

mixtures  and  mixing  for 787 

reinforced,  tests 787 

Dried- 
blood,  availability,  N.J 126 

grains  In  ration,  effect  on  bulk 

of  manure 120 

Drosophila,  hereditary  tumor  in 800 

Dro8ophUa  paradaxa  n.8p.,  descrip- 
tion    800 

Drought  of  1918  In  the  Qlrqnde 511 

Drug  plants,  descriptive  account —  247 

Drug»— 

control  of  hunger  by 270 

inspection .. 401,  559 

new  and  nonofflclal 284 

Dry  farming- 
experiments.. ...^.^..  524 

experiments,  Kans . 880 

in  Colorado *.  428 

In  New  Mexico,  N.Mex 18 

treatise -  828 

Dry  land  tillage  methods,  effect  on 

nitrate  content.  Wash.. 719 

Drying— 

of  foods 804 

of  foods,  U.S.D.A 414 

{See  aUo  Fruits,  Vegetables,  an4 
Canning  and  drying.) 


Ducks—  PagOk 

mallard,  food  habits,  U.S.D.A..  254 

management - —  177 

ovarian  transplantation  in 867 

ruddy,  tracheal  air  sse 351 

runner,  as  farm  layers 870 

wild,    "flshy-   flavor 256 

Durra,  culture  experiments,  U.S.D.A.  48S 

Dnstfail  of  March  0,  1918 016 

DustfUls  of  March,  1918,  n.8.D.A.  616 

Dusting — 

experiments S41 

experiments,  Can 164 

r.  spraying 240,  251,  648 

V.  spraying,  Kans 880 

V.  qiraylng,  W.Va 445 

Dyes— 

azo,    purification 808 

photosensltislng 18.  710,  711 

Dyestufl^,  natural 16 

Dystferma — 

dehumeyi,  notes 165 

9Cas9eUaiU,    notes 804 

tutur^ut.         (Bee      Cotton 
stalner.) 

Dysentery,  red,  of  cattle 296 

Bar  tick,  splnose — 

notes 656 

remedies,  U.S.D.A 682 

JVoriM  ineukmu — 

control 256 

relation  to  pink  boUworra 807 

Earthworms  of  North  America 267 

Earwig,  common,  notes 753 

Echlnocactus,  desiccation  and  respi- 
ration   29,  223 

EoMnodontium  Unotorium — 

control 842 

on  hemlock,  U.B.D.A 159 

Ecology — 

of  Michigan  dunes 226 

studies 129 

IkTonomic  conditions  in  Serbia 791 

Economics,  rural.     (Bee  Bural.) 

Eddoes — 

culture  and  use 763 

variety  tests 622 

Bde88a   medUahunda,   notes 160 

Education — 

agricultural.     (Bee  Agricultural 

education.) 
vocational.       (Bee     Vocational 
education.) 

Egir— 

abnormality,  peculiar 672 

albumin,  toxicity  and  nutritive 

value 408,  404,  562 

lajring  contests,   f^rm-flock,   In 

Missouri    876 

laying  contests,  Irish 071 

production  as  affMted  by  hatch- 
ing date,  Ohio 772 

production,  computation  of  cor- 
relation coefficients 871 

production,  diurnal  time,  Iowa.         77 
production  in  relation  to  molt- 
ing, Ind . 77 

uigiiizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


1»1«] 


INDEX  OF  8UBJE0T8« 


949 


fumen'.  In  Ohio,  Ohio. 
Govemment  operation.. 


Dtlnned. 

prodocCion,  BtndleB  .... .....  876 

{Bee  Qif  Hena,  U7lii9>) 
ntaUtirtea*     descrl^tiont     and 

analyseo 608 

SgniUiiti,  breeding  experiments...-  588 

alcoholized,  mortality  of  chlcki 

from .-.-  470 

as  afltected  by  qnlnln  feeding...  664 

detection  in  pastes.. . ...  260 

hatcfaabllily,  Ind 77 

tnoiliatlon . 671 

incnbation,  Gnam 872 

opened,  grading,  U.S.D.A 872 

photographic  examination  .. 115 

MbmHo  mnU-rivoUm,  studies 290 

■akom,  milling  and  baking  tests..  284 

Bectric  cooking  appliances. . 559 

Bectrlcltyt  atmospheric,  as  affecting 

plants 424 

■iectrocaltiire  experiments..  147,428,429 

■ectreljsU  in  chemical  ladnatry 109 

B&ectrolytic  apparatus,  platinum  sob- 

stttnte  for 109 

Ekoiiph^aa  n.g.  and  n.sppw,  deacrip- 

tioos .-.-..^......-.-  658 


592 


cQltnre  and  variety  tests 888 

coltore     at     Belle     Fonr^e, 

U.8  J[>JL 832 

cnltnre  in  Indiana,  Ind — .. 785 

milling  and  baking  tests 284 

mmatrtUa  n.sp.,  description 261 

smM.     (See  Apple  leaf-hopper.) 

imieolor  as  apple  pest 57 

Bmpyaala  of  facial  sinuses,  treat- 
ment  «.« 181. 

iMrmonto  pyriooloiio^  notes,  Md 756 

iBcyrtlde,  polyembryony 653 

Eocyrtina,  new  genera  and  species 859 

Endlre,  liming  experiments 134 

BBdocaidial  lesions  in  horses  during 

pneomococcas  infection 784 

JhidoCMa  porMMoa^  diacnssion. 159 

content  of  extra  foods .  269 

transformationsi  relation  to  food 

Ingested 270 

Sngbie,  antomobile,  for  power  pump- 
lag 188 

Ssgines,  tractor-^- 

foels  for ^ 190 

magneto  ignition 190 

(See  also  Oas  englnss.) 

Sastatlte,  fertilising  Talne 815 

Snteiltls  in  swine 784 

Intanologlcal  education  in  United 

SiBteo 98 

BstOBOlogy,   medical,  as  factor  in 

the  war 754 

latemophthora  la  Hawaii 804 


method  of  dialysis .... ... 

method  of  purifying 

rOle  in  immunity .. 

Boetonartimm  mmteicoUt,  studies . 

Ephestia  km^nieOtL     (£fae  Flour 
moth,  Mediterranean.) 

Bphialtes,  notes 

EpUsanta  atamaria,  notes 

EpioMoe  typhina  on  Bromua  ereotus 

Bpieocoum  sp.  on  sweet  potato 

Epidote,  solubility  of  lime  in 

Bpoehra  eantBdenuis,     (See  Currant 

fruit-fly.) 
Brifferon  imfMitfs  and  its  control,  Ind. 
Brioeampoidee  Umaelnn,    (See  Pear- 
alug.) 

Briophyes,  effect  on  maples 

Erioph^ee — 

pmal,  remedies,  Mont..... 

sp.  on  poplar 

Brioeoma  lanitfera,  studies.  Ark 

Brythrodextrin  in  starch  hydrolysis. 
Brifthrofieura  adar  n.sp.,  description 

BtHffeOa  pini  n.8p.,  description 

Ethyl  alcohol,  wood  waste  as  source 

of 

EtrogSk  culture  in  California ... 

Bucactophaoue  n.spp.,  descriptions.. 
Buchirlnm  of  British  India 


Ill 

408 
579 
452 


760 
170 
166 
847 
812 


788 


654 

450 
850 
165 
460 
261 
651 

17 
246 
655 

68 


bottiBiio,  remedies 167 

nmvama,  studies 167,856 

(Kudemie)     Rhopoboto    vaeolniana, 

(Bee  Blackhead  fireworm.) 
Bulaehtme  thunhergii  n.sp.,  descrip- 
tion       651 

Bumerue  atrioatue  in  New  Jersey —      654 
Bupatorimm  wrtiemfoHmm,  toxicity..      681 

Euphorbia  of  Hawaii 261 

Buproetie  ekrpeorrhwa,    (Bee  Brown- 
taUmoth.) 

Bupterygids,  genera  of... — . .- —      864 

Bueeepee  paroeUus,  notes..........      259 

Eusol — 

antiseptic  yalue 182 

preparation 414 

Butelue  bruehophoffi,  studies 862 

Buthripe—- 

pprL     (See  Peer  thHps.) 
trttioL     (See  Flower  thrips.) 
Byaporatlon  apparstus,  description..      505 
Brergreens,  injury  In  winter  of  1918.       258 

BveMa  huoUana,  notes 662 

Ewe's  milk,  composition 775 


749 
845 

48 

700 
294 
800 
409 
708 

401 


defarMOHB,  treatment 

pruai,  notes . — 

BmoJxuidlmm  vemane,  notes 

Experiment  station — 

at  Guadeloupe,  publications 

citrus,  at  Blrerslde 

forest  biological,  in  New  York.. 

in  Philippines 

projects,  long-continued  ........ 

workers,  return  from  war  serr- 
ice..... — — — — ..———— 


uigitizea  Dy 


Google 


950 


EXPEBIMEl!rr  STATIOK  BECOBD. 


[ToL40 


Bzperlment  station! —  Pagii 
EDd  laboratorleB  in  France,  Su- 
perior Council 99 

future   work,   influence   of  war 

on 408 

present  position  and  outlook —  1 

(See  also  Alabama,  Arizona,  etc) 

Siztension  work — 

in  horticulture 888 

In  pomology 884 

in  United  States 896 

Extraction— 

apparatus,  drip  protection 806 

by  partially  mlsdble  soWents—       611 

Fallowing  experiments 229 

Farine,  analyses 178 

Farm — 

account  of  South  Dakota  fanner.       488 

accounting 192,687 

adyisers,  reports,  Cal 789 

animals.     (See  Live  stock.) 

arithmetic,  type  problems 493 

census  in  Nebraska 194 

homes,  water  systems,  t7.S.D.A.        91 
implements,    care    and    repair, 

U.S.D.A 889 

labor.    (Bee  Agricultural  labor.) 

land  ▼alue,  U.8.D.A 792 

land  yalues  in  France,  treatise.      892 

lands  of  Japan,  redlTlsion 892 

lands,  terracing,  U.S.D.A 188 

loans,  Federal 595 

loans,  short-term 889 

machinery.      (See    Agricultural 

machinery.) 
management  in  the  South,  test- 
ing efficiency,  U.S.D.A 789 

management  investigations, 

Kans 888 

management,  papers  on 298 

management,  research  projects, 

U.8.D.A 890 

management  survey,  Iowa 888 

mechanics,  projects  in 796 

organisation  in  Montana,  Mont.      488 
ownership,   stages   of   advance- 
ment to 92,687 

products.       (8e0     Agricultural 
products.) 

science,  textbook . 205 

survey  of  Montana 92 

tenancy.        (See     Agricultural 
tenancy.) 

Farmers — 

and  the  new  day,  treatise 889 

income  tax 192 

Minnesota,  handbook  for 198 

organisation  198 

Farmers* — 

buying  and  selling  agencies  in 

New  Jersey 592 

elevator  movement,  Ohio 692 

Fund,  Patriotic,  in  New  Jersey.      490 
Institutes,  papers  on..... 695 

Farming — 

costs,   determination.... 192 

cosU  in  Ohio,  Ohio 292 

dairy.     (See  Dairy  farming.) 


inufliinc— Continued.  PacsL 

evolution  of . 589 

for  disabled  service  men 790 

grain,   in    North   Dakota,   U.S. 

D.A 786 

in  Arkansas,  U.aD.ik 188 

in    Colorado 428 

in  Gulf  Coast  region,  U.8.D.A..  183 
in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  U.S. 

D.A 133 

in  New  Brunswick 680 

in  New  Mexico,  rriation  to  cli- 
mate, N.Mex 18 

in  southern  New  Jersey,   U.S. 

D.jl 19 

In  Utah  Valley,  Utah 888 

iotenslve  method,  books  on —  689,  690 

plans  for  1919  in  Texas 789 

Specially  adapted  lines 891 

textbook 95 

timctor,  in  Idaho,  Idaho.. 90 

timetor,  in  Indiana,  Ind 788 

tractor,  in  the  Bast,  U.S.D.A —  89 
types  «Kf,  in  relation  to  cUmate, 

U.S.D.ih 116 

war-time,  in  England 790 

(See  mlee  Agriculture^) 

Farml- 
and farm  lands  of  California —  194 

collective,  in  Italy 889,  898 

cotton,  producing  home  euppUes 

on,  U.S.D.il 292 

general,  cows  on.  Mo 674 

State  Institntlon,  in  New  Jersey  692 

use  of  lumber  on,  Cial . 90 

Farmsteads^  attractive.. .. ..  640 

Fat- 
constituents,  action  of  symbiotes 

on 464 

determination   in   cocoa . —  206 

determination  in  feces 207 

stored,   utilisation   for  growth. 

Mo 667 

Fat-soluble  A.     (See  Vitamins.) 

Fats- 
digestion  and  absorption  in  in- 

ftint  feeding 661 

in  the  diet,  relation  to  intestinal 

flora 867 

isodynamic  substitution  for  car- 
bohydrates   568 

methods  of  analysis 811 

rancid,  reactions 412 

rOle  in  Immune  processes 380, 676 

rOle  in  utilisation  of  proteins.  464, 662 

significance  In  the  diet 170 

(See  eOeo  OUs.) 

Fatty  adds,  determination 804 

Fauna— 

of  British  India 63 

of  New  England 260 

Favus — 

in  poultry,  studies 488 

relation  to  Australian  wheat 683 

Feces — 

as  affected  by  diet 477 

determining  coprosterol  in 16 

fat  content,  determination 207 

uigitizea  Dy  vji\^\^*^iv. 


VHP] 


IKDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


951 


IMerml  acttritiet,  erroneoiis  Impres- 

Jtoni 7T8 

fWentloB  of  Women'!  InttttDtes  of 

700 

ezperlraentB.     {See  Cows.  Pigs, 
eie.) 

term  mnlmals,  Uteh 71 

QtillsitloB    of    wild    vegetatloD 

for 665 

Titamlo  factor  in 677 

Feeding  atnffs — 

analyses 72 

Aimflbj's  table,  U.8.D.ik 875 

determination     of     nltrogenona 

constituents 510 

Indian,    composition 866 

Inspection  and  analyses,  Ind —  72 

inspection  and  analyses,  Mass..  671 

Inspection  and  analyses.  Me 470 

inflection  and  analyses,  Mich 571 

Inflection  and  analyses,  VJ 666 

InspectioB  and  analyses,  Tex...  671 

law  In  Indiana,  Ind 72 

law  in  Texas,  Tex 672 

manorial  yalues,  Ohio ..  126 

mineral     constituents,     digesti- 

Mlity,  Tex 769 

new,  Iflcb 72 

phytia  phosphoroB  of.  Ark 772 

silica  of;  estimation 610 

weed  seeds  In 687 

(8;00  alto  epeeifle  Muds.) 

VeQoa,  analyses 768 

Feldspar,  fertllislag  yalne 184, 616 

FeUte  qn»-  te  liouiidana,  T7.8.D.A 58 

Fence  posta^  tamaiack  for,  Ohio...  744 

as  green  manure ..«» ..  84 

«M  iB  bread  making... .....  66 

Ferric  solphate,  fertilising  value 440 

FcrtUlty  In  tlie  lat,  reUtion  to  age-.  468 


228,821 

operlmenta.  Can 724 

experiments,  Tex . .. 616 

experiments,  Wash 422 

operlments  on  DeKalb  soil.  Pa.  728 

experiments  on  moor  soils.....  280 

experiments,  triangle  system 126 

{Bee  aUo  ej^eeial  oropa,) 

Industry  In  Great  Britain 816 

law  In  Massachvsetts,  Mass 617 

levHrements  in  England,  France, 

and  Italy,  U.8.D.A 422 

reqidranents  In  Great  Britain 24 

wqiUiements  in  Norway 127 

reqidrementa  of  soils.  (Bee  Soils.) 

Bitaatkm  in  Rhodesia 621 

Bltoation  In  Sonth  Africa 127 

sopply  of  United  States  fOr  1919, 

UJB.D.A 421 

Fertniieri 

analyaes 415 

ctemical,  book  on 421 


Fertilisers— Oontlnned.  Page, 
commercial,    insoluble    nitrogen 

in 184 

cost  and  returns,  Ohio 724 

effect  on  decomposition  of  or- 
ganic matter 214 

Inspection,  Cal 222 

inspection  and  analyses.  Conn. 

State 726 

inspection  and  analyses,  Mass..  617 

Inspection  and  analyses.  Me 424 

inspection  and  analyses,  Mo —  622 

Inflection  and  analyses,  B.I 617 

inspection  and  analyses,  Tex 726 

nitrogenous.     (Bee  Nitrogenous 

fertUisers.) 
phosphatic    (See  Phosphates.) 
potash.    (Bee  Potash.) 

unbalanced,  effects 621 

(Bee  o<«o  epeaifio  materiale.) 

FegCQO  " 

hard,  culture  experiments 186 

meadow,    and     clover,     yields, 

Minn 782 

meadow,  culture  experiments 186 

meadow,  for  irrigated  pastures, 

U.8.D.A 482 

meadow,  on  bog  and  moss  soils-  212 

meadow,  variety  tests 282 

Feterita— 

chemistry  of,  Okla 608 

culture  experiments,  U.S.D.A.  482, 488 

Improvement,  Tex 787 

Fever,  relapsing,  transmission 660 

Fiber — 

crude.     (Bee  Cellulose.) 

olona 620 

plants,  culture  in  Australia 524 

plants  for  Bhodesla 888 

plants  of  Cape  Province 527 

plants  of  I>utcb  Bast  Indies 486 

plants  of  South  Africa 288 

Fibers,  production  and  utilization 888 

Fibrin,   nutritive   value 463 

Field  crops — 

comparative  yielding  capacities-  624 

home  projects  in 296 

in  Canada  in  1916,  Can 792 

inspection . 299 

manual.. 622 

pedigreed,  in  Michigan 288 

pedigreed,  in  Wisconsin 624 

pedigreed  seed,  value 228 

southern,  course  of  study...—  492 

at  Bothamsted 828 

cooperative,  in  Ontario —  624 

in  Antigua 622 

In  Australia 280,524,826 

In  Barbados 434 

In  BritUh  Qulana 242 

In  Burma..... 528 

In  Canada 228 

In  FUi -  281 

in  Hawaii 828 

uigiiizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


952 


EXPEBIMBNT  STATION  RECORD. 


rVoL40 


Field  crop»— <^oiitliiiied. 

work— continued.  Vugd, 
in   India—  280,882,628,626,828 

in  Montterrat • ...  228 

In  Nigeria 280 

in  Northumberland  .•..^..  624 

In  Philippine* 228 

In  Rhodesia 230 

In  Union  of  South  Africa 624 

(See  atso  Crops,  Forage  crops. 
Root  crops,  etc.) 

Field  experiments,  standardisation..  823 

Pig- 
black  smut,  notes 62 

Blastophaga  in  California 264 

borer,  notes 863 

Pigs,  culture,  U.8.D.A 149, 838 

Filtration  funnel,  description 400 

Fir- 
balsam,  clearing  out 842 

grand,    Bchinodontium-infected, 

thinning 842 

Fire— 

blight,  studies.  Wash 746 

insurance,  farmers'  mutual..—  603 

Fires,  forest    (Bee  Forest  Ores.) 

Firewood.    (See  Wood.) 

Fish- 
canning  Industry.............  864 

diet,  effect  on  intestinal  flora...  867 

dried,  pest  in  Hawaii 266 

fresh-water,  food  value..... 665 

gelatin,  composition — .........  171 

muscle,    composition........ 171 

nomenclature ........  160 

nutritive  value . 66 

oils,  determination  of  hezabro- 

mid  value . 205 

oils,  production  in  United  States, 

U.S.D.A 614 

poisoning  in  Virgin  Islands 863 

scrap,  analyses.  Mass 671 

scrap,  analyses,  N.J 665 

scrap,  fertilixing  value.  Can 724 

Fisheries,  State  administration  and 

control 688 

Fishery  problems,  research  on 469 

Flavin,  antiseptic  value . 182 

Fiax— 

culture . 827 

culture  experiments 882,  438 

culture  experiments.  Can 735 

culture  in  Ireland 827 

culture  in  North  Dakota,  U.S. 

DJL 786 

Fusarium  resistance,  Minn 745 

grub  of  New  Zealand 266 

preparation... .. —  827 

rotation  experiments,  U.S.D.A..  881 

seed  treatment . 443 

seeding  experiments,  V.BJ>,A —  483 

variety  tests 882 

variety  tests,  Minn 782 

variety  teats,  U.S.D..A 832 

variety  tests.  Wash 780 

Flaxseed  press  cake,  analyses — . —  72 

Flea-beettes,  studies,  Me 867 


Fliea— 

house.    (Bee  House  fly.)  Paga 

manure-breeding,   control 856 

relation  to  summer  sores . —  586 

sense  reactions 859 

white.    {Bee  White  fij.) 

Florida — 

Station,  notes 495,600,798 

University,  notes 798 

Flour — 

baking  qualities.  Wash 762 

cereal,  as  feeds,  analyses T2 

color  reaction  for  examination —  411 
degree  of  bolting  in  relation  to 

nutritive  value 66,  460,  556, 657 

determination  of  acidity  in 13 

insects  affecting 865 

low-grade,  analyses,  Ind 72 

mites,  studies 856 

moth,  Mediterranean,  remedies-  547 

of  Queensland,  analyses 314 

red  dog,  analyses,  Ind 72 

red  dog,  analyses.  Mass 571 

red  dog,  analyses.  Me 470 

"  strength  "  of,  Minn 761 

three  centuries  of  prices . —  792 

trade  in  Foochow  District 868 

whole  wheat,  nutritive  value 66, 

67.460 

whole  wheat,  recipes 67 

(Bee  also  Bread  and  Wheat  flour 
aubstltutes.) 

Flower  thrips  Injuring  peaches .  650 

Fodder  crops.     (Bee  Forage  crops.) 

FOM«»— 

cpplamatue,  studies 160 

auetraUe,  studies  — . .....^.  48 

iffHiafiua  on  alder 844 

lueldus,  notes 48 

o/MmU*^  studies 160 

roeeuM,  studies 350 

Food — 

adulteration,  treatise 459 

and  nutrition,  papers  on 864 

and  the  war,  textbooks 796,899 

budgets 173,462 

charts 68,569,865 

conservation 173,894 

conservation,  bibliography 559 

conservation,  menus 559 

conservation,  teaching 197 

cost  chart 68 

cost,  treatise 68 

dehydration 864 

dehydration,  U.8J).A 4U 

economy,  books  on 861,669,706 

economy,  lessons  in 698 

effect  in  increasing  oxidation —  864, 

365,766 

gastric  response  to 269 

ingestion  and  energy  transfor- 
mations    2T0 

law  in  New  Hampshire 462 

law  in  Wisconsin 462 

likes  and  dislikes  of  peoples 696 

materials,   Florida,   menus  and 

recipes 560 

uigiiizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


101S] 


INDEX  07  SUBJECTS. 


958 


1 


Food— Oontlnaed.  Paga, 
Mlnlfltry  of  Great  Britain,  work 

of 866 

plant  of  tlie  Aitecs 728 

poiaonlnff   from    Gaertner-gionp 

organisms 862 

prcfiaTation,  laboratory  guide..  96 

Itreeerration 18 

preaerratlon    Industry 808 

price  Indexes 269 

prices  daring  the  war 766 

primer  for  the  home 669 

prodnctlon  in  Scotland 690 

production  In  Swltaerland ..  790 

prodnctlon,  papers  on ...  894 

prodncts,  inspection . 461, 669 

prodDcts,   inspection.   Me 461 

products  inspection,  regnlaUons, 

U.SJ>.A 92 

products,     reports    of    storage 

holdings.  U.8.D.ik 68 

purehase  of  a  family,  weekly 669 

quantities,  effects  on  human  life.  661 

relatton  to  health. 866 

reqiuirements  and  the  menu 660 

requirements  of  a  working-elaas 

family 660 

aring  and  sharing,  book  on 669 

situation  in  Canada 68 

altuation  in  Germany 661,660,866 

situation,  review .. 661 

itatistlcs,  handbook 766 

statistics,   index 462 

stored,     insects     affecting     in 

Hawaii 260 

supply  and  aTaHabtUty,  factors-  861 
supply    in    families   of    limited 

means 361 

sapply  in  war  time 462, 669 

supply  of  Great  Britain     462 

supply  of  man,  relation  to  plants 

and   #wtnwt|fy . ._  665 

BOpply  of  United  Kingdom 892, 669 

soTFeys,   U.8.D.A 68, 

178,  269,  S61.  462,  659,  766, 866 

tables  for  use  in  institutions 669 

topics,  NJ)ak 669 

Tshws,  teaching 96 

wastes,  causes  and  remedies 866 

{See  oUo  Diet) 
Poods— 

antiDcuritlc  value  as  affected  by 

beat  and  alkalis 666 

camied.    (See  Canned  foods.) 

extra,  energy  content 269 

green,  vitamins  In 664 

treatise 469 

wHd,  of  Great  Britain 860 

'oodstuflifr-* 

alkalinity  of  ash,  determination.  204 

content  of  purin  bases 205 

Dominican,  analyses 173 

dynamic  actloo... 866 

production  in  Brazil 892 

production  in  BCauritius 690 

water  content 204 

146W9*— 20 6 


Foot-and-mouth  disease —  Page, 

differential  diagnosis ..... 283 

in  Mauritius 680 

Forage — 

poisoning  by  wild  onion 677 

poisoning  in  California 778 

(Bee  aUo  Poisonous  plants.) 

use  of  wild  vegetation  for 666 

Forage  crops — 

diseases,  notes,  N.J 747 

field  tesU  in  PhUippines 228 

for  dry  lands,  Mont 429 

for  western  Kansas,  Kans 380 

in  Nebraska,  Nebr 621 

miscellaneous,  in  Barbados 434 

miscellaneous,  in  Indis 230, 

332,  523,  626 
miscellaneous,    in    New    South 

Wales 524 

miscellaneous,  in  Nigeria 230 

miscellaneous,  in  Queensland 230 

miscellaneous,   in  Rhodesia 230 

miscellaneous,    in    South    Aus- 
tralia    524 

native,  of  Australia 624 

of  BrasU 626 

of  Philippines 231 

on  reclaimed  swamp 231 

(Bee  also  specfot  cnip«.) 

Farda  spp.,  notes . 649 

Forest — 

administration.     {Bee  Forestry.) 

conservation  for  the  South 841 

conservation,    relation    to    for- 
estry education 393 

fire  control,  use  of  airplanes  In.  641 
fire  detection,   map  and  pano- 
rama for 640 

fires,  appraising  damage  to  im- 
mature timber 843 

fires  in  North  Carolina 248 

industry,  finance  organisation  in.  743 

insects  in  India 269,  260 

insects,  notes 163 

laws  in  New  Hampshire 643 

management  in  relation  to  dis- 
ease  control 252 

nursery  soils,  fungus  flora 862 

planting,  pamphlet 542 

policy.  State 743 

products   statistics 154 

products,  utilization  in  Massa- 
chusetts   ... 45 

reconnaissance    in    Philippines 

and   Borneo 841 

research,  after-the-war 841 

research  in  Europe 45 

research  program,  unified 743 

research,   value 151 

Service,      research      activities, 

war-time 743 

survey      of      New     Brunswick 

Crown  Lands 841 

trees.     (Bee  Trees.) 

Forestation  in  Great  Britain 248 


uigitizea  Dy 


Google 


954 


EXPERIMENT  STATIOUT  BEGOBD. 


[Vol  40 


FoMtry—  Ptie. 

and  recoostmetioii 743 

edacation 398 

elementary  treatise 151 

in  Anstralia 46 

in  California 744 

in  India 343. 640 

in  Indiana 45 

in  Italy 841 

In  Maine 45 

in  Massachnsetts 744 

in  Montana 642 

in  Netherlands  Indies 45 

in  New  Hampshire 548 

in  New  South  Wales 640 

in  New  York 343 

in  New  Zealand 152 

In  Pennsylvania 744 

in  Philippines 152 

In  South  Australia 448 

In  Uganda 343 

in  Union  of  Soath  Africa 448 

mnsenm  at  Kew 248 

present-day  problems 151 

private,  U.S.D.A 744 

problems,  Canadian 743 

pursuits,  monograph 898 

scientiflc,  for  Latin  America 248 

Forests — 

climatic  formations  In  Cape  Bre- 
ton Island 152 

community,  development 744 

grasing  in,  U.S.D.A 848,448 

National,  as  hunting  grounds..  748 
National,   in   southern    Appala- 
chians, influences 841 

National,  landscape  engineering 

in,  U.S.D»A 248 

National,  planting  policy  in 743 

National,  recreation  uses,  U.S. 

D.A 642 

National,  roads  in,  U.8.D.A 90 

National,  statistical  report,  U.S. 

D.A 447 

National,    water    supply    from, 

U.S.D.A 743 

nitrification  of  soils 418 

of  Alsace-Lorraine 248 

of  Bast  Aflrica 152 

of  France,  effect  of  war  on 152 

of  Virginia 343 

State  administration 688 

tolerance  studies 152 

Forftcula  tmrieuUuHa,  notes 758 

Formaldehyde,  detection  In  milk 418 

Foul    brood,    European,    in    South 

Africa 648 

Fowl — 

cestode,  life  cycle 359 

cholera,  U.S.D.A 183 

cholera  and  fowl  typhoid,  B.I —  685 

Fowls — 

alcoholized,  progeny 470 

anatomy 483 

chromosomes  of,  studies 276 

lutear  cells  and  hen-feathering 

in 665 


F<nrls — C6ntlnind« 

mating  habits .. •....^.  671 

ovaries,  studies 664 

secondary  sexual  characCen-...  871 

tozloology  experiments 687 

(806  oteo  Poultry.) 

Foxtail,  bacterial  disease,  studies —  648 

FranJUinieUt^^ 

floridima  n.Bp.,  deaerfptioii 868 

morrUU  n.sp.  on  apricot^.... 858 

Freemartins — 

notes,  Me 878 

studies 466 

FHt  fly,  summary  of  information 860 

Frog' tongue,  notes 288 

Froflt  Injuz]^^ 

mechanism 26 

to  jdants  and  firulta.  Wash 741 

Frosts — 

forecasting,  U.S.D.A IIT 

in  United  States.  U.S.DJI 209 

Fructose — 

antiscorbutic  potency 464 

bromlnation  as  affected  by  cata- 
lyzers   618 

determinatl<tt  in  presence  of  al- 
doses   507,  618 

Fruit- 
bark  spot,  brown,  studies,  Mont.  449 

blossom  bacillus,  notes 749 

blossoms,  bacterial  blight. 844 

blossoms,  frost  In^ry,  Wash 741 

bug,  harlequin,  notes 768 

bug,  Rutherglen,  notes 768 

crown  gall,  notes 58 

diseases  and  enemies  in  Switaer- 

land 249 

diseases  in  New  York 249, 251 

diseases,  notes 158,748 

farm,  cost  accounts 192 

flies,  control . 169,856 

flies  In  California 56, 169 

fly,  hereditary  tumor  in 860 

fly,  Mediterranean,  in  Hawaii 62 

fly,  Mediterranean,  notes 259,648 

fly  of  Argentina 757,758 

fly  parasites  in  Hawaii 459 

growing  in  Oelderland 245 

growing  in  New  Mexico,  N.Mex.  18 
growing  in  New  York,  Influence 

of  low  temperature  on 148 

growing  in  Utah  Valley,  Utah..  888 

Inspection  service.  Federal 844 

Juices,  studies 768 

production,  extension  work  in 884 

seedlings.    Index    of    hardiness, 

Minn 740 

tree  bark  beetles,  remedies 647 

tree  borers,  protection  against.  446 

tree  leaf-roller,  notes 162, 263 

trees,  asphaltum  treatment 445 

trees,  silver  leaf 748 

trees,  winter  Injury 848,835 

trees,  winter  injury,  Ind 834 

Fruits — 

acclimatisation  and  breeding  in 

446 

uigiiizea  Dy  vjjOOQIC 


Itl9] 


IKDBX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


066 


ftiiit»— <!ontiaiied.  PaiiL 
acrage  and  Tallies  la  Caltfor- 

nia 688 

acreage  in  Waahlngton 840 

aa  affected  by  rainfall  In  Nor- 
way    810 

aoetlon    aalea 489 

bloaaomlnff  periods,  U.S.D.A 44 

cnmied,  prodnetlon  and  dtetrl- 

Imtlon 461 

canned.  "  springing  "  of  tlna 208 

canned,  sw^lng  of  tins 764 

car-lot  distribution 489 

dtms.     (Bee  Cltras  f raits.) 

culture  ezperineats.  Can 741 

enltiire  experiments,  Mont 444 

odtore  experiments,  TT.8.D.A 444 

cnltare  for  home  ase,  U.8.D.A..  742 

caltare  la  the  garden ...  444 

dried,  ase 67 

drying 616,  808,  864 

drying  and  nerving  to  the  iMnne, 

Idaho 17 

drying,  vtiliaatlon  of  breweries 

for 615 

dnsting  experiments 246 

hardy,  breeding . 148 

hardy,  breeding,  Minn 742 

honsehold    vtllliatlon    withoat 

■J.  I,  I  AAA 

Inaecta  affectlag 168, 161, 163, 256 

insects  afl^tlng,  Kans 862 

Icpidopteran  pest  In  Italy 661, 668 

of  Mexico 246,842 

poQIaatioa 148.  638 

pome,   factors  In   f^nlt-settlag, 

Oreg 41 

pome,   hypochnose 48 

legalatlng  bearing  habit 148 

ripe  and  anripe,  pectins  of 202 

amall,  diseasfs 168 

tmaU,  insecto  affecting 168, 256 

ssmll,  temperatures  whea 

picked 160 

ftocks,  tests 444 

ttorage 160, 864 

snbtroplcal,  stadles 763 

Tsrletles  for  Minnesota 148 

Tsrieties  for  Mianesota.  Mino.  740,742 

varieties  for  Nebraska 840 

variety  collections .. 884 

variety  tests.  Mont 444 

variety  tests,  XJ.8.D.A 444 

(8!ee    also    Orchards^    Apples, 
Peaches,  e#e.> 

Pocellia  of  North  Anmlca 263 

Fade  acids,  stadles 804 

Fsmlgation,  stndies,  Ala.(Mlege 752 

Poagl— 

cultivated  by  termHea 453 

growth   on   culture  media  aad 

trees 208 

of  Porto  HIco 844 

parasitic,  of  Podolla,  Bussla —  156 

wood-destroying,  studies 850 

fugiddes— 

copper  sulphate  eoelBdent 268 


Vnnglddes— 0>ntlnued. 

formulas,  Cai .. 

laws,  U.8.DJ^ 


preparation- 


648 

46 

746 


amd  apsoijio 


(8€€  aUo   Sprays 
form;) 

Funnel,  laboratory,  description.. — .      409 

Far-bearing  animals- 
book  on 646 

laws,  U.8.D.A . 860 

Wnr  farming  with  mink 878 

Fs^ofiella  popaM  n.sp.,  description 169 


oon^laMaaas,  studies 186 

UtU,  resistance  to,  Minn 746 

matU  n.sp.  on  onion 648 

Bpp.  on  conifer  seedlings — . —  646 

spp.  on  potato,  Mont... 440 

spp.  on  sweet  potato 84T 

wu^feetum,  notes — . 846 

Fuaicladium  dendrUimum,     (Soe  Ap- 
ple scab.) 

FuBiooccum  perHicio9um,  notes 160 

Qabi,  culture  in  PbUippines 281, 244 

Gadflies  in  Florida  B^rerglades 757 

<aalbralth,  A.  J.,  necrologlcal  notice-.  600 

OiMierueelUh^ 

eaviootm,  food  plant 170 

caiXooIUf,  studies.  N.Y.8tate 68 

^cnelto,  notes 64 

OoUasi  spp.,  competition  on  different 

soil  types 424 

Gall:— 

mldgea,    studies . 168 

wasps,  type  spedes 868 

Oalleria  m^fUoneUa,  destruction  by 

cold.   Can. 760 

Galls,  insect,  of  America,  key 654 

Game  laws,  U.S.D.A 64, 751 

Gangr^ie,  gas,  serum  therapy 88, 

84, 881, 884 

Garbage- 
tankage,  nitrogen  of 134 

use  in  pig  feeding 279.  778 

Garbanxos    as    affected    by    sodium 

chlorid 486 

Garden- 
insects  and  diseases,  control 638 

insects  in  Louisiana,  U.8.D.A..  67 

Insects,    manual . —  649 

Insects,    notes 168, 256 

insects,  overwintering  and  con- 
trol. Wash 246 

plants,  diseases  and  enemies  in 

Switserland 249 

alug,  spotted,  C.8.D.A 66 

Gardening — 

fall  preparation  for.  111 44 

herbaceous,  treatise.... ...  640 

arsiiidr                           .....  447 

treatisesimm  246, 840, 444, 586, 688 
(See  al9o  School  gardening  and 
Vegetable  gardening.) 

Gardens,    home,    on    cotton    terms, 

U.S.D.A 298 

Garget    {Sw  Mammltls.) 

Garlic,  culture,  N.Mex 888 

uigitizea  Dy  vjjOOQIC 


966 


EXPEBIMENT  STATION  BEOOBD. 


[YoL40 


Om  enginefl —  Pate. 

andfreese  solutions 191 

carburetors,  adaptation  to  low 

▼olatile  fuels 191 

running,  tJ.8J>JI 291 

{Bee  also  Engines.) 

G9m,  mustard,  i»atliolog7  of  poison- 
ing by 882 

Gases-* 

analysis,  api»antu8  tor 111 

measuring  density 202 

Qasometric     determinations,     tedi- 

nlque 202 

Qastric— 

juice.  Young's  studies  in  1808..  809 

response  to  foods 269 

secretion  and  urine  ammonia. 766 

secretion  during  fasting 270 

secretion  in  infants'  stomachs —  71 
secretion,   relation   to   salivary 

l^ands.. . 867 

Gastrointestinal  layage  In  dogs 482 

eaatrophUiu — 

4mo4enaU$,  studies 458 

naaaHt,  oTlposition 684 

spp.,  studies 458, 858 

Geese,  management . 177 

€feleehia — 

^ostypMtaw     (See  Cotton  boll- 
worm,  pink.) 

MbieeeOa,  studies 754 

Genetics,  laboratory  manual 693 

Genital  glands,  endocrine  rOle 871 

Geoderoee  inoomptue,  notes.  Wash —  753 

€feoiea  equamota,  notes,  Ind ....  752 

Geological  map  of  Montana,  Mont-.  419 

Georgia — 

College,  notes ; 495.600 

Station,  notes 495 

Geranium  leaf  spot,  notes . 841 

Geraniums,  breeding  experiments 840 

Gestation,    prolonged,    in    suckling 

mice 469 

Giardiasis  in  rats,  treatment 884 

OibhereOa^ 

eauUnettU,  studies 847 

sp.  on  Sophora 844 

spp.  on  cornstalks 49 

Ginger,  culture  in  Philippines 231 

Gipsy  moth — 

destruction  by  starlings 647 

parasites  in  Canada 57 

polyhedral  yirus . 255 

portable  insectary  for ...  752 

Girls'  clubs  In  Canada 896 

Girls,   Tocational   training   in   New 

York 697 

Glanders- 
bacillus  as  affected  by  calcium 

hypochlorite  .. — . 478 

diagnosis 84, 

186,  288,  583,  680,  779,  885 

diagnosis,  U.SJ>.A 885 

notes 86,  676.  778,  880 

s»— 

ground,  effect  of  ingestion 885 

vessels,  permanent  marking 609 


Globulins  of  the  Jack  bean 80ft 

Otmoeporium — 

rufamaotilasu,  notes,  P.E. 47 

vefieiwm,  notes . 5S 

OiomereUa     goewypH,     relation     to 

weather ^  154 

Glucose — 

bromination  as  afleeted  by  cats- 

lysers 618 

determinatioa 812 

preparation  from  comoobs 17 

Gluten — 

feed  for  milk  production 572 

meal  and  feed,  analyses,  Ind 72 

meal  and  feed,  analyses,  Mass..  571 

meal  and  teed,  analyses.  Me —  570 

physical  propcoties.  Wash 762 

Glutooe  and  glutocose  in  molasses..  813 

Olycerids  of  butter  fftt 608 

Glycerin,  determination 804 

Glycerol,  determination  in  soap  lyea.  712 
Glycin,  significance  in  intermediary 

metabolism . .. 71 

(!Hife*phaffU9  oadoverum,  notes 855 

Glyoxylic  acid,  transformation  into 

formaldehyde . 607 

Onotimoechefma  htUopa,  studies —  62,  854 

Goat's  milk,  composition.. 775 

OatuUocerua  omatue  n-sp.,  descrip- 
tion    760 

Oonatopue  spp.,  studies.. ...  265 

OomgifUmema  inffli^9iookh  notes 687 

Gooseberries — 

breeding  and  testing  in  Minne- 
sota      148 

variety  tests,  Ohio 842 

variety  tests,  U.aD..A 840 

Gooseberry  mtldew,  notes..... 63 

Gopher,  pocket — 

in  Iowa . 646 

life  history  and  control,  Oreg 64 

Gortyna  mioaoea,  notes ..  648 

Gracilariidn  of  North  America,  re- 
vision    652 

Grain- 
aphis,  European,  control,  Ohio.  754 
aphis,  European,  studies,  N.J..  649 

aphis,    notes ..  648 

aphis,  spring,  in  Texas 866 

ash,  copper  determination  in. 807 

borer,  lesser,  notes 468 

Canadian,  marketing  under  war 

conditions 890 

crops,  winterkiUing 821 

farmtag  In  North  Dakota,  U.8. 

D.i 786 

fertHiser  experiments,  Mont —  420 

growers*  organisation  In  Canada.  688 

prices  and  supplies  in  Scotland.  194 

productiim  in  Switierland 525 

separators,  care  and  repair,  U.S. 

D.A 888 

spring,  culture  in  Indiana,  Ind-  785 

spring,  seeding  dates,  U.S.D.A..  882 
sprouted,  antiscorbutic  value.  565,  809 

statistics  in  United  States 294 

uigitizea  Dy  'kjxjkjwik^ 


tm$] 


IKBEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


957 


GnJn — Oftnttaiied. 

itozcd,  liuecta  alleetiiiff.. 
trade  oonferenoe ^ 


YarietleB  of  Utah 

Jidda  in   nlatton   to  nlafUl, 

Moot...... « .«.. 

(Bee  olaa  Cereals  and  9peeial 


855 
1»8 
299 

429 


Oialaa,  aaall,  culture  In  Texas,  Tes.      729 


cnltnre  experiments 882, 528, 826 

■eed  position  In  planting 685 

Giaaarles  In  rdatlon  to  reral  credit 
Id  Spain 8S9,890 

OiainiloBa,  coccidioidal,  in  cattle^.  88 

Giape — 

aathracnose,  studies 850 

black  rot,  studies 860 

cnrenliOk  studies,  U.8.D.^ 257 

diseases,  fungus,  eontrd 760, 845 

downy  aOidew,  notes^ —  58,760,845 

downy  mUdew,  studies ..  650 

downy  mildew,  treatment 262, 760 

induBtrlcs,  deyeloping^^. 889 

BMaly  bug,  studies — ^ .«_  660 

mildew,  notea 860 

mildew,  treatment .. 848 

ddlum,  notes ..^ 860 

Oldinm,  treatment 252,750 

phylloxera,  notes ..  262 

root-borer,  studies,  U.8.D.A. 257 

■imp,  iuTestlgations,  Cal 414 

Gnpefmit  production  in  Galitomia.  842 

Gapes— 

acreage  and  Talues  in  California.  688 
breeding  and  testing  in  Minne- 
sota    148 

breeding  for  phylloxera  reslst- 

688 

carbide  spraying... —  760 
CaiifOmian,     fermentation     or- 
ganisms  • • ....  110 

cBltme 246 

culture  In  cordon 588 

colture  In  Ohio,  Ohio 640 

culture  in  South  Australia 840 

cnrculionld  enemies 170 

direct-bearing  hybrids 638, 640, 838 

fertiliser  experiments 638 

fertHisers  in  relation  to  mildew-  860 

grafting,  new  method 446 

Hemito,  Ohio 842 

insect  enemies,  cultural  control-  269 

Hghtulng  Injury 645 

muscadine,  culture 246 

muscadine^  paste  fl!om,  U.8  JO.A.  808 

■pray  schedule.  Mo 842 

storage,  Ohio 149 

yarlety  tests,  U.S.D.A 444 

fierine— 

cochyUs,  control 456 

BBOtfa,  white-Uned 648 

crop%  lerHllser  e^wimente —  184 

I  In  Nebraska,  Nebr 621 

notes 163 

■dxtoies,  Umiag  experlmente-..  822 


Grass— Continued.  Page, 

mixtures,  tests,  Minn . 782, 733 

root  aphids,  notes 649 

Grasses — 

breeding  experiments,  Can 785 

British,  treatise 525 

culture  experiments,  Can 735 

for  reclaimed  swamp  lands 281 

germination 222 

lawn,  as  affected  by  soil  addlty.  126 

of  AustraUa 524 

of  Victoria 32 

of  West  Indies 32 

on  bog  and  moss  soils 212 

tropical,  for  paper  making 828 

(See  also  Pasture,  Meadow,  oMd 
epeeUU  prosses.) 

Grasshoppers — 

breeding  experiments 867 

notes 468,  853,  866 

notes,  Mont 462,  468 

(See  also  Locusts.) 

Grasslands— 

fertiliJBer  experiments 626 

harresting  for  hay   and   graa- 

ing 824 

liming  experiments 824 

Greasy  surface  caterpillar,  biology-  167 

Green — 

bug  in  Texas 856 

bug  on  coffee  in  India 661 

manures,  insect  pests 269 

manuring  experiments 24, 229, 321 

manuring  experiments,  N.J 126 

soldier  bug,  notes . 165 

Greenhouse — 

crops,     fertiliser     experiments, 

Ind 789 

crops,     fertiliser     experiments, 

Md 741 

insects,  new,  N.J 758 

insects,  notes 168 

plants,   effect  of  low   tempera- 
tures on 147 

Greenhousee,  construction 247 

Greensand  as  source  of  potash 299, 428 

Ground  squirrels,  control,  Cal 860 

Grouse,  heather  and  moor  burning 

for 667 

Growing  season   in   United    States, 

U.S.D.A 209 

Growth — 

and  form,  treatise 566 

and  nutrition,  standards  for 865 

as  afl^ted  by  Inorganic  elements 

in  diet 70 

as  affected  by  isolated  ovaries 662 

of  infants  as  affected  by  ma- 
ternal ingestion  of  placenta..  566 
of  steers  on  limited  rations.  Mo.  667 

of  the  body  In  man 872 

postnatal,  of  undersised  rats 469 

Growth-promoting    accessory.     (Set 
Vitamin.) 

Guaiacol  in  oil,  germicidal  power 882 

Guam  Station,  report 896 

Guanos,  cave,  analyses .....  621 

uigiiizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


958 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECOBD. 


[Vol.40 


Pact. 
763 

851 

177 
231 
479 
775 
467 
177 
557 
110 


Giiam,  analyses 

Ouiowtrdda  hid¥>ellH,  studies 

Guinea — 

fowls,  management 

grass,  culture  In  Philippines — 

pigs,  bleeding 

pigs,  composition  of  milk 

pigs,  oestrous  cycle 

pigs,  pigmentation-. 

Gulaman  dagat,  use  as  food 

Gulonic  lactone,  preparation 

adbestye,  prepaiation  from  corn- 
cobs    17 

motb  in  Australia 857 

resins  of  Arauemia  armteana —  615 
tragacanth  bassorin,  conversion 

into  bassoric  acid 202 

Guffi-oleo-resin  from  Boswellia  ser- 

rvta 248 

pums,  yegetable^  detection  in  food 

products 410 

Gur  manufacture  In  United  Proy- 

inces „ 208 

Gtw^nooonio  peckiana,  notes.- 58 

OifNMiosporaniHttM — 

Waadoieaitum,  studies 845 

macnpua,  notes 53 

Gypsum— 

as  corrector  of  soil  acidity 815 

fertilizing  value 440 

for  alfalfa  Wash 780 

Habronema  larvs  Infestation 586 

HwmatolHa     8erra*«k     {Bee     Horn- 
fly.) 
Hwmatopin»9-~ 

spp.  on  cattle,  Conn.Btorrs 651 

•wis,  studies,  Tenn 652 

Homanehu$  eontortut,  notes,  Mich.  88 
Hail- 
insurance,    statistics 804 

protection  experiments 118 

Hailstorm,  remarkable,  In  region  of 

Provins 512 

Hair  and  wool,  disinfection ^ —  783 

Halrlessness  in  pigs.  Wis 185 

Halophytes,    physiology 424 

Hampton  Institute,  notes 00 

I£aplooimaUnkU8  amerioanu*,  studies.  266 

Hardback  grubs,  parasites  of 265 

Hardwoodo,  clearing  out 842 

Harvest  hands,  city  volunteer 389 

BargleHa  eoBianem,  studies 861 

Hauling,    wa0on    and    motor,    cost, 

U.S.D.A 03 

Hawaii  Federal  Station,  notes 605 

Hawks  of  Canadian   Prairie  Prov- 
inces  •.••.••.^.•«. 265 

Hay- 
consumption,    bulk   of   manure 

produced   by 126 

ops,  cost  of  production,  Ohio-.  292 

fever,  relation  to  agmantln. 608 

stackers,  U.SJ>.A 788 

{Bee  aUo  Meadows,  Grass,  and 
Alfalfa,  Clover,  etc.) 


Heat  production  of  the  body,  studies-       868 
Heather,    burning    for    grouse    and 

sheep 667 

Hegarl,    culture    ezperlmants,    U.8i. 

D.A 438 

Heifers- 
breeding,  development.  Kins  ,  869 
dairy,  ffeetors  affecting  growth 

and  sise.  Mo «77 

French  Canadian,  cost  of  raisins. 

Can 775 

pasturing  experiments,  U.8J0JL.      471 
{Bee  alto  Cows.) 
BeUmimm  tetmifoHuwh  toxicity,  Ala. 

CoUege .— 778 


ofMMiiis,  water  rdattons.... 427 

tuberotme  varieties 827 

Belianthus,  inheritance  studies 181 

ffelio^Jkls  oftMls«a.    <See  Oottsa  boll- 
worm.) 

Helioihfipt  mhroclnetme,  notes 856 

HHminth^tporimm        ooratheeMdee 

n.sp.,  description 165 

Helminths,  toxic  product,  studies —  84 

BHodrUu9  weMU  n.sp.,  description..  267 
Bemeroeampa     lemooeUffma.       {B9e 
Tussock  moth,  white-matted.) 

Betnerophtia  portan*,  notes..... 648 

Hemichroini,    notes 761 

BemUHa  vattmtrim,  control 751 

Hemipten-Heteroptets  of  New  Eng- 
land  w.... . 260 

Hemlock,  western— 

Echinodontium  -  infected,     thin- 
ning   — . 842 

heart  rot.  U.8.D.A 169 

Hemoglobin  solution,  proagglutinold- 

like  reaction 770 

Hemogloblnenda  of  cattle  In  Sweden-  585 
Hemoglobinuria  of  cattle  In  Italy —  782 
Hemolysins  and   proteolysins,   rela- 
tion -^ 286 

Hemorrhagic  septicemia.    {Bee  Septi- 
cemia.) 
Hemp- 
culture  experiments 231 

Deccan,  production  in  Africa 238 

effect  on  following  crop,  Minn.  734 

old  treatise  on 628 

pulp,  fertillxing  value 620 

Hens,  laying — 

feeding   experiments.. . 670 

feeding  experiments,  Ind 76,  773 

loss  of  pigment 671 

method  for  determining,  Md 571 

nesting  habits,   Iowa 77 

(Bee  also  Egg  production.) 
Heredity — 

in  barley — 825,  826 

in   cattle 78 

in  cattle,  Me^...... 367 

in  Cfiohorium  intybu* 225, 427 

in  fantail  pigeons ^ 275 

la  niAiio— ^•— ...M^— — —  826 

uigiiizea  Dy  vjjOOQIC 


1919] 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


dsd 


Heredity — ContiDiied.  Pail. 

la  maiae.  N.Y.Conidl . 480 

la  oats 280.  488,  528,  629 

la  (Etoothera 182 

ta  Ortboptera 867 

la  Pimm 147,  225 

la  poaltry 177 

In  rice 681,  682 

la  angar  cane 241 

In  tobacco,  Uoesom  color 442 

in  wbeat 140,148,625,636,880 

Mendellan,  studies,   Colo 524 

adlk  production  factors  in 672 

of  color.      {See  CSolor  Inberlt- 


In 


181 
275 

860 
878 

852 


) 
of  fertUltj  In 
of    germinal     pecolisritles 

Rndbeckla,  Datnra,  etc 

of  statnre 

of  tnmor  In  DrosophUa 

of  twinning  In  cattle.  Me 

{See  eleo  MnUtlon.) 

Bemlan  fly,  notes,  Kans 

VtUroooeeue    n.g.    and    n.spp.,    de- 
scriptions         262 

BeUredera— 

redMeola^  on  potatoes 847 

fmHeUsoia  on  sugar  cane,  U.S. 

D.A 157 

■p.  on  peas 845 

Hetsroiysins,  stadias 078 

Hetcffosis— 

bearing  on  double  fertilisation. 
Mendellan  Interpretation,  Conn, 

State 

i70Ms  hroedtmele.    {See  Bnbber.) 


226 


828 


eemmmbie,  prodnetlon  in  Africa.  288 

moeehemtoa,  insects  affecting 754 

Hickory  borers,  notes 259 

Bierofeieo   rssfiooiss   etmdican9    In 

Nortb  Dakota 161 

Highway — 

eni^neerlng,  traflic  laws  in  rela- 
tion to 887 

transportation,  economic 887 

Highways.     {See  Bonds.) 

VisMSlis  eMUfera,  notes 848 

ff^ppofion  celerio  In  South  AfHca 648 

Hipparlc     add,     determination     in 

Qiine 611 

Bogduilem— 

cases,  paratyphoid  badlll  from.  480 

control 89,577 

determining  In  the  herd 888 

laumnlsation,  Okla 290,688 

notes 86.676,778,880 

studies 788 

stDdles,  Ind 788 

ttodles,   Minn 784 

▼Iros,  effect  on  laboratory  ani- 
mals   480 

Hog  loose,  studies,  Tenn 652 

Begs.    {See  Pigs.) 

HsQy  tortriz  SMth,  stndlet 167, 856 


Home —  Page. 

grounds,  beautifying 247 

grounds,  planning  and  planting, 

Mont 447 

project    in   agricultural    educa- 
tion    295 

projecta    for    New    Hampshire 

schools 296 

Home  economics— r 

course  for  Texas  homemakers 197 

handbook 861 

instruction  In  Atlantic  Co.,  New 

Jersey 295 

instruction  in  1917 794 

instruction  in  San  Flrancisco 294 

Instruction  in  Texas 598 

Instruction,  papers  on 894 

lessens  in 197,198 

manual  and  course  of  study 896 

textbooks 296,796 

{See  aUo  Household  anci  Voca- 
tional education.) 

Hominy — 

feed,  analyses,  Ind 72 

feed,  analyses.  Mass 071 

feed,  analyses,  Mich 571 

feed,  analyses,  N.J 665 

feed,  analyses,  Tex 571 

feed,  feeding  Talue,  Ind 668 

meal,  analyses,  Me 470 

HoeMna  coftearia,  studies 458 

Honey — 

Argentinfl,  analyses 558 

examination 14 

producing  plants,  tests,  Okla —  65 

recipes 461 

Tltamin   content 564 

yields  in  1916,  Can 759 

Honeybees.     {See  Bees.) 

Hookworm  oya, .  destruction   by  low 

temperatures 685 

Hops,  marginal  teeth  of  leaves  from 

different  clones 527 

Horn-fly    as   affecting   milk   produc- 

Uon 648 

Horse— 

bote.     (See  Botflies.) 

flesh,  analyses 656 

mange,  notes 89,676 

serum,  utilization  in  human  nu- 

trlUon 269 

Horsefly     of     Erorglades,     peculiar 

habit 263 

Horses — 

breeding 188 

color  inheritance  in 870 

diseases  of  dlgestlYe  organa 86 

feeding,  tJ.S.D.A 875 

immunized,  cause  of  death  in —  881 

lice  control  on 684 

Para  grass  for,  Guam 866 

pneumococcus  immunization  —  784 
poisoning    by    HeieiUum    tenui- 

folium,  Ala.College 778 

raising  and  handling,  Okla 76 

raising  in  the  West 177 

uigitizea  Dy  vjjOOQIC 


960 


EXPERIMEirr  STATION  RECORD. 


[Vol  40 


Horses — Oontlnned.  PafB, 

■Ick,  Bodiam  chlorid  yariatlons 

Id  senim 287 

typhoid  infections 289 

wbeat  bran  for 670 

Horticultaral — 

Instruction,  papers  on 195 

InvestigatlonB,  notes,  Okla 42 

practice,  nutrition  basis  for 147 

Horticulture — 

and  tbe  war 838 

elementary,  manual 796 

extension  work 838 

home  projects  in 296 

teaching 898 

House  fly — 

as  carrier  of  Davaktea  ee9tieUlu»-  399 

sense  reactions 859 

Household — 

accounts,  manual 659 

business  of,  treatise 796 

chemistry,  textbook 498 

physics,  teaching 492 

thrift  in 96 

(See  also  Home  economics.) 

Rumln    nitrogen,    determination    In 

feeding  stuffs 510 

Hummingbird,  Costa's 646 

Humogen.     {See  Peat,  bacterlsed.) 

Humus,  chlorin  index 619 

Hunger,  studies 270 

Hyacinth,  yellow  disease,  notes 844 

Jfyalopterue  arunditUe,  remedies 161 

Hydrochloric  acid  estimation,  colori- 

metrlc  scale  for . .. 505 

Hydrocyanic  acid — 

determining,  Okla 804 

effect  on  plants,  Minn 745 

gas,  effect  on  leaf -roller  oggs 162 

gas,     effect     on     subterranean 

larysB 256 

in  sotghum,  Okla 804 

Hydrogen — 

analysis,  apparatus  for 111 

preparation  and  purification 607 

Hydrophobia.     {See  Rabies.) 

Hydrotieas,  new 268 

^-Hydroxyglutamic  acid,  structure..  611 

a-Hydroxypyridln,  antlnenritic  prop- 
erties   271 

Hygiene,   treatises 694,866.899 

Hylemyia — 

ontiQua,  notes 648 

coarotatti,  notes 647 

Hpmenoehwte  notHa,  notes 53,  249, 340 

Hymenoptera,  parasitic — 

immigrant  in  Hawaii 265 

new 61.  458,  761 

polyembryony— — ™— 265 

Hymenopterous  egg  parasites,  adult 

habits 459 

Byphantria  ounea,     (See  Webworm, 
fall.) 

Hypochlorite,  calcium,  effect  on  glan- 
ders bacillus..........-^... 478 


Hypochlorite  solutions — 

alkaline,  methods  of  analysts^  US,  309 

antiseptic  value 182,284 

preparation 709 

prevention  of  blood  clotting  by 182 

stabilisation 710 

(See  alao  Dakln's  solution.) 

Hypochlorites — 

and  hypochlorite  substitatea 284 

determinatloD  in  solutions 410 

Hypoderma  larra,  latoal  splrades 

in 62 

Hypophosphltes,  determlaation 400 

Ice-age  qqestlon,,,,,,^ 811 

Ice  cream — 

bacteria  In  doring  storage,  N.T. 

Cornell 777 

manufactove,   Iowa — ^. 81 

manufacture,  Okla 81,  675 

sugar  subatitntea  la 777,802 

testing  for  butter  f^t,  Okla 81 

Ichneumon  flies  finun  Jats 458 

Idineumonid  paraaltea^  correct  names  760 

Ichneumonoidea,   families  and   sub- 

ftunUles 65 

Idaho- 
Station,  notes 98,  495,  600 

Uniyerslty,  notes .« 495,  696 

Idiogastra,  new  suborder .....  265 

IlUnols— 

Station,  report 198 

University,  notes 496 

Immune  processes,  rOle  of  fats  in.  380, 676 

Immunity — 

and  tissue  transplantation 578 

and  tolerance 82 

relation   to   fermentative   reac- 
tion    882 

rOle  in  the  war 477 

rOle  of  ensyms  in 579 

studies  by  tissue  culture  method  176 
to  infections  of  unknown  cause, 

absorption  method • — ^  678 

Immunisation — 

of  horses,  cause  of  death  in 881 

pneumococcus.  of  horses ...  784 

products  and  their  use 882 

(See  also  Anthrax,  Hog  cholera, 
etc.) 

Inbreeding  and  crossbreeding,  effects 

on  development.  Conn.   State 823 

Inclosure  movement  In  England 688 

Indiana  Station — 

notes 496.  696,  900 

report ...  796 

Indicator  from  myrtle  berries 409 

Ind  icators,  qulnone  phenolate  theory  .  202 

Indigo- 
culture  experiments 332,626 

pruning  experiments 629 

root  development 629 

soils  of  Bihar 620 

Infantile- 
paralysis.    (See  Poliomyelitis.) 

scurvy,  studies .  368,666 

scurvy,  treatment.............  869 

uigitizea  Dy  vjjOOQIC 


1819) 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


961 


feediaff 68, 269. 

272. 864,  879, 462,  665,  560, 661, 869 
growth,  as  affected  by  maternal 

Jnseatlon  of  placenta ^.      666 

BcwiMni,  ButritloB  and  growth.      661 
(Bee  olao  ChUdren.) 
laluiti'  atimiarha,  gastric  seeretioa.        71 
iBfecttoiM 

Blzed,  seroaiagnosta.. 


of  uikiiowii   cause,  apedflc  an- 
tor 


678 


evBlne^  semm  dJagaosIs 889 

relatloB  ta  bedbogB 848 

laberltance.     iBee  Heredity.) 
iDseet'— 

galls,  American,  k^ 564 

larvK,  BQbterranean,  fumigation.  256 
panislliea>  determining  relations 

In  mixed  Infestattons 164 

TisltoTS  of  aplxea  and  blackberry.  547 

iBMcU  of  Bartiadoe 56 

iBKctaiy,  portable 752 

iBMcticides— 

and  their  application 452 

contact,  mode  of  action 752 

feramlasb   Cal 548 

law^  U.8J>.A 45 

sdectlon 59 

161 

758 

{Bee  alto   Sprays  Sfi4  epedfio 
Amvm.) 


affecting  storad  food  In  Hawaii.  259 

affpfttng  stared  grain 855 

control  by  birds 255 

ecology,  notes 648 

eeonondc;  la  Hawaii 854 

foreat    {See  Forest  Insecta) 
garden.    (8'ss  Garden  insects.) 

IsuBsnIty  principles . ^—  164 

InJinlOM — 

In  Ariiona 858 

in  BarlMdos —  648 

In  Bihar  and  Orlsia 57 

in  British  Golana 168 

in  Ceylon 453 

In  Colorado 161 

inCypros 648 

in  Bn^and  and  Wales 648 

In  France 845 

hi  India 260 

In  Indlana,Ind 752 

In  Ireland 260 

in  Jamaica 259 

In  Kansas 452 

In  Kansas,  Kane 852 

In  Madras 854 

In  Ifalay  States 260 

In  ManritlQS 648 

In  Montana,  Mont 452 

In  New  York :, 168 

In  Nova  Scotia 57 

In  Ontarto 648 


Insects — Continued. 

Injurious— <:ontlnned.  Page. 

In  Porto  Blco,  P.B 66 

In  Quebec 259, 648 

In  Buasia 163 

In  South  Carolina,  8.C 647 

In  South  Dakota 854 

In  St  LucU 453 

In  Straits  Settlements 260 

In  Sweden 168 

In  Tasmania 753 

In  Trinidad  and  Tobago 852 

In  West  Indies 

to  cotton,  sugar  cane,  etc. 
(See  Cbtton,  Sugar  cane, 
sfe.) 

life  history  studies,  method 752 

nature  book  on.... — . 795 

of  New  Jersey 854 

of  spruce  and  pine  cones 168, 164 

of  the  mulberry  In  Formoea 168 

on  greoihouse  and  ornamental 

plants,  N.J 758 

on  Imported  orchids,  fumigation.  352 

orchard,  notes 161,168,256 

orchard,  notes,  Kans 852 

polyhedral  Tims  ...... 255 

protecting  wheat  flour  substi- 
tutes frm  —.—.—.——        59 

psychic  llfe^  handbook 647 

reUtlon  to  disease 259, 649 

social  habit  among 568 

taxonomy,  Wash 758 

wings  of,  treatise 851 

wonders  of  instinct 255 

(See  alao  epeoifle  ineeete,) 

Insurance — 

companies,  mntoal 598 

han 894 

International — 

Association     of     Poultry     In- 
structors and  InTcetigators..  499 

catalogue  of  physiology 869 

Intestinal — 

flora,  regulation  through  diet..  867 

parasites  of  the  dog 778 

protosoa,  flagellated 186 

trichlne,    studies 476 

Inulase    formation    tn    Aeperffillue 

niffer 518 

Inulln  In  chicory  root 825,  727 

Inyert  activity,  determination 12 

lodlmetry,  use  of  arsenlous  oxid  in.  609 
lodlo— 

action  on  hypophosphorous  and 

phosphorous  acids 409 

chlorid,  antiseptic  yalue 779 

In  oil,  germicidal  power 882 

Influence  on  the  circulation —  274 

lodotannlc  reagent 610 

lole,   new,   description 851 

lonlsatlon  In  war  wounds 779 

Iowa — 

CoUege.  notes 696,  900 

Station,  notes 900 

Station,  report 397 

uigitizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


962 


BXPESniBHT  8TATIOK  BBOOBD. 


(y«L40 


Ipobraeom  ■  ■ 

grenaden&U,  notes..-.. 664 

aaoeharQlt9  ii.sp.,  deacrtptlOB —  664 

Iridomurmem  hmmiUfp  natiml  ene- 
mies   • 66 

Iris  rot,  notes .. ...,«-  .■■.  844 

Iron — 

agrlcoltnial  etody .........  7S6 

salts,  inflnence  on  nltrle-nltro- 

sen  accnmolation 722 

sulphate,  preparation  and  nse 748 

Ironwood,  Mack,  fungns  disease 160 

Irrigation — 

slkall  dlstribntlon  bj 719 

border  experiments,  U.8.DJL. 484 

ditches,    pasturing    sheep    on, 

U.8.D.A 472 

(8e0  4080  Canals.) 

experiments,  Kans 830 

(See  aim>  tpeoial  ervps.) 

farming  in  Utah  Valley.  Utah..  388 
lyslmeter  InTestlgatlons, 

U.8JD.A 482 

projects,  pumping  on 188 

projects,  use  of  water  on 187 

requirements  of  Yoma  project, 

UJU>.i 484 

scheme,  Gesira,  in  Sudan 791 

under  Carey  Act,  U.8.DJk 786 

water  rights  leglsUtlon,  Utah..  483 

water,  use 886 

l9aria  arachnaphUa,  notes . 469 

Isoleucylvalln  anhydrid,  structure 611 

Isopoda,  terrestrial,  check-list 647 

lihyoerus  navetwrocenHe.    (Bee  Wee- 
tU,  New  York.) 

Itty$  penMtrto  n.sp.,  description...  760 

Isode$  HotoiM — 

notes ^ 686. 687 

relation  to  louplng-Ul ..  884 

Jack  beans — 

culture  in  Guam,  Quam 828 

globulins    of 806 

Jacks — 

in  Oklahoma,  Okla 76 

in  Utoh.  Utah 473 

Japanese  cane.     {See  Sugar  cane.) 

Jelly- 
making,  pectin  test 668 

making  with  sugar  savers 668 

manufacture 414 

pectins  forming 202 

Johnson  grass — 

germination 222 

hay,    mineral    constituents,    di- 
gestibility. Tex 769 

seed,  resistance  to  desiccation —  39 

Jowar,  seed  position  In  planting 686 

Jute — 

culture  in  Pumea 288 

Bhlsoctonia  disease 48, 347 

Kafir  com — 

as  silage  crop,  Kans 330 

chop,  analyses.  Tex 671 

culture  experiments,  Okla 32,  624 

culture  in  Guam,  Guam 327 

feeding  value,  Okla 76, 278 


fVtUlaer  experlBMnts,  Okla.. 

grawing  with  legumes 

iBproTenwnt,  Tex . 


624 
822 
787 

sei 


760 
022 


relatlDa    «s 


■Uncial  conatitDsntB, 

Ity,  Tto 

seeding  rates,  Nehr.. 
weight   of   heads, 
of  whori 

830,  SSI 

Kaflrin,  hydrolysis llO 

KoMpsHa   Iftwfasoiata  on  perslsi- 

tt.  167 


root-louse  Injury . 60 

seed,  growing;  Waah «»  84(0 

saK— 

College,  notes 06, 497. 600. 7»8 

Stetion,   notes 96,497,798 

Station,  report 3«7 

Kaoliang,  culture  experlaMOts,  U.8. 

Djk 488 

Ksir  and  keOr  whey,  Iowa 879 

Kelp— 

as  source  of  potadh 128 

decolorising  eaiban  fhmi 12 

files  of  North  America 263 

Kentucky — 

Station,    notes 98.199.497.798 

Unlyersity,  notes.  98, 199, 497, 696, 798 

Keratitis,  Infectioas,  studies 685 

Ketonic  function  in  metabolism 464 

KUioHermm  pcfmsykHuileiMn,,  notes.  260 

Kitchen  economy . 361 

Kitchens,  ftom,  water  aystem  for. 

Mich 789 

Kohl-rabl— 

culture  on  moor  soils.... 628 

fields^  weed  control  In.. . ..  636 

Labor — 

costs  and  seasonal  dlstribuUoii 

In  Utah  VaUey,  Utah 388 

saving  In  live-stock  production, 

U.8.DJI 78 

(Bee  also  Agricultural  labar.) 

Lac  Industry  In  India 660 

Lachnosterna  larvieb  fumigation.. 266 

Laehnme — 

/siMpeKvora  n.sp.,  description.  661 

panme,  new  genus  for........  661 

Lactade,  manufacture  and  use,  Iowh.  379 

Lactic— 

acid  starters,  preparation  and 

propagation .. 79 

add,  thlophene  test  for.. 114 

fermentation,  action  of  mixtures 

of  salts  on. ..«.^.»^.  681 

Lactose — 

antiscorbutic  potency 464 

determination . 607 

determination  after  heattaig  and 

addition  of  sodium  bicarbonate  618 
determination    in    milk    choco- 
late   14 

Industrial  manuCacture 416 

uigitizea  Dy  vjOOQIC 


1919] 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


968 


JLambfl —  Page. 

tan  cUpping.  Nebr 569 

fan  feeding,   Nebr 569 

feeding  experimezitB,  lawa 874 

orphan,  feeding,  Utah 378 

paataring  ezperimenta,  U.8J>Jk.  471 
(See  «Iao  Sheep.) 

Lamemcomin  of  British  India 68 

lilBd— 

clearing,  Mich 788 

credit.   (£ree  Agricultural  credit.) 
grai-t    colleges.      (See   Agricul- 
tural colleges.) 

grant  of  1862 195 

Indosare  movement  In  England.  688 
plaster.     (See  Gsrpsum.) 

prtyate  colonisation 192 

settlement 198,688 

settlement  and  tenure  In  New 

Zealand 106 

settlement  for  ez-servlce  men 389, 

591»  687,  790 
settlement  In  CaUfomla.  194, 389, 591 

settlement  In  Canada 790 

settlement  in  the  Punjab 505 

settlement  on  Irrigation  projects  687 

tenancy,  social  aspects 890 

tenancy,  studies.  Wis 892 

▼slues  in  France^  treatise 892 

UTee  also  CQtK>ver  land.) 

Unds  of  Japan,  redlvlslon 892 

haphpifma  frugiperda.      {See  Army 
worm,  faU.) 


Chermes,  studies 262 

Inaeets  of  bark  and  wood 453 

Kaioiimofaliya  Infection ^  253 

LsTd— 

as   affected    by    feeding   stuffs, 

Ala.Ooll«e 772 

digestfliillty 268 

production    in    United    States, 

VJSJDJk 014 

LmnB  hyperiHtreus,  subspecies  of 254 

Latlodenma  aenrioome.     iS^e  dgar^ 

ettebeeOe.) 
L9»iod4pU>dia  tlieobroma,  notes...  155,  252 

liislopterlarlaB,  studies 168 

LatuMina  n.spp.,  descriptions 263 

Latp€irreH^-~ 

aiolestai,  brief  aeconnt 652 

moiegta,  studies,  Md 756 

prufttvora,  notes,  Md 756 

latb,  production  in  1917,  U.S.D.A-.  848 
Laandry  machinery,  use  in  disinfec- 
tion and  disinsection 551 

lAoieatia,  North  American  species..  761 
l4wn  grasses   as   aflEected   by    soil 

addlty 126 

I«ad  arsenate— 

costs  and  eflBclency 168 

effect  on  apples,  Okla 689 

for  boU  weevil,  Ala.Conege 752 

preparation 801 

Uad  nitrate,  preparation 801 


Leaf-hoppers —  Page, 

notes «  864 

of  Nova  Scotia 261 

parasites  of 266 

Leather — 

beetle  in  Hawaii 266 

chemistry 714 

volumenometer 208 

Leaves,  nitrite  assimilation  in  sun- 
light   426 

LcooMium  oaprem,  dialcid  parasites.  651 
Lecithin  phosphoric  acid  content  of 

peas 508 

"L*ec]alr  bleu"  reaction,  studies 311 

Legume  anthracnose,  notes 48 

Legumes — 

abortive  seeds,  position  in  pod..  621 
and      nonlegnmes,      associative 

growth 821 

as  alfected  by  sodium  ehlorid 434 

culture 89 

decomposition  in  soil 214 

dried,  cooking 860 

fertiliser  experiments,  Mont 429 

fangoid  and  insect  pests 747 

inoculation 216,  822 

inoculation,  Idaho 736 

inoculation.   Wash 719 

production  in  Spain 798 

(See  also  Green  manures  and 
Alfalfa,  Clover,  ete,} 

Legumlns  in  peas ^ 607 

Lemon — > 

groves,  damage  by  cold 842 

groves,  heating,  Oal 540 

Juice,  antiscorbutic  faetor 864,869 

tree,  orange-like  fruit 151 

Lemons— 

bud    selection 161 

culture  experiments,  Guam 839 

frosen,  changes  in,  Cal 589 

Lenzites  sepiaria,  studies 360 

Lepidiota  frenoM,  control . 648 

Lepidoptera — 

new  genas  allied  to  Leucoptera.  757 

of  Japan,  larv» 456 

L9pido$aphes   heokU,      (Bee    Purple 
scale.) 

LepidoeeeUo  viatrim,  notes 459 

LeptinotarsadecemHneata.    (Bee  Po- 
tato beetle,  Colorado.) 

Leptinotarsa,  evolution  In 860 

Leptohyrso  rhodendri,  notes,  N.J 758 

Leptooeriea  varioomie,  notes 261 

Leptoi^lossiis  h^ateatue,  notes 165 

Leptoephcfria — 

herpotrichoidee,  notes 846 

•oocAoH,  notes 848 

Lepturgee  epermaphaifue  n.sp.,  de- 
scription -- . 664 

Lstbico— 

fertilizer  experiments,  Ind 740 

response  to  carbon  dloxid 820 

Leococytosls,  digestive,  studies 71 

Leucoptera,  new  genus  allied  to 757 

Leukemia,     radium     treatment    of, 

effect  on  metabolism 666 

uigiiizea  Dy  vjjOOQIC 


964 


BXPEBIMBNT  STATION  BEOOBD. 


[VoL^ 


Leroglncosane,  powllile  fonnnlas —  110 

Ltce— 

as  affected  by  heat 547 

control  by  laundryinff — . — .  865, 551 

disease  transmission  by 550 

of  cattle^  Conn.StorP8 661 

of  bogs.  Tenn 652 

on  horses,  control 684 

on  poultry,  control.  Wash 754 

remedies 61,165,651,752 

studies 855 

Lice-borne  diseases,  prevention 466 

Ldght,     action     on     organic     com- 
pounds  425,426 

Lightning  injury — 

to  citrus  trees -  646 

to  grapevines 646 

to  herbaceous  plants 645 

lAgniera  i8oeti€  n.8p.,  description —  249 

Lignum  vltBj  substitutes 640 

ZAnuuf  mawimus,  biology  and  reme- 
dies, U.S.D.A 56 

Limber  neck  in  fowls 176 

Lime— 

agricultural,  determining  value.  816 

analyses,  RJ -. 617 

and  marl,  comparison 821 

arsenate.     {Bee   Calcium   axae- 
nate.) 

as  factor  in  soil  fertUity 800 

compounds,  analyses,  Mass. —  617 

cost  of  burning,  Pa 816 

different  forms,  comparison*.  125, 322 

effect  on  cement  mortar.. — ..  786 

effect  on  soil  reaction 124 

effect  on  water-soluble  nutrients 

In  soils 124 

forms  for  grassland .«. 824 

In  road  concrete ..— — — .  788 

nitrogen.     iSee  Calcium  cyana- 

mid.) 
of  feeding  stufBs,  digestibility, 

Tex 769 

production  in  1917 —-.-  26 

requirement  of  soils.   (See  SoUfl.) 

solubUlty  in  epldote 812 

uses    and    functions    in    solla, 

Mich 517 

waste,  from  acetylene  mnnufae- 

ture .— _  726 

(See  aUo  Calcium.) 

Limes — 

antiscorbutic  value  .— ^— —  565 

insects  affecting •...._....•  458 

Limestone — 

action  on  add  soils,  lU ».  428 

magnesium  v.  calcium ..— -  125 

media,  growth  of  sorrel  In.....  40 

resources  of  Pennsylvania,  ¥au^  816 

Limestones,  inspection,  Mo........  622 

Lime-sulphur  mixtures 

causing  apple  drop...........  67 

fungicidal  coefficient.....——.  258 

fungicidal  value . —  251 

insectlddal  value 162, 168 

preparation.. — ......4...  801 


Ume-euliAar  mizturee— Oontinued. 

use  in  seed  treatsMOt..... 846 

use  with  nleoUn,  N.J 162 

use  with  oil  emulsions 458, 454 

Umlng^— 

efleete  in  cylinder  eipetlments..      821 

experiments 184,S21,61» 

experiments.  Can ......      724 

experiments  on  moor  soils  .,■■         229 

(See  also  apeotal  ervps.) 
Torkshlre  soils 18B 


meal,  analyses,  Ind ....  72 

meal,  analyses.  Mass 671 

meal,  analyses.  Me 470 

meal,  analyses,  Mich . 071 

meal,  analyses,  N.J 065 

meal,  feeding  value,  Iowa 874 

meal,  feeding  value,  Ohio 278 

meal  for  milk  production .  072 

meal,  manurial  value,  Ohio 127 

oU,  production  In  United  States, 

U.8.D.A 614 

Uodontamerue  spp.,  studies.. — ....  862 

Lip  sores,  spreading 283 

Lita  wlaneOa,  studies 864 

Litchi  nut,  food  value. .. 178 

Live  stock — 

diseases.    {Bee  Animal  dlseaaee.) 

feeding,  Utah 71 

great  central  markets 488 

in  Canada  In  1916,  Can 792 

Industry  In  Bavarian  Alps 891 

management  In  the  West 176 

production,  books  on 176, 177 

production  for  1919,  U.S.D.A.  276,487 
production,     labor    saving    In, 

U.8.D.^ 78 

statistics.  U.S.D.A 594 

statistics  in  Bng^and  and  Wales.  694 

statistics  In  Finland 392 

statistics  In  India 793 

statistics  in  Nebraska 194 

statistics  In  New  Zealand 19S 

statistics  in  Scotland 194 

(800  aUo  Animals,  Cattle,  She^ 
etc,) 

Lohoptera  emtranea,  parasite  oC...  864 

Locust,  seventeen-year — 

in  1919,  VSJ>.A 754 

popular  account .. ..  549 

Locusts — 

control  by  parasites . 164 

of  Nova  Scotia 87, 856 

(Bee  aUo  Grasshoppers.) 

LoemopeVlUt  eheopU,  infectloasneM.  161 

Loganberries — 

culture,  U.8.D.A . 160 

trelnlng.  Wash ...  74S 

Loganberry  beetle,  notes 966 

Iiogwood  as  factor  in  dyeetofl  Mtiia- 

tion .. 16 

Lotus  borer,  studies..............  766 

Louisiana-* 

Stations,  notes 897,900 

University,  notes 900 

Lonplng-ill,  studies 888 

uigitizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


1029] 


INVEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


965 


LicenL     (Bw  Alfalfk.) 

of  PMlippines 152 

IPradQctioxi  In  1917,  U.8.D.A 848 

nae  on  California  Cftrms,  Gal 90 

(See  aiao  Timber  amd  Wood.) 

LBBbrlddB  of  Nortb  America 267 

LopiDw— 

as  coffee  sobatitiitea 864 

as  green  manure 229 

culture    experiments 288 

growth  on  Tolcanic  asb 812 

inocolation  experiments 822 

Lutsar  cells  and  lien-featliering 666 

oommmnis  novcsootiengis,  reme- 
dies         364 

nforms,  descriptions 863 

protensis.    (See  Tarnisbed  plant 
bug.) 

IjgBs,  stodlea 863 

Ljrmpfaangitis — 

epiiootic 85,  289.  686,  886 

stapbjlo-strepto-cryptococGic 680 

vkeiatlve 85.  780.  886 

"  lumphoid  defense/'  relation  to  diet 

and  blood  cholesterol 767 

Ijslmetcr  inTestigations,  U.S.D.A..  431 
I^sla,  synthesis  by  mammary  gland.  72 
Uaearonl     wheat.        {See     Wheat, 

domm.) 
Maodonak)  Institute  of  Agriculture 

and  Plant  Bxperlment  Station —      600 
Machinery.      {See  Agricultural  ma- 
chinery.) 


miMUfom,  studies 466 

wpp,,  wing  development .. 466 


eanttugforme  on  red  clover....  166 

nmniferi  n.6p.,  description 165 

9ophortg  n^p.,  notes 160 

JTsdisa  ctmicola  n.sp.,  description 757 

Xsgdalis,  notes 769 

fertilising  value 726,  824 

of  feeding  stuffs,  digestibility, 

Tex 769 

solubility  in  dirysoUte 812 

ICsgnesite,  fertUlsing  value 815 


cariionate,  effect  on  i^ants 826 

deficiency,  effect  on  oat  plant..  824 

Ifaaestone,  fertilising  value 126 

nutrition  of  plants.  Ark 726 

potasrinm     sulphate,     prepara- 
tion   801 

sdts,  indnenoe  on  nltrle-nitro- 

gen  accumulation 722 

MsgDoUa,  eeU  division  tai 618 

Mshogaay  and  its  substitutes 843 

Mslae— 

AgilcBltnral      and      Industrial 

League,  demonstration  ferm.  600 

Station,  notes . 497 

Hrise.    (tresCoiB.) 


JTslOoososio  osierloaiMk     (See  Tent 
caterpillar.) 

Malaria —  Page. 

control  in  rice  districts 867,  868 

studies 866 

transmission  by  Anopheles 662 

transmission  by  Egyptian  Ano- 
pheles  . 262 

Ifalarlal— 

anophelines,  studies 168 

fever,  metabolism  In 868 

Hal-de-caderas,  treatment 688 

MaUard  ducks,  food  habits,  U.S.D.A.       264 

Malt— 

amylase,  studies 604 

culms  in  ration,  effect  on  bulk 

of  manure 126 

sprouts,  analyses,  N.J 666 

Malting   operations,    barley    substi- 
tute In 808 

JfiMiOfim  picta.     (See  Zebra-cater^ 
pillar.) 

Mammalian  chromosomes,  fixation..      662 

Mammals — 

inheritance  of  color 869 

inheritance  of  fertility 662 

Mammary  gland—' 

secretion  as  factor  of  safety  for 

the  suckling 661 

studies 467 

synthetic  capacity 72 

Mammitis— 

studies 87 

treatment 778 

Man— 

colw  Inheritance  in 870 

growth  of  the  body 872 

Manatee — 

grass,  analyses 862 

use  as  food 862 

Manganese — 

effect  on  soils  and  plants,  N.T. 

Cornell 820 

in  acid  soils,  Ala.College 728 

salts,  influence  on  nltric-nltrogen 

accumulation 722 

sulphate,  fertilising  value 440 

Mange,  parasitic 683 

(See  also  Scabies  and  Cattle, 
Horse,  and  Sheep  mange  wr 
scab.) 

Mangel  juice,  thickened,  carbon  dl- 
oxld  formation  in 616 

Mangels— 

and    sugar    beets,    comparative 

ytaidfl,  U.8.D,A 481 

culture  experiments 626 

culture  experiments.  Can 736 

culture  in  Antigua 622 

culture  In  South  Dakota,  S.Dak.        32 

culture  on  moor  soils 623 

effect  on  following  crop,  R.I —      623 

fertiliser  experiments 622 

home-grown  seed,  WsKh 340 

liming   experiments 822 

sUoing,  U.S.D.A 431 

uigitizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


966 


EXPEBIMBNT  STATION  BBCOBD. 


[V<d.40 


Mangels — Cdntlnued. 

variety  tests,  U.8.D.A 481 

yields,   Minn 784 

Manffinia  ampeUna,  studies 850 

Mango — 

diseases*    algal 48 

fruit  fly,  notes,  P.B 56 

tree  borer,  notes 055 

Mangoes — 

culture  experiments,  Guam 389 

in  Porto  Elco.  P.B 44 

Mangrove — 

borer  on  casaurina 800 

forests  of  British  India 40 

Mangroves,  sap  concentration 130 

Manomera  hlatohleyi,  notes 853 

M€M9onia  tUilUJBM  in  Canal  Zone 058 

Manure — 

and  nitrification  in  the  soli 728 

fertilizing  value 135,  228,  229,  338 

fertillBlng  value,  Kans 819 

fertilizing  value,  Mont 429 

fertilising  value,  Tex 510 

fertilizing  value,  U.S.D.A 881, 

480,  481,  432 

fertilising  value,  Wash 422 

fertilizing  value,  Wyo 030, 036 

for  greenhouse  crops,  Ind 789 

for  greenhouse  crops,  Md 741 

for  moor  soils 230 

for  wheat.  Wash 730,  731 

heap,  caring  for 24 

kraal,  analyses 021 

liquid,  preservation 723 

nitrogen  availability,  N.J 125 

produced  by  steers  on  different 

rations ^ 120 

rock  rabbit,  analyses 021 

stable,  17.  green  manures*  N.J 120 

substitutes  for.  Can 724 

treatment  for  fly  control 350 

V.  clover  as  source  of  humus, 

Can 724 

value  on  Indiana  soils,  Ind 514 

(See  also  Cow,  Poultry,  eic.) 

Manures,  secondary  effects  on  soil —  515 

Manurial  values  of  dairy  feeds,  Ohio.  120 

Manuring  experiments  with  irrigated 

crops 421 

Maple  products — 

adulteration 012 

standards  and  analyses 864 

Maples,  insects  affecting 554,  855 

Mamsmius  aacchari,  notes 47, 155,  848 

Margarin,  vegetable,  rancidity 714 

Morgaropu9 — 

annulatua.     (See  Cattle  tick.) 

mioroplus  in  Argentina 459 

Marine  alg«.    (Bee  AlgSB,  marine.) 

Markets- 
garden  crops,  organic  matter  for  184 

gardens  of  South  Australia 840 

iSee  aiao  Truck  crops.) 

Marketing — 

agricultural  products 293, 791,  792 

agricultural  products,  N.C 294 

auction..*- . 469 


Marketing— Coatlnned. 

car-lot  distribution  in 

collegiate  courses  on 294 

cooperfttfre 488. 489 

cooperative.  In  France 088 

county.  In  Bngland  and  Wales..  890 

govemmeBt,  of  Australian  wheat  001 

improvement 489 

in  Idaho 089 

in  Louisiana 92 

in  New  Jersey 592 

in  Washington 089 

laws  in  New  York 390 

live  stock 488 

perishable  products 488,489 

relation  of  Government  to 298 

Markets,  municipal  terminal 298 

Marl- 
calcareous,  use  in  agriculture 810 

fertilizing  value 321 

Marsh  soils,  vegetation  as  indicator 

of  quality 718 

Marshlands,  improvement,  Greg 587 

Maryland — 

College  and  Station,  notes 98, 199 

Station,  rnwrt 494 

Mashyem  kalal,  description  and  cul- 
ture   231 

Massachusetts — 

College,  bibliography  of 595 

CoUege,  notes 98,109,497 

Station,  notes 98, 199,  497,  900 

Massecultes — 

frothy  fermentation 615 

tables  for  purity 110 

treatment 510 

Mastitis.     (See  Mammitis.) 

Mathematics    for    agricultural    stu- 
dents    796 

May  beetle,  bird  enemies 547 

Maya  farms,  alse  of 088 

Meadow — 

culture  tests  in  Jutland 180 

fescue.     {Bee  FMcne.) 

foxtail  on  bog  and  moss  soils 212 

land,  index  to  phosphorus  and 

potash   requirements 22 

plant  bug,  studies 200 

Meadows — 

fertUiaer  experiments 180 

seeding  experiments 281 

swampy,  water  table 211 

(Bee  iOto  Hay  and  Grass.) 

Meal,  crud«  fiber  in,  determination..  200 

Mealy  bugs — 

Califomian  species 202 

paraattes  of 859 

Meat- 
cooking 050,805 

dishes  from  wa«te,  recipes 058 

great  central  markets 488 

hygiene,  data  on 188 

inspection,  treatise 577 

meal,  analyses,  Ind . 72 

.  powder,  nutritive  value 408, 404 

production    in     United    States, 

U.8.D.A 792 

uigiiizea  Dy  vjjOOQIC 


Ifti*] 


n^DBX  OP  SUBJECTS. 


967 


Mcftt — Oontfoned.  Page, 
products,  crttuwitliig  wfttBr  con- 
tent   -—  807 

wenp,  analyws,  Ind 72 

9cnpt  tJudjw&B,  Man . 671 

■eram  analyiM,  Me 470 

•cnp,  msal^aes,  N.J 066 

soap  for  laytnir  bens 070 

icrap  for  laying  bens,  Ind 70, 773 

shrinkage  In  cooklnir 066 

spoiled,  ^emlcal  stndies 712, 718 

supply  of  Franco 488 

Media.     (Be0  Ciiltore  media.) 
Medicago  spedes,  glandular  pubes- 

ence 187 

Medicinal  herlM,  descrlptlTe  aceonnt.  247 
Medldne^  physiology   and   biochem- 
istry In 677 

Medidnes,  patent  and  proprietary —  182 
]fegtchlle— 

poDlnatinff  alfalfa 204 

poUinating  alfklfa.  Can 700 

Mtgattigmm$  ameftm&MerU  n.sp.i^  de- 
scription    060 

ireloiiosnis  spp.,  notes ..._  100 

MOmoomkum  tmoehmri,  notes 166 

Mdanln  pigment,  formation 006 

M^ltmophtM  spp^  parasitic  infections.  104 

MeUgeikm  mmeu9  (WoBHcm),  notes.  200 

Mdilot,  white,  as  green  mannre 24 

Mcilolas  and  associated  fnngi 249 

Melon  fly,  parasites  of 460 

Meloos,  oU  and   piesi   cake   from 

seeds 808 

Memifthnu  poHsWforsits.   (ffw  Grape 

root4M»er.) 
Ueadellan  inheritance  and  probable 

error  of  class  frequencies,  Colo 624 

Mealsgltis  organisms,  agglutination 

test 88 

Memnle  florid— 

asUs^tlc  value ^.  182 

effect  on  cosDpleBMnt  and  anti- 
body production.- 287 

Hercory,  determination 712 

MmMmt  IflonrsiSfis,  stndies 850 

Mesembryantbemum,  gas  in- 
terchange   29 

Mem  management,  military  hospiul.  800 
MettboUsm— 

following  food  ingestion 270,  808 

In  a  case  of  leukemia   during 

radium  treatment 600 

Id  malafial  ferer 808 

intermediary,  giydn  and  amino- 

aldehyde  in 71 

ketoalc  Ainetlon  in 404 

mineral,  of  milch  cow,  Ohio 873 

of  boys 808 

of  women 174 

treatise 408 

uric  add,  studies 176 

Mctaiftreaiatln  in  the  vegetable  cdl.  826 

JfetamsHiM  riMUH,  notes 269 

Metaphls  n.g^  description 00 


Meteorological — 

observations —  Page. 

Bfass 210,  611 

Mont 417 

N.Y.State 511 

Okla 19,  017 

n.8.D.^ 19, 

117, 209, 410,  611, 017,  716. 710 

at  Berkeley,  California 710 

at  Manila 19 

at  Wisley 117, 810 

in  Ceylon.. 811 

in  Quebec 718 

research,  statistical  method, 

U.8.D.A 410 

research,  subjects  for,  n.8.D.A-.  016 

review  for  Paris  region 611 

Meteorology — 

agricultural 19 

papers  on,  U.8.I>.A 117, 410,  017 

(Bee    also    Climate,    Bainfau, 
Weather,  oto.) 

Meth,  description  and  culture :  231 

Methane,  analysts,  ai^azatus  for.,  ill 
Methyl  alcohol— 

determination 16,  204,  310,  418 

occurrence  in  foodstuffs  and  be- 

harior  in  the  body 204 

Methylene-blue-milk  method  for  oxy- 
gen determination . 013 

Metol,  preparation 604 

Mice- 
color  Inheritance . 275 

field,  relation  to  seven-day  fever  86 

meadow,  studies ..... 264 

ovulation   In ._  003 

suckling,  gestation  in 409 

(See  also  Mouse  oiid  Bodenta.) 
Midiigan — 

Station,  quarterly  bulletin 07, 797 

Upper  Peninsular  Station,   re- 
port    790 

Jfiorobrocow  eephi  n.q^,  description.  701 

Micrococd  in  udder  Infections 87 

Jflorodat  diatram  n.sp.,  description.  664 

Microgaeterid»,  notes 802 

Mlcrogasterinn,  new  African 468 

Jflsrotiis  ooWomioiis,  revision 264 

Middlings,  analyses.  Me 470 

(See  Also  Wheat,  Bye,  etc.) 

Milk— 

acidity,   effect   on    inactlvation 

of  peroxidase XI 

action  of  heat  on  after  addition 

of  sodium  bicarbonate 013 

aod  whey,  acidity 11 

antiscorbutic  value 272 

as  sole  diet  of  ruminants,  Iowa.  707 

as  source  of  diphtheria  infection  79 
B,  abartrnt  and  related  bacterid 

In 184 

Babcock  test,  Minn 378 

bacteria,  action  on  proteins 877 

bacterial  count,  Conn.Storrs 078 

boiled  and  unboiled,  effect  on  in- 
testinal flora 807 

uigiiizea  Dy  VJiOOQlC 


968 


EXPERIMENT  8TATI0K  BEGOBD. 


[V0L40 


Milk— Contlniied. 

calculation  of  added  water  In 

calculation    of   nutritive    value 

from  routine  tests 

cholesterol  In 

daiiflcatlon,  Conn.StorT8. 


412 

676 

11 

676 


clarification,  Iowa . 775 

colon  counl^  17.S.D.it 876 

condensed,  analyses. 879 

condensed,  remade  milk  ftom —  808 

condensed,  sweetened 565 

condensed,  treatise 288 

contests,  rOIe  in  Improving  milk 

sapplj,  Oreg 675 

cooling,  Conn.Storrs 676 

cooling,  U.S.D.i^ 475 

cost  of  production 282 

cost  of  production.  111 878 

cost  of  production,  N.J 474 

cost  of  production,  Ohio 875 

cost  of  production,  Wash 876 

cost  of  production  and  prices. 

Mo 281 

detection  in  pastry 612 

distribution 280 

dried,  studies  and  analyses 379 

examination,  handbook 876 

fat  content,  variations  In  Arl- 

sona - — —  800 

fat,  glycerids  of 608 

fat  losses  In  creameries,  Minn —  877 
fat   percentage,   inheritance    In 

"cattle 74 

fat,  Beichert-Melssl  number,  de- 
termination   412 

fermented,  Iowa 879 

for  Inftuits,  calcium  csntent—  661, 869 

hemolytic  streptococci  in 478 

human,  cholesterol  in . 11 

human,  composition 775 

human,  nonprotein  nitrogen  in, 

determination 509 

human,  reaction  of ft68 

industrial  treatments 415 

industry,  history  of 879 

malted,  microanalysis 609 

methods  of  analysis 876, 476 

methylene  blue  reduction,  rela- 
tion to  oxygen  concentration.  618 

mixtures,  calculation  card 877 

nonprotein  nitrogenous  constitu- 
ents, determination 509 

of  various  animals,  composition  775 

pasteurization 776 

pasteurization,  Conn.Storrs 675 

pasteurised,  for  cheese  making, 

U.S^D.A 80 

pasteurized,  for  infants — « —  864 

plants,  use  of  fuel  in,  U.S.D..A —  476 

powder,  remade  milk  from 

powder,  treatise..... — .. — .. 
price  fixing 


processing,  studies,  Conn.Storrs- 
producers'  and  consumers'  price, 
production — 

and  distribution 

and  handling,  Conn.8torr8- 


803 
288 
299 
676 
879 


280 
678 


MUk—OontiBiied. 

productidi— contimisd.  Pave, 

and    percentage    of    solids, 

hereditary  factors 672 

during  heat  period 878 

in  United  States,  U.8J[>.A-  594 

inheritance  in  cattle 74 

mineral  metabolism  daring, 

Ohio 878 

proteins  tor .. 572 

relation  to  age  at  first  calf, 

Md 178 

water  requirements  for 774 

products,  methods  of  analysis 507 

protein-free 463,  608 

proteins,  physiochemical  state..  601 

records,  analyses.  Me 872 

relation  to  health 806 

reoiade .. 802 

secretion  as  affected  by  barley, 

Cal 878 

secretion,  lysln  synthesis  in 72 

serum,  preparation 11 

sickn«B8,  relation  to  white  snake- 
root 681 

skimmed.    (^Tm  Bkim  milk.) 

solids,  variations  and  secretioa.  672 

solids,  variations  and  secretion, 

Me 872 

sour,  destruction  of  B.  tp^o9U9 

in 476 

standards 864 

storing  and  shipping,  U.8.D.A..  47S 

straining,  U.S.DJk 475 

streptothrix  in 184,185 

supply  and  public  health 179 

supply  of  cities  in  Canada 879 

supply  of  Dublin 288 

supply  of  Paris  in  1917 674 

supply  of  Portland,  Oreg 576 

use    by    families    having    little 

children 863 

utensils,  Conn.Storr8.. 674 

value  in  the  diet 179, 280, 859 

Milking,  machine,  Conn.8torrs 674 

Millers,  manual  and  record  book  for>  868 
Millet— 

and   Sudan  grass,   comparative 

yields,  Iowa 828 

culture  experiments  in  India —  832 

effect  on  following  crop,  Minn 734 

effect  on  following  crop,  R.I 628 

fertiliser  experiments . 332 

growing  with  corn . 822 

irrigation  experiments,  Kans 881 

milling  experiments.. 556 

mineral  constituents,  digestibil- 
ity, Tex 769 

seeding  experiments,  Kans — ...  831 

smut,  treatment..... . —  48 

Striga  lutea  on . —  48 

variety  tests 332 

variety  tests,  Nebr 523 

yields.  Minn 733,  786 

MUo  maise — 

chemistry  of,  Okia .  608 

chop,  analyses,  Tex..... — ...  671 

uigiiizea  Dy  vjjOOQIC 


&il9] 


INDEX  OF  ST7BJECTS. 


969 


MO*  BMlae— ObBtfaiaed.  T$m» 

cnltore  experiments,  U.SJ).A..      488 

cidtare  In  Kansas,  Kans 881 

hogglng^oit,    U.aDJk 472 

Improrement,   Tex 787 

Inrlgatlott  experiments,  Kans —      880 
stover  yields,  Kans 880 

ICiinetle  crystals,  classification 609 

raising  for  for.! 878 

isota 

BtaUon.  notes 297,497.686 

Station,  report 797 

Unlrersltyi  notes..  297,  497,  600,  606 
.JTMv  doUOhratM,  studies 260 

Mlnsfsstppl  Station,  notes 98,696 

lUasonrl    Unlrenlty    and    Station, 

notes 297,  497.  696 

Mistletoe— 

In  Wert  Indies! 155 

parasitic  on  mistletoe . ..      226 

Mistletoes,  ftOse,  studies 253 

Mites  of  BarlMidos 56 


726 

828,425,818 


m 

in  plant  cells. 


beet  palp.     {See  Beet  pulp.) 

detvminlnir  «aerose  content —  206 

feed,  feeding  yalue,  B.C 6T2 

feeds,  analyses^  Mass 571 

of  analyils 412 

^  818 


Molds,  actlTlty  In  soil 122,  818,  721 

MtmmratroMiif  huM^  notes,  N J_      754 
JfoneepAoro  Weincta,  notes 458, 856 


dnswa,  notf  — ,— — •  845 

850 

749 

jwfssoaws,  stndiss 847 

JTsnoAMMMS  fUttOmtm',  notes 654 

Monophaftem,  vtndlss 869 

Montana-— 

Ocrfleffs  and  Station,  notes 199 

Station,  report 494 

Moor  cohnre  experiments 229,  522 

Moor  soils— 

hog  and  moss,  fertilizer  experi- 
ments   . . —  185 

bog  and  moss,  water  table  and 

root  development  In ..  211 

Inoculation  experiments 822 

nitrate  formation  in 811 

{Bee  also  Feat  soils.) 

Moors,  bomlng  for  grouse  and  sbeep.  667 

Mosaic  disease,  carrier 251 

Mosqnlto  bites,  pallUtlTea  for 168 

MiMvnitoes — 

control 652, 648, 658 

lake,  in  Canal  Zone... 688 

lanrleldes 458 

(iBos  also  AnofAelet,  Cnlex,  and 
Stsgomyla.) 
Mothers,  nm^lng,  as  factor  of  safety 

ta  nutrition  of  tbe  yoong; • —  661 

14«d9'— 20 7 


Motor —  Page, 

and     wagon     hanllng,      costs, 

I7.S.D.A 98 

tmck  efficiency 887 

tmck    roQte,    cooperative, 

U.8.D.A 898 

Mouse — 

bite  causing  sporotrichosis 180 

fsTUs,    relation    to    Australian 

wheat 683 

(See  eXeo  Mice.) 

Mucilages,  plant,  studies 818,819 

Muck— 

fertilising  yalue 184 

soils  of  Washington,  potash  re- 
quirement. Wash 422 

ifocor  racemoeue,  studies 847 

Mulberry  pests  in  Formosa 168 

Mung  beans  as  poultry  pasture,  Tex.       729 

Mungobeang^ 

culture  in  Philippines 281 

field  tests  in  Pljl 281 

intercropping  com  with 627 

Muriate  of  potash.     (See  Potassium 
chlorid.) 

Mueea  domeeUea,    (fiee  House-fly.) 

Muscle,    hydrogen-ion    concentration 

during  work 274 

Muscold— 

genera  and  species,  new. 
•ynonymy , 


MvscoYlte,  solubility  of  potash  in — 
Mushrooms,  fungus  diseases. 


869 
768 
812 
157 
260 
657 


Muskmelons,  anthracnose,  17.8J>.A.. 

Mussels  as  food........-.-.-- 

MostarA— 

as   alleeted   by    cyanamid   and 

dicyanodiamld 724 

as  green  manure .  24,228 

fertiliser  experiments 516 

gas  poisoning '      882 

Mutation— 

in  sweet  peas 541 

mass,  in  CEnothera 182 

Mutational    characters,   relation    to 

cell  size 828 

Mycoidea  paraeitioa,  notes,  P.B 47 

MyooephmreUa  fragariw,  notes 158 

Mydae  olovatue  larvn,  notes 653 

Myriapoda,  British,  check-list 647 

Myrtle-berry  extract  aa  an  indicator*      409 

Myxonycetes,  cytology  of 726 

Mymoeargue  migrioormU    n.sp.,    de- 

scription..*..-......-. . 757 

Myzosporidla,   filament  extrusion.-      255 

Mysopsis  n.g;,  description 60 

Jfyjos 

In'oggii  in  Louisiana,  X7.8.D.A..        58 
oeraei,       {Bee     Cherry     aphis, 

bUck.) 
pereiem,      {Bee    Peach    aphis, 
green.) 
2fap9O0apue  ineignie  fruteeiatme 

n.subsp^  deoeription.— 646 

Narcosis  and  anssthesla 778 

National  Orange  of  Patrons  of  Hus- 
bandry        592 


uigiiizea  Dy 


Google 


970 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  REGOBD. 


[Vol.  40 


Nature  Btndy—  PMPe. 

courses 493,  898 

guide 898 

Nayel-lU,  treatment 181 

Kebraeka    University    and    Station. 

notes 898,  Wf 

Necrobadllosis — 

in  hogs,  Ind 788 

to  horses  and  males 186 

Necrotic  ulcers  of  the  tongue 283 

Nectarine  brown  rot,  treatment 861 

Neotria  spp.  on  pear 251 

VeetrieUa  mUHtta  on  Agave 844 

Nematode  parasites  of  the  dog 89 

Nematodes-^ 

in  crop  of  chickens 987 

reproduction  In  artificial  media.  26T 

Veohorus  amoemu;  notes,  N.7 753 

Veoooimospora  vasfnfeota,  notes 845 

Jieodiprion  n.g.  and  n.8pp.,  descrip- 
tions    761 

VeolaHoptera  Mbiwt,  studies 754 

KeohfffUB  fiys«0  n.sp.,  description —  858 
JieoMiara  n.g.  and  n.spp.,  descrip- 
tions   858 

Nephritis,  tartrate.     (See  Tartrate 
nephritis.) 

Nesting  habits  of  the  hen,  Iowa 77 

Nettie  as  a  textile 85 

Nevada — 

Station,  notes.- 898, 600 

University,  notes 898 

New  Hampshire  College,  notes 600 

New  Jersey — 

College  and  Stations,  notes..  297, 697 

Stations,  reports . . 198,797 

New   Mexico   College   and   Station, 

notes  — . .... .... ..  298 

New  York— 

Cprnell  Station,  notes 199 

Cornell  Station,  report ...  694 

State  Station,  reports.. 97,599 

ymfara  viridmkh  notes ..  169 

Nicotiana— 

abnormalities  in . ....  296 

blossom  color  inheritance ..  442 

controlled  pollination  in ..  181 

Ifieotiano   tahaonm,    cytokinesis    of 

pollen  mother  cells...... ...  518 

Nicotin— 

sprays,  use  with  eoap... ...  762 

sulphate  sprays,  tests 161*162 

Night  temperature- 
increase  with  height 814 

relation  to  humidity . 715 

studies  in  Eoswell  fruit  district, 

U.S.D.ik 117 

NUe  silt 620 

yi90tra  ufUformiB  on  ootton 266 

Niter  cake- 
effect  on  barley . 516 

in  superphosphate  manufacture.  221 
Nitrate- 
content  of  soils  as  affected  by 

tillage  methods.  Wash 719 

content    of    soils,    rdatkm    to 

wheat  yield.  Wash 719 


Nitrate— Conttnued. 

of  potash,  preparation 801 

of  soda.     (Bee  Sodium  nitrate.) 
reductlOB  in  cultivated  soUs SIB 

Nitrate*— 

and  nitrites,  determination M9 

loss   from   boU   as  affected   by 

plant  residues 121 

of  soUt  determination 506 

Nitric— 

acid,    physical    and     chemical 

data 607 

nitrogen  In  soil,  influence  of  salts 

on T22 

Nitrification— 

as  affected  by  calcium  carbonate.      728 
as  affected  by  carbon  disulphld 

and  toluol Bit 

as   affected    by   soil    moisture. 

Wash 719 

as  affected  by  straw.  Wash 719 

In  add  soil,  studies 699 

in  Indian  alluvium  as  sJDseted 

in  moor  soils — .. — ........i.* —  811 

in  natural  soils ...  418 

Nitrifying  organisms  as  affected  by 

cyanamid  and  dicyanodlamid.. —  724 
Nitrites— 

determination 309,  610 

formation  in  aqueous  soluttoB 

by  sunlight 425 

Nitrogen — 

accumulation    and    uttUiatlon, 

N.J 129 

analysis,  apparatus  for 111 

apparatus,  aU-gtass 609, 806 

availabUity  experiiMnts,  N^ —  129 
compounds,  physical  and  chemi- 
cal data.... — ..... — ......  607 

content  of  rain  and  snow......^  809 

content  of  rain  and  snow,  Osu  ■■  724 
content  of  soils  as  affected  by 

alfalfk «- 722 

content  of  soils  as  affected  by 

alfalfa,  Kans 819 

content  of  soils  as  affected  by 

alfUfa,  Wash 719 

content  of  soils  as  affected  by 

molds 128. 818 

content  of  volcanic  ash 812 

deficiency,  effect  on  oat  plant —  824 

determination 111.  711, 806 

determination  In  feeding  stuffs.  510 

detennlnation  in  wheat 507 

distribution  In  seeds,  determina- 
tion   602 

fixation  as  affected  by  carbon  di- 
sulphld and  toluol 518 

fixation  as  affected  by  plaht  resi- 
dues  . 121 

fixation,  dectrlc 127 

fixation,  recent  advances  In 801 

from  ollve-oll  residue 26 

In  proteln-fkee  milk 008 

In  rainwater  of  Alaska 809 

uigitizea  Dy  vjOOQIC 


1919] 


IKDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


971 


NItTotrn    Cunti  lined, 

IntozlGatlon,  aeaaonal  chaimcter. 
line.     (See  CKldam  cyanamtd.) 

metaboUsm  of  women... 

■etlioda  of  manufacture .. 

Bonprotelo,     detennlnatlon     in 

blood  temm 

■ooproteln,     determination     in 

Billk — . .  •_  _^  . ,  ■  .  ., 

ozlda,   utilisation....... — .... 

problem  in  relation  to  tbe  war., 
rdationa  of  crop  plants.*..— . 


Pag*. 
463 

174 
25 

810 

609 

815 

26 

881 


tetlllaer,  Behmadorfer 820 

fertilisers*    ooraparison 242,824 

tetUisera,  comparison,  Can 724 

fertilisers^  eomparison,  N.J 126 

NitroUm,  grannlar  p,  ordinary^ 616 

Kltroos  add,  determination 610 

Kocardia  infection  of  vddera . 186 

Koctnmal  cooling  studies 814,716 

Kodnle-formlnff  organisms^  alkali  tol- 
erance   — . — -  486 

JTols  siefollopa^  notes 867 

Noaendatare,  sUbllUing 264 

JTesonria  trumeata,  notes.... — ...  468 
Korth  CaxoUna— 

College,    notes 900 

Station,  notes 888,900 

Nortb  Dakota  College  and  Station, 

Botes 498 

Neee    fly,    distzibatioa    in    United 

States 468 

spis^  relation  to  Isle  of  Wight 

66 

spores,    filament   ex- 

tmslon 266 

Notodontlan  larvab  notes 648 

JTstolopJMM  antiqua,  notes..*— «...  67 

Ksebe,  studies ,              —  268 

Ifsrsery  Btotk — 

diseases  in  Kentucky..........  68 

exdusion    legUUtkm — ........  646 

fumigation . ....  266 

"stop-back,"    relatios    to    tar- 

nisiied  plant  bug.  Mo .  466 

Htt-grass,  eradication 828 

Kutrient  media.  <S€e  Culture  media.) 
KatEle&t  solution — 

experiments,  technique  ........  817 

for  plant  cultures .. 620 

reaction,  relation  of  i^ant  to...  824 

studies,  trlani^e  system 126 

Rstrients,  sttmolatlng  effect  on  me- 

tiJwIism 270 

NutrltioB— 

and  growth,  standards  for 866 

caldum  and  phosphorus  requlie- 

for    undernourished   chil* 

661 

importance  of  caldum  in......  767 

inorganic  elements  in......M».  70 

inorganic  sulphates  In «...  71 

Laboratory  of  Carnegie  Institu- 
tion   465 


Mntrltion — Continued.  Page, 
limited,  effect  on  growing  steers, 

Mo 66t 

newer  knowledge  of 654 

papers  on  . — . — .- —  864 

study,  national  laboratories  for.  664 
(iSfee  al80  Diet) 

Nutritional  physiology,  treatise 468 

NutritlTe   elements,    effects    on    oat 

plant 324 

Nuts — 

acreage  and  values  in  California  638 

as  food 178 

Insects  affecting 269 

iDvestigatftons,  Md 160 

Tariety  collections . ..  834 

NyHus  fHnitor,  notes.... ...  768 


fossil,  of  America a.  168 

germination  studies ..  47 

hybridisation  experiments .  47 

resistance  to  OTdium 253 

white,  polyembryony  in .  226 

white,  ray  system.. .....  168 

Oat- 
aphis,  notes .... 648 

blights,  bacterial,  notes 846 

diet,  effect  on  phenol  excretion.  278 

feed,  analyses,  Mass 571 

Adds,  weed  control  in 636 

grass,  tall,  culture  experiments.  186 
grass,   tall,    for   irrigated    pas- 
tures, U.8.D.A 482 

grass,     tall     meadow,     yldds, 

Minn 788 

hay,  mineral  constituents,  diges- 
tibility, Tex 769 

hulls,  analyses,  Bfich 671 

hulls,  analyses,  N.J 666 

plan^  nutritive  dements 324 

smut,  treatment 166 

smut,  treatment.  Can 166 

smut,  treatment,  Ind 736 

smut,  treatment,  Mich 49 

smut,  treatment,  Ohio 747 

smut,  treatment,  Wyo 630 

stem  rust,  spore  morphology 642 

straw,  feeding  yalue,  U.8.D.A-.  666 

stripe  blight,  notes 846 

Oatmeal—- 

by-products  for  feeding,  Mich-.  72 

flour,  recipes 67 

in  bread  making 860 

Oats— 

allcali   tolerance 719 

and  barley,  comparative  growth 

in  nutrient  solutions 184 

and  barley,  oomparatlve  yields 186 

and  barley,  comparative  yields, 

Iowa 828 

and    clover    following    various 

crops,  Ala.College 829 

and  com,  analyses,  N.J — . — .  666 
and  cowpeas,  liming  experimrats, 

N.J 126 

and  peas  as  -"age  .c^cy^yMJch^-^x^?? 


972 


EXFEBIMEKT  STATION  RECOBD. 


rvol.40 


Oats — Continued.  PagiB, 

and  peas  for  hay,  Ohio 786 

and  peas,  yields,  Minn 785 

•        and     vetch,     fotUlser     experi- 
ments   184 

and  vetch  for  green  fallow 229 

ae  a  nnrse  crop,  Iowa 829 

as  affected  by  barlnm  and  stron- 

tlmn 819 

as  affected  by  soil  acidity 184, 824 

as  meadow  cover  crop 187 

bleaching  with  solphur  dlozid, 

U.8.D..A 85 

breeding 628 

breeding  experiments 288, 624 

color  and  other  characters,  rela- 
tions   289 

common  and  bearded,  origin  and 

early    habitat 4129 

cost  of  production,  Ohio 292 

culture  experiments ..  228,825 

'nilture  experiments.  Can 786 

culture  experiments,  Mich 781 

culture  in  Indiana,  Ind.. 786 

culture  In  New  Mexico,  N.Mex.  18 
culture     In    North    Dakota, 

U.S.D.A -  786 

culture  in  Wyoming,  Wyo 680 

culture  on  moor  aoUs — .. 280,622 

decomposition  in  soil 214 

depths  of  plowing  tests,  Okla 624 

dwarfness  In - 827 

effect  on  Azotobacter,  Iowa 618 

effect  on  following  crop,  B.I.« 623 

fertiliser  experiments.. . 185, 

229,289,825 

fertiUaer  experiments,  Minn 784 

fertilizer  experiments.  Mo 21S 

germination  at  different  dates 

after  thrashing,  Mont 443 

green  manuring  experiments 24 

ground,  analyses.  Mass 671 

ground,  analyses,  Tex 671 

ground  seaweed  for,  Can 724 

growing  with  com 822 

growing  with  legumes 822 

humln  nitrogen  content 510 

inheritance   of   early   and   late 

ripening - 628 

inheritance  of  huU-lessness «  438 

inheritance  of  tight  and  loose 

palee 629 

Introduced      and      acclimated, 

Mont 429 

kernel  -  percentage    determina- 
tions    85 

liming  experiments 822 

manurial  value,  Ohio 127 

new  strain,  Kans 829 

pedigreed.  In  Wisconsin 624 

plat  tests,  technique 227,628 

primary,  secondary,  and  double 

kernels  for  seed,  Minn 731 

relative  yielding  caiMtcity 62S 

rotation    experiments 229 

rotation    experiments,    Ala.Col* 

lege 829 


Oats— Continued. 

rotation  experiments,  Minn 738 

rotation  experiments,  17.8.D.A.  331, 431 

secondary  rootlets 82 

seeding  depths,  Utah 227 

seeding  experiments 228 

seeding  experim«its,  Minn 731 

seeding  time,  Ala.CoIlege 728 

selection  experiments 238,628 

selection  experiments,  Mont 429 

soil  moisture  removal  by,  Mont.      430 

statistical  notes 626 

use  in  bread  making 860, 86S 

V,  spring  wheat.  III 443 

varieties,  identification 238 

varieties  in  Argentina 680 

variety  tests 138, 228,  283 

variety  tests,  Ala.CoIlege 728 

variety  tests,  Ind 735 

variety  tests,  Iowa 828 

variety  tests,  Mich 781 

variety  tests,  Minn 731, 732, 738 

variety  tests,  OMa 82,624 

variety  tests,  Tex 729 

variety  tests,  U.8.D.A 882,431 

variety  tests.  Wash 730,731 

varied  tests,  rod-row  method 233 

water  requirements 680 

water  requironents,  Wyo 630 

wild,  eradication,  Wyo 630 

yields,  Minn 736 

Ochroma,  synopsis  and  new  species.       642 

OdowHa  MoohoHooki,  notes 848 

0€O9tieH»  ylaftwste,  control  by  para- 
sites        865 

Oenothera — 

embryo  aae  and  fertiliBatien 621 

mass  mutations  aad  twin  hy- 

brtds 182 

mutational  diaractsrs,  relation 

to  eeU  sise.. • - - 828 

OBstrintt  of  Brastl 468 

Oestrous  cycle  in  the  guinea  pig 467 

Oestrus  in  swine.. ... .      668 

Office  of  Vmxm  Management-* 

notes . ...... 600 

organintlon  and  work,  tJ.SJ[> JL.      890 
Ohio- 
State  University,  notes 408,698 

Station,  monOily  bulletin 198, 

296,897,694,797 

Station,  report 198 

Oidiomycosis  in  cattle 88 

Old<tH»  lMlfo»  Uology 618 

OU— 

antSsepties,  germicidal  power 882 

avocado,  digesHbiUty 768 

emulsions,   use  with   lime   sul- 
phur  468,454 

from  aleurone  cells  of  grain 714 

from  fruit  seeds 611,  614, 803 

from  manatee  blubber 862 

from  Mgongo  nuts 803 

of  cassia,  constituents 202 

palm,  notes • 449, 542 

plants  of  Indo-China 838 

seed  crops  for  Bhodesla 883 

uigitizea  Dy  vjOOQIC 


1919] 


TI7DEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


973 


00— Obntfmied. 

Ktdm,  determining  oil  content.-  808 

seeds,  Indian  trade  In 231 

OOt  and  tets — 

for  the  diet 863 

baadbMk 804 

methods  of  analysis 812 

optical  dispersion 118 

prodnctlon  and  conserratlon  in 

United  mates.  U.S.D.A 614 

Vedfle  heat 68 

{See  also  Fats.) 

(HMtee  e&menetoni  n.8p.,  description.  655 

Otmogana  viriOie  n.sp.,  description-  856 
OUahoma — 

Cblleffe,  notes 98,498 

Station,  notes 98 

Ststlon,  reports 9T,  694 

OlefJhreaies  vfuriegana,  studies 551, 653 

OUTe— 

oil,  production  In  United  States, 

U.8.D.A 614 

on  resldne,  fertilizing  value 26 

scale,  black.  In  Chile 651 

OHrts,  Insects  affecting 854 

Okma  S0  fiber  plant 620 

Olor  eoknMamme  on  the  Potomac.-  161 

Osoofsit  so^rlvs,  notes 57 

Onion- 
bacterial  rot,  notes ....  155 

dtoeases  in  Ohio,  Ohio 747 

fly,  Innate,  In  New  Jersey 654 

■Aggot.  Imported,  notes ..  64S 

pink  root,  studies 648 

thrlps,  control,  U.S.D.A 548 

Ostans— 

alkali  tolerance ^•..  719 

as  affected  by  preceding  crop^ 

B.I 628 

esrbon  blsulphld  for 619 

culture,  N.Mex 888 

effect  on  following  crop,  ILI —  623 

growth  on  acid  soli 824 

liming  experiments 184 

variety  tests,  U.S.D.A 44 

wild,  stock  poisoning  by 577 

Oaopfallns  n.g.,  description 61 

Oofpora  seoMes.    {See  Potato  scab.) 

Ootetiasticfaus  In  Hawaii 854 

Ofetrwm  depressum,  studies 854 

Ophldis,  wounds  and  diseases 55 

OHm  hmmaie,  studies 459 

OiMstega  and  Ha  larral  afflnities —  767 
Opimtla— 

root  growth  in  relation  to  oxy- 
gen   80 

Bpedca  as  ornamentals 640 

water  absorption  and  erapora- 

HoA 27 

Oyaalte  sppi.  wound  perldorm  In —  728 


889 

272 

62 

70 

169 


black   rort,   notes 

Juice,  anttoeorbntle  actlrity — 
papillo  and  Its  natural  enemy.. 
ped  as  an  antiscorbutic ... 


Orange— Continued.  Page. 

root  rot  in  Tripoli 851 

Tlnegar,  manufacture 715 

Oranges — 

culture  experlm^its,  Guam 839 

frosted*  detection  and  elimina- 
tion    446 

ftrosen,  diangee  in,  Cal 639 

fruit  reeembllng,  on  lemon 151 

fruiting   thorn 151 

manuring,  Bahlan  method — ..  246 

oil  and  press  cake  from  seeds —  808 

Satsuma,  navel  yarlety 246 

Satsuma.  varieties,  U.S.D.A 842 

Washington   navel,   fruit  shed- 
ding    839 

Orchard— 

grass,  culture  experiments 136 

grass    for    irrigated    pastures, 

U.8.D.A 432 

grass  on  bog  and  moss  soils — -  212 

grass,  variety  tests 232 

grass,  yields,  Minn 733 

plant  Uce,  studies.  N.J 649 

planting,  explosive-fertilizer  shell 

for 444 

Orchards — 

cover  crops  for,  Ind 739 

cover  crops  for,  U.S.D.A ..  444 

cover  crops  for.  Wash 741 

heating 842 

heating,   Cal 640 

in  South  Australia 840 

pruning  experiments,  Ind 730 

pruning  experiments,  Kans 840 

rejuvenation,  Ohio 841 

soil  management 148 

soil  management,  Ind 788 

soil  management,  Kans 840 

qpray  gun  for,  Ohio 689 

spraying  program  for.  Wash 742 

{Be9    aleo    Fruits,     Apples, 
Peaches,  efo.) 

Orchid  weevils,  notes 655 

Orchids— 

bacterial  diseases 158 

fumigation 852 

insects  afBecting,  N.J 754 

leaf  spot,  notes 844 

soils  supporting,  reaction 812 

Orchilus  Cabanis,  status 646 

Oregon  College  and  Station,  notes.  298, 799 

Organic — 

compounds,  photosynthesis  from 

inorganic 426 

matter,  decomposition  in  soils..  213 
matter,  decomposition,  relation 

to  plant  nutrition,  Ind 789 

matter,  effect  on  soil  moisture —  811 
substances,  colorlmetric  determi- 
nation   712 

Ornamental  plants  or  shrubs.     {Bee 
Plants  mid  Shrubs.) 

(hmithadwroe  w^gnini^ 

notes 666 

remedies,   U.S.D.A 682 

Orebemehe  sp.,  notes 48 

uigiTizea  Dy  vjjOOQIC 


974 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECORD. 


(Vol  40 


Fags. 

Ortalids,  trapping !«• 

Orthoptera — 

Inheritance  and  eyolutlon  In —  887 

of  NoTa  Scotta 866 

of   Peru 858 

of  Plummers  Island,  Maryland.  649 

Orthotylu9  morffinaiia  on  apple 60 

Oryssuih— 

immature  etages,  notes 266 

parasitic  on  BnprestiB 656 

Otoitiia  n.spp.,  descriptions 268 

Osmia,  nesting  habits 666 

Osmotic  pressure,  treatise 801 

(See  also  Sap  concentration.) 

Ostertagia  eircumoincta,  notes,  Mich.  88 

Otiorhvnehus  spp.,  colored  plate 170 

Oya,  intrauterine  absorption 663 

Oyarian  transplantation  in  dnckn 867 

Ovaries,  isolated,  effect  on  growth..  662 

Ovariotomy  in  fowls 871 

Ovary  of  the  fowl,  corpus  luteum —  664 
Ovulation— 

and  ovarian  cyst  formation 467 

in  swine 668 

period  In  rats  and  mice 663 

Ox  warbles,  notes 259 

Oxalates,  toxic  action 466 

Oxhydrldase,  antitoxic  rOle 680 

Oxidase   reaction    for   detection    of 

rancid  fats 412 

Oxidases  of  sugar  cane 426 

Oxidation  as  affected  by  food  inges- 
tion  364,  365,  766 

Omycarenus  hyaHnipennAs,  notes..  256, 854 
Oxygen — 

analysis,  apparatus  for 111 

concentration,  relation  to  methy- 
lene blue  reduction  by  milk..  613 

Oxyuriasis,  equine,  treatment 586 

Oyster  propagation,  NJT 177 

Oysters,  studies,  17.S.DJ1 459 

Padhymeru9 — 

gonagm  in  Hawaiian  Islands 266 

q^adrimwoulaiUB,  notes.. 170 

Palate  of  civilized  man,  relatlcm  to 

agriculture 656 

PaleaorUa    vemata.     (Bee    Oanker- 

worm,  spring.) 
Palm — 

butter,  testing  and  manufkcture.  115 

diseases,  notes 48,  845 

kernel  meal,  feeding  value,  Ky 578 

nut  cake  in  ration,  effect  on  bulk 

of  manure 126 

oil,  production  In  United  States, 

U.8.D.A 614 

Palmo  Midds,  feeding  value,  Ind 668 

Palms — 

culture  experiments,  Ouam 889 

date,  culture,  U.S.D.A 540 

oil 449,  542 

sugar,  notes,  P.R 44 

(See  also  Coconuts.) 

Pancreatic  amylase,  studies 504 


eomhsH  In  Florida 187 

numtdianum,  cercopid  enemy...  856 

Papaya,  culture  experiments,  Goam.  880 
Paper — 

Investlcatlons  at  Forest  Prod* 

nets  Laboratory,  1918 041 

pulp  materials 248,740,823 

(Bee  olao  Polpwood.) 

FafWo  thoae  thoamUeidm,  notea..^  02 

Para  cymene,  nltrntlftn 710 

Para  grass — 

culture  in  Guam,  Guam. ....  827 

feeding  value,  Guam 866 

hay,    mineral    constituents,    di- 
gestibility, Tex 760 

Paracolon  Infecticms  in  fowls,  R.I..  685 

Paracresol  In  oil,  germicidal  power..  882 

Paraffin,  treatment  of  burns  by ..  780 

Paraffined  dressings,  action  on 

wounds . « 770 

Pturalepiowuietiw  abnormie,  notes 860 

Paramecium,  resistance  to  potasaium 

cyanld , .  455 

Parana  grass,  cercoptd  enemy ...  860 

Parasitic  Infestation,  effect  of  cold 

on 684 

Paratettlx,  breeding  experiments 867 

PanUrioM  ooekeretti,  remediea 162 

Paratyphoid — 

B.  studies 88 

bacilli  from  hog-cholera  cases..  480 

bacilli,  vaccination  with 280 

bacillus,    equine,    agglutination 

test 280 

bacteria  as  causative  agents  of 

disease  in  birds,  E.I 686 

bacteria  In  swine 788 

enteritidis  group,  studies 478,780 

ParemorUta    eoridei    n.Bp..    descrip- 
tion    850 

Paris  green,  preparation 801 

Paspdlum  dilatatum — 

as  pasture  grass,  Guam 827 

in  New  Zealand 239 

Passion-vine  beetle,  notes 664 

Pasteurlxation.        (Bee     Milk     and 
Cream.) 

Pastry,  detection  of  milk  in 612 

Pasture- 
experiments,  Okia 32 

for  cows  on  general  Carms,  Mo..  576 

grasses,  testa,  U.8.D.A 72,874,432 

land,  old.  Improvement 824 

management  experiments,  Kans.  830 

problems,  papers  on 800 

Pastures,  Irrigated,  notes,  TJ.S.D.A.  874 

(Bee  also  Grass.) 
Pasturing  experiments  on  irrigated 

fields,  U.8.D.A 871 

Patent  medicines,  composition 182 

Pathological  technique,  treatise 676 

Pavements,  brick,  U.8J).A.. .  888 

Pea- 
bran,  analyses,  Mich 671 

chink,  notes . .  166 

uigiTizea  Dy  vjjOOQIC 


1919] 


IKDBX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


976 


Feft-^ontlniied.  Pftgi. 

difleaae,  notes 845 

floor  bread,  studies.  Wash 762 

sltonld,   notes 858 

weeril  In  Hawaiian  Islands 266 

ireerll,  snmmary  of  Information.  170 
weerila,  descriptions  and  reme- 
dies,   U.S.DJi 64 

weerfls  In  Sooth  Africa 861 

Peach- 
aphis,  green,  wing  development-  456 

borer,  remedies,  N.J 162 

borer,  studies.  Ark 166 

borer,  stodies,  Ohio 167 

brown  rot,  control 749,861 

brown  rot,  dostlng,  W.Va 445 

corl,  notes 748 

diseases,   notes 249,251 

leaf  corl,  treatment 48,  848,  749 

moth,  oriental,  brief  account —  662 

moth,  oriental,  studies,  Md 756 

rosette  and  its  control 158 

ro«t  treatment 848 

scab,  treatment,  W.Va 445 

spot,  notes 68 

"stop-back,"    relation    to    tar- 
nished plant  bug,  Mo 455 

twig  moth,  notes,  Md 756 

twig  moth,  stodies-- 858 

yellows  and  its  control 158 

Peaches— 

Bacterium  pruni  on,  Okla 638 

blooming  and  ripening  periods —  886 

culture  experiments,  U.S.D.A..  444 

culture,  treatise 149 

dry  fig  beetle  on *.  858 

dusting  experiments,  W.Va 445 

Lepidoptera  infesting,  Md 756 

thrips  Injuring 650 

tree  census  in  Washington 840 

Tsrietles  for  home  orchard,  Mo-  841 

winter-injured,  pruning 886 

winter  injury 848 

winter  injury,  Ind 885 

Peanot— 

hotter,  bacteriology  of 14 

floor,  manufacture  and  compo- 
sition    268 

hay    and    hulls,    mineral    con- 
stituents, dlgestiblUty,  Tex..  769 

hay,  ground,  analyses,  Tex 671 

kaf  mat,  notes 155 

meal,  analyses,  N.J 665 

meal,  analyses,  Tex 571 

J,  effect  on  lard,  AUuCollege-  772 

feeding  value,  Ark 279 

meal,  feeding  value,  Iowa 874 

meal,  feeding  Talue,  Okla 75,  278 

oil  cake  feed,  analyses,  Mass 571 

oil,  production  and  consumption 

in  United  States,  TT.S.D.A 614 

oil,  specific  beat 68 

press  cake,  analyses 72 

proteins,  chemistry  of 109 

tlkka  disease,  notes 48 

wilt,  notes .«  348 


Peanuts —  Page. 

breeding  experiments,  Okla 624 

breeding  experiments,  8.C 624 

culture    experiments 239 

culture  experiments  in  Fiji 231 

culture  experiments  in  India —  882, 
626,  825 
culture    experiments    in    Rho- 
desia  280,  825 

culture  in  Philippines 281 

culture  in  southern  France 86 

fertilizer  experiments 280, 

231,  289,  828,  625,  826 

fertiliser  experiments,  8.C 624 

food  value  and  recipes 557 

graxing-off   v.   marketing,    Ala. 

College 667 

oil  content 289 

seeding  experiments 86 

seeding  experiments,  Tex 729 

selection   exi»erlments .. ^  623 

variety  tests 228, 

280,  289,  882,  625,  828,  825 

variety  tests,  Okla 624 

variety  tests,  8.C 624 

variety  tests,  Tex 729 

whole-pressed,  analyses,  Tex —  671 

Pear- 
black  spot,  treatment 748,  849 

blight,  control.  Can 154 

blight  in  mountain  countries 252 

blight,  studies 348 

blossom  bacillus,  notes 749 

blotch,  brown,  studies 461 

diseases,  notes 63,  251 

moth  borer,  studies 863 

psylla,  notes 261 

psylla,  remedies,  N.J 162 

seeds,  oil  from 511 

slug  in  ChUe 648 

"stop-back,**    relation    to    tar- 
nished plant  bug,  Mo 455 

thrips,  remedies ^ 163 

thrips,  stodies 647 

■• — 

Bartlett,  storage 888 

hardy    and    blight  -  resistant, 

breeding 446 

oriental  peach  moth  injury,  Md-  756 

pollination 688 

spraying  with  lime  arsenate 164 

stocks  for 444 

tree  census  in  Washington 840 

varieties  for  Missouri,  Mo 841 

winter  injury,  Ind 885 

Alaska,    breeding    experiments, 

Minn 740 

analyses 657 

and  oats  as  silage  crop,  Mich—  781 

and  oats  for  hay,  Ohio 786 

and  oats,  yields,  Minn 785 

as  affected  by  niter  cake  super- 
phosphate   515 

dietary  properties 762 

uigiiizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


976 


BXPERIMEKT  STATION  RECOBD, 


[Vol.  40 


PeaB — ContiJiiied. 

field —  Paflb. 

as  hog  iMisture,  N.Dak 76 

culture  experiments.  Can 785 

culture    in     New    Mexico, 

N.Mex 18 

effect  of  position  in  pod 521 

feedinfc  ralue,  Wash 771 

growing  with  grain 822 

liming  experiments,  N.J 126 

pedigreed,  in  Wisconsin 624 

seeding  depths,  Utah 227 

tests  in  Montserrat 228 

Yariety  tests,  Minn 732 

variety  tests,  Wash 780, 731 

jririds.  Wash 781 

legnmins  in 607 

phosphoric  add  content 608 

seed  treatment 448 

variety  tests,  U.8.D.A- 484 

(£^09  also  Pisom.) 

Pe^t 

hacterlaad 222 

production  and   use  in  United 

States 221 

soils,  vegetation  as  Indicator  of 

quality 718 

(See  also  Moor  soils.) 
Pecan  rosette  In  relation  to  soil  defi- 
ciencies, U.S.D.A 644 

Pecans — 

culture  in  Maryland,  Md 150 

insects  affecting « 56,259 

Investigations 640 

wood  rot,  U.S.D.A 168 

Pectin — 

bodies,  constitution - 202 

determination  in  apices 115 

methyl  alcohol,  studies 204 

studies 804 

test  in  jelly  making 668 

Pectinophora  gossypieUa,     (See  Cot- 
ton bollworm,  pink.) 
Pediculus.     {See  Lice.) 
Pegomjfia — 

afflnis,  notes 758 

efUlensis,    notes 648 

spp.  mining  dodk  leaves. 850 

Pellagra — 

and  the  vitamin  hypothesis 70 

studies 60,  863,  869 

Peilicularia  disease  of  coffee 48 

Pempheres  afflnis,  notes 553 

Pemphigus  populi-irainsver9%is,  stud- 
ies    60 

PenicilUum — 

ohrysogenum,  proteolytic  activ- 
ity    721 

sp.  on  sweet  potato .  847 

Pennsylvania — 

College,  notes 199,  498,  698. 799 

Station,  notes 199, 698 

Pentosans,  determination 114 

Peonies,  Botrytls  disease 844 

Pepper — 

anthracnose,  notes 48 

wilt,  studies 157 


Peppers,  response  to  carbon  dioxid..      820 

Pepsin — 

as  rennet  substitute,  U.S.D.A 80 

studies 504 

Peptid,  new,  isolation 611 

Perchloric    acid,    preparation    from 
perchlorates 18 

Perewia — 

legeri  n.sp.,  description .-      204 

mesniU  n.sp.,  description 65 

Peridermium — 

eerehrum,  studies 849 

stroU,     (See  White  pine  blister 
rust) 

Ptoridermiums  ft^m  Ohio 645 

Perisporiacee  of  South  Africa 132 

Perissarthron,  n.g.,  notes 666 

Permeability — 

of  barley  grain S19 

protoplasmic,  colloidal  hypothe- 
sis        818 

Perries,  single-variety 414 

Perry- 
defective,  utilisatioa 116 

home  manufacture .      116 

Persimmon  codling  moth  in  Japan.  62, 167 

Persimmons,  diseases  in  Japan 62 

Petrolatum  dressing  for  burns 883 

Phalaria    bmSbosa,    production    and 

use 442 

Fhaseolue  angularia,  studies 181 

Pheasants — 

food  habits 864 

secondary  sex  characters 871 

PhemwoooHi  n.snp^  descriptiona 962 

Phenol- 
antiseptic  value 182 

excretion  on  exclusive  oat  diet.^      278 
in  oil,  germicidal  power 862 

Phenological  observations — 

in  British  Isles 210 

in  Holland . ..      716 

on  cereals 811 

Phenols,  action  on  plants 620 

Phenolsulphophthalein  1  n  d  1  c  a  tors, 

studies a02 

Phom^ — 

Ungam,  studies. .»      846 

sp.  on  potatoes 61 

Phomopsie  oitri,  description  and  hia- 
tory 168 

Phoradendron  parasitic  on  Phoraden- 

dron . . ..      226 

Phorbae  mirabUis,  studies 266 

Phormia  atmrea,  sense  reactions.. 860 

Phosphate — 

ammonium-magnesium,      from 

urine 820 

deposits   of   Australia,    utlUsa- 

tion 26 

deposits  of  Idaho  and  Wyoming.      726 

deposits  of  South  Africa 127 

deposits  of  the  Ukraine 820 

of    lime.     (See    Calcium    phoa- 
phate.) 

Digitized  by  VjOOQIC 


1919] 


n!n)£X  OF  SUBJECTS. 


977 


Pboipliate — CODtlnaed.  Page, 
rock,  action  of  citric  and  nitric 

adds  on 506 

rock,  as  corrector  of  soil  addlty.  816 

rock  for  pi^  feeding.  Ark 772 

rodL,  flolphnr-treated,  Bolnbllity 

la  calcareous  soil 128 

9,  potaA  ferttlfaera 824 

Fkoipbatea— 

calctom.    Iron,    and   alumlnam, 

comparison 26 

comparfaon IM,  230, 242 

eomparlaOD,  Ata-College 828 

eomparlaon.  Can 724 

comparison,  Minn 734 

comparison.  Pa 728 

comparison,  Tex 616 

ezperiments  with  In  Minnesota.  820 

Insolnble,  conversion 726 

soil  bacteria  in  relation  to 620 

{See  aUo  Saperphoephate.) 

nosphatic  slay — 

as  son  nentrallzer 126 

sohibllity  in  weak  organic  acids.  700 

Pbo^hites,  determination 400 

Pboapborle  acid — 

content  of  peaa 608 

detenaination  In  blood 16 

dlstrHmtion  in  blood 176 

of   feeding  stnfEs,   digestibility, 

Tex 760 

dcflctency,  efBect  on  oat  plant —  824 

determination 112 

determination  in  wheat 607 

BPtabollam  of  women 174 

phytin,  of  feeding  stnffs.  Ark.-  772 

Photometer,  cbemical 621 

Photosynthesis — 

<l|aamlc  -aspects—.— — _.— ..  228 

itndles 826. 436. 426 

Fkngm&HphOa  trmncmta,  notes 463 

Pkthia  pleta,  notes 165 

PfcyltediowJs  hierofflyphioain 

Hawaii 864 

FhOowHctm  MoUttnia,  control,  OUa..  680 
Phylloxera — 

notes 262 

resistance,  breeding  for 638 

Plkiwoloptefv  rara  n.sp.,  description.  80 

Physiology,  International  catalogue..  869 

PkfaadcrMa  ge<e  mcydis,  studies 846 

PhyaolAHpa    »etiventri9    xxjbq.    and 

P.  le/royf  on  tea 69 

Phftolsj  Hnitlii,  parasite  of 265 

Phytin  phosphoma  of  feeding  stuffs, 

Alt 772 

ttberi,  notes 165,262 

faberl,  studies 64 

kifettans,  notes,  P.R 47 

(See    dUo    Potato    late 
Ulght.) 
Sissdg  n.8p.  on  Herea 846, 862 

•p.  on  coconut 761 

9.  on  cotton 166 


Page. 

Pbytophthoia  on  tomato  and  bella- 
donna   844 

PIcramic  acid — 

In  nitrogen  determination ..  806 

preparation 208 

Picric  acid  in  blood  sugar  determina- 
tions, source  of  error 116, 718 

Pierit— 

lra99ico,  parasites  of. .  65,264 

lra»9iecs,  studies 268, 666 

r<rp<s,  studies 263 

Pig  dubs,  manual 96 

Pigeon  peaa^ 

culture  and  nse 768 

culture  in  Guam,  Guam 828 

Pigeons- 
color  Inheritance  tn 275 

fantail.  Inheritance  In 275 

management 177 

Pigment  formation,  post-mortem,  In 

eye  of  white  ringdove 665 

Pigmentation  in  guinea  pigs 177 

{Bee  ol«o  Color  inheritance.) 

Pigs— 

buckeye  poisoning,  Ala.College.  778 

composition  of  milk .  776 

cottonseed  meal  for,  Okla 278 

disease,  new,  in  Argentina 683 

diseases,  handbook 88,  783 

feeding 177 

feeding  experiments,  Ind 668 

feeding  experiments,  Minn 771 

feeding  experiments,  N.Dak 76 

feeding  experiments,  Ohio 278 

feeding  experiments,  Okla 75,  278 

feeding  experiments,  U.S.D.A—  72,  871 

feeding  experiments.  Wash 771 

garbage  feeding 270,  778 

grain  ration  for,  Mass 674 

gracing  experiments,  Minn 771 

grazing  experiments,  N.Dak 76 

grazing  experiments,  U.B.D.A 72, 

371,  471.  472 

hairless,  Wis 185 

hogging-ofl  corn,  Minn 771 

hogglntM>ff  com,  n.8.D.A 471 

Indiyidual,  self-balanced  rations  770 
indlTldnal,  self-balanced  rations, 

Minn 771 

melting  point  of  fat  as  affected 

by  feeding,  Ala.Cbllege 772 

mineral  requirements,  Elans 871 

on  Para  grass  pasture.  Guam 866 

peanut  meal  for.  Ark . 270 

peannt  meal  for,  Okla ...  278 

peanut  pasture  for,  Ala.College.  667 
phosphate  rock  or  ground  bone 

for,  Ark 77« 

poisoning  by  tent  caterpillar 596 

raising  in  North  Dakota,  N.Dak.  76 

raising  In  the  West 177 

self-feeder  for 770 

self-feeder  for,  Okla 76 

self-feeder  for.  U.S.D.A 73 

skim  mnk  for,  Mich 76 

uigitizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


978 


EXPERIMENT  STATIOK  RECORD. 


(Tot  40 


Pigi    Conttooed.  Pafs. 

▼elvet  bean  meal  for.  Ark . 279 

velyet  beans  for,  Mich.. 76 

(See  af«o  Swine.) 

PHobolua,  response  to  light.. — ....  619 

PUoorociB  tripunotata,  notes — .— .  269 

PUophorue  ^oiOshU,  notes 166 

Pimplo— 

pomorum,  stndles ....... 65 

robortUor,  stadles  ....,—.... 867 

Plnacyanol  and  plnayerdol*  syntbesto  711 

Pine— 

Anstrallan,  borer  injnrjr 860 

hllster   mat,   Introdnctlon   into 

the  West 64 

{See  also  White  pine  hUster 
mat.) 

forest  soils,  nitrification  stndlea  418 

forests  of  Brazil .. .. 746 

growth  In  relation  to  altitude..  129 

maritime,  tumors  of . 169 

needles,  significance  and  history.  819 
reproduction  as  affected  by  bear 

cloTcr ..-.....- ....  842 

rusts,  notes ....  849,646 

•awfly,  European,  notes,  N.J 764 

seed  beds,  fungus  flora 852 

seedlings,  white  spot  injury 68 

twig  borer,  notes 662 

western  yellow,  reproduction  as 

affected  by  graslng,  U.S.D.A —  848 
(See  alto  Pinus  and  White  pine.) 

Pineapple — 

fungus  on  coconut ..  761 

weevil,  notes ....  269 

Pineapples,  composition  and  fertiliser 

requirements . 446 

Pink   boUworm.     (See  Cotton   boll- 
worm,  pink.) 

Pfnif*— 

ineiffnia,  potash  content .....  821 

spp.,  Rasonmofskya  infection...  268 
eylvettrU,  tube  development  in 

microspore — .. ... ...  228 

Pipette— 

absorption,  description........  808 

capillary,  description ......  286 

for  measurement  of  small  toI- 

nmes.. ......... .  806 

for  tubing  culture  media.......  12 

holder,  description....... ...  681 

Pifieutaria — 

n.8pp.,  descriptions . 166 

oryme,  notes 846 

Piricularia,  studies 166 

Piroplasmosis  of  cattle— 

in  Italy 782 

in  Sweden 685 

Pistol  case-bearer,  biology 767 

Pisum,  inheritance  studies 147,226 

MHeum  ea^vum,  bacterial  disease 844 

Placenta — 

action  of  enxyms  on 666 

growth-promoting  substance  in.  566 

Plagiodera  vereieolora,  notes,  N.J —  764 

Plague,  relation  to  rats.. . . —  161 


broadlttg— 

and  seed  control ,m— — ■      246 

experiments.     (See  Apples, 
Corn.  Wheat»  ete.) 

textbook 81T 

{See  oCio  Heredity.) 
eel]%  chromosome  nnmber,. ,.  -.       SIT 

cells,  metachromatin  in 825 

cd]%  mitochondilA  In... 426, 818 

cells,  rOle  of  chondrlome  in 228»828 

ceUs,  sise  In  relation  to  muta- 
tional characters 82S 

competition,  studies.... 424 

disease  problems  in  relation  to 

plant  introduction  . . 848 

disease  surrey  work*  relation  of 
phytopatfaoloflsts  to 449 


and  enemies  in  Switaerland.  249 

and  immunity.............  844 

and  pests,  handbook,  Cal..  648 
and  weather  conditiona  In 

Texas . ........  154 

bacterial,  la  Britiah  Isles..  844 
biochemistry  of  realstance, 

Minn 745 

breeding  for  resistance....  844 

in  Britiah  Gniana 844 

In  Franco 844,845 

in  Guam,  Guam . 844 

in  Italy j 845 

in  Madras 845 

In  Porto  EIco 844 

relation  to  soil  fungi 818 

treatise 47 

{See    aUo    Hlferent    ftoff 
ploato.) 
distribution    in   ^dal   plaage 

basin 826 

distribution  on  desert  mountains  129 

distribution,    studiea.. 180 

genetics,  textbook .....  817 

growth,  critical  periods.. ..  19 

growth,  relation  to  altitude.^..  129 

lice,  jumping,  of  Hawaii... ..  262 

metabolism,  pentose  sugars  in 80 

mucilages,   studies 818,  819 

parasites,  phanerogamic,  osmotic 

pressure * 180 

poisons,  organic . 620 

populations  in  Denmark,  studies.  882 

production,  course  of  study 492 

residues,   influence  on  nitrogen 
fixation  and   nitrate  loss  in 

soUs 121 

tissues,  determination  of  acidity 

in 228 

Plantain  meal,  analyses . «..  178 

Plantains,  insects  affecting 45ft 

Plants- 
adjustment  to  desert  habitat..  120 
as  affected  by  barium  and  stron- 
tium   810 

as  affected  by  electricity 147, 

424,428,429 

Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


1M91 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


979 


Pljuitt— OMitliioedL  Page. 
BM  affected  by  mafnftrfiim  car^ 

bonate 926 

as  affected  by  manganeee*  N.Y. 

CtoraeU 820 

bebaylor  In  vxnrentUated  cham- 
bers    «26 

eropp  past  and  present  cUmatea, 

V.BJ>.A 616 

dceert.     {Bee  Desert) 

economic,  of  Mexico....— — . —  246 

edible^  of  prickly-pear  scmbs 415 

OEploltattoii,  treatise 524 

fcrtmty,  problems 427 

hardening  process  and  derelop- 

ments  from  frost  injory 26 

imports*  17.SJ>J^ 827 

inheritance  of  germinal  peculiar  1- 

methods  of  sugar  analysis 80 

nitrogen      percentage     require- 
ment   425 

nutrient  solution  for 620 

odorous  principles 710 

of  British  Guiana 542 

of  District  of  Columbia 160 

on  saline  soils 424 

ornamental,  culture  experiments, 

Cuk 741 

ornamental,  diseases,  N.J 645 

ornamental,  for  Nebraska 840 

otnamental,  new  Insect  enemies, 

VJ 753 

ornamental,  variety  tests,  U.S. 

D.A 444 

pectin  substances  In 804 

poisonous.     {Bee  Poisonous.) 

regeneration,  law  of 224 

relation  to  reaction  of  nutrient 

solntlon 824 

response  to  ll^t 519 

rest  periods,  TJ.8.DJ1 511 

solution     culture     experiments, 

technique 817 

starch-yielding,  Guam 889 

succulent,  chemistry  of 710 

snccBlent  desiccation  and  respi- 
ration   29.  228 

succulent,  gas  interchange 29 

snccalent,   rate  and   course  of 

growth 80 

swelling  in,  as  afl^ted  by  bog 

and  swamp  waters 520 

tolerating  salt 221 

transpiration 27, 427, 820 

woody,  food  reserve  in 425 

Ilamedlephora  brsMictf.    (Bee  Cab- 
bage dubroot) 

nuwtopara  vitieota,  notes 53 

^t  experiments — 

Held   technique 226,  628 

ttindardisation ..  828 

Phitlnle    chlorid,    potassium,    rapid 

reduction - 711 

r^xyrery  ftom  potash   determi- 

mitlon 806 

Bussta*8  production  of_. .  12 


Page. 

Plenodosms  ^lesfnreas,  studies 847 

Pleeiooofie  ruffiooUia,  studies 60 

Pleeiapa  reichei,  notes 260 

Pleuropneomonla,      exudative,      in 

goats 888 

Plowing-^ 

depths,  tests,  Okla 82,  624 

experiments,  Minn 738 

PlowrighUa  morboea,  notes 58 

Plowsole  in  citrus  groves 417 

Plum — 

black  knot,  notes 68 

black  spot,  notes,  Okla 638 

diseases,  notes 749,844,845 

fruit  gumming,  notes.. 249,  251 

leaf  gall,  control,  Mont 459 

louse,  mealy,  remedies 161 

pocket,  studies,  Mont 452 

pocket,  treatment,  Mont 449 

silver  leaf,  notes 844 

wither  tip,  studies 860 

Plums — 

breeding  and  testing  in  Mlnne* 

sota 148 

breeding  experiments,  Minn 742 

culture  In  New  Mexico,  N.Mex.  18 

dropping  periods,  Minn 740 

poUinatton 148, 688. 886 

spray  injury  to  foliage.. 161 

sterility  studies,  Minn 740 

stocks  for . ..  445 

tree  census  in  Washington 840 

varieties  for  home  orchard.  Mo.  841 

winter  injury,  Ind ...... 886 

PImeia  erioaoma,  studies .  62 

Pneumococcus — 

action  on  of  blood  from  different 

species .. 286 

immunity,  studies 676 

infection  in  horses 784 

studies 480 

Pododermatitis,    suppurative,    treat- 
ment   181 

Podoaphwra — 

leucotrieha,  notes.. 251 

owyaeaniha,  notes  _. 68 

Pogonomsria,  anthomyid  genus 857 

Poisonous  plants 182,800 

(See  aleo  Forage  poisoning.) 

Poisons — 

economic,  consumption  and  cost 

In  California 69 

organic,  effect  on  plants.. .  520 

FollomyeUtIa— 

bodies,  action  of  human  and  rab- 
bit blood  on 287 

In  dogs 488 

relation  to  rats 85, 646 

Pollen- 
extract  preparations 284 

mother  cells,  cytokinesis 517 

tube  development  In  microspore 

of  PiHU8  gylveatrie 228 

tube  protoplasm,  studies — .—  S8, 818 

^water-soluble  B  in ..  664 

uigitizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


980 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEOOBD. 


(VoL40 


PolUmitloii—  Paoau 

controlled,  in  Nicotlana 131 

improved  technique 627 

rOIe  of  Insects  in 655 

PolydhroHB  hotr<tna,  remedies 167 

Polynema    imitaMm    n.8p.,    descrip- 
tion    760 

Polyneuritis,  studies 563,564 

{Bee  aUo  AntlpolTneuritic  sub- 
stances.) 

Polyporus  sulphureut  on  alder 844 

Pomological  instruction 196 

PopiUia  japonioa  larys,  fumigation-  266 
Poplar — 

borer,  studies 861 

leaf-miner  in  New  Jersey 758 

Poria  hifpoUUerita,  notes 53,  340 

Pork,  home  butchering  and  curing, 

N.J 772 

Porihetria    dlapar.      {See     Gipsy 
moth«) 

Porto  Rico  Station,  report 97 

Portulaca,  Inheritance  studies 131 

Potash — 

deposits   of   Alsace 320 

determination 112,  809,  806 

dcrtermlnation,    preparation    of 

perchloric  acid  for 13 

fertilizers,  unbalanced,  effects —  621 
from  blast  furnaces  and  cement 

works 128 

from  bracken  fern 821 

from  desert  lakes  and  alunltes.  128 

from  feldspar 134 

from  greensand 299,  423 

from  hemp  pulp 629 

from   kelp 128 

from  olive-oil  residue 20 

from  Pinue  ineiffnie 321 

from  Searles  Lake 128 

from  sunflower  stems 242 

from  water  hyacinth 847 

from  wood  ashes 820 

growing  wheat  without 184 

mines  and  works  of  Alsace 128 

of  feeding  stuffto,   digestibility, 

Tex 769 

production  In  California —  725 

production  in  Nebraska 820 

production  In  1917 725 

production  in  United  States 26, 

516,  517 
residues    in    Hagerstown    soil, 

condition 25 

scarcity,     relation     to     cotton 

yields 835 

eoil,  utUlsing 800 

solubility  in  muscorlte 812 

use  on  cotton,  com  and  pota- 
toes, Tex 616 

V.  phosphate  fertllixera 824 

Potassium — 

chlorld,  eifect  on  wheats. 244 

chlorid,  fertilizing  value,  Tex 616 

chlorld,  preparation 801 

content  of  spinach 451 

cyanid,  toxic  action  on  Parame- 
cium and  Didinlum *i55 


Potassium — Continued.  Paca, 

deficiency,  effect  on  oat  plant 824 

determination  In  blood 116 

effect  on  hydration  and  growth.  818 

ferrocyanid,  toxicity  In  ■oOa..  726 

nitrate,  preparation 801 

platlnic  chlorld,  rapid  reduction  711 
salts,  influence  on  nltrtc-nltn>- 

gen  accumulation 722 

sulphate,  fertilizing  value 515,  725 

sulphate,  fertilising  value,  Tex.  616 

sulphate,  preparation 801 

Potato- 
Association  of  America,  proceed- 
ings   529 

beetle,  behavior  in  deserts 860 

beetle,  Colorado,  remedies,  Kans.  330 

beetle,  remedies,  Minn 734 

black  canker  or  wart 848 

black  scurf,  treatment 847 

black  scurf,  treatment,  Minn 784 

bUckleg,  notes,  Mont 449 

disease,  new,  In  Hawaii 644 

diseases,  conference  on 846 

diseases  in  New  Jersey,  NJT 747 

diseases,  notes 50, 844, 847 

diseases,  notes.  Can 154 

diseases,  notes,  Kans 844 

diseases,  notes,  Mont 449 

diseases,  notes,  Wash 746 

early  blight,  remedies,  Kans 830 

early  blight,  studies 847 

farms  In  New  Jersey 299 

fields,  weed  control  in 686 

Fusarium    blight   under    Irriga- 
tion   847 

late  blight,  notes 748, 646, 847 

late  blight,  notes.  Can 154 

leaf    burn,     relation     to     leaf- 
hopper  868 

leaf  roll,  effect  on  product 251 

leaf  roll,  studies 347, 548 

mosaic  disease,  notes 847 

plant,    composition    at    various 

stages 240 

plant  louse,  pink  and  green 456 

products,  feeding  value,  U.S.D.A-  875 

Rhizoctonla,  treatment 847 

rust  spot,  internal... 848 

scab,  notes 48 

scab    organism   as   affected    by 

acidity 644 

scab,  treatment . 847 

scab,  treatment,  Minn 784 

stalk  disease,  studies 49 

starch,  color  reaction 411 

tuber  moth  in  California 56 

vrart,  black,  notes 848 

wart  in  Pennsylvania,  Pa 848 

wart  in  Pennsylvania,  tJ.S.D.A-  157. 

548 

wart,  resistant  strains 630 

wilt,  studies 51 

Potatoes- 
culture,  books  on 36,  439,  828 

culture  experiments 434,  625,  630 

culture  experiments.  Can 735 

culture  experiments,  Minn 732 

uigitizea  Dy  vjv^v_7'^i\^ 


inoj 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


981 


FMatoeB— Contlniied.  Pace. 

ciiltim  experiments,  Mont ..      429 

cnltnre  In  Maine 835 

coltnre  In  New  Mexico,  N.Mex..         18 

coltare  on  moor  aolls 628 

dietary   properties 172 

drying 116 

eeiworm-infeoted,  n.S.D.A 61 

effect  on  following  crop,  B.I 628 

effect  on  intestinal  flora. 867 

fertlllMr  ezperlmoits 184, 

229.  882, 421,  434, 624, 621,  622,  726 

fertlHier  experiments,  Kans 880 

fertWier  experiments,  Minn 784, 785 

fertHlaer  experiments,  N.J 126 

ftrtfUaer  experiments,  Tex. 616 

flower-stalk  position 631 

for  recropping  sugar-beet  land, 

U.8.D.A 481 

ground  seaweed  for.  Can ...      724 

growth  in  relation  to  tempera- 
ture and  moisture 19 

growth  on  add  soil . 824 

insects  alBecting,  Conn.8tate —  768 
Irrigated,  mannrlng  experiments  421 
irrigation  experiments,  Kans —      881 

liability  to  disease 167 

lightning  injury 646 

lining  and  loading  cars,  U.  8.D. A.       188 

planting  dates,  U.8.D.A 81, 431 

planting  dates,  and  distances..  680 
raw,  antlscorbntic  value — ...      666 

rcjnrenation,  Minn 732 

relatlTe  yielding  capacity 626 

removal  of  blossoms 188 

rest  periods 224 

rotation  experiments 229 

rotation  experiments,  Mino 784 

rotation  experiments,  tJ.8.D.A.  881, 480 

seed  certiflcatlon 846 

seed,  from  sprayed  plants,  Minn.  782 
seed»  Goremment  farm  in  India.  626 
seed,  local  v,  imported,  U.S.D.A.  484 
seed,  peelings  and  cuttings  for..      188 

seed,  preparation 186,680 

seed,  treatment 460, 847 

seed,  treatment,  Minn 784 

seed,  treatment,  U.S.D.A 61 

seed,  treatment.  Wash 746 

seeding  experiments,  Minn 782, 734 

idectlon    experiments ...      628 

selection  experiments,  Mont —      429 

spraying 747,748 

^praying  with  lime  arsenate 164 

sprouted,  food  poisoning  by —      657 

storage  cellars 191 

use  In  bread  making 666, 863 

use  tn  bread  making,  recipe 864 

varieties  for  Washington,  Wash.      741 

variety  tests 184, 484, 623, 624, 681 

variety  tests,  Kans 830 

variety  tests,  Minn 784 

variety  tests.  Mont 429 

variety  tests,  U.8.D.A 81,481 

wild,  of  Arlsona,  breeding  ex- 
periments   181, 241 

TMds,  Minn 786 


Page. 

Potsherds,  effects  on  nitrification..  24 
Poultry — 

artificial  light  for.  Wash 280 

breeding  for  standard  and  util- 
ity values 876 

diseases,    cholera-like    and    ty- 

phold-llke,  E.I 686 

forming  in  New  Jersey,  N.J 670 

feeding,  N.J 872 

feeds,  analyses.  Mass 571 

feeds,  analyses,  Mich 571 

feeds,  analyses,  N.J 665 

flock,  backyard,  feeding,  Mont 478 

house,  roller  curtain.  Wash 887 

housing,  Ind 292 

housing,  Mont 486 

husbandry,  courses 492, 699 

Industry,  present  conditions,  N.J.  78 

inheritance  studies 177 

keeping,  business  methods,  N.J.  280 

laboratory  manual 698 

lice,  eradication.  Wash 764 

management 177 

management,     handbook,     U.S. 

D.A 876 

manure,  average  yearly  produc- 
tion, Ind 77 

marketing  by  parcel  post,  Kans.  872 

mnng  bean  pasture  for,  Tex 729 

rearing,  Flemish  system 280 

world's  congress 499 

(See     aUo     Chickens,     Chicks, 
Ducks,  Fowls,  and  Hens.) 

Poverty  weed,  eradication,  Mont 480 

Prairie- 
grass,  alkali  tolerance 719 

hay,  mineral  constituents,  dlges- 

tibUlty,  Tex 769 

Praon  cocoons,  fungus  growing  from.  459 
Precipitation — 

in  central  Ohio,  U.S.D.A 117 

relation  to  run-off  and  evapora- 
tion    810 

seasonal,  TJ.8.D.A 616 

(See  olso  Balnfall,  Snow,  etc.) 
Pregnancy,    corpus    luteum    of,    in 

swine . 668 

Price  fixing  in  England,  U.S.D.A...  487 
Prickly  pear.     {See  Cactus.) 

Prianowyetue  rotitUw  on  pear......  653 

Progenia  litura,  studies 62 

Produce  exchanges,  function.......  791 

Proflavin  oleate  in  wound  treatment.  882 

Project  method  in  science  teaching.  897 

Premecotheca  euminffli,  notes 260 

Propachyneuron  Qirault,  notes 760 

Propyl  alcohol  as  a  disinfectant 681 

Prosopis,  root  growth  in  relation  to 

oxygen 80 

Protein — 

chemistry  as  basis  of  the  life 

process 201 

dynamic  action 866 

feeding,  effect  on  amino  acids 

in   tissue 662 

free  milk,  nitrogen  in.... 608 

uigitizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


982 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 


[YoL40 


Proteins — Continued.  Pagv. 

free  milk,  eubstltutes  for 469 

quotient,   constancy  during  di- 
gestion and  starvation 660 

substances,  c<»nplement  fixation 

with 286 

synthesis,    relation    of    carbo- 
hydrates to  .............      662 

Proteins — 

Adamkiewicz  reaction  ........      607 

effect  on  intestinal  flora ...^.       867 

effect  on  nric  acid  metabolism 176 

foreign,  liberation  of  antibodies 

on  injection  of.. . — ...       180 

growth-promoting     Talue,      ex- 
pressing numerically . 765 

in  milk,  pbyslochemical  state..      601 
nutrltiye  yalne  as  affected  by 

starch  and  fats.. ... 662 

of  seeds,  studies 69,  663 

of  wheat  and  almond,  studies —      660 
pure,     toxicity     and     nntritive 

▼alue 463,  464 

utilisation  by  different  animal 

species ... ... — .-       464 

yegetable,  studies..... . 468 

(See  also  Specific  proteins.) 
Proteolysins   and   hemolysins,   rela- 
tion         286 

Protocalliphora    lary»    parasitizing 

nestling  birds  ..... . • 647 

Pratompeea  n.8pp.,  descriptions 156 

Protozoa,    flagellated    and    ciliated, 

tissue-invasiye  powers 186 

Provancher,  Abb^,  biographical 

sketch _.       269 

Prones — 

bud  injury 62 

pollination 886 

sodium  nitrate  for,  Wash 741 

tree  census  in  Washington 340 

P9anu9  ambiffuue  on  apple 60 

Pseudapbelinus  n.g.,  description 61 

PeeudocoeooUua — 

ehrhomi,  notes . 869 

n.spp.,   descriptions 869 

Pteudoooccus — 

bakeri,  studies 660 

n.8pp.,  descriptions ..      262 

Peeudomana^^^ 

avenm,  notes 648 

campeeiria,  notes 844 

oitrk     (See  Citrus  canker.) 

temUnum,   notes 844 

spp.  on  iris  and  hyacinth 844 

etewBTti,  studies 846 

tumefaoieiis,  notes 68,  262 

P»eHdi>pt€roptri0  4mit0irl0  n.g.  and 

n.sp.,  description 265 

P^ohoda  spp.  on  sewage  Alters 866 

Psylto  pyri.    (See  Pear  psylla.) 
PsyUid»— 

of  Hawaiian  Islands 262 

of  Ticinity  of  Washington,  D.C-       864 
Pteramalus    caridei    tor   control   of 
orange  paplUo.......... 62 


Ptyalin  as  affected  by  neutral  salU..      M4 
Puecinia — 

iMmbuearum  and  P.  mag4^hani$ 

n.    combs lit 

gramifUs,  studies 249,641,641 

fframinie,  studies,  Minn 748^ 

fframUiis  trUioi  oompocH,  notes.      S4S 
fframinia   trUioi^  resistance   to, 

Kans 844 

itUerttUialiB,  notes 168 

n.spp.  from  the  Andes 13S 

owaUdU,  Acial  stage 15§ 

peckiana   and    CtBoma    intereti- 

tiatU,  reUtion 153 

Puecinia,  carduaceous  species 155 

Pullets.    {Bee  Hens.) 

Pulp  mills  of  United  States 641 

Pulpwood     consumption     in      1917, 

U.8.D.A 543 

(See  aUo  Paper  pulp.) 
pMlvittaria^ 

n.spp.,    descriptions    and    para- 
sites         61 

p9idii,  notes 651 

Pumping — 

from  wells 188 

on  irrigation  projects 188 

Pumpkins—- 

growing  with  com 280 

seed  treatment. 443 

Purdue  Uniyersity,  notes 496,686,900 

Purin  bases  in  food  materials 205 

Purple  scale,  remedies 455 

Pyemia  due  to  Bridr4-Sfyori  bacillus.      683 

Pyotherapy,  studies 285.883 

Pyoyaccination,  studies . 289 

Pyrauata  penittiUa  and  P.  nubUalia, 

notes 756 

Pyrethrum— 

and  its  culture 161 

studies,  I7.S.DJI 763 

Pyrophorus  of  America,  revision 655 

PytMum    dedoryomifli.    on     conifer 

seedlings 546 

Quack  grass,  eradication,  Minn.. 734 

Quaternary  halids  in  dye  making 711 

Queroue  alba.    (See  Oaks,  white.) 
Quicklime.     {See  Calcium  oxid.) 
Quinin — 

effects  on  production  of  egg  yolk 

and  albumin 664 

in  animal  tissues  and  liquids 382 

Qulnolin  bases  in  dye  making. . 710 

Rabbit's  milk,  composition 775 

Rabies- 
notes  86 

studies 183 

Radio-active  emanations,  ration  to 

weather 314 

Radioactivity,  recent  advances  In 801 

Radishes,  response  to  carbon  dioxid.      820 
Radium — 

effect  on  blood .     767 

treatment  of  leukemia,  effect  on 

metabolism 566 

Raflla,  production.......... 241 

uigitizea  Dy  %jkjkjwi\^ 


1919J 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS 


983 


Faee. 

bromliiatlon  m»  affected  by  cata- 

lyaera 613 

detennlnatlon 813 

phyaiolosical  bchaTlor 171 

Raswe«d  pollen,  protein  extract 607 

Haia — 

nitrogen  content 800 

nitrogen  content.  Can 724 

problem  of  denudation  by 118 

rabetancee  dissolved  In 10 

water,  aolplinrle  add  content —  814 

dlndavtlon    with    height    above 

the  ground 814 

effect  on  fmit  crop  In  Norway —  810 

neasorement 71Q 

of  AnstraIJa 716 

of  Biitiah  Islea,  1017 814 

of  Italy 810 

of  aovtfawestem  Alaska 800 

of  United  Statea 808 

records,  nae  by  waterworks  engi- 
neers   715 

SBbnormaly  frequency  In  August, 

U.8  J>Jk 1 18 

(009  also  Precipitation.) 

oU    and    press    cake    from 
808 

cows,  maintenance  on  yucca  and 

sotoU  NJCex 277 

grasses  In  North  Dakota 200 

stock,    emergency    feeds,    tJ.8. 

D.A 276.471 

Sannla,  notes 288 

Bape — 

as  hog  pasture,  Minn 771 

bug.  notes 260 

caltvre    and    pasturing    Talue, 

Iowa 86 

tor  fattening  lambs,  Nebr 660 

TOot-lonse   injury 60 

tops,  decomposition  in  soil 214 

laspberrics 

breeding  and  testing  in  Minne- 
sota    148 

breeding  experiments,  Minn 742 

breedlnir  experiments.  Wash —  740 

Insects    affecting 158 

training.  Wash 748 

variety  tests.  Minn 740 

variety  tests,  tJ.8.D.A ^_  340 

aathracBOse,  notes 58 

beetle,  notes 265 

diseases,   notes 158 

Jniees,  preparation  and  preserva- 
tion    768 

ydlows.  Immune  variety.  Can —  154 

Bat-bite  fever^ 

qiirochete 781 

studies 470 

Sat-flea,  Indian,  infectiousness 161 

Sation»— 

Army 362,  560 

of  British  and  Indian  troops  in 

relation  to  disease 564 


Rations — Continued.  Page, 

of  Italian  Navy 501 

of     soldiers     in     the     training 

camps 68 

Rats— 

albino  and  Norway,  treatise —  546 

fertility  in  relation  to  age 468 

field,  relation  to  plague 161 

mammary  gland,  studies 467 

ovulation  period 663 

relation  to  hog  cholera. 480 

relation  to  poliomyelitis 85,646 

small  house,  biology 160 

spiny,  in  Philippines 646 

undersized,  post-natal  growth —  460 
iSee  aUo  Rodents.) 

Rasoumofskya,  studies 258 

Reclamation — 

of  marshlands,  Oreg 587 

projects,  U.S.D.A 301,786 

projects,  hints  to  settlers 687 

Reconstruction — 

agricultural,  in  Great  Britain 01 

and  reeducation  of  disabled  sol- 
diers and  sailors 501 

rural.  In  Ireland 01 


dog  flour.    (See  Flour,  red  dog.) 

spiders,  remedies 453 

*'  Red  weevil "  in  Ontario,  identity..  663 
Redtop — 

effect  on  following  crop 185 

effect  on  following  crop,  R.I 623 

Refrigeration    in    transportation    of 

perishable  products . . 488 

Reichert-Meissl   number,   determina- 
tion    412 

Remedies,  new  and  nonoffidal 284 

Reproduction  in  birds,  physiology 664 

Reptiles  as  food ^ 555 

Resins  of  ArauctMria  wqmcwm 615 

Respiration  apparatus,  portable 466 

Rhail>09oeH9  tenuU,  studies 764 

BhagoletiB  pomontXla,      {See  Apple 
maggot.) 

Rhlna,  notes « , ^_ 760 

Bhinanthiu  oristOrffolU,  eradication.  883 

Rhinoceros  beetle  on  coconut 751 

Rhigims.  undulata,  sexuality  in 226 

Rhizoctonia — 

disease,    notes. . 48 

diseases,  studies,  Wash 746 

*    on  Jute  as  affected  by  potash  de- 
ficiency   48, 847 

BhUfopertha  dominica,  notes 458 

Rhieatms  rUffricans,  studies 847 

Rbode  Island  Station — 

notes 208 

report . 108 

Rhodes  grass — 

culture  in  Texas,  Tex 780 

hay,    mineral    constituents,    di- 
gestibility, Tex 760 

Rhododendron — 

lace  bug,  notes,  N.J 768 

new  species 641 

Bhopohota  vaooiniana,     (Bee  Black- 
head flreworm.)         LJgmzea  Dy  ^OOglC 


984 


EXPEBIMBNT  STATIOK  BBCOBD. 


[VoL40 


Rhubarb  dlBeasefl,  studies,  111 460 

Rice- 
blast,  notes 845 

blast,  studies 166 

borers,  studies 107 

bran,  analyses,  Tex 571 

bran,  preservation  as  press  cake.  614 

bran  silica,  estimation 610 

breeding,  notes 628 

bug.  notes 26* 

by-products,  feeding  value,  U.S. 

Djk 875 

by-products,    mineral    constitu- 
ents, digestibUity,  Tex 769 

culture  experiments 228, 

231,  332,  836.  628,  626, 826 

culture  in  Burma 632 

culture  in  Guam,  Guam 828 

culture  in  Indo-Chlna 241 

dry-land,  production 629 

dry-land,  variety  tests 823 

effect  on  intestinal  flora 807 

fertilizer  experiments 228, 

231, 386,  528,  626,  626,  825 

green  manuring 886 

bay  and  straw,  mineral  constitu- 
ents, digestibility,  Tex 769 

Ilocano  and  Tagalog,  selection.  830 

inheritance  of  characters 681 

inhibitor  in 632 

liming  experiments 229 

malting  capacity 808 

on   Yuma   project,    notes,    U.S. 

D.A 484 

plats  for  breeding 836 

polish,  analyses,  Tex 671 

popped,  production  in  China 657 

BClerotlal   diseases 48 

seed  selection  tests 623 

selection    experiments 836,623,623 

straw  as  mulch  for  sugar  cane —  688 

transplanting 629 

ufra  disease,  studies 48 

use  in  bread  making 860,667 

varieties  in  Madras 523 

variety  tests 228, 

242,  882, 836,  623,  625.  828,  826 

weevil  on  stored  corn,  U.8.D.A.  861 

weevil,  studies,  AUuGoUege 762 

xenla  in 682 

Rileya,  synopsis  of  species 760 

River  stages,  daily,  U.S.D.A 209 

Road  concrete,  hydra  ted  lime  in 788 

Roads — 

brick,  in  Middle  West,  U.S.D.A.  888 

construction  and  maintenance 887 

construction   and   maintenance, 

U.S.D.A 90. 188,  485.  788,  889 

drainage  methods  and   founda- 
tions, U.S.D.A 291 

in   the  National   Forests,   U.S. 

D.A 90 

State  administration  and  con- 
trol   688 

Rohinia  pseudaeaoia  as  coffee  substi- 
tute   508,658 

Rock  phofphate.     (See  Photiphate.) 


Rodents—  Pa^k 

in  California 56 

of  Iowa 546 

Bupergeneric  groups ..^.  54 

i8m  aUo  Mice  oihI  Rats.) 

Roentgen  rays — 

effect  on  blood .-  767 

effect  on  cigarette  beetle,  U.S. 

D.A 758 

effect  on  tubercle  bacilli 887 

Roosevelt   Wlld-Ufe   Forest   Bxptfl- 

ment  Station _« — 800 

Root  erop»— 

breeding  experiments.  Can.. 735 

culture  experiments 228,625 

culture  in  Nebraska,  Nebr 521 

culture  in  South  Australia 840 

culture  in  South  Dakota,  8.Dak.  82 

culture  on  moor  soils ^.  230,  628 

feeding  value,  S.Dak 82 

field  tests  in  PhUippines 228 

of  PhiUppines 281 

variety  tests 228 

variety  tests,  Mich 731 

(See  olto  «peoto<  crops.) 

Root  growth-^ 

as  affected  by  carbon  diozid 820 

as  affected  by  oxygen  supply 80 

in  swampy  meadows 211 

methods  for  studying ..  629 

soil  temperature  factor 180, 426 

Root-knot   nematodes    in    Hawaiian 

Islands 51 

Roots,  injury  by  arsenicals,  Mont 449 

Rose 

canker,  brown,  studies 544 

diseases,  studies 159,761 

foliage,  spray  injnry^. 161 

midge  in  Ontario 668 

mildew,  notes... .. ....  68 

RoselMnlo^ 

hothrlna,  notes. . ...  48 

spp.,  notes 58,155 


fertiliser  experiments,  Md 741 

handbook. ,.«. 842 

Rosin — 

from  Bo9wellia  semOa .      248 

testing  and  analysis « ..      804 

Rotation — 

of  crops 229, 680, 622 

of  crops.  Ala.College 829 

of  crops,  Minn 788,784 

of  crops,  Mont 419 

of  crops,   R.I ^ 628 

of  crops,   U.8.DJk 881,480,481 

of  crops  in  dairy  farming,  CNdo.      875 
plats,  cake  and  com  feeding  on.      824 

Rothamsted — 

experiments,   book   of 614 

Library,  notes 600 

Station  in  war  time 101 

Roup,  chromogenic  bacillus  from 488 

Rubber- 
black  thread  disease,  notes 48. 64 

budding 46.448 

canker,  notcB^..^^ ^^  448,852 

uigitizea  Dy  vjjOOQIC 


lU*] 


INDBX  OF  SUB  JB0T8. 


985 


Bobber — Contiaiied.  Pmgs. 

culture  ezperimcntB,  Gaam.. 830 

dlaoMCB,    notoi ..  156, 

249»26S»849,845 

field  expertnent^  i«lUI»Ult7 46 

handbook ... 46 

insects  affecting ...  360 

latex  rlncB,  studies 448 

latex,  sugar  as  ooagnlant  for..  641 

leaf-Utex  reUtlons 168 

manuring  experiments.. 448 

new  Phytophthora  parasite..  845,862 

preparation . .. 46 

protectlTe  function  of  latidfer- 

oos  system ..._ —  510 

renewed  bark  of  different  ages, 

jlelds 440 

seed  selection 158 

qM>t  disease,  studies .. —  546 

tapping  experiments 848 

Tariabiiity.  etadies 646 

MmObeckia  hirta.  Inheritance  stvdies-  181 


admtnlstratlon  in  Franoe.-.- —      891 

and  mercantile  economics 888 

children*  surrey  in  North  Caro- 
line        802 

commnnities,  engenlcs  in 103 

commnnity,   mobilising 486 

credit.       {Be9    Agricnltnral 
credit) 

derelopment  in  Canada 700 

economic    and    social    reforms, 

U.8.D.A 780 

life,  treatises 202,887,485,880 

New  Tork.  jorenlle  d^nqnency 

in 800 

organixatlon  in  Porto  Blco 800 

orguilxations    of   women,    17J3. 

DJL OS 

problems  in  England 887, 687 

rMonstmction.        {8^     Becon- 
stmctlon.) 

rehitions  of  the  Uttte  town 802 

Rsearch,  standardisation 800 

nnltation,  inrestigations 603 

Bdioels.     (See  Schools,  mral.) 

sseial  snrrey,  Iowa — .. — . —      503 

•odal  sonrey,  studies. . —      896 

(^ee  also  Coimtry.) 
BiMs,  tropical  grass  or  sedge......      344 

(8e0  eUo  Cereal,  Wheat,  etc) 
Sstibagaa     (See  Swedes.) 
KstcUaft  of  British  India 68 

and  rape  as  hog  pastare,  Minn.  771 
and  wheat,  comparatlTe  yields..      625 

as  affected  by  aluminum 125 

as  affected  by  cyanamid  and  di- 

cTanodiamid .. 724 

as  green  manure  for  orchards, 

led 730 

as  meadow  corer  crop.. — . 187 

bran,  analyses,  JfJ 605 

breeding  experiments 238,624 

continuoas  culture,  N.J 125 

culture  experiments 833,  520 

146Q0I»*— 20 8 


Bye— -Continued.  Page. 

culture  experiments.  Can.. 735 

culture  in  Indiana,  Ind 786 

culture  in  Texas,  Tex 720 

culture  on  moor  soils 522 

effect  on  following  crop 135 

effect  on  following  crop,  B.I 628 

feed,  analyses.  Mass 571 

feed,  analyses,  Mich . 571 

feed,  description,  Mich 72 

fertiliser  experiments 229 

following  alfhlfa  and   feterita, 

t7.S.D.A 482 

following  millet,  Minn 734 

Oeoioa  9quamoBa  on,  Ind .  753 

grass,  culture  experiments 136 

grass    for    irrigated    pastures, 

V.8J>.A 482 

grass,  perennial,  yarlety  tests 232 

grass,  western,  alkali  tolerance.  719 

growing  with  legumes 822 

liming  experiments 822 

manuring  experiments,  n.S.D.A.  482 

middlings,  analyses,  Ind 72 

middlings,  analyses,  Mass 571 

middlings,  analyses,  N.J 665 

middlings,  analyses,  Tex 571 

origin  and  early  habitat 632 

pedigreed,  in  Wisconsin .  624 

phenologlcal  observations 811 

pollen  contamination 529 

Bosen 238 

rotation    experiments 229 

selection  experiments 233,  524 

sowing  with  TCtcb 248 

starch,  color  reaction 411 

statistical  notes 626 

STal5f  Improved  Wasa 580 

use  in  bread  making 556 

Tarieties  In  Argentina 625 

variety  tests 233, 833,  529, 530 

variety  tests,  Ala.ColIege 728 

vaHety  tests,  Minn 732 

variety  tests,  U.S.D.A 332 

variety  tests.  Wash 730, 731 

yields,  Minn 735 

Saccharin — 

as  sugar  substitute 864 

determination     in     compressed 

tablete 613 

Safety  valve,  glass,  demountable —  709 

Sagrotan,  disinfecting  value 780 

Sailors.     {See  Soldiers  and  sailors.) 

Sal- 
forests,  regeneration 848 

girth    increment    in    even-aged 

crops p  158 

seedlings,  dying  back . 47 

tree  disease,  notes 48 

SaUcylie  aldehyde  in  soils 22 

Saliva- 
food  accessories  In 271 

horse,  orokinase  and  ptyalin  in.  778 

human,  amylolytlc  activity 609 

Salivary  glands— 

in  relation  to  gastric  secretion.  867 

in  relation  to  thirst 767 


Digitized  by 


Google 


986 


EXPEBIMEirr  STATIOK  BBOOBD. 


[Vol.  40 


Salix,  hybrldintion  experiments —      640 

Salmon,  canned,  examination 205 

Salt' 

content  of  a  B^ameinn  plant 826 

effect  in  agglntination.. 778 

effect  on  legnmes 484 

fertiUxing  valne 184 

flgnres  In  serum  of  sick  hones 287 

Importance  in  rations 775 

poisoning  In  swine 084 

"sickness/'    rOIe    of    PoHiomm 

oombHi  In 187 

Saltpeter,   Chile.      {See  Sodimn  ni- 
trate.) 

Salts,  plants  tolerating 221 

Samia  oecropia,         {Bee     Cecropla- 

moth.) 
San  Jos6  scale — 

immnnity  to  sprays,  Wash 758 

notes 103 

Sandal  spike  disease,  notes 48 

Sanitation,   textbook 084 

Sanninoidea   ettiHoea,      {Bee   Peach 
borer.) 

Sap  concentration,  studies 130 

Baperda — 

oalearata,    studies 801 

eandida,     {Bee  Apple-tree  borer, 
round-headed.) 

Sapote,  analyses 763 

Sappaphls  n.g.,  description 00 

Baroooyetie  iewtUa,  studies 585 

Sarcophaga,  Hawaiian,  key 263 

Sardines — 

ammonia  and  amins  in 411 

bacteriology 556, 704,  864 

Sausages,  estimating  water  content.       807 

Sawflies,   notes 450,006,701 

Sawmills,  small,  U.S.D.A 291 

Scabies,  notes 188,778 

{Bee  aiao  Mange.) 

Scales,  Argentine,  new^ 01 

Bchietocercfk  tariarica  taken  at  sea.      049 
Behistoeoma  faponicum,  cercaria  of.       554 
Bchieoneura   laniffer€k      {Bee   Apple 
aphis,  woolly.) 

Bchieonotus  eieboldU,  biology 049 

SchloBsing,    J.    J.    T.,    biographical 

sketch 800 

Bohoenohiue  incertellue,  studies 187 

School — 

and  home  gardening 493,898 

and  home  gardening  course  for 

Philippines-. -4 898 

and    home    gardening    in    San 

Francisco 294 

fair  exhibits,  receptacles  for 90 

gardening,  book  on 290 

gardening  in  Los  Angeles 197 

kitchen    textbook 899 

Schools — 

agricultural.     {See  Agricultural 
schools.) 

rural,  paper  on 895 

rural,  relation  to  social  survey.       896 
Sdara,  rcyision. 858 


BekH^  trifeUt  n.sp.,  description 108 

SctontiJlc    Besearch    Association    is 

Great  Britain 500 

Seieroderwn^    tmrnigt^me    n.q;ft.,    de- 
scription    260 

Bcl€rQtim4a^ 

dmerea,  ensyma  ot»  Mbm 745 

fferwM  n.sp.,  description 249 

eohrotlonim,  notes 847 

spp.,      fundamental     nvtrttioni^ 

Minn 746 

SderotinU  diseases,  studies 49 

BderoHmm  hmUOieola,  studies 847 

Sclerotium  disease  of  coffee 252 

BeolUt  manUm  in  Hawaii 864 

Beoiytue  ^maOriepimoaue,  notes 259 

Scottish    Station    for   Testing    and 
Registration  of  Agricultural 

Plants 700 

Scottsbluff    Bxperiment    B%rm,    re- 
port, U.8.D.A 498 

Screw-worm  fly  in  Hawaii 203 

Scrubber  for  ammonia  distillation 806 

Scurvy — 

notes 565 

sprouted  grains  for 566 

studies 272, 

273,  363,  304,  404,  666,  868, 869 
{See  aUo  Antiscorbutic.) 

Seaside  planting,  treatise 447 

Seaweed — 

chemical  analyses 725 

fertilising  value.  Can 734 

Philippine,  use  as  food 567 

Seed- 
association  in  Sweden 828 

control  and  plant  breeding 245 

Inspection,  Md 535, 831 

inspection.  Me 448 

inspection,  Minn 338 

inspection,  Mont 448 

inspection  in  Denmark 832 

inspection     in     Bni^nd     and 

Wales 889, 637 

inspection  in  New  South  Wales.  638 
inspection  in  North  Carolina.  838, 443 

inspection  in  Queensland 814,416 

law  in  Maryland,  Md 146 

production  in  Switserland 888 

protons,  studies 69,563 

reports,  U.S.D.A 146, 

245,  338,  536,  831 

tests,  variations  In 146 

treatment  with  bromin 443 

Seedinfi;  drill  for  nursery  rows 228 

Seeds- 
abortive,  position  in  pod 621 

catalase  and  oxidase  content 222 

cleaning 40 

copper  determination  in 807 

crop  tests  in  Norrland 882 

effects  of  soaking  in  water 727 

imports,  U.S.D.A 827 

garden,  disinfection  and  fumiga- 
tion   038 

uigiiizea  Dy  vjjOOQIC 


1«19] 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


987 


8€<8di — ConttniKd.  Pmi«. 

Stmin,  afl  aflected   by  eoTlroii- 

Bwnt —  233 

legone,  iiiTMtlgatlons ..  89 

loncevitj  tests,  Guam 889 

nltrocen  distrllmtloii  In,  determl« 

Batfon 002 

oIL     (See  OD  seeds.) 
pedigreed,    inspectliig   and  dis- 

tribating  _.......... - 238 

pedigreed,  Talne .. 228 

Ranting  depths,  Utah 227 

poaitlOB  Id  planting 685 

resistance  to  desiccation 89 

sampling 145 

■aYing 147 

Te^etable,  breeding  work 888 

▼labiUty 299 

weed.     (£ree  Weed  seeds.) 
Aels^iNella  mpeHrU,  allies  In  Sonth- 

eaBtem  United  States 183 

Self-feeden.     (fifes   Pigs,  self-feeder 

for.) 
Ssuitnlferona    tubules,    relation    to 

secondary  eez  characters 467 

Ssspfsm  colon,  trapping 169 

8cptlcenila~- 

group  of  bacteria,  B.I 685 

henorrhagie 86,  778 

hemorrhagic,  U.8.D..A . 183 

hemorrhagle,   immnnlsatlon 183 

hemorrhagic,  in  sheep 782 

hemorrhagic,  in  swine 783 

hemorrhagic,  in  swine,  Ind 783 

fitplorto— 

lyeopervioi,  dissemination 644 

pyrioola^  notes 63 

ScTodiagBOsis,  Qasetellani  test  in___  288 

terpentine,  fertilising  valoe 815 

Serpholdea,  phoresy  in 459 

flcRaddla.  seeds,  mierooooplc  charac- 
teristics    508 

bovine^  for  treatment  of  infee- 

tioos  diseases 588 

dlstribntion,  pipette  holder  for..  081 

from  old  horses 580 

of  sl^  horses,  sodium  chlorid 

flgores 287 

of  the  sea  eel 880 

physiology,    international    cata- 

logae    869 

stcfcness,    prophylazia 580 

therapy,  antlgangrenoas 83, 

84,  881,  884 

therapy  in  trichinosis 184 

nuns — 

antitozic,  concentration 287,  288 

antltoxle,  production 580 

tanmnne,  selectiTe  absorption 678 


65 

72 

632 

753 

854 

85 


as  honey-produdng  plant,  OUa. 

press  cake,  analyses .^ 

culture  in  Philippines 

8f«is  HpuUformU,  notes 

SetoiBorpfaa  on  tobacco 

tetea-day  ferer,  causative  agent.... 


Pago. 

fertilising  yalne 135 

filter  flies,  studies 856 

Sex- 
characters,  secondary,  in  birds.  871 

characters,  studies 467 

studies 664 

Share  leasing,  adaptation  to  Joint- 
stock  agricultural  societies 490 

Shaw,  W.  O.,  biographical  sketch —  600 

Sheep- 
blowfly,  control  by  birds 851 

breeding  experiments,  Okla 74 

chest  contour  caliper,  N.H 277 

dips,  soda-sulphur 208 

fly,  Australian,  in  Hawaii 663 

forest  grasing,  U.S.D.A 848,448 

heather  and  moor  burning  for 667 

mineral  requirements,  Tex 769 

parasites  affecting 778 

pasturing  experiments,  U.S.D.A-  871 
pasturing  on  irrigation  ditches, 

U.S.D.A 472 

raising  in  the  West 177 

range,     emergency      feed      for, 

U.S.D.A 277 

scab,  notes 676,778 

(See  ai90  Lambs.) 

Sheep's  erythrocytes,  preservation —  479 

Shelter  belts  on   the  Great  Plains, 

U.S.D.A 841,  842 

Shingles,       production       In       1917, 

U.S.D.A 848 

Shtvaphif   n.g.    and    n.sp.,    descrip- 
tion    650 

Shorea  ro1>u8ta.     (See  Sal.) 

Shorts- 
analyses,  Can 768 

analyses,    Ind 72 

analyses.  Mass 571 

analyses,  Tex 071 

Shote  pox,  studies 89 

Shrews,  new,  from  Oregon 851 

Shrubs— 

and  trees  on  the  farm,  Mont 447 

ornamental,  at  forest  nursery  in 

Rhodesia 6*1 

ornamental,  solecting.  Ohio 640 

propagation  by  cuttings,  Wash_  840 

water  conductivity  of  wood 821 

Silage-                                      ^     , 
alfalfa  and  sweet  clover,  chemis- 
try of J^l 

alfiilfa,  studies ^^^ 

com  and  soy  beans,  seeding  136 

corn     and     sunflowers,     yields 

TTgT)  A  B<SA4ol 

com;  cuitu;;'experiments.  Can.  735 

corn,  varieties.  Minn 788 

com,  yields,  Kans----- o^ 

crops  in  Nebrnska.  Nebr 621 

crops,  variety  test^;"^;;:::::       330 

crops,  variety   tesr  

crops*  variety  tests,  mic ^^^ 

feeding  value,  ^^^'^ 666 

feeding  vaiaet  v.»-^-^ 

Digitized  hv  LjOOQLC 


988 


EXPEBIMBNT  STATIOK  BBCOBD. 


[Vol  40 


aUage— CoDtlnued.  Pttf«. 

methods  of  treatment 116 

notes.   U.8.D.A 881 

preserratlon    and    ripening    in 

warm  climates ..  116 

sorghum,      acetylmethylcari^inol 

in 412 

Borghnm    and   cowpea,   mineral 

constituents,  Tex 769 

sorghnm,    feeding    Talue,    U.S. 

D.A 6M 

sunflower,  U.S.DJ1 831 

sunflower,  analyses,  Mont 470 

SUica— 

of   feeding  stufb,   digestibiUty, 

Tex 769 

plant,  and  sand,  differentiating.  610 

Silkworms,  pebrine  disease •  662 

BUvanus  MurinamenaU,  studies -.  865 

Silver  leaf  disease 748 

SIncamas,  culture  in  Philippines.. 281 

Biphocoryne    averug,       {See    Grain 
aphis,  European.) 

Sirup  making,  U.S.D.i& 830 

Sirups,  frothy  fermentation 615 

Sisal  in  Hawaiian  Islands ...  836 

Bitona  lineatUB,  notes ..  868 

Bitoiroffa  cerealeUa^    (Bee  Angonmols 

grain-moth.) 
Skim  milk — 

feeding  value,  Mich 75 

feeding  value,    Ohio 278,279 

for  laying  hens,  Ind 76,  773 

testing  for  fiit,  Minn 878 

Skin,   sterilization 285 

Skulls  of  Japanese  cattle 276 

Slag,    solubility    in    weak    organic 

adds 709 

Sludge- 
activated,   experiments 386 

Imhoff-tank,  fertilising  value 823 

Small-holdings    system     in    British 

Isles 889 

Smallpox,  complement  flxation  test 684 

Snakeroot,  white,  toxicity 681 

Snakes,  wounds  and  diseases 66 

Snapdragon  rust,  control,  Can 165 

Snow — 

measurement 715 

nitrogen    content 809 

nitrogen  content.  Can 724 

substances  dissolved  in 19 

sulphuric  acid  content 814 

Soap — 

glycerin  determination  in 804 

lyes,  glycerol  determination  in 712 

methods  of  analysis 811 

use  with  Burgundy  mixture 746 

use  with  nicotin  sprays 762 

Soapweed — 

as  feeding  stuff,  N.Mex 277 

as  feeding  stuff,  U.S.D.A 277,  471 

Society   for   Promotion   of   Agricul- 
tural  Science 299,800 

Soda-sulphur      dips,      methods      of 

analysis . ^ 208 


Sodium— 

chlortd.     (Bee  Bolt.) 

citrate,  toxicity  as  affected  by 

dlot 466 

effect  on  hydcation  and  growth.      818 

fluorld,  «nttaeptle  Talne 779 

hypochlorite.      {Bee    Hypociilo- 
rite.) 

lodate  for  potoonlag  flies 880 

iodid,  effect  on  the  dreulatloii.      274 
nitrate,  effect  on  decomposition 

of  soy  bean  fodder 214 

nitrate,  effect  on  legmne  Inocu- 
lation         215 

nitrate,  effect  on  wlieat 244 

nitrate,  ftftillalng  value,  N. J.  126, 126 
nitrate  for  com  In  the  South, 

U.SJ).A 422 

nitrate  v.  eottonaeed  meal,  Tex.      616 
oxalate,  toxicity  as  affected  by 

diet 466 

p-hydroxyphenylaraonate,  prepa- 
ration         609 

rOlo  in  plant  nutritloa 4M 

salts,  influence  on  nitric-nitro- 
gen accumulation.. 782 

•alts,  toxicity,  soil  factors  af- 
fecting        816 

tartrate,  toxicity  as  affected  by 

diet 286,466 

Soft  drinks,  sugar  sabatitutes  In 68 

Sou— 

acidity- 
aluminum  aa  factor  in 125 

as  affected  by  drainage .         22 

as  affected  by  moisture...      816 

determination . . .       213 

effect  on  lawn  grasses.....       126 
effect  on  vetch  and  oats...       134 

limestone  action  on.  111 428 

measuring  by  sugar  invar- 

alon 123 

nature 128 

neutrallsittg 126, 815 

relation  to  crop  growth...      824 
relation      to     growth     of 

orchids 812 

relation  to  lime  and  potash 

content 812 

relation  to  mold  action 319 

studies 819, 620 

aeration    experiments,    use    of 

pits  in 629 

aeration  investigations... ..       718 

aeration,       relation      to      root 

growth 30i  820 

air,  composition 619 

aldehydes,  studies . . 22 

bacteria  as  affected  by  cyanamld 

and  dieyanodiamid 724 

bacteria  in  acid  soils,  studies..      620 
bacteria     of    froaen     soils     in 

Quebec 613 

bacteria,    rOle    In    relation    to 

phosphates ... .. 620 

bacteria,  vaniUin-destroylng, 

Ala.CoU«ge ..        24 

uigiiizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


Iftl9l 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


989 


Sou — Obntlinied. 

bacteriology,  stodiefl,  VJ 125 

blologj  stDdlet,  Bltiogai  deter- 

mljiatlon  in 711 

cliemlstry,  studies,  N^T 125 

colloids,  relation  to  plowsole 417 

erosion,  coast,  Spartina  for 680 

crofllon  in  Iowa,  Iowa . 717 

erosion,  preventloB,  U.8.D.i^ 188 

fertility  experiments,  standardi- 
sation        828 

fertlUty  investlsations,  Kont 419 

fertUIty  investigations,  Okla 624 

fertlUty  InTestigatlonB,  Wash..      719 

fertflity  work  in  India 825 

fertility  worlc  in  Kansas,  Kans.       819 

fungi,  actlTlty 122,  818,  721 

ftiBci  in  a  fbrest  nursery 852 

ftingi,  patliosenic,  eontrol 747 

inoculation — 

with  Asotobacter 882 

with  Asotobacter,  Iowa 817 

(See  also  Legomea,  inocula* 
tlon.) 
moisture  as  aflected  by  organie 

matter 811 

moisture  as  affected  by  tillage 

methods.  Wash 719 

moisture     content,     effect     on 

growth  of  barley 219 

moisture,  effect  on  acidity.^ 816 

moisture  of  surface  foot,  effect 

on  nitrification.  Wash.. 719 

moisture  under  different   crop- 
ping systoaSk  Mont.. — .....      429 
oioisture^   unfree,  and  heat  of 

wetting,  reUtlon,  Mich 20 

organisms  as  affected  by  carbon 

dlsulphld  and  toluol .. 618 

organisms,    culture  media   for, 

739 

proteolytic    actiyi- 

721 

protoaoa  as  reduction  index 214 

reaction  as  affected  by  lime...      124 
reaction,      relation     to     weed 

growth 832 

"  sicknesses  "  in  Netheriaads 319 

solution  as  related  to  growth 

of  barley 218 

solution,    studies 718 

solution,  studies,  Mich 612 

solutions,  membrane  for  study^ 

inc 718 

specialists,  training 800 

■ospensions,  layer  formation  in.      620 
temperature      factor,      evalua- 
tion  180,  426 

Son 


Alsbsms.  Lowndes  Co^  n.S.0jU  216 

Alabama.  Monroe  GOb,  U.8J>^.  419 
Alaska,  Kenai  Peninsula  region, 

U.aDJk 818 

GtUfomla,  Lower  San  Joaquin 

Valley,  I7.8.D.A 118 

iDdiana,  Porter  Co.,  U.8.D.A 420 

Iowa,  Clay  Co.,  VS.l>Jk 216 


Soa  survey  in — Continued.  Pa^s. 

Iowa,  Muscatine  Co.,  Iowa 216 

Iowa,  Pottawattamie  Co.,  Iowa.  216 

Minnesota,  Anoka  Co.,  U.8.D.A-  217 
Mississippi,  Covington  Co.,  U.S. 

D.A 813 

Missouri,  Barry  Co.,  U.S.D.A..  119 

Nebraska,  Phelps  Co.,  U.S.D.A.  818 

Nebraska,  Wayne  Co.,  U.S.D.A..  814 
North  Carolina,  Cleveland  Co., 

U.S.D.i^ 420 

North    Carolina,    Halitez    Co., 

U.8.D,A 217 

North  Carolina,  Stanly  Co.,  U.S. 

D.A 217 

Ohio,  MaHon  Co.,  U.8.D.A 217 

Ohio,  Miami  Co.,  U.8.D.A 119 

Oklahoma,  Payne  Co.,  U.S.D.A.  420 
Pennsylvania,     Clearfield     Co., 

U.S.D.A 814 

South    Csrolina,    Berkeley   Co., 

U.8.D.A 119 

Tennessee,  Shelby  Co.,  U.S.D.A.  814 

Texas,  Bell  Co.,  U.S.D.A 120 

Yemont,  Windsor  Co.,  U.S.D.A-  814 

Wisconsin,  Door  Co.,  U.S.D.A 120 

Wisconsin,  Milwaukee  Co.,  U.S. 

DJL 120 

Soils— 

absorption  and  coagulation  In..  212 

acid,  manganese  In,  Ala.College-  728 
add,  nitrification  and  bacterial 

content 620 

alkali.     (See  Alkali.) 

as  affected  by  alfalfa 722 

as  affect«l  by  alfalfa.  Kans 319 

as  affected  by  alfalfa,  Wash 719 

as  aifected  by  manganese,  N.Y. 

Cornell 820 

as   affected   by    plant   residues 

and  sugars 121 

bacterial  activity  as  affected  by 

osmotic  pressure 722 

bacterial  activity  as  affMted  by 

pbuits 299,  513 

bacteriologic  tests 817 

bacterio-tozins,  nonperslstence 28 

Baoterium  lactie-viacoeum  in 214 

biochemical  processes 616 

bog  and  moss,  fertiilier  experi- 
ments   186 

bog  and  moss,  water  table  and 

root  growth  In 211 

carbon  diozid  treatment 820 

carbon  diozid  treatment,  Ind 789 

chemical  criteria  of  productivity.  120 

chlorin  absorption 619 

copper  determination  in 807 

cranberry,  limed,  Asotobacter  in.  214 

cultivated,  nitrate  reduction  In.  819 
decomposition  of  organic  matter 

in 213 

DeEalb,  fertiliser  experiments..  299 
DeKalb,   fertiliser   ezperiments. 

Pa 723 

determination  of  carbon  and  car- 

bonatcs  in  .. .............  308 

uigitizea  Dy  vjjv^v^^i\^ 


990 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECOBD. 


rVol.40 


Soils — Continued.  Pifft. 
effect  on  nitrogen  relations  of 

crops 822 

evaporation  and  run-olT 810 

extraction  of  ammonia  from 203 

forest,  nitrification  in 418 

granitic  and  gneiss,  of  the  Corso.  S16 

bnmas  content,  chlorin  index...  610 
Indian  alluvium,  nitrification  as 

affected  by  potsherds 24 

indigo,  of  Bihar 620 

iron  in,  studies 726 

lime     requirement,     determina- 
tion  218,720 

lime  requirement,  effect  of  heat 

on 720 

meadow,    index    to   phosphonw 

and  potash  requirements 22 

moistness,  interpretation  of  field 

observations   on 211 

mold  action  in i.  122,818,721 

moor.    {Bee  Peat  and  Moor.) 
muck,  of  Washington,  potash  re^ 

quirement,   Wash 422 

nitric-nitrogen  accumulation  In, 

influence  of  salts  on 722 

of  Champaign  Co.,  HI 514 

of  Fulton  Co.,  Indiana 810 

of  Guam,  analyses,  Guam 828 

of  Indiana,  manure  for,  Ind..-  514 
of  Minnesota,  phosphate  require- 
ments   820 

of  Montgomery  Co.,  Kans 820 

of  Muscatine  Co.,  Iowa 216 

of  New  Mexico,  analyses 785 

of    northeast    Indian    tea    dis- 
tricts    20 

of  Pottawattamie  Co.,  lowa-.^  216 

of  Queensland,  analyses 814,416 

of  southern  New  Jersey  and  their 

uses,  U.S.D.A 19 

of     West    Virginia,     analyses, 

W.Va 420 

of  Yorkshire,  lime  Requirements-  128 
osmotic  pressure,  effect  on  bac- 
terial  activity 722 

peat     (See  Peat.) 

physical  character  as  affected  by 

calcium  oxid 622 

physical  classification,  chemical 

criteria,  and  productivity 120 

quicklime  conversion  in 622 

rawness  of  humid  subsoils 121 

reduction  phenomena 214 

relation  between  nnftee  water 

and  heat  of  wetting,  Mich 20 

saline,  plant  life  on 221, 424 

salt    content,    determining    by 

freezing-point  method 816 

sampling 817 

shrinkage 410 

soluble  salt  content,  Mich 612 

sterilisation  experiments 147 

stertlisation,  partial.^ 28, 619 

sugar  inversion  by 128 

textbook 896 

toxicity  due  to  aldehydes. 22 


Soils — Continued. 

toxins  of,  bactorlal 23 

toxins  of,  organic,  AUuColIege —  728 
translocation  of  calclom  in,  N.T. 

Cornell 719 

vanillin  In,  Ala.CoUege 24 

water-soluble  nutrients  in  as  af- 
fected by  lime 124 

wilting    coefltdent,    dilatometer 

method,  Mich 22 

B^kmum  femdleH  hybrid,  studies..  131, 241 

Solanum,  rest  perlcids 228 

Soldiers  and  sailors— 

agricultural  instruction  for 591 

disabled,  openings  Id  agriculture 

for 790 

forestry  pursuits  for 898 

land  settlement  for.  889,  591, 687,  790 

Yocationai   rehabUitatioa 793 

Swrem  n.  forms,  descriptions 861 

Sorghum — 

Amber,  yields,  Guam 827 

Amber,  yields,  Minn 738 

and  cowpea  silage,  mineral  con- 
stituents, digestibUity,  Tto..  769 

as  siUge  crop,  Kans 330 

as  Bugar-produdng  plant 825 

black    Amber,    seeding    experi- 
ments,   Nebr 522 

breeding  experiments,  technique.  241 

feeding  value,  U.S.D.A 876 

fodder,  mineral  constituents,  dl- 

gestibiliy,    Tex 769 

for  sirup  production,  tT.S.D.A 434 

maturity  In  relation  to  composi- 
tion, Kans 830 

seeding  depths,  Utah 227 

silage,  acetylmethylcarbinol  In-  412 

silage,  feeding  value,  U.SJ>.A —  666 

sugar  content,  studies 325 

sweet,  seeding  rates,  Tex 729 

Sorghum   vutgare,   cyanogeneels   In, 

Okla 804 

Sorghums — 

culture  experiments 230 

culture  in  Kansas,  Kans 331 

culture  in  New  Mexico,  N.Mex 18 

culture  in  Washington,  Wash 730 

forage,  varieties  for  Hawaii 823 

grain     and     forage,     Irrigation 

experiments,  Kans 330 

grain  and  forage,  variety  tests, 

Okla 32.624 

grain,      breeding     experiments, 

Okla 624 

grain,  chemistry  of,  Okla 608 

grain,  culture  in  Guam,  Guam 827 

grain,  variety  tests,  U.S.D.A —  433 
nonsaccharln,  culture  in  Philip- 
pines    231 

use  In  bread  making 66 

variety  tests 230 

{See  al9o  Kafir  corn,  MUo  malse, 
etc.) 

Sorrel,  growth  In  alkaline  media 40 

Sotol  as  feeding  stuff,  N.Mex 277 

South  Carolina  Station,  report 694 

uigitizea  Dy  %j\jkjwi\^ 


1919] 


nn)EX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


991 


Soath  Dal»ta —  Pa^s. 

GoUege,   notes 99,409 

Btatioii,  notes 499 

8ov8»  brood — 

alfalfa  hay  for,  N.Dak 75 

goitrous  condiUon,  Wis « 180 

mineral  reqolrements,  Kana 872 

Soy  bean — 

easein,    manufacture •  41Q 

00,  production  and  consumption 

In  United  States,  U.S.D.A 614 

oil,  specific   heat 68 

proteins,  nutritional  value 463 

urease,  preserylng 800 

8oy  beans — 

and  corn  as  silage  crop 186 . 

and  cowpeaa»  comparative  yields, 

Kans 830 

as  affected    by  ammonium  sul- 
phate  - 80 

as  affected  by  harium  and  stron- 
tium   819 

as  affected  by  magnesia.  Ark 726 

as  human  food 66, 657 

as  human  food.  Wash 762 

culture    in    Alabama,    Ala.Col- 

lege 828,  829 

culture  in  Philippines 632 

culture  in  Texas,  Tex 729 

culture  in  Washington,  Wash 730 

decomposition  in  soil 214 

effect  on  succeeding  crop,  Ala. 

College 829 

effect  on  succeeding  wheat  crop, 

N.J 126 

fertUiaer  experiments 489 

fertniaer  experiments,   Ala.Col- 

lege 828 

field  tests  in  Fiji 281 

growing  with  com * 136, 627 

growing  with   grain 822 

illustrated  lecture,  U.S.D.A 699 

immature  seeds,  oil  content 439 

inoculation * 216.'  439 

inoculation,  Iowa 328 

liming  experiments 439 

liming  experiments,  N.J 126 

pedigreed,  in  Wisconsin 624 

selection   experiments 623 

strains  for  rainy  and  dry  sea- 
sons   632 

Tsrletiea  for  silage 184 

variety  tests,  A]a.Colle8e 828 

variety  tests^  Mino 733 

Sparrow — 

American  tree,  correct  name —  161 

new  seaside,  description 647 

IBfpartlBa  for  coast  erosion  control..  680 

Spavin,  pathology  of 778 

Spelt- 

and  wheat,  hybridisation 624 

culture  and  variety  testa •  883 

ndtore  at  Belle  Fourche,  U.S. 

DJk 332 

milling  and  baking  tests 234 

fifermophoffu*    •mhfasGiatus,    reme- 
dies   . ...  563 


Page. 

Sph€oronema  fitnbrUUum,  studies 347 

8phmrop9is  malorum,  summary  of  In- 
formation   . 261 

8ph€Bro$t{lbe^ 

repens,  notes —  68 

sp.  on  citrus.. . .  166 

q>.  on  tea  roots . . 48 

8ph49roih€oa— 

pannoaa,  control 761 

spp.,  notes 63 

Sphecoidea  of  Nebraska 668 

Sphenophorus  spp.,  control,  U.S.D.A-  666 

6pheno9p<>re<i'  herheridis  n.sp.,  from 

the  Andes 138 

Spices,  examination 116, 204, 206 

Spider  mites  on  cinchona,  tea,  etc..  656 

Spiders — 

red,  remedies 458 

transcanadian ^ 648 

SpUoch&etosoma  calif ornka  n.g.  and 

n.sp.,  description 668 

Spinach — 

ash  absorption  from  concentrated 

soil  solutions 602 

blight,  studies 450, 648 

culture,  N.Mex 838 

Bpiro^UBta — 

hebdomadis  n.sp.,  studies 86 

recurrens,  lice  as  hosts 561 

Spirochete  of  rat-bite  fever 781 

BpUtella  monticolQ,  correct  name  for 

tree  sparrow 161 

Spongoapora  auhterranea,  notes 48,847 

Spores,  cnldesporidian,  filament  ex- 
trusion   266 

Sporotrichosis  following  mouse  bite.  180 

Spotted   fever,  Bocky  Mountain,  in 

rabbits 781 

Spray— 

gun  for  orchards,  Ohio ...  630 

noszle  for  tall  trees.  Can.. 154 

schedule  for  grapes.  Mo . 342 

Spraying — 

dust.     (Bee  Dusting.) 

for  fungus  diseases 746 

formulas  for  the  garden 638 

injury  to  foliage,  Mont 449 

notes 256 

program  for  orchards.  Wash 742 

{See  aUo  Apples,  Potatoes,  etc.) 

Sprays- 
copper,  basic  and  acid 158 

oil-lime-sulphur 453, 454 

preparation 801, 848 

sulphur,  preparation  and  use 69 

(See   al9o    Insecticides,    Fungi- 
cides, and  tpeciflo  forms.) 

Spruce — 

Chermes,  studies 262 

cones,  Insects  affecting 163, 164 

Sitka,  rots  of 349 

Spnrry  as  coffee  substitute 508 

Squab  culture 280 

Squash — 

effect  on  following  crop 136 

effect  on  following  crop,B.I.-..  623 
uigitizea  Dy  y^jv^y^wis^ 


992 


EXPEBIMBNT  ^TATIOK  BBOOBD. 


(ToL4e 


Sqaaali — Oontlnned.  Pace. 
Habbard,  selection  experimeBti, 

Minn T40 

Bclerotinia  diseases 49 

Bquatarola  99uatarola  evnotura  near 

Washington 1«1 

Sqnirrels,  ground,  control,  Cal 850 

Stable  fly  as  affecting  milk  produce 

tlon 648 

Staggers,  notes 86 

Stallions — 

in  Kansas,  E^ans 4T2 

in  Oklahoma,  Okla T6 

in  Utah,  Utah 4T8 

Standard     packages     and     uniform 

grades 293 

Staphylococcus    pyogenes    Invading 

Crvpiococcus  farciminotuB  lesions.  680 
Starch — 

determination 114,  204,  812 

distillation  under  reduced  pres- 
sure    110 

effect  on  nutritive  value  of  pro- 
teins   662 

energy  values 866 

hydrolysis,  erythrodeztrin  in 460 

soluble,  detwmination 812 

soluble,  preparation 812 

Starfish,  ground,  fertilizing  value —  126 

Stature,  inheritance  of 276 

Steers — 

bolly  refuse  for,  Okla 366 

concentrates  for,  in  the  South, 

U.S.D.A 878 

cull  becms  for,  Mich 768 

feeding  experiments.  Can 768 

limiting  grain  ration,  Iowa 869 

on  different  rations,  manure  pro- 
duced by 126 

"optimum  age*'   for  fattening 

off 667 

respiration  experiments 866 

roughages    for,   in   the    South, 

U.S.D.A 666 

Stegomyia  fasdata  as  dengue  carrier.  662 
Btemmatosteres  €tpteru8  n.g.  and  n.sp., 

description 869 

BtephanitU  pyrioidee,  notes,  N.J 763 

Stephenaonia  n.g.  and  n.sp.,  descrip- 
tion   660 

8terigmatocv8ti8  sp.  on  iig 62 

Sterilising  outfit  for  field  laboratory.  848 

Stewart,  V.6.,  biographical  sketch..  199 

Stlctiella  n.g.,  description 264 

BtilheUa  fiavida,  control,  P.R 42 

Stock.    (Bee  Live  stock.) 
Stockyards  fever.     (Bee  Septicemia, 

hemorrhagic) 
Stomach — 

physiology  of 270, 766. 867 

worms,  notes 782 

worms  of  sheep,  Mich 88 

Stomatitis — 

differential  diagnosis 288 

infectious 183 

Btomowys  caMtrans,  ( Bee  Stable  fly. ) 

Stopcock,  special,  description — - —  202 


Storage,     central     cooperatiTe^     in 
France 

Btmiteous  sp.  on  coconut 751 

filrsiMSto  UmgiptnuUs,  notes 109 

Straw,  effect  on  nitrttcation,  Wash.      719 

Strawberries 

breeding  and  testing  in  Minne- 
sota           148 

breeding  experiments,  Minn 742 

breeding  experiments  in  Alaska.       446 

culture,    U.S.D.A 838 

everbearing,   new 6S9 

fmlt  setting  in 838 

labor    costs .  192 

temperature  when  picked,  rela- 
tion to  keeping  quality 639 

varieties,  U.S.D.A 840,  888 

Strawberry — 

leaf  beetle,  notes 64 

leaf  roller,  studies,  Iowa 766 

leaf  spot,  notes 168 

Strepsiptera,  studies 266 

Streptococci — 

hemolytic,  filterable  toxic  prod- 
uct            88 

hemolytic,  m  milk 478 

invading   Orjfptoeoccus  far^mi- 

nosus  lesions 680 

studies 881 

Btreptoooooous 

hewMfyHcus,  human  and  bovine, 

differentiation 677 

pyogenes,  culture  medium  for 180 

Streptococeos — 

immunity,  studies 676 

infection  of  udders 87,  184 

infection,   review  of  investiga- 
tions         184 

Streptothrloes,  metabolism 478 

Streptothrix — 

infection  of  udders 184,  186 

of  rat-bite  fever 479 

Btriga  lute€t,  notes 48 

Btromatinia    geranii   n.8p.,    descrip- 
tion         249 

Strongylidosis,  equine,  treatment 686 

Strongylus,  notes 782 

Strontium,  effect  on  plant  growth 819 

Stumps,  removing,  Wis 90 

Subsoils — 

hundd,  rawness 121 

moistness,      interpretation      of 

field  observations  on 211 

Sucrose — 

bromination  as  affected  by  cata^ 

lyaen 618 

content  of  molasses^  determina- 
tion        966 

determination 607 

determination  in  milk  chocolate        14 

Sudan  grass — 

and  millet,  comparative  yields, 

Iowa 828 

as  pasture  crop,  Tex 729 

breeding  experiments,  Okla 82 

uigitizea  Dy  k^jvjkjwlk^ 


lftl»] 


nrrax  op  subjeois. 


993 


gnas — Contliined.  Pifa^ 

composltleii,    relatton   to   yield 

and  BAtnrtty,  Kans 8S0 

culture  experiments,  OUa 82 

culture  expertmeiitt,  Tex 729 

GQltsre  experiments  In  Hawaii.  823 

CQltnre  in  Goam,  Guam 827 

CQlhire  In  New  Mexico,  N.Mex.  18,  86 

culture  in  Philippines 281 

teradnation 222 

hay,  composition  and  digestibil- 
ity, Iowa 71 

pasture  experiments,  N.Mex 86 

pasture  experiments,  Okla 82 

seed,  resistance  to  desiccation 80 

seeding  and  harresting  experi- 
ments, Okla 624 

secdiniT  experiments,  Kans 881 

seeding  experiments,  N.Mex — ..      86 

seeding  experiments,  Nebr 522 

yldds,  Kansi 331 

yields,  Minn 733 

LT 

u  coagulant  for  HcTea  latex 641 

Mttteat  of  sorghnm,  studies 826 

dccolsrteing  carlMiBs,  new 12, 510 

determination  in  blood..  116, 810, 713 

detersslnation  In  urine . —  418 

determination  of  rafflnose  in —  313 

industry  in  Australia 524 

Industry   In   Cuba 702 

industry  In  Gurdaspur  District.  685 

industry  In  Queensland 87 

inTerslOB  by  acids,  action  of  neu- 
tral salta  on 802 

inYsnlon  by  colloidal  silica 201 

inversion  by  soils  and  allied  Bid>- 

stances . 128 

(See  also  Invert  activity.) 

invert,    msnnfscture . 802 

manufsctnre    in    United    Prov- 
inces   208 

maple     (See  Maple.) 

massccoite,  purity  tables 116 

masseculte^  treatment 510 

massecultes  and  sirups,  frodiy 

fermentation 615 

minimum  In  nutrition . . 563 

palm.  East  Indian,  P.R 44 

poriflcatlon,  carbon  filters  for..  511 
raw,    from    various    esuntrles, 

composltloo 208 

refining 208 

seeding  method  of  graining 208 

situation,  bo<»k  on 633 

substitutes  la  ice  cream 777, 802 

substitutes  in  Jelly  making 668 

substitutes,  redpes^  NJDak 861 

sobstltntss,  use 67,  68,  864 

(8ee  sZio  Sugars.) 


208 

488 


areas,  entetprise  studies 

farms,  organisation.  Mont... 

land,     Mown-out,      recropplag, 

TJJBJXA , 

leaf  spot,  studies 


431 
844 


Su0ir  beet — Continued.  Pace, 

louse  in  relation  to  Irrigation, 

Mont 462 

molasses,  raiSnose  in 818 

powder  to  replace  refined  sugar, 

Minn 715 

pulp.     (Bee  Beet  pulp.) 

roots,  decompoctitlon  in  soil 214 

seed  in  France 86 

seed  Industry,  book  on 441 

soils,  nitrates  in 800 

Sugar  beets — 

and  mangels,  comparative  yields, 

I7.S.D.A 431 

and  sorghum,  comparison 325 

continuous  culture,  Mont 419 

cost  of  production,  U.8.D.A-.  180, 440 

culture  experiments 886 

culture  experiments.  Can 785 

culture  in  California,  U.8.D.A..  737 

culture  in  Colorado,  t7.8.D.A —  138 
culture  in  Michigan  and  Ohio, 

I7.S.D.A 440 

culture  in  Montana,  U.S.D.A 139 

culture  in  South  Dakota,  S.Dak.  82 

culture  in  Utah,  Utah 633 

determination  of  fructose  in 507 

feeding  value,  8.Dak 32 

fertiliser  exp^lments 421,621 

industry  in  Australia 337 

industry  in  Ontario 886 

industry  in  United  States,  U.S. 

D.A 139 

irrigated,  manuring  experiments.  421 

irrigation  experiments,  IQtns 331 

liming  experiments 134 

morphology  and  physiology,  re- 
lation to  climate 631 

rotation  experiments,  U.S.D.A.  881, 430 

seeding  depths,  Utah 227 

thinning  dates,  U.S.D.A 430 

variety  tests 836 

yields,  Minn 734 

Sugar  cane — 

ammonium  sulphate  for 633 

borer  on  maize 453 

borer,  parasites  of 654 

botany  of 532 

breeding  experiments 241, 

242,  683,  634 

chlorosis,  P.R 61 

culture  experiments 38,  230, 

281, 832. 484, 441, 628, 625.  684, 826 

culture  in  Cuba 337 

culture  in  Gurdaspur  District —  635 

culture  In  Queensland 37 

diseases   In    tropical    and    sub- 
tropical America 157 

diseases,   notes 47, 

48, 61, 165, 844,  848 

drainage  experiments 441 

evolution  and  origin. 829 

eye-spot,  notes 864 

fertilizer   experiments 38, 

230,  231,  241,  242.  441, 

523,  682,  625,  633,  826 

Digitized  by  VjOOQIC 


994 


SXPSRIMBNT  STATION  BXOOBD. 


[Vol  40 


Sugar  cane — Oontlniied.  Faffti 

trogboppeTf  notes ^•..^..  201, 856 

frost  protection  and  firoat  dam- 
age        442 

frosted,    preyentlng   decomposi- 
tion        684 

growing  for  slnip»  U.8.D.A- —      830 

growth  measurements 326 

Indian,    cUsaiflcation 635,820,830 

inheritance  In 241 

insects  affecting 67, 854 

irrigation   experiments 230 

Japanese,   cnltore  experiments, 

Tex 720 

Japanese,  culture  In  Phlllppinea.      231 

Joice,  clariflcation 610 

juice,  rOle  of  oxidases  and  Iron 

in  color  changes 12 

leaf-hoppers  in  Hawaii 854 

leaf  spot,  studies 848 

liming  experiments.. ....        88 

mottling  disease,  resistant  va- 
riety       848 

mutation    in......... .....      634 

nematode  injury,  U.S.DJL. 157 

oxidases  of 426 

planting  dates  in  Argentina. —      441 
planting  experiments.  88,  582,  634,  635 

ratooning  experiments^. . 38 

seed,  from  different  sources....        87 

selection  experimenta.. 523 

thick  V,  thin,  for  planting....      532 

varieties 88,  632 

yarleties  In  Dutch  Bast  Indies.  87, 635 
varieties  in  HawaUan  Islands..      634 

varieties,  IndUn 635,  820,  880 

varieties,   Philippine ..... 220 

variety,  disease-resistant. ..      848 

variety  tests 87, 

228.  230,  231,  242,  832,  441, 
523,  625,  638,  684,  828.  825 
Sugars — 

aldehyde,  determination . 114 

aotooxidation . . ..      118 

nonfermentable,  of  molasses...       313 
preparation  from  other  sugars  of 

fewer  carbon  atoms ... ..       110 

reducing,  determination.  114,  312,  613 
{See    aiao     Glucose,     Sucrose, 
eta) 
Sulphate — 

of  ammonia.     {See  Ammonium 

sulphate.) 
of  potash.    (See  Potassium  sul- 
phate.) 
Sulphates- 
determination..... 113 

inorganic,  rOle  in  nutrition 71 

Sulphlon,  volumetric  estimation. 400 

Sulphur — 

effect  on  rock  phoq^hate^... 128 

fertilizing  value 128, 440 

mixtures.       (Bee    lime^ulphur 
mixtures.) 

nutrition  of  plants.  Ark 726 

requirement  of  red  clover 727 

sprays,  preparation  and  use 50 


Bolphui^-CHwtiniiad.  Paaa. 
trioxid  of  feeding  stuffs.  di^esU- 

bility,  Tex 770 

Solphnric  acid — 

content  of  snow  and  rain 814 

ereaaieiy-waate,  superphosphate 

from 16 

determination    in    presenoa    of 

phosphates..... 18 

industry  in  Great  Britain 816 

manufacture .... .  .- 815 

Summer  sores,  etiology  and   treat- 
ment   586 

Summers,  warm  and  cold. .. 716 

Sun  spots  and  dimate,  oomUtioD% 

U.S.D.A 416 

Sunflower — 

ily,  notes 160 

seed,  Swedish,  studies 533 

silage,  analyses  and  use,  Mont —  470 

silage,  studies,  U.S.D.A 881 

stems,  utUisation 242 

Sunflowers — 

as  forage  crop.. ...... 242 

as  silage  crop,  U.S.D.A- 882, 481 

as  soiling  and  sUage  crop,  Mont.  420 

culture  experiments 280 

hybrid 728 

sderotlnia  diseases^ .. ....  48 

yield  of  stovw.  Wash 781 

Sunlight,  formation  of  nitrites  by  in 

aaueous  solution. 425 

Superior  Council  of  Agronomic  Sta- 
tions and  Laboratories  in  Franoe.  99 
Superphosphate — 

effect  on  deoonpoaition  of  soy 

bean  fodder.... 214 

fertilising  value.  Mo 218 

fertilising  valoeb  Mont 429 

fertilising  value,  Pa 728 

fertilising  value,  Tex 515 

(See  aUo  Phosphates,  conk- 
parlson.) 

niter  cake 221,515 

of  ammonia,  new  fertiliser.....  127 

preparation.. — . 725, 801 

preparation  with  creamery  waste 

sulphuric  add. 16 

Swamp — 

reclaimed,  fodder  crops  on .  281 

rose  mallow,  insects  affecting..  754 
soils,  vegetation  as  Indicator  of 

quality 718 

waters,  effect  on  plants  and  bio- 

colloids 520 

Swan4»y  meadows,  water  table 211 

Swedes — 

culture  experlmettt&....... ..  625 

culture  experiments,  Mich. 731 

culture  In  Antigua 622 

culture  in  South  Dakota,  S.Dak.  82 

^Eect  on  following  crop,  B.I 623 

feeding  value,  Can 768 

relative  yldding  capacity 625 

roots,  decomposition  in  soil 214 

yields,  Minn 784,  735 

yields.  Wash.. • .. ..  730 

uigitizea  Dy  vjx^v^v  i%^ 


1919] 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


995 


as  bog  pftstnra^  NJDAk........  7S 

'  M  hog  pasture,  I7.S.D.A......  72 

as  pastnvs  crop,  Kans S30 

as  pastnre  crop^  OUa 82 

as  paatace  crop,  I7.8.D.i^ 470 

as  winter  eoTer  crop * 188 

adtare  In  Washington,  Wash —  781 

haj,  feodlAg  YalQa»  Kans 869 

inoculation    216 

on  Goni  belt  farms,  U.8.D.A 242 

dlage,  chemistry  of 10 

8  wet  com— 

Stewart's  disease,  studies 846 

mrlety  tests 184 

Sweet  pea,  mutation  In.... 641 

Sweet  potato- 
diseases   168 

floor,  fltarch,  and  sogar,  mak- 
ing and  uses,  Ala.  Tuskegee.  267 

wecril,  notes .,- 269,  260 

weevil,  studies,  U.8.DJI 867 

Sweet  potatoes — 

coltnre,  I7.8.D.A 788 

cnltnre  and  oae 768 

coltnre  experiments 280,  231,  484 

coltore  In  Philippines 281 

fertlUaer  experiments 280 

fertiliser  experiments,  Tex 616 

insects  affecting . 269 

storage 864 

storage  rots . 847 

tennlte  Injury 260 

varieties  for  Porto  Rico,  P.R...  44 

variety  tests 228,  622 

Sweet  tosBock,  production  and  nse..  442 
Swtaifr~ 

avian  tnbercnlosls  In 186 

bacterial  Infections  in 788 

color  Inheritance  In 870 

corpos  Inteom  of  pregnancy 668 

erysipelas,    Immnnixation 886 

fever,  semm  treatment 788 

ocBtros  and  ovulation  In 663 

plagne,  U.B.D.A 188 

plagoe,  notes 783 

rdatton   of   breed   and  age   to 

prolificacy.  Wash 770 

salt  poisoning  tn 684 

{Bee  ulto  Pigs.) 
Symbfotes — 

action  on  constHnents  of  fat —  464 

and  vitamins,  similarity .  368 

as  agents  of  ketonlsatlon 464 

Symptomatic  anthrax.     {See  Black- 
teg.) 
KyaiydoMw    amerieamue    n^.,    de- 
scription    262 

BtmekgUimm  endobiothmm,  notas —  847 
SwuttmoapU  am^eltmoMerie  n.sp.,  de- 
scription    656 

Bjrphld  flies,  economic  Importance..  856 

llUianldm  of  District  of  Oohimbla 767 

foftoaiK  amcrioofMis,  notes 268 

Tibanus,  collecting  larvn 757 

UheUrtm  epeetmMUe,  BOtes»  PA. 44 


Page. 

Tabosa  grass  hay,  mineral  constitu- 
ents, digestibility,  Tex 769 

Tacblnid»  of  North  America,  notes.  658 

Twnia  piHfomUe  in  the  cat 686 

Trnniothfipe  inooneequene,  studies 647 

Tallow,  production  In  United  States, 

U.S.D.A 614 

Tamarack  for  fence  posts,  Ohio 744 

Tan  extracts  from  mangrove 47 

TanaemaeUm  n.g.  and  n.Bp.,  descrip- 
tion   859 

Tangelos,  descriptions  and  value  in 

Florida,   n.8.D.A 247 

Tankage — 

analyses,  Ind 72 

analyses,  Iflch 571 

digester,  analyses,  N.J 666 

feeding  value,  Ark 279 

feeding  value,  Ohio 278 

feeding  value,  Okla _  75,  278 

feeding  value,  U.8.D.A 72 

{See  eteo  Garbage  tankage.) 

Tannla  meal,  analyses 173 

Tannine — 

culture  and  use 763 

variety  tests 622 

Tanning  materials,  methods  of  anal- 
ysis   714 

Tapeworms  of  the  horse 186 

Taphrina — 

communie,  treatment,  Mont 449 

spp.  on  plum,  Mont 452 

Tarache  delecia,  studies 754 

Tarnished  plant  bug — 

biology 67 

studies,  Mo 455 

Taro,  Hawaiian,  as  food 557 

Tareenymua  tnmeluoeHe  on  tea 666 

Tartar  emetic,  use  In  treatment  of 

trypanosomiasis 781 

Tartrate  nephritis,  studies 286,  388 

Tartrates — 

determination  in  baking  powder.  712 

toxic    action 466 

Tea — 

commercial,  composition 14 

diseases,  control... 849 

diseases,   notes 48,  58,  851 

Insects  affecting 269 

mites  of 666 

shot-hole  borer,  notes 266,453 

thrips,  notes 69 

tortrix,    studies 463 

Temperature  minimum  and  sunrise, 

difference  in  timex 814 

{See  aleo  Night  temperature.) 

Tennessee — 

Station,    notes 199,499,600,900 

University,  notes 199,698 

Tent  caterpillar — 

cocoons  poisoning  bogs 686 

polyhedral  virus 266 

Tentheeorie  hiooler,  notes,  N.J 764 

TephrUes  onopordiiUa,  ovipositlon—  457 

Teriae  wMppe  pap«,  color  variation.  26r 

uigitizea  Dy  vjv/v^v  i%^ 


096 


EXPERIMSlSrr  STinOK  BBOOBD. 


[Toi.40 


Termitei —  Pate* 

fnngi  cultivmted  by 408 

in  Cuba,  notes 4Q3 

injuring  sweet  potatoes-. 280 

notes,    Kans 862 

Terracins  farm  lands,  U.8.D.A 188 

Testicle,  interstitial  gland,  reUtion  to 

secondary  sex  characters 467 

Tetanus — 

badlli,   disinfeetion 478 

inununlaation . 179, 680 

treatment 186,  779 

Tetrany&hua — 

spp.  on  cinchona  and  tea 656 

t€lariu8,    remedies 458 

Tetrastiohua  ffiffardianus,  atndies 459 

Tettigidea,  breeding  experiments 867 

Texas  Station,  notes ^ 99 

Thanerodlerua  girodi  larva,  descrip- 
tion, n.S.D.A ^ 759 

Thea^diplosia  moBcUana  in  Ontvio..  653 

Thlelaviopai9  paradowa,  notes ^  47,761 

Thiophene  test  for  lactic  add 114 

Thirst,  physiological  basis ,_  T67 

Thistle,  Canada — 

control,   Mont —.  480 

control,  U.S.D.A —  839 

Thomas  slag.    {See  Phoephatic  slag.) 
Thrashing   machines,    exhaust    fans 

for.  Wash 49, 746 

Thrips— 

of  British  Guiana 163 

of  Trinidad,  notes -. 649 

Thripa  iahaci,     (Bee  Onion  thrips.) 
Thunder  Mountain,  devastated  con- 
dition   841 

Thymol-chloroform,  effect  on  chlorin 

content  of  urine 614 

Tbysanoptera — 

of  Cuba 453 

of  Florida 858 

Tihioen   eeptendeoim,     (See   Cicada, 

periodical.) 
Ticks— 

as  carriers  of  DermtUohia  Komi- 
nig  62 

control  in  Dutch  Bast  Indies 682 

diseases  transmitted  by 587 

eradication 880 

iguana,  studies 859 

of  Barbados 56 

relation  to  louping-ill 884 

spinose  ear,  notes 666 

splnose  ear,  remedies,  U.S.D.A..  682 
(See  aUo  Cattle  tick  aaid  Chicken 
tick.) 
Tile,  drainage.     (Bee  llhilntile.) 

Tllia  of  North  America 248 

Tllletla  on  wheat,  studies 845 

Timber — 

aeroplane,  rots  and  defects. 849 

borer  in  New  Zealand 169 

estimating,  formula  method 843 

immature,  appraising  fire  dam- 
age   848 

small,  marketing  in  Wisconsin.  164 

supply  of  Union  of  South  Africa.  448 
(See  also  X^umber  and  Wood.) 


Timberlands.  re&rcitatioii,  U.8.D^.  744 

Timbers — 

Indian,  seasoalag  tests.. — ...  848 

of  New  South  Wales,  testa 640 

TUneromicrue  mmouiatiu,  studies 862 

Timothy — 

and    clover^    fHrtUlaer    experi- 
ments.....  . . 184 

and  clover,  seeding  experiieats  231 

and  clover,  yields,  Minn 782,735 

culture  exper1ni#nf  ■   - 186 

effect  on  following  crop,  R.I 628 

for  irrigated  pastures,  U.8J>JU  482 

liming  experiments,  N.J 125 

meadow  plant  bug,  stndlea. 260 

on  bog  and  moss  soils ..  212 

relative  yielding  capacity 625 

variety  tests. . 282 

yields,  Minn 733 

Tiphia  paraUela,  feeding  habits 266 

Tissue- 
culture    method    in    immnalty 

studies 179 

invasion     by     PUumadfiOphora 

6msi09 66 

transplantation  and  immunity 578 

Tmetooera  oeeUamm^    {B^e  Bad-aet^ 
eye-spotted.) 

Tobacco—^ 

aphis,  notes 856 

beetle,  studies,  U.S.D.A 758 

blossom  color  inheritance 442 

"  carotting  " 442 

coleopteran  pest . 170 

culture  experijnents 280, 888, 624 

culture  experiments.  Can 785 

culture  in  Cyprus . ...  ©43 

culture  in  Guam,  Guam 827 

cytokinesis    of    pollen    mother 

cells 618 

Deli,  selection  experiments 635 

Dell,  sterUe  dwarf  form 88 

diseases,  notes ...  48 

fertilizer  experiments 280.882 

growing  with  corn  for  shade 229 

handbook 442 

hybridization  studies 88 

industry  in  Australia. 624 

industry,  statistics 683 

Insects  in  Dutch  East  Indies 854 

"Latakia,"  production 243 

leaf  spot,  angular 848 

lightning  injury 645 

mosaic,  carrier 251 

B6anlon,  in  Mauritius 442 

seed  beds 242 

seed    beds,     steam    atcrilisins, 

U.S.D.A 135 

slug,  notes,  P.B 66 

variety  tests 229,280,382 

waste,  analyses 621 

wilt,  control 243 

worms,  studies 6B 

Tokras,  notes 48 

Tolerance  and  immunity 82 

Toluol,  effect  on  nltrofafrilxing  and 

nitrifying  organisms  ^^.V:^^k\^-  618 


1D19] 


IKDBX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


997 


M>9iUtera^i 


bloaMMn-drop,  stadlet,  Okla 

Wowom-end  TOt^  aotes. 


bloioin  md  vot,  aolet,  Can—.. 
IniSBt  notes  ....«......•....«.«. 

coUnr  rot^  notes ^ 

dtmping-off  disease . 


—  468 

—  644 

^    46 
154 
..   166 
844,748 

—  748 


and 


troi»    Na. 


748 


late  bUskt,  nstes,  P.B. 
leaf   sv 

BMSsie,  carrier, 
paynid.] 


pulp  and  pcute*  msnwftirtare.,. 
p«ilp,  mlcnweopie  examination.. 

Rhlsoctonia  bUght,  Wash 

sderotlnia 
wllt»  notes- 


834 

47 
644 
261 
162 

17 

14 
746 

49 
848 


antlseorimtlc  property — ......  762 

breeding  ezperlments»  lllnn.. 740 

fanning,  prodnctlon  in  United 

BUtes,    U.8.D.ik 094 

CDltore  experiments 147 

early,  coltnre,  N.J 742 

fertniaer  experiments 184,  147 

bardeaing  by  exposara  to  cold 26 

li^tning  Injnry ^-.  646 

oil  and  press  cake  from  seeds..  803 

ponination,  Md 741 

poninatton,   Greg . — .  883 

selection  experiments,  Mont....  444 

TSrIety  tests,  V.SJ>^ 44 

Tegetatlon     and     reprodnction, 

Oreg 40 

winter,  disease  of.  Can 155 

Tortridd  genitalia,  notes 264 

Tortiim  aiigyi'ospils,  notes 263 

Ttowns,  little,  raral  relationships..-  892 

roMSMris  Um^^ta,  stndles 186,  187 

Toxlodogy,  arian,  experiments  in 587 

TSsopters  itfibsiIsmsi  In  T^exas 866 

Titctor— 

endnring,   design   of 190 

engines,  fuels  for 190 

gu.  In  eastern  farming,  U.S.D.A.  89 

in  Idabo  fanning,  Idalio 90 

in  Indiana  farming,  Ind 788 

plowing  and.  disking,  Minn 788 

190 

190 

999 

189 

gears  • ....... — ...... 190 

msgneto  ignition 190 

Thuisplration  of  plants 27,  427,  820 

ThuMiNvrtatlon  of  perirtmbla  prod- 

acta  _.., ^ • 488 


crop^  new,  testing  for  bardlnese.  588 

diaoaaca,    control.... 262 

diseaaes  due  to  tbe  larger  fangi.  849 

diseases,    manual.......... — —  63 

boppers  of  Nova  Scotia 67 

planting,     explosiye  -  fsrtUlaer 

sheU  for ... 444 

rnsts,  notes . ... ..  849 

Tolnmes,  grapbic  calcnlation 168 

and  sbmbs  for  seaside  planting.  447 

and  sbnibs  on  tbe  farm,  Mont..  447 

at  forest  nnrsery  in  Bbodesia 641 

determination  of  increment  by 

stem  analysis 153 

diameter  growtb,  causes.... 744 

distribntion  nnder  Kinkaid  Act» 

n.SJ>.A 248 

growtb-measorlng   device.. 817 

Indian,  stand  meaanrementa...  46 

insects  affecting 163 

insects  affecting  in  India,. 269, 260 

of  Britisb  Onlana 642 

of  California,  descriptions 744 

of  Nortb  America,  notes- 248, 642 

of  Wblte  Co.,  Indiana 152 

propagating  by  cattings,  Wasb.  340 

red-belt  injury 542 

regional  spread  of  molstnre  in 641 

sbade  and  ornamental,  diseases, 

N.J 646 

sbade,  coarse  of  study 96 

sbade,  insects  affecting..  161, 163, 259 

sbade,  insects  affecting,  Kans —  862 

street,  roadside,  and  farm .  447 

tests  at  Belle  Fourcbe,  U.S.D.A.  340 

timber,  of  Philippines 162 

tolerance  ranges,   limiting  fac- 
tors    162 

water  oondnctiTity  of  wood 821 

Trefoil— 

as  green  manure ..  24 

blrd's-foot,  liming  experiments —  322 
Trembles.     (See  Milk  sickness.) 
Trencb — 

diarrbea,    carriers .. 884 

fever,   studies .  660 

TriboUum  catttmeum,  studies 855 

Tricblna,  intestinal,  studies . —  476 

Trichinosis,  serum  therapy  in......  184 

TriohodeoteB  acalari^,  control.  Conn. 

Storra  — A 662 

Triehodwma  tBtmingi^  studies ..  847 

Triohogramma  evanescens,  studies 266 

Trictunnontu  inteaiinaiU,  studies .  186 

Tfkmymm  n.spp.,  descriptions 262 

Trombidium  akamu^i,  studies......  664 

Truck — 

crop  apbids,  control 163 

crop     insects    In    Louisiana, 

U.S.D.A 67 

crop  saed  bads,  staam  sterilis- 
ing, U.S.D.A 135 

farms  in  New  Jersey.. — . 299 

marketing,  cooperatlTe ...  488 

(^es  also  Market  gaidens.) 

Digitized  by  VjOOQIC 


998 


EXPBBIBCBNT  STATION  RECOBD. 


(Vol.  40 


nt 

blood 86 

TrypanowwniMli 

of  the  bone  In  Morocco 784 

trattment 088,781 

TrypetUte,  tntppins 1<I9 

Trypstn,  note* 408 

Taberde  badUl— 

as  affected  tiy  Boentgen  nys 887 

ind(caton  for S84 

Tnbercalin,  testing  potoncy  of 680 

Tabercolosis-^ 

and  onr  liTe^tock  Industry 681 

ayian,  In  swine 186 

bovine,  in  Argentina 86 

boyine,  studies 86 

complement  fixation  In..  481, 886, 887 

control 880, 677,  681. 778 

diagnosis 680 

in  catUe,  detecting 782 

in  dogs - 782 

in  eqaines 778 

in  infants  and  children 684 

In  sheep — 885 

In  the  camel 86 

notes 778, 880 

problem  in  relation  to  meat  in- 
spection   677 

treatment  by  transfaslon  of  im- 
mune and  normal  blood 886 

Tnbercalons     tissues,     chemical 

changes  in 684 

Turkeys,  management 177 

Turnip  shoots,  use  in  salads 864 

Turnips — 

culture  experiments 626 

culture  experiments.  Can 786 

culture  in  South  Dakota,  S.Dak.  82 

culture  on  moor  soils 230, 623 

effect  on  following  crop,  R.I 624 

liming  experiments 822 

relative  yielding  capacity 625 

root-louse  injury 60 

sclerotinia  diseases 49 

weed  control  in  fields  of 686 

yields.   Wash 780 

Turpentine — 

from  BosipetUa  ^errata 248 

testing  and  analysis 804 

Tussock  moths — 

in  Nova  Scotia,  notes 67 

white-marked,    notes 269 

Twinning  in  cattle,.  Me 873 

Tylen6hu9 — 

an0uatu9,  studies 48 

tntici  on  wheat,  tJ.8.D..A 144,849 

Typha,  culture  and  utilisation 443 

Typhloeyha  eymba  n.sp.,  description.  261 

Typhoid — 

bacnii,  destruction  in  sour  milk.  476 

infections  of  horses 289 

Typhoid-like  diseases  of  birds,  R.I-.  686 

Tyrosin,  determination 113,207 

Udder  infections,  studies 87 

Udders,  bacterial  fioia 184,186 

UUa  grass,  production.. 243 


Umatilla  BxptrlaieBt  Ftooi,  report, 
U.8J>.A 494 

Uniform  grades  and  standard  pack- 
ages        298 

UnHachnus    n.g.,   erection.. 681 

United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture— 
Agricultoral  Commission  to  Bu- 

rope 4M 

Bureau    of    Animal    Industry. 
(See  Bureau  of  Animal  Indus- 
try.) 
Bureau  of  Chemistry.    (See  Bu- 
reau of  Chemistry.) 
Bureau  of  Plant  Industry.   (See 

Bureau  of  Plant  Industry.) 
Ofllce    of    Farm    Management. 
(See  Ofllce  of  Farm  Manage- 
ment) 

reports 493 

work  of 688 

Urea — 

concentration  in  the  tissues. 662 

determination  in  blood.. 207 

determination  in  urine 202 

formation  In  the  animal  body 866 

Uredlnales— 

of  Guatemala 827 

of  the  Andes 138 

Uredlnee,  new  species 327 

Uredo— 

araehidie,  notes 155 

eoneore,  notes,  P.B 47 

Uremia  of  acarlan  origin  In  horses..        89 
Urtc  acid — 

determination 207 

determination  in  blood 16 

determination  In  milk 600 

determination  in  urine 418 

metabolism,  studies 176 

Urinary — 

carbon,  determination 206 

creatin,  exogenous  origin.. 866 

Urines- 
ammonia  and  gastric  secretion 766 

chlorln  content,  as  affected  by 

thymol-chloroform 614 

determination  of  hippuric  add 

in 611 

determination  of  sugar  in.. 418 

fertilising  material  from .. 820 

food  accessories  in. ... .      271 

Urocyetie  QffrojMfri  on  Brownue  ereo- 

tM 166 

UrodynamUe    toitensie    pheletee 

n.subsp.,  description .... 65 

Urompeee    appetidiculatua,    control, 

Va 845 

Vropy»i9   qmiteiuU    n.sp.    from   the 

Andes 188 

UetUaffo  hordei,  treatment 166 

UetuHna  aonata,  notes 63 

Utah^ 

College,  notes 200,799 

SUtlon,  notes 200, 499, 698,  799 

uigiiizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


101»] 


rEn>BZ  OF  STJB JBOTS. 


999 


StaUon,  piil»Ucmti0BB»  Hat 6M 

Station,  work  of,  Utali 599 

Vacctmtten  with  paratTPbold  badUl.  289 

▼aediie  organlmiB,  culture  media  Dor.  077 

Tacclaea,  baeterial,  etodlae 286 

TaBlUA— 

aa  aJllBcted  by  tonUp^  poUen —  840 

€Hmeh^9pU  omgraol  on,  PJt 66 

dleeiBica,  notes,  PJt ....  47 

production,  stadfea,  P.K 48 

YaaJlllB — 

determination  In  TanfUa. IS 

In  aolla 22 

In  aoUa,  Ala.CoUege 24 

TarieCy  testa,  technique 227 

(B^e  alee  voHomB  orope,  frwUw, 
etc) 
Vegetablfr— 

>  and  thdr  control 747 

,  Of et  wintering  and  cot^ 

trol,  Waeh 245 

gardfiiing  in  8onth  Carolina 246 

Sftidenlns  In  the  city,  U.8.D.A..  888 

CUdenlnff.  treatlaea 840, 686 

(See  eleo  Gardening.) 

loapeetion  aerrioe,  Fedeiml 844 

prodQctlon,    sttanOlatlon   during 

the  war 888 

iota,  notes 844 

seedi,  breeding  work....... —  888 

BMda,  longevity  tests,  Qoam —  889 
aeeds,   prodoction    in    Switser- 

land 888 

?cgetable»— 


tent 864 

eaoned,  production  and  distriba- 

tlon 461 

canned,  sw^ling  of  tins 764 

cooked,  anttscorbntic  proper  ty 172 

enltore  experiments,  Gan .  741 

cnltore  czperlmente,  Mont ..  444 

coltnre  eaperlments,  Tez 780 

CBltnre  ezperimente,  U.8.D^..  444 

caltnre  In  New  Mexico,  N.Mex.  18 
cutworms    affecting   in   I^nrisl- 

ana,  UJLDJI 68 

dried,  analyaes 864 

dried,  antiscorbntic  property.  172, 762 

dried,  cooking 360 

dried,  nse 67 

drying 808.  864 

drying,  V.B.J>JL 414 

drying  and  seiTlng  In  the  home, 

Idaho 17 

diyfaig,  ntttlsatlon  of  breweries 

for 615 

fertfllxer  experiments,  Onam —  889 

creen,  bacterial  count ......  668 

ireen,  yalne  in  the  diet 664 

beating,  efllect  on  Titamln  con- 
tent    666 

luecta  alfecting 649,  T47, 864 

tauects  affecting.  Wash 245 

taaecta  affecting  In  Porte  Blcet..  864 

insects  affecting  in  Trinidad —  352 


TegeUbles— Continued.  Pi^i^ 

of  Trinidad,  culture  and  use 768 

of  Trinidad,  meals  from 868 

Philippine,  Titamln  content 410 

preparation  and  preservation 67 

Bcore  cards  for ..  196 

storage 160,864 

storage.  Ark 845 

storage^   111 44 

value  in  the  diet 869,664 

varietal  adaptation 147 

(Bee  aleo  epeoific  kUtda.) 

Vegetation — 

distribution  In  United  States 130 

of  Australia,  climatic  factors..  716 

of  Breckland,  ecology 424 

of  Cape  Breton  Island 162 

of  glacial  plunge  basin  In  New 

York 826 

Velvet  bean- 
feed,  analyses,  Ind 72 

feed,  analyses,  Masa 671 

feed,  description,  Mich 72 

feed,  flaked,  analysea,  Tex 571 

meal,  analyses,  Mich 671 

meal,  feeding  value.  Ark......  279 

meal,  feeding  value,  Iowa 874 

meal,  feeding  value,  8.C 672 

Velvet  beans — 

culture  experiments 280 

culture  In  Guam,  Quam 828 

feeding  value,  Ala.CoUege 772 

feeding  value,  Ky 678 

feeding  value,  Mich 76 

fertiliser  experiments ..--  280 

Georgia  and  Alabama  varieties, 

origin 141 

growing  with  com,  Tex 729 

varieties,  Tex..... . 729 

iniequQlie,  treatment...... 740 

Plfrinu^  summary  of  information  262 

Verbena,  inheritance  studies 181 

Vermin  Injurious  in  Norfolk  and  Ox- 
fordshire     266 

Vertebrates,  comparative  anatomy.-  777 

VerHMImm  dtboairum,  studies 61 

Vetch— 

and  oats,  fertiliser  experiments.  184 

and  oats  for  green  fallow 229 

as  affected  by  soil  acidity 184 

as  green  manure 24 

as  winter  cover  crop 183 

culture  experiments.  Can 786 

growing  with  grain 822 

hairy,  culture  in  Texas,  Tex —  729 
hairy,  sowing  with  fall  crops  at 

different  rates 248 

hay,    mineral    constituents,    dl- 

gesttblllty.  Tex 769 

inoculation  — 216,  822 

kidney,  as  meadow  crop 186 

kidney,  liming  experiments 822 

kidney,  variety  tests 282 

on  moor  soils,  Inoculation 822 

seed  production,  U.S.D.A 481 

Digitized  by  VjOOQIC 


1000 


EXFEBIMBNT  STAHOZT  BEOOBD. 


[ToL4» 


Veterlnary-lnipector       »Tainln«tton, 

U.S.D..A 778 

Vi:Mon  eeptifue,  blocbemlsCry..^^  577 

Vieiafaba^ 

as  affected  by  sodiun  cfalortd..--  486 

•eed,    Boaklng »  737 

TUlage— 

life  after  the  war ........^  687 

of  Grand  Canyon,  development; 

U.S.D.A — —  248 

Vinegar — 

alcohol  determination  In...—..  712 

grains,  analyses,  Mass....—...  671 

grains,  analyses,  Mich........  671 

•TecUlr  bleu"  test 811 

mannfacture 116,  414,  808 

orange,  mannfacture..........  715 

Vineyards.     (See  Grapes.) 

Virginia- 
College,  notes .......  799 

Station,  notes! .... — .«. 298 

Truck  Station,  notes 99 

Viruses,  filterable 255 

Viscera,  fermented,  use  in  bread  mak- 
ing     461 

Vitamin — 

anUberi-berl,  distribution 868 

antineurltic,    studies 271,272 

antiscorbutic,    studies 272,869 

hypothesis   and   deficiency   dis- 
eases    70 

water-soluble,   studies — . 271 

Vitamins— 

and  symbiotes,  similarity 868 

determination  in  vegetables 410 

In  animal  nutrition 577 

In  infant  feeding 269 

of  Philippine  yegetables 410 

studies 863,  466,  568.  664,  566 

Vlticulturists,    cooperatiye    associa- 
tions   893 

Voandseia,    analyses .....  557 

Vocational  education — 

administrative  problems .....  692 

evening   courses   for  girls  and 

women . 692 

In  Arizona . .  894,896 

in  California 894 

in  Connecticut ...  394 

in  Delaware . .......  394 

in  Georgia .. ......  394 

in   Illinois 696 

in  Indiana. . .........  395 

in  Iowa . ..........  396 

in  Kansas .... ....  396 

in  Kentucky ........ — ..  895 

in  B£aine 396 

in  Maryland .. — .......  896 

in  Massachusetts.. — ....... 696 

in  Michigan ,„i..  396 

in  Minnesota ...........  696 

in  Mississippi .............  395 

in  Missouri ...  395,896 

in  Nebraska............—...  597 

in  Nevada 597 

In  New  Mwico 697 


VMStlonal  edocatloB — Conthmed. 

In  North  OuroHM 

In  North  Dakota 

in  OSaahOdM 

In  Dtnb 

In  Washington  , — .......... 


In  West  Virginia- 

In 

notes  1 


of  girls  in  New  York. 


report  of  Fedenl  Beard 

statlsUcs 

treatise  ... . — .— . — 


697 


692 

692 
400 
697 
793 
095 
196 


r 


alto    Agrlcoltoral   edaca- 


{8ee 
tion.) 
Volcanic  ash,  Katmal. 


812 
691 
456 


Wages  Board  of  Great  Britain. — 
Walnnt  worm  In  Oallfomla.. — ... 
Walnuts — 

Insects  aflectlBg. 

Persian,   enltvra  1& 

Md 160 


Washington— 

Collate,  notes.... 

Station*  notes... 

Station,  repovt 

Substation,    Western, 


99,  698,  900 

99,  698 

797 


montklj 
boUatln..  97, 296^  897,  494,  694.  797 


264 
862 
568 


bemhldne,  of  North 

gall,  type  qtedea.. ....... 

Waste  prodQcta,  atUlaatlon,  treatise. 

Water — 

artesian,  in  Black  Hills  vicinity. 

South  Dakota 

determination  In  food  materials. 

drinking,   studies . 

ground,  bibliography ..... 

ground.  In  New  Mexico. 

ground.  In  Qulncy  Valley 

ground,    in  Keese  Blver 

region  — . ... — 

ground,  movements. 

hot,  as  Insecticide 


416 


291 
204 

766 

785 
786 
484 

484 
187 
162 

hyacinth  as  source  of  potash 847 

Irrlgatloii,  use 187,  886 

level  near  a  tidal  river.. 187 

measurement .. 187,  188 

raeosiirement,  Utah  .. 785 

measuring  flow,  bibliography 785 

needs   of  body    in   relation   to 

•allvary  glands ...■,.      767 

power.  State  administration  and 

purification ■  ■■ ,., . 

rain.     (See  Rain.) 


relation  to  health. 


rights,  legislation,  Utah 
softening,    aeollte 
Dak .. 


688 

785 

866 

488 


N. 


688 
786 
291 


supplies,  ruxttl,  treatise 

supply  of  Hawaii . ... 

Bspply  of  Pacific  slope  basins  In 
California 786 

supply  of  United  States 290,  291 

system  for  turn  Iritchene,  Midi.      789 


Digitized  by 


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1«191 


IHDEX  OF  8UNE0TS. 


1001 


«7>teiii8  for  fiurm  liomes,   U.S. 

J>.A 91 

QM  on  Irrifatkm  f rejects 187 

vapor,  analjslB,  apparatas  for_  111 
Waterfowl   9t  Swaa  Lake^  Hlime- 

aota .• 66 


anthracnoo^  itodles,  U.B.D.A—      260 
dlwaw  and  their  tieatment...        52 

Wateta  of  Qoeenslaiid,  analyses 814 

Water^lnble  B  and  C     iSee  Vita- 
Bias.) 

Waw-vaw  meal,  analjnwii,  ,        178 

Wsx— 


moths,  dastmetlon  by  oold.  Can.  760 

wvnm,  Andcatlon,  Tez 766 

Waxes,  handbook !..  804 

Weatheiv- 

asaflwtlttriHieatyieid  in  India.  716 

forecaatins,   tJ.8.D.A 416 

indexes,  prepaiatloB 716 

of  Bngland  and  Wales,  1017 211 

of  Kanaas,  connnon  fallacies.-.  210 
rehition    t»    crop    diseases    in 

Texaa 164 

relatloii  to  ladlo-actliro  enuma- 

tlons 814 

(8ee  also  Meterologleal  obsemt- 
tlons  omd  Metaorology.) 

Webworm,  Call,  notas 269 

Weed  seeds — 

baried 688 

descriptions  and  dassification..  89 

in  feeding  stiliEs 687 

in  grass  and  clo^ef 883 

in  the  soil 889 

protein  content  and  microcheml- 

cal  tests 882 

suryival -^ 788 


eradication 686,622,638,888 

cfadieatlon»  Guam 828 

eradication*  Mont 429 

growth    aa   related   to   mineral 

soils  in  Denmarl^ 882 

Identifying... . 688 

of  Argentine  wheat  flrids.  ■... 687 

of  Minaeaota,  m»"                889 

of  weatem  Pennsylvania*.. 686 

«Kfa] 682 

(Bee  Qiao  upeMfie  pUmU.) 

WaerU,  New  York,  studies 861 

WesvUs,  attraction  by  water 866 

WdlB,  pnmping  from.... 168 

West  yirglnla  Station,  pnbUcations.  494 
Wheat— 

and    doTer    following    Tarions 

erspa,  Ala.OoUegB.. 829 

and  spelt,  hybddlsatioa 624 

anomaly  of  anthers.. 89 

aa  aflected  by  alkaU  salto 815, 719 

as  afleeted  by  barinis 616 

•M    aflectsd    by    bariam    and 

strontinm .—.....  819 


Wheat — Continued.  Vrnm* 
as  affected  by  manganese^  N.Y. 

Cornell..... 820 

as  affected  by  potassium  chlorid.  244 

aa  affected  by  sodium  nitrate 244 

as  silage  crop.  Wash . 780 

Australian,  government  market- 
ing    602 

Australian,  milling  and  baking 

qualities ..  66 

braa,  analyses,  Ind 72 

bran,  analyses.  Mass 671 

bran,  analyses.  Me ^..  470 

bran,  analyses,  Mich ...  671 

brsn,  analyses,  N.J 666 

bran,  analyses,  Tex 571 

bran,  feeding  value 670 

bran,  feeding  value,  8.C 672 

bread-making,     for    warm     cli- 
mates, breeding  experiments.  148 

breeding w 88, 528 

breeding  experiments 140, 

233,  524,  525,  636,  686 

breeding  experiments,  Colo 524 

breeding  experiments,  Kans .  880 

bulb  fly,  notes .  647 

bunt,      wind      dissemination, 

Wash 642 

committee  of  India 804 

composition  as  affected  by  fez^ 

tilixers 484 

continuous  culture . 824 

continuous  culture,  Mont 419 

continuous  culture,  Okla 82 

cost  of  production,  Mont 488 

cost  of  production,  Ohio . 292 

culture  experiments.  Can 786 

culture  experiments^  Kans 819, 

329,880 

culture  experiments,  Mo 218 

culture  experiments,  N.J 126 

culture  experiments,  Wash...  730,781 
culture  experiments   in   Argen- 
tina   588 

culture    experiments    in    Aus- 
tralia   230,882 

culture    experiments    In    Can- 
ada   228,  888, 688 

culture     experiments     in      In- 
dia   230,  332,  523, 826 

culture    experiments    in    Rho- 
desia  280, 826 

culture   experiments    In    South 

Africa 881 

culture    in    Alabama,    Ala.CoI- 

lege . .  142 

culture  in  arid  region  of  Por- 
tugal....   88 

culture  in  New  Mexico,  NJCex..  18 
culture    In    North    Dakota, 

U.d.l>A 786 

culture  in  Saskatchewan 688 

determluation    of    acidity    and 

titrable  nitrogen  in . 607 

determination  of  cellulose  in..  14 

direct  paniflcStion 1.  460 

durum,  culture  in  Arlsona 14'' 

uigitizea  Dy  vjiV7\^^i%^ 


1002 


EXPERIMEinr  STATION  RECOBD. 


[Vol.  40 


Wheat— Oontinaed.  Paaa. 

dwarfness  in 828,831 

eelworm  disease,  U.8.D.A 144,849 

emascnlatlngr 233 

EngliBh,  storage 637 

ergot,  notes 849 

farms,  studies,  Mont 488 

feed,  analyses,  N.J 665 

feeding  floar,  analyses,  N.J 666 

fertiliser  experiments 280, 281, 

882,  888,  484,  528.  524, 
588, 621,  622, 824, 826 

fertiliser  experiments,  Kans 819 

fertilizer  experiments,  Mich 89 

fertilizer  experiments,  Minn 734 

fertilizer  expertmoits,  Mo 218 

fields,  weed  control  In 586,687. 

floor.    (See  Floor.) 

floor  sobstltotes 66, 

67, 173,  860,  657, 863 

floor  sobstltotes.  Wash ^      762 

floor  sobstltotes,  mining  experi- 
ments        556 

floor  sobstltotes,  protecting  firom 

insects 59 

floor  sobstltotes,  recipes,  N.Dak.      861 

foot  disease,  notes — . 845 

frosted,  germination,  Mont 448 

germination   at  different  dates 

after  thrashing,  Mont 443 

grading,  N.Dak 145 

grading,   U.S.D.A 89,144 

grass,  slender,  yields,  Minn 783 

green  manoring  exp^ments 824 

growing  wlthoot  potash 184 

growth  in  relation  to  tempera- 
tore  and  moistore 19 

growth  of,  stodles 81,283 

hard,  softening  in  Arizona 142 

harvest,  1918,  handling  In  Kan- 
sas, U.S.D.A 92 

harvesting  at  different  stages..       838 

homln  nitrogen  content 610 

Improvement  in  Aostralia 685 

Inheritance  in 140, 525 

Inheritance    of    flowering    and 

ripening  periods 830 

Inheritance  of  grain  textore —      148 

Irrigation  experiments 280 

Jolntworm     and     Its     control, 

tJ.RD.A 170 

kernel,  factors  affecting  shape..      244 

liming  experiments 815 

magnesia  for 824 

manoring  experiments,  Wash.  730, 731 

middlings,  analyses,  Ind 72 

middlings,  analyses,  Mass 671 

middlings,  analjrses,  Mich 571 

middlings,  analyses,  N.J 665 

middlings,  feeding  valoe,  Ind 668 

middlings,  feeding  valoe,  Ohio-.      278 

midge  in  Ontario,  identity 658 

mites,  stodles 856 

natoral  crossing  in •. 142 

nematode  disease,  U.S.D.A —  144, 849 

nitrates  In 300 

nitrogen,  biological  valoe 660 


Wlieat— Coottnoed. 

of  Colorado,  stodles,  Colo 

of  Qoeensland,  analyses 314 

of  west-central  liinnesota,  phos- 
phates for S20 

of  Wisconsin,  milling  and  bak- 
ing 'qoalities.  Wis 761 

oflldal  standards,  V.S.B,A 89, 144 

pedigreed,  in  Wisconsin 624 

pbenologlcal  observations 811 

plat  tests,  technlqoe 227,023 

Polish,   Inheritance   in 140,625 

Polish,  milling  and  baking  tests.       284 

prices,  three  centories  of 792 

prodoctlon  and  prices  in  United 

BUiUm,  1908-1918,  U.8  J>^  _        98 

prodoctlon  In  the  Tropica 687 

prodocts,  growth-promotiiig 

properties « .« OT 

qoickllme    treatment . .^.      837 

Bed    Bodi 233 

relative  yielding  capacity.— 625 

reqolrements  and  prodoctioB  of 

the  AUIes.  U.8.D.i^ 487 

rotation  experiments,  Minn. 788 

rotation    experiments,    U.S. 

D.A 831,  431 

rotation  experiments,  Wash 781 

Rosslan 636,  881 

rost,  effect  on  feeding  valoe  of 

straw.   Can « 768 

rost,  new  strain.—.. ...      845 

rost,  resistance  to,  Minn 745 

rost,  resistant  varieties,  Kans.      844 

rost,  stodles.. 642 

sampling  and  grading,  U.S.D.A.        80 
scab  and  com   root  rot,  rela- 
tion          49 

secondary  rootlets 82 

seed  position  in  planting 635 

seed,  resistance  to  desiccation 89 

seed  selection  tests.. 834 

seed  treatment 448 

seeding  depths,  Utah 227 

seeding  experiments.  228,  833,  884,  387 

seeding  experiments,  Minn 731,  738 

seeding  experiments,  Mont 429 

seeding  experiments.  Wash..  730^781 

selection  experiments 233 

shipment  via  Panama  Canal 637 

smot  in  Washington,  Wash 49 

smot,  resistant  varieties 346 

smot,   stodles 346,346 

smot,  stodles.  Wash 642,746 

smot,  treatment 384,346 

smot,  treatment,  Ky 685 

smot,  treatment,  Mich 49 

smot,  treatment,  Wyo 636 

soU  molstore  removal  by,  Mont.      480 

sowing  with  vetch 243 

spring,  coltore  in  Illinois,  111..       443 
spring,  coltore  in  Indiana,  Ind.      735 

spring,  coltore  in  Ohio,  Ohio 738 

spring,    coltore    in    Wyoming, 

Wyo 636 

spring,  of  Ohio,  gloten  proper- 
ties, Ohio.. ...       658 

uigitizea  Dy  vjv^v_7'^iv^ 


1»1»1 


INDEX  OF  SUBJEOTS. 


1008 


WlMat-^ootiiniBd. 

sterch,  oolor  naetloii 411 

statlstloal  notes e26 

stoni«e ^ 8*7,  687 

•toTCd.  insects  affecting 468,  855. 

straw,    mated,    feeding    yalne. 

Can 768 

tlmshing^    ezliaiist    ftuis    for. 

Wash 49.  746 

Tsrietlea,  emmer  and  spelt  series      636 

Tarietlee  in  Aifsntina 625 

varieties,  new  Swediah 534 

Tarietj  tests...  228,  230, 231, 233. 832, 
883, 887. 484. 528. 524.  533. 534, 825 

Tsrlety  tests,  Ala.College 141,  728 

yarletj  tests.  111 448 

Ttriety  tests,  Ind 735 

variety  tests.  Kans 329,  331 

Tsrietj  tests.  Minn 731,  732 

Tsrlety  tests,  Mont 429 

variety  tests.  Okla 32,  624 

Tsrlety  tests,  U.8.DJ^ 32,  832,  431 

Tirietj  tests,  Wasb 730.  731 

Tarlety  tests,  "Wis 761 

TBTletr  tests,  Wyo 636 

Tsriety  tests,  rod-row  method..      288 
winter,    culture    at    Crookston, 

Minn 783 

winter,  sugar  content 880 

winter.  Tarletles,  Wash 686 

winterkUllng 821 

wlreworm.  larrtt,  ftimigatlon 256 

world's  snpply.  treatise 244 

yield   in   India  as  affected   by 

weather   716 

yield,  relation  to  soil  nitrate  con- 
tent.  Wash 719 

yields,  Minn 786 

yields    in    Europe,    1890-1916, 

I7.S.D..A 98 

Whcj,  acidity 11 

White- 
ants.    (8eo  Termites.) 

«y,  remedies 456 

fly.  woolly,  in  Florida.  n.S.D.A.      866 

gmhs.  bird  enemies 647 

grabs,  insect  enemies « 662 

grabs,  Tacmun  ftamlgatlon 266 

pine  blister  rost— 

control 45.  343,  648.  862 

dlscossion 169 

notes 68 

notes.  Can 155 

studies 646,  646,  862 

pine  regeneration 842 

scours  of  calTos 778 

Whltetop  and  its  control,  Ind 788 

Willow  beetle.  Imported,  notes,  N.  J.,      764 

Wnt  Tirus^  studies 255 

Wilting 

coefflclent  of  soils,   dllatometer 

method,  Mich «. 22 

determination. 427 

Wind  Ttiocity,  effect  on  meteorologi- 

cal  elements  in  atmosphere 716 

WlDdbreak    plsnts,    yariety    tests, 

VAJDJl 444 


Paga. 
Windbreaks  for  Montana.  Mont 447 

Wine — 

home  manufacture 116 

•*  recUlr  bleu  "  test 811 

making,  grapes  for,  fermentation 

organisms 110 

Wireworms — 

studies,  8.C 647 

twisted.  In  sheep,  Mich 88 

Wisconsin   UnlTersity  and   Station, 

notes 200, 900 

Witches'  brooms,  false,  in  ericaceous 

plants . 728 

Wltgatboom  as  chicory  substitute 508 

Wollastonite.  fertilizing  value 816 

Women — 

metaboUsm  ..... — .. 174 

peasant,  in  agricultural  societies 

In  Italy 790 

workers  in  agriculture 891 

Women's     rural      organizations. 


U.S.D.A.- 


98 

Wood- 
ashes,  analyses 621 

ashes,  analyses.  Mass 517 

ashes,  analyses,  BJ 517 

ashes  as  source  of  potash 320 

ashes,  fertilizing  yalne..  129, 134,  289 

crop  of  the  farm,  n.S.D.A 792 

destroying  fungi,  studies 350 

diseased,  Imbedding  and  staining  848 

fuel  situation,  Ohio 153 

fuel,  use 300 

fuel,  use.  U.S.D.A 641 

lice,  check-list 547 

of  trees,  regional  spread  of  mois- 
ture in 541 

pulp  mUls  of  United  States 641 

pulp     production     in     1917, 

U.S.D.A 548 

sawing  rigs,  U.S.D.A 588 

waste  as  source  of  ethyl  alcohol-  17 

water  condoctlyity 821 

(See  also  Lumber  and  Timber.) 

Woodland  surreys,  graphic  calcula- 
tion in 163 

Woodlands,  farm,  development  under 

Smith-Lever  Act 641 

Woodlot  products,  marketing 848, 744 

Woodpecker.    Jamaica,  economic 

status 254 

Woods  of  Indo-Chlna 46 

Wool- 
disinfection 788 

industry,  treatises 876 

production  and  prices  in  United 

States,  1908-1918,  U.8.DJL-.  93 

Woolly  aphis.     (Bee  Aphis,  woolly.) 

Worms,  removing — *82 

Wounds — 

bacteriological   examination 180 

of  animals  and  their  treatment-  84 

treatment 18,83.84,181.182. 

286, 681. 678,  679, 779.  882. 883. 88 
uigitizea  Dy  vji\^v^^i\^ 


1004 


EXFERIMBNT  STATIOK  BECOBD. 


[y«L40 


WjomlBff —  Pflft* 

SUtion,  BO*M ^ 99,499.900 

Unlyendtj,  notes • —  99,900 

XmUhofiM>€  prmfeeMtm,  itodies 266 

Xanthcrrhaoa    qiM4iromo%UUa,    resin 

fonnation  .... _«•.........«.      449 

Xanthosoma,  cultoro  experiments —      484 
XyUmia  spp^  relation  to  black  root 

Xylehanf  fomioahu,  notes 200,468 

S^ylose,  preparation  ffom  corncobs..        17 

Yacca  gnm,  notes 449 

Yam  scale,  notes 269 


analyses  and  cooking  tests 667 

beetle  attacking 200 

cQltnre  and  use 703 

coltnre  experiments 4M 

coltnre  In  PUllpplnes 281 

yarielies 281, 822,  687 

Yam  makings  textbook 899 

Yantla,  coltnre  In  FMUpptnes 244 

Yeast — 

alcohol  prodnetlon  by—.—...  828 
antlpolynenrltlc  substances 

from 174 

as  source  of  food  hormones 403 

Food,  Arkady,  effects,  Wash 702 

grains,  analyses,  Ind 72 

grains,  analyses,  liass  .. 671 


Tes0t— Continued. 

grains,  analyses,  Mich 571 

grains,  analyses,  NJT . 006 

making;  oU-tlme  method 804 

mse  in  preparation  of  media 408 

YeUow  mtUOb  evadlcatton 83S 

Ycrba  matO,  adolteration 688 

Yesoslphom  A.gi,  description ..  60 

Yofong,  J.  B^  biographical  notes 88& 

YUCfflS     t 

use  In  fsadtai,  N.Mex 277 

use  in  feeding;  U.&IXA 270,471 

Yuma  project  - 

experiment  farm  report.  tT.8.D.A-  494 

Irrigation  requirements,  n.8.0.  A.  484 

Zebra-csterptllar,  notes 57 

Zeolites,    commercial,    analyses, 

N.Dak 688 

Xeugaphora  tOHt^tkirts,  notes 768 

Zinc — 

determination... 610 

determination  In  gelatin 712 

oxld,  pharmacentlcal,  lead  in 411 

sulphate,  fertilisiag  yalae 440 

Zoology,  yert^rate^  sabspedfic  intsr- 

gradation  in 264 

^orvtyptM  huhbardi  n.sp.,  notes.. —  200 

Znider  Zee,  draining... . . 487 

Zfffmna  ampelofh^ga,  notes-. 048 


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EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 

Editor:  E.  W.  ALLEN,  Ph.  D.,  Chief,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations. 
Associate  Editor:  H.  L.  Knight. 

EDITORIAL  DEFABTMENTS. 

Agrlcoltiiral  Chemistry  and  Agrotecliny — Sybil  L.  Smith. 

Meteorology,  Soils,  and  Fertilizers  { j^d^lu^ot. 

Agricultural  Botany,  Bacteriology,  and  Plant  Pathology  f^'  ^  ^^^'  ^^  ^' 

Field  Grope — J.  D.  Luckett. 

HortlcQltnre  and  Forestry — R  J.  Glasson. 

Economic  Zoology  and  Entomology — W.  A.  Hookeb,  D.  V.  M. 

{C.  P.  Langwobthy,  Ph.  D.,  D.  Sc. 
Elizabeth  B.  Boweb. 
Sybil  L.  Smith. 

Animal  Hnshandry,  Dairying,  and  Dairy  Farming  {j^'i^'sott^L 
veterinary  Medicine  {f^^  ^^^^^ 
Rural  Engineering — ^R.  W.  Tbullinoeb.^ 
Bural  Economic  {^S^-^,,,, 

AgrknUtn«l  Edncatlon  {^^^  Spkthma«i,. 
Indexes — ^Amelia  B.  Deans. 


CONTENTS  OF  VOL.  40,  No.  1. 


Editorial  notes:  Page. 

The  present  position  and  outlook  of  the  stations 1 

Some  effects  of  association 2 

The  need  for  safeguarding  agricultural  investigation 6 

Recent  work  in  agricultural  science 10 

Notes 98 

SUBJECT  LIST  OF  ABSTRACTS. 

AGBICULTUBAL  CHBBCISTBY — ^AOBOTBCHNY. 

Treatise  on  applied  analytical  chemistry,  Villavecchia,  trans,  by  Pope 10 

Method  for  preparing  commercial  calcium  arsenate,  Haywood  and  Smith 10 

Siveet-cbver  suage  in  comparison  with  alfalfa  silage,  Swanson  and  Tague 10 

Cholesterol  in  mrUc,  Denis  and  Minot 11 

Influence  of  prejMiration  on  weight  and  refraction  of  milk  serum,  Schoorl 11 

"Hie  acidity  of  milk  and  whey,  van  Dam 11 

Influence  of  acidity  of  milk  on  velocity  of  inactivation,  Bouma  and  Van  Dam.  1 1 

A  delicate  method  of  determining  invert  activity,  Watanabe  and  Myers 12 

R^e  of  oxidases  and  iron  in  color  changes  of  sugar  cane  juice,  Zerban 12 

Preparation  of  active  decolorizing  carbon  from  kelp,  Zerban  and  Fieeland 12 

Boada's  production  of  platinum,  Merz 12 

An  uitomatic  pipette  for  the  tubing  of  culture  media,  Cardot  and  Yigreux 12 

*  On  leave  of  absence  for  military  service. 

I 


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coirrEirrs.  [voi.  40 


An  automatic  distributor  for  Dakin'0  solution,  Strong 12 

Preparation  of  Dakin's  solution  fxx>m  liquid  chlorin,  fienedict 13 

The  manu&cture  of  chloramin-T,  Inghs 13 

Preparation  of  perchloric  acid  from  perchlorates,  VOrtheim 13 

H^O^  determination  in  presence  of  phosphoric  acid,  von  Fellenbeiv 13 

The  identification  of  acios  of  agricultural  products,  Bather  and  Reia 13 

Determinationof  acidity  in  flour,  von  FeUenberg 13 

The  determination  of  cellulose  in  wheat,  Hasenfnitz 14 

The  bacteriology  of  i>eanut  butter  and  arachis  oil,  Hall  and  Van  Meter 14 

Contribution  to  examination  of  hone)r  by  precipitin  method,  Kreis 14 

Determination  of  lactose  and  sucrose  in  milk  chocolate,  von  FeUenberg 14 

Microscopic  examination  of  tomato  pulp,  Bigelow  and  Donk 14 

Contribution  to  the  study  of  commercial  teas,  Pierotti 14 

Cinnamon  of  inferior  quality. — ^A  colorimetric  method,  von  FeUenberg 15 

Colorimetric  method  for  vanillin  in  vanilla,  von  Fellenbeig. 15 

Method  for  alcohol  in  Uquors.  Nagendra  Chandra  New  and  ranna  Lai 15 

The  detection  of  methyl  alconol  bv  the  D6ni^^  method,  von  FeUenberg 15 

The  colorimetric  estimation  of  cholesterol  in  blood.  Myers  and  WardeU 15 

Methods  for  phosphoric  acid  in  small  amounts  of  blood,  Bloor 16 

New  volumetric  method  for  uric  acid  in  blood,  Curtman  and  Lehrman 16 

Color  laboratory  of  Bureau  of  Chemistry. — Objects  and  problems,  Gibbs 16 

Photographic  sensitizing  dyes,  Wiseand  Adams 16 

Natural  ayestuffs :  An  important  factor  in  dyestuff  situation ,  Chapin 16 

Manufacture,  use,  and  newer  developments  of  natural  dyestuffs,  Delaney 16 

Production  of  acid  phosphate  from  creamei^  waste  sulphuric  acid,  Carr 16 

The  prepKaration  of  xylose  from  corncobs,  Hudson  and  Harding 17 

Preparation  of  several  useful  substances  from  corncobs,  LaForge  and  Hudson. .  17 

Wood  waste  as  a  source  of  ethyl  alcohol,  Tomlinson 17 

Factory  investigation  on  manufacture  of  tomato  pulp  and  paste,  Howard 17 

Drying  and  serving  fruits  and  vegetables  in  th^  home,  Vincent  and  Hoover. . .  17 

Preservation  of  food 18 

MBTBROLOOT. 

Climate  in  relation  to  crop  adaptation  in  New  Mexico,  Linney  and  Garcia 18 

Agricultural  meterology.  Smith , 19 

Cumatological  data  for  tne  United  States  by  sections 19 

Free-air  data  at  Drexel  Aerological  Station,  July-December,  1917,  Gr^;g 19 

rObservations  on  aerology] 19 

Meterological  summary,  1916 19 

Annual  report  of  the  (PhiUppine]  Weather  Bureau,  1916 19 

Substances  dissolved  in  rain  and  snow,  Shippee  and  Fordyce 19 

BOILS — ^FERTILIZERS. 

Soils  of  southern  New  Jersey  and  their  uses,  Bonsteel 19 

Observations  about  the  soils  of  the  northeast  Indian  tea  districts,  Hope 20 

Relationship  between  unfree  water  and  heat  of  wetting  of  soils,  Bouyoucos 20 

The  effect  oi  drainage  on  soil  acidity,  Conner 22 

Phosphoric  acid  and  potash  requirements  of  meadow  land,  Liechti  and  Hitter.  22 

Soil  aldehydes,  Skinner 22 

Non-persistence  of  bacterio- toxins  in  the  soil,  Hutehinson  and  Thaysen 23 

The  aestruction  of  vanillin  b}r  soil  bacteria.  Bobbins  and  Elizando 24 

Influence  of  potsherds  on  nitrification  in  alluvium^  Jatindra  Nath  Sen 24 

The  use  of  green  manures,  Schribaux  and  Br^tigm^re 24 

The  fanner  and  the  dung  heap 24 

Fertilizers  after  the  war,  Russell 24 

The  nitrogen  problem  in  relation  to  the  war,  Noyes 25 

Storage  of  sulphate  of  ammonia  on  farms 25 

Utilization  of  phosphate  deposits  of  Australia,  Paterson 25 

Fertilizer  potash  residues  in  Hagerstown  silty  loam  soil,  Frear  and  £rb 25 

Potash  situation  growing  serious,  Randall 26 

The  potassium  problem  and  the  utilization  of  olive  oil  residue,  L' Abage 26 

Production  of  lime  in  1917 26 

Analyses  of  commercial  fertilizers,  Brackett  and  S tackhouse 26 


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m«l                                                     CONTENTS.  m 

AORICULTURAL  BOTANY. 

Paw. 

Httdening  proceBB  in  plants  and  developments  fxx>m  frost  injury,  Harvey 26 

The  tnmspiring  power  of  plants,  Shreve 27 

Water  loss  by  evaporation  and  gain  by  absorption  in  colloidal  gels,  Shreve 27 

Colloidal  phenomena  in  the  protoplaon  of  pollen  tubes,  Lloyd 28 

Effect  of  acids  and  alkalis  on  ^wth  of  protoplasm  in  pollen  tubes,  Lloyd 28 

Gonstnictaon  of  biocoUoid  exlubiting  relations  of  plants,  MacDougal 28 

Imbibition  in  biocoUoids.  MacDou^ 29 

Imbibition  of  gelatin  ana  agar  gels  in  sucrose  and  dextrose,  Free 29 

Gas  interchange  in  Mesembiyanthemum  and  other  succulents,  Richards 29 

Desiccation  and  respiration  in  succulent  plants.  Long 29 

Rate  and  course  of  growth  of  succulents,  MacDougal 30 

The  carbohydrate  economy  of  cacti,  Sjpoehr 30 

Root  growth  of  Prosopis  vehdma  and  Opuntia  versicolor^  Gannon 30 

Effect  of  ammonium  sulphate  on  soy  beans  in  sand  cultures,  Wolkoff 30 

Growth  of  wheat  (Triticum)  and  com  (Zea),  MacDougal 31 

The  individuality  of  the  bean  pod  as  compared  with  the  bean  plant.  Boas 31 

FIELD  CROPS. 

iWork  with  field  crops  on  the  Truckee-CarBon  farm  in  1917],  Headley 31 

Report  of  agronomy  department,  Beeeon 32 

Root  crop  culture  in  South  Dakota,  Champlin  and  Winright 32 

Giassee  of  the  West  Indies,  Hitchcock  and  Chase 32 

Victorian  grasses,  Audas 32 

Variatioiis  in  secondarv  rootlets  in  cereals,  Walworth  and  Smith 32 

Cereal  culture  in  the  Province  of  Alemtejo,  Portugal 33 

Normal  self-fertilization  in  com,  Hayes 33 

Linkage  in  maize:  The  C  aleim>ne  fsictor  and  waxy  endosperm,  Bregger 33 

Com  culture  in  South  Dakota,  Champlin  and  Winright 34 

Budding  incompatible  cottons 34 

Length  of  cotton  lint,  crops  1916  and  1917,  Pryor 34 

fJerusalem  artichoke  in  Ixance],  Schribaux 35 

The  Jerusalem  artichoke  as  a  war  plant,  Howard 35 

Nettle  as  a  textile,  de  Lapparent 35 

Relation  of  size  of  sample  to  kernel-percentage  in  oats,  Garber  and  Amy 35 

A  preliminary  study  of  the  bleaching  of  oats  with  sulphur  dioxid,  Baston 35 

S^anut  culture  in  southern  Prance],  Morel 36 

le  book  of  the  potato,  Sanders 36 

Grow  more  rape,  E ward  and  Hechler 36 

Sudan  grass,  Stewart  and  Foster 36 

Sugar  beet  seed  [in  France],  Saillard 36 

[Value  of  seed  cane  from  different  sources],  Ledeboer  and  van  Dapperen 37 

StatisticB  on  sugar  cane  varieties  in  Java  in  1912,  van  Harreveld 37 

Statistics  on  su^  cane  varieties  in  Java  in  1913,  van  Harreveld 37 

Sugv  cane  varieties,  Jeswiet 37 

Sugar  cane  variety  tests  in  west  Java,  1915-16,  Ledeboer 37 

Observations  of  sugar  cane  varietv  tests,  van  Harreveld 37 

[Annual  report  of  uie  Bureau  of  Sugar  Experiment  Stations],  Jarvis 37 

A  sterile  dwarf  form  of  Deli  tobacco  orieinated  as  a  hybrid^  Honing 38 

Tbe  first  Mendelian  example  of  Deli  tobacco,  Honing 38 

Wheat  breeding  idei^  Snyder 38 

An  anomaly  of  wheat  anthers.  Anthony 39 

A  study  of  Colorado  wheat,  Headden 39 

Effect  of  fertilizers  on  wheat,  1917-18  crop.  Spurway 39 

Official  grain  standards  for  wneat  {and  shelled  com],  Houston 39 

Handbook  official  standards  for  wheat  and  com,  compiled  by  Boomer 39 

[Clover  and  alfal&  seed  investigations],  Franck  and  Wieringa 39 

Kenstance  of  seeds  to  desiccation,  Hairingtonand  Crocker 39 

Cleaning  seed •- 40 

the  growth  of  sheep  sorrel  in  calcareous  and  dolomitic  media,  Maclntire 40 

HORTIGUiyrURB . 

Vegetation  and  reproduction  with  reference  to  tomato,  Kraus  and  Eraybill —  40 

fHorticultural  investigations],  Rolfs 42 

Beport  of  the  aflsiatant  horticulturist,  McClelland 42 


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IV  OOKTEinS.  [Vol  40 

Paci. 

Report  of  the  horticulturist,  Kimnan ; 44 

[Work  with  vegetables  and  fruit  on  the  Truckee-Oarson  Project],  Headley 44 

Storage  of  ve^tables  for  winter  use,  Lloyd 44 

Fall  preparations  for  spring  gardening,  Lloyd 44 

Notice  relative  to  State  insecticide  and  fungicide  laws 45 

Commercial  Bordeaux  mixtures:  How  to  calculate  values,  Wallace  and  Evans.  45 

FORBSTRT. 

Report  of  the  State  Board  of  forestry  of  Indiana  for  1917,  lieber  et  al 45 

Forest  protection  and  conservation  m  Maine,  1917,  Colby 45 

The  utilization  of  forest  products  in  Massachusetts,  Eneeland 45 

Notes  on  European  forest  research,  Howard 45 

Report  of  interstate  conference  on  forestry  at  Perth,  November,  1917 45 

Report  of  the  forest  service  in  Netherlands  India  for  the  year  1916 45 

Statistics  compiled  in  Forest  Institute,  Dehra  Dun,  1916-17,  Marsden 45 

Some  forest  species  of  Indo-China  suitable  for  national  defense,  Bertrand 46 

Field  experimentation  with  Eevea  brasilierms.  Grantham  and  Enapp 46 

Reliability  of  field  experiments  with  Hevea,  Maas 46 

The  building  of  Hevea,  van  Helten 46 

Guide  to  the  preparation  of  rubber,  Arens 46 

Rubber:  Its  production,  chemistry^  and  synthesis,  Dubosc  and  Luttringer 46 

Note  on  the  mangrove  forests  of  British  India,  Pearson 46 

The  germination  and  juvenile  forms  of  some  oaks,  Pammel  and  King 47 

Hybrids  of  the  live  oak  and  overcup  oak,  Ness 47 

Note  on  the  dying  back  of  sal  seedlings,  Smythies 47 

DISEAeES  OP  PLANTS. 

Fungi  and  disease  in  plants,  Butler 47 

g Report  of  the  plant  pathologiBt,  Thomas 47 

^lant]  diseases,  Dadi 47 

ycolQgy  and  plant  patholc^,  Mackenna 48 

Operations  against  (plant]  disease,  Stuart 48 

Corticiums  causing  rellicularia  disease,  hjrpochnose,  and  Rhizoctonia,  Burt. . .  48 

Sclerotinia  diseases 49 

The  use  of  formaldehyde  to  control  cereal  smuts,  Coons 49 

The  stinking  smut  of  wheat,  Heald 49 

Com  root  rot  and  wheat  scab,  Hoffer,  Johnson,  and  Atanasoff 49 

The  white  spot  disease  of  alfalfa,  O'Gara 50 

Bean  diseases  in  Vermont.  Bartram 50 

Important  potato  foliage  aiseases,  Melhus 50 

Tissue  invasion  by  PUuTnodiophara  brassicaR,  Kunkel 50 

Potato  wilt,  Osbom 51 

Experiments  with  eelworm-infested  potatoes,  Headley 51 

[Sugar  cane  diseases  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands],  Agee 51 

Chlorosis  of  sugar  cane,  Gile  and  Cairero 51 

Relationship  oi  fun^  diseases  to  the  watermelon  industry,  Meier 52 

Report  of  investigation  of  allied  spray  injury  to  apricot  buds.  Gray 52 

Fungus  diseases  and  new  codling  moth  attacking  persimmon  in  Japan,  Tanaka  52 

Black  smut  of  fies,  Hodeson 52 

Citrus  diseases  of  Porto  Rico,  Stevenson 52 

Progress  report  on  citrus  scab.  Healer 52 

Fungus  diseases  of  tea,  van  Hall 53 

Tea  roots  [diseases],  II,  Tunstall 53 

Fungus  diseases  [of  nursery  stock  in  Kentucky],  Garman 53 

Manual  of  tree  diseases,  Rankin 53 

Stem  lesions  caused  by  excessive  heat.  Hartley 53 

The  pine  blister  rust,  Femald 54 

Preventive  measures  against  black  thread  (PhytopfUhorafaben),  Pratt 54 

ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 

Game  laws  for  1918,  Lawyer  and  Eamshaw 54 

Synopsis  of  the  supergeneric  groups  of  rodents,  Miller,  jr.,  and  Gidlev 54 

Life  history  and  control  of  pocket  gopher  in  Willamette  Valley,  Wight 54 

A  new  cuckoo  from  New  Zealand,  Wetmore 55 


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19191                                                       CONTENTS.  V 

Page. 

Swan  Lake,  Minn.,  as  a  breeding  mnnd  for  waterfowl,  Oberholaer 55 

Wounds  and  diseaseB  of  the  Ophidia:  Snakee  and  serpents,  Larcher 55 

The  spotted  garden  slug.  White 55 

(Economic  insects  and  rodents  in  Oalifomia] 56 

Acarina  and  Insecta  of  Barbados,  Bovell 56 

Twentieth  annual  report  of  the  State  entomologist  for  1917,  Worsham 56 

Report  of  the  entomologist.  Van  Zwaluwenbuig 56 

Proceedings  of  the  Entomological  Socie^  of  Nova  Scotia  for  1917 57 

Annual  report  of  entomologiad  section  during  1917,  Dutt 57 

Sugar  cane  insects,  Ramirez 57 

Miscellaneoua  truck  crop  insects  in  Louisiana,  Jones 57 

Measures  fw  protecting  wheat-flour  substitutes  from  insects,  Chapman 59 

Gtmsamption  and  cost  of  the  economic  poisons  in  CaUfomia,  1916,  Gray 59 

Selection  of  petroleum  insecticides  from  commercial  point  of  view,  Jones 59 

Wettable  sufphurs.  Gray 59 

On  two  species  of  rhysothrips  injurious  to  tea  in  India,  Bagnall 59 

A  study  of  capsid  bu^  found  on  apple  trees,  Petherbridee  and  Husain 59 

Obeervationa  on  capeids  which  attack  apples,  Fetherbridge  and  Husain 60 

New  Aphidinse  of  Japan,  Ifatsumura 60 

Life  history  of  Pemphigus  populi'traneversus^  Jones 60 

Three  new  Argentine  scales  and  their  parasites,  Garide  Massini  and  Br^thes 61 

Destructionof  nits  of  the  clothes  louae^  Bacotand  Llo3rd 61 

The  orange  papilio  and  PUromalus  eandeif  Guide  Massini  and  Br^thes 62 

Natural  control  of  the  cherry  tree  ugly  nest  tortridd,  Baird 62 

A  study  of  tobacco  worms  and  metiiods  of  control^  Edrozo 62 

Thetiac  as  agent  in  collocation  of  eggs  of  Dermatobia  hominia,  Dunn 62 

Presence  of  lateral  spiracles  in  larva  of  Hypoderma,  Garpenter  and  Pollard 62 

The  Mediterranean  truit  fly  in  Hawaii  during  1917.  Pemberton  and  Willard 62 

The  fauna  of  British  India,  edited  by  Shipley  and  Marehall 63 

The  cherry  leaf  beetle,  Hartzell 63 

Notes  on  Uie  strawberry  leaf  beetle  {GaUruceUa  tenella),  Efflatoun ^  64 

Bean  and  pea  weevils.  Back  and  Duckett 64 

The  preparation  of  bees  for  outdoor  wintering,  Phillips  and  Demuth 64 

Wintering  bees  in  cellars,  Phillips  and  Demuth 64 

Heat  insulators  for  beehives.  Petti t 64 

Rearing  queen  bees  in  Porto  Rico,  Van  Zwaluwenbui:g  and  Vidal 65 

Report  of  entomology  department,  Sanborn 65 

Preliminary  repcnrt  on  Isle  of  Wight  bee  disease,  Tinsley 65 

Notes  on  the  bee  genus  Andr^ia  (Hymenoptera),  Yiereck 65 

Natural  enemies  of  the  Aigentine  ant  (IritwmyrnUx  htmiilis),  Mally 65 

A  listof  fomilies  and  subfamilies  of  ichneumon  flies.  Yiereck 65 

Observations  on  PimpUi  pomcrumf  a  parasite  of  apple  blossom  weevil,  Imms. .  65 

Two  new  microflporiaian  parasites  of  larvee  of  Puna  hnusicsSy  PaiUot 65 

POODS— HUMAN  NTTTRrnON. 

The  nutritive  value  of  certain  fish,  Drummond 66 

The  milling  and  baking  Qualities  of  Australian  wheat,  Scott  and  Winslow 66 

Value  of  wnole  wheat  ana  85  per  cent  flour,  Lapicque  and  Ghaussin 66 

The  use  of  limewater  in  the  preparation  of  war  oread ,  Balluid 66 

The  prevention  of  rope  in  bread,  Henderson 66 

Wheat  substitutes  in  war  bread,  Balland 66 

War  flouiB  as  an  entire  substitute  for  white  flour,  Clarke 67 

Some  experiments  with  wheat  substitutes,  Gray 67 

Barley  bread,  optimum  reaction  and  salt  effect,  Landenberger  and  Morse 67 

Growth-promotmg  properties  of  com  and  wheat,  Voegtlin  and  Myers 67 

The  preparation  and  the  preservation  of  vegetables,  Calvin  and  Lyford 67 

Use  of  dried  fruits  and  vegetables.  Parks 67 

The  nutritive  value  of  the  banana,  Sugiura  and  Benedict 67 

How  to  sweeten  cranberries ^7 

Sugar  substitutes  in  bottled  soft  drinks,  II-III,  Sldnner  and  Sale 68 

^wdfic  heat  of  fais  and  oils.  Wesson  and  Gaylord 68 

rood  Surveys 68 

HeportB  of  storage  holding  of  certain  food  products,  Bell  and  Franklin eg 

Fmuction  and  ineservation  of  food  supplies,  Bryce 68 

^CQst  of  food. — ^A  study  in  dietaries,  JfUchards 68 

Charts  showing  relative  cost  of  equivalent  fuel  portions  of  foods,  Blood .  -  ^- . .  fg 

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VI  CONTENTS.  [Vol.40 

Food  and  fitness,  or  diet  in  relation  to  health,  Long 68 

Infant  feeding,  Smith 68 

Diet  of  older  children,  Talbot 68 

Diet  of  the  United  States  Army  soldier  in  the  training  camp,  Murlin 68 

Biological  analysis  of  pellagra-producing  diets,  IV,  McGollum  and  SimmondB. .  69 

Biological  analysis  of  pellagra-produdng  diets,  V,  McCoUum  et  al 69 

Diet  of  nonpellagrous  and  pellagrous  households,  Goldberger  et  al 69 

The  rdle  of  antiscorbutics  in  our  dietary,  Hess 70 

The  ''vitamin  "  hypothesis  and  diseases  referable  to  faulty  diet,  McOoUum —  70 

The  inorganic  elements  in  nutrition,  Osborne.  Mendel,  et  al 70 

The  rdle  of  inorganic  sulphates  in  nutrition,  Daniels  and  Rich 71 

Glycolic  acid,  ^yoxal,  glycol  aldehyde,  and  amino-aldehyde,  Greenwald 71 

Hunger  and  appetite  secretion  of  gastric  juice  in  in&mts,  Taylor 71 

•Contribution  to  study  of  digestive  leucocytosis,  Brodin  and  Saint-Girons. . 71 

ANIMAL  PRODUCTION. 

Feeding;  farm  animals,  Carroll 71 

Composition  and  digestibility  of  Sudan  grass  hay,  Gaessler  and  McCandlish ...  71 

Commercial  feeding  stuffs,  ftoulx  et  al 72 

New  feeds,  Patten 72 

[Analyses  of  feeding  stuffs],  Dusserre 72 

Synthetic  capacity  of  the  mammary  gland,  I,  Hart  et  al 72 

[Pasturing  and  feeding  experiments],  Headley 72 

Labor  saving  in  live  stock  production 73 

Saving  farm  labor  by  harvesting  crops  with  live  stock,  Drake 73 

Studies  in  inheritance  of  certain  characters  of  crosses  of  cattie,  Gowen 73 

Baby  beef,  Foster  and  Maynard 74 

Sheep  investigations,  Spencer 74 

Pork  production  in  North  Dakota,  Peters  and  Geiken 75 

Fattening  hogs  by  the  use  of  the  self-feeder,  Malone 75 

Feeding  value  of  skim  milk,  Norton,  jr 75 

Velvet  bean  feed  for  pigs,  Norton,  jr 76 

Second  annual  report  by  Oklahoma  State  Livestock  Registry  Board 76 

Value  of  skim  milk  and  meat  scraps  for  W^te  Plymouth  Rocks,  Philips 76 

The  nesting  habits  of  the  hen,  Turpin 77 

Seasonable  facts  of  special  interest  to  poultrymen,  Lewis 78 

DAIBY  FARMING — DAIRYINQ. 

Profitable  dairy-farm  organization  in  Kentucky,  Nicholls  and  Hutson 78 

Cooperative  bull  associations,  Winkjer 79 

Tv:_i.xv._^^  McCoy.  Bolten,  and  Bernstein 79 

ion.  Ballhausen 79 

9  of  Neufch&tel  and  cream  cheese,  Matheson  and  Cammack 79 

js  in  dairy  products  manufacture,  Baer 81 

ch  influence  yield  and  consistency  of  ice  cream,  Mortensen 81 

VBTKRINARY  MEDICINE. 

nd  immunity,  Marchand 82 

of  agglutination  and  absorption  of  agglutinin  reaction,  Tulloch  —  S2 

tal  }>aratyphoid  B  fever,  Besredka 83 

toxic  product  of  hemolytic  streptococcus,  Clark  and  Felton 83 

lous  serum  therapy  by  a  multivalent  senun,  Vincent  and  Stodel ...  83 

of  antigangrenous  serum  therapy,  Vincent  and  Stodel 84 

inimals  and  their  treatment,  Sm^rthe 84 

^mmittee  on  methods  of  examining  disinfectantSj  Phelps  et  al 84 

toxic  product  of  helminths,  Shimamura  and  Fuju 84 

,  control,  and  action  of  anthrax  serum,  Reeser 84 

ith  new  methods  for  its  prevention  and  treatment,  Hart 84 

lalleinization,  Douville,  trans,  by  Doreet 84 

onphangitis 85 

ymphangitis 85 

poliomyelitis. — An  experimental  study,  Amoss  and  Haselbauer. . .  85 

iebdoTnadis,  causative  agent  of  7-day  fever,  I,  Ido  et  al 85 

trypanoeomes  from  blood  of  rats,  Keynolos  and  Schoening 85 


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1W»1                                                   CONTENTS.  VII 

Page. 

Bovine  tuberculosis,  Pontes 86 

Prophylaxis  of  bovine  tuberculosis  in  Azgentina,  Beyro 86 

Tubercuiosifl  in  the  camel,  Mason 86 

Pive  stock  diseases  in  Louisiana] 86 

ConuDon  diseases  of  the  digestive  organs  of  horses  and  cattle,  Reed 86 

Gantagious  abortion  of  cattle 86 

Stodies  in  bovine  mastitis,  II-IV,  Jones 87 

Occuirence  of  coccidioidalsranuloma  (oidiomycosis)  in  cattle,  Giltner 88 

Stomach  worms  of  sheep,  Chandler 88 

Diseases  of  swine,  Moussu 88 

The  prevention  and  treatment  of  hog  cholera,  McNeil  and  Munce 89 

Shote  pox,  Velu 89 

Uremia  of  acarian  origin  in  horses,  Leneveu 89 

A  Fhyssloptera  from  the  dog,  with  note  on  neknatodes,  Hall  and  Wigdor 89 

RUUAL  BNGINEBRINO. 

The  gas  tractor  in  eastern  fanning,  Yerkes  and  Church 89 

Power  fanning  in  Idaho,  Wooley 90 

Getting  rid  of  the  stumps 90 

Public  Roads 90 

The  use  of  lumber  on  California  farms,  Ftatt 90 

The  round  bam,  Fraser 90 

Water  Bystems  for  farm  homes,  Warren 91 

RURAL  ECONOMICS. 

Rural  reconstruction  in  Ireland,  Smith-Gordon  and  Staples 91 

Report  of  Agricultural  Policy  Subcommittee  of  Reconstruction  Committee 91 

Most  pressing  agricultural  development  problem  in  United  States,  Piper 91 

A  farm  survey  of  Montana,  Ciurier 92 

How  fanners  acquire  their  fanns,  Spillman 92 

Handling  the  1918  wheat  harvest  in  Kansas,  Johnson 92 

Aumal  report  of  Bureau  of  Marketing,  1918,  Lanier 92 

Rules  and  resnolations  under  food  products  inspection  law  of  1918 92 

The  bank  of  France  and  rural  credit,  David 92 

Agricultural  cooperation  in  France,  Blanchard 92 

TEe  cooperative  movement  in  France  before  and  during  the  war,  Gide 93 

[Report  of  cooperative  societies!  Retief 93 

Women's  rural  organizations  and  their  activities,  Evans 93 

Monthly  Crop  R^rt 93 

[Agiicultoral  statistics  of  British  Guiana],  Harrison 93 

AGRICUI^URAL  EDUCATIOK. 

Agricultural  instruction  in  Ijhe  high  schools  of  six  eastern  States,  Lane 93 

fiitomological  education  in  the  United  States,  Cogan 93 

Civic  and  social  training  in  the  agricultural  schoofi,  McCaig 94 

Report  of  the  director  of  elementary  agricultural  education,  Steeves 94 

Report  of  Department  of  A^culture  and  Tedmical  Instruction  for  Ireland. ...  94 

Report  of  committee  on  agncultural  education  [in  Western  Australia] 95 

Reteience  material  for  vocational  agricultural  instruction,  Lane 95 

Effective  fanning,  Sampson 95 

Teaching  food  values.  Langworthy 96 

Food  preparation:  A  laboratory  guide  and  notebook,  Josserand 96 

Thrift  in  the  household,  Hughes 96 

Pigraisinff:  A  manual  for  pig  clubs,  Nolan  and  Greene 96 

A  study  of  shade  trees  for  graides  seven  and  eight,  Ragland 96 

Receptacles  for  school  fair  exhibits 96 

Camp  Liberty .~An  analysis  of  city  boys  in  a  farm  labor  camp,  Artman 96 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Jiroctor'a  report  for  1917,  Jordan 97 

Twenty-eixth  Annual  Report  of  Oklahoma  StaUon,  1917 97 

Report  of  Porto  Rico  Station,  1917 97 

Quarterly  bulletin  of  the  Michigan  Experiment  Station 97 

MOttthly  bulletin  of  the  Western  Washington  Substation uigitred  By  GoO^fe 


LIST  OF  EXPERIMENT  STATION  AND  DEPARTMENT 
PUBLICATIONS  REVIEWED. 


Stations  in  the  United  States. 

Alabama  Station:  Paca- 

Bui.  204,  June,  1918 24 

Ar^<>.Ti»»fm  Station: 

Bui.  156,  Aug.,  1918 13 

Calif omia  Station: 

Bui.  299,  Sept.,  1918 90 

Circ.  205,  Aug.,  1918 84 

Colorado  Station: 

Bui.  247,  July,  1918 39 

Idaho  Station: 

Bui.  110,  June,  1918 17 

Bui.  Ill,  Sept.,  1918 90 

IllinoiB  Station: 

Circ.  230,  Sept.,  1918 90 

Circ.  231,  Sept.,  1918 44 

Circ.  232,  Oct.,  1918 44 

Indiana  Station: 

Bui.  217,  Aug.,  1918 72 

Bui.  218,  Aug.,  1918 76 

Iowa  Station: 

Bui.  178,  May,  1918 77 

Bui.  180,  May,  1918 81 

Research  Bui.  46,  Feb.,  1918. .        71 
Circ.  53^  Sept.,  1918 36 

Kansas  Station: 

Circ.  69,  Aug.,  1918 86 

Kentucky  Station: 

Bui.  217,  July,  1918 78 

Michigan  Station: 

Tech.  Bui.  42,  Mar.,  1918. ...        20 
Quart  Bui.,  vol.  1,  No.  1,  Aug., 
1918  ...  39, 49, 64, 72, 75, 76, 88, 97 

New  Jersey  Stations: 

Hints  to  Poultrymen,  vol.  7, 
No.  1,  Oct.,  1918 78 

New  Mexico  Station: 

Bui.  Ill,  Apr.,  1918 36 

Bui.  112,  May,  1918 74 

Bui.  113,  June,  1918 18 

New  York  State  Station: 

Bui.  444,  Dec.,  1917 ;....        63 

Bui.  445,  Dec..  1917 97 

North  Dakota  Station: 

Bui.  127,  July,  1918 75 

Oklahoma  Station: 

Circ.  44,  Jan.,  1918 76 

Twenty-sixth  An.  Rpt.,  1917.       19, 
32,42,66,74,75,81,97 

Oregon  Station: 

Bui.  149,  Jan.,  1918 40 

Bui.  153,  June,  1918 54 

Porto  Rico  Station: 

Circ.  16  (Spanish  Ed.),  Oct.  18, 

1918 65 

Rpt. ,  1917 42, 44, 47, 51, 52, 56, 97 

Tin 


Stations  in  the  United  States — Continued. 

South  Carolina  Station:  P*C«< 

Bui.  197,  July,  1918 26 

South  Dakota  Station: 

Bui.  180,  Mar.,  1918 32 

Bui.  181,  Mar.,  1918 34 

Utah  Station: 

Circ.  32,  Sept.,  1918 71 

Washington  Station: 

Popukr  Bui.  115,  Aug.,  1918. .       49 
West.  Wash.  8ta.  Mo.  Bui., 
vol.  6,  No.  7,  Oct,  1918. ...        W 

Wisconsin  Station: 

Bui.  295,  Aug.,  1918 90 

U  S,  Department  of  AgrieuUtare, 

Bui.  669,  The  Manufacture  of  Neuf- 
ch&tel  and  Cream  Cheese  in  the 
Factory,  K.  J.  Matheson  and  F. 
R.  Cammack 79 

Bui.  677,  Soils  of  Southern  New 
Jersey  and  Their  Uses,  J.  A. 
Bonsteel 19 

Bui.  703,  Miscellaneous  Truck- 
crop  Insects  in  Louisiana,  T.  H. 
Jones 57 

Bui.  709,  Reports  of  Stor^  Hold- 
ings of  Certain  Food  Aoducts, 
J.  O.  Bell  and  1. 0.  Franklin 68 

Bui.  719,  Women's  Rural  Organi- 
zations and  Their  Activities, 
Anne  M.  Evans 93 

Bui.  725,  A  Preliminary  Study  of 
the  Bleaching  of  Oats  with  Sul- 
phur Dioxid,  G.  H.  Baston 85 

Bui.  733,  Length  of  Cotton  lint. 
Crops  1916  and  1917,  W.  L. 
Pryor S4 

Bui.  750,  A  Method  for  Preparing, 
a  Commercial  Grade  of  Calcium 
Arsenate,  J.  K.  Haywood  and 
CM.  Smith 10 

Farmers'  Bui.  941,  Water  Svstems 
for  Farm  Homes,  G.  M.  Wairen.        91 

Fanners'  Bui.  959,  The  Spotted 
Garden  Slug,  W.  fi.  White 55 

Fanners'  Bui.  983,  Bean  and  Pea 
Weevils,  E.  A.  Back  and  A.  B. 
Duckett 64 

Farmers'  Bui.  993,  Cooperative 
Bull  Associations,  J.  G.  Winkjer.        79 


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LIST  OP  PUBLICATIONS. 


IX 


U,  S.  Department  of  AffrieuUur^—<jOii.         U,  8,  Department  of  Agriculture— <^n. 

FarmerB*    Bui.    994,    Gommercia]    ^^9^ 
Bcndeaux    Mixtures. — ^How    to 
Calculate  Their  Values,  E.  Wal- 
lace and  L.  H.  Evaus 45 

FkrmeiB'  Bui.  1004,  The  Gas 
Tractor  in  Eastern  Fanning,  A. 

P.  Yerkea  and  L.  M.  Church 89 

Flumere'  Bui.  1008,  Saving  Farm 
Labor  by  Harvesting  Crops  with 

livestock.  J.  A.  Drake. 73 

Farmers'  Bui.  1010,  Game  Laws 
for  1918,  G.  A.  Lawyer  and  F.  L. 

Eamshaw 54 

Farmos'  Bui.  1012,  The  Prepara- 
tion of  Bees  for  Outdoor  Winter- 
ing, £.  F.  Phillips  and  G.  8. 

Demuth 64 

Farmers'  Bui.  1014,  Wintering 
Bees  in  Cellars,  E.  F.  Phillips 

aod  G.  S.  Demuth 64 

Office  of  the  Secretary: 

Circ.  120,  Rules  and  Regula- 
tions of  the  Secretary  of 
Agriculture  under  the  Food 
Products  Inspection  Law  of 

October  1,1918 92 

Circ.  121,  Handling  the  1918 
Wheat  Harvest  in  Kansas,  E. 

C.Johnson 92 

Cac.   122,   Labor   Saving  in 

live  Stock  Production 73 

Bureau  of  Crop  Estimates: 

Mo.  Crop  Rpt.,  vol.  4,  No.  10, 

Oct,  1918. 93 

Bureau  of  Markets: 

Food  Surveys,  vol.  2— 

No.  11,  Oct.  1, 1918 68 

No.  12,  Oct.  5, 1918 68 

Handbook    Official    Grain 
Standards   for   Wheat  and 
Shelled  Com,  Sept. ,  1918 ...        39 
Service  and  R^matory  An- 
nouncements 33,   Apr.   15, 

1918 1 39 

Bureau  of  Plant  Industry: 

The  Work   of  the  Truckee- 
CaiBon    Reclamation    Pro- 
ject Experiment  Farm  in 
1917,  F.  B.  Headley..  31, 44, 51, 72 
Bureau  of  Public  Roads: 

Public  Roads,  vol.  1,  No.  4, 

Aug.,1918 90 

Iwecticide  and  Fungicide  Board: 
Service  and  Regulatory  An- 
nouncements 21,   Oct   18, 

1918 45 

Weather  Bureau: 

Mo.  Weather  Rev.— 

Sup.  11,  Oct.  1, 1918 19 

Sup.  12,  Oct.  26, 1918 19 

Chmat.  Data,  vol.  5,  Noe.  5-6, 
May-June,  1918 19 


Scientific  Contributions:^  F«ffo- 

Russia's  Production  of  Plati- 
num, A.  R.Merz 12 

The  Color  Laboratory  of  the 
Bureau  of  Chemistry. — ^A 
Brief  Statement  of  Its  Ob- 
jects and  Problems,  H.  D. 
Gibbs 16 

Photomphic  Sensitizing  Dyes: 
Their  Synthesis  and  Absorp- 
tion Spectra,  L.  E.  Wise  and 
E.Q.  Adams 16 

The  Preparation  of  Xylose 
from  Corncobs,  C.  S.  Hudson 
T.S.Harding 17 

The  Preparation  of  Several 
Useful  Substances  from 
Corncobs,  F.  B.  LaForge 
and  C.  S.  Hudson 17 

Factqry  Investigation  on  the 
Manufacture  of  Tomato  Pulp 
and  Paste,  B.  J.  Howard. . .        17 

Amcultural  Meteorology,  J. 
W.Smith 19 

Soil  Aldehydes,  J.  J.  Skinner.        22 

Hardening  Process  in  Plants 
and  Developmentsfrom  Frost 
Injury,  R.  B .  Harvey 26 

Grasses  of  the  West  Indies,  A. 
8.  Hitchcock  and  Agnes 
Chase 82 

Resistance  of  Seeds  to  Desicca- 
tion, G.  T.  Harrington  and 
W.Crocker 39 

Com  Root  Rot  and  Wheat 
Scab,  G.  N.  Hofifer,  A.  G. 
Johnson,  and  D.  Atanasoff . .        49 

Tissue  Invasion  by  Plasmodio- 
phora  broMsicx,  L.  O.  Kunkel .        50 

Notes  on  Some  Fungus  Dis- 
eases and  a  New  Codling 
Moth  Attacking  the  Persim- 
mon in  Japan,  T.  Tanaka. . .        52 

Stem  Lesions  Caused  by  Ex- 
cessive Heat,  C.  Hartley 53 

A  New  Cuckoo  from  New 
Zealand,  A.  Wetmore 55 

Swan  Lake,  Nicollet  County, 
Minn.,  as  a  Breeding  Ground 
for  Waterfowl,  H.  C.  Ober- 
holser 55 

Life  History  of  Peniphigu* 
papulirtraneversuat  T.  H. 
Jones 60 

Work  and  ParaaitiBm  of  the 
Mediterranean  Fruit  Fly  in 
Hawaii  during  1917,  C.  E. 
Pemberton  and  H.  F.  Wil- 
laid 62 

Notes    on    the    Bee    Genus 


Andrena  rHymenoptera),  H. 

!CK 


L.  Viereck 
1  Printed  In  sdmttfic  and  tedmioal  pablioations  oatside  the  Depurtment . 


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UST  OF  PUBLICATIONS. 


[ToL40 


U.  8.  Department  of  AgricuUur&-<^ii, 

Scientific  Contributions — Com.  P>se. 

A  List  of  Families  and  Subfam- 
ilies of  Ichneumon  Flies  of 
the  Superfamily  Ichneu- 
monoidea  (Hymenoptera), 
H.L.Viereck 65 

Sugar  Substitutes  in  Bottled 
Soft  Drinks.  II-III,  W.  W. 
SkinnerandJ.  W.  Sale 68 

An  Improved  Method  for  Re- 
covering Trypanosomes  from 
the  Blood  of  Kats  for  Anti^n 
Purposes  in  Connection  with 
Complement  Fixation,  F.  H. 
Reynolds  and  H.  W.  Schoen- 
ing 85 


U,  S.  Department  ofAgrieuUure—Coia. 

Scientific  Contributionft— Con.  ^'ifi- 

Occurrence  of  Coccidioidal 
Granuloma  (Oidiomycosis) 
in  Cattle,  L.  T.  Giltner 88 

The  Most  Pressing  Agricxdtural 
Development  Problem  in 
the  United  States,  O.  V. 
Piper 91 

How  Fanners  Acquire  Their 
Farms,  W.  J.  Spfllman 92 

Asricultural  Instruction  in  the 
mfjb.  Schools  of  Six  EaeUarn 
States,  C.  H.  Lane 93 

Teaching  Food  Values,  C.  F. 
Langworthy 96 


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EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 

Vol.  40.  Jaiojaby,  1919.  No.  1. 


There  was  a  perceptible  vein  of  foreboding  at  the  recent  Baltimore 
meeting  of  the  association  over  the  position  and  future  outlook  of 
the  experiment  stations.  It  was  especially  noticeable  in  the  station 
section,  where  certain  conditions  and  tendencies  were  discussed. 
The  question  was  frankly  raised  whether  the  stations  would  be  able 
to  maintain  their  accustomed  position  and  standards  imless  there  is 
a  change.  A  variety  of  circumstances  have  contributed  to  bring 
about  this  situation,  most  of  which  have  been  in  operation  in  greater 
or  less  degree  for  some  time  but  have  gradually  come  to  assume  the 
proportions  of  a  tendency  which  is  looked  upon  as  threatening. 

Some  of  this  misapprehension  rests  in  the  financial  condition  in 
which  the  stations  find  themselves.  With  no  general  increase  in 
revenues,  while  the  cost  of  supplies  and  all  other  expenses  have 
gradually  increased,  they  now  have  to  meet  a  shortage  of  .funds 
which  not  only  precludes  desirable  expansion  but  often  makes  neces- 
sary a  restriction  of  lines  already  established.  Even  more  serious 
than  the  decreased  purchasing  power  of  their  funds  is  the  tendency 
to  impose  fiscal  regulations  and  other  restrictions  which  hamper  the 
free  use  of  funds  and  affect  the  progress  of  station  work.  This  has 
become  a  source  of  much  annoyance,  if  not  indeed  a  menace  in  some 
instances. 

The  difficulty  of  attracting  and  holding  men  of  sufficient  training 
and  ability  for  research  in  the  stations  is  likewise  a  handicap  which 
is  being  felt  in  many  institutions,  especially  in  connection  with 
advanced  lines  of  research.  There  is  also  a  feeling  on  the  part  of 
some  that  the  importance  of  the  station  is  being  overshadowed  in 
some  degree  by  other  rapidly  growing  agencies  of  large  means. 

While  there  is  no  real  ground  to  question  the  future  security  and 
continued  progress  of  the  experiment  stations,  it  can  not  be  denied 
that  there  are  some  features  in  the  situation  which  give  cause  for 
apprehension.  They  need  to  be  frankly  recognized,  and  to  be  faced 
and  overcome  or  modified  as  far  as  possible.  They  do  not  represent 
an  antagonism  to  the  station  or  a  lack  of  general  appreciation; 
rather  they  represent  a  failure  to  take  special  account  of  it  and  its 

1 


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2  EXPEBIMENT  STATION  BECOBD.  [Vol.40 

requirements.  But  they  are  neveilheless  to  be  taken  account  of  and 
need  to  be  corrected  in  the  interest  of  the  welfare  of  the  whole 
agricultural  system. 

The  general  movement  started  several  years  ago  looking  to  the 
standardization  of  public  business  on  a  new  basis  of  economy  and 
efficiency  has  become  one  of  the  sources  of  difficulty  in  several  States. 
The  legislation  enacted  as  a  result  of  this  movement  has  been  general 
in  character  and  thus  has  applied  to  all  classes  of  institutions,  penal, 
charitable,  educational,  and  administrative  alike.  In  some  cases  it  has 
evidently  been  drawn  with  little  or  no  consideration  of  the  peculiar 
requirements  of  educational  institutions.  While  not  directed  spe- 
cifically at  the  stations,  in  some  respects  the  requirements  rest  par- 
ticularly hard  on  them  because  of  the  nature  and  conditions  of  their 
work. 

These  control  measures  take  the  form  of  requiring  a  rigid  budget 
'system,  the  fixing  of  salaries  by  statutory  enactment,  the  purchasing 
of  supplies  on  State  contracts,  the  securing  of  requisitions  and  au- 
thorizations through  sources  outside  the  station  organization,  the 
installing  of  standard  methods  of  accounting  with  frequent  reports 
and  returns  to  officers  at  the  State  capitol,  and  the  like.  They  fre- 
quently involve  the  personnel  of  the  station,  including  their  appoint- 
ment and  removal  as  well  as  promotion  and  salary.  A  result  is  to 
subject  certain  important  features  of  the  station  administration  to 
boards  or  officers  not  connected  with  the  station  organization  who 
are  unfamiliar  with  its  requirements,  and  thus  to  divide  the  respon- 
sibility of  the  governing  board  for  the  general  management  of  the 
station. 

In  some  cases  easements  have  been  provided  the  stations  in  such 
matters  as  strict  application  of  State  civil-service  laws,  while  in 
others  conditions  have  made  it  quite  difficult  to  secure  the  type  of 
men  they  need  for  their  special  work  or  to  hold  them  against  offers 
of  larger  salaries  from  the  outside.  The  latter  has  been  true  regard- 
less of  how  indispensable  the  services  of  such  employees  had  become 
to  the  progress  of  special  lines  of  inquiry.  The  disadvantage  of  the 
station  is  freely  admitted  when  a  case  arises,  but  the  laws  or  regula- 
tions are  inflexible  and  stand  in  the  way  of  making  any  adjustment 
of  funds  to  meet  the  difficulty. 

This,  of  course,  is  diametrically  opposed  to  true  economy,  for  the 
best  use  a  station  can  make  of  its  funds  is  to  develop  a  strong,  thor- 
oughly trained  and  experienced  staff  of  workers  and  to  hold  them  to 
their  problems.  As  the  investigation  becomes  more  highly  specialized 
its  success  depends  increasingly  upon  such  continuity.  A  change  of 
investigator  not  only  delays  the  progress  of  study  but  it  very  often 
results  in  loss  of  ground  and  frequently  may  cause  the  temporary 


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1919]  EDITORIAIi.  3 

suspension  or  abandonment  of  the  line  of  work  because  it  can  not  be 
profitably  carried  on.  Siich  a  result  may  come  from  inability  to 
make  relatively  small  advances  in  salary.  A  case  in  point  is  a  sta- 
tion which  has  Had  special  apparatus  constructed  and  installed  at 
much  expense  for  an  advanced  line  of  investigation,  but  has  been 
obliged  to  let  this  equipment  lie  idle  for  two  years  and  defer  entering 
upon  the  study  because  of  the  loss  of  its  specialist  in  that  line  on 
account  of  a  matter  of  a  few  hundred  dollars  salary.  The  director 
and  the  board  were  willing  to  make  the  advance  and  the  specialist 
was  willing  to  remain  for  considerably  less  than  offered  elsewhere, 
but  limitations  of  the  budget  system  blocked  the  way. 

One  thing  which  is  not  always  fully  appreciated,  even  among 
higher  administrative  officers,  is  that  in  the  advanced  grades  of 
investigation  the  result  is  an  individual  product.  It  is  an  outcome 
of  the  ability,  the  insight^  and  the  acumen  of  the  man  who  is  guiding 
it.  He  acquires  a  knowledge  of  the  problem,  theories  and  ideas  for 
its  study,  and  an  understanding  in  interpreting  the  results  which  are 
a  part  of  himself  and  are  not  passed  on  to  another.  Investigators  are 
not  interchangeable,  as  teachers  may  be  or  workers  of  lower  grade. 
Individuality  is  the  prime  essential  to  continuous  research;  and  a 
large  proportion  of  the  real  problems  are  now  of  the  kind  that  are  con- 
tinuous over  a  considerable  period,  the  study  leading  on  from  point 
to  point  in  the  same  general  field.  From  the  standpoint  of  both  the 
worker  and  the  station  a  change  is  ordinarily  disadvantageous,  at 
least  temporarily,  and  there  should  be  every  reasonable  encourage- 
ment and  opportunity  for  assuring  continuity  and  permanence. 

On  the  other  hand,  institutions  may  find  their  powers  limited  in 
making  changes  believed  to  be  in  the  interest  of  the  station.  In  one 
State  an  attempt  at  dismissal  was  followed  by  an  appeal  to  the  State 
civil  service  commission,  with  a  hearing  participated  in  by  counsel 
for  the  discharged  man,  and  a  published  report  reflecting  upon 
the  station  and  ordering  reinstatement.  This  precipitated  a  situation 
which  has  become  a  serious  one  for  a  research  institution,  leading  to 
appeals  to  the  commission  by  employees  not  recommended  for  salary 
mcreases,  and  even  a  resort  to  injunction  proceedings  to  prevent  the 
station  from  carrying  out  its  plan  of  organization. 

The  inevitable  effect  upon  the  station  of  such  a  disturbance  in  its 
administration,  extending  over  nearly  a  year  and  not  yet  concluded, 
can  be  imagined.  It  illustrates  how  far  control  may  pass  beyond  the 
governing  board  into  the  hands  of  other  State  agencies  if  there  is 
not  a  sympathetic  appreciation  of  the  difference  between  the  condi- 
tions and  requirements  of  an  experiment  station  and  those  of  other 
classes  of  public  institutions. 

The  above  is  an  extreme  case,  for  fortunately  those  stations  affected 
have  generally  been  relieved  from  the  strict  operations  of  the  State 


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4  EXPEBIMBirr  8TATI0K  BEOOBD.  CVoL  M 

civil  service  laws,  or  the  way  made  easy  by  cooperation  to  secure  men 
of  the  type  needed.  Many  men  of  advanced  position  are,  of  course, 
reluctant  to  take  competitive  examinations,  as  they  are  to  become 
candidates  or  applicants  for  positions,  so  that  as*  far  as  such  are 
concerned  the  stations  may  be  placed  at  a  disadvantage.  In  any 
event,  the  selection  of  persons  for  special  lines  of  investigation  in- 
volves qualities  not  brought  out  in  the  ordinary  examination. 

Everything  considered,  there  is  a  quite  widespread  feeling  of  doubt 
whether  the  experiment  stations  are  attracting  to  themselves  in  suf- 
ficient numbers  the  highest  type  of  investigators,  commensurate  with 
the  nature  of  the  station  requirements  and  the  general  opportunity 
offered  for  research.  The  operations  of  the  regulations  and  restric- 
tions mentioned  above  are  in  some  measure  against  this,  but  internal 
conditions  and  financial  rewards  are  looked  upon  as  the  greatest 
drawbacks  and  the  most  potent  cause  of  shifting. 

The  opportunity  for  a  research  career  in  the  stations  has  steadily 
improved,  especially  for  persons  freed  of  administrative  duties. 
There  is  a  far  larger  and  more  attractive  place  than  ever  before  for 
the  specialist  who  is  thoroughly  trained  and  wishes  to  devote  himself 
mainly  to  a  definite  and  restricted  field  of  inquiry.  He  no  longer 
has  to  do  farmers'  institute  work,  participates  in  extension  work  to 
only  a  limited  and  incidental  extent,  if  at  all,  and  he  may  even  be 
entirely  relieved  of  teaching.  He  is  protected  from  a  time-consuming 
correspondence  on  general  information  topics,  and  is  not  called  upon 
to  compile  popular  bulletins  or  information  circulars.  He  is  relieved 
of  routine  work  and  inspection  duties,  and  is  left  free  to  follow  his 
particular  lines  of  investigation. 

In  other  words,  the  work  of  the  stations  has  been  organized;  it 
has  been  more  sharply  differentiated  from  other  college  functions,  and 
it  has  more  largely  taken  shape  as  a  department  for  experiment  and 
investigation.  There  are  still  many  combination  men,  but  there  are 
far  more  workers  than  formerly  who  are  devoting  themselves  prin- 
cipally to  the  station  activities,  and  there  are  an  increasing  number 
whose  duties  are  limited  to  their  investigations.  Much  progress  has 
been  made  in  this  respect,  as  there  has  been  also  in  providing  facili- 
ties for  investigation,  which  are  now  often  of  a  high  order  rarely 
surpassed  elsewhere.  A  larger  belief  in  investigation  has  been  de- 
veloped on  the  part  of  the  public,  and  patience  with  that  which  is  not 
seen  to  be  immediately  applicable.  These  things  have  given  greater 
freedom,  greater  opportunity  for  the  exercise  of  individual  initiative 
and  choice,  greater  security,  and  a  larger  measure  of  the  elements 
which  go  to  make  satisfaction  with  one's  work.  The  result  is  hearten- 
ing to  those  who  are  in  the  work  and  who  remember  the  change  from 
the  past,  but  the  failure  to  build  up  the  station  staff  more  rapidly  on 


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1919]  EDITOBIAU  5 

the  basis  of  genuine  research  ability  indicates  that  there  is  still 
something  lacking. 

The  rewards  in  the  more  advanced  research  positions  have  hardly 
kept  pace  with  the  requirements  of  the  positions,  especially  when  the 
rapid  advance  in  all  living  expenses  is  considered.  In  many  cases 
the  salaries  have  not  kept  abreast  of  those  in  extension  work,  for  ex- 
ample, where  the  qualifications  usually  call  for  less  rigid  training  and 
no  greater  skill,  although  of  different  kind.  Neither  are  the  salaries 
as  attractive  as  in  administrative  positions.  The  impression  is  often 
acquired  by  workers  after  a  few  years  that  salary  advancement  be- 
yond a  certain  point  can  only  be  looked  for  in  the  administrative 
field,  as  head  of  a  large  department  or  a  division  of  the  agricultural 
work,  or  as  dean.  The  realization  of  this  situation  is  felt  to  limit 
the  opportunity  and  may  deter  men  from  entering  the  field,  or  else 
it  diverts  them  from  their  research  after  a  few  years  by  leading 
them  to  strive  for  the  administrative  positions.  If  they  attain  these 
their  opportunity  as  investigators  is  almost  inevitably  restricted  if 
not  eliminated. 

Furthermore,  positions  of  authority  are  not  only  a  step  to  salary 
but  to  standing  in  the  organization.  The  matter  of  rank  is  one  of 
importance  to  a  mature  specialist,  as  it  carries  the  suggestion  of  suc- 
cess and  advancement.  In  some  instances,  however,  existing  college 
organizations  subordinate  the  station  specialist  in  relationship  and 
authority  to  a  degree  which  is  out  of  harmony  with  the  grade  and 
high  requirements  of  his  duties  and  indirectly  reflects  upon  his  stand- 
ing. There  seems  often  to  be  no  provision  in  the  scheme  of  college 
departments  and  divisions  for  recognizing  the  advanced  character  of 
his  work  or  the  position  it  entitles  him  to. 

The  more  comprehensive  the  organization  the  more  likely  this  is 
uiless  the  station  has  a  quite  definite  organization  of  its  own  With 
positions  of  recognized  grade.  It  may  happen,  for  example,  that  a 
station  specialist  is  not  only  subordinate  to  the  head  of  the  depart- 
ment in  which  his  work  lies,  as  horticulture,  but  is  also  under  a  divi- 
sion head  of  that  department,  e.  g.,  pomology,  thus  grouping  him  in 
that  respect  along  with  assistants  and  instructors.  This  is  not  at- 
tractive to  the  type  of  trained  investigators  the  stations  need,  and 
even  a  generous  salary  does  not  overcome  the  disadvantage. 

Another  factor  in  the  situation  is  the  standard  or  grade  of  require- 
ments maintained  by  some  of  the  stations  as  indicated  by  their  ap- 
pointments. Through  various  considerations  they  are  led  to  appoint 
men  to  positions  of  rank  because  of  practical  ability  or  some  other 
qualifications  than  advanced  training  and  success  in  investigation. 
Such  persons,  while  they  may  be  useful  to  the  institution  as  a  whole, 
are  capable  of  doing  only  an  ordinary  grade  of  experimental  work 
and  are  not  suited  to  advance  beyond  a  certain  point  because  of  their 


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6  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vol.40 

limitations.  Appointments  of  this  kind,  if  common,  aifcct  the  desira- 
bility and  general  standing  of  positions  in  an  institution.  They  de- 
termine the  associations  of  station  work,  and  to  a  considerable  extent 
they  affect  its  atmosphere. 

The  tendency  to  combine  the  directorship  of  the  station  with  the 
oflice  of  dean  of  the  college  of  agriculture  likewise  has  had  its  effect 
in  this  connection.  Such  a  combination  does  not  necessarily  insure 
the  selection  of  a  director  who  is  qualified  by  training  or  tempera- 
ment to  exercise  leadership  in  research  or  to  develop  the  ideals  of 
research  in  the  station  activity.  The  kind  of  administration  a  sta- 
tion needs  is  that  which  gives  aim  and  direction  to  its  work  as  a 
whole,  supplies  counsel  and  support  to  individual  workers,  encour- 
ages deliberation  and  thoroughness,  exercises  restraint  where  neces- 
sary, and  justifies  the  station  work  and  needs  to  those  higher  in 
authority  and  to  the  public.  Appreciation,  encouragement,  and  the 
feeling  that  their  efforts  are  understood  mean  very  much  to  most 
station  workers.  With  many  deans  there  is  little  time  for  this,  or  at 
least  for  its  expression.  The  interests  of  the  office  are  too  diverse 
and  insistent,  and  very  frequently  leave  little  time  for  station  mat- 
ters beyond  those  of  routine  nature. 

Despite  the  obstacles  arising  from  State  laws,  budget  systems,  and 
outside  regulation,  these  internal  conditions  may  prove  in  the  long 
run  to  be  quite  as  serious  a  danger  to  the  maintenance  of  the  high 
position  and  ideals  of  the  stations.  In  the  development  of  the  sys- 
tem of  agricultural  education  and  research  the  research  department 
frequently  is  not  receiving  proportionate  attention.  Within  the  in- 
stitution as  well  as  outside,  other  branches  like  the  extension  work 
are  being  given  major  attention ;  and  there  is  a  danger  that  the  pub- 
lic, in  its  satisfaction  with  these  branches  and  carried  away  with  the 
idea  that  the  great  aim  and  effort  should  be  the  dissemination  of 
what  is  already  known,  may  overlook  the  source  of  this  knowledge 
and  may  neglect  the  agency  which  makes  these  efforts  possible  and 
gives  them  effectiveness.  Evidently  some  steps  will  need  to  be  taken 
to  avoid  this.  The  means  for  it  lie  first  of  all  in  the  institutions. 
There  should  be  no  indication  of  failure  to  recognize  the  fundamental 
position  of  the  station,  or  to  impress  upon  those  going  out  from  it 
and  its  representatives  in  the  field  a  proper  realization  of  the  fact 
that 'but  for  the  work  which  has  been  done  in  agricultural  investiga- 
tion and  experiment  in  the  past,  their  own  opportunity  would  be 
relatively  small  and  their  chance  for  growth  would  soon  come  to  an 
end. 

In  how  large  a  measure  the  teachings  of  experiment  are  responsi- 
ble for  the  success  of  the  recent  food  production  campaigns  may  be 
illustrated  by  the  efforts  to  meet  the  world's  deficiency  in  bread.    The 


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1919)  EDITOBIAL.  7 

securing  of  a  largely  increased  wheat  crop  was  not  merely  the  result 
of  seeding  a  larger  area  to  that  crop.  It  was  not  simply  a  question 
of  land  and  machinery  and  labor,  vital  as  these  were.  The  degree  of 
success  attained  did  not  follow  simply  because  people  had  been  grow- 
ing wheat  for  generations,  but  because  the  practice  had  been  steadily 
improved  through  experiment  and  investigation,  and  the  greater  skill 
thus  developed  was  ready  for  wider  application  when  an  emergency 
came. 

The  question  of  varieties,  their  adaptation  to  localities,  the  value 
of  improved  sorts,  the  relative  safety  of  spring  and  winter  grain, 
the  treatment  of  seed  for  smut,  the  amount  to  be  sown  to  the  acre, 
the  time  when  it  should  be  planted  in  different  localities  to  avoid 
the  Hessian  fly,  the  advantage  of  thorough  seed  bed  preparation,  the 
kind  of  fertilizers  for  certain  sections — all  these  things  had  been 
worked  out  to  a  practical  point  through  years  of  patient  study  and 
experiment  After  the  crop  was  harvested  there  was  the  question  of 
protecting  it  from  loss  by  proper  storage  and  control  of  insects,  and 
finally  its  conservation  by  the  use  of  substitutes  and  admixtures.  It 
is  impossible  to  estimate  how  much  this  knowledge  of  ways  and  means 
counted  for.  But  if  wheat  growing  had  not  been  placed  on  this 
efficient  basis  by  the  incorporation  of  results  of  inquiry  into  practice 
it  is  not  reasonable  to  suppose  the  country  could  have  made  the 
contribution  it  did.  No  amount  of  stimulation  could  have  accom- 
plished it 

At  one  time  there  might  have  been  a  tendency,  when  the  supply 
of  a  great  staple  commodity  was  in  danger,  to  encourage  farmers  to 
grow  it  to  the  utmost  extent  without  due  regard  to  the  effects.  But 
a  conspicuous  feature  of  the  recent  programs  and  campaigns  for 
production  was  an  intelligent  consideration  of  the  welfare  of  agri- 
culture as  a  whole  and  a  safeguarding  of  its  various  interests  in 
maintaining  a  proper  balance.  These  programs  recognized  that 
more  scientifically  planned  systems  of  farming  are  now  in  operation 
which  take  account  of  the  production  of  food  for  man  and  beast,  the 
maintenance  of  fertility  of  the  land,  the  economy  and  adjustment  of 
labor,  and  many  other  considerations  which  must  not  be  unduly  dis- 
turbed. They  were  therefore  allowed  for  in  making  the  plans,  allot- 
ting the  areas,  and  conducting  the  campaigns.  This  made  the  effort 
something  more  than  a  patriotic  movement,  for  it  was  guided  and 
directed  by  intelligence,  The  latter  rested,  of  course,  in  considerable 
loeasure  on  accumulated  experience,  but  this  had  been  weighed  and 
tested  and  was  correlated  with  the  results  of  thorough-going  funda- 
mental study. 

Next  to  bread  the  greatest  need  and  the  most  urgent  call  was  for 
auimal  products,  and  for  these  this  country  was  very  largely  looked 

104e28'— 19 2 


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8  BXPBBIMENT  8TATI0K  BECOBD.  tVoL40 

to.  Pork  production  constitutes  more  than  half  of  all  the  meat  pro- 
duction in  the  United  States,  and  such  large  increases  were  made  that 
the  emergency  was  fully  met,  the  export  of  pork  products  being 
nearly  doubled.  This  again  is  an  indirect  result  of  investigation 
which  has  in  many  respects  revolutionized  the  practice  of  hog  raising. 

There  is  hardly  a  phase  of  pork  production  that  has  not  been  sub- 
jected to  extensive  and  long  continued  experiments  covering  the  type 
of  hog,  the  value  of  different  feeds,  the  place  of  supplements  in  ad- 
dition to  com,  the  use  of  hog  pastures  to  supply  a  succession  of 
feed,  the  size  at  which  the  pig  should  be  profitably  marketed,  and 
many  other  practical  and  economic  points.  Disease  had  become  the 
great  bane  of  hog  production  on  a  large  scale,  but  the  long  and 
searching  investigations,  resulting  in  successful  methods  of  inocula- 
tion, enabled  extensive  campaigns  to  be  conducted  in  the  interest  of 
greater  security.  The  organization  and  instruction  of  pig  clubs  was 
one  of  the  means  for  extending  pork  production,  and  in  these  clubs 
the  fund  of  information  resulting  from  experiment  found  especially 
wide  application. 

No  new  crop  or  line  of  production  can  be  suggested  for  a  locality 
without  at  once  raising  the  questions  of  how  and  when  and  why.  In 
such  cases  the  influence  of  experimental  inquiry  stands  out  with 
special  clarity.  This  is  illustrated  by  the  case  of  the  grain  sorghums, 
soy  bean,  velvet  bean,  peanuts,  and  many  other  crops. 

The  spread  of  the  grain  sorghums  in  the  regions  to  which  they 
are  particularly  adapted  is  a  direct  result  of  years  of  experiment  in 
which  different  kinds  were  tested  as  to  their  adaptation  to  localities, 
were  improved  as  to  yield,  drought  resistance  and  other  qualities, 
their  culture  studied,  their  feeding  value  determined  and  their  utiliza- 
tion as  food  developed.  They  are  not  native  but  are  introduced 
species,  and  without  this  background  of  experiment  there  is  little 
reason  to  believe  that  farmers  or  seedsmen  would  have  introduced 
them  and  given  them  an  important  place  in  the  agriculture  of  large 
regions;  and  without  this  fund  of  information  on  which  to  rest  their 
teachings  the  extension  forces  would  not  have  had  the  basis  for  ad- 
vising their  wider  culture.  The  same  is  true  of  the  otlier  crops  men- 
tioned, which  have  long  been  the  subject  of  extensive  experiments  and 
have  become  features  of  cropping  and  feeding  systems. 

The  first  silos  for  experimental  purposes  in  this  country  were  con- 
structed in  1881,  soon  after  the  idea  was  introduced.  From  this  be- 
ginning followed  an  uninterrupted  chain  of  experiments  and  inten- 
sive investigations  which  have  resulted  in  the  development  of  an 
intelligent  system  of  preserving  and  using  green  feeds,  now  a  factor 
of  vast  importance  in  American  agriculture.  Throughout  this  de- 
velopment the  American  stations  have  led  the  way,  concerning  them- 


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1919]  SDITORIAU  9 

selves  with  every  phase  of  the  theory  and  practice  of  silage  produc- 
tion, its  value  as  feed  for  different  classes  of  live  stock,  and  its 
economic  importance. 

These  are  only  a  few  examples  drawn  from  the  common  things, 
but  they  show  how  largely  dependent  agricultural  development  and 
teaching  have  been  on  the  results  of  investigation,  principally  under 
the  Department  of  Agriculture  and  the  experiment  stations,  which 
has  extended  to  every  agricultural  section  of  the  country.  And  they 
point  to  the  underlying  source  of  success  in  extension  teaching. 
This  source  will  be  just  as  essential  to  future  growth  and  success. 

The  stations  will  need  and  require  more  ample  funds  for  investi- 
gation, and  in  preparing  the  way  for  these  they  need  the  support 
which  comes  of  a  full  realization  and  acknowledgment  of  the  part 
they  have  played  and  must  continue  to  play  in  no  undiminished 
degree.  Their  task  has  increased  with  the  phenomenally  rapid  appli- 
cation of  their  teachings  in  the  past  few  years.  This  in  itself  will 
make  enlarged  demands  upon  them,  and  the  status  which  has  been 
reached  makes  the  present  problems  more  complex  and  difficult. 

The  proper  development  of  the  system  of  agricultural  research  and 
instruction  must  of  necessity  be  symmetrical  and  proportioned.  Con- 
tacts and  organization  need  to  be  maintained  to  further  this  end,  and 
within  the  institutions  the  attitude  should  be  one  fully  recognizing 
and  exemplifying  the  mutual  dependence  of  the  several  parts. 


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RECENT  WORK  IN  AGRICULTURAL  SCIENCL 


AOBICnLTTTBAL  CHEMISTBY— AOKOTECHirr. 

Treatise  on  applied  analytical  chemistiTt  V.  Vilulveochia,  trans,  by  T.  H. 
Pope  {Philadelphia:  P.  BlakUton^B  Son  d  Co,,  1918,  vol$.  1,  pp.  XF/+^75,  pi.  i, 
figs.  52;  2,  pp.  X/F-f55(J,  pi;  11,  figs.  59).— This  treatise  consists  of  two  vol- 
umes. The  first  deals  with  the  analysis  of  potable  waters,  chemical  products, 
fertilizers,  cement  materials,  metals  and  alloys,  fuels,  tar  and  Its  derivatives, 
and  mineral  oils  and  fatty  substances  and  the  Industrial  products  derived  there- 
from. The  second  treats  of  flesh  foods,  milk  products,  flour  and  starches, 
sugars  and  saccharin  products,  beer,  wine,  spirits  and  liqueurs,  essential  oils, 
turpentine,  varnishes,  rubber,  tanning  materials,  inks,  leather,  coloring  matters, 
textile  fibers,  yarns,  and  fabrlca 

A  method  for  preparing  a  commercial  grade  of  calcium  arsenate,  J.  K.  Hat- 
wood  and  O.  M.  Smfth  {U.  fif.  Depi.  Agr.  Bui,  750  (1918),  pp.  10),— The  authors' 
studies  have  led  to  the  conclusion  that  the  most  desirable  procedure  for  making 
calcium  arsenate  from  lime  and  arsenic  add  is  as  follows : 

*'  Use  a  good  grade  of  lime,  containing  a  high  percentage  of  CaO.  Slake  the 
lime  to  as  smooth  a  paste  as  possible,  for  upon  this  depends  the  smoothness  of 
the  final  product,  as  well  as  the  readiness  with  which  the  lime  and  acid  react 
Use  from  three  to  three  and  one-half  times  as  much  water,  by  weight,  as  lime, 
and  have  it,  preferably,  warm.  Let  stand  for  a  while,  then  thoroughly  mix, 
after  which  add  twice  as  much  hot  water  as  used  for  slaking,  and  mix  again. 

"  The  lime  and  arsenic  should  be  in  such  proportion  that  the  weight  of  actual 
GaO  used  will  equal  that  of  the  AsiOt  used.  This  gives  a  product  with  a 
molecular  ratio  slightly  over  4,  which  is  necessary  if  the  soluble  AsiOi  is  to  be 
kept  down  to  desirable  limits.  Add  the  acid  at  room  temperature  to  the  lime 
as  quickly  as  possible,  and  stir  well  until  the  liquid  becomes  alkaline  to  phe- 
nolphthalein.  Filter  to  as  dry  a  state  as  possible,  do  not  wash,  and  if  a  dry 
product  is  desired  dry  directly  in  any  suitable  manner.  Crush  in  a  suitable  dis- 
integrator, or  grind  if  necessary. 

''To  produce  100  lbs.  of  a  commercial  grade  of  calcium  arsenate  by  this 
process  will  require  45  lbs.  of  GaO  (approximately  50  lbs.  of  a  high-grade 
lime)  to  be  slaked  with  18  gal.  of  water,  the  addition  of  36  gal.  more  of  water, 
and  then  45  gal.  of  a  solution  containing  1  lb.  of  AssOs  per  gallon.  Slight  de- 
parture from  the  figures  given  for  water  will  probably  have  little  efPect" 

Chemistry  of  sweet-clover  silage  in  comparison  with  alfalfa  silage,  O.  O. 
SwANSON  and  B.  L.  Tague  (Jour.  Agr,  Research  iU.  S.],  15  (1918),  No.  2,  pp. 
11S-1S2,  flga,  5), — ^In  continuation  of  investigations  made  at  the  Kansas  E2x- 
periment  Station,  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  709),  a  comparative  study 
is  reported  of  the  chemistry  of  silage  made  from  alfalfa  alone,  from  sweet  clover 
alone,  and  from  sweet  clover  and  corn  meal.  Quart  milk  bottles  were  used  as 
containers  for  the  silage.  Several  bottles  of  each  kind  of  silage  were  made  and 
opened  at  Increasingly  longer  intervals  of  time,  and  the  progressive  chemical 

10 


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m*l      .  A6BICT7LTURAL  0HBMI8TRT — ^AGROTECHI^T.  11 

changes  were  thus  traced.  DeterminatioDs  were  made  by  the  colorimetric  and 
dectrometrlc  methods  In  the  water  and  alcoholic  extracts  of.  the  silage. 

The  acidity  of  the  alcoholic  extracts  of  the  three  kinds  of  silage  was  greater 
than  that  of  the  water  extract  when  the  titration  was  made  to  the  point  of  color 
diange  for  phenolphthalein.  With  the  electrometric  method  there  was  no  sig- 
nificant difference  between  the  results  obtained  on  the  water  extract  and  on 
t|ie  alcoholic  extract.  l%e  differences  in  the  colorimetric  method  are  considered 
to  be  due  to  colored  matter  extracted  by  the  alcohol  which  masks  the  end  point 
Most  of  the  acidity  was  found  to  develop  in  the  first  15  daya  The  maximnm 
acidity  was  reached  in  from  40  to  60  days.  The  acidity  of  the  alfalfa  was  greater 
than  that  of  the  sweet  clover  silage.  The  addition  of  com  meal  to  sweet  clover 
increased  the  acidity  of  the  silage. 

The  amonnt  of  amino  nitrogen  was  found  to  be  practically  the  same  in  the 
water  and  in  the  alcoholic  extracts.  The  amount  of  amino  nitrogen  in  silage 
made  from  alfalfa  alone  was  larger  than  in  that  made  from  sweet  clover  alone. 
The  addition  of  com  meal  to  sweet  clover  did  not  influence  the  amount  of  amino 
nitrogen  developed.  The  amount  of  nitrogen  in  amid  form  as  determined  by 
Stntzer's  method  was  slightly  larger  than  the  amount  of  nitrogen  in  amino  form 
as  determined  by  the  formaldehyde  method.  The  nitrogen  in  amid  form  was 
appjroximately  one-half  of  the  total  nitrogen.  Approximately  two-thirds  of  the 
total  nitrogen  in  silage  was  soluble  in  water  and  in  60  per  cent  alcohol,  the 
K^vent  action  of  the  two  being  nearly  the  same. 

From  the  data  reported  the  authors  conclude  that  silage  can  be  made  from 
sweet  clover  alone  with  less  difficulty  than  from  alfalfa  alone. 

Caiolesterol  in  ndlk,  W.  Denis  and  A.  S.  Minot  {Jour.  Biol.  Chem,,  96  (1918), 
iVo.  1,  pp.  59^1;  ab$.  in  Chem.  Aha.,  12  (1918),  No,  2S,  p,  2916).— Determina- 
tions  of  cholesterol  in  cow's  milk  and  in  human  milk  by  Bloor's  colorimetric 
method  are  reported,  together  with  corresponding  fat  determinations,  using  the 
Babcock  method  for  cow's  milk  and  Bloor's  nephelometric  method  (B.  S.  R.,  82, 
p.  312)  for  human  milk. 

The  results  show  a  direct  and  proportional  variation  of  the  cholesterol  with 
the  total  fat  content  of  cow's  milk.  This  proportionality  is  also  noted  in  human 
milk,  but  with  many  exceptions. 

The  authors  suggest  that  the  regular  results  obtained  with  cow's  milk,  in 
distinction  to  the  variations  occurring  in  human  milk,  are  perhaps  due  to 
the  fkct  that  the  samples  of  cow's  milk  were  obtaftied  from  a  single  dairy  and 
from  animals  fed  on  exactly  the  same  ration,  while  the  human  milk  was  taken 
from  women  living  under  a  great  variety  of  conditions  and  with  a  corresponding 
lack  of  uniformity  in  food  intake.  It  is  pointed  out  that  the  higher  level  of 
cholesterol  in  the  human  milk  may  be  attributed  to  the  higher  cholesterol  con- 
tent of  the  food  of  nursing  mothers  as  compared  with  that  of  cows. 

Inihienoe  of  the  preparation  on  the  specific  weigrht  and  refraction  of  milk 
•eram,  N.  Schoobi.  (Pharm.  Weekbl.,  55  (1918),  No,  S6,  pp.  1222-1B30;  Chem, 
Weekbl,  15  (1918),  No.  S6,  pp.  108^1057).— This  is  a  criticism  of  the  conclusions 
of  Van  der  Harst  and  Koers  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  805),  with  a  reply 
to  the  criticism  by  these  authors. 

The  acidity  of  milk  and  whey,  W.  van  Daic  (Verslag.  Landbouwk.  Onder- 
soelc  Rijkalandbouwproefatat.  {Netherlandsh  No.  22  {1918),  pp.  1-24,  fitf-  1)-— 
The  apparent  difference  in  the  acidity  of  the  milk  seram  from  spontaneously 
soared  milk  and  of  sour  whey  is  explained  by  the  buffer  action  of  the  constituents 
of  the  milk  and  whey.  A  table  is  given  of  the  hydrogen-ion  concentration  of 
*bey,  p^tonlsed  whey,  and  peptonized  milk  at  different  dilutions. 

da  inflnence  of  tlie  acidity  of  milk  on  the  velocity  of  the  inactivatlon  of 
pvozidaae  hy  heat,  A.  Bouma  and  W.  van  Dam  {Verilag.  Landbouwk.  Onder* 


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12  BXPEfilMENT  STATIOK  EBGOB0.  .   [ToLM 

goek.  RijkslamdhomoproefBtat,  [Ketherlandsh  No.  22  {1918),  pp.  186-198,  flffi 
1), — ^A  study  of  the  Influence  of  hydrogen  and  hydroxy  1  ions  on  the  speed  of  in- 
activation  of  peroxidase  in  milk  showed  that  the  addition  of  a  small  amount  of 
acid  had  almost  no  effect,  while  the  addition  of  so  small  an  amount  of  sodium 
hydroxid  that  phenolphthalein  still  remained  colorless  increased  to  a  marked 
degree  the  rate  of  inactiyation  of  the  ensym. 

A  delicate  method  of  determininir  invert  acttvity,  O.  K.  Watanabb  anjl 
V.  O.  Mtebs  {Proc.  Soc.  Expt.  BM.  and  Med.,  16  (1918),  No.  8,  pp.  14$,  14S).— 
The  technique  of  the  method  is  as  follows : 

To  8  cc.  of  water  in  a  50-cc  centrifuge  tuhe  is  added  1  cc  of  the  extract  to  be 
examined  and  the  solution  warmed  to  just  40°  G.  in  a  water  bath  with  thermo- 
stat attachment  One  cc.  of  1  per  cent  cane  sugar  is  added  and  incubation 
carried  out  for  30  minutes.  This  solution  is  rapidly  cooled  in  cold  water  and 
0.5  to  1  gm.  of  dry  picric  add  added,  thoroughly  mixed*  centrifuged,  and? 
filtered.    The  inverted  sugar  is  then  estimated  colorimetrically  in  3  cc.  portionai 

The  rdle  of  oxidases  and  of  iron  in  the  color  changes  of  sucrar  cane  juicey 
F.  W.  Zebban  {Jour,  Indus,  and  Engin.  Chem.,  10  (1918),  No.  10,  pp.  81^-811;  La. 
Planter t  61  {1918),  No.  19,  pp.  299,  SOO). — ^Experiments  are  reported  from  the 
Louisiana  Sugar  Experiment  Station  which  prove  the  presence  in  young  cane 
shoots  of  a  laccase,  of  tyrosinase,  and  of  peroxidase.  The  color  of  raw  Juice 
is  shown  to  depend  on  the  presence  or  absence  of  oxidizing  ensyms,  the  presence 
or  absence  of  iron  salts,  and  the  nature  of  the  latter  if  present  The  dark 
brown  color  of  cane  Juice  obtained  in  the  absence  of  iron  is  considered  to  be 
due  to  the  action  of  laccase,  the  polyphenols  present  in  the  cane,  and  to  a  small 
extent  to  that  of  the  tyrosinase  upon  the  tyrosln  of  the  cane.  The  dark  green 
color  of  the  cane  Juice  from  the  factory  mill  is  due  to  the  interaction  of  the 
laccase,  the  polyphenols  of  the  cane,  and  the  ferrous  salts  formed  by  the  action 
of  the  organic  acids  of  the  cane  upon  the  iron  of  the  mill. 

On  the  preparation  of  an  active  decolozlsing  carbon  from  kelp,  F.  W.  Zee- 
ban  and  E.  G.  Fbeeland  {Jour.  Indus,  and  Enffin.  Chem,,  10  {1918),  No,  10,  pp, 
812-814). — ^Experiments  conducted  at  the  Louisiana  Sugar  Experiment  Station 
are  reported  which  show  that  a  carbon  which  has  a  much  greater  decolorizing 
power  than  Norit  can  be  prepared  in  the  laboratory  by  quickly  carbonizing  dried 
Pacific  coast  kelp  in  such  a  way  that  the  fumes  can  freely  escape,  after  which 
the  char  is  transferred  to  a  closed  iron  receptacle  and  heated  to  red  heat  for 
about  two  hours.  The  carbob  is  boiled  with  successive  portions  of  water,  dilute 
hydrochloric  acid,  and  water  and  then  dried. 

The  authors  consider  that  the  decolorizing  power  of  the  kelp  carbon  is 
largely  due  to  its  nitrogen  content 

Bussla's  production  of  platinum,  A.  R.  Mebz  {Jour.  Indus,  and  Engin.  Chem., 
10  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  920-925,  figs.  3). —A  statistical  report 

An  automatic  pipette  for  the  tubing  of  culture  media,  M.  uabdot  and  H. 
ViQBEUx  {Compt  Rend.  Soc.  Biol.  {Paris},  81  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  140-U2,  fig.  1).— 
An  all-glass  automatic  pipette  suitable  for  use  in  tubing  culture  media  is  de- 
scribed and  illustrated.  The  apparatus  can  be  readily  sterilized  and  is  said  to 
be  of  easy  manipulation. 

An  automatic  distributor  for  neutral  solution  of  chlorinated  soda  (Dakln's 
solution),  L.  J.  Stbono  {Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.,  11  {1918),  No.  19,  p.  1556). — 
The  apparatus,  which  is  described  and  illustrated,  consists  of  an  irrigating  can, 
with  a  rubber  delivery  tube  provided  with  a  screw  clamp  so  that  the  rate  of 
fiow  through  the  dripping  apparatus  can  be  controlled,  and  a  drop  tube  con- 
nected by  a  U  tube  with  a  large  inverted  test  tube  serving  as  a  reservoir  to 
collect  the  solution.  This  is  connected  by  means  of  rubber  tubing  with  a  sec- 
ond U  tube,  which  can  be  raised  or  lowered  and  thus  act  as  a  siphon  to  dis- 

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1M»1  AGMCULTTJKAL  CHBMISTBY — ^AGROTECHNY.  13 

charge  the  proper  amount  of  fluid  Into  the  tubes  planted  in  the  infected  wound. 
The  apparatus  is  said  to  be  easily  made  and  to  operate  with  uniform  regularity. 

Preparation  of  Dakin's  solution  from  liquid  chlorln  by  the  srravimetric 
method,  S.  R.  Bxnedict  (Surg.,  OynecoL,  and  Ohatet.,  S7  {1918),  No.  4*  PP-  986, 
M7).— Weighing  the  chlorln  used  in  the  preparation  of  Dakin's  solution  is  said 
to  be  preferable  to  measuring  its  volume  on  account  of  greater  accuracy, 
cheaper  and  less  complicated  apparatus,  and  more  rapid  manipulation.  The 
procedure  for  the  preparation  of  10  liters  of  the  solution  by  the  gravimetric 
method  is  described  in  detail. 

The  manufacture  of  chloramin-T,  J.  K.  H.  Inous  {Jour,  8oo.  Chem.  Indus., 
57  {1918),  No.  18,  pp.  288T,  t89T;  aba.  in  CJiem.  Abi.,  12  {1918),  No.  2S,  pp.  t65S, 
2654).— A  method  for  the  preparation  of  chloramin-T  from  the  starting  point 
of  toluene  is  described  in  detail. 

Preparation  of  perchloric  add  from  perchlorates,  A.  VthiTHEiic  {VerBlag. 
Landbouwk.  Onderzoek.  RijkalandbouioproefsiaU  INeiherlandal,  No.  22  {1918), 
pp.  171-175). — ^The  following  method  is  described  for  the  preparation  of  per- 
chloric acid  from  alcoholic  perchlorate  residues  consisting  principally  of  cal- 
dum,  magnesium,  and  sodium  perchlorate: 

After  removal  of  the  alcohol  by  distillation,  the  calcium  and  magnesium  are 
precipitated  as  carbonates  by  sodium  carbonate  and  removed  by  filtration. 
The  filtrate  is  dried  and  an  excess  of  hydrochloric  add  added  which  predpltates 
most  of  the  sodium  as  sodium  chlorld,  leaving  in  solution  a  mixture  of  per- 
chloric add,  sodium  perchlorate,  and  hydrochloric  acid.  After  the  hydro- 
chloric add  is  removed  by  evaporation,  the  perchloric  add  which  remains  is 
considered  satisfactory  for  potash  determinations. 

Sulphuric  add  determination  in  the  presence  of  phosphoric  add,  T.  von 
FBurBEBO  {Mitt  LebeMm.  Untersuch.  u.  Hyg.,  Schweiz.  OandhUamt.,  6 
{191$),  No.  4-^,  pp.  191yl95). — ^Experimental  evidence  is  given  to  prove  that  In 
the  presence  of  phosphates  the  determination  of  sulphuric  add  gives  too  high 
results.  It  is  stated  that  this  error  can  be  reduced  to  a  minimum  by  adding  the 
hot  barium  chlorld  solution  drop  by  drop  to  the  boiling,  weakly  add  solution 
(about  O.IB  cc  concentrated  hydrochloric  add  or  13  to  14  cc  N.  hydrochloric 
add  hi  100  cc.). 

The  identification  of  adds  of  agrricultural  products,  J.  B.  Ratheb  and  E.  E. 
Rxn>  {ArkanMoa  8ta.  Bui.  156  {1918),  pp.  SS2).—A  method  is  described  for  the 
identification  of  acids  of  agricultural  products,  both  singly  and  in  mixtures,  by 
melting-point  determinations  of  the  phenacyl  esters  formed  by  the  action  of 
hromacetophenone  on  the  alkali  salts  of  the  acids  in  dilute  alcoholic  solution. 
Many  of  these  esters  were  found  to  be  solids  easily  purified  by  recrystalUzation 
from  alcohol  and  with  convenient  melting  points.  Formic,  butyric,  valeric,  and 
oleic  adds  gave  liquid  phenacyl  esters,  and  asparaginic  and  gallic  acids  gave 
gnmmy  products  with  no  definite  melting  points.  Attempts  to  form  satisfactory 
solid  derivatives  of  the  liquid  phenacyl  esters  were  unsuccessful  in  the  case 
of  the  phenylhydrazones  and  oxlmes.  The  reagent  has  been  successfully  applied 
in  the  Identification  of  many  acids  in  mixtures  with  other  acids.  Tables  are 
flven  of  the  results  obtained. 

The  authors  conclude  that  the  use  of  bromacetophenone  as  a  reagent  for  the 
identification  of  acids  should  prove  especially  valuable  In  the  study  of  the 
adds  of  fruits  and  other  agricultural  products. 

Betennination  of  addity  in  flour,  T.  von  Fxllbnberg  {Mitt.  Lebep^sm.  Unter- 
tscft.  «.  Hyg.,  Schioeiz.  Oandhtaamt.,  6  {1915),  No.  S,  pp.  145-150).— A  modifica- 
tion of  the  kreis-Aragon  method  (E.  S.  R.,  12,  p.  823)  is  described,  which  differs 
from  the  original  method  as  follows:  (1)  The  titration  is  conducted  in  the  cold 


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14  EZFESIMBKT  STATION  RBGOBD.  [VoL  40 

to  prevent  the  action  of  acid-forming;  ensyms,  (2)  caldnm  dilorld  Is  added  to 
completely  change  the  phoeqphates  to  triphosphate,  and  (3)  sodium  hydroxld  Is 
added  In  excess  and  the  excess  titrated  back  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

The  determination  of  cellulose  in  wheat,  V.  Hassnfsatz  {Compi.  Rend.  8oa, 
Biol.  [Parish  81  (1918),  No.  9,  pp.  J^l,  4^8).^It  is  shown  that  the  determina- 
tion of  cellulose  should  be  made  with  acids  and  bases  accurately  standardlaed 
and  under  precisely  determined  conditions.  The  results  obtained  are  compara- 
ble only  when  the  same  adds  or  bases  are  employed,  thus  avoiding  variation  in 
the  volume  of  the  reagents  used. 

The  bacteriologry  of  peanut  butter  and  the  germicidal  action  of  aitichis  oil, 
I.  O.  Haix  and  Juanita  van  Meter  {Amer.  Food  Jour.,  IS  (1918)  ^  No.  9,  pp. 
46S-467) . — ^Examination  of  commercial  peanut  butter  manufactured  and  packed 
under  poor  sanitary  conditions  showed  a  surprising  absence  of  colon  bacilli. 
The  explanation  advanced  by  the  authors  as  a  result  of  bacteriological  studies 
is  that  the  germicidal  property  resides  in  the  oil  of  the  peanut,  the  organisnoa 
dying  out  merely  because  the  oil  makes  the  proteins  and  carbohydrates  sus- 
pended in  it  inaccessible  for  bacterial  grovTth.  Moistened  peanut  meal  from 
which  the  oil  has  been  extracted  is  said  to  permit  BaoiUut  ooU  and  other  organ- 
Isms  to  multiply  rapidly,  as  does  also  peanut  butter  to  which  more  than  from  10 
to  20  per  cent  of  water  has  been  added. 

A  contribution  to  the  examination  of  honey  by  the  precipitin  method, 
H.  Kbeis  {Miti.  Lehensm.  Untersuch.  a.  Hyff.,  Schweiz.  GsndhtMtnt.,  6  {1915), 
No.  2,  pp.  5S-S2). — ^The  precipitin  method  for  the  detection  of  adulteration  In 
honey,  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  28,  p.  22),  is  discussed,  and  the  results  are 
reported  of  the  examination  of  samples  of  honey  adulterated  in  various  ways. 

The  author  concludes  that  the  precipitin  method,  if  used  in  conjunction  with 
other  tests,  gives  in  most  cases  a  clear  proof  as  to  whether  the  honey  has  been 
adulterated,  overheated,  or  spoiled.  It  is  not  consi^red  to  give  conclusive 
proof  as  to  the  detection  of  sugar  feeding  of  the  bees. 

Determination  of  lactose  and  sucrose  in  milk  chocolate,  T.  von  B^ellbnbero 
(Mitt.  Lebensm.  Untersuch.  u.  Hyg.,  Schtoeig.  Osndhtsami.,  6  (WIS),  No.  2,  pp^ 
45S2). — ^A  method  is  described  for  the  quantitative  determination  of  lactose  and 
sucrose  in  milk  chocolate  by  reduction  of  Fehling's  solution  before  and  after 
inversion.  The  limits  of  error  for  the  lactose  by  this  method  are  said  to  be 
within  ±  0.6  per  cent  Analyses  of  several  brands  of  milk  chocolate  are 
reported. 

Microscopic  examination  of  tomato  pulp,  W.  D.  Bioelow  and  P.  J.  Donk 
{Canner,  47  {1918),  No.  14,  pp.  86,  88,  40,  4^,  if)-— This  is  a  general  discussion 
of  the  value  of  a  microscopic  count  in  the  examination  of  tomato  pulp,  together 
with  a  description  of  the  microscopic  equipment  required  for  the  Howard 
method  and  a  reprint  of  this  method  from  the  bulletin  previously  noted  (E.  S. 
R.,  38,  p.  166). 

Contribution  to  the  study  of  commerdal  teas,  I.  Piesotti  {An.  8oc.  Quint. 
Argentina,  6  {1918),  No.  26,  pp.  S29-S4S).—Aa  the  result  of  analyses  of  41 
samples  of  tea  the  following  limiting  percentage  values  for  unadulterated  tea 
are  given :  Moisture  6.699  to  9.974,  ash  5.421  to  6.091,  water  extract  24.046  to 
88.993,  total  nitrogen  3.501  to  4.399,  substances  soluble  in  carbon  tetrachlorid 
0.502  to  2.546,  substances  soluble  in  chloroform  1.11  to  5.881,  substances  soluble 
In  ethyl  alcohol  3.314  to  15.186,  thein  2.071  to  3.646,  dextrins  and  gums  4.044  to 
6.967,  protein  material  22.568  to  27.493,  cellulose  11.944  to  14.983,  and  tannin 
9.092  to  14.553. 

The  author  states  that  in  order  to  judge  a  tea  fully  the  chemical  analyses 
should  be  supplemented  by  histological  studies. 


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19191  AGRICXTLTURAIi  OHEMISTBT — ^AGBOTBGHNY.  15 

Cinnamon  of  inferior  qoalitr.— A  colorimotrie  method  for  the  determina- 
tion of  dnnamic  aldehyde  in  cinnamon,  T.  von  Feixenbero  {Mitt.  Lebenwi. 
Vntenmch,  u.  Hyg.,  Schweiz,  Omdhtsamt,,  6  (1915),  No.  6,  pp.  jB5|-2^6).— True 
dnnamon  of  inferior  quality  has  been  found  to  be  lacking  in  dnnamic  aldehyde. 
A  colorimetric  method  for  determining  cinnamic  aldehyde  is  described  which 
depmds  upon  the  color  which  the  aldehyde  produces  with  isobutyl  alcohol  and 
concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 

A  colorimetric  method  for  the  determination  of  ▼anillin  in  ▼anilla»  T.  voh 
FBixxvBEBO  (Mitt.  Lebenim,  Untertuch.  «.  Hyg,,  SohweUf,  QmdKtsamt,  6  {1916)  ^ 
If 9.  6,  pp,  £67-^4).— The  method  is  similar  to  the  one  noted  above  for  the  de- 
termination of  cinnamic  aldehyde  in  cinnamon.  It  is  suggested  that  the 
Tanillin  determination  should  be  made  separately  in  the  inner  and  outer  layers 
of  the  bean.  Normal  vanilla  shows  no  great  difference  in  the  amounts  of  va- 
nilllD,  inasmuch  as  the  outer  layer  makes  up  about  80  per  cent  of  the  whole. 

A  simple  and  rapid  method  for  the  estimation  of  aloohol  in  spirituous 
Uquors,  Nagendba  Chandba  Nao  and  Pahna  Lal  {Jour,  8oo,  Chem,  Indus.,  S7 
{1918),  No.  18,  p.  t90T). — ^The  method  consists  of  treating  a  known  weight  of 
the  liquid  to  be  examined  in  a  glass  tube  graduated  in  tenths  of  a  cubic  centl- 
meter  with  an  excess  of  anhydrous  potassium  carbonate,  adding  about  6  to  10 
per  cent  of  water  if  the  p^centage  of  alcohol  is  above  00.  The  mixture  is 
thcH^ughly  shakoi  or  centrifuged  and  allowed  to  settle.  The  volumes  of  the 
layer  of  saturated  potassium  carbonate  and  of  the  alcohol  hydrate  are  read  and 
the  temperature  taken.  The  percentage  of  alcohol  is  calculated  from  the  follow- 
ing formula,  the  constants  of  which  have  been  determined  by  experiment: 
Percentage  of  alcohol=(V+vX 0.00275)  [1—0.001068  (t^-15.6)]X0.7988X 
9106-5-W.  V=the  volume  of  alcohol  hydrate,  v=the  volume  of  saturated  po- 
tassium cart>onate  solution,  t^temperature,  and  W=the  weight  of  the  sample 
ingramsw 

The  method  is  said  to  be  quite  accurate,  even  though  not  more  than  5  cc.  of 
the  liquor  under  examination  be  used,  and  to  have  the  advantages  that  solids 
in  solution  do  not  affect  the  results,  that  loss  by  evaporation  is  prevented,  and 
that  ice  is  not  required  even  if  the  temperature  be  high. 

The  detection  of  methyl  alcohol  by  the  D^niiST^  method  and  its  application 
in  the  quantitative  determination  of  methyl  alcohol  in  water  solution,  T.  von 
Fellenbebg  {Mitt.  Lebensm.  Untersuch.  u,  Hyg.,  Schweiz,  Gmdhtaamt,  6  {1915), 
No.  1,  pp,  1-24,  figs.  S). — ^An  application  of  the  D^nig^s  test  for  methyl  alcohol 
to  a  quantitative  determination  of  the  same  is  described. 

The  colorimetric  estimation  of  cholesterol  in  blood,  with  a  note  on  the 
estimation  of  coprosterol  in  feces,  V.  O.  Mters  and  Bmma  L.  Wabdell  {Jour. 
BUa.  Chem.,  S6  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  W-ISS,  fig.  1).— A  method  is  described  for 
the  colorimetric  estimation  of  cholesterol  in  blood,  in  which  the  blood,  plasma, 
or  serum  is  dried  with  plaster  of  Paris  and  the  cholesterol  extracted  from  it  with 
the  solvent  (chloroform)  employed  in  the  development  of  the  color  reaction. 
The  extract  of  cholesterol  treated  as  described  by  Bloor  (E.  Sr  R.,  35,  p.  13)  is 
compared  with  a  standardized  aqueous  solution  of  naphtbol  green  B  in  a 
Ihihoscq  or  Kober  colorimeter. 

The  plaster  of  Paris  is  considered  by  the  authors  to  hold  the  blood  in  a  finely 
divided  and  readily  extractable  condition  and  also  to  hold  back  substances 
which  add  to  the  color  development  with  the  Bloor  technique.  The  aqueous 
naphthol  green  B  is  considered  superior  to  chloroform  solutions  of  cholesterol 
as  a  standard,  as  it  is  moreititable  than  the  cholesterol  in  chloroform  and  does 
not  evaporate  so  readily.  Data  are  given  showing  that  estimations  by  this 
method  agree  closely  with  those  by  the  Windaus  gravimetric  method,  but  are 
lower  than  those  obtained  by  the  Bloor  method. 


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16  BX^BBtMfiNT  StATtOir  SBCOBD.  CVoU40 

A  modification  of  the  method  la  described  for  detenninliig  the  coprosterol  in 
feces. 

Methods  for  the  detarmliuttiQii  of  i^iosphorie  sdd  in  smsll  amoonts  of 
blood,  W.  R.  Bloob  (Jour.  BioL  CAesk,  S6  {1918)\  No.  1,  pp.  55-43).— The  meth- 
ods described  consist  of  extensions  of  a  method  previously  reported  (E.  S.  R.« 
85,  p.  166),  and  are  based  on  the  n^helometric  Tise  of  Kober  and  Bgerer's  modi- 
fication (E.  S.  R.,  84,  p.  409)  of  the  strychnin  molybdate  reagent  of  Ponset 
and  Choncha^L  In  the  work  reported  this  reagent  is  modified  with  the  object 
of  making  it  stronger  and  lessening  the  manipnlation  required  tot  producing  the 
precipitation.  Detailed  descriptions  are  given  of  the  reagents  employed  and 
the  manipulation  of  the  method  as  applied  to  the  determination  of  total  phos- 
phates, lipoid  phosphoric  add  (lecithin),  and  add-solnble  phosphoric  add  in 
whole  blood,  plasma,  and  corpuscles. 

A  new  volumetric  method  for  the  determination  of  uric  add  in  blood,  L*.  J. 
GuBTUAN  and  A.  Lebsman  {Jour.  Biol.  Chem,,  S6  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  ISl-ilO}. — 
The  method  described  consists  essentially  of  the  predpitation  of  the  uric  add  by 
means  of  nickel  acetate  in  a  solution  made  alkaline  with  sodium  carbonate  and 
the  estimation  of  the  uric  acid  in  the  precipitate  by  means  of  a  dilute  solntUm 
of  iodln. 

The  method  is  said  to  have  given  good  results  with  aqueous  solutions  of  uric 
acid  as  well  as  with  blood  serum  to  which  known  amounts  of  uric  acid  were 
added.  It  is  considered  to  be  fully  as  accurate  as  the  colorimetric  method  and 
to  possess  the  advantage  of  requiring  no  cq;>ecial  apparatus. 

The  color  laboratory  of  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry.  A  brief  statement  of  its 
objects  and  problems,  H.  D.  Gibbs  {Jour.  Indus,  and  Engin.  Chem.,  10  {1918), 
No.  10,  pp.  602,  80S).— A  brief  statement  is  given  of  the  objects  and  problems 
of  the  color  laboratory  of  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture.  The  laboratory  studies  are  divided  into  five  classes — ^processes, 
dye  intermediates,  dyes,  medicinals,  and  analytical  methods.  Plant  operations 
include  the  development  of  a  process  of  manufacture  of  phthalic  anhydrid,  the 
chlorination  of  toluene,  and  investigations  for  the  manufacture  of  various 
alcohols  and  acetone. 

Photographic  sensitising  dyes:  Their  synthesis  and  absorption  spectra, 
L.  E.  Wise  and  E.  Q.  Adams  {Jour.  Indus,  and  Engin.  Chem.,  10  {1918),  No.  10, 
pp.  801,  802). 

Natural  dyestuffs:  An  important  factor  in  the  dyestufP  situation,  E.  S. 
Chapin  {Jour.  Indus,  and  Engin.  Chem.,  10  {1918),  No.  10,  pp.  795-798) .—ThiB 
is  a  brief  review  of  fundamental  facts  relating  to  natural  dyestuffs,  with  particu- 
lar reference  to  logwood. 

The  manufacture,  use,  and  newer  developments  of  the  natural  dyestuffs, 
C.  R.  Dklaney  {Jour.  Indus,  and  Engin.  Chem.,  10  {1918),  No.  10,  pp.  798S01}. — 
This  is  a  general  discussion  of  the  subject 

Production  of  add  phosphate  from  creamery  waste  sulphuric  add,  R.  H. 
Oabb  {Jour.  Dairy  8ci.,  1  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  508^11).— The  author  suggests  the 
utilization  of  creamery  waste  sulphuric  acid  for  the  manufacture  of  add  phos- 
phate. The  waste  acid  from  the  mixture  of  cream  and  acid,  after  the  comple- 
tion of  the  tests  and  the  removal  of  fat,  had  approximately  the  following  com- 
position by  weight:  Sulphuric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.2)  27.32  percent,  nitrogen  (amino 
acids,  peptones,  etc.)  0.054,  ash  (potassium,  caldum,  etc.)  0.11.  volatile  organic 
matter  0.56,  and  sugar  (lactose)  0.525.  It  is  suggested  that  the  acid  be  con- 
centrated to  60  per  cent  acid  and  mixed  with  an  equal  weight  of  ground  rock 
phosphate.  An  add  phosphate  prepared  in  this  way  had  the  following  percent- 
age composition:  Potassium  sulphate  0.357,  add  phosphate  14,  and  nitrogen 
as  ammonia  0.232.    The  principal  Impurities  present  in  the  acid  are  compounds 


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mij  AGRICrOLTUKAL  CHEMISTEY— AGBOTBOHinr. .  17 

of  nitrogen,  caldum,  potaasliim,  and  phosphorus  which  are  In  water-soluble 
form  and  are  an  advantage  to  the  fertilizer.  The  carbon  formed  from  the  sugar 
in  the  concentration  of  the  add  is  also  considered  to  be  of  advantage  in  that 
it  tends  to  keep  the  mass  granular  and  porous. 

The  preparatioxi  of  xylose  from  oomoobs,  G.  S.  Hudson  and  T.  S.  Habdino 
Wowr.  Amer.  Chem,  Soc,  40  (1918),  No.  10,  pp.  1601,  1602).— A  method  for  pre- 
paring xylose  from  corncobs  is  described  which  is  similar  to  the  method  pre- 
viously noted  (B.  S.  R.,  87,  p.  410)  for  preparing  xylose  from  cottonseed  hulls. 
The  corncobs  are  said  to  be  a  better  source  of  xylose  in  that  the  jrield  (about 
12  per  cent)  is  higher  and  the  solutions  throughout  the  course  of  preparation  are 
less  colored. 

The  preparation  of  several  useful  substances  from  comoobs,  F.  B.  LaFobqb 
tnd  G.  S.  HI7D80N  (Jour.  Indfis.  and  Engin.  Chem.,  10  (1918)^  No.  11,  pp.  925- 
^f7).— Methods  are  described  for  the  preparation  from  corncobs  of  adhesive 
gum,  xylose  (noted  above),  acetic  acid,  and  glucose.  The  yields  of  the  various 
products  constitute  the  following  percentages  of  the  weight  of  the  dry  corncobs : 
Adhesive  gum  SO,  crystalline  xylose  6,  acetic  add  2.5  to  S,  and  crystalline 
glucose  37. 

The  authors  believe  that  these  methods  of  utilizing  corncobs  may  eventually 
render  them  a  valuable  source  of  raw  material  for  manufacturing. 

Wood  waate  as  a  source  of  ethyl  alcohol,  G.  H.  Toiclinson  (Jour.  Indus,  and 
Snifin.  Chem.,  10  (1918).  No.  10,  pp.  859^61;  a6«.  in  Chem.  Abs.,  12  (19i8),  No. 
22,  p.  24S7). — Some  of  the  problems  involved  in  the  commercial  utilization 
of  wood  waste  as  a  source  of  ethyl  alcohol  are  discussed  and  suggestions  given 
for  extending  the  scope  of  the  industry.  On  the  basis  of  estimates  at  a  manu- 
fftctDring  plant  the  author  states  that  every  ton  of  wood  waste  is  capable  of 
yielding  over  30  gal.  of  wood  molasses,  suitable  for  alcohol  production,  without 
disturbing  existing  methods  of  operation,  and  that,  allowing  3  cts.  per  gallon 
profit  on  the  molasses,  this  would  represent  an  additional  profit  of  almost 
|2  per  1,000  ft  of  lumber. 

Factory  investigation  on  the  manufacture  of  tomato  pulp  and  paste,  B.  J. 
HowABD  (Canner,  47  (1918),  Nos.  11,  pp.  S6,  S8,  40,  42;  12,  pp.  S4,  36,  S8,  40, 
fios.  «).— This  is  a  report  of  studies  at  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry  of  the  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture  of  the  influence  of  various  technical  processes 
on  the  diaracter  of  tomato  pulp  and  paste,  including  the  influence  of  tempera- 
ture <m  the  color  and  flavor  of  the  product  relation  of  temperature  of  process- 
ing and  length  of  heating  to  the  keeping  power  of  the  product,  the  rate  of  heat 
penetration,  occurrence  of  copper  in  the  paste,  comparison  of  open  kettle  and 
▼acQiun  pan  products,  efficiency  tests  on  various  outfits,  and  laboratory  tests 
on  the  influence  of  size  of  mesh  of  sieve  used  on  the  consistency  of  the  product 

Drying  and  serving  fruits  and  vegetables  in  the  home,  C.  O.  Vincent  and 
Jkssis  M.  Hoover  (Idaho  8ta.  Bui  110  (1918),  pp.  28,  figs.  i7).— This  bulletin 
contains  reports  of  investigations  in  regard  to  the  successful  drying  of  fruits 
and  vegetables,  with  particular  reference  to  conditions  in  Idaho.  These  in- 
clude a  study  of  the  relative  merits  of  sun  drying  and  drying  by  means  of 
cookstove,  hot-air,  and  steam  evaporators  as  determined  by  local  conditions,  by 
the  time  and  temperature  required  to  evaporate  different  products,  and  by  the 
moisture  content  of  the  dried  product 

A  homemade  sun  drier  of  pyramidal  form  is  described,  three  sides  of  which 
are  of  glass.  The  air  enters  through  small  holes  at  the  base,  passes  up  through 
a  perforated  frame  of  wooden  slats  containing  the  food  to  be  dried,  and  together 
with  the  moisture  from  the  evaporating  fruit,  passes  out  through  a  1-in.  hole  in 
the  apex.    If  placed  in  the  sun  the  temperature  in  the  drier  can  be  maintained 


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18  EXPBBIMEKT  8TATI0K  BBCOBD.  [Tol.  40 

at  a  much  higher  degree  than  on  the  outside,  and  prodncta  of  Tarions  kinds 
will  dry  in  a  shorter  time  than  when  exposed  to  the  direct  rays  of  the  smL 

Directions  for  preparing  fmits  and  vegetables  for  drying,  and  tested  recipes 
in  which  dried  products  are  employed,  are  given. 

Preservation  of  food  {Agr.  Col.  Ext,  Bui,  [OhJlo  State  UMv.J,  U  {191^19), 
No,  1,  pp,  20,  figs,  2), — ^A  detailed  discussion  of  the  preservation  of  food  tiy 
storing,  canning,  drying,  and  fermentation. 

METEOBOLOO^. 

Climate  in  relation  to  crop  adaptation  in  Kew  Xezico,  O.  E.  Ltnnkt  and 
F.  Gabcia  (New  Mexico  Sta,  Bui,  US  (1918),  pp.  1S2,  figs,  -J).— The  available 
data  for  temperature  and  precipitation,  secured  in  cooperation  with  the 
Weather  Bureau  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  are  given  for  dliferent 
parts  of  the  State,  with  brief  accounts  of  the  agricultural  possibilities  of  each 
county. 

There  Is  great  range  In  altitude  and  dlmatlc  conditions  in  the  State.  Agri- 
culture is  carried  on  under  Irrigation  or  by  dry-farming  methods,  the  latter 
being  done  at  altitudes  varying  from  3,000  to  8,000  ft,  under  a  normal  pre- 
cipitation varying  from  about  10  to  20  in.,  with  a  long  growing  season  in  the 
lower  altitudes  and  a  very  short  one  in  the  high  altitudes.  There  is  a  large 
portion  of  the  State  which  can  not  be  used  for  the  growing  of  crops,  but  can  be 
profitably  utilized  in  the  raising  of  live  stock.  Crops  adapted  to  dry  farming 
at  any  altitude  are  comparatively  limited  In  number. 

"  The  amount  of  moisture  and  length  of  the  growing  season  are  two  Important 
limiting  factors  for  many  crops  in  New  Mexico.  The  5,000-ft.  elevation  is 
probably  about  the  limit  in  altitude  for  many  of  the  sorghums,  which  are 
among  the  best  crops  for  the  dry  farmers  below  this  altitude;  however,  up  to 
this  altitude  Sudan  grass,  beans,  Indian  com,  broom  corn,  and  wheat  are  also 
dependable  crops.  In  the  higher  dry-land  districts  short  season  com,  wheat, 
barley,  oats,  field  peas,  beans,  and,  in  some  districts,  Irish  potatoes  are  among 
the  leading  crops  to  grow.  In  the  irrigated  valleys,  where  the  moisture  factor 
is  largely  under  the  control  of  the  farmer,  a  much  larger  variety  of  crops  can 
be  successfully  raised  under  good  farm  management  In  addition  to  a  large 
variety  of  vegetables  and  fruits,  practically  all  of  the  crops  that  can  be  raised 
by  dry  farming  can  be  grown  in  these  Irrigated  districts  of  lower  altitude. 
In  the  high  altitude,  mountainous,  irrigated  districts,  aside  from  the  dry- 
farming  crops  that  are  grown  under  these  conditions,  alfalfa,  many  of  the 
cool  season  vegetables,  and  a  number  of  fmits,  principally  apples,  cherries,  and 
plums,  are  usually  grown  successfully,  except  that  the  late  spring  frosts 
occasionally  partly  or  wholly  destroy  the  fruit  crop."  The  State  is  restricted 
to  Temperate  Zone  crops  and  fmits.  Tropical  or  even  semitroplcal  fmits  can 
not  be  raised  there. 

Since  moisture  is  probably  the  principal  factor  In  crop  production  in  New 
Mexico  it  should  be  kept  in  mind  that  the  lower  valleys  are  dry,  averaging  from 
6  to  10  in.  annually,  and  that  agriculture  there  is  precarious  without  irrigation. 
Precipitation  Increases  with  altitude,  and  also  somewhat  from  west  to  east, 
especally  east  of  the  Rio  Grande.  The  precipitation  Increases  rapidly  with 
altitude,  amounting  to  18,  20,  25,  and  even  30  in.  annually  over  the  highest 
peaks.  A  second  controlling  factor  is  temperature,  which  decreases  with  alti- 
tude and  thus  limits  the  number  of  crops  that  can  be  grown  at  the  higher 
altitudes. 

Particular  care  should  be  taken  to  select  late-blooming  varieties  of  fruits 
which  are  least  susceptible  to  frost  injury  in  the  spring.    The  data  presented 

uigitizea  Dy  ^^jxjkj^vk^ 


1919]  SOILS — ^FEBTILIZEBS.  19 

Indicate  In  general  that  frosta  cease  in  the  spring  abont  April  1  below  4,000 
ft,  aboat  May  1  below  6,000  ft,  and  by  June  1  below  8,000  ft  "  The  San  Juan 
Bashi,  howerert  will  be  found  to  be  somewhat  later;  and,  on  the  other  hand, 
many  of  the  mountain  valleys  will  be  earlier  than  their  altitude  would  in- 
dicate." 

Agricultural  meteorology,  J.  W.  Smith  (Proc.  Ohio  Acad.  8cL,  6  {1916),  No, 
5,  pp.  iS9-264,  figt.  5). — ^Agricultural  "meteorology  is  defined,  and  observations 
and  investigations  which  may  be  classed  in  the  subject  are  reviewed.  The 
critical  periods  of  plant  growth  and  the  relation  of  temperature  and  moisture^ 
especially  to  the  growth  of  com,  wheat,  and  potatoes,  are  discussed.  A  few 
of  tbe  problems  needing  investigation  are  enumerated,  and  the  value  of  a  service 
to  investigate  such  problems  is  briefly  explained. 

Climatological  data  for  the  United  States  by  sections  (17.  8,  Dept.  Agr,y 
y^eather  Bur.  Climat.  Data,  5  (1918),  No8.  5,  pp.  207,  pis.  4,  figs.  2;  6,  pp.  206,  pl8. 
iffkfs.  2).— These  volumes  contain  brief  summaries  and  detailed  tabular  state- 
ments of  climatological  data  for  each  State  for  May  and  June,  1918,  re- 
vectively. 

Tree-air  data  at  Brezel  Aerological  Station,  July  to' December,  1917,  W.  R. 
Gbbgq  (17.  8.  Mo.  Weather  Rev.  Sup.  11  (1918),  pp.  108,  pla.  6).— This  records 
in  detail  data  obtained  in  256  observations  at  an  average  altitude  of  2,991 
meters. 

[Observations  on  aerology]  (C7.  8.  Mo.  Weather  Rev.  8up.  12  (1918),  pp.  82, 
pis.  5,  fig.  1). — This  supplement  contains  the  following  articles:  Free-air  Data 
at  Drexel,  Nebr.,  and  Ellendale,  N.  Dak.,  Aerological  Stations,  January  to 
March,  1918,  inclusive,  and  Free-air  Temperatures  During  the  Cold  Winter  of 
1917-18,  by  W.  R.  Gr^g;  and  The  Ellendale  Aerological  Station,  by  Y.  E.  Jakl. 

Meteorological  sununary,  1916  {Oklahoma  8ta.  Rpt.  1917,  p.  40).— This  is 
a  condensed  tabular  summary  of  observations  at  Stillwater,  Olcla.,  on  temper- 
ature, precipitation,  cloudiness,  and  wind  for  each  month  and  for  the  year. 

Annual  report  of  the  [Philippine]  Weather  Bureau,  1916  {Ann.  Rpt. 
[PhiUppine}  Weather  Bur.,  1916,  pt.  1-2,  pp.  i-M).— This  contains  a  report  of 
the  work  of  the  weather  bureau  and  a  record  of  hourly  meteorological  observa- 
tions made  at  the  central  observatory  of  Manilla  during  the  calendar  year 
19ia 

Sabstances  dissolved  in  rain  and  snow,  V.  C.  Shippee  and  Ltjgia  Fobotcs 
{CKem.  News,  117  (1918),  No.  S058,  pp.  S22,  325 )^— Continuing  previous  work  of 
Peck  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  416),  analyses  were  made  of  41  different  precipitations, 
28  of  rain  and  13  of  snow,  that  fell  between  September  29,  1917,  and  June  1, 
1918,  the  total  precipitation  for  the  period  being  the  equivalent  of*17.9  in.  of 
ndn. 

The  data  are  considered  insufficient  to  establish  any  relation  between  length 
of  time  between  precipitations  and  the  amount  of  dissolved  substances  or  be- 
tween electrical  disturbances  and  the  amount  of  nitrates  present.  Sulphates 
were  found  to  be  most  abundant  during  the  winter,  but  this  is  considered  de- 
pendent upon  the  amount  of  coal  consumed  in  the  community.  Phosphates 
were  found  to  be  present  but  no  carbon  dioxid. 

sons— FEBTILIZEBS. 

Soils  of  southern  Kew  Jersey  and  their  uses,  J.  A.  Bonsteel  (U.  8.  Dept. 
Agr.  Bui.  677  {1918),  pp.  78,  pis.  6,  figs.  27).— The  author  discusses  in  detail  the 
Adaptation  of  cropping  and  agricultural  systems  to  local  soil  conditions  in  an 
«wa  of  2333340  acres  situated  In  southern  New  Jersey,  embracing  Monmouth, 
Ocean,  BurUngton,   Camden,  Atlantic,   Gloucester,    Salem,   Cumberland,    and 


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20  EXPEBIMEHT  STATION  RBCOBD.  (ToL  40 

Gape  May  CJountlea  and  the  southeastern  portions  of  Middlesex  and  Meroer 
Counties.  The  work  is  based  npon  comprehensiye  soil  and  crop  soryeys  of  the 
region  and  npon  soil  preferences  expressed  by  about  1,000  r^resentatlve 
farmers  located  cliiefly  in  the  sections  where  the  soil  and  crop  soireys  were 
made.  For  purposes  of  study  and  c(«nparison,  the  region  has  been  divided  into 
areas  designated  as  Freehold,  Hartford,  Thoroftoe,  and  Swedesboro,  and  the 
discussions  are  supplemented  by  tabulated  statistics,  numerous  illustrations, 
and  detailed  soil  and  CDop  maps.  The  soils  of  the  region  have  already  been 
dealt  with  in  the  following  surveys:  Salem  area  (E.  S.  R.,  14,  p.  640),  Trenton 
area  (E.  S.  R.,  15,  p.  058),  Freehold  area  (E.  S.  R.,  84,  p.  616),  and  Camden 
area  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  123). 

The  geographical  location  and  transportation  facilities  of  southern  New 
Jersey  are  said  to  be  such  that  the  largest  markets  on  the  continent  for  both 
staple  and  special  farm  products  lie  within  easy  reach  of  even  the  most  remote 
localities.  The  rainfall  and  temperature  also  favor  the  production  of  all  the 
most  important  staple  and  special  crops  suited  to  the  latitude. 

It  is  concluded  that  *'the  more  than  two  centuries  of  agricultural  develop- 
ment In  the  region  have  brought  about  a  thorough  comprehension  of  the  fact 
that  crops  do  not  all  thrive  equally  well  upon  all  soils.  There  has  been  a  con- 
stant tendency  to  adapt  the  cropping  and  the  agricultural  systems  of  the  regions 
to  local  soil  conditions  in  such  a  way  that  the  most  paying  crops  may  be  grown 
upon  each  soil  of  marked  characteristics.  This  selective  cropping  has  resulted 
in  the  avoidance  of  excessively  drained  soils,  like  those  of  the  Lakewood  series, 
for  any  agricultural  use;  a  failure  to  utilize  wet  soils  for  any  but  the  most 
extensive  systems  of  cropping,  such  as  the  growing  of  grass  for  pasture  and 
hay  upon  the  tidal  marsh  areas;  the  utilization  of  the  more  sandy  soils,  irre- 
spective of  their  relative  distance  from  market,  for  the  growing  of  the  early 
vegetables,  commonly  called  truck  crops;  the  use  of  intermediate  types  of 
soils,  such  as  the  sandy  loams,  for  the  growing  of  a  wide  variety  of  truck  crops, 
general  farm  crops,  and,  where  altitude  favors,  of  commercial  orchard  crops; 
a  decided  specialization  toward  the  grain  and  grass  crops  upon  the  fine  sandy 
loam  and  loam  soils,  with  the  more  recent  use  of  the  loam  soils  for  the  growing 
of  Irish  potatoes  and  of  tomatoes  for  canning  purposes ;  the  utilization  of  every 
reasonably  level  acre  of  good  upland  soil  for  crop  production  of  some  kind; 
[and]  the  utilization  of  small  areas  of  overflow  or  of  undralned  land  for  graz- 
ing purposes  in  connection  with  the  special  tillage  of  all  upland  areas.  Other 
things  being  reasonably  equal,  the  farmers  of  southern  New  Jersey  have  a  very 
decided  and  well-founded  preference  for  the  utilization  of  each  specific  soil 
type  for  the  growing  of  the  special  crop  or  group  of  crops  which  is  best  suited 
to  that  soil." 

Some  observations  about  the  soils  of  the  northeast  Indian  tea  districts, 
G.  D.  Hope  (Agr.  Jour.  India,  Indian  8oi.  Cong.  No,,  1918,  pp.  lOB-llS,  pla.  2).— 
The  author  presents  a  general  description  of  the  prevailing  soils  of  the  four 
principal  tea  districts  in  northeastern  India,  with  particular  reference  to  their 
origin.  With  the  exception  of  the  mountain  areas,  the  soils  of  the  whole  region 
are  said  to  be  alluvial  in  character. 

Belationship  between  the  unf  ree  water  and  the  heat  of  wetting  of  soils  and 
its  significance,  G.  J.  Botrroircos  {Michigan  8ta,  Tech,  BuL  42  (1918),  pp.  23).— 
This  reports  the  results  of  investigational  work  dealing  with  the  relationship 
between  the  heat  of  wetting  of  oven-dry  soils  and  other  substances  and  the 
amount  of  so-called  combined  water  that  fidled  to  freeze  at  —78*  C.  as  measured 
by  the  dllatometer  method  (B.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  18)^  and  with  the  heat  of  wetting 
of  various  materials  in  different  liquids,  including  water,  ligroin,  toluene,  and 


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1919]  SOILS — ^FERTILIZEBS.  21 

benzliie.  The  possible  nature  of  the  combined  water,  whether  chemical  or 
physical,  is  discussed. 

A  real  relationship  was  found  to  exist  between  the  combined  water  and  the 
heat  of  wetting  of  soils,  both  factors  tending  to  vary  in  the  same  order  in  most 
of  the  soils  examined.  The  heat  produced  ranged  from  0  calories  for  quartz 
sand  to  10.8  calories  for  Norfolk  sand,  402.3  calories  for  black  clay  loam,  and 
1409^  calories  for  peat  for  the  50  gm.  of  material  used.  The  corresponding  per- 
centage of  water  that  failed  to  freeze  in  the  respective  substances  amounted  to  0, 
L59, 13.85,  and  70  per  cent.  **  This  comparatively  tremendous  amount  of  heat 
represents  energy  expenditure  on  the  part  of  one  or  both  of  the  reacting  mate- 
rials. Evidences  are  deduced,  however,  which  prove  that  all  this  energy  expendi- 
ture is  at  the  expense  of  the  water  only  and  not  at  all  at  the  expense  of  the  soil, 
[andl  ...  is  the  result  of  the  water  undergoing  a  transformation  from  its 
liquid  state  of  aggregation  to  a  solid  state  of  aggregation.  This  transformation 
is  caused  or  brought  about  by  the  chemical  affinity  or  capillary  affinity  or  both 
that  the  soils  have  for  water.  The  total  heat  of  wetting  is  due  partly  to  the 
latoit  heat  of  water,  partly  to  the  affinity  or  attraction  that  the  soils  have  for 
water,  and  partly  to  the  condition  of  the  solid  to  which  the  water  is  trans- 
formed. 

*'In  attempting  to  ascertain  the  exact  nature  of  this  solid  water  by  deter- 
mining the  heat  of  wetting  of  soils  and  various  artificial  materials  in  water  and 
llgroin,  it  was  found  that  with  the  exception  of  silica,  lampblack,  and  tricalclum 
phosphate  the  heat  of  wetting  of  the  solid  materials  in  llgroin  was  either 
enth^ly  absent  or  comparatively  very  small.  If  to  the  solid  materials  was  added 
water  while  they  were  still  immersed  in  the  llgroin,  heat  was  evolved.  This 
evolation  of  heat  took  place  in  all  the  agricultural  soils  except  in  the  peat  and 
in  all  of  artificial  materials  except  in  the  quartz  sand,  lampblack,  and  barium 
sulphate.  The  rapidity  and  magnitude  of  this  heat  evolution  were  almost  the 
same  as  in  water  alone,  or  as  if  the  llgroin  were  not  present  at  all.  In  water 
almie,  all  the  solid  materials  except  lampblack  gave  more  heat  of  wetting  than 
in  llgroin  alone.  Lampblack,  however,  gave  more  heat  of  wetting  in  llgroin 
than  in  water. 

**The  difference  in  the  heat  of  wetting  of  the  various  solid  materials  in  the 
different  liquids  indicates  that  the  attraction  or  affinity  of  the  different  solid 
materials  for  the  different  liquids  is  specific  or  selective.  This  specific  or 
selective  attraction  or  affinity  of  the  solid  materials  for  different  liquids  is 
not  due  entirely  to  the  magnitude  of  the  surface  of  the  solid  materials,  but  prin- 
cipally to  the  chemical  nature  of  the  materials.  The  heat  of  wetting  of  mate- 
rials by  the  addition  of  water  when  they  are  stlU  immersed  in  llgroin  indicates 
that  the  specific  or  selective  attraction  or  affinity  of  the  solid  materials  for 
water  is  not  destroyed  or  satisfied  by  the  substitution  or  presence  of  llgroin ;  and 
that  this  attraction  or  affinity  of  the  solid  materials  for  water  will  go  through 
a  solid  film  or  continuous  membrane  of  llgroin  to  reach  the  water  and  thus 
satisfy  itself.  The  distance  to  which  this  force  will  be  felt,  even  through  an 
intervening  solid  film  or  continuous  membrane  of  another  liquid,  is  considerable. 

"  It  appears  to  hold  generally  true  that  when  a  solid  material  is  immersed  in 
a  liquid  for  which  it  has  only  a  small  attraction  or  affinity  and  then  a  second 
liquid  is  added  for  which  the  solid  material  has  a  great  attraction  or  affinity, 
the  second  liquid  will  be  attracted  by  the  solid  material  with  as  much  force  or 
manifestation  of  heat  as  though  the  first  liquid  were  not  present  at  alL  The 
oonverse  of  this  is  not  true  The  remarkable  phenomenon  of  the  attraction  or 
affinity  of  a  solid  material  being  exerted  for  a  liquid  through  an  enveloping 
solid  or  highijr  compressed  film  of  another  liquid  throws  an  abundance  of  light 


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22  BXPEBIMENT  STATION  BEOOBD.  iY9L40 

In  ond^stancUng  the  poaalble  mechantmn  in  the  reaction  between  soils  and 
soluble  salts  or  their  lon& 

**  Considering  all  the  evidence  as  a  wb<Ae  and  from  every  angle,  it  i^ipeara 
that  the  water  which  refuses  to  freeze  at  the  temperature  of  —78*  and  has 
been  termed  combined  water,  and  which  bears  a  close  relationship  to  the  heat 
of  wetting,  exists  partly  as  water  of  hydration  and  partly  as  water  of  solid 
solution,  with  probably  the  former  predominating.  It  may  exist  all  as  water 
of  solid  solution  but  not  all  as  water  of  hydration.  On  the  other  hand,  if  we 
accept  the  recent  theory  that  all  interatomic  or  intermolecular  forces  should 
be  regarded  as  strictly  chemical,  which  includes  such  forces  or  phenomoia 
as  surface  tension,  evaporation,  cohesion,  absorption,  condensation,  etc,  then 
all  the  combined  water  is  chemically  combined. 

*'  The  results  obtained  by  the  dilatometer  method  and  those  in  the  present 
investigation  seem  to  necessitate  a  complete  and  radical  change  of  many  of  the 
present  conceptions  regarding  soil  moisture.  The  present  ideas  regarding  the 
forms  of  water  in  the  soils,  the  movement  of  moisture  in  the  sc^s,  the  rate  of 
evaporation  of  the  soil  water,  the  available  and  nonavailable  moisture  In  the 
soil,  must  all  be  changed.  The  necessary  changes  proposed  in  the  present  paper 
appear  very  reasonable  and  sound.  It  is  now  confidently  believed  that  the  dila- 
tometer method  is  able  to  give  a  very  accurate  and  true  value  of  the  wilting  co- 
efficient of  soils.  It  accomplishes  this  with  great  rapidity  and  facility.  And 
the  value  it  yields  is  more  definite  and  more  comparable  than  that  obtained  by 
the  use  of  plants." 

The  effect  of  drainage  on  soil  acidity,  S.  D.  €k>NREB  {Science,  n.  <er.,  46 
{1917),  No,  1188,  p.  S46). — Examinations  of  samples  of  silt  loam  soil  very  low 
in  organic  matter  and  quite  acid,  from  contiguous  drained  and  undrained  areas, 
showed  that  acidity  as  determined  by  the  potassium  nitrate  method  had  been 
distinctly  reduced  by  drainage. 

The  phosphoric  add  and  potash  requirements  of  meadow  land  as  indicated 
by  analyses  of  the  harvested  material,  P.  Liechti  and  E.  Ritteb  {Landw. 
Jahrb.  Schweig,  SI  {1917),  No,  5,  pp,  5SS-^5S). — Ck>nsiderable  tabulated  data  are 
presented  showing  the  phosphoric  add  and  potash  content  of  dried  material  cut 
at  three  different  times  during  the  year  fnHn  numerous  meadows  in  an  effort 
to  ascertain  the  needs  of  the  soil  with  respect  to  these  two  elements  of  plant 
food.  Analyses  of  the  first  cutting  appeared  to  give  better  results  than  those  of 
dther  the  total  dry  matter  produced  per  year,  or  the  second  and  third  cuttings. 

It  was  concluded  that  an  index  to  the  soil  requirements  could  be  obtained 
by  determinations  similar  to  those  described,  espedally  if  the  harvested 
material  was  particularly  rich  or  particularly  defldent  in  either  potash  or 
phosphoric  acid,  or  both. 

Soil  aldehydes,  J.  J.  Skirnxb  {Jour.  Franklin  Inst,,  186  {1918),  Noi.  2,  pp. 
les-ise;  S,  pp,  289^16;  4,  pp.  449-480;  5,  pp.  6/7^84;  6,  pp,  729-741,  pL  1,  figs. 
70), — ^This  article  reports  the  results  of  "a  scientific  study  of  a  new  class  of 
soil  constituents  unfavorable  to  crops,  their  occurrence,  properties,  and  elimina- 
tion in  practical  agriculture." 

It  is  shown  that  aldehydes  form  an  Important  group  of  the  organic  com- 
pounds in  soils  and  that  they  are  harmful  in  varying  degree  to  plant  growth  as 
shown  by  water  cultures,  pot  tests,  and  field  experiments.  Their  harmfulness 
is  variously  modified  by  the  character  and  condlti<Hi  of  the  soil  and  by  drainage 
and  fertilising.  Salicylic  aldehyde  and  vanillin  are  common,  particularly  in 
unproductive  soils.  Their  harmfulness  is  rapidly  overcome  or  destroyed  in 
fertile,  biologically  active,  and  strongly  oxidizing  soils.  Drainage,  liming,  and 
certain  fertilizers  are  effective  correctives  of  toxicity  due  to  aldehydes. 

An  extensive  bibliography  of  the  subject  is  appended. 


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1»1»1  SOILS — FERTILIZERS.  23 

The  non-perslBienoe  of  bacterio-toxins  in  the  soil,  H.  B.  Hutchikson  and 
A.  a  Thatsen  (Jour,  Affr.  8ci.  [England],  9  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  4S-^2,  figs,  ^).— 
Investigattons  are  described  which  were  undertaken  at  Rothamsted  with  seven 
different  soils  in  an  effort  to  ascertain  the  validity  of  Qreig-Smlth*s  claim  that 
the  effect  of  partial  sterilization  may  be  due  to  the  destruction  of  bacterial  toxins 
in  the  soil  (E.  S.  R.,  25,  p.  214).  The  studies  embraced  observations  on  the 
rate  of  growth  of  Bacillus  prodigiosus,  and  also,  in  the  case  of  two  soils,  of  B. 
fluorescens  liquefaciens  in  the  treated  and  untreated  extracts  of  the  different 
Mils  as  compared  with  the  rate  of  growth  in  a  standard  physiological  salt 
wlotion.  The  treatments  included  heating  the  extracts  to  94**  G.  for  one  hour, 
partially  sterilizing  the  soil  with  toluene,  and  adding  peptone  representing  six 
parts  of  nitrogen  per  million  of  extract  to  untreated  soil  extract  which  had  been 
boiled.  Bacterial  counts  were  made  directly  after  inoculation  and  4,  8,  24,  48, 
and  72  hours  later.  The  behavior  of  B,  prodigiosus  toward  its  own  growth 
products  was  also  studied.  The  results  obtained  have  been  summarized  as 
f oilowB : 

The  untreated  extracts  of  the  soils  varied  widely  in  their  suitability  for  the 
growth  of  B.  prodigio9U8.  In  some  instances  vigorous  growth  occurred,  while 
hi  others  the  numbers  of  introduced  organisms  fell  to  a  minimum.  Treatment  of 
the  extracts  by  heat  (supposed  to  result  In  the  destruction  of  **  toxins  ")  invaria- 
bly led  to  still  further  bacterial  decreases,  while  extracts  of  soils  treated  with 
antiseptics  (which  are  not  supposed  to  destroy  toxins)  were  on  the  whole  more 
farorable  for  growth  than  those  of  untreated  soils.  Such  extracts  were  found 
to  have  appreciably  more  organic  nitrogen  compounds  than  extracts  of  untreated 
soils.  The  addition  of  minute  quantities  of  peptone  to  unsuitable  extracts 
lofficed  to  convert  them  into  favorable  media. 

Extracts  of  the  two  poorest  untreated  soils  were  tested  with  B,  fiuorescens 
Uquefadens,  but  no  evidence  of  toxicity  could  be  obtained,  growth  being  very 
abundant  It  is  concluded  that  results  obtained  by  the  use  of  an  extraneous 
organism,  such  as  B.  prodigiosus,  must  be  accepted  with  reserve.  The  curve  of 
diminished  numbers  of  bacteria  in  poor  untreated  soil  extracts  was  practically 
identical  with  that  obtained  when  bacteria  were  introduced  into  pure  salt 
aolutions,  the  decreases  being  symptomatic  of  starvation. 

The  only  soil  which  gave  extracts  similar  in  behavior  to  those  reported  by 
Greig-Smith  was  an  acid  heath  soil.  The  value  of  the  extract  of  this  soil  was 
distinctly  increased  after  the  extract  had  been  subjected  to  heat  The  acid  iron 
ani  alumina  compounds  which  were  removed  from  the  soil  by  the  action  of  the 
saline  solution  were  also  thrown  out  of  action.  The  "toxicity"  of  this  soil  was 
Ibuid  to  be  rapidly  (within  24  hours)  and  effectively  removed  by  treatment  with 
calcium  carbonate. 

Alternate  inoculation  and  removal  of  the  bacterial  growth  by  filtration 
npidly  produced  an  extract  unfavorable  for  the  growth  of  B.  prodigioaua,  due 
in  part  to  the  impoverishment  of  the  extract  in  food  material  and  also  to  the 
fonnation  of  some  substance  inimical  to  growth.  This  body  was  capable  of 
passage  through  a  porcelain  filter  and  was  heat  stable,  and  therefore  appeared 
to  have  little  in  common  with  the  inhibitory  bodies  described  by  Rahn  as  occur- 
ring in  cultures  of  organisms,  such  as  B,  fluoresceM  liquefaoiena  or  B,  coli,  nor 
did  it  resemble  in  its  relations  to  heat  the  toxins  which  are  alleged  to  occur  in 
file  soil. 

Although  It  is  deemed  possible  under  well-defined  conditions  to  induce  the 
fomiation  of  bacterio-toxins  in  culture  solutions,  it  is  stated  that  there  is  no 
eridence  to  show  that  these  are  likely  to  possess  importance  in  the  phenomena 
of  partial  sterilization  of  soil 

104e28'— 19 3 


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24  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECOBD.  [VoL40 

The  destruction  of  ▼anillin  in  the  soil  by  the  action  of  soil  bacteria,  W.  J. 
Bobbins  and  A.  E.  Euzakdo  {Alabama  CoL  Sta.  Bui,  204  U918),  pp.  125-181), — 
In  connection  with  earlier  investigations  (E.  S.  B.,  38,  p.  129),  farther  evidence 
is  presented  to  show  that  vanillin-destroying  hacttf  ia  occur  in  those  soils  to 
which  the  addition  of  vanillin  was  observed  to  have  little  bad  effect  on  the  growth 
of  plants.  In  the  case  of  a  quartz  sand,  no  organism  destroying  vanillin  oould 
be  demonstrated,  while  in  soU  obtained  from  the  Arlington  (Va.)  Farm  the 
vanillin  was  found  to  persist  in  a  toxic  state,  even  though  vanillin-destroying 
bacteria  were  present  in  the  solL  Assuming  that  conditions  in  this  soil  were 
not  suitable  for  the  growth  and  action  of  the  vanlUin-destroying  organisms^  a 
study  was  made  of  the  effect  of  the  addition  of  vanillin  to  Arlington  soil  upon 
the  number  of  microorganisms  developing  in  It 

Soil  treated  with  vanillin  and  with  vanUlin  and  vanillin-destroying  bacteria 
showed  0.96  and  0.32  million  microorganisms  per  gram  of  air-dry  soU,  respec- 
tively, 67  days  after  treatment,  while  untreated  soil  showed  2.66  million.  Un- 
treated Alabama  soil  showed  3.76  million,  and  Alabama  soil  treated  with  va- 
nillin showed  18.12  million  for  the  same  length  of  time.  Vanillin  was  observed 
in  crystals  on  the  surface  of  the  Arlington  soil  more  than  40  days  after  treatment. 

Soil  extracts  of  Alabama  and  Arlington  soils  to  which  vanillin  was  added 
failed  to  show  any  differenee  in  the  rate  of  vanillin  destruction  by  a  pure 
culture  of  the  vanillin-destroying  bacterium. 

l%e  acidity  of  the  Arlington  soil,  represented  by  a  lime  requirement  of  4,740 
lbs.  per  acre,  is  not  thought  to  be  responsible  for  this  condition,  due  to  the 
fact  that  in  an  Alabama  acid  sandy  loam  soil  having  a  lime  requirement  of 
8,400  lbs.  per  acre,  vanillin  has  been  entirely  destroyed  in  less  than  57  daya 

Evidence  has  been  obtained  which  is  held  to  indicate  that  poor  aeration  may 
be  responsible  for  the  persistence  of  vanlUin  in  the  Arlington  soil,  although 
no  definite  conclusion  has  been  reached. 

The  influence  of  potsherds  on  nitriflcatlon  in  the  Indian  alluvium,  Jatindba 
Nath  Sen  {Jour,  Agr,  8ci  [England},  9  {1918),  No.  i,  ftp.  $2-42,  figs,  4), — ^The 
author  describes  pot  and  lysimeter  experiments  in  which  a  study  was  made 
of  the  effect  upon  nitrification  of  aeration  produced  by  the  addition  of  dif- 
ferent quantities  of  potsherds  to  the  fine-textured  Pusa  soil.  Small,  roundish 
pieces  of  brick  from  i  to  i  in.  in  diameter  were  added  in  amounts  r^re- 
senting  0,  10,  20,  and  80  per  cent  of  the  soil,  and  the  percolate  from  the  pots 
and  soil  samples  from  tbe  lysimeters  examined  for  nitrates.  Increased  nitri- 
fication followed  the  use  of  postherds  in  both  experiments,  the  30  per  cent  appli- 
cation generally  giving  the  highest  results. 

The  use  of  green  manures,  Schbibattx  and  L.  BaAnGNifcBB  {Oompt.  Rend, 
Acad,  Agr,  France,  4  {1918),  No,  10,  pp,  S5Jh857,  S60-S65;  abi.  in  Intemat.  Inst. 
Agr,  IRamel,  IntemaU  Rev,  8oi,  and  Pract.  Agr,,  9  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  667,  668; 
Jour,  Bd,  Agr,  [London],  25  {1918),  No,  7,  p.  864), — In  experiments  at  Orignon 
during  1913  to  1916,  oats  after  trefoil  produced  8.95  cwt.  of  grain  per  acre, 
after  clover  6.27,  vetches  4.32,  and  white  mustard  0.42  cwt.  Qood  results 
were  obtained  by  sowing  the  legumes  with  the  cereals.  By  this  means  it  was 
possible  to  grow  successfully  three  successive  crops  of  cereals  without  other 
nitrogenous  fertilizer.  The  use  of  crimson  clover,  fenugreek,  and  white  melilot 
for  this  purpose  Is  also  suggested. 

The  farmer  and  the  dung  heap  {Jour,  Bd,  Agr.  [London],  25  {1918)  No.  6, 
pp.  705,  706). — ^Brief  directions  for  caring  for  the  manure  heap  are  given. 

Fertilizers  after  the  war,  E.  J.  Bussell  {Nature  [London],  102  {1918)^  No. 
2549,  pp.  5,  6).— Beferrlng  to  previous  reports  and  estimates  relating  to  the 
postwar  use  of  fertilizers  in  Great  Britain,  the  author  submits  an  estimate 
based  on  a  total  cultivated  area  of  46,700,000  acres,  22,000,000  of  which  ac« 


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19191  SOILS — ^FERTILIZERS.  25 

fertHized.  This  leads  to  the  condnsion  that  there  will  be  required  1,730,000 
tons  of  superphosphate  and  basic  slag  and  470,000  tons  of  sulphate  of  ammonia 
or  its  equivalent.    No  estimate  of  the  amount  of  potash  required  is  given. 

The  nltrog'en  problem  in  relation  to  the  war,  A.  A.  Notes  {Jour,  WasTu 
Acad.  ScL,  8  {19 J8),  No.  IB,  pp.  S81-S94;  ahs.  in  Nature  {Londonh  102  {1918), 
Vo.  2550,  pp.  26,  27). — This  article,  by  the  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Ni- 
trate Investigations  of  the  National  Research  Council,  gives  a  general  view  of 
the  nitrogen  situation  with  brief  descriptions  of  sources  of  supply  and  methods 
of  meeting  the  demands  for  nitrogen  compounds. 

It  is  pointed  out  that  the  Chilean  nitrate  supply  is  at  best  precarious,  and 
tliat  the  utmost  possible  supply  from  by-product  coke  ovens  is  wholly  inade- 
quate. It  is,  therefore,  necessary  to  develop  methods  of  manufacture.  The 
most  promising  of  these  so  far  developed  are  the  cyanamid,  cyanld,  arc  (nitric 
add),  and  synthetic  (ammonia)  processes. 

It  is  stated  tliat  the  nitrate  division  of  the  Ordnance  Department  has  greatly 
simplified  the  process  of  absorption  of  nitric  vapors  and  that  the  Bureau  of 
Mines  has  brought  the  oxidation  process  to  a  high  state  of  perfection.  « 

Storage  of  sulphate  of  ammonia  on  farms  {Jour.  Bd.  Agr.  [London^,  25 
{1918),  No.  6,  pp.  109-105). — Directions  are  given  for  storage  either  in  bags  or 
loose  in  a  heap.    It  is  essential  that  the  sulphate  should  be  kept  dry. 

Utilization  of  phosphate  deposits  of  Australia,  J.  W.  Paterson  {Aunt.  Ad- 
visory Council  8oi.  and  Indus.  Bui.  1  {1918),  pp.  96-101,  fig.  i).— This  article 
reviews  the  results  of  various  investigations  on  the  amount  and  availability  of 
phosphoric  add  in  soils  and  the  relative  availability  of  different  kinds  of  phos- 
phates, and  notes  briefly  the  results  of  examinations  of  24  soils  from  different 
parts  of  Australia  which  show  them  to  be  low  In  total  phosphoric  acid  but 
specially  so  in  available  phosphoric  acid  as  determined  by  Dyer's  method.  The 
total  phosphoric  acid  varied  from  50  to  68  parts  per  100,000  of  soil,  of  which 
only  from  5.3  to  15  per  cent  was  available. 

In  pot  tests  with  wheat,  comparing  calcium  rock  phosphate,  aluminum  phos- 
phate, and  iron  phosphate,  it  was  found  that  the  calcium  phosphate  was  de- 
cidedly superior  to  aluminum  and  iron  phosphates  when  no  lime  was  used,  but 
that  when  Ume  was  used  iron  phosphate  was  nearly  as  effective  and  aluminum 
phosphate  apparently  fully  as  effective  as  calcium  phosphate.  It  is  stated  that 
the  native  phosphate  deposits  are  of  two  kinds,  calcium  phosphates  of  low  grade 
and  iron  and  aluminum  phosphates  of  various  kinds.  Various  methods  of  utlliz- 
hig  these  phosphates  are  suggested,  and  a  plan  for  studying  them  by  means  of 
chemical  investigations,  pot  tests,  and  field  experiments  is  outlined. 

Condition  of  fertilizer  potash  residues  in  Hagerstown  sllty  loam  soil,  W. 
FiEAa  and  B.  S.  Ebb  {Jour.  Agr.  Research  [V.  £f.],  15  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  59-81).— 
This  is  a  report  in  detail  of  studies  made  at  the  Pennsylvania  Experiment  Sta- 
tion of  the  solubility  of  the  potash  of  Hagerstown  sllty  loam  soil  in  hot,  strong 
(1.115  sp.  gr. )  hydrochloric  acid,  fifth-normal  hydrochloric  acid»  distilled  water, 
carbenated  water,  and  approximately  third-normal  ammonium-chlorid  solution. 

A  comparative  study  was  made  of  the  solubility  of  the  potash  in  a  soil  which 
has  in  the  past  36  years  received  in  18  equal  biennial  applications  1,800  lbs.  of 
ftftiUzer  potash  and  that  in  a  neighboring  portion  of  the  same  soil  which  has 
been  unfertilized  but  has  been  tilled  and  cropped  in  the  same  manner.  Hot, 
strong  add  dissolved  somewhat  larger  amounts  of  potash  from  the  fertilized 
solL  The  remaining  solvents  dissolved  In  a  short  time  at  moderate  tempera- 
tares  twice  as  much  potash  from  the  fertilized  soil  as  from  the  unfertilized. 
Of  the  weak  solvents  used  fifth-normal  hydrochloric  acid  dissolved  the  largest 
amount  of  potash.  The  clays  separated  by  sedimentation  in  water  contained 
leas  potash  than  the  nonclays. 


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26  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vol.  40 

The  soil  Is  naturally  rich  In  potash  and  applications  of  potash  resalt  in  little 
or  no  crop  increase,  but  there  is  an  increase  in  the  amounts  of  potash  taken  up 
by  the  crops.  It  was  found  that  on  the  average  for  a  5-crop  rotation  the  crops 
harvested  from  the  soil  treated  with  potash  removed  "in  a  given  weight  of 
harvest,  40  per  cent  more  potash  than  a  like  harvest  weight  from  the  unfer- 
tilized land  contains — that  is,  both  chemical  solvent  and  plant  agree  in  indi- 
cating a  higher  availability  for  at  least  part  of  the  potash  in  the  potash-dressed 
soil.  Moreover,  the  crops  grown  the  second  year  after  the  application  show  a 
greater  potash  excess  than  those  to  which  the  potash  fertilizer  is  directly  ap- 
plied. Crediting  the  fertilizer  potash  with  the  excess  only  of  the  potash  in  tbe 
crops  from  the  fertilized  soil,  the  crops  have  used  not  more  than  one-fourth  of 
the  potash  dressings  applied.'* 

The  general  conclusion  reached  is  that  *'  much  of  the  potash  applied  as  fer- 
tilizer remains  in  the  surface  soil  in  a  state  highly  available  to  crops,  that  most 
of  it  remains  there  in  a  condition  of  lower  availability,  and  that  the  losses  by 
drainage  have  probably  not  been  great." 

Potash  situation  growing  seiiouSy  R.  C.  Randaix  (Chem.  Engin.,  26  {1918), 
No.  12,  pp.  459-462). — ^Thls  article  reviews  the  present  situation  with  reference 
to  the  extent,  development,  and  possibilities  of  a  domestic  supply  of  potash  in 
the  United  States. 

It  is  shown  that  the  present  production  Is  far  short  of  the  250,000  tons  of 
pure  potash  which  is  estimated  to  be  the  annual  need  of  the  United  States. 
Data  are  given  for  the  production  from  the  Nebraska  lakes,  Searles  Lake, 
alunite,  cement  works  and  blast  furnaces,  and  kelp. 

The  potassium  problem  and  the  utilization  of  olive  oil  residue  in  Italy, 
G.  L* Abate  (Ahs,  in  Intemat,  IttBt.  Agr.  [Rome],  Intemat  Rev.  8ci,  and  Pract, 
Agr.,  9  {1918),  No.  8,  p.  9S1).— It  is  shown  in  this  article  that  the  16,500,000 
bu.  of  olive  oil  residue  produced  annually  in  Italy  contains  about  141,320  cwt. 
of  potash  obtainable  by  extraction,  besides  a  considerable  amount  of  nitrogen. 

Production  of  lime  in  1917  (U.  8.  Geol.  Survey  Press  Bui.  S84  {1918),  p.  4). — 
According  to  revised  figures,  the  total  production  of  lime  in  the  United  States 
in  1917  was  3,786,364  short  tons,  the  output  bf  595  plants,  as  compared  with 
4,073,433  tons,  the  output  of  778  plants  in  1916.  The  average  price  increased 
from  about  $4  in  1916  to  $6.29  in  1917.  The  amount  of  lime  used  in  agriculture 
in  1917  was  488,297  tons. 

Analyses  of  commercial  fertilizers,  R.  N.  Brackett  and  H.  M.  Stackhoitsk 
(South  Carolina  Sta.  But.  191  {1918),  pp.  5-62).— This  reports  the  actual  and 
guarantied  analyses  of  1,474  official  samples  of  commercial  fertilizers  and 
fertilizing  materials  inspected  during  the  season  of  1917-18.  A  total  of  236 
samples  fell  below  the  commercial  value  based  on  the  guaranty. 

AOBICTJLTTTEAL  BOTANT. 

Hardening  process  in  plants  and  developments  from  frost  injury,  R.  B. 
Habvey  {Jour.  Agr.  Research  [TJ.  S.],  15  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  8S-112,  pis,  6,  figs, 
S). — ^A  study  was  made  of  the  practice  of  hardening  plants  to  determine,  if  pos- 
sible, the  physiological  basis  of  this  practice  and  the  mechanism  of  frost  injury. 
The  investigations,  which  were  carried  on  in  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry, 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  were  made  on  the  effect  of  hardening  by 
exposure  to  cold  in  case  of  cabbage,  tomatoes,  and  a  number  of  other  plants. 
Plants  were  kept  in  constant  temperature  chambers  at  3  and  5*  C,  using 
18  and  25*  as  controls.  After  5  days'  exposure  to  3",  cabbages  were  not  injured 
by  30  minutes'  exposure  to  —3**,  although  frozen  stiff.  The  maturity  of  tissues 
was  found  to  be  an  important  factor  in  frost  resistance,  although  during  the 


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19191  AGBI0T7LTURAL  BOTANY.  27 

procefls  of  hardening  young  leaves  seem  to  pass  rapidly  through  some  sort  of 
matoxation  process. 

Frozen  cells  in  the  leaves  of  cabbage,  Bryophyllum,  salvia,  and  lettuce  were 
found  to  be  stimulated  to  growth  and  to  produce  tumors  similar  to  those  in 
pathological  conditions  but  without  the  presence  of  bacteria.  Frozen  spots 
on  the  leaves  of  tomato,  coleus,  geranium,  and  a  number  of  other  plants  did  not 
receive  a  growth  stimulus  but  were  killed  by  the  freezing.  The  peroxidase 
content  of  the  intumescences  in  the  case  of  cabbage  was  found  to  be  much 
greater  than  for  the  normal  tissue.  A  decrease  of  hydrogen-ion  concentraUon 
may  occur  in  such  cells,  and  this  condition  is  believed  to  allow  greater  activity 
or  accumulation  of  the  respiratory  enzyms,  particularly  peroxidase. 

The  principal  effect  of  the  hardening  process  on  cabbage  is  believed  to  be  a 
change  in  the  constituents  of  the  protoplasm  which  prevents  their  precipitation 
as  a  result  of  the  physical  changes  incident  upon  freezing.  The  proteins  are 
changed  to  forms  which  are  less  easily  precipitated,  as  indicated  by  an  increase 
in  the  amino-acid  content  of  cabbage  plants  on  hardening.  Cabbage  plants 
which  had  become  resistant  to  freezing  through  the  hardening  process  showed 
only  slight  changes  In  carbohydrates,  and  it  is  considered  that  the  prevention 
of  protein  precipitation  by  sugar  accumulation  during  hardening  is  not  suffi- 
cient to  account  for  the  resistance  of  hardened  plants  to  freezing.  The  pro- 
teins of  the  midrib  of  cabbage  leaves  were  precipitated  more  rapidly  than  those 
of  the  rest  of  the  leaf,  and  this  is  considered  to  be  due  to  physiological  differ- 
ences between  vascular  and  other  tissues  of  the  leaf.  In  the  Juices  of  non- 
hardened  leaves  of  cabbages,  the  proteins  were  found  to  be  pretcipitated  to  a 
greater  degree  by  freezing  than  In  those  of  hardened  cabbages,  the  percentage 
of  precipitation  on  freezing  being  closely  paralleled  by  the  relative  precipitation 
on  the  addition  of  acid.  The  effects  of  desiccation,  freezing,  and  plasmolysis 
are  considered  to  be  similar,  in  that  all  these  processes  cause  changes  in  the 
hydrogen-ion  and  salt  concentrations. 

The  transplriner  power  of  plants,  Edith  B.  Shbeve  {Carnegie  Inst.  Washing- 
ton  Year  Book,  16  (1917),  pp.  66-^3).— Studies  reported  so  far  as  carried  in 
comparing  the  Index  of  transpiring  power  as  determined  with  cobalt  tripartite 
Blips  of  standardized  paper  with  the  transpiring  power  as  determined  by  the 
rate  of  loss  of  weight  from  the  plant  to  that  from  an  atmometer  showed  the  same 
general  curve  except  that  the  time  of  beginning  of  incipient  drying  can  be  de- 
tected sooner  by  the  cobalt  slips  than  by  the  weighing  methods,  and  as  accu- 
rately and  more  reliably,  as  the  cobalt  method  can  be  used  with  plants  naturally 
rooted  in  the  earth.  An  attempt  is  being  made  to  lessen  the  largest  source  of 
error,  which  lies  in  the  assumption  that  the  leaf  temperatures  agree  with  air 
temperatures. 

It  has  become  evident  that  a  comparison  of  the  transpiring  power  of  different 
species  or  strains  necessitates  finding  the  whole  daily  march  of  transpiring 
power,  isolated  readings  by  either  method  having  but  little  value  It  is  neces- 
sary also  to  test  several  leaves  of  the  ages  and  sizes  represented. 

The  relation  between  water  loss  by  evaporation  and  water  grain  by  absorp- 
tion in  colloidal  irels,  Edith  B.  Shbeve  {Carnegie  Inst  Washington  Year  Book, 
16  [1917),  pp.  68-7i).— Preliminary  experiments  (E.  S.  R.,  35,  p.  733)  on  Opuntia 
versicolor  showing  the  probability  of  a  direct  relation  between  the  power  to  ab- 
sorb water  and  the  power  to  withhold  water  against  atmospheric  evaporative 
fbices  have  been  confirmed  by  further  experimentation  on  this  species  and  O. 
^keoM  (t).  Work  testing  this  relation  for  colloidal  gels  has  been  planned, 
and  tests  have  been  made  with  gelatin,  the  absorption  rate  of  which  proves  to  be 
inflnenced  greatly  by  its  history  in  ways  which  are  detailed,  so  that  certain  pre- 
cautions must  be  observed  In  order  to  obtain  comparable  results.    The  conclu- 


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28  EXPERIMENT  STATION  REGOBa  tVol.  40 

sions  derived  are  believed  to  throw  light  on  the  problem  of  water  absorption  by 
gels  and  at  the  same  time  to  give  a  new  view  of  the  complexity  of  the  factors 
which  may  operate  to  determine  the  rate  and  direction  of  growth,  as  well  as 
absorption  and  transpiration  in  the  highly  complex  colloids  of  the  plant 

Colloidal  phenomena  in  the  protoplasm  of  pollen  tubes,  F.  E.  Lloyd  iCar- 
neffie  Inat.  Wiuhingtan  Tear  Book,  16  {1917),  pp.  6S,  64). — In  continuance  of 
reports  on  previous  work  (E.  S.  R.,  86,  p.  526),  the  author  gives  details  of  studies 
intended  to  throw  light  on  the  behavior  of  pollen  tubes  grown  in  acids  and 
alkalis  in  the  presence*  of  high  concentrations  of  cane  sugar,  the  results  of 
which  are  summarized. 

Within  the  limits  of  concentration  1/10  to  1/2,560-normal  of  the  reagent,  add 
or  alkali,  the  maximum  swelling  rates  and  maximum  total  swelling  in  acids 
occur  at  1/10-normal,  malic  add,  to  1/820-normal,  hydrochloric  add,  and  for 
alkalis  at  about  1/80-normal.  Organic  adds  cause  maximum  swelling  at  higher 
concentrations  than  do  mineral  adds,  apparently  in  direct  relation  to  the  degree 
of  dissodation.  At  lower  concentrations  of  adds  and  alkalis,  there  is  a  repres- 
sion of  swelling  rates,  espedally  in  hydrochloric  acid,  this  being  generally  greater 
for  adds,  while  for  alkalis  the  rates  are  about  equal  to  or  slightly  less  than  for 
water. 

The  author  has  sought  to  determine  how  tUT  parallelism  exists  between  the  be- 
havior of  protoplasm  in  pollen  and  that  of  gelatin.  The  effects  of  a  series  of 
adds,  hydrochloric,  acetic,  malic,  dtric,  formic,  and  oxalic,  have  been  determined 
for  concentrations  1/200  to  1/25,600-normal  in  assodatlon  with  cane  sugar  at  16 
per  cent  concentration.  It  was  found  that  no  growth  occurs  at  or  above  l/3»200- 
normal  of  the  add.  Below  that  limit  growth  rate  varies  inversely  as  the  con- 
centration. Rate  (also,  total)  of  growth  for  any  concentration  varies  with  the 
add. 

There  is  evidence  that  pollen  tube  growth  rates  are  limited  by  their  ability  to 
utilize  the  swelling  effects  of  the  acids.  The  tubes  may  burst  at  high  concen- 
trations. 

The  parallelism  of  behavior  between  gelatin  and  the  protoplasm  of  pollen 
tubes,  when  expressed  in  terms  of  accomplished  growth,  is  more  apparent  in  the 
case  of  alkaline  than  in  that  of  acid  media. 

The  effect  of  adds  and  alkalis  on  the  growth  of  the  protoplasm  in  pollen 
tubes,  F.  E.  Lloyd  (Mem.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  11  U918),  pp.  8JhS9).—A  study  of 
the  pollen  of  Phaseolus  odoratu$  in  hanging  drops  of  various  reagents  at  different 
concentrations,  associated  with  cane  sugar  in  constant  concentration,  is  said  to 
indicate  that  the  protoplasm  of  pollen  grains  is  affected  by  adds  and  alkalis  as 
is  gelatin,  and  that  the  increased  swelling  caused  by  the  reagents  can  be  utilized 
in  growth.  This  protoplasm  is  extremely  sensitive  to  low  concentrations  of  both 
adds  and  alkalis. 

The  construction  of  a  biocolloid  exhibiting  some  of  the  water  relations  of 
living  plants,  D.  T.  MacDougal  (Carnegie  Intt.  Washington  Tear  Book,  16 
(1917),  pp.  59,  60). — It  is  stated  that  the  systematic  endeavor  to  construd,  by 
methods  which  are  described,  a  colloidal  mixture  displaying  some  of  the  funda- 
mental physical  properties  of  protoplasm  in  plants  has  resulted  in  finding  that  a 
mixture  of  substances  of  two  of  the  three  more  important  groups  of  constituents, 
carbohydrates  and  proteins,  shows  the  imblbitional  behavior  of  tissues  and 
tracts  of  protoplasts  of  the  plant.  The  differential  action  of  such  blocoUolds  in 
solutions  yields  striking  parallels  with  growth.  The  general  identity  as  to  con- 
stitution of  these  colloidal  mixtures  and  of  cell  masses  and  the  similarity  of 
their  behavior  are  thought  to  make  it  possible  to  correlate  more  closely  the 
processes  of  imbibition,  metabolism,  and  growth,  and  on  tlie  basis  of  their  inter- 


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1919]  AQBIOULTURAL  BOTAKY.  29 

relation  to  interpret  growth  enlargement  and  incidental  variations  in  the  volume 
and  size  of  plant  organs.  It  is  also  suggested  that  the  differential  action  which 
might  follow  a  change  in  the  quantity  of  a  nitrogenous  compound  in  the  carbo- 
hydrate body  of  protoplasts  in  special  tracts,  changing  the  imbibition  capacity  of 
chromosomes,  of  spindles  or  cell  plates,  etc.,  may  play  an  important  part  in 
mitosis  and  cell  division. 

Imbibition  in  biocoUoids  as  affected  by  acidosis,  alkalo8lB»  and  neutraliza- 
tion, D.  T.  MacDougal  (Carnegie  In8t.  Wathingtim  Tear  Book,  16  (1917),  pp. 
60-02).— Some  systematic  information  as  to  the  swelling  of  agar  and  gelatin 
in  water,  acids,  alkalis,  and  salts  with  regard  to  concentration  of  the  reagents 
has  become  available  as  the  result  of  the  work  in  the  physics  of  simple  colloids. 

The  reactions  of  sections  of  living  plants  to  similar  solutions  demonstrated 
that  protoplasm  shows  a  characteristic  behavior  which  may  be  simulated  fairly 
well  by  a  mixture  consisting  of  a  base  of  an  inert  carbohydrate  like  agar  and 
albumin  or  its  derivatives,  which  for  convenience  is  designated  as  a  biocoUoid. 
Tbe  swelling  of  dried  sections  of  biocolloids  gives  data  which  can  not  be  antici- 
pated by  a  consideration  of  the  known  laws  of  Imbibition  of  its  components 
separately,  but  it  is  confidently  predicted  that  with  wider  evidence  the  general 
behavior  of  a  biocolloid  may  be  foretold.  Preliminary  tests  of  imbibition  by 
biocolloids  were  made  clilefly  with  a  single  concentration  of  the  reagent,  which 
is  taken  to  lie  within  the  possibilities  of  conditions  in  the  c^l. 

The  data  obtained  are  tabulated,  and  show  some  of  the  more  obvious  features 
of  imbibition  in  a  biocolloid  as  affected  by  conditions  similar  to  those  supposedly 
prevalent  in  living  plants. 

Imbibition  of  gelatin  and  agar  gels  in  solutions  of  sucrose  and  deztrose, 
E.  E.  Free  (Carnegie  Inai.  Washington  Year  Book,  16  (1917),  p.  66). — From  a 
comprehensive  series  of  swelling  tests  made  with  sucrose  and  dextrose  under 
guarded  conditions  upon  the  swelling  of  biocolloids  consisting  of  varying  propor- 
tions of  agar  and  gelatin,  it  appears  that  for  sugar  solutions  of  less  than  25  per 
cent  concentration  the  results  do  not  differ  from  those  for  distilled  water  more 
than  is  explainable  by  the  accidental  variation  normal  to  the  method  when  the 
temperature  is  not  precisely  controlled.  It  is  thought  that  neither  sucrose  nor 
dextrose  in  concentrations  under  25  per  cent  exercises  any  effect  on  the  sw^ling 
of  gelatin-agar  gels  in  water  so  Important  as  that  of  acids  or  alkalis.  No 
specific  effect  of  sugar  was  noted  either  on  the  swelling  or  imbibition  capacity 
of  the  gela 

Oas  interchange  in  Mesembryanthemum  and  other  succulents,  H.  M.  Rich- 
hXDB  (Carnegie  Inst,  Washington  Year  Book,  16  (1917),  pp.  79,  8(?).— This  is  a 
study  of  Mesembryanthemum,  Dudleya,  and  Abronia  under  various  conditions 
of  temperature  and  illumination  as  related  to  the  acidity  conditions  of  their 
juices,  most  of  the  tests  being  carried  out  in  darkness,  a  number  in  diffuse 
Uglit  or  direct  sunlight  The  gas  samples  collected,  over  200  in  number,  await 
•nalysisby  methods  previously  described  (E.  S.  R.,  35,  p.  225). 

Desiccation  and  respiration  in  succulent  plants,  E.  R.  Long  (Carnegie  Inst, 
Wiuhington  Year  Book,  16  (1917),  pp.  80-82). — Some  results  of  earlier  work 

(£.  S.  R.,  34,  p.  430)  are  referred  to  as  having  shown  that  Echinocactus  exposed 
to  thr  accumulates  carbohydrate  (a  large  portion  of  the  increase  being  that  of 
lolQble  nonreducing  sugar) ,  and  that  during  prolonged  desiccation  in  diffuse  light 
oxidation  of  storage  sugars  keeps  the  relative  dry  weight  of  the  plant  tissue 
•t  a  constant  figure.  An  attempt  has  been  made  by  the  author  to  combine  these 
effects  in  one  plant  in  order  to  gain  Insight  on  the  course  of  katabolism  in  carbo- 
bydrate  types  and  on  the  time  element  involved. 

An  Echinocactus  which  had  been  loaded  with  carbohydrate,  by  being  desiccated 
in  the  open  air  for  eight  months,  was  placed  in  a  ventilated  dark  chamber.    It 

uigitizea  Dy  ^kjxjkjwik^ 


80  EXFEBIMBKT  STATION  BBOOBD.  [Tol.40 

was  found  that  in  darkness  the  rate  of  water  loss  tends  to  become  constant, 
that  acidity  Increases  in  darkness,  and  that  soluble  sugars  are  broken  up» 
although  but  little  change  takes  place  in  the  insoluble  polysaccharida.  These 
polysaccharids  do  break  down  in  the  course  of  long  confinement,  this  fact  to- 
gether with  that  of  the  resistance  of  Bchinocactus  to  desiccation  helping  in  a 
large  measure  to  explain  the  Ylabillty  of  these  plants  in  spite  of  long  starvation. 

Bate  and  course  of  growth  of  saccolents,  D.  T.  MacDottoai.  {Cameffie  In$t. 
WasMnffton  Tear  Book,  16  {1917),  pp.  83-85). — By  employing  auxographs  of  im- 
proved pattern,  the  author  collected  much  information  regarding  the  growth  of 
plants,  more  particularly  certain  cacti,  including  Bchinocactus,  Opuntia,  Gar- 
negiea,  and  Mesembryanthemum.    These  data  are  briefly  discussed. 

The  carbohydrate  economy  of  cacti,  H.  A.  Spoehb  {Cameffie  Inst.  Washiti^ 
ton  Tear  Book,  16  {1917),  pp.  78-79).— A  continuation  of  studies  (B.  S.  R.,  39, 
p.  224)  on  the  carbohydrate  metabolism  of  the  cacti,  platyopuntias  and  OpwUia 
versicolor^  has  yielded  an  insight  into  various  phases  of  this  subject  which 
could  not  be  gained  from  work  with  thin-leaved  plants.  The  purpose  of  the 
work  as  a  whole  is  primarily  to  secure  facts  bearing  upon  the  problems  of 
photosynthesis,  in  particular  at  this  stage  to  secure  facts  leading  to  a  clearer 
understanding  of  the  conditions  governing  the  equilibria  and  mutual  trans- 
formations of  the  groups  of  carbohydrates  in  the  leaf  and  of  the  fate  of  these 
substances  in  the  general  metabolism.    The  data  obtained  are  briefly  discussed. 

The  present  report  deals  with  the  methods  of  sugar  analysis  applicable  to 
plants,  seasonal  variations  in  the  carbohydrate  content  of  cacti,  the  effect  of 
temperature  and  of  water  content  on  carbohydrate  eQuilibrlum,  carbohydrate 
equilibrium  during  starvation,  and  the  rOle  of  pentose  sugars  in  plant  metab- 
olism. 

Boot  growth  of  Prosopls  velutina  and  Opuntia  versicolor  under  conditions 
of  a  small  oxygen  supply  in  the  soil,  W.  A.  Gannon  {Carnegie  Inst.  Washing- 
ton Tear  Book,  16  {1917),  pp.  8t,  8S). — ^The  work  here  described  confirms  and 
extends  that  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  84,  p.  834;  86,  p.  525;  37,  p.  218)  as 
employing  carbon  dioxid  with  or  without  atmospheric  air,  the  present  work 
employing  carbon  dioxid,  commercial  oxygen,  and  commercial  nitrogen. 

The  rootlets  of  seedling  Prosopls  show  a  variable  reaction  to  small  amounts 
of  oxygen,  depending  apparently  in  the  main  on  the  length  of  the  root  It 
appears  probable  that  after  germination  has  started  root  growth  may  continue 
for  some  time  under  practically  anaerobic  conditions,  the  time  possibly  being 
related  to  the  duration  of  the  cotyledonary  food  supply.  In  O.  versicolor 
growth  in  all  cases  stopped  promptly  in  2.67  per  cent  oxygen.  Roots  8  to  7  mm. 
long  stopped  growth  in  4.56  per  cent  oxygen,  although  roots  11  cm.  long  grew 
for  48  hours  in  the  same  atmosphere.  It  appears,  therefore,  that  at  least  the 
shorter  roots  of  Opuntia  cuttings  have  a  greater  oxygen  requirement  than  the 
longer  roots  of  Prosopls  seedlings,  but  that  a  differential  result  may  also  occur 
which  may  be  associated  with  the  well-known  differential  development  of  the 
roots  of  the  species  Into  shallow  absorbing  and  more  deeply  placed  anchoring 
roots. 

Effect  of  ammonium  sulphate  in  nutrient  solution  on  the  growth  of  soy 
beans  in  sand  cultures,  M.  I.  Wolkoff  {Soil  8ci.,  5  {1918),  No.  t,  pp.  123-150, 
figs.  7). — Bmploying  soy  beans  grown  in  sand  cultures,  the  author  has  studied 
the  behavior  of  ammonium  sulphate  In  the  nutrient  solution  used  by  Shlve 
(B.  S.  R.,  36,  p.  828)  as  his  simplification  (E.  S.  R.,  84,  p.  333)  of  that  employed 
by  Tottlngham.  The  osmotic  concentration  of  the  solutions  was  in  most  cases 
belew  the  calculated  2.5  atmospheres. 


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1W»3  FIELD  CROPS.  81 

The  sabstitution  of  ammonium  sulphate  for  potassium  nitrate  improved  the 
yield  in  certain  proportions,  but  caused  injury  when  added  in  excess.  The 
foliage,  on  the  whole,  showed  a  greener  color  than  did  the  plants  in  tbe  Tot- 
tingham  series,  which  it  also  exceeded  in  3'ield  of  dry  weight  of  tops  at  optimum 
concentrations,  though  great  variations  appeared.  A  close  relation  was  noted 
between  top  yield,  root  yield,  and  total  transpiration.  The  water  pequirement 
was  less  in  these  experiments  than  in  the  Tottingham  series. 

Growth  of  wheat  (Triticum)  and  com  (Zea),  D.  T.  MacDouoal  (Carnegie 
Inst.  Washington  Year  Book,  16  {1911),  pp.  85-57).— The  facts  here  discussed 
as  significant  were  obtained  by  analyses  of  the  daily  course  of  growth  of  corn 
and  wheat 

Retardation  of  growth  of  Zea  and  of  Triticum  occurred  at  more  than  one  place 
in  the  temperature  scale  and  at  different  hours  of  the  day.  An  uneven  growth 
rate  was  particularly  noticeable  in  Triticum.  Temperature  may  be  a  cause  of 
arrested  growth.  The  highest  growth  rate  maintained  for  some  time  by  Zea 
ranged  between  27  and  30°  G.  (80.6  and  86*"  F.).  No  retardations  occurred 
except  after  11  a.  m.  Zea  alone  showed  acceleration  late  in  the  day  after  re- 
tardation at  high  temperatures.  Wheat  probably  reaches  its  upper  limit  near 
the  temperatures  given  above. 

The  individuality  of  the  bean  pod  as  compared  with  that  of  the  bean 
plant,  Hkixne  M.  Boas  (Ifem.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  11  (1918),  pp.  207-209).— It  is 
concluded  from  this  study  that  in  case  of  a  variety  of  string  bean  the  pods 
exhibited  an  individuality  of  almost  the  same  order  as  that  of  the  plants  bear- 
ing them.  It  remains  to  be  seen  whether  the  individuality  of  the  pods  is  due 
to  purely  chance  differentiation,  as  in  nutrition,  or  to  definite  morphological 
differentiation  according  to  position  on  the  plant 

FIELD  CEOFS. 

[Work  with  field  crops  on  the  Tmckee-Garson  reclamation  project  ezpezi- 
BMQt  fazm  in  1017]»  F.  B.  EUcaduct  (U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bur.  Plant  Indus.,  Work 
Truekee-Carson  Expt.  Farm,  1917,  pp.  1-12,  19-17,  fig.  i).— This  reports  the  con- 
tinnation  of  work  «dong  the  same  general  lines  as  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  89, 
p.  226),  including  observations  on  weather  and  agricultural  conditions  on  the 
project,  together  with  a  temperature  survey  of  the  area.  The  summer  tempera- 
tures for  lj917  are  said  to  have  been  very  favorable  for  the  growth  of  corn, 
sorghum,  melons,  and  tomatoes. 

The  average  yield  of  alfalfa  on  the  project  for  1917  was  3.6  tons  per  acre, 
and  the  average  yield  on  the  experiment  farm  8.2  tons  per  acre  for  an  area  of 
S.4  acres. 

In  a  test  with  15  varieties  of  com,  Minnesota  No.  18  was  first  with  a  yield 
of  31  bu.  of  shelled  corn  per  acre.  Held  Yellow  Dent  was  first  in  yield  of  com 
and  stover,  with  5.05  tons  per  acre,  and  Minnesota  No.  18  second,  with  4.04  tons. 
Of  the  com  varieties  grown  two  or  more  years,  Australian  White  Flint  was 
first  with  an  averiage  yield  of  85  bu.  per  acre. 

In  variety  tests  with  barley,  Trebi  gave  the  highest  yield,  28.6  bu.,  followed  by 
a  local  sort  with  a  yield  of  20.5  bu.  For  the  three  years  1915  to  1917,  inclusive. 
Coast  was  highest  with  88.8  bu.  per  acre  and  the  local  variety  was  next  with 
90.3  bu. 

Potatoes  planted  at  weekly  intervals  from  April  19  to  May  24,  inclusive,  gave 
the  hii^iest  yield  from  plantings  made  May  8.  Tests  were  also  made  with  14 
vtrietiefl  or  strains  of  potatoes,  but  owing  to  lack  of  uniformity  in  the  soil,  the 
Mtoal  yields  obtained  are  not  deemed  of  great  value.    The  varieties  appearing 


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82  EXPERIMENT  STATIOK  REOOBD.  [ToL^O 

to  be  most  desirable  with  respect  to  productivity  and  smootlmeBs  Included 
Netted  Gem,  American  Wonder,  Earliest  of  All,  and  Colorado  Pearl. 

Based  on  relative  values,  Little  Club,  Marquis,  and  Sonora  proved  to  be  the 
leading  wheat  varieties  grown  on  the  experiment  farm  in  1917,  while  for  the 
three  years  1915  to  1917,  inclusive,  Little  Club,  Rleti,  and  Dlcklow  were  highest, 
based  on  corrected  yields  eliminating  Irregularities  in  the  experimental  flield. 

Various  treatments  for  the  improvement  of  alkali  land,  including  appllcatloiiB 
of  gypsum,  manure,  and  sulphuric  acid  and  tile  drainage,  begun  in  1914  have 
resulted  in  average  yields  of  alfalfa  for  all  treated  plats  of  34292  lbs.  per  acre 
and  for  all  untreated  plats  of  2,292  lb&  It  is  stated,  however,  that  the  increased 
yields  have  not  yet  reached  the  point  of  profitable  production. 

Beport  of  agronom7  department,  M.  A.  Beeson  {Oklahoma  8ta.  Rpt.  1917, 
pp.  9-19,  fig.  i).— This  notes  the  progress  of  work  with  fl^d  crops  for  the  year 
ended  June  30,  1917,  including  data  as  to  variety  tests  with  wheat,  oats,  cow- 
peas,  grain  and  forage  sorghums,  and  barley;  continuous  culture  tests  with 
wheat;  plant  breeding  work  with  Sudan  grass;  fertility  experiments  with 
alfalfa ;  depth  of  plowing  tests ;  cultural  experiments  with  Kafir  corn,  alfalfa, 
and  Sudan  grass;  a  pasture  experiment  with  sweet  clover,  Sudan  grass,  and 
Bermuda  grass;  and  tests  with  dellnted  cotton  seed. 

Boot  crop  culture  in  South  Dakota,  M.  Ghaicflin  and  G.  Winbiqht  (South 
Dakota  8ta.  Bui.  ISO  {1918),  pp.  824-^S,  figs.  2i).— Cultural  methods  and  field 
practices  deemed  best  for  growing  root  crops  in  South  Dakota  are  described. 
Sugar  beets,  mangels,  carrots,  rutabagas,  and  turnips  are  considered.  Mangels 
are  said  to  produce  the  highest  tonnage  per  acre,  while  sugar  beets  produce  the 
greatest  feed  value  per  acre.  Rather  limited  variety  tests  with  the  different 
crops,  conducted  at  Brookings,  Eureka,  Cottonwood,  and  Highmore,  are  noted. 
Diseases  affecting  sugar  beets  are  indicated.  Brief  notes  by  J.  H.  Shepard  on 
sugar  beets  and  other  roots  as  stock  feed  are  included. 

Grasses  of  the  West  Indies,  A.  S.  Hitchcock  and  Aqnes  Chase  (17.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  Contrib.  Nat.  Herbarium,  18  {1917),  pt.  7,  pp.  XVIII +261-471). —This 
publication,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  440)  as  dealing  with  the  grasses 
of  Bermuda,  the  Bahamas,  Trinidad,  and  Tobago,  covers  all  of  the  West  Indies. 

Victorian  grasses,  J.  W.  Audas  {Jour.  Dept.  Agr.  Victoria,  15  {1917),  No.  12, 
pp.  711-72S,  fig:  5).— The  distribution  throughout  Australia  of  grasses  in- 
digenous to  Victoria  is  indicated  by  States  in  tabular  form  showing  the  genera 
with  their  relative  strength  in  species.  A  further  grouping  of  indigenous  species 
indicates  those  grasses  deemed  undesirable  and  those  suitable  for  pasture,  moist 
soil,  dry  soil,  and  coast  sand  binders.  Exotic  grasses  and  forage  plants  other 
than  grasses  found  in  Victoria  are  briefly  mentioned. 

Variations  in  the  development  of  secondary  rootlets  in  cereals,  E.  H.  Wait 
WOBTH  and  L.  H.  Sicrrn  {Jour,  Amcr.  8oc.  Agron.,  10  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  55- 
S5). — ^This  paper,  a  contribution  from  the  plant  breeding  division  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois,  reports  the  results  of  experiments  with  certain  miscellaneous 
varieties  of  wheat,  oats,  and  barley  and  with  selected  strains  of  wheat  and 
oats  with  respect  to  variations  in  the  number  of  secondary  rootlets.  The  term 
"  secondary  rootlets  "  is  here  applied  to  temporary  roots  of  the  seedling  other 
than  the  radicle.  Representative  samples  consisting  of  100  or  more  kernels 
from  each  lot  were  sown  in  pure  quartz  sand  In  the  greenhouse,  and  the  counts 
made  when  the  plumules  had  attained  a  length  of  from  1  to  2  in.  The  results 
are  tabulated. 

The  number  of  secondary  rootlets  in  the  21  oat  varieties  examined  ranged 
from  0  to  5,  in  the  11  wheat  varieties  from  1  to  5,  and  in  the  4  barley  varieties 
from  1  to  7.  In  the  selected  strains  of  both  wheat  and  oats  the  number  varied 
from  1  to  4.    The  authors  maintain  that  their  observations  in  general  confirm 


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1919]  FIELD  CROPS.  33 

those  of  Wlggans  (B3.  S.  "SL,  35,  p.  135),  in  that  the  number  of  secondary  root- 
lets was  by  no  means  constant  for  any  given  variety,  but  varied  among  indi- 
Yldnals  so  that  counts  made  on  a  random  sample  usually  gave  a  frequency 
distribution  represented  by  a  fairly  normal  curve.  Furthermore,  they  con- 
clude that  different  varieties  of  a  given  cereal  show  characteristic  tendencies 
in  the  production  of  rootlets,  and  that  of  the  cereals  observed  this  tendency 
was  greater  in  barley  than  in  either  wheat  or  oats,  as  indicated  by  varietal 
averages,  modal  numbers,  and  highest  extremes. 

Cereal  culture  in  the  Province  of  Alemtejo,  Portugal  (Rev,  in  Compt  Rend. 
Aead.  Agr.  France,  S  {1917),  Not.  36,  pp.  1049-1051;  41,  PP- 1156-1161,  figs,  3).— 
A  system  of  wheat  culture  known  as  the  "  integral  method  *'  employed  in  the 
arid  regions  of  southern  Portugal  has  been  described  by  J.  A.  Paquito  Rebello. 
The  method  is  essentially  as  follows : 

Wheat  is  sown  In  the  fall  (September)  in  rows  80  cm.  (8.15  in.)  apart  and 
abont  3  cm.  deep,  at  the  bottom  of  a  furrow  which  is  allowed  to  remain  open. 
Before  winter  a  double  plow  is  employed  to  throw  the  soil  into  a  rather 
hl^  ridge  in  the  interspaces,  at  the  same  time  allowing  a  little  soil  to  fall 
back  around  the  wheat  plant  This  practice  is  said  to  afford  the  wheat  greater 
protection  in  the  winter,  with  shallow  drainage,  and  less  compacting  of  the  soil 
from  rain,  and  also  favors  the  development  of  adventitious  roots  and  tillering. 
At  the  dose  of  the  winter  the*  field  is  reduced  to  one  level  by  harrowing.  The 
grain  can  be  harvested  sufficiently  early  to  permit  the  reseeding  of  the  field  to 
wheat,  thus  eliminating  the  fallow  year. 

This  method  is  reported  to  have  given  average  annual  yields  of  10  hectoliters 
per  hectare  (about  11.5  bu.  per  acre)  as  compared  with  a  yield  of  only  8  hecto- 
Uten  per  hectare  every  other  year  under  the  ordinary  methods  of  cultivation. 

Vormal  self -fertilisation  in  com,  H.  K.  Hates  (Jour,  Amer,  80c,  Agron,,  10 
(1918),  No,  5,  pp.  12S-126), — ^This  paper,  a  contribution  from  the  Minnesota  Ex- 
periment Station,  describes  rather  limited  observations  upon  the  effects  of  self- 
fertilixation  on  yield  in  corn  and  upon  the  relative  frequency  of  self-fertilization 
hi  (he  field. 

Normally  pollinated  Minnesota  No.  13  yellow  dent  com  gave  a  yield  of  48.3 
bo.  per  acre,  while  15  Fx  self-fertilized  lines  showed  an  average  yield  of  24  bu. 
Staigie  seeds  of  Rustler  white  dent  planted  in  hills  some  distance  apart  in  a 
field  of  Minnesota  No.  13  produced  6  ears,  the  seeds  of  which  were  carefully 
examined  and  separated  into  groups  composed  of  1,911  yellows,  229  doubtful 
ydlows,  and  09  whites.  The  following  year  a  number  of  hills  of  the  doubtful 
j«Qow  and  of  the  white  groups  were  grown,  and  about  25  ears  from  each  group 
artiflcially  self-fertilized.  All  of  these  ears  contained  a  considerable  percentage 
of  yellow  seeds. 

It  is  concluded  that  the  first  year  of  self-fertilization  in  maize  causes  a 
redaction  of  about  50  per  cent  in  vigor,  as  determined  by  the  yields  of  shelled 
con  from  normally  pollinated  and  from  self -fertilized  strains ;  that  if  normally 
5  per  cent  of  the  com  in  the  field  was  self -fertilized,  as  indicated  by  Waller 
(E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  537),  it  might  be  profitable  to  use  seed  from  detasseled  stalks 
only;  but  that  the  amount  of  normal  self-pollination  observed  in  these  tests  was 
fooDd  to  be  less  than  5  per  cent. 

Unkage  in  maise:  The  C  alenrone  factor  and  waxy  endosperm,  T.  Bubgoeb 
{Amer,  Nat,,  5t  (1918),  No.  61S,  pp.  57-61).— This  paper,  a  contribution  from  the 
department  of  plant  breeding  of  Ck)rnell  University,  presents  data  on  observa- 
tloDs  made  by  the  author  in  back  crosses  of  maize  plants  heterozygous  for 
one  aleurone  factor  and  for  waziness  with  double  recessive  plants.  With  ref- 
erence to  the  work  of  Ck)llins  (E.  S.  R.,  27,  p.  769),  containing  conclusive  evi- 


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34  EXPEBIMBKT  STATION  BEGOBD.  [ToLM 

dence  of  linkage  between  waxy  endosperm  and  aleurone  color  In  oertaln  hybrids 
of  Chinese  and  American  corn,  the  author  states  that  he  "  has  presented  addi- 
tional evidence  from  back  crosses,  which  shows  the  intensity  of  the  linkage  in 
the  material  at  his  disposal  to  be  equivalent  to  26.7  per  coit  of  crossing  over. 
It  has  been  shown  directly,  by  means  of  crosses  between  colorless  individuals  in 
a  linkage  family  and  aleurone  testers  and  indirectly  by  means  of  aleurone  tests 
with  a  nonllnkage  family  where  the  A  factor  and  not  the  G  factor  is  hetero- 
zygous, that  the  G  factor  for  aleurone  is  linked  with  the  factor  for  waxy 
endosperm." 

Com  culture  in  South  Dakota,  M.  Champlin  and  G.  Winbioht  (South  Da- 
kota Sta,  BuL  181  {1918),  pp.  85Z-911,  figs.  5^).— The  results  of  variety,  crop 
rotation,  and  cultural  tests  with  com  conducted  on  the  Brookings,  Cotton- 
wood, Eureka,  and  Highmore  experiment  farms  are  noted,  and  the  cultural 
methods  and  field  practices  deemed  best  for  growing  the  crop  in  the  State 
outlined.  A  number  of  corn  varieties  grown  in  the  State  are  illustrated  and 
briefly  described. 

South  Dakota  is  said  to  be  peculiarly  adapted  to  growing  seed  com  for  the 
States  to  the  north  and  west,  where  com  is  grown  for  roughage  but  does  not 
as  a  rule  mature  seed.  Adapted  varieties  for  different  sections  of  the  State  are 
recommended.  Fall  plowing  for  corn  at  a  depth  of  from  6  to  8  in.  is  held  to  be 
desirable,  while  subsolling  was  not  warranted  by  the  results  obtained.  Sys- 
tematic crop  rotation,  preferably  including  a  legume,  is  deemed  essential  to 
successful  com  production.  The  selection  and  storage  of  seed  com  is  de- 
scribed, and  some  of  the  diseases  affecting  the  crop  are  indicated. 

Budding  incompatible  cottons  {Jour.  Heredity,  9  {1918),  No,  4,  p.  181)^ — ^A. 
brief  description  is  given  of  experimental  work  conducted  by  B.  M.  Meade  in 
budding  American  upland  cotton  {Oossypium  hirauum)  on  two  Asiatic  species 
(G.  herbaceum  and  G.  indicum),  in  an  effort  to  overcome  a  seeming  chemical 
incompatibility  which  caused  the  shedding  of  the  young  bolls  when  the  osaal 
methods  of  cross-pollination  were  employed.  Several  successfully  budded  plants 
were  secured,  but  they  were  obtained  so  late  in  the  season  that  only  one  budded 
branch  produced  flowers,  and  that  at  a  time  when  no  flowers  were  open  on  the 
stock  plant. 

That  the  sap  of  the  stock  may  alter  the  chemical  composition  of  the  budded 
branches  is  thought  to  have  been  indicated  by  an  experiment  in  budding  two 
distinct  upland  varieties.  Willet  Red  Leaf,  which  has  dark  red  foliage  and 
stems,  was  employed  for  the  bud  wood,  and  Trice,  a  normal  green  variety,  -wbb 
used  for  stock.  The  first  leaves  on  the  budded  branches  were  red  in  color  like 
the  bud  parent,  but  succeeding  leaves  grew  lighter  in  shade  until  at  the  end 
of  the  season  they  were  only  half  as  dark. 

Length  of  cotton  lint,  crops  1916  and  1917,  W.  L.  Pbtob  {U.  8.  Dept.  Agr, 
Bui.  7SS  {1918),  pp.  8).— statistical  data  relating  to  the  production,  distribu- 
tion, yield,  and  price  per  pound  of  long  staple  cotton  during  1916  and  1917 
are  presented  and  discussed  as  the  result  of  an  inquiry  made  in  December, 
1917.  The  principal  areas  of  production  of  extra-length  cotton  are  said  to  in- 
clude the  alluvial  sections  of  Mississippi  and  Arkansas,  eastern  and  north- 
western Louisiana,  northeastern  Texas,  eastern  Oklahoma,  and  northeastern 
South  Carolina.  In  addition,  Sea  Island,  Egyptian,  and  Durango  cotton  were 
grown  In  certain  sections  of  Georgia,  Florida,  South  Carolina,  Arizona,  and 
California.  The  damage  done  to  the  cotton  crop  by  weather  and  insects  during 
1917  is  briefly  noted.  The  qualities  required  for  spinning  and  difterences  in 
classiflcation  of  cotton  according  to  length  of  staple  in  both  American  and 
English  markets  are  indicated. 


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1M»1  FIELD  CROPS.  85 

[Jtrnsalem  artichoke  in  France],  ScHsiBAirs  {Compt  Rend.  Acad,  Aqt, 
Frtmce,  S  {1917),  No.  40,  pp.  1119-1191;  Vie  Agr.  et  Rurale,  8  {1918),  No.  7,  pp. 
116^118,  fig.  1). — Jemsalem  artichoke  is  recommended  as  an  excellent  plant  for 
use  en  fields  overrun  by  weeds  after  three  years  of  neglect  due  to  a  scarcity  of 
hand  labor  and  to  insufficient  tillage  during  the  war.  The  advantages  and  dis- 
advantages of  the  crop  are  briefly  discussed  and  its  uses  indicated.  Tabulated 
data  are  presented  showing  the  relative  yields  of  this  crop  and  of  potatoes  to 
have  been  17.4  tons  and  7.9  tons  per  hectare  (2.47  acres),  respectively,  In  1914. 

The  Jenualem  artichoke  aa  a  war  plant,  L.  O.  Howabit  {Science,  n.  »er.,  47 
{1918),  No.  12H,  p.  544).— This  Is  a  brief  review  of  the  article  noted  above. 

Kettle  aa  a  textile,  De  Lappabekt  {Compt.  Rend.  Acad,  Agr,  France,  S 
{1917),  No.  41,  pp.  1161-1  IBS). — ^The  author  presents  a  brief  note  concerning  the 
use  of  fiber  from  nettle  as  a  substitute  for  flax  and  cotton.  * 

Belation  of  size  of  sample  to  kemel-i>ercentage  determinations  In  oats, 
B.J.GABBEB  and  A.  C.  Abnt  {Jour.  Amer.  8oc.  Agron.,10  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.lS4- 
H2).—This  paper,  a  contribution  from  the  Minnesota  Experiment  Station, 
presents  data  collected  in  studies  of  the  relation  of  size  of  sample  to  accuracy 
in  kernel-percentage  determinations,  in  an  effort  to  minimize  the  labor  and  ex- 
pense attendant  upon  hulling  oats  by  hand.  Thirteen  varieties,  grown  on  Uni- 
versity Farm  in  1917,  and  representing  wide  differences  in  size  and  shape  of 
grain,  in  percentage  of  kernel,  and  in  other  characteristics,  were  employed  in  the 
investigation.  A  range  from  62.16  to  76.7  in  percentage  of  kernel  was  obtained, 
which  was  deemed  greater  than  that  found  for  any  one  variety  over  a  period  of 
jrears,  and  consequently  obviated  the  necessity  of  using  the  crop  from  more  than 
one  year. 

Oomposlte  samples  of  a  pound  or  more  were  made  for  each  variety  by  taking 
portions  from  various  places  within  the  bags  of  bulk  oats.  Each  sample  was 
thoroughly  mixed  and  poured  into  a  conical  pile,  and  the  samples  used  in  the 
determinations  taken  from  one  side  of  the  piles.  No  selection  was  made  beyond 
tlie  rejection  of  broken  or  diseased  kernels.  Twenty  50-kernel  samples  of  each 
variety  were  selected,  and  the  frequency  distributions  of  kernel  percentages 
of  the  13  varieties  as  shown  by  the  determinations  Indicated.  From  these 
data  tables  were  prepared  for  each  variety  showing  the  variability  of  kernel  per- 
centage for  samples  of  from  50  to  500  kernels,  based  upon  replications  of  the 
ISO-kernel  samples.  The  coefficients  of  variability  for  the  samples  and  the  dif- 
ferent replications  for  each  variety  studied,  together  with  the  statistical  con- 
itants  of  these  coefficients,  are  also  indicated.  All  data  are  tabulated  and  fully 
dlflCQSsed. 

It  Is  concluded  that  for  ordinary  purposes  a  200-grain  sample  of  odts  taken 
as  described  gives  sufficiently  accurate  determinations  of  kernel  percentage.  The 
weight  of  this  size  of  sample  varied  from  3  gm.  in  early  to  5  gm.  in  midseason 
and  late  varieties.  When  more  than  ordinary  accuracy  is  demanded,  the  sample 
flfaonld  be  increased  to  at  least  300  grains,  and  with  some  varieties  even  larger 
samples  are  deemed  desirable. 

A  preliminary  study  of  the  bleaching  of  oats  with  snlphur  dioxld,  Q.  H. 
Bastok  (17.  8.  Dept,  Agr.  Bui.  725  {1918),  pp.  11,  jigs.  3).— This  bulletin  reports 
tile  results  of  laboratory  tests  made  in  connection  with  investigations  begun  in 
1915  In  a  study  of  the  commercial  methods  most  commonly  employed  in  bleach- 
ing oats,  the  results  obtained  by  these  methods,  and  the  effects  of  bleaching  upon 
the  grain  itself.  Samples  of  oats  were  obtained  from  representative  sections  in 
which  the  commercial  bleaching  of  the  crop  is  practiced  to  a  considerable  extent, 
and  an  examination  of  the  grain  was  made  before  and  after  treatment.  Data 
ihowing  tlie  sulphur  reaction,  percentage  of  germination,  moisture  content. 


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36  EXPEBIMENT  STATION  REGOBD.  [VoL  40 

weight  per  bushel,  and  percentage  of  sound  and  damaged  oats  are  presetted  in 
tabular  form  and  briefly  discussed. 

Bleaching  weather-stained,  discolored,  and  damaged  oats  is  said  to  give  them 
the  appearance  of  natural  oats  of  good  quality  and  to  improve  slightly  the  ap- 
pearance of  badly  bin-burned  and  ground-damaged  oats.  In  practically  every 
case  the  viability  of  the  oats  was  materially  reduced  by  the  bleaching  process* 
the  greatest  reduction  being  observed  in  a  sample  which  germinated  97.5  p^ 
cent  before  treatment  as  compared  with  9.5  per  cent  after  treatment  Tlie 
methods  employed  were  found  to  be  practically  uniform  throughout  the  oat- 
bleaching  section.  The  character  of  the  harvest  season  is  said  to  have  a  direct 
influence  upon  the  subsequent  handling  of  the  crop,  oats  harvested  in  a  dry 
season  rarely  showing  any  damage  and  hence  seldom  being  bleached. 

[Peanut  culture  in  southern  France],  A.  Mobel  {Compi,  Rend.  Ao€td.  Agr^ 
France,  S  (iW7),  No.  40,  pp.  11S1~11S6)  .—Fe&nnt  growing  in  the  Department  of 
Gironde  is  briefly  described.  Reviewing  results  obtained  from  field  tests,  it 
is  found  that  the  highest  yields  of  mature  peanuts  and  of  vine  were  secured 
from  plantings  made  on  or  before  June  1,  and  at  a  seeding  rate  of  from  25  to 
SO  kg.  per  hectare  (from  22.2  to  26.7  lbs.  per  acre)  with  the  plants  spaced 
from  50  to  60  cm.  (from  19.7  to  23.6  in.)  apart  in  all  directions. 

The  book  of  the  potato,  T.  W.  Sandebs  {London:  W.  H.  d  L.  CoUingridge^  S. 
ed.,  rev.,  119171,  pp.  110,  pis.  11,  figs.  30). —This  is  the  third  edition  of  a  work 
previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  17,  p.  132),  revised  and  brought  up  to  date  in  re- 
gard to  cultural  and  manurial  methods,  the  treatment  of  disease  and  insect 
pests,  and  the  selection  of  suitable  varieties. 

Grow  more  rape,  J.  M.  Eward  and  W.  R.  Hechleb  (/oi^a  Sta.  Ore.  S3 
(1918),  pp.  S-12,  figs.  4). — The  value  of  rape  as  pasturage  for  sheep  and  hogs  is 
indicated,  and  an  increased  acreage  is  recommended.  Methods  employed  in 
growing  the  crop  are  briefly  described. 

Sudan  grass,  R.  L.  Stewabt  and  L.  Foster  (New  Mexico  Sta.  Bui.  Ill  {1918}, 
pp.  S-13,  figs.  2). — Date,  rate,  and  method  of  seeding  tests  and  pasture  experi- 
ments with  Sudan  grass  made  during  the  period  1915  to  1917,  inclusive,  are 
briefly  described,  and  the  suitability  of  the  crop  for  both  hay  and  pasture  in 
the  irrigated  valleys  of  New  Mexico  discussed. 

Yields  of  from  3  to  7i  tons  of  hay  per  acre  have  been  obtained  under  irriga- 
tion. Early  plantings  (the  latter  part  of  April)  gave  the  highest  yields,  wliile 
broadcasting  seed  at  the  rate  of  from  20  to  25  lbs.  per  acre  was  found  best. 
Slightly  higher  yields  were  obtained  from  seedings  made  in  32-in.  rows,  but 
the  resulting  hay  crop  was  of  inferior  quality. 

Pastufe  tests  indicated  that  Sudan  grass  will  make  a  good  supplementary 
pasture  for  dairy  cows  during  the  latter  part  of  the  summer. 

Sugar  beet  seed  [in  France],  fi.  Saillabd  {Compi.  Rend.  Aoad,  Sci.  [Parisi, 
165  {1917),  No.  16,  pp.  508-^10).— Stating  that  approximately  5,000,000  kg. 
(about  5,500  tons)  of  sugar  beet  seed  was  used  annually  in  France  before  the 
war  and  that  approximately  four-fifths  of  this  seed  was  of  foreign  origin,  tbe 
author  briefiy  reviews  experiments  begun  in  1904  to  compare  French-grown 
seed  with  German-grown  seed.  During  the  war  the  seed  was  practically  all  of 
Russian  and  French  origin.  For  the  10-year  period  of  1904  to  1913,  inclusive, 
weekly  analyses  of  the  beets  grown  in  the  comparative  tests  were  made  at 
14  sugar  beet  factories  beginning  about  August  1.  In  1905  French  seed  pro- 
duced approximately  140  kg.  per  hectare  (125  lbs.  per  acre)  less  sugar  than 
German  seed  and  the  beets  showed  approximately  0.9  per  cent  less  sucrose. 
At  the  present  time  it  is  claimed  that  production  is  practically  the  same,  al- 
though beets  from  French  seed  analyze  from  0.3  to  0.4  per  cent  less  sucrose 
than  those  from  German  seed.    Further  observations  were  made  of  the  sugar 


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ltl»l  FIELD  CROPS,  37 

beet  crop  during  1016  and  1917  by  means  of  analyses  made  at  nine  factories, 
althoni^  the  variety  tests  had  to  be  discontinued.  The  average  weekly  results 
obtained  from  these  two  sets  of  analyses  are  presented  in  tabular  form,  showing 
tbe  weight  of  roots  lifted,  the  percentage  of  sucrose,  amount  of  sugar  in  roots 
lifted,  and  sugar  produced  per  hectare  and  per  root  per  week. 

It  is  concluded  that  the  beet  crop  was  practically  as  rich  in  sugar  in  1916 
tnd  1917  as  for  the  10  years  preceding  the  war.  For  the  10-year  period  a 
marlinnm  production  of  sugar  of  569  kg.  per  hectare  and  7.95  gm.  per  root 
was  obtained  the  first  week  in  September,  while  in  1916  and  1917  the  maximum 
production  was  reached  about  the  third  week  In  September  and  amounted  to 
658  kg.  per  hectare  and  9.92  gm.  per  root 

[A  study  of  the  relative  value  of  seed  cane  from  different  sources],  F.  Ljede- 
Boa  and  J.  W.  van  Daffkrxn  {AroK  Suikerindus.  Nederland.  IndiS,  25  (1917), 
No,  2S,  pp.  989-1004;  Meded.  Proefstat.  Java-Suikerindus.,  Landbouiok,  8er.,  No. 
9  (1917),  pp.  16). — ^This  reports  the  results  of  plant  cane  tests  with  first-genera- 
tion and  introduced  cane  of  247  B  for  the  period  of  1918  to  1916,  inclusive. 
The  experiments  were  conducted  on  several  fields  representing  two  distinct 
BOil  types.  The  results  are  held  to  indicate  that  imported  cane  was  superior 
to  first-generation  cane  in  point  of  yield  of  both  cane  and  sugar. 

Statistics  on  the  distribution  and  production  of  sugar  cane  varieties  in 
Java  in  1912,  van  Habbxveld  (Arch.  Suik^rindua.  Nederland.  Indie,  25  (1917), 
No.  4f,  pp.  158^1654,  flg8.  2;  Meded.  Proefstat.  Java-Suikerindus.,  Landboutok. 
5er.,  No.  15  (1917),  pp.  46,  ftgt.  )?).— Tabulated  data  are  presented  showing  the 
distribution  and  yield  of  sugar  cane  varieties  grown  in  Java  during  1912. 

Black  Gheribon,  100  P.  O.  J.,  and  247  B  occupied  8,  82,  and  54  per  cent,  re- 
^ectively,  of  the  total  area  planted  to  sugar  cane  while  56  other  varieties  occu- 
pied the  remaining  6  per  cent  The  average  yields  in  standard  muscovado,  or 
rtw  sugar,  for  the  three  principal  varieties  amounted  to  115.6,  123.4,  and  124.3 
pikols per  hectare  (from  about  8.1  to  3.3  tons  per  acre),  respectively.  The  aver- 
age yield  for  the  56  other  varieties  was  113.3  pikols  per  hectare. 

Statistics  on  the  distribution  and  production  of  sugar  cane  varietieB  in 
Java  in  1913,  J.  van  Habbeteld  (Arch.  Suikerindua.  Nederland.  Indie,  26 
(1918),  No.  28,  pp.  1241-1289,  figM.  2). —This  presets  statisUcs  for  1913  similar 
to  those  noted  above. 

Sugar  cane  varieties,  J.  Jeswixt  (Arch.  Suikerindus.  Nederland.  Indie,  26 
(1917),  No$.  10,  pp.  661'-352,  figs.  12;  21,  pp.  916-946,  figs.  15;  64,  pp.  1669- 
1411,  flg$.  20;  Meded.  Proefstat.  Java-Suikerindus.,  Landboutok.  8er.,  1917  N08. 
S,  pp.  22,  figs.  12;  8,  pp.  64,  figs.  15;  12,  pp.  45,  figs.  20). — In  a  continuation  of 
WOTk  i^eviously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  443),  numerous  other  sugar  cane  varie- 
ties grown  in  the  Dutch  East  Indies  are  described  in  considerable  detail. 

Sugar  cane  varietsr  tests  In  west  Java,  1915-16,  F.  Ledeboee  (Arch.  Buiker- 
Mus.  Nederland.  IndiS,  25  (1917),  No.  16,  pp.  451-462;  Meded.  Proefstat.  Java- 
S^kerindus.,  Landboutok.  Ber.,  4  (1917),  pp.  12).— The  results  of  extensive  tests 
are  reported  for  the  season  indicated. 

Observationa  of  sugar  cane  variety  testa,  van  Hasbxvxld  (Arch.  Buiker- 
Mms.  Nederland.  IndiS,  25  (1917),  No.  41,  pp.  1576-1584;  Meded.  Proefstat. 
^ava^uikerindus.,  Landboutok.  fifer.,  No.  14  {1917),  pp.  12). —This  presents  a 
statistical  study  of  variety  tests  with  sugar  cane  to  determine  the  effect  of  new 
wieties  on  the  total  yield  in  Java. 

[Annual  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Sugar  Szperlment  Stations],  E.  Jabvis 
(Ami.  Rpt.  Bur.  Sugar  Expt.  Btas.  [Otteentftond],  17  (1917),  pp.  i-2d).— This 
report  reviews  the  progress  of  the  cane  sugar  industry  in  Queensland  and  the 
production  of  cane  and  sugar  during  1917.    Gonsiderable  tabulated  data  are 


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88  EXPERIMENT  STATTOBT  RECORD.  rVol.  40 

also  presented,  showing  the  composition  of  new  and  introduced  yarletieB  of  sugar 
cane  and  the  results  of  fertilizer  and  cultural  experiments  with  sugar  cane  con- 
ducted at  Mackay  and  Bundaberg  In  a  continuation  of  work  previously  noted 
(B.  S.  I^.,37,  p.  540). 

Tests  of  different  methods  of  ratooning  at  Bundaberg  resulted  in  yields 
amounting  to  38.76  tons  of  cane  per  acre  for  cane  ratooned  by  plowing  foar 
furrows  between  rows  9  inches  deep,  41.d3  tons  where  three  furrows  were  plowed 
(the  usual  practice  in  the  region),  and  86.94  tons  where  the  cane  was  allowed 
to  volunteer  through  trash.  A  fertilizer  mixture  of  1  cwt.  each  of  sulphate  of 
ammonia  and  nitrate  of  soda,  and  2  cwt.  of  tankage  resulted  in  a  yield  of  55.37 
tons  of  cane  per  acre  as  compared  with  a  yield  of  48.74  tons  from  unfertilized 
plats.  A  yield  of  57.56  tons  of  cane  was  obtained  on  plats  subsoiled  and  receiv- 
ing 1  ton  of  lime  per  acre  applied  before  the  plant-cane  crop,  while  a  yi^d  of 
58.54  tons  per  acre  was  obtained  from  limed  plats  not  subsoiled.  Applications 
of  lime  alone  resulted  In  a  yield  of  64.5  tons  of  cane  per  acre,  while  lime  and 
a  mixed  fertilizer  consisting  of  1  cwt.  each  of  nitrate  of  soda,  sulphate  of  am- 
monia, sulphate  of  potash,  and  tankage  resulted  in  a  yield  of  77.63  tons.  This 
fertilizer  mixture  without  lime  yielded  80.75  tons  of  cane  per  acre  as  c(Mnpared 
with  60.54  tons  from  untreated  plats. 

Badila  cane  planted  in  rows  5, 6,  and  7  ft.  apart  showed  average  yields  of  64.5, 
53.88,  and  49.06  tons  of  cane  per  acre,  re^)ectively.  The  use  of  tops,  middles, 
and  bottoms  and  middles  of  Badila  cane  for  seed  resulted  in  yields  of  50.52, 
42.47,  and  42.18  tons  of  cane  per  acre,  respectively. 

A  sterile  dwarf  form  of  Deli  tobacco  originated  as  a  hybrid,  J.  A.  Honino 
{Bui  Deli  Proefstat.  Medan,  No,  10  {1917),  pp.  24,  pis.  ^).— The  author  de- 
scribes a  tobacco  plant  found  in  a  field  of  Dell  tobacco  (E.  S.  R.,  33,  p.  486) 
having  a  zigzag  form  of  stem,  small,  long-stalked,  diamond-shaped  leaves  with 
small  appendages  on  the  underside  of  the  leaves  and  on  the  corolla  (kroepoek 
disease),  and  with  so-called  "drip  tips"  on  the  leaves.  When  self -fertilized 
this  plant  produced  2,896  individuals,  one-fourth  being  like  normal  Deli  tobacco, 
one-half  hybrid  like  the  mother  plant,  and  one-fourth  sterile  dwarfs  30  to  40 
cm.  (about  11.8  to  15.75  in.)  in  height,  having  as  young  plants  long-stalked. 
Irregularly  shaped  leaves  with  drip  tips  and  many  appendages  on  the  underside. 
The  progeny  of  nine  selfed  Fi  hybrids  consisting  of  4,655  individuals,  segre- 
gated in  about  the  same  ratio,  namely,  1:2:1.  Two  crossings  of  liybrid  X 
normal  and  one  reciprocal  cross  gave  a  ratio  of  1 : 1. 

Five  self-pollinated  normal  Fi  plants  gave  855  normal  individuals,  2  hybrids, 
and  3  dwarfs.  With  this  single  exception  a  large  number  of  dlfterences  in  ap- 
pearance were  distributed  over  the  offspring  according  to  Medelian  inlieritance 
as  if  there  existed  but  one  factorial  difference.  The  dwarf  type  is  regarded 
as  neither  dominant  nor  recessive. 

Observations  of  555  individuals,  the  progeny  of  a  second  hybrid  plant  ob- 
tained in  the  field,  showed  them  to  be  without  exception  entirely  normal 
although,  owing  to  the  low  viability  of  the  seed,  the  author  suggests  that  these 
individuals  may  be  only  the  normal  fourth  iMirt  of  the  offspring,  the  hybrids 
and  abnormal  dwarfs  having  failed  to  develop. 

A  bibliography  of  18  titles  is  appended  comprising  literature  relating  to  ex- 
perimental work  in  tobacco  breeding. 

The  first  Mendelian  example  of  Deli  tobacco,  J.  A,  Honino  {Meded.  Deii 
Proefstat,  Medan,  10  {1917),  No.  8,  pp.  185-189,  pis.  -♦).— A  brief  discussion  of 
the  experimental  work  and  the  results  obtained  in  the  hybridization  studies 
noted  above. 

Wheat  breeding  ideals,  H.  Swydes  {Jour,  Atner.  Boc.  Agron.,  10  {1918),  No, 
5,  pp.  ii5-iiP).— This  is  a  general  discussion  of  the  ends  sought  by  the  wheat 


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breeder,  with  special  reference  to  maintaining  and  improying  the  bread-making 
qualities  and  the  food  value  of  wheat. 

An  anomaly  of  wheat  anthers,  S.  A.  Anthony  {Jour.  Heredity,  9  (1918),  No. 
4,  pp,  16S-168,  figs.  2). — ^Thls  reports  observations  in  a  greenhouse  of  the  U.  S. 
Department  of  Apiculture  at  Arlington,  Va.,  of  an  anomaly  of  the  anthers  on 
a  head  of  wheat  In  which  one-half  of  the  sporophyll  was  transformed  into  a 
process  bearing  stigma  hairs.  That  an  organ-forming  substance  of  a  different 
organ  may  have  influenced  the  prlmordlum  of  the  sporophyll  is  deemed  possible, 
as  suggested  by  Sachs  and  Loele,  while  Ooebel  has  considered  hormones  and 
changes  of  the  concentration  of  the  protoplasmic  fluids  as  possible  explanations 
of  such  phenomena.  Abnormal  physical  factors  of  temperature  or  molstare  are 
thought  to  have  been  possible  contributing  factors,  since  the  anomaly  occurred 
In  the  greenhouse. 

A  study  of  Colorado  wheat,  W.  P.  Headdsn  {Colorado  8ta.  Bid.  2^7  (1918), 
pp-  S-15). — ^This  bulletin  presents  a  brief  recapitulation  of  the  results  obtained 
in  BuUetins  205,  20S,  21T,  219.  237,  and  244,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  83,  pp. 
41,  637;  35,  p.  832;  37,  p.  38;  39,  pp.  238,  448). 

Effect  of  fertilizers  on  wheat,  1917-18  crop,  G.  H.  Sfubwat  (Michigan 
Bta^  Quart.  Bui,,  1  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  S4'-S6,  fig.  i).— The  results  of  demonstra- 
tion experiments  with  fertilizers  for  four  varieties  of  wheat  grown  under 
different  aoil  and  cropping  conditions  are  held  to  Indicate  that  fertilizers  high 
in  phoq>horic  acid  had  a  marked  effect  in  increasing  the  yelds  of  both  grain 
and  straw. 

Offldal  grain  standards  of  the  United  States  for  wheat  [and  shelled  com], 

D.  F.  Houston  (U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bur.  Markets  Serv,  and  Regulatory  Announce^ 
ment  iS  (1918),  pp.  50 )  .—Modifications  effective  July  15,  1918,  are  presented  of 
the  previous  oflacial  standards  for  wheat  and  shelled  corn  tmder  the  United 
States  Grain  Standards  Act  (E.  S.  R.,  36,  p.  442). 

Handbook  official  grain  standards  for  wheat  and  shelled  com,  compiled  by 

E.  G.  B0E31NEB  (U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bur.  Markets,  1918,  pp.  ^7,  flgi.  7).— This  com- 
prises a  tabulated  and  abridged  description  of  the  official  grain  standards  of 
the  United  States  for  wheat  and  shelled  corn,  as  set  forth  in  the  publication 
noted  above,  together  with  a  brief  discussion  of  methods  of  sampling  and 
grading  thereunder. 

[Clover  and  alfalfa  seed  investigations],  W.  J.  Fbanck  and  O.  Wiebinoa 
{Verslag.  Landhouwk.  Onderzoek.  Rijkslandbouwproefstat.  [Netherlands],  No. 
ti  (1917),  pp.  29-120,  pis.  19,  figs.  4). — ^This  is  a  comprehensive  account  of  exten- 
sive germination  and  purity  tests  of  clover  and  alfalfa  seed,  and  of  field 
practices  employed  in  growing  leguminous  crops  for  seed,  forage,  and  soil 
Improvement  Numerous  illustrations  and  brief  descriptions  of  weed  seeds 
encoontered  in  the  tests  are  given,  together  with  groupings  of  the  weed  seeds 
for  purposes  of  identifying  the  origin  of  the  sample.  On  this  basis  a  classifi- 
cation is  presented,  designed  to  identify  seeds  from  North  and  South  America 
and  southern,  eastern,  or  western  Europe.  Seeds  of  different  clovers  and 
alfalffetf  are  also  described  and  Illustrated,  together  with  various  related  plants, 
Ridi  as  sweet  clover,  vetch,  etc 

Bedatance  of  seeds  to  desiccation,  €1.  T.  Habbington  and  W.  Gbockeb  (Jour. 
Agr.  Research  {U.  B.},  14  (1918),  No.  12,  pp.  5«5-532).— This  paper,  a  contrlbu- 
tloD  from  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 
describes  experimental  work  made  in  an  effort  to  determine  the  effect  on  the 
vitality  of  barley,  wheat,  Sudan  grass,  and  Johnson  grass  seed  when  dried 
'  varying  conditions  and  for  different  lengths  of  time.  The  Investigations 
!  begun  in  January,  1917,  and  continued  throughout  10}  months,  the  seeds 
104e28*— 19 4 


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40  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD*  [Tol.  40 

being  stored  at  room  temperature  In  evacuated  desiccators  over  calcium  ozid 
and  concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  and  in  an  open  vessel.  Samples  were  with- 
drawn at  various  times  for  moisture  determinations  and  serminatlcMi  testa 
Observations  were  also  made  upon  tlie  rapidity  of  germination  and  the  vigor 
of  the  seedlings.  Similar  studies  with  Kentucky  blue-grass  seed,  made  In  1913, 
are  briefly  noted.  The  data  are  presented  in  tabular  form,  and  the  results 
are  said  to  corroborate  those  of  Plcldiolz  (B.  S.  R.,  25,  p.  431)  and  Waggoner 
(E.  S.  R.,  38.  p.  127). 

The  percentage  of  germination  was  not  materially  changed  when  the  seeds 
of  the  different  plants  were  dried  to  less  than  1  per  cent  of  moisture.  The 
percentage  of  germination  of  Kentucky  blue  grass  and  Johnson  grass  seed  was 
not  affected  when  the  moisture  content  was  further  reduced  to  0.1  per  cent, 
although  the  vigor  of  the  Kentucky  blue  grass  seedlings  was  greatly  reduced. 
Further  drying  of  Kentucky  blue  grass  seed  in  a  vacuum  oven  for  6  hours  at 
100"*  G.  caused  a  further  reduction  in  the  vigor  of  the  seedlings,  but  did  not 
materially  affect  the  percentage  of  germination.  With  respect  to  the  seeds 
used  in  these  studies,  the  results  are  said  to  controvert  Ewart*8  statements 
(E.  S.  R..  9,  p.  454)  as  to  the  degree  of  drying  which  seeds  are  capable  of 
withstanding  and  remaining  viable. 

Cleaning  seed  {Canada  Dept,  Agr.,  Seed  Branch  Pamphlet  1  {1918),  pp.  IS, 
figs,  10). — ^Thls  is  a  rather  detailed  description  of  riddles  and  screens  suited  to 
the  cleaning  of  clover  and  grass  seed  and  of  wheat,  barley,  oats,  and  flax, 
together  with  directions  for  the  operation  and  care  of  the  fanning  mill. 

The  growth  of  sheep  sorrel  in  calcareous  and  dolomltic  media.  W.  H.  Mao- 
Intire  {Jour.  Amer.  Soc.  Agron.,  10  {1918),  No.  i,  pp.  29S1,  pi.  1). — ^Thls  paper, 
a  contribution  from  the  Tennessee  Experiment  Station,  describes  pot  tests 
conducted  during  1913  and  1914  by  J.  I.  Hardy  under  the  author's  direction. 
Rumex  acetoseUa  was  grown  in  a  medium  of  limestone  having  a  lime-magnesia 
ratio  of  184 : 1.  and  of  dolomite  with  a  ratio  of  10 : 7.  The  limestone  and 
dolomite  percentages  were  100.  75,  50.  25.  15,  5,  2.5,  1,  0.5.  and  0.  respectively, 
the  remainder  In  each  case  being  clean  river  sand.  Sorrel  seed  was  first  used, 
but  owing  to  the  slow  rate  of  growth  was  replaced  by  8  stolons  of  equal  size 
per  pot.  A  growing  period  of  101  days  was  allowed  for  the  limestone  series, 
and  99  days  for  the  dolomite  series.  The  air-dry  weight  of  the  entire  plants 
of  sorrel  grown  In  each  pot  was  determined  and  the  results  tabulated. 

Since  the  limestone  pots  were  harvested  in  1913  before  seed  formed,  and  the 
dolomite  pots  in  1914  after  fructification,  it  was  deemed  inadvisable  to  make 
deductions  as  to  the  influence  of  the  lime-magnesia  ratios.  The  results  are 
held  to  indicate,  however,  that  sorrel  is  capable  of  making  a  good  growth  In 
strongly  alkaline  media  when  not  subjected  to  competition  with  clover  or  other 
llme-lovlng  plants,  thus  confirming  the  observations  of  White  (E.  S.  R.,  35. 
p.  529)  and  Pipal  (E.  S.  R..  87,  p.  239).  The  heavy  root  development  obtained 
is  said  to  demonstrate  the  fact  that  an  abundance  of  the  earthy  alkali  car- 
bonates in  no  way  inhibits  the  subsurface  development  of  the  plant 

HOKTICTrLTUBE. 

Vegetation  and  reproduction  with  special  reference  to  the  tomato  (Iiyco* 
persicum  esc^lentum),  E.  J.  Kbaus  and  H.  R.  Kbatbhx  {Oregon  Sta.  Bui.  H9 
{1918),  pp.  6-90,  figs.  22). — ^This  bulletin  reports  a  physiological  and  biochemi- 
cal investigation  of  tomato  plants  grown  under  different  conditions  of  nutrient 
and  moisture  supply  in  order  to  compare  the  internal  conditions  in  fruiting  and 
nonfrulting  plants,  with  particular  reference  to  the  presence  of  total  nitrog^i, 
nitrates,  moisture,  and  carbohydrates  and  the  relations  between  them.    It  com- 


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Ml»l  HOBTICTTLTUBB.  41 

prises  one  of  a  series  of  studies  conducted  by  the  senior  author  and  others  at 
tlie  station  to  determine  the  fat:tors  InrolTed  in  fruit  setting  among  pomaceous 
trees  (B.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  42).  The  work  was  carried  on  at  the  University  of  Chl- 
caipo  in  partial  fulfillment  of  doctorate  requirements.  The  tomato  was  selected 
for  study  because  of  the  nonavailability  of  fruit  trees  and  because  in  ite( 
general  responses  in  vegetation  and  fruit  setting  it  accords  very  closely  to  those 
observed  in  apple  and  pear  trees.  Several  series  of  pot  experiments  were 
started  at  different  periods  during  the  year.  Various  parts  of  the  plants  were 
analyzed  and  studied  with  reference  to  variations  in  content  of  moisture,  dry 
matter,  total  nitrogen,  nitrate  nitrogen,  free-reducing  substances,  sucrose,  and 
starch,  as  well  as  to  related  changes  in  plant  structure  and  plant  functioning. 
The  results  are  presented  in  a  series  of  tables  and  diagrams  and  fully  discussed. 
Some  related  work  of  other  investigators  is  briefly  reviewed  and  a  bibliography 
of  literature  cited  is  appended. 

The  authors  found  that  four  general  conditions  existed  in  the  relation  of 
nitrates,  carbohydrates,  and  moisture  within  the  plant  itself  and  the  responses 
apparently  correlated  therewith.  These  are  as  fallows :  **{!)  Though  there  be 
present  an  abundance  of  moisture  and  mineral  nutrients,  induding  nitrates, 
yet  without  an  available  carbohydrate  supply  vegetation  is  weakened  and  the 
plants  are  nonfriiitful.  (2)  An  abundance  of  moisture  and  mineral  nutrients, 
especially  nitrates,  coupled  with  an  available  carbohydrate  supply,  makes  for 
increased  vegetation,  barrenness,  and  sterility.  (3)  A  relative  decrease  of 
nitrates  in  proportion  to  the  carbohydrates  makes  for  an  accumulation  of  the 
latter,  and  also  for  fruitfulness,  fertility,  and  lessened  vegetation.  (4)  A  fur- 
ther reduction  of  nitrates  without  inhibiting  a  possible  increase  of  carbohydrates 
makes  for  a  suppression  both  of  vegetation  and  fruitfulness." 

Whatever  the  conditions  under  which  a  plant  has  been  grown,  increased  total 
nitrogen  and  more  particularly  increased  nitrate  nitrogen  are  associated  with 
increased  moisture  and  decreased  free-reducing  substances,  sucrose,  polysac- 
charids,  and  total  dry  matter.  "  Microchemical  tests  indicate  very  little  differ- 
ence in  potassium  content  of  individual  cells  whatever  the  condition  of  the  plant. 
Withholding  moisture  from  plants  grown  under  conditions  of  relative  abundance 
of  available  nitrogen  results  in  much  the  same  condition  of  fruitfulness  and 
carbohydrate  storage  as  the  limiting  of  the  supply  of  available  nitrogen  Itself." 

"  In  general,  within  the  plant  Itself,  in  the  stem  from  the  top  to  bottom,  there 
is  a  descending  gradient  of*  total  nitrogen  and  moisture,  and  an  ascending  grad- 
ient in  total  dry  matter,  polysaccharids,  and  sucrose.  The  proportion  of  f ree- 
reducing  substances  to  other  carbohydrates,  total  nitrogen,  and  nitrate  nitrogen 
is  variable.  The  great  variations  in  the  amount  of  carbohydrates  in  plants 
grown  under  different  nutrient  conditions  and  in  different  parts  of  the  same 
plant  indicate  that  in  studying  problems  concerned  with  plant  metabolism  it  is 
necessary  to  know  the  specific  environment  of  the  plant  as  a  whole  and  of  its 
several  parts." 

Fmitfalness  was  found  to  be  associated  neither  with  highest  nitrates  nor 
blgtat  carbohydrates  but  with  a  condition  of  balance  between  them.  "The 
ctMiditions  for  the  initiation  of  floral  primordia  and  even  blooming  are  probably 
different  from  those  accompanying  fruit  setting.  The  greatest  number  of 
flowers  are  produced  neither  by  conditions  favoring  highest  vegetation  nor  by 
conditions  markedly  suppressing  vegetation.  Lack  of  fruit  development  is  not 
alone  due  to  the  lack  of  pollination  or  fertilization.  The  flowers  may  fall  soon 
after  pollination  (markedly  vegetative  plants)  or  remain  attached  for  many 
days  without  development  of  the  fruit  (markedly  nonvegetative  plants)." 

The  following  deductions  dealing  with  the  nitrate,  carbohydrate,  and  mois- 
ture rations  of  the  plant  and  various  cultural  practices  were  made :  "  Parts 


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42  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEGOBD.  [Tol.  40 

of  the  stems  or  cnttings  of  plants  with  a  large  amount  of  storage  carbohydrates 
and  particularly  those  parts  where  such  storage  is  localized,  when  supplied 
with  moisture  or  moist  conditions,  produce  roots  abundantly.  This  would  be 
of  particular  interest  in  vegetative  propagation.  .  .  .  Fertilizers  containing 
available  nitrogen  or  that  which  may  be  made  available  are  eiainly  effective 
in  producing  vegetative  response.  They  may  either  increase  or  decrease  fruit- 
fulness,  according  to  the  relative  available  carbohydrate  supply. 

"  Irrigation  or  moisture  supply  is  effective  in  increasing  growth  or  fruitful- 
ness  only  when  accompanied  by  an  available  nitrogen  supply  and  vice  versa. 
The  effectiveness  of  the  nitrog^i  value  of  leguminous  cover  crops  is  dependent 
upon  the  accompanying  moisture  supply.  Cultivation  is  largely  effective  in  con- 
serving moisture  and  in  promoting  the  supply  of  available  nitrogen.  If  in  any 
given  soil,  moisture  and  available  nitrogen  are  already  present  in  quantities 
such  that  the  plants  growing  upon  it  are  largely  vegetative,  a  decrease  in  culti- 
vation will  tend  toward  frultfulness. 

"  Nonleguminous  companion  crops  or  cover  crops  remove  from  the  soil  both 
available  nitrogen  and  moisture.  In  regulating  vegetation  and  frultfulness  by 
this  means  the  relations  of  the  available  moisture,  nitrogen,  and  carbohydrates 
largely  determine  the  result  Pruning  is  largely  effective  in  promoting  or 
retarding  frultfulness  by  its  effects  in  balancing  the  carbohydrate  supply  within 
the  plant,  or  the  means  for  its  manufacture,  with  the  available  moisture  and 
nitrogen  supply.  Girdling  or  ringing  of  the  cortex  or  bark  is  effective  through  a 
modification  of  the  carbohydrate-nitrate  relationship.  In  practice  the  entire 
range  of  effects  due  to  such  a  relationship  may  be  expected  from  its  application. 

"Fruit  production  is  seemingly  a  specialized  vegetative  function  usually  more 
or  less  closely  associated  with  the  function  of  gametic  reproduction.  Parts  con- 
cerned in  reproduction  range  from  but  little  modified  vegetative  parts  to  those 
highly  modified  portions  classified  as  fruits.  The  degree  in  which  such  modifi- 
cation is  expressed  is  dependent  upon  physiological  changes  within  any  specific 
plant,  and  may  vary  widely  within  the  same  variety  or  even  the  same  IndividuaL 
At  least  some  of  the  instances  of  sterility  considered  to  be  the  result  of  physio- 
logical incompatibility  may  be  due  to  the  state  or  condition  of  nutrition  of  the 
plant  itself. 

"Until  more  exact  information  is  available,  both  environmental  and  hereditary 
factors  must  be  considered  in  any  attempted  explanation  of  the  r^roductive 
or  vegetative  behavior  of  plants."  • 

[Horticultural  investigations],  F.  M.  Rolfs  (Oklahoma  Sta.  Rpt.  1917,  pp. 
32^5). — ^Notes  are  given  on  the  present  status  of  various  Adams  and  Hatch 
fund  projects  under  way  at  the  station. 

Beport  of  the  assistant  horticulturist,  T.  B.  McClellanb  {Porto  Rico  Sta. 
Rpt.  1917 f  pp.  24-28,  pis.  S). — ^During  the  year  an  experiment  was  undertaken  in 
the  restoration  of  coffee  plantations  seriously  Infested  with  a  leaf  disease, 
Btilhella  flavidat  which  is  more  prevalent  at  the  higher  altitudes  in  Porto  Rico, 
where  climatic  conditions  are  much  more  favorable  for  the  growth  of  coffee  than 
nearer  the  coast.  In  many  places  the  trees  have  been  so  debilitated  through 
long-continued  defoliation  that  the  crop  is  greatly  reduced  and  the  plantation 
made  unprofitable.  In  addition  to  improvements  in  cultural  practices  different 
species  of  introduced  coffee  have  been  set  in  patches  of  Coffea  arabioa  affected 
with  Stilbella  in  an  attempt  to  find  a  resistant  species. 

In  continuance  of  the  work  with  Murta  coffee  (E.  S.  R.,  S8,  p.  740),  700  seeds 
were  planted  from  blossoms  which  had  been  protected  from  foreign  i>ollen.  The 
resulting  progeny  gave  evidence  that  the  Murta  form  is  inherited  along  Men- 
delian  lines.  The  grains  of  the  Murta  coffee  are  similar  in  size  and  appearance 
to  the  typical  Arabian  coffee.    The  very  short  Intemodes  of  this  type  allow  the 


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1919]  HOBTICULTUBB.  48 

prodnctioD  ckf  a  large  number  of  cherries  on  a  short  length  of  branch.  Xhe  trees 
are  small  and  the  indications  are  that  to  make  this  variety  profitable  two  or  three 
times  as  many  trees  shonid  be  set  per  acre  as  of  the  typical  Arabian  coffee. 

In  a  fertilizer  experiment  conducted  with  40  plats  of  S  young  coffee  trees  each, 
the  first  crop  aA  three  years  from  seed  showed  a  large  increase  in  yield  from 
the  plats  which  have  received  nitrogen.  Of  the  12  plats  which  gave  the  highest 
production  nitrogen  had  been  used  in  the  fertilizer  applied  to  10  of  them.  In  a 
fertilizer  test  with  older  trees,  in  which  applications  of  a  complete  chemical 
fertilizer  and  stable  manure  had  been  made  twice  annually  for  a  number  of 
years  the  fertilized  plat  produced  78.4  per  cent  more  than  the  check,  whereas  in 
the  preceding  season  their  yields  were  nearly  uniform. 

In  a  lime  and  nitrogen  test  with  coffee  trees  grown  for  two  years  in  5-gal. 
cans,  18  plants  grown  in  limed  soil  differed  from  the  8  check  plants  in  average 
weight  by  only  a  very  small  fraction  of  1  per  cent.  The  lime  was  applied  in  *a 
aeries  of  amounts  ranging  in  rate  ftom  0.5  ton  to  16  tons  per  acre.  In  the 
division  which  had  received  nitrogen  there  had'  been  made  at  intervals  of  six 
months  three  applications  of  8  gm.  each  per  tree  of  ammonium  sulphate  to  one 
group  and  to  the  others  sodium  nitrate  ranging  in  amount  from  4  to  16  gm.  per 
tree  per  application.  The  weight  of  the  trees  fertilized  with  ammonium  sulphate 
aTeraged  22.1  per  cent  greater  than  the  check,  and  those  fertilized  with  sodium 
nitrate  averaged  22.9  per  cent  greater  than  the  check.  The  trees  which  had 
received  4,  8,  and  10  gm.  of  sodium  nitrate  fell  below,  while  those  which  had 
received  12  and  16  gm.  of  sodium  nitrate  surpassed,  those  which  had  received 
8  gm.  of  ammonium  sulphate,  16  gm.  of  sodium  nitrate  producing  an  increased 
weight  of  50.3  per  cent  over  the  check.  The  production  of  coffee  cherries 
a?eraged  87  per  cent  greater  for  the  nitrogen-fertilized  trees  than  for  the  check. 

The  work  with  cacao  consisted  chiefly  in  the  collection  of  data  as  to  the 
product  of  individual  trees.  From  the  older  orchard  set  in  1903,  the  yield  for 
the  calendar  year  1916  exceeded  that  of  any  preceding  year,  though  more  than 
ooe-fifth  of  the  trees  produced  nothing. 

Cultural  experiments  with  vanilla  were  continued.  In  a  planting  test  with 
48  tip  cuttings  of  10  nodes  each,  half  were  left  to  wilt  in  a  fairly  well-shaded 
place  for  an  interval  of  12  days  between  cutting  and  planting,  the  others  being 
set  immediately.  Half  were  planted  in  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  clay  and 
river  sand  and  half  in  leaf  mold.  Cuttings  which  had  been  wilted  for  12  days 
before  planting  gave  equally  good  root  development  when  grown  for  the  same 
length  of  time  as  cuttings  planted  without  wilting.  Root  development  was  85 
per  cent  greater  in  leaf  mold  than  in  soil.  Since  both  the  wilted  and  unwilted 
cuttings  gave  vigorous  and  highly  satisfactory  growth,  it  is  suggested  that  the 
planter's  convenience  should  determine  which  method  to  follow. 

Blossoms  were  observed  to  open  in  the  spring  on  vine  growth  made  as  late  as 
the  preceding  autumn.  A  period  of  approximately  two  months  was  observed  to 
elapse  from  the  pushing  out  of  the  infiorescence  bud  and  the  opening  of  the  first 
blossom.  After  blossoming  the  pods  attained  full  length  in  six  to  eight  weeks, 
though  seven  to  nine  months  were  required  for  maturing.  Fruit  set  from  more 
than  90  per  cent  of  the  hand-pollinated  blossoms  in  a  recorded  series  and  from 
IS  per  cent  of  the  blossoms  in  a  series  not  hand-pollinated.  Working  steadily 
the  author  pollinated  in  one  hour  237  blossoms,  indicating  that  hand-pollination 
need  not  be  costly  as  to  time  required  for  the  operation. 

In  curing  small  quantities  of  vanilla,  blistering  was  found  to  result  from 
sweating  the  pods  between  scalding  and  drying.  Sometimes  20  to  50  per  cent 
of  the  pods  developed  watery  blisters.  The  omission  of  this  sweating  reduced 
the  proportion  of  blistered  pods  to  less  than  2  per  cent,  but  an  extract  expert 
reported  the  quality  of  the  unsweated  pods  as  inferior  to  that  of  the  sweated 

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44  EXPERIMENT  STATION  REOOBD.  [VoL40 

pods.  The  yield  from  a  small  planting  of  4-year-old  vines  averaged  slightly 
more  than  0.5  lb.  of  cured  beans  per  vine,  with  an  approved  valuation  of  from 
|3  to  $4  a  pound. 

Beport  of  the  hortiLcultarist,  O.  F.  Kinmait  {Porto  Rico  Bta.  Rpt.  1917,  pp. 
20-Hf  P^'  2).-— A  brief  report  cm  progress  made  with  various  lines  of  work 
during  the  year  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  748). 

In  the  fertilizer  experiments  with  coconuts  that  have  been  conducted  for 
several  years  the  last  application  of  fertilizer  was  given  in  June,  1916.  The 
number  of  nuts  collected  from  the  plats  given  a  complete  fertilizer  fell  off 
somewhat  at  the  last  harvest,  as  compared  with  the  check  plats,  thus  indicating 
very  little  permanent  benefit  from  the  fertilization.  A  survey  of  the  cooonnt 
plantations  of  the  island  was  inaugurated  during  the  year  with  a  view  to  deter- 
mining the  most  profitable  practices. 

*  Seedling  trees  of  several  varieties  of  East  Indian  mangoes  fruited  during 
the  year.  Among  these,  none  except  seedlings  of  the  Gambodiana  variety  bore 
fruit  which  resembled  the  parent  variety  at  all  closely.  All  except  the  Gam- 
bodiana seedlings  had  a  high  content  of  long,  tough  fiber,  while  the  parent  fruits 
were  practically  free  from  fiber.  A  survey  made  during  the  fruiting  season 
showed  that  along  the  north  side  of  the  island  and  through  the  higher  interior, 
where  there  is  considerable  rain  during  the  blossoming  season,  the  mango  crop 
was  small,  as  is  usually  the  case  in  these  sections.  Through  the  western  and 
southwestern  sections,  where  the  winter  drought  continues  well  into  the  ^ring, 
there  was  usually  a  good  crop  of  fruit  This  survey  indicates  the  necessity  of 
selecting  locations  with  reference  to  fruitfulness. 

During  recent  inspections  through  the  citrus  sections  of  the  island  It  was 
observed  that  the  effect  of  the  lack  of  fertilizer  was  already  apparent  on  the 
trees  of  certain  groves.  The  author  points  out  that  the  need  of  a  fertilizer 
rich  in  potash  in  these  sections  has  been  well  established  by  experiments. 

In  December,  1916, 16  varieties  of  sweet  potatoes  received  from  the  Bureau  of 
Plant  Industry,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  were  grown  simultaneously 
with  plantings  of  the  same  varieties  received  from  the  same  source  in  1911, 
the  latter  having  been  in  cultivation  in  Porto  Rico  for  nearly  six  years.  The 
quantity  and  appearance  of  the  potatoes  produced  from  plants  of  one  importa- 
tion did  not  vary  to  any  great  extent  from  those  of  the  others,  but  all  were 
markedly  inferior  in  texture  and  flavor  to  the  seed  material  received  from  the 
Bureau.  A  thorough  study  is  to  be  made  of  the  apparent  deterioration  of 
northern  types  when  grown  in  Porto  Rico.  In  continued  tests  made  with  Porto 
Rican  types,  a  variety  locally  known  as  Blanca  has  been  found  to  produce  roots 
which  are  superior  to  any  of  the  lately  introduced  northern  varieties  both  in 
texture  and  flavor. 

Notes  are  given  on  the  behavior  of  miscellaneous  introductions  under  observa- 
tion, including  Crotalaria  8<Utiana,  Tabehuia  apectabilis,  Corypha  sp.,  and 
plants  of  the  East  India  sugar  palm  (Saguerus  saccharifer) , 

[Work  with  vegetables  and  fruit  on  the  Truckee-Carson  Beclamatlon 
Project],  F.  B.  Headlet  (17.  B.  Dept.  Affr.,  Bur,  Plant  Indus,,  Work  Truckee- 
Carson  Expt.  Farm,  1917,  pp.  12,  IS,  17,  18,  flg.  1). — ^Brief  notes  and  data  are 
given  on  variety  tests  of  onions  and  tomatoes,  together  with  data  showing  the 
blossoming  period  of  fruit  trees  on  the  farm  in  1916  and  1917. 

Storage  of  vegetables  for  winter  use,  J.  W.  Llotd  {lUinois  Sta.  Ore,  t$l 
{1918),  pp.  4)* — '^^9  circular  containi^  practical  instructions  for  storing  vege- 
tables in  house  cellars,  outdoor  pits,  and  permanent  outdoor  cellars. 

Fall  preparations  for  spring  gardening,  J.  W.  Ijlotd,  {Illinois  Sta,  Ore.  292 
{1918),  pp.  4,  fig.  1). — Practical  suggestions  are  given  for  preparing  the  next 


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im]  FOEESTBY.  45 

• 

flet80D*8  garden  plat  in  the  fall,  with  special  reference  to  improving  the  soil 
fertOity. 

Notice  relative  to  State  insecticide  and  funcridde  laws  (U.  8.  DepL  Agr., 
Imectidde  and  Fungicide  Bd,  8erv.  and  Regulatory  Announcement  21  {1918), 
pp.  iS5-450). — ^Thls  announcement  supplements  a  previous  compilation  of  State 
laws  dealing  with  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  insecticides  and  fungicides 
(E.  S.  R.,  36,  p.  39).  The  laws  of  the  following  States  are  presented :  Colorado, 
Connecticut,  Iowa,  Kentucky,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  Wisconsin. 

CoDBanerclal  Bordeaux  mixtures:  How  to  calculate  their  values,  E.  Waixaci 
and  U  H.  Evans  {U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmer^  Bui.  994  (1918),  pp.  11,  fig.  I).— 
This  publication  describes  methods  of  calculating  the  strength  values  and 
money  values  of  Bordeaux  mixtures,  and  also  gives  tables  for  determining 
approximate  values  without  calculation. 

Various  factors  entering  into  the  efficiency  of  Bordeaux  mixtures  are 
discussed. 

FOEESTEY. 

Beport  of  the  State  board  of  forestry  and  of  the  State  park  committee  of 
the  State  of  Indiana  for  the  year  1917,  R.  Liebeb  et  al.  {Yearbook  State  Ind., 
1917,  pp.  489-499;  Reprint,  1918,  pp.  IS),— A  brief  synopsis  of  the  work  being 
done  by  the  State  board  of  forestry,  and  also  by  the  State  park  committee 
shice  its  appointment  in  1916,  including  financial  statements  for  the  year  1917. 

Forest  protection  and  conservation  in  Maine,  1917,  F.  H.  Colby  {{Augusta, 
Me.]:  Dept.  of  Forestry,  1917,  pp.  202,  pis.  2,  figs.  57).— An  account  of  forest 
flre  protective  work  in  Maine,  including  a  discussion  of  forestry  methods  and 
measures  needed  for  conserving  the  timberland.  An  account  is  also  given  of 
white  pine  blister  rust  work  conducted  in  the  State  in  1917  in  cooperation 
with  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  together  with  an  article  by  G.  G. 
Andrews  entitled  What  Thirty-nine  States  Are  Doing  in  Forestry  (pp.  189- 
202).  This  article  summarizes  the  important  forest  legislation  and  forest 
activities  in  the  different  States. 

The  utilization  of  forest  products  in  Massachusetts  as  affected  by  the  war, 
P.  D.  Kneeland  {Boston:  State,  1918,  pp.  14)- — ^A  popular  bulletin  of  informa- 
tion to  woodland  owners  relative  to  the  present  commercial  utilization  of 
various  species  of  trees. 

Hotes  on  European  forest  research,  S.  Howasd  {Indian  Forester,  4^  {1918), 
^0.  9,  pp,  S94-401). — ^A  brief  discussion  of  methods  of  organizing  and  carrying 
on  forest  research,  especially  in  France  and  Grermany. 

Beport  of  the  resolutions,  proceedings,  and  debates  of  the  interstate  con- 
ference on  forestry  held  at  Perth,  Kovember,  1917  {Rpt.  Interstate  Conf. 
Forestry  [Aust.],  1918,  pp.  114,  P^-  ^).-— This  report  contains  a  number  of 
papers  relating  to  the  forests  and  various  phases  of  forestry  in  Australia, 
iodndlng  such  subjects  as  forest  policy,  working  plans,  forest  statistics,  forestry 
education  and  research,  and  timber  tests. 

Beport  of  the  forest  service  in  Ketherlands  India  for  the  year  1916  {Yer- 
<%  Dienst  Boschw.  Nederland.'Indie,  1916,  pp.  117,  pi.  1,  fig.  i).— A  statistical 
report  relative  to  the  administration  and  management  of  the  forests  in  Java, 
Hadoera,  and  outlying  possessions  of  the  Netherlands  Indies  for  the  year  1916. 
Information  is  given  relative  to  the  condition  of  the  forests,  and  work  in 
regeneration,  exploitation,  protection,  and  investigations.  A  progress  report 
of  the  rubber  plantation  of  the  forest  service  is  also  included. 

Btatistica  compiled  In  the  office  of  the  silviculturisty  Forest  Besearch  In- 
rtitate,  Dehra  Ihin,  during   1916-17,  E.  Mabsden    {Indian  Forest  Rec.,  6 

{1918),  2fo.  5,  pp.  /y+-^^).-7-The  statistics  herein  presented  comprise  a  summary 


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46  EXPEBIMSNT  STATION  BECORD.  [YoL40 

of  results  of  stand  measurements  of  several  Indian  tree  species  that  have 
been  made  for  varying  periods  of  years  either  in  divisional  sample  plats  or  tn 
Forest  Research  Instituter  sample  plats.  The  data  presented  for  each  species 
deal  with  one  or  more  of  the  following  measurements :  Girth,  volume,  and  height 
increments;  yield,  stem  analysis,  and  comparative  growth  of  natural  and 
plantation  saplings ;  and  effect  of  thinnings. 

Some  forest  spedes  of  Indo-Ghina  suitable  for  national  defense,  A.  Bkbt> 
BAND  {Bid,  £!c4m.  Indochine,  n.  «er.,  21  {1918),  No.  ISO,  pp.  498-44^). — ^This  com- 
prises an  extract  from  the  author's  report  to  the  Colonial  Congress  of  Agricul- 
ture at  Pari&  Information  is  given  relative  to  the  mechanical  properties  of 
a  number  of  Indo-China  woods,  including  data  on  mechanical  tests  conducted 
with  these  woods. 

Field  experimentation  with  Hevea  brasiliensis,  J.  Graktham  and*  M.  D. 
Knapp  {Arch.  Bubbercult.  Nederland.  Indie,  2  {1918),  No.  8,  pp.  614-^6,  Ag9. 
S). — ^The  authors  present  additional  data  substantiating  evidence  previously 
reported  that  natural  variations  may  occur  among  carefully  chosen  experimental 
plats  (E.  S.  R.,  87,  p.  837).  The  value  of  applying  the  probable  error  method 
to  field  experimentation  is  emphasized  by  showing  the  application  of  the  rule 
that  "the  weights  (or  relative  reliability)  of  observations  (or  results)  vary 
Inversely  as  the  squares  of  their  probable  errors."  Additional  data  recording 
the  probable  error  of  rubber  yield  are  given  from  which  is  ascertained  the 
probable  error  that  should  be  used  in  field  experimentation  with  Hevea  for 
plats  of  varying  sizes. 

Beliability  of  field  experiments  with  Hevea,  J.  G.  J.  A.  Maas  {Arch.  Ruth 
hercult.  Nederland.  Indi^,  2  {1918),  No.  8,  pp.  561-€1S,  pis.  4,  figs.  5).— The  ob- 
ject of  the  investigations  here  reported  was  to  collect  figures  on  the  natural 
variation  In  the  yield  of  rubber  fields  under  estate  conditions  to  show  the  limits 
up  to  which  differences  in  yield  in  field  experiments  may  be  due  to  natural 
variation  and  how  such  limits  can  be  altered  by  alterations  in  the  experiments. 

As  a  result  of  this  study  it  is  concluded  that  in  order  to  fix  the  relation  be- 
tween the  yield  of  the  experimental  plats  a  preliminary  experiment  of  three 
months  is  sufficient  for  practical  purposea  In  a  well-planned  experiment  the 
standard  deviation  for  this  period  need  not  exceed  5  per  cent.  The  plats  should 
not  be  smaller  than  100  treea 
•  The  budding  of  Hevea,  W.  M.  Yait  Heltsn  {Teysmannia,  29  {1918),  No.  5, 
pp.  276^84,  pi.  1). — Comparative  results  are  given  of  experiments  in  which 
three  different  forms  of  shield  budding  were  used  for  propagating  Hevea 
rubber  trees. 

Qiiide  to  the  preparation  of  rubber,  P.  Abens  (ifaton^,  Java:  Expt.  8ta, 
Malang,  1918,  pp.  50;  trans,  from  Meded.  Proefstai.  Malang,  No.  11  {1917),  pp. 
61). — A  practical  guide  to  the  plantation  preparation  of  various  types  of  rub- 
ber, with  special  reference  to  the  acetic-acid  process,  translated  from  the  sec- 
ond Dutch  edition. 

Rubber:  Its  production,  chemistry,  and  synthesis,  A.  Dubosg  and  A.  Lxnv 
T&iNGEB  {London:  Charles  Oriffln  d  Co.,  Ltd.,  1918,  pp.  XI'\-S83;  rev.  in  Chem. 
News,  117  {1918),  No.  S059,  p.  W8).— This  is  an  English  translation  by  E.  W. 
Lewis  of  a  practical  handbook  for  the  use  of  rubber  growers,  chemists,  and 
economists.  The  subject  is  discussed  under  the  following  general  headings: 
Natural  rubber,  its  production,  present  position,  and  cost  of  production;  the 
formation,  physical  and  mechanical  properties,  analysis,  and  constitution  of 
crude  rubber ;  and  the  synthesis  of  caoutchouc 

Kote  on  the  mangrove  forests  of  British  India,  R.  S.'  Pkabson  {Trans.  S. 
Intemat.  Cong.  Trop,  Agr.  1914,  vol.  2,  pp,  625'€S3).—A  short  account  of  the 


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»1»]  DISEASES  OF  PLANTS.  47 

mangrove  forests  of  British  India,  with  special  reference  to  the  utilization  of 
mangrove  barks  for  the  preparation  of  tan  extracts. 

The  germination  and  juvenile  forms  of  some  oaks,  L.  H.  Pammel  and 
C.  M.  King  {Proc.  Iowa  Acad.  ScL,  B4  {1917),  pp.  367-391,  figs.  66).— This  com- 
prises preliminary  notes  on  germination  studies  of  a  number  of  Iowa  species 
of  oak. 

Hybrids  of  the  live  oak  and  overcup  oak,  H.  Ness  (Jour,  Heredity,  9  {1918)  ^ 
No.  6,  pp.  t&S-268,  figs.  3).— The  author  briefly  describes  and  gives  illustrations 
of  some  young  hybrid  oak  trees  growing  on  the  Texas  Experiment  Station 
grounds  that  were  produced  by  using  the  overcup  oak  {Querctu  Ijirata)  as 
father  and  the  live  oak  (Q.  virginiana)  as  mother. 

Note  on  the  dying  back  of  sal  seedlings,  B.  A.  Smtthies  {Indian  Forester, 
U  {1918),  No.  9,  pp.  420-422,  pL  I).— The  results  of  a  preliminary  experiment 
here  reported  indicate  that  the  rather  severe  dying  back  of  seedlings  of  sal 
{Shorea  rohusta),  due  to  heavy  clearing  operations,  is  not  a  detriment  to  the 
seedlings  as  large  numbers  of  them  throw  up  new  shoots  and  appear  better  able 
to  withstand  hot  weather  than  seedlings  continually  growing  under  shade. 

DISEASES  OF  PLANTS. 

Pongi  and  disease  In  plants,  E.  J.  Butleb  {Calcutta:  TMcker,  Spink  d  Co., 
1918,  pp.  VI-\-547,  pis,  5,  figs.  201 ) . — ^Thls  book  is  presented  as  an  introduction 
to  the  diseases  of  field  and  plantation  crops,  especially  those  of  India  and  the 
East  About  200  diseases  of  crops  are  included,  nearly  all  of  which  have  been 
studied  by  the  author  in  the  laboratory  and  in  the  field.  Fruit  and  forest  tree 
diseases  are  not  treated,  and  vegetable  diseases  are  only  incidentally  mentioned. 

After  chapters  dealing  with  fungi  as  a  cause  of  plant  diseases,  the  author 
describes  the  principles  upon  which  control  measures  are  based  and  gives 
cbapters  on  special  diseases,  the  arrangement  being  according  to  the  host  plants. 
Where  definite  means  of  control  are  known,  they  are  given  under  the  different 
diseases.  The  book  is  designed  primarily  for  planjters  and  those  interested  in 
the  crops,  and  all  the  more  technical  matter  is  printed  in  smaller  type  than  the 
body  of  the  work,  so  that  this  information  will  be  available  for  use  by  students 
and  Investigators. 

An  extensive  bibliography  of  plant  disease  literature  is  given. 

Beport  of  the  plant  pathologist,  H.  E.  Tqomas  {Porto  Rico  Sta.  Rpt,  1917, 
pp.  28-30). — ^A  brief  report  is  given  on  diseases  observed  on  vegetables,  vanilla, 
and  citrus  trees. 

A  wilt  disease  of  beans  caused  by  an  undetermined  Phycomycete,  a  rust  of 
Lima  beans  caused  by  Uredo  concors,  and  a  powderly  mildew  of  kidney  beans 
are  said  to  have  been  abundant  during  the  past  season.  Tomatoes  are  reported 
to  have  been  badly  Infected  with  Phytophthora  infestans,  and  cabbage  with 
the  black  rot  caused  by  an  organism  resembling  Pseudomonae  campestris. 

Among  the  parasites  attacking  vanilla,  the  common  leaf  spotting  alga  {My- 
ooidea  parasitica),  OkBOsporium  rufomaoulans,  and  a  species  of  Fusarium  on  the 
roots  were  observed. 

Some  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  withertip  fungus  {Colletotrichum  glw- 
oiporUAdes)  of  citrus  trees,  and  also  to  citrus  scab  {Cladosporium  citri). 

[Plant]  diseases,  J.  S.  Dash  {Rpt  Dept.  Agr.  Barbados,  191&-17,  pp.  59, 
69).— During  1916-17,  the  most  troublesome  disease  of  sugar  cane,  particularly 
young  ratoon  canes,  was  Marasmius  saooTiari,  Colletotrichum  falcatum  oc- 
curred in  a  few  places.  Thielaviopsis  paradoxa  continues  to  be  a  troublesome 
disease  of  cane  cuttings.     Cercospora  vagina  was  fairly  common.     Cephalo- 


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48  EXPERIMENT  STATIOK  BECOBD.  [YoL40 

sporium  saechari  was  very  restricted  in  extent  this  year,  generally  following 
attack  by  M.  saechari  or  other  injury. 

Tobacco  showed  the  presence  of  wilt  due  to  attack  by  bacteria  just  above  the 
ground,  also  a  disease  which  withers  and  kills  the  plants  and  which  is  sup- 
posedly caused  by  a  Fusarium.  A  case  of  blossom-end  rot  of  tomatoes  was 
examined.  Mango  leaves  were'  Injured  by  an  alga,  supposedly  a  Oephaleuros, 
and  mango  branches  and  trunks  showed  what  is  thought  to  be  another  species 
of  alga. 

Mycology  and  plant  pathology,  J.  Mackknna  {Rpt.  Frog.  Agr.  India,  1916-11, 
pp,  6^r-7Z). — It  is  now  known  that  Tylenohus  angusius,  the  cause  of  ufra  dis- 
ease, though  not  able  to  reach  the  tender  portions  of  the  rice  plant  when  the  air 
is  dry,  is  able  to  do  so  when  the  point  of  saturation  of  the  air  with  moisture  is 
approached.  Nematodes  retain  their  vitality  in  dry  air  for  eis^t  months,  in 
moist  air  for  four  months,  and  in  water  for  one  or  two  montlis.  They  do  not 
reproduce  in  water  or  dry  air. 

Tokras  {Orohanche  sp.)  were  not  controlled  by  the  use  of  sodium  nitrate. 
Striga  lutea,  a  pest  of  millet  which  germinates  only  in  the  pres^ice  of  a  host, 
can  be  counteracted  in  large  part  by  the  method  of  trap  crops.  Striga  appears 
to  be  controllable  in  case  of  EleuMne  coracana  by  employment  of  early-maturing 
varieties.  Rhizoctonia  on  jute  appears  to  be  greatly  favored  by  deficiency  of 
potash.  Cotton  root  rot  appears  to  be  due  to  some  soil  deficiency  of  a  chemical 
nature.  Peanut  was  heavily  attacked  by  tikka  disease,  supposedly  due  to 
deficiency  of  phosphates. 

Bud  rot  of  palmyra  palms  has  been  reduced  considerably  by  systematic  ob- 
servations and  other  operations.  Koleroga  disease  of  areca  palm  is  being  suc- 
cessfully controlled  by  spraying,  and  the  anaberoga  disease,  caused  by  Fomes 
lueiduSt  is  being  successfully  combated  by  eradication,  liming,  and  trenching. 
Root  disease  of  coconut  palm,  though  still  important,  has  been  checked. 

Rubber  black  thread  disease  is  said  to  be  caused  by  a  fungus  which  is  a  wound 
parasite  and  which  develops  only  in  moist  conditions.  A  serious  root  disease  of 
tea  has  been  identified  as  Rosellinia  boihrina,  SphwrostUbe  sp.  was  found  on 
living  tea  roots  in  stiff  acid  soils.  A  sickly  growth  of  tea  bushes  was  thought  to 
be  due  to  Nectria  cancri.  An  outbreak  of  blister  blight  {Exobasidium  vewans) 
was  investigated. 

A  coffee  root  disease  {F,  auatraUs)  was  studied.  Black  rot  and  leaf  disease 
of  coffee  were  controlled  with  Bordeaux  mixture.  Spike  disease  of  sandal  has 
been  shown  to  be  infectious,  although  it  may  be  infiuenced  by  external  factors. 
A  similar  or  Identical  disease  attacks  a  number  of  wild  plants  in  southern 
India. 

Scab  of  potatoes  {Spongospora  subterranea)  is  reported  from  Bombay  Presi- 
dency. Experiments  in  the  treatment  of  peach  leaf  curl  with  Burgundy  mix- 
ture and  lime-sulptuir  are  in  progress.  Other  diseases  under  investigation  at 
Pusa  are  sal  tree  disease,  anthracnose  of  chilies  and  legumes,  and  sclerotial 
diseases  of  sugar  cane  and  rice. 

Operations  against  [plant]  disease,  O.  A.  D.  Stuabt  {Rpt.  DepL  Agr. 
Madras,  1916-17,  pp.  IS,  H), — ^The  system  of  examination  and  treatment  for 
protection  against  palmyra  disease  is  said  to  have  reduced  greatly  the  percent- 
age of  infection  in  spite  of  conditions  most  favorable  to  the  disease.  Favorable 
results  are  reported  of  the  spray  treatment  for  mahali  disease  of  areca  nuts. 
Copper  sulphate  solution  as  a  seed  treatment  was  found  to  be  effective  against 
smut  in  case  of  Italian  millet,  Guinea  com,  etc 

Gortidums  causing  Fellicularia  disease  of  the  coffee  plant,  hypochnose  of 
pomaceous  fruits,  and  Bhisoctonia  disease,  B.  A.  Bxntr  (Ann,  Missouri  Bot, 
Oard.,  5  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  119-1S2,  figs.  5).— This  Is  an  account  of  study  by 


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m»]  DISEASES  OF  FLAIinS.  49 

the  author  on  the  morphology,  probable  relationshipB,  and  habits  of  specimens 
of  fongi  collected  on  coffee  leaves  at  Mayaguez,  P.  R.,  In  August,  1915,  and  May, 
1B17.  The  author  describes  C.  koleroga  on  coffee,  C,  vagum  on  various  plants 
(also  on  other  bodies),  and  C.  ttevenHi  (which  is  newly  named)  on  apple,  pear, 
quince,  and  Ckidiaeum.  It  is  stated  that  many  fungi  in  the  Tropics  have  the 
thread  blight  habit  of  growth. 

flderotinia  diseases  (Jour,  Bd.  Agr,  [London],  2S  {1917),  No,  11,  pp.  1095- 
1998,  pl$,  2). — The  causes  of  loss  here  discussed  as  due  to  Sclerotmia  aclero- 
thrum  are  stalk  disease  of  potato  (said  to  be  widely  distributed  and  destructive 
in  England  and  Scotland  and  to  cause  serious  damage  In  the  western  part  of 
Ireland),  and  diseases  of  tomato,  artichoke,  sunflower,  bean,  squash,  cucumber, 
carrot,  and  turnip.  In  all  cases  the  sclerotla,  which  are  produced  in  abundance, 
fall  to  the  ground  or  remain  dormant  in  the  dead  tissues  until  spring.  The 
disease  seldom  appears  before  midsummer,  being  favored  by  warm,  damp 
weather.  Preventive  measures  Include  sterilization  of  the  soil  with  steam,  a 
^year  rotation,  late  planting,  and  in  case  of  potato,  careful  selection  of  tubers 
to  be  stored  for  seed. 

The  use  of  formaldehyde  to  control  cereal  smuts,  G.  H.  Coons  {Michigan 
8ta,  Quart.  Bui.,  1  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  11-14).— The  concentrated  and  dilute 
methods  of  treating  oats  and  wheat  with  formaldehyde  for  the  control  of  smut 
are  briefly  described,  and  the  necessity  of  care  in  their  use  is  emphasized. 

The  stinkinir  smut  of  wheat,  F.  D.  Hjcau)  {Washington  8ta.  Popular  Bui. 
115  {1918),  pp.  3--H,  fig.  1). — ^A  popular  account  is  given  of  the  wheat  smut 
▼iilch  occurs  in  the  Palouse  region  of  eastern  Washington  with  suggestions 
for  its  control. 

Under  present  conditions  it  is  considered  impossible  to  produce  absolutely 
SDut-fi'ee  wheat,  since  wind-blown  spores  reach  uninfected  fields.  Seed  treat- 
ment alone  is  not  effective  on  account  of  the  general  and  wide  dissemination  of 
smut  spores  during  the  thrashing  season.  Seed  treatment  is  generally  ef- 
fective for  firing  wheat,  since  wind-blown  spores  do  not  survive  the  winter. 
Experimental  seedings  have  shown  that  either  early  or  late  plantings  are 
either  entirely  free  from  smut  or  show  a  low  percentage  of  infection. 

The  Installation  of  exhaust  fans  in  connection  with  thrashing  machines  is 
recommended  as  a  means  of  preventing  fires  in  separators,  improving  the  quality 
of  the  wheat,  and  reducing  the  amount  of  wind-blown  smut 

Com  root  rot  and  wheat  scab,  O.  N.  Hoffsb,  A.  G.  Johnson,  and  D.  Atana- 
fioir  {Jour.  Agr.  Research  [U.  8.1,  U  {1918),  No.  IS,  pp.  611,  612).—ln  a  pre- 
liminary contribution  from  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agricnlture,  the  authors  call  attention  to  Investigations  of  rots  of  the  root, 
stalk,  and  ear  of  Indian  com,  from  which  there  appears  to  be  a  relation  be- 
tween the  occurrence  of  these  rots  and  the  scab  of  wheat.  Field  observa- 
tions have  shown  a  conspicuously  greater  abundance  of  wheat  scab  in  fields 
where  wheat  was  grown  immediately  following  corn  which  had  been  affected 
with  the  Fusarium  rot  of  root  and  stalk.  This  was  specially  true  in  Indiana, 
and  a  similar  condition  was  noted  in  Wisconsin.  In  both  States,  where  spring 
wheat  was  grown  inunediately  following  a  corn  crop,  an  abundant  development 
of  perltheda  of  CHbhereUa  spp.  was  found  on  the  old  cornstalks  remaining  in 
the  field.  Water  suspensions  of  the  ascospores  found  on  the  cornstalks  gave 
positive  results  when  inoculated  on  wheat  heads,  the  appearance  of  the  heads 
infected  artificially  being  identical  with  that  of  those  naturally  infected  with 
scab. 

The  authors  suggest  that,  in  view  of  their  preliminary  findings,  a  crop  rota- 
tion should  be  adopted  in  which  wheat  foUowlng  diseased  com  should  be  avoided. 


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50  '  BXPEBIMEKT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vol.  40 

The  white  spot  disease  of  alfalfa,  P.  J.  O'Oaba  (Soience,  fk  aer.,  |8  {1918), 
No.  12S8,  pp.  299-801). — While  carrying  on  experiments  <m  the  treatmoit  ct 
sous  with  various  water  soluble  substances,  the  author  observed  that  white 
spot  of  alfalfa  appeared  in  two  or  three  days  after  treatment  of  the  soiL  No 
injury  to  the  crowns  could  be  found  and  no  parasites  were  present  White  spot 
of  alfalfa  did  not  appear  where  the  concentration  of  the  water  soluble  sub- 
stance was  below  a  certain  amount.  Further  experiments  are  said  to  have  in- 
dicated that  the  soil  solution  alone  did  not  produce  white  spot  but  that  the 
coincidence  of  several  environmental  factors,  as  soil  temperature,  atmospheric 
temperature,  relative  humidity,  and  light,  is  necessary. 

The  investigation  is  said  to  have  progressed  to  the  point  where  the  author 
believes  that  the  osmotic  pressure  of  the  soil  solution  is  one  of  the  important 
factors  in  the  production  of  white  spot,  not  only  under  experimental  condi- 
tions but  under  field  conditions  as  well.  In  the  intermountain  coimtry  where 
these  investigations  were  carried  on,  it  was  noted  that  fields  showing  a  con- 
siderable incrustation  of  alkali  when  irrigated  exhibited  white  spot  in  more  or 
less  amount,  depending  upon  the  other  environmental  factors  above  mentioned* 
A  sudden  rise  of  the  water  table  in  irrigated  districts  is  also  said  to  have  brought 
about  the  same  condition  of  the  plants  in  the  field. 

An  extended  report  on  these  investigations  is  to  be  published  later. 

Bean  diseases  in  Vermont,  H.  E.  Babtram  {Ann.  Rpt.  Vt.  State  Hort.  8oe^ 
15  {1917),  pp.  2S-SS).—Th\a  discussion  deals  with  an  insect  pest  (the  bean 
weevil)  and  with  bean  diseases  causing  serious  trouble  in  Vermont,  including 
pod  spot  (anthracnose),  dry  rot  (a  new  but  serious  trouble  ascribed  to  a  Pusa- 
rium),  the  true  bean  rust,  and  bean  blight  (bact^ial). 

Important  potato  foliage  diseases,  I.  E.  Melhus  {lotoa  Agr.,  18  {1917),  No. 
4,  pp.  170-172). — ^A  brief  discussion  is  given  of  potato  blackleg,  curly  dwarf, 
and  tipburn,  also  of  appropriate  control  measures. 

Tissue  invasion  by  Flasmodiophora  brassic8B,  L.  O.  Kunkxl  (Jo«r.  Agr, 
Research  [U.  S.],  U  {1918),  No.  12,  pp.  543-^72,  pl«.  20,  figs.  2).— In  a  previous 
publication  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  346),  the  author  described  the  tissue  penetration 
of  Spongospora  auhterranea  on  the  potato.  In  the  present  paper,  which  is  a 
contribution  from  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, an  account  is  given  of  a  study  of  clubroot,  in  which  is  presented  in- 
formation regarding  the  method  of  tissue  invasion  by  P.  brassUxB. 

The  author  found  that  cabbage  plants  of  all  ages  up  to  one  year  are  suscep- 
tible to  clubroot,  provided  they  are  actively  growing.  The  typical  club  la  a 
morphological  unit,  usually  the  result  of  a  single  primary  infection,  but  by  the 
coalescence  of  several  swellings  a  compound  club  may  be  produced.  The  spread 
of  the  disease  from  points  of  primary  infection  is  accomplished  through  direct 
invasion  of  cells  by  Infecting  Plasmodia.  Host  cell  divisions  increase  the  number 
of  infected  cells,  but  have  a  very  small  part  in  distributing  the  parasite  through- 
out the  tissues.  The  infection  of  a  given  cell  may  be  either  permanent  or 
temporary,  and  if  permanent  it  stimulates  the  cell  to  abnormal  growth  and 
division.  The  growth  stimulus  is  diffuse  and  seems  to  travel  in  advance  of  In- 
fection. The  mass  of  parasitic  protoplasm  in  a  given  volume  of  diseased  tissue 
was  found  to  be  remarkably  constant  in  different  clubs  and  in  the  clubs  of  differ- 
ent plants.  The  average  volume  relation  between  host  and  parasite  in  the  tis- 
sues studied  is  approximately  given  by  the  ratio  28 :  72. 

As  a  result  of  this  study,  it  is  claimed  that  the  method  by  which  P,  hrastiotB 
infects  host  tissues  differs  from  that  of  8.  suhterranea,  but  if  Judged  by  the  kind 
of  galls  produced  and  by  the  position  of  diseased  tissues,  it  is  believed  that  the 
method  of  infection  for  Soroaphwra  veronica,  Sorodiscus  caXUtrichU,  and  Tetra- 
myxa  palustre  may  be  similar  to  that  found  for  P.  brasHas, 


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MI»1  DISEASES  OP  FLAlffTS.  51 

Potato  wilt,  T.  O.  B.  Osbobn  (Jcur.  Dept.  Affr.  80.  AtMt,  20  {1911),  No.  11,  pp. 
864t  ^^^.— The  author,  inspecting  several  areas  in  the  Mount  Gambler  district 
where  diseased  potatoes  had  been  reported,  found  a  wilted  condition  prominent 
among  the  symptoms  associated  with  various  fungi,  among  which  were  Verti- 
dUkm  atboatrum  and  Phoma  sp.  These  fungi  are  being  studied  and  will  be 
reported  upon  later. 

Ezperiments  with  eelworm-infested  potatoes,  F.  B.  Headlet  {U.  8.  Dept 
Agr.,  Bur,  Plant  Indus,,  Work  Truckee-Carson  Expi,  Farm,  1917,  pp.  18^1).^ 
Preliminary  Investigations  at  the  Nevada  Experiment  Station  having  indicated 
tbat  eelworms  and  their  eggs  in  potatoes  are  killed  at  a  temperature  between 
35 and  40""  C.  (05  to  104°  F.),  the  author  was  led  to  test  the  efficacy  and  prac- 
ticability of  this  method  of  treating  seed.  A  lot  of  badly  Infested  potatoes  was 
secnred  and  different  portions  were  heated  at  80,  35,  and  40**  for  various  periods 
fr^  6  to  24  hours.  After  treatment  with  heat,  the  potatoes  were  soaked  in  a 
eorrosive  sublimate  solution  for  2  hours  before  planting. 

It  was  found  that  germination  was  apparently  stimulated  by  treatment  at 
30^  and  was  decidedly  decreased  by  that  at  40"*,  regardless  of  the  length  of  time 
they  were  treated.  At  the  time  of  harvesting,  a  careful  examination  was 
made  of  the  tubers  to  determine  the  amount  of  eelworm  Infestation,  and  it  ap- 
peared that  treatment  at  either  85  or  40""  resulted  hi  a  marked  reduction  of 
the  infestation  in  the  crop.  The  original  seed  used  was  very  heavily  infested, 
and  it  is  thought  probable  that  with  lightly  infested  seed  the  percentage  of  eel- 
worms  surviving  treatment  would  have  been  somewhat  less. 

[Sugar  cane  diseases  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands],  H.  P.  Ages  (Proo.  Hoioaii. 
Sugar  Planters'  Assoc,  57  {1917),  pp.  38,  S9,  42,  4S,  6&-76,  77,  78).— In  a  report 
of  wider  scope,  it  is  stated  that  the  eye-spot  fungus  (Cercospora  sacchari) 
caoaed  considerable  damage  in  certain  varieties  of  cane,  being  epidemic  on 
OahiL  Yellow-stripe  disease  was  epidemic  In  parts  of  Hawaii,  and  Infectious 
top  rot  occurred  on  Maui  An  undetermined  fungus  attacked  leaf  sheaths  of 
different  cane  varieties  when  below  the  normal  as  regards  vigor  of  growth. 
Boot-knot  nematodes  are  reported  to  be  on  the  increase  in  the  islands,  and 
threaten  soon  to  l>ecome  a  serious  pest,  as  they  are  able  to  eliminate  susceptible 
varieties  completely.  Lahalna  disease,  supposedly  due  to  toxic  concentrations  of 
black  alkali  in  the  soil,  was  much  less  prevalent  on  Oahu  following  the  excesslvf 
rainfall  of  the  last  two  winters.  Experimentation  has  indicated  the  possibility 
of  correcting,  in  part,  the  effects  of  black  alkali  by  the  use  of  gypsum. 

The  r^wrt  is  followed  by  a  discussion  of  these  diseases. 

Chlorosis  of  sugrar  cane,  P.  L.  Gile  and  J.  O.  Oarbero  {Porto  Rico  8ta.  Bpt. 
iM,  pp.  10-20). — ^The  results  are  given  of  a  study  of  the  chlorosis  of  sugar  cane 
which  occurs  in  restricted  areas  In  various  portions  of  the  southern  part  of 
Porto  Rico.  Studies  were  made  of  the  soils  in  connection  with  this  condition 
of  diseased  plants,  and  of  various  treatments  for  the  prevention  of  the  trouble. 

It  was  found  that  llme-lnduccd  chlorosis  occurs  on  some  but  not  all  calcareous 
nils,  and  that  it  is  probably  caused  by  a  lack  of  iron  in  the  plant  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  carbonate  of  lime  depresses  the  availability  of  the  iron  in  the  soil. 
On  those  calcareous  soils  where  chlorosis  occurred  the  availability  of  iron 
appeared  less  than  where  chlorosis  did  not  occur,  but  Just  what  conditions  served 
to  lower  the  availability  of  the  iron  was  not  determined. 

Ash  analyses  of  greei>  and  chlorotic  leaves  showed  that  there  is  no  more  lime 
in  the  ash  of  the  chlorotic  leaves  than  in  the  green  ones.  Apparently,  there- 
fore, chlorosis  can  not  be  attributed  to  an  increased  assimilation  of  lime. 

In  attempting  to  correct  the  trouble,  the  authors  found  that  chlorosis  can 
be  prevented  to  some  extent  by  the  application  of  stable  manure  containing 
ferrous  sulphate  and  stable  manure  alone,  although  large  applications  did  not 


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52  BXPEMMBNT  STAHOK  BEGORD.  tVoL^O 

oyercome  the  chlorosis  completely.  The  applicatioii  of  Iron  to  the  plants  by 
bnishing  or  spraying  the  leayes  with  solutions  of  iron  componnds  was  found 
effective  but  apparently  not  commercially  feasible. 

Belationship  of  fungus  diseases  to  the  watermelon  Industry,  F.  G.  ICxdeb 
(Olf.  Minutes  Melon  DUtributors*  Assoc.,  4  {1918),  pp.  /iM58).— This  is  In  tlie 
main  a  discussion  of  watermelon  diseases  and  means  to  minimise  losses  there- 
from, dealing  specifically  with  anthracnose,  wilt,  and  stem-end  decay,  and  em- 
phasizing the  employment  of  systematic  and  thorough  treatment  both  in  tbe 
field  and  at  the  car  in  ways  which  are  outlined. 

Beport  of  investigation  of  alleged  spray  injury  to  apricot  buds,  G.  P.  Grat 
{Mo,  But.  Col.  Com.  Hort.,  7  {1918),  No.  7,  p.  45^).^As  a  result  of  the  frequent 
failure  of  apricot  and  the  less  extended  failure  of  prune  orchards  to  set  frnlt 
normally  during  the  spriag  of  1918,  an  investigation  was  undertaken,  the  main 
conclusion  from  which  is  to  the  effect  that  the  crude  petroleum  emulsion^p- 
plied  to  apricot  trees  in  January  and  February  may  have  been  a  secondary, 
though  not  the  primary,  cause.  It  is  recommended  that  the  application  of  this 
treatment  to  apricots  be  delayed  until  there  is  an  indication  of  a  swelling  of 
the  buds.    The  primary  cause  of  bud  injury  is  still  regarded  as  unsettled. 

Notes  on  some  fungus  diseases  and  a  new  codling  moth  attacking  the  per- 
simmon in  Japan,  T.  Tanaka  {Mo.  BuL  CoL  Com,  Hort,,  7  {1918),  No.  7,  pp. 
^ei-iSS), — ^This  very  condensed  account  includes  the  fungi  GUeosporium^  Maid, 
Myxosporium  kaJd,  Phoma  lutU,  MyoosphwreUa  diospyri  {Ceroospora  Jfcofci), 
Fusidadium  diospyroB,  Pestalozzia  kaM,  StypineUa  mom/pa  {SeptoboHdium 
mompa,  Helioobasidium  mompa),  and  Botrytis  diospiri,  also  a  new  codling  moth 
{Kakivoria  flavofasciata)  attacking  persimmon. 

Black  smut  of  figs,  R.  W.  Hcmmson  {Mo.  Bui.  Cai.  Com.  Hort.,  7  {1918),  Ifo. 
4,  pp.  188,  189,  /Iff.  1). — Giving  briefly  the  results  to  date  of  an  incomplete  and 
now  discontinued  investigation  of  the  black  smut  of  fig,  which  has  caused  loss 
to  growers  for  a  number  of  years,  the  author  states  that  the  associated  fungus 
(Sterigmatocystis  sp.),  said  to  be  identical  with  the  organism  causing  internal 
rot  of  pomegranates,  may  considerably  discolor  the  fig  outwardly  or  may  gire 
little  or  no  external  Indication  of  its  presence.  The  rate  of  infection  varies 
with  locality  and  weather  and  from  season  to  season,  ranging  from  3  to  15 
per  cent. 

Citrus  diseases  of  Porto  Bico,  J.  A.  Stevenson  {Jour.  Dept.  Agr.  P.  A.,  2 
{1918),  No.  2,  pp.  43-128,  figs.  23). — This  number  contains  in  condensed  form  the 
results  of  work  done  by  the  author  and  others  during  about  four  years  on 
citrus  diseases,  some  of  which  began  to  be  noted  as  early  as  1901  and  to  be 
serious  about  1913.  A  gradual  spread  of  diseases  is  apparent,  also  an  increase 
in  the  virulence  of  some  of  them.  Recommendations  which  proved  practicable 
elsewhere  were  often  found  to  fail  under  the  conditions  existing  in  Porto  Rico. 

After  a  general  statement  regarding  the  relation  of  cultural  practices  to 
health  and  disease  in  citrus  groves  and  a  general  account  of  methods  of  pre- 
vention and  control,  specific  diseases  are  treated  in  some  detail. 

Progress  report  on  citrus  scab,  L.  R.  Hesleb  {Porto  Rico  Sta.  Rpt.  1917,  pp. 
SO,  31). — ^A  preliminary  accQunt  is  given  of  experiments  for  the  control  of  cit- 
rus scab  due  to  Cladosporium  citri,  the  work  having  been  started  in  February, 
1917.  This  work  consisted  in  comparing  sprays  and  dusting  materials  in  two 
groves  on  the  island. 

In  general,  Bordeaux  mixture  was  found  more  efficient  in  the  control  of 
scab,  but  it  also  destroyed  the  scale  parasitic  fungi.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
sulphur  fungicides  were  less  effective  tor  scab  control  but  also  less  injurious 
to  the  scale  parasites.    The  author  suggests  that  applications  of  a  standard 


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1919)  DISEASES  OF  PLANTS.  53 

liquid  sulphur  fungicide,  such  as  lime-sulphur,  with  occasional  applications  of 
Bordeaux  mixture,  will  give  fair  control  of  both  scale  and  scab. 

JhmguB  diseases  of  tea,  0.  J.  J.  van  Haix  {Dept  Landb,,  Nijv.  en  Handel 
[Dutch  East  Indies},  Meded.  Proefstat.  Thee,  No.  58  (1918),  pp.  26,  27).— The 
author  lists  as  causes  of  tea  root  diseases  recently  examined  at  the  station 
BoseOinia  hothrina  O),  R,  Imnodes  (?),  RosellirUa  sp.,  Ustulina  zonata,  Poria 
hypolateritia,  HymenocTicBte  nowia,  and  ArmiUarla  (?). 

Tea  roots  [diseases] ,  H,  A.  C.  Tunstall  {Indian  Tea  Assoc.  [Pamphletl  1 
{1918),  pp.  17,  pis,  7). — ^BesidTes  a  brief  discussion  of  the  general  situation  in 
northeast  India  as  regards  tea  diseases,  which  is  said  to  be  very  satisfactory,  par- 
ticular diseases  are  dealt  with  in  some  detail,  omitting  some  of  those  previously 
mentioned  (E.  S.  R.,  87,  p.  52)  and  including  some  not  specifically  mentioned 
in  the  previous  pamphlet,  as  RoseUinia  hothrina  and  Sphcerostilbe  repens. 

Fungus  diseases  [of  nursery  stock  in  Kentucky],  H.  Gabman  (Bien,  Rpt. 
Bur,  Affr,,  Lal>or,  and  Statis,  Ky,,  22  {1916-17),  pp.  417-^9),— In  this  portion 
of  ED  inspection  report  dealing  also  with  insect  pests  and  other  matters,  the 
author  lists,  with  brief  comment,  nursery  twig  blight  {Bacillus  amylovorus). 
crown  gall  of  various  fruits  {Pseudomonas  tumefaoiens) ,  apple  and  crab  apple 
nut  {Oymnosporangium  maoropus),  mildew  of  apple  and  cherry  {Podosphcsra 
oxyacantha),  pear  and  apple  blight  (Bacillus  amylovorus),  pear  leaf  spot 
iSeptoria  pyricola),  peach  spot  {Cladosporium  carpophUum),  plum  black  knot 
{Phwrightia  morhosa),  grape  downy  mildew  (Plasmopara  viticola),  gooseberry 
mildew  (Sphtgrotheca  more-«iH0),  rose  mildew  (B,  pawnosa),  raepberry  anthrac- 
nose  {Glososporium  venetum),  blackberry  rust  (Oymnoconia  peckiana),  white 
pine  blister  rust  (Cronartium  ril>icola  or  PendemUufn  strobi),  and  chestnut 
bark  disease  (Diaporthe  parasitica), 

Manual  of  tree  diseases,  W.  H.  Rankin  (New  York:  The  MacmUlan  Co,, 
1918,  pp.  XX-\-398,  fiffs,  70), — ^The  object  of  this  book  is  to  describe  and  suggest 
means  for  the  control  of  the  diseases  of  forest,  shade,  and  ornamental  trees 
that  have  been  most  studied.  The  general  and  specific  diseases  are  treated 
separately,  the  common  diseases  in  the  first  four  chapters,  followed  by  the 
flpedflc  diseases  grouped  alphabetically  according  to  the  common  names  of 
their  hosts.  The  diseases  are  arranged  according  to  the  part  of  the  tree 
affected,  as  leaf,  twig,  branch,  trunk,  and  root  diseases.  The  plan  of  the 
book  is  to  facilitate  the  diagnosis  of  tree  diseases  and,  where  control  measures 
are  known,  to  state  them.  Unfortunately  no  means  other  than  eradication  is 
known  or  is  applicable  to  many  diseases. 

Stem  lesions  caused  by  excessive  beat,  C.  Habtlet  (Jour,  Affr,  Research 
[V,  S,h  U  (1918),  No,  IS,  pp.  595-^04,  ftg,  1),-—In  a  contribution  from  the  Bu- 
reau of  Plant  Industry,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  a  description  is  given 
of  white  spot  injury  to  pine  seedlings  noticed  in  the  forest  nursery  in  the 
land  hills  of  Nebraska.  This  disease,  which  was  previously  described  (E.  S. 
K,  30,  p.  151),  attacks  very  young  seedlings,  causing  characteristic  lesions  which 
have  been  termed  white  spot  The  disease  is  distinct  from  the  common  damping- 
off  disease,  although  it  resembles  it  so  closely  as  to  be  often  confused  with  it. 

From  a  study  of  the  lesions  and  their  relation  to  insolation,  to  dry  surface 
800,  and  to  the  production  of  typical  lesions  by  artificial  heating,  the  author 
has  been  led  to  the  conclusion  that  excessive  heat  is  the  cause  of  most  of  the 
white  spot  trouble.  Observations  on  the  soil  of  seed  beds  have  shown  tempera- 
tores  well  above  50"*  C,  with  reported  maxima  as  high  as  es"*.  In  addition 
to  young  seedlings,  older  conifers  ranging  in  age  from  several  months  to 
ieveral  years  have  shown  killing  lesions  which  are  attributed  to  the  effect  of 
heat 


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64  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [VoL^O 

The  pine  blister  mst,  H.  T.  Fernald  {Mo.  Bui.  Cal  Com,  Hort.,  7  (1918),  No. 
7,  pp.  iSl-^SSf  figs.  2). — ^This  is  a  discussion  of  tlie  possibilities  connected  with 
tbe  introduction  to  the  western  five-leaved  pines  of  the  blister  rust,  which  has 
not  yet  been  found  west  of  the  Federal  quarantine  line  established  along  the 
western  boundaries  of  Minnesota,  Iowa,  Missouri,  Arkansas^  and  Louisiana. 

Preventive  measures  against  black  thread  (Phytophthora  faberi),  H.  O. 
Pratt  (Trop.  Agr.  [Ceylon],  iS  {1917),  No.  5.  pp.  S0Jh906) .—This  is  a  short 
preHminary  note  on  black  thread  of  Hevea  as  to  its  causal  fungus  (P.  /a5erl), 
its  effects,  its  progress,  factors  affecting  it,  and  remedial  measures. 

Wet  weather  favors  the  progress  of  the  disease,  as  do  also  poor  drainage, 
thick  shade,  and  a  low  tap  cut.  Daily  disinfection  decreases  the  severity  of  the 
attack.  Izal,  which  is  available,  is  said  to  be  an  effective  fungicide.  While 
a  strength  of  1 : 5  is  said  to  burn  the  delicate  tissue  on  the  tapping  surface,  a 
strength  of  1 :  10  has  proved  satisfactory. 

ECONOMIC  ZOOLOOT— ENTOKOLOGT. 

Game  laws  for  1918,  G.  A.  Lawyeb  and  F.  L.  Eabnshaw  {U.  8.  Dept.  Agr^ 
Farmers'  Bui.  1010  {1918) ,  pp.  70). — ^This  is  the  nineteenth  annual  summary 
of  the  provisions  of  Federal,  State,  and  Provincial  statutes. 

Synopsis  of  the  supergeneric  grroups  of  rodents,  G.  S.  Muxes,  jb.,  and  J.  W. 
GiDLET  {Jour.  Wash.  Acad.  Sci.,  8  {1918),  No.  IS,  pp.  4S1-JU8) .—This  is  a  brief 
synopsis  of  the  results  of  a  4-year  study  of  the  taxonomy  of  living  and  extinct 
rodenta 

The  life  history  and  control  of  the  pocket  gopher  in  the  Willamette  Valley, 
H.  M.  Wight  {Oregon  Sta.  Bui.  153  {1918),  pp.  55,  figs.  20).— The  author  first 
presents  a  description  of  Thomomys  Imlbivorus  and  a  discussion  of  its  dia- 
tribution,  together  with  an  account  of  its  life  history  and  habita 

It  appears  that  every  crop  raised  on  the  farm  Is  injured  in  one  way  or  another 
by  this  gopher.  Clover,  alfalfa,  and  vetch  are  eaten  in  large  quantities,  while 
a  greater  amount  is  undermined  or  dried  out  from  below.  The  grains,  espe- 
cially when  first  sprouted,  suffer  greatly  because  of  mounds  and  underground 
burrowing.  In  some  sections  the  grazing  on  the  hillsides  is  nearly  ruined,  the 
dirt  being  brought  out  in  such  quantities  that  the  grass  becomes  covered.  All 
root  crops  are  attacked,  potatoes,  carrots,  parsnips,  and  other  garden  crops  being 
carried  off  in  large  quantities  and  placed  in  their  store  piles.  It  is  also  a  very 
severe  menace  to  the  fruit  industry,  the  roots  of  apple,  cherry,  nut,  and  many 
other  trees  affording  the  gopher  an  opportunity  to  gather  a  large  amount  of 
material  without  extending  his  burrow  very  far.  Data,  based  on  a  questionnaire, 
show  an  estimated  total  annual  loss  from  this  source  in  the  Willamette  Valley 
of  a  million  and  a  half  dollars. 

During  the  course  of  control  work  particular  attention  was  given  to  the 
determination  of  the  preferred  food,  the  results  of  which  are  given  in  tabular 
form.  In  feeding  experiments  carried  on  with  60  different  foods,  dandelion  was 
the  food  chosen  most  frequently,  regardless  of  any  habits  the  gopher  may  have 
previously  formed ;  a  consistent  study  has  shown  the  dandelion  to  be  most  fre- 
quently found  in  the  nest,  in  the  runways,  or  being  gathered  at  the  surface. 

In  the  selection  of  a  spreader  for  the  preparation  of  dandelion  as  a  gopher 
bait  Irish  moss  was  chosen,  since  it  is  taken  readily  by  the  pocket  gopher,  has 
excellent  spreading  power,  possesses  strong  adhesiveness,  is  readily  soluble  in 
water,  dries  quickly,  is  very  inexpensive,  and  is  kept  in  stock  by  nearly  every 
standard  drug  store.  In  search  for  a  poison  8  gm.  of  strychnin  sulphate  in  1,000 
cc.  of  water  proved  to  be  the  best  concentration  of  the  poison,  for  while  in 
individual  cases  it  is  stronger  than  is  necessary,  it  was  found  that  weaker  solu- 


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l»l»l  £CX)NOMIG  ZOOLOGY — ^ENTOMOLOGY.  55 

t!oii8  were  not  always  successful.  In  attempts  to  disguise  the  taste  of  the 
poison  it  was  found  that  when  saccharin  was  added  In  small  amounts  to  a 
Bolntion  composed  of  3  gm.  of  strychnhi  to  1,000  cc  of  Irish  moss  sirup  until  a 
pleasant  hut  still  hitter  flavor  was  reached,  the  gopher  took  the  poisoned  dan- 
delion readily,  and  it  is  helieved  that  dandelion  prepared  in  this  way  forms  a 
palatable  bait,  which  will  be  taken  in  preference  to  any  other  food,  even  that 
which  has  not  been  poisoned. 

The  author  finds  it  possible  to  place  poison  carefully  for  250  gophers  in  one 
day.  Tl)e  gopher  may  be  poisoned  at  any  season  of  the  year,  but  the  best  time 
is  daring  the  months  when  jwwing  or  planting  is  being  done,  thus  preventing 
the  damage  that  is  certain  to  follow.  Attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  com- 
munity cooperation  in  gopher  poisoning  is  eminently  advisable. 

A  new  cuckoo  from  New  Zealand,  A.  Wetmobe  (Proc,  Biol.  8oc.  Wash.,  SO 
(X917),  pp.  i,  2). — ^A  new  subspecies  is  here  described  under  the  name  Urodyna- 
fliit  taiientiB  pheletet. 

Swan  Lake,  Nicollet  County,  Minn.,  as  a  breedinfr  ground  for  waterfowl, 
H.  0.  Obebholseb  {Fins,  Feathers,  and  Fur,  No,  IS  (1918),  pp.  1-4,  figs.  5). — 
A  list  of  birds  observed  by  the  author  at  Swan  Lake,  Minn.,  from  July  25  to  27, 
1917,  is  included. 

Wounds  and  diseases  of  the  Ophidia:  Snakes  and  serpents,  O.  Lascheb 
(Hal.  Soc  Cent.  Mid.  Vit.,  94  (1918),  No.  8,  pp.  18Z-221).—A  summary  of  in- 
formation on  the  subject  with  references  to  the  literature  and  a  5-page  bib- 
liography. 

The  spotted  garden  slug,  W.  H.  White  (U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers'  But.  959 
(191B),  pp.  8,  figs.  S). — Limax  maximus  has  attracted  considerable  attention  in 
tecent  years  In  tills  country  and  abroad  by  its  depredations  in  gardens,  green- 
houses, and  mushroom  beds,  being  more  abundant  in  the  United  States  along  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  coasts  than  in  the  interior. 

This  slug  is  one  of  the  largest  land  moUusks  of  Its  kind,  often  attaining 
a  length  of  7  in.  when  fully  extended,  but  more  generally  ranging  in  length  from 
1.5  to  4  in.  It  attacks  plants  of  many  kinds,  in  the  greenhouse  usually  confining 
its  attack  to  young  tender  seedlings,  but  ornamentals  are  rendered  unsightly 
and  unsalable  by  the  trail  of  mucus  which  exudes  from  the  animal's  body.  In 
the  garden  It  often  causes  serious  injury  to  such  plants  as  celery,  lettuce,  peas, 
and  beans.  It  lias  t)een  recorded  as  also  feeding  on  tomato,  parsnip,  carrots, 
strawberry,  beet,  turnip,  cabbage,  onion,  leek,  melon,  white  potato,  sweet  potato, 
and  common  grasses.  Its  fondness  for  fungi  make  it  a  serious  pest  when  once 
it  has  gained  access  to  a  mushroom  house.  Fungi  and  stored  tubers  appear  to  be 
Its  favorite  food. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  in  masses  of  from  50  to  7<f^n  moist  places,  especially 
under  decaying  boards,  flower  pots,  and  refuse,  from  spring  until  fall.  At  a 
tonperatare  of  60  to  70*  F.  they  hatch  in  about  28  days  and  the  young  slugs 
attain  a  length  of  about  an  inch  in  30  days.  Slugs  held  in  captivity  and  reared 
from  e^^  made  a  growth  of  2  in.  in  six  months,  though  the  exact  time  required 
by  the  animal  to  attain  full  growth  is  not  known.  The  winter  is  passed  below 
the  frost  line  in  the  ground,  in  drain  pipes,  cellars,  greenhouses,  and  pits,  on 
well  walls,  and  along  foundations. 

The  common  toad  is  said  to  be  the  principal  enemy  of  this  slug. 

The  application  of  arsenicals  to  the  plant  as  a  control  measure  is  said  to  be 
impractical,  principally  because  its  attack  is  local  and  it  avoids  most  poisonous 
nibstancea  The  use  of  poison  baits  is  also  not  entirely  satisfactory  because 
of  the  slowness  of  the  slug  to  change  its  diet,  though  where  large  plants  are  being 
injured  poisoned  baits  may  be  employed  with  fair  results.  Cleanliness  is  said 
104628*— 19 5 


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56  EXPEBIMEKT  STATION  BEGOBD.  [ToL  40 

to  accomplish  much  toward  its  riddance.  In  greenhouses  where  the  slugs  have 
become  established,  they  may  be  collected  at  night  with  the  aid  of  a  lanton  or 
po<^et  flashlight  and  destroyed.  Lime  is  said  to  be  a  standard  remedy  and 
salt  and  soot  are  efficient. 

In  a  footnote  by  P.  Bartsch  it  is  pointed  out  that  there  are  32  sq;>ede8  of 
garden  slugs  reported  from  the  United  States  of  which  four  are  introdaoed 
forms.  Most  of  the  native  species  are  comparatively  harmless  so  far  as  their 
ravages  on  crops  and  gardens  are  concerned.  The  real  pests  of  gardens,  cellars, 
and  walls  are  three  introduced  species,  namely,  the  spotted  garden  slug  {L. 
maximiis),  here  considered  by  the  author;  the  tawny  gardeit  slug  (L.  /lartM), 
which  rarely  attains  a  length  of  over  4  in. ;  and  the  true  garden  slug  {AffrioUmax 
agrestia),  which  is  the  smallest  q[>ecies,  scarcely  exceeding  1.5  In.  in  length,  and 
which  is  probably  the  greatest  pest  of  all  the  slugs  In  this  country. 

[Economic  Insects  and  rodents  In  Calif omla]  (Mo.  Bui,  Col.  Com,  Hori,,  7 
{1918) y  No.  4,  pp.  196-209,  211-215,  figs.  15).— The  several  papers  here  presented 
include  the  following:  The  Pink  BoUworm  of  Cotton,  by  H.  S.  Smith  (pp. 
196-198) ;  The  Potato  Tuber  Moth,  by  E.  R.  de  Ong  (pp.  198-201) ;  Fruit  Files 
of  Economic  Importance  in  California ;  Currant  Fruit  Fly  (Epochra  oana- 
detiHs),  by  H.  H.  P.  Severin  (pp.  201-206) ;  Poisoned  Grain  Baits  for  Rodents, 
by  M.  R.  Miller  (pp.  206-209)  ;  and  Pest  Control  for  AprU  (pp.  211-215). 

Acarlna  and  Insecta  of  Barbados,  J.  R.  Bovell  (Rpt.  Dept.  Agr.  BarbadoM^ 
191&-17,  pp.  45-55). — This  is  a  preliminary  annotated  list  of  the  ticks,  mites, 
and  insects  of  Barbados,  exclusive  of  the  Cocdds,  which  has  been  previously 
noted  (E.  S.  R.,  36,p.  252). 

Twentieth  annual  report  of  the  State  entomologist  for  1917,  B.  L.  Wobshak 
(Oa.  Bd.  Ent.  Bui.  51  {1918),  pp.  U*  P^-  1*  fiff^-  S). — Included  In  this  report  are 
accounts  of  the  boll  weevil  in  Creorgia,  where  it  now  occurs  in  the  greater  part 
of  the  State ;  of  pecan  Insects,  a  report  upon  which  by  Turner  has  been  previ- 
ously noted  (B.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  762) ;  etc. 

Report  of  the  entomologist,  R.  H.  Vait  Zwaluwenbubq  {Porto  Rico  8ta. 
Rpt.  1917,  pp.  S1-S4). — The  author  first  reports  upon  biological  studies  of  the 
cattle  tick,  the  results  of  which  are  presented  in  tabular  form  and  include  the 
preoviposltion  and  oviposition  periods  of  female  ticks  kept  In  closed  tins  In 
weather  shelter  compared  with  the  same  period  under  natural  conditions  and  the 
incubation  period  of  the  eggs  in  weather  shelter  and  under  natural  conditions. 
Of  130  engorged  ticks  passed  through  a  dip  containing  0.16  per  cent  arseaious 
oxid  only  80  (23  per  cent)  died  without  laying. 

The  larva  of  an  undetermined  phorid  fly,  first  noted  during  the  year,  Is  said 
to  be  largely  responsible  for  the  failure  of  a  large  percentage  of  the  ears  of 
com  to  set  kernels.  TH^  dipteran  deposits  eggs  in  clusters  of  25  or  more 
among  the  strands  of  the  new  silk,  several  clusters  often  being  placed  in  the  tuft 
of  a  single  ear.  Upon  emerging  from  the  egg  the  larvae  feed  on  the  silk  strands 
and  follow  them  downward.  Often  practically  all  of  the  strands  will  be  de- 
stroyed in  this  way  before  the  silk  has  been  pollinated,  thus  preventing  the  set- 
ting of  kernels.  In  June  over  75  per  cent  of  the  ears  in  a  field  at  the  station 
were  found  either  infested  with  larvse  or  with  eggs  in  the  silk  tuft 

Miscellaneous  notes  include  mention  of  the  noctuid  moth  Noropais  hiero- 
glyphica  which  feeds  commonly  on  the  foliage  of  Waltheria  americana  and  has 
also  been  reared  upon  Morongia  leptoclada;  a  heavy  infestation  of  rose  ai^le 
fruits  {Eugenia  jamhos)  by  the  mango  fruit  fly  {Anastrepha  fraterculus)^ 
which  is  the  first  record  of  this  plant  as  its  host  in  Porto  Rico ;  a  general  out- 
break of  the  noctuid  Meliopotis  januarU  on  guam&  {Inga  laurina)  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  Mayaguez ;  serious  attacks  by  the  slug  YeroniceUa  occidentalia  on  beans 
and  tobacco;  and  the  occurrence  of  Conchaspia  angnxoi  upon  vanilla. 


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1W»1  EGONOHIG  ZOOLOGT — ^BNTOMOLOGT.  67 

Proeeedlngs  of  the  Bntomological  Society  of  Nova  Sootia  for  1917  (Proc. 
Bnt.  Soc  Nova  Scotia,  1917,  pp.  96,  pU.  10,  figs.  iS), — ^The  papers  here  presented 
iDdode  the  following:  The  Tree  Hoppers  of  Nova  Scotia,  by  W.  H.  Brlttain 
(pp.  7-14) ;  The  Work  of  the  Dominion  Entomological  Laboratory  in  Nova 
Scotia,  by  G.  E.  Sanders  (pp.  15-17) ;  Notes  on  the  Yellow  Leaf  Hopper  of  the 
Birch  {OncopsU  sobrim),  by  W.  H.  Brlttain  (pp.  18-22) ;  The  Locustid«  of 
Noya  Scotia,  by  G.  B.  Gooderham  (pp.  23-36) ;  Misc^laneons  Notes  on  the 
Apple  Faggot  (1917),  by  W.  H.  Brittain  (pp.  87-41)  ;^he  Zebra  Gaterpillar 
(PPl  44-49),  The  Fall  Gankerworm  (pp.  40-68),  The  Rusty  Tossock  Moth 
[NoMophua  antiqtM)  (pp.  64-ei),  and  The  WMte-Marked  Tussock  Moth 
(H).  62-e8),  all  by  H  G.  Payne;  Empoaaca  unicolor  as  an  Apple  Pest,  by  W.  H. 
Brittain  and  L.  G.  Saunders  (pp,  89-73) ;  The  Introduction  of  the  Parasites 
of  the  Brown-Tail  and  Gipsy  Moths  into  Ganada,  by  L.  S.  McLaine  (pp.  74-76) ; 
The  Dropping  of  Apples  Gaused  by  Spraying  with  Lime-sulphur,  by  G.  E. 
Sanders  and  A.  Kelsall  (pp.  77-84) ;  Notes  on  the  Biology  of  Lygus  pratenaU 
in  Nova  Scotia,  by  W.  H.  Brlttain  and  L.  G.  Saunders  (pp.  85-91) ;  and  Some 
Notes  on  the  Grambinse  of  Nova  Scotia,  by  E.  G.  Allen  (pp.  92-94). 

The  papers  presented  include  morphological  and  biological  notes  on  the  apple 
maggot,  zebra  caterpillar,  fall  cankerworm,  rusty  tussock  moth,  white-marked 
tiusock  moth,  and  E,  unicolor,  respectively,  much  of  the  data  being  given  in 
tabular  form.  Technical  descriptions  of  the  instars  of  these  pests  are  in- 
duded.  E,  unicolor,  the  injury  of  which  to  apple  foliage  resembles  that  of 
Empoa  rottB,  has  proved  to  be  a  conunon  leaf  hopper  on  apple  in  Nova  Scotia 
although  it  has  not  as  yet  appeared  in  sufficient  numbers  to  warrant  special 
treatment 

Investigations  of  the  dropping  of  apples  caused  by  lime-sulphur  have  shown 
that  the  injury  may  be  influenced  by  a  number  of  factors.  Of  first  importance 
is  the  direction  in  which  the  spray  is  applied,  the  application  of  lime-sulphur 
to  the  underside  of  the  leaf  causing  the  damage.  As  regards  period  of  appli- 
cation the  least  injury  is  caused  by  the  early  sprays,  the  damage  increasing 
with  each  successive  spraying  period.  At  a  specific  gravity  of  1.005  lime- 
SDlphur  wUl  do  more  damage  when  wrongly  applied  than  will  lime-sulphur  with 
a  spedflc  gravity  of  1.01,  properly  applied.  Some  varieties,  such  as  Mcintosh, 
will  stand  a  very  strong  solution,  while  Baldwin  and  Rlbston  injure  very  easily. 
It  vraa  found  that  the  longer  the  solution  is  on  the  leaves  before  evaporating, 
and  the  more  frequently  the  dry  spray  material  is  brought  into  solution,  the 
greater  will  be  the  injury.  A  tree  loaded  with  fruit  will  not  stand  as  much 
or  u  strong  a  spray  as  one  of  the  same  variety  that  is  not  full  of  fruit  The 
more  thrifty  a  tree  is,  the  greater  its  resistance  to  injury. 

Annual  report  of  work  done  in  the  entomological  section  during  the  year 
ended  June  80,  1917,  H.  L.  Durr  {Rpt  Agr.  Activ.  Govt,  Bihar  and  Oriasa, 
1911,  pp,  11-^lS). — ^A  brief  report  of  the  occurrence  of  and  control  work  with 
crop  pests. 

Sugar  cane  insects,  It  RamIbez  {Boh  Dir.  Agr.  {Mex.^,  S  {1917),  No.  1-2,  pp. 
4^-44*  figs.  5). — ^A  brief  account  of  the  more  important  sugar  cane  insects  of 
Mexico,  including  the  sugar  cane  beetle,  sugar  cane  borer,  Sphenophorus  oh- 
wurus,  Caatnia  Uoua,  Schiatocerca  americana,  {Daciylopiua)  Paeudococcus  aac- 
cAari,  D.  destructor,  D.  Umgiapinua,  and  army  worm. 

Xiacellaneoas  truck  crop  insects  in  Louisiana,  T.  H.  Joitss  (U.  8.  Dept.  Agr, 
Bui  705  (1918),  pp.  19,  pU.  5,  figa.  5).— This  bulletin  consists  of  three  parts 
which  deal  with  the  subject  as  follows : 

L  /iM6C^«  iniurioua  to  the  globe  artichoke  in  Louiaiana  (pp.  1-5).— The  author 
first  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  apparently  little  attention  has  been  given  to 
the  insect  injury  to  globe  or  burr  artichoke  (Cynara  aoolymua)  in  this  country. 


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58  EXPEBIMEKT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vol.  40 

tbe  increasing  demand  for  edible  heads  of  which  led  to  the  studies  here  reported. 
The  most  serious  injury  to  this  vegetable  In  Louisiana  Is  said  to  be  caused  by 
two  species  of  plant  lice,  namely,  the  artichoke  aphis  {Mysnu  braggU)  and  the 
bean  aphis  {Aphia  rumicia),  both  of  which  usually  occur  In  the  same  field  and 
are  most  numerous  during  the  late  winter  and  In  the  spring.  The  artichoke 
aphis  is  the  most  common  and  the  most  injurious  insect  enemy  of  the  globe  arti- 
choke in  Louisiana.  No  parasites  have  been  found  to  attack  this  ^)ecles  but 
several  predators  have  been  observed,  a  list  of  which  is  here  presented.  At 
Baton  Rouge  Scymnut  punctioollU  appears  to  be  the  most  effidenL  If.  bragffU 
also  Infests  the  yellow  thistle  (Carduua  8pinosi89imu8=Cir9ium  horridulum) ,  a 
common  weed  In  Louisiana. 

A,  rumicia,  while  not  as  common  as  M,  braggU,  is  more  difficult  to  control  by 
spraying,  largely  because  of  the  fact  that  infested  leaves  become  distorted  In 
such  a  manner  that  the  aphlds  can  be  reached  only  with  difficulty  with  a  contact 
Insecticide.  In  work  during  1917  both  species  were  satisfactorily  controlled  by 
spraying  with  one  part,  by  weight,  of  nlcotln  solution  (40  per  cent  nlcotln  sul- 
phate) to  1,000  parts  of  water,  with  laundry  soap  added  at  the  rate  of  1  lb.  to 
25  gal.  of  water.  A  company  in  Plaquemines  Parish,  which  annually  grows  from 
10  to  15  acres  of  globe  artichokes^  has  found  that  the  aphlds  are  killed  success- 
fully by  a  nlcotln  spray,  consisting  of  tobacco  extract  containing  40  per  cent 
nlcotln  as  sulphate,  8  oz. ;  fish-oil  soap,  8  lbs. ;  and  water,  50  gaL 

Other  Insects  mentioned  as  attacking  globe  artichoke  in  Louisiana  include 
the  banded  leaf-footed  plant  bug  (Leptoglaaaua  phyUofma),  the  boUworm,  a  plant 
bug  {Thyreocoria  jmUcariua),  Nezara  viridtUa,  a  scarabseid  beetle  (Euphoria 
sepulchralia) ,  cutworms  (particularly  FeUia  annexa  and  the  black  cutworm), 
the  larvse  of  two  agromyzld  flies  {Agromyza  plaiyptera  jucunda  and  Agromyza 
sp.),  a  membradd  {EtUylia  ainuaia),  the  larva  of  the  cabbage  looper,  and  the 
adult  of  the  southern  corn  rootworm  (Diabrotica  duodecimpunctata). 

II.  The  granulated  cuiioorm,  an  important  enemy  of  vegetable  cropa  in  Lour 
iaiana  (pp.  7-14). — Observations  by  the  author  indicate  that  the  granulated  cut- 
worm (F.  annexa)  is  the  principal  cutworm  which  attacks  vegetable  crops  in 
Louisiana.  Of  1,431  cutworms  collected  from  April  to  December  in  1915,  1910, 
and  1917,  1,345  (94  per  cent)  were  identified  as  F.  annexa,  the  black  cutworm 
being  second  in  number  (3.2  per  cent)  and  F.  male/Ida  third  (2.5  per  cent). 

The  most  serious  damage  caused  by  the  granulated  cutworm  is  that  due  to 
its  habit  of  cutting  off  small  plants  near  the  surface  of  the  ground.  Irish  pota- 
toes, beets,  and  Brussels  sprouts  have  been  observed  to  be  defoliated,  while  the 
fruit  of  tomato  and  eggplant  resting  on  the  ground  are  sometimes  bored  into  and 
made  unsalable. 

Technical  descriptions  of  the  several  stages  of  this  species  are  reproduced, 
followed  by  a  report  of  studies  of  its  life  history  and  habits.  A  list  of  crops 
observed  by  the  author  to  have  been  injured  Include  bean,  beet,  Brussels  sprouts, 
cabbage,  cauliflower,  eggplant,  Irish  potato,  pepper,  tomato,  and  turnip.  Records 
of  ovipositlon  of  individual  females  show  from  311  to  1,374  eggs  to  have  been 
deposited,  as  many  as  307  having  been  deposited  during  a  single  night  During 
December  eggs  were  deposited  on  a  night  when  the  thermograph  registered  as 
low  as  19""  F.  In  the  locality  of  Baton  Rouge,  there  are  apparently  five  and 
possibly  six  generations  a  year,  these  so  overlapping  that  at  certain  times  all 
stages  are  present  in  the  field  simultaneously.  The  length  of  the  egg  stage 
varied  from  4  days  in  July  to  54  in  December  and  January.  Pupation  may  take 
place  in  August  as  soon  as  24  days  after  emergence  from  the  egg  and  the  pupal 
stage  is  passed  during  August  within  16  days.  The  minimum  period  for  egg, 
larva,  and  pupa  stages  combined  was  as  low  as  38  days  during  July  and  August 


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»191  ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ^ENTOMOLOGY.  59 

A  tachlnid  (Linnaemyia  comia)  and  an  ichneumonld  {EtUoosftUus  purgatu9) 
were  reared  from  larvie  collected  at  Baton  Rouge,  and  Saroophaga  heliois  is 
thought  to  have  been  so  reared.  Dead  larrse  infested  with  the  fungus  En- 
iomophihom  virescens  were  found  in  rearing  cages.  Experiments  with  methods 
of  control  indicate  that  the  use  of  poisoned  baits  and  the  treatment  of  attacked 
Idants  with  arsenicals  will  prove  satisfactory.  A  mixture  made  of  bran  10 
lh&,  molasses  1  qt.,  Paris  green  0.5  lb.,  water  7  qt,  and  the  Juice  and  finely 
chopped  rind  and  pulp  of  two  oranges  is  said  to  have  given  satisfactory  results. 

Ill  Experiments  in  cowtroUinff  the  tomato  fruit  worm  with  arsenicals  (pp. 
15-19).— Th6  details  of  dusting  and  spraying  experiments  at  Baton  Rouge  for 
the  control  of  the  tomato  fruit  worm  or  bollworm  extending  over  a  period  of 
two  years  are  presented  in  tabular  form.  The  results  show  considerable  varia- 
tion, and  none  of  the  treatments  reduced  the  injury  profitably.  Arsenate  of  lead 
applied  undiluted  as  a  dust  gave  the  best  results. 

lUasnres  for  protectinfir  wheat-floor  substitutes  from  insects,  R.  N.  Ghap- 
HAiv  (£fcience,  n.  ser.,  Jft  (1918),  No.  1224,  PP-  579-581).— This  is  a  discussion  of 
work  being  done  by  the  University  of  Minnesota  in  cooperation  with  the  State 
Food  Administration  to  prevent  the  loss  of  wheat  flour  substitutes  from  insect 
attack.  Attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  the  amount  of  embryo  included  in 
Uie  floor  and  the  coarseness  of  the  product  are  usually  taken  as  an  index  of 
susceptibility  to  insect  attack,  coarse  flours  with  the  most  embryo  being  the 
most  susceptible.  The  wheat  flour  substitutes  and  other  cereals  contain  em- 
bryo, are  relatively  coarse,  and  are  known  to  be  highly  susceptible  to  insect 
attadL 

The  measures  recommended,  which  are  preventive,  consist  in  subjecting  the 
aealed  packages  to  a  temperature  of  about  85""  0.  (ISS**  F.)  at  the  time  of 
packing,  which  will  kill  all  stages  of  insects,  rapid  handling  of  cereals  and 
proper  sanitation  of  stores  by  retail  dealers,  and  the  subjecting  of  the  cereal 
in  the  home  to  temperatures  such  that  the  minimum  in  any  part  of  the  cereal 
la  well  above  the  fatal  temperature  of  insects,  or  about  45''  O.  (118*  F.)  at 
24  per  cent  of  relative  humidity. 

The  consomption  and  cost  of  the  economic  poisons  in  California,  1016, 
G.  P.  Geay  (Mo.  Bui.  CaU  Com.  Hort.,  1  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  1-^0-144).— A  table 
lowing  the  consumption  and  cost  of  economic  poisons  in  1916  in  28  counties 
n^ottAng  is  included  in  this  paper. 

The  selection  of  petroleum  insecticides  from  the  commercial  point  of  view, 
P.  R.  Jones  (Mo.  Bui.  Cal.  Com.  Hort.,  7  (1918),  No.  4f  PP-  189-191).— A  brief 
discussion. 

Wettable  sulphurs,  G.  P.  Gray  (Mo.  BuL  Cal.  Com.  Hort.,  7  (1918),  No.  4, 
pp.  191, 192). — ^Attention  is  called  to  the  fbct  that  a  number  of  substances,  such 
as  soap,  flour  paste,  oleic  acid,  glue,  dextrin,  diatomaceous  earth,  etc.,  when 
mixed  with  sulphur  commonly  counteract  its  aversion  to  water  but  do  not 
otherwise  modify  its  properties.  The  author  recommends  the  following  formula 
In  the  preparation  of  wettable  sulphur:  Powdered  glue  1.6  oz.,  hot  water  3 
gaL,  sublimed  or  powdered  sulphur  10  lbs.,  and  water  to  make  200  gal.  Since 
sulphur  is  apt  to  cause  foliage  injury  during  hot,  dry  weather,  it  is  generally 
advised  not  to  apply  sulphur  or  sulphur  pastes  to  plants  when  the  temperature 
exceeds  100*  F. 

On  two  species  of  Physothrips  injurious  to  tea  in  India,  R.  S.  Baonall 
{BuL  Bnt.  Research,  9  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  61-64,  fi09.  8).— Two  species  of  thrlps 
foond  on  tea  in  sufficient  numbers  to  be  regarded  as  pests  are  P.  setiventris  n. 
ap.  and  P.  lefroyi. 

A  study  of  the  capsid  buffs  found  on  apple  trees,  F.  R.  Pethebbbidgb  and 
H.  A.  HusAiN  (Ann.  Appl  Biol.,  4  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  179-205,  pU.  5).— This  is  a 


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60  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECOBD.  IVoL  40 

report  of  investigations  conducted  in  continuation  of  those  previously  noted 
(E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  57;  SO.  p.  768). 

The  authors  find  that  PleHocoris  rugiooUis  causes  marked  damage  to  the 
leaves*  shoots,  and  fruit  and  is  responsible  for  most  of,  if  not  all,  the  damage 
in  the  Wisbech  district  of  England.  **Atraciot<nMU  mali,  Orthotylus  nuurffi- 
nalis,  and  PsaUus  ambiguuB,  although  they  feed  on  the  Juices  of  the  apple,  do 
not  cause  any  apparent  damage  to  the  varieties  badly  marked  by  P.  ruificolU^ 
In  no  case  have  we  found  either  of  these  three  species  causing  any  visible 
damage  to  apples.*'  Studies  of  P.  rugicolVU  are  reported  upon  at  some  length 
and  brief  accounts  are  given  of  O.  fnarginaUs,  P.  amhiguus,  and  A.  nuUL 

Further  observations  on  the  capsids  which  attack  apples,  F.  R.  Pvtheb- 
BsiDOE  and  M.  A.  HusAnv  (Jour.  Bd.  Agr.  [Lofulon],  25  (1918),  No,  1,  pp.  5ir-S8, 
ph  1). — ^A  report  of  work,  a  more  detailed  account  of  which  is  above  noted. 

New  Aphldinn  of  Japan,  S.  Matsuicuba  (Trans.  Sapporo  Nat.  HisU  Soe., 
7  (1918),  No.  U  PP'  1-22,  pi.  1).— This  paper,  which  supplementar  that  previously 
noted  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  468),  gives  descriptions  of  five  new  genera  (Metaphis* 
Yezosiphum,  Acanthaphis»  Sappaphis,  and  MysopsLs)  and  22  new  species. 

Life  history  of  Pemphigus  populi-transrersus,  T.  EL  Jones  (Jour.  Agr,  R&- 
search  lU.  £f.],  U  (1918),  No.  IS,  pp.  577-^94,  pis.  6,  fig.  1).— This  is  a  report  of 
studies  conducted  by  the  Bureau  of  Entomology  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture  in  Louisiana. 

It  is  first  i)Ointed  out  that  prior  to  the  publication  of  the  present  article  there 
was  no  published  record  of  any  species  of  Pemphigus  as  occurring  on  crucifers  in 
the  United  States,  although  collected  from  turnip  roots  in  Texas  by  Paddock 
in  1914,  from  watercress  in  Colorado  by  Bragg,  and  from  curly  turnip  (Brassiea 
rapa)  in  Mississippi.  The  species  which  causes  galls  on  the  leaf  petioles  of  some 
of  the  poplars  or  cottonwoods  was  first  described  by  Riley  in  1879.  Its  first 
collection  from  the  roots  of  Grudfera  in  Louisiana  was  made  by  Tucker  of  the 
Louisiana  Stations  in  November,  1914,  having  been  taken  on  cabbage  roots  in 
Tangipahoa  Parish.  Shortly  afterwards  it  was  collected  by  the  author  at 
Baton  Rouge.  The  experiments  here  described  led  to  the  conclusion  that  t)ie 
form  which  causes  galls  on  the  leaf  petioles  of  some  of  the  poplars  or  cotton- 
woods  (Populus  spp.)  and  that  which  feeds  on  the  roots  of  crucifers  r^resoit 
the  same  species.  This  species  has  been  recorded  as  occurring  on  poplar  in 
California,  Texas,  Colorado,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Missouri,  Iowa,  Minnesota, 
Illinois,  Indiana,  New  York,  and  Massachusetts,  and  has  also  been  collected  in 
Wyoming,  Arizona,  Wisconsin,  Michigan,  Ohio,  and  Florida.  Four  q[>ecies  of 
the  genus  Populus  (P.  halsanUfera,  P.  monUiferot  P.  trichocarpa,  and  P.  fre- 
montU)  have  been  mentioned  as  hosts. 

The  formation  of  galls,  dates  when  galls  are  found  at  Baton  Rouge,  percentage 
of  leaf  petioles  showing  galls,  dates  when  winged  migrants  are  found  in  galls, 
dates  when  winged  migrants  leave  galls,  and  number  of  wingless  viviparous 
females  to  which  winged  migrants  give  birth  are  considered  by  the  author. 

As  regards  the  effect  upon  the  plant,  it  is  stated  that  a  slight  or  moderate 
infestation  of  the  roots  of  crucifers  does  not  usually  affect  the  appearance  of 
the  plant,  but  a  severe  infestation  of  the  roots  is  manifested  by  a  wilted  condition 
of  the  leaves.  Colonies  may  be  found  upon  any  portion  of  the  root  system  but 
the  small  rootlets  appear  to  be  preferred.  At  Baton  Rouge  the  subterranean 
forms  apparently  cause  more  severe  injury  to  turnip  than  to  any  other  cultivated 
cruciferous  crop  that  has  been  under  observation.  The  planting  of  rape  and 
kale  at  the  live-stock  experiment  farm  ai  Jeanerette,  La.,  is  said  to  have  been 
abandoned  on  account  of  this  root  louse. 

*'  Wingless  specimens  of  the  genus  Pemphigus  have  been  taken  in  Louisiana 
from  the  roots  of  the  following  Crucifera:  Cabbage,  turnip,  mustard  (B.  fUgra)^ 


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EOOKOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ^ENTOMOLOGY. 


61 


cauliflower,  and  broccoli  (B.  oleraoea  hotrytia),  Brussels  sprouts  (B.  oleracea 
ifemmifera),  rape  {B,  napua),  Oaronopus  didymua,  Lepidivm  virginioum,  and 
Bonpa  sp.  .  .  .  Winged  migrants  (fandatrlgenla)  of  the  species  of  Pemplilgus 
ander  consideration  have  been  found  at  the  roots  of  cabbage,  turnip,  Brussels 
Bpronts,  rape,  C.  didffmuB,  and  RoHjhi  sp.  It  is  quite  possible  that  further  obser- 
Tations  will  disclose  the  fact  that  the  species  occurs  also  at  the  roots  of  plants 
not  belonging  to  the  family  Gruciferse." 

Winged  females  have  been  found  in  the  soil  as  early  as  December  12  and  as 
late  as  April  9.  Six  was  the  greatest  number  of  sexed  individuals  to  which  a 
winged  migrant  from  crucifers  was  observed  to  give  birth.  Only  a  single  egg  is 
deposited  by  the  true  sex. 

The  seasonal  history  of  this  aphid  at  Baton  Rouge  is  illustrated  by  the  fol- 
lowing diagram : 

Seasoned  history  o/P,  poptUi'transversus  at  Baton  Rougs^  La, 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Winged  female  mlgrMits 

'    ^    IbgaUs.!^        ' 


Colonies  (atem  motheni 
in  galls  on  leal  peUoi( 


and 


i  their  progeny) 
01  poplar. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Winged  femMemin^^j[fromgaUs 
on  poplar)  on  crueller  leaves. 


Deo. 


Above  ground. 


Be] 


ow  ground. 


Winged  female  mi- 
I  grants  in  soil. 


ringed  1 


I 


Colonies  (progeny  of  winged  female  migrants 


from  galls  on  poplar)  on  crucifer  roots. 


Jan.       Feb.        liar.        Apr.        llay.      June.     July.      Aug.      Bept.       Oct.       Not.      Dec. 


Descriptions  of  Stages  of  P.  populi-transveraus  and  Its  Gall,  by  C.  P.  Gillette 
(pp.  589-G92),  and  a  list  of  23  references  to  the  literature  cited  are  appended. 

Hew  pests  and  their  natural  enemies:  Three  new  Argentine  scales  and  their 
Pttttites,  P.  Gabide  Massini  and  J.  Bb^thes  {An.  Sac.  Rural  Argentina,  52 
(1918),  No.  S,  pp.  U8-158,  pU.  8,  figs.  JTO).— The  three  new  Argentine  scales, 
P^iivinaria  platensis,  P,  fiaveacens,  and  P.  minuta,  are  described,  together  with 
five  hymenopterous  parasites  reared  from  them  which  represent  two  new 
^senera  (Onophilus  and  Pseudaphellnus)  and  five  new  forms. 

Bttstniction  of  nits  of  the  clothes  louse  by  solutions  of  cresol  soap  emul- 
■fan  and  lysol,  A.  W.  Bacot  and  L.  Lloyd  {Brit.  Med.  Jour.,  No.  2991  {1918), 
P9.  479,  480). — ^The  authors  have  found  that  lysol  (crude  phenol  and  soft  soap 
emuUion)  solutions  are  decidedly  more  effective  than  the  cresol  soap  emulsion 


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62  fiXFEBIMBKT  STATION  BBOOBD.  [Vol.  40 

solution  at  the  higher  temperatures  bnt  leas  ao  at  82*  F.  The  eridence  accmp 
to  establish  the  fact  that  steeping  for  20  mhrntes  in  a  2  per  cent  aolntioii,  eitb^ 
of  lysol  or  the  cresol  soap,  is  quite  effective  provided  the  tonperature  Is  not 
below  50'. 

The  orange  papilio  and  its  nAtoral  enemj,  Pteromalns  caridei,  P.  Gasidb 
Massini  and  J.  BairrHss  {An,  Soc.  Rur<U  Argentina,  62  (1918),  No.  2,  pp.  75~7tf, 
pis.  t). — ^A  brief  account  of  PapUio  ihoas  thoaniiades,  which  attacks  dtms 
foliage,  and  the  value  of  P.  oaridel  in  its  controL 

Some  notes  on  the  natural  control  of  the  cherry-  tree  nglj  nest  tortrlcid 
(Archips  cerasivorana),  A.  B.  Baibd  (Agr.  Qiu.  Canada,  5  (1918),  No.  8,  |»p. 
766-Tfl,  figs.  6). — This  tortrlcid  is  said  to  occasionally  become  very  aboiMlant 
over  large  areas  in  eastern  and  western  CSanada  during  June  and  July  on  the 
choke  cherry  (Pruntu  virgimiana),  making  the  trees  very  unsightly  by  spinnliis 
its  large  tentlike  web.  The  present  paper  deals  largely  with  measures  of  con- 
trol, especially  by  insect  parasiteSi  based  upon  studies  largely  at  Frederic- 
ton.  N.  B. 

A  studj  of  tobacco  worms  and  methods  of  control,  L.  B.  Bdboso  (PhiUpplne 
Agr.  and  Forester,  6  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  195-209) .—The  author  here  outlines  the 
life  history  of  several  tobacco  worms  occurring  in  the  Philippines,  together 
with  remedial  measures.  The  pests  considered  are  the  tobacco  cutworm 
(Prodenia  Utura),  CMoridea  assiUta,  the  tobacco  stem  borer  (Onorimoschema 
Jieliopa),  Plusia  eriosoma,  and  the  tobacco  homworm  {AcJ^ertrntia  lacheHs}, 

The  tick  as  a  possible  agent  in  the  collocation  of  the  eggs  of  Dermatobla 
homlnis,  L.  H.  Dunw  (Jour.  Parasitology,  ^  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  154-158). — The 
author  presents  evidence  obtained  in  the  Canal  Zone,  Panama,  which  leads  him 
to  consider  that  a  tick,  probably  Amhylomma  oafennense,  not  only  acts  as  the 
carrier  of  the  eggs  of  D.  JumUnis  but  is  also  instrumental  in  assisting  the  larvae 
to  penetrate  the  skin. 

The  presence  of  lateral  spiracles  in  the  larva  of  Hypoderma,  Q.  H.  Oab- 
PENTKB  and  F.  J.  S.  Poixabd  (Proc.  Roy.  Irish  Acad.,  S4  (1918),  No.  4,  Sect.  B^ 
pp,  73-84,  P^.  6).— A  report  of  anatomical  studies. 

Work  and  parasitism  of  the  Hediterranean  fruit  fly  in  Hawaii  durizier 
1017,  .C.  E.  Peicbebton  and  H.  F.  Wzixabd  (Jour,  Agr.  Research  [17.  S.J,  14 
(1918),  No.  IS,  pp.  605-610),— ThlB  is  a  report  of  work  by  the  Bureau  of 
Entomology  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  conducted  In  1917  in  con- 
tinuation of  that  carried  on  since  1918  as  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  659.) 

During  the  year  there  was  a  rather  heavy  infestation  of  several  varieties  of 
fruits,  some  of  which  were  badly  infested.  Details  relating  to  these  are  pre- 
sented in  tabular  form,  as  is  information  on  the  percentage  of  larval  parasltison 
of  Ceratitis  capitata  and  total  parasitism  by  months  of  all  larvn  of  0.  oapitaia 
collected  In  Hawaii  during  1917. 

There  was  a  47  per  cent  reduction  in  the  abundance  of  the  fruit  fly  during 
the  year,  and  this  was  entirely  due  to  parasitic  importation.  This  reduction 
in  the  numbers  of  the  fly  brings  little  relief  to  its  favored  host  fruits,  but  thoee 
fruits  classed  as  unfavored  hosts  show  a  marked  Improvement  In  the  degree 
of  Infestation  and  some  may  become  almost  wholly  free  from  larvse.  The  propa- 
gation of  such  fruits  and  the  encouragement  of  the  parasitic  method  of  control 
is  thought  to  be  the  most  favorable  method  of  contending  with  this  pest  in 
Hawaii.  It  Is  also  considered  of  Importance  in  contributing  toward  reducing 
the  chances  of  introduction  to  the  mainland.  ' 

The  total  parasitism  by  all  species  during  1917  was  14.8  per  cent  higher  than 
In  1916.  The  average  infestation  of  all  fruits  combined  was,  however,  not  strik- 
ingly different  from  that  of  1916.    The  parasitism  by  Opius  hAtmUis  was  4.5  per 


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1919]  ECONOHIC  ZOOLOGY — ^BNTOMOLOOY.  63 

cent  less  than  in  1016»  while  that  of  DiadhoBma  tryani,  D.  fuUawayi,  and  Tetrad 
itichui  ffiffardianus  was  7,  5.2,  and  6.6  per  cent  greater,  respectively. 

The  fanna  of  British  India,  includingr  Ceylon  and  Burma»  edited  by  A.  B. 
Shipuet  and  G.  A.  K.  Mabshaix.  {London:  Taylor  d  Franoia,  1917,  pp.  X///+ 
M7,  pis,  5,  figs,  77). — ^This  second  part  of  the  Lamellicomia  by  G.  J.  Arrow 
deals  with  the  Rutelince,  Desmonycins,  and  BnchirinA  and  includes  descriptions 
of  4(3  forms. 

The  cherry  leaf  beetle,  F.  Z.  Habtzbix  (New  York  Btate  Bta.  BuL  m 
(1917),  pp.  749-820,  pis,  8,  figs,  8).— This  is  a  report  of  stndies  for  three  con- 
secative  seasons,  principally  at  Fredonia  in  the  Lake  Erie  Valley,  N.  Y.,  with 
QQleruceUa  cavicoUis,  studies  of  which  by  Herrick  and  Matheson  (E.  S.  R.,  84, 
p.  756)  and  Cushmanand  Isley  (E.  S.  R.,  85,  p.  260)  have  been  previously  noted. 

**  Daring  1915  the  adults  emerged  from  August  28  to  September  18,  but  during 
the  sununer  of  1016,  which  was  warmer,  the  adults  appeared  in  the  breeding 
cages  from  July  81  to  September  2.  The  adults  are  rather  sluggish,  feeding  very 
little  daring  the  late  summer  and  fall.  By  September  15  some  show  a  tendency 
to  seek  hibernating  quarters,  at  least  on  cooler  days,  although  most  of  the 
beetles  will  emerge  and  feed  on  warm,  sunny  days.  By  October  1  all  beetles 
entered  hibernation,  from  which  they  did  not  emerge  during  the  warm  weather 
of  early  October. 

"The  hibernation  period  of  the  insect  in  western  New  York  is  nearly  eight 
months,  emergence  occurring  during  the  latter  part  of  May.  In  1916  the  first 
beetles  emerged  on  May  27  at  Fredonia.  During  1017  at  Lily  Dale,  8  miles  from 
Fredonia  and  at  an  elevation  500  ft  greater,  the  first  beetle  emerged  on  May  80. 
The  time  of  the  appearance  of  the  beetles  was  about  one  week  after  the  bird 
cherry  was  in  full  bloom.  The  most  extensive  feeding  by  the  adults  occurs  dur* 
ing  the  early  part  of  June.  It  is  at  this  time  that  practically  all  injury  by  the 
Vedes  to  cultivated  trees  is  inflicted.  The  greatest  natural  dissemination  of  the 
beetles  occurs  during  the  latter  part  of  May  and  early  June,  when  they  may 
fly  considerable  distances  to  new  feeding  grounds. 

"  £gg  laying  in  1916  began  on  June  5,  under  natural  conditions,  and  on  June 
10  In  observation  cages,  reaching  the  maximum  in  the  first  week  of  July  and 
ending  in  the  cages  on  August  9.  The  eggs  are  deposited  on  or  near  the  trunk  of 
the  tree  upon  which  the  adults  are  feeding,  usually  not  more  than  6  in. 
above  the  surface  of  the  soil,  the  majority  being  placed  at  the  Junction  of  the 
sarface  of  the  soil  and  the  trunk.  Some  of  the  eggs  are  scattered  loosely  on  the 
•oa,  bat  most  of  them  are  glued  to  rootlets,  small  stones,  or  the  tree  trunk. 
They  are  found  to  a  depth  of  about  1  in.  in  the  soiL  The  number  of  eggs  laid 
In  breeding  cages  by  an  individual  varied  from  10  to  294,  with  an  average  of  98. 
The  normal  life  of  the  beetles  appears  to  vary  from  11  to  1Z5  months,  although 
srane  individuals  may  reach  an  age  of  nearly  14  months. 

"  The  length  of  the  incubation  period  during  1916  averaged  18  days,  with  a 
nwTlTrmm  of  28  days  and  a  minimum  of  9  days.  These  difTerences  are  ascribed 
largely  to  variation  in  temperature,  although  there  is  individual  variation  in  the 
Incubation  period  of  eggs  deposited  on  the  same  day.  In  1916  hatching  began  on 
Jane  23  and  ended  August  20,  the  emerging  larv»  being  most  numerous  during 
the  latter  part  of  July. 

*'Upon  hatching,  the  larvs  dimb  and  feed  upon  foliage.  They  are  able  to 
resch  maturity  only  on  the  leaves  of  the  bird  cherry,  and  when  compelled  to 
nbaist  on  the  foliage  of  other  species  of  cherry  they  invariably  succumbed.  The 
total  feeding  period  of  the  larva  varied  from  8  to  24  days,  with  an  average 
daring  1916  of  123  days.  Wh^  the  larvse  have  reached  full  growth  they 
barrow  into  the  leaf  mold  or  a  short  distance  into  the  soil  and  form  cells  in 
which  to  pupate.    The  time  spent  in  these  cells  was  found  to  average  15  days, 


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64  BXPBBIMBNT  STATIOK  BEOOBD.  (Vol.  40 

the  shortest  period  being  12  days  and  the  longest  period  23  days.  The  total 
developmental  period  from  hatching  to  emergence  as  adnlt  averaged  27.2  days 
at  Fredonla  during  1916. 

'*The  chief  factors  In  the  natural  control  of  the  beetles  are  drowning  of 
adults,  reforestation  which  decreases  the  amount  of  the  bird  cherry,  a  carabid 
beetle  (Lebia  omata)  which  attacks  the  beetles,  and  the  cedar  waxwins 
(BombyoiUa  cedrorum)  which  was  observed  feeding  on  the  adults.  The  cherry 
leaf-beetle  Is  effectively  controlled  by  arsenlcala,  preferably  combined  witn 
Bordeaux  mixture,  and  nlcotln  sulphate ;  for  the  proper  employment  of  whlcb 
directions  are  given." 

Notes  on  the  strawberry  leaf  beetle  (Galemcella  tenella),  H.  C.  I&rwi^Toxnx 
{Ann.  Appl.  Biol,  4  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  tOS-tlO,  fig:  d).— Both  the  larva  and 
adult  damage  the  leaves  of  strawberries  In  England  In  the  same  way  by  eatin^^ 
the  lower  and  upper  epidermis  and  the  soft  underlying  tissue,  leaving  the 
opposite  layer  of  epidermis  intact  Technical  descriptions  are  given  of  the 
larva,  pupa,  and  adult 

Bean  and  pea  weevils,  E.  A«  Back  and  A«  B.  Duckxtt  (17.  8.  Depi.  Affr^ 
Farmers*  BtU.  989  {1918),  pp.  24,  figs.  25). — A  description  is  given  of  the  prin- 
cipal pea  and  bean  weevils,  and  methods  for  the  prevention  of  loss  therefrom 
are  outlined. 

The  preparation  of  bees  for  outdoor  wintering,  E.  F.  Philejps  and  Q.  S. 
Dbitdth  (17.  8.  Dept.  Afpr.,  Farmers^  Buk  1012  {1918),  pp.  20,  figs.  6).— It  Is 
pointed  out  that  the  preparation  of  bees  for  outdoor  wintering  is  of  most  vital 
Importance,  no  other  phase  of  beekeeping  having  so  direct  an  Influence  on  the 
honey  crop  of  the  following  season.  The  apiary  should  be  located  In  a  pro- 
tected place  and  the  colonies  should  not  be  moved  at  the  time  of  packing. 

Directions  are  given  In  this  publication  for  the  proper  arrangement  of  the 
apiary  to  prevent  confusion  due  to  the  shifting  of  hlvea  The  amount  and 
character  of  the  packing  materials  and  the  most  economical  type  of  packing 
cases  are  discussed.  A  schedule  of  dates  for  packing  and  unpacking  the  hives 
is  presented  for  all  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  the  amount  and  character 
of  winter  stores  are  indicated.  It  Is  deemed  imi>ortant  that  none  of  the  factors 
of  good  wintering  be  omitted,  and  several  tests  are  given  by  means  of  which 
the  beekeeper  can  determine  whether  his  bees  are  wintering  properly. 

Wintering  bees  in  cellars,  E.  F.  Phillips  and  G.  S.  Deicttth  {U.  8.  Dept. 
Agr.,  Farmers*  Bid.  1014  {1918),  pp.  21,  figs.  3). — dJellar  wintering  is  said  to  be 
practicable  where  the  average  outdoor  temperature  during  the  winter  months  is 
as  low  as  25*  F.  Bees  should  be  put  into  the  cellar  after  a  good  flight  in  late 
November,  or  earlier  in  the  more  northern  localities,  and  should  be  removed 
when  fresh  pollen  and  nectar  are  available. 

**The  cellar  should  be  arranged  so  that  the  ceiling  is  below  the  frost  line, 
and  so  that  the  ceiling  and  side  walls  are  thoroughly  protected  at  all  points. 
The  cellar  should  be  kept  so  that  the  lowest  temperature  within,  the  Hives  is 
at  least  52*.  At  this  temperature  there  will  be  little  need  of  special, ventilating 
arrangements  There  should  be  no  condensation  of  moisture  within  the  hives, 
and  the  cellar  should  be  well  drained." 

Heat  insulators  for  beehives,  R.  H.  PEXTrr  {Michigan  8ta.,  Quart.  Bul^  1 
{1918),  No.  1,  pp.  20,  21). — ^Tests  made  of  the  comparative  value  of  a  number  of 
materials  as  Insulators  gave  the  following  results:  Dead  air  space  18,  corru- 
gated cardboard  83,  planer  shavings  34.6,  mineral  wool  35.5,  and  forest  leaves 
41.  Thus  it  appears  that  corrugated  cardboard,  the  most  expensive  material 
used,  is  the  least  effective  and  that  ordinary  leaves,  raked  up,  dried,  and 
firmly  packed,  give  the  best  results.  A  2-in.  layer  was  tested  with  each 
materlaL 


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19191  ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ^EKTOMOLOGY.  65 

In  tests  made  to  determine  the  relative  rates  of  heat  loss  when  one  surface 
of  the  chamber  was  left  unprotected,  it  was  found  that  there  was  a  loss  ol 
3.5*  F.  when  the  nndersurface  was  unprotected,  a  loss  of  4^  when  one  side  was 
left  unprotected,  and  a  loss  of  5*  when  the  top  surface  alone  was  left  unpro- 
tected. 

Bearing  queen  bees  In  Porto  Bico,  R.  H.  Van  Zwaluwenbttbg  and  R.  Vidal 
{Porto  Rico  8ta.  Circ,  16  (1918),  Spanish  Ed.,  pp,  12,  figs.  5).— A  Spanish  edi- 
tion of  the  circular  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  865). 

Beport  of  entomology  department,  O.  E.  Sanborn  {OKLdhotna  Bia.  RpU 
^^J7,  pp,  30,  SI). — This  consists  of  a  brief  statement  relating  to  the  equipment 
of  the  department  and  tests  made  of  honey-producing  plants.  It  is  stated  that 
sesame  has  proved  to  be  drought-resistant  and  very  hardy.  White  clover 
yields  well  about  once  In  every  three  years,  while  alfalfa  yields  nectar  only 
when  the  weather  is  favorable. 

Preliminary  report  on  Isle  of  Wight  bee  disease,  J.  Tinsuet  {West  of  Boot. 
Agr.  Col.  Bui  85  (1918),  pp.  27-40). — In  investigations  conducted  by  the  author, 
In  the  course  of  which  a  thorough  examination  was  made  of  bodies  of  thou- 
sands of  bees  which  had  undoubtedly  perished  from  Isle  of  Wight  disease  or  at 
least  from  a  disease  the  diagnostic  features  of  which  are  the  same  as  those  of 
Isle  of  Wight  disease,  Nosema  apis  was  rarely  found,  even  after  a  minute  ex- 
amination of  the  chyle  stomach  and  feces.  '*  It  certainly  does  not  appear  to  us 
that  N.  apis  is  the  universal  cause  of  the  disease  familiarly  known  as  the 
Isle  of  Wight  bee  disease.  ...  On  the  other  hand,  the  stomach  contents  and 
the  excrement  of  diseased  bees  have  shown  the  unfailing  presence  of  masses 
of  hacterla,  and  we  are  of  the  opinion  that  these  are  not  without  special  sig- 
nificance." 

The  subject  is  discussed  under  the  headings  of  cause  of  the  disease,  spread 
of  the  disease,  symptoms,  infection  experiments,  preventive  and  remedial 
measures,  and  breeding  to  produce  immunity. 

Notes  on  the  bee  genus  Andrena  (Hymenoptera),  H.  L.  Viebeck  (Proc.  Biok 
8oc.  Wash.,  31  {1918),  pp.  59,  60). 

Natural  enemies  of  the  Argentine  ant  (Iridomyrmez  humilis),  G.  W.  Mallt 
{8o.  African  Jour.  8ci.,  U  (1911),  No.  5,  pp.  245-247).— It  is  pointed  out  that 
In  South  Africa  the  Argentine  ant  is  practically  immune  from  attack  by  insect 
enemies. 

A  list  of  families  and  subfamilies  of  ichneumon  flies  of  the  superf amlly 
Idmenmonoidea  (Hymenoptera),  H.  L.  Viebeck  {Proc.  Biol.  Boo,  Wash.,  31 
{1918),  pp,  69-74). 

Observations  on  Pimpla  pomorum,  a  parasite  of  the  apple  blossom  weevil 
(indnding  a  description  of  the  male  by  C.  Horley),  A  D.  Iififs  {Ann.  Appl. 
Biol„  4  {1918),  Vo.  -♦,  pp.  211-227,  pi.  1,  figs.  5).— P.  pomorum  in  its  larval  stage 
is  an  ecto-parasite  of  the  apple  blossom  weevil  {Anth^onomus  pomorum),  attack- 
ing both  the  larva  and  pupa.  Pupation  takes  place  within  a  slight  silken  cocoon 
within  the,  cavity  of  the  unopened  apple  buds.  The  adult  ichneumons  com- 
mence to  emerge  on  June  17,  an  average  of  23  days  from  the  time  of  spinning 
the  cocooa  From  among  1,270  apple  buds  gathered  at  Chatteris  in  Oambrldge- 
shlre  Infested  with  A.  pomorum,  P.  pomorum  was  found  to  effectively  parasitize 
27  per  cent 

A  bibliography  of  28  titles  is  appended. 

Two  new  mlcrosporidian  parasites  of  the  larvas  of  Pieris  brasslcss,  A. 
Pauxot  {Compt.  Rend.  Boo.  Biol.  [Porte],  81  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  66-68,  fig.  1; 
odt.  in  Rev.  Appl.  Ent.,  Ber.  A,  6  {1918),  No.  5,  p.  177). —The  first  of  two  new 
Microsporidia,  Perezia  mesnili,  which  parasitized  the  Malpighian  tubes  and 
Bilk  glands  of  the  larvae  of  P.  brassicw  in  the  Sathonay-BiUieux  region,  is  here 
described. 

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66  EXFBfiIH£KT  STATION  B£CX)Ba  [Vol  40 

FOODS— HUKAH  HITIBITIOH. 

The  nutrlttve  -value  of  certain  fish,  J.  O.  Dbui£1£0ND  {J(mr,  PhyHoL,  5$ 
{1918),  No.  Z^,  pp.  95-109,  figs.  8). — ^From  feeding  experiments  using  laboratocy 
animals  as  subjects  the  following  conclusions  are  deduced : 

''The  coagulable  proteins  of  the  muscle  tissue  of  cod,  herring,  and  csnoed 
salmon  possess  a  nutritive  value  as  high  as  those  derived  from  beet 

"The  so-called  'fatty'  fish,  which  contain  considerable  quantities  of  fat 
distributed  throughout  their  muscle  tissue,  may  serve  as  valuable  sources  of 
the  important  dietary  essential,  the  fat-soluble  'A.'  Certain  flsh-liver  oils  are 
particularly  rich  in  the  fat-soluble  accessory. 

"No  appreciable  amounts  of  the  water-soluble  or  antineuritic  factor  wen 
detected  in  the  muscle  tissues  of  the  fish  examined*  Small  amounts  were, 
however,  present  in  extracts  prepared  from  the  whole  herring,  having  originated 
in  all  probability  from  the  reproductive  organs,  or  other  glandular  organs. 

The  milling  and  baking  qualities  of  Australian  wheat»  P.  R.  Soqtt  and 
F.  G.  B.  WiwsLOW  (Jour,  Dept.  Agr.  Yictoria,  15  {1917),  No.  8,  pp.  47t-481,  figi. 
5). — ^The  amount  of  wheat  produced  in  New  South  Wales,  South  Australia, 
Western  Australia,  and  Victoria  is  approximately  four  and  one-half  timea 
greater  than  the  amount  required  for  local  consumption.  To  regulate  the  quality 
of  wheat  exported,  the  following  tests  are  made :  Determination  of  the  amount 
of  impurities ;  grading  into  different  sizes ;  the  bushel  weights  of  original  and 
cleaned  wheat ;  a  milling  test ;  the  gluten  content ;  and  a  baking  test 

NutritlTe  value  of  whole  wheat  and  of  85  per  cent  flour  compared  with 
white  flouir,  L.  Lapicque  and  J.  Chaussin  {Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  8oi,  [PaHf], 
166  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  30(^02). — From  metabolism  experiments  with  a  dog  fed 
a  ration  of  casein,  fat,  and  bread  made  from  whole  wheat  flour,  the  nutritive 
value  of  the  whole  wheat  was  calculated  at  90  per  cent  of  its  weight  of  white 
flour.  In  metabolism  experiments  on  man  practically  no  difference  was  found 
in  the  nutritive  value  of  white  bread  and  of  breads  made  from  flour  containing 
85  per  cent  of  the  grain. 

The  use  of  limewater  in  the  preparation  of  war  bread,  Baixand  {Compt. 
Rend,  Acad.  8ci.  [PaH«],  167  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  198-201), — Observations  are  re- 
ported on  the  effects  of  the  use  of  limewater  in  making  bread  from  flour  of  85 
per  cent  extraction. 

The  author  concludes  that  r^;K>rts  on  the  quality  of  the  bread  made  with  lime- 
water  are  contradictory.  It  is  often  impossible  to  detect  the  least  dlffereuee, 
although  with  very  dark  flour  the  odor  and  taste  appear  slightly  bettered  by 
the  use  of  limewater. 

The  prevention  of  rope  in  bread,  L.  J.  Hbndsbsoh  {Science,  n.  aer.,  k8 
{1918),  No.  1236,  pp.  247,  248).— -It  is  stated  that  the  growth  of  BacUUu  mese^ 
tericus,  which  seems  to  be  the  common  cause  of  rope  in  bread,  can  not  take 
place  at  a  greater  hydrogen  Ion  concentration  than  10~*N.  A  method  of  meas- 
uring the  hydrogen  ion  concentration  of  bread  is  outlined,  which  consists  of 
adding  to  the  freshly  cut  surface  of  the  loaf  three  or  four  drops  of  an  ordinary 
solution  of  methyl  red  (0.02  per  cent  in  60  per  cent  alcohol).  If  after  five 
minutes  the  color  is  a  full  red  without  an  orange  tinge,  the  hydrogen  ion  con- 
centration is  approximately  10~*N  or  more.  If  an  orange  tinge  develops,  greater 
amounts  of  acid  should  be  added  to  successive  batches  of  dough  until  the  test 
with  bread  Just  gives  the  desired  color. 

Wheat  substitutes  in  war  bread,  Balland  {Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  8eL  [Parii], 
166  {1918),  No.  21,  pp.  846-849;  aba.  in  Chem.  Ahs.,  12  {1918),  No.  21,  p.  «217).— 
A  number  of  substances  suitable  for  substitution  of  wheat  in  war  bread,  includ- 
ing the  common  grains,  beans,  soy  beans,  chick  peas,  sorghums,  and  feuugreelc, 


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m91  FOODS — ^HUMAN  NTJTRITIOIS'.  67 

are  noted,  and  the  proportions  in  wlilcli  tliey  can  be  nsed  and  their  general  effect 
npoD  the  quality  of  the  bread  are  dlscnssed.  * 

War  flours  as  an  entire  substitute  for  white  flour,  Ethel  B.  Clabks  {Cam- 
bridffet  {Enff.}:  W.  Heffer  d  Sons,  Ltd.,  1917,  pp.  4). — ^A  brief  discussion  of 
whole  wheat  flour,  barley  flour,  oatmeal  flour,  and  maize  flour,  with  recipes  for 
their  use  in  cakes  and  puddings. 

Some  experiments  with  wheat  substitutes,  Coba  E.  Gbat  (Jour,  Home  Boon., 
10  (1918),  No,  8,  pp.  348-^52,  pis.  2), — ^An  illustrated  article  showing  the  results 
obtained  by  the  use  of  different  substitutes  In  Tarying  proportions  in  the  mAking 
of  cakes  and  muffins. 

Barley  bread,  optimum  reaction  and  salt  effect,  Lobbainb  L.  Landenbebgeb 
and  W.  MoBSB  (Science,  n.  ser,,  48  (1918),  No.  12S7  pp.  269,  270).— The  authors 
report  that  by  maintaining  a  reaction  at  approximately  pH=5  and  an  added 
sodium  chlorid  content  of  2  per  cent,  barley  flour  may  be  utilized  by  itself  to 
make  an  acceptable  war  bread. 

The  growth-promoting  properties  of  foods  derived  from  com  and  wheat,  0. 
VoEOTLnr  and  G.  N.  Mtebs.  (Pub.  Health  Rpts.  [U.  S.I,  S3  (1918),  No.  22,  pp. 
IV-\-843-868,  figs.  SO). — ^The  purpose  of  the  present  investigation  was  to  deter- 
mine by  means  of  feeding  experiments  with  squabs,  young  albino  mice,  and  a 
few  hogs,  whether  the  com  and  wheat  products  used  in  human  nutrition  ex- 
hibit dietary  deficiencies  similar  to  those  of  the  whole  grains,  as  previously 
noted  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  869). 

From  the  experimental  data  the  authors  conclude  that  **  bread  made  from 
'whole  wheat'  flour  or  old-fashioned  commeal  should  be  used  in  preference 
to  ^hite'  bread  and  'highly  milled'  com  foods,  whenever  the  diet  is  re- 
stricted to  those  cereal  foods  to  the  more  or  less  complete  exclusion  of  other 
foods  possessing  greater  dietary  values." 

The  preparation  and  the  preservation  of  Teflretables,  Henrietta  W.  Calvin 
and  Gakeie  A.  Lytobd  (U.  S.  Bur.  Ed.  Bui.  41  (1911),  pp.  £^).>-This  includes 
recipes  for  the  preparation  of  vegetables  for  the  table,  directions  for  storage  of 
those  which  can  be  kept  in  their  natural  fresh  condition,  and  methods  of  can- 
ning; salting,  and  drying  others. 

XTse  of  dried  fruits  and  vegetables,  Mas.  A.  W.  Pabks  (iUnio.  Nehr.,  Col. 
Affr,],  Ext.  Serv.  Emergency  BvX.  33  (1918),  pp.  12). — ^This  pamphlet  gives  a 
list  of  fruits  and  vegetables  for  drying,  directions  for  drying  them,  and  meth- 
ods of  cooking  the  dried  products.  Special  recipes  illustrating  the  various  uses 
are  also  included. 

The  nutritiTe  value  of  the  banana,  K.  Suoixtba  and  S.  R.  Benedict  (Jour. 
Biol.  Chem.,  36  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  171-189,  pis.  2,  figs.  14;  abs.  in  Jour.  Amer. 
Med.  Assoc.,  71  (1918),  No.  20,  p.  1694).— 'Th\s  is  a  study  of  the  nutritive  value 
of  the  banana  as  determined  by  the  maintenance  and  growth  of  albino  rats  when 
placed  upon  a  diet  of  bananas  alone  or  together  with  certain  supplementary 
substances. 

As  a  result  of  the  experiments  reported,  the  authors  conclude  that  the  banana 
is  deficient  in  protein  and  in  the  water-soluble  vitamin  as  a  foodstuff  for  the 
growth  or  maintenance  of  albino  rats.  A  diet  of  bananas,  purified  casein,  and 
yeast  or  carrot  extract  was  found  to  be  sufficient  for  growth  and  reproduction 
of  the  rat,  but  was  not,  however,  adequate  for  the  production  of  proper  milk 
by  the  mother.  This  deficiency  was  qualitative  rather  than  quantitative 
in  nature. 

How  to  sweeten  cranberries  (Washington:  V.  8.  Food  Admin.,  1918,  pp.  2). — 
Recipes  illustrating  the  use  of  simps  and  sweet  fruits  in  place  of  sugar  in  the 
prqiaration  of  various  cranberry  dishes  are  given. 


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68  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [Tol40 

Sugar  substitutes  in  bottled  soft  drinks,  H-HI,  W.  W.  Skinner  and  J.  W. 
Sale  (N at, •  Bottlers*  Oaz,,  37  (1918),  No.  4S6,  pp.  7^,  75.  76-7S).— Contlnning 
work  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  709),  the  second  paper  of  the  series 
takes  up  nonacid  beverages.  Formulas  for  using  part  sugar  substitutes  are 
included,  as  well  as  analyses  of  commercial  sugars  and  a  table  giving  tbe 
relative  sweetness  of  sucrose  and  sugar  substitutes. 

In  the  third  paper  the  use  of  sugar  substitutes  in  certain  acid  beverages  with 
imitation  flavors,  namely,  cherry,  raspberry,  strawberry,  pineapple,  lemon, 
orange,  and  grape,  is  discussed.  It  is  concluded  that  "  the  investigatioDs  up 
to  the  present  time  on  the  keeping  quality  of  the  finished  products  indicate 
that  combinations  of  ordinary  sugar  with  glucose,  corn  sugar,  and  maltose 
sirups  and  honey  can  be  used  satisfactorily  in  carbonated  bottled  bevera^ 
when  the  precautions  suggested  are  carefully  observed." 

Specific  heat  of  fats  and  oils,  D.  Wesson  and  H.  P.  Gaylobd  (Cotton  OH 
Press,  2  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  40,  41). — ^Thls  article  records  specific  heats  of  various 
fats  and  oils,  including  cottonseed  oil  and  hydrogenlzed  cotton-seed  oil ;  peanut 
oil  (plain  and  hydrogenissed) ;  liquid,  solid,  and  hydrogenlzed  coconut  oil;  and 
plain  and  hydrogenlzed  soy-bean  oil. 

Food  Surveys  (f7.  8.  Dcpt.  Agr,,  Food  Surveys,  t  (1918),  Nos.  11,  pp.  12,  figt, 
IS;  12,  pp.  16,  figs.  21). — ^These  numbers  deal,  respectively,  with  conmierdal 
stocks  (not  including  retail  stocks)  on  July  1,  1918,  of  beans,  peas,  grain 
sorghums,  rice,  and  buckwheat  flour,  and  of  dried  fruits,  nuts,  and  peannta 

Reports  of  storage  holdings  of  certain  food  products,  J.  O.  Bell  and  L  C 
Franklin  (17.  B.  Dept.  Agr.  Bui,  109  (1918),  pp.  -M,  figs.  25) .—Statistics  are 
given  showing  the  actual  quantities  of  different  commodities  held  in  storajce  in 
1916-17,  as  reported  from  the  warehouses,  comparison  being  made  with  reports 
of  other  months  and  years. 

Production  and  preservation  of  food  supplies,  P.  H.  Bbtce  (Com.  Conserv. 
Canada  Rpt.,  8  (1917),  pp.  i£3-i54).— A  discussion  of  the  food  situation  in 
Canada,  with  suggestions  for  the  solution  of  the  most  pressing  problems. 

The  cost  of  food.— A  study  in  dietaries,  Ellen  H.  Righabds  (New  York: 
John  Wiley  d  Sons,  Inc.,  S.  ed.,  rev.,  1917,  pp.  IX-\-148). — ^A  revision  by  J.  F. 
Norton  of  the  work  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  18,  p.  877). 

Charts  showing  the  relative  cost  of  equivalent  fuel  portions  of  foods, 
Alice  F.  Blood  ([Boston]:  Simmons  Col.,  1917). — A  cost  chart  is  given. 

Food  and  fitness,  or  diet  in  relation  to  health,  J.  Long  (London:  Chapman 
and  Hall,  Ltd.,  1917,  pp.  IX +208). —A  treatise  on  diet  In  relation  to  health, 
which  emphasizes  the  importance  of  fnilts  and  vegetables  and  deprecates  the 
use  of  large  quantities  of  meat 

Infant  feeding,  R.  M.  Sicith  (Mo.  Bui.  Bd.  Eealth  Mass.,  5  (1918),  No.  9-10, 
pp.  260-^65). — Specific  directions  for  the  feeding  of  infants  are  given.  Sample 
diets  for  use  after  the  first  year  are  also  included. 

Diet  of  older  children,  F.  B.  Talbot  (Mo.  Bui.  Bd.  Health  Mass.,  5  (191S), 
No.  9-10,  pp.  266-^0). — ^The  author  states  that  nine  out  of  ten  of  the  diseases 
of  infancy  and  childhood  are  due  to  a  faulty  diet  He  discusses  the  time  of 
meals  and  the  foods  they  should  include,  and  warns  against  overfeeding  in  fats 
and  in  sugars. 

Diet  of  the  United  States  Army  soldier  in  the  training  camp,  J.  R.  MusLf 
(Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.,  71  (1918),  No.  12,  pp.  950,  951;  abs.  in  Chem.  Abs.,  It 
(1918),  No.  2S,  p.  2603).— The  messing  system  of  the  United  States  Army  is 
described  briefly,  and  an  account  is  given  of  the  nutrition  investigations  con- 
ducted by  tlie  food  division  of  the  Surgeon  Qenerars  Ofiice  at  more  than  40 
training  camps  in  this  country.  A  statistical  summary  is  included  of  the  nutri- 
tional surveys  in  respect  to  nutrients  supplied  and  wasted,  the  distribution  of 


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m»l  FOODS — HUMAN  KXTrBITIOK'.  69 

fuel  yafne  consumed  and  wasted,  and  the  cost  per  man  per  day,  and  a  table 
shows  the  average  dally  consumption  of  the  different  articles  of  food.  Differ- 
ences between  these  results  and  the  regular  garrison  ration  are  pointed  out, 
and  the  advisability  Is  suggested  of  the  readjustment  of  the  ration  to  a  basis 
more  nearly  approaching  the  basis  of  choice,  as  shown  by  the  surveys.  It  Is 
considered  that  this  would  result  In  (1)  "  reduction  of  waste  by  obliging  organi- 
zations to  secure  their  luxuries  by  exercising  rigid  economy,  (2)  guarantying 
a  satisfactory  distribution  of  nutrients,  (8)  the  possibility  of  centralized  pur- 
chasing and  consequent  reduction  in  cost  to  the  Qovemment,  and  (4)  training 
the  men  on  a  ration  basis  much  more  nearly  approaching  the  requirements  of 
field  conditions.'' 

A  biolo^cal  analysis  of  pellafirra-producinff  diet8.-~-IV,  The  causes  of 
failure  of  mixtures  of  seeds  to  promote  growth  in  youn^r  animals,  E.  V.  Mo- 
CofLLXTM  and  Nina  SiificoNDS  {Jour.  Biol,  Chem.,  SS  (1918),  No,  2,  pp,  SOS^ll, 
pU.  7). — ^In  continuation  of  the  investigations  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  39, 
p.  666),  this  paper  discusses  the  supplementary  relationships  for  nutrition  of 
mixtures  of  seeds  as  determined  by  feeding  experiments  on  growing  rats. 

The  results  indicate  that  seeds  of  plants  can  be  classed  together  without 
exception  in  their  dietary  properties  in  that  they  must  be  combined  with  other 
foods  which  carry  a  much  greater  amount  of  calcium,  sodium,  and  chlorin  in 
order  to  render  them  complete  from  the  dietary  standpoint.  In  lesser  degree 
the  poor  quality  of  the  proteins  of  seeds  and  seed  mixtures  and  the  low  con- 
tent, with  few  exceptions,  of  fat-soluble  A  seem  to  be  contributing  factors  in 
causing  the  stunting  of  animals  fed  too  largely  on  this  class  of  vegetable  foods. 

The  authors  are  of  the  opinion  that  the  poor  quality  of  the  protein  content 
of  the  diet  is  in  all  probability  one  of  the  factors  in  lowering  the  vitality  of 
those  peoples  who  live  during  the  winter  season  on  a  diet  restricted  to  a  few 
articles,  the  chief  one  being  com  or  wheat  bread.  * 

A  biological  analysis  of  pellagrra-producing  diets. — ^V,  The  nature  of  the 
dietary  deficiencies  of  a  diet  derived  from  peas,  wheat  flour,  and  cottonseed 
oil,  E.  V.  McCk>Li.TJM,  Nina  SiififONOs,  and  H.  T.  Pabsons  {Jour.  Biol.  Chem,, 
SS  (1918),  A'o.  S,  pp.  J^ll-m*  fios.  5;  abs.  in  Chem.  Abs.,  12  (1918),  No.  19,  p. 
2(M?4).— Continuing  the  investigation  noted  above,  the  authors  have  studied  the 
deficiencies  o{  the  diet  with  which  Chittenden  and  Underbill  (E.  S.  R.,  36, 
p.  764)  produced  in  dogs  the  condition  said  to  be  similar  to  pellagra  in  man. 

As  the  result  of  experimental  evidence,  the  authors  conclude  that  this  diet  '*  Is 
not  deficient  in  the  sense  that  it  falls  to  furnish  a  sufficient  amount  of  another 
spedfie  substance  which  when  present  protects  against  the  development  of  the 
ayndrome  of  pellagra.  The  deficiencies  of  this  diet  are  all  dependent  upon  the 
dx>rtage  of  the  fat-soluble  A,  the  character  of  the  inorganic  moiety,  and  the 
idatively  poor  quality  of  Its  protein  mixture.  The  experimental  demonstra- 
tion of  this  fact,  provided  the  interpretation  be  accepted  that  the  dogs  were 
soffering  from  a  disease  analogous  to  pellagra  in  man,  eliminates  a  second  syn- 
drome, pellagra,  from  the  list  of  supposed  '  deficiency '  diseases." 

A  stady  of  the  diet  of  nonpellaerrous  and  of  pellagrous  households  in  tex- 
tile mill  communities  in  South  Carolina  in  1016,  J.  Goldbebgeb,  6.  A. 
Wheclxb,  and  E.  Stdenstbickeb  (Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  71  (1918),  No.  12, 
pp.  9U-949,  figs.  2;  ahs.  in  Chem.  Abs.,  12  (1918),  No.  2S,  pp.  2610,  2611).— In 
continuation  of  the  investigations  on  pellagra  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  36, 
p.  363),  this  paper  gives  a  brief  report  of  the  results  of  a  study  of  the  relation- 
ship of  household  diet  to  pellagra  incidence  in  some  cotton-mill  village  com- 
munities in  South  Carolina. 

A  comparison  of  the  diets  of  pellagrous  with  those  of  nonpellagrous  house- 
bolds  led  to  the  conclusion  that  the  pellagra-producing  dietary  fault  is  the  re- 


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70  BXPERIMEKT  STATION  BEGOBD.  [Vol.  40 

suit  of  some  one  or  more,  or  probably  a  combination  of  two  or  more,  of  the  fol- 
lowing factors :  A  physiologically  defective  protein  supply,  a  low  or  Inadequate 
supply  of  fat-soluble  vitamin,  a  low  or  inadequate  supply  of  water-soluble 
vitamin,  and  a  defective  mineral  supply.  This  is  in  accord  with  the  condusloiia 
of  Mc€k>llum  and  others  noted  above. 

"  The  somewhat  lower  plane  of  supply,  both  of  energy  and  of  protein,  of  the 
pellagrous  households,  though  apparently  not  an  essential  factor,  may,  never- 
theless, be  contributory  by  favoring  the  occurrence  of  a  deficiency  in  intake 
of  some  one  or  more  of  the  essential  dietary  factors,  particularly  with  diets 
having  only  a  narrow  margin  of  safety. 

''The  pellagra-producing  dietary  fault  may  be  oorrected  and  the  disease 
prevented  by  including  in  the  diet  an  adequate  supply  of  the  animal  protein 
foods  particularly  milk,  Including  butter  and  lean  meat*' 

The  rOle  of  antiscorbutics  in  our  dietary,  A.  F.  Bebb  {Jour,  Amer,  Med. 
Assoc,  71  {1918),  No.  12,  pp.  941-943,  /Iff,  1;  abs.  in  Chem,  Abs,,  12  {1918),  No. 
23,  p.  2610), — ^This  is  a  general  discussion  of  the  subject  based  on  investigations 
previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  771). 

The  author  suggests  the  practicability  of  using  orange  peel  in  place  of  orange 
Juice  as  an  antiscorbutic  An  infusion  made  by  adding  to  washed  and  grated 
orange  peel  twice  its  volume  of  boiling  water,  allowing  to  stand  over  night  and 
then  straining,  has  been  found  to  be  entirely  satisfactory  in  antiscorbutic 
proi>erties. 

The  "  vitamin  ''  hypothesis  and  the  diseases  referable  to  faulty  diet,  E.  V. 
McCoLLUU  {Jour,  Amer,  Med.  Assoc,  71  {1918),  No.  12,  pp.  937-941*  o5«.  in 
Chem.  Abs.,  12  {1918),  No.  23,  p.  £610).— Investigations  leadhig  to  the  present 
conception  of  an  adequate  diet  are  reviewed,  and, « the  deficiency  diseases- 
scurvy  and  pellagra — are  discussed  in  the  light  of  recent  studies  conducted 
by  the  author  and  other  Investigators. 

The  Inorganic  elements  in  nutrition,  T.  B.  Osborne,  L.  B.  Mendel,  et  au 
{Jour.  Biol.  Chem.,  34  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  131-139,  pis.  3).— The  rdle  in  nutrition 
of  the  inorganic  elements,  individually  and  collectively,  has  been  studied  by  the 
use  of  salt  mixtures  in  which  one  or  more  of  the  elements  has  been  omitted 
and  replaced  by  Increments  of  the  remaining  ones  so  as  to  maintain  as  nearly  as 
possible  the  balance  of  acids  and  bases.  These  were  used  in  the  customary 
feeding  experiments  with  rats  to  replace  the  complete  mixtures  of  inorganic 
salts,  which  have  been  shown  to  be  adequate. 

It  was  found  that  good  growth  took  place  when  magnesium,  sodium,  and 
calcium  were  all  present  in  traces  only.  With  less  than  0.04  per  cent  of  either 
chlorln  or  sodium,  slightly  more  than  0.01  per  cent  magnesium,  and  only  0.08 
per  cent  of  potassium,  respectively,  the  usual  growth  was  attained.  When 
both  sodium  and  potassium  were  simultaneously  decreased,  growth  ceased.  The 
subsequent  addition  of  sodium  alone  caused  only  a  slight  gain,  but  later  sub- 
stitution of  potassium  for  sodium  caused  rapid  recovery.  Cessation  or  re- 
striction of  growth  followed  rapidly  as  a  result  of  feeding  diets  low  in  calcium 
or  pho^horus.  This  was  promptly  remedied  by  the  introduction  of  either  in 
organic  form. 

The  authors  discuss  the  significance  of  the  results  obtained,  and  conclude 
that  in  the  long  run  much  smaller  quantities  of  those  inorganic  elements  which 
can  be  husbanded  will  be  required  for  well-being  than  of  those  which  are  needed 
for  the  maintenance  of  neutrality  and  are  continuously  eliminated.  This  is 
wholly  apart  from  any  quantity  necessary  for  the  construction  of  special  tissues 
like  bone  or  for  the  production  of  milk.  Attention  ia  called  to  the  fftct  that  any 
shortage  of  an  essential  inorganic  element  can  be  suitably  remedied  under  or- 
dinary conditions  by  the  use  of  its  salts. 


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Wl«l  ANIMAL  PBODUCnON.  71 

The  r61e  of  inorgaziic  sulphates  in  nutrition,  Amy  L.  Daniels  and  Jean  K. 
Rich  {Jour.  Biol.  Chem,,  S6  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  i7-S2,  figs.  S;  aba.  in  Chem.  Abs., 
It  (1918),  No.  23,  p.  2605).— Feeding  experiments  with  rats  to  determine 
whether  the. young  animal  is  able  to  synthesize  cystin  from  inorganic  sulphates 
are  reported.  Evidence  is  furnished  that  the  inorganic  sulphates  can  not  be 
used  to  replace  the  organically  combined  sulphur  of  cystin. 

Observations  on  the  significance  of  glycolic  acid,  gljoxal,  glycol  aldehyde, 
and  amino-aldehyde  in  intermediary  metabolism,  I.  Gbeenwalo  {Jour.  BioU 
Chem.,  S5  (1918),  No.  S,  pp.  J^l-ilt;  aba.  in  Chem.  Aba.,  12  (1918),  No.  23  pp. 
2608,  2609). — ^From  experiments  with  phlorhizinlEed  dogs  the  author  concludes 
that  it  is  highly  improbable  that  glycolic  acid  and  glyoxal  are  converted  into 
glucose  In  the  body,  but  that  it  is  probable,  but  not  established,  that  glycol  alde- 
hyde may  be  converted  into  glucose.  In  regard  to  the  significance  of  glycin  and 
amlno-aldehyde  in  intermediary  metabolism,  the  possible  sequence  is  suggested 
of  glycin  ^amino-aldehyde  ?:±glycol  aldehyde  ;p±glucose. 

Hunger  and  appetite  secretion  of  gastric  Juice  in  infants'  stomachs,  R. 
Tatlob  (Amer.  Jour.  Diaeaaea  ChUdren,  U  {1911),  No.  4,  pp.  258-266,  fig.  i).— 
An  apparatus  is  described  by  which  sham  feeding  can  be  carried  out  and  gastric 
juice  collected  under  conditions  which  are  said  to  give  positive  evidence  of  the 
amount  secreted.  Experimental  evidence  obtained  with  this  apparatus  tends 
to  prove  that  there  is  no  appetite  or  psychic  secretion  of  gastric  Juice  in  the 
hifant  The  empty  stomach  of  the  hungry  infant  was  found  to  secrete  a  pepsin- 
containing  gastric  Juice  which  is  often  as  acid  as  that  found  In  the  adult 
stomach.    The  more  profuse  this  secretion  the  higher  Is  its  acidity. 

Contribution  to  the  study  of  digestive  lencocytosis,  P.  Bbodin  and  F.  Saint- 
GnoNS  {Compt  Rend.  Acad.  Soi.  [Pariah,  166  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  S02-305).—A 
study  of  digestive  lencocytosis  was  conducted  by  means  of  the  determination 
of  the  number  of  leucocytes  in  the  blood  every  half  hour  for  six  or  seven  hours 
after  the  ingestion  of  different  food  materials.  The  results  are  summarized  as 
follows : 

In  the  normal  subject  digestion  is  constantly  accompanied  by  modlfl^feitions  in 
leacocytic  equilibrium  bearing  upon  the  number  of  white  corpuscles  and  the 
proportion  of  polynudears.  The  number  of  leucocytes  decreases  at  first  and  then 
hicreases,  the  largest  number  being  found  from  two  to  three  hours  and  again 
from  four  to  six  hours  after  the  meaL  The  proportion  of  polynudears  follows 
a  course  almost  parallel  with  that  of  the  number  of  leucocytes.  The  modifica- 
tions of  the  leucocytic  equilibrium  vary  with  each  individual  and,  above  all, 
with  the  nature  of  the  food,  being  most  pronounced  on  a  meat  diet.  This  is 
caused  by  the  passage  into  the  blood  of  ingested  products. 

AHIMAL  PBODXTCTIOH. 

Feeding  farm  animals,  W.  E.  Gabboix  (Utah  Bta.  Giro.  32  {1918),  pp.  3-23).-^ 
This  circular  constitutes  a  brief  popular  treatise  on  the  feeding  of  farm  animals, 
.  discussing  in  particular  the  function  of  food  nutrients,  the  digestion  of  feeds, 
rations,  and  the  relative  value  of  feeding  stuffs.  Ck>mpiled  tables  are  presented 
showing  the  nutrient  requirements  for  growth,  fattening,  milk  production,  and 
work  production,  and  the  relative  values  of  different  feeding  stuffs  as  based  on 
their  content  of  digestible  matter,  net  energy,  and  feed  units,  and  also  as  em- 
ployed in  the  feeding  of  the  more  common  farm  animals. 

Gomposition  and  digestibility  of  Sudan  grass  hay,  W.  O.  Gakssleb  and 
A.  C  MoCAnnusH  {Iowa  8ta.  Reaearch  Bui.  46  {1918),  pp.  66-75),— Thla  has 
been  abstracted  from  another  source  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  672). 
10«28'— 19 6 

Digitized  by  VjOOQIC 


72  EXPBRIMEKT  STATION  BEGOBD.  CVol.40 

Commercial  feeding  stulfa,  E.  G.  Pboxtlx  vr  al.  (Indiana  Sia.  Bui.  217 
(1918),  pp.  3-152)'. — ^Thls  bulletin  contains  the  usual  data  regarding  the  In- 
diana feedings  stuffs  control  law  and  its  enforcement,  including  a  discussion  of 
tlie  findings  in  the  inspection  during  the  year.  Analyses  are  reported  of  wheat 
bran,  wheat  middlings,  shorts,  red  dog  flour,  low-grade  flour,  rye  middlings, 
buckwheat  hulls,  alfalfa  meal,  blood  meal,  meat  scrap,  meat  meal,  tankage, 
dried  beet  pulp,  coconut-oil  meal,  com  bran,  gluten  feed,  gluten  meal,  hominy 
feed,  Telvet  bean  feed,  cottonseed  feed,  cottonseed  meal,  cold  pressed  cotton 
seed,  brewers*  grains,  distillers*  grains,  yeast  grains,  linseed  meal,  and  proprie- 
tary and  mixed  feeds. 

New  feeds,  A.  J.  Patten  (Michigan  Sta.,  Quart,  Bui.,  1  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  IS, 
16). — ^Brief  descriptions  of  the  following  feeds  which  have  appeared  recently  to 
a  greater  or  less  extent  on  the  markets  are  given:  Barley  feed,  oatmeal  by- 
products, corn  feed  meal,  corn  bran,  com  oil  cake  meal,  velvet  bean  feed,  and 
rye  feed.    The  description  in  some  instances  includes  the  gross  composition. 

[Analyses  of  feeding  stuffs],  O.  Dusserbe  (Ann.  Aqt.  Suisse,  19  (1918),  No. 
1,  pp.  ii5-ii9).— Analyses  are  reported  of  samples  of  feeding  stuflts,  including 
press  cakes  of  sesame,  peanuts,  corn,  and  flaxseed;  cereal  flours;  and  fodder 
mixtures  of  various  materials. 

Synthetic  capacity  of  the  mammary  gland. — 1,  Can  this  gland  synthesize 
lysinP  B.  B.  Habt,  V.  B.  Nelson,  and  W.  Pits  (Jour.  Biol  Chem.,  S6  (1918), 
No.  2,  pp.  291-S07,  figs.  13;  abs.  in  Jour.  Amer,  Med.  Assoc.,  72  (1919),  No.  1, 
p.  70). — ^Feeding  experiments  similar  to  those  of  Osborne,  Mendel,  and  Ferry 
(E.  S.  R.,  28,  p.  864),  in  which  gliadin  was  used  as  a  basal  protein,  have  been 
conducted  by  the  authors  with  rats  as  experimental  animals  and  zein  as  the 
basal  protein. 

The  results  indicate  that  it  is  very  probable  that  the  mammary  gland  has 
not  the  capacity  to  synthesize  lysin,  and  that  lysin  is  not  dispensable  for  normal 
maintenance.  The  evidence  is  considered  to  support  the  view  that,  as  far  as 
the  proteins  are  considered,  milk  secretion,  like  growth,  is  ultimately  dependent 
upon  th^quality  and  quantity  of  amino  acids  ingested  with  the  food. 

[Pasturing  and  feeding  experiments],  F.  B.  Hsadley  (U.  8.  Dept.  Agr., 
Bur.  Plant  Indus.,  Work  Truckee-Carson  Expt.  Farm,  1917,  pp.  21-24), — ^Three 
tests  with  pasture  grasses  for  cattle  are  briefly  described.  On  two  acres  of 
mixed  grasses  planted  in  June,  1917,  and  including  in  the  seed  mixture  2  lbs. 
alsike  clover,  2  lbs.  meadow  fescue,  7  lbs.  brome  grass,  6  lbs.  oat  grass,  5  lbs. 
orchard  grass,  8  lbs.  rye  grasji,  and  3  lbs.  Kentucky  blue  grass,  per  acre,  all 
varieties,  except  possibly  Kentucky  blue  grass,  made  a  rank  growth  the  flrst 
year.  The  field  produced  some  hay  and  was  used  for  fall  pasture.  In  another 
test  a  mixed  grass  pasture  had  made  sufficient  growth  for  pasturing  by  May  1 
and  continued  to  supply  pasture  until  in  October.  It  was  estimated  that  on 
this  pasture  one  and  one-half  acres  would  have  provided  continuous  pasture 
sufficient  for  two  cows. 

Pigs  on  sweet  clover  pasture  were  fed  a  daily  ration  of  101  lbs.  of  rolled 
barley  for  four  weeks,  when  during  the  next  four  weeks  1  lb.  of  tankage  was 
substituted  for  1  lb.  of  the  grain.  At  the  end  of  this  period  the  tankage  was 
increased  to  1^  lbs.  daily.  The  quantity  of  grain  per  pound  of  gain  was  re- 
duced from  6.55  lbs.  when  no  tankage  was  fed  to  2.8  lbs.,  including  the  tankage 
when  this  was  added  to  the  ration.  In  1917  pigs  on  a  2  per  cent  grain  ration 
required  per  pound  of  gain  8.1  lbs.  of  feed  when  on  sweet  clover  pasture,  while 
pigs  on  alfalfa  pasture  required  8.5  lbs.  In  1916,  however,  pigs  on  alfalfa 
pasture  required  only  2.4  lbs.  of  feed  to  produce  1  lb.  of  gain.  The  results  of 
a  feeding  test  indicated  com  to  be  more  economical  than  barley  for  fattening 
pigs  when  the  price  per  pound  is  the  same.    A  comparison  of  hand  feeding  and 

uigitizea  Dy  '^.jkjkjwik^ 


m9i  ANiMAii  PRODXJonoir.  73 

self  feedfnff  pigs  reBnlted  in  more  rapid  gains  from  self  feeding  but  at  a  small 
financial  loss,  while  with  hand  feeding  there  was  a  small  margin  of  profit. 

Labor-savinfiT  in  Uve-stoek  production  (U,  B.  Dept,  Agr.,  Off,  Sec.  Circ.  122 
{1918) y  pp,  14,  figs,  7). — ^This  circular  presents  a  number  of  brief  articles,  each 
by  a  different  author,  on  the  production  of  live  stock  as  a  means  of  saying  labor, 
and  the  possible  saving  of  labor  by  the  use  of  work  stock  and  in  the  raising  of 
hogs,  sheep,  beef  cattle,  and  poultry. 

Saving  farm  labor  by  harvestins:  crops  with  live  stock,  J.  A.  Drake  (U.  £f. 
Dept.  Affr.f  Farmer8*  Bui.  1008  (1918),  pp.  16,  figs.  23). —This  points  out,  largely 
by  pictures  of  actual  farm  practices,  some  of  the  advantages  of  keeping  live 
stock  and  of  using  hogs,  sheep,  and  beef  cattle  to  help  harvest  and  market 
farm  crops. 

Studies  in  inheritance  of  certain  characters  of  crosses  between  dairy  and 
beef  breeds  of  cattle,  J.  W.  Ck>WEN  (Jour.  Agr.  Research  [U.  8.],  IS  {1918), 
No.  1,  pp.  €3,  pis.  6,  figs.  2). — This  paper  presents  a  preliminary  analysis  of  the 
inheritance  of  the  more  prominent  characters  in  the  first  generation  crosses  of 
the  principal  dairy  breeds,  Holstein-Frlesian,  Guernsey,  Jersey,  and  Ayrshire, 
on  the  Aberdeen-Angus,  forming  part  of  the  crossbred  herd  being  brought  to- 
gether by  the  Maine  Experiment  Station  for  the  purpose  of  studying  some 
of  the  outstanding  problems  of  dairy  husbandry.  Individual  descriptions  of  the 
animals  in  the  parental  and  in  the  crossbred  herd,  and  the  individual  records 
of  the  animals  composing  both  the  parental  generation  and  the  first  and  second 
filial  generations  are  given.    A  list  of  cited  literature  is  appended. 

A  study  of  the  inbreeding  In  the  foundation  herd  is  reported  as  showing  that 
the  inbreeding  as  measured  by  the  best  mathematical  methods  is  no  greater 
than  would  be  exi)ected  to  occur  in  any  of  the  modern  breeds  when  the  animals 
were  selected  at  random.  It  is  considered  safe  to  assume,  therefore,  that  the 
results  of  the  study  are  not  due  to  the  width  of  the  crosses,  as  a  number  of  the 
animals  famous  in  their  breed  have  been  far  more  inbred  than  any  of  the 
parental  stock  voted  in  these  experiments. 

Black  body  color  was  found  dominant  to  the  other  color  in  the  first  genera- 
tion. The  appearance  in  the  second  year  of  an  orange-coated  bull  is  explained 
on  the  basis  of  a  recessive  dllutor  in  the  Guernsey  segregated  out  along  with 
the  black  color,  and  the  appearance  of  a  dark  Jersey  dun-coated  heifer  is 
regarded  as  showing  that  the  Jersey  does  not  normally  possess  this  factor. 

Of  the  white  body  markings  the  white  in  the  inguinal  region  alone  appeared 
dominant  All  other  white  markings  were  in  general  suppressed  in  the  off- 
q>ring  when  such  animals  were  mated  to  solid  color.  The  pigmented  muzzle  was 
foimd  dominant  to  the  one  not  pigmented,  and  in  accordance  with  previous 
results  it  was  shown  that  a  pigmented  tongue  is  dominant  to  a  nonpigmented 
one. 

A  black  switch  appeared  to  cause  the  suppression  of  the  other  switch  colors 
in  the  offspring,  and  this  together  with  the  fact  that  all  the  matings  had  at  least 
one  animal  with  a  black  switch  as  parent  made  it  impossible  to  study  the 
b^avior  of  the  other  colors.  A  deep  red-orange  switch  was  segregated  out 
from  a  back  cross  of  a  black  animal  carrying  an  orange  coat  and  white  switch, 
geietically,  thus  showing  the  segregation  of  the  factor  for  orange  switch  from 
that  for  both  white  and  black. 

With  regard  to  the  character  of  poUedness,  it  is  stated  that  two-horned 
animals  resulted  from  crosses  of  polled  with  horned  parents.  It  is  pointed  out 
that  on  the  basis  of  the  other  results  these  could  not  have  resulted  from  a 
heterozygous  polled  condition.  These  cases,  one  with  the  horns  tight  and  the 
other  loose,  are  looked  upon  as  exceptions  to  the  previously  accepted  hypoth- 
esis of  simple  dominance  for  Uie  polled  character,  and  it  is  suggested  that  the 

uigitizea  Dy  vjiv/\^^lC 


74 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEOOBD. 


tToL40 


testes  have  some  action  on  the  presence  or  absence  of  horns.  This  hypothesis 
is  considered  as  partially  proved  by  the  fact  that  of  the  polled  animals  10 
were  females,  2  males,  and  1  doubtfully  polled,  and  of  the  animals  with  scors 
1  female  and  7  males  had  loose  scurs  and  8  males  had  tight  scurs,  while  those 
with  horns  (only  2)  were  also  males.  The  author  suggests  this  difference  as 
apparently  due  to  a  hormone  secreted  by  the  germ  cells. 

It  was  observed  that  the  type  of  head  and  heavy,  deep-fleshed  forequarters 
were  transmitted  when  either  parent  was  Aberdeen-Angus,  while  the  body  and 
hind  quarters  appeared  intermediate  but  resembled  most  the  dairy  parents. 
The  results  further  indicated  that  high  milk  producticm  is  dominant  to  low  pro- 
duction, but  that  high  taX  percentage  is  recessive  to  a  low  fat  percentage  in  the 
milk. 

Baby  beef,  L.  Foster  and  E.  J.  Maynabd  (New  Uewioo  8ta.  Bui,  112  {1918), 
pp.  15,  fiffs,  9). — ^An  experiment  is  reported  in  which  the  value  of  beef  and 
dairy  types  for  baby  beef  production  was  compared.  The  four  steers  used  in  the 
test  included  a  Shorthorn-Hereford  cross,  an  Angus-Hereford  cross,  a  high- 
grade  Holstein,  and  a  high-grade  Jersey.  The  Jersey  steer  weighed  approxi- 
mately 60  lbs.  and  the  others  each  00  Iba  at  birth.  One  of  the  beef  steers 
ran  with  his  dam  until  260  and  the  other  until  830  days  old,  when  they  were 
given  a  full  feed  of  grain  and  hay  or  grain  and  pasture,  while  the  dairy 
calves  we're  taken  from  their  dams  when  a  few  days  old  and  were  put  gradually 
on  liberal  rations  of  sldm  milk  and  grain.  The  steers  were  all  slaughtered  at 
the  age  of  688  days.  The  results  of  the  test  are  summarized  in  the  following 
table: 

Comparison  of  heef  and  dairy  types  for  J>ahy  heef  production. 


Final 

weight. 

Dally 
gain. 

Grain 
con- 
sumed. 

Hay 

somed. 

Cost  of 
produc- 
tion. 

U^e  weight. 

Dratsed 

meat. 

Typeolrteer. 

Cost  per 
pound. 

Value  at 
13  cents. 

Amna-Hereford 

Grade  Holstein 

Grade  Jersey 

Pounds. 

1,140 

1.120 

984 

860 

Pounds. 
1.80 
1.76 
l.<3 
1.37 

Pounds. 
1,863 
2;  606 
3,333 
3,332 

Pounds. 
2,823 

3  166 

4  387 
4,387 

883.67 
97.78 
81.45 
81.45 

Cents. 
7.3 
8.7 
8.2 
10.1 

1148.20 
145.60 
127.92 
111.80 

Per  cent, 
69.57 
60.54 
63.00 
60.81 

In  estimating  the  cost  of  production  grain  was  valued  at  $1.50,  and  skim  milk 
at  15  cts.  per  hundredweight,  alfalfii  hay  at  $10  per  ton,  and  pastmre  at  $1 
per  month.  The  cost  of  raising  the  beef  calves  by  their  dams  was  placed  at 
$36  each. 

In  this  connection  attention  is  called  to  certain  results  from  other  experi- 
ments conducted  at  the  station.  In. a  trial  with  cattle  of  different  ages  the 
average  dally  gains  were  as  follows :  Calves  8.18  lbs.,  yearlings  2.22  lbs.,  two- 
year-olds  2.15  lbs.,  and  three-year-olds  0.06  lb.  In  a  second  trial  the  corre- 
sponding gains  were  2.7,  2.21,  2.25,  and  1.52  lbs.  In  the  first  test  the  calves 
consumed  7.77  lbs.  of  feed  for  each  pound  of  grain,  the  yearlings  11.11  lb&,  the 
two-year-olds  11.46  lbs.,  and  the  three-year-olds  20.84  lbs.,  while  In  the  second 
trial  the  corresponding  figures  were  6.96,  9.57,  9.63,  and  12.6  lbs. 

Sheep  Investigations,  D.  A.  Spenckb  {Oklahoma  Bta.  Rpi,  1917,  pp.  t3-26).^ 
A  preliminary  report  on  sheep  breeding  investigations  in  progress  since  1910 
is  presented,  in  which  the  methods  of  procedure  for  each  year  are  summarized, 
and  the  studies  of  characters  with  some  of  the  results  are  briefly  described. 

It  is  pointed  out  that  the  numerous  cross-bred  individuals  show  that  it  has 
been  possible  to  maintain  a  dominance  of  the  desirable  mutton  conformation 

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1M»1  ANIMAL  PBODtJOnOK.  75 

with  as  much  as  50  per  cent  of  the  Inheritance  of  Shropshire  or  Dorset  blood. 
Satisfactory  size  was  dominant  in  all  crosses  except  in  those  having  from  25  to 
50  per  cent  American  Merino  Inheritance  combined  with  as  much  as  25  to  50 
per  cent  of  Shropshire  Inheritance.  The  resnlts  of  crossing  also  indicated  that 
the  hornless  character  of  the  Shropshire  is  dominant  in  the  female  offspring. 
The  absence  of  folded  skin  in  the  mutton  breeds  appears  to  be  dominant  over 
the  presence  of  folds  in  the  fine-wool  breeds. 

The  Merinos  and  Ramboulllets  transmitted  satisfactorily  their  density  and 
flneness  of  fleece.  The  fine-wool  breeds  stood  first  in  fall  and  winter  lambing, 
followed  closely  by  the  Dorsets,  but  most  of  the  Shropshlres  lambed  in  March 
and  April.  In  several  of  the  simple  crosses  the  lambing  time  was  about  midway 
between  the  periods  of  lambing  for  the  two  breeds  represented.  The  prolificacy 
of  the  different  breeds  and  crosses  was  as  follows :  Merinos  114  per  cent,  Ram- 
honillets  114,  Mefino-Dorsets  188,  Shropshire-Dorseta  139,  Shropshlres  139,  and 
Dorsets  148  per  cent. 

Pork  production  in  North  Dakota,  W.  H.  Peters  and  D.  J.  Geiken  (North 
Dakota  Sta.  Buh  irt  {1918),  pp/U^-TtS,  flgs.  15).— This  bulletin  discusses 
briefly  some  of  the  more  important  phases  of  swine  management,  points  out  the 
value  of  certain  crops  for  pasturing  swine,  and  reports  the  results  of  a  number 
of  feeding  trials,  giving  numerical  data  In  tabular  form. 

The  average  results  of  all  the  station's  trials  with  feeding  grain  alone  to  hogs 
in  the  dry  lot  are  considered  as  indicating  that  under  these  conditions  of  feeding 
it  takes  about  4i  lbs.  of  grain  to  make  1  lb.  of  pork.  It  was  shown  also  that  it 
is  more  difficult  to  keep  pigs  in  good  health  and  to  produce  a  good  firm  quality 
of  pork  under  these  conditions  than  when  the  pigs  are  kept  on  pasture. 

From  the  results  of  feeding  experiments  in  1916  and  1917  with  pigs  on  alfalfa 
pasture  it  Is  concluded  that  alfalfa  is  the  most  successful  pasture  crop  for  hogs, 
and  that  a  ration  of  3)  lbs.  of  grain  per  100  lbs.  of  live  weight  of  pigs  per  day 
fed  to  young  growing  animals  on  alfalfa  pasture  produces  better  and  more  uni- 
form hogs,  and  also  gives  a  larger  profit  than  either  a  lighter  or  a  heavier  grain 
ration.  In  a  trial  in  which  the  pigs  were  pastured  on  sweet  clover,  it  was  found 
that  this  crop  did  not  prove  very  palatable  to  them.  Canada  field  peas  at  the 
station  were  not  found  satisfactory  for  providing  summer  pasture.  At  the 
Bdgeley  Substation  in  1917  four  acres  of  field  peas  pastured  by  100  pigs  during 
the  greater  part  of  August  produced  a  gain  of  1,750  lbs.,  which,  at  12  cts.  per 
pound,  gave  the  field  an  acre  value  of  about  $62.50.  Hogging  off  Canada  field 
peas  when  mature  proved  practical  and  profitable.  Hogging  off  the  early 
maturing  varieties  of  com  through  the  fall  months  was  also  found  advantageous. 

Feeding  good  alfalfa  hay  to  brood  sows  in  winter  made  possible  a  saving  of 
from  i  to  I  of  the  grain  that  otherwise  would  have  been  required. 

Fattening  ho^  by  the  ase  of  the  self-feeder,  J.  S.  Maijons  {Olctahoma  8ta, 
Rpt.  1911,  p.  22). — ^A  feeding  test  was  conducted  from  November  29.  1916,  to 
F^mary  28, 1917,  to  study  the  value  of  self-feeders,  of  Kaflr  corn  for  the  fat- 
tening feed,  and  of  tankage,  peanut  meal,  and  cottonseed  meal  as  protein  sup- 
plements. Kafir  com  was  fed  through  a  self-feeder  with  each  one  of  the  sup- 
plements, and  in  one  instance  with  the  three  supplements  together.  The  net 
profit  per  lot  of  7  hogs  from  Kafir  com  and  tankage  was  $121.10,  from  Kafir  com 
and  peanut  meal  $9a85,  from  Kafir  com  and  cottonseed  meal  $96.08,  and  from 
Kafir  com  combined  with  the  three  supplements,  $180.34.  In  the  calculation 
the  values  per  100  lbs.  of  the  differ^iit  feeds  were  as  follows :  Kafir  com,  $1, 
tankage  $3,  peanut  meal  $2,  and  cottonseed  meal  $1.50. 

Feeding  value  of  skim  milk,  H.  W.  Nobton,  jb.  (Michigan  8ta,,  Quart,  But,, 
I  (191%),  No.  1,  pp.  17,  18).— A  summary  of  the  results  of  a  lifirge  number  of 
IMing  trials  by  different  experiment  stations  throughout  the  country  was 


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76  EXPERIMENT  STATION  REGOBD.  [Vol.  40 

made  to  determine  the  valne  of  akim  milk  as  a  supplement  to  com  and  other 
cereal  grains  when  fed  to  pigs.  It  Is  pointed  out  that  415  pigs  fed  cereal  grains 
only  made  an  average  gain  of  100  lbs.  from  486.5  lbs.  of  grain  and  that  325 
pigs  fed  cereal  grains  supplemented  by  skim  milk  made  an  average  gain  of  100 
Iba  from  266.9  lbs.  of  grain  and  785.1  lbs.  of  skim  milk.  This  indicates  that 
100  lbs.  of  skim  milk  replaced  28  lbs.  of  grain.  Calculated  on  the  basis  of 
$50  to  $80  per  ton  for  the  different  grains  used,  which  included  com,  wheat, 
rye,  and  barley,  the  value  of  the  skim  milk  ranged  from  0.7  to  1.2  cents  per 
pound.  Attention  is  also  called  to  the  fact  that  this  summary  showed  much 
greater  returns  from  the  skim  milk  when  2  to  3  lbs.  of  milk  was  fed  per  pound 
of  grain  than  when  the  milk  was  fed  in  larger  quantities. 

Velvet  bean  feed  for  piffs,  H.  W.  Norton,  jx.  (Michiffan  Sta.,  Quart.  Bui.,  1 
{1918),  No,  J,  pp.  7,  8).— Seven  lots  of  thrifty  pigs  weighing  from  90  to  125 
lbs.  at  the  beginning  of  the  test  were  fed  velvet  beans  In  the  pods  and  velvet 
bean  feed  consisting  of  the  ground  beans  and  pods.  These  feeds  were  used 
singly  and  in  combinations  with  middlings,  com,  and  tankage.  The  first  lot 
was  fed  the  velvet  beans  in  the  pods  dr^  through  a  self-feeder,  while  the 
other  lots  received  the  feed  as  slop.  On  the  basis  of  $37.50  per  ton  for  un- 
ground  velvet  beans  and  pods,  $40  per  ton  for  velvet  bean  feed,  $40  per  ton 
for  wheat  middlings,  $60  per  ton  for  com,  and  $100  per  ton  for  tankage,  the 
feed  cost  per  pound  of  gain  in  the  first  lot  amounted  to  41.73  cts.,  and  in  the 
lot  receiving  velvet  bean  feed  alone  to  39.88  cts.  The  cheaptest  gain  by  far, 
the  feed  cost  per  pound  of  gain  being  10.86  cts.,  was  made  by  the  check  lot 
fed  10  parts  of  corn  and  1  part  tankage. 

Second  annual  report  for  the  year  1917  by  the  Oklahoma  State  Livestock 
Begistry  Board  {Oklahoma  8ta,  Circ,  U  {1918),  pp.  Ill,  fiff$.  7).— This  report 
contains  the  text  of  the  State  live  stock  registration  law  and  rules  and  regula- 
tions adopted  by  the  board  for  its  enforcement,  and  gives  lists  by  breeds  and 
counties  of  the  stallions  and  jacks  licensed  in  the  State  in  1917.  Lists  of  the 
horse  and  Jack  registry  associations  recognized  and  not  recognized  in  Oklahoma 
and  a  list  of  the  States  having  stallion  laws  are  also  given.  A  number  of  popu- 
lar articles  on  raising  and  handling  horses  are  included. 

The  value  of  skim  milk  and  meat  scraps  for  White  Plymouth  Bocks,  A.  O. 
Philips  {Indiana  8ta.  Bui,  tl8  {1918),  pp.  20,  figs.  4).— The  results  are  re- 
ported of  feeding  experiments  with  pullets  and  with  hens.  The  experiments 
wit}i  pullets,  conducted  for  three  consecutive  years  beginning  in  December,  1914, 
included  an  annual  series  of  three  pens,  each  receiving  a  mixed  grain  ration 
made  up  of  corn  and  wheat,  10  lbs.  each,  and  oats  5  lbs.  with  a  mash  consist- 
ing of  5  lbs.  each  of  bran  and  shorts.  In  addition  to  this  allowance  one  pen 
received  50  lbs.  of  skim  milk  and  another  pen  3.5  lbs.  of  meat  scrap,  these 
quantities  furnishing  approximately  the  same  amount  of  protein.  During  the 
winter  the  com  was  increased  to  15  lbs.,  the  wheat  reduced  to  5  lbs.,  and  in 
the  fall  1  lb.  of  oil  meal  was  added.  Grit,  oyster  shell,  and  dry  bone  were 
always  available  as  was  also  water,  except  in  the  skim  milk  pen.  When  not  on 
range  the  birds  were  fed  mangels.  The  bran  and  shorts  were  fed  together  as  a 
dry  mash.  The  skim  milk  was  fed  in  an  open  pan  and  the  meat  scrap  was 
mixed  with  the  mash.  ' 

The  average  annual  consumption  of  feed  per  fowl  was  97.63  lbs.  fbr  the 
meat  scrap  pen,  83.24  lbs.  for  the  check  pen,  and  201.82  lbs.,  including  115.74 
lbs.  of  milk,  for  the  skim  milk  pen,  the  cost  being  $1.69,  $1.37,  and  $1.79, 
respectively.  The  cost  of  feeding  a  pullet  on  a  good  ration  averaged  about 
$1.75  in  1916  and  nearly  $2.50  in  1917.  No  difference  in  feeding  capacity 
between  good  and  poor  layers  was  observed.  The  use  of  skim  milk  and  meat 
scrap  increased  the  efficiency  of  the  grain.    The  average  cost  of  producing  1 


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MWl  ANIMAL  PBODUOnOJT.  77 

dozen  eggs  was  15.5  cts.  in  the  skim  milk  pen,  15.2  cts.  in  the  meat  scrap  pen, 
and  27.5  cts.  in  the  pen  receiving  no  food  from  animal  sources.  For  the  pro- 
duction of  1  lb.  of  eggs  the  skim  milk  pen  required  4.9  lbs.  of  dry  matter »  the 
meat  scrap  pen  5.14  lbs.,  and  the  check  pen  9.57  lb&,  while  the  egg  production 
per  pallet  averaged  140.2,  135.9,  and  61.2  eggs,  req;>ectively.  All  the  pullets  in 
the  tests  tended  to  lay  the  most  eggs  in  or  about  the  month  of  April. 

The  profit  over  feed  per  pullet  in  the  skim  milk  pen  was  $1.59,  in  the  meat 
scrap  pen  $1.62,  and  in  the  check  pen  5  ct&  The  feeding  value  per  100  lbs.  of 
skim  milk  was  $1.60  and  of  meat  scrap  $20.03.  The  meat  scrap  pen  produced 
better  fertility  but  not  so  good  hatching  power  of  eggs  as  was  produced  by  the 
skim  milk  pen,  while  the  check  pen  produced  the  best  fertility.  It  was  found 
that  the  average  yearly  manure  production  per  pullet  at  night  was  about  27 
lbs.  The  method  of  feeding  appeared  to  have  no  influence  on  health  or 
mortality. 

At  the  dose  of  the  first  and  the  second  years  of  the  experiments  above  de- 
scribed the  check  pens  were  retained  and  placed  on  the  skim  milk  ration,  while 
the  skim  milk  pens  were  also  retained  and  continued  on  their  ration  another 
year.  This  was  done  to  determine  whether  or  not  the  poor  egg  production  in 
the  check  pens  had  been  due  to  the  lack  of  animal  protein  or  to  poor  laying 
powers  in  the  particular  birds.  The  results  secured  in  this  test  showed  that 
the  hens  consumed  nearly  as  much  food  as  when  they  were  pullets,  the  feed 
cost  being  only  slightly  less,  and  that  pullets  fed  no  animal  protein  increased 
thdr  consumption  of  everything  as  hens  when  given  skim  milk  in  abundance. 
The  fowls  which  had  had  suificient  animal  protein  all  their  lives  normally  laid 
leas  eggs  as  hens  than  as  pullets,  but  fowls  not  receiving  sufficient  protein  as 
pullets  when  given  skim  milk  as  hens  laid  at  least  as  many  eggs  as  pullets  nor- 
mally did. 

The  pullets  from  the  check  pens  molted  early,  were  in  full  new  feathers  by 
October,  and  when  skim  milk  feeding  was  begun  In  November  they  laid  more 
winter  eggs  as  hens  than  any  fowls  did  as  piUlets.  It  is  pointed  out  that  early 
molting  indicates  poor  laying  but  may  not  indicate  poor  laying  capacity.  The 
hens  not  fed  milk  as  pallets  produced  a  greater  profit  over  feed  as  hens  than 
did  the  milk-fed  pullets.  While  hens  seemed  to  produce  better  fertility  than 
pallets  they  showed  little  improvement  in  the  hatching  power  of  the  eggs. 

The  nesting  habits  of  the  hen,  G.  M.  Tubpin  {loica  8ta.  Bui.  178  (1918),  pp. 
tOB-^^t  flffg,  6), — ^This  bulletin  reports  the  results  of  experiments  and  obser- 
vations made  to  determine  the  Important  factors  influencing  hens  in  selecting 
the  place  for  laying  their  egg&  Data  for  March  and  April,  and  April  and  May, 
showing  the  regularity  in  time  of  nesting  are  presented  in  tables,  together  with 
other  records. 

Of  the  hens  under  observation  as  to  the  diurnal  time  of  laying  17.7  per  cent 
laid  before  9  a.  m.,  28.5  per  cent  from  9  to  11  a.  m.,  27.8  per  cent  from  11  a.  m. 
to  1  p.  m.,  19.5  per  cent  from  1  to  8  p.  m.,  and  7  per  cent  from  8  to  5  p.  m. 
Nesting  records  showed  that  a  large  percentage  of  hens  adhere  closely  to  a 
oniform -schedule  of  daily  egg  production  and  the  time  of  day  of  laying.  Hens 
laying  regularly  every  other  day  were  found  to  lay  at  about  the  same  hour 
each  day,  and  those  laying  two  days  in  succession  in  every  three-day  period  as 
a  role  laid  the  first  ^^g  of  the  cycle  at  a  certain  definite  hour  of  the  forenoon 
and  the  second  egg  during  a  definite  period  in  the  afternoon.  Most  of  the  hens 
laying  three  e|^  in  a  cycle  laid  the  first  egg  comparatively  early  in  the  fore- 
oooD,  the  second  somewhat  later  in  the  forenoon,  and  the  third  at  a  definite 

period  in  the  afternoon.    In  general  hens  laying  more  than  three  eggs  in  a  cycle 

laid  a  larger  proportion  of  their  eggs  in  the  forenoon  than  those  laying  a 


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78  BXPBRIMENT  STATIOK  BECOKD.  lVoL40 

smaller  number  In  a  cyde.  It  was  observed  that  hens  usually  visited  a  number 
of  nests  and  spent  some  time  on  them  before  selecting  the  nest  In  which  they 
finally  laid. 

The  average  time  spent  on  the  nest  in  laying  was  found  to  be  1  hour  and  35 
minutes  for  each  of  two  tests  with  White  Leghorns,  1  hour  and  45  minutes  and 

1  hour  and  49  minutes,  respectively,  for  two  tests  with  Rhode  Island  Reds,  and 

2  hours  and  16  minutes  in  one  test  with  White  Plymouth  Rocks.  The  time  the 
bens  spent  on  nests  when  not  laying  brought  the  average  per  egg  produced  up 
to  about  two  hours.  The  proportion  of  the  total  time  spent  on  the  nest  before 
and  after  the  egg  was  actually  delivered  varied  greatly,  but  no  correlation  was 
apparent  between  the  rate  of  egg  production  and  the  average  length  of  time 
spent  on  the  nest  in  laying.  Hens  frequently  visited  the  nests  and  spent  con- 
siderable time  there  on  days  when  they  did  not  lay. 

Nests  appeared  much  more  attractive  to  the  hens  when  they  contained  at 
least  one  egg,  and  to  become  less  attractive  as  the  number  of  eggs  was  Increased 
to  more  than  three  or  four.  In  three  tests  to  determine  the  value  of  nest  eggs, 
the  numbers  of  eggs  laid  in  the  first  test  in  nests  furnished,  respectively,  with 
no  nest  egg,  china  egg,  and  hen's  egg  were  in  the  ratio  100 :  198 :  209 ;  in  the 
second  test  with  no  nest  egg,  glass  egg,  hen's  egg,  and  wooden  egg  in  the  ratio 
was  100 :  160 :  184 :  233 ;  and  in  the  third  test  with  no  nest  egg,  hen's  egg, 
wooden  egg,  and  plaster  of  Paris  egg,  100 :  194 :  208 :  221. 

The  relative  number  of  eggs  laid  in  concealed  and  exposed  nests  was  ^re- 
spectively, 113  and  100.  In  one  test  91.7  per  cent  and  In  another  87.6  per  cent 
of  all  eggs  produced  were  laid  in  concealed  nests  with  nest  eggs,  compared  with 
exposed  nests  without  nest  eggs.  Habit  did  not  appear  as  a  strong  factor  in 
determining  the  particular  nest  in  which  the  hen  chose  to  lay  from  day  to 
day.  It  is  stated  that  at  least  one  nest  for  each  four  or  five  hens  is  required 
to  meet  the  needs  of  the  average  farm  flock. 

Seasonable  facts  of  special  interest  to  poultrymen,  H.  R.  Lewis  {New  Jer- 
sey Stas.,  Hints  to  Poidtrymenf  7  {1918),  No.  1,  pp,  4). — ^Present  conditions  of 
the  poultry  industry,  the  feed,  fuel,  and  poultry  supply  situation,  and  recent 
rulings  of  interest  to  the  egg  trade  are  briefly  noted,  and  the  standard  shipping 
boxes  adapted  by  the  International  Baby  Chick  Association  are  described. 

DAIBT  FAXMnrO^DAIETINa. 

Profitable  dairy-farm  organization  in  Kentncky,  W.  D.  Nichozxs  and  J.  B. 
HuTSON  (Kentucky  8ta,  Bui,  tit  {1918),  pp.  95-H6,  figs.  9).— Studies  by  the 
farm  management  survey  method  were  made  of  162  dairy  farms  situated  in  the 
district  furnishing  the  bulk  of  the  milk  supply  of  Louisville^  and  the  average 
results  as  well  as  the  data  pertaining  to  a  number  of  individual  farms  on  which 
noteworthy  results  were  secured  are  reported  in  detail  and  discussed.  On 
the  farms  studied  46  per  cent  of  the  total  receipts  were  secured  from  dairy 
products,  8.2  per  cent  from  dairy  cattle,  10  per  cent  from  hogs,  4.5  per  ooit 
from  beef  cattle,  1.4  per  cent  from  sheep,  8.4  per  cent  from  tobacco,  4.3  per  cent 
from  wheat,  4  per  cent  from  feed  crops,  2  per  cent  from  poultry,  and  1L2  per 
cent  from  other  sources. 

As  based  on  the  average  results,  the  relation  to  labor  income  of  the  receipts 
per  cow,  crop  yields,  the  receipts  per  cow  and  crop  yields  combined,  size  of  farm, 
crop  acreage,  size  of  herd,  capital,  rate  of  stocking  the  farm,  pasture  utilization, 
amount  of  live  stock  kept  on  crop  yield,  proportion  of  farm  animals  in  cows 
and  receipts  per  cow,  receipts  from  hogs,  receipts  from  crops,  and  receipts  per 
$100  worth  of  feed  is  shown  in  tables.  The  average  for  the  most  profitable  10 
farms  showed  a  production  of  milk  to  the  value  of  $208  per  $100  worth  of  feed 


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1M»1  DAIBY  FARMIKG — ^DAIRYlKa.  79 

as  comimrcd  with  $163,  the  average  for  all  the  farms.  These  10  farms  had  four 
times  the  labor  Income,  twice  the  capital  and  crop  area,  40  per  cent  greater  total 
area,  were  twice  as  heavily  stocked,  had  21  per  cent  better  crop  yields,  26  per 
cent  greater  receipts  per  cow,  and  carried  70  per  cent  more  cows  per  unit  of 
pasture  than  did  the  average  farm. 

A  large  production  per  cow  was  shown  to  be  a  fundamental  factor  in  profitable 
dairy  farming.  The  profitable  proportion  of  dairy  cows  to  farm  animals  was 
determined  mainly  by  the  quality  of  the  cows.  With  poor  cows  profits  decreased 
ts  their  proportionate  number  increased,  while  with  high-producing  cows  the 
IirofitB  Increased  until  their  number  reached  60  to  65  per  cent  of  the  farm  stock, 
beyond  which  the  percentage  of  profits  decreased.  The  profits  also  increased  with 
the  crop  yields,  and  the  farms  having  both  crop  yields  and  herd  production 
better  than  the  average  made  profits  six  times  greater  than  those  made  on  the 
farms  with  crop  yields  and  herd  production  under  the  average.  In  general  the 
farms  with  the  larger  acreage  and  herds  and  employin^the  larger  amounts  of 
capital  gave  the  better  returns.  The  most  profitable  farms  had  about  three- 
fourths  of  their  total  capital  in  real  estate  and  one-fourth  in  operating  capital. 

The  well-stocked  farms  produced  much  the  larger  crop  yields.  Pastures 
fomlahed  by  far  the  cheapest  feed  for  milk  production.  The  farms  with  pastures 
carrying  one  cow  to  1.3  acres  made  labor  Incomes  20  times  as  great  as  the  farms 
with  pastures  carrying  only  one  cow  to  4.4  acres.  A  few  hogs  on  dairy  farms 
proved  profitable,  but  sheep  were  kept  to  advantage  only  on  the  larger  farms 
where  the  sheep  and  cattle  could  be  kept  separate.  Gash  crops  to  a  certain 
extent  were  found  profitable,  but  too  large  a  proportion  of  the  receipts  from 
this  source  caused  profits  to  decline. 

Cooperative  bull  associations,  J.  G.  Winkjbe  (U.  8.  Dept.  Agr,,  Farmer^ 
Btd,  99S  {1918) f  pp.  55,  flfft,  7).— The  history  of  the  movement  is  briefly  noted 
and  some  of  its  advantages,  including  the  keeping  of  better  and  fewer  bulls,  the 
low  cost  of  cooperation,  the  quick  returns  of  the  investment,  the  possibility  of 
line  breeding,  the  elimination  of  the  scrub,  and  the  encouragement  of  community 
breeding,  are  discussed.  The  influence  of  heredity  and  the  sire  as  a  factor  in 
herd  Improvement  are  set  forth,  and  the  educational  value  of  bull  associations 
is  pointed  out  Advice  is  presented  regarding  the  eradication  of  disease  and 
nggestlons,  including  the  form  of  constitution  and  by-laws,  are  given  on  how 
to  organize  an  association  of  this  kind.  The  selection  of  bulls  is  also  briefly 
eoDsidered. 

Diphtheria,  G.  W.  McGot,  J.  Bolten,  and  H.  S.  BKBNSTEiif  {Puh.  Health 
RpU.  [U.  S.],  5«  {1917),  No.  4S,  pp.  llBn-im.  Affs.  7).— This  is  the  history  of 
•an  epidemic  of  diphtheria,  probably  of  milk  origin,  occurring  at  Newport,  R.  I., 
and  vicinity  in  the  sununer  of  1917.  The  source  of  Infection  was  evidently  con- 
tamlaated  milk  used  in  making  ice  cream.  It  is  pointed  out  that  the  epidemic 
ooold  have  been  averted  by  proper  pasteurization  of  the  milk  supply. 

Pasteurization,  O.  G.  Baixbaussn  {Agr.  Gag.  V.  8.  WiOes,  29  {1918),  No.  8, 
9p.  S85-591). — ^The  methods  in  use  in  New  South  Wales  for  pasteurizing  cream 
fm  butter  manufacture  and  for  the  preparation  and  propagation  of  lactic  add 
itarters  are  described,  and  a  critical  discussion  is  given  of  the  value  of  both 
processes  in  the  manufacture  of  butter  of  the  first  quality. 

The  manufacture  of  Keuf ch&tel  and  cream  cheese  in  the  factory,  K.  J. 
Xatrbson  and  F.  R.  Gammack  (17.  8.  Dept.  Agr.  But  669  {1918),  pp.  28,  figs. 
4).— TUs  bulletin  discusses  important  factors  in  successful  production,  the 
process  of  making  these  types  of  cheese,  and  the  methods  of  packing  best 
adapted  to  the  product,  and  reports  the  results  of  experimental  work  on  the 
manufacturing  process  and  the  keeping  qualities  of  the  cheese.  Statements 
lesanling  the  yield  of  cheese  per  100  lbs.  of  milk  are  also  presented. 


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80  BXPSBIICBNT  STATIOK  BEOOBO.  [VoL^O 

The  results  of  tests  with  different  quantities  of  rennet  indicated  that  from 
0.5  to  2  oc.  per  100  lbs.  is  most  satisfactory  for  NenfchAtei  and  from  1  to  2  cc 
for  cream  cheesa  In  experiments  with  pepsin  as  a  substltnte  for  rennet,  pepsin 
was  used  in  making  cream  cheese  in  qnantities  of  i  to  A  gm.  per  100  lbs.  of 
milk,  and  fat  determinations  were  made  of  the  whey.  The  nse  of  about  A  gm. 
gave  the  best  results.  The  fat  losses  in  the  whey  were  practically  the  same  for 
both  the  pepsin-made  and  rennet-made  cheese. 

In  studies  of  the  effect  of  temperature  on  the  making  process,  temperatures 
ranging  from  15  to  84i*  G.  (58  to  94.1**  F.)  were  used.  A  degree  or  two  of 
variation  betwe^i  the  temperature  of  setting  and  that  of  pouring  was  ob- 
served, and  a  temperature  below  25*  or  much  above  30*  did  not  prove  desir- 
able. It  was  noticed  that  the  losses  of  fat  increased  with  the  higher  per- 
centages of  fat  and  that  the  losses  with  the  low  setting  temperatures  wore 
somewhat  high. 

To  determine  the  effect  of  the  starter  on  the  making  process,  samples  of 
Neufch&tel  and  cream  cheese  were  made  with  0, 1,  10,  50,  250,  and  1,250  cc  of 
starter  per  90-lb.  unit  The  loss  of  tat  showed  the  desirability  of  using  a 
starter  instead  of  depending  upon  the  normal  fermentation.  The  use  of  a 
heavy  starter  and  of  milk  ripened  to  a  high  degree  before  setting  had  a  ten- 
dency to  check  drainage.  The  best  results  were  secured  with  setting  the  milk 
at  28.5*  and  using  rennet  at  the  rate  of  1  cc.  per  100  lbs.  The  use  of  dif- 
ferent quantities  of  starter  up  to  250  cc.  per  unit  of  30  lbs.  showed  very  little 
difference  in  the  flavor  of  the  cheese. 

Several  trials  were  made  to  study  the  effects  of  pasteurization  on  fat  loss 
and  drainage.  No  marked  difference  in  the  fat  losses  was  observed  when  pas- 
teurized and  nonpasteurlzed  milk  were  used  In  making  the  cheese.  With 
Neufch&tel  cheese  the  curd  from  pasteurized  milk  showed  a  tendency  to  retain 
more  of  the  whey  than  the  curd  from  unpasteurized  milk.  When  the  pas- 
teurized and  the  raw  product  were  handled  under  the  same  conditions  the 
pasteurized  cream  cheese  contained  an  average  of  49.46  per  cent  of  moisture 
as  compared  with  47  per  cent  for  the  cheese  from  the  unpasteurized  milk.  A 
study  of  the  effect  of  homogenization  on  fat  losses  in  cream  cheese  Indicated 
a  slight  advantage  due  to  tfie  process  but  hardly  sufllclent  to  make  it  profitable. 

In  a  study  of  the  influence  of  yield  on  quality,  samples  of  cream  cheese  were 
pressed  to  yield  from  15  to  24  Iba  per  100  lbs.  of  milk  and  judged  at  intervals 
of  a  few  days  during  storing  periods  of  15, 18,  and  25  days.  The  samples  yield- 
ing highest  were  found  slightly  more  add  than  those  of  the  lower  yields  which 
ranked  lower  in  texture.  The  cheese  giving  a  yield  of  18  lbs.  per  100  lbs.  of  milk 
stood  first  In  preference  and  that  with  a  yield  of  21  lbs.  stood  second.  Samples 
containing  0.75  and  1.25  per  cent  of  salt  seemed  to  keep  equally  well,  but  the 
proportion  of  0.75  to  1  per  cent  is  recommended,  as  a  higher  percentage  t^ids 
to  hide  the  finer  fiavors. 

The  influence  of  the  holding  system  of  pasteurization  was  studied  in  cream 
cheese  from  milk  unpasteurized  and  from  milk  initially  heated  by  running  It 
through  a  pasteurizer  at  about  62*  for  35  minutes  or  longer.  The  samples 
were  stored  at  20,  15,  and  10  and  5*.  The  results  seemed  to  indicate  that 
for  about  the  flrst  10  days  the  preference  was  in  favor  of  the  pasteurized  product 
for  all  temperatures.  From  10  to  15  days  the  preference  was  for  the  pas- 
teurized cheese  held  at  15  and  5*,  and  for  the  unpasteurized  cheese  at  10 
and  20*.  In  nearly  every  case  the  texture  of  the  pasteurized  product  was 
Judged  superior  to  the  unpasteurized. 

Other  results  secured  showed  that  homogenization  of  milk  for  making  these 
types  of  cheese  can  not  be  recommended,  and  that  there  was  very  little  differ- 
ence In  the  keeping  qualities  of  cream  cheese  from  milk  pasteurized  either  by 


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1919]  DAIBY  FABMIKQ — ^DAIBTINO.  81 

the  flash  or  the  holding  system.  Practically  no  difference  was  observed  in  the 
keeping  qualities  of  cheese  made  with  powdered  or  scale  pepsin.  The  addition 
of  pimento  peppers  at  the  rate  of  1  part  to  10  or  20  parts  of  cream  cheese 
greatly  prolonged  the  keeping  quality. 

Experiments  in  dairy  products  manufacture,  A.  G.  Baeb  iOkia?u>ma  8ta» 
Rpt.  1917,  pp.  fn,  £8). — ^The  results  of  experiments  showed  that  a  satisfactory 
product  can  be  made  from  sweet  butter  and  milk,  skim  milk,  or  skim  milk  powder 
and  water  if  these  Ingredients  are  of  good  quality  and  are  properly  emulsified. 
Pasteurization  of  the  mixed  ingredients  gave  uniformly  a  better  ice  cream  with 
a  higher  overrun  and  a  lower  bacterial  count  than  when  the  cream  and  milk 
were  pasteurized  separately.  The  overrun  from  the  enrulsified  product  was 
on  the  average  5  per  cent  higher  than  that  from  pasteurized  natural  cream 
not  emulsified.  It  was  found  further  that  emulsification  of  cream  and  ice  cream 
lowered  the  bacterial  count,  and  that  the  addition  to  milk  and  cream,  emulsified 
or  not,  of  2  per  cent  of  solids,  either  in  the  form  of  skim  milk  iwwder  or  con- 
densed milk,  improves  the  quality  of  the  product.  Directions  are  given  for 
testing  ice  cream  for  butter  fat,  and  the  very  successful  use  in  this  connection  of 
equal  parts  of  sulphuric  acid  and  glacial  acetic  acid  is  reported. 

In  connection  with  tests  in  the  manufacture  of  butter,  a  product  made  from 
cream  of  dean  flavor  and  under  0.4  per  cent  acidity  brought  from  1  to  3  cts. 
per  pound  more  on  the  wholesale  market  than  was  secured  for  butter  churned 
from  cream  with  slightly  undesirable  flavors  or  odors  and  above  0.4  per  cent  in 
acidity.  Pasteurization  of  cream  by  the  holding  method  at  145*  for  80  minutes 
produced  a  marked  improvement  in  the  butter  from  both  kinds  of  cream. 

Factors  which  influence  the  yield  and  consistency  of  ice  cream,  M.  Mok- 
n58EN  (/otca  8ta.  Bvl.  180  {1918),  pp.  259-^8S,  ftff9'  2). — Results  are  given  of 
tests  of  the  influence  that  pasteurization,  aging,  and  homogenization  of  cream, 
use  of  binders,  temperature  of  circulating  brine,  and  amount  of  mix  in  the 
freezer  have  upon  the  yield  and  texture  of  ice  cream.  A  comparison  is  also 
made  of  the  results  obtained  in  figuring  the  daily  ice^^ream  yield  by  weight  and 
by  volume,  as  well  as  the  influence  of  holding  ice  cream  on  uniformity  in  fat 
content  The  bulletin  closes  with  a  discussion  of  some  of  the  cost  items  in  ice- 
cream manufacture. 

Testa  of  the  effects  of  pasteurization  and  aging  of  cream  on  its  viscosity 
show  in  general  that  the  viscosity  of  the  cream  decreases  with  pasteurization 
find  increases  as  the  fat  content  of  the  cream  Increases  with  aging.  The  influence 
of  aging  the  cream  on  the  body  and  texture  of  ice  cream  was  studied  with  raw, 
pasteurized,  and  homogenized  cream.  With  raw  cream  the  texture  of  Ice  cream 
made  from  fresh  cream  was  slightly  inferior  to  that  made  from  aged  cream. 
The  yield  from  24-hour  and  48-hour  old  cream  was  about  6.5  per  cent  higher 
than  that  from  fresh  raw  cream.  With  pasteurized  cream  the  average  yield  was 
172  per  cent  higher  from  cream  24  hours  old  than  from  fresh  cream,  and  there 
was  a  further  increase  of  8.58  per  cent  when  the  cream  was  aged  to  48  hours. 
The  body  of  the  ice  cream  made  from  fresh  cream  was  weak  and  coarse,  that 
from  24-hour-old  cream  was  fairly  satisfactory,  and  that  from  the  48-hour-old 
cream  was  a  trifle  light  In  the  tests  with  homogenized  cream  the  yield  of 
ice  cream  was  8.99  per  cent  higher  from  24-bour-old  than  from  fresh  cream, 
and  a  further  gain  of  2.09  per  cent  was  obtained  when  48-hour-old  cream  was 
used.  The  body  of  ice  cream  made  from  both  fresh  and  aged  homogenized  cream 
was  very  good. 

Gelatin,  milk  powder,  starch,  and  two  commercial  powders  were  tested  as 
fillers  or  binders  for  ice  cream.  The  amount  of  flUer  used  apparently  did  not 
ftffect  the  yield  of  ice  cream. 


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82  EXPERIMENT  STATIOK  BBOOKD.  [Vol.  40 

In  tests  of  the  effect  of  temperature  of  circulating  brine  on  the  yield  of  tee 
cream  it  was  found  that  a  temperature  of  about  6*  F.  for  the  circulating  brine 
is  the  most  desirable  when  using  a  20  per  cent  raw  cream.  For  pasteurized 
cream  a  temperature  of  from  8  to  10"*  gave  the  best  results,  while  fbr  emulsified 
cream  about  10"  and  for  homogenized  cream  14*  proved  the  most  satisfactory. 
The  amount  of  mix  in  the  freezer  influenced  the  yield  obtained.  The  most 
satisfactory  results  were  obtained  ttom  a  horizontal  freezer  when  it  wa«  about 
half  full  of  mix. 

It  is  stated  that  the  daily  overrun  should  be  figured  by  volume,  but  as  a 
check  the  overrun  should  occasionally  be  determined  by  weight  The  holdingr  of 
ice  cream  was  found  not  to  influence  the  distribution  of  fat  in  the  cream.  With 
ice  at  $8  and  salt  at  $7  per  ton,  the  cost  of  salt  and  ice  used  for  freezing  In 
these  tests  was  0.58  ct  per  gallon  of  ice  cream  frozen  to  27*  and  0.75  ct  for  that 
frozen  to  26°.  For  paclcing  the  cost  was  1.44  cts.  per  gallon  for  5-gal.  containers. 
It  is  suggested  that  in  factories  where  ice  and  salt  are  used  for  freezing  pur* 
poses  the  waste  brine  should  be  collected  in  a  cooling  tank  and  used  to  cool  the 
milk  and  cream  handled. 

VETEKDrABT  MEDICINE. 

Tolerance  and  immunity*  J.  L.  Mabchand  {Jour,  Lah.  and  CUn,  Med^  S 
(1919),  No.  10,  pp.  SJl'-eOl,  flg9.  t:  o6«.  in  Yet.  Rev,,  2  (1918),  No.  -»,  pp.  481. 
482). — ^This  is  a  general  discussion  of  the  subject,  with  clinical  cases  cited. 

A  study  of  the  mechanism  of  the  agglutination  and  absorption  of  agsrlu«- 
t^nin  reaction,  together  with  an  examination  of  the  efficacy  of  these  tests  for 
identifying  specimens  of  the  meningococcus  Isolated  from  854  cases  of 
cerebrospinal  fever,  W.  J.  TuixocH  {Jour.  Hyg.  {Cambridffeh  17  (1918),  No. 
2-3,  pp.  916-^49).— Thin  is  a  theoretical  discussion  of  the  problem  of  aggluti- 
nation from  the  standpoint  of  Bordet  that  in  the  process  three  separate  sy»> 
terns  react  with  one  another,  the  antigen,  the  antibody,  and  the  menstruum  in 
which  these  are  suspended,  and  that  the  reaction  is  divisible  into  two  phases, 
the  union  of  antigen  with  antibody  and  the  flocculation  of  the  antibody-anti- 
gen complex. 

The  points  discussed  under  the  first  phase  are  (1)  the  Influence  of  the  re- 
action of  the  menstruum  in  which  the  reagents  are  suspended:  If  the  reaction 
be  too  acid  or  too  alkaline,  union  of  antigen  with  antibody  is  inhibited,  and, 
no  complex  being  formed,  the  system  is  not  susceptible  to  the  flocculating 
action  of  electrolytes.  (2)  Influence  of  the  electrolytes  of  tt^  menstruum :  Evi- 
dence that  formation  of  the  "antibody-antigen  couple"  Is  conditioned  by  the 
presence  of  dissolved  salts  in  the  m^iistruum,  and  that  results  obtained  depend 
largely  upon  the  nature  of  the  electrolytes  in  the  fluids  employed  for  suspend- 
ing the  reagents.  <3)  Influence  of  the  presumably  inactive  constituents  of 
the  antigen  and  antibody  colloids  upon  the  process  of  sensitization :  It  is  con- 
sidered that  presumably  inactive  substances  may  be  present  in  such  quantity  or 
in  such  a  physical  state  that  they  protect  the  united  antibody-antig^i  complex 
from  flocculation.  (4)  Quantitative  relationship  between  antigen  and  antibody 
in  the  process  of  agglutination :  The  relationship  is  considered  to  obey  the  same 
laws  as  those  governing  the  phenomenon  of  adsorption  or  surface  condensation. 
(5)  Analogies  between  the  union  of  antibody  with  antigen  and  certain  experi- 
ments of  colloidal  chemistry :  The  complexity  X>t  the  reaction  is  pointed  out  and 
the  consequent  necessity  of  observing  special  care  in  carrying  out  agglutination 
tests.  (6)  Influence  of  the  physical  state  of  the  reacting  systems  upon  the  union 
of  antibody  with  antigen :  If  either  of  the  reaction  colloids  be  denatured  by  heat 
prior  to  being  mixed,  agglutination  may  not  take  place.    It  is  considered  that 


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1919]  VETERINARY  MEDICINE.  83 

it  is  the  process  of  flocculation  and  not  that  of  the  union  of  antigen  with  anti- 
body which  Is  thus  inhibited. 

In  the  discussion  of  the  second  phase  of  the  agglutination  test,  the  demon- 
stration of  the  formation  of  a  complex  by  its  flocculation,  the  following  points 
are  considered:  (1)  Influence  of  the  reaction  of  the  suspending  fluid  in  which 
the  interacting  bodies  are  dispersed,  upon  the  process  of  flocculation,  and  in- 
fluence of  the  Talency  of  the  electrolytes  upon  the  process  in  presence  of  add 
and  alluili.  Experiments  are  reported  which  show  that  hydroxld  ion  interferes 
with  the  process  of  flocculation,  a  relatively  small  concentration  having  a 
marked  inhibitory  effect  If  replaceable  hydrogen  ion  be  present,  this  inhibi- 
tory effect  is  negatived.  (2)  The  relation  which  exists  between  the  degree  of 
sensitization  and  the  precipitating  value  of  the  electrolytes  present  in  the 
menstruum:  An  organism  can  form,  along  with  its  own  antibody,  a  variety 
of  complexes  differing  inter  se  in  their  susceptibility  to  flocculation.  These 
complexes  are  probably  not  different  in  kind  but  only  in  degree.  (3)  Effect 
of  other  physical  factors  upon  the  second  phase  of  agglutination :  The  surface 
tension  and  viscosity  of  the  menstruum  have  been  found  to  liave  little  effect 
on  flocculation.  The  temperature  affects  the  flocculation  by  producing  a  con- 
tinnons  movement  of  the  interacting  bodies  in  the  suspension  and  by  encour- 
aging or  inhibiting,  owing  to  its  altering  the  physical  state  of  certain  com- 
plexes»  their  precipitation  by  electrolytes. 

The  theoretical  discussion  is  followed  by  practical  suggestions  for  carrying 
out  the  agglutination  test,  and  by  a  summary  of  results  obtained  in  applying 
the  test  to  the  investigation  of  the  organisms  which  produce  primary  men- 
ingitis in  man. 

Experimental  paratyphoid  B  fever.  The  mechanism  of  immunity  In  para- 
typhoid B  by  ingestion.  Vaccination  by  ingestion,  A.  Besbedka  (Oompt. 
Rmd.  Acad,  8ci.  [ParU],  167  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  21B-2U) .—The  author  has 
fonnd  it  possible  to  produce  human  paratyphoid  B  in  laboratory  animals  (rab- 
bits) by  ingestion  of  the  organism  after  sensitization  of  the  alimentary  tract 
with  ox  bile.  The  ingestion  of  heated  cultures  after  sensitization  with  bile 
renders  the  animal  refractory  to  paratyphoid  infection.  This  acquired  im- 
munity, as  well  as  that  possessed  naturally  by  the  animal,  depends  upon  local 
intestinal  inmiunity. 

A  iilterable  toxic  product  of  the  hemolytic  streptococcus,  A.  H.  Clabk  and 
L.  b.  FfeXTON  {Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Asaoo.,  71  {1918),  No.  IS,  pp.  10i8,  1049).—**  It 
has  been  found  that  hemolytic  streptococci  grown  in  rabbit's  blood  diluted  with 
Lock's  solution  yield  a  flltrate  that  is  toxic  ior  rabbits  occasionally  in  doses  as 
low  as  0J5  cc.  per  kilogram.  The  formation  of  this  toxic  material  is  dependent  on 
the  presence  of  hemoglobin.  It  is  destroyed  by  heating  to  50*  0.  for  80  minutes, 
it  is  dlalyzable,  it  requires  a  certain  incubation  period  in  the  animal  before  ex- 
erting its  toxic  effects,  it  is  nonhemolytic  in  vivo  or  in  vitro,  and  it  slowly  loses 
its  toxicity  on  standing  at  ice-box  temperature.  An  immunity  can  be  rapidly 
established  against  it,  and  the  blood  of  immune  rabbits  when  injected  with  the 
toxin  has  the  power  of  neutralizing  its  toxic  effects.  Rabbits  immune  against 
the  toxic  substance  are  resistant  to  living  streptococci." 

AntiiTftngrenouB  serum  therapy  by  a  multivalent  serum,  H.  Vincxnt  and  G. 
Stodkl  {Campt.  Rend.  Acad.  Soi.  [ParWi,  167  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  245-«^7).— The 
theory  of  the  action  of  the  multiple  serum  for  gas  gangrene  previously  noted 
(£.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  885)  is  discussed,  and  the  method  employed  by  the  authors  in 
the  preparation  of  the  serum  is  described. 

The  method  consists  essentially  of  cultivating  each  pathogenic  organism  on 
agar  and  then  making  a  mixed  emulsion  in  physiological  salt  solution.  Flasks 
containing  the  microbial  Buq>enslon8  are  kept  in  the  incubator  at  88"*  G.  for 

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84  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECX}BD.  [VoL  40 

from  two  to  fonr  days  or  more.  The  culture  is  then  Injected  Into  the  veins  of 
horses  in  increasing  doses  from  an  initial  dose  of  10  cc.  At  the  end  of  three 
months  these  horses  can  furnish  a  serum  which  has  been  shown  to  be  very  sac- 
cessful  In  serious  cases  of  gas  gangrene. 

The  results  of  antigangrenons  serum  therapy,  H.  VnfCBNT  and  G.  Stoimcl 
(Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  S6i.  [ParU],  167  (1918),  No.  8,  pp.  S05-S08) .—CsLse  reports 
are  given  of  the  successful  use  of  serum  therapy,  noted  above.  In  severe  cases  of 
gas  gangrene. 

Wounds  of  animals  and  their  treatment,  R.  H.  Smtthe  {London:  Bailli^re^ 
Tindall  d  Cox,  1918,  pp.  X/+i9^,  pis.  16,  ftga.  i^).— The  several  chapters  of 
this  work  deal  with  the  pathology  of  wounds,  wound  infection,  general  treat- 
ment of  wounds,  surgical  treatment  of  wounds,  some  complications  and  sequelae 
of  wounds,  wounds  of  the  head  and  neck,  wounds  of  the  trunk,  open  joint  and 
wounds  of  bursffi  and  tendon  sheaths,  wounds  of  the  limbs,  wounds  of  the  feet 
among  horses  and  cattle,  fistulse  and  sinuses,  castration  wounds,  uterine  and 
vaginal  wounds,  wounds  involving  bone  tissue,  war  wounds,  remarlts  on  the  use 
of  vaccines  in  wound  treatment,  and  dietetics  and  hygiene. 

Beport  of  the  committee  on  standard  methods  of  examining  disinf  ectazLts, 
B.  B.  Phelps  et  al.  {Amcr.  Jour,  Pub,  Health,  8  (1918),  No.  7.  pp.  506-521,  fig. 
1;  Jour,  Amer.  Leather  Chem.  Assoc.,  IS  {1918),  No.  10,  pp.  J^Tt-50ft,  fig.  i). — 
This  report  was  presented  before  the  laboratory  section  of  the  The  American 
Public  Health  Association,  October  20,  1917,  accepted,  and  ordered  publlalied, 
pending  final  adoption. 

Askaron,  a  toxic  product  of  helminths,  particularly  of  ascaridSy  and  its 
biological  action,  T.  Shimamusa  and  H.  Fujn  {Jour.  Col.  Agr.  Imp.  Uwiv. 
Tokyo,  S  {1917),  No.  4,  pp.  189-258,  figs.  i).—A  detailed  report  of  studies  of  a 
highly  toxic,  albuminous  peptone  which  the  authors  have  isolated  from  fluid 
from  the  body  cavity  and  the  pulverized  ascarids  {Asoaris  lutnl^ricoides  froni 
man  and  swine,  and  A.  megalocephala) ,  to  which  is  given  the  name  askaron.  It 
also  appears  to  occur  in  other  helminths,  including  FUaria  immitis,  Gastrophilns 
larvse,  Bclerostomum  vulgare,  O^gw-is  curvula,  and  Trichocephalus  depressius-^ 
cuius.  Of  the  experimental  animals,  horses  are  the  most  resistant  to  the  askaron, 
followed  by  guinea  pigs,  dogs,  and  rabbits,  while  rats  and  mice  are  refractory. 
The  symptoms  and  anatomical  changes  and  resistance  to  askaron  poisoning 
are  similar  to  those  of  anaphylactic  shock. 

Preparation,  control,  and  action  of  anthrax  serum,  H.  B.  IUsbsee  {Meded. 
Rijksseruminricht.,  1  {1917),  No.  5-6,  pp.  206-507,  fig.  i).— This  is  an  historical 
review  of  the  literature  on  the  subject.    A  bibliography  of  137  titles  is  appended. 

Blackleg,  with  new  methods  for  its  prevention  and  treatment,  G.  H.  Hast 
{Calif omia  Sta,  Circ.  205  {1918),  pp.  8,  fig.  i).— This  circular  gives  general  in- 
formation  on  the  subject  of  blackleg,  Indudtng  cause  and  method  of  infection, 
symptoms,  post-mortem  appearance,  differential  diagnosis,  treatment,  and  pre- 
vention. 

Palpebral  malleinization,  Dottville,  trana  by  M.  I>0BSKr  {Jour.  Amer.  Vet. 
Med.  Assoc.,  55  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  587-596)  .—The  method  of  Intradermal  mal- 
leinization described  is  a  combination  of  the  procedure  of  Lanfranchi  for 
glanders  (E.  S.  R.,  82,  p.  374)  and  of  Moussu  for  tuberculosis  (E.  S.  R.,  32, 
p.  477).  The  technique  to  be  followed  is  outlined,  and  the  phenomena  fol- 
lowing the  injection,  including  doubtful  reactions,  are  described. 

The  author  concludes  that  at  the  present  time  intradermal  malleinization 
is  the  most  simple,  the  most  expeditious,  the  surest,  and  the  most  practical 
method  to  use  in  checking  glanders.  Experimental  evidence  has  shown  that 
tolerance  to  malleln  does  not  exist,  that  consequ^itly  a  palpebral  mallein  test 
may  be  followed  without  delay  by  a  subcutaneous  injection,  and  that  after  a 


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m*]  VBTERINABY  MBDIOINB.  85 

rabcataneons  test,  efven  though  positive,  the  sabject  remains  sensitive  to  the 
Intndermal  test. 

Epizootic  lymphan^ritis  (Vet.  Rev.,  t  (1918),  No.  S,  pp.  800-S0S).—A  review 
of  nine  recent  papers  on  the  subject,  two  of  which  have  been  previously  noted 
(E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  689;  89,  p.  185). 

TTIcerative  lymphangitlB  (Vet.  Rev.,  $  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  1^9,  500).— A  re- 
view of  recent  literature  on  the  subjeot 

The  rat  and  poliomyelitis.— An  experimental  study,  H.  L.  Aicoss  and  P. 
Hasklbauer  (Jour.  Estpt.  Med.,  28  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  -Jft^^-J).— The  authors' 
eoDdnsions,  baaed  upon  the  investigations  here  reported,  are  as  follows : 

"The  central  nervous  organs  and  other  viscera  of  6  rats,  collected  in  a  district 
in  Greater  New  York  in  which  many  cases  of  epidemic  poliomyelitis  occurred, 
have  been  proved  incapable  of  inciting,  on  inoculation,  experimental  poliomye- 
litis in  Maoacus  rJiesut  monkeys.  The  virus  of  poliomyelitis  injected  into  the 
brain  of  white  rats  does  not  survive  there  as  long  as  four  days  in  a  form  or  in 
UDoonts  sufBcIent  to  cause  infection  when  inoculated  intracerebrally  into 
monkeys. 

''The  failure  of  the  virus  injected  into  the  brain  of  rats  to  incite  infection  in 
monkeys  is  not  due  to  the  quantity  introduced,  since  at  the  expiration  of  1.5 
boors  after  the  Injection  the  excised  inoculation  site,  when  injected  into  the 
monkey,  caused  typical  experimental  poliomyelitis.  It  does  not  appear  prob- 
able, therefore,  that  the  rat  acts  in  nature  as  the  reservoir  of  the  virus  of 
poUomyelltis." 

Spiioclueta  hebdomadis,  the  causative  agent  of  seven-day  fever  (nanu* 
kayami),  I,  Y.  Ino,  H.  Ito,  and  H.  Wanx  (Jour.  Expt.  Med.,  t8  (1918),  No.  4, 
9p.  4S5-448y  pi.  1,  figs.  4). — "A  new  species  of  spirochete  which  we  have  called 
ft  htMomadU  bas  been  described  as  the  specific  etiological  agent  of  seven-day 
fever,  a  disease  prevailing  in  the  autumn  in  Fukuoka  and  other  parts  of  Japan. 
This  q>irochete  is  distinguishable  from  B.  icteroliasmorrgKagUB,  to  which  it 
presents  certain  similarities.  Toung  guinea  pigs  are  susceptible  to  inoculation 
with  the  blood  of  patients  and  to  pure  cultures  of  the  spirochete,  and  those 
dertioping  infection  exhibit  definite  symptoms  suggestive  of  those  of  seven-day 
fwer  in  man. 

"The  blood  serum  of  convalescents  from  seven-day  fever  contains  specific 
hnmnne  bodies  acting  spirochetolytically  and  splrochetlcidally  against  the 
•pedflc  spirochetes,  but  not  against  8.  icteroh(tmorrJtagUg. 

"The  field  mouse  (Microtus  monteheUi)  is  the  normal  host  of  the  spirochetes, 
which  have  been  detected  in  the  kidneys  and  urine  of  8.8  per  cent  of  the 
Ai^hDals  examined.  The  endemic  area  of  prevalence  of  seven-day  fever  cor- 
responds with  the  region  in  which  field  mice  abound." 

An  improved  method  for  recovering  trypanosomes  from  the  blood  of  rats 
for  antigen  purposes  in  connection  with  complement  fixation,  F.  H.  Ret- 
»ou»  and  H.  W.  Schoewino  (Jour.  Agr.  Research  {U.  fif.],  U  (1918),  No.  IS,  pp. 
57M7ff).— The  authors,  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  V.  S.  Department 
<rf  Agriculture,  point  out  the  undesirable  features  of  the  Watson  method,  previ- 
^"^7  noted  (E.  S.  R,  84,  p.  186),  for  recovering  trypanosomes  from  the  blood 
of  infected  rats,  and  describe  a  new  method  which  is  said  to  have  given  good 
'csoHs.  The  technique  of  the  method  is  as  follows : 

Blood  from  infected  rats  collected  in  a  1  per  cent  sodium-citrate  solution  in 
I^sloiogical  salt  solution  to  prevent  coagulation  is  filtered  through  cheesecloth 
to  remove  dots,  fibrin,  etc.,  poured  into  tubes,  and  centrifuged  for  about  20 
^ntes  at  2,100  revolutions  per  minute.  This  precipitates  all  the  corpuscles 
*^  most  of  the  trypanosomes,  leaving  an  upper  stratum  of  blood  serum  and 
'^trate  solution  containing  some  of  the  organisms.    This  fiuid  is  drawn  off  and 

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86  EXPEEIMBKT  STATION  BBOOBD.  [Vol.  40 

again  centrifuged  to  recover  the  remaining  organiams.  To  the  precipitate  of 
corpuscles  and  trypanosomes  is  added  sufficient  distilled  water  to  produce  oom- 
plete  hemolysis  of  the  rat  erythrocytes.  After  about  20  minutes  the  mixture  is 
centrifuged  for  about  half  an  hour.  The  supernatant  liquid  is  th«a  discarded, 
physiological  salt  solution  is  added  to  the  mass  of  trypanosomes,  and  the  ma- 
terial vigorously  shaken  to  disintegrate  and  distribute  the  trypanosomes  eyenly 
through  the  solution.  After  centrlfuging  again,  tlie  salt  solution  is  poured  ofC, 
and  an  amount  of  preserving  fluid  (physiological  salt  solution  and  glycerin) 
equal  to  about  twice  the  amount  of  trypanosomes  is  added.  The  mixture  is  tlien 
agitated  until  a  uniform  suspension  is  acquired,  when  it  is  stored  at  a  low  tem- 
perature until  used. 

Experimental  evidence  is  given  indicating  that  the  use  of  distilled  water  in 
laklng  the  red  blood  cells  has  no  detrimental  effect  on  the  antigenic  value  of  the 
trypanosomes.    The  following  advantages  of  the  new  method  are  pointed  oat : 

"  The  antigen  is  freed  of  all  erythrocytes,  all  the  trypanosomes  present  in  tbe 
blood  are  recovered,  the  keying  quality  is  improved,  the  time  consumed  is  about 
1^  hours,  with  practically  no  effort,  as  compared  with  4  or  5  hours,  and  the 
antigenic  power  is  increased  and  the  anticomplementary  action  diminished.*' 

Bovine  tuberculosiSy  A.  C.  Fontes  (TuberculOMe  Bovina.  Rio  de  Janeiro: 
Author,  1917,  pp.  S2). — ^Thls  is  a  report  presented  to  the  executive  committee  of 
the  Live  Stock  Ck)ngress  in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  May,  1917.  A  review  of  literature 
on  the  subject  of  bovine  tuberculosis  is  given,  together  with  statistical  data  col- 
lected at  slaughterhouses  in  regard  to  the  relative  localization  of  the  lesions. 

Prophylaxis  of  bovine  tuberculosis  in  Argentina,  A.  F.  Beybo  {An.  Soc. 
Rural  Argentina,  52  (1918),  Noa,  1,  pp.  12-21;  2,  pp.  80-87;  5,  pp.  175-188;  Rev, 
Soc.  Med.  Vet.  [BuenoM  AireaJi,  S  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  1S9-181;  abe.  in  Yet.  Rev.,  t 
(1918),  No.  4,  p.  487). — ^The  author  discusses  the  extent  of  bovine  tuberculosis  in 
Argentina,  the  economic  loss  caused  by  the  disease,  and  plans  to  serve  as  a  basis 
for  an  efficient  prophylaxis  of  the  disease.  From  available  figures  for  the  year 
1915  and  later,  it  is  estimated  that  about  3.2  per  cent  of  the  cattle  in  Argentina 
are  tubercular  and  that  the  percentage  is  increasing.  The  prophylactic  meas- 
ures suggested  are  similar  to  those  in  use  in  the  United  States. 

Tuberculosis  in  the  camel,  F.  E.  Mason  (Jour,  Compar.  Path,  and  Ther.,  SI 
(1918),  No.  2,  pp.  100-102;  abs.  in  Vet.  Rev.,  2  (1918),  No.  4,  p.  489) .—Continu- 
ing the  work  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  87,  p.  690),  the  author  has  reported  a 
case  of  congenital  tuberculosis  in  the  camel.  Tubercular  lesions  were  found  in 
an  aborted  fetus  from  which  typical  tubercle  bacilli  were  isolated.  The  tuber- 
culin test  gave  a  positive  reaction  with  the  cow  camel  which  had  aborted.  A 
case  of  tuberculosis  in  an  Algerian  camel  is  also  noted. 

[Live  stock  diseases  in  Louisiana]  (Bien.  Rpt.  Live  Stock  Sanit.  Bd.  XrO.,  5 
(1917-18),  pp.  1^-60,  figs.  IS). — Descriptions  are  given  of  several  of  the  more 
important  infectious  live-stock  diseases  in  Louisiana,  indudlug  anthrax,  black- 
leg, staggers,  glanders,  hog  cholera,  hemorrhagic  septicemia,  and  rabies.  In- 
formation in  regard  to  anthrax  is  given  in  the  form  of  a  popular  questionnaire 
by  Dalrymple  and  Flower. 

Common  diseases  of  th.e  digestive  organs  of  horses  and  cattle,  J.  H.  Reed 
(Ontario  Dept.  Agr.  Bui.  264  (i918),  pp.  89).— A  practical  discussion  for  the 
stock  owner. 

Contagious  abortion  of  cattle  (KansoM  Sta.  Circ.  69  (1918),  pp.  16). — This 
circular  summarizes  available  information  on  the  subject  of  contagious  abortion 
of  cattle.  The  nature,  cause,  sypiptoms,  complications,  and  methods  of  spread  of 
the  disease  are  outlined.  The  control  of  the  disease  is  discussed  fully  under 
the  three  principles  of  preventing  the  dissefoiination  of  infection,  developing  herd 
immunity,  and  treating  affected  anlmfUs. 


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1910]  VETEBINAB7  MEDICINE.  87 

Stadies  in  bo^pine  ma8tltis.^II-IV,  F.  S.  Jones  {Jour,  Expt,  Med.,  28 
(1918),  Nos,  S,  pp.  ftSS-ten;  6.  pp.  721-738,  755-748).— In  continuation  of  studies 
preTlously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  890),  the  author  first  takes  up  the  relation  of 
hemolytic  streptococci  to  udder  infections.  He  finds  that  "hemolytic  strep- 
tococci produce  more  or  less  severe  inflammations  of  the  udders  of  cows.  Fre- 
qnoitly  infected  quarters  are  swollen,  firm,  hot,  and  tender.  In  a  number  of 
instances  it  has  not  been  possible  to  detect  gross  changes  in  the  mammary  gland. 
The  streptoccod  isolated  from  the  invaded  quarters  have  produced  clear  zones 
of  hemolysis  immediately  surrounding  the  colonies  when  cultivated  in  horse 
blood  agar  plate  cultures.  The  hemolytic  zone  has  varied  from  a  clear,  narrow 
band  up  to  zones  1.7  to  2  mm.  wide. 

*'When  the  streptococci  are  classified  according  to  their  action  upon  carbo- 
hydrates, they  fall  into  two  broad  groups;  the  larger  consists  of  10  strains 
fermenting  dextrose,  lactose,  saccharose,  maltose,  and  sallcin,  and  a  smaller 
onmber,  comprising  10  species,  produces  acid  in  dextrose,  lactose,  saccharose, 
and  maltose  and  fails  to  ferment  salldn.  One  of  the  nonsalicin  fermenting 
strains  did  not  attack  saccharose.  In  no  instance  was  acid  production  noted  in 
ralBnose,  inulin,  or  mannite. 

"All  streptococci  except  three  were  agglutinated  by  an  antiserum  obtained 
from  a  rabbit  immimized  with  a  single  strain. 

"Freshly  Isolated  cultures  when  fnjected  intravenously  Into  rabbits  possess 
but  alight  pathogenicity.  Localizations  in  the  joints  occurred  in  two  instances. 
The  others  either  failed  to  affect  the  general  condition  of  the  animals  or  pro- 
duced only  a  slight  febrile  reaction." 

Discussing  infection  of  the  udder  with  micrococci  and  other  microorganisms,  the 
author  finds  that  ^  aside  from  the  streptococci,  micrococci  have  been  the  next  most 
frequent  group  of  organisms  isolated  from  infiamed  udders.  They  produce  va- 
rious types  of  disease.  Some  give  rise  to  only  a  mild  catarrh  of  the  larger  milk 
ducts  and  dstem,  while  others  produce  more  or  less  severe  parenchymatous  in- 
flanunation.  On  the  whole,  the  prognosis  is  more  favorable  with  micrococci  in- 
fection than  with  that  associated  with  streptococci.  Oases  of  considerable  se- 
verity have,  however,  been  attributed  to  staphylococci. 

"Micrococci  similar  in  many  respects  to  those  associated  with  mastitis  have 
been  found  to  occur  in  the  normal  udder.  This  has  led  Savage  to  question  their 
true  etiological  significance.  In  many  Instances  micrococci  may  gain  acces.s 
to  the  udder  and  produce  slight  disturbances  that  are  entirely  overlooked.  Even 
more  severe  changes  may  follow  infection.  After  recovery  the  organisms  still 
remain  in  the  milk.  This  was  observed  in  the  case  of  cow  00  infected  with 
staphylococci. 

"One  frequently  observes  the  elimination  of  streptococci  from  the  udder 
even  after  apparent  recovery  from  an  attack  of  streptococci  mastitis.  Doubtless 
■trq>tococci  and  micrococci  observed  in  these  udders  would  be  classed  as  belong- 
ing to  the  normal  flora.  Bven  though  micrococci  do  occur  in  supposedly  normal 
udders,  Evans  has  shown  that  many  are  pathogenic  for  rabbits.  The  introduc- 
tion of  these  organisms  into  the  udders  of  nonresistant  individuals  might  well 
give  rise  to  more  or  less  intense  inflammation.  The  multiplication  would  doubt- 
less be  rapid  until  resistance  had  been  established. 

"In  addition  to  the  micrococci  two  dther  groups  of  rod-shaped  organisms  have 
been  fbund  associated  with  udder  inflammation.  In  two  instances  Bacillus  coli 
has  heea  isolated  from  cases  of  mastitis  and  In  another  B,  lactU  wrogenea.  In 
four,  tiny  motile  Gram-staining  microorganisms  have  been  obtained  in  pure 
culture.    Two  of  these  strains  •  •  .  have  been  identifled  as  B.  pyogenes." 

104G28*— 19 7 


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88  EXPEBIBIENT  STATIOK  RECORD.  [¥01.40 

Taking  up  the  sources  of  Infection  In  streptococcic  mastitis,  the  author  finds 
that  '*  the  principal  sources  of  streptococci  infection,  aside  from  clinical  cases, 
are  apparently  normal  cows  which  carry  the  virus  in  the  udder.  These  carriers 
may  be  grouped  as  follows:  (a)  Those  that  have  been  infected  recently  and 
have  not  yet  developed  symptoms;  (b)  those  that  have  suffered  from  inflam- 
mation of  the  udder  and  after  recovery  still  harbor  streptococci;  and  (c)  those 
that  have  had  no  clinical  history  of  mastltla.  There  is  some  evidence  to  lead 
one  to  regard  the  latter  group  as  naturally  immune. 

"A  milker  may  readily  carry  streptococci  on  his  hands  from  an  infiected 
to  an  uninfected  cow. 

"  The  vaginft  of  S4  of  the  64  cows  examined  contained  nonhemolytic  strepto- 
cocci. Of  the  d4  strains  Isolated  32  differed  in  their  cultural  characters  and 
agglutination  affinities  from  those  associated  with  mastitla  The  other  two 
strains  may  be  regarded  as  of  etiological  significance.  In  no  instance  have 
hemolytic  streptococci  been  isolated  from  the  vagina." 

Occurrence  of  coccidioidal  granuloma  (oidiomyeosiB)  in  cattle,  L.  T.  Oiltztib 
(Jour.  Agr.  Research  [U.  £1.],  U  {1918),  No,  12,  pp.  533^4^,  pU.  2).— In  this  re- 
port of  work  by  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  of  the  U.  S.  Departmoit  of 
Agriculture,  reference  is  first  made  to  the  occurence  of  coccidioidal  granuloma, 
due  to  Coccidioides  immiiis,  in  man.  This  disease  does  not  appear  to  be  widely 
distributed,  nearly  all  cases  reported  having  been  in  patients  living  in  the  San 
Joaquin  Valley,  Cal. 

In  the  present  paper  the  author  records  its  occurrence  in  the  bovine,  it  having 
been  encountered  in  the  bronchial  and  mediastinal  lymph  glands  at  an  abattoir 
at  San  Diego,  Gal.  The  parasite  observed  in  pus  from  the  glands  appears  to 
be  identical  with  that  found  in  the  lesions  of  human  cases.  The  lesions  ob- 
served in  cattle  at  the  time  of  slaughter  in  the  abattoir  appear  to  be  confined 
largely  to  the  bronchial  and  mediastinal  lymph  glands.  "These  tissues  may 
be  the  seat  of  large  areas  of  suppuration  or  several  smaller  purulent  foci,  all 
of  which  are  usually  surrounded  by  considerable  granulation  tissue  and  a 
fibrous  capsule.  Upon  incising  an  affected  gland  there  may  be  squeezed  out  a 
thick  yellowish  and  tenacious  pus  which  at  once  suggests  actinomycosia  In 
ftict,  the  similarity  of  the  lesions  produced  in  the  lymph  glands  by  C.  immUis  and 
Actinomyces  is  so  striking  that  the  one  affection  may  be  easily  mistaken  for  the 
other  upon  gross  inspection  alone.  However,  microscopic  examination  of  fresh 
smears  of  pus  at  once  establishes  a  diagnosis ;  in  the  one  case  spheres  in  various 
stages  of  development  are  present  in  quite  large  number,  and  in  the  other  the 
colonies  of  the  ray  fungus  are  detected." 

Studies  of  its  cultural  characteristics  and  the  results  of  inoculation  of  experi- 
mental animals  are  reported.  It  was  found  that  the  infection  may  be  trans- 
mitted experimentally  to  guinea  pigs,  rabbits,  dogs,  cattle,  she^,  and  swine. 
Cattle  affected  with  this  disease  showed  no  re^)onse  to  subcutaneous  allergic 
tests.  Neither  specific  complement-fixing  bodies  nor  agglutinins  were  detectable 
in  the  serums  of  affected  animals. 

A  list  of  16  titles  to  the  literature  cited  is  appended. 

Stomach  worms  of  sheep,  W.  L.  Chandler  (Michigan  8ta,,  Quart.  Buk,  1 
(1918),  No,  1,  pp.  19,  20). — Preliminary  investigations  in  Michigan  indicate  a 
high  percentage  of  stomach  worm  infestation  in  sheep.  All  of  the  animals  exam- 
ined were  found  to  be  quite  heavily  infested  with  both  the  twisted  wlreworm 
(Haemonchus  oorUortu$)  and  one  of  the  smaller  stomach  worms  (Ostertagia 
oiroumcincta) ,  while  a  number  of  other  species  were  present  in  the  stomach. 

Diseases  of  swine,  O.  Moussu  (Maladies  du  Poro.  Paris:  AsseUn  d  Houzeau. 
1917,  pp,  249,  pis.  9,  figs.  76;  rev.  in  Jour.  Amer.  Vet.  Med.  Assoc,  5S  (1918),  No. 
S,  pp.  SIO,  511;  Vet.  Rev.,  2  (1918),  No.  2,  p.  212). —A  small  handbook. 


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1919]  BUBAL  ENGII7EEBINO.  89 

The  prevention  and  treatment  of  hog  cholera,  J.  H.  McNeil  and  T.  W. 
MuscE  (N.  J,  Dept,  Agr.  Bid,  IS  {1918),  pp.  573-594) -—Thia  is  a  general  dls- 
CDBSion  of  the  subject. 

Shote  pox,  Velu  (Rev,  Q&%.  M^d.  V^t,  27  (1918),  No.  $l%Sn,  pp.  136-145, 
flgt.  4;  ab9.  in  Vet.  Rev.,  2  {1918),  No.  4.  PP-  450,  45i).— The  etiology,  sympto- 
matology, pathologic  anatomy,  diagnosis,  prognosis,  and  prophylaxis  of  shote  pox 
are  discussed.  Inoculation  by  scarification  of  variolitlc  pulp  has  been  ased  for 
two  years  by  the  author  with  excellent  results. 

Uremia  of  acarian  origin  in  horses,  Lenevsu  {Rec  M4d.  V4t.,  93  (1917), 
So.  17,  pp.  477-481;  trans,  in  Yet.  Jour.,  7-}  {1918),  No.  512,  pp.  69-72;  Vet,  Rec., 
SO  {1917),  No.  1532,  pp.  200,  201).— A  report  upon  a  condition  observed  In 
horses  affected  with  generalized  mange.  In  studies  of  20  animals  affected  with 
generalized  mange,  albuminuria  was  found  in  eight. 

A  Physaloptera  from  the  dog,  with  a  note  on  the  nematode  parasites  of 
the  dog  in  North  America,  M.  G.  Hall  and  M.  Wiqoob  {Jour.  Amer.  Vet.  Med. 
Atioc.,  53  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  733-744*  Aff^-  ^)* — A  new  species  taken  from  the  dog 
at  Detroit,  Mich.,  is  described  as  Physaloptera  rara. 

ETTEAL  ENOINEESING. 

The  gas  tractor  in  eastern  farming,  A.  P.  Yebkes  aud  L.  M.  Chubgh  (U.  8. 
Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers'  Bui.  1004  {1918),  pp.  27,  figs.  5).— This  pubUcation  sum- 
marizes detaUed  reports  received  from  over  250  experienced  tractor  owners  in 
Kew  York  State  during  1917  and  the  spring  of  1918.  The  operating  conditions 
iqioii  which  the  reports  were  based  were  rolling  country  with  a  comparatively 
heavy  stony  loam  soil  and  heavy  clay  subsoil.  Very  diversified  fanning  was 
practiced  on  all  fanns  reporting,  at  least  half  a  dozen  different  field  crops  being 
grown.    More  than  one-third  of  the  entire  acreage  was  devoted  to  hay. 

The  reports  indicated  that  the  greatest  advantage  of  the  tractor  lies  in  its 
ability  to  perfonn  the  work  in  a  shorter  time  than  when  horses  are  employed. 
The  savlDg  in  man  labor  was  considered  next  In  importance,  and  the  ability  to 
do  better  work  in  plowing  and  preparing  the  soil  was  placed  third.  Under  dis- 
advantages the  reports  indicated  the  inability  to  use  the  tractor  satisfactorily 
imtil  the  top  soil  is  well  dried.  On  heavy  soil  packing  of  moist  soil  resulted, 
aad  unsatisfactory  work  on  hilly  and  rough  land,  especially  in  stony  fields,  was 
freqnenOy  the  case.  It  is  noted  that  84  per  cent  of  the  cases  reporting  indicated 
that  the  tractor  was  a  profitable  investment,  and  of  this  number  over  one-third 
Increased  the  acreage  farmed. 

With  reference  to  size  of  outfit  the  general  conclusion  is  drawn  that  the 
2-plow  tractor  does  not  possess  in  an  adequate  degree  the  greatest  advantage  of 
tractors  in  general,  and  that  the  8-plow  tractor  Is  distinctly  the  favorite  among 
owners  of  farms  of  151  or  more  crop  acres.  The  reports  indicated  an  annual 
repair  charge  during  the  first  three  years  of  use  of  a  tractor  on  New  York  farms 
of  nearly  4  per  cent  of  the  first  cost  It  is  thought  that  this  will  Increase 
daring  later  years  of  operation. 

The  area  covered  per  day  of  ten  net  working  hours  In  plowing  with  the 
tractors  used  on  New  York  farms  was  4.5  and  6.25  acres  for  the  2-  and  3-plow 
outfits,  respectively.  The  average  cost  per  acre  plowed  for  gasoline,  oil,  and 
grease  was  about  99.5  cts.  where  gasoline  was  used,  and  49  cts.  where  kerosene 
was  used,  with  an  allowance  of  2  cts.  per  acre  for  gasoline  used  in  warming  up. 
The  approximate  costs  of  plowing  an  acre  with  2-  and  8-plow  tractors,  based  on 
average  costs  of  $775  and  $1,050,  respectively,  and  a  life  of  8i  years  of  54 
working  days  per  year,  are  given  as  $2.26  and  $2.06,  respectively,  for  gasoline 
and  $1.76  and  $1.56  for  kerosene. 


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90  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECOBD.  [ToL# 


The  average  life  of  a  tractor  is  estimated  to  be  not  longer  than  8i 
from  the  practical  standpoint.    Other  general  data  are  reported. 

Power  farming  in  Idaho,  J.  C.  Woouey  (Idaho  8ta.  Bui,  111  {1918),  pp.  11,] 
ftgs.  4). — Data  from  reports  of  127  tractor  owners  in  Idaho  on  tractor  opent^ 
tion  are  sommarized.  These  Indicate  that  when  selected  to  suit  the  farm  mi 
intelligently  and  carefally  operated  the  tractor  is  a  profitable  investment  la 
Idaho.  To  realize  this  the  farmer  must  be  able  to  make  all  minor  repairs  kte^ 
self  and  to  get  repairs  and  expert  help  quickly  for  larger  installations.  Dqtcsfr; 
ability  is  considered  the  largest  factor  in  the  success  of  the  tractor.  The  3-pI«C 
size  is  favored  by  a  majority  of  Idaho  owners.  The  reports  indicate  that  props  | 
care  of  lubrication  will  prolong  the  life  of  the  tractor  and  that  the  best  qruLntrj 
of  oil  is  the  cheapest  The  tractor  motor  should  pull  its  rated  load  the  greattri 
portion  of  the  time,  but  overloading  causes  trouble.  Taking  oif  a  plow  iBiy| 
enable  the  tractor  to  operate  at  its  rated  speed  and  increase  the  season's  acconi*; 
plishment. 

The  tractor  that  displaces  half  its  value  in  horses  is  considered  a  profitablft 
investment  in  Idaho. 

Getting  rid  of  the  stamps  (WisoanHn  8ta.  Bui.  295  {1918),  pp.  SS,  figs.  50).— 
This  is  a  compilation  of  data  by  F.  M.  White  and  B.  R.  Jones  from  notes  by  Cl 
Livingston,  L.  F.  Livingston,  A.  Mathewson,  and  J.  Hussey  on  stump  removal ! 
practice  in  Wisconsin. 

The  stump  puller  and  dynamite  used  together  are  considered  to  give  the  moflt 
successful  and  economical  results  in  Wisconsin.  It  is  noted  that  in  blastiDCi 
stumps  it  is  rarely  necessary  to  use  a  dynamite  of  higher  grade  than  20  per 
cent. 

With  reference  to  expense,  it  is  noted  that  the  stump  and  not  the  acre  is  Dm 
unit  of  measure  and  that  the  cost  varies  with  the  kind,  number,  and  conditloa  of 
the  stumps,  the  type  of  soil,  and  the  skill  of  the  workmen.  Types  of  puHen 
and  pliers  used  are  described. 

Public  Boads  (17.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Public  Roads,  1  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  5f.  figi. 
39). — This  number  presents  several  articles  and  notes  dealing  with  vario«l 
phases  of  road  construction  and  maintenance,  including  the  following:  The  Loca- 
tion and  Building  of  Roads  in  the  National  Forests,  by  A.  E.  Loder,  and  War 
Brings  Bridge  Building  Back  to  Early  Practices,  by  O.  L.  Grover. 

The  use  of  lumber  on  California  farms,  M.  B.  Pratt  (California  Sta.  M. 
299  {1918),  pp.  89-121,  figs,  10).— This  bulletin  gives  popular  information  ifr 
garding  the  properties  of  different  woods  available  in  California  and  the  relatloa 
of  these  properties  to  different  uses  made  of  lumber  on  the  farm.  It  is  introda^ 
tory  to  plans  for  farm  structures  designed  to  meet  the  demands  made  for  fun 
buildings  in  the  State.  A  key  for  identification  of  woods  commonly  used  Its 
California  farmers  is  included,  together  with  a  list  of  publications  on  tbe 
subject. 

The  round  bam,  W.  J.  Fraseb  {Illinois  Sta.  Circ.  2S0  {1918),  pp.  3-62,  figi 
52). —This  is  a  revision  of  Bulletin  148  of  the  station  (E.  S.  R..  23,  p.  190), 
The  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  the  round  barn  are  enumerated  and  i 
comparison  is  made  of  round  and  rectangular  bams  based  on  Illinois  conditions 
It  is  shown  that  a  100-cow  rectangular  bam  requires  one-fourth  to  over  one 
half  greater  expenditure  for  lumber  than  is  required  by  a  comparable  roun^ 
bam  and  that  there  is  a  saving  in  the  necessary  carpenter  work  in  favor  & 
the  round  bam. 

General' data  on  the  arrangement  and  construction  of  round  bams  are  alsi 
given. 


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l»lft]  BUBAL  ECONOMICS.  91 

It  is  the  conclusion  that  the  round  barn  means  economy  of  building  ezpendi- 
ture,  increased  mow  capacity,  greater  conyenience,  and  an  attendant  lessening 
of  bam  labor. 

Water  systems  for  farm  homes,  6.  M.  Wabben  (U.  8,  Depi.  Aqt,,  Farmers' 
Bui  $41  (1918),  pp,  68,  figs,  50).—Th\a  is  a  rather  extensive  compilation  of  data 
presented  in  easily  usable  form,  covering  practically  every  detail  of  the  subject 
of  farm  home  water  supply  systems.  Information  is  given  regarding  water 
sources  and  supplies  and  water  purification,  and  also  regarding  the  mechanical 
features  of  practical  water-supply  apparatus,  including  power  equipment  for 
pomping.  A  specially  noteworthy  feature  is  the  number  of  diagrammatic  iUua- 
tration& 

EXTSAL  ECONOMICS. 

Bural  reconstruction  in  Ireland,  L.  Smith-Goboor  and  L.  C.  Staples  {Lon- 
d(m:  P.  8.  King  d  8on,  Ltd.,  1917,  pp.  X///-fg75).— This  is  an  account  of  the 
forces  at  work  since  1880  for  the  agrarian  reorganization  of  Ireland.  There 
are  now  cooperative  creameries,  producers'  cooperative  societies,  credit  socie- 
ties to  overcome  the  evils  of  former  money-lending  methods,  and  societies  for 
the  collective  purchase  of  farmers'  supplies.  They  are  all  organized  on  the 
principle  that  farmers  can  act  collectively  through  the  local  neighborhood  unit 
with  individual  protection  through  the  one-man-one-vote  manner  of  control. 
The  business  is  done  with  one  another  instead  of  with  customers,  and  profits 
are  divided  among  the  members. 

The  Irish  Agricultural  Organization  Society,  established  in  1894,  finds  its 
chief  work  in  the  supervision  of  all  existing  cooperative  societies.  Experts 
are  assigned  from  this  society  to  give  tedmical  advice  on  the  various  types  of 
wori[,  such  as  banks,  poultry,  and  home  industries.  Cooperation  has  been  most 
ncoessful  in  Ireland  in  those  districts  in  the  north  and  west  which  are  said 
to  have  suffered  most  severely  from  an  unfair  tenant  system  and  unjust  taxa- 
tion. The  movement  has  resulted  in  the  development  of  social  consciousness 
and  the  recognition  of  common  interests  and  capacities  for  a  social  program, 
as  well  as  in  the  development  of  greater  individual  powers  as  wealth  producers 
and  business  men. 

The  future  of  the  movement  is  deemed  to  lie  in  the  policies  to  be  adopted 
by  the  society,  and  the  authors  believe  that  it  will  accomplish  most  if  it  con- 
ducts an  educational  program  to  teach  true  cooperation  to  the  existing  socie- 
ties instead  of  confining  its  energies  to  organizing  new  branches.  They  feel 
that  "the  changes  in  economic  organization  brought  about  by  the  cooperative 
movement  herald  a  day  of  returning  prosperity  in  Ireland." 

Beport  of  the  Agricultural  Policy  Subcommittee  of  the  Beconstruction 
Committee  (London:  Min,  Reconstruction,  1918,  pp.  186), — This  report  has  been 
discussed  editorially  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  402). 

The  most  pressing  agricultural  development  problem  in  the  United  States, 
C  V.  PiFEB  {Proc.  Soc.  Prom.  Agr.  8oi.,  38  {1917),  pp.  75-78).— This  problem 
attcems  the  vast  area  of  undeveloped  coastal  plain  land  from  Norfolk,  Ya., 
to  Galveston,  Tex.,  excluding  the  great  alluvial  land  of  the  Mississippi  Valley. 
The  soils  of  this  area  are  predominantly  sands  or  sandy  loams,  and  except 
tor  30,445,000  acres  of  swamp  were  covered  largely  with  pine  timber.  The 
•uthor  states  that  four  general  tjHP^  of  farming  have  been  developed  on  the 
ent-over  pine  land,  but  that  profitable  utilization  of  these  lands  in  the  im- 
mediate future  is  possible  only  by  either  reforestation  or  cattle-raising.  He 
discusses  these  two  solutions,  and  concludes  that  reforestation  is  the  less 
feasible  and  that  these  great  areas  can  not  be  developed  unless  the  pasture 
problem  is  solved. 


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92  EXPEBIMBNT  STATIOJfT  BECOBD.  [Vol.  40 

A  farm  survey  of  Montana,  E.  L.  OuBBnER  (Jfon^.  Col.  Agr,  Ext,  8crv„ 
[Ptt6.],  No.  25  (1918)  t  pp.  [i83). — ^Thls  survey  of  the  agricultural  resources  of 
Montana  was  prepared  under  tbe  direction  of  teachers  and  county  superin- 
tendents following  a  personal  canvass  of  30,964  farms.  A  series  of  tables 
shows,  by  counties,  the  acreage  and  production  in  1917  and  the  acreage  planted 
in  1918.  The  ftirm  labor  situation  is  discussed,  and  a  table  gives  statistics  for 
live  stock  on  the  farms  in  1917  and  1918. 

How  farmers  acquire  their  farms,  W.  J.  Spilluan  (Proc.  8oc.  Prom.  Agr. 
Soi„  S8  {1911),  pp.  87-90,  figs.  2). — ^This  article  gives  tables  and  comments  re- 
garding the  history  of  the  methods  pursued  by  the  present  farm  owners  in  vari- 
ous sections  of  the  middle  West  in  acquiring  ownership  of  their  farms. 

Of  417  farm  boys  in  Illinois,  24  per  cent  went  through  four  stages  before  be- 
coming farm  owners — ^laborer  on  father's  farm,  hired  man,  tenant,  and  owner. 
Thirty-six  per  cent. omitted  the  hired-man  stage;  these  remained  at  home  about 
three  years  longer  and  the  father  provided  them  with  working  capital  to  become 
tenants ;  they  saved  a  year  and  a  half,  as  compared  with  the  first  group,  in  time 
required  to  pass  through  these  stages.  Thirty-two  per  cent  remained  on  the 
father's  farm  until  they  could  become  farm  owners. 

Other  tables  show  that  in  Kansas  72  owners  worked  as  hired  men  an  average 
of  7.56  years  before  becoming  tenants,  4  to  5  years  being  the  most  frequent  length 
of  service  in  this  capacity.  In  Nebraska  195  owners  averaged  10.4  years  as 
tenants  before  becoming  owners,  the  major  portion  of  them  from  4  to  10  years. 

Handling  the  1918  wheat  harvest  in  Kansas,  E.  O.  Johnson  (17.  8.  Dept. 
Agr.,  Off'  See  Circ.  121  {1918),  pp.  7). — ^The  methods  employed  for  meeting  the 
labor  shortage  in  harvesting  the  1918  wheat  crop  in  Kansas  are  described. 

Annual  report  of  Bureau  of  Marketing,  1918,  L.  Lanieb  {Bien.  Rpt.  Comr, 
Agr.  and  Immigr.  [La.],  18  {1916-17),  pp.  5-i8).— This  is  the  initial  report  of 
a  newly  inaugurated  division  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and  Immigration 
of  Louisiana.  Its  purpose  is  announced  as,  by  means  of  the  Weekly  Market 
Bulletin  and  In  other  ways,  to  get  the  producer  and  the  consumer  together  for 
the  exchange  of  farm  products  raised  in  the  State.  The  report  shows  that  the 
offerings  listed  during  the  first  year  amounted  to  $2,145,707. 

Brules  and  regulations  of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  under  the  food 
products  inspection  law  of  October  1,  1918  ( U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Off.  Sec.  Circ 
120  {1918),  pp.  8). — ^The  text  is  given  of  the  rules  and  regulations  promulgated 
under  the  food  products  inspection  provisions  of  the  1919  agricultural  appropria- 
tion act  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  308). 

The  bank  of  France  and  rural  credit,  F.  David  {Vie  Agr,  et  Rurale,  8 
{1918),  No.  29,  pp.  41-44) ' — This  article  discusses  various  French  laws  enacted 
In  times  of  peace  providing  funds  for  the  promotion  of  agriculture,  and  the  need 
for  further  modification  of  the  laws  to  supply  increased  rural  credit,  specially 
for  farmers  in  the  invaded  territory. 

Agricultural  cooperation  in  France,  6.  Blanchard  {Egypte  Contemporaine, 
No.  40  {1918),  pp.  S61S87) .—This  is  a  discussion  of  the  agricultural  cooperative 
movement  in  France,  with  a  comparison  of  its  early  aims  and  its  present  com- 
mercial functions.  While  at  first  "  le  syndicat  agrlcole  "  was  a  purely  academic 
body,  there  are  now  In  France  cooperative  societies  for  purchase,  sale,  produc- 
tion, credit,  and  insurance.  It  is  stated  that  the  cooperative  purchase  societies 
have  attained  brilliant  success,  due  to  Government  aid,  and  that  the  credit  and 
insurance  societies  have  made  satisfactory  progress,  but  that  the  other  types 
although  fairly  well  developed  have  been  surpassed  by  similar  societies  in  Ger- 
many, Italy,  Belgium,  and  Russia.  It  is  estimated  that  in  France  in  1914  there 
were  28,000  agricultural  cooperative  associations,  with  a  total  of  120,000  in  tbe 
world. 


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19191  A6RICTJLTT7RAL.  EDUCATION,  93 

The  cooperative  moTement  in  France  before  and  during  the  war,  C.  Gidb 
(Cooper,  Consumer,  4  {1918),  No,  8,  pp.  116-118). — The  article  summarizes 
Eome  of  the  accomplishments  of  cooperatiye  societies  In  France,  with  special 
reference  to  their  status  since  the  outbreak  of  the  war. 

[Report  of  cooperative  societies],  J.  Retdef  (Union  So,  Africa  Dept,  Agr^ 
Rpt.  1916-17,  pp.  117-129).— This  reports  detailed  Information  with  regard  to 
the  20  co(^)eratiye  agricultural  societies  registered  in  South  Africa.  Seventeen 
of  these  are  in  the  Transvaal,  and  devote  their  efforts  chiefly  to  the  sale  of 
produce — ^nM)stly  maize — and  the  supply  of  farming  requisites.  A  summary  of 
the  transactions  for  the  last  three  years  is  given  for  each  society,  and  a  finan- 
cial and  administrative  report  for  the  year  ended  December  81, 1916. 

Women's  rural  orgranizations  and  their  activities,  Anne  M.  Bvans  (17.  8, 
Dept,  Agr,  Bui,  719  (1918),  pp.  15,  flga,  S). — ^The  success  of  organized  farm 
women  in  developing  home  life  and  agricultural  opportunities  and  in  promot- 
ing community  life  In  the  country  is  here  discussed.  The  author  illustrates  the 
extent  to  which  parts  of  certain  national  women's  organizations  have  become 
established  in  rural  districts,  and  describes  many  specific  cases  to  show  the  work 
that  is  being  done  throughout  the  United  States  by  farm  women's  clubs. 

Konthly  Crop  Report  (U,  8.  Dept,  Agr.,  Mo,  Crop  Rpt,,  4  (1918),  No.  10,  pp. 
m-lS2,  fig,  1), — Contained  in  this  report  are  the  usual  data  concerning  pro- 
duction, farm  value,  and  acreage  of  principal  crops ;  estimated  crop  conditions 
Oct  1, 1918,  with  comparisons ;  average  prices  received  by  producers ;  and  range 
of  prices  of  agricultural  products  at  Important  markets.  It  records  a  tribute 
to  the  American  farmers'  service  in  the  war  crisis,  and  has  special  articles  on 
snapped  and  boUy  cotton ;  cotton  condition  Sept.  25, 1918 ;  prices  paid  for  picking 
eotton ;  normal  crop  condition  and  its  interpretation ;  cost  of  estimates  of  hauling 
by  wagon  and  motor  truck,  1918,  by  F.  Andrews,  as  to  distance,  round  trips  per 
day,  load,  and  cost  per  ton  per  mile  of  wagon  and  motor  truck  hauls  from  farms 
to  shipping  points ;  statistics  on  the  hay  crop  baled ;  data  on  the  estimated  wheat 
lorplus  and  deficiency,  by  States ;  yearly  average,  total,  and  per  capita  consump- 
tion of  specified  cereals  by  leading  countries  1902  to  1911 ;  production  and  farm 
prices  of  cotton,  wheat,  com,  and  wool  in  the  United  States  1908  to  1918 ;  average 
yield  of  wheat  in  leading  European  countries,  1890  to  1915 ;  commercial  produc- 
tion of  cabbage;  kraut  and  cucumbers  contracted  for  by  manufacturers;  and 
miscellaneous  data. 

[Agrlcoltoral  statistics  of  British  Oulana],  J.  B.  Habbison  (Rpt.  Dept.  Soi. 
and  Agr.  Brit.  Chtiana,  1916,  pp.  £&-29) ,— Thin  report  continues  data  previously 
Boted  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  291),  adding  statistics  for  the  year  1916. 

AOBICVLTTTBAL  EBXJCATION. 

Agrlcultnral  instruction  in  the  high  schools  of  six  Eastern  States,  G.  H. 
Lake  (17.  S.  Bur.  Ed,  Bui.  S  (1918),  pp.  7S,  figs.  7).— This  is  a  report  of  a  study 
made,  by  agreement  between  the  Bureau  of  Eklucation  and  the  States  Relations 
Service,  on  the  character  and  methods  of  administration,  In  the  classroom  and 
laboratory  and  out  of  doors,  of  agricultural  instruction  in  the  high  schools  of 
Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Vermont 

Bntomologrical  education  in  the  United  States,  E.  S.  Coqan  (8o.  African 
Jour,  gci.,  14  (1918),  No.  8,  pp.  S45-949)  .—The  aim  of  this  article  is  to  give  a 
Seneral  idea  of  the  courses  offered  In  entomology  in  this  country  and  where  they 
may  be  best  obtained.  Particular  reference  is  made  to  the  work  of  the  Massa- 
dmsetts  Agricultural  College,  Ck)rnell  University,  Ohio  State  University,  Uni- 
versity of  Oalifomia,  and  University  of  Illinois. 


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94  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vol.40 

Civic  and  social  trainincr  in  fhe  afirricultoral  schools,  J.  McCaio  (Affr.  Oaz. 
Canada,  5  (1918),  No.  6,  pp.  618-620). — ^At  a  meeting  of  the  Instructors  of  the 
proYincial  schools  of  agriculture  and  officials  of  the  DeiMirtment  of  Agriculture 
of  Alberta,  held  in  Edmonton  on  March  30  and  April  1,  1918,  it  was  decided  to 
make  some  additions  to  the  courses  for  these  schools  so  that  they  will  take 
account  of  the  conjunctive  and  community  needs  of  the  student,  as  well  as 
personal  efficiency.  The  subject  of  dvics  has  been  introduced  into  the  first  year 
of  the  courses  for  both  boys  and  girls.  This  will  be  a  brief  study  of  such  mat- 
ters as  the  community  idea,  the  services  furnished  by  such  organizations  as  the 
Local  Improvement  District,  the  municipality,  the  provincial  government,  the 
Federal  Government,  and  also  the  duties  and  privileges  of  citizenship  in  r^a- 
tion  to  these.  The  object  is  to  inculcate  in  students  the  realization  of  the 
character  of  the  State  as  a  vital  organism.  The  method  of  approach  will  be 
wholly  through  concrete  materials  and  critical  "close-to-home"  discussion. 
The  training  of  the  second  year  boys  is  to  be  broadened  by  the  addition  of  a 
very  elementary  type  of  rural  economics,  including  such  matters  as  a  study  of 
the  setting  of  agriculture  among  the  great  industries,  the  returns  from  agri- 
culture as  a  business,  its  independence  through  being  partly  self-sufficing  and  its 
dependence  on  seasonal  changes,  agriculture  as  a  mode  of  life,  the  factors  of 
production,  the  special  types  of  farm  enterprises,  different  kinds  of  tenure,  etc 

The  new  interest  being  established  on  behalf  of  the  girls  is  called  rural  organ- 
ization, but  the  method  of  approach  is  intended  to  be  quite  concrete  and  the 
teaching  will  deal  with  the  phenomena  of  country  life  and  constitutions,  both 
as  they  are  found  and  as  they  should  be.  The  course  as  laid  out  is  for  the  pur- 
pose of  discussing  ways  of  realizing  on  the  institutional  and  social  resources 
of  the  country,  to  develop  a  broader  human  and  social  sense,  and  to  develop 
leadership  in  improving  organizations.  The  topics  Include  the  study  of  the 
resources  of  the  school  in  relation  to  attendance,  consolidation,  sanitation, 
medical  inspection,  children's  clubs,  and  the  church ;  also  a  discussion  of  volun- 
tary organizations,  such  as  the  institutes,  Red  Gross,  mothers*  clubs,  etc,  as 
well  as  cooperative  associations  for  production,  buying,  and  selling,  etc. 

Beport  of  the  director  of  elementary  agricultural  education,  R.  P.  Stebvbb 
{Rpt.  Agr.  New  Bninstoick,  1917,  pp.  65-^0,  pU.  2,  fig.  i).— This  is  a  report  on  the 
work  of  this  division  of  the  New  Brunswick  Department  of  Agriculture  for  the 
year  ended  October  31,  1917,  including  school  gardens  and  their  summer  super- 
vision, rural  science  schools  for  the  training  of  teachers,  school  fairs,  home 
project  work  with  potatoes  and  poultry,  and  food  production. 

It  is  noted  that  nature  stury  and  agriculture  as  a  study  in  the  schools,  with 
practical  methods  of  instruction  and  requiring  a  garden,  is  optional  by  boards 
of  trustees  even  though  their  teachers  have  special  qualifications  for  it.  In- 
struction in  agriculture  was  given  in  87  districts  in  the  school  year  ended  June 
80,  1917,  and  since  then  20  schools  have  reported  taking  up  nature  study  and 
agriculture  with  school  gardening  as  a  permanent  feature  of  their  work.  The 
total  amount  of  grants  paid  to  teachers  and  trustees  for  agricultural  instruc- 
tion was  $4,494.  It  is  advocated  that  every  school,  whether  consolidated, 
graded,  or  ungraded,  have  a  garden  at  least  one  acre  in  extent,  as  it  is  believed 
that  the  educational  feature  of  the  work  logically  makes  the  garden  at  school 
a  necessity,  and  the  garden  at  home  may  then  be  an  expansion  and  applica- 
tion of  the  training  given  in  the  school  garden. 

Seventeenth  annual  general  report  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and 
Technical  Instruction  for  Ireland,  191d-17  {Dept.  Agr.  and  TecK  Instr.  Ire- 
land, Ann.  Oen.  Rpt.,  11  {1916-17) ,^p.  FZ-h^^^).— This  is  the  usual  annual  re- 


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m»l  AGRICULTURAL  BDUCATIOlSr.  95 

port  of  the  department's  administration  and  fahds,  and  details  of  operations 
during  tbe  year  1916-17,  including  agricultural  and  technical  instruction. 

Beport  of  the  joint  committee  of  the  university,  agricultoral  department, 
and  education  department  on  agricultural  education  [in  Western  Aastralia] 
{Perth:  Oovt,,  1918,  pp.  27). — ^This  report  of  a  Joint  committee  appointed  in 
May,  1917,  deals  with  what  is  being  done  at  the  present  time  by  the  different 
agencies  concerned  with  agricultural  education  in  Western  Australia  and  what 
farther  developments  are  needed  in  order  to  establish  a  well  coordinated  sys- 
tem of  agricultural  education.  Among  the  principal  findings  of  the  commit- 
tee are  the  following : 

Courses  in  elementary  agricultural  science  should  be  provided  In  primary 
sdiools,  with  special  attention  given  to  the  subject  in  rural  centers.  In  sec- 
<mdary  schools  there  should  be  more  advanced  courses  in  agriculture.  A  school 
of  agriculture,  such  as  that  situated  near  Narrogin,  is  a  useful  type  of  institu- 
tion for  giving  Instruction  in  the  practice  as  well  as  the  science  of  agriculture 
to  junior  students,  and  the  number  should  be  enlarged  as  the  demand  increases. 
Protrision  should  be  made  for  the  training  of  teachers  in  agricultural  science 
for  such  schools.  An  agricultural  college  affiliated  with  the  University  of 
Western  Australia  should  be  established  as  soon  as  circumstances  will  per- 
mit, when  the  two-year  university  diploma  course  in  agriculture  should  be  dis- 
continued. Tbe  university  should  continue  to  grant  degrees  in  agriculture,  and 
scholarships  or  cadetships  should  be  established  to  encourage  students  to  take 
the  degree.  There  should  be  a  standing  committee  for  agricultural  education 
to  coordinate  the  efforts  of  all  institutions  dealing  with  the  subject 

It  is  further  recommended  that  the  State  activities  in  agricultural  research 
should  be  centered  at  the  agricultural  college,  and  that  the  existing  Oovem- 
ment  farms  should  cooperate  as  branch  stations.  The  control  of  agricultural 
research  should  be  entrusted  to  a  special  committee.  There  should  be  a  sys- 
tem of  country  lectures  to  farmers  under  tbe  joint  control  of  the  department  of 
agriculture  and  the  university,  as  well  as  a  system  of  regular  instruction  by 
correspondence  in  various  subjects  connected  with  agriculture.  Associations  of 
ftinners  to  discuss  technical  and  practical  subjects  should  be  encouraged  and 
organized  on  similar  lines  to  those  adopted  in  South  Australia.  In  order  to 
Improve  agricultural  methods  cultural  and  cropping  competitions  in  local 
centers  should  be  encouraged  by  the  department  of  agriculture.  The  publica- 
tion of  an  official  journal  by  the  department  should  be  resumed,  and  the  Fed- 
eral Government  should  be  urged  to  give  financial  assistance  to  the  States  for 
the  purpose  of  higher  education  in  agriculture. 

Notes  supplied  the  committee  on  (1)  nature  study  and  elementary  agrlcul- 
tare  in  the  schools  of  the  education  department,  (2)  agricultural  science  in  the 
primary  school,  (3)  the  Narrogin  school  of  agriculture,  (4)  the  University  of 
Western  Australia  and  agricultural  education,  (5)  the  education  of  the  farmer 
<m  the  farm,  (6)  agricultural  lectures  and  demonstrations,  (7)  agricultural  re- 
learch,  and  (8)  federal  grants  for  agricultural  education  In  Canada  and  the 
United  States  are  appended. 

Reference  material  for  vocational  agricultural  instruction,  G.  H.  Lanb 
{Fed,  Bd.  Voeai.  Ed.  Bui.  U  {1918),  pp.  25,  figs.  5).— This  bulletin  gives  direc- 
tions for  cataloguing  and  filing  publications  in  building  up  worldng  libraries  of 
reference  material  for  vocational  agricultural  instruction  In  secondary  schools 
•nd  discusses  the  teaching  material  available  from  the  U.  S.  Departments  of 
Agriculture,  Interior,  Treasury,  and  Labor,  and  the  U.  S.  Food  Administration. 

Sffective  farming,  H.  O.  Sampson  {New  York:  The  MaomiUan  Co.,  1918,  pp. 
IXIII-\-^90,  pi  i,  ftgs.  210).— 'The  aims  of  this  text  are  to  "  present  Instruction 


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96  EXPEKIMBKT  STATION  RECORD.  IVol.  40 

In  practical  agriculture  in  sucli  a  way  as  to  be  readily  understood  by  both 
pupil  and  general  reader,  and  to  be  directly  adaptable  at  the  same  time  to  the 
needs  of  the  classroom  and  laboratory."  The  introductory  chapter  gives  a 
general  view,  including  agriculture  a  fundamental,  agriculture  as  art.  science^ 
and  business,  divisions  of  agriculture,  and  farm  possibilities.  The  succeeding 
chapters  deal  respectively  with  plant  study,  soils,  soil  fertility,  Indian  com  or 
maize,  small  grains,  grasses  and  sorghums,  legumes,  potatoes,  sugar  cane,  cotton, 
and  tobacco,  fruit  growing,  vegetable  growing,  feeding  farm  animals,  horses, 
beef  and  dual-purpose  cattle,  dairy  cattle,  dairying,  sheep,  swine,  poultry,  farm 
machinery,  and  farm  management.  Each  chapter  is  followed  by  review  quee- 
tlons,  practical  exercises,  and  references  to  literature.  A  directory  and  classi- 
fication of  the  publications  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  and  the 
addresses  of  the  experiment  stations  and  of  publishers  of  agricultural  books 
are  appended. 

TeachinfiT  food  values,  C.  F.  Langwortht  {Jour,  Home  Econ.,  10  {1918),  No. 
7,  pp.  295-^02). — ^The  author  presents  a  food  group  generalization  made  by  the 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  based  upon  an  extended  study  of  dietary  and 
other  data.  This  has  proved  convenient  for  popular  instruction,  and  in  addi- 
tion offers  an  easy  way  of  introducing  the  subject  of  food  and  nutrition  in  more 
formal  teaching. 

Food  preparation:  A  laboratory  guide  and  note-book  for  high  school 
classes  in  domestic  science,  Beth  W.  Jobseband  (Peoria,  nU:  The  Manual  Arts 
Press,  1917,  rev.  ed.,  pt8.  i,  pp.  U8,  ftgs.  S;  2,  pp.  142,  ftgs,  «).— This  loose-leaf 
laboratory  guide  is  stated  to  be  the  result  of  years  of  study  of  the  problem 
of  successful  presentation  of  subject  matter  to  classes  and  of  the  most*  eco- 
nomical use  of  the^time  of  students.  Part  1  contains  chapters  on  equipment 
and  rules,  the  body  and  its  foods,  and  introductory  work  in  manipulation  of 
materials,  water,  mineral  matter,  proteins,  and  fats.  Part  2  deals  with 
carbohydrates,  menus  and  serving,  and  preservation  and  canning. 

Thrift  in  the  household,  Dora  M.  Hughies  {Boston:  Lothrop,  Lee  d  Shcpard 
Co.,  1918,  pp.  288). — A  discussion  of  thrift  as  applied  to  food  and  clothing,  with 
many  suggestions  for  the  economical  and  efficient  use  of  the  resources  of  the 
ordinary  home. 

Fig  raising:  A  manual  for  pig  clubs,  A.  W.  Nolan  and  J.  H.  Greene  {Chi- 
cago and  New  York:  Row,  Peterson  d  Co.,  1918,  pp.  79,  jigs.  16). — ^This  book 
contains  a  pig  raising  calendar,  practical  exercises,  class  work  in  swine  rais- 
ing, and  an  outline  for  a  home  project  notebook.  A  model  constitution  for  boys' 
and  girls*  clubs,  parliamentary  practice  hints  and  suggestions,  suggestive  pro- 
grams for  agricultural  clubs,  and  references  to  books  are  appended. 

A  study  of  shade  trees  for  grades  seven  and  eight,  Fannie  Ragland  { Na- 
ture-Study Rev.,  H  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  110-120,  fig.  1).— The  author  suggests 
questions,  references  to  literature,  and  conclusions  for  working  out  a  course  of 
study  on  shade  trees. 

Receptacles  for  school  fair  exhibits  {Agr.  Oaz.  Canada,  5  {1918),  No,  6,  pp. 
599-607,  figs.  S). — In  this  series  of  articles,  by  agricultural  education  officials, 
are  described  receptacles  for  school  fair  exhibits  in  use  in  the  Provinces 
of  Nova  Scotia,  Quebec,  Ontario,  Manitoba,  Saskatchewan,  Alberta,  and  British 
Columbia. 

Camp  Liberty.— An  analysis  of  the  social  adjustments  of  city  boys  in  a 
farm  labor  camp,  C.  E.  Astman  {Survey,  40  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  149-154,  figs.  7). — 
The  organization,  motives,  and  work  of  this  camp,  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R., 
a9,  p.  698),  are  described  by  its  director,  who  also  briefly  states  the  results 
and  ends  attained. 


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1919]  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  97 

MISCELLANEOrS. 

Director's  report  for  1917,  W.  H.  Jobdan  (New  York  State  8ta,  Bui,  4iS 
(1917),  pp.  821-844). — This  contains  the  organization  list  and  a  review  of  the 
work  and  publications  of  the  station  during  the  year. 

Twenty-sixth  Annual  Report  of  Oklahoma  Station,  1917  {OklaJioina  8ta. 
RpU  1911 1  pp.  40,  fig.  i). — ^This  contains  the  organization  list,  reports  by  the 
director  and  heads  of  departments,  a  meteorological  summary,  and  a  financial 
statement  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1917.  The  experimental  worls  re- 
ported is  for  the  most  part  abstracted  elsewhere  in  this  issue. 

Report  of  Porto  Bico  Station,  1917  {Porto  Rico  Sta,  Rpt.  1917,  pp.  40,  pis. 
4).-— This  contains  the  organization  list,  a  summary  by  the  agronomist  in 
charge  as  to  th^  general  conditions  and  lines  of  work  conducted  at  the  station 
(lurlDg  the  year,  and  reports  of  the  chemist  and  assistant  chemist,  horticul- 
turist, assistant  horticulturist,  plant  pathologist,  entomologist,  assistant  In 
plant  breeding,  specialist  in  farm  management,  and  agricultural  technologist, 
and  a  progress  report  on  citrus  scab.  The  experimental  work  reported  is  for 
the  most  part  abstracted  elsewhere  in  this  issue. 

Quarterly  bulletin  of  the  Kichigan  Experiment  Station  (Michigan  Sta.,. 
Quart.  Bui,,  1  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  40,  fiffs.  7). —-This  contains  several  articles  ab- 
Ftracted  elsewhere  in  this  issue,  together  with  the  following:  Fall  Care  of  the 
Flodc,  by  G.  A.  Brown;  Care  of  Fall  Litter  and  Sow,  by  W.  B.  J.  Edwards; 
Relation  of  Farm  Wells  to  Typhoid  Fever,  and  Vinegar,  both  by  Zae  Northrup ; 
Plant  Physiological  Investigations,  by  R.  P.  Hlbbard ;  Sealing  the  Silo,  by  A.  G» 
Anderson ;  Methods  of  Combating  Flies,  by  J.  E.  Burnett ;  Entomological  Notes, 
by  H.  R.  Pettlt ;  Fuel  Conservation  and  Taxation  of  Farm  Woodlots,  both  by 
A.  K.  Chittenden ;  Grow  Rosen  Rye,  Plant  Wheat  on  Time,  Select  Seed  Corn 
Early,  and  Select  Seed  Beans  in  Fall,  all  by  J.  F.  Cox ;  An  Emergency  Silo,  by 
H.  H.  Musselman;  Horticultural  Notes  and  Laws  Governing  the  Packing  and 
Labeling  of  Fruits  and  Vegetables  for  State  and  Interstate  Shipments,  both 
by  C  P.  Halligan;  Infectious  Abortion  in  Cattle,  by  E.  T.  Hallman;  and  a 
list  of  available  bulletins. 

Monthly  Bulletin  of  the  Western  Washington  Substation  (Washington 
8ta^  West  Wash.  Sta.  Mo.  Bui.,  6  (1918),  No.  7,  pp.  90-104) .—Thla  number  con- 
tains brief  articles  on  the  following  subjects:  Are  Dairymen  Prosperous?  by 
W.  A.  Linklater ;  Hotbeds  and  Cold  Frames,  by  J.  L.  Stahl ;  Seeding  Down  to 
Glover  and  Grass,  by  E.  B.  Stookey ;  How  Some  of  our  Common  Plant  Diseases 
and  Insect  Pests  Pass  Through  the  Winter,  and  What  Can  be  Done  Toward 
Controlling  Them  at  That  Time,  by  A.  Frank;  Males  that  Head  the  Breeding 
Pens,  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  G.  R.  Shoup;  Bringing  War  Pullets  into  Laying,  by 
6.  R.  Shoup;  and  The  Washington  Egg  Advertising  Campaign,  by  Mrs.  G.  R. 
Shoup. 


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NOTES. 


▲rlzona  TJnlversity  and  Station.— D.  W.  Working,  agrlcQlturlst  In  the  Office 
of  Extension  Work  in  the  North  and  West,  States  Relations  Service,  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture,  has  been  appointed  dean  of  the  college  of  agri- 
culture and  director  of  the  station,  to  enter  upon  his  duties  March  1. 

Homer  Derr  has  been  appointed  supervisor  of  agricultural  education  under 
the  Smith-Hughes  Act;  F.  R.  Kenney,  formerly  associate  professor  of  poultry 
in  the  extension  service  of  the  Iowa  CJollege,  as  associate  professor  of  poultry 
husbandry ;  and  A.  F.  Klnnison  as  assistant  horticulturist  in  the  station. 

Delaware  College  and  Station. — ^A.  B.  Grantham,  agronomist,  has  been  ap- 
pointed acting  director  of  the  station  during  the  absence  in  France  of  Director 
Hayward.  E.  A.  Hodson  has  been  appointed  assistant  professor  of  agronomy 
beginning  February  15;  R.  A.  Nehf  assistant  horticulturist  in  the  station 
beginning  February  15,  and  M.  G.  Thomas  assistant  animal  husbandman  begin- 
ning February  1. 

Idaho  Station. — Charles  W.  Hungerford  has  accepted  a  position  in  the  de- 
partment of  plant  pathology,  banning  February  15. 

Kansas  College  and  Station. — Harry  Umberger,  State  leader  of  county 
agents,  has  been  appointed  acting  dean  of  agriculture.  H.  B.  Winchester,  for- 
merly assistant  in  animal  husbandry  in  the  Iowa  Station,  has  been  appointed 
assistant  in  feeding  investigations  and  has  entered  upon  his  dutiea 

Kentucky  University  and  Station. — ^The  station  has  purchased  a  small 
foundation  herd  of  Hereford  cattle  and  has  taken  steps  to  begin  a  herd  of 
Shorthorns.  A  refrigerating  plant,  abattoir,  and  incinerator,  for  teaching  and 
experimental  work  in  meats  and  meat  curing,  have  been  erected  on  the  station 
farm. 

Maryland  College  and  Station. — Richard  Wellington,  head  of  the  section  of 
fruit  and  vegetable  investigations  In  the  Minnesota  University  and  Station, 
has  been  appointed  in  charge  of  vegetable  work,  beginning  March  15. 

Kassachusetts  College  and  Station. — The  entire  personnel  of  the  college, 
station,  and  extension  staff  have  been  made  members  of  the  State  Retirement 
Association.  Each  member  contributes  five  per  cent  of  his  salary  up  to  a  maxi- 
mum salary  of  $30  per  week  until  reaching  the  retiring  age,  which  may  be  at 
60  and  must  occur  at  70  years  of  age.  Upon  retirement  the  State  duplicates  his 
accumulations  and  makes  payment  in  the  form  of  a  monthly  pension.  Should  a 
member  sever  connection  with  the  service  before  retirement  his  accumulated 
savings  are  returned  to  him. 

John  D.  Willard  has  been  appointed  extension  professor  of  agricultural 
economics  vice  E.  Famham  Davis,  resigned  to  resume  commercial  work  in 
California. 

Mississippi  Station. — H.  K.  Gayle,  animal  husbandman,  resigned  January  15 
to  become  manager  of  a  syndicate  farm  in  north  Louisiana. 

Oklahoma  College  and  Station. — ^Dr.  Hilton  I.  Jones,  head  of  the  depart- 
ment of  chemistry  at  Dakota  Wesleyan  University,  has  been  appointed  head  of 
the  department  of  chemistry  vice  Dr.  L.  Charles  Raiford,  whose  resignation  has 
98 


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Yol.  40, 19191  KOTES.  99 

been  previously  noted.  Dr.  A.  J.  Stiner  has  been  appointed  assistant  yeterl- 
narian,  and  P.  G.  Malone,  college  editor. 

South  Dakota  CoUegre. — Dr.  E.  G.  Perisho  has  resigned  as  president  to  accept 
t  position  with  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  in  reconstruction  work  in  Europe.  W.  B.  John- 
son, president  of  the  Northern  Normal  School  at  Aberdeen,  has  been  appointed 
to  succeed  him  A.  H.  Kuhlman  has  been  appointed  associate  professor  of 
animal  husbandry. 

Texas  Station. — ^The'  new  station  building,  to  be  Isnown  as  the  research  ad- 
ministration building,  is  nearing  completion  and  will  be  occupied  this  spring. 
This  is  a  modem  building  for  laboratory  and  office  purposes,  and  with  the 
present  building  will  provide  ample  space  for  the  present  needs. 

H.  H.  Laude,  superintendent  of  the  Beaumont  Substation,  was  transferred 
January  28  to  the  main  station  as  agronomist  to  take  charge  of  rice  investiga- 
tions, and  has  been  succeeded  by  A.  H.  Prince. 

Virginia  Truck  Station. — Gilbert  S.  Watts,  a  1918  graduate  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania College,  has  been  appointed  assistant  horticulturist  beginning  January  1. 

Hampton  Institute. — Charles  K.  Graham,  director  of  the  agricultural  de- 
partment and  agricultural  extension  work,  has  resigned  because  of  ill  health. 
J.  L.  B.  Buck  has  been  designated  as  acting  director. 

Washingrton  College  and  Station. — ^The  legislature  has  appropriated  $175,000 
for  a  new  dairy  building  and  equipment,  $55,000  for  the  completion  of  the  agri- 
cultural building,  $75,000  for  a  new  dormitory,  $35,000  for  buildings  and  equip- 
ment and  other  expenses  at  the  new  irrigation  substation  at  Prosser,  $80,000 
for  land,  stock,  and  a  new  dairy  bam  at  the  Puyallup  substation,  and  $61,963.34 
as  an  offset  to  the  Federal  funds  for  extension  work.  These  appropriations  are 
in  addition  to  the  college  funds  derived  from  the  miUage  tax. 

Harry  H.  Hill,  of  the  University  of  Minnesota,  has  been  appointed  instructor 
in  dairy  manufactures.  C.  Edwin  Hill,  assistant  in  forage  crop  work  at  the 
SDbstation  at  Moro,  Greg.,  has  been  appointed  superintendent  of  the  substation 
at  Waterville. 

Wyoming  University  and  Station.— -The  farm  at  Lander  leased  by  the  uni- 
versity for  the  past  10  years  to  the  State  Horticultural  Society  has  been  taken 
over,  and  is  to  be  developed  in  cooperation  with  the  society  as  a  substation. 
Tbe  horticultural  work  will  be  continued,  and  agronomy  and  animal  husbandry 
studies  will  be  undertaken. 

A  recent  act  of  the  legislature  brings  the  farms  formerly  controlled  by  the 
State  farm  board  under  the  administration  of  the  director  of  the  station,  as- 
dsted  by  an  advisory  committee  appointed  by  the  governor.  This  will  make 
possible  substation  work  in  various  sections  of  the  State.  Provision  has  also 
been  made  for  organizing  the  extension  club  work  and  the  work  in  home 
economics  on  the  basis  of  county  agent  work,  with  State  appropriations  to  aid 
tbe  counties  in  their  extension  programs. 

A  new  hog  house  costing  $3,500  has  been  erected  at  the  stock  farm  for  ex- 
perimental work  with  swine.  Considerable  farm  machinery  has  also  been 
added. 

G.  P.  Arnold  of  Laramie,  W.  C.  Deming  of  Cheyenne,  and  B.  D.  Croft  of 
Cowley,  have  been  appointed  to  the  board  of  trustees. 

Superior  Council  of  Agronomic  Stations  and  Laboratories  in  France.^ 
Under  a  decree  of  the  French  Minister  of  Agriculture  of  August  12,  1918,  a 
Superior  Council  of  Agronomic  Stations  and  Agricultural  Laboratories  has  been 
established.  This  council  consists  of  25  members  chosen  for  terms  of  from  one 
to  three  years,  9  being  selected  by  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  6  by  the  Academy 


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100  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECOED.  [Vol.  40. 1910 

of  Agriculture,  6  by  the  council  itself,  aud  4  by  the  Minister  of  Agriculture  to 
represent  his  department  The  Inspector  general  of  stations  and  laboratories 
is  to  meet  with  the  council  In  an  advisory  capacity. 

The  council  is  to  look  after  the  proper  operation  of  the  stations  and  labora- 
tories, guiding  and  directing  their  efforts  with  a  view  to  obtaining  their  great- 
est possible  usefulness.  It  considers  all  questons  relating  to  scientific  investi- 
gations carried  on  in  these  institutions,  and  above  all  stimulates  and  promotes 
the  formulation  of  general  and  specific  research  plans.  It  studies  and  points 
out  the  improvements  and  reforms  which  may  be  introduced  and  gives  its 
opinion  on  the  organization  of  the  institutions  now  existing,  on  the  foundation 
of  new  stations  and  laboratories,  and  on  the  assistance  that  may  be  obtained 
from  the  departments,  towns,  and  individuals.  It  coordinates  the  yearly  re- 
ports Issued  by  the  institutions  on  the  investigations  performed  by  them  and 
decides  as  to  the  papers  and  results  to  be  published.  It  examines  the  accounts 
of  the  institutions  as  well  as  their  projects  and  the  ways  and  means  to  execute 
them,  and  also  passes  upon  the  budget  of  expenditures  and  receipts.  It  pro- 
vides the  mode  of  selection  of  the  personnel,  draws  up  lists  of  available  candi- 
dates, and  suggests  promotions,  compensations,  changes,  and  dismissals.  It 
calls  stated  meetings  for  the  directors  of  the  stations  and  laboratories,  and 
the  various  specialists.  It  examines  the  projects  of  private  institutions  and 
investigators  and  proposes  grants  and  allowances.  It  is  to  direct  the  publica- 
tion of  a  quarterly  bulletin,  pamphlets  for  popular  use,  and  reviews  of  memoirs, 
brochures,  or  documents  published  in  all  countries,  the  knowledge  of  which 
would  be  likely  to  enlighten  the  personnel  of  the  stations  and  laboratories  re- 
garding new  methods  of  investigations  and  thus  promote  new  studies  and  re- 
searches.   It  also  will  issue  an  annual  summary  of  its  work. 

Agricultural  History  Society. — ^An  association  to  be  known  as  the  Agricul- 
tural History  Society  was  organized  at  Washington,  D.  G.,  February  14,  1919. 
The  object  of  this  society  is  to  "  stimulate  interest,  promote  study,  and  facili- 
tate publication  of  researches  in  agricultural  history."  .  This  affords  a  wide 
field  for  a  line  of  study  not  heretofore  covered,  including  the  history  and  de- 
velopment of  various  agricultural  crops,  of  methods  and  practices  employed  in 
agriculture,  various  agricultural  movements,  the  relations  and  effects  of  condi- 
tions of  production,  and  the  like.  An  interesting  and  profitable  field  for  study 
is  believed  to  l)e  open.  It  is  desip:ned  to  make  the  society  national  in  scope,  with 
provision  for  local  sections  or  meetings  as  interest  grows.  Membership  is  open 
to  persons  interested  in  the  field  covered  by  the  society,  and  correspondence 
with  the  secretary  to  that  end  is  invited. 

The  officers  of  this  society  are  as  follows:  Dr.  Rodney  H.  True,  Bureau  of 
Plant  Industry,  Washington,  D.  C,  president;  Wm.  J.  Trimble,  Agricultural 
College,  North  Dakota,  vice  president;  Lyman  Carrier,  Bureau  of  Plant  In- 
dustry, Washington,  D.  C,  secretary-treasurer;  and  R.  W.  Kelsey,  Haverford, 
Pa.,  and  O.  C.  Stine,  Office  of  Farm  Management,  Washington,  D.  C,  additional 
members  of  the  executive  conunittee. 


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EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 

Bdltor :  B.  W.  ALLEN,  Ph.  D.,  Chief,  Offce  of  BxperitnetU  StationM. 
Asaociate  Editor:  H.  L.  Knight. 

EDITORIAL  DEPABTMEITTS. 


A^cnltural  Chemistry  and  Agrotechny— Sybil  L.  Smith. 
Meteorology,  Soils,  and  Fertilizers {^-jH-^Beal^^ 

Agricultural  Botany,  Bacteriology,  and  Plant  Pathology}^;  EBom*'  ^^'  ^* 

Field   Crops— J.  D.  Luckbtt. 

Horticulture  and  Forestry— B.  J.  Glasson. 

Economic  Zoology  and  Entomology — W.  A.  Hookeb,  D.  V.  M. 

iC.  F.  Lanowobtht,  Ph.  D.,  D.  Sa 
Stbil  L.  Smith. 
BuaUkBETH  B.  BOWEB. 

Animal  Husbandry,  Dairying,  and  Dairy  Farming  jp^^j^^^^^^^ 

veterinary  Medicine  {J^  1%^^ 

Rural  Engineering-— R.  W.  TauLUNesB.^ 

{R  Meebitt. 
M.  Lenobb  FuifT. 
Louise  Mabbut. 

A«ricnltural  Education  {^-^^^  Sp,™ma»h. 
Indexes — ^Ameua  B.  Deakb. 


CONTENTS  OF  VOL.  40,  No.  2. 


Editorial  notes:  Page. 

The  Rothamsted  Station  in  war  time 101 

Suggestions  for  agricultural  education  and  research  in  Victoria 105 

Recent  work  in  agricultural  science— 109 

Notes 199 

SUBJECrr  LIST  OF  ABSTRACTS. 

aobicultubal  chemistbt — agbotechnt. 

Progress  of  chemistry  during  the  last  quarter  of  a  century,  McPherson..  109 

Progress  of  chemistry  for  1917,  edited  by  Cain  and  Greenaway 109 

Compendium  of  physiological  chemistry,  Arthus 100 

The  application  of  electrolysis  in  chemical  industry,  Hale 109 

Replacement  of  platinum  in  electrolytic  apparatus,  Nicolardot  and  Boudet.  lOD 

The  proteins  of  the  peanut,  ArachU  hypogcea.  III,  Johns  and  Jones 109 

The  bydrolyals  of  kafirin,  Jones  and  Johns 110 

Note  on  the  preparation  of  gulonlc  lactone,  La  Forge 110 

The  distillation  of  cellulose  and  starch,  Plctet  and  Sarasln 110 

Chemical  studies  in  some  marine  algse,  Matsui 110 

*0n  lesTe  of  atwence  for  military  serTlce, 

X 


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n  CONTENTS,  [ToL40 

Put 

Conditions  essential  for  manufacture  of  carvacrol,  Hixson  and  McKee 110 

The  fermentation  organisms  of  California  gr&pes,  Cruess lH 

A  method  of  dialysis  of  enzyms,  Val'tera lU  : 

The  quantitative  analysis  of  small  quantities  of  gases,  Ryder 111 . 

Notes  on  Folin's  direct  nesslerization  method  for  nitrogen,  Langstrotb 111 

Mlcrochemical  nitrogen  determination,  SJollema  and  Hetterschy HI  ; 

Sources  of  error  Incident  to  Lindo-Gladding  method,  Keitt  and  Shiver —  118 

Determination  of  phosphorus  by  nephelometric  method,  Meigs US 

Determination  of  alkaline  carbonates  and  bicarbonatea,  Mestrezat US 

The  determination  of  carbon  dloxid  in  carbonate,  Van  Slyke US 

Volumetric  determination  of  sulphates,  Vansteenberghe  and  Bauzil US 

The  determination  of  tyrosin  in  proteins,  Johns  and  Jones US 

Optical  dispersion  of  oils  from  analytical  viewpoint,  Fryer  and  Weston US 

The  autooxidation  of  sugars,  Berczeller  and  SzegO s—  113 

Volumetric  determination  of  reducing  sugars,  Clark U4 

Determination  of  aldehyde  sugars  by  iodln,  Colin  and  Li6vin .•  Hi 

A  method  for  the  determination  of  starch,  Long 114 

The  determinatlo.n  of  pentosans,  Steenbergen 114 

A  study  of  some  biochemical  color  tests,  I,  Fearon . 114 

The  measurement  of  the  acidity  of  bread,  Cohn  et  al 11$ 

Determination  of  pectins  in  spices,  von  Fellenberg U5 

The  photographic  examination  of  fresh  and  preserved  eggs,  Le  Roy US 

Determination  of  caffein  in  coffee,  Vautler 11$ 

The  testing  of  palm  butter  with  some  hints  for  manufacture.  Tan  Heum —  US 

New  tables  for  finding  purity  of  massecuite,  Claiborne US 

A  source  of  error  in  the  use  of  picric  acid,  Rohde  and  Sweeney US 

A  method  for  the  estimation  of  potassium  in  blood,  Clausen US 

Homemade  beverages  and  vinegars,  Arnold US 

Utilization  of  defective  or  acid  ciders,  perries,  and  lees,  Tnielle US 

Preservation  and  ripening  of  forage  in  silo  in  warm  climates,  Giglioli—  US 

Potato  drying,  Peglion 116 

METE0B0IX)0T. 

Climate  and  types  of  farming '. US 

Monthly  Weather  Review UT 

Climatological  data  for  the  United  States  by  sections UT 

Meteorological  observations  at  Wisley,  1916,  Curtis UT 

Night-temperature  studies  in  the  Roswell  fruit  district,  Hallenbeck UT 

Hourly  frequency  of  precipitation  in  central  Ohio,  Martin UT 

Frequency  of  subnormal  rainfall  In  August 118 

Problems  of  denudation,  Jeffreys 118 

Hail  protection,  Courty 1^ 

SOILS — ^FERTILIZERS 

Reconnolssance  soil  sur^-ey  of  Lower  San  Joaquin  Valley,  Nelson  et  al U8 

Soil  survey  of  Barry  County,  Mo.,  Sweet  and  Knobel US 

Soil  survey  of  Miami  County,  Ohio,  Allen  and  Gossard US 

Soil  survey  of  Berkeley  County,  S.  C,  Latimer  et  al US 

Soil  survey  of  Bell  County,  Tex.,  Carter,  Jr.,  Lewis,  and  Hawker 120 

Soil  survey  of  Milwaukee  County,  Wis.,  Geib  and  Dunnewald laS 

Soil  survey  of  Door  County,  Wis.,  Geib  et  al 120 

Chemical  criteria,  production,  and  classification  in  two  soils,  Burd 120 

The  relative  "  rawness  "  of  some  humid  subsoils,  Harmer 121 

The  influence  of  plant  residues  on  nitrogen  fixation,  Hutchinson 121 

Production  of  CO2  by  molds  In  sterile  soil,  Potter  and  Snyder 12S 

Inversion  of  sugar  by  soils  and  nature  of  soil  acidity,  Rice  and  Osugi 123 

The  chemical  effects  of  CaO  and  CaCOi  on  the  soil,  I,  II 124 

Neutralization  of  sour  soils 125 

[Work  in  soil  chemistry  and  bacteriology  at  New  Jersey  Stations,  1917] 125 

What  is  the  bulk  of  manure  produced  by  consumption  of  hay?  Voelcker^  126 

The  triangle  system  for  fertilizer  experiments,  Schreiner  and  Skinner 125 

Manurial  values  of  dairy  feeds,  Grady 126 

[Fertilizers  required  for  food  production  In  Norway] 127 

Fertilizers  in  South  Africa 127 


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IWO]                                                       CONTENTS.  HI 

Electric  power  for  nitrogen  fixation,  Scott 127 

A  new  fertilizer,  "  superphosphate  of  ammonia/'  Briouz 127 

Solubility  and  assimllability  of  calcium  phosphates,  Lindet  and  Bruno 128 

BecoYery  of  potash  from  iron  blast  furnaces  and  cement  kilns,  Bradley..  128 

Recovery  of  potash  from  kelp,  Higgins 128 

Potash  from  desert  lakes  and  jilunlte,  Hornsey 128 

Potash  from  Searles  Lake,  de  ^pp,  Jr 128 

The  Alsatian  potash  mines  and  works 128 

Lime,  and  the  liming  of  soils,  Hanley ^ 128 

The  recoTery  of  ashes  and  their  utilization  in  agriculture,  Pi6dallu 129 

AOBICULTU&AL    BOTANY. 

Ecology,  Clements 129 

Experimental  evolution  in  a  desert  habitat,  Tower 129 

Vital  statistics  of  desert  plants,  Shi-eve 129 

Plant  distribution  on  desert  mountains,  Shreve 129 

Bate  of  growth  in  relation  to  altitudinal  conditions,  Shreve 129 

Bdle  of  climatic  conditions  as  to  vegetation,  Livingston  and  Shreve 130 

Evaluation  of  temperature  of  soil  as  an  environmental  factor,  Cannon 130 

Osmotic  concentration  of  fluids  and  geographical  distribution,  Harris 130 

Vegetable  saps 130 

Developmental  and  nutritional  physiology  of  some  Chlorophyceae,  Nakano.  130 

Controlled  pollination  in  Nicotlana,  Goodspeed  and  Davidson 131 

The  inheritance  of  germinal  peculiarities.    Flowering  plants 131 

Analysis  of  a  potato  hybrid,  Solanum  fendleriXS,  tuberosum,  MacDougal  131 

liass  mutations  and  twin  hybrids  of  (Enothera  grandi/lora,  DeVries 132 

South  African  Perisporiales. — I,  Perisporiacese,  Doidge 132 

Uredinales  of  Andes,  based  on  collections  by  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Rose,  Arthur 133 

Allies  of  Selaginella  rupestris  in  United  States,  Van  Eseltine 1*33 

FIELD  CBOPB. 

Farm  practices  that  increase  yields  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  Arnolds.  133 

Farm  practices  that  increase  crop  yields  in  Gulf  Coast  region,  Crosby 133 

Crop  systems  for  Arkansas,  McNair 133 

[Testa  with  field  crops  and  vegetables  at  the  Rhode  Island  Station] 133 

Effect  of  crops  on  each  other 135 

Plant  propagation 135 

Steam  sterilization  of  seed  beds  for  tobacco  and  other  crops,  Beinhart 135 

Belative  yields  of  oats  and  two-rowed  barley  in  middle  Sweden,  Tedin 135 

Gomparatlve  test  with  fertilizers,  manure,  and  sewage,  1910-1916,  Bolin..  135 

Meadow  culture  tests  in  Jutland,  1905-1910,  Lindhard 136 

Alfalfa,  App 137 

(Utilizing  waste  land  in  New  Jersey  for  alfalfa] 137 

Primitive  methods  of  maize  seed  preparation,  Biggar 137 

Cutthroat  grass,  Panicum  comhsii.  Piper 137 

Glandular  pubescence  in  various  Medicago  species,  ItfcKee 137 

Variety  tests  with  oats  in  southern  and  middle  Sweden,  Akerman 138 

Potato  culture  tests  hi  1917,  Lind 138 

Lbiing  and  loading  cars  of  potatoes  against  cold.  Bird  and  Grimes 138 

Farm  practice  in  growing  sugar  beets  in  Colorado,  Moorhouse  et  al 138 

Ftirm  practice  in  growing  sugar  beets  in  Montana,  Kuckols  and  Currier..  139 

The  beet-sugar  industry  in  the  United  States,  Townsend 139 

The  inheritance  of  glume  length  in  Triticum  polonioum.  Backhouse 140 

Origin  of  the  Georgia  and  Alabama  varieties  of  velvet  bean,  Coe 141 

Variety  tests  of  wheat,  Cauthen 141 

Natural  cross-pollination  in  wheat,  Hayes 142 

Natural  crossing  in  wheat,  Hayes 142 

ilzplanation  of  changes  in  proportions  of  hard  and  soft  kernels.  Freeman.  142 

Ptodudng  bread-making  wheats  for  warm  climates.  Freeman 143 

Nematode  galls  In  marketing  and  milling  wheat,  Coleman  and  Regan 141 

Have  farmers  been  given  a  square  deal  in  the  Federal  standards?  Brand.  144 

Federal  grain  supervision  and  standards  for  wheat  applied  to  1917  crop.  144 

A  oompariaon  of  the  Federal  t;.  Minnesota  grading  system,  Sanderson 145 


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IV  OONTEIffTS.  (VdL  40 

Variations  in  seed  tests  resulting  from  errors  in  sampling,  Stevens 145 

Seed  Reporter 146 

The  revised  agricultural  seed  law,  Smith 146 

HOBTICULTUBB. 

A  nutrition  basis  for  horticultural  practice,  Kraus 147 

Effect  of  electricity  on  plants 147 

Effect  of  low  temperatures  on  greenhouse  plants.  Free 147 

[Third  report  of  nursery  and  market  garden  experimental  station] 147 

Adaptation  of  vegetables,  Tracy,  sr 147 

Genetic  studies  of  some  characters  in  Pisum«  Nohara 147 

Regulating  the  bearing  habit  of  fruit  trees,  Whltten 148 

Influence  of  low  temperature  on  fruit  growing  in  New  York,  Chandler—  148 

Report  on  tests  of  self-sterility  in  plums,  cherries,  and  apples,  Sutton 148 

Minnesota  State  Fruit-Breeding  Farm  in  1918,  Haralson 148 

Influence  of  soil  management  on  fruit  bud  development,  Kirby 148 

Twenty  years  of  fertilizers  in  an  apple  orchard,  Anthony 14© 

The  effect  of  cross-pollination  on  the  apple.  Wicks 1^ 

Status  of  commercial  apple  growing  in  Virginia,  Marshall 149 

Peach  growing,  Oould 14» 

Storage  of  grapes,  Thayer 148 

Smyrna  flg  culture,  Rlxford 149 

Culture  of  the  Logan  blackberry  and  related  varieties,  Darrow 150 

Cranberry  investigations,  Headlee 150 

Temperatures  of  small  fruits  when  picked,  Stevens  and  Wilcox 150 

Home  storage  houses  for  fruit,  Fagan_- 150 

Home  vegetable  and  fruit  storage 130 

Import  of  nut  tree  investigations  in  Maryland,  Johnston 150 

A  new  variety  of  avocado,  the  "Chlnln,"  Itifi 151 

Lemon  orchard  from  buds  of  single  selected  tree,  Shamel 151 

Orange-like  fruit  from  a  lemon  tree,  Brown 151 

A  fruiting  orange  thorn,  Shamel  and  Pomeroy 151 

Pyrethrum  and  its  culture,  Faes 151 

FOBBSTBT. 

Value  of  scientific  research  In  forestry,  Korstian 151 

Some  present-day  problems  in  forestry,  Hodson 151 

Forestry  work,  Whellens 151 

Effect  of  the  war  on  forests  of  France,  Graves 152 

Report  of  director  of  forestry  of  Philippine  Islands  for  1917,  Fischer 152 

Annual  report  of  the  director  of  forests,  Jolly 152 

The  trees  of  White  County,  Indiana,  Heimlich 1S2 

The  vegetation  of  northern  Cape  Breton  Island,  Nova  Scotia,  Nichols 152 

Replacement  of  East  African  forest  by  wooded  pasture  land,  Swynnerton.  152 

Limiting  factors  in  relation  to  tolerance  of  forest  trees,  Hutchinson 152 

Logging  in  the  Douglas  fir  region,  Gibbons 152 

The  ancient  oaks  of  America,  Trelease 153 

The  ray  system  of  Quercus  alha,  Langdon 158 

Relationship  between  leaves  and  latex  of  Hevea  hrasilientiSt  BobUioff 153 

Rubber  seed  selection,  Malet 153 

Girth-increment  of  sal  in  tjie  United  Provinces,  Marsden 153 

Determination  of  increment  by  stem  analysis 158 

The  application  of  the  graphic  calculation,  I,  Parascandolo 153 

Meeting  the  wood  fuel  situation,  Secrest 163 

Suggestions  for  marketing  small  timber  in  Wisconsin,  MacKaye 154. 

Forest  products  statistics  Issued  by  the  Statistical  Clearing  House 154 

DISEASES  or  PLANTS. 

Weather  conditions  and  crop  diseases  in  Texas,  Blodgett 164 

[Plant  diseases  in  Ontario] 154 

Diseases  of  economic  plants,  Nowell 155 

Parasitic  fungi  collected  In  Podolia,  Russia,  Garbowski 155 

Mycological  notices,  Lindfors 165 


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tM9]                                                     OOKTBlirrS*  Y 

pftft. 

Ctrdaaceons  spedes  of  Puodnla. — I,  Species  on  Vemonls,  Jackson 155 

£cSal  stage  of  Puccima  oxalidis.  Long  and  Harsch 155 

Tbe  treatment  of  covered  smut  of  barley,  Salmon  and  Wormald 15B 

Snmt  In  oats  and  barley 156 

Studies  on  the  rice  blast  fungus,  I,  Nishikado 156 

Fungus  parasites  of  Bromus  erectus,  Gruchet 156 

Disease  resistance  in  cabbage,  Jones 156 

Leaf  spot  disease  of  clover,  Krakover 156                       | 

[Fungus  diseases  of  mushrooms],  McDougall 157 

A  wilt  of  CapHcum  animum,  Pavarino  and  Turconl 157 

(Liability  of  potatoes  to  disease] 157 

Black  wart  caused  by  Chrysophlyctia  endobiotica,  Kunkel 157 

Diseases  of  cane  in  tropical  and  subtropical  America,  Johnston  et  al 157                       ' 

nematode  injury  [to  sugar  cane]  by  Heterodera  radicicola,  Cobb 157                       | 

Some  important  diseases  of  sweet  potato,  Sherbakoff 158                       j 

Feach  yellows  and  peach  rosette,  Norton 138                       j 

A  few  insects  and  diseases  common  to  small  fruits,  Dudley 158                       j 

Comparisons  between  effects  of  basic  and  of  acid  copper  sprays,  Capus 158 

Diseases  and  enemies  of  cacao  in  Ecuador,  Rorer,  trans,  by  Pachano 158 

Jitianose  of  citrus,  Fawcett 158                       | 

Florida  citrus  diseases,  Stevens 158                       i 

Prevoiting  wood  rot  in  pecan  trees,  McMurran 158 

Some  bacterial  diseases  of  orchids,  Pavarino 158 

More  about  rose  diseases,  Massey 159 

A  study  of  heart  rot  in  western  hemlock,  Weir  and  Hubert 159 

Tamors  of  the  maritime  pine,  Dufr6noy 159 

l%e  white  pine  blister  rust  and  the  chestnut  bark  disease,  Melnecke 159 

Btock  canker  of  chestnut,  Brlosi  and  Fametl 160 

Uycological  and  pathological  notes,  II,  Turconl  and  Maffei 160                      ! 

Fwies  applanatus  In  South  Africa,  and  effect  on  ironwood,  van  der  Bijl..  160 

fames  officintUU,  a  timber-destroying  fungus,  Faull 160 

ECONOMIC  ZOOLOOT— BNTOMOLOGT. 

A  sketch  of  the  natural  history  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  McAtee 160 

Genera  of  fishes  from  Linnseus  to  Cuvler,  Jordan  and  Evermann 160 

About  the  biology  of  Mu8  concolcr,  Otten 160 

The  r51e  of  the  field  rat  in  the  epidemiology  of  plague,  Otten 161 

The  duration  of  infectiousness  of  the  Indian  rat  flea,  Otten 161 

Aristonetta,  a  good  genus,  Oberholser 161 

Bierofalco  rugticolua  candicans  In  North  Dakota,  Oberholser 161 

Olor  columffianu8  on  the  Potomac  River,  Oberholser 161 

BpizeJla  tnanticola,  correct  name  for  American  tree  sparrow,  Oberholser—  161 

Squatarola  squatarola  synoairas  near  Washington,  D.  C,  Oberholser 161 

Khith  annual  report  of  the  State  entomologist,  Gillette  and  List 161 

Entomology 162 

Tliirty-second  report  of  the  State  entomologist,  1916,  Pelt 162 

(Control  of  Insect  pests  in  Washington] 163 

lA  report  on  economic  insects  in  British  Guiana  in  1916],  Bodkin 163 

Injurious  Insects  in  Sweden  during  1912-1916,  Tullgren 163 

Insect  pests  of  plants  cultivated  in  European  Russia  in  1914,  Kulagin 163 

Seport  on  injurious  Insects  of  the  mulberry  tree  in  Formosa,  Mak! 163 

Investigations  on  Insects  injurious  to  spruce  and  pine  cones,  Trfigftrdh—  163 

Ascertaining  parasites  of  respective  host  Insects,  Trftgftrdh 164 

Axsenate  of  lime,  Sanders 164 

Present  status  of  investigations  of  CoccobaciUua  acridiorum,  Barbara —  164 

A  systematic  study  of  Coccohadtlus  acridiorum,  Glaser 164 

Botes  on  certain  plant  bugs  connected  with  cotton  in  St.  Vincent,  Hutson.  165 

Some  effects  of  cotton  stainer  control  in  S.  Vincent,  Sands 165 

Kbtes  on  trapping  the  cotton  stainer  in  St  Vincent,  Sands 165 

j  haect  aiemies  of  the  chinch  bug,  Flint 16o 

Observations  on  life  history  and  habits  of  PilopJiorua  walshii,  Fulton 165 

The  dimorphs  of  species  of  Ohaitophorus,  Baker 165 

I  Ihe  apple  woolly  aphis  (Eriogoma  laniffera) ,  Becker 165 

\  CovplMfea  grandU  new  to  Argentine  fauna,  Llzer 165 

Oecurrence  of  ChryMomphaXus  paulistua  in  the  Parana  Delta,  Llzer 165                ^   , 


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VI  CWKTBinS.  CVol.  4« 

Pr«B. 

Impregnation  of  underwear  as  means  of  controlling  clothes  lonse.  Moore.  165 

The  peach  tree  borer  (Sanninoidea  exitiosa),  Becker 166 

The  peach  tree  borer  {Sanninoidea  exitiosa),  Gossard  and  King 167 

The  pink  bollworm  In  Brazil,  Bruno  Lobo 167 

The  two-  and  three-brooded  rice  borers,  Kondo 167 

The  greasy  surface  caterpillar :  Life  history  and  seasonal  history.  Dutt-^  167 

A  new  codling  moth  attacking  the  persimmon  [in  Japan],  Tanaka 167 

Action  of  insecticides  on  eggs  of  Polychrotit  botrana,  Feytaud 167 

Budemis  naevana,  the  holly  tortrlx  moth,  Huie 168 

Contributions  to  a  knowledge  of  Cramblne  of  North  America.  I,  Alnslie—  1^ 

Breeding  of  Anopheles  quadrimaculatus  in  deep  water,  Carter 168 

Effect  of  Anopheles  punctipennis  on  conveyance  of  malarial  fever.  Carter.  168 

Loss  during  hibernation  of  infective  power  of  anophellnes,  Roubaud 168 

The  use  of  palliatives  for  mosquito  bites,  Ewing 168 

A  new  species  of  Sciari  bred  from  red  clover  crowns,  Pettey 168 

Life  history  of  leaf-eating  crane  fly,  Cylindrotoma  splendens,  Cameron 169 

Oils  tested  to  trap  Trypetidse  and  Ortalid».  Severin 160 

Fruit  flies  of  economic  importance  in  California,  Severin 16U 

Seasonal  and  climatic  variations  in  Cerodonta,  Aldrlch 109 

Observations  on  life  history  and  biology  of  Affromyza  latereUa,  Ciaassen..  169 

Clytus  devastator,  a  new  pest  of  the  Florida  orange.  Back 169 

New  Zealand  timbers  and  the  borer,  Speight 169 

A  pest  of  plantations.  Moreira 170 

A  second  food  plant  for  the  cherry  leaf  beetle,  Van  Dyke 170 

Lasioderma  serricome,  de  Bussy 170 

The  black-eye  pea  weevil,  Urlch 170 

Curculionid  enemies  of  the  vine,  Feytaud 170 

Beekeeping  for  West  Virginia,  Reese 170 

Segmentation  of  the  abdomen  of  the  honeybee  (Apis  meUiflca),  Nelson 170 

Additional  notes  on  the  life  history  of  Bomhus  auricomus,  Frison 170 

The  wheat  Jointworm  and  its  control,  Phillips 170 

TOODS — HUMAN  NUTRITION. 

The  significance  of  fats  In  the  diet,  Starling 170 

The  physiological  behavior  of  rafllnose,  II,  Kuriyama _,  171 

Chemical  composition  of  "  tarabagani,'*  Matsui 171 

Hydrolysis  of  fish  muscle,  Okuda  and  Oyama 171 

Hydrolysis  of  fish  gelatin,  Okuda 171 

The  physical  chemistry  of  bread  making,  Cohn  and  Henderson 171 

"  Over  the  top  "  in  baking,  Corbould 172 

The  Red  Man's  world-old  uses  of  Indian  corn  as  food,  Hen-Toh 1T2 

Antiscorbutic  property  of  vegetables,  Givens  and  Cohen 172 

The  dietary  properties  of  the  potato,  McCollum  et  al 172 

Household  use  of  Ohio  apples.  Green 173 

The  housekeeper's  apple  book,  Mackay 173 

The  utilization  of  some  nuts  as  food,  Cajorl 173 

Analysis  of  local  foodstuffs 173 

Commercial  stocks  of  grain,  fiour,  and  miscellaneous  food  products 173 

Conservation  and  the  food  budget  Krueger 173 

The  world's  food  supply  and  woman's  obligation,  Addams 178 

Changing  a  peace  time  ration  for  war  time,  Hunt 173 

Everyday  foods  in  war  time.  Rose - 173 

Cost  of  living  and  the  war,  Lauck 173 

High  cost  of  living  in  State  institutions,  Beach 173 

The  "  man  value  "  of  working  class  diets.  Greenwood  and  Thompson 174 

Antlpolyneuritic  substances  from  carrots  and  yeast,  Suglura 174 

Metabolism  of  ni4:rogen,  phosphorus,  and  calcium  in  women,  Sherman  et  al.  174 

Studies  in  uric  acid  metabolism 175 

The  distribution  of  phosphoric  acid  in  normal  human  blood,  Bloor 176 

Botulism,  Dickson 176 

ANIMAL  FBODUCnON. 

Western  live  stock  management,  edited  by  Potter 176 

Live  stock  on  the  farm,  Dietrich 177 

Biggie  poultry  book.  Biggie 177 


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Idld)                                               00KTEKT3*  Vn 

Page. 

Inheritance  studies  with  poultry  [at  Rhode  laland  Experiment  Station]-.  177 

Pigmentation  In  guinea  pig  hair.  Hunt  and  Wright 177 

Oyster  propagation 177 

DAIBT  TABMING — ^DAIRYING. 

Open  shed  compared  with  closed  barn  for  dairy  cows,  Woodward  et  al —  177 

The  relation  of  milk  yield  to  age  at  first  calf,  Towles 178 

The  Guernsey  breed.  Hill 179 

Milk  supply  and  public  health,  Qroenewold 179 

Why  liberal  use  of  milk  Insures  good  health  and  long  life,  Lyman 179 

VXTSBINABT  MEDICINE. 

The  study  of  problems  of  Immunity  by  the  tissue  culture  method,  I.  II.-.  179 

A  new  culture  bouillon  favorable  to  Streptococcus  pyogenes,  Boyer 180 

Liberation  of  antibodies  on  injection  of  foreign  proteins,  Herrmann 180 

Sporotrichosis  following  mouse  bite,  Moore  and  Davis 180 

Bacteria  of  infectious  diseases  of  man  and  animals,  Jones 180 

Germicidal  action  of  freezing  upon  bacteria,  HUliard  and  Davis 180 

The  chloramln  antiseptics  and  disinfectants.  Mayo 181 

The  use  of  dlchloramln-T  in  veterinary  practice.  Fitch  et  al 181 

Use  of  dichloramin-T  in  treatmoit  of  wounds,  Lee  and  Fumess 181 

Use  of  dichloramin-T  in  surgical  infection,  Lee  and  Fumess 181 

Treatment  of  Infections  wiUi  dichloramln-T,  Lee  and  Fumess 181 

Remarks  on  dlchloramin-T,  Dunham 181 

Application  of  war  surgery  to  dvil  hospitals,  Hartwell  and  Butler 182 

Prevention  of  blood  clotting  by  Dakin's  solution,  Githens  and  Meltzer—  182 

The  value  of  flavine.    A  dinical  appreciation,  Savery 182 

The  composition  of  certain  patent  and  proprietary  medicines,  Street 182 

Plants  poisonous  to  domestic  animals 182 

PUmts  poisonous  to  stock,  Hilgendorf 182 

Sixth  report  of  commissioner  of  animal  industry,  1917,  Howard 183 

Report  of  State  veterinarian  and  live  stock  sanitary  board,  Marshall—  183 

R^rt  of  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  of  South  Dakota,  Beaumont-  183 

Report  on  live  stock  Inspection  in  Uraguay,  1917,  Mufion  Xim^nez 183 

Report  of  civil  veterinary  department,  Bihar  and  Orissa,  1917-18,  Quinlan  183 

Hemorrhagie  septicemia:  Stockyards  fever,  etc,  Washburn 183 

Rabies,   Remlinger 18S 

Rabies  and  its  control  in  New  York  State,  Wills 183 

Is  coDceptional  rabies  possible?  Remlinger 183 

Passage  of  rabic  virus  from  mother  to  fetus,  Lanfrancbl  and  Lenzi 183 

Recent  aspects  of  streptoccocus  infection,  Gay 184 

Experimental  study  of  serum  therapy  in  trichinonis.  Hall  and  Wlgdor 184 

Bocterium  ahortus  and  related  bacteria. — III,  In  cow's  milk.  Evans 184 

A  streptothrix  (Nocardia)  infection  of  cows'  udders,  Eivans 185 

Goccidiosis  in  young  calves.  Smith  and  Graybill 185 

Hairless  pigs. — ^The  cause  and  remedy,  Hart  and  Steenbock 185 

Avian  tuberculosis  in  swine.  Day 183 

Intradermal  palpebral  mallelnization  In  glanders,  Louis  and  Lecompte 186 

Ozidotherapy  in  the  treatment  of  tetanus,  Belin 186 

Necrobaclllosis  in  horses  and  mules,  Nolechek 186 

Occurrence  of  Anoplocephala  spp.  in  the  United  States,  Hall  and  Hoskins  180 

Iinmunity  of  fowhi  and  pigeons  to  anthrax,  Sarti 186 

Some  studies  on  Bekuoaris  marginata  and  Toxascaris  limhataf  Wigdor..  186 

Tissue-invasive  powers  of  flagellated  and  ciliated  protozoa,  Haughwout-.  183 

Some  studies  on  the  resistance  of  the  ova  of  Toxaacaris  limhata,  Wigdor  187 

Anthelmintics:  Their  efficiency  as  tested  on  earthworms,  Sollmann 187 

BUBAL  BNGINEEBING. 

Ueasureraent  of  water  to  fkrms,  Longwell ««.  187 

Use  of  water  on  projects  of  United  States  Reclamation  Service,  Moritz..  187 

Tables  showing  water  on  the  Salmon  River  tract,  Darlington 187 

Ground-water  movements  according  to  Isothermal  curves,  Forchhelmer.  187 

Variation  of  underground  water  level  near  a  tidal  river,  Bilham 187 


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vm  ooirrENTS.  (Voiio 

Graduated  slope  gauge  and  movable  stilling  box,  Steward 188 

Calaveras  Dam  slide. — Failure  of  liydraulic  fill  dam,  Heuny  and  Swigart.  188 

Hydraulic  sluicing  for  blanketing  porous  canal  banks,  Stevens 188 

Pumping  on  irrigation  projects,  Gaylord 188 

Pumping  from  wells,  Gaylord 188 

Control  of  algae  by  copper  sulphate,  Tiflfany 188 

Terracing  farm  lands,  Ramser 188 

Public  Roads 188 

Reinforced  concrete  slab  bridge  design  based  on  full-sized  tests,  Goldbeck.  18d 

Farm  machinery  problems  under  war  conditions.  White 189 

Farm  tractor  engineering  charts,  Jandesek 189 

£kx)nomic  size  of  farm  tractor,  Goldberger 190 

Design  of  an  enduring  tractor,  Craven 190 

Gears  for  tractors,  Scarratt 190 

Tractor  transmissions,  Greer 190 

Magneto  ignition  for  farm  tractors.  Zimmerman 190 

Fuels  for  tractor  engines,  Mowry 190 

Adaptation  of  carbureters  to  low  volatile  fuels,  Finney 191 

Antifreeze  solutions,  Schaefer 191 

Potato  storage  cellars,  Minidoka  project,  Crawford 191 

BUBAI.  ECONOlflCB. 

The  determination  of  farming  costs,  Orwin 192 

Cost  accounts  on  a  fruit  farm,  WyiUe 192 

Minimum  wages  for  agricultural  workers 192 

Farmers  and  income  tax,  M'Callum 192 

Private  colonization  of  the  land,  Ely 192 

The  agricultural  accident  insurance  at  Baden 193 

Cooperation  and  markets  branch 198 

Conference  of  representatives  of  the  grain  trade  of  the  United  States 198 

Facts  for  the  farmer 193 

Facts  kept  from  the  farmer 193 

Eugenics  and  the  agricultural  community,  Glaser 193 

The  future  of  the  country  church,  Phillips 194 

Area,  farms,  and  farm  lands  [of  California],  Robertson 194 

[Census  of  farms,  live  stock,  and  agricultural  production],  Danielson 194 

Cuba,  what  she  has  to  offer  to  the  investor  or  the  homeseeker,  Reno 1^ 

Acreage  and  live  stock  returns  of  Scotland,  Ramsay 194 

Prices  and  supplies  of  agricultural  produce  in  Scotland,  Ramsay 194 

Agricultural  statistics  of  Italy 194 

[Agricultural  exploitation  and  production  of  Morocco],  Bernard 194 

The  material  resources  of  Burma,  Adamson 195 

[Land  tenure  and  settlement :  Agriculture  and  live  stock  In  New  Zealand] .  195 

AGBICULTUBAL  EDUCATION. 

The  land  grant  of  1862  and  the  land-grant  colleges,  Andrews 195 

[Papers  on  horticultural  instruction] 195 

Agricultural  education,  Eaton 1^ 

Vocational  education,  compiled  by  Roblson l^o 

[Instruction  in  rural  science  In  Prince  Edward  Island] 1^ 

Proceedings  of  the  high  school  conference  of  1017,  compiled  by  Holllster.-  197 

An  outline  of  Instruction  for  school  gardening  and  agriculture *—  19^ 

A  course  of  study  for  homemakers,  Crlgler  and  Peek 1^ 

A  course  In  food  economics  for  the  housekeeper 19'. 

Home  economics  outline  for  teaching  food  conservation 19jj 

Lessons  in  community  and  national  life 1^' 

HI8GBLLANE0U8. 

Thirtieth  Annual  Report  of  Illinois  Station,  1917 19g 

Report  of  the  director  for  1917,  Llpman 1^ 

Thirty-seventh  Annual  Report  of  Ohio  Station,  1918 1^ 

Thirtieth  Annual  Report  of  Rhode  Island  Station,  1917 1^ 

Monthly  Bulletin  of  the  Ohio  Experiment  Station 1^ 


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LIST  OF  EXPERIMENT  STATION  AND  DEPARTMENT 
PUBLICATIONS  REVIEWED. 


Siationt  in  the  United  States. 

Fags. 
Alabama  College  Station: 

Bui.  205,  Sept,  1918 141 

Arkansas  Station: 

Bui.  150,  June,  1918 166 

Bui.  154,  July,  1918 165 

Florida  StatloB : 

Bui.  150,  Aug.,  1918 158 

niinoia  Station : 

Thirtieth  An.  Rpt  1917 198 

Maryland  Station : 

Bui.  217,  June,  1918 178 

Bui.  218,  June,  1918 150 

Bui.  219,  Aug.,  1918 146 

N«w  Jersey  Stations: 

Bui.  317   (Rpt  1917),  Nov. 

1,  1917 125,137,162,177.198 

North  Dakota  Station : 

Spec.  Bui.,  vol.  5,  No.  6,  Aug., 

1918 145 

Ohio  Station : 

Bui.  325  (Thirty-seventh  An. 
Rpt  1918) ,  June.  1918 198 

Bui.  329.  Sept,  1918 167 

Mo.  BuL,  vol.  3,  No.  10,  Oct, 
1918-  126, 149. 153, 172, 173. 198 
Rhode  Island  Station : 

Thirtieth     An.     Rpt     1917, 

Feb.,  1918 198 

Wisconsin  Station: 

BuL  297,  Sbpt,  1918 ^  185 

17.  8,  Department  of  Affriculture. 

Bui  711,  Logging  in  the  Douglas 
Fir  Region,  W.  H.  Gibbons 152 

Bui.  721,  The  Beet-sugar  Indus- 
try in  the  United  States,  C.  O. 
Townsend 133 

Bui.  722,  A  Study  of  Heart-rot 
in  Western  Hemlock,  J.  R. 
Weir  and  B.  B.  Hubert 159 

Bui.  726,  Farm  PracUce  in 
Growing  Sugar  Beets  for 
Three  Districts  in  (Colorado, 
1914-15,  L,  A.  Moorhouse,  R.  S. 
Washburn,  T.  H.  Summers, 
and  S.  B.  Nuckcto 138 

Bui.  732,  Smyrna  Fig  Culture, 
G.  P.  Rixford 149 

Bui  734,  Nematode  Galls  as  a 
Factor  hi  the  Marketing  and 
Milling  of  Wheat  D.  A.  CJole- 
man,  and  &  A.  Regan 144 


17. 8,  Department  of  Agriculture — CJontd. 

Pact. 

Bui.    735,     Farm    Practice    in 

Growing  Sugar  Beets  in  the 

Billings  Regions  of  Montana, 

S.  B.  Nuckols  and  B.  L.  Cur- 

rter 189 

Bui.  736,  The  Open  Shed  Com- 
pared with  the  CJlosed  Barn 
for  Dairy  Cows,  T.  B.  Wood- 
ward,  W.   F.   Turner,   W.   R. 

Hale,  and  J.  B.  McNulty 177 

Farmers'  Bui.  981,  Farm  Prac- 
tices that  Increase  Crop 
Yields  in  Kentucky  and  Ten- 
nessee, J.  H.  Arnold 133 

Farmers*  Bui.  986,  Farm  Prac- 
tices that  Increase  Crop 
Yields  in  the  Gulf  Coast  Re- 
gion, M.  A.  Crosby 133 

Farmers*  BuK  995,  Preventing 
Wood  Rot  in  Pecan  Trees,  S. 

M.   McMurran 158 

Farmers*  Bui  996,  Steam  Steri- 
lization of  Seed  Beds  for  To- 
bacco and  Other  Crops,  C.  G. 

Beinhart 135 

Farmers*    Bui    997,    Terracing 

Farm  Lands,  C.  B.  Ramser 188 

Farmers*   Bui.   998,   CJulture  of 
the  Logan  Blackberry  and  Re- 
lated Varieties,  G.  M.  Darrow-     150 
Farmers'   Bui   1000,  Crop  Sys- 
tems for  Arkansas,  A.  D.  Mc- 

Nair 133 

Farmers*  Bui  1006,  The  Wheat 
Jointworm    and    Its   Control, 

W.  J.  Phillips 170 

Farmers*     Bui     1018,     Hemor- 
rhagic Septicemia :  Stockyards 
Fever,    Swine    Plague,    Fowl 
Cholera,  etc.,  H.  J.  Washburn.     183 
Bureau  of  Markets : 

Doc.  17,  Oct,  1918 138 

Food  Surveys,  vol.  2,  No.  13, 

Oct  26.  1918 173 

Seed  Rptr.,  vol  2,  No.  5. 

Nov.  9,  1918 146 

Serv.  and  Regulatory  An- 
nouncements— 

No.  34,  May  21,  1918 144 

No.  36,  June  21,  1918 144 

Bureau  of  Plant  Industry: 

Plant  Disease  Bui,  vol  2— 

No.  11,  Oct.  1, 1918 157 

No.  IS,  Nov.  1,  1918 157 

IX 


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List  o^  ]?tJBUcATioNfi. 


tVol.40 


U.  8.  Department  of  Agriculture — Contd. 

Bureau  of  Public  Roads :  ^*»««. 

Public  Roads,  vol.  1,  No.  5, 

Sept,  1918 188. 189 

Bureau  of  Soils: 

Field  Operations,  1915— 
Reconnolssance  Soil  Sur- 
vey of  Lower  San  Joa- 
quin Valley,  Cal.,   J. 

W.  Nelson  et  al 118 

Field  Operations,  1916— 
Soil    Survey    of   Barry 
County,    Mo.,    A.    T. 
Sweet  and  E.  W.  Kno- 

bel 119 

Soil    Survey    of   Miami 

County,   Ohio,   E.    R. 

Allen  and  O.  Gossard.      119 

Soil  Survey  of  Berkeley 

County,   S.  C,  W.  J. 

Latimer  et  al 119 

Soil  Survey  of  Bell 
County,  Tex.,  W.   T. 

Carter,  jr.,  et  al 120 

Soil  Survey  of  Door 
County,   Wis.,   W.   J. 

Gelb  et  al 120 

Soil  Survey  of  Milwau- 
kee County,  Wis.,  W. 
J.    Geib    and    T.    J. 

Dunnewald 120 

Weather  Bureau: 

Mo.  Weather  Rev.,  vol.  46, 

Nos.  7-8,  July-Aug.,  1918.      117 
Ciimat.   Data,    vol.   5,   Nos. 

7-8,  July-Aug.,  1918 117 

Nat.  Weather  and  Crop  Bui. 

18,  July  16,  1918 116 

Nat.  Weather  and  Crop  Bui. 

21,  Aug.  6,  1918 118 

Scientific  Contributions  :* 

The  Proteins  of  the  Peanut, 
Aravhis  hypogasa, — III, 
The  Hydrolysis  of  Ara- 
chln,    C.    O.    Johns    and 

D.  B.  Jones 109 

The  Hydrolysis  of  Kafirln, 

D.  B.    Jones    and   C.    O. 
Johns 110 

Note  on  the  Preparation  of 
Gulonic  Lactone,  F.  B.  La 
Forge 110 

The  Quantitative  Determi- 
nation of  Phosphorus  by 
the  Nephelometric  Method, 

E.  B.  Meigs 112 

The  Determination  of  Tyro- 
sin  in  Proteins,  C.  O. 
Johns  and  D.  B.  Jones 113 

Volumetric  Determination  of 
Reducing  Sugars,  W.  B. 
Clark 114 


U,  8,  Department  of  A|rteuW«re— CJontd. 

Scientific  Contribntlon8--Contd.     Pace. 

The  Triangle  System  for 
Fertilizer  Experiments,  O. 
Schreiner  and  J.  J.  Skin- 
ner        126 

The  Allies  of  8elaginella 
rupeetris  In  the  Southeast- 
ern United  States,  6.  P. 
Van  Eseltine 133 

Primitive  Methods  of  Maize 
Seed  Preparation,  H.  BL 
Blggar 137 

Cutthroat  Grass,  Panicum 
combsii,  C.  V.  Piper 137 

Glandular  Pubesoance  in 
Various  Medleago  Species, 
R.  McKee 137 

Origin  of  the  Georgia  an-J 
Alabama  Varieties  of  Vel- 
vet Bean,  H.  S.  Coe 141 

Adaptation  of  Vegetables, 
W.  W.  Tracy,  sr 147 

Peach  Growing,  H.  P.  Gould-      149 

Temperatures  of  Small 
Fruits  when  Picked,  N.  B. 
Stevens  and  R.  B.  WUcox-      150 

Lemon  Orchard  from  Buds 
of  Single  Selected  Tree,  A. 
D.  Shamel 151 

A  Fruiting  Orange  Thorn, 
A.  D.  Shamel  and  C.  S. 
Pomeroy 151 

Value  of  Scientific  Re- 
search in  Forestry,  C.  F. 
Korstian 151 

Some  Present-day  Problems 
In  Foi^stry,  E.  R.  Hodaon.      151 

Effect  of  the  War  on  Forests 
of  France,  H.  S.  Graves..     152 

iBuggestlons  for  Marketing 
Small  Timber  In  Wlscon- 
sln,.B.  MacKaye 154 

.Scial  Stage  of  Puccinia 
oxalidU,  W.  H.  Long  and 
R.  M.  Harsch^ 155 

The  White  Pine  Blister  Rust 
and  the  Chestnut  Bark 
Disease,  E.  P.  Meinecke..     159 

A  Sketch  of  the  Natural  His- 
tory of  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, together  with  an 
Indexed  Edition  of  the 
TJ.  S.  Geological  Survey's 
1917  Map  of  Washington 
and  Vicinity,  W.  L.  Mc- 
Atee 160 

Arlstonetta,  a  Good  Genus, 
H,  C.  Oberholser 

Hierofalco  rutticolM  candi-     161 
cans  in  North  Dakota,  H. 
C.  Oberholser 161 


^  Printed  in  scientlflc  and  technical  publicationa  outside  the  Department, 


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1919J 


LIST  Otf  PXSBUCA!noit^. 


Xt 


V,  8,  Department  ofAffricuUure—Contd.     U.  8.  Department  of  Affriculture~-Contd, 


Scientific  Oontribntions— Gontd.     F«kS«- 

Olor  columbianus  on  the 
Potomac  Riyer,  H.  G. 
Oberholser 161 

Bpizella  tnanticola,  the  Cor- 
rect Name  for  the  North 
American  Tree  SxMurrow, 
EL  C.  Oberholaer lei 

Squatarola  squatarola  cyno- 
9uriE  near  Washington,  D. 
C,  H.  C.  Oberholser 161 

A  Systematic  Study  of  the 
Organisms  Distributed  un- 
der the  Name  of  Cocco- 
fHtcUlu*  atfridiorum,  R.  W. 
Glaser 164 

The  DImorphs  of  Species  of 
Chaitophorus,  A.  G.  Baker.      165 

A  New  CkMiling  Moth  At- 
tacking the  Persimmon 
[in  Japan!,  T.  Tanaka —     167 

Contributions  to  a  Knowl- 
edge of  tbe  Crambine  of 
North  America,  I,  Q.  O. 
AinsUe 1C8 

Seasonal  and  Climatic 
Variation  in  Cerodonta, 
J.  M.  Aldrich 169 


Scientific  Contributions— <>)ntd.    ?»«•• 

Clytus  devastator,  a  New 
Pest  of  the  Florida 
Orange,  B.  A.  Back 169 

The  Segmentation  of  the  Ab- 
domen of  the  Honeybee 
(Apia  meUiflca),  J.  A. 
Nelson 170 

Changing  a  Peace  Time  Ra- 
tion for  War  Time,  Caro- 
line L.  Hunt 173 

Pigmentation  In  Guinea  Pig 
Hair,  H.  R.  Hunt  and  S. 
Wright 177 

Further  Studies  on  Bacte- 
rium abortus  and  Related 
Bacteria. — III,  Bacterium 
abortus  and  Related  Bac- 
teria in  Cow's  Milk,  Alice 
C.  Evans 184 

A  Streptothrlx  (Nocardla) 
Infection  of  Cows'  Udders, 
Alice  C.  Evans 185 

Report  of  the  Committee  on 
Score  Cards  for  Vegeta- 
bles, W,  W.  Tracy,  sr 196 


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EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 

Vol.40.  Februart,  1919.  No.  2. 


Two  reports  have  recently  come  to  hand  which  are  worthy  of 
special  mention.  One  of  these  is  an  account  of  the  Rothamsted  Ex- 
periment Station  in  war  time,  covering  the  three  years  1915  to  1917, 
It  is  the  first  report  of  the  kind  to  come  from  any  of  the  stations  in 
the  war  zone  beyond  occasional  references  to  their  activity,  and  hence 
it  is  of  unusual  interest  in  reflecting  the  effects  of  the  war  and  the 
response  to  its  demands.  The  very  brevity  and  condensation  of  the . 
report  suggests  the  war's  influence,  but  it  does  not  prevent  reflection 
of  the  aggressive  attitude  of  the  station  and  its  readiness  to  meet  new 
problems,  or  the  manner  in  which  it  was  turned  to  for  aid  in  the  great 
crisis.  As  a  reviewer  has  said,  it  "  is  a  striking  record  of  triumph 
over  war-time  diflSculties  and  of  adaptability  to  the  circumstances 
and  needs  of  the  times.'' 

We  learn  that  at  the  outset  the  station's  staff  was  rapidly  depleted, 
two-thirds  of  its  members  joining  the  military  forces  or  entering 
Government  work  for  which  their  experience  especially  qualified 
them.  Two  of  the  former  lost  their  lives  and  four  of  those  who 
remained  with  the  station  died,  so  that  of  the  band  of  workers  col- 
lected and  trained  by  Lawes  and  Gilbert  only  two  are  now  left. 
Women  were  brought  in  to  take  the  places  of  the  men  who  left  the 
station,  and  in  this  way  the  more  important  lines  of  inquiry  were 
continued  and  new  problem^s  arising  with  the  shifting  conditions 
were  cared  for. 

At  an  early  stage  the  staff  was  called  upon  by  the  Board  of  Agri- 
culture to  carry  on  a  considerable  amount  of  advisory  work,  and  later 
by  the  Ministry  of  Munitions.  As  the  food  problem  became  more 
urgent  the  demand  for  help  increased,  and  when  the  Board  of 
Agriculture  was  enlarged  in  1917  the  Food  Production  Department 
called  the  director  of  the  station  into  service  for  a  definite  portion 
of  his  time.  He  was  also  engaged  on  various  other  committees,  such 
as  the  Electro-culture  Committee  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture,  the 
National  Salvage  Council,  the  Munitions  Inventions  Panel,  and  the 
Advisory  Committee  on  Agricultural  Science. 

The  list  of  inquiries  conducted  at  the  request  of  the  various 
branches  of  the  Government  is  a  long  and  varied  one.    The  subjects 

101 

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102  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEGOBD.  [ToL40 

fall  mainly  under  the  heads  of  reclamation  schemes,  fertilizer  prob- 
lems, utilization  of  waste  materials,  and  food  problems.  There  were 
naturally  a  large  number  of  tests  of  fertilizing  materials,  some  new 
and  many  old.  There  was  a  search  for  sources  of  potash,  studies  of 
methods  of  conserving  and  utilizing  army  stable  manure,  of  saving 
drainings  from  farmyard  manure,  and  of  employing  urine  for  fertil- 
izing purposes.  The  possibility  of  using  peat  in  the  manufacture  of 
ammonia  and  of  niter  cake  in  making  superphosphate  was  inquired 
into,  and  the  value  of  sulphate  of  anmionia  made  by  the  use  of  niter 
cake  was  tested.  Monthly  notes  to  farmers  on  fertilizers  were  pre- 
pared for  the  Journal  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture,  and  numerous 
popular  articles  on  the  subject  were  contributed. 

A  large  number  of  waste  products  from  manufacturing  establish- 
ments were  tested  for  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  the  Food  Produc- 
tion Department,  and  experiments  were  made  on  the  fertilizing  value 
^of  city  wastes  and  by-products  from  munitions  factories.  Another 
line  of  food  production  problems  assigned  to  the  station  related  to 
the  question  of  cultivating  the  royal  parks,  the  possibility  of  utiliz- 
ing other  areas,  the  causes  of  infertility  of  certain  tracts  of  land,  and 
the  soils  of  Foulness  Island. 

It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  the  station  served  in  the  capacity 
of  consulting  expert  to  the  Government  on  a  wide  variety  of  questions 
important  to  the  time.  But  fortunately  it  was  not  necessary  to  re- 
strict its  activity  to  this  field.  It  was  found  possible  to  keep  up  the 
long-time  experiments  for  which  it  is  famous,  and,  in  addition  to 
undertake  several  special  lines  of  investigation  on  topics  arising  out 
of  the  emergencj^or  changed  conditions. 

It  is  especially  interesting  to  read  of  the  progress  of  these  more 
intensive  investigations  at  Kothamsted,  and  to  note  the  manner  in 
which  its  program  was  modified  to  meet  conditions  in  those  trying 
times.  The  efforts  in  that  direction  indicate  no  change  of  attitude  on 
the  importance  of  thorough  and  fundamental  inquiry  or  the  need  of 
looking  to  the  future  in  planning  investigations.  Normally  the  sta- 
tion concerns  itself  mainly  with  investigations  of  the  soil  and  the 
growing  crop.  During  the  war  its  lines  resolved  themselves  into  four 
groups — ^the  economical  use  of  manure,  the  plowing  up  of  grassland, 
the  control  of  soil  organisms,  and  the  nutrition  of  plants. 

The  organization  of  research  around  definite  problems  and  the  con- 
centration of  attack  upon  them  from  various  sides  is  well  illustrated 
in  the  studies  bearing  on  the  breaking  up  of  grassland.  When  it  be- 
came evident  that  the  policy  of  plowing  up  these  lands  must  ulti- 
mately be  adopted,  the  station  broke  up  a  field  which  had  been  in 
grass  for  ten  years  and  sowed  a  variety  of  crops.    This  developed  a 


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^m  BDITOBIAIi.  103 

series  of  problems,  such  as  the  depredations  of  birds  and  insects 
which  had  been  harbored  by  the  hedge  rows,  the  coming  in  of  weeds, 
and  the  liability  to  loss  of  the  elements  of  stored-up  fertility.  Wire- 
worms  began  to  appear  in  numbers  which  caused  apprehension,  and 
provision  was  made  for  studying  their  life  history,  morphology,  and 
control,  especially  hpr  means  of  sterilization — an  old  subject  at  Roth- 
amsted  in  soil  investigation.  A  further  set  of  difficulties  arose  out 
of  the  weed  flora,  and  with  characteristic  thoroughness  the  observa- 
tions on  the  viability  of  weed  seeds  in  grassland  were  extended  to 
other  fields  which  had  been  in  grass  for  30,  60,  and  up  to  200  years. 
It  is  interesting  to  note  that  soil  from  fields  30  years  old  gave  a 
copious  weed  flora,  that  firom  fields  60  years  old  showed  less,  while 
none  developed  in  the  soil  of  fields  which  had  been  in  grass  for  200 
years. 

An  important  feature  of  this  problem  of  plowed  up  grassland  was 
the  rate  at  which  the  stored-up  fertility  was  utilized  or  became  dis- 
sipated. This  fertility  was  found  to  be  liberated  by  exposure  to  the 
tir,  the  decomposition  of  the  organic  matter  proceeding  more  rapidly 
than  the  crops  were  able  to  take  up  the  nitrogen  compounds  set  free. 
The  result  was  waste,  the  nature  and  cause  of  which  was  studied  from 
both  the  chemical  and  bacteriological  sides. 

So  long  as  the  land  lies  in  grass  the  soil  contains  considerable  car- 
bonic acid  and  a  reduced  percentage  of  oxygen,  so  that  conditions  are 
not  particularly  favorable  for  aerobic  organisms ;  but  as  soon  as  it  is 
plowed  up  the  conditions  become  more  favorable.  The  nitrogen 
compounds  are  broken  down  in  the  first  instance  to  anmionia,  but 
the  evidence  is  that  the  process  is  not  a  simple  bacteriosis  as  formerly 
believed.  The  loss  of  nitrogen  is  thought  to  be  partly  due  to  a  definite 
evolution  of  gaseous  nitrogen  which  occurs  neither  in  entire  absence 
of  air  nor  in  complete  access  of  it,  but  only  under  intermediate  con- 
ditions of  aeration.  This  indicates  that  it  is  due  neither  to  a 
simple  oxidation  nor  to  a  simple  reduction,  but  to  some  more  complex 
action.  The  application  of  the  findings  to  the  soil  problem  under 
consideration  is  not  simple  and  will  require  further  investigation. 

Another  line  of  study  centered  on  the  handling  of  barnyard  manure, 
on  which  the  above  findings  have  a  direct  bearing.  These  studies  re- 
lated especially  to  the  nature  of  the  loss  and  how  it  arises.  This  was 
an  appropriate  war  time  problem  in  view  of  the  need  of  conserving 
all  sources  of  fertilizing  material,  and  some  hnportant  progress  was 
made  upon  it  Attention  was  not  confined  to  nitrogen  but  was  di- 
rected to  other  constituents,  notably  the  cellulose  furnished  by  straw. 
Experiments  showed  that  when  this  straw  was  applied  unchanged  to 
the  soil,  it  might  in  large  measure  neutralize  the  effect  of  other  com- 
ponents of  the  manure.  But  straw  mixed  with  soil,  chalk,  and  certain 
organisms  living  free  in  the  soil  resulted  in  a  decomposition  of  the 

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104  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEGOB0.  IVoL  40 

cellulose  and  the  fixation  of  nitrogen  from  the  air,  so  that  a  manure 
was  finally  obtained  which  contained  considerably  more  nitrogen  than 
the  original  components.  Horse  manure  was  found  to  contain  some- 
thing suitable  for  the  process  of  nitrogen  fixation,  and  also  to  yield  an 
organism  which  works  in  conjunction  with  the  nitrogen  fixers,  so  that 
with  straw  and  the  appropriate  organisms  a  considerable  enrichment 
of  the  manure  in  nitrogen  may  be  obtained. 

These  results  are  largely  in  the  laboratory  stage,  but  as  pointed 
out,  ^^  if  the  plowing  up  of  grassland  continues,  the  country  will  be 
faced  with  a  large  production  of  straw  for  which  an  ouUet  must  be 
found ;  considerable  quantities  of  bulky,  organic  manure  will  also  be 
required.  If  the  nitrogen  fixation  plan  prove  feasible  in  practice  it 
will  afford  a  convenient  solution  of  both  problems." 

In  connection  with  study  of  the  biochemical  decomposition  in  the 
soil,  the  relation  of  rain,  and  especially  of  oxygen  dissolved  in  rain 
water,  was  given  attention.  It  is  suggested  that  this  dissolved  oxygen 
accoimts  for  a  part  of  the  favorable  influence  of  summer  showers  in 
starting  up  the  decomposition.  Whether  the  depressing  effect  of  the 
growing  crop  is  due  to  its  taking  up  the  dissolved  oxygen  giving  out 
carbonic  acid  or  some  other  action  is  not  yet  clear. 

Accounts  of  these  and  other  investigations  are  published  elsewhere 
in  more  detail,  and  many  of  them  have  been  noted  in  abstract,  but 
they  are  briefly  referred  to  here  as  showing  the  activity  of  the  sta- 
tion in  the  period  covered  and  some  of  its  outcome. 

Reference  to  the  future  plans  of  the  station  illustrates  the  close 
relation  it  sustains  to  practical  problems  of  British  agriculture.  Dr. 
Russell  points  out  that  since  the  farmer's  task  in  the  future  will  be  to 
increase  his  yield,  the  problems  connected  with  this  will  necessarily 
determine  the  program  for  future  research  work.  Some  of  these 
questions  as  they  relate  to  wheat  production  are  now  being  faced 
by  the  station.  "  We  must  strengthen  the  straw,  improve  the  tiller- 
ing, regulate  to  some  extent  the  development  of  grain,  and  control 
the  pests.  Until  these  are  all  solved  we  can  not  hope  to  get  much 
further  with  increased  wheat  yields." 

In  spite  of  the  new  and  special  duties  whidi  the  war  brought  to 
the  station,  time  was  found  to  prepare  and  publish  an  imposing  list 
of  papers,  some  50  in  niunber,  together  with  several  books.  Among 
the  latter  was  a  revision  of  ^^  The  Book  of  the  Rothamsted  Experi- 
ments," published  in  1905  under  the  authorship  of  Mr.  A.  D.  Hall. 
In  the  new  edition,  issued  in  1917,  Dr.  Russell  brought  down  the  data 
for  a  further  decade  and  made  the  necessary  alterations  in  the  text. 

The  hope  is  expressed  that  when  conditions  become  more  normal 
it  will  be  possible  to  arrange  for  a.  proper  statistical  survey  of  the 
mass  of  available  data  accumulated  at  Rothamsted.  This,  it  is  be- 
lieved, would  yield  further  information  of  high  value  to  science  and 

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W193  BDITORIAIi.  105 

to  practical  agriculture,  for  "  we  have  not  yet  learnt  anything  like 
all  the  lessons  the  Bothamsted  fields  can  teach  us." 

The  esteem  and  admiration  in  which  this  Nestor  of  the  stations 
has  long  been  held  will  be  further  heightened  by  its  war  time  record. 
It  has  added  to  the  debt  of  the  Empire,  and  has  shown  anew  its  in- 
tensely practical  character  and  its  value  as  a  national  asset 

The  increased  interest  in  agricultural  education  and  research 
which  has  been  manifest  in  the  midst  of  the  war  and  following  it 
has  been  referred  to  in  previous  issues.  This  has  not  been  confined 
to  the  war-stricken  countries  of  Europe,  but  has  extended  among 
others  to  Australia  where,  as  already  mentioned  in  .these  pages,  an 
advisory  council  of  science  and  industry  appointed  by  the  Governor 
General  has  submitted  recommendations  which  include  a  program 
for  enlarging  investigation  in  agriculture.  And  now  comes  a  report 
from  the  Department  of  Agriculture  of  Victoria  dealing  with  agri- 
cultural education  and  agricultural  development  in  America,  with 
applications  to  that  country. 

The  report  is  by  Mr.  A.  E.  V.  Bichardson,  agricultural  superin- 
tendent in  the  Victorian  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  records  the 
results  of  a  personal  study  of  agricultural  institutions  in  this  country 
and  Canada  on  a  six-months'  mission.  It  is  a  highly  intelligent  and 
accurate  exposition  of  the  American  view  of  agricultural  education 
and  the  spirit  and  motive  of  agricultural  institutions.  It  is  appre- 
ciative not  only  of  what  has  been  accomplished  but  of  what  has  been 
passed  through  in  the  process  of  development. 

Mr.  Richardson  writes  as  one  who  has  seen  and  understands,  and 
who  has  weighed  the  results  as  now  exhibited  in  full  light  of  their 
evolution.  This  gives  him  advantage  in  making  applications  to  his 
own  country  and  adds  force  and  conviction  to  his  recommendations. 
Incidentally  the  comparisons  he  makes  throw  an  interesting  light  on 
conditions  at  present  prevailing  in  Victoria,  which  in  many  respects 
parallel  in  opportunity  the  situation  in  this  country  before  our  sys- 
tem for  agricultural  advancement  had  been  put  well  under  way. 

Special  interest  naturally  centers  in  the  applications  of  his  studies 
to  Victoria.  He  explains  that  one  great  advantage  which  has  come 
in  America  is  a  strong  National  sentiment  toward  agricultural  edu- 
cation and  agricultural  development,  which  is  lacking  as  yet  in  his 
country.  He  lays  very  strong  emphasis  on  agricultural  education, 
considered  broadly,  as  an  essential  basis  for  development.  He  says: 
**The  only  way  to  secure  a  genuine  and  permanent  increase  in  output 
from  the  land  is  to  improve  the  farming  methods  of  the  country  and 
apply  the  teachings  of  science  to  its  agricultural  production.  In 
other  words,  the  problem  of  agricultural  development  resolves  itself 
ultimately  into  the  problem  of  agricultural  education.  That  is  the 
107338^—19 2 

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106  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEOORD.  [VoL40 

clear  lesson  of  experience  in  all  the  great  agricultural  countries  of  the 
world."  But  he  cautions  that  a  long  time  is  required  to  realize  on 
educational  work,  especially  when  the  necessary  force  and  the  means 
for  training  such  a  force  are  lacking. 

There  is  declared  to  be  no  State  in  the  commonwealth  so  dependent 
on  the  development  of  intensive  agriculture  as  Victoria;  hence  it  is 
argued  that  education  in  agriculture  is  of  prime  importance  to  it. 
Unlike  the  adjoining  States  it  has  no  large  area  of  crown  lands  to 
dispose  of  for  the  settlers  of  the  future.  It  is  by  far  the  most  densely 
populated  State,  and  land  values  are  relatively  higher  than  in  any 
other.  Hence  intensive  culture  and  diversification  are  pointed  to  as 
the  chief  avenues  of  progress,  and  these  naturally  lend  special  im- 
portance to  education. 

A  lesson  cited  from  American  experience  is  that  "  no  matter  from 
what  angle  the  problem  of  agricultural  education  be  viewed,  it  re- 
solves itself  ultimately  into  the  problem  of  providing  a  sufficiency  of 
trained  teachers,  agricultural  specialists,  and  extension  workers,  and 
using  them  as  units  in  an  organized  scheme  of  instruction,  investiga- 
tion, and  extension."  It  took  this  country  a  generation  or  more  to 
learn  this,  but  it  is  one  of  the  most  fundamental  lessons  out  of  our 
experience,  and  it  will  be  a  saving  of  time  and  disappointment  if  it 
can  be  profited  by  in  newer  countries. 

With  a  view  to  training  such  a  corps  of  workers,  suggestions  are 
offered  for  modifying  and  strengthening  the  course  and  facilities 
in  agriculture  of  the  university  at  Melbourne.  The  provision  at 
present  is  held  to  be  wholly  inadequate  to  the  modem  ideas  of  college 
teaching,  and  until  it  can  be  enlarged  the  suggestion  is  offered  that 
the  staff  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  be  used  and  the  facilities 
of  the  Werribee  Research  Farm  or  the  Dookie  Agricultural  College 
employed  for  the  necessary  practical  work.  Scholarships  in  Amer- 
ican institutions  are  advocated  to  provide  trained  specialists  in  tech- 
nical subjects;  and  to  encourage  more  men  to  prepare  for  this  field 
the  insurance  of  larger  emoluments  for  services  is  urged.  In  this 
connection  it  is  noted  that  the  university  council  has  asked  that  the 
Government  appoint  six  graduates  annually  for  a  period  of  five 
years  at  a  salary  of  fifteen  hundred  dollars  a  year. 

Comparing  the  two  agricultural  colleges  of  Victoria  with  those 
in  this  country,  it  is  shown  that  they  differ  fundamentally  and  that 
the  former  are  really  vocational  schools  giving  as  much  attention  to 
acquiring  manual  skill  and  dexterity  as  to  technical  and  scientific 
training.  The  writer  explains  that  'Hhe  Americans  emphasize  the 
fact  that  the  true  function  of  a  college  is  to  teach  why  things  are* 
done  rather  than  how  they  should  be  done; "  and  that  in  the  American 
colleges  "  practically  the  whole  time  is  devoted  to  technical  and  scien- 
tific training  and  subjects  which  make  for  good  citizenship." 


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1919]  EDITOBIAL.  107 

The  two  existing  colleges  attract  few  fann  boys,  but  might,  it  is 
urged,  if  the  type  of  instruction  were  provided  which  is  adapted  to 
their  needs.  A  strong  plea  is  made  for  liberalizing  their  courses,  for 
increasing  and  strengthening  the  staffs,  and  for  enlarging  the  facili- 
ties for  instruction.  Citing  the  success  of  short  courses  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  the  encouragement  of  these  in  every  possible  way 
IB  advocated. 

The  plan  does  not  end  with  the  university  and  the  agricultural 
ooUeges,  but  includes  instruction  of  lower  grades.  A  State  supervisor 
of  agricultural  instruction  is  recommended  for  the  high  and  ele- 
mentary school  work,  and  central  district  schools  for  preparing 
teachers  for  the  elementary  grades. 

The  report  has  much  to  say  on  the  subject  of  experiment  stations 
and  agricultural  investigation,  which  are  regarded  as  absolutely  fun- 
damental to  other  educational  development.  The  author  holds  that 
"the  building  up  of  a  body  of  systematic  knowledge  by  careful  inves- 
tigation and  experiment  is  essential  for  the  sound  development  of 
agriculture  in  any  country,"  and  that  a  comprehensive  system  for  this 
must  run  parallel  with  the  work  of  instruction  and  extension. 

"The  field  for  agricultural  investigation  in  a  new  country  such 
as  ours  is  vast,  and  at  the  present  time  we  are  largely  dependent  for 
what  may  be  termed  the  scientific  basis  for  agriculture  on  principles 
established  under  climatic  and  economic  conditions  unlike  our  own. 

"There  is  a  wide  field  of  work  in  the  confirmation  of  what  are 
supposed  to  be  the  basic  principles  of  our  great  national  industry.  It 
was  the  systematic  tests  conducted  by  the  American  experiment 
stations  on  the  growing  of  crops,  management  of  soils,  feeding  of 
animals,  which  played  such  a  large  part  in  developing  American  agri- 
culture. These  stations  demonstrated  the  practicability  of  very  largely 
increasing  the  existing  crop  yields  by  measures  within  the  reach  of 
men  of  average  intelligence,  and  at  a  cost  which  could  be  recovered 
with  large  dividends  in  increased  crop  production.  The  American 
stations  played  a  large  part  in  the  development  of  American  agricul- 
ture, and  in  creating  sentiment  towards  agricultural  education." 

Unlike  this  country,  the  experiment  stations  in  Australia  are 
under  the  State  departments  of  agriculture  along  with  the  inspec- 
tion and  other  administrative  functions.  While  this  is  not  com- 
mented upon,  attention  is  drawn  to  the  association  of  research  with 
teadiing  and  extension  in  the  agricultural  colleges  of  this  country. 
Experimental  work  in  Victoria  is  centered  in  the  research  farm  at 
Werribee,  established  some  6  years  ago,  which,  in  addition  to  being 
young,  has  felt  the  shortage  of  skilled  assistance.  Hence  a  vast 
amount  of  experimental  and  research  work  remains  to  be  done, 


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108  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vot40 

which  it  is  felt  should  be  begun  at  the  earliest  possible  moment  Al- 
though the  future  progress  of  agriculture  in  Victoria  lies  in  the  inten- 
sification and  diversification  of  agriculture,  and  particularly  in  the 
development  of  systematic  stock  feisding,  it  is  explained  that  prac- 
tically no  local  information  is  available  on  the  merits  or  costs  of 
different  feeding  systems,  or  of  the  available  feeds.  Similarly,  lack 
of  information  is  felt  on  the  proper  use  of  water  in  irrigation,  crop 
rotation,  fertilizers  and  their  effects,  and  in  many  other  directions. 
This  leads  the  author  to  "  plead  for  generous  support  for  extending 
the  scope  of  our  agricultural  investigations  and  providing  facilities 
in  the  way  of  staff  and  equipment  to  carry  out  a  vigorous  policy  of 
investigation." 

Provision  for  farm  surveys  and  for  agricultural  extension  work  is 
also  advocated,  but  here  again  the  lack  of  trained  and  experienced 
men  is  recognized  as  a  practical  difficulty  at  the  present  time. 

Mr.  Richardson  has  caught  the  idea  that  in  America  agriculture  is 
regarded  as  both  a  business  and  a  mode  of  life,  and  that  the  develop- 
ment of  agriculture  is  a  public  concern ;  hence  money  spent  upon  it 
is  not  an  outlay  but  an  investment.  This,  he  explains,  is  the  reason 
why  State  and  Federal  Governments  are  content  to  make  large  ap- 
propriations for  agricultural  education  as  an  underlying  means  of 
development.  Based  on  this  idea  and  the  returns  from  it,  he  argues 
for  a  long-range  policy  which  will  look  beyond  the  present  and  map 
out  the  requirements  of  the  State,  making  provision  for  the  steady 
realization  of  these  plans  in  the  future. 

It  does  not  necessarily  follow  that  what  is  good  policy  for  one 
country  will  be  equally  good  for  another,  but  the  value  of  agricul- 
tural education  and  investigation  has  been  given  such  wide  and 
convincing  demonstration  as  to  show  their  soundness  for  new  regions 
quite  as  surely  as  for  the  older  settled  ones.  This  excellent  report 
will  furnish  a  reliable  basis  for  agricultural  development  through 
education  and  research. 


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RECENT  WORK  IN  AGRICULTURAL  SCIENCE. 


AGSICirLTUEAL  CHEUISTET— AGEOTECHNT. 

The  progress  of  chemistry  during  the  last  quarter  of  a  century,  W.  McPhbb- 
BON  [Proc.  Ohio  Acad.  ScL,  6  (1916),  No.  5,  pp.  S70-387).—Thia  is  a  discussion 
of  a  few  of  the  branches  of  chemical  science  in  which  remarkable  developments 
have  taken  place  during  the  past  25  years.  Among  the  topics  treated  are  the 
constitution  of  matter— radioactivity,  solutions,  colloids,  the  i^nthesis  of  or- 
ganic compounds,  asymmetrical  syntheses,  and  fermentation.  A  few  examples 
are  given  of  the  progress  made  in  the  application  of  chemistry  to  the  Industrial 
development  of  the  Nation. 

Annual  report  on  the  progress  of  chemistry  for  1917,  edited  by  J.  C.  Cain 
and  A.  J.  Gkeenawat  (Ann.  RpU.  Prog.  Cheni,  [London],  U  {1911),  pp.  /JC+ 
2^4,  U'  1).— This  is  the  usual  annual  report  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  409). 

Compendium  of  physiological  chemistry,  M.  Abthus  (Precis  de  Chimie 
Physiologique.  Paris:  Masson  d  Co.,  1918,  8.  ed.,  rev.,  pp.  XI+451,  pU.  5,  figs. 
i/5).— This  book  is  intended  to  fill  a  place  intermediate  between  treatises  on 
cbemical  physiology  and  physiology.  The  chemical  facts  necessary  for  the  study 
of  physiology  are  presented  in  a  concise  form.  Ck)lored  plates  are  included  on 
the  Q>ectra  of  the  hemoglobin  of  the  blood  under  different  conditions,  on  the 
nutritive  value  of  different  food  materials,  and  on  various  tests  of  physiological 
chemistry. 

The  application  of  electrolyslB  in  chemical  industry,  A.  J.  Halx  {London 
0^  New  York:  Longmans,  Oreen  d  Co.,  1918,  pp.  /X-|-i^8,  pis.  S,  figs.  57).— This 
volume,  in  the  series  of  monographs  on  industrial  chemistry  edited  by  E.  Thorpe, 
indudes  sections  on  the  general  principles  of  electrolysis  and  methods  of  gen- 
oating  currents,  the  electrolytic  refining  of  metals,  the  electrolytic  production  of 
hydrogen  and  oxygen,  electrolysis  of  alkali  chlorids,  and  the  production  of 
Inorganic  and  organic  compounds. 

Contribution  to  the  study  of  the  replacement  of  platinum  in  electrolytic 
apparatus,  P.  Nicoi:.asdot  and  J.  Boudet  {BuL  8oc.  Chim.  France,  4.  ser.,  2S-24 
{1918),  Jfo.  9,  pp.  387-^91). — ^As  a  result  of  investigations  as  to  a  proper  substi- 
tute for  platinum  in  electrolytic  apparatus,  the  authors  recommend  a  gold  alloy 
fiot  attacked  by  nitric  acid.  It  consists  of  92  parts  of  gold,  5  parts  of  silver, 
and  30  parts  of  copper.  For  the  anode  the  surface  of  the  alloy  should  be  coated 
with  a  very  thin  layer  of  platinum  to  protect  against  oxidation.  This  covering 
is  not  necessary  for  the  cathode. 

The  proteins  of  the  i>eanut,  Aracfais  hypogaaa. — HI,  The  hydrolysis  of 
axadiin,  CS.  O.  Johns  and  D.  B.  Jones  {Jour,  Biol.  Chem.,  S6  {1918),  No.  S,  pp. 
191-^00).— In  continuation  of  previous  work  (E.  S.  R.,  87,  p.  501),  the  authors 
nport  from  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture 
the  following  data  on  the  hydrolysis  of  arachin,  the  principal  protein  of  the 
peanut:    Glydn  none,  alanin  4.11  per  cent,  valin  1.13,  leucin  3.88,  prolin  1.37, 

109 


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110  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [VoL  40 

phenylalanln  2.0,  aspartic  acid  5.25,  glutaminic  acid  16.69,  tyrosin  5.5,  cystln 
0.85,  arginin  13.51,  histidin  1.88,  lysin  4.08,  tryptophan  preBent,  and  ammonia 
2.03. 

The  hydrolysis  of  kaflrln,  D.  B.  Jones  and  G.  O.  Johns  {Jour,  Bioh  Chem^ 
S6  (1918),  No.  2,  pp,  323-^34) ,— The  hydrolysis  of  kaflrin,  the  alcohol-soluble 
portion  of  Kafir  com,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  8),  resulted  in  the 
following  percentage  of  amino  acids:  Glycin  0,  alanin  8.08,  valhi  4.26,  lendn 
15.44,  i)rollu  7.8,  phenylalanln  2.34,  aspartic  acid  2.27,  glutaminic  acid  21.28, 
tyrosin  5.49,  cystln  0.84,  arginin  1.59,  histidin  1.12,  lysin  0.95,  tryptophan  pres- 
ent, and  ammonia  3.46,  malting  a  total  of  74.87  per  cent  Certain  modifications 
of  the  usual  methods  of  hydrolysis  are  noted. 

Note  on  the  preparation  of  gulonic  lactone,  F.  B.  La  Forge  (Jour.  BioL 
Chem,,  36  (1918),  No,  2,  pp,  347-^49), — ^The  cyanhydrin  method  of  preparing  one 
sugar  from  another  having  a  lower  number  of  carbon  atoms  has  been  simplified 
by  the  author  at  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agricnl- 
ture  in  the  preparation  of  gulonic  lactone  from  xylose.  The  simplified  method 
as  described  makes  possible  the  elimination  of  the  operation  of  boiling  with 
barium  hydroxid,  the  saponification  of  the  nitrile  of  gulonic  acid  being  effected 
with  a  slight  excess  of  sulphuric  acid.  The  resulting  ammonium  sulphate  is 
allowed  to  remain  in  the  solution  as  it  does  not  interfere  with  the  crystalliza- 
tion of  the  lactone  on  concentration. 

The  yield  of  chemically  pure,  recrystallized  gulonic  lactone  from  pure  xylose 
amounted  to  55  per  cent  of  the  weight  of  the  xylose  employed.  It  is  considered 
that  the  method,  with  proper  modifications,  may  be  applied  to  the  preparation 
of  other  sugars. 

The  distillation  of  cellulose  and  starch  under  reduced  pressure,  A.  Pictet 
and  J.  Sarasin  (Helvetica  Chim,  Acta,  1  {1918),  No,  1,  pp,  87-95).— This  has 
been  essentially  noted  from  another  source  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  708).  Additional 
studies  are  reported  leading  to  the  conclusion  that  the  grouping  of  atoms  in 
levoglucosane  preexists  in  the  molecule  of  starch  and  of  cellulose.  The  possible 
formulas  for  levoglucosane  and  their  bearing  on  the  structure  of  cellulose  and 
of  starch  are  discussed. 

Chemical  studies  in  some  marine  algn,  chief  material  of  ''kanten,''  S. 
Matsui  {Jour,  Col,  Agr.  Imp.  Univ.  Tokyo,  5  {1916),  No.  4,  pp.  413-417), — Chemi- 
ical  studies  are  reported  of  tengusa,  yegonori,  and  ogonori,  three  algie  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  kanten,  or  Japanese  agar-agar.  The  studies  include 
qualitative  tests  showing  that  the  itlgse  contain  hexosans,  pentosan,  and  methyl 
pentosan,  but  neither  starch,  mannitol,  nor  reducing  sugars. 

A  study  of  the  conditions  essential  for  the  commercial  manufacture  of 
carvacrol,  A.  W.  Hixson  and  R.  H.  McKee  {Jour,  Indus,  and  Engin,  Chem.,  10 
{1918),  No,  12,  pp.  982-992,  figs.  6;  ahs.  in  Chem,  Abs.,  13  {1919),  No,  2,  p,  162). — 
A  process  for  the  manufacture  of  carvacrol  from  cymdne  is  described  in  which 
spruce  turpentine  is  used  as  a  source  of  cymene.  The  method  has  been  found 
practical  on  a  large  scale  and  is  considered  of  commercial  importance  in  view 
of  the  possibility  of  utilizing  carvacrol  as  a  substitute  for  thymol. 

The  fermentation  organisms  of  California  grapes,  W.  V.  Cbuess  {Univ.  Cal. 
Pubs,  Agr,  Sd,,  4  {1918),  No,  1,  pp.  1^6,  pis,  2,  figs.  J5).— This  publication  re- 
ports a  study  conducted  at  the  California  Experiment  Station  of  the  microor^ 
ganisms  occurring  on  California  grapes.  The  report  includes  a  general  discus- 
sion  of  grape  organisms  and  the  results  of  laboratory  studies  on  the  properties 
of  molds,  bacteria,  and  yeasts  from  California  grapes;  on  the  influence  of  lo- 
cality, degree  of  ripeness,  and  shipment  from  vineyard  to  winery  upon  the  type 
and  number  of  microorganisms;  on  the  character  and  number  of  microorgan- 


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19193  AGBICULTUIIAL  CHEMISTRY — ^AQROTECHNY.  Ill 

iams  on  grapes  as  received  at  the  winery  during  the  seasons  of  1911  and  1912 ; 
and  on  methods  for  the  control  of  microorganlsmil  on  grapes  for  wine  making. 

Nineteen  different  organisms  were  Isolated  from  California  grapes,  the  ma- 
jority of  which  were  found  to  be  types  that  are  harmful  In  wine  making.  On 
the  sorface  of  the  green  grapes  examined  were  found  mostly  molds,  while  as 
the  grapes  ripened  wild  yeasts  made  their  appearance,  the  true  wine  yeasts  be- 
ing the  last  to  appear.  During  storage  and  shipment,  the  organisms  (particu- 
larly molds  and  wild  yeasts)  increased  rapidly.  It  was  found  that  this  could 
be  checked  by  crushing  the  grapes  at  the  winery  and  adding  moderate  amounts 
of  sQlphurous  acid  (about  1  gal.  of  6  per  cent  sulphurous  acid  solution  per  ton 
of  crushed  grapes). 

The  method,  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  84,  p.  207),  of  adding  moderate 
amounts  of  sulphurous  acid  to  the  grapes  after  arrival  at  the  cellar,  with  sub- 
sequent application  of  pure  yeast,  is  again  recommended  as  giving  uniformly 
good  fermentations  and  sound  wines. 

A  method  of  dialysia  of  enz3rms,  O.  A.  Val'tera  (Izv.  Ross,  Akad.  Nauk 
{Bid,  Acad.  Sci.  Russ,),  6.  ser..  No.  IS  {1917),  pp.  1015-1088,  fig.  J).— A  new 
method  of  dialysis  is  described  in  which  a  specially  constructed  apparatus  with 
collodion  sacks  is  employed.  Experiments  with  the  tryptase  of  yeast  indicate 
that  by  the  use  of  this  method  preparations  may  be  obtained  with  a  consider- 
ably higher  activity  at  a  diminished  volume.  The  activity  of  the  enzym  is 
somewhat  lowered  in  the  process  of  dialysis,  but  the  passage  of  either  the  enzym 
or  the  coenzym  through  the  membrane  is  prevented. 

The  quantitative  analysis  of  snmll  quantities  of  gases,  H.  M.  Rydeb  {Jour. 
Amer,  Chem.  Soc.,  40  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  1666-1662,  figs.  S;  abs.  in  Chem.  Abs., 
IS  {1919),  No.  1,  p.  11). — ^A  description  is  given  of  an  apparatus  designed  for 
the  quantitative  analysis  of  small  quantities  of  gases,  of  its  manipulation,  and 
of  the  results  of  tests  made  to  determine  its  accuracy.  The  gases  which  can  be 
handled  in  this  way  are  water  vapor,  carbon  dioxid,  carbon  monoxid,  oxygen, 
hydrogen,  nitrogen,  and  methane.  The  apparatus  is  designed  to  handle  quanti- 
ties varying  from  a  few  cubic  millimeters  to  about  1  cc. 

Votes  on  Folin's  direct  nesslerisation  method  for  the  determination  of 
nitrogen,  L.  Lanqstboth  {Jour.  Biol.  Chem.,  S6  {1918),  No.  B,  pp.  S77-S80,  fig. 
1).— Two  difficulties  encountered  by  the  author  in  the  use  of  the  Folin-Denis 
direct  nesslerization  method  for  nitrogen  determinations  (B.  S.  R.,  36,  p.  316) 
are  pointed  out.  The  first  was  in  making  known  solutions  of  pure  ammonium 
sulphate  check  with  the  standard  when  run  through  as  in  the  procedure  for 
total  urinary  nitrogen,  and  the  second  in  boiling  down  the  filtrate  after  pre- 
cipitation of  the  blood  proteins  with  m^phosphoric  add  without  loss  from  bump- 
ing. The  first  difficulty  was  found  to  be  due  to  impurities  in  the  sulphuric 
acid,  and  can  be  remedied  by  a  preliminary  digestion  of  the  standard  solution. 
It  was  found  that  the  second  difficulty  can  be  avoided  by  heating  with  a  micro- 
burner  the  filtrate  in  a  hard  glass  tube  held  just  far  enough  from  the  horizontal 
to  bring  the  surface  of  the  liquid  half  way  between  the  bottom  and  the  mouth 
of  the  tube. 

Ucrochemical  nitrogen  determination,  B.  Sjolleica  and  C.  W.  6.  Het- 
mscHY  {Biochem.  Zischr.,  84  {1917),  No.  5-6,  pp,  S59-S70,  fig.  1;  abs.  in  Chem. 
Ahs.,  It  {1918),  No.  H,  p.  1^75).— This  is  a  criUcal  discussion  of  the  mlcro- 
KJeldahl  method  for  the  determination  of  nitrogen  and  the  direct  nessleriza- 
tion methods  of  Folin  and  Denis  (B.  S.  R.,  36,  p.  316),  together  with  suggestions 
tor  certain  modifications  in  both  methods. 

The  conclusion  is  drawn  that  in  the  authors'  experience  the  micro-KJeldahl 
Is  to  be  preferred  to  the  direct  nesslerization  method,  although  good  results  can 
be  obtained  by  both  methods. 

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112  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECOBD.  [VoL  40 

A  study  of  sources  of  error  incident  to  tlie  Lindo-Gladding  method  for 
determining  potash,  T.  E.  Keitt  and  H.  E.  Shiveb  {Jour,  Itidu9,  and  Engm. 
Chem,,  10  {1918),  No.  12,  pp.  994-^96). —A  criUcal  examination  of  the  Lindo- 
Gladding  method  for  determining  potash  is  reported  from  the  South  Caro- 
lina Experiment  Station,  which  indicates  that  there  are  two  sources  of  error  in 
this  method:  (1)  The  volume  of  the  solution  is  decreased  by  the  buUc  of  tbe 
precipitate  formed  on  addition  of  ammonia  and  ammonium  oxalate,  which 
makes  a  plus  error,  and  (2)  the  potash  in  solution  is  decreased  by  occlusion  of 
potash  by  the  heavy  gelatinous  precipitate  formed.  These  two  sources  of  error 
are  partially  compensating. 

It  was  found  impossible  to  wash  out  with  hot  water  the  potash  occluded 
within  the  precipitates.  It  may,  however,  be  separated  to  a  certain  extent  by 
repeatedly  dissolving  the  precipitate  in  hydrochloric  acid,  diluting  to  a  large 
volume,  precipitating  with  ammonia  and  ammonium  oxalate,  filtering,  and  de-* 
termining  the  potash  in  the  filtrates  and  washinga  Both  iron  and  calcium 
phosphate  when  precipitated  with  ammonia  were  found  to  occlude  potash. 

The  quantitative  determination  of  phosphorus  by  the  nephelometric 
method,  E.  B.  Meios  {Jour.  Biol  Chem.,  S6  {1918),  No,  t,  pp.  9^5-^i6). — ^Tfae 
author  has  made  a  study  at  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry  of  the  U.  S.  Department 
of  Agriculture  of  sources  of  error  in  the  nephleometric  det^mlnation  of  phos- 
phorus, the  results  of  which  are  summarized  as  follows : 

**The  greater  the  concentration  of  hydrochloric  add  present  when  the 
strychnin  sulphate  is  added,  the  greater  will  be  the  amount  of  material  pre- 
cipitated at  that  time  and  the  greater  will  be  the  stability  of  the  reasent. 
Reagents  made  up  with  strong  hydrochloric  add,  however,  tend  to  minimize 
the  differences  in  nephelometric  value  as  between  phosphate  solutions  of  differ- 
ent densities.  None  of  the  reagents  that  are  serviceable  when  used  in  the 
procedure  described  by  Bloor  [in  the  article  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  35,  p. 
166)]  are  entirely  stable;  they  all  tend  to  form  a  spontaneous  predpitate  and 
to  reach  a  state  in  which  they  show  no  difference  in  nephelometric  value  as 
between  phosphate  suspensions  of  different  densities.  The  temperature  at 
which  the  strychnin  sulphate  is  added  to  the  Naa  MoO«-HGl  solution  in  making 
up  the  reagent  may  have  a  considerable  effect  on  its  character." 

The  temperature  at  which  the  phosphate  suspensions  are  predpltated  is  also 
considered  to  be  a  factor  which  may  cause  a  lack  of  proportionality  between 
differences  In  the  densities  of  suspensions  and  the  differences  In  their  n^helo- 
metric  values. 

Determination  of  alkaline  carbonates  and  Mcarbonates  in  the  cold  in  the 
presence  of  litmus  and  phenolphthalein.  Analysis  of  a  mixture  of  carbo- 
nates, W.  MssTRBZAT  {Ann,  Chim.  Analyt,,  2S  {1918),  No,  10,  pp.  tOl-^tOe}, — 
Certain  modifications  in  technique  are  described,  by  means  of  which  it  is  said 
to  be  possible  to  analyze  with  accuracy  a  mixture  of  alkaline  carbonates  and 
Mcarbonates  by  titration  in  the  cold,  using  litmus  and  phenolphthalein  as  in- 
dicators. 

To  determine  bicarbonates  with  accuracy  it  is  recommended  that  the  solution 
be  diluted  with  boiled  water  to  bring  the  proportion  of  alkaline  carbonates  to  a 
figure  below  0.07  per  cent  calculated  as  sodium  carbonate.    In  titrating  with 

litmus,  it  Is  suggested  that  when  the  addition  of  ^^  add  to  the  alkaline  liquid 

begins  to  produce  a  color  change  the  liquid  should  be  divided  into  two  parts, 
one  of  which  recdves  the  acid  and  the  other  serves  as  a  comparison.  If  the 
add  added  brings  about  a  change  in  color  the  operation  Is  continued,  the 
contents  of  the  two  flasks  being  mixed  and  then  again  divided  into  two  portions. 


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m9]  AGRICULTURAL  CHEMISTRY — ^AGROTECHNY.  118 

The  method,  which  is  described  in  detail,  is  said  to  have  given  results  in 
tiie  analysis  of  alkaline  hypochlorid  solutions  in  which  the  chlorin  has  been 
combined  with  hyposulphite,  as  previously  suggested  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  506). 
The  total  carbonic  acid  can  be  verified  by  the  gasometrlc  method  (£.  S.  R.,  39, 
p.  205). 

The  determination  of  carbon  dioxid  in  carbonates,  D.  D.  Van  Sltke  {Jour. 
BioL  Chem,,  S6  (1918),  No,  2,  pp.  S51-S54,  fig.  i).— The  method  described  was 
devised  primarily  for  use  in  determining  carbonate  in  bones  which  had  been 
dried  and  pulverized  but  not  ashed.  It  is  considered  to  be  applicable  to  all 
carbonates,  soluble  or  insoluble,  in  the  absence  of  acids,  such  as  hydrogen 
solphid,  that  are  highly  volatile  from  water  solution.  The  principle  of  rapid 
extraction  of  carbon  dioxid  from  solution  by  means  of  reduced  pressure, 
previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  804),  has  been  combined  with  the  precipi- 
tation of  carbonic  acid  by  standard  barium  hydroxid  solution  and  titration  of 
the  excess  of  hydroxid. 

Volumetric  determination  of  sulphates,  Vansteenbekghe  and  Bauzil  (Ann, 
CMm,  Analyt.,  2S  (1918),  No.  10,  pp.  B10-2i 4). —Tlie  method  consists  essentially 
of  a  preliminary  precipitation  of  the  alkaline  earth  bases,  a  part  of  the  phos- 
phates, etc.,  by  an  excess  of  sodium  carbonata  The  sulphates  are  then  pre- 
cipitated in  acid  solution  by  a  known  volume  of  barium  chlorid.  The  excess 
of  barium  chlorid  is  precipitated  as  barium  carbonate  with  sodium  carbonate 

N 
and  determined  by  alkalimetry  with  the  use  of  -^  hydrochloric  acid. 

The  method  is  said  to  be  rapid  and  accurate  and  applicable  to  solutions  of 
metallic  sulphates,  as  well  as  to  the  various  body  fluids  (urine,  blood,  etc.). 

The  determination  of  tyrosin  in  proteins,  C.  O.  Johns  and  D.  B.  Jones 
{Jour.  Biol.  Chem.,  SS  {1918) ^  No.  2,  pp.  S19S22).—An  investigation  of  the 
method  of  Folin  and  Denis  for  the  determination  of  tyrosin  (E.  S.  R.,  28.  p. 
806)  is  reported  from  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture. 

It  has  been  found  that  tryptophan  is  completely  decomposed  during  the  hydro- 
lysis of  proteins  with  hydrochloric  acid  and  that  the  decomposition  products 
do  not  interfere  with  the  determination  of  tyrosin.  It  has  also  been  shown  that 
oxyprolin  does  not  interfere  with  the  determination.  Since  tyrosin  is  decom- 
posed to  some  extent  during  hydrolysis,  it  is  not  considered  of  advantage  to 
continue  the  hydrolysis  more  than  12  hours. 

The  optical  dispersion  of  oils  from  an  analytical  point  of  view,  P.  J.  Fkyeb 
and  P.  E.  Weston  {Analyst,  4$  {1918),  No.  510,  pp.  Sll-317)  .-—TahleB  are  given 
of  the  dispersion  values  at  40"*  O.  of  various  oils  and  a  few  hydrocarbons,  and  of 
the  effect  of  free  acidity  upon  the  dispersion  of  drying  oils  and  of  heat  upon  the 
refraction  and  dispersion  of  drying  oils. 

The  dispersive  power  of  fatty  oils  and  fats  was  found  to  be  inferior  in  dis- 
criminative value  to  the  refractive  index,  practically  all  the  oils  and  fats,  with 
the  exertion  of  coconut,  linseed,  and  tung  oils,  giving  very  similar  dispersions. 
Coconut  oil  gave  a  distinctly  lower,  and  linseed  a  higher,  dispersion  than  the 
average.  Free  fatty  acidity  had  little  effect  on  the  dispersive  power.  Oxidation 
Increased  both  the  refractive  index  and  the  dispersion,  and  polyiperization  in 
seneral  increased  the  activity  and  lowered  the  dispersion. 

The  aatooxid&tion  of  sugars,  L.  Bebczelzjs  and  E.  Szeo5  {Biochem.  Ztsohr., 
Si  {1917),  No.  1-2,  pp.  1-96). — ^A  study  is  reported  of  the  autooxidation  of 
logars  in  alkaline  solutions  in  the  presence  of  air,  with  and  without  the  addi- 
tion of  various  substances.  Analogies  are  drawn  between  the  oxidation  of 
sugars  in  vitro  and  in  vivo. 


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114  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEOOBD.  CVoL  40 

Volmnetric  determination  of  reducincr  sugars,  W.  B.  Clabk  {Jour.  Amer. 
Chem,  fifoc,  40  {1918),  No.  It,  pp.  1759-1772,  fig,  1).— The  method,  contributed 
from  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  is  a  sim- 
plification of  Scales's  method,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  S4,  p.  611),  for  titrating 
the  reduced  copper  without  removing  it  from  the  residual  copper  solution.  The 
entire  process  is  carried  out  in  a  single  vessel  with  practical  exclusion  of  the 
air  from  the  time  the  reduction  takes  place  until  after  the  oxidation  by  the 
lodin.  Concentrations  of  the  solutions  used  and  a  definite  method  of  procedure 
are  described  for  quantities  of  reducing  sugars  up  to  75  mg.,  and  principles  are 
pointed  out  for  adapting  the  process  to  larger  quantities  of  such  sugars. 

The  accuracy  of  the  method  is  said  to  be  such  that  with  care  the  results  of 
duplicate  determinations  should  not  differ  by  more  tlian  0.25  mg.  of  reducing 
sugar.  The  ratio  of  reducing  sugar  to  copper  is  nearly  constant,  the  greatest 
variation  occurring  in  low  values.  Instead  of  using  tables  it  is  advised  that  each 
observer  standardize  his  own  procedure  and  then  determine  the  ratio  for  that 
procedure. 

Determination  of  aldehyde  sugars  by  iodin  in  an  alkaline  medium:  Appli- 
cations, H.  CJoLiN  and  O.  LiJfeviw  {Bui,  8oc,  Chim.  Prance,  4,  ser.,  23-24  {1918)^ 
No,  9,  pp.  403-405;  ab9,  in  Jour,  800.  Chem.  Indus.,  S7  {1918),  No.  23,  p.  745A).— 
Suggestions  are  given  for  slight  modifications  in  tlie  Bougault  method  for  the 
determination  of  aldehyde  sugars  by  means  of  iodin  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  714),  and 
comparative  results  are  reported  on  tubercles,  roots,  and  leaves  obtained  by  the 
use  of  this  method  and  the  polarimetric  method.  The  results  in  general  vrere 
concordant,  although  with  leaves  the  results  are  considered  uncertain  and  always 
too  high. 

A  method  for  the  determination  of  starch,  W.  S.  Long  {Trans,  Kans.  Acad. 
fifci.,  28  {1916-17),  pp,  172-174),— The  method  is  described  as  follows: 

To  5  cc.  of  starch  solution  in  a  100  cc.  fiask  are  added  5  cc.  of  a  5  per  cent 

solution  of  potassium  iodid  and  20  cc.  of  ^solution  of  iodin  in  a  5  per  cent 

potassium  iodid  solution.  The  flask  is  stoppered,  shaken,  and  allowed  to  stand 
over  night  The  precipitated  starch  iodid  is  then  filtered  and  washed  thor- 
oughly with  a  5  per  cent  potassium  iodid  solution.    The  filtrate  and  washings 

N 
are  titrated  with  ^^  sodium  thiosulphate  solution,  using  starch  solution  as 

Indicator. 

The  method  is  thought  to  be  sufficiently  accurate  to  be  applicable  to  the  de- 
termination of  starch  when  occurring  in  snutU  amounts,  as  in  various  food 
products. 

The  determination  of  pentosans,  H.  D.  Steenbebqen  {Chem.  WeekbL,  15 
{1918),  No.  25,  pp.  784-808).— This  is  a  review  and  critical  discussl6n  of  various 
methods  for  determining  pentosans.    An  extensive  bibliography  is  given. 

A  study  of  some  biochemical  color  tests. — 1,  The  thiophone  test  for  lactic 
acid.  A  color  test  for  aldehydes,  W.  R.  Feason  {Biochem.  Jour.,  12  {1918}  ^ 
No.  3,  pp.  179-183). — ^The  author  proposes  the  term  "  hydrocnic  "  for  biochemical 
color  reactions,  the  products  of  which  are  decolorized  by  the  addition  of  small 
quantities  of  water,  and  describes  the  thlophene  test  for  lactic  acid  as  a  typi- 
cal hydrocnic  reaction.  The  reaction  is  due  to  the  production  from  lactic  acid 
of  formaldehyde  and  acetaldehyde,  which  react  with  the  thlophene  in  the  pres- 
ence of  excess  of  sulphuric  add  to  give  a  cherry-red  color.  On  the  basis  of 
this  reaction  a  new  color  test  for  aldehydes  is  described  as  follows: 

Two  drops  of  a  0.2  per  cent  alcoholic  solution  of  thlophene  are  added  to 
5  cc.  of  concentrated  sulphuric  acid  (free  from  nitrous  and  nitric  contamina- 
tions) and  mixed.    If  a  drop  of  a  weak  solution  of  an  aldehyde  be  added,  a 


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l»m  AQRICULTUBAL  OHEMISTBY — ^AGROTECHKY.  115 

red  color  develops  and  spreads  through  the  acid.  This  color  is  discharged  by 
a  few  drops  of  water  but  returns  on  the  addition  of  more  sulphuric  acid. 

The  test  is  said  to  be  very  delicate  with  most  aldehydes  and  to  be  given 
Bl£o  with  the  substituted  aldehydes  such  as  chloral.  The  color  varies  slightly 
with  the  aldehyde.  Formaldehyde  gives  a  purple-red,  acetaldehyde  a  cherry- 
red,  and  acrolein  a  rose-carmine  color. 

The  measurement  of  the  acidity  of  bread,  E.  J.  Cohn,  P.  H.  Cathcabt,  and 
L.  J.  Hendebsor  (Jour,  Biol.  Chem,,  S6  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  581-586,  fig.  i).— A 
simple  method  for  determining  the  H-ion  concentration  of  bread  is  described, 
which  consists  essentially  of  applying  four  drops  of  a  0.02  per  cent  solution  of 
methyl  orange  in  60  per  cent  alcohol  to  the  freshly  cut  surface  of  the  bread 
near  the  center  of  the  loaf.  The  color  is  observed  after  five  minutes,  and  is 
compared  with  a  color  chart  or  with  that  produced  in  a  loaf  of  bread  of  known 
acidity.  Baking  experiments  upon  dough  of  known  but  graduated  acidities 
have  shown  that  the  range  from  orange  to  red  corresponds  to  initial  values 
of  pH  ranging  from  approximately  6  to  4.5. 

Determination  of  pectins  in  spices,  T.  von  Fbixenbebg  {Mitt.  Lebenam. 
Vnteriuch.  u.  Hyg.,  Schtceiz.  Osndhtsamt.,  7  (1916) ,  No.  i-£,  pp.  42-61). -^A 
method  for  the  determination  of  pectins  is  described  which  consists  essentially 
in  renaovlng  the  methyl  esters  other  than  the  pectins  by  extraction  with  ether 
and  distillation  with  steam.  The  pectins  are  then  saponified  with  sodium 
hydroxid,  and  the  methyl  alcohol  is  obtained  by  distillation  from  the  acidified 
solution. 

Tables  are  given  of  the  methyl  alcohol  and  pectin  content  of  spices  and  of 
materials  used  in  their  adulteration. 

The  photographic  examination  of  fresh  and  preserved  eggs,  G.  A.  Le  Roy 
{Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sol.  [ParU^,  165  {1917),  No.  25,  pp.  1026^1028,  fig.  1; 
Ann.  FaUif.,  11  {1918),  No.  111-112,  pp.  10-18,  fig*.  4;  aha.  in  Chem.  Aba.,  12 
{1918),  No.  10,  p.  1086). — ^The  author  describes  the  construction  and  operation 
of  an  apparatus  for  photographing  eggs  in  such  a  way  that  the  size  of  the  air 
chamber  may  be  accurately  measured. 

Determination  of  caffein  in  coffee,  E.  Vaxttieb  {Ann.  Chim.  Analyt.,  28 
(1918),  No.  10,  pp.  207-210). —The  method  consists  in  extracting  5  gm.  of  the 
findy  ground  sample,  to  which  5  cc.  of  ammonium  hydroxid  has  been  added, 
with  ether  for  four  hours  in  a  SoxUet  apparatus.  After  removal  of  the  ether  by 
distillation,  the  caffein  is  separated  from  the  fat  by  treatment  with  boiling 
water,  and  is  then  filtered,  washed,  and  sublimed,  and  the  sublimate  heated  in 
an  oven  at  100  C.  for  about  20  minutes. 

A  table  is  given  showing  the  similarity  in  results  obtained  by  this  method 
and  by  the  chloroform  extraction  method  with  samples  of  ordinary  and  de- 
caffeinated coffee. 

The  testing  of  palm  butter  in  the  laboratory  of  the  General  Experimental 
Station  of  the  A.  V.  B.  O.  8.,  with  some  hints  for  the  manufacture  of  palm 
batter,  F.  G.  van  Hkubn  {Meded.  Alg.  Proefatat.  Alg,  Ver.  Rubberplantera  Ooai- 
hutt  Sumatra,  Alg.  Ser.,  No.  2  {1918),  pp.  57).— An  examination  of  various 
methods  for  determining  the  analytical  constants  of  palm  butter  is  reported. 

For  determining  the  moisture  content,  distillation  with  kerosene  is  considered 
the  best  method  if  the  moisture  content  is  higher  than  4  per  cent,  while  if  less 
than  4  per  cent  heating  at  105*  0.  for  two  hours  Is  recommended.  Kerosene  is 
considered  preferable  to  alcohol  as  a  solvent  for  the  fat  in  the  separation  of  in- 
soluble impurities.  In  determining  the  acid  number,  it  was  found  necessary  to 
Qse  a  very  dilute  solution  of  the  fat  in  alcohol  on  account  of  the  deep  color 
of  the  concentrated  solution.    The  author  states  that  it  is  possible  to  produce 


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116  EXPERIMEKT  STATION  BEOOHD.  [YoL  40 

a  palm  butter  with  a  low  acid  number  by  Immediately  heating  the  fmlt  above 
100'  in  the  melted  tat  before  the  separation  of  the  stones  and  by  heatingr  tbe 
fat  to  lOO""  before  the  final  packing. 

New  tables  for  finding  purity  of  massecoite,  N.  Claiboknk  {Sugar  {Kew 
York^,  20  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  454,  ^5).— Tables  based  upcm  the  total  soUds  In 
the  material  used  are  given  for  finding  the  percentage  of  sirup  or  molasses 
required  to  give  a  massecuite  of  any  desired  purity,  the  purity  of  the  molasses 
and  sirup  being  known. 

On  a  source  of  error  In  the  use  of  picrie  acid  in  eolorimetrie  estimatloxifl  in 
biological  fluids,  Alice  Rohde  and  Mabion  Sweenet  {Jour.  Biol,  Chem.,  S6 
{1918),  No.  2,  pp.  475-477). — ^The  authors  conclude  from  blood  sugar  determi- 
nations with  different  samples  of  picric  acid  that  a  chromogenic  substance 
other  than  sugar  is  presoit  in  the  blood  which  certain  picric  acids  fail  to  pre- 
cipitate. Solid  picric  acid,  after  purification,  may  undergo  a  change  in  Its 
precipitating  value  for  chromogenic  substances  in  the  blood.  It  is,  therefore, 
considered  necessary  to  determine  the  precipitating  value  of  picric  acid  before 
reliance  can  be  placed  upon  color  production  In  quantitative  procedures  for 
blood  sugar. 

A  method  for  the  estimation  of  potassliun  in  blood,  S.  W.  Clausen  {Jour* 
Biol.  Chem.,  S6  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  479-484).— An  adaptation  of  the  cobaltlc 
nitrite  method  of  Drushel  (E.  S.  R.,  19,  p.  808)  to  the  determination  of  potas- 
sium in  small  quantities  of  organic  material  is  described.  The  modification 
consists  essentially  in  heating  potassium  sodium  cobaltlc  nitrite  with  dilute 
sodium  hydroxid  and  estimating  the  nitrites  thus  formed  by  titration  with 
dilute   potassium   permanganate. 

Homemade  beverages  and  vin^ars,  J.  P.  Abnold  {Chicago:  North  Chicago 
Printing  Co.,  1918,  pp.  72). — ^The  theoretical  principles  involved  in  fermentation 
are  discussed  briefly,  and  recipes  are  i^ven  for  the  home  manufacture  of 
wines,  cider,  perry,  beers,  and  vinegars. 

The  utilization  without  distillation  of  defective  or  acid  ciders,  perries,  and 
lees,  A.  Truelle  {Vie.  Agr.  et  Rurale,  8  {1918),  No.  37,  pp.  189-191)  .-—The 
author  suggests  the  utilization  of  defective  ciders  and  perries  In  animal  feed- 
ing and  in  vinegar  making.    The  manufacture  of  vinegar  is  discussed  in  detail. 

The  use  of  hydrochloric  or  other  mineral  acids  and  special  reagents  for 
the  preservation  and  ripening  of  forage  in  silo  in  warm  climates,  I.  Qiqlioci 
{Trans.  S.  Intemat.  Cong.  Trop.  Agr.  1914,  w>l.  2.  pp.  662S90). — This  Is  a  com- 
pilation of  the  results  of  many  investigations  in  different  countries  in  regard 
to  methods  of  treatment  of  silage.  The  methods  considered  in  detail  are  treat- 
ment of  the  silage  with  steam.  Inoculation  with  lactic  add  ferments,  addition 
of  molasses  or  sugar,  treatment  with  special  antiseptics,  and  treatment  with 
special  mineral  acids  or  salts.  *  An  extensive  bibliography  is  appended. 

Potato  drying,  V.  Peolion  {Pub.  R.  Accad.  Lincei,  Comitato  8oi,  Aliment, 
[Rome],  No.  5  {1918),  pp.  11,  flgs.  S). — ^This  is  a  circular  of  information  In  re- 
gard to  the  potato-drying  industry  in  various  countries,  together  with  descrip- 
tions of  methods  and  machinery  for  the  process. 

HETEOBOLOOT. 

Climate  and  types  of  farming  {U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Nat.  Weather  and  Crop 
Bui.,  No.  18  {1918),  pp.  2,  5).— The  influaice  of  climate  on  types  of  farming  in 
different  parts  of  the  United  States  is  discussed,  and  the  characteristic  cUmatlc 
features  of  five  agricultural  provinces  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  are  noted. 

''East  of  the  Rockies  the  agricultural  provinces  have  more  or  less  d^nite 
climatic  boundaries,  extending  in  a  general  way  in  an  east-west  direction. 


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1M»1  METBOBOLOGY.  117 

cofiforming  to  the  isothermal  trend.  In  those  regions  there  are  five  general 
proFinces,  as  follows:  The  subtropical  coast,  the  cotton  belt,  the  corn  and 
winter  wheat  belt,  the  spring  wheat  belt,  and  the  hay  and  pasture  region.** 

IConthly  Weather  Review  (U,  B.  Mo,  Weather  Rev,,  46  {1918),  No8.  7,  pp. 
S07-S52,  pU.  12,  flgs.  8;  8.  pp.  358^400,  pU.  H,  figs.  IS),— Jn  addition  to  weather 
forecasts,  river  and  flood  observations,  and  seismologlcal  reports  for  July  and 
August,  1918;  lists  of  additions  to  the  Weather  Bureau  Library  and  of  recent 
papers  on  meteorology  and  seismology;  notes  on  the  weather  of  the  months; 
solar  and  sky  radiation  measurements  at  Washington,  D.  C,  during  July  and 
August,  1918;  condensed  climatological  summaries;  and  the  usual  climato- 
loglcal  tables  and  charts,  these  numbers  contain  the  following  articles : 

No,  7. — ^Absoption  and  Radiation  of  the  Solar  Atmosphere,  by  S.  Hirayama 
(reprinted  abs.) ;  Internal  Temperatures  of  the  Sun,  by  A.  V^ronnet  (reprinted 
aba) ;  Halo  Phenomena  Observed  During  July,  1918,  by  W.  R.  Gregg;  Report 
on  Modes  of  Air  Motion  and  the  Equations  of  the  (j^eral  Circulation  of  the 
Earth's  Atmosphere  (iUus.),  by  G.  P.  Paine;  Influence  of  Forests  Upon  the 
MeltiDg  Snow  in  the  Oascade  Range  (illus.),  by  A.  A.  Griffin;  Snowfall  on 
Mount  Rainier,  Wash.  (Illus.),  by  L.  G.  Fisher;  and  On  Severe  Winters,  by  G. 
Hellmann  (reprinted  abs.). 

No,  &— Volcanic  Eruptions  and  Solar  Radiation  Intensities  (illus.),  by  H.  H. 
Kimball;  Halo  Phenomena  Observed  During  August,  1918,  by  W.  R.  Gregg; 
South  Carolina  Meteor  of  April  23,  1918,  by  R.  H.  Sullivan ;  Photomicrographs 
of  Snow  Crystals,  and  Methods  of  Reproduction  (illus.),  by  W.  A.  Bentley; 
Hot  Spell  of  August,  1918,  by  A.  J.  Henry ;  Night-Temperature  Studies  in  the 
Roswell  Fruit  District  (illus.),  by  C.  Hallenbeck  (see  below) ;  Ice  Storms  in 
the  Southern  Appalachians,  by  V.  Rhoades ;  Hourly  Frequency  of  Precipitation 
in  Central  Ohio  and  Its  Relation  to  Agricultural  Pursuits  (illus.),  by  H.  H. 
Martin  (see  below) ;  and  Alleged  Maniifacture  of  Rain  in  Southern  California, 
by  P.  A  Carpenter. 

(Himatological  data  for  the  United  States  by  sections  {U,  8,  Dept,  Agr,, 
Weather  Bur.  Climat,  Data,  5  (1918),  No8,  7,  pp.  208,  pU.  4,  figs,  2;  8,  pp.  204, 
pU.  4,  f(g8,  2). — These  volumes  contain  brief  summaries  and  detailed  tabular 
statements  of  climatological  data  for  each  State  for  July  and  August,  1918, 
respectively. 

ICeteorological  observations  at  Wisley,  1916,  R.  H.  Curtis  (Jour.  Roy, 
Hort.  8oc.,  43  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  94''10S,  figs,  4),— The  meteorological  conditions, 
eflpedally  temperature  and  rainfall,  of  each  month  of  the  year  are  summarized 
and  compared  with  conditions  in  other  parts  of  the  tJnited  Kingdom,  with  par- 
ticular reference  to  horticultural  work. 

The  weather  of  the  year  was  in  general  cold  and  wet,  with  a  marked  defi- 
ciency of  bright  sunshine  and  with  more  strong  winds  and  gales  than  are 
usually  experienced. 

Hight-temperatare  studies  in  the  Boswell  fruit  district,  C.  Haixenbeck 
{U.  8.  Mo.  Weather  Rev.,  46  (1918),  No.  8,  pp.  S64-S7S,  figs.  8). —The  discussion 
hi  this  article  deals  with  an  Irregular  area  of  about  1,200  square  miles  lying 
almost  entirely  west  of  the  Pecos  River.  The  influence  of  five  factors  is  con- 
sidered, eq)ecia11y  in  relation  to  the  forecasting  of  frosts:  "(1)  The  importation 
of  warmer  or  colder  air,  (2)  topographical  influences,  (3)  air  drainage,  (4)  mix- 
ture of  the  lower  air  with  the  air  of  higher  levels,  and  (5)  local  inequalities 
hi  the  heating  and  cooling  of  the  ground  and  lower  air.** 

Hourly  frequency  of  precipitation  in  central  Ohio  and  its  relation  to  agrricul- 
tural  pursuits,  H.  H.  Mabtik  (U,  8,  Mo,  Weather  Rev.,  46  (1918),  No,  8,  pp.  875, 
S76,  figs.  ^).— This  article  presents  by  months  and  seasons  the  peculiarities  of 


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118  EXPERIMBirr  STATIOK  BEOOBD.  [ToL  40 

the  diurnal  rainfall  distribution  at  Clolumbas,  Ohio,  which  is  assumed  to  be 
typical  of  central  Ohio,  and  a  comparison  Is  made  with  the  rainfall  distribution 
at  Lincoln,  Nebr.,  as  reported  by  Kincer  (B.  S.  R.,  80,  p.  717). 

It  is  shown  In  general  that  the  precipitation  as  measured  at  Oolumbus  occurs 
for  the  most  part  In  the  form  of  light  beneficial  showers,  and  that  the  greatest 
amount  falls  between  about  noon  and  7  p.  m.,  with  the  actual  maximum  between 
4  and  0  p.  m.  It  is  thought  that  this  fact  lessens  evaporation  and  tends  to 
Increase  the  efficiency  of  the  rainfall. 

Frequency  of  subnormal  rainfall  in  Aucrust  ( 17.  fif.  Dept,  Agr,^  Nat,  Weather 
and  Crop  BuL,  No.  21  (1918),  pp.  «,  S,  7,  ftff.  1).— A  chart  is  given  and  briefly 
discussed  which  Indicates  for  dilferent  sections  of  the  United  States  the  per> 
centage  of  times  in  the  20-year  period  from  1895  to  1914  that  the  total  rainfall 
in  August  was  less  than  half  the  normal.  The  chart  shows  that  "from  tlie 
Rocky  Mountalim  westward  and  in  southwestern  Texas  deficiencies  of  tliis 
amount  In  the  August  rainfall  are  of  frequent  occurrence,  except  in  most  of 
Arizona  and  portions  of  the  adjoining  States,  where  the  rainy  season  continues 
during  this  month.  The  large  percentages  of  subnormal  rainfall  shown  on  the 
chart  for  this  area  are  due  to  the  fact  that  the  amounts  in  this  month  are 
usually  very  small,  but  occasionally  comparatively  heavy  falls  occur  which  nn- 
duly  magnify  the  monthly  averages  computed  for  a  period  of  years.  In  portions 
of  Arizona,  the  central  Rocky  Mountain  area,  the  central  Bflssisslppl  Valley. 
eastern  Kansas,  and  from  eastern  Nebraska  northeastward  to  central  Wiscon- 
sin, and  also  along  the  central  and  east  Oulf  coast,  as  well  as  in  parts  of 
Georgia,  the  Carollnas,  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  Massa- 
chusetts, the  August  rainfall  was  less  than  half  the  normal  only  twice  dnrlns^ 
the  20-year  period  under  consideration;  while  locally  In  some  of  these  areas 
deficiencies  of  this  amount  were  not  recorded  during  the  entire  period.  E^st 
of  the  Rockies  rather  large  percentages  are  found  from  Oklahoma  southward. 
In  northeastern  Mississippi,  southern  Iowa,  the  western  portions  of  the  Dakotas. 
and  In  Montana ;  while  in  California,  Oregon,  and  much  of  Nevada  and  eastern 
Washington  the  rainfall  in  August  was  less  than  half  the  normal  from  50  to 
so  per  cent  of  the  years  comprising  this  period.'* 

Problems  of  denudation,  H.  Jxffbeys  (Phil,  Mag.  and  Jour.  £fci.,  6.  ser.,  S6 
(1918),  No.  212.  pp.  179-190;  aba.  in  8ci.  Abs.,  Sect.  A-Phy$.,  21  {1918),  No.  250, 
pp.  410,  ill). — "  The  problem  of  denudation  by  rain  freely  running  off  a  surface 
Is  treated  dynamically.  The  movement  of  surface  water  Is  controlled  by  gravity 
and  friction  ;  hydrostatic  pressure  and  inertia  are  negligible.  Water,  therefore, 
always  moves  along  the  lines  of  greatest  slope.  In  mountainous  regions  tbe 
friction  may  be  due  to  turbulence,  but  usually  to  viscosity.  The  motion  Is 
completely  determinable  given  the  form  of  the  land  and  the  rain  distribution* 
In  the  case  of  viscous  flow  the  rate  of  denudation  is  proportional  to  the  product 
of  the  depth  of  water  and  the  tangent  of  the  slope.  If  this  is  constant  the  sur- 
face will  sink  at  a  uniform  rate.*' 

Hail  protection,  F.  CJoubty  (Prog.  Agr.  et  Vit.  (Ed,  VEat-Centre),  S9  (1918), 
No.  45,  pp.  444-44S)- — This  is  a  summary  of  results  of  experiments  from  1912 
to  1017.  The  general  conclusion  from  this  review  is  that  the  evidence  Is  not 
conclusive  as  to  the  effectiveness  of  cannonading  as  a  protection  against  hail. 

SOILS— FEBTIIIZEBS. 

Beconnoissance  soil  survey  of  the  Lower  San  Joaquin  Valley,  GaL,  J.  W. 
Nelson,  J.  E.  Guernsey,  L.  C.  Holmes,  and  E.  G.  Egkmann  (17.  8.  Dept,  Agr., 
Adv.  Sheets  Field  Oper.  Bur,  SoUa,  1915,  pp,  157,  pU.  S,  fig,  1,  map  I).— This 
survey,  made  in  cooperation  with  the  Oallfomla  Experiment  Station^  deals 


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1W9]  SOILS — FERTILIZERS,  119 

with  the  soils  of  an  area  of  3,046,400  acres  lying  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
San  Joaquin  Valley,  in  the  physiographic  division  know  as  the  Great  Interior 
Vall^  of  California,  and  occupying  the  central  part  Of  the  State.  The  region 
consists  chiefly  of  a  broad  basin-like  valley,  the  slopes  being  for  the  most  part 
less  than  250  ft  in  elevation.  In  the  lower  foothills  along  the  margins  of  the 
survey,  elevations  of  1,000  ft  or  more  occur,  while  some  of  the  northwestern 
part  is  below  tide  level.  In  general,  the  area  is  fairly  well  drained  by  the  San 
Joaquin  River  and  its  tributaries. 

With  respect  to  their  origin,  the  soils  of  the  region  have  been  grouped  as 
residual  from  consolidated  rocks,  old  valley-filling  material  from  unconsolidated 
water-laid  deposits,  recent  alluvial,  wind-laid  deposits,  and  miscellaneous  mate- 
rials. Old  valley-filling  material  and  recent  alluvial  soils  comprise  the  greater 
part  of  the  area.  In  addition  to  muck  and  peat,  rough  broken  and  stony  lands, 
and  riverwash  and  tailings,  51  soil  types  of  27  series  are  mapped. 

Soil  survey  of  Barry  County,  Ma,  A.  T.  Sweet  and  E.  W.  Knobel  (17.  8. 
Dept,  AffT;  Adv.  SheetB  Field  Oper.  Bur,  Soils,  1916,  pp.  44*  Pls-  5,  fig.  1,  map 
/).— This  survey,  made  in  cooperation  with  the  University  of  Missouri,  deals 
with  the  soils  of  an  area  of  506,240  acres  situated  near  the  southwestern  comer 
of  the  State  adjacent  to  the  State  of  Arkansas.  Topographically  the  county  is 
a  dissected  plain  sloping  northwestward,  the  surface  ranging  from  undulating 
and  rolling  in  the  northwestern  part  to  rough  and  broken  in  the  eastern  and 
southern  parts.  The  uplands  attain  a  maximum  elevation  of  from  1,300  to 
1,550  ft  above  sea  level,  while  the  depth  of  stream  cutting  ranges  from  150  to 
000  ft    Natural  drainage  is  well  established. 

The  upland  soils  of  the  county  are  residual  in  origin,  those  occupying  the 
first  bottoms  and  terraces  of  the  larger  streams  alluvial,  and  those  occupying 
the  small,  narrow  valleys  and  strips  along  the  outer  edge  of  the  main  valley 
largely  of  colluvial  origin.  In  addition  to  rough  stony  land,  16  soil  types  of  8 
series  are  mapped.  Baxter  gravelly  loam,  Baxter  stony  loam,  rough  stony  land, 
and  Lebanon  gravelly  loam  predominate,  occupying  28.9,  15.5,  14.1,  and  13.1  per 
cent  of  the  total  area,  respectively. 

Soil  survey  of  Miami  County,  Ohio,  E.  R.  Allen  and  O.  Gossard  (U.  8, 
Dept.  Agr.j  Adv.  Sheets  Field  Oper.  Bur.  Soils,  1916,  pp.  50,  pis.  2,  fig,  1,  map 
/).— This  survey,  made  in  cooperation  with  the  Ohio  Experiment  Station,  deals 
with  the  soils  of  an  area  of  261,120  acres  situated  in  the  southwestern  part  of 
the  State.  The  topography  of  the  area  varies  from  an  undulating  to  rolling 
terminal  moraine  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county  to  a  flat  ground  moraine 
hi  the  western  portion.    Natural  drainage  is  inadequate  in  the  western  part 

The  soils  of  the  county  are  chiefly  of  glacial  origin  and  were  formed  largely 
from  the  underlying  limestone  formation  and  from  Niagara  limestone.  Sixteen 
soil  types  of  12  series  are  mapped.  Miami  silt  loam,  Crosby  silt  loam,  and 
Brookston  silty  clay  loam,  occupying  23.5,  18.2,  and  14.8  per  cent,  respectively, 
of  the  total  araa,  predominate. 

SoU  survey  of  Berkeley  County,  S.  C,  W.  J.  Latimeb,  F.  Z.  Hutton,  O. 
LouivsBUBT,  A.  H.  Meyeb,  and  M.  E.  Gabb  {U.  S,  Dept,  Agr,,  Adv,  Sheets  Field 
Oper.  Bur,  Soils,  1916^  pp.  42,  fl^gs,  2,  map  1). — ^This  survey  deals  with  the  soils 
of  an  area  of  792^20  acres  lying  near  the  central  part  of  the  eastern  boundary 
of  the  State  in  the  Lower  Pine  Belt  region  of  the  Coastal  Plain.  The  topography 
in  general  is  level  to  gently  undulating,  the  elevation  ranging  from  tide  level  to 
150  ft  above.  Along  the  bluffs  of  the  larger  streams  and  their  tributaries  the 
upland  is  well  drained,  while  back  from  the  bluffs  occur  more  or  less  extensive 
flat  poorly-drained  areas. 

The  upland  soils  of  the  county  are  sedimentary  in  origin,  having  been  de- 
rived from  unconsolidated  sands  and  clays.    The  soils  of  the  first-bottom  lands 


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120  BXPERIMENT  STATIOK  SEGOBD.  [Tol.  40 

are  of  alluylal  origin.  Exclusive  of  tidal  marsh,  20  soil  types  of  6  series  are 
mapped.  Cozvllle  fine  sandy  loam  and  Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam  predominate; 
occupying  18.4  and  11.9  per  cent  of  the  total  area,  respectively. 

Soil  survey  of  Bell  County,  Tex.,  W.  T.  Gabivb,  jb.,  H.  G.  Lewis,  and  H.  W. 
Hawkeb  {U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Adv.  Sheets  Field  Oper.  Bur.  £foifo,  1916,  pp.  46,  fig. 
h  fnap  1), — ^This  survey  deals  with  the  soils  of  an  area  of  603,120  acres  situated 
in  the  east-central  part  of  the  State  and  lying  in  the  soK^iUed  Black  Prairie 
and  Grand  Prairie  regions  of  Texas.  Although  hilly,  rough  areas  occur  in  cer- 
tain sections  of  the  county,  the  topography  in  general  is  gently  rolling  and  is 
said  to  be  representative  of  an  area  of  about  17,000  square  miles.  Ehrainage 
Is  well  established. 

The  upland  soils  of  the  area  are  residual  in  origin,  being  derived  from  cal- 
careous clays  and  marls,  soft  and  hard  chalks,  and  hard  limestones.  Deposits 
of  alluvial  soils  occur  along  the  streams.  Exclusive  of  rough  stony  land,  19  soU 
types  of  12  series  are  mapped.  Houston  black  day,  occupying  24.3  per  cent  of 
the  total  area,  predominates. 

Soil  survey  of  Milwaukee  County,  Wis.,  W.  J.  Gkib  and  T.  J.  DimNEWAiJD 
(U.  S.  Dept  Agr.,  Adv,  BheeU  Field  Oper.  Bur.  8oiU,  1916,  pp.  St,  fig.  1,  map 
1). — ^This  survey,  made  in  cooperation  with  the  Wisconsin  Geological  and 
Natural  History  Survey,  deals  with  the  soils  of  an  area  of  154,240  acres  lying 
in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State  and  adjoining  Lake  Michigan.  The  topog- 
raphy of  the  county  consists  of  a  series  of  three  broad,  elongated  ridges  sepa- 
rated by  two  shallow,  narrow  lowland  belts  and  running  parallel  to  the  lake 
shore.  The  surface  in  general  is  undulating  to  rolling,  and  an  elevation  of  840 
ft.  above  sea  level  Is  attained  in  the  western  part  Natural  surface  drainage  of 
the  area  is  very  incomplete. 

The  soils  of  the  county  consist  of  glacial  deposits  ranging  in  thickness  from 
a  few  feet  to  almost  200  ft,  about  90  per  cent  of  the  soil  being  heavier  than 
loam.  In  addition  to  peat,  16  soil  types  representing  9  series  are  mapped. 
Miami  silty  clay  loam  occupying  87.7  per  cent  of  the  total  area,  Miami  day  loam 
occupying  30^3  per  cent,  and  Clyde  clay  loam  occupying  12.6  per  cent  are  the 
predominating  types. 

Soil  survey  of  Door  County,  Wis.,  W.  J.  Geib,  0.  Thompson,  and  H.  Y.  Geib 
{U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Adv.  Sheete  Field  Oper.  Bur.  Soils,  1916,  pp.  44,  fig-  U  fnap 
/).>_Thls  survey,  made  in  cooperation  with  the  Wisconsin  Geological  and 
Natural  History  Survey,  deals  with  the  soils  of  an  area  of  300,160  acres  situ- 
ated in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State  and  forming  part  of  the  peninsula  separat- 
ing Green  Bay  from  Lake  Michigan  proper.  The  county  lies  In  the  glaciated 
limestone  region,  and  the  topography  in  general  is  undulating  to  gently  rolling, 
while  a  line  of  rugged  bluffs  occurs  along  the  western  border,  attaining  an 
elevation  of  from  20  to  200  ft  above  the  lake.  The  mainland  has  an  elevation 
of  from  100  to  150  ft.  above  Lake  Michigan.  Owing  to  the  heavy  nature  of 
the  soil  and  subsoil,  drainage  is  said  to  be  deficient  in  many  places. 

The  soils  of  the  county  are  all  derived  from  glacial  or  lacustrine  material 
or  both,  and  over  a  large  part  of  the  area  they  are  shallow  and  quite  stony. 
The  surface  formation  consists  of  the  late  Wisconsin  drift.  Excluding  rough 
stony  land,  peat,  muck,  and  beach  sand,  16  soil  types  of  7  series  are  mapped. 
Miami  loam,  Ke^\  nunee  loam,  and  Miami  fine  sandy  loam,  occupying  31.5,  17.9, 
and  10.2  per  cent  of  the  total  area,  respectively,  are  the  prevailing  soil  types. 
Peat  occupies  13.8  per  cent  of  the  total  area. 

Chemical  criteria,  crop  production,  and  physical  classification  in  two  soil 
classes,  J.  S.  Bubo  {SoU  Set.,  5  (1918),  No.  6,  pp.  405-^19).— Investigations  con- 
ducted at  the  California  Experiment  Station  by  Burd,  Hoagland,  and  Stewart, 


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1M»]  SOILS — ^FEBTIIilZEBS.  121 

dealing  with  chemical  analyses  of  water  extracts  of  several  eropped  and  nn* 
CRH^ped  soils  as  a  measure  of  their  relative  productivity,  have  been  previously 
noted  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  pp.  812,  813).  These  studies  also  Included  analyses  of  the 
soils  by  the  so-called  complete,  or  fusion,  method,  and  by  the  hydrochlorlc- 
add  and  dtrlc-acld  extraction  methods,  the  results  of  which  are  here  reported 
for  purposes  of  comparison.  The  conclusions  reached  may  be  summarized  as 
follows : 

Low  figures  for  the  lmi)ortant  plant  food  elements  (Including  potash,  calcium 
odd,  magnesium  oxid,  phosphoric  acid,  and  nitrogen),  by  water  extraction  and 
to  a  lesser  extent  by  citrlc-add  extraction,  were  found  to  be  in  general  accord 
with  the  crop-producing  power  of  the  solL  Except  In  the  case  of  highly 
slUdous  soils,  the  complete  analysis  and  hydrochlorlc-add  extraction  methods 
are  held  to  be  worthless  as  criteria  of  the  present  productivity  or  probable 
endurance  of  the  soU.  Individual  soils  of  a  given  series  and  class  (Yolo  sllty 
day  loams)  showed  less  variation  In  chemical  composition  than  did  repre- 
sentatives of  different  series  of  another  physical  class  (fine  sandy  loams).  The 
wide  variation  in  crop  yields  and  in  the  figures  for  water  extractions  within 
a  given  series  and  soil  type  are  held  to  Indicate  that  physical  classification  Into 
types  Is  Inadequate  as  a  means  of  predicting  probable  yields  or  determining 
fertilizer  requirements. 

The  relative  ''  rawness  "  of  some  humid  subsoils,  P.  M.  Habmeb  (Soil  8eL, 
S  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  S9S-40S,  figs.  2). —The  author  describes  vegetative  experi- 
ments made  in  the  greenhouse  at  the  Minnesota  Experiment  Station  with  both 
sorface  soils  and  subsoils  taken  from  three  prairie  fields  and  four  forested 
areas  in  the  State  in  a  study  of  the  relative  "  rawness "  of  the  subsoils  of 
hnmld  regions.  The  soils  are  said  never  to  have  been  plowed.  The  prairie 
snbsoils  were  found  to  be  quite  calcareous. 

Experiments  were  made  in  1915-16,  employing  only  one  soil  sample  from 
each  region,  the  surface  12  in.  of  the  prairie  soil  and  6  in.  of  the  forested  area 
being  used,  together  with  the  corresponding  subsoil  from  the  third  and  fifth 
foot  levels.  The  soils  were  placed  in  wooden  boxes  12  in.  square  and  8  in.  deep 
and  cropped  to  both  barley  and  alfalfa,  the  latter  being  well  inoculated.  The 
barley  made  a  normal  growth  on  the  surface  soil,  producing  well-filled  heads, 
while  that  grown  on  the  subsoil  was  stunted,  yellowish-green  in  color,  and 
produced  very  little  seed.  Three  crops  of  alfalfa  were  obtained  and  Indicated 
that  the  subsoils  were  as  unproductive  of  alfalfa  as  of  barley. 

In  the  fall  of  1916  more  extensive  experiments  were  begun  with  the  seven 
dUferent  soils,  the  surface  6  in.  and  the  corresponding  subsoil  from  the  third 
foot  level  being  employed.  These  soils  were  placed  in  galvanized-iron  pots  and 
cropped  with  well-inoculated  alfUfa  plants  transferred  from  a  field  sown  five 
months  before.  Two  subsoils,  both  low  in  carbonates  and  from  forested  areas, 
yielded  as  well  as  both  the  corresponding  and  other  surface  soils,  while  the 
remaining  subsoils  produced  only  from  one-sixth  to  one-half  as  much  as  the 
corresponding  surface  soils.  The  nitrogen  content  of  the  productive  subsoils 
did  not  exceed  that  of  the  unproductive  subsoils. 

It  is  concluded,  therefore,  that  *'  In  the  humid  State  of  Minnesota  some  of  the 
Kladal  subsoils  are  as  productive  of  alfalfa  as  surface  soils  when  hioculation 
is  assured,  but  others  are  quite  unproductive,  and  the  rawness  is  not  associated 
with  an  espedally  low  nitrogen  content  or  with  a  lack  of  carbonates.** 

See  also  a  previous  note  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  620). 

The  influence  of  plant  residues  on  nitrogen  fixation  and  on  losses  of  nitrate 
in  the  soil,  H.  B.  HxrrcaiNSON  {Jour.  Agr.  8oi.  [England^  9  {1918),  No,  1,  pp. 
9i^lll,  flgn,  d). — The  author  describes  field,  laboratory,  and  pot  experiments 

107338*— 19 ^8 


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122  EXPERIMEKT  8TATIOK  BEGORD.  [Tot  4« 

made  at  Rothamsted  during  the  period  of  190&-1911,  inclnsiTe,  In  a  stady  of 
the  influence  of  sugar  and  plant  residues  upon  nitrogen  fixation  in  both  sand 
and  soil  and  upon  the  loss  of  nitrates  in  the  soiL  The  results  are  summailEed 
as  follows: 

'*The  foregoing  experiments  give  definite  evidence,  corroborative  of  the 
work  of  Koch,  Remy,  and  others,  that  the  nitrogen  content  of  sand  or  soil 
may  be  appreciably  increased  by  the  activity  of  Azotobacter  when  some  suitable 
source  of  energy  is  supplied.  For  this  purpose  sugars,  such  as  dextrose  and 
saccharose,  are  suitable,  but  distinct  gains  have  also  been  obtained  by  the  use 
of  plant  residues.  In  laboratory  experiments  an  increment  of  upward  of  6 
mg.  of  nitrogen  per  gram  of  plant  residues  occurred,  but  in  pot  experiments 
gains  of  9  mg.  per  gram  of  substance  were  obtained.  It  is  also  shown  that 
on  the  field  scale,  and  in  spite  of  the  entrance  of  complicating  factors,  definite 
increases  of  crop  (equal  to  20  to  54  per  cent)  resulted  from  the  application 
of  carbonaceous  compounds  (sugar)  when  the  soil  conditions  were  favorable. 

"Since  the  difference  between  the  action  of  sugar  and  plant  residues  is 
largely  one  of  degree  and  not  of  type,  it  is  reasonable  to  suppose  that  such 
substances  as  stubble,  leaves,  and  other  complex  organic  materials  may  also 
serve  to  contribute  indirectly  to  the  reserves  of  soil  nitrogen.  The  general 
soil  conditions  making  for  the  successful  operation  of  nitrogen  fixation  pro- 
cesses are,  in  addition  to  the  supply  of  some  source  of  energy,  a  suitable  tem- 
perature, the  presence  of  phosphates,  and  a  supply  of  basic  material,  such  as 
calcium  carbonate.  Even  under  the  most  favorable  circumstances  for  nitrogen 
fixation  there  occurs  a  period  during  which  adverse  processes  come  into  play, 
and  it  is  not  advisable  that  a  crop  be  introduced  before  these  have  run  to 
completion.  Under  unfavorable  conditions,  and  particularly  during  periods  of 
low  temperature,  these  adverse  changes  may  persist  without  any  subsequent 
entrance  of  soil  gaina" 

The  production  of  carbon  diozid  by  molds  inoculated  into  sterile  soil, 
R.  S.  PoTTXB  and  R.  S.  Snydeb  {Sail  8ci.,  6  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  $59-877,  figs.  5).— 
This  paper,  a  contribution  from  the  Iowa  Bxperiment  Station,  describes  in- 
vestigations planned  to  determine  the  physiological  activity  of  certain  molds 
when  inoculated  into  sterile  soil.  A  clay  loam  soil  with  a  lime  requirement  of 
1,540  lbs.  of  calcium  carbonate  per  acre  of  2,000,000  lbs.  (Yeitch)  was  em- 
ployed. Sterilization  was  accomplished  in  the  autoclave,  and  also  in  the 
Arnold  sterilizer,  in  an  effort  to  render  the  soil  sterile  without  radically 
altering  its  composition.  Inoculations  were  made  from  pure  cultures  of  the 
different  molds  studied,  including  Mucor,  Rhizopus,  Aspergillus,  Trichodemuu 
and  Chaetomium,  and  from  a  soil  emulsion,  and  the  relative  activity  of  die 
organisms  was  measured  by  the  amount  of  carbon  dioxid  produced.  The  cul- 
tures were  made  both  with  and  without  1  per  cent  of  dextrose  and  with  and 
without  sufficient  calcium  carbonate  to  supply  an  excess  of  1.6  tons  of  lime 
per  acre  over  the  lime  requirement  of  the  soil.  The  data  are  presented  in 
tabular  form  and  fully  discussed. 

Although  the  results  of  these  experiments  are  not  regarded  as  having  defi- 
nitely shown  that  molds  are  active  in  normal  soils,  the  fact  that  in  some 
cases  more,  and  in  all  cases  nearly  as  much,  carbon  dioxfd  was  evolved  from 
sterilized  soils  inoi^lated  with  molds  as  from  similar  soils  inoculated  with 
soil  emulsions  is  held  to  indicate  that  they  may  be. 

It  has  been  definitely  concluded  that  typical  soil  molds  inoculated  into 
sterilized  soil  grow  with  a  vigor  equal  to  or  nearly  equal  to  the  growth  induced 
by  an  inoculation  with  the  entire  soil  flora,  the  evolution  of  carbon  dioxid 
being  the  measure  of  the  vigor  of  growth.    Where  dextrose  was  added  to  the 


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»»J  SOILS — FERTILIZBRS.  128 

Mil  the  results  were  in  general  similar  to  those  for  tbe  soil  alone,  except  for 
the  larger  amounts  of  carbon  dioxid  given  off.  Oaldam  carbonate  in  this 
soil  caused  no  marked  increase  or  decrease  In  the  growth  of  molds.  Steriliza- 
tion in  the  autoclave  increased  the  nitrate,  ammonia,  and  soluble  nonprotein 
nitrogen,  while  sterilization  in  the  Arnold  sterilizer,  increased  the  ammonia 
and  soluble  nonprotein  nitrogen  to  a  less  extent  and  decreased  the  amount  of 
nitrate.  Molds  in  all  cases  caused  a  diminution  in  the  amount  of  nitrates, 
while  anunonia  was  not  much  changed  in  amount  In  nearly  every  case  there 
was  a  decrease  in  the  amounts  of  soluble  nonprotein  nitrogen. 

The  Inversion  of  cane  sa^rar  by  soils  and  allied  substances  and  the  nature 
of  soil  acidity,  F.  El  RiCB  and  S.  Osuoi  {SoU  ScL,  6  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  SSS- 
i58).— The  authors  describe  a  method  for  measuring  acidity  in  soils  through 
tbe  inversion  of  sucrose  in  60  cc.  of  a  solution  of  cane  sugar  to  which  has  been 
added  from  5  to  10  gm.  of  the  soil  to  be  examined.  They  also  present  the  re- 
sults of  considerable  experimental  work  done  at  Ck)rnell  University  upon  the 
inversion  of  cane  sugar  by  several  different  soils,  the  character  of  the  soil 
extracts,  the  acidity  due  to  the  solid  phase  of  the  soil,  inversion  by  other  solid 
inbstances,  the  effect  of  hydrous  oxids  on  cane  sugar,  and  upon  inversion  and 
adective  adsorption.    Their  conclusions  may  be  summarized  as  follows: 

Soils  of  many  kinds  and  other  Insoluble  materials  can  be  made  to  invert 
sucrose.  With  soils  this  power  is  deemed  to  be  a  property  of  the  mineral  por- 
tion as  well  as  of  the  organic  matter.  Furthermore,  it  is  believed  that  this  effect 
is  due  to  acid  and  that  this  acid  may  occur  in  four  different  forms  as  follows : 
(1)  A  slight  quantity  in  a  few  soils  is  soluble  in  the  sugar  solution.  The  prin- 
cipal portion,  however,  is  bound  to  the  soil  particles  in  the  nature  of  (2)  acids 
whidi  would  otherwise  be  easily  soluble,  but  are  here  strongly  adsorbed  on  the 
sdU  particle  surfaces,  or  (3)  an  insoluble  acid  such  as  silicic  acid.  Also  (4)  a 
neutral  salt  present  in  the  soil  solution  in  even  small  quantities  may  be  broken 
down  whUe  in  contact  with  the  soil  mass,  the  basic  part  being  more  strongly 
adsorbed  than  the  acid,  and  the  latter  left  free  to  exert  its  characteristic 
influence  in  inverting  cane  sugar. 

That  the  inverting  activity  of  soils  is  chiefly  a  property  of  the  insoluble  part 
is  said  to  have  been  indicated  in  several  ways.  Many  soils  showed  inverting 
action  on  sugar  in  a  solution  which  remained  neutral  after  contact  with  the 
soil  or  in  some  instances  became  alkaline.  Also,  when  soil  was  allowed  to 
adsorb  some  base,  then  digested  with  cane  sugar  solution,  it  showed  inverting 
action  and  also  yielded  up  sufficient  base  to  make  the  extract  distinctly  alkaline. 
Very  little,  if  any,  inverting  power  was  found  in  water  extracts  from  soils. 
Inversion  did  not  continue  in  sugar  extracts  after  the  soils  were  removed.  In- 
version increased  with  increasing  amounts  of  soil  in  contact  with  the  sugar 
solnti<»,  while  there  was  no  measurable  change  in  the  hydrogen-ion  concentra- 
tion hk  the  extract  Greater  inversion  was  produced  by  shaking  soils  with 
sugar  solutions  than  by  allowing  the  mixtures  to  stand  quiet  Long  continued 
and  repeated  extractions  of  soils  with  water  and  with  cane  sugar  solution  did 
not  greatly  reduce  their  inverting  power. 

Faller*s  earth,  cotton,  charcoal,  and  other  substances  sometimes  described  as 
similar  to  add  soils  were  found  not  to  invert  cane  sugar.  Otherwise  soluble 
adds  80  strongly  adsorbed  by  solids  as  not  to  be  removed  by  washing  in  any 
measurable  quantity  inverted  sugar  in  such  condition.  Silicate  minerals  were 
given  inverting  power  by  treating  suspensions  with  direct  current,  the  base 
splitting  off  and  passing  into  solution  and  to  the  cathode  and  insoluble  silicic 
add  remaining  with  the  mass.  Soil  acidity  is  said  to  be  increased  by  a  similar 
treatment  of  solla    Contrary  to  previous  conclusions,  hydrous  oxids  of  lead, 


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124  EZPEBIMEI7T  STATION  BBOOBD.  (ToL40 

copper,  bismuth,  aluminum,  iron,  and  zinc  were  not  found  to  have  any  iuTert- 
Ing  power.  Many  suspended  substances  having  no  inverting  power  alone  were 
found  to  produce  inversion  when  a  neutral  salt  was  present,  through  selective 
adsorption  of  the  base,  thus  setting  a  small  amount  of  add  free. 

"  'Soil  acidity  *  is  the  term  customarily  applied  when  infertility  of  soil  can  be 
corrected  by  the  use  of  a  free  base,  such  as  lime.  There  are  many  factors  in- 
volved in  causing  this  condition  in  soils,  the  presence  of  real  adds  being  only 
one  of  them.  Methods  used  for  detecting  or  determining  '  soil  addity '  generally 
do  not  measure  the  add  there  but  may  dep^id  upon  many  properties  of  soil 
mass  in  no  way  related  to  addity.  The  power  of  a  soil  to  catalyze  the  reaction 
of  cane  sugar  Inversion  is  a  measure  of  its  add,  and  is  probably  the  only  method 
which  can  measure  the  acid  bound  up  with  the  soil  solid  phase." 

A  bibliography  of  106  titles  is  appended. 

The  chemical  effects  of  CaO  and  CaCO»  on  the  soiL — ^I,  H  (Soil  ScL,  S 
(1918),  No,  5,  pp.  S79^9t), — Investigations  with  water  extracts  (B.  S.  R.,  38, 
pp.  812,  813),  osmotic  pressures  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  813),  and  soil  reactions 
(E.  S.  R.,  36,  p.  117),  made  at  the  California  Experiment  Station,  led  to  further 
observations  concerning  the  effects  of  lime  upon  the  soil  as  evidenced  by  these 
methods  of  study.  The  experimental  work  has  been  divided,  into  two  parts  as 
follows : 

I.  TJie  effect  on  soU  reaction,  by  D.  R.  Hoagland  and  A.  W.  Christie  (pp. 
379-382). — Clay  adobe,  sandy  loam,  and  silty  clay  loam  soils  were  used  in  this 
investigation  in  addition  to  beach  sand.  Two  20-lb.  lots  of  each  soil  were  placed 
in  earthenware  pots  and  commercial  quicklime  added  in  the  proportions  of 
0.07  and  0.28  per  cent,  respectively,  calculated  in  terms  of  pure  calcium  oxid. 
The  soils  were  maintained  at  approximately  an  optimum  moisture  content  for 
six  months.  Samples  were  taken  at  intervals  during  this  period  and  the  H-ion 
concentration  determined  by  the  hydrogen  electrode  method. 

The  initial  effect  of  both  low  and  high  percentages  of  caldum  oxid  was  to 
increase  greatly  the  OH-ion  concentration  In  all  the  soils  examined,  the  reaction 
of  the  clay  adobe  being  least  affected  and  that  of  the  beach  sand  most  affected. 
The  Influence  decreased  with  time,  but  was  more  marked  than  In  the  case  of  the 
untreated  soil  or  that  treated  with  calcium  carbonate  even  after  10  months. 

Growing  barley  on  soil  in  contact  with  caldum  oxid  for  six  months  failed  to 
produce  any  significant  change  in  the  OH-ion  concentration,  and  no  Inhibition 
of  plant  growth  was  observed. 

With  the  addition  of  an  excess  of  calcium  oxid  to  an  acid  fine  sandy  loam  soil, 
nitrification  was  practically  inhibited  due  to  the  high  concentration  of  OH-ion, 
while  similar  soil  treated  with  calcium  carbonate  gave  100  per  cent  nitrification. 

II.  The  effect  on  ioater-soluhle  nutrients  in  toilSt  by  A.  W.  Christie  and  J.  C 
Martin  (pp.  383-^392).— The  direct  chemical  effects  of  calcium  oxid  and  calcium 
carbonate  on  the  water-soluble  calcium,  magnesium,  potassium,  phosphate,  sul- 
phate, and  nitrate  in  seven  different  soils,  induding  sandy  loam,  fine  sandy 
loam,  silty  clay  loam,  and  day  adobe,  were  studied.  Previous  soil  treatm^its 
induded  either  leaching,  storing,  cropping,  or  fallowing.  Data  on  the  osmotic 
pressure  of  the  soil  solutions  as  determined  by  the  freezing-point  method  are 
also  presented. 

Six  500-gm.  portions  of  each  air-dry  soil  were  used  and  duplicate  applica- 
tions made  of  0.5  gm.  of  caldum  carbonate  and  0.28  gm.  of  calcium  oxid.  The 
soils  were  maintained  at  an  optimum  moisture  content  for  one  week  and  then . 
analyzed.  In  order  to  demonstrate  more  fully  the  direct  effect  of  lime,  0.4  per 
cent  caldum  oxid  was  added  to  a  silty  clay  loam  soil  and  allowed  to  stand 
only  24  hours  before  analysis.  The  results  obtained  indicated  the  immediate 
chemical  effects  of  quicklime. 


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i»io]  eoTLB—mxLTnjzBM.  125 

The  effects  of  calcium  oxld  were  more  pronounced  than  those  of  calcium  car- 
bonate. Water-soluble  potassium  was  increased  in  two  soils  and  decreased  in 
two,  soluble  magnesium  Increased  In  four  cases  and  decreased  In  one,  soluble 
Milphate  Increased  In  four  soils,  and  soluble  phosphates  Increased  In  two,  while 
In  only  one  case  was  a  significant  Increase  in  nitrate  observed. 

The  authors  state  that  **  It  Is  evident  from  the  data  considered  that  all  soils 
do  not  react  chemically  with  lime  In  the  same  manner.  Furthermore,  even  the 
same  soil  under  different  concentrations  of  soil  solution,  due  to  cropping  or 
fallowing,  may  react  differently.  No  attempt  is  made  to  explain  the  reasons  for 
the  changes  observed.  Evidently,  the  addition  of  lime  compounds  changes  the 
equilibrium  in  the  complex  soil  solution,  and  the  resultant  effects  are  varied 
and  impossible  to  predict.  Further  study  involving  determinations  of  all  the 
elements  concerned  would  be  necessary  before  even  a  plausible  hy];)othesis  could 
be  advanced.'* 

Heatralization  of  sour  soiU  {Bui.  R.  L  State  Col,  IS  {1918),  J^o.  4,  p.  S9).— 
In  a  comparison  at  the  Rhode  Island  Experiment  Station  of  the  different  forms 
of  lime  it  is  stated  that  "no  positive  crop  differences  developed  where  high 
magnesium  limestone,  high  calcium  limestone,  or  the  burned  and  hydrated 
products  produced  from  them  were  added  In  quantities  sufficient  to  neutralize 
the  same  amount  of  add  in  the  laboratory.  There  appears  to  be  no  reason 
f6r  avoiding  the  magneslan  products."  The  lime  In  Thomas  slag  phosphate 
is  said  to  be  about  one-third  as  efficient  as  that  in  the  finest  carbonate  (E.  S. 
R.,  87,  p.  815). 

Largely  through  the  continued  use  of  sulphate  of  ammonia  Instead  of  nitrate 
of  soda  for  top-dressing  lawn  grasses,  the  soil  acidity  was  maintained  to  such 
an  extent  that  weeds  were  eliminated.  This  being  especially  marked  in  the  case 
of  crab  grass.    See  also  a  previous  note  (E.  S.  R.,  S7,  p.  446). 

Much  of  the  benefit  derived  from  liming  is  thought  to  be  due  to  the  precipitation 
of  aluminum  from  the  soil  solution.  Laboratory  and  solution  experiments  have 
shown  that  aluminum  Itself,  aside  from  the  acidity  of  its  salts,  was  much  more 
toxic  to  barley  than  to  rye,  affecting  the  two  plants  in  the  same  manner  as  do 
so-called  acid  soils.    See  also  a  previous  note  (E.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  114). 

An  analysis  of  dry  ground  starfish  showed  it  to  contain  approximately  5  per 
cent  of  nitrogen  and  27  per  cent  of  calcium  oxld. 

[Work  in  soil  chemistry  and  bacteriology  at  the  New  Jersey  Stations, 
1917]  {New  Jersey  Stat.  Bui.  817  {1917),  pp.  28-^^). -/This  notes  the  progress 
of  field  and  cylinder  experiments  on  nitrogen  availability  and  nitrogen  accumu- 
lation and  utilization,  and  describes  new  work  undertaken  to  determine  the  fer- 
tilizer requirements  of  com  and  potatoes. 

The  average  yield  of  timothy  on  the  nitrogen  availability  plats  was  2,562  lbs. 
per  acre  for  the  unlimed  plats  and  2,472  lbs.  for  the  limed  plats.  It  is  suggested 
that  the  reduced  yield  on  the  limed  'plats  may  have  been  due  to  a  more  rapid  de- 
pletion of  the  nitrogen  in  the  absence  of  legumes  in  the  rotation.  Rotation 
experiments  in  which  clover  supplied  part  of  the  nitrogen  resulted  in  higher 
yields  of  timothy  on  the  limed  plats.  Nitrate  of  soda,  sulphate  of  ammonia, 
farm  manure,  and  dried  blood  added  to  Penn  loam  soil  in  cylinders  resulted  in 
a  recovery  of  55.77,  41.75,  29.85,  and  29.41  per  cent  of  the  applied  nitrogen,  re- 
flectively. In  cylinders  containing  soils  of  varying  mechanical  composition, 
61  per  cent  of  the  nitrogen  applied  as  nitrate  of  soda  was  recovered  as  compared 
with  80  per  cent  from  dried  blood. 

Wheat  and  rye  grown  continuously  on  the  nitrogen  accumulation  and  utiliza- 
tion plats  are  said  to  have  given  unusually  low  yields.  Wheat  grown  on  plats 
seeded  to  soy  beans  immediately  after  the  wheat  harvest  yielded  5  bu.  per  acre 


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EXPEBIKENT  STATION  B£CX>BB, 


[ToL40 


more  than  wheat  grown  on  wheat  stubble.  Liming  the  plats  resulted  In  in- 
creased yields  of  soy  beans,  cowpeas  and  oats,  Canada  field  peas,  and  alfalfiu 
Counts  of  the  number  of  nodules  on  the  roots  of  soy  bean  plants  grown  on  both 
limed  and  unlimed  plats  showed  an  average  of  85  nodules  per  plant  for  t^ 
former  and  87  for  the  latter.  The  result  obtained  in  cylinder  experiments  are 
held  to  indicate  that  in  most  cases  larger  yields  were  obtained  where  nitrogen 
was  secured  from  leguminous  green  manure  crops  (grown  between  the  main 
crops)  than  from  either  nitrate  of  soda  or  stable  manure.  This  was  specially 
noticeable  in  the  case  of  com. 

The  potato  fertilizer  experiments  were  conducted  cooperatively  at  Mt  Holly 
and  Elmer.  The  results  of  the  first  season's  worlc  Indicate  that  an  application 
of  14200  Iba  of  a  standard  4:8:8  fertiliser  was  as  efficient  in  increasing  yields 
as  the  use  of  1,600  lbs.,  and  that  a  8  per  cent  potash  mixture  gave  better  re- 
sults than  a  10  per  cent  mixture. 

What  is  the  bulk  of  manure  produced  by  the  consumption  of  hayf  J.  A. 
VoELCKSB  {Jour,  Ray.  Agr.  8oc,  England,  78  {1917),  pp,  24jh248;  ahs.  in  Ch&n. 
Abs.,  12  {1918),  No.  20,  p.  2105). — ^Experiments  are  reported  in  wlilch  eii^t 
steers  divided  into  four  lots  of  two  each  were  fed  from  December  29  to  April  2, 
as  follows :  Lot  1,  a  standard  ration  of  bean  meal  190  lbs.,  maize  190  lbs.,  roots 
8,971  Iba,  chopped  straw  757  lbs.,  and  hay  752  lbs.  Lots  2,  8,  and  4  were  fed 
the  standard  ration  with  the  addition  of  1420  lbs.  of  hay  for  lot  2, 1,099  lbs.  of 
palm-nut  cake  for  lot  3,  and  1,101  lbs.  of  malt  culms  for  lot  4.  All  lots  received 
the  same  amount  of  bedding,  1,907  lbs.  The  more  Important  results  obtained  are 
given  in  the  following  table: 

Manure  produced  J>y  steers  on  different  rations. 


Lot. 

Balk  of 

Weight  of 
ma&im. 

Ifinenl 
matter. 

Nitrocn. 

1  

fi.72 
5.67 
7.00 

Xte. 
8,830 
9723 
8^401 

Per  end. 
4.22 
4.  S3 
4.20 
S.70 

PerctnL 
0.467 

2 

486 

8 

.750 

4  

.665 

The  conclusion  drawn  from  these  figures  Is  that  a  ton  of  hay  consumed  in  the 
yards  will  give  2.38  cu.  yds.  of  extra  bullc  of  manure,  but  that  while  cake  fed  in 
the  same  way  produces  little  Increase  in  bulk  of  manure,  namely,  about  0.25 
cu.  yd.  for  every  ton  consumed,  *'  foods  of  bulky  nature,  like  malt  culms,  dried 
grains,  etc.,  produce  an  even  greater  bulk  of  manure  than  hay  does  (nearly 
8  cu.  yds.  for  each  ton  consumed).  Feeding  with  malt  culms  or  dried  grains 
calls  for  more  water  to  be  given  to  bullocks  than  when  hay  is  fed.  The  amount 
of  water  taken  with  cake  and  with  hay  is  about  the  same  in  either  case." 

The  triangle  system  for  fertilizer  experiments,  O.  ScHBEmEB  and  J.  J. 
Skinnes  {Jour,  Amer.  80c.  Agron.,  10  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  225-246,  pis.  S,  figs. 
H). — In  this  paper,  a  contribution  from  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture,  a  triangle  system  for  representing  different  fertiliser 
treatments,  first  employed  by  the  authors  in  nutrient  solution  studies  (E.  S.  R., 
28,  p.  624),  is  fully  described  and  its  application  to  experimental  work  both  with 
nutrient  solutions  and  in  the  field  discussed  and  illustrated.  With  proper  care 
in  planning  the  work,  the  method  is  thought  to  present  a  comprehensive  basis 
for  the  interpretation  and  the  easy  presentation  and  handling  of  the  results. 

Manurlal  values  of  dairy  feeds,  R.  I.  Osadt  {Mo.  Bui.  Ohio  Sta.,  S  {1918), 
No.  10,  pp.  S17,  S18), — ^The  author  presents  a  table  showing  the  amounts  of 

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t»m  SOILS — PEETILIZEBd.  127 

nitrate  of  soda,  16  per  cent  acid  phosphate,  and  muriate  of  potash  which  would 
be,  reflpectively,  eQulvalent  In  nitrogen,  phosphoric  acid,  and  potash  to  the 
amounts  contained  in  1  ton  each  of  com,  oats,  bran,  oil  meal,  cottonseed  meal, 
doTer  hay,  and  alf alfft  hay,  as  Indicated  by  data  given  in  Henry  and  Morrison's 
P^eds  and  Feeding  (E.  S.  R.,  34,  p.  261).  At  the  present  high  prices  of  fer- 
tillxers,  the  manurial  value  of  these  feeds  has  been  calculated  as  $18.90,  $17.80. 
$33.23,  $48.63,  $56.95,  $26.02,  and  $82.76  per  ton,  respectively. 

[Fertilisers  required  for  food  production  in  Norway]  (Tidtskr.  Nortke 
Ltmdhr,,  24  {1917),  No.  5,  pp.  208^11;  abs.  in  Internet,  Ifut.  Agr.  IRomel, 
IntenuU.  Rev.  SoL  and  Pract,  Agr.,  9  {1918),  No,  9,  p.  1041). — Summarizing  data 
which  are  given  in  detail,  it  is  estimated  that  per  annum  *'  the  total  fertilizer 
required  in  Norway  to  provide  for  food  production  is  70,862  tons  of  15  per  ixsxt 
calcium  nitrate,  91,581  tons  of  16  per  cent  superphosphate,  and  41,886  tons  of  37 
ptf  eeat  potash  salta" 

Fertiliaers  in  South  Africa  {8o.  African  Jour.  /ndiM.,  1  {1918),  No.  5,  pp. 
4S!h467;  Iniemai.  Inst.  Agr.  [Aome],  Intemat.  Rev.  Bci.  and  Fraot.  Agr„  9 
{1918),  No.  e,  pp.  668-470). —It  is  pointed  out  that  the  fertilizer  requiremenU 
of  South  Africa  are,  in  descending  order  of  importance,  phosphoric  oxid,  nitro- 
gen, and  potash.  Statistics  are  given  of  the  imports  of  manures  and  fertilizers 
into  South  Africa  from  1913  to  1916,  and  the  results  of  a  survey,  by  the  Sclen- 
tlflc  and  Technical  Committee,  of  the  fertilizer  situation  are  briefly  reviewed. 

The  domestic  sources  of  fertilizing  materials  Include  **  South  African  guano 
supplies,  the  increased  employment  of  green  manuring,  the  use  of  ground  lime- 
etone,  the  possible  utilization  of  wool-wash^ y  and  sawdust  waste  and  of  kelp 
for  sai^lies  of  potash,  cottonseed  by-products,  locally  produced  ammonium  sul- 
phate, the  supply  of  phosphates  from  the  Seychelles  and  elsewhere,  and  the  pos- 
sible utilization  of  Saldanha  Bay  and  other  local  phosphate  rocks."  In  addition 
there  is  a  considerable  amount  of  abattoir  and  fishery  refuse  which  might  be 
used  for  fertilizing  purposes. 

Efforts  are  being  made  to  convert  the  large  deposits  of  Iron-alumlna  phos- 
phates of  South  Africa  into  a  form  suitable  for  agricultural  use.  About  200  tons 
per  month  of  ammonium  sulphate  is  being  produced  from  coal  in  Natal,  prac- 
tically all  of  which  is  exported  to  Mauritius  for  use  in  growing  sugar  cane. 

Electric  power  for  nltrogren  fixation,  B.  K.  Scott  {Proc.  Amer.  Inst.  Bled. 
Ai^iM.,  97  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  779-792,  fig-  H  a6«.  in  8ci.  Abe.,  Sect.  BSlect. 
BngiiL,  21  {1918),  No.  250,  pp.  869,  870).—Ttke  author  compares  the  direct  arc 
process  for  making  nitric  acid  with  the  indirect  cyanamid  process. 

It  is  shown  that  the  arc  process  is  much  simpler,  and  the  suggestion  is 
made  that  a  number  of  plants  making  nitrates  by  this  process  should  be  erected 
ftt  existing  power  houses,  working  with  off-peak  power.  A  plant  of  10,000  kw. 
is  considered  suitable.  Transportation  would  thus  be  reduced.  **A  diagram 
Is  given  showing  the  layout  of  a  battery  of  by-product  coke  ovens  with  an  elec- 
tric power  house  worked  by  the  surplus  gas  and  a  nitrate-from-air  plant  to  use 
the  tiectridty.  Figures  are  given  showing  that  the  nitric  acid  made  by  such 
t  plant  is  about  the  right  amount  to  combine  with  the  anmionla  to  form  am- 
monium nitrate,  a  compound  in  great  demand  at  the  present  time  for  explo- 
rt^es." 

A  new  fertiliser,  **  superphosphate  of  ammonia,'^  0.  Bbioux  (Compl.  Rend. 
Acad.  Agr.  France,  4  {1918),  No.  21,  pp.  6S2-6S8;  abs.  in  Chem.  Abs.,  12  {1918), 
Vo,  20,  p.  2104). — ^A  method  of  using  superphosphate  to  absorb  ammonia  is  de- 
Kribed,  and  the  fertilizing  value  of  the  neutral  product  thus  obtained  is  dis- 
CQtsed.  The  product  obtained  by  this  process  in  the  experiments  here  re- 
ported contained  15.8  per  c^it  of  phosphoric  acid,  14.1  per  cent  of  which  was 
■olnble  in  2  per  cent  citric  acid,  and  4.97  per  cent  of  ammonlacal  nitrogen.        j 

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128  BXPEBIMEITT  STATIOK  BEOOBD.  IV&L46 

Th«  solubilitT  and  mnixnilability  of  caldom  phosphates,  Lenixit  and  A. 
Bbtxno  {Compt.  Rend,  Acad.  Agr.  France,  4  {1918),  No,  24,  pp.  692-694,  705-708; 
ab9.  in  Ohetn.  Abt.,  12  (1918),  No.  20,  p.  2104). —The  auestion  as  to  whether  rock 
phosphate  mixed  with  sulphur,  as  proposed  by  Llpman  and  others,  would  be- 
come dtrate-soluble  In  a  calcareous  soil.  Is  discussed,  and  yarious  investlca- 
tions  indicating  that  sulphur  in  the  soil  aids  ammonifying  bacteria  and  is 
oxidized  to  sulphuric  acid  are  reviewed. 

Beoovery  of  potash  from  iron  blast  furnaces  and  cement  kilns  by  ^eetrl- 
cal  precipitation,  L.  Braduct  {Jour  Indus,  and  Engin.  Chem.,  10  {1918},  No. 
10,  pp.  8S4--8S8). — ^Among  the  conclusions  drawn  in  this  article  are  that  **  while 
the  largest  Immediate  tonnage  [of  potash]  may  be  obtained  from  desert  lakes, 
kelp,  alunite,  and  a  few  other  sources,  nevertheless  a  study  of  the  economic 
problems  will  show  that  the  surest  way  of  making  our  potash  industry  a  per- 
manent and  enduring  one,  able  to  supply  all  of  our  requirements,  even  against 
German  competition,  is  to  develop  and  rely  upon  the  by-product  potash.**  The 
present  development  and  possibilities  of  recovery  of  potash  as  a  by-product 
from  blast  furnaces  and  cement  works  are  discussed.  In  the  author's  opinioxi, 
the  potentialities  of  recovery  from  blast  furnaces  apparently  surpass  those  of 
the  cement  industry. 

A  classified  bibliography  of  the  subject  is  given. 

Recovery  of  potash  from  kelp,  C.  A.  Higoins  {Jour.  Indus,  and  Bngin. 
Chem.,  10  {1918),  No.  10,  pp.  8S2,  8SS,  fig.  1;  abs.  in  Amer.  Jour.  ScL,  4.  ser.^  4s 
{1918),  No.  276,  pp.  764*  7(75).— This  article  describes  especially  improvements 
iu  methods  of  harvesting  kelp  and  recovery  of  by-products  by  a  company  op- 
erating near  San  Diego,  Cal. 

In  the  author's  opinion,  the  domestic  demands  for  potash  can  not  be  supplied 
from  the  Pacific  Coast  kelps.  "Kelp,  solely  as  a  source  of  potash,  will  never 
compete  with  unrestricted  supplies  from  Europe  or  even  with  the  potash  re- 
covered in  modern  cement  or  blast-furnace  practice.  The  utilization  of  kelp 
in  such  a  way,  however,  as  to  realize  on  all  the  other  possible  values  of  kelp 
may  help  to  render  the  users  of  high-grade  potash  for  chemical  purposes  out- 
side of  the  fertilizer  trade  independent  of  foreign  supplies.'* 

Potash  from  desert  lakes  and  alnnlte,  J.  W.  Hobnbey  {Jour.  Indus,  and 
Bngin.  Chem.,  10  {1918),  No.  10,  pp.  8S8,  8S9).— This  article  briefly  reviews  Gov- 
ernment and  private  investigation  of  sources  of  potash  in  the  United  States, 
including  Searles  Lake,  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  other  American  lakes,  the  Pin- 
tados deposit  in  Chile,  and  alunite. 

In  the  author's  opinion  these  investigations  have  definitely  resulted  in  the 
development  of  a  permanent  potash  industry  in  this  country,  since  some  of  the 
plants  now  in  operation  "  will,  undoubtedly,  be  able  to  continue  after  the  ^var.** 

Potash  from  Searles  Lake,  A.  de  Ropp,  jil  {Jour.  Indus,  and  Engin.  Chem^ 
10  {1918),  No.  10,  pp.  8S9-844*  fkf9.  i^).— A  description  is  given  of  the  Searles 
Lake  deposits  and  of  the  works  established  there  to  recover  potash  and  other 
products.  It  is  stated  that  one  plant  in  operation  there  is  now  producing  about 
1,800  tons  of  crude  potash  salts  per  month. 

The  Alsatisn  potash  mines  and  works  {Chem.  Trade  Jour.,  63  {1918}^  N'o. 
1646,  pp.  4^0,  42O). — Statements  from  both  the  German  and  the  French  points 
of  view  are  given  regarding  the  capacities  and  present  and  possible  develop- 
ment of  these  mines  and  works. 

Lime,  and  the  liming  of  soils,  J.  A.  Hanxet  {Jour.  8oc.  Chem,  Indus.^  S7 
{1918),  No.  12,  pp.  185T-'190T;  abs.  in  Chem.  Abs.,  12  {1918),  No.  20,  p.  2106). -^ 
Results  of  tests  of  the  lime  requirements  of  Torkshire  soils  of  different  kinds 
by  the  Hutchinson  and  MacLennan  method  (E.  8.  R.,  38,  p.  622)  are  reported 
and  discussed. 

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IWdJ  AGMOULTURAL  BOTAlrt.  12d 

The  author  concludes  that  the  "  sournees  '*  observed  in  these  tests  **  Is  due 
to  the  neglect  of  liming  soils  either  originally  deficient  in  lime,  e.  g.,  coal  meas- 
ures or  millstone  grit,  or  from  which  the  lime  has  been  washed  out  by  rain, 
e.  g.,  limestone  soils  and  many  of  the  drift  soils,"  and  that  "  the  inevitable 
loss  of  lime  by  leaching  is  augmented  (1)  by  the  continuous  use  of  acid  fer- 
tilizers, particularly  sulphate  of  ammonia,  and  (2)  by  the  presence  of  a  smoky 
a^d  add  atmosphere."  Methods  of  correcting  the  conditions  observed  by  lim- 
ing and  the  relative  value  of  different  forms  of  lime  for  the  purpose  are  dls- 
CQSsed. 

The  recovery  of  ashes  and  their  utilization  in  agriculture,  A.  Pi^dalltt 
(Compt.  Rend.  Acad,  Agr.  France,  4  {1918),  No,  28,  pp,  781-784;  ahs,  in  Chem, 
Ab^,  12  {1918),  No,  20,  pp.  2104,  2105), —The  value  of  the  ashes  from  French 
army  and  Paris  bakeries  is  discussed.  It  is  stated  that  the  ashes  from  the 
army  bakeries  are  used  in  the  military  gardens,  but  it  is  estimated  that  3 
metric  tons  of  ashes  containing  660  lbs.  of  potash  salts  from  the  bakeries  of 
Paris  are  daily  wasted.  A  table  showing  the  ash,  potash,  phosphoric  acid,  and 
manganese  content  of  different  kinds  of  wood  is  given. 

AGMCTTlTimAl  BOTAFT. 

Ecology,  F.  B.  Clements  {Carnegie  Inst,  Washinffton  Year  Book,  16  {1917), 
pp.  SOS-^06), — ^Ecological  studies  during  1917  have  centered  mainly  upon  the 
problems  of  grazing  research,  indicator  plants,  climatic  cycles,  climatic  cycles 
and  succession  in  bad  lands,  and  a  system  of  permanent  quadrates. 

Experimental  evolution  in  a  desert  habitat,  W.  L.  Toweb  {Carnegie  Inst, 
'WaMngiim  Year  Book,  16  {1917),  pp.  95-98). — It  is  stated  that  since  any  desert 
eiivUt>nic  complex  ^presents  probably  the  most  diversified  and  variable  set  of 
conditions  that  organisms  are  called  upon  to  meet,  none  of  the  introduced  spe- 
cies could  breed  or  survive  without  some  aid  in  meeting  such  desert  condi- 
tions. The  cultures  of  introduced  species  now  at  Tucson,  Ariz.,  have  achieved 
a  safe  degree  of  adjustment  to  the  problems  they  have  met.  Data  are  given 
regarding  adjustment  tests  to  which  plants  were  subjected  and  the  genetic  be- 
havior of  plants  under  observation  and  experiment. 

^tal  statistics  of  desert  plants,  F.  Srseve  {Carnegie  Inst,  Washington  Year 
Book,  16  {1917),  pp.  93^5), — ^A  record  has  been  carried  on  for  seven  years  in 
regard  to  the  germinations  and  the  fate  of  the  seedlings  of  several  species  of 
desert  perennials  on  an  area  near  the  Desert  Laboratory.  Qrowth  curves  es- 
tablished indicate  that  the  largest  individuals  of  Camegiea  gigantea  are  from 
125  to  175  years  old.  Notes  are  given  on  germinations  and  survivals  of  the 
various  species  which  were  planted  in  the  observational  area  in  question. 

It  appears  that  the  establishment  of  new  individuals  in  the  plant  populations 
of  the  desert  Is  an  extremely  slow  process,  even  for  plants  which  are  abundant 
and  characteristic.  This  fact  leads  to  a  striking  conservatism  as  regards  cer- 
tain forms,  this  conservatism  contrasting  sharply  with  the  rapid  and  abundant 
development  of  annual  forms  during  periods  favorable  thereto. 

Flant  distrihfution  on  desert  mountains,  F.  Shbeve  {Carnegie  Inst,  Washing- 
tos  Year  Book,  16  {1917),  pp.  92,  95).— An  attempt  is  being  made  to  study  the 
eaases  of  the  presence  or  absence  of  different  species  of  plants  in  various 
moiutain  regions. 

Bate  of  growth  in  relation  to  altltudinal  conditions,  F.  Shbeve  {Carnegie 
Inst.  Washington  Year  Book,  16  {1917),  pp,  89,  90).— rrom  work  prosecuted  for 
ieveral  years,  mainly  on  the  Santa  Oatalina  Mountains,  it  appears  that  the 
rnunber  of  pine  trees  more  than  10  cm.  in  diameter  increases  with  an  altitude 


/ 


uigitizea  Dy  ' 


.g\e 


ISO  fiXl^E^MBKT  dTATlOK  R&COBD.  ^n^L40 

of  from  Q»000  to  9,000  ft,  marking  approximately  the  limits  of  yeUow  pine. 
Ollmatlc  condltioiiB  and  soil  molstnre  are  dlacossed  In  this  connection. 

The  rOle  of  climatie  conditions  in  determining  the  dlstribntion  of  vegeta- 
tion in  the  United  States,  B.  B.  Livutoston  and  F.  Shbbtk  {Carnegie  Intt. 
WMhington  Tear  Book,  16  {1917),  p.  j^).— This  investigation  Is  said  to  have 
shown  condnsively  that  the  principal  types  of  vegetation  in  the  United  States 
are  controlled  as  to  distribution  by  those  moisture  conditions  which  are  related 
most  directly  to  the  maintenance  of  equilibrium  between  absorption  and  trans- 
piration in  individual  plants. 

Evaluation  of  the  temperature  of  the  soil  as  an  environmental  factor, 
W.  A.  Cannon  {Cameffie  Inat.  Wiuhington  Year  Book,  16  {1917),  pp.  91,  92).-- 
A  study  of  the  Influence  of  soil  temperature  on  growth,  employing  as  an  indi- 
cator the  development  of  CovUlea  triderUata,  which  Is  said  to  be  very  sensitive 
in  this  respect.  Is  claimed  to  show  that  the  soil  temperature  at  a  depth  of  30 
cm.  (11.8  in.)  at  Tucson,  Ariz.,  Is  about  eight  times  as  effective  for  root  growth 
of  Ck>vlllea  as  at  the  same  depth  at  OarmeL  This  is  a  dlfferoice  sufficient  to 
account  for  the  survival  of  a  species  In  one  locality  and  its  failure  In  another. 

Osmotic  concentration  of  tissue  fluids  in  relation  to  geographical  distribu- 
tion, J.  A.  Habbis  {Carnegie  Inti.  Washington  Tear  Book,  16  {1917),  pp.  88, 
8P).— Studies  previously  reported  (B.  S.  R..  37,  pp.  47.  632;  38,  p.  125;  SO,  p. 
29)  and  In  progress  on  sap  concentration  have  at  present  for  their  ultimate 
object  the  completion  of  a  reconnolssance  of  the  sap  properties  of  the  vegeta- 
tions of  typical  phytogeographlcat  regions,  a  list  of  which  Is  given. 

Vegetable  saps  {Carnegie  Inst.  WoBhington  Tear  Book,  16  {1917),  pp.  ISl, 
ISB). — ^The  director  of  the  department  of  experimental  evolution  states  that 
studies  by  Harris  and  Lawrence  have  shown  that  sap  concentration  in  trees  in- 
creases from  lower  to  higher  levels,  and  It  is  considered  pjpbable  that  this  in- 
crease of  concentration  with  elevation  is  a  cause  of  sap  ascent  A  correspond- 
ence appears  to  exist  also  between  sap  concentration  and  environmental  con- 
ditions and  between  concentration  and  the  successive  terms  of  the  series  trees, 
shrubs,  half  shrubs,  perennial  herbs,  and  winter  annuals.  Phanerogamic  para- 
sites (Loranthacee)  have  in  general  higher  osmotic  pressures  in  their  saps  than 
their  hosts. 

Some  marine  mangroves  show,  as  regards  sap  concentration,  osmotic  pres- 
sures at  least  as  high  as  50  atmospheres.  Certain  mangroves  growing  in  neaiiy 
fresh  water  show  not  over  half  that  concentration.  These  fftcts,  it  Is  thought, 
may  possibly  be  connected  with  the  adaptation  of  mangroves  to  growth  in  salt 
water. 

Studies  on  the  development  and  nutritional  physiology  of  some  Ghloro- 
phycett,  H.  Najlano  {Jour.  CoU  8ci.,  Imp,  Univ.  Tokyo,  40  {1917),  Art.  2,  pp. 
2U,  pl8,  S,  flgB.  9).— A  study  has  been  made  involving  pure  cultures  of  three 
new  physiological  races  and  two  new  morphological  qpecles  of  alge.  All  of 
these  are  said  to  be  able  to  give,  when  cultivated  with  Azotobacter,  a  larger 
amount  of  nitrogen  than  is  given  by  Azotobacter  alone.  This  fact  is  held  to 
point  to  a  symbiotic  relation  between  Azotobacter  and  the  algee  in  question. 

Yellowing  in  these  algie  is  said  to  result  from  the  diminution  of  chlorophyll 
while  the  yellow  coloring  matters  persist,  the  yellowed  cells  being  richly  sup- 
plied with  fat  or  grains  of  amylodextrln.  The  factors  involved  are  a  plentiful 
supply  of  assimilable  carbon,  deficiency  of  nitrogen,  intense^  illumination  (red 
rays),  optimal  temperature,  and  alternate  presence  and  absence  of  air.  The 
conditions  for  restoration  of  normal  green  color  are  renewed  supply  of  nitrogen 
compounds  (several  forms  named),  moderate  light  intensity  (blue  rays)  or 
even  darkness,  optimum  temperature,  and  sufficient  oxygen  supply. 


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19191  AGRICULTURAIi  BOTAKY.  131 

In  full  light,  the  principal  factor  In  etiolation  is  saprophytism,  the  secondary 
factors  being  the  influence  of  light,  air,  and  temperature.  Bleaching  is  a  result 
of  the  formation  of  formic  acid,  this  phenomenon  indicating  death,  while  yel- 
lowlDg  is  characteristic  of  living  plants. 

Studies  on  the  poisonous  effects  of  organic  and  inorganic  acids  show  that  the 
Injury  is  due  to  the  presence  of  undissociated  acid  molecules. 

Yellowing  is  regarded  as  of  ecological  significance.  Increase  of  carbon 
sources  checks  chlorophyll  formation,  and  as  a  result  nitrogen  may  be  utilized. 

Controlled  ]>ollination  in  Nicotiana,  T.  H.  Goodspexd  and  Pisie  Davidson 
(Unir.  Col.  Pubs.  Bot.,  5  {1918),  No.  IS,  pp.  J^9-4S4) .—The  authors  indicate  the 
results  of  controlled  pollination  experiments  carried  out  with  N.  langadorffli 
grandi/lora  in  a  greenhouse,  the  temperature  of  which  ranged  around  30"*  G. 
(80^  F.).  While  the  data  are  regarded  as  too  fragmentary  to  Justify  sweeping 
conclusions,  it  appears  that  fertilization  of  an  extremely  small  percentage  of 
the  ovules  is  sufficient  to  prevent  abscission  of  the  flower,  and  it  is  emphasized 
that  this  fact  apparently  does  not  depend  upon  the  normality  of  the  embryo 
sacs  and  their  capability  for  fertilization. 

It  was  found  that  there  is  in  Nlcotiana  a  certain  stage  of  development  of  the 
seed  capsule  beyond  which  automatic  abscission  does  not  occur  and  spontaneous 
abscission  can  not  be  induced.  This  is  explained  by  the  fact  that  mechanical 
tissue  is  rapidly  developed  in  the  pedicel  of  the  flower  after  anthesis  in  suffl- 
cent  amount  to  retain  the  flower  upon  the  plant.  It  appears  also  that  no 
normal  pollen  is  produced  by  the  Fi  tahacum'Sylve^tria  hybrida  Apparently, 
also,  there  is  no  selective  fertilization  from  the  point  of  view  of  position  on  the 
placentse,  the  particular  embryo  sacs  reached  by  the  pollen  tubes  being  a  mat- 
ter of  chance. 

The  inheritance  of  germinal  peculiarities.  Howeringr  plants  {Carnegie 
In»t,  Washington  Year  Book,  16  (1911),  pp.  125-121)  .—An  account  by  the  di- 
rector of  the  department  of  experimental  evolution  is  given  of  inheritance 
studies  by  Blakeslee  (£.  S.  R.,  32,  p.  726;  36,  p.  522;  37,  p.  831),  which  are 
being  continued. 

In  case  of  the  yellow  daisy  {Rudheckia  hiria),  added  evidence  has  been 
accumulated  in  regard  to  the  inheritance  of  self-fertility  and  seff-sterility  and 
the  effects  of  inbreeding.  The  work  on  Jimson  weeds  {Datura  Btranwnium) 
has  been  extended,  and  a  number  of  new  mutants  have  been  discovered.  Results 
of  similar  work  previously  done  suggest  that  the  mutant  character  is  trans- 
mitted through  the  female  and  not  through  the  male  parent  In  Portulaca  a 
dwarf  mutant  has  been  found  which  appears  to  act  as  a  Mendelian  recessive, 
but  which  occasionally  produces  branches  reverting  to  the  normal  type,  which 
are  heterozygous  for  the  dwarf  character.  Other  vegetative  segregations  as  well 
as  doubling  and  color  types  of  flowers  in  this  species  are  being  studied.  Dou- 
bling in  Portulaca  seems  to  be  a  Mendelian  dominant  Helianthus  is  under  in- 
Testigation  as  regards  doubling  and  self-fertility.  Verbena  is  being  investigated 
regarding  color  characters  and  self -fertility.  The  adzuki  bean  {Phaseolus  angu- 
larii)  has  been  grown  for  a  number  of  years.  Its  qualities,  some  of  which  are 
valuable,  are  discussed.  Other  studies  of  adzuki  bean  and  other  beans  are  men- 
tioned. 

Analysis  of  a  potato  hybrid,  Solanum  fendleriXS.  tuberosum  ("  Sa- 
linas'Of  O.  T.  MacDouoal  {Carnegie  Inst.  Washington  Year  Book,  1$  {1917), 
p.  98).— The  wild  potato  of  Arizona  {8,  fendleri),  growing  abqve  an  elevation  of 
5,000  ft,  producing  a  small  tuber,  and  enduring  the  climatic  extremes  of  that 
habitat  has  been  carried  through  acclimatization  cultures  at  Tucson  and  at  the 
Goastal  Laboratory.  The  cross  was  obtained  in  1914  and  the  second  genera- 
tion, of  about  1,000  plants,  was  brought  to  maturity  in  1917.  ^  . 

uigiiizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


Id2  i&XlȣillUENT  dtAtlOtr  ItfiCOltfK  ^  tyoL40 

The  Fi  generation  proves  to  be  intermediate  between  the  two  parents,  pro- 
ducing tubers  two  or  three  times  as  large  as  the  wild  parent  The  Fs  includes  a 
number  of  individuals  apparently  identical  with  the  wild  parent  Intermediate 
forms  were  also  obtained,  and  it  may  appear  that  the  domestic  parent  is  also 
represented.  The  hybrid  has  been  grown  at  various  points,  and  this  material  is 
to  be  used  in  further  genetic  studies. 

Uass  mutations  and  twin  hybrids  of  <Bnothera  grandiflora,  H.  Dk  Vans 
(Bot.  Oaz„  65  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  877-422,  figs,  G).— The  author  has  given  atten- 
tion to  the  phenomenon  reported  with  discussion  by  Bartlett  (E.  S.  R.,  35,  p.  128) 
under  the  name  mass  mutation,  which  is  said  to  give  rise  to  offspring  deviating 
in  large  numbers  from  type  in  a  particular  direction  and  appearing  in  the  some 
sowings  with  normal  mutations  in  other  directions.  Oulded  by  the  fact  pointed 
out  by  Bartlett  that  the  phenomenon  bears  some  resemblance  to  Mendelian 
segregation,  and  proceeding  on  the  assumption  that  the  fundamental  mutation 
possibly  occurred  in  only  one  of  the  two  gametes  in  a  generation  preceding  the 
one  in  which  the  diversity  becomes  manifest,  the  author  has  studied  the  phe- 
nomenon of  mass  mutation  in  (E,  ffrandiflora  in  connection  with  its  ability  to 
produce  twin  hybrids  in  certain  crosses.  He  claims  to  have  found  that  the  twin 
hybrids  may  be  considered  as  a  consequence  of  mass  mutation,  the  mutated 
gametes  producing  one  of  the  twins  and  the  typical  sexual  cells  the  other.  This 
conception  is  considered  as  applicable  to  CB.  lamarckiana,  rendering  superfluous 
certain  hypotheses  previously  proposed. 

It  has  been  found  that  (B.  grandi/lora  from  Castleberry,  Ala.,  splits  into 
two  types  in  every  generation,  one  of  these  consisting  of  strong,  green  plants  of 
the  parent  type,  the  other  of  weak,  yellow  individuals,  only  a  few  of  which 
flower  and  ripen  seeds.  The  latter  type  is  called  (E,  grandifiora  ochracea. 
Besides  these,  It  produces  other  mutants  in  the  ordinary  proportions  of  0.1  to  1 
per  cent,  namely,  <E.  lorea,  with  almost  linear  leaves,  and  (E,  gigas,  with  28 
chromosomes  and  the  corresponding  stoutness  of  all  its  organs.  These  two 
types  are  constant  from  seed,  but  CB.  gig€L$  mutates  into  (E,  lorea  and  (E. 
ochracea.  Crosses  among  (E.  grandiftora,  (E.  ochracea,  and  CB.  lorea  show  that 
these  forms  are  isogamlc,  the  pollen  carrying  the  same  hereditary  qualities  as 
the  egg  cells. '  Other  observations  are  indicated  with  discussion. 

The  observed  facts  and  the  occurrence  of  about  25  per  cent  of  barren  grains 
among  the  seeds  led  to  the  conclusion  that  the  yearly  production  of  (E.  ochracea 
is  a  phenomenon  of  mass  mutation  analogous  to  the  Instances  reported  by 
Bartlett,  and  due  to  an  initial  mutation  of  the  ordinary  rare  type  followed  by 
secondary  mutation  in  the  succeeding  generations.  This  Initial  mutability  of 
(E.  grandi/lora  is  thought  to  have  yielded,  besides  the  ordinary  mutants,  hybrid 
mutants  produced  by  the  combination  of  a  mutated  sexual  cell  with  a  normal 
one.  Assuming  the  offspring  of  this  fecundation  to  split  in  a  manner  analogous 
to  Mendel's  formula  for  monohybrids,  three  types  are  supposed  to  result.  One 
of  these  is  the  mutant  CB.  ochracea,  which  is  now  a  secondary  mutant ;  the  sec- 
ond is  a  mutant  hybrid  of  the  type  of  the  species,  which  will  repeat  the  split- 
ting; and  the  third  must  be  a  constant  form  of  the  same  type.  This  last  does 
not  appear,  and  a  lethal  factor  is  assumed  to  account  for  this  gap.  It  must  be 
linked  to  the  otherwise  pure  (E.  grandiflora  gametea  It  is  supposed  to  explain 
the  absence  of  the  constant  type,  together  with  the  presence  of  a  corresponding 
percentage  of  empty  seeds.  In  this  way,  the  mass  mutation  as  well  as  the  empty 
grains  can  be  explained  by  the  assumption  of  two  initial  mutations  of  the 
ordinary  type.  One  Is  that  into  (E.  ochracea,  the  other  is  the  origin  of  a  lethal 
factor  linked  to  the  gametes  which  are  not  mutated  into  a  weak,  yellow  form. 

South  African  Perisporiales.— I,  Perisporiaceie,  Ethel  M.  Doidok  (Trans. 
Roy.  Soc.  So.  Africa,  6  {1917),  pt.  6,  pp.  71S-750,  pU.  iO).— The  author  presents 

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'm  FIELD  CROPS.  133 

a  Ust  of  Perisporlaceffi,  representing  collections  from  different  parts  of  South 
Africa,  Indicating  a  number  of  what  are  claimed  to  be  new  species. 

Uredinales  of  the  Andes,  based  on  collections  by  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Bose,  J.  C. 
AwHUi  {Bot.  Qaz,,  65  (1918),  No,  5,  pp.  ^«M7^).— The  present  contribution  to 
the  fongi  of  the  Andes  comprises  mainly  material  secured  by  Dr.  and  Mrs.  J.  N. 
Rose  In  1914,  including  the  new  genus  Cleptomyces ;  the  new  species  Urapyxit 
quUensis^  SphenoMporea  berberidU,  PuccMa  roseanw,  P.  rUcotiana,  P,  oonisfi, 
P.  csroocnm,  P.  wUoolor^  and  ^cidium  encelia;  also  the  new  combinations 
C.  lofferheimianuB,  P.  hambu^arum,  and  P.  moifiphafU». 

Tbe  allies  of  Selaginella  rupeetrls  in  the  southeastern  United  States,  G.  P. 
Tan  Eselttne  (U.  8,  Nat.  Mu»,^  Contrih.  Nat  Herbarium,  20  {19 i8),  pt.  5,  pp. 
711+159-172,  pU.  8,  fl0S.  8). 

FIELD  CBOPS. 

Farm  practices  that  increase  crop  yields  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  J.  H. 
AxNOLO  (17.  5.  Dept.  Affr.,  Farmers*  BtU.  981  (1918),  pp.  58,  figs.  i2).— Measures 
are  described  for  building  up  run-down  land  in  the  limestone  and  mountain 
districts  south  of  the  Ohio  River,  embracing  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  southern 
West  Virginia,  and  the  western  and  more  mountainous  parts  of  Virginia  and 
North  Carolina.  The  establishment  of  suitable  crop  rotation  systems,  Including 
legumes  and  grasses,  and  the  Judicious  use  of  manure,  crop  refuse,  lime,  and 
commercial  fertilizers,  is  recommended.  Good  farm  practices  employed  on  sev- 
eral rejuvenated  farms  are  outlined,  and  some  practical  suggestions  made  on 
farming  in  this  region. 

Farm  practices  that  increase  crop  yields  in  the  Gulf  Coast  region,  M.  A. 
Cbosbt  {U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers*  BuL  986  {1918),  pp.  28,  figs.  10). — Changes 
in  the  cropping  systems  of  the  Gulf  Coast  region  of  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and 
West  Florida  are  recommended,  consisting  chiefly  in  the  introduction  of  one 
or  more  legumes.  The  relative  value  for  soil  improvement  of  velvet  beans, 
cowpeas,  soy  beans,  bur  clover,  vetch,  peanuts,  crimson  clover,  beggar  weed, 
Lespedeza,  oats,  and  rye  is  briefly  discussed.  Intercropping  com  and  cotton 
with  a  legume  and  the  use  of  commercial  fertilizers  and  winter  cover  crops 
as  means  of  increasing  soil  fertility  are  described.  Crop  rotations  for  various 
iystems  of  farming  are  outlined. 

Crop  systems  for  Arkansas,  A.  D.  McNaib  ( U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers*  Bui. 
1000  {1918),  pp.  24,  fig.  1). — Crop  systems  said  to  make  for  increased  food  pro- 
duction and  increased  efficiency  in  both  man  and  horse  labor  are  described 
wbich  are  deemed  applicable  to  all  of  Arkansas  except  the  northwestern  part, 
to  northern  Louisiana,  northeastern  Texas,  southeastern  Oklahoma,  western 
Tennessee,  and  the  northern  half  of  Mississippi.  The  crop  acreages  for  each 
cropidng  system  suggested  are  calculated  on  the  basis  of  two  men  and  a  team 
and  for  light,  medium,  and  heavy  soils.  It  is  stated  that  two  men  with  a 
team,  who  under  a  system  of  cotton  and  com  could  farm  but  33  acres  of  land, 
can  handle  50  acres  and  raise  62  acres  of  crops  under  a  system  providing  a 
four-year  rotation  of  cotton  with  a  winter  cover  crop,  cowpeas,  oats,  or  wheat 
followed  by  cowpeas,  and  com. 

[Tests  with  field  crops  and  vegetables  at  the  Bhode  Island  Station]  {Bui. 
R.  I.  State  Col.,  IS  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  S6,  87,  88,  39,  4^.— Alfalfa  and  sweet  and 
mammoth  clover  survived  the  winter  when  sown  as  a  winter  cover  crop  after 
early  potatoes,  while  winter  vetch  again  died  out  In  a  mixture  of  crimson 
dover,  winter  vetch,  and  sweet  clover  sown  as  a  cover  crop  In  corn,  sweet  clover 
ilone  survived  the  winter.  Com  after  a  legume  cover  crop  produced  51  bu.  per 
lUTe,  after  rye  as  a  cover  crop  46  bu.,  and  with  no  cover  crop  40  bu. 


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134  EXPERIMEKT  STATION  BECOBD.  [VoL40 

Raw  muck  again  proved  Inferior  to  stable  manure  as  a  source  of  organic 
matter  in  connection  with  chemical  fertillserB.  Muck  composted  with  hydrated 
lime  at  the  rate  of  10  cords  of  muck  to  1  ton  of  lime  is  said  to  have  given  quite 
satisfactory  results  with  early  table  beets.  Tests  with  celery,  early  tomatoes, 
and  beans  again  demonstrated  that  ^'when  the  ground  is  used  each  year  for 
market-garden  crops,  and  no  special  provision  made  for  the  introduction  of 
organic  matter,  success  can  not  continue  with  the  use  of  only  fertilizer  chemi- 
cals." 

In  rotations  without  farm  manure  and  including  com  and  potatoes,  the  sec- 
ond year  of  grass  after  rye  and  rowen  produced  3.6  tons  of  hay,  the  yield  re- 
maining practically  unchanged  with  an  application  of  50  lbs.  each  of  phosphoric 
acid  and  potash  instead  of  100  lbs.  The  third  year  of  grass  produced  1.6  tons 
of  hay  without  nitrogen  and  4.1  and  4.4  tons  with  360  and  480  lbs.  of  nitrate 
of  soda,  respectively.  It  is  thought  that  maximum  yields  of  mixed  timothy 
and  redtop  may  be  secured  from  an  annual  application  of  about  350  lbs.  of 
nitrate  of  soda,  500  lbs.  of  acid  phosphate,  and  100  lbs.  of  high-grade  potash 
salt 

Oats  and  summer  vetch  used  as  a  nurse  crop  produced  about  the  same 
amount  of  hay,  3.4  tons,  with  sulphate  of  ammonia  as  with  nitrate  of  soda. 

Pot  experiments  are  said  to  have  shown  that  the  insoluble  nitrogen  in  certain 
brands  of  fertilizers  was  practically  useless,  and  that  the  nitrogen  of  garbage 
tankage  was  of  low  grade. 

Although  the  after  effect  upon  a  crop  of  hay  of  different  phosphates  applied 
to  corn  in  the  preceding  year  was  not  sufficient  to  produce  a  maximum  crop, 
there  was  no  difference  observed  whether  a  given  amount  of  money  had  been 
invested  in  raw  rock  phosphate  or  in  acid  phosphate,  nor  whether  the  same 
amount  of  phosphoric  acid  contained  In  the  latter  was  supplied  in  bone,  Thomas 
slag,  or  double  superphosphate. 

Mixed  timothy  and  clovers  sown  In  silage  com  the  preceding  year  yielded 
about  3.5  tons  of  hay,  regardless  of  whether  top-dressed  with  fertilizer  or  with 
4  cords  of  cow  manure  containing  either  straw  or  planer  shavings. 

The  addition  of  240  lbs.  of  common  salt  per  acre  to  soil  from  which  potash 
was  withheld  to  the  extent  of  producing  only  half  a  crop  of  grass  resulted  in  an 
increase  in  yield  of  about  one-third.  Potatoes  grown  on  soil  containing  sufficient 
available  potash  were  not  benefited  by  the  addition  of  salt.  About  as  much 
winter  wheat  and  rowen  were  obtained  where  no  potash  had  been  added  for  7 
years  as  where  it  had  been  applied  in  different  combinations.  So-called  Ameri- 
can rock  potash  (prepared  by  fusing  ground  feldspar  with  calcium  chlorid) 
produced  a  slightly  larger  crop  of  potatoes  than  sulphate  of  potash.  An  ap- 
plication of  2  tons  of  wood  ashes  per  acre  resulted  In  a  very  scabby  crop  of 
potatoes. 

In  variety  tests  with  silage  corn,  the  leading  kinds  were  Eureka  with  28.7  tons 
and  Leaming  with  21.5  tons.  The  best  soy  bean  varieties  grown  for  silage 
were  Wilson  with  11.8,  Virginia  with  10.6,  and  Hollybrook  with  10.2  tons.  The 
best  varieties  of  potatoes,  each  yielding  over  300  bu.  of  marketable  tubers  per 
acre.  Included  Cuban  Multiplier,  Pride  of  Vermont,  Gold  Coin,  Norcross,  and 
Lowell  Green  Mountain.    Tests  with  early  sweet  com  are  also  noted. 

The  degree  of  benefit  derived  from  liming  different  crops  increased  In  the 
following  order :  Broad-leafed  Batavlan  endive,  beans,  onions,  and  sugar  beets, 
and  in  another  comparison  barley,  carrots,  alfalfa,  and  beets. 

In  a  mixture  of  spring  vetch  and  oats  used  as  a  nurse  crop  the  vetch  was 
much  more  depressed  than  the  oats  by  soil  acidity.  In  a  comparison  of  barley 
and  oats  grown  to  maturity  in  nutrient  solutions  the  oats  matured  more  slowly 


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1»19)  FIELD  CROPS.  185 

than  the  barley  and  produced  sllshtly  more  straw  and  grain  with  a  limited 
amount  of  phosphorus. 

Street  of  crops  on  each  other  (Buk  R.  I.  State  Col,,  IS  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  40, 
il). — ^In  a  contlnaatlon  of  work  at  the  Rhode  Island  Experiment  Station  pie- 
Tlooslj  noted  (K  S.  R.,  88,  p.  837),  a  second  crop  of  alslke  clover  following  dlf- 
f^roit  crops  was  harvested  In  1917  with  results  similar  to  those  obtained  In  1918. 
In  both  years  the  best  yields  followed  rye,  redtop,  and  squashes. 

A  heavy  seeding  of  Medium  Green  soy  beans  planted  with  80  lbs.  of  Eureka 
com  produced  less  green  material,  although  probably  more  protein,  than  when 
the  com  was  planted  alone.  A  mixture  of  15  lbs.  of  com  and  22.5  lbs.  of  soy 
beans  produced  19.6  tons  per  acre  of  satisfactory  silage  contahilng  about  one- 
fifth  beans  by  weight.  By  planting  21  lbs.  of  com  on  0.7  acre  and  18.5  lbs.  of 
beans  on  03  acre,  21  tons  of  material  were  obtained  having  the  same  relative 
proportion  of  com  and  beana 

Plant  propagation  {Bui.  R.  L  State  Col.,  IS  {1918),  No,  4,  p.  ^l).— In  tests 
at  the  Rhode  Island  Experiment  Station,  2  oz.  uncut  seed  tubers  of  Irish 
Gobbler  and  Green  Mountain  potatoes  were  compared  with  1.25  oz.  seed  pieces 
from  different  sized  potatoes  cut  Into  two,  three,  and  four  parts.  The  number 
of  eyes  and  stalks  and  the  yields  decreased  In  the  order  named.  The  uncut  seed 
produced  about  300  bu.  of  marketable  tubers  and  the  potatoes  cut  Into  three  or 
fbur  pieces  about  250  bu.  Sprouted  uncut  seed  of  Green  Mountain  produced  804 
bu.  of  marketable  tubers,  as  compared  with  242  bu.  from  unsprouted  seed. 

White  Cap  com  has  failed  to  show  any  marked  difference  whether  the  seed 
was  selected  from  areas  where  the  backward  tassels  were  removed,  from  the 
progeny  of  ears  shown  to  be  large  producers  by  the  ear-to-row  method,  or  from 
com  grown  In  the  usual  way  and  selected  by  its  appearance. 

Steam  sterilisation  of  seed  beds  for  tobacco  and  other  crops,  E.  G.  Bsin- 
HABT  {U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers'  Bui.  996  {1918),  pp.  15,  figs.  4).— This  publica- 
tion contains  a  description  of  the  apparatus  and  methods  employed  In  steam 
sterilizing  tobacco  seed  beds  as  outlined  elsewhere  by  Scherfflno  et  al.  (E.  S.  R.« 
20,  p.  834)  and  Gilbert  (E.  S.  R.,  22,  p.  49).  The  application  of  the  method  to 
the  production  of  truck  crops  In  the  greenhouse,  cold  frame,  or  field*  as  suggested 
by  W.  A.  Orton,  is  Indicated. 

The  relative  yields  of  oats  and  two-rowed  barley  in  experiments  in  middle 
Sweden,  H.  Tbdin  {Sverigea  VUddesfor.  Tidskr.,  n  {1917),  No.  6,  pp.  «79-Wi).— 
Oomparatlve  tests  of  4  varieties  of  oats.  Soger,  Guldregn,  Klock  II,  and  Fyrls, 
and  2  varieties  of  two-rowed  barley,  Rrimus  and  Gullkom,  were  in  progress 
from  1906  to  1917,  Inclusive.  The  average  annual  yield  of  grain  of  the  4 
varieties  of  oats  was  2,501  kg.  per  hectare  (2,228  lbs.  per  acre)  and  of  the  2 
▼arleties  of  barley,  2,478  kg.  With  the  production  calculated  on  the  basis  of 
milled  grain  the  oats  gave  an  average  annual  yield  of  1377  kg.  and  the  barley 
of  2,226  kg.  of  grain  per  hectare.  This  yield  r^resented  2,077  and  2,471  food 
imlts  per  hectare,  respectively.  In  10  of  the  18  years  the  barley  surpassed  the 
oati  In  the  production  of  hulled  grain  and  food  units.  The  varieties  of  oats 
hi  general  produced  the  larger  yields  of  straw. 

Report  on  a  comparative  test  with  commercial  fertUiaers,  barnyard 
oanmre,  and  sewage,  191Q-1916,  P.  Bouir  {K.  Landtbr.  AkaA.  Handl.  ooh 
I  fidskr.,  56  {1917),  No.  7-6,  pp.  595-606). — In  a  number  of  experiments  annually 
I  eoDducted  with  oats,  the  applications  consisted  of  40,000  kg.  of  manure,  of 
20,000  kg.  of  manure  with  200  kg.  of  superphosphate,  and  of  100  kg.  of  nitrate 
id  soda,  800  kg.  of  superphosphate,  and  200  kg.  of  potash  salt  per  hectare,  with 
tbe  szoeption  that  In  1916  only  200  kg.  of  superphosphate  and  150  kg.  of  potash 
tilt  were  used.    These  tests  were  made  on  bog  and  sphagnum  moss  soils. 


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186  EXPERIMENT  STATION  B£CX)BD.  [VoL40 

Experiments  were  conducted  each  year  also  on  meadows,  but  these  tests  were 
not  80  numerous  as  those  with  oats.  Sewage  was  used  at  the  rate  of  8,000 
liters  per  hectare  either  alone  or  with  300  kg.  of  superphosphate.  The  com- 
mercial fertilizer  application  employed  consisted  of  either  100  or  200  kg.  of 
nitrate  of  soda  with  300  kg.  of  superphosphate  and  200  kg.  of  potash  salt  per 
hectare.  These  meadow  tests  comprised  mo6«y  and  swampy  soils  and  soils  of 
mineral  origin. 

The  results  of  both  series  of  tests  are  given  in  tables.  As  compared  with  the 
check  tests,  the  commercial  fertilizer  application  showed  an  increase  in  the 
yield  of  oats  as  green  forage  valued  at  100.95  krones  ($28.06),  and  the  use  of 
manure  and  phosphate  gave  an  increase  valued  at  57.15  krones  per  hectare. 
The  use  of  the  manure  and  phosphate  showed  practically  the  same  results  as 
double  the  quantity  of  manure  applied  alone.  In  the  meadow  experiments,  the 
commercial  fertilizer  application  showed  a  better  result  in  each  test  than  was 
obtained  from  the  treatment  with  sewage.  The  use  of  100  kg.  of  nitrate  of  soda 
in  the  application  on  swampy  and  mossy  soils  showed  much  larger  increases  in 
yields  than  the  similar  use  of  200  kg.  on  the  soils  of  mineral  origin.  Super- 
phosphate applied  with  sewage  was  followed  by  an  increase  in  the  hay  yield 
throughout  the  tests,  but  on  the  mineral  soils  the  Increase  was  in  general  in- 
adequate to  be  profitable  the  first  year.  The  increases  secured  on  the  swampy 
and  mossy  soils  gave  a  satisfactory  net  profit. 

Meadow  culture  tests  in  Jutland,  1905-19 10»  E.  Lindhabd  (TidMibr. 
Planteavl,  t4  {1917),  No.  5,  pp.  625-702). — Cooperative  meadow  culture  tests 
were  conducted  in  several  localities  on  light  soils.  The  average  number  of 
seeds  capable  of  germination  per  tftndeland  (1.36  acres)  of  each  species  supplied 
by  the  mixtures  used  in  four  of  the  tests  was  as  follows :  Red  clover  1,670,000, 
alsike  clover  470,000,  white  clover  920,000,  black  medic  550,000,  kidney  vetch 
165,000,  bird-foot  clover,  165,000,  alfalfa  80,000,  field  brome  grass  425,000,  Italian 
rye  grass  196,000,  English  rye  grass  1,415,000,  orchard  grass  2,170,000,  tall  oat 
grass  375,000,  timothy  1,500,000,  meadow  fescue  85,000,  and  hard  fescue  80,000. 
The  seeds  of  the  leguminous  plants  numbered  4,020,000  and  those  of  the  grasses 
6,245,000  per  tdndeland.  About  52  per  cent  of  the  seeds  resulted  in  plants. 
As  compared  with  results  of  a  previous  experiment  oa  heavy  soil^  it  is  pointed 
out  that  on  the  light  soils  the  number  of  seeds  producing  plants  was  the  greater 
by  23  per  cent  but  that,  in  general,  winter  injury  was  also  greater  on  these 
soils. 

A  study  was  made  of  the  behavior  oi  the  different  Qtedes,  and  the  results  of 
the  observations  are  noted.  Black  medic  proved  uncertain  in  yielding  capacity, 
and  throughout  added  comparatively  little  to  the  returns.  Bird-foot  clover 
was  found  also  of  mediocre  value,  and  alfalfa  did  not  make  satisfactory  growth 
under  the  conditions.  Italian  rye  grass  failed  to  thrive  properly  on  ll^t  soil, 
but  English  rye  grass  was  one  of  the  best-yielding  grasses  in  the  test  Field 
brome  grass  also  produced  a  large  proportion  of  the  total  yield.  Tall  oat  grass 
did  not  seem  adapted  to  mixed  culture  with  English  rye  grass  and  field  brome 
grass.  Timothy  gave  much  better  results  than  tall  oat  grass,  and  where  liquid 
manure  was  applied  gave  le^iecially  good  returns  the  second  and  third  years. 
Meadow  fescue  increased  the  yield  of  hay  but  slightly,  and  hard  fescue,  which 
withstood  drought  and  made  a  fair  growth  on  poor  soils,  proved  too  low  in 
quality  to  make  a  valuable  constituent  of  the  meadow  plant  mixture. 

Alsike  clover,  white  clover,  bird-foot  clover,  English  rye  grass,  orchard  grass, 
and  hard  fescue  on  soils  rich  in  lime  produced  a  much  larger  number  of  plants 
per  hundred  seeds  capable  of  germination  than  were  grown  on  lime-poor  soila 
Meadow  fescue  produced  the  larger  number  of  plants  on  the  soils  poor  in  lime* 


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»W1  FIELD  CROPS.  137 

The  use  of  oats  as  a  cover  crop  in  sowing  the  seed  mixture  gave  In  general  a 
better  stand  and  a  somewhat  larger  yield  of  hay  than  the  use  of  rye  for  the 
same  purpose. 

Botanical  analyses  of  the  various  meadows,  the  yields  of  hay.  and  the  nitrogen 
production  by  the  crops  in  the  different  localities  for  the  several  years  are  re- 
ported and  tabulated,  and  the  influence  of  weather  conditions  and  methods  of 
meadow  management  are  discussed.  It  is  concluded  that  in  the  maintenance 
of  temporary  meadows  a  good  stand  of  white  clover  in  the  plant  mixture  is 
highly  important 

Alfalfa,  F.  App  (N.  J.  Dept.  Agr.  Bui.  15  (1918),  pp.  51,  flff9.  15).— This  de- 
scribes cultural  methods  and  field  practices  deemed  best  for  growing  the  crop  in 
New  Jersey,  together  with  notes  on  alfalfa  insects  and  diseases.  The  organiza- 
tion of  the  New  Jersey  Alfalfa  Association  and  its  activities  for  1917  are  also 
outlined. 

[Utilizing  waste  land  in  New  Jersey  for  alfalfa]  (Neto  Jer$ey  8ias.  Bul» 
Sn  (1917),  p.  27). — Observations  on  the  utilization  of  large  areas  of  waste  land 
in  the  State  are  said  to  indicate  that  some  of  these  soils  can  be  brought  to  the 
point  of  profitable  alfalfa  production  by  the  use  of  lime,  phosphorus,  and  legumes. 

Pzimitive  methods  of  maize  seed  preparation,  EL  H.  Biqoab  (Jour.  Amer. 
Soc.  Affron.^  10  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  189-185). — The  author  gives  a  brief  account 
of  the  preparation  of  seed  com  by  the  Indians,  based  on  a  study  of  their  agri- 
cultural practices  in  maize  production,  covering  15  Indian  reservations  in  Minne- 
sota, North  and  South  Dakota,  Nebraslca,  Montana,  and  Manitoba. 

Various  methods  of  sprouting  the  seed  are  noted,  with  particular  reference  to 
the  use  of  slender  nettle,  Urtica  grctoUis,  in  much  the  same  way  as  the  so-called 
rtg-doll  seed  tester.  It  is  stated  that  the  principal  com  grown  by  the  Indians 
of  the  Middle  West  was  Zea  amylacea. 

In  a  test  to  determine  the  relative  amounts  of  water  absorbed  by  different 
types  of  com.  Blue  Flour  com  was  found  to  absorb  18  per  cent  of  water,  Reid 
Yellow  Dent  18.5  per  cent,  and  U.  S.  Selection  No.  193,  a  flint  com,  6.6  per  cent. 

Cutthroat  gnsMj  Panlcom  combsii,  C.  V.  Piper  (Jour.  Amer.  8oc.  Agran^ 
19  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  162-164)' — ^The  author  notes  the  presence  of  P.  combHi, 
hitherto  regarded  as  a  comparatively  rare  species,  in  great  abundance  on  very 
fine,  slippery,  black  muck  in  Polk  Ck)unty,  central  Florida,  where  it  is  known  as 
"cutthroat  grass**  and  the  areas  as  " cutthroats.*'  The  grass  is  also  said  to  be 
abundant  in  similar  areas  in  Osceola,  De  Soto,  and  Lee  counties.  The  cutthroats 
usually  occur  in  seepage  areas  on  the  sides  of  slopes,  especially  sand  ridges. 
Numerous  species  of  the  plant  were  found  in  bloom  in  November,  1917.  The  rdle 
ef  the  grass  in  so-called  *'  salt  sickness  **  is  briefly  discussed. 

Olandular  pubescence  in  various  Kedicago  specieB,  R.  McKsb  {Jour.  Amer. 
8oe.  Agron.,  10  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  169-162) .-^The  author  records  numerous  ob- 
servations, made  chiefly  at  Chico,  Oal.,  on  the  occurrence  of  glandular  pubescence 
hi  various  species  of  Medicago,  particularly  M,  lupuUna  and  M.  orbicularis,  in  an 
effort  to  determine  the  effect  of  environmental  conditions  upon  this  character. 
The  following  species  were  observed  to  have  glandular  pubescence  strongly  de- 
veloped on  the  pods  at  least :  M.  BoleiroUi,  M»  rigidula,  M.  minima,  U.  diadformis, 
M.  bUmcheana,  M.  iunetana,  M.  faloaia  visooaa,  and  M.  gaeiula.  Other  species 
hiving  the  character  less  w^l  developed  or  appearing  only  under  certain  condi- 
tions include  M.  mwrex  sarentinii,  U.  orbicidarie,  M.  lupulina,  knd  M.  saliva. 

The  number  of  hairs  per  square  millimeter  varied  considerably  in  different 
species,  occurring  in  numbers  that  could  not  be  definitely  counted  in  those  species 
in  which  they  are  always  well  developed  {M*  scuteUata  and  M,  rugo$a)f  while 
107338*— 19 1 


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188  EXPERIMENT  8TATI0H  BECOBD.  IToL  40 

in  tbose  haying  only  microscopic  hain  the  number  yaried  from  40  to  120  per 
square  millimeter. 

The  obaerrationfl  are  held  to  Indicate  a  very  evident  effect  of  environment 
upon  glandular  pubescence,  the  principal  factors  apparently  being  hot,  dry 
weather  and  unfavorable  soil  moisture  supply.  It  is  concluded  that  the  char- 
acter can  not  be  depended  upon  in  determining  subspecies. 

Variety  tests  with  oats  in  southern  and  middle  Sweden,  A.  Akbbmah 
(Si>eHgeM  UtBUdesfor.  Tid^kr^  27  (1917),  No,  6,  pp.  261-278;  28  {1918),  No.  U 
pp.  26-55), — ^The  tests  reported  were  conducted  in  various  localities  and  on 
dlffer^it  soil  types. 

In  the  region  of  Lake  M&laren  Great  Mogul  produced  the  highest  yields  on 
day  soil  as  well  as  on  sandy  solL  It  is  stated*  however,  that,  although  the 
results  were  favorable,  the  relatively  late  ripening  ];)eriod  of  this  variety  does 
not  adapt  It  to  soils  of  medium  fertility  in  northern  sections,  especially  where 
rust  is  likely  to  occur.  Among  the  earlier  varieties,  Klock  III  gave  the  best 
results  generally  on  all  types  of  soil  excepting  the  moss  soils.  As  a  rule  Fyrls 
gave  lower  yields  than  Klock  III,  but  on  certain  clay  soils  in  the  Lake  Mftlaren 
region  this  variety  on  account  of  its  earllness  proved  to  be  the  best  of  the 
varieties  of  black  oats  under  test  This  variety  was  promising  also  by  reason 
of  its  stooling  capacity  and  its  grain  quality.  Victory  as  compared  with  other 
varieties  gave  good  results,  especially  on  day  soils,  but  it  was  unable  to  com- 
pete successfully  with  Klock  III,  which  ripens  about  the  same  time.  The 
variety  Gold  Rain  gave  specially  good  returns  on  moss  and  bog  soils  and  sur- 
passed Ligowo  in  yield  of  both  grain  and  straw.   . 

Potato  culture  tests  in  1917,  G.  Lzhd  {K.  Landthr.  Akad.  Handl,  och  Tidskr^ 
56  {1917),  No.  7-8,  pp,  607-609), — ^A  possibility  of  growing  potatoes  from  cut- 
tings and  potato  peelings  and  the  effect  of  the  removal  of  the  blossoms  on  the 
yield  were  studied.  The  plants  grown  from  cuttings  produced  practically 
the  same  quantity  of  tubers  as  were  secured  from  the  plants  grown  from  seed 
tubers  in  comparison.  The  plants  propagated  from  peelings  did  not  give  so 
good  results  as  were  obtained  from  those  derived  from  cuttings,  but  the  out- 
come of  the  test  indicated  the  value  of  this  method  of  propagation  when  seed 
tubers  are  scarce.  The  removal  of  the  blossoms  was  apparently  without  effect 
on  tuber  production. 

Lining  and  loading  cars  of  potatoes  for  protection  from  cold,  H.  S.  Bird 
and  A.  M.  Grimks  (17.  S,  Dept.  Afir.,  Bur.  MarkeU  Doc  17  {1918),  pp.  26,  fig: 
22), — ^Methods  of  lining  cars  and  of  loading  potatoes  for  the  protection  of  ship- 
ments against  cold  in  the  prindpal  types  of  cars  with  heaters  and  in  refrigera- 
tor cars  without  heaters  under  favorable  8hiiq;)ing  conditions  are  recommended, 
based  upon  observations  of  commercial  practices  and  the  results  of  tests  and 
Inspections  supplemented  by  conferences  with  shippers,  loaders,  and  railroad 
officials  at  shipping  points  in  Maine,  New  York,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and 
Minnesota,  and  at  the  markets  of  Philadelphia,  New  York,  Chicago,  and  else- 
where. 

It  is  stated  that  approximately  75  per  cent  of  all  cars  prepared  to  protect 
potato  shipments  from  cold  are  either  lined  or  loaded  incorrectly.  Protection 
from  cold  is  said  to  depend  "  largely  upon  a  constant  current  of  warm  air  from 
the  heater  directly  to  the  celling,  spreading  between  the  celling  and  the  top 
potatoes,  thence  through  openings  at  the  opposite  end  of  the  load  down  to  the 
space  beneath  the  false  floor  and  from  there  under  the  false  floor  to  the  heater 
again.*' 

Farm  practice  in  growing  sugar  beets  for  three  districts  in  Colorado, 
1014-15,  L.  A.  MooBHOusE,  R.  S.  Washbubn,  T.  H.  Suhmebs,  and  S.  B.  Nuck- 
OLS  (U,  8.  Dept,  Agr.  Bui,  726  {1918),  pp,  60,  flg9,  SO).— This  bulletin  presents  a 


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1919]  FIELD  GBOPS.  189 

detailed  account  of  the  farm  practices  and  coat  of  growing  sugar  beets  In  the 
Greeley,  Fort  Morgan,  and  Rocky  Ford  districts  of  Ck>lorado,  embracing  Weld 
and  Larimer,  Morgan,  and  Otero  Counties,  respectively.  The  data  are  based 
upon  farm  estimates  obtained  from  representatiye  sugar-beet  growers  on  371 
farms,  and  are  for  the  crop  years  of  1914  and  1015.  Items,  such  as  the  hours 
of  man  and  horse  labor  required  to  grow  the  crop,  the  quantity  of  seed  and  of 
manure  and  fertilizer  employed,  etc.,  which  are  said  to  show  much  less  fluctua- 
tion from  year  to  year  than  the  actual  money  costs,  are  emphasised  and  form 
the  chief  basis  for  discussion. 

The  acre  costs  for  all  tillage  operations  performed  by  the  grower  with  the 
exception  of  plowing;  rolling  the  beets,  irrigating,  hoeing,  and  topping,  were 
lower  for  the  farms  studied  in  the  Qreeley  and  Fort  Morgan  areas  than  for 
those  in  the  Rocky  Ford  area,  due  mainly  to  the  heavier  soil  types  in  the  latter 
region  which  necessitated  a  greater  amount  of  tillage.  Man,  horse,  and  contract 
labor  was  the  most  Important  charge,  ranging  from  54.8  to  50.1  per  cent  of  the 
total  cost  of  production.  Charges  for  materials  such  as  seed,  manure,  and 
water  raried  from  8.6  to  10.7  per  cent  of  the  total,  while  interest  charges  on 
the  land  for  owners  and  rental  for  tenants.  Insurance,  taxes,  and  machinery 
comprised  from  32.3  to  35  per  cent  of  the  total  cost  of  raising  the  crop.  The 
total  cost  of  production  per  acre  was  $72.53  for  the  Qreeley  area,  $65  for  the 
Fort  Morgan  area,  and  $64.87  for  the  Rocky  Ford  area,  the  total  receipts  per 
acre,  including  tops,  amounting  to  $02.44,  $81.66,  and  $67.86,  respectively.  The 
average  yields  for  the  respective  regions  were  15.57,  13.65,  and  12.00  tons  per 
acre. 

Owners  produced  beets  at  a  lower  cost  per  acre  and  per  ton  than  tenant 
farmers,  except  in  the  Rocky  Ford  area  where  their  costs  were  higher.  The 
lower  cost  of  production  to  owners  in  the  Qreeley  area  is  said  to  have  been 
doe  largely  to  a  lower  interest  charge  on  beet  land  than  the  corresponding 
rental  charge  on  tenant  farms. 

Beet  tops  were  fed  directly  to  stock  by  74  per  cent  of  the  farmers,  while  12 
per  cent  fed  a  part  and  sold  the  remainder,  and  14  per  cent  sold  all  the  tops. 

Farm  practice  in  growing  sugar  beets  in  the  Billin^rs  region  of  Montana, 
S.  B.  NucKOLs  and  E.  L.  Cubsikb  (U.  8.  Dept.  Agr,  Bui,  735  (1918),  pp.  57, 
fiifs,  7).— This  bulletin,  prepared  jointly  by  the  Montana  Experiment  Station 
and  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  re- 
ports the  results  of  a  study  of  methods  of  management,  labor  requirements,  and 
cost  of  growing  sugar  beets  made  in  the  summer  of  1016  on  305  farms,  repre- 
•enting  a  sugar  beet  crop  of  8340  acres  and  comprising  about  36  per  cent  of 
the  entire  acreage  grown  for  the  factory  at  Billings,  Mont,  during  1015. 

The  total  overhead  charge  for  the  entire  area  was  $20.44  per  acre,  divided 
as  follows:  Land  charges  $11.85,  manure  $3.70,  machinery  $2.64,  seed  $1.72, 
cash  to  run  farm  41  cts.,  and  miscellaneous  3  cts.  The  total  cost  of  sugar-beet 
production  was  found  to  be  $56.70  per  acre,  including  $17.71  for  farm  labor, 
|18l64  for  hand  labor,  and  the  above-mentioned  overhead  charges.  These  data 
are  said  to  be  applicable  to  present  conditions  by  adjustment  to  the  present 
prices  of  labor,  real  estate,  equipment,  and  the  value  of  beets  produced. 

The  results  obtained  are  held  to  indicate  that  the  growing  of  sugar  beets 
is  not  profitable  in  this  region  unless  a  yield  of  more  than  8  tons  of  beets  per 
acre  is  obtained.  A  minimum  of  20  acres  per  farm  was  found  to  be  most 
economical.  Of  the  total  area  in  the  crop,  77.2  per  cent  is  said  to  have  been 
grown  at  a  profit    The  average  net  profit  per  acre  for  the  region  was  $11.70. 

The  beet-sugar  industry  in  the  United  States,  C.  O.  Townsend  (U.  8.  Dept 
Iffr,  Bui.  721  {1918),  pp.  56,  pis.  9,  /lg$.  £).— This  bulletin  comprtses  a  detailed 
diacossion  of  the  subject  dealing  with  the  distribution  of  the  crop  in  the  United 

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140  EXPEBIMEKT  STATIOK  BECOBD.  [VoL40 

States ;  soil  and  climatie  adaptations ;  field  practices  and  caltural  methods  em- 
ployed in  growing  sagar  beets ;  irrigation,  drainage,  and  seepage  on  sagar-beet 
lands;  the  mainteilance  of  soil  fertility  In  sngar-beet  production;  crop  rota- 
tions for  sugar  beets  and  crops  competing  with  sugar  beets;  farm  equipment, 
Including  llye  stock  and  labor;  sugar-beet  by-products  and  llye-stock  {nroduc- 
tlon ;  labor  problems ;  the  successful  grower ;  diseases  and  Insects  affecting  the 
crop ;  roads ;  contracts  between  growers  and  sugar  companies ;  competition  be- 
tween adjacent  sugar-beet  areas ;  and  sugar-beet  seed  production. 

The  inheritance  of  glume  length  in  Triticiun  polonicum,  a  case  of  sygotie 
inhibition,  W.  O.  Backhoxtse  (J&wr,  Qeneticf,  7  (1918),  No.  £,  pp.  125-lSS,  fl0$. 
5). — Investigations  begun  in  1912  are  described  in  which  a  variety  of  T.  poUnU- 
cum,  with  an  average  glume  length  of  29  mm.  (about  LI  In.)  and  with  glumes 
very  faintly  pubescent  (classed  as  smooth  in  comparison  with  Rivet  or  Essex 
Rough  Chaff),  was  crossed  with  a  variety  of  T.  durum,  referred  to  as  Kubanlca, 
with  an  average  glume  length  of  12  mm.,  quite  smooth,  and  otherwise  a  typical 
example  of  the  species.  The  studies  were  suggested  by  observations  made  by 
the  author  at  Yerri^res  in  1911  of  a  collection  of  varieties  of  T.  polonicum 
grown  there,  which  revealed  the  ftict  that  none  possessed  perfectly  smooth 
glumes  and  that  the  shorter  the  glume  the  greater  the  pubescence  appeared 
to  be. 

The  Fi  generation  of  the  cross  noted  above  possessed  glumes  of  interme- 
diate lengths,  18  or  19  nun.,  but  wsB  distinctly  pubescent,  while  the  F.  genera- 
tion showed  a  certain  proportion  of  plants  bearing  fully  pubescent  ears.  At 
harvest  times  a  middle  glume  in  the  ear  of  each  plant  was  measured,  and  a 
curve  plotted  in  millimeters  of  a  number  of  plants  of  each  glume  length.  The 
plants  were  also  classified  by  means  of  a  hand  lens  into  pubescent,  intermediate, 
and  smooth,  the  T.  poUmicum  parent  falling  in  the  Intermediate  class.  A 
large  number  of  plants  carried  into  the  Fa  generation  showed  that,  while  only 
two  errors  were  made  at  the  short  end  of  the  curves,  it  was  impossible  to  pick 
out  any  but  the  extreme  longs  with  a  certainty  that  they  would  breed  true 
to  their  particular  length.  The  numbers  observed  were  172  long  and  Inter- 
mediate and  55  short  Regarding  those  individuals  with  a  glume  length  vary-, 
ing  between  10  and  14  mm.  as  pure  short  segregates  and  those  between  15 
and  31  mm.  as  both  the  longs  and  the  heterozygotes,  a  count  of  the  proportion 
of  pubescent  individuals  showed  for  the  short-glumed  class  40  pubescent  to  15 
smooth  individuals,  while  an  examination  of  56  theoretical  homozygous  longs 
revealed  no  individuals  that  could  be  classed  as  felted,  although  a  short  vel- 
vety pubescence  was  to  be  seen  with  a  lens.  Among  individuals  with  glume 
lengths  between  15  and  22  mm.,  the  proportion  was  85  felted  to  31  smooth, 
although  only  15  Individuals  were  distinctly  pubescent 

Absolutely  glabrous  long-glumed  individuals  were  carefully  selected  and 
planted,  and  with  two  exceptions  were  found  to  be  pure  longs  and  also  to 
breed  true  to  smoothness.  In  crosses  between  these  smooth  lines  and  the 
original  Kubanka  to  ascertain  whether  the  presence  of  pubescence  in  any  way 
affected 'the  segregation  of  glume  length,  the  Ft  generation  contained  some 
all-smooth  individuals,  the  remainder  behaving  like  the  original  cross  and 
giving  a  8:1  proportion  of  felted  and  smooth  ears  among  the  short-glumed 
class,  the  difference  being  only  in  the  degree  of  pubescence,  as  exemplified  in 
Prelude.  This  is  held  to  Indicate  "that  the  long  glume  was  able  to  inhibit 
the  expression  of  a  dominant  character  [pubescence],  and,  furthermore, 
that  there  was  a  direct  relation  between  the  length  of  the  glume  and  the 
degree  of  felting.* 


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m»]  FIELD  0B07S.  141 

The  same  Tarlety  of  3*.  polatUcum  described  above  was  also  crossed  with 
a  felted,  black-giomed  variety  of  T.  turffidum,  similar  to  Rivet  and  with  an 
avenge  glnme  length  of  11  mm.  In  this  cross  T.  polofUcum  was  considered 
BDooth,  and  classification  was  made  by  the  unaided  eye.  The  Fi  generation 
was  also  plotted  as  a  curve,  and  the  pnre  shorts  were  8ai<l  to  be  comprised 
of  those  individuals  with  a  glume  length  between  9  and  13  mm.  The  ratio 
observed  was  514  long  and  Intermediate  Individuals  to  178  short.  An  analysis 
of  the  population  for  pubescence  again  showed  that  glume  length  acted  as  an 
inhibitor.  A  study  of  the  color  revealed  this  inhibiting  nature  even  more 
strikingly,  all  of  the  fully  colored  individuals,  with  the  exception  of  one  plant 
of  16-mm.  glume  length,  being  between  8  and  18  mm.  Color  appeared  to  be 
quite  independent  of  pubescence. 

Five  long-giumed  individuals  were  crossed  with  short-glumed  Kubanka  to 
ascertain  whether  some  were  homozygous  for  color,  and  the  Fi  generation 
plants  were  grown  in  1916.  The  author  states  that  "there  is  no  need  to 
wait  for  the  second  generation  for  the  results.  Two  individuals  gave  all 
tinged,  one  gave  all  white,  and  two  gave  a  mixture  of  tinged  and  whites. 
There  can  be  no  doubt,  therefore,  that  wh«i  the  second  generation  Is  grown 
and  true  shorts  appear  there  will  also  appear  fully  colored  individuals.*' 

The  author  further  describes  observations  on  plants  grown  from  the  seed 
of  a  cross  of  strains  of  Rivet  and  Polish  wheats  used  by  Biffen  (E.  S.  R.,  36, 
p^  788).  The  Fi  generation  was  grown  at  Pergamino,  Argentina,  in  1913  and 
was  decidedly  tinged.  The  Fs  generation  was  grown  in  1914  at  points  in  the 
northon,  central,  and  southern  parts  of  the  wheat-producing  area  of  the 
country.  All  of  the  individuals  were  colorless  in  the  north,  as  in  England.  In 
the  center,  at  about  the  latitude  of  Buenos  Aires,  some  of  the  short-glumed  Indl- 
vidnals  were  tinged,  while  in  the  south,  in  the  Pampa,  the  colored  individuals 
were  fftirly  well  defined  and  were  classified,  giving  all  whites  (72)  among  Indi- 
viduals of  long  and  intermediate  glume  length  and  7  colored  and  28  white 
uwmg  the  short  glume  length.  Three  doubtful  shorts  grown  in  1915  bred 
tme  to  short  glume,  but  gave  7  white  and  13  colored  individuals.  A  reciprocal 
of  the  cross  described  above  gave  substantially  the  same  results. 

"The  interest  of  the  experiment,  however,  lies  in  the  fact  that,  whereas 
in  England  the  color  disappears  and  does  not  return  in  any  subsequent  genera- 
tion, the  result  of  growing  Fs's,  obtained  in  identically  the  same  way,  in  Argen- 
thia,  is  to  prove  that  at  any  rate  the  color  is  there,  and,  given  suitable  climatic 
conditions,  will  show  itself.  Rivet  wheat,  grown  for  comparison,  had  the 
same  peculiar  mouse-gray  color  as  in  England  and  was  no  darker  in  this  cli- 
mate. The  cause  of  the  suppression  of  color  in  this  particular  cross  must  be 
Bonght  for  in  the  shape  of  an  inhibitor,  brought  in,  either  by  Polish  wheat  and 
meeting  something  in  Rivet  to  release  it,  as  it  were,  or  vice  versa;  for  this 
particular  strain  of  T.  polorUcum  crossed  with  colored  varieties  other  than 
Rivet  gives  colored  descendants,  in  dimattc  conditions  under  which,  crossed 
with  Rivet,  they  are  colorless." 

Origin  of  the  Georgia  and  Alabama  varieties  of  velvet  bean,  H.  S.  Ooe 
(Jour.  Amer.  Sac,  Agron,,  10  {1918),  No,  4,  pp.  175-179,  flgs.  £).— This  briefly 
relates  the  history  of  early  maturing  mutants  of  Stizolobium  deeringianum 
grown  in  Georgia  and  Alabama,  which  have  made  possible  the  extension  of 
Teivet-bean  production  to  the  northern  limits  of  the  cotton  belt. 

Variety  tests  of  wheat,  E.  F.  Oattthvn  (Alabama  Col.  8ta,  Bui,  20S  {1918), 
pp.  lS5-Ht). — ^This  bulletin  contains  the  results  of  tests  with  different  varieties 
of  wheat  begun  in  1899  and  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  32,  p.  137),  together 


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142  BXPEBIMBNT  8TATI0H  BECOBD.  |VoL40 

with  similar  data  accmnulated  since.  An  Alabama  strain  of  Bluestem  with  an 
average  yield  of  15.9  bu.  per  acre  and  Red  Wonder  with  16.0  bu.  are  considered 
to  be  among  the  leading  varieties  for  those  sorts  grown  four  or  more  years, 
based  on  a  comparison  with  Fulcaster  grown  each  year  of  the  test  with  an 
average  yield  of  IS  bu.  The  average  yield  for  all  bearded  varieties  was  14J2 
bu.  and  for  all  beardless  kinds  14.7  bu. 

Cultural  methods  deemed  best  suited  for  growing  the  crop  in  the  State  are 
briefly  indicated. 

Natural  cross-pollination  in  wheat,  H.  K.  Hatxs  {Jour.  Amer.  Soc.  Agrcn^ 
10  (1918),  No,  S,  pp.  120-122).— ThiA  paper,  a  contribution  from  the  Minnesota 
Experiment  Station*  reports  observations  on  wheat  grown  on  nursery  plats 
on  the  university  fkrm  to  ascertain  the  frequency  of  cross-pollination  betwe^i 
various  types. 

Fifty  plants  of  Haynes  Bluestem  selected  in  1915  and  grown  in  individual 
plats  in  1916  resulted  in  8  individuals  which  proved  to  be  definite  natural 
hybrids.  One  plant  gave  45  brown  and  19  white  chaff  individuals;  a  second 
gave  32  hairy  brown  chaff,  16  hairy  white  chaff,  13  smooth  brown  chaff,  and  5 
smooth  white  chaff  plants;  while  a  third  gave  46  hairy  and  19  smooth  chaff 
plants.    Two  other  selections  gave  both  red  and  white  kernels. 

Of  47  plant  selections  of  Marquis  grown  in  1916  from  selections  made  in 
field  variety  tests,  all  were  true  for  the  Marquis  type  of  head,  but  two  gave 
both  red  and  white  kernels.  In  the  winter-wheat  nursery,  one  selection  out  of 
54  proved  to  be  a  natural  hybrid.  Of  numerous  plant  selections  made  in  1916 
and  grown  in  1917,  several  gave  definite  indications  of  being  Fi  crosses. 

It  is  concluded  that  the  results  indicate  that  conditions  in  1915  and  1916 
were  either  very  favorable  for  natural  crossing  in  wheat  or  that  cross-pollina- 
tion is  much  more  frequent  than  is  generally  supposed. 

Natural  crossinir  in  wheat,  H.  K.  Hates  {Jour.  Heredity,  9  {1918),  No,  7, 
pp.  S26-SS0,  SS4f  fl09*  2), — Work  similar  to  that  noted  above  was  continued 
during  1917  and  1918  and  is  said  to  have  indicated  that  considerable  natural 
crossing  occurred.  The  observed  crossing  in  lines  of  Triticwn  vulgare  amounted 
to  1.3  per  cent,  and  assuming  that  it  occurred  as  often  between  plants  of  the 
same  variety  as  between  different  sorts  natural  crossing  in  1917  is  believed 
to  have  ranged  from  2  to  3  per  cent  The  appearance  of  Fi  plants  in  sup- 
posedly pure  lines  of  wheat  is  thought  to  have  led  to  the  belief  that  hybrids 
frequently  revert  to  type. 

A  considerable  number  of  commercial  samples  of  Preston,  Haynes  Blue- 
stem,  Minnesota  169,  and  Marquis  wheat  have  been  examined,  and  in  nearly 
every  case  some  unplgmented  seeds  found  which,  as  a  rule,  bred  true  to  the 
general  characters  of  the  variety.  One  such  from  a  Marquis  sample  bred  true 
for  hairy  chaff  and  closely  approached  Marquis  in  seed  shape.  While  results 
of  this  nature  might  be  explained  as  mutations,  it  is  thought  that  **  in  the  light 
of  the  data  here  given,  it  seems  more  logical  to  consider  that  they  are  the 
result  of  natural  crosses." 

A  mechanical  explanation  of  progressive  changes  in  the  proportions  of 
hard  and  soft  kernels  in  wheat,  G.  F.  Frseman  {Jour.  Amer.  Soc.  Agron.,  10 
{1918),  No.  i.  pp.  23-28).— The  author  reports  observations  of  commercial 
varieties  of  durum  wheat  and  of  local  and  introduced  commercial  types  of  bread 
wheat,  grown  on  the  Arizona  Experiment  Station  farm  at  Yuma  to  ascertain 
why  hard  wheats  of  high-milling  quality  introduced  into  this  region  are  often 
lost  or  soon  deteriorate  until  they  are  no  better  than  the  ordinary  local  sorts. 

Head  selections  of  white  and  red  durum,  poulard,  and  red  and  white  bread 
wheats,  all  local  strains,  and  of  a  commercial  type  of  Turkey  wheat  obtained  in 


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md]  FIELD  GEO».  143 

KaiiMs,  were  grown  In  100-ft  rows.  The  percentage  of  hard  grains  In  each 
groQiK  together  with  the  correlation  between  yield  and  percentage  of  hard 
grains,  is  indicated  in  tabular  form« 

The  correlation  between  yield  and  hardness  in  the  case  of  the  durum  varieties 
was  found  to  have  a  plus  value,  while  that  in  the  case  of  the  other  groups  had 
a  mhius  value,  indicating  that  the  harder  races  would  be  eliminated  within  a 
few  years.  It  is  concluded,  therefore,  that  *'  the  gradual  softening  of  an  impure 
race  of  wheat  [that  is,  commercial  strains]  can  thus  be  explained  as  a  climatic 
•election  without  the  necessity  of  assuming  any  direct  or  accumulative  influ- 
ence of  the  climate  upon  the  hereditary  substance  itself.  ...  An  hereditary 
distinction  between  the  durum  and  Turkey  wheat  is  thus  brought  to  light,  in 
tbat  the  harder  strains  of  Turkey  wheat  are  much  reduced  in  yield,  whereas  in 
the  damm  wheats  the  harder  strains  are  the  better  yielders.  These  hereditary 
distinctions,  though  not  striking  in  any  one  season,  are  sufficient  to  maintain 
the  hardness  of  the  durum  wheat  and  slowly  change  the  other  toward  the  con- 
dition of  softness  and  low  nitrogen  content  usually  found  among  bread  wheats 
whidi  have  been  grown  for  a  number  of  years  in  a  warm  climate.  .  .  . 

**  We  must  discard  mixed  commercial  varieties  and  grow  only  pure  races  of 
wheat  coming  originally  from  a  single  plant.  ...  It  is  highly  important 
that  the  seed  wheat  of  the  community  be  maintained  in  its  standard  of  purity 
through  repeated  pedigree  selection.  This  work  should  be  done  either  by  the 
State  or  by  reputable,  trained  seed  breeders,  and  from  these  the  farmer  should 
renew  his  seed  at  least  every  four  or  five  yeara** 

Frodudng  bread-making  wheats  for  warm  oHmatas,  Q.  F.  Fbkbhan  {Jour. 
HeredUp,  9  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  BU-tZS,  ft09.  5). --In  connection  with  the  studies 
noted  above  the  author,  in  an  effort  to  obtain  a  high-grade  milling  wheat  for 
warm  climates,  describes  reciprocal  crosses  made  in  1913  between  a  white  maca- 
roni wheat  coming  originally  from  Algeria ;  a  soft  red  bread  wheat  also  from 
Algeria;  and  Sonora,  a  soft  white  wheat  grown  locally.  The  inheritance  of 
grain  texture  is  discussed,  and  tabulated  data  are  presented  showing  the  inher- 
itance of  this  character  through  four  generationa  Microscopical  studies  of  the 
texture  of  the  wheat  grain  were  made  by  means  of  thin  cross  sections  reduced 
to  the  necessary  transparency  by  polishing.  Observations  on  the  inheritance 
of  **  yellow  berry  '*  in  pure  lines  of  hard  wheat  are  also  noted. 

The  hardness  of  a  wheat  is  said  to  be  determined  by  the  solidity  of  the 
grain,  and  this  in  turn  by  the  nature  and  relative  proportions  of  gluten  and 
March  in  the  endosperm.  With  a  suflldently  high  ratio  of  gluten  to  starch,  the 
cell  contents  are  cemented  together  solidly  as  the  grain  dries  out  in  ripening, 
while  in  the  absence  of  sufficient  gluten  the  shrinkage  does  not  fully  compensate 
for  the  loss  of  water,  and  air  spaces  appear  within  the  cells  which  render  the 
grains  soft  and  also  serve  as  refracting  surfaces,  making  the  grains  opaque. 
Two  types  of  soft  grains  were  recognized  among  the  wheats  employed  in  these 
experiments.  **True  softness"  was  represented  by  a  type  in  which  the  air 
spaces  in  the  endosperm  were  diffuse  and  finely  scattered,  the  type  being  only 
subtly  affected  by  environmental  conditiona  The  second  type,  commonly 
known  as  yellow  berry,  was  characterised  by  air  spaces  within  the  endosperm 
occurring  in  flakelike  groups  with  quite  definite  margins,  giving  rise  to  opaque- 
ness which  mic^t  be  confined  to  a  small  spot  only  or  might  include  the  entire 
endosperm.    This  type  was  very  sensitive  to  environic  conditiona 

The  results  obtained  in  the  hybridization  work  may  be  summarized  as  fol- 
lows: The  genetic  behavior  of  true  softness  may  be  explained  by  two  inde- 
pendent factors  which  govern  the  relative  proportion  of  gluten  and  starch. 
These  factors  showed  incomplete  dominance  over  their  absence,  the  intensity  of 


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144  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [VoL  40 

dieir  action  depending  upon  the  number  of  times  tbe  factors  appeared  In  the 
endosperm.  Thus  (assuming  double  ferttlhsatlon)  the  presence  of  none  to  six 
factors  in  the  endosperm  cells  would  give  rise  to  a  series  of  types  grading  from 
hard  (translucent)  through  alomst  Insensible  degrees  to  completely  soft 
(opaque)  grains.  The  genetic  factors  governing  the  appearance  of  yellow  berry 
have  not  been  fully  analysed,  but  th^  are  evidently  distinct  from  those  whidb 
give  rise  to  true  softness  and  are  said  to  be  very  sensitive  to  envlronlc  influences, 

"  In  spite  of  the  strong  regression  from  extreme  selections,  the  almost  per- 
fect uniformity  of  results  from  a  number  of  carefully  controlled  ezperiments 
Indicates  that  genetic  factors,  for  a  greater  or  less  sensitivity,  are  Inherited 
as  definitely  as  are  other  factors  governing  quantitative  characters.  The  num- 
ber of  factors  involved  has  not  been  determined." 

Nematode  galls  as  a  factor  in  the  marketing  and  milling  of  wheat,  D.  A. 
C>)LBUAN  and  S.  A.  Reqaf  (17.  8.  Dept.  Apr.  Bui.  7S4  (1918),  pp.  16,  fg;  7). — 
Preliminary  observations  are  reported  upon  the  present  distribution,  the  in- 
fluence upon  market  grade  and  milling  quality,  and  the  methods  of  control  of 
galls  produced  by  the  nematode  TylenchM  triUd  In  wheat 

"The  galls  ...  in  comparison  with  sound  wheat  are  irregular  In  shape, 
shriveled,  and  wrinkled.  Usually  they  are  shorter  and  broader  than  sound 
wheat  kernels,  but  sometimes  are  equal  in  size,  or  again  may  be  very  narrow 
and  needlellke.  Very  small  galls,  the  size  of  wild  buckwheat,  are  also  found 
frequently.  It  Is  not  uncommon  to  find  several  of  them  tightly  cemented 
together." 

The  disease  Is  said  to  be  established  in  certain  sections  of  Virginia  and  has 
not  only  reduced  yields  per  acre,  but  has  also  seriously  affected  market  grades 
and  the  milling  qualities  of  marketed  wheat  The  market  grade  is  reduced 
by  a  reduction  In  weight  and  by  an  increase  in  the  amount  of  do<±age,  and 
especially  in  the  amount  of  foreign  material  oth»  than  dockage  In  any  given 
lot  of  infected  grain.  Flour  yields  from  infected  wheat  are  reduced,  and  the 
percentage  of  low-grade  flour  and  shorts  Is  Increased.  Ordinary  wheat-cleaning 
machinery  Is  said  to  be  unsulted  Ayr  removing  these  galls,  although  machinery 
for  washing  and  drying  wheat  is  expected  to  be  successful. 

The  best  methods  of  control  are  said  to  include  crop  rotation  and  clean  seed. 
The  nematode  larvse  contained  in  the  galls  can  be  killed  by  the  hot-water 
treatment  employed  in  the  control  of  smut  The  galls  can  also  be  floated 
away  from  the  sound  wheat  by  means  of  water. 

Chemical  analyses  of  nematode  galls  and  sound  wheat,  by  the  Bureau  of 
Chemistry,  and  comparative  milling  and  baking  tests,  by  L.  M.  Thomas,  at 
the  grain  standardization,  milling,  and  baking  laboratory,  at  Fargo,  N.  Dak., 
are  included. 

Have  the  farmers  been  given  a  square  deal  in  the  Federal  standards  for 
hard  red  spring  wheatP  C.  J.  Bband  (17.  S.  Dept.  Affr.,  Bur,  MarkeU  8erv,  and 
Regulatory  Announcement,  No.  34  (1918),  pp.  iO).— This  comprises  a  letter 
written  in  reply  to  a  communication  from  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  of 
North  Dakota,  relative  to  the  revised  Federal  standards  for  wheat,  which 
became  effective  July  15,  1918.  See  also  a  previous  article  by  Sanderson  (B. 
8.  R.,  38,  p.  871). 

Federal  grain  supervision  and  the  standards  for  wheat  applied  to  1917  crop 
of  hard  red  spring  wheat,  inolttding  comparison  of  present  and  revised  offl* 
cial  standards  ( U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bur.  Market$  8erv.  and  Regulatory  Announce- 
ment, No.  S6  (1918),  pp.  16,  figs.  11). — ^Thls  number  includes  primarily  a  more 
detailed  account  of  the  information  noted  above,  together  .with  a  comparison 
of  the  previous  and  revised  ofllcial  standards. 


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FIELD  CROPS. 


145 


A  eomparison  of  the  Federal  v.  Minnesota  grading  system,  T.  Sanderson 
{North  Dakota  8ta.  Spec,  Buh,  5  (1918),  No,  6,  pp.  Kn-lSO,  flffs.  5).— A  compari- 
son of  the  two  systems  for  grading  wheat  is  presented,  based  npon  an  analysis 
of  the  information  contained  in  the  two  publications  noted  above  and  upon 
the  results  of  numerous  milling  and  baking  tests  made  at  the  North  Dakota 
GoUege  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  663). 

Yaxlations  in  seed  tests  resulting  from  errors  in  sampling,  O.  A.  Stevens 
{Jour,  Amer,  8oc.  Affr<m,,  10  {1918),  No,  i,  pp.  1-19,  figs.  5).— Germination  and 
parity  tests,  made  during  1914  and  1915  by  the  department  of  botany  of  the 
North  Dakota  Agricultural  College,  are  described  In  connection  with  studies  of 
the  fandamental  factors  which  occasion  variations  in  seed  tests.  These  varia- 
tions are  said  to  be  largely  of  two  sources,  mathematical  and  personal  or 
economic  The  direct  causes  of  variations  in  purity  t^s  are  attributed  to  im- 
perfect mixing,  random  sampling,  errors  In  weighing,  personal  selection  and 
errors  of  identification,  while  in  germination  tests  variations  are  attributed  to 
imperfect  mixing,  random  sampling,  errors  in  counting,  personal  selection,  im- 
proper conditions  for  germination,  and  special  conditions  of  the  seed.  These 
causes  are  briefly  discussed. 

In  the  experimental  work  described,  50  germination  and  purity  tests  were 
made  from  each  lot  of  seed  by  one  individual.  Conclusions  and  recommenda- 
tk»s  based  on  the  results  obtained  may  be  summarized  as  follows : 

The  probable  error  of  a  single  germination  test  of  100  to  400  seeds  varied 
according  to  the  percentage  of  germination  as  follows : 

Approximate  protwhle  error  for  fferminaUon  teiti. 


Number  ofaeedi  and. 

Percenttige  of  smninatlon. 

1 

vr. 

M. 

«. 

SOtOflO. 

m 

a76 

.50 
.40 
.35 

1.00 
.70 
.&5 

.fiO 

1.60 
1,00 

.70 

S.26 
I.  BO 
1.20 
1.06 

%90 

so 

2.00 

m 

1.7S 

m 

l.fiO 

The  above  figures  were  increased  about  one-fifth  In  the  lower  percentages  of 
germination  for  legumes  containing  the  so-called  '*  hard  **  seeds,  the  sources  of 
Tariation  being  reduced  as  far  as  it  Is  possible  to  do.  No  attempt  was  made  to 
determine  the  range  of  variation  where  factors  other  than  that  of  mathematical 
probability  entered  to  any  extent.  These  values  may  also  be  used  for  other 
experiments  involving  similar  conditions,  e.  g.,  counting  500  seeds  to  determine 
the  percentage  of  mixture  of  two  kinds.  Samples  not  containing  mixtures  of 
materials  which  tend  to  separate  readily  (such  as  sand,  fine  trash,  or  coarse 
material),  require  only  a  small  amount  of  mixing,  while  samples  which  contain 
snrii  mixtures  should  receive,  when  practical,  a  supplementary  test  of  larger 
quantity  to  show  the  approximate  amount  of  such  materials. 

In  purity  tests  the  quantities  used  should  receive  careful  investigation  in 
order  to  determine  whether  those  in  current  use  could  be  changed  to  advantage. 
The  use  of  the  second  decimal  place  is  of  no  value  In  most  work,  but  if  such 
accuracy  is  desired,  the  test  should  be  based  upon  a  sample  of  sufitdent  size. 
In  an  instance  of  such  change  in  some  work  carried  on  at  this  lal>oratory  the 
following  schedule  was  adopted  and  the  second  decimal  used:  For  cereals  a 
measured  quantity  (about  8  oz.  for  wheat)  was  used  unless  the  seed  was  ob- 
vlousiy  impure,  and  then  the  regular  quantity  (30  gm.)  was  taken,  while  for  flax 


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146  KXPRRTMKWT  8TATI0H  BEOOBD.  [▼oL40 

and  smaller  aeeds  three  ttmeB  tbe  regular  quantity  was  taken  unless  decidedly 
Impure.  This  Is  not  suggested  as  a  new  basis,  but  is  mentioned  as  a  case  of  a 
sliding  scale  used  to  adyantage.  The  number  of  seeds  of  cotain  noxious  weeds, 
such  as  wild  oats,  mustard,  etc^  was  calculated  from  the  larger  sample,  ¥^(d& 
is  deemed  quite  an  important  point  that  should  be  carried  out  for  any  sorts  that 
are  considered  of  special  importance. 

It  is  maintained  that  results  of  seed  tests  should  be  accompanied  by  an  indi* 
cation  of  their  accuracy  expressed  by  wilting  the  probable  error  after  the 
result,  as  06±1^  per  cent,  although  for  ordinary  reports  it  is  deemed  desirable 
to  hare  some  form  by  which  the  results  can  be  stated  more  completely.  While 
the  probable  error  represents  a  very  d^nite  quantity,  it  is  pointed  out  that  its 
practical  application  is  somewhat  difficult,  and  that  it  represents  only  an  eyen 
chance  that  the  true  result  lies  within  the  limits  indicated.  The  chances  are 
as  great  that  it  lies  beyond  this,  while  if  the  probable  error  is  doubled  there  are 
about  four  chances  in  five  that  it  lies  within  these  limits,  or  that  the  results 
will  still  be  beyond  this  in  20  per  cent  of  the  trials.  This  is  regarded  as  the 
smallest  reasonable  allowance  that  can  be  made,  and  for  the  smallest  practical 
scale  of  allowance  tor  variation  the  figures  in  the  table  should  be  doubled.  The 
observations  indicate  that  the  second  decimal  place  is  not  necessary  for  the 
calculation  of  probable  error  in  such  tests. 

The  amount  of  seed  used  for  tests  (and  therefore  the  degree  of  accuracy  ob- 
tained) must  be  regulated  by  two  factors,  vis,  the  degree  of  accuracy  necessary 
for  dependable  results  and  the  amount  of  work  which  it  is  possible  to  handle. 
From  the  data  presented  it  would  seem  that  for  germination  tests  200  seeds  in 
a  single  test  would  be  advisable  tot  ordinary  work,  the  number  being  Increased 
when  desired.  It  is  very  important  that  the  probable  error  be  known  so  that 
such  adjustments  may  be  made. 

Duplicate  tests  appeared  to  be  of  little  value,  as,  so  long  as  only  the  factor  of 
probability  in  selection  was  presmt,  variation  between  duplicates  was  not  sig- 
nificant, while  if  other  factors  are  present  the  chances  are  probably  as  great 
that  duplicates  which  vary  but  little  are  unreliable.  The  necessity  of  duplica- 
tion must  be  governed  chiefly  by  Jndgmoit,  whether  duplicates  vary  or  not,  and 
a  test  of  200  seeds  will  often  require  less  time  and  space  than  two  of  100  each. 

The  observations  of  Rodewald  (B.  S.  R.,  16,  p.  881)  relative  to  **  accidental  ** 
and  **  systematic  *'  errors  in  germination  and  purity  tests  are  briefly  reviewed, 
and  his  results  and  conclusions  are  compared  with  those  of  the  author. 

Seed  Reporter  (C7.  8,  Dept.  Affr-,  Seed  Rpir^  2  {1918),  No,  5,  pp.  8,  fl09.  6).— 
The  principal  feature  of  this  number  is  a  statistical  r^;K>rt  on  the  acreage  for 
1918,  the  usual  yield  of  seed,  and  the  general  date  of  harvesting  vegetable 
seeds,  by  States  and  crops,  as  determined  by  the  seed  survey  of  July  1.  The 
data  are  supplemented  by  outline  maps  of  the  United  States  showing  the  coun- 
ties in  which  the  different  crops  were  grown  commercially  for  seed  in  1918. 

Market  notes  are  presented  for  Kansas  City,  Chicago,  and  the  Eastern 
States,  and  information  is  given  rtiUitive  to  transportation  of  seed  and  to  ex- 
portation of  vegetable  seed.  The  production  of  sugar-beet  seed  in  the  United 
States  and  onion-set  conditions  in  the  Chicago  district  are  briefly  discussed. 

The  usual  data  relative  to  the  inqports  of  forage>plant  seed  permitted  entry 
into  the  United  States  are  included. 

The  revised  agricultural  seed  law,  C.  P.  Smith  {Maryland  8ta.  Bui.  219 
{1918),  pp.  9), — ^This  bulletin  contains  the  text  of  the  revised  seed  law,  pre- 
viously noted  (B.  S.  R.,  89,  pi  889).  together  with  the  rules  and  regulations 
for  its  enforcement 


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1»1»]  KXFSBIICENT  8TATI0H  BBOOBD.  147 

EOBTXCULTUHS. 

A  nutritioii  basis  for  hortleiiltnral  practice,  B.  J.  Kelavb  {Mo.  But  Cal. 
Com,  Hart,,  7  {1918),  No.  10,  pp.  S59-S&t)  .^A.  discussion  of  the  practices  of 
soil  fertilization  and  pruning  with  special  reference  to  their  influence  in  main- 
taining a  proper  balance  between  nitrogenous  compounds  and  carbohydrates  in 
the  plants  with  the  Tlew  of  promoting  fruitfulness,  and  baaed  upon  the  investi- 
gation with  the  tomato  conducted  by  the  author  and  H.  R.  Kraybill  previously 
reported  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  40). 

Effect  of  electricity  on  plants  {MUiowri  Bot.  Qard.  BuL,  6  {1918),  No.  8,  pp. 
97-100,  pl9.  2). — During  the  three  seasons  191&-1018  experiments  were  con- 
ducted at  the  Minouri  Botanical  (harden  with  tomatoes,  string  beans,  sweet 
com,  and  Salvia  splendena  to  determine  the  value  of  electricity  in  stimulating 
Idant  growth.  The  de  OraflSgny  "  Electrifier,"  an  apparatus  secured  from 
France,  which  was  used  in  this  woric  is  illustrated  and  described,  and  the  re- 
sults of  the  experiments  as  conducted  for  the  three  seasons  are  briefly  reported. 

The  results  indicate  that  all  crops  presumably  were  influenced  by  the  electric 
current  conveyed  by  the  apparatus.  As  compared  with  the  check  plats  the 
dectrified  plats  showed  considerable  increase  in  vegetative,  as  well  as  repro- 
ductive, growth,  and  the  date  of  maturity  was  hastened. 

It  is  pointed  out,  however,  that  before  any  definite  practical  application  can 
be  made  of  the  use  of  electricity  in  growing  plants  it  is  necessary  to  realize 
"(1)  tiie  need  for  quantitative  measurements  of  the  electric  discharge,  (2) 
that  a  stimulus  may  act  differently  on  the  plant  at  different  stages  of  its  life, 
(8)  that  the  effect  of  the  stimulus  depends  upon  its  intensity,  (4)  that  the  effect 
of  the  stimulus  depends  on  the  time  at  which  it  is  applied,  and  (5)  that  the 
effect  of  the  stimulus  may  appear  a  considerable  time  after  it  is  applied." 

Bffoct  of  low  temperatures  on  frreenhouae  plants,  M.  Free  {Brooklyn  Boi. 
Qwrd.  Rec.,  8  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  1^17). —A  discussion  of  the  behavior  of  various 
dasses  of  plants  in  the  greenhouses  of  the  Brooklyn  Botanic  Garden  during 
tile  winter  of  1917-18,  when  the  shortage  of  ooal  necessitated  unusually  low 
temperatures. 

[Third  annual  report  of  nursery  and  market  garden  experimental  and  re- 
seaieh  station  in  Hertfordshire  in  1917]  {Bxpi.  and  Research  8ia.,  Waltham 
Crou,  Ann.  Rpt.,  3  {1917),  pp.  34,  llo$.  6). — ^This  comprises  a  report  on  manurial 
and  cultural  experiments  with  tomatoes  and  cucumbers  grown  under  glass. 
Data  on  a  study  of  physiological  conditions  in  cucumber  houses,  together  with 
a  r«port  on  soil  sterilisation  experiments  conducted  at  two  trade  nurseries, 
are  also  given. 

Adaptation  of  veffetables,  W.  W.  Trj^ct,  sb.  {Amer.  FUnUt,  52  {1919),  No. 
1S98,  pp.  36,  57). —A  report  of  the  author's  address  on  Varietal  Adaptation  of 
CoUnary  Vegetables  to  Local  Conditions,  delivered  before  the  Massachusetts 
Horticultural  Society,  January  11,  1919. 

As  a  result  of  over  50  years'  experience  in  seed  breeding  and  seed  growing, 
tlie  author  condudes  that  many  new  strains  of  vegetables  and  flowers  develop 
from  the  same  original  seed  stock  without  crossing  or  even  careful  selection, 
bat  simply  as  the  result  of  differing  soil  and  climatic  conditions,  and  that  these 
strains,  each  adapted  to  certain  cultural  conditions  or  consumers'  requirements 
sre  often  as  worthy  of  distinct  varietal  names  as  those  already  catalogued. 
Tbe  ioqiortance  of  developing  strains  suited  to  local  conditions  is  discussed,  and 
snsgestions  are  given  on  saving  diflterent  kinds  of  seed. 

Genetic  studies  of  some  characters  in  Pisum,  S.  Nohabjl  {Boi.  Mag.  {Tokyol, 
SB  (1918),  No.  577,  pp.  91''102,  figs.  IB).— As  the  result  of  a  cross  between  a 


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148  XXPEBIKBNT  STATION  BBOOBIX  [VoL  4» 

Japanese  and  French  variety  of  edible  podded  peas  the  Fi  progeny  yielded  hard 
inedible  pods.  There  was  a  splitting  up  into  hard  and  soft  pods  in  the  Fa 
progeny  in  the  ratio  of  about  9 : 7.  Soft  Ft  pods  bred  true  to  type  in  F*.  l%e 
hard  Fa  pods  yielded  a  few  homosygous  hards  in  F«,  but  for  the  most  part 
split  in  one  way  or  the  other  into  heterozygous  IndiTidoals.  From  the  results 
thus  far  secured,  the  author  concludes  that  the  development  of  hard  pod  from 
two  edible  pod  parents  is  due  to  two  complementary  factors. 

Resrulating  the  bearing  haUt  of  fruit  tress,  J.  G.  WnrmN  {MintL  HarU, 
47  {1919),  No.  i,  pp.  25-^5).— In  this  paper  the  author  briefly  discusses  cul- 
tural practices  which  are  known  to  have  some  influence  in  regulating  the  bear- 
ing habit  of  fruit  trees. 

Influence  of  low  temperature  on  trait  growing  in  New  York  State,  W.  H. 
Ghandlbb  {Proc,  N.  7.  State  Fruit  Grower^  A—oc,  17  {1918),  pp.  1S6-194). — 
A  popular  review  of  the  knowledge  relative  to  the  killing  of  buds,  wood,  flowers, 
and  young  fruit  by  low  temperature,  with  special  reference  to  New  York  State 
conditions. 

Beport  on  tests  of  self -sterility  in  plums,  cherries,  and  apples  at  the  John 
Innes  Horticultural  Institution,  Ida  Sutton  {Jour,  Genetiot,  7  {1918),  No,  4, 
pp.  t81-800,  fiU,  2). — ^In  continuation  of  previous  reports  by  Backhouse  (B.  S. 
R.,  28,  p.  237),  this  report  summarises  the  results  of  s^-sterUe  studies  in 
plums,  cherries,  and  apples  conducted  by  various  investigators  at  the  J<dm 
Innes  Horticultural  Institution  since  191X  Tabular  data  are  given  showing  the 
results  of  fertilizing  individual  varieties  with  various  other  varieties,  together 
with  a  summarized  list  of  plums,  cherries,  and  apples  riiown  to  be  self-sterile, 
partly  self-fertile,  or  self-fertile.  A  short  bibliography  of  related  literature  is 
included. 

The  work  as  a  whole  shows  that  many  important  commercial  varieties  set 
little  or  no  fruit  unless  crossipollinated.  Pollinisecs  must  be  planted  with 
these  self-sterile  kinds,  and  provided  that  a  variety  produces  plenty  of  pollen 
and  flowers  simultaneously  with  the  variety  which  it  is  intended  to  pollinate, 
any  variety,  at  least  with  plums  and  apples,  appears  to  be  suitable  for  this 
purpose.  An  exception  to  this  was  noted  in  the  case  of  Coe  Golden  Drop  and 
related  varieties  of  plums,  which  did  not  set  fruit  well  even  when  cross- 
pollinated  with  a  number  of  other  varieties,  thus  indicating  cross-incompati- 
bility. 

No  definite  conclusions  are  derived  from  the  work  with  cherries,  whi<^  was 
not  carried  on  to  such  a  large  extent  as  with  apples  and  plums.  Some  records 
of  failures  with  certain  pollen,  however,  suggested  that  incompatibility  may 
exist  among  certain  varieties  of  cherries  also. 

Minnesota  State  Fruit-Breeding  Farm  in  1918,  G.  Habalson  (J^inn.  Hori^ 
47  {1919),  No,  1,  pp.  1-4*  P^  If  fiff^  2),'^A.  brief  report  on  progress  made  in 
breeding  and  testing  hardy  fruits,  including  i^ums,  apples,  strawberries,  rasp- 
berries, blackberries,  gooseberries,  and  grapea 

Inflnence  of  orchard  soil  management  on  fruit  bud  development  and 
formation  as  found  in  the  apple,  R.  S.  Kibbt  {Proc.  Iowa  Acad.  Sd.,  t4  {1917), 
pp.  447,  448).— A  brief  progress  report  on  a  study  being  conducted  at  the  Iowa 
Experiment  Station  to  determine  what  influence  the  different  methods  of  soil 
management  would  have  on  fruit  bud  formation  and  development 

No  definite  conclusions  are  derived  flx>m  the  work  at  this  time.  Observations 
thus  far  made,  however,  indicate  that  the  time  of  flower  bud  differentiation  is 
somewhat  earlier  on  heavy  sod  land  than  under  cover  cn^  or  clean  tillage 
conditions.  Flower  and  leaf  buds  started  to  differentiate  as  early  as  July  1 
and  continued  to  differentiate  to  September  XS.  but  by  far  the  largest  per- 


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1»1»]  H0BTICT7LTUBB.  149 

centage  started  to  form  between  July  20  and  Angust  10.  The  fmit  bud  forma- 
tion on  Individual  trees  Is  closely  correlated  with  the  growth  of  the  trees. 

Twenty  years  of  fertiUsers  in  an  apple  orchard,  R.  D.  Anthony  {Proo. 
N.  7.  State  Fruit  Chrawert^  Asaac,  17  {1918),  pp.  Si(MBi8)  .—This  paper  com- 
priBes  a  short  report  of  the  present  statos  of  the  long-continued  orchard  fer- 
tilixer  experiment  being  conducted  at  th^  New  York  State  Experiment  Station 
(E.S.R^25,p.  043). 

As  a  result  of  19  years  of  fertilisation,  it  is  concluded  that  the  applicati<m 
of  a  complete  fertilizer  has  increased  the  yields  somewhat,  but  that  nearly  as 
good  results  have  been  secured  when  the  nitrogen  was  omitted  and  only  phos- 
pboric  acid  and  potash  used.  The  increases  have  amounted  even  In  the  most 
favorable  cases  only  to  about  a  bushel  per  tree  per  year  since  the  orchard  had 
its  first  commercial  crop.  It  is  pointed  out  that  these  gains  are  not  sufficient 
to  pay  the  charges,  eq;)eciany  with  present  prices  for  labor  and  fertilizers. 

The  effect  of  cross-poUiniition  on  sise,  color,  shape,  and  quality  of  the 
apple,  W.  H.  Wicks  (Ifo.  BuL  Col.  Com.  Hart.,  7  (1918),  No.  10,  pp.  568^78).^ 
A  summary  of  the  author's  investigation  previously  noted  in  full  (B.  S.  R.,  39, 
p.  845). 

Stains  of  eommercial  apple  growing  in  Virginia,  R.  E.  Maxshaix  {Va. 
Polfteeh.  Itut.  E^.  BuL  40  (1918),  pp.  15,  flga.  6). -"Thin  comprises  the  results 
of  a  census  of  the  commercial  apple  industry  of  Virginia,  taken  in  1918  under 
the  direction  of  the  extension  division  of  the  Virginia  College.  Tabular  data  are 
given  showing  the  number  of  trees  by  counties  and  by  important  varieties.  There 
are  approximately  2,185,000  commercial  apple  trees  of  different  ages  in  the 
State. 

Peach  growing,  H.  P.  Qovu>  {New  York:  The  MacmiUan  Co.,  1918,  pp.  XX1+ 
tU,  pU.  82,  flp$.  19). — ^A  treatise  on  the  principles  and  practice  of  peach  pro- 
duction, the  introductory  chapters  of  which  deal  with  the  Introduction  of  the 
peach  into  America  and  the  economic  status  and  extent  of  the  peach  industry. 
The  succeeding  chapters  discuss  location  and  site  of  the  orchard ;  propagation 
ef  peach  trees ;  details  of  planting  an  orchard ;  orchard  management ;  the  tillage 
of  peach  orchards ;  interplanted  crops ;  fertilizers  for  peach  orchards ;  pruning 
peach  trees;  insect  and  disease  control ;  thinning  the  fruit ;  irrigating  peaches; 
a  consideration  of  adverse  temperatures ;  annual  cost  factors  in  growing  peaches ; 
peach  varieties,  botany,  and  classification ;  picking  and  packing  the  fruit ;  and 
transportation,  storage,  and  marketing. 

Storage  of  grapes,  P.  Thatis  {Mo.  Bui.  OMo  8ta.,  S  {1918),  No.  10,  pp.  816^ 
917). —For  several  seasons  a  test  has  been  conducted  at  the  station  to  see 
what  varieties  of  grapes  are  best  adapted  for  storage.  Notes  are  given  on  the 
betuLTior  under  storage  of  some  22  varieties  which  were  selected  for  the  test 
by  reason  of  lateness  of  ripening,  firmness  of  fiesh,  or  toughness  of  skin.  Of 
these  Wilder  appeared  to  be  the  best  for  storage  and  Lindley  was  very  good. 
Otber  varieties  adapted  for  storage  were  Agawam,  Diana,  Oaertner,  Hernito, 
lona,  Salem,  Vergennes,  and  Xenia. 

The  experiment  indicated  that  a  uniform  temperature  of  about  40""  F.  would 
be  the  optimum,  since  cold  storage  seems  to  increase  the  amount  of  diattering 
tnd  in  some  cases  to  injure  the  fiavor.  The  fruit  should  be  mature  and  free 
from  disease,  picked  when  dry,  and  handled  carefully  to  avoid  cracking.  It 
riioQld  be  stored  on  shelves  or  in  trays  in  shallow  layers  in  an  atmosphere  with 
a  reasonable  amount  of  humidity. 

Smyrna  fig  culture,  O.  P.  Rixvobd  {U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.  But.  732  {1918),  pp.  48, 
tgt.  lt).—K  treatise  on  Smyrna  fig  culture,  dealing  with  the  extent  and  origin 
of  the  hidustry,  introduction  of  Smyrna  figs  into  the  United  States,  classifica- 


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150  EXPEBIlCEirr  STATIOK  BEOOSD.  CToL  40 

tion  of  cultivated  flgs,  Tarioos  cropa  cf  the  fig  tree,  fig  poUination  and  caprtflca- 
tion,  application  of  capriUga  to  Smynia  trees,  capriflg  plantations,  the  seedling 
fig  orchards  at  loomis,  Cat,  harrestlng  and  caring,  packing,  shipping  fresh 
figs,  Smyrna  fig  culture  in  the  Southern  States,  starting,  care,  and  managonent 
of  the  Smyrna  fig  orchard,  the  splitting  of  figs,  and  fig  hreeding.  Descrlptiona 
are  given  of  Smyrna  and  Capri  fig  Tfirieties  tiiat  are  promising,  or  that  luve 
already  assumed  importance  in  the  fig  industry.  The  opportunities  In  the  In- 
dustry are  briefly  discussed,  and  a  bibliography  of  literature  on  the  fig  is 
appended. 

Culture  of  the  Logan  blaekberry  and  related  varletlea,  O.  H.  Dasbow  (CT.  8» 
Dept,  Agr.,  Farmers'  Bui,  999  il918),  pp.  £^  /lo$.  il).— This  publication  deals 
with  the  culture  of  the  Logan  blackberry,  also  popularly  known  as  the  logan- 
berry, in  the  milder  parts  of  California,  Oregon,  and  WaAington.  Informa- 
tioD  Is  given  relative  to  the  status  of  the  industry,  origin  of  the  variety,  extent 
of  culture,  location,  and  site  of  the  plantation,  planting,  training,  and  pruning 
the  plants,  harvesting  and  utilizing  the  fruit,  yields,  duration  of  plantation8» 
propagation,  and  related  forms  and  hybridSL 

Cranberry  investigations,  T.  J.  FKAnixa  (Proa  Amer,  Cranberry  Orawert^ 
A880C,,  49  il918),  pp.  Jl-19),— The  cooperative  cranberry  experiments  that  are 
being  conducted  under  the  direction  of  the  New  Jers^  Experiment  Stations 
(E.  S.  R.,  87,  p.  745)  were  replanned  during  the  year  and  limited  tor  the 
present  to  problems  of  plant  food,  soil  acidity,  soil  water,  and  insects.  The 
present  report  reviews  the  results  of  previous  fertiliser  experiments^  briefly 
notes  some  Initial  soil  acidity  experiments,  and  outlinea  future  fertiliser  and 
soil  acidity  experiments. 

Temperatures  of  small  fruits  whan  picked,  N.  E.  Stkveets  and  R.  B.  Wiloox 
{Plant  World,  tl  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  i79-iS5).— Observations  on  a  variety  of 
small  fruits  here  reported  show  that  on  dear  days  they  usually  have  a 
temperature  considerably  above  that  of  the  air.  No  constant  difference  in  tem- 
peratures of  fruits  of  the  same  variety,  but  of  different  colors,  was  observed. 
The  rise  in  temperature  appears  to  be  mostly  due  to  the  absorption  of  radlent 
energy  from  the  sun;  it  was  not  noticeable  at  night  nor  on  cloudy  days,  and 
berries  in  the  shade  are  uniformly  cooler  than  those  in  the  sun.  A  list  of  cited 
literature  is  appended. 

Home  storage  houses  for  fruit,  F.  N.  Faoan  {Perni,  State  CoL  Ext.  Circ  74 
{1918),  pp.  18,  figs.  25).— This  circular  gives  suggestions  for  constructing  home 
storage  houses,  including  illustrations  of  various  methods  of  construction. 

Home  vegetable  and  fruit  storage  {Maw.  Agr.  Coil.  E9t.  Serv.  Bui.  t$ 
{1918),  pp.  7,  fig$.  2). — Suggestions  are  given  for  storing  various  classes  of 
fruits  and  vegetables,  including  directions  for  constructing  a  cool  storeroom  hi 
the  cellar. 

Beport  of  nut  tree  InvestigationB  in  Maryland,  E.  S.  Johnston  {Maryland 
Sta.  Bui.  218  {1918),  pp.  2S9-265,  flgs.  2).— With  the  view  of  determining  the 
range  of  country  wherein  different  varieties  of  Persian  walnuts  and  pecans 
can  be  grown,  the  station  distributed  a  number  of  these  trees  in  various  sections 
of  the  State  during  the  three  years,  1907-1009.  This  bulletin  contains  a  report 
of  the  present  status  of  these  trees  and  of  trees  growing  at  the  station,  together 
with  notes  on  the  records  of  other  nut  trees  in  different  counties  of  Maryland  and 
a  list  of  varieties  of  walnuts  and  pecans  recommended  for  planting.  Informa- 
tion is  also  given  relative  to  the  economic  importance  of  nuts.  A  brief  bibliog- 
raphy of  nut  publications  is  included. 

In  all,  1,600  walnut  and  pecan  trees  were  distributed.  It  is  found  that  a 
greater  percentage'of  trees  have  survived  in  the  counties  on  the  Eastern  Shore 
and  in  the  counties  of  Anne  Arundel,  Calvert,  Washington,  and  Montgomery.    Of 


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»1»)  FOBBSTBT.  151 

the  Yarietiefl  planted  on  the  station  gronnds  the  following  haTe  grown  heat: 
Wflti,  Pranquette^  Mayette,  and  caiaberte  walnnti^  and  Pabst,  Moneymaker, 
Stuart,  Buaaeront  Major,  and  Mantnra  pecana 

A  new  Tarlety  of  avocado,  the  ''Ghinin,''  G.  InA  {Afn'on,  Ccton,^  S  (1918), 
Ho,  20,  pp,  'fi^-44,  flg$.  5). — The  author  describee  a  gronp  of  avocados  (Par^eci 
gratis$kna)  obtained  from  the  State  of  Tabasco,  Mexico,  the  fruit  of  which 
diffen  80  mnch  from  the  ordinary  avocados  that  the  gronp  has  been  given  the 
name  ''  Ghtnln.'*  Four  types  of  this  group  are  described.  The  *'  Chlnin  *'  Is 
dlfltingnlahed  from  the  avocado  by  its  wrinkled  skin,  by  the  constitution  of 
the  endocarp,  which  is  always  thick  and  resistant,  and  by  the;  texture  and 
flsTor  of  the  pulp.  The  most  common  type  is  very  elongated,  pear-shaped  In 
form,  and  often  resembles  a  calabash  In  appearance. 

Lemon  orchard  from  buds  of  single  selected  tree,  A.  D.  Shamel  {Jour, 
Herediiy,  9  (1918),  No.  7,  pp.  S18-320,  fUf9,  t), — ^The  author  recently  examined  a 
40-acre  Lisbon  lemon  orchard  near  Porterville,  OaL,  aet  out  in  1907,  with  trees 
all  grown  from  buds  of  a  very  productive  and  valuable  parent  tree.  Not  one 
off-ttrain  tree  was  found  in  this  orchard,  whereas  in  neighboring  Lisbon  lemon 
orchards,  where  no  bud  selection  based  on  performance  records  and  intimate 
tree  knowledge  had  been  practiced  in  propagation,  it  was  found  that  from  10 
to  70  per  cent  of  the  trees  were  of  variable  or  off-type  strainsL 

Onulge-like  fruit  from  a  lemon  tree,  T.  W.  Baowif  (Jour.  Heredity,  9  (1918), 
Vo.  7,  pp.  908-910,  Hg%.  3). — ^The  author  describes  a  lemon  tree  growing  in  the 
gardens  of  the  Ministry  of  Agriculture,  Cairo,  Bgypt,  that  bears  orange-shaped 
fruit  The  fruits  are  lemon  in  color,  but  many  of  them  are  characterized  by  a 
raiaed  longitudinal  orange-colored  line  on  one  side. 

One  of  the  branches  devdoped  a  large  fruit  which  resembled  an  orange  both 
hi  appearance  and  taste.  The  tree  was  supposed  to  be  a  typical  Italian  lemon. 
It  is  suggested  that  the  bud  from  which  it  was  propagated  may  have  been 
ta^  from  a  lemon-orange  hybrid  tree. 

A  fruiting  orancre  thorn,  A.  D.  SRAifn.  and  C.  S.  Poicxsor  (Jowr.  HeredUp, 
9  (1918),  2fo,  7,  pp.  915-911,  flffi.  £).— The  fruiting  orange  thorn  here  illus- 
trated and  discussed  was  observed  on  a  Washington  navel  orange  tree.  The 
authors  state  that  through  the  selection  of  buds  for  propagation  from  thorn- 
less  limbs,  or  those  having  small  thorns,  considerable  progress  has  been  made 
in  isolating  thornless  strains. 

Pyrethmm  and  Its  culture,  H.  Fabs  (Le  Pyr^hre  et  Sa  Culture.  Lausanne: 
Bta,  Vit.  Lau9anne,  1918,  pp.  7,  fig9.  2), — ^Thls  article  contains  a  brief  account  of 
the  species  of  chrysanthemum  (Chry$anihemum  dnerariatfoUum)  fumiahing 
the  Dalmatian  insect  powder,  together  with  the  results  of  experimental  cul- 
tures in  different  localities  in  Switzerland  and  general  directions  for  growing 
piyrethmm. 

F0BE8TBT. 

Value  of  sdentiflc  research  in  forestry,  C.  P.  KoBSTtAif  (TratM.  Utah  Acad, 
8cL,  1  (1908-1917),  pp.  186-194).— A  paper  on  this  subject  read  before  the  Utah 
Academy  of  Sciences,  April  6, 1917. 

Some  present-day  problems  in  forestry,  E.  R.  Honsoir  (Trant.  Utah  Aoad, 
8eL,  1  (1908-1917),  pp.  4S-54). — ^A  popular  discussion  of  various  problems  re- 
lating to  forestry,  and  dealing  especially  with  forest  areas,  in  Utah,  Nevada, 
and  southern  Idaho. 

forestry  work,  W.  H.  WHKLixzf  s  (London:  T.  FUcher  Unwin,  Ltd,,  1918,  pp. 
t96,  figs.  17). — An  elementary  treatise  on  the  principles  and  practices  of  silvi- 
colture,  with  special  reference  to  British  conditions. 


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152  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEGOBH.  (VoL  40 

Effect  of  the  war  on  forests  of  France,  H.  S.  Gbatbs  {Amer.  Fore9iry,  24 
il91S),  No.  SOO,  pp.  709-717,  fiffB.  10).— A  popular  discussion  of  forest  conditions 
in  France,  the  effect  of  the  war  on  the  forests,  and  economic  consequences. 

Annual  report  of  the  director  of  forestry  of  the  Philippine  Islands  for  the 
fiscal  year  ended  December  31,  1917,  A.  F.  Fibcheb  {An»^  Bpt.  Dir.  Forestry 
P.  /.,  1917t  pp.  9i), — ^This  comprises  a  report  for  the  year  on  the  dlTialons  of 
forest  management,  forest  lands  and  maps,  investigation,  sawmills  and  ntiliza- 
tlon,  administration,  and  of  the  forest  school,  including  recommendations  rela- 
tive to  needed  legislation.  Appended  to  the  report  are  grading  rules  governing 
the  inspection  and  measurement  of  Philippine  lumber,  revised  groups  of  Philip- 
pine timber  trees,  data  on  public  lands  applications  received  from  the  Bureau 
of  Lands,  together  with  data  on  major  and  minor  forest  products,  revenues,  and 
expenditures  for  the' year. 

Annual  report  of  the  director  of  forests,  N.  W.  Joixt  {Ann,  Rpt,  Dir.  For- 
eaU  IQueenslandh  1917,  pp.  5,  p/«.  4)- — ^A  statistical  report  relative  to  the  ad- 
ministraticm  and  management  of  the  State  forests  in  New  Zealand,  including 
data  on  areas,  yitids  in- major  and  minor  products,  revenues,  expenditures^  etc. 

The  trees  of  White  County,  Indiana,  with  some  reference  to  those  of  the 
State,  L.  F.  Heimuch  (Proc.  Jnd.  Aoad.  ScL,  1917,  pp.  587-47/,  fign.  59).— This 
comprises  a  survey  of  the  native  species  of  trees  in  White  Oounty,  Ind.,  inclod- 
Ing  Information  relative  to  their  distribution  and  economic  uses.  A  bibli<&raphy 
of  related  literature  is  appended. 

The  vegetation  of  northern  Cape  Breton  Island,  Hova  Scotia,  O.  E.  NicHOiJi 
{Trans.  Conn,  Acad.  Arts  and  Soi.,  tt  {1918),  pp.  249-4^7,  figs.  70).—TMa  com- 
prises a  study  of  the  ecological  relations  of  the  deciduous  forest  dlmatie 
formation  and  the  northeastern  evergreen  coniferous  forest  climatic  formation, 
both  of  which  formations  are  well  represented  on  the  island  of  Gape  Breton. 

A  bibliography  of  rtiated  literature  is  appoided. 

Some  factors  in  the  replacement  of  the  ancient  East  African  forest  by 
wooded  pasture  land,  C.  F.  M.  Swti?nebton  (fifo.  African  Jour.  8ci.,  14  {1918), 
No.  11,  pp.  499-^18). ---The  author  describes  the  forest  types  occurring  in  por- 
tions of  Southern  Rhodesia  and  Portuguese  East  Africa,  discusBes  evidmce  of 
forest  destruction  and  probable  former  continuity,  factors  in  forest  distribu- 
tion, and  reconquest  by  forest  as  furthered  by  flre  protective  measures  taken 
by  the  author  during  the  past  15  years. 

Limiting  factors  in  relation  to  specific  ranges  of  tolerance  of  forest  trees, 
A.  H.  Hutchinson  {Bot.  Gas.,  66  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  465-49S,  pis.  t,  figs.  5). — 
In  this  paper  the  author  discusses  the  factors  of  temperature,  water,  soil, 
humus,  light,  time,  and  competition  with  reference  to  their  influence  in  limit- 
ing the  range  of  tolerance  of  forest  trees.  Notes  are  given  on  the  specific 
ranges  of  tolerance  of  some  of  the  dominant  forest  species  of  Ontario,  together 
with  their  relation  to  limiting  factors. 

Logging  in  the  Douglas  fir  region,  W.  H.  Gibbons  {U.  8.  Dept,  Agr.  BuL 
711  {1918),  pp.  256,  pi.  1,  figs.  84)'— The  purpose  of  the  present  bulletin  is  to 
bring  together  in  systematic  and  usable  form  the  bulk  of  the  information  deal- 
ing with  Douglas  fir  logging  costs  thus  far  acquired.  In  preparing  the  manu- 
script the  author  has  consulted  freely  many  of  the  lumber  trade  Journals  and 
other  available  sources  of  information. 

Introductory  consideration  deals  with  a  description  of  the  Douglas  fir  region 
and  a  general  account  of  the  logging  industry.  Various  steps  involved  in  log- 
ging are  theaa.  considered  in  detail,  with  reference  to  methods  employed  and 
costs  of  these  methods.  The  important  phases  discussed  include  felling  and 
bucking,  primary  log  transportation,  loading,  railroad  tram^wrtation,  railroad 


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1919]  FOSESTBY.  158 

indinefl,  anloading,  water  trani^rtation,  general  expenseB,  and  total  cost  of 
logging  at  one  operation. 

The  ancient  oaks  of  America,  W.  Tbeixasb  (Brooklyn  Bot.  Oard.  Mem.,  1 
{IBIS),  pp.  49t-501,  pU.  10).— The  purpose  of  the  present  paper  is  to  bring  to- 
gether the  scattered  facts  relative  to  the  fossil  oaks  of  America.  Leaves  of 
Tarions  fossil  forms  are  illustrated,  and  a  key  is  given  to  the  principal  leaf 
types  of  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  fossil  oaks,  together  with  a  list  of 
references 

The  ray  system  of  Qaercos  alba,  L.  M.  Lanqdon  {Bot  Oasf.,  65  (1918),  No.  4» 
pp.  SIS-^ZS,  figs.  22). — ^A  study  of  the  ray  system  of  Q.  alba,  as  affected  by  such 
conditions  as  the  age  of  the  trees,  location  of  shoots  in  the  trees,  and  vigor- 
ous or  suppressed  conditions  of  growth,  Indicated  that  neither  the  age  of  the 
trees  nor  the  location  of  wood  in  a  tree  is  an  appreciable  factor  in  the  modifi- 
cation of  the  ray  ^^stem.  The  conditions  of  vigorous  and  suppressed  growth, 
however,  do  tend  to  modify  the  ray  system.  A  bibliography  of  literature  is 
appended. 

The  relationship  between  the  leaves  and  latex  of  Hevea  brasiliensis,  W. 
BoBUJonr  {Arch,  Ruhbercults  Nederland.  Indie,  2  (1918),  No.  10,  pp.  755-768, 
figt.  10).— The  investigation  here  reported  showed  that  the  current  of  latex 
from  natural  leaves  into  the  stem  and  back  is  interrupted  at  the  base  of  the 
petiole  by  a  layer  of  crystals  of  oxalate  of  lime,  hence  it  is  concluded  that  no 
analogy  exists  between  the  lactiferous  tubes  and  those  conducting  organic  stuffs 
(sieve  tubes).  The  latex  which  exudes  from  the  trunk  of  the  tree  as  the 
result  of  tapping  or  other  injury  does  not  originate  from  the  leaves,  and  there* 
fore  the  leaves  are  of  no  vital  interest  in  forming  latex.  The  apparent  reduction 
of  latex  in  the  dropping  leaf  must  be  attributed  to  a  decrease  of  the  percentage 
of  water.  No  relationship  can  be  traced  between  the  anatomical  structure  of  the 
leaf  and  its  petiole  and  the  yield  of  a  given  Hevea  tree.  There  also  exists  no 
correlation  between  the  size  of  the  leaves  and  the  latex  production. 

Bnbber  seed  selection,  A  H.  Maixt  {Agr.  Bui  Fed.  Malay  States,  5  {1917), 
No.  7,  pp.  271-274). — ^Data  presented  by  the  author  indicate  a  wide  range  of 
variability  in  the  yield  of  latex  among  seedling  Hevea  rubber  trees,  thus  indi- 
cating the  need  of  sdentlflc  seed  selection. 

The  girth-increment  of  sal  in  regular  crops  in  the  United  Provinces,  B. 
Massden  {Ifidian  Forester,  U  {1918),  No.  10,  pp.  469-475,  pis.  iS).— Tabular  data 
are  given  showing  the  girth-increment  in  even-aged  crops  of  sal  {Bhorea 
robusta),  as  determined  by  measurements  in  191B  and  in  1918  of  61  sample  plats 
laid  out  in  the  United  Provinces 

Determination  of  increment  by  stem  analysis  {Forestry  Com,  N.  8,  Wales 
Bui.  IS  {1918),  pp.  14,  figs.  8).— For  the  purpose  of  obtaining  authentic  infor- 
mation relative  to  the  growth  of  species  of  eucalyptus  on  the  southern  table- 
land of  New  South  Wales,  stem  analyses  of  a  number  of  species  were  made  by 
W.  A  W.  de  BeuzeviUe.  In  the  present  'bulletin  the  figures  and  conclusions 
reached  for  the  mountaUi  ash  are  presented  in  full,  as  this  q;>ecie8  is  reported 
to  be  the  fastest  growing  species  in  New  South  Wale& 

The  application  of  the  graphic  calculation.— I,  On  the  determination  of 
woodland  surveys  and  the  calculation  of  tree  volumes,  A  Parasgandolo  {Ann. 
R.  1st.  Sup.  Forestale  Naz.  Firenze,  S  {1917-18),  pp.  95-156,  pi.  1,  figs.  ^0).— This 
article  describes  an  instrument  for  facilitating  measurement  by  graphs,  and 
farther  deals  with  the  application  of  graphic  calculation  in  measuring  wood- 
land areas  and  tree  volumes. 

MaetiTig  the  wood  fuel  situation,  E.  Sbgbbst  {Mo.  BuL  Ohio  Sta.,  5  {1918), 
No.  lOy  pp.  291-299,  figs.  5). —A  popular  paper  discussing  methods  of  cutting, 
burning,  buying,  and  selling  fuel  wood. 
*  107888*— 19 S 

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154  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECOBD.  tToL  40 

SuirgestlonB  for  marketing:  nnall  timber  in  Wisconsin,  B.  MacKats  ( WU. 
Conserv.  Com.  BuL  4  (1918),  pp.  S2,  pi.  i,  flg9.  5). — ^Thls  bnlletin  was  prepared 
under  the  direction  of  the  Wisconsin  Conservation  Commission  in  cooperation 
with  the  Forest  Service  of  the  IT.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  It  contains  a 
tabular  Ust  of  commodities  made  from  crude  products  of  different  woods,  and  a 
list  of  wood-using  firms  in  the  State,  together  with  suggestions  for  selecting 
the  most  profitable  market  for  different  crude  productSL  Cooperative  marketing 
is  also  briefly  discussed. 

A  list  of  forest  products  statistics  issued  by  the  Statistical  Clearing  House, 
Central  Bureau  of  Planning  and  Statistics  {Waihinfftan,  D.  C:  War  Indus. 
Bd.  [U,  S.h  i918i  pp.  5S). — ^This  bulletin  was  prepared  under  the  direction  of 
the  War  Industries  Board.  It  shows  the  principal  sources  of  statistics  on 
forest  products,  including  both  original  and  secondary  sources  and  the  various 
Government  oflflces  In  Washington  from  which  the  tabulations  may  be  secured 
by  properly  accredited  persons. 

DISEASES  07  FLAHTS. 

Weather  conditions  and  crop  diseases  in  Tocas,  F.  H.  Blodgett  (Mem. 
Torrey  Bot.  Cluby  11  {1918),  pp.  7^-78).— Following  the  storm  of  August  16, 
1915,  the  damage  to  cotton  by  anthracnoee  (OUnnerella  goisypii)  was  directly 
related  to  the  distribution  of  rainfall  during  the  storm  period.  In  1916,  local 
factors  were  more  generally  permitted  to  express  themselves  as  distinct  ele- 
ments of  their  environment  Anthracnoee  or  bacterial  spot  affected  8  per  cent 
of  the  cotton  bolls  near  HiUsboro.  Humidity  appeared  to  be  a  factor,  this 
applying  to  areal  distribution  as  well  as  to  periodic  recurrence  of  precipitation. 
Seasonal  distribution  of  rainfall  is  said  to  be  specially  important  in  connection 
with  cotton  anthracnoee  under  Texas  conditions. 

Dwarfing  or  stunting  as  a  factor  inducing  disease  was  indicated  in  a  series  of 
counts  near  Dallas.  The  occurrence  of  conditions  specially  favoring  the  epi- 
demic development  of  an  infrequent  disease  was  illustrated  in  the  case  of 
JEddium  goBsypii  appearing  In  Hidalgo  County.  The  alternate  host  was  not 
discovered.  Cotton  fields  which  were  nearly  ready  to  show  first  blooms  suffered 
severely.  Date  of  irrigation  and  weather  conditions  may  bear  some  relation 
to  the  severe  outbreak.  This  view  is  supported  by  the  activity  of  the  secondaiy 
parasite  Tuberculina. 

[Plant  diseases  in  Ontario]  (Ann.  Rpt  Ontario  Agr.  Col.  and  Expt,  Farm,  4$ 
(1917),  pp.  2aSl). — Portions  of  this  report,  which  deals  also  with  other  sub- 
jects, give  accounts  of  dusting  for  apple  scab,  which  is  not  considered  superior 
to  liquid  spraying ;  control  of  brown  rot  on  sweet  cherries  by  means  of  a  com- 
bination of  dusting  and  liquid  sprays ;  the  fifth  year's  test  of  such  pear  blight 
control  measures,  as  prompt  removal  of  blighted  branches  or  blossoms  and  dis- 
infection of  tools  or  wounds  made  therewith ;  a  new  nozzle  dispensing  with  a 
tower  for  tall  trees ;  and  a  successful  search  for  a  raspberry  variety  immune  to 
yellows. 

Prolonged  wet  weather  in  early  summer  favored  the  development  and  spread 
of  certain  fungus  diseases.  Currant  leaf  spot  was  very  severe  in  the  Niagara 
district  Apple  scab  was  prevalent  and  severe  in  all  orchards  which  had  not 
been  thoroughly  sprayed.  Tomato  blossom  end  rot  was  prevalent  in  parts  of 
the  Province.    The  disease  is  considered  as  physiological. 

Potato  late  blight  (Phytophthora  infe9ians)  appeared  early  in  July,  but  was 
checked  by  dry  weather.  A  minor  outbreak  occurred  in  September.  An  inspec- 
tion revealed  the  presence  of  such  physiological  diseases  as  leaf  roll*  mosaic^ 
and  curly  dwarf  in  certain  areas. 


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»19]  DISEASES  OF  FLAKTS.  166 

Celery  late  blight  was  satisfactorily  controlled  by  Bordeaux  mixture,  but 
not  by  sulfocide.  Bordeaux  mixture  was  shown  by  experiments  continued 
daring  fire,  years  to  be  entirely  safe  when  made  up  in  accordance  with  the 
4:4:40  formula,  starting  when  the  plants  are  in  the  seed  bed  and  spraying  at 
interrals  of  ten  days  or  two  weeks  throughout  the  growling  season.  Studies  on 
the  carrying  over  of  the  blight  in  the  seed  gave  negative  results. 

Oat  smut  experiments  carried  on  for  two  years  indicate  that  the  sprinkling 
Biethod  of  employing  formalin  can  be  successfully  practiced.  Directions  and 
precautions  for  sudi  use  of  formalin  are  outlined. 

Experiments  on  the  cause  and  control  of  a  disease  of  winter  tomatoes  have 
been  carried  on  for  three  years,  the  results  giving  promise  that  the  disease 
may  be  held  in  check  by  the  application  of  such  fertilizers  as  acid  phosphate 
and  bone  flour.  Control  of  snapdragon  rust  involves  destruction  of  all  diseased 
plants,  watering  the  plants  only  from  below  in  the  greenhouse,  dusting  the 
phmts  thoroughly  ev«ry  ten  days  with  finely  powdered  sulphur  or  spraying  with 
lime-sulphur  1 :  85,  growing  plants  from  seed,  and  exclusion  of  all  imported 
potted  plants  or  cuttings.  Inspection  of  white  pines  for  blister  rust  showed 
forty  Infections  on  six  pines,  but  no  rust  on  either  wild  or  cultivated  Ribes. 

Diseases  of  economic  plants,  W.  Nowsll  (West  Indian  Bui.,  16  (1918),  No. 

4,  pp.  S09,  SIO,  5£«-5B7,  SSO,  SSI). — ^These  portions  of  a  report  (which  also  in- 
dudes  insect  pests  and  data  on  soil,  climatic,  and  other  conditions)  deal  with 
ngar  cane  root  disease  (Marasmius  tacchari)  and  rind  fungus  {Melanconium 
iucehari) ;  cotton  leaf  mildew,  bacterial  boll  disease,  angular  leaf  spot,  black 
trm,  internal  boll  disease;  and  boll  soft  rot  (Phytophthwa  sp.) ;  cacao  root 
disease  (RoaelUnia  pepo),  canker  and  black  rot  of  pods  (P.  faberi),  brown  rot 
of  pods  and  diebadc  and  stem  disease  {LaHodiplodia  theobramw),  and  pink 
disease  {CorHcium  aaknonicolor) ;  citrus  black  root  disease  {R,  pepo  and 
R.  bunodet),  red  root  disease  (Spfuaroatilbe  sp.),  pink  disease,  crown  rot, 
eoUar  gumming,  and  dieback;  coconut  bud  rot  and  root  disease;  maize  rust, 
■Dut,  and  root  and  seedling  diseases;  peanut  leaf  rust  (Uredo  arachidU); 
onion  bacterial  rot ;  a  rubber  disease  due  to  RoteUinia  sp. ;  and  phanerogamic 
parasites  (dodder  and  mistletoe)  attacking  various  planta 

Parasitic  fungi  collected  in  the  Oovernment  of  Podolia,  Bussia,  L.  Gab^ 
B0W8KI  {Bui.  Trimesi.  8oc.  Mycol.  France,  SS  {1918),  No.  5-^,  pp.  7S~91;  ab».  in 
Iniemai.  In$t,  Agr.  [Rome],  Jntemat.  Rev.  8ci.  and  Pract.  Agr.,  9  {1918),  No. 

5,  p.  S9^). — ^A  list  of  parasites,  with  their  respective  hosts,  collected  in  the 
(lovemment  of  Podolia,  Russia,  during  1015  comprises  121  fungi.  Of 
these  several  are  named  and  described  as  new  species,  among  them  Fusariella 
popuU  on  Populus  tremula  and  MacroBpotium  iomniferi  on  Papaver  Momni- 
/ersm. 

Mycological  notices,  T.  Lindfobs  {Svenak  Boi.  Tidshr.,  12  {1918),  No.  2,  pp. 
ftl-ZH,  figs.  4). — ^The  author  supports  the  claim  that  C<Boma  interBtitiale  and 
Pucdnia  peckiana  are  developmental  forms  of  the  same  fungus.  He  also  de- 
scribes as  new  species  Protomyces  tonohi  on  SonchMS  oleraceus,  P.  kemneri  on 
Orobus  tuberosus,  and  HeUminttioaporium  acrothedoidet  on  Hordeum  vulgare. 

Carduaceoos  species  of  Puceinia. — ^I,  Species  occurring  on  the  tribe  Ver- 
AoniflB,  H.  S.  Jackson  {Bat.  Oaz.,  65  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  289-512)  .—This  is  the 
first  of  a  proposed  series  of  papers  dealing  with  the  species  of  Puceinia  found 
on  the  members  of  the  tribe  Vernoniae.  Of  these  three  are  noted  in  this  con- 
section,  Plptocarpha  and  Elephantopus  harboring  2  species  each,  and  Ver- 
Donia  25  species,  some  of  which  are  new  or  newly  named. 

Mdal  st&ge  of  Pnccinia  oxalidis,  W.  H.  Long  and  R.  M.  Habsch  {Bot.  Oaz., 
6S  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  ^75-^78).— The  authors  report  studies  made  during  1015 
tnd  1916  on  an  iB«cidium  first  found  on  leaves  of  BerberU  repens.    This  is  said 


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156  EXPERIMENT  STATIOK  BEGOBD.  tVoL  40 

to  be  the  alternate  stage  of  P.  oxaUdU^  a  deacription  of  which  te  given  in  con- 
nection with  Owalis  violacea. 

An  experiment  in  the  treatment  of  covered  smut  of  barley,  E.  S.  Sai.mo9 
and  H.  Wobicald  {Jour.  Bd.  Agr.  [London],  24  {1918),  No.  12,  pp.  1S88-1S94*  pi- 
1,  fig,  1). — Experiments  Involving  seed  treatment  with  formalin  were  completely 
Bucessful  in  preventing  covered  smut  {UstUago  hordei)  of  barley.  Sprinkling 
the  seed  with  2.5  per  cent  copper  sulphate  solution  was  less  effective.  Bordeaux 
mixture  was  of  little  value  In  this  connection.  Sweating  the  seed  in  a  malt 
kiln  at  a  temperature  not  exceeding  100*  F.  afforded  no  protection. 

Smut  in  oats  and  barley  {Jour.  Bd.  Agr,  {London],  24  {1918),  No.  12,  pp. 
1417-1419). — Covered  and  loose  smut  of  barley  are  described*  with  a  discussion 
of  the  economy,  efficiency,  and  safety  of  protective  methods  of  treatment. 

Studies  on  the  rice  blast  fungus,  I,  Y.  Nishikado  {Ber.  Ohara  In^t.  Landfo. 
ForscK.,  1  {1911),  No.  2,  pp.  171-218,  pU.  2,  figs.  «).— -This  investigation  of  rice 
blast,  said  to  be  the  most  serious  disease  of  rice  In  Japan,  was  begun  In  the 
summer  of  1915,  and  Is  expected  to  continue  for  some  years.  The  present 
contribution  deals  with  the  host  relation  of  the  fungus,  in  the  cross-inoculations, 
morphological  and  cultural  comparisons  of  Plricularla  from  various  hosts,  and 
the  ecology  of  the  fungus  and  the  source  of  early  infection.  Definite  accounts 
are  claimed  to  exist  of  the  occurrence  of  this  disease  in  Japan  at  least  two 
centuries  ago. 

Studies  of  the  rice-blast  fungus  and  of  related  species  were  made  on  cultures 
obtained  from  rice,  crabgrass,  Italian  millet,  green  foxtail,  Zingiber  nUoga, 
and  Z.  officinale  grown  in  various  parts  of  Japan.  The  causal  organisms  were 
studied  in  connection  with  species  to  which  they  are  supposed  to  be  dos^y 
related,  and  are  technically  described  as  new  species,  the  one  attacking  Italian 
millet  and  green  foxtail  as  P.  teiariiB,  and  that  attacking  Z.  mioga  and 
Z.  officinale  as  P.  zingiheri. 

Fungus  parasites  of  Bromus  erectus,  D.  Cbuchst  {Bui.  Soc  Vaud.  BcL  Nai^ 
51  {1917),  No.  19S,  pp.  58S-586). — ^An  Incomplete  list  is  given  of  fungi  parasitic 
on  B.  eredut.  EpicMoe  iyphina  and  Urocystis  agropyri  are  discussed  as  being 
more  serious  than  the  other  forms,  none  of  which  are  considered  very  destroe- 
tlve. 

Disease  resistance  in  cabbage,  L.  R.  Jones  {Proe.  Nat.  Acad.  Bd.,  4  {1918), 
No.  2,  pp.  42-46,  figs.  2).— The  author  summarizes  results  of  work  done  or  par- 
ticipated In  by  himself  in  selecting  cabbage  strains  for  resistance  to  yellows 
{Fusarium  conglutinans) ,  as  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  34,  p.  542;  96,  p.  248), 
also  results  of  work  done  by  Tisdale  on  the  factors  internal  to  the  plant  which 
are  favorable  to  the  activity  of  the  organism  or  related  organisms  (B.  S.  IL, 
86,  pp.  748, 845) ,  and  that  done  by  Oilman  on  the  Influence  of  soil  temperatures  In 
this  connection  (E.  S.  R.,  86,  p.  248).  He  states  that  the  resistance  observed 
Is  due  to  the  relations  of  the  Interior  cells  of  the  host  to  those  of  the  parasite. 
Resistant  tissues  apparently  restrain  the  development  of  the  parasite  until 
a  protective  cork  formation  has  been  established.  Resistance  appears  to  be 
a  transmitted  character,  but  hybrids  show  intermediate  degrees,  and  resistance 
appears,  therefore,  to  be  dependent  upon  a  number  of  heritable  factors.  Envi- 
ronmental factors  have  a  marked  Influence  on  resistance.  It  Is  thought  that 
a  resistant  strain  may  be  obtained  from  any  vigorous,  established  variety, 
since  in  case  of  some  Fusariums  (as  well  as  other  fungi)  It  is  comparatively 
easy  to  secure  disease-resistant  strains  of  host  plants. 

The  leaf  spot  disease  of  red  clover  caused  by  Hacrosporium  sardnflsf orme, 
L.  J.  Ejlakoveb  {Ann.  Rpt.  Mich.  Acad.  8ol.,  19  {1917),  pp.  27SS28,  pis.  5,  /Iff: 
2).— Leaf  spot  of  red  clover,  due  to  If.  saroinaforme  and  said  to  be  different 


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m9]  DISEASES  OF  PLAKTS.  157 

from  the  like-named  fangns  attacking  alfalfa.  Is  described  In  connection  with 
a  somewhat  detailed  account  of  the  disease  and  the  causal  organism. 

The  diseased  spots  do  not  transpire,  the  injury  being  due  to  the  unbalanced 
metabolism  which  leads  to  a  depletion  of  the  cell  reserves.  The  fungus  grows 
equally  well  in  light  and  in  darkness,  but  the  shaded  lower  leaves  of  the 
plants  are  more  readily  attacked  than  those  higher  up.  The  organism  may  be 
spread  by  the  splashing  of  rain,  or 'it  may  overwinter  in  crop  refuse.  Seed 
may  carry  the  disease  to  the  next  crop,  and  spores  may  be  carried  48  ft 
by  a  wind  velocity  of  8.93  miles  per  hour,  or  possibly  farther  in  the  open  air. 
The  breeding  of  resistant  varieties  is  depended  upon  as  a  means  of  control. 

[Fnngua  diseases  of  mushrooms],  W.  B.  McDouoaix  (Bui.  JU,  State  Lab, 
Vat.  HUt.,  11  (1917),  Art.  7,  pp.  ifiTt,  428,  fig.  /).— A  disease  of  Lentinus  tigrinuM 
is  said  to  be  oaused  by  a  Sporotrichum,  and  a  disease  of  cultivated  mushrooms 
to  be  caused  by  a  bacterium. 

A  wilt  of  Capsicimi  annuiun,  L.  Pavabino  and  M.  Tubconi  (Atti  M.  BoU 
VMv,  Pavia,  2.  «er.,  15  (1918),  pp.  207-211).— ThOa  is  a  descriptive  discussion  of 
a  peiq[)er  wilt  studied  at  Pavia.  The  supposedly  causal  organism  is  considered 
a  new  species,  and  has  been  named  Bacillus  oapHci. 

[liability  of  potatoes  to  disease]  (Carnegie  Inst.  Washington  Year  Book,  16 
{1917),  p.  1S2). — It  is  stated  that  Harris  has  analyzed  blometrically  certain 
data  on  the  liability  of  potatoes  to  disease,  the  most  important  conclusion  from 
which  is  that  varieties  of  potato  which  show  more  than  the  average  amount 
of  injury  by  one  disease  will  usually  show  more  than  average  injury  by 
another  disease;  that  is,  to  a  considerable  extent,  susceptibility  to  disease  is 
general  rather  than  specific. 

Black  wart  caused  by  Chiysophlyctis  endobiotica,  L.  O.  Kttnksl  (U.  8. 
Dept.  Agr.,  Bur.  Plant  Indus.,  Plant  DUease  Bui,  2  (1918),  No.  11,  pp.  197- 
199).— A  report  is  given  of  the  discovery  in  Luzerne  County,  Pa.,  of  the  black 
wart  of  potatoes  due  to  C.  endobiotica.  It  is  believed  that  this  disease  was 
iotroduced  into  this  locality  in  a  shipment  of  imported  potatoes  received  in 
1912.  As  it  is  probable  that  only  a  small  part  of  the  shipment  was  distributed 
th  this  region,  attention  is  called  to  the  disease  so  that  plant  pathologists  may 
be  on' the  lookout  for  it  in  their  localities. 

Diseases  of  sugar  cane  in  tropical  and  subtropical  America,  especially  the 
West  Indies,  J.  R.  Johivstoi?  et  al.  (West  Indian  Bui.,  16  (1918),  No.  4,  pp. 
t!&S08,  pis.  7). — ^The  greater  part  of  this  Information  is  said  to  have  been 
compiled  by  Johnston  during  his  Investigations  on  the  subject,  which  continued 
for  several  years.  The  organisms  listed  as  causing  diseases  of  sugar  cane  in* 
dude  Bacterium  vascularum,  Triohosphofria  sacchari,  Onomonia  iliau,  Sphw- 
nUa  sacchari,  Eriosphwria  sacch4iri,  Leptospheeria  sacchari,  Thyridaria  tarda, 
Vedria  laurentiana,  UstUago  sacchari,  Hypochnus  sacchari,  Odontia  saccharicola, 
0.  sacchari,  MarctsnUus  sacchari,  M.  stenophyllus,  SchizophyUum  alneum.  La- 
temea  columnata,  Cytospora  sacchari,  Coniothyrium  melasporum,  Darluca 
mOaspora,  Diplodia  cacaoicola,  CoUetotrichum  falcatum,  Melanconium  sacchari, 
U.  saecharinum,  Cephalosporium  sacchari,  Thielaviopsis  paradoxa,  Cercospora 
Umgipes,  C.  vagina,  C.  kopkei,  HelnUnthosporiuin  sacchari,  Sclerotium  rolfsii, 
tnd  Himawtia  stellifera.  Diseases  classed  as  nonparasitic  or  of  undetermined 
causation  include  yellow  stripe  disease,  top  rot,  sereh,  mottling  disease,  wither- 
tip.  and  chlorosis.  A  brief  discnsslon  Is  given  of  the  diseases  and  means  em- 
ployed or  attempted  for  their  control,  and  a  bibliography  is  appended. 

JTematode  injury  [to  suerar  cane]  caused  by  Heterodera  radidcola,  N.  A. 
Cotb  (U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bur.  PUmt  Indus.,  Plant  Disease  Bui,  2  (1918),  No.  IS, 
pp.  £97,  2S8). — The  author  reports  a  heavy  infestation  of  stalks  of  sugar  cane 


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158  EXPESIMSNT  STATIOK  BSCOBD.  lYoL  40 

received  from  Florida.  One-half  of  the  main  roots  of  the  Btalks  were  dead, 
while  of  those  alive,  46  per  cent  were  infested.  While  sugar  cane  has  been 
known  to  be  a  host  for  this  nematode,  such  serious  infestation  does  not  aeem 
to  have  been  previously  reported. 

Some  important  diseases  of  sweet  potato,  G.  D.  Shebbakovt  (Quart.  BuL 
Plant  Bd,  Fla,,  t  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  179-189,  fUfB.  «).— The  author  discusses 
mainly  the  material  presented  in  the  bulletin  by  Harter  (E.  S.  R.,  35,  p.  49) 
according  to  the  grouping  of  diseases  made  therein. 

Peach  yellows  and  peach  rosette,  J.  B.  S.  Norton  {Mo.  Bui.  Col.  Com.  Hort^ 
€  {1917),  No.  7,  pp.  28B-S86,  figs.  ^).— This  is  a  brief  account  of  the  causation 
and  progress  of  peach  yellows  and  peach  rosette  and  of  control  measures 
therefor. 

A  few  insects  and  diseases  common  to  small  fruits,  F.  H.  Dttdlet  (Bill. 
IMaiue]  Depi.  Agr.,  17  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  2^27).— Besides  mention  of  raspberry 
cane  borer,  cane  maggot,  and  sawfly,  and  the  giant  root  borer  of  the  black- 
berry, notes  are  gven  on  raspberry  crown  gall  {Bacterium  tumefadenM),  cane 
blight,  and  anthracnose;  strawberry  leaf  spot  {Mycotphwrella  fragariw)  ;  and 
blackberry  crown  gall,  cane  knot,  red  rust  {PuccirUa  tnierstitialit) ,  and  an- 
thracnose. 

Comparisons  between  effects  of  basic  and  of  acid  copper  sprays,  J.  Gapus 
{Rev.  Vit.,  47  {1917),  No.  1218,  pp.  280-282) .--Acid  and  alkaUne  sprays  appUed 
2i  days  before  a  rain  were  found  to  be  equally  prompt  and  efficacious  as  regards 
their  fungicidal  effects,  which  were  entirely  satisfactory.  Atmospheric  condi- 
tions constitute  a  very  important  factor.  The  effects  of  the  alkaline  sprays 
are  much  more  lasting  than  those  of  the  acid  preparationa 

Diseases  and  enemies  of  cacao  in  Bcuador  and  modem  methods  of  cacao 
cultivation,  J.  B.  Robeb,  trans,  by  A.  Pachano  {Enfermedades  y  Plagas  del 
Cacao  en  el  Ecuador  y  MetodoM  Modemoa  Appropriadoa  al  CulHvo  del  Cacao* 
Ambaio,  Ecuador:  Assoc.  Agr.  Ecuador,  [1918],  pp.  80,  figs.  22). — ^The  three  main 
parts  of  this  report,  which  is  based  mainly  upon  observations  made  by  the 
author  in  the  months  of  November  and  December,  1017,  deal  respectively  with 
the  various  cacao  diseases  and  pests  in  Ecuador,  modem  methods  of  cacao 
culture,  and  economic  considerations  in  this  connection. 

Helanose  of  citrus,  H.  S.  Fawcett  (Jdfo.  Bui.  Cal.  Com.  Hori^  6  {1917),  No.  7, 
pp.  280,  281,  fig.  i).— This  Is  a  brief  descriptive  and  historical  account  of  citrus 
melanose  {Pfiomopsis  citri), 

Florida  citrus  diseases,  H.  E.  Stevens  {Florida  Bta.  Bui.  150  (1918),  pp.  19^ 
110,  figs.  ^9). — This  bulletin  has  been  prepared  as  an  attempt  to  bring  together 
information  regarding  all  the  common  citrus  diseases  that  occur  in  Florida. 
While  primarily  intended  for  the  consideration  of  fungus  and  bacterial  dis- 
eases, the  publication  also  includes  a  few  other  diseases  and  injuries  due  to 
various  causes.  The  information  given  is  for  the  most  part  the  result  of  the 
author's  personal  investigation  and  observation,  although  he  has  drawn  upon 
other  sources  for  data  regarding  different  diseases.  Under  control  methods^ 
the  author  describes  the  best  and  latest  treatment  for  combating  the  diseases. 

Preventing  wood  rot  in  pecan  trees,  S.  M.  McMubban  (17.  8.  Dept.  Agr^ 
Farmers'  Bui.  995  {1918),  pp.  8,  figs.  10).— The  author  popularly  describes  the 
wood  rot  of  pecan  trees  which  follows  improper  pruning,  etc.,  and  gives  sug- 
gestions for  the  control  of  the  rot,  the  principal  means  recommended  being 
proper  pruning  and  protection  of  wounds.  % 

Some  bacterial  diseases  of  orchids,  G.  L.  Pavakino  {Atti  1st.  Bot.^  Univ, 
PaiHa,  2.  ser.,  15  {1918),  pp.  81-88,  pi.  1). — From  diseased  portions  of  orchids, 
the  author  claims  to  have  isolated  organisms  which  are  described  as  new 


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1019]  DISEASES  OT  PLANTS.  169 

qiedes  under  the  names  Bacterium  oatUeyw,  B,  krameriani,  B,  brio9ianum, 
BacUhu  pollacii,  and  B,  fametianut,  ^ 

More  about  rose  diseases,  L.  M.  M asset  (In  The  American  Rose  Annual. 
Earrishurg,  Pa.:  Amer.  Rose  Soc.,  1918,  pp.  68-71,  fig.  i).— This  Is  the  second 
report  made  by  the  author  on  this  investigation  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  353). 

Grown  canker,  an  Important  rose  disease  first  observed  by  the  author  in 
1016,  is  now  known  to  exist  in  Missouri,  Pennsylvania,  Indiana,  Michigan, 
Massachusetts,  and  New  York,  seedlings  and  grafts  of  different  ages  and 
itnmerous  varieties  being  affected.  It  has  not  been  observed  on  outdoor  plants. 
CyUndrccladium  9ccparium  is  said  to  be  the  cause  of  the  disease,  which  may 
prove  to  be  the  most  important  disease  of  roses  under  glass.  Moisture  appears 
to  be  an  Important  factor.    Control  experimentation  is  in  progress. 

In  case  of  black  spot  (Diplocarpon  roaig),  commercial  concentrated  lime- 
sulphur  made  up  to  a  strength  of  1  r  50  proved  more  efficacious  than  ammonlacal 
copper  carbonate  and  probably  as  much  so  as  Bordeaux  mixture  and  sulphur- 
arsenate  dust,  but  It  is  said  to  discolor  the  foliage  almost  as  much  as  Bordeaux 
mixture.  In  the  nursery,  sulphur-arsenate  permftted  the  lowest  rate  of  in- 
fection, 7.66  per  cent,  Bordeaux  mixture  8.51,  lime-sulphur  24.43,  Hammond's 
cupper  solution  1:100,  37.77,  and  untreated  80  per  cent.  Experiments  were 
conducted  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  for  the  same  disease.  Results  of  all  these  tests, 
taken  with  others  noted  as  applying  to  powdery  mildew,  are  thought  to  warrant 
tlie  opinion  that  the  sulphur-arsenate  dust  mixture,  when  properly  applied, 
affords  the  most  efficient  means  of  control  of  the  two  diseases  said  to  be  most 
injurious  to  roses. 

A  study  of  heart  rot  in  western  hemlock,  J.  R.  Weis  and  E.  E.  Hubebt 
(t7.  8.  Dept.  Agr.  Bui.  722  (1918),  pp.  ^7,  figi.  IS).— -The  western  hemlock  is 
■aid  to  be  subject  to  a  large  percentage  of  decay,  due  almost  entirely  to  the 
fungus  Echinodontium  tindoriumf  which  causes  a  stringy  brown  rot  of  the 
heartwood  extending  to  all  parts  of  the  trees.  The  fungus  Is  said  to  enter 
mainly  through  branch  stubs,  and  the  decay  extends  up  and  down  the  heart- 
wood  until  all  the  susceptible  heartwood  Is  attacked.  The  extent  of  the  injury 
was  found  to  increase  with  age. 

As  means  of  control,  the  authors  suggest  cutting  the  infected  trees  and  de- 
stroying by  fire  all  infectious  cull  material,  and  all  Infected  trees  left  standing. 

Tumors  of  the  maritime  pine,  J.  DufbAnoy  {Compt.  Rend.  Acad,  8ci. 
[Parii],  166  (1918),  No.  8,  pp.  S55,  356). — In  the  forest  of  Arcachon,  the  mari- 
time pine  shows  a  large  number  of  tumors  on  trunk  or  root  These  are  here 
described  as  to  external  and  internal  characters  and  relations,  some  of  them 
recalling  those  of  crown  gall  as  noted  by  Smith  and  others  (E.  S.  R.,  25,  p.  243). 
'  The  reactionary  cells  and  neighboring  ones  contain  abundant  microorganisms 
which  are  Gram-ne^tive  but  colorable  by  gentian  violet  or  methylene  blue. 
Both  the  diseased  tissues  and  the  exuding  resin  may  also  show  the  presence  of 
a  veiy  fine  mycelium. 

Root  and  stem  tumors  appear  to  be  due  to  different  bacteria  which  require 
further  study.  These  bacterial  trunk  tumors  of  the  maritime  pine  are  said 
to  be  different  from  those  of  the  Aleppo  pine,  inasmuch  as  the  parasites  in  the 
former  case  are  Intracellular  and  the  Injury  develops  away  from  the  base  of  the 
tree. 

The  white  pine  blister  rust  and  the  chestnut  bark  disease,  E.  P.  Meinecke 
iMo.Sul.  Cal.  Com.  Hort.,  6  {1917),  No.  7,  pp.  268-27P,  figs.  9). —This  is  a  brief 
discussion  of  the  history,  characteristics,  effects,  and  control  of  white-pine 
blister  rust  (Peridermium  stroH,  Cronartium  ribicola)  and  chestnut-bark  dis- 
ease (Endothia  parasitica). 


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160  BXPEBIMBNT  STATION  RBCOBD.  [VoL40 

Black  canker  of  chestnut,  6.  Bxiosi  and  R.  Fahnbti  (Aiti  Itt.  Boi.  Univ. 
Pavia,  2.  ser.,  15  (1918),  pp.  4^-51,  ^ffs.  «).— Referring  to  a  previons  note  by  the 
authors  <E.  S.  R.,  22,  p.  749)  and  to  comments  thereon  by  Griffon  and  Mau- 
blanc  (B.  S.  R.,  24,  p.  652),  the  authors  give  an  account  of  comparisons  tending 
to  show  that  Coryneum  pemicUmim,  PuHooccutn,  pemicio^um,  and  MeianconiM 
pemiciosa  should  be  considered  as  distinct  from  M.  modonia. 

Mycological  and  pathological  notes,  H,  M.  Tuxooi?i  and  L.  BiIaffei  (AtH 
1st.  Dot.  Univ,  Pavia,  2.  #er.,  15  (1918),  pp.  H^H9,  pi.  i).— This  series  adds  to 
the  first  (E.  S.  R.,  35,  p.  45)  the  new  genus  Ohffitoceratostoma,  represented  by 
C,  hispidum  found  on  dead  leaves  of  Casianea  vesca  in  Liguria,  also  by  the 
new  species  Macroaporium  sopharm  in  living  leaves  of  Sophora  japonica  and 
Oibberella  brioaiana  on  branches  of  8.  fapanica  in  the  botanical  garden  at 
Pavia. 

Pomes  applanatus  in  South  Africa,  and  its  effect  on  the  wood  of  black 
iironwood  trees  (Olea  laurifolia),  P.  A.  van  deb  Bcjl  (So.  African  Jour.  ScL, 
U  (1918),  No.  lly  pp.  485-492,  pU.  4,  ftga.  2). —P.  applanatus  is  dealt  with  as  re- 
gards its  synonymy  and  nutritive  relations,  e8i>eclally  with  O.  laurifolia,  al- 
though the  fungus  is  known  to  occur  on  a  large  number  of  other  hosts. 

On  black  ironwood  the  fungus  is  regarded  as  a  facultative  parasite,  gaining 
entrance  through  wounds  at  about  the  soil  lev^  and  growing  into  the  healthy 
wood.  The  organism  continues  to  form  sporophores  after  it  has  killed  the  host. 
Its  action  on  the  wood  is  described  as  one  of  deligniflcation  followed  by  diges- 
tion. A  description  of  ftmgus  is  given,  and  attention  is  also  drawn  to  forms 
of  the  same  fungus  which  occur  in  South  Africa. 

Control  measures  are  limited  to  prevention  by  forest  sanitation,  as  the 
destruction  of  sporophores  and  of  diseased  wood. 

Femes  officinalis,  a  timber-destroying  fungus,  J.  H.  Faihx  (Trans.  Roy. 
Canad.  Inst,  11  (1917),  No.  2,  pp.  185-209,  pis.  8,  fig.  i).— The  author  gives  the 
results  of  a  study,  in  its  various  aspects,  of  F.  officinalis,  the  cause  of  led 
heart  rot  of  conifers,  both  living  and  dead. 

The  fungus  is  said  to  gain  access  to  the  living  host  as  a  wound  parasite.  It 
occurs  in  Europe  and  Asia  on  Larix  europ<Ba  and  L.  sibirica,  and  in  British 
CJolumbia,  Ontario,  Quebec,  Arizona,  California,  Oregon,  Washington,  Montana, 
Nevada,  Idaho,  Wisconsin,  Michigan,  and  Wyoming  on  Abies  concolor,  A.  magni- 
flea,  A.  ffrandis,  L.  ocddentalis,  L.  laricina,  Picea  engelmanni,  P.  sitchensis, 
Pinus  lambertiana,  P.  murrayana,  P.  ponderosa,  P.  jeffreyi,  P.  strobus,  P.  num- 
ticola,  Pseudotsuga  taxifolia,  Tsuga  heterophylla,  and  T.  mertensiana. 

ECONOMIC  ZOOLOOT— ENTOMOLOOT. 

A  sketch  of  the  natural  history  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  together  with 
an  indexed  edition  of  the  V.  S.  Geological  Survey's  1917  map  of  Washington 
and  vicinity,  W.  L.  McAtee  (Bui.  Biot  Soc.  Wash.,  No.  1  (1918),  pp.  142,  pU, 
2). — ^The  occurrence  and  distribution  of  plants  and  animals  in  the  District  of 
Columbia  is  discussed  in  connection  with  a  classified  bibliography  and  an  in- 
dexed map. 

The  genera  of  fishes  from  Linnieus  to  Cuvier,  175S-1833,  seventy-five 
years,  with  the  accepted  type  of  each,  D.  S.  Jobdan  and  B.  W.  Evermanh 
(Leland  Stanford,  jr.,  Vniv.  Pubs.,  Vniv.  Ser.,  1917,  [No.  27},  pp.  161).— A  con- 
tribution to  the  stability  of  scientific  nomenclature.  * 

About  the  biologry  of  Mus  concolor,  L.  Otten  (Meded.  Burgerl.  Oeneesk. 
Dienst  Nederland.  IndiS,  No.  6  (1917),  pp.  82-119,  pis.  5).— A  report  of  studies 
of  the  small  house  rat 


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1»W3  ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ^ENTOMOLOGY.  161 

The  rOle  of  the  field  rat  in  the  epidemiology  of  plague,  L.  Ottsn  {Meded, 
BitrgerL  Qeneeik,  Dienst  Nederland,  Jndi^,  No.  6  {1917),  pp.  1-81;  abs.  in  Jour. 
Amer,  Med.  A9$oc,  11  (1918),  No.  5,  p.  4i5).— Bxaminatlong  of  2,111  field  rats 
{Mu$  rattus  diardii)  resulted  in  the  collection  of  1,083  adult  fieas,  of  which 
576  were  Loemopsylla  cheopU  and  507  were  Pulex  afialw.  The  author's  Investi- 
gations indicate  that  the  field  rat  gets  L,  cheopia  from  the  house  rat,  but  that 
this  flea  dies  off  out-doors  when  inclement  weather  arrives.  P.  ahaUB  infests 
the  field  rat  tliroughout  the  year.  While  the  field  rat  is  susceptible  to  plague, 
the  author  does  not  a8crit>e  any  importance  to  it  in  the  spread  of  plague  from 
Tillage  to  Tillage. 

On  the  duration  of  infectiousness  of  the  Indian  rat  flea  (Loemopsylla 
eheopis),  L.  Ottkn  {Meded.  Burgerl.  Oeneesk.  Dienst  Nederland.  Indie,  No.  6 
{1917),  pp.  120-126;  ab9.  in  Jour.  Amer.  Med.  A9$oc.,  71  {1918),  No.  5,  p.  ^15).— 
In  connection  with  the  investigations  above  noted  the  author  found  that  this  rat 
flea  may  transmit  plague  for  a  period  as  long  as  48  days. 

Aiistonetta,  a  good  genus,  H.  O.  Obebholskb  {Proc.  BioL  8oe.  Wash.,  SI 
{1918),  p.  98). 

Hierofalco  rustioolus  eandicans  in  North  Dakota,  H.  G.  Obebholskb  {Proe. 
BioL  Soc.  Wash.,  SI  {1918),  p.  97). 

Olor  columbianus  on  the  Potomac  Biver,  H.  C.  Obebholseb  {Proc.  Biol. 
Soc.  Wash.,  SI  {1918),  p.  97). 

Spisella  monticola,  the  correct  name  for  the  North  American  tree  sparrow, 
a  0.  Obkbholseb  (PfY>c.  BUa.  8oe.  WasK,  SI  {1918),  p.  98). 

Squatarola  squatarola  cynosum  near  Washington,  D.  C,  H.  G.  Obkbholseb 
{Proc.  Biol.  8oo.  Wash.,  SI  {1918),  p.  97). 

Ninth  annual  report  of  the  State  entomologist,  G.  P.  Gillettb  and  G.  M. 
List  {Off.  State  Eni.  Colo.  Giro.  26  {1918),  pp.  52,  fig.  i).— Included  in  this  re- 
port are  brief  notes  on  the  insect  pests  that  have  caused  the  most  damage  to 
orchards  in  Colorado  and  have  received  the  most  attention,  namely,  the  San 
Jose  scale,  Putnam  scale,  Howard  scale,  codling  moth,  fruit-tree  leaf  roller 
{ArcHps  argyrospHa),  and  pear-leaf  blister  mite;  and  on  shade-tree  pests,  in- 
cluding the  European  elm  scale,  black  locust  borer  {PrUmoxystus  robini4B),  and 
cottony  maple  scale. 

The  first  infestation  of  the  alfalfa  weevil  in  Colorado  was  discovered  early 
in  July,  1017,  near  Paonia,  in  the  upper  part  of  the  North  Fork  Valley,  Delta 
County.  Infestations  were  found  as  far  east  as  Bowie,  6  miles  east  of  Paonia, 
but  no  weevils  could  be  found  west  of  the  town. 

Tests  of  insecticides  are  reported  upon  by  G.  M.  List  (pp.  86-45).  Blackleaf 
40  nsed  against  the  apple  aphis,  the  most  serious  insect  of  ^oung  apple  orchards 
in  Colorado,  was  found  to  destroy  all  the  aphids  at  a  strength  of  1 :  700  and 
but  a  few  survived  at  strengths  up  to  1 : 1,500.  The  addition  of  soap  was 
found  to  l>e  of  considerable  benefit  in  aiding  the  liquid  to  penetrate  the  curled 
leaves  and  wet  lice  that  were  not  in  exposed  places.  The  mealy  plum  louse 
(Hyalopterus  arundinis),  which  often  does  considerable  damage  to  plum  and 
prune  trees  in  the  State,  was  not  destroyed  by  blackleaf  40  to  which  fish-oil 
ioa^liad  been  added  when  used  at  a  strength  of  1 :  800. 

Injury  to  foliage  by  nicotin  sulphate  sprays  led  to  experiments  which  demon- 
strated that  a  small  amount  of  injury  on  the  tips  of  leaves  of  all  plants  will 
result  from  the  application  of  spray  at  strengths  of  1 :  50,  both  with  and  without 
soap.  The  injury  was  not  severe,  being  more  marked  on  the  plum  and  rose, 
sod  only  on  the  rose  did  it  cause  any  spotting  of  the  leaves.  The  dilution  of 
1  part  to  100  parts  of  water,  both  with  and  without  soap,  gave  a  very  slight 
smount  of  burning  on  all  plants  except  the  apple.    The  dilution  of  1 :  150,  with- 


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162  EXPERIMENT  STATIOK  BBOOSD.  [VoL  40 

out  soap,  gave  a  very  slight  amount  of  bnrnlng  on  the  rose,  but  when  used  with 
soap  no  burning  was  noticeable. 

Lime-sulphur  used  against  the  tomato  psyllld  (Paratrioza  cockereUi),  which 
often  becomes  of  economic  Importance  in  tomato  fields  and  gardens  of  tiie  State, 
destroyed  80  per  cent  of  the  psyllids  when  used  at  the  rate  of  1:83.  The 
strengths  of  1 :  40  and  1 :  46  seemed  to  have  been  almost  if  not  quite  as  effective 
as  1 :  33  without  so  much  apparent  injury  to  the  plants,  although  the  growth 
was  checked  for  a  short  time.  The  lime*sulphur  then  seemed  to  act  as  a  stimu- 
lant, as  the  plants  grew  rapidly,  even  more  rapidly  than  checks  which  had  few 
psyllids  on  them.  Nicotin  sulphate  used  against  the  tomato  psyllld  at  the  rate 
of  1 :  200  gave  negative  results. 

In  tests  of  a  number  of  misclble  or  soluble  oils  for  the  destruction  of  the  fruit- 
tree  leaf  roller  there  was  a  great  variation  in  the  results  obtained,  some  giving 
excellent  results  with  all  strengths,  while  others  gave  very  poor  results  even 
with  the  higher  strengths.  Hydrocsranlc  acid  gas  had  very  little,  if  any,  effect 
upon  hatching  of  the  leaf -roller  eggs,  while  carbon  blsulphid  gave  better  but 
unsatisfactory  results.  Hot  water  used  at  the  rate  of  140**  F.  or  higher  was 
very  effective  in  the  destruction  of  the  fruit-tree  leaf-roller  eggs. 

Entomology  (Neto  Jersey  Bias.  Bui,  S17  (1917),  pp.  S5-40),— This  is  a  brief 
statem^it  of  the  work  of  the  year. 

In  the  course  of  control  work  with  orchard  Insects  it  was  found  that  05  per 
cent  of  the  apple  plant  lice  were  destroyed  during  the  dormant  season  by  coating 
the  eggs  with  winteif-strength  lime-sulphur,  and  that  about  98  per  cent  were 
killed  when  they  were  wetted  with  a  2  per  cent  aqueous  solution  of  crude  car- 
bolic acid  to  which  enough  soap  had  been  added  to  break  the  surface  tension. 
The  efficiency  of  lime-sulphur  appears  to  be  Increased  by  the  addition  of  40  per 
cent  nicotin  at  the  rate  of  1 :  500.  The  mlsdble  oils  gave  less  satisfactory  re- 
sults, Scalecide,  which  contains  no  phenol,  klUlng  about  45  per  cent,  while 
Mechllng*s  scale  oil,  which  contains  considerable  phenol,  killed  about  85  per 
cent. 

Control  work  with  the  pear  psylla  indicates  that  winter  treatments  may  be 
omitted,  but  that  40  per  cent  nicotin  should  be  added  to  the  winter-strength 
lime-sulphur  (1:  500),  which  Is  applied  just  before  the  blossoms  open,  and  that 
the  treatment  must  be  very  thorough.  Studies  of  the  coptrol  of  the  peach 
borer  show  that  i)olsoning  the  adults  will  not  effect  a  control,  since  as  many 
as  500  eggs  may  be  laid  before  food  is  taken,  and  that  control  by  destruction 
of  the  eggs  involves  a  treatment  every  9  or  10  days,  beginning  July  15. 

Thirty-second  report  of  the  State  entomologrlst,  1916,  B.  P.  Felt  (N.  7. 
State  Mua.  Bui  198  (1917),  pp.  iS76,  pU,  8,  figs,  54). --Following  a  brief  pre- 
liminary account  the  experimental  work  with  the  codling  moth,  carried  on  In 
continuation  of  that  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  86,  p.  856),  at  Kendall,  Albion, 
Hilton,  and  Newfane  is  reported  upon.  The  codling-moth  work  In  western 
New  York  emphasizes  the  necessity  for  thorough  amplication,  particularly  of  the 
first  or  calyx  spray,  which  is  applied  just  after  the  blossoms  fall,  and  Is  the 
spray  which  gives  by  far  the  larger  returns  in  preventihg  wormy  apples.  The 
second  application  may  be  effective  in  reducing  '*  side  injury  *'  to  some  bfttent 
(E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  259).  Both  the  second  and  third  sprayings,  even  if  they  have 
comparatively  little  Influence  in  reducing  the  numbers  of  this  pest,  are  con- 
sidered abundantly  justified  in  localities  during  seasons  when  scab  is  more  or 
less  prevalent  "A  comparison  of  results  obtained  in  the  Kendall  orchard  in 
1915  and  upon  the  same  trees  In  1916  shows  a  reduction  of  (me-thlrd  to  two- 
thirds  In  the  amount  of  wormy  fruit  and  is  striking  evidence  of  the  efficiency 
of  thorough  spraying  and  the  results  which  may  be  expected  the  following 
season.*' 

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m93  EOOKOMIC  ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.  168 

Work  with  the  apple  maggot  failed  to  demonstrate  any  marked  benefits  from 
the  use  of  a  sweetened  poison  In  their  destruction.  The  collection  and  destmc- 
tion  of  infested  fruit  before  the  maggot  has  an  opportunity  to  escape  appears  to 
be  tbe  best  means  of  control. 

In  control  work  with  the  pear  thrlps  the  application  of  lime-sulphur  com- 
posed of  150  lbs.  of  lump  lime  In  20  gal.  of  standard  llmensulphur  wash  to  200 
gal  of  spray  proved  to  be  one  of  the  most  promising  methods  of  controlling  the 
pest  by  one  application.  "An  important  advantage  of  this  treatment  Is  that 
it  also  controls  San  Jos§  scale,  though  It  Is  a  little  early  for  pear  psylla.  It  can 
be  supplemented,  however,  In  case  thrlps  are  extremely  abundant,  by  the  appli- 
cation of  the  tobacco-soap  preparation  at  the  time  the  blossom  clusters  have 
fleparated.** 

Under  the  heading  of  "  Notes  for  the  Year  "  brief  accounts  are  given  of  the 
oecnrrence  during  the  year  of  the  more  Important  fruit,  shade,  and  forest  tree 
insects  and  garden,  greenhouse,  grass,  clover,  and  miscellaneous  Insects. 

Part  5  of  A  Study  of  GaU  Midges  (E.  S.  R.,  S6,  p.  856),  which  deals  with  the 
tribe  Lasiopteriarlte,  Is  appended  (pp.  101-252). 

[Control  of  insect  pests  in  Washington]  {Proc.  Wash.  State  Hort,  Ab90c.» 
tk  {1918),  pp.  27-S2,  52r^6,  91-101,  i«7-i54).— The  papers  here  presented  In- 
ciode  the  following:  CJontrol  of  Aphis  on  Apple  and  Truck  Crops,  by  A.  H. 
Harrison  (pp.  27-^32) ;  Costs  and  Efficiency  In  Arsenate  of  Lead  Spraying,  by 
8.  W.  Foster  (pp.  52-56) ;  Some  Conclusions  Regarding  the  San  Jos§  Scale, 
by  A  U  Melander  (pp.  07-101) ;  the  Sulphur-Lime  Spray,  by  C.  J.  DeVise  (pp. 
127-134). 

[A  report  on  economic  insects  In  British  Ghiiana  in  1916],  G.  E.  Bodkiiv 
(£pt.  Dept.  Sd,  and  Affr.  BHt  Chiiana,  1916,  pp.  61-7^).— -This  Is  the  annual 
report  of  the  occurrence  of  and  work  with  the  more  Important  Insects  of  the 
year.  A  list  of  the  commoner  birds  of  the  Botanic  Gardens,  prepared  by  L.  D. 
(TIeare,  Jr.,  is  incorporated.  A  list  Is  also  given  of  12  species  of  thrlps  which 
occur  In  tlie  colony. 

Injurious  insects  in  Sweden  during  1912-1916,  A.  Tullgski?  {MeddeU 
Centralanst.  ForsokMV.  Jordlnrukaomrddet,  No.  152  {1917),  pp.  104;  <^&<-  <»  Rev. 
ippJ.  Bnt.,  fifer.  A,  6  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  145-151).— -This  is  a  report  of  the  en- 
tomological department  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  Sweden, 
prepared  in  cooperation  with  about  550  correspondents  throughout  the  coun- 
try who  send  in  regular  reports  concerning  noxious  insects. 

Insect  pests  of  plants  cultivated  in  Buropean  Russia  in  1914,  N.  [M.] 
KuiAQiN  {Ahs.  in  Intemat.  In9t.  Agr.  [Romeh  Intemat.  Rev.  Sci.  and  Pract. 
^nr.,  7  {1916),  No.  7,  pp.  1047-1054) »— A.  smnmary  of  information  on  the  insect 
pnts  of  cultivated  plants  In  different  parts  of  Russia,  compiled  from  the 
Eusslan  Uterature. 

Beports  on  injurious  insects  of  the  malberry  tree  in  Formosa,  M.  Maki 

{[Fomosan  Govt.  Affr.  Expt.  8ta.  Spec.  Bui.  90  (1916),  pp.  265,  pl$.  14,  fiffs. 

^];  ah8,  in  Rev.  Appl  Bnt,  fifer.  A,  6  {1918),  No.  4,  PP-  174,  175).— Elghty- 

I  aeven  insects  and  six  other  animals  known  to  injure  the  mulberry  tree  in 

I   Formosa  are  reported  upon. 

Investigations  on  the  insects  injurions  to  spruce  and  pine  cones,  I. 
T^ialEDH  (Skogwdrdafor.  Tidskr.,  No.  7-8  (1918),  pp.  41S-476,  fig:  +»;  ahs.  in 
fi«.  Appl,  Ent.,  Ser.  A,  6  (1918),  No.  S,  pp.  90-92).— The  present  paper.  In 
vUch  only  the  most  common  of  the  injurious  insects  which  are  found  on 
4>nice  cones  collected  during  the  winter  and  their  parasites  are  dealt  with.  Is 
baaed  upon  investigations  of  about  14,000  cones  collected  from  different  parts 
^  Sweden  and  kept  in  breeding  cages. 


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164  EZPERIMEKT  STATION  SBGOBD.  [VoL  40 

On  a  new  method  of  aseertaininff  the  iiarasitefl  of  the  respective  host  in- 
sects in  a  mixed  infestation,  I.  TbagJLrdh  (Bui,  Bnt,  Research,  9  iX9X8),  No,  i* 
pp.  75-79,  figs,  5). — ^A  method  which  enabled  the  author  to  ascertain  the  rela- 
tion *of  the  cone  insects  to  one  another  in  the  inyestigations  above  noted  is 
described. 

Arsenate  of  lime,  Q.  E.  Sandebs  {Canada  Dept.  Aqt.^  Ent.  Branch  Crap 
Protec.  Leaflet  10  [1918^,  pp.  4). — ^The  use  of  this  arsenical  as  a  spray  for 
apple,  potato,  and  pear  is  discussed.  It  is  pointed  out  that  when  the  cost  is 
taken  into  consideration  arsenate  of  soda  is  the  only  arsenical  insecticide  that 
approaches  arsenate  of  lime  as  a  potato  poison. 

The  present  status  of  investigations  of  Coccobacillns  aeridionun,  B.  Bab- 
BAai.  {Rev,  Inst,  Bad.  [Arffeniina],  1  {1917) ,  No.  1,  pp.  lOl-^llS;  abt.  in  Rev, 
Appl.  Ent.,  Ser.  A,  6  {1918) ^  No.  5,  pp.  177,  i78).— This  paper  reviews  the  experi- 
mental work  conducted  with  a  view  to  determining  the  value  of  C.  acridiorum 
in  the  destruction  of  locusts.    The  author's  conclusions  are  as  follows: 

The  coccobaciUus  considered  by  d'H^relle  as  the  cause  of  the  ^izootic  in 
Yucatan  in  1909  is  innocuous  to  the  locust  after  passing  a  certain  length  of 
time  in  culture  media.  The  organism  can,  however,  be  rendered  more  virulent 
by  its  passage  through  locusts,  until  it  is  capable  of  killing  these  by  injection 
in  4  or  6  hours.  This  virulence  is  rapidly  lost  when  the  organism  is  exposed 
to  an  exterior  medium.  This  virulence,  according  to  the  Argentine  Commission, 
is  not  sufficient  to  destroy  locusts  even  when  the  culture  is  ingested  by  them  in 
enormous  quantities;  even  at  its  best  the  coccobaciUus  destroyed  only  40  per 
cent  in  these  circumstancea 

A  systematic  study  of  the  organisms  distributed  under  the  name  of  Cocco- 
badllus  acridiorum,  R.  W.  Glaseb  {Ann.  Ent.  8oo.  Amer.,  11  {1918),  No.  1,  pp. 
19-42). — ^The  author  reports  upon  a  study  made  of  four  cultures,  one  supposed 
to  represent  G.  acridiorum  from  Honduras  where  striking  results  are  claimed 
to  have  been  obtained  with  it  in  field  experiments,  two  supposed  to  be  O. 
acridiorum  labeled  "  Souche  Cham  "  and  "  Souche  Sidi "  from  d*H4relle  at  the 
Pasteur  Institute,  Paris  (the  first  said  to  be  identical  with  that  received  from 
Honduras,  and  the  second  representing  a  strain  of  O.  acridiorum  passed 
through  a  series  of  grasshoppers  in  Tunis  in  1915),  and  one  supposed  to  be 
C.  acridiorum  from  Canada,  where  it  had  been  used  in  experimental  work. 
The  four  cultures  were  found  to  differ  from  one  another  more  or  less,  and  a 
table  is  given  which  shows  the  most  striking  differences  and  similarities. 

The  bacterium  from  Honduras  was  found  to  represent  a  new  form  and  is 
described  under  the  name  BaciUus  poncci.  The  author  concludes  from  experi- 
mental work  with  B.  poncei  that  it  is  pathogenic  to  Melanoplus  femur-ruln^m 
and  Encoptolophus  sordidus,  but  in  most  cases  he  failed  to  recover  the  or- 
ganism from  the  blood,  alimentary  tract,  and  feces.  Experiments  led  him  to 
believe  that  insects  can  develop  immunity  principles  which  can  more  or  less 
successfully  cope  with  certain  foreign  organisms.  He  concludes  that  passage 
infections  performed  by  using  the  alimentary  tract  are  hopeless  on  account  of 
the  extensive  flora.  Blood  passages  with  B.  poncei  were  likewise  useless,  in 
most  cases,  for  the  reason  that  the  gut  ruptured  after  a  short  time. 

In  experiments  the  culture  "Souche  Cham"  was  pathogenic  to  M.  atlanis, 
M.  bivittat%L9,  and  M.  femur-ruhrum,  being  most  so  for  the  first  mentioned. 
Passage  infections  with  it  were  possible,  but  no  increase  in  virulence  was  ob- 
served. "  The  gut  of  M.  atlanis  does  not  rupture,  and  for  this  reason  the  blood 
and  muscle  tissue  can  be  used  for  passage  infections.  Extracts  from  the  stom- 
ach or  intestines  can  not  be  used  for  passage  infections.  In  food  infections 
the  time  between  inoculation  and  death  is  somewhat  extended.    '  Souche  Cham  * 


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W»]  ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ^ENTOMOLOGY.  165 

and  '  Souche  Sidi  *  are  quite  virulent  even  in  old  cultures.  . '  Souche  Sidi '  is 
not  as  pathogenic  to  M,  atlanis  and  M.  bivittatus  as  '  Souche  Olmm.'  No  pas- 
sage infections  with  'Souche  Sidi'  were  attempted."  No  experiments  were 
made  with  the  culture  used  by  DuPorte  and  Vanderleck  in  Canada  (E.  S.  R., 
38,  p.  358)  as  a  systematic  study  showed  it  to  be  identical  with  d*H6relle's 
*  Souche  Sidi"  strain. 

A  bibliography  of  15  titles  is  appended. 

Notes  on  certain  plant  bugs  connected  with  cotton  in  St.  Vincent,  J.  C. 
Htjtson  (West  Indian  Bui,  11  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  £7-^9).— These  notes  relate  to 
observations  of  the  West  Indian  cotton  stainej  {Dysdercua  delauneyi),  the 
green  soldier  bug  {Nezara  viridula),  the  leaf -footed  tomato  bug  {Lepiofflotsut 
halieaius),  the  red  tomato  bug  (Phthia  picta),  the  pea  chink  {Bd€99a  medita- 
frtiikto),  etc.,  made  in  St  Vincent  during  a  period  of  five  weeks  in  November 
and  December,  1917. 

Some  effects  of  cotton  stainer  control  in  St.  Vincent,  W.  N.  Saivds  (We<l 
Indian  BtU.,  11  (1918),  No.  i,  pp.  40-46).— The  results  of  control  work  with 
DysdereuM  delauneyi  are  reported  upon,  a  summary  of  the  results  being  pre- 
sented in  tabular  form. 

Notes  on  trapping  the  cotton  stainer  in  St.  Vincent,  W.  N.  Sands  {We»t 
Indian  BuL,  Tt  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  4*^-49). — ^These  notes  supplement  the  account 
on  the  use  of  the  gasoline  torch  in  destroying  Dysdercus  delauneyi,  previously 
noted  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  461). 

Insect  enemies  of  the  chii^ch  bug,  W.  P.  Fliivt  {Jour.  Boon.  Ent.,  11  {1918), 
No.  5,  pp.  415-4^9). — ^The  author  first  reviews  briefly  records  of  the  enemies  of 
the  chinch  bug  and  then  reports  observations  of  predacious  enemies  made  dur- 
ing the  outbreak  of  the  pest  in  Illinois  from  1909  to  1915. 

Observations  on  the  life  history  and  habits  of  Pilophorus  walshii,  B.  B. 
Fulton  {Ann.  Ent  8oc.  Amer.,  11  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  93-96) .—ThiB  relates  to  a 
species  of  black  bug  found  in  large  numbers  in  a  neglected  apple  orchard  near 
Geneva,  N.  Y.    Aphids  are  said  to  constitute  one  of  its  chief  sources  of  food. 

The  dimorphs  of  species  of  Chaitophorus,  A.  G.  Bakes  {Proc,  Biol.  Soo, 
Wa9h.,  31  {1918),  pp.  85-68).— The  author  gives  a  key  to  and  descriptions  of  5 
qtecies.  A  species  from  Japanese  maple  at  West  Chester,  Pa.,  is  described  as 
new  under  the  name  C.  japonUsus, 

The  apple  woolly  aphis  (Eriosoma  lani^era),  Q.  G.  Becksb  {Arkamas  8ta, 
Bui.  154  {1918),  pp.  3-22,  figs.  6). — This  is  a  progress  report  of  investigations  of 
the  woolly  apple  aphis,  a  paper  relating  to  which,  and  carrying  the  same  con- 
clusions, has  been  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R,  39,  p.  258). 

Ceroplastes  grandis  new  to  Argentine  fauna,  C.  Lizeb  {Physis,  2  {1916),  No. 
It,  p.  438;  abs.  in  Rev.  Appl.  Ent.,  Ser.  A,  6  {1918),  No.  6,  p.  225).— -The  scale 
C.  grandis  is  recorded  from  Argentina  on  Ilex  paraguarienHs. 

On  the  occurrence  of  Chrysomphalos  paulistus  in  the  Parana  Delta,  O. 
LizKR  {PhysiM,  2  {1916),  No.  12,  pp.  432,  433;  ab8.  in  Rev,  Appl.  Ent.,  Ser.  A,  6 
{1918),  No.  6,  p.  £25).— This  scale  is  recorded  from  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  on  the 
sweet  bay  {Laurus  nobilis)  and  oUve  {Olea  europwa). 

Impresrnation  of  the  underwear  as  a  means  of  controlling  the  clothes  louse, 
W.  MooEB  {Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  11  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  530,  531). — In  the 
anthor^s  investigations  here  reported  creosote  and  heliotropin,  often  known 
under  the  name  plperonal,  gave  the  best  results. 

"  A  strip  of  underwear  containing  a  10  per  cent  solution  of  creosote  in  lubri- 
cating oil,  used  at  the  rate  of  1  cc.  to  8  sq.  in.  of  underwear,  worn  next  to  the 
ddn,  was  effective  for  24  hours,  after  which  it  was  found  to  have  lost  its 
toxicity.  Surprising  results  were  obtained  with  heliotropin,  which  was  eifec- 
tive  for  only  48  hours  when  worn.  •  • , 

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166  EXPERIMENT  SXATIOir  BEOOSa  C^oL  40 

"  If  heliotropin  is  nsed  wlthoat  oil  it  crystallizes  out  and  is  soon  mUbed  otL 
It  is  therefore  nece&«ary  to  use  some  other  compound  of  an  oily  nature  that  Is 
too  viscous  to  be  absorbed  rapidly  by  the  underwear.  Experiments  with  heavy 
lubricating  oils,  beeswax,  petrolatum,  spermaceti,  and  oil  of  theobroma  (cocoa 
butter)  were  conducted.  Results  showed  that  a  5  per  cent  solution  of  helio- 
tropin in  ether,  to  which  0.6  gm.  of  fat  or  wax  was  added,  would  remain 
effective  for  72  houn^  When  increasing  the  amount  of  heliotropin  it  was 
found  to  be  most  soluble  in  oil  of  theobroma.  When  1  gm.  of  heliotropin  to 
8  gm.  of  oil  of  theobroma  dissolved  in  ether,  carbon  bisulphid,  or  benzene  was 
used,  spread  over  48  sq.  in.  of  underwear,  the  underwear  could  be  worn  for 
168  hours  before  it  lost  its  toxicity  to  lice. 

"  Considering  the  results  of  all  the  experiments,  it  appears  that  168  hours  is 
the  maximum  time  that  an  effective  compound  will  remain  in  the  underwear  in 
sufficient  quantities  to  kill  the  lice  quickly.  Using  a  less  volatile  compound, 
which  would  remain  in  the  clothing  a  longer  period  of  time,  wotld  result  in  a 
diminis:hed  toxicity;  that  is,  an  increase  in  the  time  required  to  Idll  the  lice.** 

The  peach  tree  borer  (Sannlnoldea  exitiosa),  Q.  6.  Bbckeb  (Arkan9<M  8ta. 
Bid.  150  (1918),  pp.  S-^2,  pU,  S,  ftff.  /).— This  bulletin  is  based  upon  investiga- 
tions begun  in  1010,  the  biollgical  studies  being  made  at  FayetteviUe  and  the 
experiments  on  control  at  Abbott,  Chester,  EH  Dorado,  FayetteviUe,  Rogers, 
and  Van  Buren.  A  paper  relating  to  the  biology  of  the  species  has  been  previ- 
ously noted  (E.  S.  R.,  87,  p.  158).  The  results  are  summarized  by  the  author  as 
follows : 

"The  eggs  of  the  peach  .  .  .  borer  appear  to  be  97  per  cent  fertile.  The 
period  of  incubation  of  the  egg  ranges  from  5  days  to  2  weeks,  though  it  is 
doubtless  longer  than  this  for  eggs  deposited  late  in  the  season.  Nearly  85 
per  cent  of  the  larvae  pupate  within  a  radius  of  1  in.  ftom  the  trunk  of  the 
tree.  After  spinning  up,  the  insect  may  remain  in  the  larval  stage  within  the 
cocoon  for  a  period  of  from  5  to  0  days.  About  2  weeks  are  tspent  within  the 
cocoon  as  a  pupa.  The  time  which  elapses  from  the  time  that  the  larva  spins 
its  cocoon  to  the  time  that  the  moth  emerges  ranges  from  18  to  90  days. 

**  There  are  four  stages  in  the  emergence  of  the  adult  from  the  pupa  stage. 
In  the  Ozarks,  adults  may  emerge  any  time  from  the  middle  of  May  until  the 
last  of  October,  but  the  majority  of  moths,  perhaps  75  to  90  per  cent  of  them, 
will  emerge  some  time  between  the  middle  of  August  to  the  middle  of  Sep- 
tember. Emergence  in  the  extreme  southern  part  of  the  State  is  apparently 
about  one  week  earlier  than  it  is  in  northwest  Arkansas. 

"  Eggs  may  be  deposited  on  the  trunk,  leaves,  or  twigs  of  the  peach  tree  or  on 
clumps  of  dirt  or  weeds,  etc.  About  85  per  cent  of  them  are  deposited  at  the 
base  of  the  tree  or  on  the  trunk  a  little  higher  up.  Eight  females  which  were 
kept  in  cages  without  water  or  food  averaged  522  deposited  eggs  per  female. 
Three  females  which  were  fed  with  sweetened  water  averaged  722  deposited 
eggs.  Females  may  deposit  as  many  as  1,000  eggs.  The  average  life  of  a 
moth  appears  to  be  about  6  days. 

"Wrapping  papers,  tree  veneers,  white  lead  paint,  asphaltum  used  on  the 
trunk,  lime-sulphur,  tanglefoot,  Scotfs  tree  protector,  tree  collars,  asphaltum 
combinations  used  to  seal  the  crack  between  the  trunk  of  the  tree  and  the  soil, 
nicotin  preparations  at  different  dilutions,  carbolineum,  carbon  disulphld,  and 
heat,  all  proved  to  be  ineffective  or  impracticable  in  controlling  the  borer. 
Mounding  the  trees  is  attended  with  danger  when  the  mounds  are  leveled  so 
late  that  the  bark  does  not  have  a  chance  to  harden  properly  before  cold 
weather  sets  in.  Removing  the  soil  from  the  base  of  the  tree  and  leaving  the 
roots  exposed,  with  a  view  to  freezing  the  borers,  not  only  fails  to  kill  tbB 


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»M1  EGONOMIO  ZOOLOGY — ^ENTOMOLOGY*  167 

boren  but  is  likely  to  canse  the  death  of  the  trees  by  the  freezing  of  the  ex- 
posed parts." 

The  peach  tree  borer  (Sanninoldea  ezitiosa),  H.  A.  Gossabd  and  J.  L.  Kino 
(Ohio  8t<i.  Bui  S29  {1918),  pp.  67-87,  figa.  15).— The  authors  find  the  peach 
borer  to  be  on  the  wing  in  northern  Ohio  from  July  1  to  early  September,  being 
most  abundant  about  mid-August  The  life  of  the  individual  moth  is  4  or 
5  days. 

The  female  lays  an  average  of  about  400  eggs  (from  800  to  650),  chiefly  on 
the  tree  trunks  and  larger  branches,  but  occasionally  on  the  leaves  high  in 
the  tops  (as  inferred  from  caging  tests  on  large  trees)  or  on  the  ground  several 
inches  away  from  the  trunk. 

"The  eggs  hatch  in  8  or  10  days  and  the  more  fortunate  larvae  enter  the 
growing  wood  through  cracks  and  crevices  in  the  bark  below  the  soil  level, 
bat  most  of  them  die  before  finding  a  suitable  point  of  entrance.  In  the  fall 
they  extend  their  burrows,  which  sometimes  girdle  and  kill  the  trees.  Feeding 
is  resumed  in  spring  and  the  larve  become  mature,  measuring  from  1  to  1.25 
in.  long  by  midsummer.  The  cocoons  of  the  pupae  are  commonly  tit  the  bases 
of  the  trees  under  dead  bark  or  Just  beneath  the  surface  of  the  soil,  at  or  even 
several  inches  djlstant  from  the  trunk.  Pupating  occurs  in  July  and  early 
August,  the  pupal  period  lasting  about  19  days ;  then  the  adult  moths  emerge. 

"Prevention  and  amelioration  of  injury  is  best  accomplished  by  'worming,' 
or  cutting  out  the  borers,  once  in  the  fall  during  October  or  November,  and 
again  in  early  summer  during  the  first  10  days  of  June.  Mounding  with  earth, 
following  the  summer  'worming,*  and  the  use  of  certain  sprays  on  the  trunks 
and  larger  limbs  will  lessen  the  task  of  worming." 

The  pink  boUwerm  in  Brazil,  Bbxtno  Lobo  {Lavoura:  Bol.  Soc.  Nac,  Agr. 
IBragO],  22  {1918),  No.  5-4,  pp.  UO-lSl,  flg».  18).— A  report  upon  control  meas- 
ures, particularly  those  employed  in  Egypt. 

The  two-  and  three-lyrooded  rice  borers,  T.  Kondo  {Aba.  in  Rev.  Appl.  Ent., 
Ser.  A,  6  {1918),  No.  $,  pp.  M-J-W5).— The  author  gives  an  account  of  the  mor- 
phology, life  history  and  habits,  and  methods  of  control  of  the  two  moths  Chilo 
aimples,  commonly  known  as  the  two-brooded  rice  borer,  and  SclwenolHuM 
incertMua,  the  three-brooded  rice  borer.  These  two  insects  are  said  to  be  the 
most  important  rice  pests  in  Japan. 

The  greasy  surface  Caterpillar:  Its  life  history  and  seasonal  history,  H.  L. 
DcTT  {Agr.  Jour.  Bihar  and  Orisaa  [India},  6  {1917),  No.  1,  pp.  i-ij^),— The 
author  here  deals  with  the  biology  of  the  black  cutworm  {Agrotis  ypsilon). 
This  is  an  insect  pest  of  major  importance  in  Bihar  and  Orissa,  being  respon- 
sible for  a  loss  of  several  lakhs  of  rupees  ($S2,380.10  each)  to  the  fall-sown 
crops.  It  is  active  chiefly  during  the  winter  on  the  chaur  lands,  and  in  the 
spring  occurs  sporadically  on  tobacco,  potato,  garden  vegetables,  etc.,  where  it 
cats  the  succulent  stems  of  young  plants. 

▲  new  codling  moth  attacking  the  persimmon  [in  Japan],  T.  Tanaka  {Mo. 
BuL  Col.  Com.  Bort.,  7  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  46i,  46$).— The  kaki  fruit  moth 
{Kakivoria  flarofasciata) ,  first  described  by  Nagano  in  April,  1916,  is  said  to 
cause  serious  injury  to  persimmon  fruit  in  Japaa 

The  action  of  insecticides  on  the  eggs  of  the  Polychrosis  (Eudemis)  hot- 
rana,  J.  Fettaud  {Bui.  Soc.  titude  et  Vulg.  Zool.  Agr.,  16  {1917),  Noa.  9-10,  pp. 
97-105;  11-12,  pp.  117-120). — A  report  upon  the  results  of  experiments  with 
10  different  insecticides. 

Bademls  naevana,  the  holly  tortrix  moth,  L.  H.  Huie  {Proc.  Roy.  Phya. 
8oe.^  Edinbwrgh,  20  {1917),  No.  S,  pp.  164-178,  pi.  1;  aba.  in  Rev.  Appl.  Ent, 
Ser.  A,  6  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  117,  jfiS).— This  moth  is  said  to  commonly  infest 
holly  trees  in  England,  and  apple  and  hawthorn  are  also  recorded  as  host  planta 


uigitizea  Dy  ' 


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168  BXFEBIMENT  STATION  EEGOBD.  [VoL  40 

Contributions  to  a  knowlod^re  of  the  CrambinM  of  North  America,  I,  6.  C 
AiNsux  {Ann.  Ent.  Soc.  Amer.,  11  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  51-^2,  figs.  iJf).— This  is 
the  first  of  a  series  of  papers  in  which  avaUable  systematic  and  biologic  in- 
formation concerning  each  species  of  the  pyralid  subfamily  CrambiiuB,  including 
personal  observations  by  the  author,  will  be  brought  together.  Complete  bib- 
liographies will  be  given.  In  the  present  paper  Cramhus  hemiochreUut^  which 
has  been  reared  to  maturity  on  blue  grass,  is  dealt  with. 

Breeding  of  Anopheles  quadrimaculatus  in  deep  water  and  at  a  distance 
from  shore,  H.  R.  Casus  {Pub.  Health  RpU.  iU.  £f.],  SS  {1918),  No,  16,  pp.  571, 
572). — In  investigating  an  infestj^tion  by  A.  quadrimaculatua  at  Quantico,  Ya., 
in  September,  1917,  the  author  found  extremely  heavy  breeding  of  A.  quad^ 
rimaculatua  over  large  areas  of  floatage  over  the  wild  eelery  {Vallitneria 
spiralis)  growing  in  Quantico  and  Chappawampsic  Creeks  at  d^ths  from  2.5 
to  over  6  ft.  and  extending  in  places  to  nearly  0.5  mile  from  the  shore.  The 
breeding  of  A.  quadrimaculatus  in  de^  water  is  said  to  have  previously  been 
noted  on  Broad  River,  S.  C,  and  other  places,  but  not  to  the  extent  of  that  in 
the  vicinity  ef  Quantico.  In  all  of  these  cases  the  matting  of  the  floatage  pre> 
vented  the  breaking  of  the  waves,  which  passed  through  it  in  long  swells  and 
furnished  good  food  supply  and  perfect  protection  against  flsh. 

Effect  of  Anopheles  punctipennis  on  the  natural  conyeyance  of  malarial 
fever,  H.  R.  Cabteb  (Pub.  Health  Rpts.  lU.  8.},  SS  (1918),  No.  16,  pp.  Sit- 
675). — In  discussing  the  extent  to  which  this  mosquito  is  a  vector  of  malaria  in 
nature,  the  author  states  that  he  has  never  found  malaria  prevalent  where  A, 
punctipennis  alone  was  breeding,  although  an  outbreak  of  malaria  where  tliis 
was  the  only  species  has  been  reported  from  Virginia  by  Brumfield. 

Loss  during  hibernation  of  the  power  of  malarial  anophelines  to  transmit 
infection,  E.  Roubaud  {Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  8oi,  iParis},  166  {1918),  No.  6,  pp. 
264-266;  abs.  in  Rev.  Appl  Ent,  Ser.  B,  6  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  101,  102). ^lu  ex- 
periments with  Anopheles  macuUpennis  infected  with  malignant  tertian  malaria 
{Plasmodium  falciparum),  the  author  finds  that  the  sporozoits  are  discharged 
from  the  salivary  glands  by  a  relatively  small  number  of  punctures.  If  they  are 
not  so  discharged  they  gradually  degenerate  in  the  glandular  tissue  or  in  the 
salivary  medium.  Thus  the  prolonged  infectivity  of  Anopheles  does  not  appear 
to  be  possible,  and  the  salivary  medium  in  mosquitoes  can  not  be  regarded  as  a 
hibernating  medium  for  malarial  sporozoits. 

The  use  of  palliatiyes  for  mosquito  bites,  H.  E.  Ewinq  {Jour.  Boon.  Ent., 
11  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  401-404). — "Hydrogen  peroxld,  glycerin,  and  indigo  ap- 
parently are  worthless  as  palliatives,  and  not  only  fail  to  have  any  alleviating 
effect  on  the  injury  from  the  mosquito  bites,  but  apparently  augment  the  in- 
jury. However,  this  apparent  augmentation  probably  comes  from  the  rubbing 
which  has  the  effect  of  increasing  the  itching  pain  at  first  and  of  diffusing  the 
wheal,  although  usually  neither  the  pain  or  swelling  lasts  as  long. 

"  Soap,  bay  rum,  dilute  alcohol,  and  dilute  ammonia  have  but  slight  value. 
Dilute  ammonia  is  to  be  preferred  of  the  four.  If  soap  is  rubbed  into  the  skin 
some  relief  is  obtained,  which  probably  comes  chiefiy  from  the  rubbing. 

"  Strong  alcohol  and  strong  ammonia  have  the  greatest  value  as  palliatives, 
both  giving  a  marked  reduction  in  pain.  There  is  a  tendency  for  the  former  to 
leave  a  hardened  lump  in  the  place  of  the  wheal,  and  the  latter  is  rather  harsh 
on  the  skin.*' 

A  new  species  of  Sciara  bred  from  red  cloyer  crowns,  F.  W.  Pettst  {Jour, 
Boon.  Ent.,  11  {1918),  No.  5,  p.  420,  pi.  l).—8olara  trifoUi  reared  from  red  dovsr 
crowns  in  Idaho,  by  A.  C.  Burrill,  is  described  as  new. 


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tf»]  EOOKOMIC  Z00UX3T — ^ENTOMOLOOT.  169 

I4fe  liistoly  of  the  l«af-eatiiiff  crane  fly,  Cylindrotoma  splendens,  A.  E. 
CA]fBK>!f  (jiiifi.  Ent.  80c.  Amer.,  11  {1918},  No.  1,  pp.  67-^9,  figs.  19).— -The 
Imnre  of  the  species  here  considered  feed  on  the  leayes  of  the  false  bogtMine 
{Tnutveiieria  grandis)  on  VancouTer  Island,  B.  G. 

Oils  tested  to  trap  Trypetids  and  QrtaUda,  H.  H.  P.  Sxtxbin  {Mo.  Bui.  Col. 
Com.  Hart.,  7  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  419-423,  fio9.  2).— Following  a  brief  review  of 
tlie  literature  on  work  with  various  oils  in  tiie  trapping  of  fruit  flies,  the  author 
reports  upon  studies  made  at  the  Maine  Exp^ Iment  Station,  particularly  with 
the  apple  maggot,  currant  fruit  fly,  sunflower  fly  {StrauMHa  UmgipennU) ,  and 
an  ortalid  {Seoptera  coUm).  His  experiments  show  that  oils  derived  from 
crude  petroleum,  such  as  kerosene  and  paraffin,  do  not  attract  the  adults  of 
the  apple  maggot  The  tests  of  the  effect  of  various  oils  on  the  currant  fruit 
fly  liave  been  previously  noted  from  another  source  (B.  &  IL,  38,  p.  466).  Ex- 
periments with  the  hydrocarbons  and  oil  of  dtronella  were  performed  with 
sexually  mature  sunflower  flies,  but  none  showed  a  positive  reaction  to  various 
quantities  of  these  oils.    The  same  was  true  with  8.  coUm. 

Fmit  flies  of  eoonomlc  importance  in  Calif  omia,  H.  H.  P.  SKVxBHf  {Mo.  Bui. 
CA  Com.  Hort.,  7  {1918),  No9.  tf,  pp.  150-^2,  fig.  1;  7,  p.  464,  fig.  i).— Notes 
are  presented  on  the  apple  maggot  and  sunflower  fly  {Strau*9ia  UmgipentU$), 
whidi  oviposits  in  the  stalk  of  the  sunflower  and  in  the  stalk  of  the  Jerusalem 
artldboke  {Haianihut  tuberosum). 

fteasmial  and  climatic  variation  in  Cerodonta,  J.  M.  AjunacH  {Ann.  Bnt.  8oc 
Auter^  11  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  63-66). — In  this  paper  the  author  considers  Cero- 
donia  dormUis,  an  agromyzid  widespread  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  the 
larva  of  whidi  mines  In  the  leaves  and  leaf  sheaths  of  wheat,  timothy,  etc 

Oboervations  on  the  life  history  and  biology  of  Agromyza  laterella,  P.  W. 
OLAAS8K!f  {Ann.  Bnt.  8oe.  Amer.,  11  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  9-18,  fig$.  21).— This  is 
a  report  of  studies  of  a  species  which  forms  galls  on  the  common  wild  blue  flag 
(/Ha  versicolor)  in  the  vicinity  of  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

dytos  devastator,  a  new  pest  of  the  Tlorida  orange,  E.  A.  Back  {Jour. 
Bam.  Ent.,  11  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  411-4^4^  pl-  D^—^^C.  devastator,  a  cerambycid 
borer,  was  first  described  as  a  serious  pest  of  Citrus  in  Cuba  in  1836,  and  has 
since  been  recorded  by  collectors,  besides  in  CuIm,  at  Key  West,  Chase,  Paradise 
Key,  and  Palm  Beach  on  the  east  coast  of  Florida,  and  at  Perico  Island,  close 
to  Anna  Haria  Key,  at  the  mouth  of  Tampa  Bay  on  die  west  coast  of  Florida. 
It  has  been  reared  from  'Cuban  mahogany,*  pomegranate  {Punica  granaium), 
and  CItms  (orange),  and,  according  to  R  A.  Scfawarze,  has  as  its  preferred 
boat  the  conmion  mangrove  {Rkizophora  mangle).  Aside  from  the  original 
statement  that  it  was  a  serious  pest  of  Citrus  in  Cuba,  It  had  not  been  reared 
from  (^trus  until  it  was  found  damaging  orange  trees  on  Perico  Island,  Fla.,  in 
the  spring  of  1910.  It  has  demonstrated  its  capacity  to  Income  a  serious  pest 
in  Florida,  and  with  the  extension  of  the  citrus  industry  still  farther  south  into 
more  tropical  portions  of  the  SUte,  or  with  a  rearrangement  of  its  host  rela* 
tlonriiips  following  further  development  of  the  countiy,  it  may  assume  an  im- 
portant r51e  as  a  pest  of  Catms.** 

Vew  Zealand  timbers  and  the  borer.^A  note  on  the  snsoepUbiUty  of  Hew 
Zealand  timbers  to  the  aUacks  of  the  borer,  AnoUnm  domestieam,  R. 
8PB4ZHT  {New  Zeal.  Jour.  8ei.  and  TetOinol.,  1  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  14^144).— The 
anttior  reports  upon  an  examination  of  150  New  Zealand  timbers,  and  lUts  the 
bfft*"i^TB^  and  local  names,  number  Immune,  and  number  attacked  by  A.  domes- 
tkmm.  Soaking  the  timbers  in  petrol  in  whi<*  cari)olic  acid  and  camphor  are 
diflsolved  is  said  to  be  a  thoroughly  satisfactory  method  of  treatment  on  a  small 
scale. 

107338*— 19 6 


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170  EXPERIMENT  STATIOK  BEGOBD.  [VoL  40 

▲  pest  of  plantatioiiB,  C.  MoBEiRiL  (Chaeanu  e  QukUaeM,  17  (1918),  No.  £,  p. 
12S;  abs,  in  Rev.  AppL  Ent.,  8er.  A,  6  {1918),  No.  6,  p.  «5ff).— The  anthor 
records  great  Injury  to  gardens  and  potato  fields  by  tlie  blister  beetle  Epioauia 
atomarict, 

A  second  food  plant  for  the  cherry  leaf  beetle,  E.  G.  Van  Dykx  {Jour.  Boon, 
EtU.,  11  {1918),  No.  5,  p.  4^i).— The  author  has  found  CMeruceUa  oaviooUis  to 
feed  in  numbers  on  the  leaves  of  Rhododendron  calendulaoeum  \n  the  Black 
Mountains,  North  Carolina. 

Lasioderma  serricome,  a  coleopteran  injurious  to  tobacco  and  other  plant 
products  at  I>eli,  Sumatra,  L.  P.  db  Busst  {Meded.  Deli  Proefttat  Medan,  10 
{1917),  No.  6,  pp.  1$9-157,  pi.  1;  abs.  in  Internal.  Inst.  Agr.  {Rome},  Intemai. 
Rev.  Set.  and  Prod.  AffT;  8  {1917),  No.  IB,  pp.  ISOS,  1S04).— The  cigarette  beetle 
is  said  to  occur  in  Sumatra  wherever  tobacco  is  prepared  for  the  market  and 
also  among  numerous  other  plant  products. 

The  black-eye  pea  weevil,  F.  W.  Ubich  {Bid.  Dept.  Affr.  Trinidad  and 
Tobago,  17  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  H-IS). — ^A  sunmiary  of  information  on  Brucliu% 
{Pachymerus)  quadrimaculatu9,  which,  though  of  tropical  origin,  is  now  cos- 
mopolitan. 

Curculionld  enemies  of  the  vine,  J.  Feytaxtd  {Rev.  Vit,  48  {1918),  No.  12i7, 
pp.  5-10,  pi.  1). — ^A  brief  summary  of  information  on  the  curculionld  enemies  of 
the  grapevine,  together  with  a  colored  plate  with  illustrations  of  OtiorhynchMS 
Ugustici  and  O.  sulcatus. 

Beekeeping  for  West  Virginia,  0.  A.  Rkbse  {W.  Va.  Dept.  Agr,  Bui.  8S 
{1917),  pp.  52,  fig9.  SO). — A  practical  guide  for  the  beekeeper. 

The  segmentation  of  the  abdomen  of  the  honeybee  (Apis  melliflca),  J.  A. 
Nelson  {Ann.  Ent.  8oc.  Amer.,  11  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  1-8,  figs.  7). 

Additional  notes  on  the  life  history  of  Bombus  auricomus,  T.  H.  Faisoir 
{Ann.  Ent.  8oc.  Amer.,  11  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  48-49,  figs.  2).— The  author's  studies 
of  this  species,  of  which  earlier  studies  have  been  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  564), 
are  summarized  as  follows: 

"  The  nests  are  usually  established  [in  the  vicinity  of  Champaign,  m.]  some 
time  between  the  middle  of  May  and  the  middle  of  June.  The  bumblebees  of 
this  species  are  of  a  docile  disposition  as  compared  with  such  a  species  as 
B.  permsylvanicus.  The  colonies  are  of  rather  small  size.  The  workers  some- 
times lay  eggs  which  are  capable  of  hatching.,  The  eggs  are  laid  in  separate 
cells,  several  of  which  may  be  adjoining  but  the  cell  Individuality  is  never  lost 
The  larvse  continue  to  remain  isolated  from  other  individuals  in  the  same  stage 
of  development  The  life  cycle  varies  in  individual  cases,  but  may  be  said  to  last 
for  all  sexes  about  8.5  weeks." 

The  wheat  Jointworm  and  its  control,  W.  J.  Phillips  {U.  S.  Dept.  Agr^ 
Farmers'  Bui.  1006  {1918),  pp.  14,  figs.  i8).— This  is  a  more  extended  account 
than  that  by  Webster,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  17,  p.  785).  An  account 
by  Houser  has  also  been  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  25,  p.  561). 

FOODS— HUHAN  NTTTBITION. 

The  significance  of  fats  in  the  diet,  E.  H.  Stablino  {Brit.  Med.  Jour.,  No. 
8005  {1918),  pp.  105-107). — ^The  requirements  of  the  body  for  fats  and  the  sig- 
nificance of  these  substances  in  ordinary  metabolism  are  discussed. 

It  is  pointed  out  that  while,  strictly  speaking,  there  is  no  evidence  of  an 
absolute  physiological  minimum  of  fat  in  the  diet  provided  that  the  caloric 
value  of  the  whole  diet  is  sufficient  to  meet  the  total  energy  needs  of  the  body 
and  to  provide  a  surplus  for  fat  formation,  practically  a  certain  amount  of  fat  is 


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m91  FOODS — HUMAN  KTJTRITION.  171 

neoessftry.  The  reascms  given  are  that  a  meal  in  which  a  deficiency  in  fat  is 
made  up  by  carbohydrates  is  lacking  In  staying  power,  is  too  bulky,  and  is 
more  subject  to  fermentative  changes  In  the  intestines. 

Statistical  data  are  given  of  the  proportion  of  fat  to  total  energy  in  the  diets 
of  individuals  of  different  energy  requirements,  from  which  the  assumption 
is  made  that  in  a  normal  diet  the  fat  should  account  for  from  20  to  25  per  cent 
of  the  energy  of  the  whole  diet.  The  figure  of  75  gm.  of  fat  per  day,  adopted  by 
the  Inter-allied  Scientific  Food  Commission  as  the  minimum  desirable  ration  for 
the  average  man  working  eight  hours  a  day  and  utilizing  8,000  calories,  is  midway 
between  20  and  25  per  cent.  Requirements  of  fat  in  grams,  corresponding  to 
the  energy  requirement  of  different  ages  and  classes  as  proposed  by  Lusk  and 
adopted  by  the  commission,  are  given  in  tabular  form.  The  author  states  that  it 
must  be  borne  in  mind  "(1)  that  the  fat  figures  represent  what  I  have  called 
the  minimum  desirable  ration ;  (2)  that,  given  an  otherwise  adequate  diet,  these 
figures  can  be  diminished  without  serious  detriment  to  the  health  of  the  indi- 
vidual, though  probably  not  without  inconvenience  and  diminution  of  efficiency ; 
and  (3)  that  they  can  be  considerably  augmented  without  Interfering  with  effi- 
ciency or  with  health." 

The  physiological  behavior  of  raffinose.— ZI,  S.  Kxtsiyama  (Jour,  BM. 
CAem.,  S4  (1918),  No.  2,  pp.  S21-SSS). — In  continuation  of  the  investigations 
previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  571),  studies  are  reported  of  the  raffinose- 
splittlng  power  of  extracts  of  feces,  the  presence  of  raffinase  in  certain  seeds, 
the  fate  of  rafiElnase  taken  by  mouth,  and  certain  properties  of  raffinase.  The 
results  are  summarized  as  follows: 

*'The  activity  of  yeast  raffinase  is  not  materially  decreased  by  filtration 
through  a  clay  filter  or  by  dialysis.  The  sterile  extract  of  feces  usually  contains 
a  small  amount  of  raffinase.  The  extract  of  feces  markedly  decreases  the 
activity  of  yeast  raffinase.  Mung  bean,  its  sprouts,  cotton  seed,  and  soy  bean 
contain  a  small  amount  of  raffinase.  Yeast  raffinase  taken  by  mouth  is,  for  the 
most  part,  destroyed  by  the  gastric  Juice.  Under  suitable  conditions,  however, 
part  of  it  can  reach  the  intestine  in  active  condition.  The  raffinose-splittlng 
power  of  the  sterile  extract  of  feces  can  be  increased  by  yeast  feeding." 

Studies  of  chemical  composition  of  **  tarabagani "  (Faralithodes  camt- 
Bchatica),  H.  Matsui  (Jour.  Col.  Agr.  Tokyo  Imp.  Univ.,  5  (1916),  No.  4,  pp 
395-400). — ^This  crab  has  a  white  fibrous  fiesh  with  an  agreeable  fiavor  and  is 
chiefly  canned  for  exxwrt.  Analyses  are  given  which  show  the  differences  in 
chemical  composition  between  the  raw  and  cooked  flesh  and  also  those  due  to 
sex. 

Hydrolysis  of  fish  muscle,  T.  Okuda  and  K.  Oyama  (Jour.  Col.  Agr,  Tokyo 
Imp.  Univ.,  5  (1916),  No.  4,  pp.  S65-S72). — A  comparison  of  the  composition  of 
the  muscle  substance  of  Pagrus  major,  one  of  the  most  common  fishes  in  Japan, 
and  halibut. 

Hydrolysis  of  fish  gelatin,  Y.  Okuda  (Jour.  Col.  Agr.  Tokyo  Imp.  Univ.,  5 
(1916),  No.  4,  pp.  $55-363). — ^This  Investigation  was  made  to  determine  whether 
fish  gelatin,  which  differs  somewhat  in  physical  properties  from  commercial 
gelatin,  also  differed  from  it  in  chemical  composition. 

It  was  found  that  as  regards  the  distribution  of  nitrogen  there  was  no  great 
divergence.  Larger  yields  of  glycocol,  alanin,  leucin,  phenylalanin,  glutaminic, 
and  aspartic  acids  were  found  in  the  fish  gelatin,  but  the  contents  of  diamino 
acids  were  approximately  equal  in  the  two  gelatins. 

The  physical  chemistry  of  bread  making,  E.  J.  Cohn  and  L.  J.  Henderson 
(Science,  n.  ser.,  4S  (1918),  No.  1247,  pp.  501-505).— -A  review  of  the  physical 
and  chemical  processes  involved  in  the  fermentation  of  dough  and  the  baking 
of  bread. 


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172  EXPERIMENT  STATIOK  BBGOBD.  [VoL  40 

It  is  stated  that  the  acidity  of  the  doagfa  at  the  time  of  baking  seems  to  be 
the  most  important  variable  factor  in  bread  making.  Suggestions  are  given  to 
facilitate  the  use  of  from  20  to  25  per  cent  of  wheat  substitutes,  such  as  the  use 
of  2  to  3  per  cent  of  dry,  powdered  serum  as  a  gluten  substitute.  The  causes 
of  ropy  bread  and  its  prevention  through  the  use  of  acid  are  also  discussed. 

<<  Oyer  the  top  ''  in  baking,  Mabel  Gobbould  {Mo.  Bui.  Ohio  £fto.,  S  (1918}  ^ 
No,  10,  pp.  S0S-3(n,  fig,  i). — Gluten  is  described  and  its  function  In  bread  making 
explained.    Recipes  for  bread,  in  which  substitutes  are  used,  are  Included. 

Mon-dah-min,  and  the  Bed  Man's  world-old  uses  of  Indian  com  as  food, 
Hkn-Toh  (Jour.  Home  Econ,,  10  (1918) y  No,  10,  pp.  fM-45i).— This  includes  an 
Indian  legend  for  the  origin  of  com,  as  well  as  recipes  which  have  been  in  use 
in  many  Indian  families  for  generations. 

The  antiscorbutic  property  of  desiccated  and  cooked  yegetables,  M.  H. 
GiVENs  and  B.  Cohen  {Jour,  Biol,  Chem.,  36  {1918),  No,  1,  pp,  127-145,  fig,  1; 
abs.  in  Jour,  Amer,  Med.  Assoc,  11  {1918),  No.  20,  p.  1S93). — ^To  determine 
whether  drying  at  various  temperatures  or  first  cooking  and  then  drying  vege- 
tables destroys  their  antiscorbutic  properties,  feeding  experiments  were  con- 
ducted on  guinea  pigs,  using  cabbage  and  potatoes  dried  under  different  condi- 
tions. The  animals  were  fed  a  diet  known  to  produce  scurvy  and  at  the  onset  of 
scorbutic  symptoms  were  given  small  amounts  of  the  dried  vegetables. 

A  small  addition  of  raw  cabbage  to  a  scurvy-producing  diet  was  found  to 
prevent  scurvy.  Cabbage  dried  in  a  blast  of  air  at  from  40  to  52''  C.  retained 
some  of  its  antiscorbutic  value.  It  is  thought  that  a  daily  supplement  of  1  gm. 
of  this  "  low  dried  "  cabbage  will  prevent  scurvy  in  the  guinea  pig  and  initiate 
recovery  from  scorbutic  symptoms.  Cabbage  was  found  to  lose  its  antiscorbutic 
power  if  heated  in  an  oven  for  two  hours  at  75  to  80"*  and  then  dried  at  65  to  70* 
for  several  days,  or  if  cooked  for  30  minutes  and  then  dried  for  two  days  at 
05  to  70''.  Potatoes  cooked  and  then  dried  for  two  days  at  65  to  70''  were  found 
to  possess  no  antiscorbutic  value. 

It  is  claimed  that  the  experiments  also  indicate  that  roughage  is  not  the 
determining  factor  in  the  course  of  scurvy  in  guinea  pigs,  and  that  they  con- 
firm the  conclusion  of  Cohen  and  Mendel  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  770)  that  the  anU- 
scorbutic  property  is  not  identical  with  the  so-called  fat-  and  water-soluble 
dietary  essentials  at  present  recognized. 

The  dietary  properties  of  the  potato,  E.  V.  McCollum,  Nina  Simmonds, 
and  H.  T.  Pabsons  {Jour.  Biol.  Chem.,  36  {1918),  No.  1,  pp,  197-210,  figs.  7;  abs. 
in  Jour,  Amer,  Med.  Assoc,  71  {1918),  No.  20,  p.  1694;  Chem.  Abs.,  12  {1918), 
No.  23,  pp.  2605,  2606). — A  biological  study  is  reported  of  the  properties  of  the 
potato  as  a  food  for  the  young  rat  during  the  growing  period. 

The  results  Indicate  that,  in  respect  to  growth,  the  dietary  properties  of  the 
potato  closely  resemble  those  of  the  cereal  grains,  the  first  limiting  factor  being 
the  relative  shortage  of  calcium,  sodium,  and  chlorin.  The  content  of  the  fat- 
soluble  A  is  too  low  for  optimum  nutrition,  and  the  biological  value  of  the  nitro- 
gen seems  to  be  no  greater  than  that  of  the  cereal  g^rains.  This  is  in  marked 
contrast  with  the  conclusions  of  Rose  and  Cooper  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  567)  as  to  the 
value  of  the  potato  nitrogen  for  maintenance  in  the  adult 

In  accounting  for  the  discrepancy  between  the  apparent  values  of  the  nitrogen 
of  the  i)otato  for  maintenance  as  contrasted  with  growth,  the  authors  suggest 
the  possibility  of  the  improvement  of  proteins  of  low  biological  value  "  through 
the  reutilizatlon  of  the  uuused  quota  of  amino  acids  which  remain  after  the 
draft  by  certain  glandular  tissues  upon  the  list  of  these  circulating  In  the  body 
fluids.  It  is  possible  that  the  protein  of  the  potato  may  fulfill  these  conditions 
and,  therefore,  actually  be  of  decidedly  greater  value  for  maintenance  as  con- 


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1»1»1  FOODS — HUMAN  NUTRITION.  178 

treated  with  growth.  When  growth  takes  place,  this  peculiar  supplementary 
relationsMp  between  the  unused  quota  of  amino  acids  Just  mentioned  could  be  of 
but  slight  Importance,  since  the  magnitude  of  the  endogenous  metabolism  is 


Household  use  of  Ohio  apples,  W.  J.  Gbeen  (Mo.  Bui,  OIUo  Sta,,  S  (19X8) ,  No. 
10,  pp.  S09-S12,  figs,  2). — ^The  varieties  of  apples  most  commonly  found  on  the 
market  and  the  uses  to  which  they  are  best  adapted  are  listed. 

The  housekeeper's  apple  book,  L.  Gebtbude  Macxat  (Boston:  Uttle,  Brown, 
d  Co.,  1911  f  pp.  122). — ^The  author  emphasizes  the  importance  of  apples  as  food 
and  gives  many  recipes  for  their  use. 

The  utilization  of  some  nuts  as  food,  F.  A.  Cajobi  (Jour.  Home  Econ.,  10 
{1918),  No.  7,  pp.  S04-311). — ^The  results  are  recorded  of  metabolism  experiments 
designed  to  study  the  utilization  of  nitrogen  in  the  case  of  protein-rich  nuts 
and  of  the  carbohydrate  and  nitrogen  of  the  chestnut,  lichi  nut,  and  coconut 
The  results  indicate  that  nuts  are  valuable  foods  if  eaten  properly  and  used 
In  the  diet  as  are  eggs,  meats,  and  other  foods  which  are  rich  in  protein.  Ac- 
cording to  the  author,  the  evidence  points  to  a  physiological  value  on  a  par  with 
that  of  more  common  staple  articles  of  the  diet. 

Analysis  of  local  foodstuffs  (Imp,  Depi.  Agr.  West  Indies,  Rpt.  Agr,  Dept, 
Dominica,  1916-17,  pp.  2^28).— Analyses  are  rei)orted  of  foodstuffs  grown  in 
Dominica,  including  tania  meal,  dasheen  meal,  farine,  banana  meal,  plantain 
meal,  and  waw-waw  meaL  All  of  these  materials  show  a  predominating  amount 
of  carbohydrates  and  a  low  fat  and  protein  content.  Experiments  show  that 
farine  iheal  can  be  used  to  replace  part  of  the  wheat  flour  in  bread  making. 

Commercial  stocks  of  grain,  flour,  and  miscellaneous  food  products  (in  the 
United  States  on  October  1,  1918)  (U»  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Food  Surveys,  2  (1918), 
No.  1$,  pp.  12). — Datfware  reported  for  these  classes  of  food  products. 

Conservation  and  the  food  budget,  Jkan  Kbueoeb  (Jour.  Home  Econ.,  10 
(1918),  No.  8,  pp.  S6S-368).'-A  food  budget  taken  from  the  account  book  of  the 
University  of  Wisconsin  home  economics  practice  cottage. 

The  world's  food  supply  and  woman's  obligation,  Jank  Addams  (Jour. 
Home  Econ.,  10  (1918),  No.  9,  pp.  S89-400) .—The  author  discusses  the  shortage 
in  the  European  food  supply  in  its  relation  to  food  conservation  by  women  in 
this  country  throagh  elimination  of  waste,  actual  reduction  of  consumption, 
and  substitution  of  foods  which  can  not  be  readily  shipped. 

Changing  a  i)eace-time  ration  for  war  time,  Caboline  L.  Hunt  (Jour.  Home 
Bcon.^  10  (1918),  No.  8,  pp.  971-^74)- — ^The  concluding  paragraph  summarizes  the 
article  as  follows :  "  For  a  war-time  ration  use  vegetables  and  fruits  abundantly. 
Choose  ways  of  preparing  and  serving  which  require  the  addition  of  little  or 
nothing  that  has  any  fuel  value  and  that  reduces  their  bulk  by  driving  off  their 
water." 

Everyday  foods  in  war  time,  Mabt  S.  Rosk  (New  York:  The  Macmillan  Co., 
1918,  pp.  IX-\-117). — ^The  author  emphasizes  in  a  simple  and  direct  way  the 
part  which  some  of  the  common  foods  play  in  the  diet  The  book  is  designed 
to  make  it  "easier  to  save"  wheat,  meat,  sugars,  and  fats,  and  to  make  out 
an  acceptable  bill  of  fare  without  excessive  cost  War-time  recipes  are  in- 
cluded. 

Cost  of  living  and  the  war,  W.  J.  Lauck  (Cleveland:  T?ie  Doyle  d  Waltai 
Printing  Co.,  1918,  pp.  IV -\- 196,  figs,  id).— This  volume  summarizes  and  dis- 
cusses official  and  other  data  bearing  upon  the  cost  of  living,  with  special 
reference  to  the  families  of  wage  earners. 

Hiffh  cost  of  living  in  State  institutions,  G.  W.  Beach  (St.  Paul:  State  Bd. 
Control,  1917,  pp.  16), — ^An  analysis  of  the  present  high  cost  of  Institutional  • 
llTing. 


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EXPEBIMEirr  STATION  BEGOBD. 


tToL40 


▲  note  on  the  "  man  value  '^  of  workiner  class  diets.  Greenwood  and  Gecii.t 
M.  Thoicpson  {Brit.  Med.  Jour.,  No.  S006  {1918),  p.  ISS).— The  following  new 
coefficients  have  been  adopted  by  the  Inter-allled  Food  Ck)mmlssioD  for  nse  in 
estimating  the  man  value  of  a  family  diet:  From  0  to  5  years  0.5  man  yalne, 
from  6  to  10  years  0.7,  11  years  and  over — ^males  1,  females  0.83,  and  all  chil- 
drep  of  combined  ages  0.68. 

▲  preliminary  report  on  the  preparation  of  antipolyneuritic  substances 
from  carrots  and  yeast,  K.  SxronniA  {Jour.  Biol.  Chem.,  S6  {1918),  No.  1,  pp. 
191-196;  ahs.  in  Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.,  71  {1918),  No.  20,  p.  169^).— Water 
and  alcoholic  extracts  of  carrots  were  prepared  by  grinding  700  gm.  of  fresh 
carrots  finely  In  a  meat  chopper  and  treating  with  either  1  liter  of  distilled 
water  for  two  days  at  room  temperature  or  with  1  liter  of  96  per  cent  alcohol 
for  five  days.  In  either  case  the  mixture  was  filtered  through  a  hardened 
paper  In  a  Bfichner  funnel,  washed  with  fresh  solvent,  and  the  clear  golden- 
yellow  filtrate  concentrated  In  vacuo  at  a  low  temperature  until  it  became  a 
sirupy  mass. 

The  chemical  nature  and  yield  of  the  substances  varied  somewhat  with  the 
time  and  temperature  at  which  extractions  were  made  and  with  the  concen- 
tration and  variety  of  carrots.  The  yields  were  about  7  per  cent  of  the  original 
fresh  carrots.    Analyses  of  the  two  extracts  gave  the  following  results : 

Analyses  of  water  and  alcoholic  extracts  of  carrots. 


Kind  of  extraction. 

Total 
nitrogen. 

Total 
ash. 

PfO^ 

Amino 
nitrogen. 

Uric 
add. 

PhenoL 

Water 

Percent. 
1.61 
.44 

Percent. 
7.10 
3.17 

Per  cent. 

a91 

.21 

percent. 
LOO 
.81 

Percent. 

a  17 

.02 

Percent 
0.S5 

Alcohol 

.£0 

A  colorless  crystalline  substance  was  prepared  from  yeast  as  follows :  Brewers' 
yeast  was  filtered,  pressed,  and  dried  to  a  powder.  Ten  gm.  of  this  powder,  the 
nitrogen  content  of  which  was  9.59  per  cent,  was  treated  with  100  cc  of  distilled 
water,  shaken,  placed  in  a  300  cc  collodion  bag,  and  suspended  for  air  dialysis 
at  room  temperature  until  perfectly  dry.  By  this  means  about  5  mg.  of  a  colorless 
crystalline  substance  formed  on  the  outer  wall  of  the  bag.  A  similar  substance 
was  also  obtained  by  treating  10  gm.  of  powdered  yeast  with  100  cc.  of  5  per 
cent  sodium  chlorid  solution  and  subjecting  the  mixture  to  air  dialysis  as  before. 

The  experimental  results  of  the  use  of  these  substances  indicate  that  the 
extracts  of  fresh  carrots  and  crystalline  substances  from  yeast  preparations  may 
cure  polyneuritis  in  pigeons  in  those  cases  in  which  the  disease  has  developed 
qulclcly ;  that  is,  in  about  20  days.  If  the  symptoms  had  appeared  more  slowly, 
the  substances  did  not  effect  a  cure. 

Monthly  metabolism  of  nitrogen,  phosphorus,  and  calcium  in  healthy 
women,  H.  C.  Shebman,  L.  H.  Ghxett,  and  H.  M.  Pope  {Jour.  Biol.  Chem.,  S4 
{1918),  No.  2,  pp.  S7SS81;  abs.  in  PhysioU  Abs.,  S  {1918),  No.  -M,  PP-  «57,  258).— 
The  calcium  and  phosphorus  requirement  in  normal  nutrition  was  determined 
by  metabolism  experiments  on  two  healthy  women  during  10  successive  three- 
day  periods  In  which  the  subjects  lived  upon  prearranged  diets  absolutely  uniform 
from  day  to  day.  The  diets  were  so  arranged  as  to  satisfy  the  requirements  for 
energy  and  protein,  while  sufficiently  low  in  phosphorus  and  calcium  to  test  the 
ability  of  the  body  to  establish  equilibrium  of  these  elements.  A  quantitative 
determination  of  the  Intake  and  outpift  of  nitrogen,  phosphorus,  and  calcium  was 
made  at  the  end  of  each  period. 


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• 

The  experimental  data  obtained  from  the  two  sobjects,  calculated  to  a  basis  of 
70  kg.  of  body  weight,  would  indicate  a  requirement  '*  per  man  per  day  "  of  0.9 
and  0.74  gm.  of  phosphorus  and  0.49  and  0.38  gm.  of  calcium,  respectively.  The 
data  also  indicate  that  "  there  does  not  appear  to  be  any  distinct  monthly  cycle 
in  the  metabolism  of  either  nitrogen,  phosphorus,  or  calcium  (except  for  the  pre- 
viously known  tendency  to  retain  nitrogen  for  a  day  or  so  at  the  beginning  of 
the  menstrual  period),  nor  was  the  output  of  any  one  of  these  three  elements  in 
the  menstrual  flow  large  enough  to  affect  materially  the  estimate  of  the  daily 
requirement  for  normal  metabolism  as  averaged  for  the  entire  month.  From 
this  standpoint  the  menstrual  flow  is  essentially  a  blood  loss,  and  as  such  is 
important  to  the  balance  of  intake  and  output  of  iron,  but  of  minor  consequence 
in  the  nitrogen,  phosphorus,  or  calcium  metabolism." 

Studies  in  uric  add  metabolism  (Jour.  Biol.  Chem,,  36  (1918),  No,  1,  pp. 
1-26;  abs.  in  Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.,  11  (1918),  No,  20,  p.  1693;  Chem.  Abs., 
12  il918),  No.  23,  pp.  2607,  2608). —Two  papers  are  presented: 

I.  The  inflence  of  high  protein  diets  on  the  endogenous  urio  aoid  eUmination, 
by  H.  B.  Lewis  and  E.  A.  Doisy  (pp.  1-7). — ^This  paper  presents  the  results 
of  metabolism  experiments  to  compare  the  effects  on  uric  acid  excretion  in 
man  of  high  protein  diets  rich  and  poor  in  their  content  of  arglnin  and  histidin. 
No  differences  in  the  excretion  of  uric  add  following  the  ingestion  of  the  two 
types  of  high  protein  diet  were  evident  "  This  would  indicate  that,  under  the 
experimental  conditions  of  the  present  study,  arglnin  and  histidin  function 
no  more  than  the  other  constituents  of  the  proton  molecule  in  the  stimulation 
of  the  output  of  endogenous  uric  add  following  ingestion  of  a  high  protdn  diet." 

II.  Proteins  and  amino  acids  as  factors  in  the  stimulation  of  endogenous  urio 
acid  metabolism,  by  H.  B.  Lewis^  M.  S.  Dunn,  and  E.  A.  Doisy  (pp.  9-26). — 
The  purpose  of  the  experiments  described  in  this  paper  was  to  study  the 
influence  of  proteins  and  protein  derivatives  on  the  endogenous  uric  acid 
excretion  in  man  with  the  use  of  the  newer,  more  accurate  colorimetric 
methods  for  uric  acid  determination  and  with  as  complete  a  control  as  possible 
of  the  variable  factors.   The  results  are  summarized  as  follows : 

**  Ingestion  of  purin-free  protein  food  resulted  in  an  increased  uric  add 
output  in  the  fasting  subject,  which  reached  its  maximum  the  third  and  fourth 
hours  after  ingestion  of  the  food.  No  quantitative  differences  in  the  action 
of  three  types  of  protein  food,  cottage  cheese,  egg  white,  and  glidine  (a  wheat 
proteiB  preparation),  were  observed.  Amino  adds  (glycocoll,  alanin,  aspartic, 
and  glutaminic  adds)  also  increased  uric  acid  excretion,  the  maximum  effect 
bdng  produced  within  two  hours  after  ingestion,  more  rapidly  than  in  the 
case  of  the  protein.  The  stimulation  of  uric  acid  metabolism  caused  by  the 
dicarboxylic  amino  adds  was  more  marked  than  with  glycocoll  or  alanin. 
Asparagin,  the  acid  amid  of  aspartic  add,  resembled  aspartic  add  in  its  action. 
The  effect  of  the  amino  adds  is  considered  to  he  the  result  of  a  stimulation 
of  nric  add  production  rather  than  of  a  more  rapid  excretion  of  the  uric 
add  already  present  in  the  system,  since  successive  doses  of  glycocoll  on 
the  same  experimental  day  resulted  in  an  increased  elimination  of  uric  acid 
in  each  case.  Sarcosin,  methyl  glycocoll,  an  amino  add  which  does  not  pass 
throat  the  same  path  of  catabolism  as  do  the  other  amino  adds,  did  not 
influence  uric  add  excretion.  Ammonium  chlorid  and  urea,  products  of  deamini- 
zation  of  the  amino  adds,  were  also  without  effect  on  endogenous  uric  add 
excretion. 

"Since  the  secretory  activity  of  the  digestive  tract  is  not  stimulated  by 
amino  adds,  it  is  believed  that  the  experiments  as  a  whole  speak  against  the 
hypothesis  of  MarS  that  the  secretory  activity  of  the  alimentary  glands  is 
mainly  responsible  for  the  increased  uric  add  excretion  observed  after  protein 


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176  BXPBBIMENT  STATION  REGOBD.  [yoL40 

ingestion.  It  Is  suggested  that  the  effect  is  to  be  considered  rather  as  one  due 
to  a  general  stimulation  of  all  cellular  metabolism  by  amino  acids,  the  products 
of  the  digestion  of  protein." 

The  distribution  of  phosphoric  add  in  normal  human  blood,  W.  R.  Bloob 
(Jour.  Biol,  Chem,,  S6  (1918),  No.  i,  pp.  49-S7;  aba.  in  Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc, 
11  (1918),  No.  20,  p.  169S;  Chem.  Aba.,  12  (1918),  No.  23,  pp.  2615,  2616).— The 
distribution  of  phosphoric  acid  in  the  blood  of  normal  men  and  women  has 
been  determined  by  the  methods  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  16).  Con- 
clusions drawn  from  the  results  reported  are  summarized  as  follows : 

"  Phosphoric  add  compounds  found  in  human  blood  may  be  divided  into  two 
classes,  the  acid-soluble  (soluble  in  dilute  acids  and  precipitated  with  the 
proteins  by  alcohol  ether)  and  the  lipoid-phosphoric  acid  compounds  (soluble 
in  alcohol  ether  and  precipitated  with  the  proteins  by  dUute  acids).  The  two 
groups  are  apparentiy  sharply  defined,  and,  since  in  general  their  sum  is  equal 
to  the  total  phosphates,  the  presence  of  other  forms  of  phosphoric  acid  combi- 
nation in  blood  in  significant  amounts  is  doubtful. 

"In  the  second  of  these  groups  are  contained  substances  of  the  type  of 
lecithin;  In  the  first  group  inorganic  phosphates  and  an  unknown  compound 
(or  compounds),  which  is  decomposed  by  heating  with  acids  yielding  phosphoric 
acid.  The  amount  of  the  unknown  form  of  phosphoric  acid  combination  in 
plasma  is  relatively  small — ^up  to  10  per  cent  of  the  total  phosphates — while 
in  the  corpuscles  it  composes  60  to  80  per  cent  of  the  total  phosphate.  The 
corpuscles  are  relatively  richer  In  all  types  of  compound  than  the  plasma* 
and  there  is  also  considerably  less  variation  in  their  composition  in  different 
individuals  than  is  the  case  with  the  plasma." 

A  theory  advanced  by  the  author  in  explanation  of  the  chemical  nature  of 
the  unknown  form  of  phosphoric  acid  combination  is  that  it  is  possibly  inosinic 
acid  or  some  similar  residue  of  the  nucleoprotein  of  the  nucleus  which  is  no 
longer  present  in  the  mammalian  erythrocytes.  The  large  amount  of  organic 
phosphorus  in  the  corpuscles  is  also  considered  of  significance  in  view*  of  the 
fact  that  the  corpuscles  have  been  found  to  be  one  of  the  places  of  formation  of 
lecithin  during  fat  absorption. 

Botulism,  E.  C.  Dickson  {Monographa  Rockefeller  Inst.  Med.  Reaearchy  No, 
8  (1918),  pp.  117,  pU.  10,  flga.  2).— This  is  a  detailed  study  of  investigations,  a 
preliminary  report  of  which  has  been  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  866). 
The  report  includes  an  historical  review  of  the  subject  from  American  and 
European  literature ;  reports  of  new  cases ;  symptomatology,  course,  diagnosis, 
treatment,  and  mortality  of  American  cases;  experimental  work  with  various 
strains  of  Bacillus  botvUnua  and  their  toxins;  and  a  critical  review  of  the 
results  of  the  investigations.  The  author  summarizes  his  conclusions  as 
follows : 

"(1)  Botulism  is  endemic  in  the  United  States  and  is  of  comparatively 
frequent  occurrence  on  the  Pacific  Ck)ast;  (2)  the  toxin  of  B.  botulinua  may 
form  in  a  medium  which  is  of  purely  vegetable  composition;  (8)  there  is 
apparently  a  close  relation  between  the  botulism  of  human  beings  and  [limber 
neck],  a  hitherto  unexplained  illness  of  domestic  fowl;  and  (4)  the  boiuUnu9 
toxin  produces  characteristic  lesions  In  the  body  in  the  form  of  thrombosis  in 
the  blood  vessels  of  many  of  the  organs." 

AinHAL  FBODUCTION. 

Western  live  stock  manaerement,  edited  by  B.  L.  Pottb  {New  York:  The 
MacmUlan  Co.,  1917,  pp.  XIV +462,  pla.  16,  flga.  -fO).— This  volume,  prepared 
originally  as  a  college  text,  aims  to  give  a  survey  of  actual  live-stock  condl- 


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ttl»l  DAIRY  FARMING — ^DAIRYING,  177 

tioDS  In  the  West  "Methods  now  in  vogue  are  doubtless  far  from  perfect, 
hot  we  beUeve  that  all  real  improvement  must  be  based  on  an  accurate 
knowledge  of  present  practices.  We  are  therefore  presenting  here  the  informa- 
tion which  experienced  stockmen  already  possess,  but  which  the  young  man  or 
the  beginner  often  finds  slow  and  expensive  to  acquire." 

The  editor  gives  a  general  introduction  op  western  conditions  and  their 
influence  on  live-stock  production  and  treats  of  beef  cattle.  O.  M.  Nelson  deals 
with  sheep,  G.  N.  Kennedy  with  horses,  and  G.  R.  Samson  with  swine.  An 
eflbrt  has  evidently  been  made  toward  concise  but  comprehensive  treatment 
The  volume  closes  with  a  classified  glossary  of  10  pages  and  a  full  index. 

lAve  stock  on  the  farm,  W.  DisnucH  {Philadelphia  and  London:  W.  B,  Saun- 
ders Co.,  1917,  pp.  261,  figs.  68). — ^An  elementary  exposition  in  which,  after 
some  introductory  matter  on  live-stock  farming,  feeds,  and  breeding,  there  are 
separate  treatments  of  each  class  of  stock,  including  a  chapter  on  poultry  by 
G.  E.  Brown  and  ending  with  a  discussion  of  swine  feeding. 

Bi«rsrle  poultry  book,  J.  Bigole  (Pliiladelphia:  Wilmer  Atkinson  Co.,  1917, 
pp.  176,  figs.  108). — ^A  small,  compact  manual  covering  the  general  field  of 
poultry  management  on  the  farm,  including  reference  to  turkeys,  guinea  fowls, 
docks,  geese,  and  pigeons. 

Inheritance  studies  with  poultry  [at  the  Bhode  Island  Experiment  Sta- 
tion] (Bui.  R.  I.  State  Col.,  IS  (1918),  No.  4f  PP-  U*  4iB).— It  is  stated  that  fur- 
ther evidence  is  at  hand  to  show  that  ability  to  lay  large,  heavy  eggs  is  a 
heritable  character.  Hereditary  factors  for  black  pigmentation  have  been 
found  in  the  White  Dorking  breed  similar  to  those  already  reported  for  the  • 
White  Leghorn. 

Pigmentation  in  guinea  pig  hair,  H.  R.  Hunt  and  S.  Wbioht  (Jour.  Hered- 
ity, 9  (1918),  No.  4*  PP'  178-181,  figs.  4).— Black  and  red  guinea  pigs  difter 
genetically  by  a  single  factor,  but  microscopic  examination  of  the  hair  discloses 
several  structural  differences.  Pigment  in  black  individuals  is  black,  rod-like 
In  shape,  and  distributed  extensively  in  the  cortex  as  well  as  in  the  medulla 
(center)  of  the  hair.  In  reds  it  is  yellowish,  generally  in  the  form  of  spherical 
granules,  and  almost  entirely  restricted  to  the  medulla.  Diffuse  (nongranular) 
yellow  pigment  is  sometimes  present  Similarly  sepia,  the  dilute  form  of  black, 
has  pigment  granules  in  the  cortex,  but  yellows  and  creams,  the  dilute  forms 
of  red,  do  not  It  is  held  that  in  blacks  and  yellows  there  is  a  specific  enzym 
not  found  in  reds  and  yellows,  which  increases  the  oxidizing  power  of  the 
fundamental  pigmentation  enzym  and  enables  the  latter  to  overcome  a  certain 
resistance  on  the  part  of  the  cortex  to  the  production  of  pigment 

Practically  no  microscopic  differences  could  be  found  between  black  and 
8Q)ia,  but  yellow  showed  distinctly  fewer  granules  than  the  reds,  some  of  them 
being  blackish  in  color,  while  in  creams  the  minute,  scattered  granules  are 
apparently  all  black.  The  authors  do  not  suggest  a  cause  for  the  difference 
in  the  tf ect  of  the  dilution  factor. 

Oyster  propa^ration  (New  Jersey  Stas.  Bui.  817  (1917),  p.  41). — Observations 
by  P.  C.  Cameron  indicate  that  oysters  will  spawn  later  in  the  season  and  at 
much  lower  temperatures  than  previously  assumed.  Studies  of  oyster  propaga- 
tion should  not,  therefore,  be  limited  to  summer  months. 

DAIKT  FAKMUr 0— DAIKTIHa 

^  The  open  shed  eompared  with  the  closed  bam  for  dairy  cows,  T.  E.  Woon- 
WABD,  W.  F.  TuBNEB,  W.  R.  Halb,  arid  J.  B.  McNultt  (17.  S.  Dept.  Agr,  BuL 
7S6  (1918),  pp.  IS). — ^Earlier  work  along  this  line  is  briefly  reviewed,  and  simi- 
lar experimental  work  in  progress  for  three  years  at  the  Dairy  Division  Experi- 

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178  EXPEBIMENT  STATIOK  BEOOBD.  [yoL40 

ment  Farm  at  BeltsvUle,  Md.,  is  described.  The  milk  and  butter-fat  records, 
the  quantities  of  digestible  nutrients  in  the  feed  consumed,  and  the  feed  cost 
of  milk  and  butter  fat.  are  given  In  tables,  and  die  labor  requir^nents,  the 
health  and  comfort  of  the  cows,  and  the  preservation  and  handling  of  the  ma- 
nure under  the  two  systems  are  comiiared  in  the  discussion  of  the  results. 

The  open  shed  used  the  first  year,  providing  approximately  75  sq.  ft  of  floor 
space  per  cow,  had  the  north  end  and  the  east  and  west  sides  closed  up  to 
within  18  in.  of  the  plate,  while  the  south  end  had  only  a  fence  to  keep  the 
cows  inside.  The  last  two  years  a  new  shed  was  used,  of  which  the  south  side 
was  entirely  open,  and  the  north  side  and  both  ends  had  large  doors  swung  from 
the  top  which  were  raised  in  summer  and  lowered  in  winter.  The  closed  bam 
was  a  modem,  well-ventilated  structure. 

A  herd  of  1  pure-bred  Guernsey,  2  pure-bred  Holsteins,  10  grade  Jera^rs,  and 
8  cows  of  miscellaneous  breeding  was  divided  into  two  groups,  of  which  one 
during  the  first  year  was  kept  in  the  open  shed  and  the  other  in  the  closed  bam. 
The  second  year  the  groups  were  reversed,  and  the  third  year  they  were  again 
reversed.  Only  the  records  for  the  five  months,  November  to  March,  were 
studied,  and  owing  to  the  irregularity  in  calving  these  records  did  not  In  any 
case  cover  the  entire  period  of  five  months,  thou^  all  records  Ml  within  that 
period,  and  all  the  cows  did  not  have  three  years'  records  that  were  compar- 
able. In  order  that  there  should  be  no  difference  in  the  records  of  individual 
cows  due  to  time  of  freshening,  production  records  covering  the  same  length 
of  time  in  the  two  bams  and  taken  the  same  time  after  calving  were  compared. 

It  was  found  that  the  cows  consumed  somewhat  more  feed  and  produced 
slightly  more  milk  in  the  open  shed  than  when  kept  in  the  closed  bam,  but  the 
Increase  in  production  did  not  quite  offset  the  extra  feed  cost.  In  the  open 
shed  some  of  the  more  aggressive  cows  deprived  weaker  and  more  timid  ones 
of  their  share  of  the  feed  and  of  the  normal  advantages  of  the  shed,  which  re- 
sulted in  lower  milk  yields  from  the  cows  thus  mistreated. 

Excluding  milking  and  feeding,  slightly  more  labor  was  required  to  care  for 
the  cows  in  the  open  shed.  The  manure  under  the  open-shed  syst^n  was  ap- 
parently well  preserved  until  It  was  hauled,  and  was  handled  more  economically 
than  in  the  closed  bam.  Comstalks  in  the  manure  were  sufficiently  decomposed 
to  be  handled  successfully  with  the  manure  spreader.  As  compared  with  the 
closed  barn,  68  per  cent  more  bedding  was  required  in  the  open  shed,  but  the 
cows  were  cleaner  and  more  comfortable.  There  was  little  difference  in  the 
time  required  to  bed  the  cows  under  the  two  systems,  and  in  the  open  shed  it 
was  possible  to  use  comstalks  or  other  coarse  material  for  the  purpose.  There 
was  apparently  little,  if  any,  difference  in  the  frequency  of  injuries  to  cows 
under  the  two  systems. 

The  relation  of  milk  yield  to  age  at  first  calf,  R.  0.  Towlbs  (Marytand  Sia, 
Bui,  217  (1918),  pp,  2i7-240).'—JL  study  through  the  first  four  lactation  periods 
was  made  of  15  Ayrshire  cows  to  determine  the  influence  of  the  age  at  which 
the  first  calf  was  produced  upon  milk  production.  Data  with  reference  to  pro- 
duction during  the  first  four  lactation  periods  of  cows  in  milk  two  or  more 
years,  showing  the  sires  and  dams,  comparative  production  by  lactations,  and 
comparative  lengths  of  lactations,  are  presented  in  tables.  A  special  effort 
was  made  to  have  all  other  factors  as  nearly  comparable  as  possible,  with  the 
age  of  first  calving  as  the  only  variant 

The  average  production  per  lactation  of  4  cows  first  calving  under  90  months 
of  age  was  8,998  lbs.  of  milk,  of  6  cows  first  calving  between  SO  and  86  months 
5,853  Iba,  and  of  6  cows  first  calving  above  36  months  of  age  54295  lbs.  The 
av^age  fat  production  per  lactation  for  the  three  groups  was  155, 199,  and  195 


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1919]  VETERINABY  MEDICINE.  179 

lbs.,  respecttvely.  The  average  age  at  first  parturition  for  tlie  three  groups 
was  27,  34.4,  and  87.5  months,  respectively. 

'*  It  may  be  concluded  from  the  foregoing  that  the  most  profitable  age  for  first 
ealving  among  breeds  maturing  at  or  about  the  age  of  the  Ayrshire  lies  beyond 
the  30-month  limit,  and  that  there  is  little  to  be  gained  by  permitting  the 
thirty-sixth  month  to  pass  by  before  first  parturition.** 

The  Guernsey  breed,  0.  L.  Hill  {Waterloo^  lotoa:  Fred  L.  KimhaU  Co.,  1917, 
pp.  417,  figs.  194). — ^This  volume  is  a  condensed  treatment  of  the  history  of  the 
Guernsey  breed  by  a  breeder  who  has  long  been  identified  with  the  Amerlcad 
Guernsey  Cattle  Club.  The  origin  and  development  of  the  breed  on  the  island 
of  Guernsey  and  its  history  in  England  are  subjects  of  several  chapters,  but 
most  of  the  book  deals  with  the  breed  in  America,  Including  notes  on  the  earlier 
importations,  the  first  private  and  official  tests,  records  made  in  public  tests, 
and  performance  in  the  show  ring.  The  last  and  longest  chapter  in  the  book 
deals  with  the  families  of  Guernsey  cows,  of  which  about  25  are  recognized. 

Kilk  supply  and  public  health,  Ella  Gboenewold  (Quart  Jour.  Univ,  Jf. 
Dak.,  8  (1918),  No.  $,  pp.  239-254,  liffs.  S). — ^Thls  is  a  summary  of  information 
on  bacteria  in  milk,  infant  mortality  and  impure  milk,  certified  milk,  pasteur- 
ization and  transportation  of  milk,  and  inspection  of  milk  supply. 

Why  liberal  use  of  milk  in  the  diet  insures  good  health  and  long  life, 
J.  P.  Lyman  {Agr.  Student,  25  (1918),  No.  2,  pp.  77^1,  flgs.  «).— This  is  a  brief 
discussion  of  the  value  of  milk  and  of  the  necessity  of  its  liberal  use  in  the 
diet  of  both  children  and  adults. 

VETESIHABT  HEDICIHE. 

The  study  of  problems  of  immunity  by  the  tissue  culture  method.— I,  H 
{Jwir,  Immunol.^  S  (1918),  No.  S,  pp.  21»-^46,  flgs.  -().— Two  papers  are  pre- 
sented. 

I.  A  study  of  the  cells  and  blood  plasma  of  animals  which  are  naturally  r&' 
sistant  and  others  which  are  susceptible  to  diphtlieria  and  tetanus  toxins,  by 
Y.  Suzuki  (pp.  233-246). — In  this  paper  a  method  is  described  for  determining 
the  presence  and  studying  the  properties  of  the  protective  substances  in  animals 
that  are  naturally  Immune  and  in  those  that  are  susceptible  to  bacterial  and 
other  toxin&  The  method  consists  in  studying  the  growth  of  tissue  cells  in  their 
own  and  in  foreign  plasma  with  and  without  the  addition  of  suitable  toxins 
The  tissues  were  prepared  from  the  heart  muscle  and  ovary  of  chickens  and 
rats,  these  being  chosen  since  chickens  have  a  natural  immunity  for  tetanus 
and  rats  for  diphtheria.  The  experiments  reported  tend  to  prove  that  this 
natural  immunity  is  due  to  two  factors — a  special  resistance  of  at  least  certain 
of  the  cells  of  these  animals  and  the  existence  of  neutralizing  substances  in 
their  plasma.  The  plasma  protects  not  only  the  cells  of  these  animals  against 
lethal  doses  of  toxin  but  also  the  cells  of  susceptible  animals. 

IL  The  tissue  culture  as  a  means  for  quantitatively  estimating  toxin  and 
antiioxin  and  determining  the  distribution  of  antitoxin  in  passively  immunized 
aiAmals,  by  M.  T.  Burrows  and  T.  Suzuki  (pp.  219-232). — ^In  this  paper  are 
described  further  experiments  outlined  for  the  purpose  of  studying  more  care- 
folly  the  general  distribution  and  action  of  antitoxic  substances.  The  tissue 
odls  of  young  chickens  and  chick  embryos  were  studied. 

The  sensitiveness  of  the  cells  of  chick  embryos  to  diphtheria  toxin  was  found 
to  vary  inversely  with  the  age  of  the  embryos.  As  a  considerable  concentration 
of  diphtheria  antitoxin  did  not  affect  the  growth  of  the  cells,  it  was  found 
possible  to  test  the  efltet  of  various  dilutions  of  diphtheria  toxin  on  the  growth 


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180  WXPWRTMBNT  STATION  BEOOKD.  [VoL40 

of  cells  In  a  medium  containing  a  constant  and  known  quantity  of  diphtheria 
antitoxin.  The  blood  of  passively  immunized  chickens  was  found  to  con- 
tain a  substance  capable  of  neutralizing  diphtheria  toxin.  The  tissue  cells  of 
chick  embryos  were  able  to  resist  otherwise  lethal  doses  of  diphtheria  toxin 
after  they  had  remained  a  short  time  in  the  plasma  of  a  passively  immunized 
chicken. 

The  author  concludes  that  the  tissue  culture  has  a  very  definite  value  for  the 
study  of  toxic  and  antitoxic  substances. 

*  ▲  new  culture  bouillon  particolarlj  favorable  to  the  deyelopment  of 
Streptococcus  pyogenes^  L.  Botes  (Compt  Rend.  Soe,  BioL  {Paris},  81  {1918) ^ 
No.  5f  pp.  229-2S1). --The  medium  is  prepared  by  macerathig  for  from  12  to  24 
hours  a  mixture  of  500  gm.  crushed  beef  ribs,  100  gm.  N  hydrochloric  add,  ana 
900  gm.  water,  and  then  heating  the  mixture  in  an  autoclave  at  fr<Hn  125  to 
130"  G.  for  one-half  hour.  It  is  then  cooled,  filtered  through  cloth,  added 
to  15  gm.  peptone  in  1,000  parts  of  water,  and  neutralized  with  dilute  sodium 
hydroxid  to  an  amphoteric  reaction.  After  a  second  heating  in  the  autoclave 
it  is  filtered  hot,  tubed,  and  sterilized  at  120''. 

The  medium  is  considered  to  be  excellent  for  the  growth  not  only  of  strepto- 
cocci but  also  of  other  aerobic  organisms  of  war  wounds  and  has  given  good 
satisfaction  in  the  qualitative  bacteriological  examination  of  such  wounds. 

Liberation  of  antibodies  on  injection  of  foreign  proteins,  S.  F.  Herrmann 
(Jour,  Infect,  Diseases,  2S  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  457-469,  flgs.  5;  ahs.  in  Jour.  Amer, 
Med.  Assoc.,  11  (1918),  No.  21,  p.  1774).— -To  determine  the  factor  responsible 
for  the  apparent  benefits  of  foreign  protein  therapy,  experiments  were  con- 
ducted on  rabbits  sensitized  in  various  ways.  The  following  .results  were 
obtained : 

"In  rabbits  sensitized  with  str^tococci  a  definite  liberation  of  specific 
opsonins  and  agglutinins  follows  the  injection  of  foreign  protein.  A  similar 
rise  in  specific  opsonins  also  occurs  in  rabbits  sensitized  with  meningococcL 
Foreign  protein  injections  have  no  effect  on  antibodies  in  typhoid-immune 
rabbits.  In  suitable  rabbits,  which  do  not  readily  produce  lysins  against  sheep 
corpuscles,  the  injection  of  foreign  protein  within  10  days  after  the  injection 
of  antigen  is  followed  by  a  marked  liberation  of  specific  lysins.  A  variety  of 
foreign  proteins  can  be  used.  Human  serum,  typhoid  vaccine,  human  ascitic 
fiuid,  and  guinea-pig  serum  proved  equally  efflcacioua" 

The  author  concludes  that  "the  intravenous  injection  of  foreign  protein 
serves  as  a  stimulus  for  the  liberation  of  specific  antibodies  in  animals  in 
which  the  previously  injected  antigen  is  unable  to  cause  such  a  liberation.  This 
insufficiency  may  lie  either  in  the  antigen  or  in  the  rabbit" 

Sporotrichosis  following  mouse  bite  with  certain  inununologic  data,  J.  J. 
Moore  and  D.  J.  Davis  {Jour.  Infect.  Diseases,  23  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  252-266,  pL 
1,  figs.  S). — "An  instance  of  an  infection  with  Sporotrichum  schenckii  following 
the  bite  of  a  field  mouse  in  North  Dakota  is  described.  It  is  not  known  whether 
the  organisms  came  from  the  mouse  or  from  the  soil  or  the  skin.  The  infec- 
tion has  now  persisted  for  about  18  months,  improving  with  administration  of 
iodid  and  relapsing  when  the  iodid  is  discontinued." 

Bacteria  of  infectious  diseases  of  man  and  animals,  G.  H.  Jones  {Ontario 
Dept.  Agr.  But.  265  (1918),  pp.  88-68,  figs,  i^).— This  is  a  coUection  of  informa- 
tion on  the  organisms,  diagnosis,  treatment,  and  control  of  infectious  diseases 
of  man  and  animals. 

The  germicidal  action  of  freedng  temperatures  upon  bacteria,  C.  M.  Hn> 
UABn  and  Mildred  A.  Davis  {Jour.  Boot.,  8  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  42S-4S1). — ^From 
the  data  presented  the  authors  have  drawn  the  following  condusions: 


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»1W  VETERINARY  MEDIGIKB.  181 

**  lotermittent  freezing  of  bacteria  exerts  a  more  effective  germicidal  action 
fliAii  contlnnons  freezing.  The  reduction  is  much  less  in  milk  and  cream  than 
(B  pare  tap  water  wben  freezing  temperatures  are  applied,  doe,  no  doubt,  to 
pkjBical  protection  offered  to  the  bacteria  by  the  colloidal  and  solid  matter 
(B  suspension.  The  degree  of  cold  below  freezing  is  not  a  Tery  important 
bctor  in  the  destmction  of  bacteria.  There  is  no  critical  temperature  below 
fretting  where  the  germicidal  effect  is  greatly  accelerated.  The  death  rate  of 
Badaut  &)li  is  much  higher  in  media  which  are  frozen  solid  than  it  is  in  the 
lame  media  not  solid  and  at  a  slightly  lower  temperature. 

"Crystallization,  probably  resulting  in  mechanical  crushing,  is  an  important 
lermiddal  factor  in  causing  the  death  of  bacteria  at  0"*  G.  and  below.  The 
{peatest  reduction  occurs  promptly  upon  freezing  and  refreezing,  but  is  not 
CMsed  80  much  by  the  sudden  change  in  temperature  as  by  this  mechanical 
fcetor." 

A  bibliognphy  of  26  titles  is  included. 

nie  chloramin  antiseptics  and  disinfectants,  N.  S.  Mato  (Jour.  Amer,  Vet. 
Med.  A990C,  54  (1918),  No.  ft,  pp.  1S9-1jU). — ^A  brief  discussion  is  given  of  the 
cUorin-containing  antiseptics.  It  has  been  the  observation  of  the  author  that 
U  badly  infected  wounds  or  those  discharging  considerable  pus  the  aqueous 
•olDtioiis  used  freely  and  frequently  give  the  better  results,  while  in  wounds 
vliere  the  oil  solution  can  be  applied  directly  to  the  infected  surface,  or  where 
ft  is  desired  to  close  a  wound  immediately,  dichloramin-T  in  chlorcosane  is 
inferable. 

The  use  of  dicfaloramin-T  in  veterinary  practice,  0.  P.  Fitch,  W.  L.  Boyd. 
anl  W.  A.  Bellings  {Cornell  Vet,  8  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  292-296) .-<^se  reports 
are  giTen  of  the  successful  use  at  the  Minnesota  Experiment  Station  of  dichlor^ 
ttiin-T  as  an  antiseptic  in  the  treatment  of  navel  ill  of  a  colt,  suppurative 
fododeniiatitis,  suppurative  arthritis,  and  empyemia  of  facial  sinuses. 

The  use  of  dichloramin-T  in  the  treatment  of  infections  and  infected 
voonda,  W.  E.  Lee  and  W.  H.  Furness  {8urg.,  Qynecol.,  and  Obstet.,  26  {1918), 
to.  2,  pp.  153-159;  a6|.  in  Ahs.  Boot.,  2  {1918),  No.  2,  p.  80).— The  advantages 
If  dichloramin-T  over  the  original  Dakin*s  solution  are  explained,  and  results 
are  sommarized  of  its  use  in  the  treatment  of  6,028  civil  cases  and  1,200  cases 
af  nw  wounds.  It  is  stated  that  the  results  obtained  with  it  have  been  as 
9N)d  as  those  obtained  when  using  the  Dakln  hypochlorite  solutions  with  the 
;tBnipUcated  Carrel  technique.. 

I  Among  the  suggested  advantages  in  the  use  of  dichloramin-T,  as  pointed  out 
%  the  authors,  are  (1)  that  skin  irritation  will  not  occur  if  the  wounds  are 
Bot covered  with  thick  occlusive  gauze;  (2)  that  the  small  amount  of  exudate 
^mn  wounds  treated  with  it  makes  it  practical  to  use  thin  dressings ;  (3)  that, 
?>^e  the  aqueous  hypochlorite  solution,  it  has  no  disintegrating  effect  upon 
.ittgut,  thas  diminishing  the  tendency  to  secondary  hemorrhages ;  and  (4)  that 
1  is  an  excellent  deodorant 

Ihe  use  of  dicfaloramln-T  in  the  prevention  and  control  of  surgical  inf  eo- 
itai,  W.  B.  Lee  and  W.  H.  Fubness  {Jour,  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.,  71  {1918),  No. 
^.  W.  fi7*-875).— Essentially  noted  above. 

Treatment  of  infections  and  infected  wounds  with  dichloramin-T,  W.  B. 
lAand  W.  H.  Fubkess  {Military  Surg.,  4S  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  312^41;  »&<.  ^ 
*w.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  71  {1918),  No.  16,  p.  15-Ji).— This  is  a  more  detailed 
*wi8Blon  of  the  subject  noted  above. 

^^^marks  on  diehloramin-T,  E.  K.  Dttnhaiic  {Surg.,  Ovnecol.,  and  Obstet.,  26 
jWi«),yo.  2,  pp.  1S2-155,  fig.  1;  abs.  in  Abs.  Baet.,  2  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  79,  80).— 
^  ia  a  brief  survey  of  the  subject  of  the  antiseptic  treatment  of  wounds 


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182  EXPEBIMBNT  STATION  RECORD.  [YoLlft 

from  the  laboratory  viewpoint,  with  special  reference  to  the  prindpleB  li^ 
volved  in  the  action  of  dichloramin-T  as  a  representative  of  the  dilorin  gan0 
of  antiseptics. 

Dichloramin-T  has  been  found  to  be  a  superior  antiseptic  in  lespect  to  thi^ 
three  properties  which  should  be  known  about  an  antiseptic  before  it  is  cho 
for  a  given  purpose:  The  speed  or  rate  of  disinfection,  the  stability  of  the  nhi^ 
stance  under  the  conditions  of  its  use,  and  the  permissible  concentratiiimi 
Laboratory  tests  on  the  disinfection  of  a  mixture  of  blood  serum  and  mnidil 
extract  inoculated  with  Staphylococcus  aureus  gave  the  following  resnlts:  A I 
per  cent  solution  of  phenol  failed  to  sterilize  the  mixture  in  24  hours,  mercmle: 
chlorid  (1:1,000)  completely  sterilized  in  7  hours,  acriflavin  (3:1,000)  inl^ 
hours,  Dakin's  solution  (0.5  per  cent)  in  4  minutes,  eusol  (0.27  per  cent)  aB% 
chloramin-T  (2  per  cent)  in  5  minutes,  and  dichloraniin-T  (2  per  cent  la  it' 
solution)  in  less  than  half  a  minute.  Dichloramln-T,  being  more  stable  tliaft- 
the  aqueous  chlorinated  solution,  acts  continuously  instead  of  with  eiiiloalii 
rapidity  and  can  be  used  in  much  greater  concentration.  | 

The  application  of  the  teachings  of  war  suxgrery  to  civil  hospital  eondiR  | 
tions,  J.  A.  Habtwell  and  E.  F.  Butucr  {Surg.,  OyneooL,  and  Ohstet,  1S7  {IBtSU  \ 
No,  4,  pp,  S77-S85,  fig.  1).— This  article  includes  a  discussion  of  the  modeflC 
action  of  Dakin's  solution  in  the  treatment  of  traumatic  wounds. 

The  authors  consider  that  its  power  to  clean  the  surface  of  infected  sapputni 
tive  wounds  is  due  to  the  following  properties  of  the  solution :  "  It  is  a  powerfil 
digestant  of  protein  substances.  This  includes  the  protein  of  bacteria,  boo^ 
it  is  a  bactericide.  It  stimulates  wound  surfaces  to  pour  out  albuminous  oial»*< 
rials  and  leucocytes,  hence  it  still  further  destroys  bacteria."  Its  greats  Qfllr 
is  thought  to  be  in  the  treatment  of  wounds  in  which  suppuration  is  well 
tablished  and  an  abundance  of  more  or  less  devitalized  tissue  is  present 

Contrary  to  the  conclusions  of  Dunham  and  of  Lee  and  Furness,  noted  abof% 
dichloramln-T  is  considered  by  the  authors  to  be  less  efficient  than  the  hjpo^ 
chlorite  solution,  owing  to  the  fact  that  it  lacks  the  property  which  makes  tin 
hypochlorite  solution  potent,  namely,  any  appreciable  proteolytic  power. 

The  prevention  of  blood  clotting  by  Dakin's  sodium  hypochlorite  8oliitioqi.| 
T.  S.  GriHENs  and  S.  J.  Msltzbb  {Proc.  Soo.  Ewpt.  Biol  and  Med,,  15  {191«k\ 
No.  8,  pp.  1IS7,  IJSS).— Experiments  are  cited  which  show  that  Dakin's  solntlA 
added  to  blood  in  vitro  is  able  to  prevent  clotting.  A  slight  difference  in  Udaj 
respect  was  noted  between  the  blood  of  different  species.  Blood  preserved  fivft 
clotting  by  Dakin's  solution  is  not  affected  by  calcium  salts,  but  Is  readitf 
clotted  by  tissue  extracts. 

The  value  of  flavine.  A  clinical  appreciation,  H.  M.  Savebt  {Brit.  Uei^ 
Jour.,  No.  3011  (1918),  pp.  283,  284;  »&«.  in  Jour.  Amer.  Med,  Amoc,  71  {ISlSk 
No.  17,  p.  IJUI). — ^The  use  of  flavine  in  septic  injuries  is  recommended,  and  SBtt 
gestions  are  given  in  regard  to  the  technique  of  its  use. 

The  composition  of  certain  patent  and  proprietar7  medicines,  J.  P.  SisB^ 
(Chicago:  Amer,  Med.  Assoo^  1917,  pp.  iS7^).— This  is  a  compilation  of  datiii 
relative  to  the  composition  of  about  2,800  brands  of  the  patent  and  proprietai^ 
medicines  most  extensively  advertised  in  the  United  States.  I 

Plants  poisonous  to  domestic  animals  (Agr,  Oaz,  Canada^  5  (1918),  Ho.  A 
f^.  981-987). — ^Annotated  lists  are  given  of  plants  poisonous  to  domestic  aid^ 
mals  in  New  Brunswick,  by  W.  M'Intosh;  in  Quebec,  by  W.  Lochhead;  aol| 
in  Ontario,  by  J.  B.  Howltt  i 

Plants  poisonous  to  stock,  F.  W.  Hilgendobf  {Jour,  Canterbury  Agr.  «ii 
Past.  Assoc,  3.  ser.,  6  (1918),  pp.  15-21).— Ttiis  deals  with  a  number  of  plantt 
poisonous  to  stock  under  ordinary  or  unusual  conditionsL 


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m»J  VETERINABY  MEDICINE.  183 

Sixth  annual  report  of  the  commissioner  of  animal  industry,  1017,  L.  H. 
HowABD  (Ann.  RpU  Comr.  Anim.  Indus.  [Mass.],  6  (1917),  pp.  57).— This  report 
deals  particularly  with  the  occurrence  of  and  work  with  the  more  important 
infectious  diseases  of  live  stock. 

Beport  of  State  veterinarian  and  State  live  stock  sanitary  board  for  1916, 
a  J.  BiABSHALL  {Ann.  Rpt.  Penn.  Dept.  Agr.,  fSi  {1916),  pp.  ii|-i72).— This  is 
the  usual  annual  report,  including  data  on  meat  hygiene,  horse  breeding, 
transmissible  diseases  of  animals,  and  enforcement  of  laws.  A  detailed  report 
is  given  of  investigations  in  regard  to  hemorrhagic  septicemia. 

The  use  of  48-hour  cultures  of  BaoiUui  hoviaepticui  subcutaneously  in  the 
dose  of  0.5  cc.  for  sheep  and  1  cc.  for  cattle  was  found  to  be  harmless  and  of 
evident  value  in  conferring  immunity.  Incubation  at  42.5''  0.  for  17  days 
failed  to  render  the  strains  virulent  for'  rabbits  in  the  dose  of  0.2  cc.  The 
death  of  a  few  apparently  healthy  animals  within  one  week  following  vaccina- 
tion seemed  to  indicate  that  sufficient  inununity  is  not  developed  within  that 
time.  The  use  of  an  antiserum  simultaneously  with  the  vaccine  is  recom- 
mended. 

Annual  report  of  the  State  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Board  of  South  Dakota  for 
the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1017,  A.  E.  Bkaumont  {Ann,  Rpt.  State  Live 
Stock  Sanit.  Bd.  8.  Dak.,  1917,  pp.  15).— Included  in  this  report  is  a  report  by 
the  SQperintendent  of  the  board  dealing  with  the  occurrence  of  and  work  with 
contagious  diseases  of  live  stock  during  the  year,  particularly  scabies  in  cattle, 
infectious  stomatitis,  and  dourine.  Eradication  work  with  douHne  in  which 
about  12,000  horses  were  tested  demonstrated  that  the  center  of  infection  is  in 
Perkins  County,  being  more  prevalent  in  the  eastern  part 

Beport  on  live  stock  sanitary  inspection  in  Uruguay  in  1017,  R.  Mvvoz 
XiMteEZ  {Min.  Indus.  [Uruffuay]  Insp.  Nac.  Pol.  Sanit.  Anim.,  Labor  Am,  1917, 
pp.  1S6). — ^This  report  includes  discussions  of  the  occurrence  of,  and  work  of 
the  year  with,  infectious  diseases  of  live  stock. 

Annual  rei>ort  of  the  civil  veterinary  department,  Bihar  and  Orissa,  for 
the  year  1017-18,  D.  Quinlan  {Ann.  Rpt.  Civ.  Vet.  Dept.  Bihar  and  Orissa, 
1917-18,  pp.  [e]-|-8-|-X/y-|-«,  pi.  i).— The  usual  annual  report  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p. 
482). 

Hemorrhagic  septicemia:  Stockyards  fever,  swine  plague,  fowl  cholera, 
etc,  H.  J.  Washbubn  {U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers'  Bui.  1018  {1918),  pp.  8).— This 
is  a  general  account  of  the  affection  caused  by  Bacillus  bipolaris  septicus  which 
attacks  various  animals,  especially  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine,  and  is  attended  by 
a  very  high  mortality.  The  losses  from  this  disease  are  greatest  among  young 
animals,  particularly  those  that  are  thin  in  flesh  and  poorly  nourished.  No 
remedial  measures  are  effective.  Preventive  measures  include  the  separation 
of  healthy  from  diseased  animals  and  the  use  of  bacterins. 

Babies,  P.  Rehuivgeb  {Vet.  Rev.,  2  {1918),  No.  3,  pp.  303^06) .—This  is  a 
review  of  ten  recent  papera 

Babies  and  its  control  in  New  York  State,  J.  G.  Wills  {N.  7.  Dept.  Farms 
tmd  Markets,  Div.  Agr.  BuL  107  {1918),  pp.  26). —A  discussion  of  rabies,  its 
occurrence  in  New  York  State,  and  control  work  therewith. 

Is  oonceptional  rabies  possible f  P.  Remlingkb  {Compt.  Rend.  8oc.  Biol. 
[Paris},  81  {1918),  No.  8,  pp.  418,  419). —A  study  of  the  possible  presence  of 
rabic  virus  in  the  seminal  vesicles,  testicles,  and  ovaries  of  rabic  guinea  pigs 
by  means  of  injections  of  emulsions  of  the  finely  divided  substance  into  healthy 
animals  gave  negative  results,  showing  that  "  conceptional  rabies  does  not  exist 
and  that  all  cases  of  hereditary  rabies  must  be  due  to  placental  contamination." 

The  paMSSLge  of  rabic  vims  from  the  mother  to  the  fetus,  A.  Lanfbanchi 
and  F.  Lsirzi  {Compt.  Rend.  8oo.  Bid.  IParis},  81  {1918),  No.  8,  pp.  396-398; 


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184  EXPERIMENT  STATIOK  BEOOBD.  •[Vol.40 

Ann,  Ig.  IRome'i,  28  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  ZSS-i^). — Observations  are  reported 
leading  to  the  conclusion  that  the  rablc  yims  of  dogs  naturally  infected  can  be 
transmitted  to  the  fetus  by  filtration  through  the  maternal  plasma.  This  filtra- 
tion, at  least  in  dogs,  does  not  produce  an  attenuation  of  the  yirulenoe  of  the 
vims. 

Becent  aspects  of  streptocoocns  infection,  F.  P.  Gat  (Jour.  Lab.  and  CUn. 
Med.,  S  (1918),  No.  It,  pp.  7i!i-757).~Thls  review  of  the  present  status  of 
knowledge  of  streptococcus  infection  includes  a  bibliography  of  six  pages, 
arranged  alphabetically  by  authors. 

An  experimental  study  of  serum  therapy  in  trichinosis,  M.  C.  Hall  and  M. 
WiGDOE  (Arch,  Int.  Med.,  fS2  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  601-^09) .—''' Ovlt  experiments 
bear  out  the  conclusions  of  Schwartz  [E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  784]  to  the  effect  that 
serum  from  animals  convalescent  from  trichinosis,  when  injected  into  other  ani- 
mals or  fed  to  them  mixed  with  trichinous  meat,  does  not  Inhibit  the  customary 
development  of  trichinie. 

"On  the  other  hand,  theoretic  considerations,  the  clinical  observations  of 
Salzer,^  and  the  longevity  data  from  our  experiments  lead  us  to  the  conclusion 
that  such  a  serum  may  be  of  decided  value  in  combating  the  toxic  features 
of  trichinosis,  a  conclusion  which  is  in  general  agreement  vrith  Salzer's  belief 
in  the  value  of  such  a  serum." 

Further  studies  on  Bacterium  abortus  and  related  bacteria. — ^m,  Bacterium 
abortus  and  related  bacteria  in  cow's  milk,  Alicb  C.  Evans  (Jour.  Infect. 
Diseases,  tS  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  S5Jh97t). — This  is  a  report  of  studies  by  the 
Dairy  Division  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  carried  on  in  continua- 
tion of  those  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  280). 

"  S.  lipolviicii8  and  other  abortus-like  bacteria  were  Isolated  from  the' milk 
of  10  of  24,  or  41.7  per  cent,  of  cows  which  had  not  aborted.  The  cows  be- 
long to  a  herd  in  which  there  was  an  occasional  abortion,  but  no  general  out- 
break. The  same  kinds  of  bacteria  were  isolated  from  the  milk  of  100  per  cent 
of  12  cows  which  had  aborted  as  a  result  of  natural  infection.  B.  Upolyticus 
was  cultivated  from  the  milk  of  66.6  per  cent  of  these  cows,  and  other  abortus- 
like  bacteria  were  cultivated  from  the  milk  of  50  per  cent  of  them. 

"  Typical  virulent  strains  of  J?,  abortus  could  not  be  isolated  from  the  milk 
of  either  of  the  groups  mentioned  above.  Typical  B.  abortus  was  found  to  be 
present  in  very  large  numbers  in  the  milk  of  two  cows  that  had  been  re- 
peatedly inoculated  with  a  mixture  of  strains  of  that  organism.  It  was  found 
only  once,  In  rather  small  numbers  (450  per  cc.),  in  the  milk  of  a  cow  which  had 
aborted  after  being  inoculated  once  with  the  same  mixture  of  strains  of 
B.  abortus.  It  was  not  found  in  the  milk  of  another  cow  which  aborted  after 
receiving  one  inoculation.  The  data  indicate  that  virulent  strains  of  B. 
abortus  are  not  eliminated  continuously  in  large  numbers  in  the  milk  of  cows 
which  have  aborted,  even  though  the  blood  serum  continues  to  react  posi- 
tl  ely  to  the  agglutination  test. 

"The  characteristics  of  B.  Upolyticus  and  other  abortus-like  bacteria  are 
described,  and  their  relation  to  the  typical  B.  abortus  is  discussed.  The  possi- 
bility that  some  of  these  strains  may  cause  abortions  in  those  cases  In  which 
the  blood  serum  reacts  negatively  to  B.  abortus  antigen  is  also  discussed. 

"  The  bacterial  flora  of  the  udders  of  a  herd  In  which  there  existed  an  out- 
break of  abortions  was  found  to  be  abnormal  in  the  large  number  of  udders 
which  were  infected  with  streptococci,  and  it  was  also  abnormal  in  showing 
a  general  infecion  with  a  streptothrix.    Abortus-like  bacteria  were  found  in  66.6 

ijoor.  Amer.  Med.  Amoc,  67  (1916),  No.  8,  pp.  679,  580. 


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h«19]  VETERINABY  MEDICINE.  185 


cent  of  the  samples  of  milk.  The  abortus-like  bacteria  included  seven 
lidd-i^roducing  strains  which  had  never  before  been  found." 
I  A  streptothzix  (Nocardia)  infection  of  cows'  udders,  Alice  O.  Evans  (Jour. 
IHfect.  DUeaiei,  23  {1918),  No.  4,  pp,  575-^75).— During  the  course  of  investi- 
ffttioos  of  the  bacterial  contamination  of  cow's  milk,  by  the  Dairy  Division  of 
file  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  begun  4.5  years  ago,  from  20  to  30  sam- 
ites of  milk  from  the  Dairy  Division  herd  at  BeltsvUle,  Md.,  have  been  care- 
foXfy  examined  two  or  three  times  each  year. 

At  the  time  of  the  examination  in  January,  1918,  it  was  found  that  some 
ttme  since  October,  1917,  when  the  preceding  examination  was  made,  there 
jlad  been  a  general  infection  of  the  udders  with  a  streptothrix  which  was  iso- 
lated from  18  of  21  of  the  samples  studied.  This  organism,  which  had  never 
before  been  isolated  from  the  milk  of  this  herd,  varied  from  140  to  2,600  per 
cubic  centimeter.  A  search  through  the  literature  yielded  only  two  references 
to  the  flndhig  of  streptothrix  in  milk. 

A  description  is  given  of  this  streptothrix  which  is  not  apparently  causing 
VKj  serious  udder  trouble.      That  it  may  prove  pathogenic  is  suggested. 

Cooddiosis  in  young  calves,  T.  Smith  and  H.  W.  Graybhx  {Jour.  Expt. 
Ifed.,  28  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  89-108,  pis.  S). — In  the  prosecution  of  certain  re- 
mrcbes  upon  the  diseases  of  calves  in  New  Jersey  cocddiosis,  unexpectedly 
jDcoontered  in  association  with  other  infectious  diseases,  led  to  the  studies 
hsn  reported. 

"Discharges  of  blood  per  rectum,  associated  with  oocysts  of  coccidia,  were 
ibierved  occurring  in  young  calves  during  the  warmer  season  of  the  year.  In  . 
t  small  percentage  of  the  cases  death  was  probably  due  directly  to  the  cocci- 
4to8is.  Although  the  disease,  known  as  red  dysentery  in  Switzerland,  may 
'■■  lave  existed  in  this  country  for  some  time,  there  seems  to  have  been  no  knowl- 
i  edge  of  its  existence  and  no  reports  of  it  have  thus  far  been  published.  The 
|ttcddia  have  been  artificially  cultivated  and  shown  to  produce  four  spores. 
I  Two  oocysts  of  quite  different  dimensions  and  having  minor  differential  char- 
:  ttters  were  encountered  in  the  same  animal  in  several  instances. 

**The  invasion  of  the  epithelium  of  the  small  intestine  was  slight  The  chief 
Mt  of  the  parasitism  was  the  large  intestine.  The  lesions  following  the  loss 
if  epithelium  were  superficial  hemorrhages  and  filling  up  of  the  denuded 
tubules  with  polymorphonuclear  leucocytes." 

It  is  farther  stated  that  during  1918,  up  to  May  31,  but  one  case  of  bloody 
IrwQtery  was  observed  in  the  same  herd. 

Eaiiless  pigs. — ^The  cause  and  remedy,  B.  B.  Habt  and  H.  Stebnbogk  {WU- 
«wm  8ta.  Bui.  297  (1918),  pp.  11,  figs,  tf).— This  is  a  report  of  investigations 
if  wblch  an  account  has  been  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  187). 

"Goiter,  or  an  enlarged  thyroid  gland  the  function  of  which  Is  disturbed,  is 
the  cause  of  hairless  pigs.  Both  sow  and  young  are  afilicted  with  enlarged 
Ibods.  The  enlarged  glands  are  deficient  in  iodin,  which  is  essential  to  the 
V^r  action  of  this  gland  and  the  production  of  normal  young.  Iodin  sup- 
|Ued  the  female  breeding  stock  during  the  gestation  period  will  prevent  this 
'^*fnbl6.  One-third  to  one-sixth  of  an  ounce  of  potassium  iodid  to  each  100  lbs. 
if  feed  will  prevent  hairless  pigs.    Do  not  use  more. 

"Bearing  the  breeding  sows  with  plenty  (25  per  cent)  of  good  roughage, 
Mi  as  alfalfk  or  clover  hay,  in  the  ration  and  not  an  excessive  amount  of 
Mefak  may  do  much  toward  preventing  this  trouble  and  'thus  avoid  the  neces- 
^  for  using  the  potassium  iodid  treatment  later.** 

Avian  tuberculosis  in  swine,  L.  E.  Dat  (Jour,  Amer.  Vet.  Med.  Assoc.,  54 
t^^fi),  No.  f,  pp.  92-96)*--Th\B  report  confirms  the  work  of  Mohler  and  Wasb- 
107388*— 19 7 


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186  EXPBBIMEKT  STATION  BECOBD.  [VoL  40 

bum  (E.  S.  R.,  23,  p.  84) »  ChriBttansen  (E.  S.  R.,  83,  p.  283),  and  others  that 
swine  are  susceptible  to  avian  tuberculosis.  In  cases  examined  by  the  author 
the  lesions  have  been  usually  confined  to  the  skin  extending  over  the  back  and 
sides,  and  to  the  superficial  Inguinal  and  the  prescapular  lymph  nodes.  The 
tubercles  are  very  oily  and  in  some  cases  encapsulated.  Caseation  and  cald- 
flcation  do  not  take  place  readily. 

Observations  relative  to  the  intradermal  palpebral  malleinization  as  a 
method  of  diagnosing  glanders,  A.  Lotns  and  D.  Lecompte  (Rev.  O^.  M4d. 
V4t.,  27  {1918),  No,  320,  pp.  561-568).— Case  reports  are  cited  showing  the 
necessity  of  confirming  the  intradermal  palpebral  malleinization  test  by  a  sab- 
cutaneous  injection  in  doubtful  cases. 

Oxidotherapy  in  the  treatment  of  tetanus,  Belin  (Compt.  Rend.  Bac.  Biol. 
IParia},  81  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  172-174), — Case  reports  are  given  of  the  treatment 
of  tetanus  in  horses  by  intravenous  injections  of  potassium  permanganate 
(E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  585).  An  attenuation  of  symptoms  was  noted  in  all  cases 
shortly  after  the  Injection  of  the  oxidizing  agents,  although  a  cure  was  not 
effected  in  cases  where  the  contractions  were  generalized. 

NecrobadlloBiB  in  horses  and  mules,  W.  F.  Nolechek  {Jour.  Amer.  Vet. 
Med.  Assoc,  54  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  150-155,  flffs.  S). — ^The  general  pathology,  mode 
of  infection,  symptoms,  and  treatment  of  necrobaciUoi^s  are  described.  The 
author  states  that  great  losses  of  horses  and  mules  have  occured  in  the  various 
Army  camps  in  this  country  from  this  disease. 

The  occurrence  of  tapeworms  Anoplocephala  spp.,  of  the  horse  in  the 
United  States,  M.  C.  Hall  and  H.  P.  Hoskins  {Cornell  Vet.,  8  {1918),  No,  4,  pp. 
287-292)  .—The  authors  have  brought  together  the  available  records  of  the 
occurrence  of  three  species  of  Anoplocephala  in  the  horse  in  the  United  States, 
namely,  A.  magna  [A.  plioata],  A.  perfoliata,  and  A.  manUUana,  and  give  a 
brief  description  of  them. 

Immunity  of  fowls  and  pigeons  to  anthrax,  C.  Sabti  {Ann.  Ig.  [Rome],  28 
{1918),  No8.  5,  pp.  226-2SS;  6,  pp.  291-299)  .—An  historical  review  of  the  litera- 
ture on  the  subject  is  given,  followed  by  a  report  of  original  investigations  with 
normal  and  starving  fowls  and  pigeons  leading  to  the  following  conclusions : 

Immunity  of  fowls  and  pigeons  to  anthrax  is  due  to  the  nature  of  the  body 
fluids  and  cells,  which  prevent  the  multiplication  of  the  anthrax  bacilli.  In  the 
fluids  this  is  due  to  the  action  of  ferments  which  attack  the  organisms  and 
render  them  harmless  by  destroying  their  toxic  property,  and  in  the  cells  to 
their  incorporating  and  digesting  the  organism.  Starvation  predisposes  the 
birds  to  infection  by  lowering  the  powers  of  defense,  that  is,  by  weakening  the 
bactericidal  property  of  the  blood  and  diminishing  the  phagocytes,  so  that  the 
bacilli  find  all  the  conditions  necessary  for  resisting,  forming  capsules,  and 
multiplying.  Aggressions  favor  the  progress  of  infection  by  means  of  their 
toxic  action  on  the  phagocytes. 

Some  studies  on  Belascaris  marginata  and  Toxascaris  limbata,  incladinflr 
a  simple  method  of  differentiating  them,  M.  Wiodok  {ComeU  Vet.,  8  {1918), 
No.  4,  pp.  27S-281,  figs.  12). — ^A  report  of  comparative  studies  of  the  two  common 
ascarids  recorded  from  the  dog  in  this  country.  The  resistance  and  development 
of  the  eggs  of  both  species  in  formalin  and  alcohol  preservative  are  noted. 

The  tissue-invasive  powers  of  the  flagellated  and  ciliated  protozoa,  with 
especial  reference  to  Trichomonas  intestinalis. — ^A  critical  review,  F.  G. 
Haughwout  {Philippine  Jour.  8ci.,  Sect.  B,  13  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  217-258,  fig. 
i).-— A  critical  review  in  which  the  author  finds  it  impossible  to  draw  any 
very  definite  conclusions,  but  which  adds  force  to  the  already  very  prevalent 
impression  that  the  flagellated  intestinal  protozoa  should  be  viewed  with  soa- 
pidon  and  regarded  as  pathogenic  until  the  contrary  is  proved  beyond  dispute. 


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19191  BURAIi  ENGINEERINO.  187 

Particnlar  reference  la  made  to  the  studies  of  Hadley  previously  noted  (E,  S. 
R.,  37,  p.  183).    A  list  of  53  references  to  the  literature  Is  Included. 

Some  studies  on  the  resistance  of  the  ova  of  Toxascaris  limbata,  M.  Wigdob 
(New  OrleaM  Med,  and  Surg.  Jour.,  71  (1918),  No.  6,  pp.  $64-281).—"  Parasitic 
ova  are  very  resistant  to  various  chemical  disinfectants.  The  usually  advo- 
cated germicidal  strengths  are  marlcedly  effective  against  the  ova  of  T.  limbata 
for  many  substances.  The  ova  of  T.  limbata  show  surprising  resistance  toward 
adds,  aUcaUs  (especially  against  caustic  soda  and  lime),  and  metallic  salts. 
EStliyl  alcohol  in  strengths  up  to  70  per  cent  and  formaldehyde  in  varying 
strengths  up  to  approximately  40  per  cent  are  remarlcable  in  their  ovocidal  action 
against  the  ova  of  T.  limbata. 

"  The  phenol  derivatives,  primarily  the  cresols  which  have  been  dissociated  by 
means  of  soap  solutions,  such  as  preparations  of  [Kreso,  Kreso  Dip,  Septlco, 
Oesylone,  and  Nelco]  (varying  in  their  lethal  action  on  parasitic  ova  according 
to  their  corroslveness),  offer  the  best  possibilities  as  ovocldes  against  parasitic 
ova  of  all  substances  tested.  Most  of  the  volatile  disinfectants  are  apparently 
efficacious  in  killing  the  ova  of  T.  limbata. 

"  The  ova  of  T.  limbata  are  evidently  very  resistant  to  conditions  of  drought 
and  to  low  temperatures  and  require  an  ample  supply  of  oxygen  for  the  best 
development  Rapid  development  is  possible  at  temperature  as  high  as  37.8*  0. 
[100*  P.],  but  the  ova  are  killed  at  temperatures  of  49  to  60*  0.,  and  develop- 
ment is  materially  retarded  at  temperatures  as  low  as  10**." 

Anthelmintics:  Their  efELciency  as  tested  on  earthworms,^  T.  Sollmann 
{Jour.  Pharmacol,  and  Expt.  Titer.,  12  {1918),  No.  3,  pp.  129-170) .—The  author 
finds  that  all  clinical  anthelmintics  are  markedly  toxic  to  earthworms.  This 
test  may  therefore  be  used  to  determine  whether  a  given  substance  has  any 
anthelmintic  properties,  and  also  to  determine  the  relative  activity  of  different 
samples  of  a  given  drug.  The  results  of  tests  of  the  effect  of  many  anthelmintics 
are  reported. 

BUKAL  ENGINEEEING. 

Weasnrement  of  water  to  farzns,  methods,  limitations  of  accuracy/  its 
importance  to  the  water  user,  and  project  interests,  J.  S.  Longwell  (Reclam. 
Rec.  [17.  S.],  9  (1918),  No.  10,  pp.  480-484) .—Thia  article  is  of  interest  to  both 
the  engineer  and  water  user. 

XTse  of  water  on  projects  of  the  United  States  Reclamation  Service,  E.  A. 
MoEFTz  {Reclam.  Rec.  [U.  S.},  9  (1918),  No.  9,  pp.  428-430,  fig.  i).— This  article 
presents  some  general  tabular  data  on  the  experience  of  the  U.  S.  Reclamation 
Service  in  the  use  of  water  on  its  several  irrigation  projects. 

Tables  showing  quantities  of  water  used  on  projects  of  the  TTnited  States 
Reclamation  Service,  its  monthly  distribution,  and  other  data  for  the  years 
1912  to  1917,  inclusive,  E.  A.  Mobitz  {Reclam.  Rec.  [17.  £f.],  9  {1918),  No.  11, 
pp.  5S2-SS8). — Detailed  tables  are  given. 

Use  of  water  on  the  Salmon  River  tract,  E.  B.  Darlington  {Reclam.  Rec. 
[17.  S.],  9  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  225-228,  figs.  5).— Data  of  general  interest  to  irri- 
gation engineers  and  water  users  are  given. 

On  ground-water  movements  according  to  isothermal  curve  systems,  P. 
FoBCHHMMEB  {Abs.  in  Sci.  Ab8.,  Sect.  A-Phys.,  21  {1918),  No.  246.  pp.  252, 
253). — ^This  paper,  dealing  with  subterranean  water  movements,  is  entirely 
mathematical. 

On  the  variation  of  underground  water  level  near  a  tidal  river,  E.  G.  Bil- 
HAM   {Quart.  Jour.  Roy.  Met.  Soo.  [London},  -i-J  {1918),  No.  187,  pp.  171-189, 


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188  BXPERIMElfrr  station  BECOBD.  [VoL4 

Hg9.  6). — The  general  conclusion  from  the  results  of  two  years'  observatioDs  m 
a  well  in  proximity  to  the  River  Thames  is  that  the  river  "  is  not  only  the  pni 
dominating  factor  in  deciding  the  movements  of  subsoil  water,  but  also  f 
every  variation  of  level  in  the  river,  whether  periodic  or  casual,  must  to  sc 
extent  affect  the  water  level." 

Qraduated  slope  gAuge  and  movable  stUUng  box,  W.  G.  Sikwabo  (l^eolM^ 
Rec,  [17.  S,},  9  U918),  No,  11,  pp.  53&-^40,  fiffs.  4)-—^  combination  of  gauge  i 
stilling  box  is  described,  which  has  given  the  best  results  for  general  use 
any  of  the  several  forms  tested  by  the  author  during  many  years  of  work 
canal  measurements. 

Calaveras  Dam  slide. — Beport  on  failure  of  hydraulic  fill  dazn  during  o 
structlon,  D.  0.  Henny  and  G.  H.  Swigabt  (Reclam,  Rec.  [17.  £:.!,  9  {1918),  J^ 
9,  pp.  4SS-4S5t  figs.  2), — ^The  general  conclusion  of  this  investigation  is  that  I 
sliding  factor  of  about  0.5  for  the  dry  mixed  rock  and  earth  fill  used  in  ttt- 
dam  is  safe,  but  that  when  this  factor  reached  0.8  sliding  took  place. 

Hydraulic  sluicing  for  blanketing  porous  canal  banks.  Sun  Siver  projed^ 
R.  B.  Stevens  Reciam.  Rec.  [17.  fif.],  5  (1918),  No.  S,  pp.  125-127,  flgi.  4).— Thlt 
is  a  report  of  experiments  in  which  electrically  driven  pumping  plants  were 
installed  at  various  points  on  the  upper  slope  of  a  canal,  where  suitable  mate- 
rial was  found  and  ground-sluiced  into  the  canal  in  such  a  manner  that  it 
was  carried  down  the  canal  in  suspension  and  gradually  deposited  as  a  blanket  \ 
over  the  sides  and  bottom.    Cost  data  are  included. 

Pumping  on  irrigation  projects,  J.  M.  Gaixobd  {ReoUin^  Rec  [V.  &],  9 
{1918),  No.  2,* pp.  75^79,  figs.  4). — The  author  deals  with  centrifugal  piuqiiv 
screw  pumps,  scoop  wheels,  hydraulic  rams,  and  boosters,  and  gives  data  on 
costs.  He  concludes  in  general  that  the  success  of  a  pumping  plant  depesidi; 
upon  accurate  determination  of  the  physical  data,  the  selection  of  apparatvij 
adapted  to  the  conditions,  and  systematic  attention  to  details  of  operation  aoi: 
maintenance  of  equipment. 

Pumping  from  wells,  J.  M.  Gaylord  {Reciam.  Rec.  {U.  8.],  9  {1918),  No.  li, 
pp.  485-487,  figs.  2). — ^This  article  gives  data  based  especially  on  irrigated  aretf 
of  southwestern  United  States,  and  calling  attention  particularly  to  the  use  dt, 
an  automobile  engine  for  power  pumping.. 

Control  of  algao  by  copper  sulphate,  R.  K.  Tiffany  {Reciam.  Rec  {U.  SLl 
9  (1918),  No.  11,  p.  5S1). — Experiments  on  the  Tieton  canal  of  the  Yakimt; 
project  are  reported.  The  designed  capacity  of  the  canal  when  clean  was  891 
sec.-ft,  with  a  freeboard  of  7  in.,  based  on  a  value  of  Kutter's  n=0.012.  !*• 
growth  of  algse  for  a  certain  time  was  found  to  raise  the  value  of  Kutto^i 
n  to  0.014. 

Copper  sulphate  to  the  amount  of  200  Iba  was  suspended  in  burlap  sacks  li^ 
the  water  near  the  head  of  the  canal,  the  entire  quantity  being  dissolved  ifr 
three  or  four  hours.  The  canal  was  cleared  of  algse  within  a  week,  and  otl 
deleterious  effects  were  noted  upon  vegetation  supplied  with  water  thai 
treated. 

Terracing  farm  lands,  0.  B.  Ramseb  (17.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers*  BuL  99^ 
{1918),  pp.  40,  figs.  S8). — Systems  of  terracing  farm  lands  to  prevent  erosion  am 
described,  including  the  bench  and  the  narrow  and  broad  base  ridge  typei^! 
The  methods  employed  in  building  terraces  and  their  subsequent  care  are  on^l 
lined.  A  more  technical  treatment  of  the  subject  has  been  presented  in  a  pre-j 
vious  publication  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  87).  j 

PubUc  Roads  (17.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Public  Roads,  1  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  48,  U^\ 
SO). — ^This  number  of  this  publication  includes  the  following  articles  of  special 
engineering  interest:  Utilizing  Local  Stone,  by  G.  E.  Ladd;  Maintaining  Bartt 


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BURAL  ENGIKEEBIKQ* 


189 


Roads  with  Oil,  by  T.  H.  MacDonald;  and  Standard  Sizes  of  Crushed  Stone 
from  tbe  Standpoint  of  the  Producer,  by  R.  W.  Scherer.  A  special  report  on 
Reinforced  Concrete  Slab  Bridge  Design  Based  on  Full-Sized  Tests,  by  A.  T. 
Goldbeck,  is  noted  below. 

Kelnf orced  concrete  slab  brld^re  design  based  on  full-sized  tests,  A.  T. 
6oiJ>B3Bcx  {U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Public  Roads,  1  {1918) »  No.  5,  pp.  5-7,  figs.  7). — 
This  paper  summarizes  the  results  of  exx)erimental  work  on  the  design  of  rein- 
forced concrete  slab  bridges  as  conducted  by  the  Bureau  of  Public  Roads, 
dealins  especially  with  effective  width. 

It  is  shown  that  when  the  load  is  placed  in  the  center  of  the  slab  and  the 
widtii  of  the  slab  is  more  than  about  twice  the  span  length  the  effective  width 
may  be  considered  as  equal  to  seven-tenths  of  the  span  length  of  the  slab. 
Witli  reference  to  slabs  having  widths  less  than  twice  their  span,  the  following 
table  shows  effective  widths  which  may  be  used  for  spans  up  to  16  ft  at  least 
and  probably  for  longer  spans: 

Effective  tcidthi  of  concrete  slabs. 


Total 

Effective 

Total 

Effective 

Total 

Effective 

Total 

Effective 

wl<lth+ 

widths- 

wldth+ 

width-i- 

Wldth-4- 

width+ 

wldth+ 

width+ 

span. 

span. 

span. 

span. 

apan. 

span. 

span. 

span 

ai 

0.1 

0.50 

1.1 

0.67 

1.6 

0.72 

.2 

.66 

1.2 

.68 

1.7 

.72 

.28 

.68 

1.8 

.70 

1.8     • 

.72 

.87 

.82 

1.4 

.71 

1.9 

.72 

.44 

LO 

.66 

1.6 

.72 

2.0 

.72 

I 


With  reference  to  slabs  having  two  loads,  it  is  pointed  out  that  the  effective 
widths  may,  in  general,  be  assumed  as  equal  to  the  effective  width  due  to  a 
■ingle  load  plus  4  ft 

With  reference  to  eccentric  loads,  the  effective  width  to  be  used  in  design  may 
be  calculated  as  follows:  (1)  Wheh  the  distance  of  the  load  from  the  nearest 
side  is  more  than  half  of  the  effective  width  of  the  centrally  loaded  slab,  use  the 
effective  width  for  central  loads,  and  (2)  when  the  distance  of  the  load  from 
the  side  of  the  slab  is  less  than  half  the  effective  width  under  central  loads,  the 

effective  width  is  to  be  taken  equal  to  -^  +  D,in  which  b^ «  the  effective  width 

of  the  slab  under  central  loads  and  D^^the  distance  of  the  load  to  the  nearest 
side  of  the  slab.  In  order  to  make  a  slab  bridge  eccentrically  loaded  equal  in 
streogth  to  one  centrally  loaded,  it  is  necessary  to  supply  extra  strength  at  the 
sides  by  means  of  a  parapet  walL  The  following  procedure  for  the  design  is 
given:  (1)  Use  the  formulas  for  narrow  rectangular  beams,  substituting  for 
the  breadth  b  the  value  obtained  from  the  above  table,  (2)  determine  the  loss 
in  effective  width  due  to  the  assumed  eccentricity  of  the  load,  and  (8)  supply 
the  deficiency  by  designing  the  curb  of  the  parapet  to  provide  a  resisting  moment 
equal  to  that  of  the  slab  width  lost  due  to  eccentrl<4ty.  Allowance  will  have  to 
be  made  for  the  stiffness  of  the  section  under  the  parapet  An  unflnUhed  test 
thus  far  indicates  that  this  method  of  design  is  safe  at  least. 

?arm  madiinery  problems  under  war  conditions,  B.  A.  Wnrrs  (Gkw  Engiaie, 
to  (1W«),  No.  5,  pp.  Jr5i-i55).— a?hi8  paper  gives  extracts  from  an  addr^ 
presented  at  the  War  Conference  at  the  University  of  Illinois,  on  January  30, 
1918.   A  general  review  of  the  situation  at  tliat  time  is  given. 

Farm  tractor  engineering  charts,  J.  JANDsaEK  (Gm  EnffiM.W  (1918),  wo. 
I,  pp.  US-llS,  figs.  4).— Engineering  cHarts  showing  graphs  of  data  are  given. 


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190  EXPEBIMENT  STATION  RECOBD.  [VoL  40 

the  purpose  of  which  is  to  enable  the  engineer  to  determine  quickly  and  without 
much  calculation  the  more  important  data  of  light  farm  tractors  such  as  weight, 
drawbar  pull,  rolling  resistance,  speed,  size  of  engine,  gear  ratio,  eta  The  data 
are  all  based  on  well-known  mechanical  formulas. 

Economic  size  of  farm  tractor,  E.  Ooldbebgeb  i€kL$  Engine,  20  {1918),  No, 
6,  pp.  273-276,  figs,  5).— This  is  a  paper  read  before  the  Mid-West  Section  of 
the  Society  of  Automotive  Engineers,  based  on  service  observations.  A  con- 
clusion is  reached  in  favor  of  the  four-plow  tractor,  as  being  the  most  economical 
owing  to  its  production  in  large  quantities  and  the  fact  that  its  price  per  horse- 
power will  not  be  25  per  cent  higher  than  that  of  the  two-plow  outfit 

Design  of  an  enduring  tractor,  F.  H.  Csaven  (6a«  Engine,  20  (1918),  No.  2» 
pp,  98-102). — This  is  a  theoretical  design,  but  based  on  service  observations 
in  which  the  author  gives  his  views  as  to  the  design  of  what  ultimately  will  be 
generally  accepted  as  the  standard  design  of  farm  tractor. 

Gears  for  tractors,  A.  W.  Scabratt  (6m  Engine,  20  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  278^ 
28i,  fig.  1). — ^Thls  is  a  paper  read  before  the  Minneapolis  section  of  the  Society 
of  Automotive  Engineers,  in  which  the  materials  for  gears  are  discussed  and 
tabular  data  showing  tensile  strength,  elastic  limit,  machining  quality,  and 
characteristics  of  different  metals  for  gears  are  given.  The  particularly  note- 
worthy point  as  to  these  data  is  the  t&ct  that  the  author  indicates  that  dose- 
grain  semi-steel  having  a  tensile  strength  of  31,000  lbs.  per  square  inch  Is  ^tia- 
foctory  for  high  or  low  speeds  and  low  pressures,  and  wears  well.  This  is  par- 
ticularly important  owing  to  recent  developments  in  semi-steel  practices,  on 
which  very  materially  depends  its  production.  Data  are  also  given  on  the 
strength  of  gear  teeth. 

Tractor  transmissions,  E.  R.  Gbeeb  {Oas  Engine,  20  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  200- 
204,  fiff9.  5).— This  paper  was  presented  at  the  tractor  section  meeting  of  the 
Society  of  Automotive  Engineers,  and  gives  a  general  discussion  of  the  subject 
of  particular  interest  to  engineers. 

Magneto  ignition  for  farm  tractors,  J.  G.  Zihmerican  {Gas  Engine,  20 
{1918),  No.  6,  pp.  265-271,  figs.  7).— This  is  a  paper  read  before  the  Mid-West 
section  of  the  Society  of  Automotive  Engineers  on  April  26,  1918.  It  attempts 
to  bring  out  the  essential  factor  of  the  proper  installation  of  magnetos  in  the 
tractor  engine  for  constant  duty  work.  It  is  shown  that  the  spark  for  a  given 
charge,  regardless  of  its  voltage,  must  be  sufficient  and  with  a  good  factor  of 
safety. 

With  reference  to  wiring,  the  use  of  metal  tubes  to  carry  high-tension  wires 
is  shown  to  be  a  bad  practice.  The  ideal  wiring  is  considered  to  consist  of 
the  shortest  possible  wires  of  equal  length  from  the  ignition  device  to  the  plugs. 
All  wires  should  be  kept  at  least  1  in.  away  from  grounded  parts  and  should 
be  kept  at  least  0.5  in.  apart 

With  reference  to  spark  requirements  it  is  shown  that  the  spafk  must  occur 
exactly  when  wanted,  and  that  the  ignition  should  occur  at  a  definite  time 
relative  thereto. 

Further  data  are  given  on  the  spark-gap  setting  of  plugs,  the  initial  kick 
voltage,  and  the  energy  of  the  spark.  The  importance  of  the  starter  coupling 
with  the  magneto  is  also  brought  out. 

Fuels  for  tractor  engines,  J.  L.  Mowbt  {Qas  Engine,  20  {1918),  No.  5,  pp^ 
2S9-24S). — ^This  is  a  paper  read  before  the  Minneapolis  section  of  the  Society 
of  Automotive  Engineers,  and  based  on  both  field  observations  and  labora- 
tory tests.  The  author's  conclusions  are  that  the  substitution  of  lower-grade 
fuels  for  higher-grade  fuels  under  present  conditions  will  require  better  spark 


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BURAL  BNGINEEBIKO. 


191 


pings,  development  of  the  manifold,  particularly  with  reference  to  the  hot- 
spot  principle,  carbureter  development  providing  for  quickly  changing  to  a 
lighter  fuel  to  take  care  of  over-load  and  throttling  conditions,  and  engine 
design,  with  special  reference  to  cooling  and  elimination  of  moving  parts. 

Adaptation  of  carbureters  to  low  volatile  fuels,  J.  H.  V.  Finnby  (Oa« 
Enffine,  20  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  220^27,  flgs.  «).— This  is  a  brief  report  of  results 
of  numerous  tests  made  in  the  laboratory  and  under  service  conditions  of 
commercial  carbureters  with  a  view  to  the  development  of  a  carbureter  adapted 
to  the  use  of  low  volatile  fuels,  particularly  heavy  distillate. 

It  was  found  that  with  low  volatile  fuels  an  efficient  carbureter  must  offer 
a  minimum  resistance  to  the  suction  of  the  engine  and  should  take  in  the 
charge  at  a  comparatively  low  temperature.  It  should  break  up  the  particles 
of  fuel  80  fine  that  it  is  all  vaporized  before  ignition  takes  place.  It  was  also 
found  that  a  carbureter  which  will  enable  a  gas  engine  to  use  the  less  volatile 
fuels,  probably  for  use  in  tractors  or  automobiles,  should  fulfill  the  same 
requirements  as  a  carbureter  for  gasoline. 

It  is  concluded  that  the  charge  should  go  to  the  engine  as  cool  as  possible 
and  that  the  heat  necessary  to  vaporize  the  fuel  should  be  applied  to  the  fuel 
only,  the  vapor  being  mixed  with  comparatively  cool  air. 

A  discussion  of  the  fundamental  principles  of  the  carbureter  is  also  given, 
and  as  a  result  of  the  experiments  a  vaporizer  was  developed  which  was  found 
to  be  satisfactory  In  service.    This  carbureter  is  described. 

Antifreeze  solutions,  0.  T.  Schaefeb  COaa  Engine,  20  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  S9- 
41). — Data  are  given  showing  the  properties  of  various  mixtures  of  alcohol, 
glycerin,  and  calcium  chlorid  f6r  antifreezing  and  cooling  solutions  to  be  used 
in  gas  engines.    The  following  table  summarizes  some  of  these  data : 

Antifreezing  solutions  and  their  freezing  points. 


Watcr-fjlyccrin. 

Water-alcohol. 

Water-alcohol-glycerin. 

Wftter. 

Glycerin. 

Freezing 
point. 

Water. 

Alcohol. 

Freezing 
point. 

Water. 

Alcohol- 
glyoerin. 

Freezing 
point. 

Percent, 
95 
90 
85 
80 
75 
70 
ftS 
60 
50 
45 

Percent. 
5 
10 
15 
20 
25 
30 
35 
40 
50 
55 

Degrea  F. 

30 

28 

25 

23 

19 

15 

12 

5 

-  2 

-10 

Percent. 
95 
90 
85 
80 
75 
70 
65 
60 

Percent. 
5 
10 
16 
20 
25 
30 
35 
40 

Degrees  F. 

25 

18 

11 

5 

-  2 

-  9 
-15 
-23 

Percent. 
95 
90 
85 
80 
75 
70 
67 
60 

Percent. 
5 
10 
15 
20 
25 
30 
33 
40 

Degreea  F. 

28 

25 

20 

15 

8 

-  5 

-15 

-23 

Potato  storage  cellars,  Minidoka  project,  H.  L.  Ckawfosd  {Reclam.  Reo. 
[17.  S.],  9  (1918),  No.  11,  pp.  524,  526). —A  brief  description  is  given  of  a  type 
« of  potato  cellar  which  has  been  built  for  the  use  of  farmers  on  the  Minidoka 
project.  The  walls  are  built  of  concrete,  reinforced  with  steel  at  the  corners  and 
over  the  doorways.  The  roof  consists  of  wire  netting  laid  on  rafters  and  cov- 
ered with  a  compacted  layer  of  straw.  This  in  turn  is  covered  with  about  1  ft 
of  earth.  A  makeshift  cellar  for  speedy  construction  on  account  of  danger  to 
unstored  crops  was  roofed  with  1  in.  lumber  covered  w^ith  tar  paper  with  walls 
of  the  same  material. 
A  form  of  contract  for  the  construction  of  these  cellars  is  Included. 


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192  BXFERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [VoL  iO 

BUEAL  ECONOMICS. 

The  determination  of  farming  costs,  C.  S.  Ob  win  (Oxford,  Eng,:  Humphrey 
Milford,  1917 1  pp,  144). — ^This  investigation  of  farming  costs  was  undertaken  by 
the  Institute  for  Research  in  Agricultural  Economics  at  the  University  of 
Oxford  to  show  the  marginal  value  of  farm  bookkeeping,  by  discussing  the  prin- 
ciples involved  and  by  the  analysis  of  methods  used  in  a  few  actual  cases. 
The  conclusions  drawn  state  that  artificial  stability  of  prices  Is  advisable  to  in- 
crease food  supplies  during  the  war  and  to  act  as  a  kind  of  war  insurance  in 
time  of  peace.  An  exact  knowledge  of  costs  of  production,  normal  and  actual, 
may  prevent  farmers  from  being  exploited,  either  consciously  or  unconsciously. 
Better  life  for  the  workers  and  more  food  for  the  nation  can  be  provided  when 
records  of  social,  financial,  and  productive  results  are  available  for  both  large 
and  small-scale  production.  This  knowledge  will  show  whether  It  is  more  ad- 
visable to  combine  large  holdings  into  farms  bigger  still,  for  the  purpose  of  ap- 
plying to  agriculture  the  organization  for  large-scale  production,  or  to  split  up 
large  farms  into  small  holdings,  which  is  now  being  promoted  by  private  action 
and  by  legislation.  Knowledge  of  cost  of  distribution  as  well  as  the  cost  of 
production  may  help  to  solve  the  problems  regarding  the  elimination  of  the 
middleman  and  the  distribution  of  the  divisible  surplus  of  farming  as  between 
landlord,  farmer,  and  farm  laborer. 

Cost  accounts  on  a  fruit  farm,  J.  Wtloe  (Scot.  Jour.  Agr.,  1  (1918),  No.  5, 
pp.  S01-S06). — ^Thls  article  shows  the  progress  made  since  1914  by  the  West 
of  Scotland  Agricultural  College  in  keeping  cost  records  on  a  fruit  farm  of  50 
acres  near  I^inark  to  obtain  data  as  to  the  relative  efficiency  of  various  fruit  ro- 
tations. Among  other  statistics,  tables  are  given  showing  the  average  cost  of 
labor  per  man  and  per  horse  on  a  given  acreage  of  strawberries  in  1915,  191^ 
and  1917. 

Minimum  wagres  for  agricultural  workers  (Scot.  Jour,  Agr.,  1  (1918),  No.  S, 
pp.  S25-SS6). — Under  the  Corn  Production  Act  of  1917,  Scotland  has  been  di- 
vided into  12  districts  in  which  the  conditions  of  farm  labor  are  similar.  Each 
of  these  districts  has  a  district  wages  committee,  composed  of  a  chairman  and  an 
equal  number  of  farm  laborers  and  employers  of  farm  labor,  and  empowered  to 
fix  the  minimum  rates  of  wages  for  workmen  employed  in  agriculture.  There  is 
also  a  central  committee  which  defines  the  general  principles  on  which  benefits 
(such  as  a  house  or  allowances  in  kind)  are  valued  in  lieu  of  cash  payment 
and  considers  complaints. 

Parmers  and  income  tax,  A.  M'Gallum  (Scot  Jour.  Agr.,  1  (1918),  No.  S,  pp. 
S15-S25). — ^This  article  explains  the  basis  of  assessment  of  farmers*  income 
under  the  amended  statutory  income-tax  act  in  Scotland.  Up  to  1915,  if  he 
elected  taxation  under  Schedule  B.  the  farmer  was  taxed  on  one-third  of  the 
annual  rent  Under  the  1915  act,  he  was  subject  to  taxation  on  the  whole 
annual  rental,  with  an  abatement  of  £120.  Beginning  with  the  fiscal  year  April, 
1918-19,  he  will  be  subject  to  assessment  on  double  the  amount  of  rental,  with 
an  abatement  of  £100.  As  an  alternative,  he  still  has  the  privilege  of  electing 
assessment  under  Schedule  D — taxation  on  his  ascertained  profits  from  ^n- 
ployment,  based  on  the  average  Income  of  the  profits  of  the  past  three  years. 
This  requires  that  the  farmer  keep  accurate  accounts.  It  is  maintained  that  this 
choice  of  assessment  has  been  a  real  benefit  to  the  farmer,  even  when  the  one- 
third  rental  basis  was  In  force. 

Private  colonization  of  the  land,  R.  T.  Elt  (Amer.  Boon,  Rev,,  8  (1918),  No. 
S,  pp.  522-^48). — ^Thls  paper  concerns  landed  property  and  endeavors  to  stimu- 
late studies  of  the  private  ownership  of  land.    A  brief  outline  of  plans  for 


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i»Wl  BURAL  ECONOMICS.  193 

i  colonization  as  they  hare  existed  in  the  United  States  is  given,  together  with 
I  comments  and  comparisons  of  the  plans  employed  in  Australia,  New  Zealand, 
lIBd  the  dty  of  Ulm,  Germany. 

I  The  author  suggests  that  we  must  regard  land  as  the  chief  public  utility,  and 
ittat  wesbould  have  land  settlement  divisions  of  our  departments  of  agriculture 
to  exercise  functions  analogous  to  the  railway  and  public  utility  commissions. 
I  These  activities  should  consist  in  the  expansion  of  present  services — agrlcul- 
jtoral  education,  university  certification  of  farms  as  to  labor  and  living  condi- 
itiODs,  and  the  organization  of  suburban  and  coiutry  homes  and  farm  homes 
wmpanies  to  furnish  the  land  purchaser  with  the  best  possible  dwellings  compati- 
ble with  a  modest  return  of  capital,  say,  6  per  cent  The  companies  acting  in 
foolunction  with  the  universities  should  advise  would-be  purchasers  of  land 
Vttfa  regard  not  only  to  their  own  well-selected  lots  but  also  other  lands.  A 
'portion  of  the  profits  of  these  companies  should  be  devoted  to  scientific  Investi- 
^ition  of  land  problems.  The  problem  of  the  returning  soldiers  and  sailors  of 
the  present  war  is  thought  to  add  an  urgent  reason  for  action  by  the  Government 
vlth  regard  to  colonization  methods. 

I  The  agzicultoral  accident  InBoranoe  at  Baden  (Landto.  Jahrh.  Bchwelz,  S2 
I U918),  No,  2,  pp.  209-221), — ^Thls  ^s  a  report  as  to  the  methods  and  policy  of 
lagricnltnral  accident  insurance  as  affiled  at  Baden. 

I  Cooperation  and  markets  branch  (Rpt,  Min.  Agr*  Ontario,  1917,  pp.  55^9, 
\t9'  i).— This  article  discusses  the  act  passed  by  the  Ontario  Legislature  in  1917 
!|rovidlng  for  the  incorporation  of  cooperative  companies  and  associations  as 
jneh.  ^e  author  states  that  a  standard  set  of  by-laws  has  been  issued,  and 
flits  the  cooperative  companies  thus  far  Incorporated. 

I  Conference  of  representatives  of  the  grain  trade  of  the  United  States  {Conf, 
I Serwent  Grain  Trade  U.  8.,  1918,  pp.  Ill +252), —This  is  a  report  of  the  dis- 
ifoaBions  of  representatives  of  the  grain  trade  of  the  United  States  during  a 
[tttufcrence  held  in  April,  1918,  at  New  York  City.  The  subjects  discussed  In- 
Nlnded  the  problems  of  the  country  dealer,  such  as  storage,  grades,  competition, 
Me:;  terminal  and  the  seaboard  problems,  such  as  elevators,  insurance,  com- 
tlitelons,  etc.;  milling  questions  as  affecting  grain  handling;  and  new  crop 
[ivoblems. 

[  Vaets  for  the  fajrmer  {St.  Paul,  Minn,:  Nat.  Nonpartisan  League,  1917,  pp. 
14  fkf9.  &).— Among  the  subjects  discussed  in  this  book  are  farm  tenancy  and 
prm  mortgage,  taxation,  grain,  butter  and  eggs,  meat  supplies,  etc.  The 
iKface  indicates  that  the  data  given  are  taken  from  ofildal  or  other  authorita- 
five  records  and  relate  to  conditions  important  to  the  farmer  as  a  producer  and 
Id  the  wage  worker  as  consumer,  and  that  while  the  book  is  issued  as  a  Mlnne- 
handbook,  much  of  its  contents  apply  in  more  or  less  pertinent  degree  to 
iOier  States  as  well, 
'acts  kept  from  the  farmer  (8t.  Paul,  Minn.:  Nat,  Nonpartisan  League,  1917, 
h  79).~This  book  maintains  that  farmers  must  organize  to  protect  their  In- 

and  insure  "  their  proper  place  in  a  reconstructed  society." 
Bogenics  and  the  agricultural  community,  O.  C.  Glaseb  (Abs.  in  Rpt,  Mich. 

5d.,  19  {1917),  pp.  105-106),— The  author  maintains  that  in  times  past 
iKricnltnre  has  retained  the  less  alert  and  less  ambitious  and  that  agricul- 
Ittal  communlUee  have  resulted  too  much  in  intermarriage  among  a  small 

of  families.  This  period,  however,  is  passing,  and  general  education  in 
I  laws  of  natural  Inheritance  and  other  matters  of  eugenic  Importance  may 
one  of  the  most  positive  methods  of  Improving  such  conditions.  A  second 
Mnence  may  be  the  use  of  the  eugenics  registry.  It  Is  pointed  out  that  to 
Mace  the  frequency  of  dlsgenic  marriages  and  their  unfortunate  chain  of  con- 


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194  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RBGOBD,  [ToL  40 

sequences  wiU  increase  the  liberty  of  the  individual  and  free  the  community 
as  a  whole  from  the  necessity  of  caring  for  so  many  incompetents. 

The  future  of  the  country  church,  R.  Phillips  (Rpt.  MicK  Acad.  Sd^  19 
{1917),  pp.  ISS-I42,  figs,  3). — ^The  problem  of  the  country  church  to-day  is 
deemed  analogous  to  the  church  problem  within  the  cities.  The  author  dis- 
cusses the  future  of  the  country  church  under  three  heads — organization,  pas- 
toral requirements,  and  equipment  and  program — based  on  the  idea  that  religion 
should  permeate  completely  the  social  order  in  which  men  move.  He  suggests 
a  central  organization  for  all  denominations,  with  social  service  work  concen- 
trated under  various  department  heads,  to  the  end  that  the  church  may  again 
become  a  neighborhood  center  and  reestablish  itself  in  its  rightful  place  as  a 
leader  in  rural  life. 

Area,  farms,  and  farm  lands  [of  California],  G.  Robsbtson  (Statis.  Rpt, 
Cal.  Bd.  Agr,,  1917,  pp.  1-19). — ^These  pages  give  statistics  regarding  the  vacant 
public  lands;  homesteads;  Indian  reservations;  school  lands;  dry  farming; 
number,  value,  and  size  of  farms  by  counties;  improved  and  unimproved  farm 
land ;  mortgage  debt  on  farms ;  and  irrigation  on  farms. 

The  total  acreage  of  land  unappropriated  and  unreserved  on  July  1,  1917, 
was  19,505,217  acres,  showing  a  decrease  of  more  than  500,000  acres  since 
July  1,  1916.  A  recent  regulation,  designed  to  encourage  dry  farming,  has 
increased  the  area  of  a  homestead  from  160  to  320  acres  on  land  having  no 
water  supply,  in  four  of  the  southern  counties. 

[The  census  of  farms,  live  stock,  and  agricultural  production],  E.  R. 
Danielson  {Bui.  Nehr.  Bd.  Agr.,  No.  245  {1918),  pp.  108-151).— These  pages 
contain  a  census,  by  counties,  of  farms  in  Nebraska  occupied  by  owners  and  by 
tenants ;  acreage  under  cultivation  and  irrigation ;  improved  land  acreage  and 
money  value  of  improvements  on  land ;  live  stocl^,  including  horses  and  mules, 
cattle,  hogs,  dogs,  and  bees;  and  the  acreage  value  and  amount  of  the  cereal, 
feed,  and  vegetable  crops  for  1917.  Agricultural  machinery,  including  automo- 
biles, gasoline  and  steam  tractor  engines,  cream  separators,  and  butter-making 
machines,  used  in  1917  is  listed,  and  tables  are  given  showing  a  rteum^  of  the 
Nebraska  live-stock  record  from  1880  to  1917  and  agricultural  production  ot 
cereals  in  Nebraska  for  28  years  (1890  to  1917). 

Cuba,  what  she  has  to  offer  to  the  investor  or  the  homeseeker,  G.  Reno 
{Habana,  Cuba:  Govt.,  1917,  pp.  73,  figs.  25).— This  book  treats  of  the  physical 
aspects  of  the  island,  its  location  with  reference  to  channels  of  trade,  the 
population,  educational  facilities,  climate,  crops,  etc.  The  discussion  of  the 
principal  crops,  among  which  are  cane,  tobacco,  coffee,  cacao,  cereals,  and  cot- 
ton, considers  Cuba  as  a  whole  as  well  as  its  separate  provinces. 

Acreage  and  live  stock  returns  of  Scotland,  J.  M.  Rams  at  {Agr.  8tati9, 
Scotland,  5  {1916),  pt.  1,  pp.  53). — ^This  report  continues  data  previously  noted 
(B.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  392). 

Prices  and  supplies  of  grsdn,  live  stoclc,  and  other  agricultural  produce  in 
Scotland,  J.  M.  Ramsay  {Agr,  Statis.  Scotland,  4  {1915),  pt.  3,  pp.  81-108). — 
This  report  continues  data  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  35,  p.  497). 

Agricultural  statistics  of  Italy  {Ann.  Statis.  Ital,  2.  ser.,  5  {1915),  pp.  121^ 
134;  ^  {1916),  pp.  135-158,  pi.  1). — ^These  reports  continue  data  previously  noted 
(E.  S.  R.,  34,  p.  896),  adding  information  for  1915  and  1916. 

[Agricultural  exploitation  and  production  of  liorocco],  F.  Bebnabd  {Ann^ 
6cole  Nat.  Agr.  Montpellier,  n.  ser.,  15  {1917),  No.  IS,  pp.  154-204) -—Theae 
chapters  deal  with  the  soil,  climate,  colonization,  agricultural  machinery,  and 
capital  available  for  agricultural  purposes  in  Morocco.  Comparative  statistics 
are  given  for  the  principal  crops  and  live  stock,  and  general  information  con- 
cerning the  cotton,  wine,  and  orchard  fruits  produced. 


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»1«1  AGMOULTURAL  EDUCATION.  195 

The  material  resources  of  Burma,  H.  Adamson  (Buh  Imp.  Inst  [So.  Kenaing- 
Uw},  16  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  40-79,  fig.  i).— This  article  discusses  the  problem  of 
attracting  British  capital  to  Burma.  It  discusses  the  soil  fertility,  rainfall, 
forests,  fisheries,  and  mineral  resources  as  a  field  for  commercial  enterprise. 
It  points  out  that  deficiency  in  transportation  facilities  and  scant  population, 
with  consequent  dearness  of  labor,  are  causes  of  former  failures  to  exploit 
Burma,  and  it  indudes  statistics  with  respect  to  land  holdings,  crops,  rubber, 
and  forestry,  including  timber  and  teak. 

[Iiand  tenure  and  settlement:  Agriculture  and  live  stock  in  New  Zealand, 
1917]  (New  Zeal.  Off.  Yearbook  1917,  pp.  4U-493,  pU.  2,  figs.  2).— These  pages 
continue  the  data  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  791). 

AGKICTTLTiraAL  ESTTCATION. 

The  land  grant  of  1862  and  the  land-grant  colleges,  B.  F.  Andrews  {V.  8. 
Bur.  Ed.  Bui.  IS  {1918),  pp.  65).— This  bulletin  gives  a  brief  history  of  the 
management  of  the  land  grant  of  1862,  together  with  the  text  of  the  Morrill 
Act  and  amendments  thereto. 

It  is  found  that  under  the  act  and  supplementary  legislation  28  States  were 
allotted  8,160,000  acres  of  land  in  scrip  and  20  received  2,890,000  acres  in 
place,  making  a  total  allotment  of  11,050,000  acres,  of  which  10,929,215  acres 
actually  passed  to  the  States.  In  1914  there  were  1,209,837  acres  still  unsold, 
part  of  which  were  leased,  and  451,850  acres  unlocated. 

The  scrip  and  lands  have  been  sold  for  $12,643,309.43,  of  which  $119,164.90 
was  used  in  four  States  to  purchase  land.  The  remaining  capital  increased 
during  52  years  of  existence  (1862-1914)  until  it  amounted  to  $13,621,712.07. 
Of  this  amount  $2,205,489.08  in  10  States  draws  interest  at  less  than  5  per 
cent,  but  only  four  States  fail  to  make  up  the  deficit  in  some  way.  Every 
State  now  applies  all  the  income  for  the  support  of  the  agricultural  and 
mechanical  college,  with  no  diminution  or  diversion  to  other  uses. 

[Papers  on  horticultural  instruction]  {Proc.  Amer.  Soc.  Hort.  ScL,  14 
{1917),  pp.  2S-^0,  128-147,  178-180) .—The  papers  presented  at  the  meetings  of 
this  society  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  541)  include  the  following  relating 
to  instruction  in  horticulture : 

A  Plan  for  Cooperative  College  Training  in  Practical  Horticulture,  by  B.  S. 
Brown  (pp.  23-30). — This  is  a  discussion  of  the  problem  of  the  need  of  greater 
efficiency  in  horticultural  skill,  which  involves  not  only  the  practical  training 
for  the  regular  students  but  also  the  short  courses  and  the  students  from  the 
cities,  who  in  some  cases  comprise  over  50  per  cent  of  the  total  enrollment. 
Present  methods  to  increase  skill  in  practical  work  and  their  defects  are  noted, 
and  a  list  of  prerequisites  in  horticultural  practice  work,  applying  to  New  Eng- 
land conditions,  is  suggested.  A  cooperative  plan  is  presented  for  the  agricultural 
colleges  of  several  States  or  groups  of  States,  under  which  a  series  of  special- 
ized farms  would  be  acquired  in  accredited  centers  of  production,  preferably, 
scattered  through  10  or  12  States.  Students  could  then  be  passed  from  farm  to 
farm,  thus  permitting  of  a  considerable  diversity  of  experience  without  exces- 
sive cost  The  plan  would  also  permit  of  a  uniform  training  for  the  students 
through  the  several  States  cooperating  and  tend  to  give  the  smaller  colleges 
the  same  advantages  as  the  large  universities.  It  would  tend  to  standardize 
methods  and  practices,  and  assist  the  colleges  to  obtain  a  better  hold  upon 
the  rural  people  and  take  a  larger  part  in  shaping  farm  policies. 

Esperimentt  in  Horticultural  Teaching,  by  W.  L.  Howard  (pp.  128-130).— 
Experiments  in  practical  training  in  horticultural  teaching  which  the  University 
of  Galifomia  has  tried  out  or  is  planning  to  try  out  are  briefly  described. 


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196  EXPERIMENT  STATIOK  RECORD.  IVoL  40 

Report  of  Committee  on  Undergraduate  Work,  by  B.  S.  Pickett  (up.  130- 
132). — ^The  committee  finds  a  growing  endeavor  to  improve  the  pedagogy  of 
horticultural  instruction.  In  connection  with  the  presentation  of  horticultural 
courses  attention  is  called  to  the  relative  value  of  equipment  and  instructor.  It 
is  especially  in  the  laboratory  that  progress  has  been  marked  in  horticultural 
instruction  in  recent  years,  and  some  of  the  difficulties  of  the  instructor  in 
field  laboratory  work  are  pointed  out  The  lack  of  Instruction  on  the  plant 
materials  of  horticulture  is  deplored. 

Methods  0/  Providing  Practical  Work  in  Horticultural  Courses,  by  S.  W. 
Fletcher  (pp.  133,  134). — ^The  author  briefly  discusses  some  of  the  methods 
employed  in  providing  practice  work  in  horticultural  courses. 

Courses  in  Pomology  at  ComeU  University,  by  W.  H.  Chandler  (pp.  135- 
137). — These  courses  are  briefly  described,  including  the  farm-practice  require- 
ments. 

Pomological  Field  Laboratories,  by  B.  W.  Bailey  (pp.  138-140).— A  system 
of  field  laboratories  conducted  at  the  University  of  Illinois  is  described,  with 
special  reference  to  instructional  work  in  field  practice  and  a  plan  for  a  field 
laboratory  for  advanced  pomological  students.  This  laboratory  contemplates  a 
series  of  annual  deciduous  tree  fruit  plantings  for  a  period  of  years,  each  suc- 
cessive planting  being  a  duplication  of  the  previous  year's  planting  in  the 
closest  possible  detail.  It  is  thought  that  such  a  system  of  pomological  field 
laboratories  might,  after  a  period  of  years,  offer  ideal  material  for  graduate 
students. 

Report  of  Committee  on  Graduate  Work,  by  M.  J.  Dorsey  (pp.  140-147). — 
This  report  deals  with  the  place  of  the  thesis  in  graduate  training  in  horticul- 
ture. 

Report  of  the  Committee  on  Score  Cards  for  Vegetables,  by  W.  W.  Tracy,  sr^ 
(pp.  178-180). — ^A.  few  sample  score  cards  for  vegetables  are  given. 

Agricultural  education,  T.  H.  Eaton  (Rpt,  Proc  Conn,  Dairymen* s  Assoo^ 
S6  (1917),  pp.  1S7-145), — In  discussing  the  educational  needs  of  the  farm  boy. 
the  author  suggests  certain  considerations  for  guidance  in  determining  what 
the  farmer  should  know  because  he  is  a  producer  and  because  he  lives  on  the 
farm. 

Vocational  education,  compiled  by  Emilt  Robison  (New  York:  The  H,  W, 
Wilson  Co,,  1918,  pp.  XLJX+S03), — ^This  is  source  book  for  teachers  and  stu- 
dents, in  which  the  author  attempts  to  represent  the  leading  points  of  view  in 
the  discussion  of  both  vocational  education  in  general  and  the  teaching  in  the 
public  schools  of  industrial,  conmaercial,  agricultural,  and  household  arts 
subjects. 

The  selections  dealing  with  agricultural  education  are  as  follows:  Agricul- 
ture Enlarges  Consciousness  and  Helps  Adjustment,  by  A.  D.  Cromwell ;  (Gen- 
eral Instruction  in  Agriculture,  by  W.  A.  McKeever ;  Agricultural  Education,  by 
H.  J.  Waters,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  36,  p.  193) ;  Agricultural  High  Schools 
in  Ontario,  by  J.  B.  Dandeno ;  Flathead  High  School,  Kalispell,  Mont,  by  Flor- 
ence Clark;  Student  Creamery  at  Duluth  Central  High  School,  by  E.  P.  Gibson; 
What  the  County  Agricultural  High  School  is  Doing  for  Mississippi  Boys  and 
Girls,  by  W.  H.  Smith;  and  The  Massachusetts  Home  Project  Plan  of  Voca- 
tional Agricultural  Education,  by  R.  W.  Stimson.  The  statements  on  household 
arts  include  the  following:  A  Bavarian  School  of  Housekeeping,  by  Mary  Par- 
kinson ;  Educating  the  Consumer,  by  Martha  B.  Bru^re ;  and  Business  of  Home- 
making,  by  Mrs.  H.  M.  Hickok. 

A  very  comprehensive  bibliography  on  the  different  phases  of  vocational  edu- 
cation considered  is  included. 


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1S19]  AGRICT7LTTJRAL  EDUCATION.  197 

[Instmctlon  in  rural  science  in  Prince  Edward  Island]  (Dept  Ed.  Prince 
Bdfcard  Island  School  Circs.,  1916,  Nos.  i,  pp.  8,  figs.  2;  2,  pp.  9+18],  figs.  4; 
9f  pp.  4^  flg.  1;  4,  pp.  8,  fig.  1;  1918,  No.  5,  rev.,  pp.  11,  figs.  8;  1917,  Nos.  6,  pp. 
S,  figs.  S;  7,  pp.  10,  figs.  9;  1918,  Nos.  8,  pp.  4,  fig-  1;  9,  pp.  8,  figs.  5).— These 
drcQlars  <y)ntaln  announcements  with  reference  to  special  grants  to  teachers 
for  giving  instruction  in  rural  science  and  the  work  of  the  summer  school  for 
teachers,  and  suggestions  for  teaching  school  gardening,  nature  study,  and  ele- 
mentaary  agriculture;  and  for  conducting  school  fairs,  home  projects,  boys* 
and  girls'  dubs,  and  patriotic  work. 

ProoeediniTS  of  the  high  school  conference  of  November  22,  23,  and  24, 
1017,  compiled  by  H.  A.  Holustee  {Univ.  III.  Bui,  15  {1917),  No.  15,  pp.  55- 
80,  9S-97,  16Jhi74). — ^Among  the  proceedings  included  in  this  bulletin  are  the 
following  papers:  Laboratory  Work  in  Farm  Crops,  compiled  by  W.  Scott; 
Laboratory  Work  in  Animal  Husbandry,  by  A.  Tate;  Teaching  the  Insects,  by 
J.  C.  Isenbarger;  The  Need  of  Household  Accounts  and  Budgeting  in  the  High 
School  Curriculum,  by  Lorlnda  Perry;  and  Household  Arts  from  the  Voca- 
tional Standpoint,  by  Mrs.  W.  E.  Stillwell. 

An  outline  of  instruction  for  school  gardening  and  agriculture  {Los 
Angeles  City  School  Dist.,  School  Puh.  9  {1918),  pp.  101).— This  suggestive 
t^itative  course  of  study,  with  outlines  of  project  work  in  school  gardenln;^ 
and  agriculture,  has  been  prepared  for  use  in  the  elementary,  intermediate. 
and  high  schools  of  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

To  assist  in  meeting  the  demand  for  an  increase  of  food  production  caused 
by  the  war,  the  work  of  the  department  of  agriculture  of  the  Los  Angeles 
school  system,  both  in  the  elementary  and  high  schools,  is  now  conducted  12 
months  in  the  year  instead  of  10,  a  number  of  teachers  have  been  assigned  to 
eontinuation  work  in  the  elementary  schools,  and  the  amount  of  instruction 
has  been  increased  to  provide  more  careful  supervision  for  home  gardening. 
It  is  stated  that  the  time  and  effort  given  to  the  cultivation  of  flower  gardens 
has  been  reduced,  and  home  gardening  projects  have  been  extended.  Agri- 
culture is  now  open  to  the  students  of  all  the  intermediate  and  high  schools 
who  desire  to  take  it  up  as  a  vocation. 

A  eourse  of  study  for  homemakers,  Nina  B.  Crigles  and  Lillian  Peek 
{Col  Indus.  Arts  Tex.  Bui  61  {1918),  pp.  54).—Thls  is  a  revision  of  the  1914 
practical  course  of  study  for  the  homemakers  of  Texas,  previously  noted 
(B.  S,  R.,  34,  p.  509).  The  necessity  for  an  intelligent  comprehension  of  living 
conditions  brought  about  by  the  war  has  been  recognized  and  provided  for 
In  each  of  the  seven  divisions  of  the  course,  which  comprise  housing,  feedln;;. 
and  doliiing  the  family;  sanitation  and  civic  attractiveness;  child  study, 
women  in  war;  and  the  art  of  living.  A  bibliography  is  appended  to  each 
division. 

A  coarse  In  food  economies  for  the  housekeeper  (17.  8.  Bur.  Ed.,  Home  Econ. 
Circ.  6  (1918),  pp.  8). — ^This  circular  outlines  lessons  for  the  use  of  home  eco- 
nomics teachers  in  giving  lectures  to  groups  of  women  who  desire  to  do  their 
part  in  the  campaign  for  food  economy.  Every  lesson  includes  a  list  of  refer- 
ences to  recent  publications  dealing  with  food  study. 

Home  economics  outline  for  teaching  food  conservation  (Agr,  Col.  Ext.  Bui, 
lOhio  State  Univ.],  IS  {1917-18),  No.  14,  pp.  65).— -These  lessons  are  planned 
to  deyelop  food  work  along  the  conservation  lines  laid  out  by  the  Food  Admin- 
istration. 

Lessons  In  community  and  national  life  ( U.  S.  Bur.  Ed.,  Lessons  Community 
and  Nat.  Life,  1918,  Ser.  A,  1-29,  pp.  264;  Ser.  B,  ISl,  pp.  264;  Ser.  C,  1-92, 
pp.  2&f).— These  lessons  have  been  prepared  to  assist  teachers  and  other  school 


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198  BXPEBIMENT  STATION  BECORD.  CVol.40 

officers  In  giving  students  a  new  appreciation  of  the  problems  of  community 
and  national  life  and  a  deeper  understanding  of  the  meaning  and  alms  of 
democracy.  The  three  series  are  Intended  for  use  in  the  upper  classes  of  hi^ 
schools,  in  the  first  class  of  the  high  school  and  the  upper  grades  of  the  ele- 
mentary school,  and  In  the  Intermediate  grades  of  the  elementary  school, 
respectively. 

Among  the  lessons  pertaining  to  agriculture  and  home  economics  the  follow- 
ing may  be  mentioned:  In  Series  A,  the  history  of  the  Federal  Departments, 
the  United  States  Food  Administration,  substitute  foods,  and  women  as  the 
family  purchaser ;  In  Series  B,  the  varied  occupations  of  a  colonial  farm,  feed- 
ing a  city,  a  cotton  factory  and  the  workers,  saving  the  soil,  an  Intelligently 
selected  diet,  the  work  of  women,  price  control  of  wheat,  concentration  of 
production  in  the  meat-packing  industry,  concentration  In  the  marketing  of 
citrus  fruits,  good  roads,  and  women  In  Industry;  and  In  Series  G,  spinning 
and  dyeing  linen  In  colonial  times,  conservation  as  exemplified  by  irrigation 
projects,  preserving  foods,  preventing  waste  of  human  beings,  the  effects  of 
machinery  on  rural  life,  market  reports  on  fruits  and  vegetables,  sugar,  and 
the  family  and  social  control. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Thirtieth  Annual  Report  of  IlUnols  Station,  1917  (Illinois  Sta,  Rpt.  1917, 
pp,  20), — ^Thls  contains  the  organization  list,  a  financial  statement  for  the  fiscal 
year  ended  June  30,  1917,  brief  notes  as  to  the  principal  lines  of  work,  and  a 
list  of  publications  of  the  year.  Data  are  included  as  to  1917  yields  of  wheat 
In  soil  fertility  tests  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  624). 

Report  of  the  director  for  1917,  J.  G.  Lipman  (New  Jersey  Stas.  BiU.  317 
(1917),  pp.  55), — ^Thls  contains  the  organization  list  and  a  report  of  the  director 
on  the  work  and  publications  of  the  station  during  the  year.  The  experimental 
work  recorded  Is  for  the  most  part  abstracted  elsewhere  in  this  issue. 

Thirty-seventh  Annual  Report  of  Ohio  Station,  1918  (Ohio  Sta.  But.  S25 
(1918)  t  pp.  XXVI +6,  fig,  X).— This  contains  the  organization  list,  a  financial 
statement  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1918,  and  a  report  of  the  director 
summarizing  the  work  and  publications  of  the  station  during  the  year. 

Thirtieth  Annual  Report  of  Rhode  Island  Station,  1917  (Bui.  R,  /.  State 
Col, J  IS  (1918),  No,  4f  pp.  35-42,  4S'48) .—These  pages  include  a  report  of  the 
director  and  a  financial  statement  for  the  year  ended  December  31,  1917.  The 
experimental  work  recorded  is  for  the  most  part  abstracted  elsewhere  in  this 
issue. 

Monthly  Bulletin  of  the  Ohio  Experiment  Station  (Mo.  Bui,  Ohio  8ta.,  3 
(1918),  No,  10,  pp.  289-318,  figs.  10).— This  contains  several  articles  abstracted 
elsewhere  in  this  issue,  together  with  the  following :  Selection  and  Care  of  Seed 
Com,  by  0.  G.  Williams ;  and  Root  Rot  of  Corn,  by  A,  D.  Selby. 


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NOTES. 

Xentacky  University  and  Station. — Mrs.  H.  B.  Wolcott,  State  leader  of 
home  demonstration  work,  and  R.  L.  Pontius,  veterinarian  in  the  station,  have 
resigned.  P.  L.  Blumenthal  and  William  Rodes,  chemists,  and  Roger  Jones, 
inspector  of  feeds  and  fertilizers,  have  returned  to  the  station  from  military 
flenrice. 

Recent  appointments  include  James  Speed  as  editor  in  the  college  of  agri- 
enlture,  Roy  Milton  as  farm  superintendent,  O.  F.  Floyd  and  J.  W.  Lindsay  as 
extension  assistants  In  marketing,  and  A.  S.  Chapin  as  extension  poultry 
specialist 

Maryland  College  and  Station. — Dr.  A.  G.  McCaU,  in  charge  of  soil  investiga- 
tions, has  been  granted  leave  of  absence  to  take  up  educational  work  in 
Europe.  G.  L.  Opperman,  superintendent  of  the  Ridgely  substation,  has  been 
appointed  agricultural  editor  in  the  extension  service,  and  has  been  succeeded 
by  Albert  White.  P.  E.  Richards  and  John  Paul  Jones  have  been  appointed 
assistants  in  soil  investigations  and  plant  physiology,  respectively. 

Massachusetts  College  and  Station. — William  D.  Hurd,  director  of  the 
extension  service  since  its  establishment  in  1909,  has  resigned,  effective  about 
June  1,  to  accept  a  position  with  the  National  Fertilizer  Association  and  with 
headquarters  in  the  Middle  West.  Lieut  John  B.  Smith  of  the  Sanitary  Corps 
lias  returned  to  the  station  as  assistant  chemist 

Montana  College  and  Station. — 0.  N.  Amett  has  resumed  his  duties  as  head 
of  the  department  of  animal  husbandry,  following  a  year's  service  in  France 
with  the  American  Red  Gross.  W.  E.  Joseph,  assistant  in  animal  husbandry, 
Charles  Haller,  assistant  in  the  grain  laboratory,  and  R.  M.  Pinckney,  assistant 
chemist,  returned  to  the  station  early  in  January  after  several  months  absence 
in  Army  service. 

Cornell  XTniversity  and  Station. — Dr.  Vem  B.  Stewart,  assistant  professor 
of  plant  pathology,  died  December  3,  1918,  at  the  age  of  30  years.  Dr. 
Stewart  was  a  graduate  of  Wabash  College  in  1909  and  received  the  Ph.  D. 
degree  from  Cornell  in  1913.  He  had  been  subsequently  engaged,  for  the  most 
part,  in  research,  notably  on  fire  blight  and  other  diseases  of  horticultural  and 
ornamental  nursery  stock.  In  July  1918,  he  became  pathology  adviser  to  the 
eastern  market  inspectors  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  this  work 
dealing  particularly  with  the  detection  of  incipient  diseases  in  shipments  of 
perishable  plant  products  for  the  Army  and  Navy.  He  was  also  an  associate 
editor  of  Phytopathology. 

Pennsylvania  College  and  Station. — Fred  Rasmussen,  professor  of  dairy 
husbandry,  has  been  appointed  Secretary  of  Agriculture  for  the  State  and  en- 
tered upon  hia  new  duties  January  21.  Q.  C.  Given,  associate  professor  of 
experimental  agricultural  chemistry,  resigned  February  14.  John  B.  Scherrer, 
assistant  professor  of  vegetable  gardening  extension,  A.  R.  Haas,  Instructor  In 
t>otaDy,  M.  D.  Leonard,  instuctor  in  entomological  research,  and  A.  F.  Yeagcr, 
tiiBtructor  in  pomology,  have  also  resigned.  Recent  appointments  include  H.  S. 
Adams  as  assistant  professor  of  agricultural  extension,  effective  March  1;  J.  F. 
Olney,  instructor  in  bacteriology;  R.  D.  Lewis,  assistant  in  agronomy;  J.  S. 
Owens,  assistant  in  experimental  agronomy ;  and  6.  F.  Miles  and  P.  R.  Smith 
as  assistants  in  plant  pathology  extension. 

Tennessee  XTnlTersity  and  Station. — President  Brown  Ayres,  widely  known 
In  educational  circles,  died  January  28  after  a  brief  illness. 

199 


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200  EXPERIMENT  STATIOK  SECOBD.  £ToL  40 

President  Ayres  was  born  in  Memphis,  May  25, 1856.  He  received  a  technical 
education,  Stevens  Institute  of  Technology  awarding  him  the  B.  S.  degree  in 
1878,  and  that  of  doctor  of  philosophy  in  1888.  His  long  period  of  educational 
service  began  at  Tulane  University  in  1880  and  continued  at  Uiat  institution 
until  1904,  when  he  resigned  as  acting  i>resident  to  become  president  of  the 
University  of  Tennessee.  During  his  administration  at  the  latter  Institution  its 
resources  and  prestige  greatly  increased.  In  the  words  of  one  of  his  colleagues^ 
''he  made  the  university  a  State  university  in  fact  as  well  as  in  name.  He 
reorganized  the  institution  in  all  of  its  colleges,  Increased  the  faculties,  extended 
the  curricula,  and  enlarged  the  equipment  and  facilities  for  instruction  and 
research." 

President  Ayres  was  the  recipient  of  many  educational  honors  and  had 
received  the  honorary  doctor's  degree  from  five  southern  universities.  He  was 
a  fellow  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  and  a 
member  of  numerous  engineering  and  educational  bodies.  He  was  president  of 
the  National  Association  of  State  Universities  in  1910.  For  many  years  he  had 
been  a  prominent  figure  in  the  American  Association  of  Agricultural  Colleges 
and  Experiment  Stations,  serving  on  the  executive  committee  and  In  numerous 
other  capacities.  He  was  nominated  as  president  of  the  association  at  the 
Baltimore  meeting  shortly  before  his  death,  and  upon  declining  the  position  was 
reelected  as  the  ranking  vice-president. 

Samuel  M.  Bain,  associated  with  the  institution  since  1898,  and  professor  of 
botany  since  1901,  died  January  30  at  the  age  of  50  years.  His  experimental 
work  dealt  particularly  with  red  clover  and  its  diseases,  cotton,  and  alfalfa.  He 
was  a  fellow  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  and  a 
member  of  numerous  scientific  organizations. 

The  extensive  building  program  of  the  university  has  now  been  tentatively 
adopted.  Among  the  first  structures  to  be  erected  is  a  laboratory  building  for 
agriculture,  including  the  departments  of  agronomy,  horticulture,  dairying,  and 
animal  husbandry,  and  also  with  provision  for  the  office  of  the  extension  divi- 
sion and  the  laboratories  of  the  station. 

The  department  of  animal  husbandry  and  dairying  of  the  college  and  station 
has  been  divided,  C.  A.  Willson  assuming  charge  of  the  department  of  animal 
husbandry  and  G.  Elmer  Wylie  of  that  in  dairying. 

Utah  College  and  Station. — A  department  of  range  management  has  been 
established  under  the  direction  of  Raymond  J.  Becraft  L.  M.  Wlnsor,  specialist 
in  irrigation  and  drainage,  has  been  granted  leave  of  absence  to  take  up  con^ 
mercial  irrigation  work  in  Chile.  Irving  J.  Jensen,  assistant  agronomist,  has 
returned  from  military  service.  W.  S.  Hansen  of  Fielding  and  George  W.  Skid- 
more  of  Logan  have  been  appointed  members  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  vice  J. 
William  Knight  and  Elizabeth  G.  McCune. 

Wisconsin  University  and  Station. — Dr.  H.  C.  Taylor,  professor  of  agri- 
cultural economics,  has  been  appointed  chief  of  the  Office  of  Farm  Management 
in  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  D.  H.  Otis,  professor  of  farm  man- 
agement has  been  granted  leave  of  absence  to  engage  in  the  Y.  M.  G.  A.  over- 
seas educational  campaign  and  will  be  in  charge  of  the  organization  of  the  in- 
struction in  farm  management.  J.  B.  Borden,  formerly  assistant  State  super- 
intendent of  public  Instruction,  has  been  appointed  assistant  dean  and  has 
entered  upon  his  duties. 

The  land  clearing  investigation  and  demonstration  work  has  been  put  in  charge 
of  John  Swenehart,  transferred  from  the  position  of  county  representative  of 
Forest  County.  O.  R.  Zeasman,  county  representative  of  Green  Lake  County, 
has  also  been  transferred  to  the  agricultural  engineering  department 


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I 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 

Editor:  B.  W.  ALLEN,  Ph.  D.,  Chief,  OtHce  of  Bmperiment  8tation$. 
Associate  Editor:  H.  L.  Knight. 

KDrrOBIAL  DEPASTlCSlf T8. 

A^ricoltnral  Chemistry  and  Agrotechny — Sybil  L.  Smitb. 
Meteorology.  Soils,  and  FertUizers  { W- H.^B^j^ 

Agricultural  Botany,  Bacteriology,  and  Plant  Pathology  l^"  g*  ^^*'  ^^  ^* 

Field  Crops — J.  D.  Luckett. 

Horticulture  and  Forestry — E.  J.  Glasson. 

Economic  Zoology  and  Entomology — ^W.  A.  Hookeb,  D.  Y.  M. 

(C.  F.  Lanowobtht,  Ph.  D.,  D.  Sc. 
Sybil  L.  Smith. 
Elizabeth  B.  Boweb. 

Animal  Husbandry,  Dairying,  and  Dairy  farming  | J' ^*  ^^^^ 

Veterinary  Medicine  {^^^  ^^^ 

Rural  Engineering— R.  W.  Tbxtllingeb.^ 

fE.  Mebbitt. 
M.  Lenobb  Fluvt. 
LoinsE  Mabbut. 

Agriculture  Education  }^iS?^  sp^habi,. 
Indezeft— Amelia  B.  Deans. 


CONTENTS  OF  VOL.  40,  No.  3. 


Recent  work  in  agricultural  science 201 

Notes 297 

SUBJECT  LIST  OF  ABSTRACTS. 

agbicitltubal  chemistbt — agbotechnt. 

Chemical  studies  on  physiology  and  pathology,  I,  Herzfeld  and  Klinger 201 

On  the  amino-acid  content  of  nutrient  media.  Hall  et  al 201 

The  inversion  of  cane  sugar  by  colloidal  silica,  Mary 201 

The  constitution  of  pectin  bodies,  von  Fellenberg 202 

Crystallography  and  optical  properties  of  three  aldopentoses,  Wherry 202 

On  constituents  of  oil  of  cassia,  II,  Dodge 202 

EKperlments  with  an  isomer  of  caffein,  Salant  and  Connet 202 

Simplification  of  the  technique  of  gasometrlc  determinations,  Kenaud —  202 

I        Accurate  method  for  measuring  density  of  gases,  Maass  and  Russell —  202 

!  ^  On  leave  of  absence  for  mlUtary  service. 

I  I 


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n  CONTENTS.  IVol.  40 

A  special  stopcock  for  dropping  liquids,  Fisher 2Q2 

The  quinone  phenolate  theory  of  Indicators,  Brlghtman  et  al 202 

A  modified  method  for  the  preparation  of  plcramic  add,  Egerer 203 

On  the  extraction  of  ammonia  from  soil,  Richmond 203 

The  detection  and  estimation  of  methyl  alcohol,  von  Fellenberg 204 

A  direct  method  for  the  determination  of  starch,  von  Fellenherg 2W . 

Apparatus  for  determination  of  water  in  foodis,  Schaffer  and  Qury 204 

Calculation  of  alkalinity  of  ash  In  food  materials,  von  Fellenberg 204 

Determination  of  purtn  bases  In  food  materials,  von  Fellenberg 205 

Hexabromld  and  lodln  numbers  of  salmon  oil,  Bailey  and  Johnson 205 

The  detection  of  eggs  In  pastes,  Schaffer  and  Gury 205 

The  determination  of  fat  In  cocoa,  Krels 206 

Methods  of  determining  true  sucrose  content  of  molasses,  van  der  Linden.  206 

A  new  method  for  the  determination  of  crude  fiber  in  meal,  Hoggenberg.  206 

Determination  of  urinary  carbon,  Bauzll 206 

Determination  of  total  carbon  in  various  biological  products,  Renaud 206 

Determining  uric  acid  and  tyrosln  in  sample,  Herzfeld  and  Klinger 207 

A  simple  apparatus  for  the  determination  of  urea  In  blood,  Peltrlsot 207 

Method  for  the  determination  of  fat  in  dried  feces.  Holt  et  al 207 

A  volumenometer,  Rogers  and  Frey 208 

Note  on  the  analysis  of  soda-sulphur  dips.  Hill 208 

The  refining  of  raw  sugars,  Leonls 208 

The  seeding  method  of  graining  sugar,  Zltkowskl 208 

Improvement  of  methods  of  gur  and  sugar  making,  Hulme  and  Sanghi 208 

The  "springing  "  of  tins  of  preserved  fruit,  L'Estrange  and  Grelg-Smlth..  208 

ICETBOBOLOGT. 

Frost  and  the  growing  season,  Reed 209 

The  measurement  of  atmospheric  pollution,  Owens 209 

[Observations  on  aerology] . 200 

Dally  river  stages  on  principal  rivers  of  United  States,  1917,  Henry 209 

Observations  at  Massachusetts  Station,  Ostrander  and  Berman 210 

Some  common  fallacies  about  Kansas  weather.  Flora 210 

Phenological  observations  in  British  Islands,  1917,  Clark  and  Adames 210 

The  weather  of  the  past  agricultural  year,  Brodle 211 

BOILS — ^FERTILIZESS. 

Interpretation  of  field  observations  on  molstness  of  subsoil.  Alway  et  al 211 

Influence  of  height  of  water  table  In  meadows,  Nystr5m  and  Osvald 211 

Absorption  and  coagulation  with  respect  to  colloids  of  soil,  de  Domlnlds-  212 

Soil  acidity  methods,  Stephenson 213 

The  decomposition  of  organic  matter  in  soils,  Merkle 213 

Protozoa  and  the  phenomena  of  reduction  in  soil,  von  Wolzogen  Klihr,  Jr.  214 

The  occurrence  of  Azotobacter  In  cranberry  soils,  Waksman 214 

The  occurrence  of  Bacterium  lactia  viacosum  in  soil,  Fellers 214 

Tests  of  commercial  cultures  for  legume  inoculation,  Noyes  and  Cromer..  215 

Examination  of  commercial  cultures  of  legume-infecting  bacteria.  Fellers.  215 

Soil  survey  of  Lowndes  County,  Ala.,  Schoenmann  and  Burke 216 

Soil  survey  of  Clay  County,  Iowa,  Smles  and  Benton 216 

Pottawattamie  County  soils,  Stevenson,  Brown  et  al 216 

Muscatine  County  soils,  Stevenson,  Brown,  and  Johnson 216 

Soil  survey  of  Anoka  County,  Minn.,  Smith,  Nesom,  and  Roth 217 

Soil  survey  of  Halifax  County,  N.  C,  Hardison  and  Brlnkley 217 

Soil  survey  of  Stanly  County,  N.  C,  Jumey  and  Perkins 217 

Soil  survey  of  Marion  County,  Ohio,  Morrison,  Gossard,  and  Slvasllan 217 

Fertilizer  trials,  Wentzville  experiment  field,  Miller  and  Duley 218 

Influence  of  ammonium  sulphate  on  barley,  Wolkofl 218 

Utilization  of  niter  cake  in  superphosphate  manufacture,   Shutt  and 

Wright 221 

Plants  tolerating  salt,  Fenzl 221 

Peat  in  1917.  Osbon 221 

Comwercial  fertlUzers,  Hlbbard 222 


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lti»]                                                   OONTENTB.  IH 

AGBICULTUSAL  BOTANY. 

Gatalase  and  oxidase  contents  of  seeds,  Crocker  and  Harrington 222 

StinmlatlTe  action  of  zinc  sulphate  on  Aspergillua  niger,  1,  Steinberg 222 

Tbe  nature  of  the  chondrlome  and  its  rOle  In  the  cell,  Dangeard 228 

Development  of  tube  in  microspore  of  Pinus  sylvestris,  Harvey 223 

Farther  results  in  desiccation  and  respiration  of  Echlnocactus,  Long 223 

Determination  of  acidity  In  plant  tissues,  Richards 223 

Dynamical  aspects  of  photosynthesis,  Osterhout  and  Haas 223 

Effects  of  rest  and  no  rest  periods  upon  growth  of  Solanum,  Gericke 223 

Regeneration  of  BryophyUum  cdlycmum^  Braun 224 

Bealthy  and  sick  specimens  of  BryophyUum  calycinum,  Loeb 224 

Chemical  basis  of  correlation,  I,  Loeb 224 

Tbe  law  controlling  the  quantity  and  rate  of  regeneration,  Loeb 224 

Studies  of  flower  number  per  head  in  Oichorium  intyhus.  Stout  and  Boas.  225 

Inheritance  studies  In  Plsum,  III.    Inheritance  of  height  in  peas.  White..  225 

Bearing  of  heterosis  upon  double  fertilization,  Jones 226 

Abnormalities  In  Nlcotiana,  Allard 226 

Sexuality  in  RhUsina  unduUiia,  ntaq>atrick 226 

Polyembryony  in  Quercu9  alba,  Harvey 226 

Mistletoe  [parasitic  on]  mistletoe.  Brown 226 

Ecology  of  northern  Michigan  dunes :   Crystal  Lake  Bar  region.  Waterman.  226 

FIELD   CHOPS. 

Experiments  in  field  technique  in  plat  tests.  Amy  and  Hayes 226 

Factors  affecting  the  depth  of  sowing  various  crops,  Harris  and  Maughan.  227 

A  drill  for  seeding  nursery  rows,  Hill 228 

IWork  with  field  crops  In  Canada] 228 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  in  Montserrat,  1916-17] 228 

[R68um6  of  field  crops  work  in  the  Philippines  during  1916],  Burton 228 

Fallow  and  green  manuring  experiments  on  sandy  soil  at  Askov,  Hansen.  229 

Moorculture  Association's  field  experiments  in  1917,  von  Feilitzen 229 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  in  Nigeria,  1916] 230 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  In  Rhodesia],  Nobbs 230 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  in  Queensland,  1916-17] 230 

[Rqx>rt  of  field  crops  work  in  Punjab],  Roberts*  Fateh-ud-din,  and  Singh.  230 

[R^rt  of  field  crops  work  In  United  Provinces,  Prasad  and  Sharma 230 

[R^rt  of  field  crops  work  In  Fiji,  1916],  Knowles 231 

Fodder  crops  on  reclaimed  swamp  lands,  Spafford 231 

The  fbdder  pulses,  meth,  bhrlngl,  and  mashyem  kalal,  Ghosh 231 

The  principal  forage  crops  of  the  Philippines,  Kingman  and  Doryland..  231 

Important  root  crops  of  the  Philippines,  Kingman  and  Doryland 231 

Indian  trade  In  oil  seeds . 231 

Glover  and  timothy  at  different  rates  of  seeding,  Rhodin 231 

Eq[»rlments  with  strains  of  clover  and  grass,  III,  1914-1917,  Lindhard..  232 

Methods  In  cereal  investigations  at  Cornell  Station,  Love  and  Craig 232 

Small  grain  Investigations,  Love  and  Craig 233 

Growth  of  wheat  (Trltlcum)  and  com  (Zea),  MacDougal 233 

Red  Roc*  wheat  and  Rosen  rye,  Spragg 233 

Milling  and  baking  tests  of  elnkom,  emmer,  spelt,  etc.,  Le  Clerc  et  al 234 

Preliminary  notes  on  barleys  indigenous  to  Argentina,  Hauman 234 

Rastening  germination  of  Bermuda  grass  seed  by  sulphuric  acid,  Bryan..  234 

The  castor-oil  plant,  Dubard  and  Eberhardt 284 

Tbe  castor-oil  plant  In  northern  Africa,  Couston 234 

Origin  of  the  "  Moro  "  com.  Wester 234 

Sdentific  research  and  the  cotton  industry,  Berthey 234 

Ootton  experiments,  1917,  Brown  and  Ames 234 

Environment  and  varietal  differences  infiuencing  cotton  fruiting,  Ewlug.  235 

The  dme  at  which  cotton  uses  the  most  moisture,  McClelland 236 

A  plant  Industry  based  upon  mutation,  Kearney 237 

Cotton  variety  tests,  Lewis  and  McLendon 237 

Meade  cotton.  Cook 237 

A  simple  method  of  selecting  heavy  seed  in  cotton,  Kottur 237 

Oil  content  of  cotton  seed  as  Infiuenced  by  variety  and  selection,  Rast..  238 

Ootton  production  and  distribution,  season  of  1916-17 238 


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rV  CONTENTS.  IVrt.  40 

Cotton  production  and  distribution,  season  of  1917-18 238 

South  African  fiber  plants. — I.  Ambari  or  Deccan  hemp,  B^rans 238 

The  cultivation  of  jute  in  Pumea,  Chaudhuri 238 

Tests  with  lupines  on  sandy  soil  at  Askov,  1894-1903,  Bjerre 238 

The  identification  of  varieties  of  oats  in  New  York,  Montgomery' 238 

Color  and  other  characters  in  Avena  crosses.  Love  and  Craig 239 

[Fertilizer  experiments  with  oats],  Paterson 239 

Paspalum  In  New  Zealand,  Cockayne 238 

Culture  and  fertilization  as  affecting  oil  content  of  peanuts,  Silayan 239 

Composition  of  potato  plant  at  various  stages,  Ramsay  and  Robertson 240 

Analysis  of  a  potato  hybrid,  Solanum  fendleriXS.  iuhero9um,  MacDougal-  241 

Raffia  or  bass:  Its  production,  preparation,  and  utilization 241 

Rice  In  Indo-Chlna,  Capus ' 241 

How  sorghum  crosses  are  made,  Nafzlger 241 

Studies  In  Inheritance  in  sugar  cane,  Cowglll 241 

Cross-pollination  of  sugar  cane,  Cowgill 2il 

[Fertilizer  experiments  with  cane  in  British  Guiana],  Harrison  et  al 241 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  In  British  Guiana,  1916],  Harrison 242 

A  new  forage  plant,  Linfield 242 

A  prospective  new  forage  plant  for  the  Northwest,  Linfield 242 

Sunfiower  stems  from  Rhodesia 242 

Sweet  clover  on  com  belt  farms,  I>rake  and  Rundles 242 

Tobacco  seed  beds,  Taylor 242 

Crop-rotation  systems  for  sections  with  tobacco  wilt.  Moss  and  Wolf 243 

Tobacco  growing  in  Cyprus,  Bevan 243 

[The  cultivation  of  ulla  grass],  Hole 243 

Sowing  hairy  vetch  with  fall  crops  at  different  rates,  Rhodin 213 

Mechanical  factors  determining  shape  of  wheat  kernel,  Boshnaklan 244 

Effect  of  sodium  nitrate  on  wheat,  II,  Davidson  and  LeClerc 244 

The  wheat  problem,  Crookes — : 244 

Yautia  and  gabl  tests,  Abadllla 244 

Plant  breeding  and  controlled  seed  farms 245 

Seed  Reporter 243 

HOBTICULTUBB. 

Home  gardening  in  South  Carolina,  Newman 245 

Gardening  for  women,  de  Bleyne 245 

How  some  common  diseases  and  insect  pests  pass  the  winter,  Frank 245 

Home  storage  of  vegetables.  Cooper 245 

Fruit  growing  in  the  Province  of  Gelderland,  van  der  Veen 245 

Dusting  fruit  trees  for  insects  and  disease,  Blair 243 

Cutlnizatlon  of  apple  skins  in  relation  to  keeping.  Perry  and  Martin 246 

Grape  culture,  Marshall 246 

Agricultural  explorations  in  Mexico,  Popenoe 246 

The  etrog  or  cedrat  of  the  Hebrews,  Colt 246 

Furrow-manure  method  of  feeding  orange  trees,  Shamel 246 

Notes  on  a  navel  variety  of  the  Satsuma  orange,  Mackle 246 

Tangelos,  Swingle  and  Robinson , 247 

Questions  on  frozen  citrus  fruits  and  trees,  Webber  and  Milllken 247 

Coconut  cultivation  and  plantation  machinery,  Coghlan  and  Hlnchley 247 

Medicinal  herbs,  Chappell 247 

How  to  propagate  bedding  plants  by  cuttings,  Sheward 247 

The  ideal  farm  greenhouse,  Jensen 247 

Beautifying  the  home  grounds,  Jensen 247 

A  plan  for  the  development  of  the  village  of  Grand  Canyon,  Ariz.,  Waugh.  248 

FOBESTBT. 

Notes  on  North  American  trees. — II,  Carya,  Sargent 248 

Notes  on  North  American  trees. — III,  TlUa,  I-II,  Sargent 248 

Tree  distribution  under  the  Klnkaid  Act,  1911 248 

Landscape  engineering  In  the  National  Forests,  Waugh 24S 

Forest  fires  in  North  Carolina  during  1915,  1916,  and  1917,  Holmes 248 

Scientific  forestry  for  Latin  America,  Moore 248 


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in9i                                     coKTEiirrs.  v 

Pas*. 

Some  problems  of  re-afforestation,  Somerrllle 248 

Hie  forestry  maseum  at  Kew,  Dalllmore... 248 

Ibe  forests  of  Alsace  Lorraine,  Huffel 248 

Pi^Hiratlon  of  turpentine,  rosin,  and  gum,  Pearson  and  Puran  Singh —  248 

DISEASES  OF  PLANTS. 

Botany  and  plant  diseases,  Whetzel 248 

Some  mellollcolous  parasites  and  commensals  from  Porto  Rico,  Stevens —  249 

[Plant  enemies  and  diseases  In  Switzerland],  MttUer-Thurgau  et  al 248 

[Java  plant  diseases],  Roepke 249 

life  history  studies  In  Sderotinla,  Seaver  and  Home 249 

A  new  Plasmodlophoraceee,  Ligni^<t  isoetiSf  Palm 248 

Plasticity  of  biologic  forms  of  Puccinia  graminis,  Stakman  et  al 249 

Angnlar  leaf  spot  of  cucumber :  Dissemination  and  control,  Carsner 250 

AnthracDose  of  cucurbits,  Gardner 230 

The  effects  of  potato  leaf  roll  on  product,  Wennlnk 251 

A  carrier  of  the  mosaic  disease,  Nlshlmura 251 

Latest  Information  on  fruit  diseases  and  their  control,  Whetzel 251 

Tests  of  lime-sulphur  for  the  control  of  apple  mildew,  usterwalder 251 

Bacterial  and  fungus  diseases  of  the  pear,  Weldon 251 

Pear  blight  epidemic  In  mountain  countries,  Weldon 252 

Studies  on  grape  downy  mildew,  Ravaz 252 

Spoilage  of  cranberries  after  picking,  Shear 232 

Cacao  diseases,  d'Utra 252 

[Diseases  of  coffee],  Wurth ^-.  232 

Sderotlum  disease  of  Liberia  coffee  In  Surinam,  Stahel 252 

Diaease  control  and  forest  management,  MlUen 252 

Erperlmental  investigations  on  the  genus  Razoumofskya,  Weir 238 

Injury  to  evergreens,  Nash 253 

Resistance  of  oaks  to  Oldlum,  Montemartinl 253 

[Diseases  affecting  rubber  production],  Wurth 253 

Method  for  fungicidal  coefficient  of  lime-sulphur,  Toung  and  Ck)oper 253 

ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ^BNTOMOLOOT. 

Subspecies  Intergradatlon  in  vertebrate  zoology,  Oberholser 254 

Helping  to  stabilize  nomenclature,  Rohwer 254 

Tbe  control  of  destructive  animals,  SchoU  and  Neil! 254 

A  revision  of  the  MicrotU9  califomicus  group  of  meadow  mice,  Kellogg—  254 

Onr  winter  birds. — How  to  know  and  how  to  attract  them,  Chapman 234 

The  migration  of  North  American  birds,  IV-VI,  Oberholser 254 

Some  useful  birds  found  in  Minnesota,  Washburn 254 

Pheasants  and  agriculture,  Bvershed 254 

Woodpeckers  and  cacao,  Ritchie  et  al 254 

Diagnosis  of  a  new  genus  of  Anatlds  from  South  America,  Oberholser—  234 

The  subq)ecies  of  LariM  hypcrhoreua,  Oberholser 251 

Food  habits  of  the  mallard  ducks  of  the  United  States,  McAtee 234 

Hawks  of  Canadian  Prairie  Provinces  in  relation  to  agriculture,  Tavemer.  255 

Cause  of  the  "  fishy  "  flavor  of  the  flesh  of  wild  ducks,  McAtee 255 

Injurious  insects  and  useful  birds,  Washburn 255 

Damage  by  vermin  and  birds  in  Norfolk  and  Oxfordshire,  Qunthcr 255 

Tbe  wonders  of  instinct,  Fabre,  trans,  by  Telxelra  de  Mattos  and  MialU.  255 

The  polyhedral  virus  of  insects,  Glaser 2:^5 

The  extrusion  of  polar  filaments  of  cnidosporidian  spores,  Kudo 255 

Effect  of  hydrocyanic  acid  on  subterranean  larvae,  Sasscer  and  Sanford.-  256 

The  control  of  insect  pests  of  cotton,  King 256 

Garden  and  small  fruit  insects.  Buggies  and  Graham -. 256 

The  insect  enemies  of  fruit  trees,  Lesne 256 

Papers  on  deciduous-fruit  insects 256 

Combating  insect  enemies  of  the  vine  by  cultural  methods,  Capus 250 

Kotes  on  insect  pests  of  green  manures  and  shade  trees,  Andrews 259 

Some  insects  injuring  nut  trees,  Brltton , 250 

List  of  pecan  insects,  Gossard 250 

[Insect  enemies  of  the  coconut  In  the  Philippines],  Wester 258 


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VI  CONTENTS.  lVol4 


Insect  pests  of  tea  In  Northeast  India  during  the  season  1916. 
Forest  insect  conditions  in  India,  Beeson. 


Insects  in  relation  to  problems  of  storage  of  food  in  Hawaii,  Bridwell-. 
Insects  and  disease,  Win  slow  and  Lutz- 


Tentli  report  of  Quebec  Society  for  the  Protection  of  Plants.  1917-18- 

Annual  report  of  the  entomologist,  Ritchie 

[Prevalence  of  insect  pests  in  the  West  Indies  during  1017],  Hutsom.. 

Injurious  insects  in  Ireland  during  1914  and  1915,  Carpenter 

Economic  zoology- 


Notes  on  entomology  in  the  Federated  Malay  States  during  1917,  Richards. 

(Economic  insects  in  the  Straits  Settlements] 

Note  on  hibernation  of  Kinoatemon  pennsylvanioum,  Wetmore  and  Harper- 
Termite  injury  to  sweet  potatoes,  Berger 

Zorotypus  hubbardi,  a  new  species  of  Zoraptera,  Caudell 

Fauna  of  New  England. — ^XIV,  Hemlptera-Heteroptera,  Parshley 

The  rape  bug  (Meligethes  aenetts  [brassicop]),  Kemner 

The  meadow  plant  bug,  Miris  dolabratua,  Osbom 

Cotton  stalner  control  in  St.  Vincent,  Ballon 

[Leptocorisa  varicomis,  a  coreld  injurious  to  rice  in  Assam],  McSwiney— 

The  apple  leaf  Jassid  {Empoasca  oMatralU),  Froggatt 

Notes  on  Nova  Scotian  eupteryid  leaf-hoppers,  McAtee 


A  note  on  the  recent  froghopper  outbreak,  Bodkin- 
Notes  on  the  entomology  of  Hawaiian  Euphorbia,  Bridwell 

The  pear  psylla,  Ross 

Jumping  plant  lice  (family  PsylUdie)  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  CrawfonL 

The  California  species  of  mealy  bugs,  Ferris 

Contributions  to  the  knowledge  of  the  family  Chermesidfie,  I,  Steven 

Phylloxera 

Some  Japanese  Aphidldce,  Essig  and  Kuwana 

Our  birch  Symydobius  distinct  from  the  European,  Baker. 


Transmission  of  Plasmodium  falciparum  by  Egyptian  Anopheles,  Bahr 

Peculiar  habit  of  Tabanua  am^ericanua  in  Florida  Everglades,  Snyder 

A  study  of  the  nuche,  Corradine 

The  Australian  sheep  fly  in  Hawaii,  Illingworth 

Key  to  separate  Hawaiian  Sarcophaga,  Timberlake 

Two  new  Hydrotseas,  Aldrich 


Kelp  flies  of  North  America,  Aldrich 

New  and  little-lmown  Canadian  OsclnidflB,  Aldrich 

Key  to  North  American  species  of  Agromyza  related  to  Simplex,  Malloch- 

Partlal  key  to  the  genus  Agromyza,  IV,  Malloch .. 

Color  variation  in  pupse  of  Terias  nicippe,  Alnslie 

The  fall  army  worm,  Sherman  and  Lei  by 

The  pink  boUworm  at  Tbkar,  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan,  King 

Physiological  and  parasitological  studies  of  Lepidoptera,  Gautier 

The  fruit- tree  leaf  roller  {Tortrix  argyrospila) ^  Caesar 

Ecological  notes  on  the  spring  cankerworm  {Paleacrita  vemata).  Young— 

A  note  on  the  tortricld  genitalia,  Heinrich 

Bee  culture  in  Maine,  Griffin 

Report  of  Beekeepers*  Association  of  Ontario,  1917 

The  Nlcolson  observatory  beehive  and  how  to  use  it,  Anderson 

Selection  and  management  of  hives,  Lemaire 

The  management  of  the  apiary,  Lemaire 

Practical  queen  rearing,  Pellett 

Pollination  of  alfalfa  by  bees  of  the  genus  Megachile,  Sladen 

A  revision  of  the  belnbicine  wasps  of  America,  north  of  Mexico,  Parker- 
Early  establishment  of  Blastophaga  in  California,  Rixford 

Perezia  legeri  n.  sp.,  a  new  parasite  of  Pieris  braasicos,  Paillot 

Parasites  of  4eaf-hoppers,  with  special  reference  to  Anteoninse,  Fenton— 
Immigrant  parasitic  Hymenoptera  of  Hawaiian  Islands,  Timberlake—. 

A  new  genus  of  pteroptrlcine  Aphelinlnffi,  Fullaway 

Idiogastra,  a  new  suborder  of  Hymenoptera,  Rohwer  and  Cushman 

Feeding  habits  of  the  parasites  of  hardbadc  grubs,  Bailou 

Segregation  of  the  germ  cells  in  Trichogramma  evanescena,  Gatenby 

Polyembryony  in  parasitic  Hymenoptera. — ^A  review,  Gatenby 

The  raspberry  and  loganberry  beetle  {Byturua  tamentoaua).  Lees 


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ltW9]                                                   CONTENTS.  Vn 

Pag«. 

The  New  Zealand  flax  grub. — ^Progress  of  the  Investigation,  Miller 265 

Two  new  hydrophilid  beetles,  Schwarz  and  Barber • 265 

A  review  of  the  genus  Buprestis  in  North  America,  Nlcolay  and  Weiss —  266 

The  leather  beetle  {DermesiM  vulpinua),  Illlngworth 26C 

Notes  on  Bruchide  and  their  parasites  in  Hawaiian  Islands,  Bridwell.-  266 

Distribntlon  of  Xyleboni$  fwmicatua  (shot-hole  borer  of  tea),  Speyer..  266 

The  banana  borer 266 

Notes  on  insects  of  the  order  Strepsiptera,  Pierce 266 

The  comparative  morphology  of  the  order  Strepsiptera,  Pierce 266 

Farther  experiments  on  big  bud  mite,  Lees 266 

The  chicken  tick,  Reils 267 

North  American  earthworms  of  the  family  Lumbricidse,  Smith 267 

Observations  on  reproduction  in  nematodes,  Welch  and  Wehrle 267 

FOODS — HUMAN  NUTRITION. 

Digestion  of  aleurone  cells  Incorporated  in  bread,  Lapicque  and  Liacre.  267 

Improvement  of  war  bread,  Lapicque  and  Legendre 267 

How  to  make  sweet  potato  flour,  starch,  etc..  Carver 267 

Feeding  experiments  with  raw  and  boiled  carrots,  Denton  and  Kohman—  267 

Raw,  sterilized,  and  decorticated  corn,  Weill  and  Mouriquand 268 

Report  upon  the  food  value  of  the  groundnut,  Wallls 268 

Dig^bUity  of  maize  oil,  cottonseed  oil,  and  lard,  Rockwood  and  Sivickes-  268 

Utilization  of  blackberrkfc,  Truelle 268 

Some  preparations  of  coTee  proposed  for  the  Army,  Balland 268 

Investigations  in  regard  to  the  reaction  of  human  milk,  Szili 268 

The  utilization  of  horse  serum  in  human  nutrition.  Lindet 269 

The  energy  content  of  extra  foods,  O.  G.  and  P.  G.  Benedict 269 

General  index  numbers  of  food  prices  on  a  nutritive  value  base.  Pearl —  269 

Commercial  stocks  of  grain,  flour,  and  miscellaneous  food  products 269 

Physiological  eflfects  of  prolonged  reduction  in  diet  on  25  men,  Benedict..  269 

Some  aspects  of  infant  feeding,  Drummond 269 

Gastric  response  to  foods. — ^Intragastric  conductance,  Bergeim 269 

Contributions  to  the  physiology  of  the  stomach,  XLV,  Carlson 270 

Contributions  to  physiology  of  stomach,  L.  Glnsburg  and  Tumpowsky..  270 

Food  ingestion  and  energy  transformations,  Benedict  and  Carpenter 270 

The  presence  of  food  accessories  in  urine,  bile,  and  saliva,  Muckenfuss 271 

The  water-soluble  accessory  growth-promoting  substance,  II,  Drummond-  271 

Antlneurltic  properties  of  o-hydroxypyridin  and  adenin.  Harden  and  Zilva.  271 

Behavoir  of  antlneurltic  and  antiscorbutic  factors,  Harden  and  Zilva 272 

Susceptibility  of  antiscorbutic  principle  to  alkalinity.  Harden  and  Zilva..  272 

The  antiscorbutic  value  of  cow's  milk,  Chick  et  al 272 

Studies  of  exp€flrlmental  scurvy.  III,  Pltz 272 

Observations  on  three  cases  of  scurvy,  Stefansson 273 

Experimental  chronic  beri-beri  syndrome,  Weill  and  Mouriquand 273 

Phenol  excretion  of  guinea  pigs  on  an  exclusive  oat  diet,  Karr  and  Lewis.  273 

Occurrence  of  creatin  and  creatinin  in  the  young,  Pelgl 274 

Influence  of  lodln  and  sodium  iodid  on  circulation,  Salant  and  Livingston.  274 

Changes  in  hydrogen-ion  concentration  of  muscle  during  work,  Goldberger.  274 

▲NIVAL  PRODUCTION. 

Genetics  and  eugenics.  Castle 274 

Inheritance  of  stature,  Davenport 275 

Ydlow  coat  color  and  black-eyed  white  spotting  in  inheritance.  Little 275 

Inheritance  of  number  of  feathers  of  the  fantail  pigeon,  Morgan 275 

A  note  on  the  Inheritance  of  color  in  one  breed  of  pigeons,  Nuttall 275 

Observations  on  the  skull  of  Japanese  cattle,  Iguchi 276 

Studies  on  chromosomes  of  fowl  as  seen  in  testes  and  in  embryos,  Guyer.  276 

live  stock  production  for  1919 276 

Certain  desert  plants  as  emergency  stock  feed,  Wooton 276 

Range  cow  maintenance  on  Yucca  and  sotol,  Foster  and  Humble 277 

A  chest  contour  caliper  and  its  adaptability  for  measuring  sheep,  Ritzman.  277 

A  method  of  feeding  orphan  Iambs,  Carroll 278 

A  preUmlnary  report  on  feeds  for  fattening  pigs*  Malone 278 


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Vm  CONTENTS.  tVoL  40 

PMn 

Feeding  swine  during  fall  and  winter,  Robiaon 278 

Peanut  and  velvet  bean  meal  for  swine,  Dvoracbek  and  Sandbouse 279 

Garbage  feeding  and  tbe  care  of  garbage  fed  swine,  Bircb 279 

Making  artificial  daylight  for  poultry,  Shoup 280 

Business  methods  in  poultry  keeping,  Aubry 280 

The  Flemish  system  of  poultry  rearing,  Jasper 280 

American  squab  culture,  Bggleston 280 

DAntT  FAXMINO — DAIBTING. 

The  production,  distribution,  and  food  value  of  milk 280 

Milk  production  costs  and  milk  prices.  Green,  Wood,  and  Ragsdale 281 

Determining  cost  of  milk  production,  Pearson 282 

The  milk  supply  of  Dublin,  Houston 283 

The  book  of  butter,  Guthrie 283 

The  book  of  cheese,  Thorn  and  Fisk 283 

Ck)ndensed  milk  and  milk  powder,  Hunziker 288 

VXTEBUVAXT   MEDICINE. 

Some  remarks  on  foot-and-mouth  and  other  diseases.  Berry 288 

Bacteria  of  infectious  diseases  of  man  and  animals,  Jones 284 

[Report  of]  health  of  animals  branch,  Crerar 284 

Annual  report  of  veterinary  department  in  Baluchistan^  1917-18,  Hajl..  284 

Annual  report  of  veterinary  department.  United  Proving,  1918,  Oliver..  284 

New  and  nonofficial  remedies,  1918 284 

Revised  supplement  to  new  and  nonofficial  remedies,  1918 284 

Relative  irritant  properties  of  chlorin  antiseptics,  CuUen  and  Taylor 284 

Dakin's  solution  and  oil  in  normal  peritoneal  cavity  of  dog,  Grey 284 

A  study  of  pyotherapy  in  various  suppurations,  Ghanier 285 

Sterilization  by  crystal  violet,  and  brilliant  green,  Bonney  and  Browning.  285 

Protective  action  of  diet  against  tartrate  nephritis,  Salant  and  Swanson.  285 

Influence  of  diet  on  the  toxicity  of  sodium  tartrate,  Salant  and  Swanson..  285 

Complement  fixation  with  protein  substances,  Kahn  and  McNeil 286 

Note  on  relation  between  proteolysins  and  hemolysins,  McNeil  and  Kahn.  286 

The  immunizing  properties  of  bacterial  vaccines.  Perry  and  Kolmer 286 

The  bactericidal  action  of  whole  blood.  Heist  and  Solis-Oohen 286 

Sodium  chlorid  in  the  serum  of  sick  horses,  Augustin 287 

The  influence  of  arsphenamin  and  mercuric  chlorid,  Toyama  and  Kolmer.  287 

On  the  concentration  of  antitoxic  sera.  Homer 287 

Further  observations  on  the  properties  of  antitoxic  sera,  Homer 288 

On  the  concentration  of  antitoxic  sera,  Homer 288 

The  absorption  or  saturation  test  of  Gastellani :  Its  applications,  Taylor 288 

A  preliminary  report  on  the  intrapalpebral  mallein  test.  Price 288 

Observations  on  epizootic  lymphangitis,  Oapmau 289 

Antiparatyphoid  B  vaccination,  Besredka  and  Basseches 288 

A  study  of  the  agglutination  and  complement  fixation  tests.  Combes 289 

Contagious  abortion  questions  answered,  Hadley 290 

Contagious  abortion  in  cattle,  Theiler 290 

Cattle  scab  and  methods  of  control  and  eradication,  Imes 290 

Coccidia  in  the  intestines,  red  dysentery  of  cattle,  Galll-Valerio 290 

Bxperimaits  on  immunizing  against  hog  cholera,  Lewis  and  McEIlroy 290 

BtTBAL   ENOINEEBINQ. 

Surface  water  supply  of  the  United  States,  1915,  IX,  X,  XII  B,  XII 290 

Surface  water  supply  of  the  United  States,  1916,  II,  III,  V 291 

Surface  water  supply  of  Hawaii,  July  1, 1916,  to  June  80,  1917 291 

Artesian  waters  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Black  Hills,  S.  Dak.,  Darton 291 

Drainage  methods  and  foundations  for  county  roads,  James  et  al 291 

Practical  hints  on  running  a  gas  engine,  Yerkes 291 

Small  sawmills:  Their  equipment,  construction,  and  operation,  Seerey 291 

Housing  farm'  poultry,  Philips 282 


Digitized  by 


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1919)                                                   COKTBKTS.  tl 

KURAL    ECONOMICS. 

Pact. 

Country  life  and  rural  problems,  Reely— .- 292 

The  cost  of  crop  production  In  Ohio,  Thome 2d2 

Producing  family  and  farm  supplies  on  the  cotton  farm,  Goodrich 292 

Relation  of  the  Government  to  the  marketing  problem,  Galloway 298 

Economics  of  future  trading  in  agricultural  commodities,  Emery 293 

Uniform  grades  and  standard  packages,  More 293 

Municipal  terminal  markets,  Miller 293 

Monthly  Crop  Report 293 

Farmers*  market  bulletin.  Camp 294 

Price  Current-Grain  Reporter  Yearbook,  1918,  Osman 294 

[Agricultural  statistics  of  Sweden] 294 

▲GBICULTUKAL   EDUCATION. 

Have  the  coll^^es  fulfilled  their  obligation  in  the  emergency?  Hurd 294 

AdTisability  of  collegiate  courses  on  marketing  and  distribution,  Carver..  294 

The  institute  of  tropical  agriculture  of  the  Pacific  coast,  Webber 294 

The  public  school  system  of  San  Francisco,  Cal 294 

Annual  report  of  Atlantic  County  vocational  schools,  New  Jersey 295 

Directors  of  agriculture :  Regulations  governing  appointment  and  duties.  295 

The  home  project  as  a  phase  of  vocational  agricultural  education,  Heald.  295 

Farm  science,  Spillman 295 

Home  projects  in  horticulture  and  field  crops,  Whltcher 296 

The  book  of  the  school  garden,  Lawrence 290 

The  home  and  the  fkmily,  Helen  Kinne  and  Anna  M.  Cooley 296 

1CI8CELLANB0U8. 

Monthly  Bulletin  of  the  Ohio  Experiment  Station 296 

Monthly  Bulletin  of  the  Western  Washington  Substation 296 


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LIST  OF  EXPERIMENT  STATION  AND  DEPARTMENT 
PUBLICATIONS  REVIEWED. 


stations  in  the  United  States, 

Pace. 
Alabama  Tuskeisree  Station : 

Bui.  87,  1918 267 

Arkansas  Station: 

Circ.  45,  Oct,  1918 279 

arc.  46,  Oct.,  1918 245 

Oallfornia  Station: 

Bui.  300.  Nov.,  1918 222 

Indiana  Station: 

Olrc.  84.  Oct,  1918 292 

Iowa  Station: 

Sou    Survey    Rpt    2,    Jan., 
1918 216 

Soil    Survey   Rpt    3,   Apr., 

1918 216 

Massachusetts  Station : 

Met    Buls.    859-360,    Nov.- 

Dec.,  1918 210 

Mississippi  Station: 

Bui.  184,  Feb.,  1918 234 

Tech,  Bui.  8,  June,  1918 235 

Missouri  Station: 

Bui.  156,  July,  1918 281 

Bui.  157,  July,  1918 218 

New  Hampshire  Station: 

Scl.    Contrib.    11 277 

New  Jersey  Stations: 

Hints   to    Poultry  men,    vol. 

7,  No.  2,  Nov.,  1918 280 

New  Mexico  Station : 

Bui.  114,  July,  1918 277 

North  Carolina  Station: 

Farmers'  Market  Bui.,  vol. 

5,  No.  25,  Nov.  7,  1918 294 

Ohio  Station: 

Mo.  Bui.,  vol.  3,  No.  11,  Nov., 

1918 278, 292, 296 

Oklahoma  Station: 

Bui.  119,  July,  1918 290 

Bui.  120,  Oct,  1918 278 

Utah  Station: 

BuL  164,  Sept..  1918 227 

Circ.  33.  Sept..  1918 278 

Washington  Station: 

West.  Wash.  Sta.  Mo.  Bui., 

voL  6,  No.  8,  Nov.,  1918—      245, 
280,296 
Wisconsin  Station: 

Bui.  296,  Sept,  1918 290 

X 


U,  S.  Department  of  Agrioulture. 


BuL  718,  Small  SawmlllB:  Their 
Equipment  Gonstructlon,  ana 
Operaaon,  D.  F.  Seerey 

Bui.  720,  Food  Habits  of  the 
Mallard  Dncka  of  the  United 
States,  W.  L.  McAtee 

Bui.  724,  Drainage  Methods  and 
Foundations  for  County 
Roads,  B.  W.  James,  Y.  M. 
Peirce,  and  a  H.  Moorefield.. 

BuL  727,  Anthracnose  of  Cucur- 
bits, M.  W.  Gardner 

BuL  728,  Certain  Desert  Plants 
as  Emergency  Stock  Feed,  E. 
O.   Wooton 

BuL  730,  Papers  on  Deciduous- 
Fruit  Insects:  I,  The  Grape 
Curcullo  and  II,  The  Grape 
Root  Borer,  F.  E.  Brooks; 
III,  Experiments  in  the  Con- 
trol of  the  Root  Form  of  the 
Woolly  Apple  Aphis,  B.  R. 
Leach 

Farmers'  BuL  1005,  Sweet 
Clover  on  Com  Belt  Farms, 
J.  A.  Drake  and  J.  C.  Rundles. 

Farmers*  Bui.  1013,  Practical 
Hints  on  Running  a  Gas  En- 
gine, A.  P.  Yerkes 

Farmers'  Bui.  1015,  Producing 
Family  and  Farm  Supplies  on 
the  Cotton  Farm,  C.  L.  Good- 
rich  

Farmers'  BuL  1017,  Cattle  Scab 
and  Methods  of  Control  and 
Eradication,    M.    Imes 

Office  of  the  Secretary : 

Circ.  128,  Food  Needs  for 
1919:  Live  Stock  Produc- 
tion for  1919 

Bureau  of  Crop  Estimates: 

Mo.  Crop  Rpt,  vol.  4,  No. 
11,  Nov.,  1918 

Forest  Service : 

A  Plan  for  the  Development 
of  the  Village  of  Grand 
Canyon,  Ariz.,  F.  A, 
Waugh 


291 
254 

291 
250 

276 


256 
242 
291 

292 
290 

276 
293 

248 


Digitized  by 


Google 


1919] 


UST  OP  PUBUCATIONB. 


XI 


U.  8.  Dept.  of  Agricvlture--Cont± 

U.  8.  Dept  of  ilprtct/»Mre— Oontd. 

Forest  Service— Continued. 

Page. 

Scientific  Contributions— Oontd. 

Pag«. 

Landscape    Engineering    in 

The  Determination   of  the 

the  National  Forests,  F.  A. 

Hexabromid     and     lodln 

Wangb 

248 

Numbora  of  Slfilmnn  Oil  a<i 

Tree  Distribution  under  the 

a    Means    of    Identifying 

Klnkald  Act,  1911 

248 

the  Species  of  Canned  Sal- 

Bnreau of  Markets : 

mon,  H.  S.  Bailey  and  J. 

Pood  Surveys,  vol.  2,  No.  14. 

M.  Johnson 

206 

Nov.   25,  1918 

269 

A    Volumenometer,     J.     S. 

Seed   Rptr.,   voL   2,   No.   4, 

Rogers  and  R.  W.  Frey— 

208 

Oct  5,  1918 

245 

Catalase  and  Oxidase  Con- 

Bureau of  Plant  Industry : 

tent  of  Seeds  in  Relation 

Tangelos:  What  They  Are. 

to  Their  Dormancy,  Age, 

The  Value  in  Florida  of 

Vitality,  and  Respiration, 

the  Sampson  and  Thorn- 

W.   Crocker    and    G.    T. 

ton     Tangelos,     W.      T. 

Harrington 

222 

Swingle  and  T.  R.  Robin- 

Abnormalities in  Nlcotiana, 

son  -    

247 

H.  A.  Allard 

226 

Bureau  of  Soils: 

A  Drill  for  Seeding  Nursery 

Field  Operations,  1916— 

Rows,  C.  B.  Hill 

228 

Soil  Survey  of  Lowndes 

Methods  Used  and  Results 

County,    Ala.,    L.    R. 

Obtained  in  Cereal  Inves- 

Schoenmann and  R.  T. 

tigations    at    the    Cornell 

A,  Burke 

216 

Station,  H.  H.  Love  and 

Soil    Survey    of    Clay 

W.  T.  Craig 

232 

County,  Iowa,  B.  H. 

Small  Grain  Investigations. 

Smies  and  T.  H.  Ben- 

H.  H.   Love   and   W.   T. 

ton  -- 

216 

Craig 

233 

Boil    Survey   of   Anoka 

Milling  and  Baking  Tests  of 

County,  Minn.,  W.  G. 

Elnkom,    Emmer,    Spelt, 

Smith,  O.  H.  Nesom, 

and  Polish  Wheat,  J.  A. 

and  E.  G.  Roth 

217 

LeClerc,  L.  H.  Bailey,  and 

Soil  Survey  of  Halifax 

Hannah  L.  Wessling 

284 

County,  N.  C,  R.  B. 

A    Plant    Industry    Based 

Hardison   and   L.   L. 

upon     Mutation,     T.     H. 

Brinkley 

217 

Kearney 

237 

Soil  Survey  of  Stanly 

Meade  Cotton,  O.  F.  Cook— 

238 

County,  N.  a,  R.  a 

The  Relation  between  Color 

Jumey  and  S.  0.  Per- 

and Other  Characters  in 

kins  

217 

Certain  Avena  Crosses,  H. 

Soil  Survey  of  Marion 

H.  Ix)ve  and  W.  T.  Craig- 

239 

County,   Ohio.   T.   M. 

The  EfTect   of   Sodium  Ni- 

Morrison, O.  Gossard, 

trate  Applied  at  Different 

and  G.  K.  Sivasllan. 

217 

Stages     of     Growth     on 

Ofllce  of  Farm  Management: 

Yield,    Composition,    and 

Atlas  of  American  Agricul- 

Quality of  Wheat,  II,  J. 

ture:      II,      Cllmate.--I, 

Davidson   and  J.   A.   Le- 

Frost   and    the    Growing 

Clerc  

244 

Season,  W.  G.  Reed 

209 

Agricultural      Explorations 

Weather  Bureau : 

in  Mexico,  W,  Popenoe— 

246 

Dally  River  Stages,  vol.  15, 

Furrow-manure   Method   of 

1917 

209 

Feeding  Orange  Trees,  A. 

Mo.  Weather  Rev.,  Sup.  IS, 

D.  Shamel z^ 

246 

Nov.  12.  1918 

209 

Plasticity  of  Biologic  Forms 

Sdentific  Contributions  '^ 

of  Puccinia  grnminis,  E. 

Crystallography  and  Optical 

C.  Stakman.  F.  J.  Piemei- 

Properties  of  Three  Aldo- 

sel,  and  M.  N.  Levlne 

249 

pentoses,  E.  T.  Wherry- 

202 

Angular  Leaf  Spot  of  Cu- 

Experiments with  an  Isomer 

cumber  :      Dissemination, 

of  Caffein.  W.  Salant  and 

Overwintering,    and   Con- 

Helene Connet 

202 

trol,  E.  Carsner 

250 

1  Printed  in  ■dcnttflc  and  technical  publication!  outside  the  Department 


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xn 


UST  OP  PTJBUCATI0W8. 


tToL40 


1 


V.  8.  Dept.  of  Agriculture— ContA. 

Scientific  Contrlbutiongh-Contd.     p»k«. 

Spoilage  of  Cranberries  after 
Picking.  C.  L.  Shear 252 

Expeii  mental  Investigations 
on  the  Genus  Razoumof- 
skya,  J.  R.  Weir 253 

The  Criterion  of  Subspeciflc 
Intergradation  in  Verte- 
brate Zoology,  H.  C.  Ober- 
holser 254 

Helping  to  Stabilize  Nomen- 
clature, S.  A.  Rohwer 254 

The  Migration  of  North 
American  Birds,  IV-VI, 
H.  C.  Oberholser 254 

Diagnosis  of  a  New  Genus 
of  Anatldce  from  South 
America,  H.  C.  Oberhol- 
sor 254 

The  Subspecies  of  Larus 
hyperboreus,  H.  C.  Ober- 
holser       254 

Cause  of  the  "Fishy" 
Flavor  of  the  Flesh  of 
Wild  Ducks,  W.  L.  Mc- 
Atee 255 

The  Polyhedral  Virus  of  In- 
sects with  a  Theoretical 
Consideration  of  Filter- 
able Viruses  Generally,  R. 
W.  Glaser 255 

Effect  of  Hydrocyanic  Acid 
Gas  under  Vacuum  Condi- 
tions on  Subterranean 
Larvae,  E.  R.  Sasscer  and 
H.  L.  Sanford 256 

A  Note  on  the  Hibernation 
of  Kinostemon  pennsyl- 
vanicum,  A.  Wetmore  and 
F.    Harper 200 

Zorotypus  hubbardi,  a  New 
Species  of  the  Order 
Zoraptera  from  the  United 
States,  A.  N.  Caudell 260 

Notes  on  Nova  Scotian  Eup- 
teryid  Leaf  Hoppers,  In- 
cluding Descriptions  of 
Two  New  Species,  W.  L. 
McAtee 261 

Our  Birch  Symydobius  Dis- 
tinct from  the  European, 
A.  C.  Baker 262 

A  Peculiar  Habit  of  a  Horse- 
fly {Tabanus  americanus) 
in  the  Florida  Everglades, 
T.  E.  Snyder 263 

Two  New  Hydrotseas,  J.  M. 
Aldrich 263 

The  Kelp  Flies  of  North 
America  (Genus  Fucellla, 
Family  Anthomyldffi),  J. 
M.  Aldrich 263 


U.  8,  Dept  of  Agrieultur&—<yontA, 

Scientific  Contributions— Oontd.    Pacn 

New  and  Little-known  Cana- 
dian Oscinids,  J.  M. 
Aldrich 263 

Color  Variation  in  Pups  of 
TerioM  nidppe,  G.  G. 
Alnslie 263 

A  Note  on  the  Tortricid 
Genitalia,  C.  Helnrich 264 

Early  Establishment  of 
Blastophaga  in  Califor-* 
nia,  G.  P.  Rixford 264 

Idiogastra,  a  New  Suborder 
of  Hymenoptera,.  with 
Notes  on  the  Immature 
Stages  of  Oryssus,  S.  A. 
Rohwer  and  R.  A.  Cush- 
man 265 

Two  New  Hydrophilid 
Beetles,  E.  A.  Schwarz 
and  H.  S.  Barber 265 

Notes  on  Insects  of  the 
Order  Strepsiptera,  with 
Descriptions  of  New  Spe- 
cies. W.  D.  Pierce 288 

The  Comparative  Morphol- 
ogy of  the  Order  Strep- 
siptera, together  with 
Records  and  Descriptions 
of  Insects,  W.  D.  Pierce—      288 

The  Infiuence  of  lodln  and 
Sodium  lodid  on  the  Cir- 
culation, W.  Salant  and 
A.  E.  Livingston 274 

Collection,  Preparation,  and 
Feeding  of  Soapweed 
under  Practical  Range 
Conditions  on  the  Jornada 
Range  Reserve,  C.  L. 
Forsling 277 

The  Protective  Action  of 
Diet  against  Tartrate  Ne- 
phritis, W.  Salant  and 
A.  M.  Swanson 285 

The  Influence  of  Diet  on 
the  Toxid^  of  Sodium 
Tartrate,  W.  Salant  and 
A.  M,  Swanson 286 

Relation  of  the  Govern- 
ment to  the  Marketing 
Problem,  B.  T.  Galloway—      2d3 

Uniform  Grades  and  Stand- 
ard Packages,  C.  T.  More.      298 

The  Home  Project  as  a 
Phase  of  Vocational  Agri- 
cultural Education,  F.  B. 
Heald 295 

Farm  Science,  W.  J.  Spill- 
man  295 


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EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 


Vol.  40.  Abstract  Nuhber.  No.  8. 


RECENT  WORK  IN  AGRICULTURAL  SCIENCL 


AOBICTTLTTTSAL  CHEMISTBT— AOBOTECHITT. 

Chemical  stadles  on  physiology  and  pathology.^I,  Protein  chemistry  as 
the  baslB  of  the  life  process,  E.  Hebzfeld  and  R.  Klingeb  {Biochem.  Ztschr,, 
8S  (1917),  pp.  42^1;  abs,  in  Physiol.  Aha.,  2  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  660,  661;  Chem. 
Aba.,  12  (1918),  No.  8,  p.  809).— The  theory  is  advanced  that  the  protein  mole- 
cule consists  of  a  solid  nucleus  surrounded  by  layers  of  higher  and  lower 
cleavage  products,  each  cleavage  product  being  the  best  solvent  of  the  next 
higher  product  in  the  series.  The  application  of  this  theory  to  cell  metabolism, 
to  certain  diseases,  and  to  glandular  secretion  is  discussed. 

On  the  amino-add  content  of  nutrient  media,  I.  W.  Hall  et  al.  {Brit.  Med. 
Jour.,  No.  S016  {1918),  pp.  S98-401) .— Studies  are  reported  of  the  amino-add 
content  of  ordinary  and  special  media,  the  percentage  of  amino  acids  necessary 
for  bacterial  growths,  and  the  influence  of  vitamins  on  the  amino-acld  content 
of  media. 

Ordinary  media  were  found  to  vary  widely  in  their  amino-acid  content  The 
bacterial  growth  in  media  varying  in  amino-add  content  showed  that  a  content 
represented  by  a  formaldehyde  figure  of  40  is  the  optimum  for  growth.  An 
examination  of  the  effect  of  different  vitamins  on  the  growth  of  organisms 
showed  that  the  source  of  the  vitamins  was  apparently  immaterial,  with  the 
exception  of  the  soy  bean,  which  led  to  a  much  more  marked  growth  than  the 
other  vitamins. 

In  condusion  the  authors  propose  the  general  adoption  of  a  uniform  amino- 
add  standard  content  for  nutrient  media. 

The  inversion  of  cane  sugcur  by  colloidal  silica,  Albert  and  Alexandbe 
Makt  {Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  [Paris},  167  {1918),  No.  18,  pp.  6U'6i6) .—Three 
series  of  experiments  are  reported,  the  first  with  dialyzed  hydrosols  and  the 
other  two  with  nondialyzed  hydrosols  of  colloidal  silica,  from  which  the  follow- 
ing conclusions  are  drawn : 

Colloidal  silica,  as  well  as  mineral  acids,  acetic  acid,  invertase,  and  the 
hydrosols  of  palladium,  gold,  and  platinum,  invert  cane  sugar  in  an  appre- 
dable  manner.  Its  inverting  power  is  a  function  of  its  state  of  dispersion. 
It  is  inactivated  by  the  physico-chemical  drcumstances  which  destroy  the  dis- 
persal phase  of  its  pseudo-solutions.  In  certain  conditions  of  physical  insta- 
bility its  activity  increases  with  the  temperature  up  to  a  variable  optimum 
(below  IW  C),  and  then  decreases  to  complete  inactivation.  Its  conditions 
of  activity  are  thus  comparable  in  certain  respects  to  those  of  colloidal  metals 

201 

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202  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECOBD.  [Tot.  40 

and  of  the  invertase  extracted  from  various  Saccharomyces  or  Penidlia.  The 
coincidence  of  progressive  inactivation  with  progressive  coagulation  is  consid- 
ered to  be  attributable  only  to  the  influence  of  heat  on  the  degree  of  dispersion 
of  the  inverting  colloid. 

The  constitution  of  pectin  bodies,  T.  von  Fellenbebo  {Biochem.  ZUchr.^  85 
(1918),  No,  1-2,  pp.  118-161).— A  rteuni6  of  the  literature  on  the  pectin  bodies 
is  given,  followed  by  a  report  of  a  detailed  study  of  the  three  classes  of  pectins — 
protopectln,  pectin,  and  pectic  add — occurring  in  unripe,  ripe,  and  overripe 
fruits,  respectively.  The  properties  observed  are  recorded  in  tabular  form. 
Including  the  constitution ;  solubility ;  behavior  with  ammonia,  sodium  hydrozid 
and  other  electrolytes,  tannic  acid,  protein,  and  dyes ;  and  ability  to  form  Jelly. 
On  heating  with  sugar  and  pectin-free  fruit  Juices  only  the  second  form  of 
pectin  was  able  to  form  jelly. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  the  so-called  bassorln  of  gnm  tragacantfa 
also  yields  methyl  alcohol  on  treatment  with  sodium  hydroxid  and  is  converted 
into  bassoric  acid,  which  resembles  pectic  acid  in  certain  of  its  properties. 

Crystallography  and  optical  properties  of  three  aldopentoses,  E.  T.  Whcsbt 
(Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  40  (1918),  No.  12,  pp.  1852-1858,  figs.  5).— The  author, 
at  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  reports 
the  results  of  an  examination  of  the  crystallographic  and  optical  properties  of 
the  aldopentoses,  a-d-xylose,  a-d-lyxose,  and  /S-d-arabinose.  A  determinative 
table  is  given  by  means  of  which  It  Is  said  to  be  possible  to  distinguish  the 
sugars  of  this  group  through  differences  in  optical  properties. 

On  constituents  of  oil  of  cassia,  H,  F.  D.  Dodoe  (Jour.  Indus,  and  Enffin. 
Chem.,  10  (1918),  No.  12,  pp.  1005, 1006).— In  addition  to  the  constituents  of  oil 
of  cassia  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  34,  p.  501),  the  author  has  Isolated  from 
the  oil  benzaldehyde  and  methyl  salicylaldehyde. 

Experiments  with  an  Isomer  of  cafleln,  W.  Saiant  and  Helens  ComnET 
iProc.  Soc.  Expt.  Biol,  and  Med.,  15  {1917),  No.  l,p.9). 

Simplification  of  the  technique  of  gasometric  determinations,  A.  Renaud 
{Jour.  Pharm.  et  Chim.,  7.  «er.,  18  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  10^-106;  aba.  in  Jour,  Soo, 
Chem.  Indus.,  S7  {1918),  No.  22,  p.  719 A). —For  the  determination  of  urea  in 
urine  a  standard  volume  of  air  equal  to  the  volimie  of  nitrogen  obtained  from  a 
definite  weight  of  urea  is  kept  for  comparison  with  the  volume  generated  from 
a  definite  volume  of  the  urine  under  examination.  The  use  of  a  similar  stand- 
ard is  recommended  for  the  gasometric  examination  of  ammonium  salts,  car^ 
bonates,  etc. 

An  accurate  method  for  measuring  the  density  of  gases,  O.  liflAASS  and  J. 
Russell  {Jour.  Am^er.  Chem^  Soc,  40  {1918),  No.  12,  pp.  1847-1852,  fig.  1). — ^The 
method  described  is  applicable  to  gases  which  can  be  condensed  by  liquid  air 
or  some  other  freezing  agent  A  known  volume  of  gas  at  known  pressure 
and  temperature  is  liquefied  in  a  small  bulb  attached  to  the  containing  vessel, 
the  bulb  is  sealed  off,  and  the  liquefied  gas  is  weighed  at  room  temperature.  In 
this  way  a  large  quantity  of  gas  can  be  weighed  on  a  small  sensitive  balance 
and  in  a  vessel  whose  weight  is  of  the  same  order  as  that  of  the  gas  itself. 

A  special  stopcock  for  dropping  liquids  arranged  for  equalizing  the  prea- 
sore  above  and  below  the  outlet  in  the  stopcock,  H.  L.  Fisher  {Jour.  Indus, 
and  Engin.  Cliem,,  10  {1918),  No.  12,  pp.  1014,  1015,  fig.  1). — A  stopcock  is  de- 
scribed and  illustrated  which  was  designed  in  connection  with  a  generator  for 
carbon  dloxid  to  be  used  alternately  with  pressures  below  and  above  atmos- 
pheric. 

On  the  qulnone  phenolate  theory  of  indicators.  A  spectrophotometrie 
study  of  the  <'  end-points ''  and  **  fading  "  of  phenolsulf ophthalein  indi- 
cators, a  L.  BUQHTMAK,  J.  J.  HoFTiiU),  M.  R.  MiAOHAM,  and  S.  F. 


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1919]  AQBIOULTUB^  GHBMISTBY — ^AQBOTEOHIfrY.  203 

lJ<mr.  Amer.  Chem.  Soe.,  40  (1918),  No.  It,  pp.  jr^-W^i5+*),-/rhla  article  is  one 
of  a  serieB  of  qnantitatiye  atodies  of  the  yarioiia  chemical  and  physical  factora 
gorernlng  the  growth  of  fongl  on  culture  media  and  trees,  made  at  the  New 
York  State  €k>llege  of  Forestry  at  Syracuse  Uniyersity  in  cooperation  with 
the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 

The  indicators  reported  upon  in  this  paper  are  phenolsulfophthalein  and  the 
tetrabromo  and  tetranitro  deriyatiyes.  Tlie  general  plan  of  study  was  to  find 
the  waye-l«agths  at  which  the  Indicator  solutions  giye  a  transmission  of  20, 
40,  60,  80,  etc^  per  cent  and  to  calculate  the  corresponding  absorption  indexes. 
From  the  results  obtained  the  following  conclusions  are  drawn : 

"These  sulfc^hthal^ns  are  twice  as  deeply  colored  as  phenolphthalein  in 
alkalis  and  show  sharper  color  changes.  The  excess  of  alkali  necessary  to 
produce  the  end-point  of  the  neutralization  of  the  indicator  does  not  cause  any 
appreciable  fading  in  either  short-  or  long-time  periods  in  the  case  of  phenol- 
sulfophthalein and  its  tetrabromo  deriyatiye.  The  color  of  phenolsulfophthalein 
in  iihosphate  buffer  solutions  does  not  fade  appreciably,  even  in  considerable 
tbne  periods.  Standardized  stock  solutions  of  phenolsulfophthalein  can  be  kept  in 
an  ice  box  without  appreciable  change,  or  eyen  at  ordinary  temperatures  if  care 
is  glyen  to  preyent  contamination,  and  will  then  show  the  same  absorption  index 
when  treated  with  an  excess  of  alkali  at  different  time  periods.  Different  sam- 
ples of  the  same  lot  of  solid  well-mixed  phenolsulfophthalein  will  give  the  same 
absorption  index  when  treated  with  an  excess  of  alkali.  An  excess  of  alkali 
in  solutions  of  tetranitrophenolsulfophthalein  causes  a  fading  of  the  intense  red 
color  to  a  light  yellow,  the  time  of  fading  depending  upon  the  amount  of  alkali 
and  other  experimental  Gonditions.** 

A  modified  method  for  the  preparation  of  picramic  acid,  Q.  Egebeb  (Jour. 
BioL  Chem^  S5  (1918),  No.  S,  pp.  56S,  566).-— A  modified  method  of  preparing 
picramic  add  is  described  which  is  said  to  tield  76.5  per  cent  of  the  theoretical 
value.  The  usual  method  of  neutralizing  a  cold  saturated  alcholic  solution  of 
picric  add  with  ammonium  hydroxid  and  then  saturating  the  solution  with 
hydrogen  sulphid  is  modified  by  using  an  excess  of  ammonium  hydroxid  to 
prevent  the  crystallization  of  undianged  picric  acid  and  by  cooling  the  mix- 
ture during  saturation  with  hydrogen  sulphid  tor  prevent  the  formation  of  the 
ammonium  salt  of  the  diamine  add. 

On  the  extraction  of  ammonia  ftom  soil,  T.  B.  Richicond  (Soil  Sd.,  S 
(1918),  No.  6,  pp.  481-486). —This  is  a  report  of  a  study  conducted  at  the  Ohio 
Experiment  Station  of  the  relative  amounts  of  ammonia  extracted  from  soils 
by  water  and  by  5  per  cent  hydrocliloric  acid. 

The  soils  used  were  all  surface  soils,  air  dried,  and  ground  suifidently  fine 
to  pass  through  a  2-mnL  sieve.  Three  types  of  soil  were  used — an  add  silt 
loam  defident  in  bases  and  organic  matter,  a  basic  black  day  rich  in  organic 
matter,  and  a  very  add  peat  soil.  Portions  of  the  soils  were  placed  in  l-Uter 
bottles,  and  ammonium  sulphate  suffldent  to  supply  0.1484  gm.  of  nitrogen  was 
added  to  half  the  bottles.  Water  or  5  per  cent  hydrochloric  add  was  added 
at  the  rate  of  600  oc  per  100  gm.  of  soil  and  the  extraction  continued  for  30 
minutes  with  constant  shaking  in  a  machine.  Nitrogen  as  ammonia  was  de- 
termined by  distilling  duplicate  200-cc  portions  with  0.5  gm.  of  freshly  cal- 
dned  magnesium  oxid,  first  neutralizing  the  acid  extracts  with  sodium  by- 
drooEld.  Further  data  were  obtained  by  the  use  of  soils  treated  with  casein, 
snlphur,  and  caldum  carbonate. 

Tlie  results  show  that,  while  in  no  case  did  the  water  extraction  give  the 
ftin  amount  of  ammonia  from  different  soils,  in  each  group  a  certain  ratio 
Hjpipeared  to  exist  between  the  amounts  extracted  by  the  two  methods.    From 


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204  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEOOBD.  ITol.  40 

tills  the  author  condudes  that  for  comparatiTe  use  the  amnKmia  found  In  the 
water  extract  would  be  as  nsefol  as  the  somewhat  larger  amount  fonnd  by 
extracting  the  soil  with  6  per  cent  hydrochloric  add. 

The  detection  and  estimation  of  methyl  aleohol,  its  ooeorrence  in  variovs 
foodstuffs,  and  the  behavior  in  the  body  of  foods  eontaininir  methyl  alcohol, 
T.  TON  Fexleitbebo  (Biochem,  Ztschr.,  85  (1918),  No.  i-£,  pp.  45-117,  flffs^  6; 
ahs,  in  CJiem.  Aha.,  12  (1918),  No.  20,  pp.  2085,  2086).— Thin  paper  dtscussee  the 
following  topics:  Detection  and  estimation  of  methyl  alcohol  in  alcoholic 
solutions,  a  concentration  method  for  determining  methyl  alcohol  when  present 
in  small  amounts,  the  origin  of  methyl  alcohol  in  alcoholic  beverages,  the  de- 
termination of  methyl  alcohol  in  pectin-containing  foodstufliB,  the  closdy-bound 
methoxyl  (lignin  and  suberin)  and  its  determination,  and  the  behavior  of 
pectin-methyl  alcohol  in  the  organism. 

The  general  method  used  for  determining  methyl  alcohol  is  a  modification 
of  that  of  Denlgds,  consisting  essentially  of  the  oxidation  of  the  liquid  with 
potassium  permanganate  and  the  colorimetric  determination  of  the  formalde- 
hyde thus  formed  by  oxidation  under  standard  conditions  with  fuchsin-SQlphiir- 
ous  add  solution.  When  the  alcohol  is  present  in  small  quantities,  the  method 
employed  by  the  author  consists  in  the  fractional  separation  of  the  mixed 
alcohols  by  potassium  carbonate,  and  the  fractional  distillation  of  the  residue 
after  separation  of  the  portions  containing  only  minute  amounts  of  methyl 
alcohol.  The  rlistillate  ridiest  in  methyl  alcohol  is  converted  into  iodids,  from 
which  a  fraction  rich  in  methyl  iodld  can  be  separated.  Methyl  alcohol  in  cer- 
tain beverages  is  shown  to  be  derived  from  pectin  substances  from  which  it  is 
readily  obtained  by  treatment  with  dilute  sodium  hydroxid.  The  llgnins  of 
wood  yield  methyl  alcohol,  but  not  so  readily  as  the  pectins.  After  the  re- 
moval of  pectin  alcohols  the  lignin  alcohol  is  obtained  by  treatment  with  sul- 
phuric acid. 

An  investigation  of  the  effect  of  ingestion  of  substances  containing  pectins 
showed  that  a  small  increase  is  produced  in  the  amount  of  methyl  alcohol  in 
the  urine.  This  is  more  marked  when  ethyl  alcohol  is  ingested  at  the  same 
time. 

A  direct  and  practical  method  for  the  determination  of  starch,  T.  vo:r 
Fellenbebg  (Mitt.  Lehensm.  VwterBuch.  u,  Hyg.,  Schweie.  Gsndhtsami.,  7  (1916), 
No.  7,  pp.  S69-38S). — ^A  gravimetric  method  for  the  determination  of  starch  is 
described  which  consists  essentially  of  dissolving  the  starch  in  hot  caldiun 
chlorid  solution,  precipitating  it  with  iodin,  and  decomposing  the  starch  iodid 
compound  thus  formed  with  alcohol.  Tables  are  given  of  the  starch  content,  as 
determined  by  this  method,  of  spices  and  materials  used  in  their  adulteration. 

An  apparatus  for  the  determination  of  water  in  food  materials,  F.  Schafrb 
and  E.  Guby  (Mitt.  Lebensm.  Untersuch.  u.  Hyg.,  ScKweiz.  OtndhUamt.,  7 
U916),  No.  7,  pp.  994-397,  fig.  1). — ^An  apparatus  for  the  determination  of  water 
in  food  materials  by  distillation  with  xylol  is  described,  which  is  considered  by 
the  authors  to  overcome  the  disadvantages  of  the  apparatus  of  Gray  (B.  S.  R., 
18,  p.  710).  A  diagram  is  given  of  the  apparatus,  and  analyses  are  reported 
of  the  water  content  of  various  food  materials  as  determined  gravimetrically 
and  by  the  use  of  the  apparatus. 

Calculation  of  the  alkalinity  of  the  ash  of  food  materials,  T.  voir  Feli^n- 
BKBG  (Mitt.  Lebensm.  Untersuch.  u.  Hyg.,  Schtoeia.  09ndht$amt.,  7  (1916),  No.  S, 
pp.  81-116,  pi.  1,  fig.  1).— The  investigatlonB  reported  include  a  study  of  the 
sources  of  error  in  ashing  food  samples,  a  discussion  of  the  chemical  changes 
involved  In  determining  the  allcalinlty  of  the  ash  with  the  use  of  various  iudi- 
catorsi  a  complete  description  of  the  methods  employed  by  the  author,  and  tables 


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1M»1  AQBICULTUBAL  CHEMIBTRY — ^AGROTBCHNT.  205 

of  resultB  obtained  in  determining  the  alkalinity  of  the  ash  of  spices,  materials 
used  for  adulteration  of  spioes,  and  a  few  food  materials. 

The  author  considers  that  errors  due  to  contamination  of  the  ash  with  sul- 
phur  from  the  gas  and  to  loss  on  ignition  may  be  overcome  by  the  use  of  a  per- 
fbrated  asbestos  plate  sealed  with  sand  and  heated  over  a  mushroom  burner. 
Loss  of  acid  in  samples  in  which  there  is  an  excess  of  acids  over  bases  and  the 
formation  of  metaphosphates  and  pyrophosphates  may  be  avoided  by  the  addi- 
tion of  known  amounts  of  sodium  hydroxid. 

The  method  described  for  determining  the  alkalinity  of  the  ash  consists  of 
three  titrations  of  the  ash  with  hydrochloric  acid,  first  against  methyl  orange, 
then  against  phenolphthalein,  and  finally  against  phenolphthalein  after  the 
addition  of  calcium  chlorid  or  disodium  phosphate.  From  these  figures  cal- 
culations can  be  made  for  carbonate  plus  oxygen,  phosphoric  ncid,  and  calcium. 

Determination  of  purin  bases  in  food  materials,  T.  von  Fellenbebq 
{Biachem.  ZUchr^  88  (1918),  No.  5-6,  pp.  S2S-^6) .—^h\8  is  a  report  of  the 
analyses  of  various  food  materials  for  their  content  of  purin  bases.  The  re- 
sults calculated  on  the  fresh  and  dried  substance  are  reported  In  tabular  form. 

Among  animal  products  the  internal  organs  were  found  to  be  richest  in 
porins.  Blood  contains  very  little  purin.  Tendons,  bones,  marrow,  fat,  milk, 
and  eggs  are  almost  purin-free.  Vegetable  products  show  a  wide  range  of 
purin  content,  the  largest  amount  being  in  the  alkaloid-containing  substances. 
Lettuce,  spinach,  and  cabbage  are  rich  in  purins,  also  certain  tubers  such  as 
radishes  and  kohl-rabi.  Potatoes  are  poor  in  purins,  as  are  also  the  legumes 
and  to  a  still  greater  extent  the  cereals.  The  smallest  purin  content  is  found 
in  oil  seeds  and  spices,  and  in  fruits  and  beverages  obtained  from  them.  Al- 
coholic and  acetic  fermentation  do  not  increase  the  purin  content. 

The  determination  of  the  hezabromid  and  iodin  numbers  of  salmon  oil  as 
a  means  of  identifying  the  species  of  canned  salmon,  H.  S.  Bailet  and  J.  Bi. 
Johnson  {Jour.  Indus,  and  Engin.  Chem.,  10  (1918),  No.  12,  pp.  999--1001). —The 
authors,  at  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry,  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 
have  developed  a  modified  method  for  the  determination  of  the  so-called  hexa- 
bromid  value  of  fish  oils,  in  which  an  acetic  acid  solution  of  bromin  is  used  as 
the  precipitant  This  value  and  the  iodin  number  have  been  determined  for  the 
oil  obtained  from  canned  salmon  of  five  diiferent  species. 

It  was  found  that  oils  expressed  from  canned  salmon  and  dried  with  an- 
hydrous sodium  sulphate,  after  the  mechanical  removal  of  the  greater  part  of 
the  water,  have  practically  the  same  iodin  and  hexabromid  value  as  the  oils 
extracted  with  ether,  provided  proper  precautions  are  taken  to  prevent  oxida- 
tion during  the  extraction.  The  results  reported  indicate  that  it  may  be  pos- 
sible to  distinguish  the  variety  of  canned  salmon  by  a  determination  of  the 
hexabromid  and  iodin  values  of  the  oil. 

The  detection  of  eggs  in  pastes,  F.  Sohaffks  and  E.  Qvby  (Mitt.  Lehensm. 
Uniersuch.  u.  Hgy.,  SchweUs.  Qmdhtsamt.,  7  (1916),  No.  5,  pp.  217-222;  ahs.  in 
Chem,  Abs.,  11  (1917),  No.  11,  pp.  169S,  1694). --The  method  described  depends 
open  the  reduction  of  an  alkaline  copper  solution  by  the  action  of  egg  albumin. 
The  technique  is  as  follows: 

To  60  cc  of  water  at  room  temperature,  add  5  gm.  of  the  finely  ground  paste 
and  shake  at  intervals  for  2  houra  Filter,  and  to  10  cc  of  the  filtrate  add 
1  cc  of  N  sodium  hydroxid  and  2  cc.  of  a  1  per  cent  copper  sulphate  solution. 
Warm  on  a  water  bath  at  50"^  O.,  and  note  the  length  of  time  before  the  blue 
color  disappears.  If  this  is  from  21  to  23  minutes,  the  paste  contains  no  egg. 
H^ith  paste  containing  1  egg  per  kilogram,  the  color  was  found  to  persist  from 
a2  to  34  minutes,  2  eggs  from  88  to  43,  3  eggs  from  49  to  54,  and  3  egg  yolks 

100042*— 19 2 

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206  EXPEaaMBNT  station  ItECX>BD.  [Tol.40 

from  31  to  86  minutes.     The  age  of  the  fiaste  did  not  seem  to  affect  the 

determination. 

The  determination  of  fat  in  cocoa,  Kbkis  (MUt,  LebeMtn,  Untemtch.  «.  Hyg^ 
Schweiz.  09ndht8amt.f  7  (19X6),  No,  6,  pp.  825-^19)  .—The  method  proposed  is 
as  follows : 

A  mixture  of  1  gm.  of  cocoa  with  20  cc.  of  a  IJS  per  cent  solution  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  is  boiled  gently  for  15  minutes  over  a  free  flame.  After  cooling 
to  about  80*"  G.,  it  is  shaken  with  ether  for  5  minutes  and  centrifuged  for 
15  minutes.  After  reading  the  volume  of  ether-fat  solution,  25  cc  of  it  is 
pipetted  into  a  nick^  dish,  the  ether  eyaporated,  and  the  residue  dried  for 
10  minutes  in  a  Soxhlet  drying  oven. 

Methods  of  determining  the  tme  sucrose  content  of  molasses,  T.  tan  deb 
Linden  {Meded.  Proefatat,  Javar8uikerindu9.,  Chem.  8er.,  No.  6  (1917),  pp. 
m9-lfnt;  Arch.  Suikerindus.  Nederland.  Indi9,  t5  (1917),  No.  SO,  pp.  1249- 
1272). — ^The  newer  add,  neutral,  and  special  methods  of  determining  the  su- 
crose content  of  molasses  are  outlined,  and  experimental  data  are  reported  of 
a  comparative  study  of  several  of  these  methoda 

A  new  method  for  the  determination  of  crude  fiber  in  meal,  W.  Huogenbebo 
(Mitt.  Lebensm.  Unterauch.  u.  Hyg.,  Bchweig.  Osndhtsamt.,  7  (1916),  No.  6,  pp. 
297-S02). — ^The  following  method  is  proposed  as  a  substitute  for  the  K5nig 
method,  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  10,  p.  411),  to  obviate  the  necessity  of 
using  glycerin : 

To  2.5  gm.  of  the  substance  is  added  from  10  to  15  cc.  of  8  per  cent  alcoholic 
potassium  hydroxld,  the  mixture  is  heated  for  about  five  minutes  on  a  water 
bath  at  from  45  to  50^  C,  20  cc.  of  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.19) 
is  then  added,  and  the  heating  continued  with  frequent  shaking  for  half  an 
hour.  The  contents  of  the  fiask  are  filtered  on  an  asbestos  filter  and  washed 
with  from  20  to  25  cc.  of  25  per  cent  hydrochloric  acid  (2:1)  until  the  filtrate 
is  colorless.  The  residue  is  then  washed  with  200  cc.  of  hot  water,  with  hot 
8  per  cent  sodium  hydroxld  until  the  filtrate  is  colorless,  again  with  hot  water, 
with  from  20  to  25  cc.  of  hot  06  per  cent  alcohol,  and  finally  with  from  10  to 
15  cc.  of  alcohol-ether  mixture.  The  residue  is  transferred  to  a  platinum 
crucible,  dried  to  constant  weight,  incinerated,  and  weighed,  the  loss  in  weight 
on  ignition  being  taken  as  ash-ftee  crude  fiber. 

Determination  of  urinary  carbon,  L.  Battzil  (Jour.  Pharm.  ei  Chim.,  7.  ser^ 
17  (1918),  No.  10.  pp.  S17S19). — ^The  method  described  consists  essentially  of 
the  destruction  of  organic  matter  and  liberation  of  carbon  dioxid  by  chromic 
and  sulphuric  adds,  the  transformation  of  carbon  dioxid  into  barium  carbonate 
by  barium  hydroxld,  and  the  alkallmetric  determination  of  the  barium 
carbonate. 

Determination  of  total  carbon  in  various  biological  products,  A.  Renaud 
(Jour.  Pharm.  et  Chim.,  7.  aer.,  18  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  106-108)  .—The  method, 
which  is  similar  to  that  of  Bauzll  (noted  above)  for  the  determination  of  car- 
bon in  urine,  consists  essentially  in  treating  the  substance  to  be  analyzed  with 
a  sulphochromic  add  oxidizing  agent  and  absorbing  the  carbon  dioxid  and 
chlorln  set  free  by  means  of  an  anmioniacal  solution  of  calcium  chlorld.  The 
carbon  dioxid  is  precipitated  as  caldum  carbonate  and  determined  volumetric- 
ally  after  washing. 

The  substitution  of  caldum  chlorld  by  barium  chlorld  is  considered  to  offer 
certain  advantages  in  that  the  predpitatlon  of  barium  carbonate  is  rapid  and 
complete.  On  treating  the  predpitate  thus  obtained  with  an  excess  of  sul- 
phuric add,  barium  sulphate  is  predpitated  whidi  is  washed,  dried,  and 
weighed. 


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1M»I  AGBIOULTUBAL  CHEMISTRY — ^AGBOTBCHNY.  207 

A  sfanple  method  of  dotflannininff  uric  add  and  tyrosin  in  the  aame  sample, 
B.  Hebdxld  and  B.  KLmcaa  (Biochem.  ZUchr.,  88  (1918),  No.  4*  PP-  988-285).— 
Tbe  method  described  makes  use  of  the  phenol  reageht  of  Folin  and  Denis 
(E.  S.  IL,  28,  p.  805) »  a  saturated  solution  of  sodlnm  carbonate,  and  a  standard 
solution  of  either  uric  add  or  tyroidn  prepared  as  follows:  One-tenth  gm.  of 
the  substance  (tyrosin  or  uric  add)  and  0.1  gm.  of  lithium  carbonate  are  dis- 
solved In  100  cc  of  water  at  room  temperature.  One  cc.  of  this  solution  is 
shaken  with  10  cc.  of  the  phenol  reagent  for  about  five  minutes,  30  cc.  of  the 
saturated  solution  of  sodium  carbonate  is  added,  and  the  whole  made  up  with 
water  to  100  cc  The  blue  color  which  develops  within  24  hours  remains  un- 
changed for  a  longer  time  and  is  deeper  in  the  case  of  tyrosin  than  of  uric 
add.  aiie  tyrosin  standard  can  be  used  in  the  determination  of  uric  add 
by  multiplying  the  figure  obtained  by  the  factor  0.68  and  the  uric  acid  standard 
for  tyrosin  determination  by  the  use  of  the  factor  1.45.  The  technique  of  the 
method  is  as  follows: 

If  the  solution  to  be  tested  contains  protein  and  sugar,  these  must  be  re- 
moved, the  former  by  heat  coagulation  and  the  latter  by  fermentation  with 
yeast  One  cc.  of  the  protein  sugar-free  solution  Is  then  mixed  with  10  cc.  of 
the  phenol  reagent,  shaken  for  about  five  minutes,  and  treated  with  sodium 
carbonate  solution  exactly  as  the  standards.  After  standing  overnight,  tlie 
color  matched  against  the  tyrosin  standard  Indicates  the  amount  of  uric 
add  and  tyrosin.  One  cc.  of  a  fresh  sample  of  the  solution  Is  then  heated  for 
a  few  minutes  with  0.5  cc  of  38  per  cent  sodium  hydroxid  solution  and  8  drops 
of  a  3  per  cent  hydrogen  peroxid  solution  to  destroy  the  uric  add.  After 
eooling  and  adding  1  cc  of  gladal  acetic  add,  the  determination  is  repe-itad 
and  the  solution  matched  against  the  tyrosin  standard.  The  difference  be- 
tween the  figures  obtained  In  the  first  and  second  determinations,  calculated  by 
means  of  factors  noted  above,  gives  the  amount  of  uric  add. 

The  constraction  and  use  of  a  simple  apparatus  for  the  determination  of 
area  in  blood,  G.  N.  Pbltrisot  {Jour,  Pharm.  et  Chim.,  7.  «er.,  18  {1918),  No.  S, 
fp.  75-^0). — The  apparatus  consists  of  a  small  bottle  in  which  is  tightly  fitted 
a  glass  tube  9  cm.  by  8  mm.,  the  latter  graduated  to  tenths  of  a  cubic  centimeter. 
Into  the  apparatus  are  successively  introduced  by  means  of  pipettes  5  cc  of 
sodium  hypobromite  solution,  5  cc.  of  a  33  per  cent  sodium  hydroxid  solution, 
12  to  15  cc  of  water,  and  finally  10  cc.  of  defecated  serum  prepared  by  mixing 
equal  volumes  of  serum  and  20  per  cent  trichloracetic  acid,  shaking  and  filter- 
ing. The  meniscus  in  the  tube  Is  read,  after  which  the  apparatus  is  inverted 
with  the  opening  closed  by  the  finger.  After  the  contents  are  thoroughly  mixed, 
the  inverted  apparatus  is  Immersed  in  water  in  a  vessel  about  20  cm.  deep,  the 
orifice  is  opened,  and  the  inner  and  outer  surfaces  of  the  liquids  are  adjusted 
to  the  same  levd.  After  closing  the  orifice  again,  the  apparatus  is  removed 
and  inverted  and  the  position  of  the  meniscus  again  read.  The  difference  indi- 
cates the  volume  of  nitrogen  produced. 

A  method  for  the  determination  of  fat  in  dried  feces  and  its  distribution 
as  soap,  free  fatty  adds,  and  neutral  fat,  L.  B.  Holt,  Anqexia  M.  Coxtktney. 
and  Helen  L.  Fales  {Amer.  Jour.  Diseases  Children,  17  (1919),  No.  1,  pp.  58- 
42,  fig.  i).— The  method  described  is  an  application  to  feces  of  the  R5se-Gottlleb 
method  for  determining  fat  in  dried  and  condensed  milk.  The  use  of  am- 
monia to  facilitate  the  separation  of  the  fat  from  the  protein  is  omitted  on 
aoeonnt  of  the  presence  of  the  free  fatty  adds  which  would  be  saponified  by  the 
ammonia. 

The  method  is  considered  to  be  superior  to  the  Sozhlet  ^traction  method  In 
that  the  technique  is  more  simple,  the  amount  of  ether  required  for  each  deter- 


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208  BrPERIMBNT  STATION  BECOBD.  [Tot.  40 

mlnatlon  to  not  large,  the  lesolts  can  be  obtained  in  from  IB  to  24  hours  teom 
tbe  weighing  of  tbe  sample,  and  the  distribution  of  the  fat  to  given  as  soap^ 
fat,  free  fatty  acids,  and  neutral-  fat 

A  volumenometer,  J.  S.  Rogebs  and  R.  W.  Fbxt  (Jour,  Indus,  and  BngU^ 
Chem.,  10  (1918),  No.  7,  pp.  554,  555,  figs.  2).— An  apparatus  Is  described  which 
is  said  to  be  satisfactory  for  measuring  the  volume  of  comparatively  large  pieces 
of  leather.  The  principle  involved  to  the  measurement  of  the  overflow  of  mer- 
cury caused  by  the  Immersion  In  It  of  the  sample  of  leather. 

Note  on  the  analysto  of  soda-sulphur  dips,  B.  J.  Hill  {So.  African  Jour» 
Boi.,  H  (1918),  No.  11,  pp,  474-476). -—The  author  points  out  that  in  the  analysEs 
of  soda-sulphur  dips  the  direct  lodin  titration  method  used  for  lime-sulphur 
dips  is  not  applicable.  The  older  method  of  determining  monosulphid  equiva- 
lent by  titration  with  ammonlacal  zinc  and  subsequent  determination  of  thiosol- 
phate  in  the  filtrate  by  lodin  titration  Is  considered  to  give  more  reitoble  re- 
sults. The  amount  of  carbonate  should  be  roughly  determined  by  an  ordinary 
acid  titration  to  methyl  orange.  A  higher  acid  than  zinc  titration  usually  in- 
dicates carbonate  and  a  lower  add  than  zinc,  hydrosulphid.  If  the  two  titra- 
tions are  the  same  it  indicates  that  all  the  titrable  base  is  In  combination  with 
sulphur  or  that  carbonate  to  in  equilibrium  with  hydrosulphid. 

Four  sample  analyses  are  given  to  Illustrate  the  interpretation  of  results 
on  the  basis  of  the  efficacy  of  the  soda-sulphur  concentrate  in  relation  to  the 
eradication  of  scab. 

The  refining  of  raw  sugars,  O.  G.  Lbonis  (Sugar  {Neto  York},  20  (1918) f 
Nos.  10,  pp.  894^97;  11,  pp.  440,  iii).— This  is  a  rQ[>ort  of  Investigations  and 
tests  of  the  various  steps  in  the  refining  of  raw  sugars.  A  number  of  tables 
are  given,  Including  one  on  the  composition  of  raw  cane  sugar  of  different 
qualities  from  various  countries. 

The  seeding  method  of  graining  sugar,  H.  E.  Zitkowski  (Jour.  Indus. 
Engin,  Chem.,  10  (1918),  No.  12,  pp,  992-994). — Some  of  the  problems  in  connec- 
tion with  producing  granulated  crystals  of  sugar  are  pointed  out,  and  a  brief 
discussion  is  given  of  a  large-scale  practical  application  of  the  seeding  method 
of  inducing  crystallization.    The  method  is  as  follows : 

The  sugar-bearing  sirup,  properly  prepared,  is  introduced  into  the  vacuum 
pans  and  under  the  usual  conditions  of  vacuum  and  temperature  is  conc&k- 
trated  until  slightly  supersaturated.  At  this  point  a  quantity  of  sugar  dust  or 
powdered  sugar,  varying  from  0.5  to  2  qts.  for  each  1,000  cu,  ft  of  vacuum 
pan  capacity,  is  Introduced  by  aspiration  beneath  the  surface  of  the  boiling 
mass.  Evaporation  is  continued  until  about  that  density  is  reached  which 
is  usually  obtained  by  the  older  methods  of  graining,  and  the  customary  pro- 
cedure is  then  followed. 

The  results  obtained,  especially  on  the  lower  products,  are  considered  uni- 
formly superior  to  those  obtained  by  the  older  method. 

The  improvement  of  the  indigenous  methods  of  gur  and  sugar  making  in 
the  United  Provinces,  W.  Hulice  and  R,  P.  Sanohi  (Agr.  Research  Inst.  Pusa 
Bui.  82  (1918),  pp.  22,  pis,  7,  fig.  i).— A  brief  description  to  given  of  the  in- 
digenous methods  of  gur  and  sugar  making  in  the  United  Provinces,  together 
with  a  description  of  a  new  experimental  factory  at  Barellly.  Tables  are  given 
showing  the  average  analyses  of  products  obtained  in  the  years  1915-16  and 
1916-17. 

The  "springing"  of  tins  of  preserved  fruit,  W.  W.  L^Estbangs  and  R. 
Greig-Smith  (Proc.  Linn,  Sac.  N.  S.  Wales,  45  (1918),  pt.  2,  pp.  409-414) .-^An 
examination  to  reported  on  the  cause  of  the  springing  of  tins  containing  pre- 
served fruit 


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^^'Obserratloxu!  showed  that  the  trouble  evidently  lay  with  the  closing  of  the 
containers.  The  margin  of  the  lids  In  the  process  under  examination  is  painted 
with  a  mixture  containing  flour  or  starch  which  fills  up  the  spaces  between  the 
interlocked  edges  when  the  cans  are  closed.  A  greater  leakage  in  the  cans  con- 
taining pears  and  plums  than  in  those  containing  peaches  and  apricots  Is  con- 
sidered by  the  authors  to  be  due  to  the  greater  solvent  action  upon  the  starch 
jelly  of  the  juice  of  pears  and  to  a  less  degree  of  plums,  and  that  consequently 
a  different  sealing  mixture  should  be  employed.  An  alternative  plan  is  sug- 
gested of  allowing  the  tins  to  cool  after  processing,  In  a  current  of  filtered, 
sterile  air  and,  when  cold,  i>ainting  the  joints  with  a  lacquer  varnish. 

IIETEOBOLOOT. 

Frost  and  the  growing  season,  W.  G.  Reed  (C7.  8.  Dept.  Agr,,  Atlas  Amer. 
Agr,^  pt.  2,  Sect.  1,  1918,  pp.  12,  figs.  SS). -^This  atlas  contains  maps,  charts, 
diagrams,  and  descriptive  notes  dealing  with  dates,  distribution,  and  condi- 
tions favoring  killing  frosts  in  the  United  States,  variations  in  the  length  of 
the  growing  season,  and  suitable  planting  and  harvesting  dates. 

Discussing  the  season  available  for  plant  growth,  it  is  stated  that  'Mn  gen- 
eral the  length  of  period  in  which  the  chance  of  killing  frost  Is  small  enough 
to  permit  profitable  agriculture  is,  depending  on  the  locality,  between  15  and 
50  days  less  than  the  average  number  of  days  without  killing  frost." 

A  selected  list  of  references  to  literature  on  frost  is  given 

The  measurement  of  atmospheric  pollution,  J.  S.  Owens  {Quart.  Jour.  Roy. 
Met.  8oc.  [London^  U  (1918),  No.  187,  pp.  149-170,  figs.  ^).— This  arUcle  dis- 
cusses the  investigations  undertaken  by  the  British  Advisory  Committee  on 
Atmospheric  Pollution,  describes  the  methods  used,  summarizes  the  results  ob- 
tained, and  calls  attention  to  some  of  the  unsolved  problems. 

It  Is  stated  that  the  results  of  three  years'  observations,  1914  to  1916,  have 
been  compiled  and  that  a  fourth  year's  results  are  about  ready  for  publication. 
During  the  earlier  years,  observations  were  made  largely  in  cities,  only  one 
station  being  In  the  open  country.  In  the  more  recent  observations,  another 
country  station  has  been  added.  The  author  is  of  the  opinion  that  the  value  of 
the  investigations  would  be  Increased  if.  there  were  more  country  stations, 
properly  distributed  so  as  to  give  comparative  figures  for  country  air  and  the 
air  of  dties. 

In  general,  the  results  show  that  the  air  deposits  are  greater  in  winter  than 
In  summer,  although  the  proportion  of  dust  as  compared  with  products  of 
combustion  are  greater  in  summer  than  in  winter.  The  amounts  of  sulphate 
and  chlorln  were  also  highest  in  winter,  but  the  amount  of  ammonia  appeared 
to  bear  no  relation  to  the  season.  The  effect  of  the  wind  was  apparently  ob- 
scured by  other  Influences.  Among  the  unsolved  problems  referred  to  are  the 
relation  of  atmoiq[)heric  pollution  to  disease  and  bacterial  content  of  the  air, 
the  vertical  distribution  of  impurities,  and  various  factors  governing  the  deposit 
of  floating  matter  in  the  air. 

[Observations  on  aerology]  (17.  8.  Mo.  Weather  Rev.  Sup.  IS  {1918),  pp.  81, 
pi,  1). — ^This  supplement  contains  the  following  articles:  Free-air  Data  at 
Drexel,  Nebr.,  and  Ellendale,  N.  Dak.,  Aerological  Stations,  April  to  June,  1918, 
Inclusive,  by  W.  R.  Gregg;  and  Notes  on  Kite  Flying,  by  V.  E.  Jakl. 

Pally  river  stages  at  river  gauge  stations  on  the  principal  rivers  of  the 
United  States,  1917,  A.  J.  Henby  (U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Weather  Bur.,  Daily  River 
Stages,  15  {1917),  pp.  «8e).— This  is  the  fifteenth  part  of  the  series  of  river 
gauge  readings  maintained  by  the  Weather  Bureau. 


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210  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BBOOED.  [Vol.  40 

Meteorological  observatloxis  at  the  Massaehufletts  Agziealtiural  Bzperl- 
ment  Station,  J.  E.  Ostrandeb  and  H.  Bebican  {MiuaadhuaetU  8ta.  Met,  BuU. 
959-960  (1918) r  pp.  4  each). — Summaries  of  observationB  at  Amherst,  Mass.,  on 
pressure,  temperature,  humidity,  precipitation,  wind,  sunshine,  cloudiness,  and 
casual  phenomena  during  November  and  December,  1918,  are  presented.  The 
general  character  of  the  weather  for  November  is  briefly  discussed,  and  the 
December  bulletin  gives  a  summary  for  the  year.  Tlie  principal  data  in  this 
summary  are  as  follows: 

Pressure,  reduced  to  freezing  and  sea  level  (inches). — ^Maximum,  30.70, 
February  21,  December  19;  minimum,  28.84,  January  15;  mean,  30.023.  Air 
temperature,  in  ground  shelter  (degrees  F.). — ^Mazimim:!,  100,  August  7;  ndnl- 
mum,  —22.5,  February  2.  Humidity. — ^Mean  dewpoint,  87.8;  mean  relative 
humidity,  76.4.  Predpitatiaru — ^Total  rainfall  or  melted  snow,  37.47  in. ;  number 
of  days  on  which  0.01  in.  or  more  rain  or  melted  snow  fell,  123 ;  total  snowfall, 
50.75  in.  Weather. — ^Total  cloudiness  recorded  by  sun  thermometer,  1,920  hoars, 
or  43  per  cent ;  number  of  clear  days,  106.  Bright  sunshine. — ^Nim:iber  of  hours 
recorded,  2,532,  or  57  per  cent  Wind. — ^Prevailing  direction,  west;  total  move- 
ment, 50,435  miles;  maximum  daily  movement,  606  miles,  March  3;  minimum 
daily  movement,  4  miles,  December  20;  maximum  pressure  per  square  foot, 
20  lbs.,  February  26,  west-northwest.  Dates  of  frost. — ^Last,  April  26;  first, 
September  11.    Dates  of  snow. — ^Last,  April  13 ;  first,  November  4. 

Some  common  fallacies  about  Kansas  weather,  S.  D.  Flora  (Trans.  Kans. 
Acad,  fifci.,  28  (1916-17),  pp.  55-60). — ^Reviewing  the  available  data  on  the  sub- 
ject the  author  concludes  that  the  climate  of  Kansas  "has  not  clianged  any 
since  the  Pilgrims  landed  at  Plymouth  Rock  and  will  probably  not  change  for 
centuries  to  come ;  also  that  the  golden  harvests  of  the  last  tw^ity  years  have 
been  the  result  of  increased  skill  and  industry  in  making  the  earth  productive, 
and  have  been  independent  of  any  change  in  climate.'* 

Beport  on  the  phenological  observations  in  the  British  Islands,  from  De- 
cember, 1916,  to  November,  1917,  J.  E.  Clark  and  H.  B.  Aoamss  (Quart. 
Jour.  Roy,  Met.  8oc.  [London],  U  (1918),  No.  187,  pp.  191-214,  pls.  2).— Obser- 
vations from  114  stations  in  different  parts  of  the  British  Isles  are  reported  and 
briefly  discussed. 

"  The  official  returns  show  that  in  spite  of  the  bad  harvest  weather,  the  yield 
per  acre  in  England  of  wheat  in  1917  rather  exceeded  1916,  though  barley 
and  oats  were  a  little  below.  All  were  below  the  10  years'  mean,  wheat  about 
5  per  cent,  barley  6  per  cent,  and  oats  4  per  cent.  Owing  to  increased  acreage 
the  total  yield  of  all  was  greater,  and  so  also  of  peas,  but  beans,  with  only 
some  17  bu.  against  30,  on  a  smaller  acreage,  gave  under  half  the  crop.  Hay  of 
both  kinds  was  atiort  Potatoes  gave  a  record  yield,  over  6}  tons  per  acre 
(Wlsley  grew  up  to  40  tons  in  trials),  or  f  ton  above  the  mean.  Mangolds 
gave  2}  tons  per  acre  over  the  mean  of  19.26,  but  turnips*  at  12}  tons,  were 
f  ton  below. 

"Irish  and  Scottish  returns  per  acre  were  in  all  the  above  crops  well  over 
the  average.  The  three  countries  yielded  8,600,000  tons  of  potatoes  off  1,364,000 
acres,  compared  with  5,468,000  tons  off  1,134,400  acres  in  1916.  Tree  fruit  crops 
also  gave  excellent  returns,  the  heavy  gales  in  August  leaving  a  marked  effect 
only  upon  apples.    Pears  and  plums  proved  excellent  crops.  .  .  . 

"  The  year,  which  opened  in  an  apparently  disastrous  fashion,  thus  resulted 
well  on  the  whole.  The  effect  of  the  prolonged  winter  was  not  only  less  prejo* 
diclal  than  expected,  but  was  more  than  compensated  by  the  propitioua 
weather  of  late  spring  and  early  summer.  Again  the  heavy  rains  and  gales  of 
late  July  and  August,  laying  great  stretches  of  grain  and  decimating  the  or- 
chards, were  compensated  by  September  conditions,  November  in  the  same  way 

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ttWl  BOILS — ^FERTILIZERS.  211 

making  amends  for  October  in  securing  the  root,  and,  above  all«  potato  crops. 
Shortage  of  man-power  alone  prevented  this  being  realized  to  tbe  full,  so  that 
the  severe  December  frosts  in  some  parts  did  damage  in  unharvested  fields.** 

The  weather  of  the  past  agricultural  7ear,  F.  J.  Bbodie  {Jour.  Boy.  Agr. 
Soc.  England,  78  U917),  pp.  127-1S8) ,— The  usual  meteorological  data  from 
stations  in  different  parts  of  England  and  Wales  for  1917  are  summarized  and 
discussed.  Attention  is  called  especially  to  the  *'  extraordinarily  long,  cold,  and 
dreary  winter  "  of  191^17  and  the  unusually  late  spring  of  1917. 

SOUS— FEBTILIZEBS. 

Interpretation  of  field  observations  on  the  moistness  of  the  subsoil,  F.  J. 
AI.WAT,  6.  R.  McDoLX,  and  R.  S.  Tbumbuix  {Jour.  Amer.  Soc.  Agron.,  10  (1918) f 
No.  7-S,  pp.  265-278). — In  connection  with  work  done  at  the  Nebraska  Experi- 
ment Station  during  1907-1913,  a  definite  correlation  was  found  to  exist  between 
notations  made  in  the  field  on  the  apparent  moistures  of  soil  samples  at  the 
time  of  sampling  for  moisture  determinations  in  semiarid  southwestern 
Nebraska  and  in  the  humid  eastern  portion  of  the  State  and  the  data  later 
obtained  in  the  laborator>\  A  numerical  interpretation  has  been  placed  on  the 
field  observations  and  expressed  as  the  ratio  of  the  moisture  content  to  the 
hygroscopic  coefficient  Later  studies  were  also  made  in  Minnesota  but  are 
deemed  to  be  of  limited  value. 

When  the  soil  was  too  dry  to  be  removed  from  the  boring  by  the  ordlaary 
open  auger  the  condition  was  designated  as  "  powder,"  and  the  ratio  was  found 
to  be  1.3  or  lower,  whereas  with  soil  sufficiently  moist  to  adhere  well  to  the 
auger  a  ratio  of  1.5  or  above,  was  obtained.  In  the  semiarid  soils  examined 
having  hygroscopic  coefficients  ranging  from  2  to  14  and  representing  the  com- 
mon tillable  types,  the  powdered  state  was  found  to  be  very  common  and  a 
mere  field  examination  gave  a  quite  satisfactory  estimate  of  moisture  condi- 
tions. Data  secured  on  very  fine  textured  soils  and  on  coarse  sands  are  said 
to  be  too  few  to  warrant  similar  interpretations.  With  humid  soils  this  dry 
condition  was  comparatively  rare,  being  limited  chiefiy  to  well-established 
alfalfa  fields.  Ordinary  mineral  subsoils  rarely  showed  a  ratio  above  2.5. 
Roots  appeared  to  be  unable  to  penetrate  a  soil  stratum  having  a  ratio  below 
1.5,  and  the  lower  limit  to  which  the  plant  roots  could  reduce  the  subsoii 
moisture  is  said  to  be  approximately  1  or  1.1. 

This  method  of  interpretation  is  thought  to  give  promise  of  usefulness  in 
dry-land  regions,  both  as  a  field  aid  for  soil  investigators  and  agronomists  and 
as  a  practical  method  for  county  agricultural  agents  and  the  more  intelligent 
farmers. 

The  influence  of  the  height  of  the  water  table  in  swampy  meadows,  E. 
NTSTBdM  and  H.  Osvald  (Svenska  Mo89kulturf6r.  Tidskr.,  S2  (1918),  No.  1,  pp. 
42-114,  figs.  i6).— This  article  is  divided  into  a  report  by  E.  Nystrom  on  the 
plans  and  methods  followed  and  the  yields  obtained  in  the  study  presented,  and 
a  description  by  H.  Osvald  of  investigations  on  the  development  of  the  root 
systems  of  the  plants  under  the  conditions  of  the  experiment 

A  special  installation  was  provided  in  which  the  height  of  the  water  table  in 
two  duplicate  series  of  plats  was  maintained  at  20,  40,  60,  80,  and  100  cm.  below 
the  surface  of  the  soil.  One  of  the  series  was  devoted  to  studies  with  a  bog 
son  and  the  other  to  experiments  with  a  sphagnous  moss  soil.  A  mixture  of 
clover  and  grass  seed  was  sown  and  the  behavior  of  the  different  species  is 
briefly  noted.    The  work  was  in  progress  from  1912  to  1916. 

The  two  types  of  soils  gave  quite  different  results.  In  the  bog  soil  the  height 
of  the  water  table  had  but  little  effect  on  yield,  as  the  roots  of  the  meadow  plants 


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212  EXPEBIMENT  STATIOK  BBOOBD.  lY€l.40 

went  deeper  as  the  water  table  was  lowered.  It  Is  pointed  oat  that  the  plants 
were  thus  enabled  to  obtain  the  necessary  moisture  supply  even  In  time  of 
drought  On  the  moss  soil  the  plants  developed  a  shallow  root  system  regard- 
less of  the  water  table,  which  placed  them  at  a  disadvantage  during  dry  periods. 
The  clovers  were  not  successful  on  the  bog  soil,  and  hence  the  use  of  grasses 
on  this  soil  type  is  recommended.  The  results  Indicated  that  the  best  growth 
of  grass  on  the  bog  soil  may  be  expected  with  the  water  table  about  60  cm.  (2  ft.) 
below  the  soil  surface.  On  the  moss  soil  the  grasses  as  compared  with  the 
clovers  made  the  poorer  growth,  and  it  is  stated  that  on  this  soil  type,  as 
shown  by  the  experiment,  the  water  table  should  not  be  deeper  than  40  cm. 
under  the  surface  of  the  soil. 

Of  the  grasses,  orchard  grass  (DactylU  glomerata)  on  the  bog  soil  was  tlie 
only  species  thriving  best  when  the  water  table  was  lowest  Meadow  foxtail 
{Atopecurus  pratensis)  and  meadow  fescue  {Festuoa  pratensis)  gave  the  best 
yields  when  the  water  table  stood  about  60  cm.  below  the  surface  of  the  soil. 
Timothy  {Phleum  pratense)  and  canary  grass  {Phalaris  arundinacea)  proved 
more  Indifferent  in  this  regard.  Orchard  grass  even  on  the  moss  soil  made 
the  best  growth  with  the  water  table  at  the  greater  depth,  but  all  other  grasses 
gave  the  best  returns  with  the  water  table  standing  nearest  the  surface  of  this 
soil  type.  On  both  kinds  of  soil  the  clovers  grew  best  when  the  water  table 
stood  high.  Among  the  grasses,  meadow  foxtail  and  orchard  grass  were  most 
successful  on  the  moss  soil,  while  on  the  bog  soil  all  grasses  developed  equally 
well  when  the  soil  moisture  conditions  were  favorable.  Timothy,  orchard  grass, 
and  meadow  fescue  reached  their  highest  yields  the  first  or  second  year.  While 
meadow  fescue  and  timothy  lost  in  productive  power  from  year  to  year  the 
reduction  in  yield  of  orchard  grass  was  unimportant  Meadow  foxtail  and 
canary  grass  contributed  little  to  the  yield  during  the  first  years  but  continued 
each  year  to  increase  in  importance,  and  were  as  a  rule  the  dominating  species 
toward  the  last 

H.  Osvald,  in  addition  to  describing  his  own  experiments  on  the  development 
of  root  systems  and  reporting  his  results,  briefiy  reviews  the  methods  em- 
ployed and  the  results  obtained  in  earlier  work  of  this  nature  by  other  in- 
vestigators.   A  list  of  52  references  on  the  subject  Is  given. 

The  results  Indicated  that  the  nature  of  the  soil  is  of  decided  importance  in 
relation  to  soil  moisture  and  root  development  In  different  soil  strata.  This 
importance,  it  is  pointed  out  depends  upon  the  degree  of  capillarity  which  de- 
termines the  upward  movement  of  soil  moisture  and  the  retention  of  precipi- 
tation. The  moss  soils  are  considered  equally  efficient  with  the  bog  soils  In 
retaining  the  moisture  derived  from  snow  or  rain,  but  as  standing  far  behind 
this  type  of  soils  In  capillary  power.  It  Is  believed  that  as  the  roots  are  not 
likely  to  reach  the  ground  water  when  this  stands  low,  draining  moss  soils  to 
too  great  a  depth  exposes  them  to  drought  Injury,  especially  in  view  of  the  fact 
that  these  soils  in  comparison  with  bog  soils  must  hold  relatively  more  moisture 
to  supply  the  growing  plants. 

The  relationship  between  absorption  and  coagulation  with  respect  to  the 
mineral  colloids  of  the  soil,  A.  db  Dominicis  {Ab$,  in  Intemat,  Inst.  Agr, 
[Rome^,  Intemat,  Rev,  8ci.  and  Pract.  Agr,,  9  (1918),  No.  9,  pp.  1086,  1091). — 
This  article  reports  the  results  of  a  continuation  of  Investigations  previously 
noted  (E.  S.  R.,  35,  p.  818),  the  general  plan  of  the  previous  work  being  "to 
determine  the  relationship  between  that  which  is  absorbed  and  that  which  is 
coagulated,  considering  that  each  time  a  saline  solution  acts  on  a  colloidal 
solution  the  resulting  coagulation  always  determines  a  lowering  of  the  concen- 
tration of  one  of  the  electrolytic  constituents  of  the  dissolved  salt" 


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m9)  SOILS— FEftTlLIZEBS.  213 

The  conclusions  reached  are  that  "  (1)  there  is  a  real  and  constant  relation 
betwe^i  absorption  and  coagulation.  (2)  The  action  of  the  electrolytes  de- 
termines a  single  process  in  the  unstable  hydrosols  consisting  of  coagulation  by 
absorption.  When  atoms  and  ions  of  opposite  sign  come  into  contact  they  at- 
tract each  other  reciprocally,  causing  the  neutralizatiob  of  their  respective 
charges  and  the  formation  of  insoluble  absorption  combinations.  This  causes  a 
lowering  of  the  concentration  either  in  the  colloidal  solution  or  in  the  electrolyte 
soluticm.  (3)  Ck>nsidered  separately,  the  two  processes  proceed  in  parallel, 
as  the  function  of  identical  factors  and  in  function  one  of  the  other;  that  Is, 
they  advance  as  the  opposed  signs  of  charge  between  the  atoms  and  ions  drop, 
and  are  seen  to  be  connected  by  the  relation  of  cause  and  effect.  (4)  The 
existence  of  this  relation  is  of  great  importance  as  regards  the  physical- 
chemical  properties  of  the  soil,  which  are  always  influenced  by  it  in  a  manner 
advantageous  to  fertility." 

Soil  acidity  methods,  R.  B.  Stephsvtson  {Soil  8ci.,  6  (1918),  No.  i,  pp. 
$S-52) . — In  this  paper,  a  contribution  from  the  Iowa  College,  the  author  reviews 
pr^imlnary  tests  of  various  methods  for  determining  soil  acidity,  Including 
those  proposed  by  Tacke  (E.  S.  R.,  9,  p.  32),  Veitch  (E.  S.  R.,  14,  p.  418), 
Hopkins  (E.  S.  R,  24,  p.  807),  Jones  (E.  S.  R.,  82,  p.  610),  Truog  (E.  S.  R.,  85, 
p.  503),  and  Maclntlre  (E.  S.  R.,  35,  p.  715).  He  concludes  that  a  modification 
of  the  Tacke  procedure  is  alone  reliable  for  research  work.  It  Is  stated  that 
methods  depending  upon  the  liberation  of  an  acid  from  its  salt  do  not  give 
total  acidity  and  indicate  a  lime  requirement  depending  both  upon  the  soil  and 
the  salt  used.  Methods  employing  heat  or  a  strong  base  are  likewise  deemed 
unreliable,  since  their  indications  are  thought  to  be  both  excessive  and  incon- 
sistent The  nature  of  the  soil  acids  Is  also  regarded  as  a  very  Important 
factor  to  be  considered  in  studies  of  lime  requirement. 

Experiments  testing  various  modifications  of  the  method  proposed  by  Tacke 
are  described  and  the  following  conclusions  reached :  Pure  water  was  a  reliable 
medium  for  bringing  about  the  reaction  between  the  acid  soil  and  the  carbonate. 
The  use  of  dilute  solutions  of  calcium  or  sodium  chlorld  hastened  the  reaction 
to  only  a  limited  extent,  while  a  concentrated  solution  of  these  salts  may  have 
prevented  fermentative  reactions,  altthough  such  a  provision  proved  unneces- 
sary. The  rate  of  reaction  was  somewhat  depressed  by  concentrated  chlorids. 
Toluene  proved  to  be  of  no  value  to  the  method,  an  antiseptic  evidently  being 
unnecessary.  The  use  of  normal  sodium  nitrate  hastened  the  reaction,  but  its 
value  has  not  yet  been  established.  The  length  of  time  of  running,  the  rate 
of  aeration,  and  the  vigor  of  shaking  are  said  to  be  the  most  Important  factors 
in  the  Tacke  method.  The  rate  of  aeration  should  be  maintained  at  a  maxi- 
mum. The  effects  of  temperature  and  the  partial  pressure  of  carbon  dloxid 
can  not  be  determined.  A  run  of  from  5  to  10  hours  added  to  the  reliability 
of  the  method,  tending  to  overcome  many  momentary  influences.  The  activity 
of  soil  acids  varied  greatly  as  measured  by  the  rate  of  evolution  of  carbon 
dloxid.  The  more  reactive  acids  reacted  at  once,  the  less  reactive  only  after 
long  contact  and  thorough  mixing  of  soil  and  carbonate  and  after  more  com- 
plete removal  of  the  dloxid  liberated.  The  method  is  believed  to  be  not  only 
consistent  in  indicating  total  acidity  but  also  in  a  limited  way  Is  thought  to 
measure  the  toxicity  of  the  soil  acids. 

The  decoxnposition  of  organic  matter  in  soils,  F.  G.  Merxtj  (Jour.  Amer. 
Soe-  Agron.,  10  (1918),  No.  7-8,  pp.  281-S02,  figs.  6). — ^Thls  paper,  a  contribution 
from  the  Massachusetts  College,  describes  experimental  work  in  which  obser- 
vations were  made  upon  the  relative  rate  of  decomposition  of  different  oven- 
dried  materials  in  a  fine  sandy  loam  soil  as  measured  by  the  amount  of  carbon 


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214  EXPERIBCBNT  STATIOK  RECOED.  tV6L40 

dioxid  produced  each  week  oyer  a  period  of  several  weeks.  Tlie  materials 
employed  included  soy  beans,  alfalfa,  red  clover,  sugar-beet  and  rutabaga 
roots,  rape  tops,  pine  needles,  oak  and  maple  leaves*  white-pine  shavingBy 
barley,  oats,  and  buckwheat  The  effect  of  sulphate  of  ammonia,  nitrate  at 
soda,  ammonium  phosphate,  calcium  cyanamld,  and  add  phosphate  upon  the 
decomposition  of  soy-bean  fodder  was  also  studied.  The  residues  from  the 
oxidation  experiments  were  dried  and  the  humus  content  of  each  determined. 
The  data  are  presented  in  tabular  form  and  illustrated  graphically.  The  ccm- 
cluslons  reached  may  be  summarized  as  follows: 

Legumes  high  in  nitrogen  showed  a  more  rapid  rate  of  decay  than  straws 
and  litters  which  were  low  in  nitrogen,  nitrogen  appearing  to  influence  decom- 
position. These  results  are  held  to  indicate  that  on  farms  where  anlmsd 
manures  are  not  available  the  choice  of  cover  crops  and  green  manures  Is  im- 
portant. Oyanamid  appeared  to  be  toxic  to  soil  bacteria,  or  at  least  to  arrest 
the  decay  of  organic  matter  for  two  weeks  after  application.  Although  com- 
mercial fertilizers  seem  to  act  upon  soil  humus,  decomposing  it  quite  rapliHy, 
they  apparently  fail  to  act  upon  crude  organic  matter  in  the  same  way. 

A  list  of  44  titles  comprising  the  literature  cited  is  appended. 

Protozoa  and  the  phenomena  of  redaction  in  soil,  G.  A.  H.  von  Woleogbn 
KtJHB,  JR.,  (Arch.  SuikeHndus,  Nederland,  Indie,  25  (1917),  pp.  1125-1182;  A6s. 
in  Intemat  Inst.  Agr.  IRame],  Intemat.  Rev.  8ci.  and  Pract.  Agr.,  9  (1918),  No, 
7,  pp.  788-790;  Chem.  Ab9.,  12  (1918),  No.  2S,  p.  2647).— The  principal  biochemi- 
cal reduction  phenomena  occurring  in  the  soil  and  the  methods  employed  for  recog- 
nizing them  are  reviewed,  namely  "(1)  the  *  reduction  index '  (*  reductiegetal '), 
expressed  in  cubic  centimeters  of  a  dednormal  solution  of  KMnO«  required  to 
oxidize  the  quantity  of  '  ferrous  *  iron  liberated  by  100  gm.  of  soil  (dried  at  lOS"" 
G.)  in  a  sulphurous  solution,  and  (2)  the  '  f erro-lndex  *  (' ferro-cyfer*)»  ex- 
pressed in  cubic  centimeters  of  a  decinormal  solution  of  KMn04  required  to 
oxidize  the  ferrous  iron  extracted  from  100  gm.  of  soil  (dried  at  105**)  in  an 
acetic  solution." 

Recognizing  that  protozoa  form  a  biological  indicator  of  the  reduction  phe- 
nomena in  soils,  the  author  attempted  to  correlate  the  number  of  proti)zoa, 
reduction  phenomena,  and  productive  power  in  a  large  number  of  soils  from 
sugar-cane  plantations  in  Java.  These  investigations  showed  a  relation  between 
the  water  content,  reduction  index,  ferro-index,  and  the  number  of  protozoa  per 
gi*am  of  soil.  By  this  means  he  was  able  to  divide  the  soils  into  three  classes, 
as  follows:  "(1)  Good  soils,  showing  little  or  no  reduction,  containing  few  or 
no  protozoa  (from  0  to  50  protozoa  per  1  gm.  of  soil),  (2)  bad  soils,  with  a  high 
'  reduction  index*  and  many  protozoa  (50  to  1(X)  or  more  per  gram),  and  (3) 
very  bad  soils,  with  a  very  high  *  reduction  index'  and  few  or  no  protozoa 
(0  to  50  per  gram).*' 

The  occurrence  of  Azotobacter  in  cranberry  soils,  S.  A.  Waxsicait  (Science^ 
n.  «er.,  48  (1918),  No.  1252,  pp.  65S,  654). — Azotobacter  and  Actinomyces  were 
found  in  a  limed  sandy  bog  soil  having  a  hydrogen-ion  concentration  of  pH= 
6.2  to  6.4.  but  not  in  the  same  soil  unlimed  and  having  a  hydrogen-ion  con- 
centration of  pH  =  5.4  to  5.0. 

The  occurrence  of  Bacterium  lactis  viscosum  in  soil,  O.  R.  Fellebs  {Sou 
fifci.,  5  (1918),  No.  6,  pp.  487,  488).— The  author  briefly  describes  observations 
made  on  organisms  isolated  from  a  Sassafras  sandy  loam  and  from  a  Penn 
bhaley  loam  soil  known  to  have  been  free  from  applications  of  cow  manure 
for  several  years.  These  are  said  to  have  corresponded  to  written  descriptions 
and  laboratory  cultures  of  B.  lactis  viscosunK  It  is  thought  that  the  soil  may 
be  a  natural  habitat  of  the  organism. 


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m»)  SOILS — ^FERTIUZEBS.  215 

Tests  of  commercial  cnltures  for  legume  inoculation,  H.  A.  Notes  and  G.  O. 
Cbomeb  {Soil  8ci.,  6  {1918),  No.  i,  pp.  69r-79,  /Igs.  2)  .—Investigations  of  legume 
inoculation  made  at  tbe  Indiana  Experiment  Station  are  described.  Pot  ex- 
periments included  a  comparison  of  soil  obtained  from  fields  growing  the  re- 
spective legumes  and  four  commercial  cultures  applied  to  each  seed,  planted  in 
either  its  exact  proportion  of  the  commercial  culture,  or  its  proportion  of 
bacteria  in  the  weight  of  soil  used  per  acre,  together  with  a  study  of  the 
inoculating  ability  of  1  lb.  and  of  0.5  lb.  quantities  of  soil  per  acre. 

In  addition  greenhouse  plat  tests  were  undertaken  to  study  the  effect  of 
fertilization  upon  the  percentage  of  inoculation  obtained  with  a  specific  culture. 
Soy  beans,  sweet  clover,  cowpeas,  and  hairy  vetch  were  employed  in  the  pot 
experiments,  and  8  per  cent  hydrogen  peroxid  was  used  as  a  sterilizing  agent 
for  the  seed.  Air-dry  Wabash  sandy  loam  soil  was  placed  in  greenhouse  pots 
8  in.  deep  and  8  in.  in  diameter,  and  both  the  soil  and  pots  were  sterilized  by 
dry  heat  Nine  seeds  were  planted  in  each  pot  and  the  plants  thinned  to  three 
per  pot  Sterile,  distilled  water  was  used  in  watering  the  pots  until  the  plants 
were  harvested  seven  weeks  later.  All  treatments  were  made  in  triplicate. 
Inoculated  and  uninoculated  soy  hean  seeds  were  seeded  in  a  bank  sand  and  in 
a  brown  silty  loam  soil  in  greenhouse  plats  without  previous  sterilization.  The 
plats  had  been  twice  cropped  to  lettuce  and  fertilized  seven  months  and  again 
four  months  previously  with  vaiious  combinations  of  acid  phosphate,  sodium 
nitrate,  potassium  chlorid,  and  manure. 

Both  soil  and  commercial  cultures  gave  100  per  cent  inoculation  with  sweet 
clover  in  the  pot  experiments,  while  in  the  case  of  the  other  legumes  all  treat- 
ments failed  to  give  satisfactory  inoculation.  Since  both  quantities  of  soil 
failed  to  produce  inoculation  with  three  of  the  legumes  the  double  quantity 
could  not  be  regarded  as  superior  to  the  single  quantity.  A  commercial  culture 
applied  to  soy  bean  seeds  at  a  double  rate  produced  an  average  Inoculation  of 
75  per  cent,  as  compared  with  20  per  cent  for  plants  sown  to  uninoculated  seed. 
Sodium  nitrate  tended  to  reduce  the  percentage  of  Inoculation  secured. 

It  is  concluded  that  "  larger  quantities  of  commercial  cultures  and  soil  than 
those  used  in  these  tests  would  be  necessary  to  furnish  satisfactory  inoculA' 
tion  over  the  entire  area  for  which  the  culture  was  put  up." 

Beiftort  on  the  examination  of  commercial  cultures  of  legrume-inf  ecting  bac- 
teria, C.  R.  Fellers  {SoU  8ci.,  6  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  59-67).— The  results  of  an 
examination  of  about  30  official  samples  and  of  some  20  unofficial  samples  of 
commercial  legume  cultures  made  at  the  New  Jersey  Experiment  Stations  are 
noted.  The  number  of  organisms  contained  in  the  culture  was  determined, 
as  well  as  the  purity  of  the  cultures  and  their  efficiency  in  nodule  production. 

Only  two  cultures  were  classed  as  '*poor,"  indicating  that  less  than  one 
nodule  per  plant  was  produced,  and  four  as  "  partly  poor."  Two  of  the  latter 
were  classed  as  "  good  "  in  all  tests  except  those  with  the  pea  bean.  In  most 
cases  the  purity  and  general  condition  of  the  culture  was  found  to  be  very 
good.  Soy  beans  appeared  to  be  harder  to  inoculate  than  most  of  the  common 
legumes,  many  of  the  cultures  failing  to  give  satisfactory  results  with  this 
plant  The  soil-transfer  method  of  inoculation  is  recommended  for  soy  beans 
unless  the  commercial  cultures  are  known  to  be  of  good  quality. 

Soil  or  muck  cultures  are  said  to  be  excellent  carriers  of  legume  bacteria. 
The  plate  method  of  testing  pure  cultures  gave  a  good  indication  of  the  infect- 
ing ability  of  the  organisms,  although  it  is  thought  best  to  verify  this  test  by 
growing  the  plants  and  examining  the  roots  for  nodules.  The  establishment  of 
a  standard  for  a  lower  limit  of  "  bacteria  per  acre-size  sample  "  is  not  deemed 
justified  at  the  present  time,  and  possibly  not  at  all  because  of  the  variability  in 
the  physiological  efficiency  of  the  organisms  themselves.  • 


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216  BXMRlMfiin?  STATIOIT  fifiCORD.  tVol.4d 

Soil  survey  of  Lowndes  County,  Ala.,  L.  R.  ScHOENMAim  and  R.  T.  A.  Bubkb 
{U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Adv.  Sheets  Field  Oper.  Bur.  SaiU,  1916,  pp.  tf8,  fig.  1,  map 
1). — ^This  survey,  made  in  cooperation  with  the  State  of  Alabama,  deals  with 
the  soils  of  an  area  of  453,120  acres  situated  in  the  south-central  part  of  the 
State  and  lying  within  the  high  part  of  the  Ck)astal  Plain  province.  The  topo- 
graphy of  the  county  varies  from  level  to  hilly  and  brokoi,  with  elevations 
ranging  from  100  to  600  ft  above  sea  level.  Natural  drainage  is  obtained 
chiefly  through  the  drainage  basin  of  the  Alabama  River  and  is  generally  well 
established. 

The  upland  soils  of  the  county  are  derived  from  marine  or  lacustrine  deposits, 
the  oldest  of  these  formations  influencing  the  soils  of  the  region  being  a  pale- 
bluish,  soft,  argillaceous  limestone  known  as  the  Selma  chalk.  The  other  soils 
are  of  sedimentary  origin  and  include  unconsolidatel  sands,  sandy  clays,  and 
heavy  clays.  In  addition  to  rough  stony  land,  27  soil  types  of  18  series  are 
mapped.  Oktibbeha  clay,  Sumter  clay,  and  Catalpa  day,  occupying  25.9,  12.4, 
and  11.2  per  cent  of  the  total  area,  respectively,  are  the  principal  types. 

Soil  survey  of  Clay  County,  Iowa,  E.  H.  Smies  and  T.  H.  BEr^TOif  (U.  8. 
Dept.  Agr.,  Adv.  Sheets  Field  Oper.  Bur.  Soils,  1916,  pp.  45,  fig.  1,  map  1). — 
This  survey,  made  in  cooperation  with  the  Iowa  Experiment  Station,  deals  with 
the  soils  of  an  area  of  360,320  acres  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  State.  In 
general,  the  surface  is  that  of  a  broad,  undulating  glacial-drift  plain,  while 
the  eastern  fourth  of  the  county  is  somewhat  knolly  or  ridgy.  Natural  drainage 
is  rather  slow  over  most  of  the  area. 

The  soils  of  the  region  are  described  as  upland,,  high  terrace,  and  first-bottom 
soils  and  are  said  to  be  derived  from  the  bowlder  clay  of  the  unmodified  glacial 
drift  and  to  be  unrelated  to  the  underlying  rocks.  Exclusive  of  muck  and  peat, 
13  soil  types  of  8  series  are  mapped.  Carrington  loam,  Webster  silty  clay 
loam,  Carrington  silt  loam,  and  Lamoure  silty  day  loam  predominate,  occupy- 
ing 31.3,  20.2, 15,  and  11.9  per  cent  of  the  total  area,  respectively. 

Pottawattamie  County  soils,  W.  H.  Stevenson,  P.  B.  Bbown,  ep  ai-  {Iowa 
Sta.  Soil  Survey  Rpt.  2  {1918),  pp.  54.  pis.  2,  figs.  12). — ^Thls  report  contains 
data  secured  in  a  survey  of  the  county  made  In  cooperation  with  the  Bureau 
of  Soils  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  (B.  S.  R.,  34,  p.  616),  as  well 
as  additional  information  supplied  by  the  station  regarding  particularly  the 
composition  and  fertility  of  the  soils  as  determined  by  chemical  analyses  and 
pot  tests  of  typical  soils  in  the  area. 

The  analyses  show  wide  variations  in  the  plant  food  content  of  the  different 
soil  types,  not  only  between  the  large  soil  groups,  but  also  between  the  types 
within  the  groups.  The  soils  generally  are  well  supplied  with  potash.  They 
are  not  so  abundantly  supplied  with  phosphorus  and  nitrogen,  the  swamp  and 
bottom-land  soils  being  notably  low  in  nitrogen.  The  greatest  immediate  need 
of  the  soils  is  for  organic  matter.  It  is  stated  that  the  loess  soils,  which  are 
widely  distributed  in  the  area,  are  not  necessarily  lower  or  higher  In  any  one 
constituent  than  terrace,  swamp,  and  bottom-land,  or  other  soils.  Means  of 
supplying  the  defidencies  and  increasing  the  productiveness  of  the  soils,  as 
indicated  by  pot  experiments,  are  suggested. 

Muscatine  County  soils,  W.  H.  Stevenson,  P.  B.  Brown,  and  H.  W.  Johnson 
(Iowa  Sta.  Soil  Survey  Rpt,  S  {1918),  pp.  64,  pi.  1,  figs.  16).— This  report,  like 
that  noted  above,  is  based  on  data  secured  In  a  survey  made  in  cooperation 
with  the  Bureau  of  Soils  (E.  S.  R.,  35,  p.  117)  and  additional  data  regardinsr 
composition  and  fertility  supplied  by  the  station. 

It  was  observed  that  phosphorus  is  not  found  in  any  large  amount  in  the 
soils  of  the  county  and  may  become  a  limiting  factor.    Nitrogen  is  much  more 


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SOILS — ^FBRTIUZEaRS.  217 

abundant  than  phosphorus.  The  need  of  lime  is  very  pronounced.  Manuring, 
next  to  liioing,  is  considered  the  most  essential  need  of  the  soils.  As  is  the 
ease  In  practically  all  Iowa  soils,  potash  is  present  in  such  large  amounts  that 
applications  of  potash  fertilizers  "are  quite  unnecessary  if  proper  soil  condi- 
tions are  maintained." 

Soil  survey  of  Anoka  County,  Minn.,  W.  O.  Smfth,  Q.  H.  Nesom,  and  E.  Q. 
Both  (U.  8.  Dept  Agr.,  Aa,v.  BheetB  Field  Oper.  Bur.  BoiU,  1916,  pp.  SO,  fig.  1, 
map  1). — ^This  survey,  made  in  cooperation  with  the  Minnesota  Experiment  Sta- 
tion, deals  with  the  soils  of  an  area  of  275,840  acres,  situated  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  State  a  few  miles  north  of  Minneapolis.  The  greater  part 
of  the  county  comprises  glacial  drift  and  outwash  plains  having  a  rolling  to 
nearly  level  surface.  Numerous  level  areas  of  peat  occur  throughout  the  re- 
gion, lying  from  2  to  10  ft  or  more  below  the  general  level  of  the  upland.  The 
upland  ranges  from  850  to  1,060  ft  above  sea  level.  Natural  drainage  is  well 
established  in  all  of  the  county  except  the  peat  areas. 

The  soils  of  the  area  are  derived  from  young  gray  glacial  drift,  red  glacial 
drift,  deep  wind-laid  sand,  and  glacial-river  terrace  material  washed  from  the 
glacial  drift  sheets.  In  addition  to  peat,  9  soil  types  of  5  series  are  mapped. 
The  peaty  areas  occupy  37.6  per  cent  of  the  total  area,  while  the  predominating 
soil  types  are  Merrimac  loamy  fine  sand  and  Merrimac  loamy  sand,  occupying 
82.3  and  15.5  per  cent  of  the  area,  respectively. 

Soil  survey  of  Halifax  County,  N.  C,  R.  B.  Habdison  and  L.  L.  Bbinklet 
iU,  8,  Dept.  Agr.,  Adv.  8heet9  Field  Oper.  Bur.  Saiia,  1916,  pp.  47,  fig.  1,  map 
1). — ^This  survey,  made  in  cooperation  with  the  North  Carolina  Department  of 
Agriculture,  deals  with  the  soils  of  an  area  of  455,040  acres  situated  in  the 
northeastern  part  of  the  State,  partly  in  the  Piedmont  Plateau  and  partly  in 
the  Coastal  Plain.  The  topography  of  the  county  varies  from  flat  or  undulat- 
ing to  steeply  rolling  and  hilly.    Natural  drainage  is  well  established. 

The  soils  of  the  area  are  of  residual,  sedimentary,  and  alluvial  origin.  The 
residual  soils  have  been  derived  from  the  underlying  crystalline  rocks  and  the 
sedimentary  soils  from  the  unconsolidated  sands  and  days.  Twenty-nine  soil 
types  repreaoiting  19  series  are  mapped.  Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam  is  the 
principal  type,  occupying  28.2  per  cent  of  the  total  area. 

Soil  mamfT  of  Stanly  County,  N.  C,  R.  C.  Jubnxt  and  S.  O.  Perkins  (17.  8. 
Dept.  Agr.,  Adv.  8heet9  Field  Oper.  Bur.  8oiU,  1916,  pp.  $4,  fig- 1*  map  i).— This 
survey,  made  in  cooperation  with  the  North  Carolina  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, deals  with  the  soils  of  an  area  of  261,120  acres  situated  in  the  south- 
central  part  of  the  State.  The  topography  of  the  county  varies  from  almost 
level  to  gently  rolling,  rolling,  steep,  and  broken,  the  greater  part  of  the  region 
being  rolling.    Natural  drainage  is  complete. 

The  area  lies  wholly  within  the  Piedmont  Plateau  province,  and  the  soils 
with  the  exception  of  a  small  area  of  alluvial  soil,  are  residual  in  origin,  being 
derived  from  the  underlying  slate  and  igneous  dike  roclos.  Exclusive  of  rough 
stony  land,  18  soil  types  of  6  series  are  mapped.  Oeorgeville  gravely  silt  loam 
and  Alamance  slate  loam,  occupying  44.7  and  11.1  per  cent  of  the  total  area, 
respectively,  predominate. 

Soil  snrvey  of  Marion  County,  Ohio,  T.  M.  Mobbison,  O.  Gossabo,  and  O.  K. 
SiVAsxjAR  {V.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Adv*  8heet8  Field  Oper.  Bur.  8oils,  1916,  pp.  S7,  fig. 
i,  map  i).— This  survey,  made  in  cooperation  with  the  Ohio  Experiment  Sta- 
tion, deals  with  the  soils  of  an  area  of  261,769  acres  situated  just  northwest 
of  the  center  of  the  State.  Topographically,  the  county  is  said  to  be  remark- 
ably uniform,  occupying  a  broad,  smooth  to  rolling  plain  more  or  less  dis- 
sected by  drainage  ways.   Natural  drainage  Is  quite  inadequate. 


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218  EXPERIMENT  STATIOK  REGOBD.  [▼ol.40 

The  soils  of  the  county  are  largely  of  glacial  origin  and  belong  chiefly  to 
the  Glacial  and  Loesslal  and  the  Glacial  Lake  and  River  Terrace  proTiDce& 
The  underlying  rock  Is  prevailingly  limestone  or  shale.  Ezdnding  muck,  12 
soil  types  of  10  series  are  mapped.  The  heavy-textured  soils  predominate,  Bfiami 
sUty  clay  loam,  Clyde  silty  clay  loam,  and  Brookston  silty  day  loam  occupy- 
ing 43.6, 18.5,  and  16.6  per  cent  of  the  total  area,  respectively. 

Pertilizer  trials,  Wentzville  experiment  field,  M.  F.  MnxsB  and  F.  L.  Duijet 
(Missouri  8ta.  Bui.  157  (1918),  pp.  23,  figs.  5).— This  reports  the  results  of  ex- 
periments made  during  the  period  of  1918  to  1917  on  Putnam  silt  loam  soil  to 
determine  the  immediate  effects  of  steamed  bone  meal,  acid  phosphate,  and  two 
grades  of  mixed  fertilizers  on  com,  oats,  wheat,  and  dover  grown  in  rotation 
(with  cowpeas  substituted  for  clover  when  the  latter  failed)  and  on  wheat 
grown  continuously.  The  crops  are  considered  individually  and  the  net  retorns 
computed  on  the  basis  of  both  1918  and  1918  prices  for  fertilizers  and  crops. 
The  following  conclusions  were  reached: 

Only  the  lighter  applications  of  add  phoiphate  and  bone  meal  paid  a  net 
return  when  applied  to  com.  This  return  was  small,  due  in  part  to  two  very 
dry  seasons  and  one  exceptionally  wet  season.  Exceptionally  dry  weather 
during  July  and  August  preceded  by  wet  weather  during  May  and  June  was 
deemed  unfavorable  to  the  action  of  the  fertilizers.  The  application  of  150  to 
200  lbs.  per  acre  of  acid  phosphate,  bone  meal,  or  one  of  the  highly  phosphatic 
mixed  fertilizers  applied  in  advance  of  the  com  planter  with  a  fertilizer  grain 
drlU  is  said  usually  to  prove  profitable  on  this  soil,  as  well  as  a  smaller  appli- 
cation, 60  to  90  lbs.,  of  the  same  fertilizers  made  in  the  row  with  a  fertUlzer 
attachment  on  the  com  planter. 

Based  on  a  three-year  average,  the  use  of  fertilizer  on  oats  was  not  accom- 
panied by  paying  retums,  due  partly  to  unfavorable  seasons  for  oats,  since  very 
good  retums  were  obtained  in  the  one  season  when  weather  conditions  were 
favorable.  Clover  and  grass  following  oats  may  show  returns  as  large  or  larger 
than  the  oats  crop. 

Fertilizing  wheat  produced  excellent  net  retums  in  practically  all  cases 
where  this  crop  was  grown  in  rotation  with  others,  while  wheat  grown  con- 
tinuously for  five  years  and  fertilized  each  year  gave  a  much  lower  yield  and 
average  net  return.  The  average  yield  of  wheat  grown  in  rotation  was  5  bo.  per 
acre  more  than  where  wheat  was  grown  continuously.  The  retums  from  all  the 
trials  with  wheat  indicated  that  there  was  little  choice  between  add  phosphate, 
bone  meal,  and  the  medium-grade  mixed  fertilizer,  each  giving  substantial  net 
retums  at  prewar  prices  and  much  better  profits  at  the  1918  prices.  It  was 
shown  further  that  the  larger  applications  were  not  as  profitable,  on  the  whole 
as  the  smaller  ones,  the  average  net  retums  at  prewar  prices  from  all  fertilizer 
treatments  on  wheat  grown  in  rotation  being  $4.16  for  the  smaller  applications 
and  $2.17  for  the  larger  ones.  At  1918  prices  the  net  retums  were  $9.46  and  $6.4S, 
"  respectively. 

"  These  wheat  experiments  seem  to  warrant  the  use  of  from  125  to  200  lbs. 
per  acre  of  add  phosphate,  steamed  bone  meal,  or  one  of  the  highly  phoephatic 
mixed  fertilizers,  limiting  the  use  of  potash  in  the  mixed  fertilizers  during  the 
potash  shortage  to  2  per  cent  or  less.  On  lands  where  the  supply  of  nitrogen 
and  organic  matter  is  kept  up,  add  phosphate  or  highly  steamed  bone  meal  ia 
doubtless  to  be  preferred.** 

The  influence  of  ammonium  sulphate  on  the  germination  and  the  growth 
of  barley  in  sand  and  soil  cultures  kept  at  different  moisture  contents  and  at 
various  osmotic  concentrationB  of  the  soil  solution,  M.  I.  Wolkoft  (8M  86i^ 
5  (1918),  No.  6,  pp.  ^i-47P,  flffs.  tf).— This  paper  describes  investigationa  con- 
ducted at  the  New  Jersey  Bxperiment  Stations  on  the  effect  of  ammonium  sul- 

uigitizea  Dy  \jkjkjwi\^ 


»!•!  SOILS — FERTILIZERS,  219 

phate  used  in  various  combinations  with  monopotasslum  phosphate,  calcium 
carbonate,  magnesium  sulpliatet  and  ferrous  sulphate  upon  the  germination 
and  growth  of  barley  grown  in  pots  containing  sea  sand  or  Sassafras  light  sandy 
loam  BOIL  The  sand  and  soil  were  maintained  at  difTerent  moisture  contents 
representing  20,  40,  60,  and  80  per  cent  of  their  water-holding  capacity.  The 
effect  of  different  amounts  of  potassium  chlorid,  sodium  chlorid,  sodium  nitrate, 
calcium  sulphate,  aluminum  sulphate,  and  sodium  silicate  upon  the  main  fer- 
tilizer treatment  was  also  studied.  In  many  cases  the  osmotic  concentration 
of  the  nutrient  solutions  was  determined  both  before  and  after  application  to 
the  sand  or  the  soiL  Observations  were  also  made  on  the  effect  upon  the 
germination  of  barley  of  the  different  moisture  contents  noted  above,  and  of 
10  and  15  per  cent  of  the  water-holding  capacity  for  both  the  sand  and  soil  and 
in  addition  for  Sassafras  medium  silty  loam,  Elkton  clay  loam,  and  muck.  Gon- 
riderable  data  are  presented  in  tabular  form  and  fully  discussed.  The  results 
are  summarized  as  follows : 

The  moisture  content  of  the  soil  has  a  very  marked  influence  on  the  growth 
and  development  of  plants.  In  the  sand  cultures  the  plant  yield  increased  with 
an  increase  in  moisture  content  from  20  to  80  per  cent  of  the  water-holding 
capacity  of  the  sand.  In  the  soil  the  plant  yield  increased  with  an  increase 
in  moisture  content  up  to  60  per  cent,  while  a  further  increase  in  moisture 
brought  a  considerable  decrease  in  the  yield  of  dry  matter  of  barley.  Plant 
growth  in  both  the  soil  and  sand  maintained  at  a  moisture  content  equivalent 
to  20  per  cent  of  saturation  was  very  small,  and  had  no  direct  relation  to  the 
water  present,  as  compared  with  the  series  of  the  higher  moisture  content. 

With  a  constant  moisture  content  in  the  sand,  the  plant  yields  increased  with 
an  increase  in  the  application  of  ammonium  sulphate,  calcium  carbonate,  or 
monopotasslum  phosphate,  the  response  to  the  applications  of  these  salts  in  the 
amounts  used  being  in  the  order  named.  In  the  Sassafras  light  sandy  loam  a 
similar  response  to  applications  of  nitrogen  was  observed,  but  not  to  those  of 
lime  and  very  little  to  those  of  phosphorous.  Differences  in  plant  growth  with 
various  moisture  contents  were  attributed  to  two  factors,  the  total  plant  food 
remaining  the  same:  (1)  Differences  in  concentration  of  the  soil  solution  and 
(2)  aeration  of  the  soiL 

The  osmotic  concentration  of  the  soil  solution  increased  with  a  decrease  in 
the  moisture  content  of  sand  or  soil,  but  the  changes  were  not  proportional  to 
M)e  another.  The  change  in  the  osmotic  concentration  of  the  soil  solution  with 
tbe  change  in  water  content  from  one  series  to  another  was  greater  than  the 
change  in  the  osmotic  concentration  of  the  soil  solution  due  to  the  dlflierent  fer> 
tilizer  treatments  with  the  water  content  the  same.  In  cultures  with  the 
moisture  content  corresponding  to  80  and  60  per  cent  of  the  water-holding 
capacity,  the  osmotic  concentration  of  the  soil  solution  varied  from  0.7  to  1.5 
atmospheres  in  the  sand  and  from  0.31  to  0.85  atmosphere  in  the  soil.  With  a 
moisture  content  corresponding  to  40  per  cent  of  the  water-holding  capacity 
the  corresponding  values  for  sand  were  1.2  and  2.6  atmospheres,  and  for  soil, 
1.7  and  2  atmospherea  With  20  per  cent  of  the  water-holding  capacity  the 
maximum  and  the  minimum  values  in  sand  were  3.6  and  6.2  atmospheres,  and 
in  soil,  7.5  and  9.4  atmospheres^  respectively.  The  osmotic  concentration  of  the 
ioU  solution  following  the  normal  application  of  a  fertilizer  is  not  deemed 
great  enough  to  influence  plant  growth,  providing  the  moisture  content  of  the 
soil  is  at  its  q;)timum  (about  60  per  cent  of  saturation),  becoming  an  im- 
portant tBiCtoT  only  when  this  is  considerably  reduced  (40  per  cent  of  the  satu- 
ration or  lower). 

On  adding  the  nutrient  solution  to  the  soil  its  osmotic  concentration  de- 
creased, as  measured  by  the  cryoscopic  method,  if  the  moisture  content  of  the 

uigiiizea  Dy  vjiv/^^^lC 


220  ETPERIMBirr  STATIOH  BBOOBD.  CTol.40 

soil  was  maintained  at  60  or  80  per  cent  of  its  water-holding  capacity.  In  tlie 
40  and  20  per  cent  series,  the  osmotic  concentration  of  the  soU  solution  after 
the  addition  of  the  nutrient  solution  was  greater  than  that  of  the  nutrient 
solution  itself.  By  adding  the  nutrient  solution  to  the  sand  at  any  of  these  four 
moisture  contents  its  osmotic  concentration  increased,  this  being  attribated  to 
the  formation  of  acid  or  acids  with  the  high  moisture  content,  and  to  the  forma- 
tion of  acid  or  acids  and  the  adsorption  of  water  with  the  low  moisture  content 

The  adsorptive  and  the  absorptive  capacity  of  the  soil  for  salts  preyented  the 
effect  of  these  two  agencies  from  becoming  noticeable  in  the  change  of  the 
osmotic  concentration  of  the  soil  solution  in  the  Sassafras  lig^t  sandy  loam 
with  60  and  80  per  cent  of  the  water-holding  capacity.  The  osmotic  concen- 
tration of  the  soil  solution  at  the  end  of  the  growing  period  (30  days)  was 
smaller  than  that  at  the  beginning  of  the  experiment  The  decrease  was 
greater  in  the  sand  than  in  the  soil,  and  also  in  the  lower  moisture  content 
than  in  the  higher  moisture  content  of  either  the  sand  or  the  soil. 

The  nutrient  solution  consisting  of  0.4  gm.  ammonium  sulphate,  0^  gnL 
monopotassium  phosphate,  2  gm.  calcium  carbonate,  0.2  gm.  magnesiam  sul- 
phate, and  0.05  gm.  ferrous  sulphate  per  2  kg.  of  sea  sand  cultures  with  a 
moisture  content  equivalent  to  60  per  cent  of  the  water-holding  capacity  was 
benefited  by  the  additional  application  of  magnesium  sulphate  and  ferrous 
sulphate  and  also  by  small  applications  of  potassium  chlorid,  sodium  chlorid, 
sodium  nitrate,  calcium  sulphate,  and  sodium  silicate.  The  beneficial  elfect  of 
these  salts  on  plant  growth  was  attributed  to  the  improvement  in  the  balance 
of  the  ions  of  the  component  salts  in  the  resultant  soil  solution.  Aluminum 
sulphate  under  similar  conditions  had  caused  some  injury  to  plants.  The 
rigidity  of  the  straw  of  plants  was  modified  by  different  salts  added  to  the 
nutrient  solution.  A  proper  balance  in  the  nutrient  solution  was  found  to  be 
essential  for  the  rigidity  of  the  straw.  The  lodging  effect  of  the  large 
amount  of  nitrogenous  material  may  be  entirely  subdued  by  modi^ing  Oie 
proportions  between  the  component  salts  in  the  nutritive  solution  in  sand 
cultures. 

When  the  evaporation  of  water  from  the  surface  of  the  sand  or  of  the  soil 
was  taken  together  with  the  transpiration  of  water  by  plants,  it  was  found 
that  the  water  requirement  of  plants  diminished  with  an  increase  in  plant 
yield,  and  vice  versa.  The  use  of  water  by  plants  in  Sassafras  light  sandy 
loam  was  most  economical  with  a  moisture  content  equivalent  to  40  per  cent 
of  the  water-holding  capacity,  and  was  followed  by  that  of  60  and  80  per  cent 
in  the  order  named.  If  plant-food  is  the  limiting  factor  in  either  soil  or  sand, 
the  variations  in  the  moisture  content  are  said  not  to  affect  the  plant  growth. 

The  germination  of  seeds  of  barley  was  influenced  by  the  same  general 
agencies  that  affected  the  growth  of  the  plant,  although  not  to  the  same  extent 
Germination  in  the  sand  occurred  even  when  the  moisture  content  was  reduced 
to  10  per  cent  of  the  water-holding  capacity  (2.48  per  cent  based  on  the  dry 
sand),  or  when  it  was  raised  to  80  per  cent  of  saturation  (19.49  per  cent 
water).  In  the  soils  the  limits  in  moisture  content  between  which  the  germi- 
nation of  seeds  could  normally  take  place  was  much  narrower.  In  two  soils 
germination  could  not  occur  at  20  per  cent  of  the  water-holding  capacity,  while 
in  no  case  with  the  soils  studied  did  it  take  place  below  this  point  In  all  of 
the  soils  studied  germination  was  retarded  at  80  per  cent  of  saturation.  In 
three  soils  out  of  four  the  best  germination  was  observed  at  40  per  cent  fol- 
lowed by  60  per  cent.  Treatment  of  the  sand  or  soil  with  a  nutrient  solution 
at  high  moisture  contents  had  very  little,  if  any,  effect  on  the  germination  of 
barley  seeds.    With  a  decrease  in  moisture  content  some  retardation  In  seed 


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»19]  SOILS — FERTILIZEBS.  221 

genninatlon  was  observed  when  It  was  accompanied  by  the  application  of 
DQtritlve  salts. 

A  bibliography  of  270  titles  is  appended. 

The  utilization  of  niter  cake  in  the  manufacture  of  superphosphate,  F.  T. 
Shutt  ancTt).  E.  Wright  {Agr.  Oaz,  Canada,  5  (1918),  No.  11,  pp.  1040-1046; 
abs,  in  Canad.  Chem.  Jour.,  2  {1918),  No.  8,  p.  196;  Chem.  Aba.,  12  {1918),  No. 
21,  p.  222S). — Experiments  are  reported  in  which  it  was  found  that,  "(1)  em* 
ploying  finely  ground  Florida  pebble  phosphate  (total  PsOi  82.3  per  cent),  a 
dry  mix  of  one  part  niter  cake  to  one  part  Florida  pebble  phosphate  yielded 
a  superphosphate  15.77  per  cent  available  phosphoric  acid  as  determined  by 
1  per  cent  citric  acid  method,  or  6.81  per  cent  by  the  A.  O.  A.  G.  methods. 
The  wet  mix,  6  parts  niter  cake,  6  parts  Florida  pebble  phosphate,  and  1  part 
HsO  gave  16.09  and  9.26  per  cent  available  phosphoric  acid,  respectively,  by 
the  two  methods  of  analysis. 

"(2)  Canadian  apatite  (total  PiOi  39.4  per  cent)  is  less  readily  acted  upon 
by  the  niter  cake  than  Florida  pebble  phosphate,  the  products  of  the  several 
mixes  showing  lower  percentages  of  available  phosphoric  acid  than  the  corre- 
sponding mixes  with  the  latter  phosphate.  The  dry  mix,  one  part  niter  cake 
to  one  part  Canadian  apatite,  gave  a  product  containing  8.43  and  4.87  per 
cent  available  phosphoric  add,  respectively,  by  the  1  per  cent  citric  acid  method 
and  the  A.  O.  A.  C.  methods.  The  wet-mix  product  from  6  parts  niter  cake, 
6  parts  Canadian  apatite,  and  1  part  HtO  contained  9.9  and  7.02  per  cent 
available  phosphoric  acid,  respectively,  by  the  two  methods  of  analysis  em- 
plc^ed.  While  in  the  case  of  the  Florida  pebble  phosphate  no  very  martced 
increase  in  the  percentage  of  available  phosphoric  acid  resulted  from  mixing 
the  materials  wet  and  allowing  them  to  stand,  the  wet  mixes  using  Canadian 
apatite  were  decidedly  richer  than  the  corresponding  dry  mixes  in  this 
constituent" 

Plants  tolerating  salt,  B.  O.  Fenzi  {Bui.  R.  8oc.  Toacana  Ort.,  4.  ser.,  S 
(1918),  No.  5S,  pp.  S7-39;  abs.  in  Intemat.  Insi.  Agr.  [Rome],  Intemat.  Rev. 
BcL  and  Pract.  Agr.,  9  {1918),  No.  9,  pp.  IO4I,  1042).— From  investigations  in 
Italy,  North  Africa,  and  elsewhere  where  alkali  soils  and  brackish  water  occur, 
the  author  classifies  various  plants,  with  reference  to  those  which  do  well  in 
soils  free  from  chlorids  even  if  they  are  impregnated  with  water  containing 
more  than  1.5  per  cent  of  salt,  those  capable  of  growing  and  doing  well  in 
soils  containing  not  more  than  5  per  cent  of  chlorids,  even  if  impregnated  with 
water  containing  not  more  than  8  per  cent  of  chlorids,  and  those  capable  of 
living  and  doing  well  in  soil  containing  up  to  5  per  cent  of  chlorids,  even  if 
impregnated  with  water  containing  the  same  proportion  of  chlorids. 

Peat  in  1917,  C.  C.  Osbon  {U.  S.  Oeol.  Survey,  Min.  Resouroea  U.  8.,  1917, 
pi.  2,  pp.  IV -^257-283,  pi.  i).— It  is  stated  that  the  quantity  of  peat  produced 
and  sold  in  the  United  States  in  1917  exceeded  that  marketed  in  any  preceding 
year,  and,  with  the  exception  of  the  manufacture  of  peat  for  use  as  fuel,  all 
branches  of  the  industry  shared  in  the  general  prosperity. 

The  most  striking  development  was  the  greater  use  made  of  peat,  both  as  a 
direct  fertilizer  and  as  a  culture  medium  for  nitrifying  and  other  bacteria  in 
the  manufacture  of  bacterial  fertilizer.  The  quantity  of  raw  peat  marketed 
was  97,  363  short  tons  in  1917  as  compared  with  52,506  tons  in  1916.  The 
amount  of  peat  fertilizer  and  fertilizer  filler  marketed  in  1917  was  92,263  tons, 
valued  at  $658,500,  as  compared  with  48,106  tons,  valued  at  $336,004  in  1916. 
The  amount  of  peat  used  in  1917  in  compounding  stock  feed  by  use  as  an  ab- 
sorbent for  the  uncry stall  Ized  residues  of  beet  and  cane  sugar  refineries  was 

108642''— 19 8 


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222  BXFEKIlfBNT  STATIOH  BECOSD.  [Vol.  40 

5,100  tons.  The  imports  of  moss  litter  was  606  tons.  No  peat  fael  was  pro- 
duced on  a  commercial  scale. 

The  occurrence,  properties,  and  uses  of  peat  are  discussed,  and  attention  is 
called  to  a  process  now  in  commercial  use  in  this  country  in  which  "  peat  is 
mixed  with  trlcalcium  phosphate  and  used  as  a  culture  medium  for  nitrifying 
and  other  bacteria  which  produce  phosphorus  compounds  and  which,  whesk 
applied  to  the  soil,  react  upon  and  free  its  natural  potash  content  from  insoluble 
chemical  combinations."  It  is  stated  that  "bacterized  peat  is  being  used  for 
fertilizer  in  England  with  varying  degrees  of  success.  In  the  United  States 
commercial  quantities  have  been  manufactured  and  sold." 

Commercial  fertilizers,  P.  L.  Hibbasd  (Calif amia  Sta.  Bvl.  SOO  {1918),  p^ 
12S~152). — ^This  bulletin  reports  the  results  of  fertilizer  inspection  work  in 
California  for  the  year  ended  June  30,  1918.  A  total  of  302  samples  of  fer- 
tilizers and  fertilizing  materials  were  received  during  the  year. 

AOBICTTLTTnElAL  BOTAITT. 

Catalase  and  oxidase  content  of  seeds  in  relation  to  their  dormancy,  acre, 
vitality,  and  respiration,  W.  Cbockeb  and  G.  T.  Habbinqton  {Jour,  Agr.  Re- 
search  [U.  8.],  15  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  187-174,  flga.  5).— Studies  carried  on  in  the 
seed  testing  laboratories  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  have  shown 
wide  variations  in  the  response  of  certain  seeds  to  alternating  temperatures  dur- 
ing germination.  This  has  been  found  particularly  true  of  some  rather  closely 
related  species,  such  as  Johnson  grass  {Bolcua  halepenais)  and  Sudan  grass 
{H.  JialepensU  audanensis) ,  the  former  germinating  best  under  alternating 
temperatures  and  the  latter  under  constant  temperatures.  The  authors  have 
carried  on  extensive  experiments  to  determine  the  reasons  for  the  differences  in 
the  requirements  regarding  alternating  temperatures  for  germination,  and  the 
present  paper  gives  a  report  of  their  study  of  catalase  and  oxidase  in  relation 
to  dormancy,  vitality,  respiration,  etc.  In  addition  to  seeds  of  the  grasses 
mentioned  above,  seeds  of  other  species  of  grasses  and  other  families  of  plants 
have  been  included  in  the  investigations. 

In  the  amount  of  catalase  and  in  the  general  behavior  of  their  catalases, 
Johnson  grass  and  Sudan  grass  seeds  are  very  similar,  and  observation  of  these 
points  offers  no  explanation  of  their  marked  differences  in  dormancy  and  their 
requirements  for  germination.  The  same  was  found  true  of  the  oxidases  of  the 
two  seeds,  so  far  as  the  studies  have  progressed.  The  catalase  activity  of  grass 
seeds  was  found  to  rise  rapidly  as  their  germination  progressed.  This  parallels 
the  rise  in  respiratory  intensity.  There  was  no  rise  in  oxidase  activity  with 
germination.  In  Johnson  grass  seeds  there  seemed  to  be  a  close  correlation  be- 
tween catalase  activity  and  respiratory  Intensity,  but  there  was  no  very  close 
correlation  between  either  of  them  and  the  vitality  of  the  seeds  or  the  vigor 
of  the  resulting  seedings.  In  amaranthus  seeds  no  evidence  was  found  of  a 
correlation  between  catalase  activity  on  the  one  hand  and  respiratory  Intensity, 
vitality,  or  age  on  the  other. 

It  is  considered,  from  the  great  variations  in  the  catalase  behavior  of  the 
several  seeds  studied,  that  general  conclusions  can  not  be  drawn  from  the  cata- 
lase behavior  of  all  seeds  but  that  from  the  data  obtained  seeds  will  fall  into 
several  physiological  fypes  for  which  general  conclusions  can  be  drawn.  Cata- 
lase activity  of  seeds  seems  to  parallel  physiological  behavior  much  more 
generally  than  does  oxidase  activity. 

A  study  of  some  factors  influencing  the  stimulative  action  of  sine  sulphate 
on  the  growth  of  Aspergillus  niger. — ^I,  The  effect  of  the  presence  of  zinc  in 
the  cultural  flasks,  R.  A.  Steenbebo  {Mem,  Torrey  Bot,  Olub,  17  {1918),  pp.  297-^ 


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1M»J  AGRICULTURAL  BOTANY.  223 

t9S).— The  aathor  reaches  the  conclusion  that  the  Increased  dry  weight  of 
A,  niger  occurring  in  cultures  growing  in  Jena  flasks  is  due  to  the  solution  of 
small  amounts  of  zinc  from  the  material  of  the  flasks. 

The  nature  of  the  chondriome  and  its  r61e  in  the  cell,  P.  A.  Dangkasd 
{Ciympt.  Rend.  Acad.  SO.  [ParU^,  166  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  489-446,  fig:  ^).— The 
author  undertakes  to  make  dear  the  nature  and  functions  of  certain  intracel- 
lular elements,  each  alleged  to  belong  to  either,  but  not  to  both,  of  two  systems 
which  are  claimed  to  be  wholly  diistlnct  and  which  are  here  described  and 
designated  by  the  goieral  names  plastidome  and  chondriome.  These  two  sys- 
tems are  said  to  be  often  confused  in  contributions  dealing  with  the  micro- 
structures,  microactivities,  and  microtechnique  of  cells. 

Intramicrosporangial  development  of  the  tube  in  the  microspore  of  Plnus 
sylvestrls,  L.  H.  Habvet  (Ann.  Rpt.  Mich.  Acad.  8oi.,  19  {1917),  pp.  SSS^SS, 
figs.  2). — Obserrations  of  material  collected  in  May,  1910,  from  an  exposed  tree 
90  or  70  years  old  are  noted.  One  or  two  per  cent  of  the  microspores  examined 
showed  pollen-tube  development,  two  tubes  in  several  cases  arising  at  opposite 
poles  of  the  microsqiwre.  It  has  been  assumed  that  the  tube  development  here 
recorded  was  a  chemotropic  response  to  the  stimulus  arising  from  a  mudlagi- 
aous  substance  secreted  by  the  nucellus  (the  so-called  pollination-drop)  or  from 
contact  with  the  nucellus.  However,  it  is  here  maintained  that  the  chemo- 
tropic stimulus  of  the  nucellus  is  not  essential  to  the  development  of  the 
poUen  tube  in  P.  sylvestris. 

Farther  results  in  desiccation  and  respiration  of  Echinocactus,  E.  R.  Long 
(Bot.  Qaz.,  65  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  S54-S58,  fig.  i ) .— CJontinulng  work  previously 
noted  from  another  source  (B.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  29),  an  Echinocactus,  which  had 
been  loaded  with  carbohydrate  by  desiccation  for  eight  months  in  the  open, 
was  placed  in  a  ventilated  dark  chamber  where  katabolism  would  go  on  without 
extensive  repair,  and  the  course  of  resulting  changes  occurring  during  2^  years 
are  given  herein. 

The  rate  of  water  loss  was  remarkably  uniform,  being  almost  independent 
of  seasonal  changes.  Several  distinct  changes  in  the  sugar  concentration  are 
noted.  Soluble  sugars  appear  to  have  been  largely  destroyed,  though  destruc- 
tion of  stored  Insoluble  polysaccharids  seems  to  have  been  hardly  more  than 
begun.  Other  changes  are  noted  with  discussion.  The  breaking  up  of  the 
stored  insoluble  polysaccharids  apparently  proceeds  very  slowly,  and  this  fact, 
taken  in  conjunction  with  that  of  the  resistance  of  Echinocacti  to  desiccation, 
is  supposed  to  explain  partly  the  viability  of  these  plants  in  spite  of  prolonged 
starvation. 

I>etermination  of  acidity  in  plant  tissues,  H.  M.  Richards  {Mem.  Torrey 
Bot,  Club,  17  {1918),  pp.  241-4^45).— Diacnsslng  the  methods  of  obteinlng  plant 
Juices  for  titration  and  some  of  the  disadvantages  of  such  methods,  the  author 
^iflfing  to  have  found  that  what  appears  to  be  a  very  close  approximation  of  a 
total  add  content  may  be  obtained  by  repeated  pressure. 

I>yiiamlc  aspects  of  photosynthesis,  W.  J.  V.  Ostebhout  and  A.  R.  C.  Haas 
(JVoc  Nat.  Acad,  fifci,  4  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  85-91).— The  authors,  noting  means 
onployed  to  lessen  temperature  fluctuations  in  this  work,  describe  in  this 
preliminary  communication  their  studies  carried  out  with  Ulva  rigida  and  jther 
materials. 

It  is  stated  that  Ulva,  after  having  been  kept  in  the  dark,  sets  up  photo- 
synthesis as  soon  as  exposed  to  light,  the  rate  steadily  increasing  until  a  con- 
stant speed  is  attained.  An  explanation  is  offered,  and  quantitative  theories 
are  developed  to  account  for  the  facts  observed. 

SIfects  of  rest  and  no  rest  periods  upon  fiprowth  of  Solanum,  W.  F.  Gebiokx 
iBoi.  Gaz.,  65  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  S44-85S) .—In  a  study  of  rest  periods  carried 

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224  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEGOBD.  [Vol.  40 

out  In  the  greenhouse  at  different  seasons  of  the  year  with  potato  Tarietiefl 
under  different  and  comparable  conditions  of  temperature,  moisture,  and  cvl- 
ture,  In  order  to  ascertain  the  effects  upon  subsequent  growth  of  the  plant.  It 
was  found  that  after-ripening  occurred  either  in  the  ground  or  In  ordinary 
storage.  Potatoes  planted  Immediately  after  maturation  required  a  much 
longer  time  to  germinate  and  appear  above  ground  than  did  those  which  had 
passed  through  a  rest  period,  and  the  tubers  planted  wltliout  a  rest  period  pro- 
duced but  one  sprout  These  plants  also  had  a  longer  growing  period  than  did 
those  from  rested  tubers,  and  in  the  case  of  plants  from  nonrested  tubers  the 
seed  tubers  were  usually  recovered,  having  lost  but  little  of  their  original 
weight  These  tubers  when  planted  the  second  time  germlnateil  and  grew 
sprouts  from  several  buds,  the  period  of  growth  underground  being  about 
equal  to  that  of  normal  plants  and  their  growing  period  being  nearly  equal  to 
that  of  the  first  planting. 

Begeneration  of  Bryophyllum  calycinum,  E.  Lucy  B&aun  (BoU  Gaz^  65 
{1918) J  No,  2,  pp.  191-19S,  figs.  2). — The  author  cites  observations  on  pot-grown 
specimens  of  B.  calycinum,  the  conclusions  from  which  are  somewhat  at  vari- 
ance with  those  reached  byXoeb  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  127).  From  leaves  which  had 
received  no  special  treatment  shoots  grew  more  abundantly  from  notches  than 
is  usually  the  case,  some  leaves  producing  shoots  from  all  except  the  basal 
notches. 

Healthy  and  sick  specimens  of  Bryophyllum  calycixLum,  J.  Loeb  {Bot,  Oaz^ 
66  {1918),  No,  i,  p.  69), — Referring  to  the  statements  noted  above,  the  author 
states  that  the  plant  observed  by  Miss  Braun  is  abnormal,  the  bend  in  the  stem 
acting  as  a  partial  block  and  causing  such  a  stem  to  behave  like  an  isolated 
piece  of  stem  whose  leaves  are  destined  to  give  rise  to  shoots. 

Chemical  basis  of  correlation. — ^I,  Production  of  equal  masses  of  shoots 
by  equal  masses  of  sister  leaves  in  Bryophyllum  calydnum,  J.  Lokb  {Bot. 
Oaz,,  65  {1918),  No,  2,  pp,  150-174,  flga.  18), — ^Having  shown  in  a  paper  pre- 
viously noted  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  127)  that  when  in  B.  calycinum  one  organ  in- 
hibits the  bud  growth  of  another,  the  inhibited  organ  contributes  in  some  cases 
the  material  for  growth  in  the  inhibiting  orgn,  and  having  in  a  preliniinary 
statement  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  324)  shown  that  the  quantity  of  material  available 
for  shoot  formation  is  definite  and  limited,  so  that  inhibition  may  result  f^om 
retention  or  utilization  of  a  part  thereof  by  the  inhibiting  organ,  the  author 
gives  a  somewhat  detailed  account  of  work  bearing  more  particularly  on  the 
latter  of  these  points. 

It  is  stated  that  in  equal  time  and  under  like  conditions  equal  masses  of 
sister  leaves  (those  arising  at  the  same  point)  produce  approximately  equal 
masses  of  shoots,  even  though  the  number  thereof  may  vary  considerably.  The 
shoots  first  appearing  attract  automatically  (by  a  mechanism  not  yet  known) 
the  material  available  for  shoot  formation,  withholding  it  from  other  buds. 
The  inhibiting  effect  of  first-developed  buds  on  other  buds  is  thus  explained  by 
the  two  factors,  limitation  of  available  material  and  automatic  attraction  of 
material  to  the  buds  first  appearing.  A  liberal  amount  of  water  supplied  to  a 
given  notch  would  insure  priority  of  shoot  formation  at  that  point. 

The  law  controlling  the  quantity  and  rate  of  regeneration,  J.  Loss  {Proc^ 
Nat.  Acad,  Sci.,  4  {1918),  No,  4,  pp,  117-121).— Having  found  that  if  leaves  ot 
Bryophyllum  calycimim  are  isolated  from  the  stem  they  regenerate  shoots  in 
some  or  many  of  the  notches,  and  that  if  a  piece  of  the  stem  Is  cut  from  the 
plant  it  will  form  shoots  from  Its  buds  nearest  the  apex,  also  that  tlie  mass  ot 
the  shoots  is  directly  proportional  in  the  former  case  to  the  mass  of  the  isolated 
leaf  and  in  the  latter  to  that  of  the  attached  leaf,  the  data  supporting  this  state- 
ment having  been  noted  above,  the  author  reviews  some  of  the  data  formerly 


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*1»1     \  AGBICTJLTUBAL  BOTANY.  225 

obtained,  wltb  a  discnssioD^'  generalizing  the  facta  observed  In  the  form  of  the 
law  that  equal  masses  of  leaves  produce  equal  masses  of  shoots  regardless  of 
the  number  of  the  latter. 

Kzperimento  testing  the  yalidlty  of  this  law  for  the  regeneration  of  shoots 
on  isolated  stems  showed  that  the  mass  of  the  shoots  regenerated  on  two  sets 
of  stems  (split  longitudinally  in  halves)  was  in  exact  proportion  to  that  of  the 
attached  leaves.  It  is  stated  that  a  similar  law  seems  to  hold  for  root  forma- 
tion, and  perhaps  for  other  cases  of  regeneration  observed  but  not  discussed  in 
this  note. 

The  generality  that  the  quantity  of  regeneration  In  an  isolated  portion  of 
an  organism  is,  under  like  conditions  and  in  equal  time,  proportional  to  the 
mass  of  the  growth-producing  material  circulating  in  the  Juices  of  the  piece 
and  required  for  the  synthetical  processes  giving  rise  to  the  regenerated 
tissues  and  organs,  is  seen  to  be  an  expression  also  for  rate  of  regeneration 
and,  in  this  form,  a  special  case  of  the  law  for  chemical  mass  action. 

The  fact  established  by  recent  studies  that  such  mass  action,  in  case  of  a 
given  bud,  is  possible  only  after  the  portion  of  the  stem  supporting  it  has  been 
Isolated  is  explained  on  the  assumption  that  the  growing  apex  and  leaves  of  an 
Intact  plant  furnish  some  sort  of  substance  which  acts  as  inhibitor  to  the 
buds  below  such  apical  or  foliar  portions  as  regards  their  utilization  of  such 
growth  material  until  isolation  therefrom  is  effected.  Thus  the  two  main 
fiictors  operating  In  such  cases  are  held  to  be  chemical  mass  action  and  elabora- 
tion of  inhibiting  substances  by  rapidly  growing  cells. 

Statistical  studies  of  flower  number  per  head  in  Clchorium  intybns:  Kinds 
of  variability,  heredity,  and  effects  of  selection,  A.  B.  Stoitt  and  Helene  M. 
Boas  {Mem.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  11  (1918),  pp.  SS4-458,  pis.  4,  figs.  5).— Employ- 
ing largely  the  same  material  as  in  previous  reports  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  226),  the 
author  has  studied  the  behavior  of  C.  intybus,  finding  that  the  number  of 
flowers  hereditarily  produced  per  head  may  range  on  a  given  plant  from  7  to  81. 

Variations  within  the  individual  are  continuous  rather  than  discontinuous. 
Position  seems  to  be  a  factor  influencing  flower  number.  The  number  of 
flowers  per  head  shows  much  individual  variability.  The  total  number  of 
flower  heads  and  length  of  blooming  period  appear  to  be  correlated  with  vegeta- 
tive vigor,  variations  of  this  sort  being  noted  even  in  closely  Inbred  and  very 
uniform  races.  Much  more  fundamental  differences  exist  between  plants  of 
different  races  or  between  races  as  such.  The  Individual  variations  observed 
are  to  be  considered  as  fluctuating  and  continuous  and  to  indicate  that  the 
character  of  flower  number  is  constantly  varying,  giving  differences  upon 
which  selection  may  operate  in  the  Isolation  of  races. 

Methods  are  indicated  of  attacking  the  problem  as  to  the  inheritance  of 
Taiiationa  The  differences  between  varieties  or  races  of  chicory  are  as  a 
whole  quite  continuous.  The  operation  of  heredity  in  such  a  character  as 
flower  number  is  seen  in  the  Isolation  of  races,  which  may  be  maintained  by 
such  selection  as  was  possible  in  chicory.  Within  each  race,  however,  there  are 
farther  variations,  continuous  in  gradation  and  of  the  same  nature  as  those 
appearing  in  a  more  mixed  population.  These  are  considered  unmistakable 
evidences  of  the  instability  of  characters  and  hereditary  units. 

Inheritance  studies  in  Pisum. — HI,  The  inheritance  of  height  in  peas, 
O.  K.  White  {Mem.  Torrey  Bot  Club,  17  (1918),  pp.  S1&-S22,  fig.  i).— In  this 
portion  of  the  present  series  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  pp.  226,  822),  the  author  has  given 
attention  to  the  fact  that  in  certain  cases  the  inheritance  of  height  is  more 
complex  than  would  be  supposed  from  the  results  obtained  by  Mendel.  Cases 
of  this  sort  are  cited,  as  are  some  results  of  studies  by  the  author  continued 
during  several  years  on  height,  intemode  length,  and  internode  number  as  indi- 


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226  EXPEBIMENT  STATION  BEOOBD.  [▼ol.40 

cated  In  over  200  pea  varieties.  The  author  admits  the  validity  of  the  re- 
sults obtained  by  Mendel  and  others  and  claims  that  the  difference  In  Inter- 
pretation results  from  more  detailed  studies.  The  Inheritance  of  height  In 
peas,  It  Is  stated,  has  become  complex  only  because  of  studies  on  new  or  dis- 
tinctly different  material,  the  characters  of  which  are  thought  to  have  arisen 
by  mutation.    A  large  series  of  crosses  Involving  height  is  in  progress. 

Bearing  of  heterosis  upon  doable  fertilization,  D.  F.  Jones  {Bot,  Oaz,^  65 
{1918),  No.  4t  pp.  S2JhSSS,  flga.  S), — Ck>lllns  and  Kempton  having  shown  that  in 
maize  the  endosperm  may  be  Increased  In  amount  as  an  Immediate  result  of 
crossing  (E.  S.  R.,  29,  p.  229),  the  author  has  obtained  what  is  regarded  as 
still  more  conclusive  evidence  from  reciprocal  crosses  in  maize,  employing 
pollen  mixtures  similar  to  those  used  by  these  contributors.  Every  one  of  the 
24  ears  having  both  selfed  and  crossed  seeds  gave  an  Increase  in  size  of  the 
crossed  as  compared  with  the  selfed  seeds  ranging  from  5  to  35  per  cent  The 
complete  data  are  to  be  published  elsewhere,  as  they  relate  more  directly  to  a 
different  investigation. 

An  examination  of  all  the  data  is  said  to  show  that  there  Is  no  signlficani 
correlation  between  the  amount  of  Increase  and  the  proportion  of  the  two  kinds 
of  seeds  (selfed  and  crossed)  that  were  present  in  any  case.  This  particular 
demonstration  of  heterosis  is  not  known  to  have  been  made  for  any  plant  other 
than  maize,  but  since  the  main  facts  of  xenia  and  heterosis  as  determined  in 
maize  do  not  differ  appreciably,  it  is  thought  from  the  results  obtained  that  the 
phenomenon  of  increased  endosperm  development  by  crossing  may  be  producible 
in  many  or  all  anglosperms  in  which  double  fertilization  occurs. 

Abnormalities  in  Nicotiana,  H.  A.  Allabd  (Bot,  Qaz„  65  (1918),  No.  2,  pp. 
175-185,  flga,  10), — ^The  abnormalities  of  Nicotiana  spp,  and  hybrids,  here  re- 
ported with  discussion,  Include  synanthic  blooms,  catacorolla  resulting  from 
mosaic  disease,  the  development  of  two  growing  points,  and  the  production  of 
an  abnormal  number  of  corolla  lobes. 

Sexuality  in  Bhlzina  undulata,  H.  M.  Fitzpatbick  {Bot.  Oaz.,  65  {1918), 
No.  S,  pp.  201-226,  pla.  2). — ^This  Is  an  account  of  the  sexual  processes  In 
R.  undulata,  resulting  from  what  is  said  to  be  the  first  study  of  this  kind 
applied  to  any  member  of  the  RhizinacesB. 

Polyembryony  in  Quercus  alba,  L.  H.  Habvet  (Ann.  Rpt.  Mich.  Acad.  ScLj 
19  {1917),  pp.  S29SS1). — ^A  preliminary  account  is  given  of  a  case  of  poly- 
embryony noted  in  1916  in  an  acorn  which  possessed  two  well-formed  and 
vigorous  embryos  lying  within  the  same  nucellus. 

Mistletoe  [parasitic  on]  mistletoe,  J.  O.  Bbown  {Bot,  Oaz.,  65  {1918),  No.  2, 
p.  193,  flff.  1). — This  brief  statement  refers  to  a  specimen  obtained  near  Tucson, 
Ariz.  Pfu>radendron  flaveacena,  which  is  found  on  species  of  Quercus,  Fraxinna, 
and  Juglans,  was  parasitized  by  P.  oaUfomUmm,  a  common  parasite  of  Parkln- 
Bonla,  Prosopis,  and  Acacia. 

Ecology  of  northern  Michigan  dunes:  Crystal  Lake  Bar  region,  W.  Q. 
Watbbman  {Ann.  Rpt  Mich.  Acad,  Sci.,  19  {1917),  pp.  197-208,  pla.  6,  fig:  5). — 
This  contains  an  account  of  the  Crystal  Lake  region  as  regards  its  geography 
and  geology,  the  environmental  factors,  the  ecology  of  the  region,  and  some  of 
the  problems  suggested  by  the  facts  observed. 

HELD  CBOPS. 

Experiments  in  field  technique  in  plat  tests,  A.  C.  Aairr  and  H.  K.  Hates' 
{Jour.  Agr.  Reaearch  [U,  8.1, 15  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  251-262) .—This  paper,  a  con- 
tribution from  the  Minnesota  Experiment  Station,  reports  the  results  of  ex- 


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1»19]  FIELD  CROPS.  227 

periments  with  5  varieties  of  wheat,  11  of  oats,  and  4  of  barley,  conducted  on 
UnlTerslty  Farm  during  1917  in  an  effort  to  determine  the  most  desirable  methods 
In  plat  variety  testing  and  cultural  trials.  Plats  8.5  by  182  feet,  comprising  17 
6-in.  drill  rows,  were  employed  with  16-ft.  roadways  seeded  to  grass  between 
each  two  series  and  18-ln.  aUeys  between  each  two  plat&  Each  variety  was 
replicated  three  times.  The  first  and  second  drill  rows  were  harvested  by 
hand  and  bound  separately,  and  are  referred  to  as  the  outside  and  the  inside 
border  rows,  respectively.  A  study  was  made  of  the  distance  within  plats  at 
which  plants  were  aubject  to  border  effects,  the  extent  of  the  Increase  In  yield 
of  plats  due  to  alley  effects,  and  the  effect  of  alleys  on  different  varieties. 

In  summarizing  the  results  obtained  it  Is  stated  that  the  outside  border  rows 
of  oats,  wheat,  and  barley  yielded  83.5,  100.4,  and  123.3  per  cent,  respectively, 
more  than  the  average  from  the  central  13  rows,  and  the  Inside  border  rows 
23.23,  49.29,  and  50.36  per  cent  more.  The  extent  of  the  increase  due  to  the 
alleys  varied  with  the  percentage  of  total  area  in  at  least  a  12-in.  strip  within 
the  margin  of  the  plats,  this  percentage  being  greater  for  small  plats  as  com- 
pared with  larger  ones  of  approximately  the  same  shape,  and  for  long,  narrow 
plats  as  compared  with  those  more  nearly  approaching  the  form  of  a  square. 
Plats  from  6  to  8  ft  wide  and  from  64  to  132  ft  or  more  in  length  are  more 
readily  sown  and  harvested  with  ordinary  farm  machinery  than  nearly  square 
plats  of  the  same  size.  The  removal  of  the  plants  occupying  an  area  at  least 
12-in.  in  width  in  comparatively  long,  narrow  plats  apparently  obviated  the 
most  serious  objection  to  their  use  in  variety  testing. 

Oats,  wheat,  aAd  barley  grown  in  plats  from  which  the  end  borders  were 
cut  but  with  no  side  borders  removed,  yielded  9.14,  5.28,  and  8.48  bu.  more, 
respectively,  than  when  the  two  side  border  rows  had  been  removed.  With 
only  one  side  border  row  removed  from  either  side  of  each  plat  oats  yielded  2.2 
bu.,  wheat  1.99  bu.,  and  barley  2.86  bu.  more  than  when  two  drill  rows  had 
been  removed.  With  two  border  rows  removed  the  rank  iu  yield  of  different 
oat  varieties  was  not  the  same  as  when  no  border  rows  were  removed,  the  per- 
formance of  one  variety  proving  to  be  quite  satisfactory  by  the  former  method 
and  indifferent  by  the  latter.  Barley  varieties  did  not  appear  to  be  equally  effi- 
cient in  utilizing  the  additional  adjacent  space,  while  the  removal  of  one  or  two 
side  border  rows  did  not  produce  any  significant  change  In  the  rank  of  the 
wheat  varieties. 

It  is  concluded  that  "  In  plats  surrounded  by  alleys  plants  occupying  an  area  at 
least  1  ft  within  the  margins  are  affected  by  the  additional  adjacent  space. 
The  Indications  are  that,  unless  there  is  a  considerable  fluctuation  in  the 
response  of  varieties  to  border  effect,  when  grown  in  pl&ts  surrounded  by  alleys, 
miperior  types  may  not  be  given  their  true  rank  in  tests  made  in  plats  from 
which  borders  are  not  removed  before  harvest  These  results  have  led  to  the 
adoption  of  the  plan  of  removing  the  plants  from  an  area  at  least  1  ft.  wide 
within  the  margins  of  variety  test  plats  at  the  central  and  substations  in 
Minnesota.  These  borders  are  to  be  removed  from  the  plats  between  the  time 
of  folly  heading  and  harvest" 

Factors  aifectingr  the  depth  of  sowing  various  crops,  F.  S.  Habbis  and  H.  J. 
Maughan  (Utah  8ta.  BuL  164  {^918),  pp.  S-18,  figs,  ii?).— Pot  experiments  are 
described  in  which  wheat,  oats,  flint  com,  barley,  alfalfa,  field  peas,  white 
wax  beans,  sugar  beets,  and  sorghum  were  planted  at  different  depths  in  soil 
maintained  at  varying  moisture  contents  designated  as  low,  medium,  and  high. 
Ten  seeds  were  sown  at  each  of  the  first  8  in.,  and  the  number  of  seeds  germi- 
nating in  the  soil,  the  length  of  the  roots,  the  length  of  the  tops,  and  the  height 
of  the  plants  above  ground  were  determined  at  6,  10,  15,  and  20  day  periods 


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228  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECOBD.  IVdLm 

from  the  time  of  planting.    The  results  obtained  are  illustrated  graphically  for 
each  crop  and  fully  discussed. 

A  brief  review  of  the  literature  dealing  with  the  subject  is  said  to  IndlcaK 
that  the  largest  number  of  plants  to  emerge  and  the  largest  yields  obtninej: 
usually  followed  seedings  made  from  1  to  2  in.  deep.  As  a  result  of  the  presold 
experiments,  it  was  found  that  seedings  made  from  1  to  8  in.  deep  seemed  tft 
have  little  effect  upon  the  germination  of  the  seeds  studied,  but  the  higbeil 
germination  usually  occurred  with  seedings  made  from  3  to  5  in.  de^,  espeda^f; 
for  those  seeds  most  affected  by  depth  of  seeding.  Deep  seeding  retarded  0^ 
growth  of  small  seeds  and  of  those  having  poor  germinating  power  more  dfltt 
that  of  larger  seeds.  Growth  was  usually  more  rapid  when  the  seeds  vna% 
sown  from  1  to  2  in.  deep,  especially  with  regard  to  the  roots,  and  this  nqril.' 
growth  is  thought  to  be  one  of  the  primary  factors  causing  larger  yields  frottj 
shallow  seedings.  In  general,  the  height  of  the  plants  above  the  soil  decmiiai 
as  the  depth  of  seeding  increased.  Maximum  growth  above  ground  never 
curred  from  seeds  sown  deeper  than  8  in.  Small  seeds  sown  below  3  in.  falM 
to  reach  the  surface  in  20  days. 

A  drill  for  seeding  nursery  rows,  C.  E.  Hnx  (Jour.  Amer,  8oc.  Agron.^  Hk^ 
{1918),  No.  4t  PP'  165,  166),— A  drill  devised  by  the  author  and  reoommendeii 
for  use  in  seeding  short  nursery  rows  of  different  varieties  or  strains  of  fidij 
crops  is  described.  Greater  speed  and  accuracy,  operation  by  one  man,  elimia^ 
tion  of  mixtures,  seeding  i)ossible  on  a  windy  day,  and  better  germination  ths^ 
with  hand  seeding  are  claimed  for  the  implement 

*'  The  essential  parts  of  the  drill  are  a  funnel  into  which  the  seed  is  drt^ipedj 
by  hand  at  the  desired  rate;  a  furrow  opener;  a  tube  which  carries  the  sesi 
from  the  funnel  to  the  furrow  opener ;  and  a  carriage  on  which  these  parts  an 
mounted."  The  drill  is  said  to  be  suitable  for  sowing  light,  fluffy  seed  such  as 
tall  oat  grass,  which  will  not  feed  through  the  ordinary  types  of  garden  diflL^ 

[Work  with  field  crops  in  Canada]  (Agr.  Qaz.  Canada,  5  {1918)^  No.  2,  fpu 
ISt-lSS,  158-166,  figs.  .?),— The  results  of  variety  and  cultural  tests  with  oat%^ 
wheat,  barley,  corn,  alfalfa,  and  root  crops  conducted  in  Quebec  and  Manitote 
are  reported. 

In  date-of-seeding  tests  with  small  grains  in  Quebec,  the  first  seedings  wov^ 
nmde  as  early  in  the  spring  as  possible,  and  later  seedings  at  intervals  of  imtj 
week  for  4  weeks.    The  yields  from  the  last  seedings  to  the  first  varied  frcnii 
63.13  to  73.16  bu.  for  oats,  from  1&78  to  85.83  bu.  for  wheat,  and  from  55.49  te 
fiO.78  bu.  for  barley. 

The  value  of  pedigreed  seed  is  discussed. 

[Beport  of  field  crops  work  in  Montserrat,  1916-17]  (Imp.  Dept.  Agr.  ^Mt^j 
Indies,  Rpt.  Agr.  Depi.  Montserrat,  1916-17,  pp.  i-11,  14,  18,  19,  20,  21'24h^\ 
The  results  of  breeding  and  spinning  tests  and  manurial  experiments  wlft 
cotton;  variety  tests  with  sugar  cane,  peanuts,  and  sweet  potatoes;  and  fielAj 
tests  with  peas  and  beans  are  reported.  | 

Pen  manure  applied  at  the  rate  of  6  and  18  tons  per  acre  was  followed  hflT^ 
yields  amounting  to  1,850  and  1,400  lbs.  of  seed  cotton  per  acre,  respectiveiy^l 
as  compared  with  1,280  lbs.  from  an  untreated  check.  With  a  complete  fo^  ' 
tilizer  composed  of  cottonseed  meal,  acid  phosphate,  and  sulphate  of  potash  ^ 
the  yield  was  1,300  lbs.  per  acre.  Reflsque  peanuts  produced  at  the  rate  uti 
2,400  lbs.  of  cured  nuts  per  acre  in  1916,  with  a  8-year  average  yield  of  1,760 
lbs.    Trinidad  No.  1  sweet  potatoes  gave  a  yield  of  14,967  lbs.  per  acre. 

[B68um6  of  field  crops  work  in  the  Philippines  during  1916],  A.  M.  Bmov 
(Philippine  Agr.  Rev.  [English  Ed,],  10  (1917),  No.  4,  pp.  S61S92,  401-409).^ 
Variety,  cultural,  and  fertilizer  tests  with  rice,  variety  tests  with  sugar  cane* 
and  field  tests  with  corn,  root  crops,  and  with  grasses  and  legumes  for  forage  i 


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1W»J  FIELD  CROPS.  229 

and  cover  crops  conducted  at  various  experimental  centers  are  described. 
Limited  variety  tests  with  tobacco  are  also  noted.  Experiments  in  growing 
corn  in  alternate  rows  with  tobacco  for  shade  are  reported  as  having  been  a 
failure,  the  corn  outgrowing  the  tobacco  and  thus  necessitating  the  construc- 
tion of  shade  frames. 

Experiments  with  liming  rice  seed  beds  before  replanting  showed  yields 
amounting  to  2^00.8  kg.  per  hectare  (about  1,922  lbs.  per  acre)  for  applications 
of  2,800  lbs.  of  lime  per  hectare  as  compared  with  an  average  yield  from  the 
untreated  checks  of  1,437.1  kg. 

Detailed  tabulated  data  are  presented  giving  the  results  of  analyses  of  a 
number  of  sugar  cane  varieties  grown  in  the  Islands. 

Fallow  and  green  manuring  experiments  on  sandy  soil  at  Ai^ov,  1888- 
1914,  J.  Hansen  {Tidsskr.  Planteavl,  25  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  1--J2).— Rotation  ex- 
periments  including  bare  and  green  fallows,  together  with  the  use  of  barnyard 
manure,  commercial  fertilizers,  and  green  manure,  in  the  culture  of  the  crops, 
were  conducted  on  four  series  of  duplicate  plats.  Nine  combinations  of  crop 
rotations  and  manurlal  treatment  were  compared.  The  rotation  was  fallow, 
rye,  buckwheat,  and  oats,  but  beginning  with  1893  potatoes  were  substituted 
for  buckwheat,  and  from  1899  to  1914  a  mixed  crop  of  oats,  barley,  peas,  and 
vetch  was  grown  in  place  of  oats.  The  crops  used  for  green  fallow  were  vetch 
and  oats,  mustard  and  buckwheat,  and  lupines.  The  crop  of  vetch  and  oats 
was  taken  from  the  land  while  the  other  two  crops  were  plowed  under  for 
green  manure.  In  connection  with  the  bare  and  gi*een  fallows,  the  effect  of 
using  20  tons  of  barnyard  manure  per  t5ndeland  (1.36  acres)  for  the  entire 
period  of  the  rotation  was  studied.  In  one  experiment  where  lupines  were 
plowed  under,  1,000  lbs.  of  14  per  cent  Thomas  slag  and  1,400  lbs.  of  kainlt  fmd 
in  another  460  lb&  of  Thomas  slag  and  480  lbs.  of  kainlt  per  tdndeland  were  ap- 
Idled  during  the  rotation.  In  two  experiments  no  manurlal  treatment  was  given, 
but  the  effect  of  growing  and  harvesting  a  crop  of  vetch  and  oats  and  of  plow- 
ing under  a  crop  of  lupines  was  observed. 

The  yield  of  rye  was  increased  more  by  means  of  different  methods  of 
fallowing  than  was  the  yield  of  any  other  crop.  The  average  production  of 
fodder  units  per  tdndeland  ranged  from  1,286  on  bare  fallow  with  barnyard 
manure  to  2,780  where  lupines  were  turned  under  and  barnyard  manure  was 
applied  in  the  course  of  the  rotation. 

Potatoes  gave  practically  3300  fodder  units  per  tOndeland  each  on  bare  fallow 
and  on  the  green  fallows  of  vetch  and  oats  and  of  lupines.  The  highest  yield, 
4420  fodder  units,  was  secured  on  the  lupine  series  receiving  barnyard  manure, 
and  the  yield  ranking  next,  3,710  fodder  units,  on  the  lupine  series  receiving 
commercial  fertilizers. 

The  relative  value  of  the  different  fallows,  as  based  on  the  average  yearly 
yield  per  tdndeland  for  all  crops  grown  in  the  rotation  and  receiving  barn- 
yard noanure,  is  given  as  follows :  Bare  fallow  100,  vetch  and  oats  121,  lupines 
137,  and  mustard  and  buckwheat  102.  The  lupine  series  treated  with  commer- 
cial fertilizers  ranked  with  the  vetch  and  oats  receiving  manure. 

ICoofrenltnre  Association's  field  experiments  in  1917,  H.  von  Feilitzbn 
iSvenska  Mosskidturfor.  Tidskr.,  S2  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  272-283).— A  report  is 
praented  on  41  experiments  conducted  in  20  different  localities. 

Liming  peat  soils  which  according  to  analysis  already  were  supplied  ade- 
quately with  lime  gave  varying  results,  ranging  from  a  marked  Increase  In 
yield  to  no  appreciable  effect.  On  a  bog  soil  in  Norbotten  the  use  of  lime  showed 
even  negative  resulta  It  is  concluded  that  generally  no  injurious  effects  result 
from  the  use  of  ordinary  applications  of  lime  on  peat  soils  of  good  quality, 
IneLuding  an  adequate  lime  oontmt. 


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230  EXPEBIMBNT  STATION  BEOOBD.  [ToL40 

Appllcatlonfl  of  different  quantiaes  of  phoq^hates  and  potaxh  salts  gave 
varying  results,  determined  mainly  by  the  quality  of  the  peat  soil  and  the  pre- 
ceding fertilizer  treatment.  Thomas  slag  used  on  grass  was  followed  by  a 
higher  yield  than  was  secured  from  the  corresponding  quantity  of  pho^horic 
acid  as  superphosphate  applied  with  37  per  cent  potash  salt  When  used  with 
kainit,  Thoma^  slag  and  superphosphate  were  apparently  of  equal  value.  The 
87  per  cent  potash  salt  showed  somewhat  better  results  than  those  obtained 
from  kainit  when  both  were  applied  with  superphoiqphate.  Nitrate  of  soda  as 
a  top-dressing  on  peaty  soils  of  a  high  nitrogen  content  was  not  profitable  as 
a  rule,  but  in  Norbotten  on  a  sedge  bog  soil,  not  yet  perfectly  reduced,  its  use 
gave  a  good  increase  in  yield,  although  the  total  nitrogen  content  of  the  soil 
was  high. 

Barnyard  manure  on  this  type  of  soil  proved  quite  effective  the  second  year 
after  application.  In  one  experiment  the  residual  effect  of  the  manure  the 
fourth  year  after  application  proved  unimi>ortant.  The  total  profit  derived 
during  a  five-year  period  from  100  kg.  (220  lbs.)  of  barnyard  manure,  the  price 
of  hay  being  6  (^re  per  kilogram,  was  95  5re  (24  cts.).  For  good  yields  of  dif- 
ferent crops  in  rotation  on  these  peaty  soils  fertilized  treatment  was  required 
each  year.  The  addition  of  commercial  fertilizers  to  barnyard  manure  in 
growing  root  crops  proved  generally  quite  profitable. 

Oats  on  moss  soils  gave  an  average  yield,  and  of  the  three  varieties  grown 
Guldregn  was  the  most  productive.  Mixed  crops,  including  legumes,  produced 
good  yields  of  green  forage  in  these  tests.  On  all  of  the  better  soils  average 
yields  of  root  crops  were  secured,  and  in  two  of  the  localities  where  this  work 
was  in  progress  the  common  flat  turnip  proved  more  productive  than  eith^ 
the  Ostersundom  or  the  Bortfeld  turnip. 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  in  Nifireria,  1916]  {Ann.  Rpt,  Apr,  Dept,  North. 
Prov.,  Nigeria,  1916,  pp.  11-18). —The  results  of  rather  limited  variety  teats 
with  cotton,  peanuts,  tobacco,  sugar  cane,  and  miscellaneous  forage  crops  are 
reported. 

[Beport  of  field  crops  work  in  Bhodesia],  E.  A.  Nobbs  {Rhodesia  Agr.  Jaw.^ 
U  {1911),  Nob.  5,  pp.  60&-6U;  6,  pp.  717-726;  15  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  +-^).— Fer- 
tilizer, cultural,  and  rotation  experiments  with  wheat,  com,  velvet  beans,  pea- 
nuts, sunflowers,  tobacco,  sweet  potatoes,  and  miscellaneous  forage  crops  cod- 
ducted  on  the  Gwebi  Experiment  Farm  during  the  season  of  1916-17  are  re- 
ported in  a  continuation  of  similar  work  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  436). 

Pumpkins  and  corn  grown  together  resulted  in  yields  of  666  and  1,840  Iba. 
per  acre,  respectively,  as  compared  with  yields  of  6,4(X)  lbs.  of  pumpkins  and 
1,800  lbs.  of  corn  when  grown  alone. 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  in  Queensland,  1016-17]  {Ann.  Rpt.  Dept.  Agr, 
and  Stock  [Queensland^,  1916-17,  pp.  10,  11,  18-22,  73-75,  1^,  1^-149,  1S7- 
169,  pis.  7). — ^This  reports  the  progress  of  cultural  and  variety  tests  with  sagar 
cane,  wheat,  barley,  com,  sorghums,  cotton,  and  miscellaneous  forage  crops^ 
together  with  considerable  tabulated  data  on  crop  production  and  crop  values. 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  in  Punjab],  W.  Robbbts,  Fateh-ud-din,  and  D. 
Singh  {Rpt.  Dept.  Agr.  Punjab,  1916-17,  pp.  X/F-LXX/T).— This  reports  tlie 
results  of  variety,  cultural,  fertilizer,  and  irrigation  tests  with  cotton,  wheat, 
corn,  sugar  cane,  and  miscellaneous  native  cereal  and  forage  crops  on  varioiui 
experimental  farms  for  the  year  ended  June  80, 1917. 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  in  the  United  Provinces  of  Agra  and  Oudli, 
India,  1916  and  1917],  G.  Prasad  and  L.  O.  Shasica  {Rpt  'Agr.  8ta8,  West, 
Circle,  United  Prov.  Agra  and  Oudh  [India],  1916,  pp.  ISl;  Rpt.  Partabffarh 

and  Benares  Agr.  8tas.,  United  Prov.  Agra  and  Oudh  [India],  1917 1  PP.  ^^4). 

Variety,  cultural,  and  fertilizer  tests  conducted  on  several  experimental  farms 


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Idl^l  FIELD  CROPS.  231 

in  the  resion  with  cotton,  sugar  cane,  wheat,  and  miscellaneous  field  crops  are 
reported. 

[Beport  of  field  crops  work  in  Fiji,  1916],  G.  H.  Knowuss  (Fiji  Dept,  Agr, 
Ann.  Rpt.  1916,  pp.  S-IO,  Ji-i5).— Variety  tests  with  yams,  field  tests  with 
s^v^eet  potatoes,  cassava,  soy  beans,  cowpeas,  haricot  beans,  P?ia8eolU9  mungo, 
com,  and  hemp,  and  cultural  and  fertilizer  experiments  with  i)eanuts,  rice, 
and  cotton  are  briefly  reported. 

Fodder  crops  on  reclaimed  swamp  lands,  W.  J.  Spafford  {Jour.  Dept.  Agr. 
fiTo.  Awt.,  21  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  480^92).— The  author  discusses  the  adaptation 
of  alfalfa  and  certain  perennial  grasses  and  annual  forage  crops  to  irrigated, 
reclaimed  swamp  lands. 

Tlie  fodder  pulses,  meth,  bhringi,  and  mashyem  kalal,  A.  0.  Ghosh  {Agr. 
Jour.  Bihar  and  OHssa  [/»dto],  5  (1911),  No.  1,  pp.  15-47,  pl8.  -J).— Brief  botani- 
cal descriptions  are  given  of  meth  {Phaseolus  ricciardicMnus) ,  bhrlnge  (P.  acon- 
itifolius),  and  mashyem  kalai  (P.  oalcaratus),  together  with  a  more  detailed 
account  of  the  field  practices  and  cultural  methods  employed  in  their  pro- 
duction. 

Tlie  principal  forage  crops  of  the  Philippines,  F.  G.  Kingman  and  E.  D. 
DoRTLAND  (PhUippine  Agr.  Rev.  [English  Ed.],  10  {1911),  No.  S,  pp.  261-271, 
pU.  5). — Other  than  the  native  grasses,  which  are  said  to  comprise  the  sole 
forage  in  some  localities,  the  following  are  deemed  to  be  the  principal,  forage 
crops  of  the  islands:  Guinea  grass,  uba  or  Japanese  forage  cane,  Sudan  grass, 
desert  Indian  com  from  the  United  States,  peanuts,  cowpeas,  nonsaccharin 
sorghums,  mungo  beans,  and  field  corn.  Cultural  methods  employed  in  growing 
the  various  crops  are  discussed,  and  their  relative  distribution  is  noted. 

Important  root  crops  of  the  Philippines,  F.  G.  Kinqman  and  E.  D.  Dobtlaitd 
{PhUippine  Agr.  Rev.  [EnglUh  Ed.],  10  {1917),  No.  i,  pp.  SS5-349,  pis.  5).— The 
production  and  use  of  root  crops  in  the  Philippines  are  described,  including 
ginger,  arrowroot,  cassava,  sincamas  {Pachyrrhizus  eroaus),  gabi  {Colocasia 
eMOulentum),  sweet  potatoes,  and  yams. 

**  Root  crops  of  the  sorts  mentioned  in  this  paper  are  to  be  fomid  abundantly, 
or  at  least  well  established,  in  practically  all  parts  of  the  islands,  and  are 
growing  at  practically  any  period  of  the  year;  thus  they  furnish  a  constant 
supply  of  nourishing  food  the  year  around.  The  majority  of  tliese  crops  do  not 
constitute  a  regular  field  crop  except  in  a  few  localities,  but  find  their  place 
as  secondary  crops  to  fill  in  after  the  main  crops  have  been  removed." 

Indian  trade  in  oil  seeds  {Bui.  Imp.  Inst.  {So.  Kensington],  15  {1917),  No. 
S,  pp.  $53-428). — ^This  is  a  detailed  account,  supplemented  by  statistical  infor- 
mation, of.  the  production  and  disposition  of  oil  seeds,  oils,  and  oil  cakes  in 
India  with  particular  reference  to  the  development  of  trade  within  the  British 
Empire.  The  discussion  embraces  cotton  seed,  flaxseed,  nlger  seed  {Quizotia 
abysHnioa),  rapeseed,  mustard  seed,  poppy  seed,  peanuts,  sesame  seed,  castor 
seed,  mowra,  mahua  or  mowa  seed  {Bassia  spp.),  and  copra. 

Experiments  with  clover  and  timothy  at  different  rates  of  seeding,  S. 
Rhodiit  {K.  Landtln-.  Akad.  Handl.  och  Tidskr.,  56  {1917),  No.  7-8,  pp.  575- 
584;Meddel.  Centralanst.  F6rs6ksv.  Jordbruksomrddet,  No.  158  {1917),  pp.  12).-^ 
The  seed  mixture  used  in  these  experiments,  carried  on  from  1907  to  1915,  in- 
clusive, consisted  of  70  per  cent  timothy,  20  per  cent  alsike  clover,  and  10  per 
cent  red  clover  and  was  sown  at  the  rates  of  24,  80,  and  36  kg.  per  hectare 
(21.4,  26.7,  and  82  lbs.  per  acre,  respectively).  Not  all  tests  were  in  progress 
the  entire  period  but  no  test  was  conducted  less  than  six  yeara 

The  various  tests,  including  16  1-year,  11  2-year,  and  12  8-year  meadows, 
produced  a  general  average  of  5,145,  5,515,  and  5,87^  kg.  of  hay  per  hectare 
from  thin,  medium,  and  heavy  seeding,  respectively.    The  heavy  rate  of  seeding 


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232  EXFERIMBNT  STATION  BEGOBD.  [Tol.4e 

seemed  to  be  best  adapted  to  heavy  clay  soils.  On  soils  of  this  type  an  increase 
in  yield  of  30  per  cent  was  obtained  from  heavy  as  compared  with  thin  seeding 
while  the  corresponding  increase  on  allnvial  clay  was  only  5  per  cent  It  is 
pointed  out  that  while  the  increases  in  yield  from  the  heavy  rate  of  seeding 
are  comparatively  small ;  thicker  seeding  has  the  advantage  of  tending  to  crowd 
out  weed  growth. 

Experiments  with  Banish  and  foreign  strains  of  clover  and  grasB,  Hit 
1014^1017,  E.  LiNDHABD  {Tidaskr.  Planieavh  25  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  117-175).— 
Strains  of  orchard  grass,  perennial  rye  grass,  timothy,  meadow  fescue,  white 
clover,  alslke  clover,  field  brome  grass,  kidney  vetch,  and  black  medic  were 
compared  in  different  localities  under  a  cooperative  arrangement. 

Of  nine  strains  of  orchard  grass,  Olsgaard  ranked  first  in  productiveness  and 
Tystofte  No.  2  second.  Five  strains  of  rye  grass,  including  Irish  rye  grass 
grown  from  commercial  seed,  were  tested.  A  strain  known  as  Lundbsek  gave 
the  highest  yield,  exceeding  the  yield  of  the  Irish  strain  by  10  per  cent.  Only 
three  strains  of  timothy.  Including  a  commercial  sample,  were  tested,  and  of 
these  the  leading  one,  known  as  *'Trifolium"  No.  12,  produced  in  the  first 
year  about  40  per  cent  more  hay  than  was  secured  from  the  commercial  strain, 
but  proved  less  hardy,  especially  on  lowlands. 

A  strain  of  meadow  fescue  designated  Fsellesforeningen  No.  0  was  compared 
with  t>sehnfeldt  No.  2  and  Dsehnfeldt  No.  5,  strains  derived  from  American 
stock.  These  three  strains  mixed  with  white  clover  on  ordinary  upland  soil 
yielded  in  two  years  a  total  of  9,810,  9,120,  and  8,910  kg.  per  hectare  (4.36,  4.0S. 
and  4  tons  i)er  acre),  respectively,  while  on  moorland  soil  the  corres^ponding 
yields  were  7,150,  8,000,  and  8,630  kg. 

Tests  of  white  clover  strains  grown  mixed  with  meadow  fescue  showed  that 
the  Danish  strains  Strynd  and  MorsO,  as  compared  with  Bohemian  white 
clover,  were  much  better  adapted  to  the  conditions  on  both  upland  and  low- 
land soils.  Tystofte  No.  17  was  found  to  be  later  than  StrynO  and  also  to 
give  higher  yields,  but  the  strain  is  not  regarded  as  sufficiently  tested  for 
commercial  seed  production.  A  Danish  strain  of  alsike  clover  designated 
Faellesforeningen  gave  in  general  better  results  than  Swedish  commerdal 
samples. 

FaellesforenlDgen  field  brome  grass  gave  an  average  of  5  per  ceit  more  hay 
than  was  secured  from  an  ordinary  commercial  strain.  Two  strains  of  kidney 
vetch,  Tystofte  No.  8  and  Tystofte  No.  28,  compared  with  commercial  stock. 
were  found  superior  in  productiveness.  Tystofte  No.  8  is  described  as  blossom- 
ing a  week  later  than  the  conunercial  stock  and  yielding  a  heavier  crop  at  the 
first  cutting.  Fsellesforeningen  black  medic  proved  to  be  an  early  strain  of 
vigorous  growth,  and  yielded  in  this  test  about  13  per  cent  more  hay  tlian 
was  obtained  from  an  English  strain. 

Methods  used  and  results  obtained  in  cereal  investigations  at  the  Cornell 
Station,  H.  H.  Lovk  and  W.  T.  Craig  (Jour.  Amer.  8oc.  Agron.,  10  {1918),  No. 
4,  pp.  H5-157,  pi.  1,  fig.  1). — The  authors  describe  the  methods  employed  in 
cereal  breeding  work  at  Cornell  University,  with  particular  reference  to  the 
rod-row  system  of  studying  plant  selections.  Briefly,  the  method  of  selection 
lis  as  follows : 

"  The  heads  or  plants  are  selected  and  tested  for  one  year  in  head  or  plant 
rows.  The  best  rows  are  selected  in  the  field,  harvested,  thrashed,  and  grown 
the  second  year  in  rod  rows  repeated  two  or  three  times,  depending  on  the 
amount  of  seed  available.  Only  the  very  poorest  are  eliminated  the  second 
year.  The  rest  are  continued  in  rod  rows  repeated  ten  times  for  at  least  three 
years.  The  best  new  strains  are  multiplied  and  tested  in  increase  plats.  The 
best  ones  are  finally  distributed  to  farmers  for  further  comparison.    In  this 


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1»19]  FIELD  CROPS.  238 

way  a  sort  Is  tested  for  at  least  six  years  before  it  is  finally  put  into  general 
nsa" 

Data  are  presented  whicb  show  the  average  probable  error  as  percentage 
of  the  mean  of  some  varieties  of  wheat  and  oats  tested  by  the  rod-row  method 
to  have  been  2.69  and  3.12,  respectively,  indicating  a  marked  superiority  over  the 
fleld-plat  method.  The  average  yield  of  wheat  varieties  grown  on  2/100-acre 
plats  repeated  three  times  in  1916  was  40  bu.  per  acre,  while  for  the  same 
varieties  grown  in  rod  rows  repeated  ten  times  it  was  31.4  bu.  With  oats 
about  242  sorts  repeated  ten  times  can  be  handled  per  acre  by  the  rod-row 
system*  as  compared  with  only  37  sorts  by  2/100-acre  plats  repeated  three  times. 

The  methods  used  in  making  and  studying  hybrids  of  the  small  grains  are 
also  described.  It  is  stated  that  the  best  results  have  been  obtained  by  grow- 
ing the  plants  in  pots  in  the  greenhouse.  The  Fi  plants  are  also  grown  in  the 
greenhouse,  while  the  Fa  and  succeeding  generations  are  grown  in  the  field  in 
5-ft.  rows.  Clipping  the  glumes  in  emasculating  wheat  has  not  produced  any 
better  results  than  removing  the  anthers  without  clipping. 

Small  grain  investigations,  H.  H.  Love  and  W.  T.  Csaig  {Jour.  Heredity,  9 
{1918),  No.  2,  pp.  67-76,  fiffs.  7).— The  authors  present  a  brief  outline  of  their 
work  with  small  grains  at  Cornell  University,  together  with  some  of  the  more 
pertinent  results  obtained.  The  principal  lines  of  work  under  way  embrace 
comparisons  of  varieties,  pure-line  selections,  and  selections  from  hybrids  of 
wheat,  oats,  barley,  and  rye;  pure-line  breeding  work  with  selections  of  wheat 
and  oats;  variation  and  correlation  studies  with  the  different  cereals;  and 
hybridization  work  with  wheat,  oats,  rye,  and  barley.  Cooperative  work  with 
the  Montana  Experiment  Station  and  the  agronomy  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Missouri  in  a  study  of  the  effect  of  widely  differing  environments 
upon  imported  seed  is  also  noted. 

Orowth  of  wheat  (Triticum)  and  com  (Zea),  D.  T.  MacDougal  {Carnegie 
Inst.  Washington  Tear  Book,  16  {1917),  pp.  85-^7).— Data  obtained  from  daily 
observations  of  the  rate  of  growth  of  single  leaves  of  wheat  and  com  measured 
at  one-half  hour  intervals  through  a  horizontal  microscope  led  to  the  following 
conclusions: 

Retardation  of  growth  occurred  at  more  than  one  place  In  the  temperature 
scale  and  at  different  times  of  the  day.  Cessation  of  growth,  especially  in 
com,  might  be  attributed  to  a  direct  temperature  effect,  especially  with  ex- 
tended periods  of  temperatures  of  from  30  to  35"*  C.  (87  to  OS""  F.).  The  highest 
rate  maintained  by  com  for  some  time  was  found  to  lie  between  27  and  30''  C. 
It  was  not  possible  to  fix  upon  any  definite  temperature  limits  within  which 
growth  might  be  continuous  in  this  plant.  No  retardations  occurred  in  either 
com  or  wheat  except  after  11  a.  m.  Com  showed  an  acceleration  late  in  the 
day  after  retardation  at  high  temperatures,  but  wheat  did  not  The  allowable 
causes  to  which  might  be  attributed  the  slackening  or  inhibition  of  growth  or 
actual  shrinkage  of  growing  Joints  after  midday  and  continuing  until  the 
following  morning  are  said  to  be  the  destruction  of  enzyms  concemed  in  renew- 
ing building  material,  excessive  transpiration,  and  the  accumulation  of  acids 
or  other  respiration  products  which  might  clog  metabolism  and  reduce  the 
water-holding  capacity  of  the  protoplasm. 

Sed  Bock  wheat  and  Bosen  rye,  F.  A.  Spbaoo  {Jour,  Amer.  8oc.  Agron.,  10 
{1918),  No,  4,  pp.  167-171). —This  paper,  a  contribution  from  the  Michigan  Ex- 
periment Station,  briefiy  describes  the  development  of  Red  Rock  winter  wheat, 
Rosen  rye,  and  Michigan  Winter  barley,  together  with  an  account  of  the 
method  of  inspecting  and  distributing  pedigreed  seed  in  connection  with  the 
Michigan  Crop  Improvement  Association. 


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234  BXPERTMBIirr  STATIOlSr  REGOBD.  [JdM 

MilliniT  <^d  baking  tests  of  elnkom,  exnmer,  spelt,  and  Polish  whesU 
J.  A.  LeCijsbc,  L.  H.  Bailey,  and  HAimAH  L.  Wessuno  {Jour.  Amer,  Stm 
Affron.,  10  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  215-217)  .—The  results  of  milling  and  bhktDgtat^ 
made  by  the  Bureau  of  Ch^nlstry,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  wtfl 
samples  of  einkorn,  emmer,  spelt,  and  Polish  wheat,  and  with  a  hard  sptM 
wheat  as  a  check,  are  briefly  noted.  The  conclusions  are  reached  that  emM 
and  spelt  (both  free  of  hulls)  and  Polish  wheat  can  be  milled  into  satia&ctii^ 
.flour  and  the  flour  made  into  a  good  loaf  of  bread.  Elnkorn  (free  of 
was  not  so  promising.  Alstroum  spelt  appeared  to  be  specially  adapted  M\ 
the  production  of  a  good  baking  flour,  and  Black  Winter  emmer  flour 
a  very  high  absorption  capacity.  The  use  of  emmer,  spelt,  and  Polish  wheat 
human  food  (bread,  breakfast  cereals,  etc.),  Is  recommended  in  case  of 
defldency  wherever  they  are  available. 

Frelimlnary  notes  on  barleys  indigenous  to  Argentina,  L.  Hai?icaiv  i 
MU8.  Nac.  Hist.  Nat.,  Buenos  Aires,  28  {1916),  pp.  26S-S16,  pis.  4,  fig.  i).— Rtl 
detailed  descriptions  of  species  and  varieties  of  barleys  occurring  in  Argenl 
are  presented,  their  geographic  distribution  briefly  discussed,  and  a  systi 
classification  outlined  for  their  Identiflcation. 

Hastening  the  germination  of  Bermuda  grass  seed  by  the  sulphuric 
treatment,  W.  B.  Bbyaw  {Jour.  Amer.  8oc.  Agron.,  10  {1918),  No.  7-8,  pp.  fl* 
281,  pi.  1). — Treating  Bermuda  grass  seed  with  sulphuric  acid  for  diffend 
lengths  of  time  ranging  from  6  to  60  minutes  at  the  Arizona  Experiment  StI 
tion  resulted  in  a  maximum  germination  on  the  twentieth  day  of  from  70  U 
71.5  per  cent  for  seed  treated  from  10  to  20  minutes,  as  compared  witb  oi4 
22.5  per  cent  for  untreated  seed.  About  95  per  cent  of  the  total  germlnaM 
was  obtained  at  the  end  of  the  fourth  day  for  seed  treated  10  minutes. 

The  castor-oil  plant:  Botany,  culture,  industry,  and  conuneroe,  BI.  Dtuii 
and  P.  Ebebhabdt  {Le  Ricin,  Botanique,  Culture,  Industrie  ei  Commertli 
Paris:  Augustin  Challamel,  1917,  2.  ed.,  pp.  120,  figs.  23). — A  rather  comprebeti 
sive  work  on  the  castor-oil  plant,  including  a  brief  historical  sketcli  t 
botanical  study  of  the  plant,  notes  on  varieties,  descriptions  of  general  oi 
tural  practices  with  particular  reference  to  the  methods  employed  in  India  tnl 
the  French  colonies,  and  a  discussion  of  the  commercial  and  Industrial  aspeell 
of  oil  and  oil-cake  production.  J 

The  castor-oil  plant  in  northern  Africa,  F.  Oouston  {But  Agr.  Alg^^ 
TufUsie,  Maroo,  24  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  1-8). — ^A  brief  account  of  the  methods  flf| 
production,  adapted  varieties,  and  utilization  of  the  crop  in  Algeria. 

Origin  of  the  "  Moro  "  com,  P.  J.  Westeb  {PkUippme  Agr.  Rev.  [J?«j 
Ed.!,  10  {1917),  No.  5,  p.  MO).— A  brief  historical  account  of  the  origin  of 
called  Moro  com,  deemed  the  best  all-around  variety  in  the  Philippines.   It 
described  as  a  hybrid  strain  developed  from  a  cross  of  Mexican  June  corn 
a  native  white  variety  occurring  in  1010  in  Zamboanga,  Mindanao. 

Scientific  research  and  the  cotton  Industry,  Q.  Bebthet  (Bui.  Union 
tgypte,  15  (1917),  No.  121,  pp.  99-lU).—Th\s  presents  a  general  diseassIoDrf! 
the  organization  and  alms  of  the  British  Ck)tton  Research  Association.  J 

Cotton  experiments,  1017,  H.  B.  Bbown  and  G.  T.  Ames  (Mississip^  SMi 
Bid.  184  (1918),  pp.  28,  figs.  2). — This  describes  the  continuation  of  work  irfP 
cotton  along  the  same  general  lines  as  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  3M)^ 
On  the  whole  the  season  was  rather  unfavorable  for  cotton,  although  weevw 
damage  was  generally  less  than  during  the  two  preceding  years.  i 

Wannamaker-Cleveland  and  selected  strains  of  Trice  and  Lone  Star  gave  tbri 
best  results  among  the  short-staple  varieties,  while  Express  and  WebbeMff 
were  the  highest  In  money  value  of  the  long-staple  kinds.    Lewis-63  and  Trl^ 


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m»]  FIELD  GBOFS.  236 

Oook  proTed  to  be  the  most  wilt-resistant  strains  tested,  while  Wannamaker- 
CSeveland  was  found  to  be  somewhat  wilt-resistant 

Continued  observations  on  the  single-stalk  method  of  cotton  culture  are  said 
to'  Indicate  that  increased  yields  obtained  in  some  cases  by  this  practice  were 
due  to  dose  spacing  rather  than  to  delayed  thinning.  Spacing  experiments 
again  resulted  in  the  highest  yields  being  obtained  from  dose  spacing. 

Fertilizing  cotton  at  the  Holly  Springs  substation  is  said  to  have  given  good 
returns  on  the  investment  over  a  period  of  12  years. 

Much  variation  was  observed  in  the  number  of  flowers  produced  by  different 
varieties,  but  in  general  it  was  noted  that  varieties  producing  and  supporting 
the  most  flowers  during  the  flrst  part  of  the  fruiting  season  were  the  most 
satisfactory  for  growing  under  weevil  conditions.  Sdected  strains  developed 
by  the  station  comprised  a  majority  of  the  ranldng  varieties  in  all  the  tests. 

A  stady  of  certain  environmental  factors  and  varietal  differences  influ- 
encing the  firoiting  of  cotton,  B.  C.  Ewino  (MiMHsHppi  8ta,  Tech.  Bui.  8 
(1918),  pp.  95,  figs.  40). — Observations  of  the  fruiting  processes  of  American 
upland  cotton,  including  flowering,  shedding,  the  effect  of  removal  of  flowers 
upon  fruiting,  and  the  developmental  period  of  the  boll;  and  of  varietal  dif- 
fer^ices  in  the  fruiting  processes  are  discussed  in  considerable  detalL  The 
seasonal  history  of  the  cotton  plant,  the  nature  of  boll-weevil  injury  and  the 
problem  of  its  control,  and  the  relation  of  early  maturity  in  the  cotton  plant 
to  weevil  injury  are  described.  The  discussion  and  the  conclusions  reached 
are  baaed  chiefly  on  a  statistical  analysis  of  data  collected  in  the  field  in  con- 
nection with  cotton  variety  tests  made  at  Agricultural  College  during  1911, 1912, 
and  1913,  and  at  Holly  Springs  during  1914.  In  1913  and  1914  meteorological 
instruments  were  exposed  during  fruiting  season,  and  the  records  obtained, 
together  with  daily  soil  moisture  determinations,  were  used  in  an  effort  to 
study  the  relation  between  the  diurnal  fluctuation  in  flowering  and  shedding 
and  environmental  c<mdltions. 

Neither  soil  moisture  nor  air  temperatures  appeared  to  be  constant  con- 
trolling factors  in  the  daily  fluctuations  noted  in  flower  production,  although  at 
times  they  seemed  to  act  as  limiting  factors  when  their  values  became  abnormal. 
Neverthdess  the  sharp  variations  observed  in  flowering  are  thought  to  point 
to  the  existence  of  definite  environmental  rdations,  however  obscure  they  may 
be. 

The  water  content  of  the  plant  appeared  to  have  an  important  influence  upon 
shedding,  a  deflcient  supply  of  moisture  resulting  in  excessive  shedding.  Varla- 
tioiis  in  soil  fertility  did  not  seem  to  greatly  disturb  the  ratio  between  the 
amount  of  flower  production  and  of  fruit  maturing  therefrom.  It  was  concluded 
that  in  general  shedding  was  not  greatly  affected  at  time  of  flowering  unless 
pollination  was  interfered  with.  Observations  upon  the  rdations  between 
flowering  and  shedding  and  the  several  environmental  factors  have  led  to  no 
deflnlte  conclusion. 

It  Is  stated  that  the  cotton  plant  naturally  produces  a  surplus  of  flowers, 
many  more  than  can  be  matured  into  fruit,  and  that  the  elimination  of  a  large 
part  of  these  always  occurs,  regardless  of  how  favorable  the  conditions  may  be 
under  which  the  plants  are  grown. 

The  rdations  between  the  boll  period  curve  and  the  temperature  curve  are 
deemed  very  signiflcant  The  average  daily  temperature  prevailing  through- 
oat  the-  developmental  period  of  the  bolls  resulting  from  the  flrst  two  weeks 
of  flowering  was  approximately  80"*  F.  at  the  beginning  and  TO""  at  the  close. 
The  condition  of  the  soil,  including  texture,  moisture,  and  fertility;  the 
humidity;  and  the  age  of  the  plant  are  all  said  to  have  influenced  the  length 
of  the  time  required  for  the  boll  to  mature.    It  is  regarded  as  certain  that  the 


uigiiizea  Dy  ' 


.^le 


236  EXPERIMENT  STATION  REOOBD.  [Yol.40 

boll  reaches  a  stage  of  immunity  from  weeTil  injary  before  It  is  fully  matured* 
and  that  the  length  of  the  period  before  this  stage  is  reached  is  apparoitly 
more  or  less  proportional  to  the  total  developmental  period  of  the  bolL  Thus 
while  a  fertile  soil  is  more  desirable  for  growing  cotton  under  boll-weeTil  con- 
ditions than  a  poor  soil  due  to  the  larger  amount  of  fruit  set,  nevertheless  a 
longer  period  is  required  on  rich  than  on  poor  soil  for  the  bolls  to  harden  and 
reach  a  stage  immune  to  weevil  injury. 

From  a  comparison  of  varietal  differences  in  the  fruiting  processes  it  was 
concluded  that  early  commencement  of  flowering,  usually  associated  with  a 
rapid  rate  of  flowering,  would  be  beneficial  if  the  flowering  could  be  maintained 
in  sufilcient  abundance  for  a  longer  period  during  the  season  unaccompanied  by 
a  too  high  rate  of  shedding.  However,  early  blooming  varieties  showed  a 
tendency  to  slow  up  in  flowering  activity  relatively  early  in  the  season,  and 
also  to  lose  much  of  the  beneflt  of  early  flowering  through  excessive  shedding. 
These  qualities  appeared  to  be  characteristic  of  Trice,  Simpklns,  and  Dodds 
Prolific  Such  varieties  as  Wannamaker-Oleveland,  on  the  other  hand,  though 
blooming  several  days  or  even  a  week  later  than  the  earlier  varieties,  were 
found  to  maintain  nearly  as  high  a  rate  of  flower  production  per  week  after 
flowering  began.  These  latter  types  also  appeared  to  maintain  a  fair  rate  of 
flower  production  late  in  the  season  and  with  considerably  less  shedding  than 
the  early  type&  A  low  rate  of  early  shedding,  thus  conserving  a  large  per- 
centage of  the  early  boils,  is  regarded  as  an  important  advantage  under  boll- 
weevil  conditions.  In  the  production  of  new  types  of  cotton,  therefore,  it  is 
deemed  desirable  not  to  overemphasize  early  flowering  but  rather  to  strive  for 
rapid  flower  production  combined  with  a  low  rate  of  early  shedding  even  if 
accompanied  by  several  days*  delay  in  the  appearance  of  the  initial  flowers. 
It  is  also  thought  to  be  desirable  in  general  that  a  variety  continue  to  grow 
and  fruit  relatively  late  in  the  season  in  order  to  furnish  squares  with  which 
to  occupy  the  weevils  and  thus  protect  the  bolls  already  set  as  long  as  possible. 

While  it  would  be  advantageous  in  relation  to  weevil  injury,  other  things 
being  equal,  to  have  the  same  amount  of  cotton  produced  in  a  large  number 
of  bolls  rather  than  In  a  small  number,  the  studies  on  flower  production  have 
shown  that  the  number  of  flowers  produced  by  small  boiled  varieties  was  not 
sufficient  to  counterbalance  the  lower  lint  yield  of  Individual  fruits.  The 
potential  lint  production  of  the  big  boll  group  thus  considerably  exceeded  that 
of  the  early  small  boll  varieties. 

Observations  on  the  relative  resistance  and  susceptibility  of  the  bolls  of  the 
different  varieties  to  weevil  attack  seemed  to  indicate  that  those  varieties  with 
shorter  boll  periods  got  beyond  damage  earlier  than  those  requiring  a  longer 
period  for  development.  Since  the  former  were  usually  small  boiled  sorts  and 
the  latter  usually  large  boiled,  the  large  boiled  varieties  were  at  a  disadvantage 
in  this  respect  However,  some  large  boiled  varieties  with  relatlv^y  high  lint 
factors,  for  instance  Wannamaker-Gleveland,  are  said  to  possess  a  relatively 
short  boll  period. 

The  time  at  which  cotton  uses  the  most  moisture,  G.  K.  MgGlbllaitd  (Jomr, 
Amer,  Soc,  Agron.,  10  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  185-189). — ^This  paper,  a  contribution 
from  the  Georgia  Experiment  Station,  reports  the  results  of  experiments  con- 
ducted during  1915  and  1916  to  determine  the  water  requirement  of  cotton. 
Plants  were  grown  in  potometers,  maintained  at  different  degrees  of  satura* 
tion,  and  the  quantity  of  water  applied  to  individual  plants  per  week  during 
July,  August,  and  September  and  the  number  of  blooms  appearing  each  week 
on  each  plant  and  on  the  plants  studied  under  field  conditions  recorded  in 
tabular  form. 


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»W    ,  FIELD  CROPS.  287 

In  1915  the  greatest  total  amount  of  water  applied  to  individual  plants  was 
293  liters  the  fourth  week  in  August,  and  in  1916,  157.5  liters  the  second  week 
in  August.  Observations  made  during  1916  showed  a  considerable  demand  by 
the  cotton  plant  for  water  well  into  the  fall  (October  7). 

The  highest  total  number  of  flowers  appearing  weekly  on  plants  grown  in 
the  potometers  in  1915  was  76  during  the  second  week  in  August  On  18  field 
plants  the  maximum  was  reached  the  last  week  in  July  and  amounted  to  129. 
In  1916  the  maximum  number  of  flowers  appearing  weekly  on  individual  plants 
grown  In  potometers  was  105,  and  on  ^0  plants  grown  in  the  field  146,  this  being 
during  the  third  week  in  August  in  both  cases. 

These  results  are  hdd  to  indicate  that  later  cultivation  than  is  usually  given 
would  be  beneficial  to  the  cotton  plant  in  conserving  soil  moisture  during  the 
hot  sommer  months. 

A  plant  industry  based  upon  mutation^  T.  H.  Keabnet  {Jour,  Heredity^  9 
il918).  No.  2,  pp.  51-^1,  ftgs.  P).— -The  author  briefiy  discusses  mutation  in 
Egyptian  cotton,  with  special  reference  to  the  development  of  the  Yuma, 
Somerton,  Gila,  and  Pima  varieties  in  southwestern  United  States.  It  is  stated 
that  the  maintenance  of  the  Egyptian  type  of  cotton  has  until  recently  depended 
upon  the  successive  appearance  of  desirable  mutants  which  have  given  rise  to 
new  varieties. 

While  mutation  was  observed  only  in  heterozygous  stocks,  the  recombination 
hypothesis  is  deemed  inadequate  to  explain  the  origin  of  such  extreme  mutants 
as  Yuma  and  Pima,  as  a  comparison  of  the  parent  stock  with  any  other  with 
which  it  might  have  had  recent  opportunity  to  hybridize,  failed  to  reveal  the 
souWae  of  the  distinguishing  characters  of  the  mutant  Intermediate  forms 
were  also  either  entirely  absent  or  extremely  rare.  The  presumption  that 
American  upland  cotton  varieties  may  be  of  mutational  origin  is  regarded  as 
entirely  tenable. 

Cotton  variety  tests,  A.  G.  Lewis  and  G.  A.  McLendon  (Oa.  Bd,  Ent,  Buk 
SO  (1918) f  pp.  SO,  pis.  4). — ^Thls  reports  a  continuation  of  cooperative  tests  with 
cotton  varieties  in  an  effort  to  obtain  strains  suited  to  growing  under  boll  weevil 
and  wilt  conditions  in  Georgia,  with  recommendations  similar  to  those  previously 
noted  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  283). 

XaAde  cotton,  O.  F.  Ooox  (Science,  n.  ser.,  Jfl  (1918),  No.  1227,  pp.  11, 12).-^ 
Meade  cotton,  said  to  be  a  new  upland  long-staple  variety  approaching  Sea 
Island  in  length  and  fineness  of  fiber,  Is  briefiy  described.  The  variety  was 
obtained  by  the  discovery  and  selection  of  a  superior  type  of  cotton  by  R.  M. 
Meade  in  1912  at  Olarksvllle,  Tex.,  in  a  field  of  a  variety  locally  known  as 
Blackaeed  or  Black  Rattler,  but  said  to  be  distinct  from  the  varieties  bearing 
these  names  in  other  parts  of  the  cotton  belt  The  new  variety  is  described 
as  producing  a  fiber  of  about  1.5  in.  in  length ;  as  fiowering  earlier  and  more 
abundantly  than  Sea  Island,  with  bolls  n^ftarly  twice  as  large ;  as  having  a  lint 
index  (grams  of  lint  per  100  seeds)  of  5.45,  as  compared  with  4.98  for  Sea 
Island ;  and  as  being  accepted  by  buyers  as  practically  equivalent  to  Sea  Island. 

A  simple  method  of  selecting  heavy  seeds  in  cotton,  G.  L.  Kottub  (Poona 
Apr.  Col  Map.,  8  (1917),  No.  4,  pp.  208-210).— -J^he  author  presents  tabulated 
data  to  demonstrate  the  correlation  between  seed  weight  and  variety  or  strain 
of  cotton  and  to  show  that  factors  materially  affecting  seed  weight  include  sea* 
son,  son,  and  early  and  late  picking. 

Diylding  cotton  seed  into  four  grades,  namely,  big,  medium,  small,  and  red 
(shriveled,  light-colored  seed),  which  are  said  to  have  relative  percentages 
of  germination  of  98,  79,  60,  and  35,  respectively,  a  method  is  described  for 
readily  separating  big  and  medium  seed  ftrom  the  small  and  red  seed.    The 

109642*— 19 4 


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238  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECOBD.  •  [Vol.  40 

seed  was  first  moistened  sufficiently  to  cement  the  lint  to  the  seed  and  tben 
placed  in  a  10  per  cent  salt  solution,  the  big  and  medimn  seed  sinking  to  the 
bottom  and  the  small  Inferior  seed  floating  on  the  snrfkce.  The  method  is 
said  to  be  applicable  to  all  kinds  of  cotton  seed  except  that  of  the  American 
varieties,  although  certain  modifications  in  the  concentration  of  the  salt  volu- 
tion are  suggested  for  some  local  varieties.  Additional  data  show  the  germina- 
tion of  the  unseparated  seed  to  have  been  65.5  per  cent,  of  the  heavy  seed  SSJS 
per  cent,  and  of  the  light  seed  41.5  per  cent  Three-year  average  yields 
amounted  to  867  lbs.  of  seed  cotton  per  acre  from  light  seed  as  compared  with 
686  lbs.  from  heavy  seed. 

Oil  content  of  cotton  seed  as  influenced  bj  variety  and  selection,  Lu  HL 
Rast  (On.  State  Cok  Agr.  Ciro,  70  (1918),  pp.  4.  fiff-  i).— Analyses  of  the  seed  of 
48  varieties  and  strains  of  cotton  grown  in  Georgia  during  1016  are  reported  as 
showing  a  range  in  the  oil  content  of  air-dry  seed  of  from  17.64  per  cent  for 
Oollege  No.  27  to  28.8  per  cent  for  Mexican.  For  milling  purposes  the  produc- 
tion of  seed  with  an  oil  content  below  20.5  per  cent  is  deemed  unprofitable. 

Cotton  production  and  distribution,  season  of  1916-17  {Bur.  of  the  Cenmu 
[U.  8.1,  Bttl.  1S5  il918)y  pp.  i-M,  ftffs.  i4).— Detailed  tabulated  statistics  pre- 
sented and  discussed  deal  with  the  production  of  cotton  from  the  1916  crop; 
also  with  the  consumption,  imports,  exports,  and  stocks  of  cotton;  number  of 
cotton  spindles;  cotton  seed  received,  crushed,  and  on  hand;  and  with  cotton- 
seed products  manufactured,  shipped  out,  and  on  hand  during  the  year  ended 
July  81.  1917. 

Cotton  production  and  distribution,  season  of  1917-18  {Bur.  of  the  Cen9U9 
lU,  8.]  BuL  1S7  (1918),  pp.  1S5,  flp».  i5).— Statistical  information  similar  to 
that  noted  above  is  presented  for  the  season  of  1917-18. 

South  African  fiber  plants. — ^I,  Ambari  or  Beccan  hemp  (Hibiscus  canna- 
binus),  I.  B.  P.  Evans  (So.  African  Jour.  Indus,,  1  (1917),  No,  S,  pp.  198-t^ 
figs.  9). — E.  cannahinus,  said  to  be  extensively  grown  in  India  and  to  be  in- 
digenous to  Africa,  is  described  as  an  erect  annual  which  attains  a  height  in 
South  Africa  of  from  5  to  11  ft,  and  which  produces  a  coarse,  harsh  fiber 
suitable  for  bags,  cheap  cordage,  yams,  etc.  The  possibilities  of  its  production 
in  Africa  are  indicated. 

The  cultivation  of  Jute  in  Pumea,  N.  G.  GHAXTDHtTBi  {Affr.  J(mr,  Bihar  and 
Orisaa  [India],  5  (1917),  No,  1,  pp.  72-79).— The  methods  employed  in  grovidng 
the  crop  and  the  preparation  of  the  fiber  for  market  in  Pumea,  said  to  be  the 
most  important  Jute-growing  district  in  the  Provinces  of  Bihar  and  Orissa,  are 
described. 

Teste  with  lupines  on  sandy  soil  at  Askor,  1894-1908,  M.  Bjebbb  (Tids<fer. 
Planteavl,  25  {1918),  No,  1,  pp.  49-^5),— The  results  of  comparative  tests  of 
yellow  and  blue  lupines  conducted  for  10  years  indicated  that  the  best  yidds 
of  seed  were  secured  from  seedings  made  the  firet  half  of  April,  and  that  the 
blue  lupine,  as  compared  with  the  yeilow  lupine,  yi^ded  from  12  to  14  cwt 
more  seed  per  t5ndeland  (1.86  acres)  and  blossomed  and  ripened  f^m  five  to 
six  days  earlier. 

The  identification  of  varieties  of  oate  in  New  York,  B.  G  MomxiOMSBT 
{Jour.  Amer,  8oc,  Apron,,  10  {1918),  No,  4,  pp.  171-17+).— This  pap«r,  a  con- 
tribution from  the  department  of  fkrm  crops,  Gomell  University,  briefly  re- 
views work  done  by  G.  Stewart  during  the  summer  of  1917  in  a  practical  tMt 
under  field  conditions  of  the  key  to  oat  varieties  prepared  by  Btheridge  (B.  S. 
R.,  86,  p.  888).  Samples  of  oate  were  obtained  from  New  York  Stete  seedsmen 
and  from  two  experiment  stetions  and  were  grown  for  identification. 

Of  the  22  varieties  listed  by  seedsmen,  11  proved  to  be  of  Swedish  Select  type 
and  2  others  to  contain  an  admixture  of  Swedish  Select  Of  40  varieties  ob- 
tained ftrom  the  experiment  stetions  only  5  were  definitely  identified  as  listed. 

uigitizea  Dy  \jkjkj^i\^ 


If  19];  FIELD  OBOPS.  289 

A  sarvey  was  made  of  418  fields  in  a  representative  strip  of  country  across 

file  State  from  north  to  south  to  ascertain  the  type  of  oats  grown.  Thirteen 
Ttiiedes  were  identified,  Lincoln,  Swedish  Select,  Silvermine,  and  Belyak 
being  found  on  28^,  26.8,  13.6,  and  11.8  per  cent  of  the-ff^ms  visited,  r^ 
ipectlvely. 

The  relation  between  color  and  other  characters  in  certain  Avena  erosBeSy 
H.  a  Umt  and  W.  T.  Gbaio  {Amer.  Nat,  62  {1918),  No.  620^21,  pp.  S69-$8S),^ 
Tbia  paper,  a  farther  contribution  to  the  subject  from  the  department  of  p&nt 
breeding  of  Cornell  University  working  in  cooperation  with  the  Office  of  Cereal 
Investigations,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  presents  a  discussion  of  the 
relation  of  color  to  awns,  pubescence,  and  wild  base  as  observed  in  a  cross  be- 
tween A.  fatua  and  A.  sativa,  variety  Sixty  Day,  already  described  in  detail 
(B.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  234). 

The  data  are  held  to  indicate  that  there  is  a  definite  relation  between  the 
color  of  the  glume  and  the  production  of  awns,  the  black  and  gray  oats  pro- 
ducing awns  in  varying  amount?,  while  few  or  no  awns  were  produced  on  the 
yellow  oats.  A  form  of  A.  fatua  was  observed  having  a  pubescence  factor  linked 
with  a  factor  for  black  color  and  another  pubescence  factor  independent  of  any 
color  factor,  which  in  the  absence  of  an  Inhibitory  effect  in  the  yellow  oats 
would  be  expected  to  produce  15  pubescent  to  1  nonpubescent  form  in  the  Ft 
generation.  A  second  form  was  also  found  having  only  one  factor  for 
ptd^escence,  which  when  crossed  ?^th  a  white  oat  resulted  in  all  the  nonblacks 
behig  smooth.  Indicating  that  the  pubescence  factor  is  linked  with  the  black  color. 
Forms  having  two  factors  for  pubescence  gave  both  pubescent  and  smooth  non- 
Macks.  The  theoretical  expectations  from  crosses  of  these  two  forms  with 
yellow  and  white  oats  and  the  actual  results  obtained  are  discussed.  It  is  also 
stated  that  even  through  the  F«  generation  no  ytilow  oat  has  been  found  with 
a  wild  type  of  base. 

The  authors  state  that  they  do  not  claim  that  yellow  color  in  oats  will  inhibit 
the  production  of  awns,  pubescence,  and  wild  base,  but  that  yellow  color  as  ex- 
hibited in  the  series  studied  has  done  so.  In  crosses  using  other  yellow  forms, 
it  was  found  possible  to  obtain  the  yellow  pubescent  form  and  yellow  forms 
with  the  wild  base. 

[Fertilizer  experiments  with  eats],  W.  O.  R.  Patebson  {West  of  Soot  Agr. 
CoL  Ann.  Rpi^  H  (1917),  9p.  £95-1^6).— Rather  limited  fertiUzer  experiments 
with  oats  conducted  at  the  West  of  Scotland  Agricultural  College  during  1912 
to  1914,  inclusive,  are  described.  Add  phosphate  and  kalnlt  applied  at  the 
rate  of  2  cwt.  per  acre,  together  with  either  184  lbs.  of  nitrate  of  lime  or  87 
VOB,  of  sulphate  of  ammonia,  resulted  in  an  average  yield  ol  54.5  bu.  of  grain 
and  4312  lbs.  of  straw,  as  compared  with  41.25  bu.  of  grain  and  8,164  lbs.  of 
straw  from  the  untreated  check. 

Paspalum  in  New  Zealand,  A.  H.  Cockatnk  {Jour,  Agr.  [New  ZeaL'\,  16 
(J9JS),  No.  2,  pp.  87-9i).— The  production  and  use  of  P.  dUatatum,  said  to  be  the 
best  permanent  pasture  grass  in  New  Zealand,  is  described. 

Coltore  and  fertilization  as  affecting  the  oil  content  of  peanuts,  H.  S. 
Shatah  {Philippine  Agr.  and  Forester,  6  (iji7),  No.  2-S,  pp.  8^97,  fig.  1). — Six 
standard  varieties  of  peanuts,  designated  as  American,  Big  Japan,  Kinorale% 
Native  Leinery,  San  Mateo,  and  Montalban,  were  grown  on  field  plats  receiving 
ridge  and  flat  cultivation  and  applications  of  stable  manure,  wood  ashes,  and 
fflanore  and  ashes  combined,  and  the  effect  of  the  different  treatments  on 
yield  and  oil  content  noted. 

The  American  variety  was  first  in  yield  on  the  check  plat  with  3,788  lbs. 
par  hectare  (about  1,581  lbs.  per  acre)  and  San  Mateo  second  with  3,648  lbs. 


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240  EXFBBIHENT  STATIOK  BBCOBD.  [▼o1.40 

Increaies  In  jleld  ranging  from  251  lbs.  for  American  to  1,012  lbs.  per  hectare 
for  Montalban .  were  obtained  from  flat  cultivation  over  ridge  coltlvatioii. 
Average  Increases  In  yield  from  the  fertilized  treatments  over  the  nntzeatea 
cheekg  for  all  varieties  amounted  to  1,026  lbs.  per  hectare  for  manure  alone^ 
998  lbs.  for  ashes  alone,  and  575  lbs.  for  manure  and  ashes  together. 

The  oil  content  of  plants  grown  on  the  check  plat  varied  from  47.88  per  cent 
for  American  to  57.4  per  cent  for  Klnorales.  Manure  alone  resulted  in  an  in- 
creased oU  content  over  the  untreated  checks  of  from  1.21  per  cent  f6r  Big 
Japan  to  2.18  per  cent  for  American,  with  reductions  of  0.02  and  2.86  per  cent 
for  Native  Lemery  and  Klnorales,  respectively.  Ashes  alone  showed  an  in- 
crease in  every  case  ranging  from  0.06  per  cent  for  Klnorales  to  4.91  per  cent 
for  American,  while  manure  and  ashes  together  showed  increases  ranging 
from  0  for  Klnorales  to  6.3  per  cent  for  American. 

The  average  percentage  of  shelled  nuts  obtained  from  the  different  varieties 
amounted  to  63.62  for  San  Mateo,  66.02  for  American,  66.97  for  Native  Lemery, 
68.46  for  Montalban,  69.76  for  Big  Japan,  and  74.82  for  Klnorales. 

The  composition  of  the  potato  plant  at  various  stages  of  doTelopment, 
J.  T.  Rambat  and  W.  O.  RoBiaiTSOif  {Jour.  Dept  Agr.  Tictwria,  16  (1917),  No,  £, 
pp.  641-^6,  figs,  2). — ^The  authors  describe  experimental  work  conducted  dur- 
ing 1916-17  in  an  effort  to  determine  the  rate  of  assimilation  of  plant  fbod 
from  the  soil  by  the  potato  and  the  relative  proportions  of  the  principal  plant- 
food  elements  contained  in  the  plant  at  various  stages  of  growth.  A  synthetic 
soil  was  prepared  containing  13  parts  sand,  2  parts  day  loam  surface  soil,  and 
1  part  well-rotted  f&rmyard  manure,  placed  In  wooden  boxes  18  by  18  by  18  In^ 
and  the  boxes  set  in  trenches  to  prevent  too  rapid  evaporation.  Before  plant- 
ing, each  box  was  fertilized  with  0.5  os.  each  of  acid  phosphate  and  potassium 
sulphate  and  1  os.  each  of  ammonium  sulphate  and  dried  blood.  When  the 
plants  germinated  a  top-dressing  of  0.75  oz.  per  box  of  nitrate  of  soda  was 
applied.  Whole  seed  pieces  were  used  and  averaged  75  gm.  per  box.  The 
plants  were  harvested  at  four  intervals  of  approximately  one  month  each,  the 
total  period  of  maturation  for  the  fully  developed  plants  being  124  days.  De- 
terminations were  made  of  the  green  and  dry  weight  of  haulms,  tubers,  and 
roots  for  each  harvest,  and  chemical  analyses  were  made  of  the  different  parts 
for  total  nitrogen,  phosphoric  add,  potash,  lime,  and  magnesia,  and  for  soluble 
nitrogen,  phosphoric  add,  and  potash  in  the  haulms  at  various  stages  of  devd- 
opment  and  compared  with  the  above-ground  portions  of  mature  mustard,  ijb 
and  vetch,  and  alfalfa. 

The  total  dry  matter  produced  per  plant  for  each  of  the  four  harvests 
amounted  to  59.14,  320.32,  587.16,  and  647.1  gm.,  respectively,  and  per  acre, 
2,088,  11,288,  20,692,  and  22,804  lb&,  respectively. 

The  results  of  the  analyses  are  tabulated  and  fully  discussed.  The  condu- 
Bions  reached  may  be  summarized  as  follows :  Nitrogen,  potash,  and  phosphotie 
add  once  absorbed  by  the  potato  plant  were  fully  utilized,  no  migration  from 
the  plant  to  the  soil  having  been  observed.  The  critical  period  of  growth 
occurred  during  the  first  six  or  eight  week&  The  greater  part  of  the  phoiphoric 
add  entered  the  plant  in  the  early  stages  of  growth,  concentrating  In  the  haulm 
and  later  migrating  to  the  stolons  for  tuber  formation,  the  very  young  tubers 
being  richer  in  phosphoric  acid  than  the  semi-mature  or  mature  tubers.  Potash 
and  nitrogen  played  a  consistently  even  part  throughout  the  growing  periodL 
Practically  the  whole  root  and  haulm  development  occurred  during  the  first 
two  months.  The  amounts  of  lime  and  magnesia  assimilated  appeared  to  bear 
a  definite  rdatlon.  Phosphoric  add  and  nitrogen  present  In  the  seed  set  were 
largely  utilized  in  sprout  formation,  while  potash  was  apparently  not  directly 
utUlzed. 

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W10J  FIELD  CBOPS.  241 

One  ton  of  the  dried  hanlms  was  found  to  contain  three  times  as  much 
nitrogen  and  phosphoric  acid  and  nearly  ten  times  as  much  potash  as  1  ton 
of  farmyard  manure.  During  the  growing  season  the  potato  plant  utilized 
I>lioq>liorlc  add,  nitrogen,  and  potash  in  the  proportion  of  1 : 4 : 6.  It  is  stated 
that  potatoes  can  be  grown  successfully  on  poor  sandy  soils,  provided  readily 
available  pUui|  food  and  farmyard  manure  are  Judiciously  applied. 

AnalysiB  of  a  potato  hybrid,  Solanum  fendlerlXS.  taberosnm,  D.  T.  Mao 
DouQAi.  {Carnegie  Itut.  Washington  Year  Book,  16  (1917),  p.  98). — This  briefly 
reports  the  progress  of  hybridization  work  with  acclimated  cultures  of  tbe 
wild  potato  of  Arizona,  8.  fendleri,  found  at  elevations  of  over  5,000  ft,  and 
a  domestic  variety  at  Garmel,  GaL,  begun  in  1014. 

Baffijt  or  bass:  Its  production,  preparation,  and  utilization  (B«I.  Imp.  IneL 
[8o.  Remington^,  15  (1917),  No.  S,  pp.  484-440) *— This  is  a  general  discussloii 
of  raffia  production  and  of  the  preparation  of  the  fiber  for  market,  with  special 
z«fereDce  to  the  development  of  the  industry  in  East  and  West  Africa. 

Bioe  in  Indo-Gbina,  G.  Gapus  {Ann.  G6ogr.,  S7  {1918),  No.  145,  pp.  0ff-|9).^ 
An  historic  account  of  rice  production  in  Indo-Ghina,  together  with  a  rather 
conyirebensive  discussion  of  the  possibilities  of  increased  production  throogii 
seed  selection  and  improved  cultural  methods. 

How  sorghum  crosses  are  made,  T.  B.  NAmoiai  {Jour.  Heredity,  9  {1918) , 
No.  7,  pp.  S21,  9t2). — This  bri^y  describes  the  technique  and  method  of  pro- 
cedure employed  by  the  author  in  breeding  work  with  sorghum  on  the  plant 
breeding  plats  at  the  Kansas  GoUege  during  the  summer  of  1916. 

Studies  in  inhieritance  in  sugar  cane,  H.  B.  Gowonx  {Jour.  Dept.  Agr.  P.  R^ 
2  {1918},  No.  1,  pp.  SS-41). — ^Resemblances  of  seedling  canes  to  the  seed  parent 
and  of  seedlings  to  parents  in  canes  from  cross-pollinated  tassels  are  brl^y 
described,  as  noted  in  plant-breeding  work  with  certain  sugar  cane  varieties 
<Bl  S.  B.,  89,  p.  33)  in  Porto  Rico.    The  following  conclusions  were  reached: 

Seedling  canes  in  the  first  generation  showed  a  degree  of  resemblance  to  the 
parent  varieties,  that  of  color  being  more  marked  than  any  other  characteristic. 
Seedlings  showed  wider  variations  than  canes  produced  from  cuttings  of  the 
same  variety.  The  greatest  variation  in  seedlings  produced  from  tassels  of 
a  single  variety  was  in  the  size  and  form  of  the  plants  and  of  their  componmit 
parts.  Gertain  varieties  produced  better  seedlings  than  others.  Abnormalities 
were  common  in  seedling  canes,  but  rare  in  canes  produced  from  cuttings,  some 
varieties  producing  many  more  abnormal  seedlings  than  others. 

Neiw  types  of  cane  were  obtained  by  crossing  different  varieties,  variation 
appearing  to  be  increased  by  a  single  combination  of  two  sorts.  Grossing 
seemed  to  produce  a  recombination  of  characters  of  the  parrats  in  some  of  the 
progeny,  this  being  due  to  the  dominance  of  certain  characters  derived  from 
each  parent  Only  slight  difterences  in  the  sugar  content  of  the  juice  were 
obaerved  between  groups  of  seedlings  produced  from  different  varieties. 

Gross-pollination  of  Bugar  cane,  H.  B.  Gowonx  {Jour,  Amer.  8oe,  Agron.,  10 
{1918} t  No.  7-^,  pp.  SOi^OS). — ^This  briefly  describes  the  methods  employed, 
and  discusses  some  of  the  results  obtained  in  breeding  work  with  sugar  cane 
in  Porto  Bioo  already  mentioned  in  the  article  noted  above  and  elsewhere.  It 
is  concluded  that  sugar  cane  can  be  cross-pollinated  and  protected  from  outside 
pollen,  that  a  considerable  number  of  seedlings  can  be  obtained,  and  that  char* 
acters  of  the  parent  varieties  are  combined  in  the  seedling. 

It  is  suggested  editorially  by  L.  H.  Smith  that  desirable  combinations  might 
be  perpetuated  in  hybrid  condition  by  asexual  propagation* 

[fertiliser  experiments  with  sugar  cane  in  British  Ghiiana],  J.  B.  Habbx- 
soM,  d  K.  Bancsovt,  and  R.  Wabd  {Jour.  Bd.  Agr.  Brit.  Ouiana,  11  {1918),  No. 


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242  EXPERIMENT  STATIOK  RBOOBD.  [Tdl.40 

1,  pp.  26^S). — Fertilizer  tests  with  sugar  cane  conducted  daring  1916  are 
noted. 

An  application  of  450  lbs.  of  sulphate  of  ammonia  per  acre  resulted  in  2&8 
tons  of  cane,  as  compared  with  16.8  tons  without  nitrogen.  A  compariaofn  of 
sulphate  of  ammonia  and  nitrate  of  soda  at  rates  supplying  60  lbs.  of  nitrogea 
per  acre  showed  respective  yields  of  25.8  and  22.8  tons  per  acre.  Acid  iihas- 
phate  alone  was  followed  by  17.2  tons  of  cane  as  against  16^  tons  ftom  the 
check  and  24.9  tons  with  nitrogen,  as  compared  with  25.4  tons  from  nitrogen 
alone.  Additional  tests  of  acid  phosphate  and  basic  slag  showed  yields  wittKmt 
nitrogen  of  18.1  tons  for  the  check,  19.8  tons  for  acid  phosphate,  and  21«1  tone 
for  basic  slag,  as  compared  with  yields  with  nitrogen  amounting  to  23.5,  2SJU 
and  25.4  tons  per  acre,  respectively.  In  a  comparison  of  sulphate  of  ammonia, 
nitrate  of  soda,  and  a  so-caled  "  animal-products  manure/*  in  which  the  nmte- 
rials  were  applied  in  quantities  supplying  60  lbs.  of  nitrogen  each  per  acre, 
yields  were  obtained  amounting  to  85.7,  34,  and  82.2  tons  of  cane  per  acre. 
respectively,  as  against  28.5  tons  from  the  untreated  check.  A  comparison  waa 
also  made  of  sulphate  of  ammonia,  nitrolim,  and  animal-products  manure  ap- 
plied in  amounts  representing  equal  monetary  values,  the  yields  amounting 
to  41.8,  42.2,  and  33.2  tons  per  acre,  as  against  29.9  tons  from  the  untreated 
check. 

[Beport  of  field  crops  work  in  British  Guiana,  1016],  J.  B.  Habsison  {RpU 
Dept,  8ci.  and  Agr,  Brit.  Ouiana,  1916,  pp.  5-i£^).— This  roports  the  results  of 
variety  tests  and  hybridization  studies  with  sugar  cane  and  variety  tests  with 
rice,  in  continuation  of  similar  work  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  229), 
together  with  a  brief  summary  of  the  fertilizer  experiments  described  above. 

A  new  forage  plant,  F.  B.  Linfield  {Jour.  Heredity,  9  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  ISS- 
1S8,  flg%.  S). — ^The  growing  of  Russian  sunflowers  in  Montana  Is  briefly  de- 
scribed. Yields  of  forage  have  varied  from  25  to  30  tons  per  acre  with  the 
plants  sown  in  rows  30  in.  apart,  the  plants  standing  9  to  12  ft  high.  The 
crop  is  said  to  be  as  well  liked  as  corn  by  dairy  and  beef  cattle,  either  as  a 
soiling  crop  or  as  silage. 

A  prospective  new  forage  plant  for  the  irrifirated  mountain  valleyB  of  the 
Korthwest,  F.  B.  Linfield  (Proc.  8oc.  Prom.  Agr.  ScL,  S8  {1917},  pp.  &f-86). — 
This  briefly  presents  some  of  the  data  noted  above. 

Sunflower  stems  from  Bhodesia  (Bui.  Imp.  Inst.  [Bo.  Kensington^,  15  (19i7), 
No.  S,  pp.  S29-SS4). — ^Analyses  of  the  pith  of  the  sunflower  for  the  mannfkcture 
of  pith  helmets  and  as  a  source  of  cellulose,  and  of  the  pith  and  entire  stem  for 
paper  making,  indicated  that  these  products  were  not  capable  of  competing  with 
other  raw  materials  already  in  use.  The  ash  of  the  stems,  constituting  10.7  per 
cent  of  the  total  weight  and  containing  49.6  per  cent  potash,  is  recommended 
as  a  source  of  crude  potash  or  as  a  rich  potash  manure. 

Sweet  clover  on  com  belt  farms,  J.  A.  Drake  and  J.  G.  RtmDLBS  ({7.  S.  DopL 
Agr.,  Farmers*  BuL  1005  {1919),  pp.  28,  ftgs.  d).— The  details  of  management  and 
the  more  important  farm  practices  followed  in  growing  sweet  clover  on  su<> 
cessful  corn-belt  farms,  as  one  of  the  principal  crops  of  the  rotation  and  as  a 
catch  crop  for  soil  improvement,  are  described.    Cropping  systems  for  different 
types  of  farms  are  outlined,  and  the  necessity  of  liming,  inoculating,  and  scarify- 
ing the  seed  is  emphasized.    It  is  stated  that  the  crop  has  proved  excellent  for 
hay  and  pasture,  is  unequaled  by  any  other  legume  for  soil  improvment,  may- 
be used  to  good  advantage  for  silage,  is  frequently  a  profltable  seed  crop  if 
properly  managed,  and  mixed  with  blue  grass  makes  a  pasture  with  nearly 
double  the  carrying  capacity  of  blue  grass  alone. 

Tobacco  seed  beds,  H.  W.  Tayuob  {Union  So.  Africa,  Dept.  Agr.  Bui.  7  (idi7>  ^ 
pp.  12,  figs.  3), — Approved  methods  of  preparation  and  management  of  tlft<^ 

uigitizea  Dy  'kjkjkjwik^ 


l»lt]  FIELD  CROPS.  243 

opea-frame  type  of  tobacco  seed  bed  employed  in  Soutb  Afirica  are  briefly 
described. 

Crop-rotation  Bystems  adapted  to  seotions  infested  with  tobacco  wilt,  B.  O. 
Mobs  and  F.  A.  Wolf  (Bui.  N,  C.  Dept.  Agr.,  S8  (1917),  No.  IB,  pp.  11,  figs.  B).^ 
Fields  tests  with  various  cropping  systems  in  an  effort  to  control  tobacco  wUt 
in  North  Carolina  are  described,  and  different  crop  rotations  deemed  suited  to 
local  conditions  are  outiined. 

Data  obtained  in  experiments  conducted  at  Greedmoor  in  1916  showed  3.7 
per  coit  ¥dlt  for  tobacco  after  com  grown  continuously  for  5  years,  4.9  per 
c«t  after  red  clover  and  mixed  grasses  continuously,  and  6  per  cent  after  con- 
tinuous wheat  and  cowpeas,  as  compared  with  81.8  per  cent  after  tobacco  con- 
tinuously. On  land  cropped  to  peanuts  for  5  years  tobacco  showed  57.7  per  cent 
wilt.  Further  tests  to  determine  the  length  of  rotation  for  tobacco  showed  wilt 
percentages  of  12.8,  18.9,  10.9,  and  2.8  for  4,  6,  8,  and  7  year  rotations,  re- 
spectively, ss  compared  with  58,  72,  81,  and  97.6  per  cent  of  wilt,  respectively, 
for  the  check  plats.  Tobacco  grown  on  land  cropped  to  cotton  for  4  years 
showed  5J2  per  cent  wilt  in  1917,  as  compared  with  97.6  per  cent  for  tobacco 
crown  continuously. 

Tobacco  growing  in  Gypms»  W.  Bkvan  (Bui.  Imp.  Imt,  [So.  KenHngton^,  15 
{2917),  No.  S,  pp.  428^434). — ^The  revival  of  tobacco  growing  in  Cyprus  is 
myted,  with  qpedal  reference  to  local  economic  conditions.  The  production  by 
Syrian  refugees  of  ''  Latakla  "  tobacco,  a  process  requiring  fumigation  of  the 
leaves  for  four  or  five  months,  is  described.  A  peculiar  aroma  is  saVA  to  result, 
disguising  the  natural  flavor  of  the  tobacco  and  rendering  the  quality  of  the 
the  leaf  of  less  importance. 

[The  cultivation  of  ulla  grass],  R.  S.  Houb  (Indian  F wetter,  4S  (1917),  No. 
11-12,  pp.  479-M8)' — ^Experimental  work  on  the  production  of  ulla  grass  (An- 
thUtiria  gigantea),  said  to  be  a  valuable  paper  pulp  material,  is  described  as 
conducted  on  the  Pilibhit  grasslands.  United  Provinces,  India.  Factors  which 
were  found  to  reduce  the  yield  materially  are  the  cutting  of  the  immature 
leafy  shoots,  the  burning  over  of  the  dry  grasslands,  and  extensive  grazing. 
Small  areas  of  grassland  treated  in  various  ways  indicated  that  maximum 
yMds  were  obtained  from  cutting  only  the  flowering  and  dead  shoots  and  pro- 
tecting the  area  from  fire. 

Sowingr  hairy  vetch  with  fall  crops  at  different  rates,  S.  Rh<m>in  (K. 
LandilMr.  Akad.  Sandl.  och  Tidskr.,  56  (1917),  No.  7-^,  pp.  585^94;  Meddel. 
Cmtralanst.  Pdrsdktv.  Jordbruksomrddet,  No.  157  (1917),  pp.  i2).— Bxperi- 
ments  were  conducted  from  1911  to  1915,  inclusive,  in  four  different  localities 
to  determine  the  influence  of  sowing  hairy  vetch  at  different  rates  with  either 
rye  or  wheat  The  vetch  was  sown  throughout  the  tests  at  the  rates  of  70, 
100,  and  120  kg.  per  hectare  (62.3,  89,  and  106.8  lbs.  per  acre),  but  in  three  of 
the  experiments  it  was  sown  with  10  or  80  kg.  of  rye,  and  in  the  fourth  with 
100  or  112  kg.  of  wheat  per  hectare,  the  smaller  quantity  in  each  case  being 
used  with  the  70  kg.  of  vetch. 

On  the  soils  with  an  adequate  lime  content,  the  largest  production  of  dry 
matter  was  secured  from  the  lowest  rate  of  sowing,  while  on  the  soils  poor  in 
Ume  the  heaviest  sowing  gave  the  best  results.  This  was  brought  out  especially 
by  the  results  on  a  marly  clay  soil  on  which  the  smallest  quantity,  170  kg.  of 
mixed  seed  containing  only  41.2  per  cent  of  vetch,  produced  30  per  cent  more 
dry  matter  per  hectare  than  was  obtained  from  the  largest  quantity,  272  kg. 
of  mixed  seed  with  51.7  per  cent  of  vetch  seed. 

On  soil  relatively  low  in  lime  content  the  largest  quantity  of  seed  used  pro- 
duced over  25  per  cent  more  dry  substance  than  was  obtained  from  the  use  of 
the  rnnskUtnt.  seed  quantity.    The  yields  from  the  medium  quantity  of  seed  4>n 


uigitizea  Dy  ' 


.gle 


244  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECOBD.  [Vol.  40 

soils  eitber  rich  or  poor  in  lime  were  about  an  average  of  the  yields  secured 
from  the  lowest  and  highest  rates  of  seeding. 

On  the  basis  of  the  increase  in  the  yield  of  dry  matter  the  use  of  hairy 
vetch  in  the  seed  mixtures  was  found  profitable  and  the  culture  of  this  crop  to  a 
greater  extent,  especially  in  regions  where  droughts  are  likely  to  oocur  in 
spring  and  early  summer,  is  recommended. 

The  mechanical  factors  determiningr  the  shape  of  the  wheat  kernel,  8. 
BosHNAXiAN  (Jour.  Amcr.  Soc.  Agron.,  10  (1918),  No.  5,  pp,  205-tO9,  fig.  1). — 
Factors  affecting  the  shape  of  the  wheat  kernel  are  briefly  discussed,  the  shape 
and  stiffness  of  the  glumes  being  deemed  the  principal  mechanical  influence 
involved.  Other  factors  of  a  mechanical  nature  receiving  consideratioa  in- 
clude the  size  and  shape  of  the  space  in  which  the  grain  develops,  the  number 
of  grains  in  the  spikelet  and  their  position,  the  density  of  the  head,  and  the 
pressure  caused  by  the  growth  of  different  parts  of  the  head.  Purely  genetic 
factors  are  said  to  be  responsible  for  the  production  of  certain  grain  fonns,  as 
Illustrated  by  the  shortness  of  the  grain  of  the  club  wheats,  the  unusual  length 
of  Polish  wheats,  etc. 

The  effect  of  sodium  nitrate  applied  at  different  stages  of  growth  on  yield, 
composition,  and  quality  of  wheat,  II,  J.  Davidson  and  J.  A.  LbGlkbc  (Jour. 
Amer.  Soc,  Agron,,  10  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  198-198). — ^In  continuation  of  work 
previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  488),  the  authors  present  and  discuss  ad- 
ditional data  to  show  the  effect  of  various  applications  of  nitrate  of  soda  upon 
the  ash,  petash,  and  phosphoric  add  content  of  the  wheat  grain  and  upon  the 
nitrogen  content  of  the  straw.  Experimental  work  conducted  in  Nebraska  dur- 
ing 1917  is  said  to  have  corroborated  fully  the  previous  observations  with 
respect  to  the  specific  effect  of  nitrogen  at  the  different  stag^  of  growth  and 
with  regard  to  the  advisability  of  laying  out  the  plats  after  mt  crop  is  up. 

No  distinct  effect  of  the  different  treatments  upon  the  ash,  phosphoric  add, 
or  potash  content  of  the  grain  was  noted.  The  protein  content  of  the  straw, 
however,  showed  the  same  general  tendencies  as  that  of  the  grain,  increasing 
with  nitrate  applications  at  the  second  stage  of  growth.  Increased  yields  of 
straw  as  well  as  of  grain  followed  the  application  of  nitrates  at  the  first  stages 
Potassium  chlorid  seemed  to  depress  the  protein  content  of  the  straw. 

The  wheat  problem,  W.  Cbookks  {New  York  and  London:  Longmans,  Qreen, 
d  Co,,  1917,  8,  ed.,  rev,  and  enl.,  pp,  XVI-^lOO,  figs,  2;  abs,  in  Nature  [London], 
100  {1918),  No.  2518,  pp,  4B2,  ^).->This  is  a  third  and  revised  edlUon  of  a 
previous  work,  with  an  introduction  6y  Lord  Rhondda,  an  additional  diapter 
by  the  author  on  Recent  Developments  of  the  Wheat  Problem,  bringing  the  sta- 
tistical Information  up  to  date,  and  a  chapter  by  R.  H.  Rew  on  Future  Wheat 
Supplies.  The  author's  thesis,  briefly  stated,  is  that  since  a  large  and  pfgk 
gressively  increasing  proportion  of  the  world's  inhabitants  feed  upon  wheat  the 
time  will  arrive  when  the  world's  wheat  production  will  not  meet  the  d^nand 
and  famine  must  follow.  The  possibility  of  increasing  the  acreage  planted 
to  wheat  is  shown  to  be  approaching  finality,  necessitating  an  increased  yield 
per  acre  which  he  maintains  can  be  most  readily  achieved  by  the  Increased 
use  of  nitrogenous  fertilizers.  Maintaining  further  that  the  world's  demands 
for  these  fertilizers  would  rapidly  exhaust  all  existing  supplies  (sulphate  of 
ammonia,  nitrate  of  soda,  and  guano),  the  fixation  of  atmospheric  nitrogen  by 
chemical  processes  is  deemed  to  be  the  only  practicable  solution  of  the  problem. 

The  chapter  by  R.  H.  Rew,  based  on  more  recent  and  detailed  statistics,  in- 
dicates the  possibilities  of  extending  the  world's  wheat  supply  without  cheap 
nitrogenous  fertilizers. 

Yautia  and  crabi  tests,  R.  A.  Abadhxa  {Philippine  Agr.  and  Forester,  S 
{1917),  No.  2^,  pp.  -J5-^<).— Field  tests  of  differeijt  planting  methods,  of 

uigitizea  Dy  vjOOQ IC 


mil  HORTICXJLTURB.  245 

mrieties  of  yautfas.  and  of  the  relative  value  of  that  crop  and  of  gahis  and 
dasheens  in  the  Philippines  are  described. 

Maximum  yields  obtained  from  different  varieties  of  these  crops  planted  1 
by  1  meter  (3.28  ft)  apart  in  the  field  amounted  to  334205  kg.  per  hectare  (about 
14^  tons  per  acre)  for  yautlas,  5,200  kg.  for  dasheens,  and  5^17  kg.  for  gabls. 
Tautias  planted  1.5  by  1.5  meters  apart  produced  a  maximum  yield  of  only 
10»199  kg.  per  hectare.  Several  varieties  planted  as  an  intercrop  among  coco- 
nuts* on  plateaus  (about  400  meters  in  elevation),  in  cultivated  (xMffina,  in 
uncleared  and  uncultivated  caingins,  on  coffee  plantations,  and  after  cogon 
{Imperata  sp.)  have  produced  maximum  yields  of  26,008,  26,116,  28,405,  18,880, 
21,010,  and  22,772  kg.  per  hectare,  respectively. 

Plant  breeding  and  controlled  seed  farms  (Jour.  Bd.  Agr,  [I^ofklon],  2S 
il9J7),  No.  11,  pp.  lOSl-lOBTl,  pl8.  l().^The  necessity  of  adequate  seed  control 
in  England,  with  special  reference  to  the  production  and  distribution  of  new 
and  improved  varieties  of  seeds  and  of  guarantied  "pure'*  stocks  of  estab- 
llflhed  varieties,  is  discussed.  The  organization  at  SvalSf,  Sweden,  for  the  im- 
provement of  seed  is  described  and  some  of  its  achievements  briefly  noted. 

Seed  Beporter  (U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Seed  Rptr.,  2  (1918),  No.  4*  PP-  8).— Sta- 
tistical data  are  presented  showing  the  commercial  stocks,  sales,  and  seed  re- 
quirements for  the  United  States  of  26  different  kinds  of  field  seeds  in  the  dif- 
ferent geographical  divisions  (B.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  138),  as  determined  by  the  seed 
survey  of  July  1, 1918.  Based  on  this  survey,  data  are  also  glv«i  showing  the 
average  difteience  in  price  at  which  stocks  were  sold  for  seed  and  the  price  at 
which  they  were  sold  for  food,  feed,  or  manufacturing  purposes. 

The  commercial  stocks,  receipts,  and  exports  of  field,  vegetable,  and  root 
crop  seeds  in  Canada  are  reported  in  tabular  form  from  data  obtained  in  a  seed 
survey  made  July  1,  1918,  by  the  Dominion  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Other  subjects  dealt  with  include  the  damage  by  rain  to  California  vegetable 
seed  crops;  the  millet  seed  outlook;  timothy,  clover,  and  alfcdfa  seed  prices; 
and  notes  on  market  conditions  at  Chicago  and  Milwaukee.  The  usual  tabu- 
lated data  are  presented  showing  the  imports  of  field,  vegetable,  and  fiower 
seeds  into  the  United  States  and  of  forage  plant  seeds  permitted  entry  Into  the 
United  States. 

HOBTICTTLTTTBE. 

Home  gardening  in  South  Carolina,  C.  C.  Newman  (Clemson  Agr.  Col,  8.  (7., 
Sxt.  BuL  it  (1918),  pp.  ^).— Practical  directions  are  given  for  growing  all 
the  more  common  vegetables,  including  a  list  of  varieties  recommended  for  the 
home  garden  and  planting  tables. 

Gardening  for  women,  Alice  de  Bletne  (Le  Jardin  de  la  Femme.  Paris: 
AlUn  Michel,  1919,  pp.  95,  flgt.  7). — ^A  popular  treatise  on  flower  and  vegetable 
gardening,  with  special  reference  to  French  conditions. 

How  some  of  our  common  vegetable  diseases  and  insect  pests  pass  through 
the  winter,  and  what  can  be  done  toward  controlling  them  at  that  time, 
A,  FkANK  (WasMngton  Sta.,  We»t.  Waeh.  8ta.  Mo.  Bui.,  6  (1918),  No.  8,  pp.  lit" 
120). — ^A  brief  description  is  given  of  the  way  the  important  vegetable  diseases 
and  pests  live  during  the  winter  season,  with  methods  for  their  dcfstructlon 
at  that  time  or  methods  that  will  aid  In  their  control  the  following  season. 

Home  storage  of  v^etables,  J.  R.  Coopex  (Arkansas  Sta.  Circ.  46  (1918),  pp. 
4), — ^Thls  circular  contains  practical  directions  for  the  home  storage  bf  different 
classes  of  vegetable& 

Truit  growing  in  the  Province  of  Gelderland  between  the  Rhine  and  the 
Keuse,  B.  var  deb  Veen  (Dept.  Landb.,  Nijv.  en  Handel  INetherlands},  Verslag. 


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246  BXPERIMBNT  STATIOK  REOOBD.  [▼«!.  ^ 

en  Meded.  Dir.  Landb.,  No,  1  {1918),  pp.  151,  pUs.  t). — K  report  of  a  survey  of 
the  fruit  industry  In  the  part  of  Gelderland  situated  between  the  rivers  Rhine 
and  Meuse.  It  includes  information  relative  to  the  extent  of  the  industry, 
soils,  planting,  fertilizing,  diseases,  pruning,  varieties,  marketing,  financial 
returns,  and  instruction  in  fruit  growing.  A  fruit  tree  census,  showing  kinds, 
and  varieties  of  fruits,  age,  diameter,  spread,  and  yield  of  trees,  is  appended 
to  the  report 

Busting  fruit  trees  for  insects  and  disease,  W.  S.  Buun  {Agr.  Qiu.  Con^dm^ 
6  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  16-18).— The  results  secured  by  the  author  during  the 
seasons  of  1917  and  1918  indicate  that  if  dusting  is  properly  done  it  should 
prove  as  effective  as  G^raying.  The  results  of  tests  conducted  in  1918  are  pre- 
sented in  tabular  form  and  Indicate  that  dusting  was  practically  as  Efficient 
as  lime-sulphur  in  controlling  scab  and  insect  injury.  Dusting  resulted  in  thm 
saving  of  considerable  time,  but  the  cost  of  four  applications  per  acre  (40 
trees)  was  $26.55  more  than  where  the  trees  were  sprayed. 

The  cutinization  of  apple  skins  in  relation  to  their  keepinir  qualities  and 
their  environment,  Winifbed  Pebbt  and  J.  N.  Mabtin  {Tran$.  Iowa  HorL 
Soo.,  52  {1917),  pp.  180-192,  fiffB.  S7;  abs.  in  Proa,  lotoa  Aomd.  8oi.,  2|  {1917h 
pp.  iSS,  484)' — The  authors  present  the  results  of  a  study  of  several  varieties 
of  apples  obtained  from  Iowa,  New  York,  Arkansas,  and  Washington,  witJi 
cq;>ecial  reference  to  the  relationship  existing  between  the  cutinisEation  of  the 
apple  skin  and  the  keeping  quality  and  environment  of  the  apple. 

The  work  showed  a  relation  between  the  thickness  of  the  cutinized  area  and 
the  records  of  the  keeping  qualities  of  the  different  varieties  of  apples  studied, 
as  well  as  a  relationship  between  the  amount  of  cutinization  and  the  moisture 
during  the  growing  period.  No  correlation  was  observed  between  cutinization 
and  the  mean  temperature  of  the  different  States  during  the  growing  period, 
nor  did  the  percentage  of  sunshine  during  the  growing  period  seem  to  be  an 
important  factor  in  the  cutinization  of  apple  skins. 

Orape  culture,  R.  E.  Mabshaix  {Va.  Polytech.  Inst.  Ext.  Bvl,  $4  {1919)^  99. 
2$,  figs.  5). — ^A  practical  treatise  on  grape  culture,  including  a  list  of  varieties 
of  the  common  American  grape  recommended  for  planting  in  Virginia.  In  addi- 
tion, notes  are  given  on  the  methods  of  growing  and  pnming  Muscadine  grapes. 

Agricultural  6(rplorations  in  Mexico,  W.  Popenoe  {Col.  Citrogr*,  4  {1918) ^ 
Nos.  1,  pp.  2,  S;  2,  pp.  29,  <5,  46-48,  fUfs.  4).— These  are  the  first  two  of  a 
series  of  papers  dealing  primarily  with  avocados,  but  also  with  many  other 
Mexican  fruits  and  economic  plants. 

The  etrog  or  cedrat  of  the  Hebrews,  J.  B.  Ooit  (Col.  Citrogr.,  4  {1918),  No.  1, 
p.  S,  figs.  S). — ^The  author  presents  suggestions  relative  to  the  possibility  of 
growing  etrogs  {CUrus  mediot)  in  California  for  supplying  Hebrew  trade  in 
connection  with  religious  ceremonies. 

Furrow-manure  method  of  feeding  orange  trees,  A.  D.  Shahsl  {Cak 
Citrogr.,  4  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  5,  18,  figs.  5).— This  paper  comprises  answers  to 
a  number  of  inquiries  relative  to  the  method  of  distributing  manure  in  citrus 
orchards  in  Bahla,  Brazil,  previously  described  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  845). 

Kotes  on  a  navel  variety  of  the  Satsuma  orange,  D.  B.  Mackix  {Cal. 
Citrogr.,  4  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  20,  21).— The  author  calls  attention  to  a  navd 
strain  observed  in  a  variety  of  the  Satsuma,  known  in  Japan  as  Owari,  and 
gives  a  summary  of  a  study  of  this  strain  conducted  by  A.  Kikuchi,  of  the 
Tamagawa  Experiment  Station.  A  wide  range  of  variation  was  observed 
relative  to  the  number  of  navel  and  normal  fruits  borne  on  the  same  tree. 
Measurements  of  these  fruits  showed  that  the  navel  fruits  averaged  larger 
and  heavier  as  compared  with  normal  fruits  growing  on  the  same  trea 


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in»3  HOBTIOULTUBB.  247 

TuicielM:  Wlukt  Ul^  are.~The  value  in  Florida  of  the  Bampaon  and 
Thornton  tangeloa,  W.  T.  Swuvolb  and  T.  R.  Robirson  ( V.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bur, 
TUimt  Indu9^  1918,  pp.  5).— The  tangelos  described  in  this  docmnent  originated 
as  the  result  of  croeses  made  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture  between  the 
tangerine  orange  and  the  grapefruit  The  two  varieties  here  described  have 
been  grown  in  a  small  way  only  and,  until  recently*  chiefly  for  home  use.  In 
▼lew  of  the  present  tendency  to  make  commercial  plantings  of  tangelos  in 
Florida,  special  attention  is  called  to  the  characteristics  of  these  two  types 
and  precautions  necessary  for  producing  fruit  of  good  quality.  The  success  of 
these  first  two  hybrids  has  led  to  the  creation  of  hundreds  of  additional  hybrids 
between  all  the  Mandarin  types  of  orange,  including  several  varieties  of  tange- 
rines, the  King  and  Satsuma  oranges,  and  the  better  types  of  grapefruit  and 
pummelo.   The  resulting  tangelos  are  now  being  tested  out 

The  authors  state  that  for  the  canker-infested  portions  of  the  Oulf  Ooast 
States  west  of  Florida  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  some  of  these  tangelos 
will  be  found  of  marked  canker  resistance.  The  Natsu-mikan,  a  fruit  similar 
to  the  tangelo  and  possibly  a  spontaneous  hybrid  of  an  orange  of  the  Mandarin 
type  with  a  Japanese  pummelo,  seems  to  be  decidedly  caidcer  resistant,  both 
in  Japan  and  in  this  country.  Furthermore,  some  of  the  tangelos  developed 
by  the  Department  have  been  practically  canker  resistant  as  tested  at  the 
Philippine  College  of  Agriculture.  Hybrids  between  canker-resistant  pummelos 
and  other  citrus  fruits  made  in  Japan  in  1915  and  in  subsequent  years  are  being 
tested  for  canker  resistance,  both  in  Japan  and  in  the  Philippine  Islands. 

Questions  on  frozen  citrus  fruits  and  trees,  H.  J.  Webbeb  and  C.  S.  Miuj- 
KKN  (Col.  Citrogr.,  4  (1919),  No.  -J,  pp.  78,  99,  101,  lOS,  figs.  3).— This  paper 
ccmtains  information  on  the  effects  of  freezing  on  fruits  and  trees,  based  on  an 
Investigation  conducted  by  the  members  of  the  staff  of  the  California  Citrus 
Experiment  Station  after  the  freeze  of  1918. 

.Coconut  cultivation  and  plantation  machinery,  H.  L.  Coghlan  and  J.  W. 
HiRCHLEnr  {London:  Crosby  Jjockwood  d  Son,  1917,  2.  ed,,  pp.  XII -{-128,  pit.  10, 
figt,  7). — ^This  work  deals  with  the  culture  of  coconuts,  with  special  reference 
to  Malayan  conditions.  The  successive  chapters  discuss  soil  and  climatic  con- 
ditions, preparation  of  the  land,  seed  nuts  and  cultural  operations,  pests,  man- 
agement oir  the  crop,  copra,  coir,  estimates  of  costs  and  profits  from  the  coconut 
and  coconut  products,  machinery  and  plant  for  coconut  factories,  and  catch 
crops.  A  supplementary  article  briefly  discusses  various  phases  of  the  coconut 
industry  in  the  West  Indies.  General  Information  and  plantation  tables  are 
appended. 

ICedicinal  herbs,  J.  Chafpxll  (Jour,  Roy.  Agr.  8oo.  England,  78  (1917),  pp. 
79-&f). — ^A  descriptive  account  of  various  classes  of  medicinal  herbs,  including 
methods  of  gathering  and  preparing  the  different  parts  of  the  plants  for 
market 

How  to  propagate  bedding  plants  by  cuttings,  T.  J.  Shbwasd  (Cfard. 
Chron,  Amer.,  2S  (1919),  No.  2,  pp.  46,  47,  figs.  68).— -A  plate  with  descriptive 
text  is  given  illustrating  a  large  number  of  bedding  plants  and  methods  of 
propagating  them. 

The  ideal  farm  greenhouse,  C.  Jensen  (Okla.  Agr.  Col.,  Ext.  Div.  Circ.  83 
(1918),  pp.  4,  figs.  7). — ^This  circular  contains  directions  with  plans  and  illustra- 
tions f6r  constructing  a  greenhouse  from  standard  size  3  by  6  ft.  hotbed  sash. 

Beautifying  the  home  grounds,  C.  Jensen  (Okla.  Agr.  Col,  Ext,  Div.  Ciro. 
85  (1919),  pp.  7,  figs.  S). — This  circular  contains  suggestions  relative  to  laying 
out  and  planting  the  home  grounds,  including  a  list  of  planting  material  adapted 
to  Oklahoma  conditions.  The  text  is  accompanied  by  plans  of  farmstead  and 
town  lota. 


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248  EXPERIMBNT  STATIOIT  BEGOBD.  [y«1.40 

A  plan  for  Ul*  development  of  the  village  of  arand  Canyoii,  Aiis.,  F.  A. 
Waugh  (17.  8.  Dept,  Apr-,  Forest  Serv.,  1918,  pp.  t$,  fig.  i).~-Thi8  pabUcatioD 
outlines  a  tentative  working  plan  for  tbe  'phTBical  growth  of  the  village  of 
Grand  Canyon,  Ariz.,  and  the  development  of  parks  and  roads  in  adjacent 
territory. 

FOSESTET. 

Kotes  on  Korth  American  trees.— H,  Carja,  O.  S.  Saboent  (Bat,  Oas^  §6 
(1918),  No.  S,  pp.  229-$58),—This  is  one  of  a  series  of  papers  on  the  distriba- 
tion  and  characteristics  of  North  American  trees  (£.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  50).  In  the 
present  paper  a  conspectus  of  the  Carya  species  of  the  United  States  is  given, 
and  some  15  species  and  a  number  of  varieties  and  supposed  hybrid  Carya  are 
described. 

Notes  on  North  American  trees.— m,  Tilia,  I-U,  C.  S.  Saboent  (Bot.  Chtg^ 
66  {1918),  N09.  6,  pp.  m-iS8;  6,  pp,  J^k-Sll).—K  paper  similar  to  the  above 
in  which  are  considered  15  species  and  a  number  of  varieties  of  Tilia.  A  oon- 
spectus  of  the  Tilia  species  of  the  United  States  is  included. 

Tree  distribution  under  the  Xinkaid  Act,  1011  (17.  8.  Dept.  Agr^  PoreMt 
8erv.,  1918,  rev.  ed,,  pp.  IS,  figs,  5).— A  revised  edition  of  this  document  (BL  S. 
R.,  36,  p.  143.) 

Landscape  engineering  in  the  National  Torests,  F.  A  Waugh  (U,  8.  Dept, 
Agr.,  Forest  8erv,,  1918,  pp.  S8,  figs.  8). — ^This  document  contains  practical  sug- 
gestions for  National  Forest  supervisors  and  rangers  relative  to  the  layout  of 
special-use  permit  areas  for  summer  colonies,  the  location  of  trails  where 
serious  consideration  is  given  to  the  beauty  of  surrounding  scenery,  and  the 
location  and  development  of  ranger  stations. 

Torest  fires  in  North  Carolina  during  1915,  1016,  and  1017,  and  present 
status  of  forest  fire  prevention  in  North  Carolina,  J.  S.  Holmss  {N,  C,  CfeoL 
and  Econ.  8urvey,  Econ,  Paper  i8  {1918),  pp.  89). — ^A  statistical  report  on  for- 
est fires  during  the  three  years  1915, 1916,  and  1917,  together  with  an  account  of 
present  forest  protective  activities  and  needed  legislation. 

Scientific  forestry  for  Latin  America,  B.  Moobe  {Proc  $.  Pan  Amer,  8oL 
Cong,,  1915-16,  vol,  3,  pp.  822-8S4) ,— The  author  discusses  the  importance  and 
meaning  of  forest  conservation  and  when  it  should  be  begun;  the  relation  of 
forestry  to  science;  cooperation  between  foresters  and  botanists;  the  develop- 
ment of  scientific  forestry  in  the  three  stages  of  observations,  special  studies, 
and  experiment  stations;  research  in  foresj:  products  and  economics;  and 
obstacles  to  be  encountered. 

Some  problems  of  re-afforestation,  W.  SoiCEBvnxx  {Jour,  Roy,  Agr,  8oc 
England,  78  {1911),  pp.  61-68), — ^The  author  presents  notes  on  a  number  of 
conifers  that  have  been  tried  out  on  a  small  scale  in  Qreat  Britain  and  are 
believed  to  be  worthy  of  attention  in  re-afloresting  cut-over  lands. 

The  forestry  museum  at  Kew,  W.  Dallimobe  {Quart,  Jour,  Forestry,  13 
{1919),  No,  1,  pp.  38-40), — ^A  descriptive  account  of  the  Museum  of  British 
Forestry. 

The  forests  of  Alsace  Lorraine,  G.  Huffel  {Rev.  Baur  et  For4ts,  56  il918)t 
No.  12,  pp.  265-280). — ^A  statistical  and  descriptive  account  of  the  forests  and 
forest  management  in  Alsace  Lorraine. 

Note  on  the  preparation  of  turpentine,  rosin,  and  gum,  from  Boswellia 
serrata  gum-oleo-resin,  B.  S.  Peabson  and  Pubaw  Singh  {Indian  Forest  Rec,, 
6  {1918),  No,  6,  pp.  43,  pis.  4).-— This  paper  embodies  the  results  of  an  inquiry 
to  determine  the  commercial  possibilities  of  the  gum-oleo-resin  from  B,  serrata. 
Parts  1  and  2  deal  with  the  native  uses  of  gum-oleo-resin,  t^e  distribution  of 


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1«»)  DISBASBS  OF  PLANTS.  249 

B,  mmia,  metbod  of  tapping,  effect  of  tapping  on  the  tree,  cost  of  extrac- 
tton,  and  outturn.  The  succeeding  parts  comprise  a  chemical  study  of  the  gum- 
<Aeo-re8i]i  and  its  constituents,  together  with  recommendations  relative  to  a 
proposed  experimental  plant,  methods  of  extraction,  and  preparation  of  the 
products  for  market.  Information  is  also  given  relative  to  the  Industrial  uses 
of  the  products  and  their  commercial  valuation,  as  determined  by  the  Imperial 
Institute  at  London  and  a  number  of  firms  to  which  samples  were  submitted. 

DISEASES  OF  FLAHTS. 

Botany  and  plant  diseases,  H.  H.  Wbktzel  (Wut.  N.  F.  Hori.  800.  Proc^ 
SS  {1918),  pp.  68-71).— This  is  a  r^;x>rt  with  discussion  of  plant  diseases  con- 
sidered important  to  fruit  growers  in  New  York  State.  It  includes  apple  scab, 
sttppin,  and  bladk  root  rot;  cherry-leaf  blight  (shot  hole  or  yellow  leaf) ;  peach 
brofwn  rot»  scab,  and  leaf  curl ;  and  gumming  of  plum  fruits. 

Some  meHoliooIooa  parasites  and  commensals  from  Forto  Bioo,  F.  L. 
SrsvBirs  (Bat.  Oos.,  65  {1918),  NiK  5,  pp.  997-^49,  pit.  f,  flgt.  5).— An  account  is 
given  of  about  50  Mellolas  and  of  the  fungi  found  associated  with  each  as 
parasites  or  commensals,  a  large  proportion  of  the  fungi  so  associated  being 
deacrtbgd  as  new  qiedea. 

[Plant  enemies  and  diseases  in  Switaerland],  H.  MthJUBrTHuaoAU,  A. 
OsTBBWALDn,  sud  O.  SchrsedbbtObklu  (Landw,  Jahr}>,  SohwMg,  SI  {1917),  No. 
5,  pp.  416-496). — The  department  received  during  the  year  specimens  or  ac- 
eounta  indicating  injury  by  a  considerable  number  of  animals  and  microorgan- 
isms to  fruit,  garden,  and  other  economic  plants 

[J«Ta  plant  diseases],  W.  Boepkk  {Meded.  Proefstat.  MiddenrJi»va,  No.. 98 
{1917),  p.  16). — This  r^wrt  mentions  briefly  abnormal  growths  of  cacao,  coffee, 
and  Hevea,  also  canker  and  a  root  fungus  (Hymenoohmte  noaia)  of  the  last 


Xlfe  history  studies  in  Solerotinia,  F.  J.  Ss^vnt  and  W.  T.  Hosiis  (ifeifk 
Torrey  Bot.  dad,  17  {1918),  pp.  999-906,  pi.  1).— -The  author  reports  finding  in 
▼an  Oortlandt  Park,  New  York  Oity,  on  rootstalks  of  OorwUium  maoviatum  a 
fungus  (conidial  f6rm  of  BoirytiB  sp.)  described  as  new  and  named  Bolerotiniak 
(flPfiKMRAlMd)  porofliii 

A  new  Plaamodiophoracew,  Llgnlera  isoetis,  B.  Pauc  {Svmisk  Bot.  Tidihr^ 
19  {1918),  No.  9,  pp.  998-999,  flff9.  5).— An  account  is  given  of  the  parasitlzation 
of  I$oete$  laeuitrU  by  an  organism  which  is  technically  described  as  a  new 
apadfls  under  the  name  L.  i$oeti$. 

Vlastieity  of  biologie  forms  of  Fuodnia  graminis,  B.  C.  Staxmar,  F.  J. 
PiMMEUBL,  and  M.  N.  Livinb  (Jour.  Agr.  Research  [V.  8.1, 16  {1918),  No.  4,  pp. 
9Bl'-959,  pit.  9,  fig:  P).— In  an  account  of  cooperative  investigations  made  by 
tlie  Iflnnesota  Bxperiment  Station  and  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 
tlie  authors  give  the  results  of  extensive  experiments  with  a  number  of  forms 
of  rust  from  different  hosts  ftom  different  regions  to  determine  the  theoretical 
and  practical  importance  of  the  plasticity  of  biologic  forms  of  P.  grom^MU: 
Tlie  authors  have  also  Investigated  the  possible  rOle  of  the  barberry  as  a 
bridging  host  and  its  effect  as  a  relnvigorator  of  the  rust.  Material  was  ob- 
tained from  many  different  sources,  most  of  the  work  being  done  with  the 
trUM  and  oeeaUo  forms,  although  a  number  of  others  were  included  in  the 
investigation. 

Tbe  barberry  was  found  not  to  increase  the  host  range  of  biologic  forms  and 
not  to  act  as  a  relnvigorator  of  the  rust  Many  hosts  equally  susceptible  to 
tbe  rust  were  used  in  an  attempt  to  change  the  parasitism  of  the  two  forms, 
bfut  without  evident  results.    The  authors  consider  that  the  data  presented  in 


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250  BXPEBIMBNT  STATIOK  BBCOBD.  [Tol.40 

the  present  paper  do  not  sqpport  the  condnslons  of  previous  workers  that  Uie 
pathogenicity  of  biologic  forma  iB  easily  changed  by  host  Influence.  Frun  tike 
practical  standpoint  the  constancy  of  biologic  forms  is  considered  of  great  Im- 
portance, and  it  is  believed  that  breeding  for  rust  resistance  can  proceed  witii 
considerable  assurance  that  the  same  rust  will  not  adapt  itself  quiddy  to  nenr 
Tarietie&  Biologic  forms  are  belieTed  to  have  arisen  either  by  mutati<m  or  by 
gradual  process  of  evolution.  These  processes  may  be  still  operative,  but  the 
authors  have  been  unable  to  detect  any  mutation  or  to  produce  any  perceptible 
evolutionary  changes  experimentally.  The  possible  rOle  of  hybridization  is  to 
be  investigated. 

Angrular  leaf  spot  of  cucumber:  Dissemination,  overwintering',  and  control, 
B.  Oassneb  (Jour,  Agr.  Research  iU.  S,1,  15  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  tOl-lgtO,  pis,  4, 
flffs.  S), — ^A  report  is  given  of  cooperative  investigations,  carried  on  by  the 
Wisconsin  Experiment  Station  and  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  on 
the  dissemination,  overwintering,  control,  and  other  data  regarding  the  angular 
leaf  spot  of  cucumber.  This  disease,  which  is  said  to  be  due  to  Bacterium 
laehrifmans,  is  believed  to  be  world-wide  in  its  distribution  and  is  r^arded  as 
of  considerable  economic  importance. 

Infection  occurs  in  both  leaves  and  ftruit,  the  organisms  entering  the  plant 
through  the  stomata.  Evidence  has  been  obtained  indicating  that  the  causal, 
bacteria  overwinter  in  the  seed,  and  seed  treatment  is  believed  to  offer  the 
greatest  hope  of  satisfactory  control.  The  causal  organism  is  sensitive  to 
desiccation,  is  readily  killed  in  artificial  media  by  freezing,  and  is  also  readily 
killed  by  dilute  solutions  of  formaldehyde,  copper  sulphate,  or  mercuric  cblorid. 
No  marked  difference  in  varietal  resistance  or  susceptibility  has  been  found 
among  horticultural  varieties  of  cucumbers.  Infection  by  this  organism  se^ng 
to  be  limited  to  cucurbits,  a  few  ornamental  gourds  being  attacked  by  the 
disease,  but  the  cucumber  appearing  to  be  the  only  one  seriously  affected. 

Sanitary  measures,  such  as  precautions  in  picking  and  in  insect  control,  may 
be  helpful,  and  spraying  with  Bordeaux  mixture  checks  the  disease,  but  is  not 
thought  by  the  authors  to  be  practicable  on  a  commercial  scale. 

Anthracnose  of  cucurbits,  M.  W.  Oabonex  (U.  8,  Dept,  Agr.  BuL  727  (1918) ^ 
pp.  68,  pU.  8,  figs,  15), — ^The  results  are  given  of  studies  carried  on  under  co- 
operative arrangement  between  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  U.  S.  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  the  Wisconsin  Experiment  Station,  and  certain  cucumber 
growers  during  the  seasons  of  1915,  1916,  and  1917. 

The  fungus  Colletotrichum  laffenarium,  the  cause  of  anthracnose  of  cucurbits, 
is  said  to  be  limited  to  hosts  of  the  family  Oucurbltaces,  being  of  greatest 
economic  importance  on  cucumber,  muskmelon,  and  watermelon.  In  addition 
other  species  of  cucurbits  are  re;K>rted  to  be  subject  to  attack,  but  anthracnose 
has  not  been  found  as  a  vine  disease  <m  species  of  the  genus  Cucurbits,  which 
includes  squash,  pumpkin,  and  certain  gourds.  Serious  losses  are  reported  to  be 
caused  to  the  watermelon-growing  industry  and  among  cucumbers  grown  for 
slicing  purposes,  the  loss  in  the  pickle  crop  not  being  very  great  Leaves,  stems, 
and  fruits  are  attacked,  and  the  plants  may  be  killed  or  the  fruit  blemished 
so  as  to  be  practically  worthless. 

Studies  are  reported  on  the  life  history  of  the  causal  organism  in  relation 
to  the  disease.  It  is  claimed  that  it  spreads  in  the  field  from  centers  of  <me 
or  two  infected  plants,  the  spread  being  rapid  following  rainy  periods  wh^i  Uie 
temperatures  are  not  far  from  75*  F.  The  principal  agencies  of  disaeminatlon 
in  the  field  are  rain  and  surface  drainage  water.  The  disease  has  been  noted 
as  especially  destructive  in  fields  where  artificial  overhead  watering  is  prac- 
ticed, and  evidence  has  been  obtained  that  it  has  been  spread  by  the  hands 


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1919]  DISEASES  OF  PLAKTB.  251 

of  woitanen  during  the  process  of  cnlllng  watennelon  fields.  EMdence  pre* 
smted  seems  to  Indicate  that  the  disease  Is  borne  by  the  seed,  and  also  that  the 
ftingus  overwinters  In  diseased  Tine  debris  buried  In  the  solL 

Experiments  with  sprays  haye  shown  that  Bordeaux  mixture  checks  but 
does  not  prevent  the  spread  of  the  fungus,  as  the  lower  epidermis  of  the  sprayed 
leaves  Is  usually  unprotected.  It  Is  believed  that  disinfection  of  the  seed  by 
means  of  Immersion  for  5  minutes  in  mercuric  chlorid  solution  (1:1,000) 
win  destroy  all  surface  Infection.  The  use  of  disease-free  seed  and  a  proper 
crop  rotation  to  insure  clean  soil  are  recommended  as  control  measures. 

The  effects  of  potato  leaf  roll  on  product,  C.  S.  Wennink  {Tijdsohr.  PUmten- 
giektm,  24  (1918),  No,  i,  Bijbl.,  pp.  1-4,  flgM.  5).— Four  potatoes  affected  with 
leaf  roll  which  were  used  for  seed  gave  an  output  about  equal  In  weight  to  the 
original  seed  tubers,  control  plants  on  the  same  healthy  ground  producing 
normally. 

A  carrier  of  the  mosaic  disease,  M.  Nishucttea  {Bui.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  45 
(1918),  No.  S,  pp.  219-2SS,  pi.  1). — In  experimentation  here  described,  the  author 
found  that  PhysoHs  alkekengi  may  act  as  a  carrier  of  the  mosaic  disease  at- 
tacking tobacco,  tomato,  and  other  plants  without  Itself  showing  any  symptoms 
of  the  disease. 

lAtest  information  on  fruit  diseases  and  their  control,  H.  H.  Whkfzel 
(Weti.  N.  Y.  Hort.  8oo,  Proe.,  6S  (1918),  pp.  6S-71).— This  report  relates  chiefly 
te  diseases  of  fruit  as  affecting  Interests  of  New  York  growers. 

Apple  scab,  which  was  favored  by  conditions  during  the  season  of  1917,  was 
fomid  to  be  as  effectively  controlled  by  dusting  as  by  spraying.  Prevention  of 
the  first  infection  stUl  appears  to  be  a  measure  of  primary  Importance.  Black 
root  (cottar)  rot  of  apple  has  been  found  in  practically  constant  association 
with  Xylaria  spj^  The  infection  persists  in  the  soil  for  a  number  of  years,  and 
Is  also  said  to  attack  pears. 

Cherry  leaf  blight,  one  of  the  most  serious  cherry  diseases,  is  not  controlled 
by  the  dormant  spray.  Lime-sulphur  or  dust  sulphur  applied  Just  before  bloom- 
ing may  prove  to  be  an  important  measure  In  a  rainy  season.  An  application 
Jost  before  the  petals  f^U,  another  10  to  14  days  later,  and  a  third  just  after 
the  fruit  is  picked  give  practically  clean  foliage  throughout  the  average  season. 
Bordeaux  mixture  is  apt  to  injure  the  foliage  of  sweet  cherries.  Sour  cherries 
may  be  protected  by  use  of  Bordeaux  mixture  at  5 :  6 :  50,  lime-sulphur  1 :  60,  or 
ground  sulphur  with  lead  arsenate  9 : 1. 

Peach  brown  rot,  while  seldom  serious  in  New  York,  is  controlled  by  the 
treatment  for  scab — that  is,  the  sulphur-lead  arsenate  dust,  which  also  deepens 
the  red  color  of  the  fruit  Leaf  curl  is  effectively  controlled  with  copper  sul- 
phate 2: 60  or  lime«alphur  1 :  16  or  1 :  20. 

Pfaim  fruit  gumming  has  been  reported  from  several  parts  of  the  State  as 
eaualiig  a  loss  amounting  to  60  per  cent  in  one  Instance. 

Teats  of  lime-sulphur  for  the  control  of  apple  mildew,  A  Ostkbwauikb 
iLandiO.  Jahrb.  Bchweie,  SI  {1917),  No,  5,  pp.  iff-^^^).— Tests  of  lime-sulphur 
during  1916  to  1917  at  a  strength  of  1:80  after  a  dormant  treatment  at  a 
strength  of  1 : 2,  showed  no  effective  control  of  apple  mildew  in  case  of  sua- 
ceptible  varieties.  The  fungus  (Podotphanu  leucoiricTia)  appears  to  winter  In 
the  buds,  attaddng  the  inclosed  parts  before  they  begin  to  open  in  the  spring 
and  spreading  the  Infection  by  means  of  spores  soon  after  the  blooms  open. 

Baeterial  and  fungus  diseases  of  the  pear,  G.  P.  Weldon  {Mo.  Bui.  Cat.  Com. 
Hort.^  7  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  S4SS70j  figs.  21).— In  this  paper,  the  author  gives  a 
condensed  account  of  information  at  present  available  regarding  pear  blight 
(BmciUuM  amylovorui),  canker  (SpJuBropsis  tnalorum  and  Nectria  spp.),  crown 


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252  BZPEBIMBNT  STATION  BEGOBD.  [Yol.M 

gall  (PseudamonoM  tumefacieM) ,  oak  root  fungus  {ArmiOa/Hm  meUea),  and 
8cab  (Venturia  pyrina),  as  regards  distribution,  progress,  and  oontroL 

Fear  blight  epidemic  in  mountain  counties,  6.  P.  Wbldor  (Mo.  Bui.  Cal. 
C<m.  Sort.,  7  (1918),  No.  7,  p.  459).— It  is  stated  that  pear  bU«^t  was  Tery 
severe  during  this  season  in  some  places  where  it  was  scarcely  known  previ- 
ouslj.  It  was  reported  as  q;>reading  through  orchards  generally  in  Nevada. 
Placer,  Eldorado,  and  Butte  Ck>untie8. 

Studies  on  grape  downy  mildew,  L.  R^vaz  (^Mk  Eoole  Not.  Agr.  J£ofi<- 
pelUer,  n.  «er.,  IS  {1911),  No.  J^,  pp.  290-StS,  fig:  5).— The  author  gives  mn  ae- 
count  of  studies  and  observations  conducted  since  1914  on  the  treatment  of 
grape  downy  mildew. 

The  various  methods  proposed  for  the  preparation  of  Burgundy  mixture  do 
not  appear  to  possess  any  advantages  over  the  standard  procedure.  The  pres- 
jence  of  carbon  diozid  favors  the  production  of  changes  in  the  precipitate  which 
are  advantageous.  Neutral  and  alkaline  Bordeaux  mixture  are  about  equally 
efficacious,  the  acid  preparation  being  inferior  to  both.  Inadequately  prepared 
lime  may  bum  the  foliage. 

Other  sprays^  singly  or  combined,  gave  insufficient  or  inconclusive  reralta 
Copper  powders  were  almost  completely  protective  against  both  mildew  and 
Oldium.  Recent  studies  show  the  importance  of  temperature  and  of  precipita- 
tion in  relation  to  mildew  development  and  treatment  for  that  disease. 

Spoilage  of  cranberries  after  picklniTf  O.  L.  Shxab  (Proo.  Amer.  Oramberrw 
Grotoer^  Amsoc,  48  (1917),  pp.  6-9). — ^Experimentation  extending  over  several 
years  is  said  to  show  that  about  one-half  the  loss  of  berries  after  picking  is 
due  to  fungi  which  develop  in  the  fruit,  causing  one  or  more  destructive  storage 
rots,  the  most  frequent  and  important  of  these  during  recent  years  beiog  early 
rot  (scald),  bitter  rot,  and  end  rot  Other  causes  are  freezing  and  premature 
death  of  the  fruit  caused  by  rapid  ripening  or  sulTocation,  the  latter  of 
which  is  discussed  in  connection  with  preventive  measurea  See  alao  a  previous 
abstract  (B.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  749). 

Cacao  diseases,  Q.  d'Utka  (Boh  Agr.  iSao  Paulo],  18.  tor..  No.  9  {1917),  pp. 
699-711). --The  diseases  here  discussed  include  brown  rot  {PhpiopMhoru 
faberi) ;  a  root,  fruit,  and  shoot  disease  due  to  LaHodiplodia  theobramm;  a 
canker  possibly  different  from  that  caused  by  Nectria  iheobroma  in  Oentral 
America;  and  a  root  rot  which  Is  associated  with  the  presence  of  geveral 
fungL 

[IMseases  of  coffee],  T.  Wubth  {Meded.  Proefstat.  MiOang,  No.  fS  {1918),  pp. 
18-20). — In  connection  with  brief  statements  regarding  animal  parasites,  ln> 
eluding  nematodes,  the  author  notes  the  occurrence  of  brown  rot  fungus  of 
coffee  and  white  threads  on  the  roots  of  the  plantlets. 

Sderotium  disease  of  Liberia  coffee  in  Surinam,  O.  Starel  {Meded.  DepL 
Landh.  Suriname,  No.  IS  {1918},  pp.  f ).— This  coffee  disease,  which  has  been 
discussed  in  connection  with  Ooremium  sp.  by  Kuyper  (B.  S.  B.,  80,  p.  700) 
and  which  has  become  serious  since  1917,  is  briefly  described  herein  as 
regards  its  developmental  phases  in  relation  to  weather  conditions. 

Disease  control  and  forest  management,  F.  H.  Millbr  {Jour.  Poreitrg,  IS 
{1917),  No.  8,  pp.  974-977).— Concluding  a  brief  discussion,  the  author  states 
that  combining  disease  control  with  intensive  forest  management  calls  for  an 
adjustment  of  the  rotation,  cutting  cyde,  and  marking  rules  in  such  ways  as, 
in  the  case  of  enphytotics,  to  control  disease  by  sanitation  measures  and  by 
limiting  the  felling  age  so  as  to  minimize  loss,  and  in  the  case  of  eplphytotloB, 
to  institute  sanitation  cuttings  or  damage  cuttings,  or  both,  employing  alao 
such  silvicultural  measures  as  the  substitution  of  immune  or  more  resistant 


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1919]  DISEASES  OV  PLANTS.  253 

Experimental  InTestigationB  on  the  genus  Bazoomofskya,  J.  R.  Weib  {Bot, 
Gaz^  66  {1918),  Ifo,  I,  pp.  1^1,  figs.  19).— In  this  article,  the  first  of  a  proposed 
aeries,  it  is  claimed  that  IL  campylopoda  and  R.  cryptopoda  are  not  identical, 
each  form  exhibiting  considerable  variation  with  host  and  with  geographic 
location.  IL  campylopoda  can  infect  Pinu9  resinosat  and  its  invasion  of  eastern 
United  States  is  feared.  It  can  also  infect  P.  sylveairit  and  P.  montana,  and 
may  be  a  source  of  danger  to  interests  in  fiurope.  Apparently  J^.  oooidentalU 
oiHetma  is  a  biological  form  of  R.  campylopoda. 

B.  lariciM  wUl  infect  Larkf  europea,  L.  lopfolepU,  AlHes  (frandis,  P.  ponderoBo, 
and  P.  contoria^  all  except  the  last  named  being  new  hosts  for  this  species. 
Anwrently  this  parasite  infects  Japanese  and  European  larch.  It  is,  so  far 
as  known  at  present,  of  economic  Importance  only  on  L.  oocldentalis. 

ML  dcugloHi  aJyietina  \a  identical  with  R.  dougUuU,  which  is  of  importance 
only  in  connection  with  P$eudot9uga  iawfoUa.  R.  amerioana  can  infect  both 
hard  and  soft  pines,  being  of  importance  on  PiniM  oontorta  and  P.  hankHana. 
B.  Uugensis  can  infect  A.  Uuiocarpa  and  Tauga  canadonHs. 

Many  <diaracters  of  false  mistletoes  vary  with  change  of  host,  geographic 
location,  and  various  environmental  factors,  this  circumstance  suggesting  that 
only  the  broader  and  more  plainly  evident  lines  should  be  observed  in  classifica- 
tion. 

Injury  to  evergreens,  G.  Y.  Nash  (Jour,  N.  7.  Bot.  Oard.,  19  {1918),  Noi. 
M19^  pp.  4S-^0;  22S,  pp.  159-164). — '^^  author  shows  that  after  withstanding 
from  February  5  to  15,  1918,  temperatures  ranging  between  —  6  and  +  54**  F. 
with  somewhat  sudden  changes,  the  soil  remaining  frozen  during  the  whole 
period,  severe  injury  was  infiicted  on  evergreens  in  the  New  York  Botanical 
Crarden  on  February  15,  when  the  temperature  rose  to  56°.  Wind  is  con- 
sidered as  a  most  important  factor.  Reference  is  made  to  the  degree  of  injury 
noted  in  March  to  certain  evergreens  wliich  were  affected  during  this  period. 

In  the  second  note,  written  late  in  June,  an  account  is  given  of  developments 
snbsequent  to  the  time  reported  upon  previously.  A  list  is  given  of  evergreens 
which  proved  unsatisfactory  under  the  severe  conditions  of  the  1918  winter. 

Besistance  of  oaks  to  Oidium,  L.  Montbmabtini  {Riv»  Patol.  Veg.,  9  {1918), 
No.  SS,  pp.  T7-79). — The  author  has  given  to  American  oaks  a  study  along  the 
lines  followed  by  Pantanelli  (E.  S.  R.,  34,  p.  650)  on  European  species.  He 
annonnces  as  a  result  of  analytical  determinations  that  in  American  oaks  the 
conditions  of  receptivity  are  stability  and  colncidentally  a  ratio  of  more  than 
1 : 2  between  soluble  and  insoluble  nitrogen,  the  latter  form  greatly  predominat- 
ing in  the  American  oaks  examined. 

[Diseases  affecting  rubber  production],  T.  Wubth  {Meded.  Proefstat.  Ma- 
Imng,  No.  22  {1918),  pp.  7-15). — ^This  report  deals  in  a  somewhat  general  way 
with  injury  to  rubber  interests  through  such  agencies  as  canker,  scab,  leaf  dis- 
eases, sheet  mold,  rustlness,  and  greasy  and  other  abnormal  appearances  of 
sheet  rubber,  with  a  discussion  of  some  preventive  or  remedial  measures. 

A  method  for  determining  the  fungicidal  coefficient  of  lime-sulphur  and 
other  common  fungicides,  H.  C.  Yomo  and  E.  H.  Coopeb  {Ann.  Rpi.  Mich. 
Acad.  8oL,  19  {1917),  pp.  221-236)  .—The  authors  have  devised  a  method  for  the 
lal>oratory  determination  of  the  copper  sulphate  coefficient  of  fungicides,  de- 
pending upon  comparison  with  a  phenol  solution  of  standard  strength.  Several 
commercial  preparations  of  lime  sulphur,  ammoniacal  copper  carbonate,  and 
neutral  copper  acetate  have  been  tested,  the  organisms  employed  for  this  pur- 
pose being  Glomerella  rufomaculana  and  Endothia  parasitica. 

109042''— 19 6 


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254  EXFERIMBKT  STATION  RECORD.  (VoLl 

ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY— EHTOMOLOOT. 


! 


The  criterion  of  subspecific  intergradation  in  vertebrate  soology,  H. 
Obebholseb  {Science,  n.  9er.,  48  (1918),  No,  12SS,  pp.  165-167). 

Helping  to  stabilize  nomenclature,  S.  A.  Rohwsb  {Sdenoe,  n.  ter^ 
(1918),  No,  1227,  pp.  IS,  U). 

The  control  of  destructive  animals,  E.  E.  Schoix  and  J.  W.  Neux  (7« 
Dept,  Agr.  Bui  60  (1918),  pp.  5-19),— The  more  destructive  birds  and  m 
mals  are  briefly  considered  and  directions  given  for  their  controL 

A  revision  of  the  Microtus  calif  omicus  group  of  meadow  mice,  R.  Kiotfl 
(Univ,  Cal.  Pul)8.  ZooL,  21  (1918),  No,  1,  pp.  42,  fig,  I).— This  revision  Is 
upon  a  study  of  approximately  700  specimeDs  In  114  localities,  all  but  one 
within  the  State  of  California.    Eleven  forms  are  recognised,  of  which  six 
described  as  new  subspeciea 

A  bibliography  of  16  titles  is  appended. 

Our  winter  birds. — ^How  to  know  and  how  to  attract  them,  F.  M.  GHincil 
(New  York  and  London:  D,  Appleton  <€  Co.,  1918,  pp.  lX+180,  pU,  2,  figi,  19\i* 
A  popular  handbook. 

The  migration  of  North  American  birds,  IV-VI,  H.  O.  Obebhouseb  (M 
Lore,  20  (1918),  No8.  S,  pp.  219-t22,  pi,  1;  4.  PP-  286-290,  pi  1;  6,  pp.  S4^ 
pll,flff-J)- 

Some  useful  birds  found  in  Minnesota:  Their  economic  relations  to 
agriculturist,  F.  L.  Washbxtbn  (Minn,  State  Ent.  Circ.  4S  (1917),  pp.  41, 
S,  ftgs.  £5). —This  Is  a  popular  account  illustrated  by  color  plates  of  some  of 
species  considered. 

Pheasants  and  agriculture.  Miss  A.  F.  G.-H.  Evebshed   (Jour.  Agr. 
[England],  9  (1918),  No,  1,  pp.  6S-91),— The  results  of  an  investigation  oC 
contents  of  the  crops  of  811  pheasants  are  reported,  largely  in  tabular 
In  an  introduction  by  0.  Warburton  the  nature  of  the  food  of  the  pheasant  1 
briefly  analyzed  month  by  month,  as  far  as  it  is  revealed  by  the  cn^  sent  1 
examination. 

Woodpeckers  and  cacao,  A.  H.  RrrcHis  et  al.  (Jour,  Jamaica  Agr,  Soc, 
(1918),  No8,  2,  pp.  65-^9;  S,  pp.  102-107),— This  is  a  report  of  an  investisatii 
of  the  economic  status  of  the  Jamaica  woodpecker  (Cewturus  radiotatut). 

Diagnosis  of  a  new  genus  of  AnatiLdas  from  South  America,  H.  G. 
HOLSEB  (Jour,  Wash,  Acad,  Sci.,  8  (1918),  No,  17,  pp,  571,  572), 

The  subspecies  of  Larus  hyperboreus,  H.  G.  Obebholseb  {Auk,  S5  (19H 
No,  4,  pp.  467-474)^ 

Food  habits  of  the  mallard  ducks  of  the  TTnited  States,  W.  L.  McJM 
(U,  S,  Dept,  Agr,  Bui  720  (1918),  pp,  35,  pi.  1).— This  is  a  report  of  tediiW 
studies  of  the  food  habits  of  three  mallard  ducks,  namely,  the  common 
(Anas  platyrhyncha) ,  the  dusky  or  black  duck  (A.  ruhripes),  and  the  soatlMd 
black  duck  (A.  fulvigula).  These  river  ducks  rarely  dive  so  as  to  disappM 
entirely  beneath  the  water,  but  obtain  their  food  in  shallows  by  dipping  tM 
head  and  neck  or  by  submerging  all  of  the  body  but  the  tlpped-up  talL  T1M| 
the  food  is  usually  obtained  within  12  to  16  in.  of  the  surface.  J 

In  the  study  of  the  common  mallard,  analyses  of  the  contents  of  1,578  stonM 
collected  in  22  States  and  2  Ganadian  Provinces  showed  9.47  per  cent  of  tM 
food  to  be  derived  from  the  animal  kingdouL 

In  the  study  made  of  the  black  duck,  analyses  of  the  contents  of  890  stomadi 
collected  from  September  to  February  in  19  States  and  2  Ganadian  ProviMtf 
showed  the  total  percentage  of  vegetable  food  to  be  75.91,  or  about  three  tlnfl 
as  much  animal  food  as  that  of  the  mallard.    In  the  study  of  the  soutbea 


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1»1»)  ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.  255 

black  duck,  analyses  were  made  of  the  contents  of  48  stomachs  collected  from 
NoTember  to  April  and  representing  all  the  usual  haunts  of  the  species.  The 
amount  of  animal  matter  In  Its  diet  amounted  to  40.5  per  cent,  thus  exceeding 
the  proportion  taken  by  the  black  duck  by  approximately  15  per  cent. 

Identifications  made  of  the  animal  and  vegetable  food  in  the  stomachs  of  the 
three  species  are  reported  upon  In  tabular  form. 

The  hawka  of  the  Canadian  Prairie  Provinces  in  their  relation  to  afirrioul- 
tore,  P.  A.  Tavebneb  (Canada  Dept.  Mines,  Oeoh  Survey,  Mits.  Bui,  98  (1918), 
pp.  14y  pis,  4,  figs.  7). — ^A  popular  account. 

Gaose  of  the  "fishy"  fiavor  of  the  flesh  of  wild  ducks,  W.  L.  McAtsb 
{Auk,  S5  (1918),  No.  4,  PP.  474-476), 

Injnrious  insects  and  useful  birds,  F.  L.  Washbubn  {Phdladelphia  and  Lof^ 
don:  J.  B.  Uppincott  Co,,  1918,  pp.  XVIII -{-458,  pis.  4,  figs.  4i4).— This  work  is 
Intended  to  serve  as  a  textbook  and  guide  to  the  successful  control  of  farm 
pestsL 

Seport  on  agricultural  damage  by  vermin  and  birds  in  the  Counties  of 
Horfolk  and  Oxfordshire  in  1016,  R.  T.  Gttnthsb  (London:  Oxford  Unii9. 
Press,  1917,  pp.  92;  rev.  in  Nature  {London^,  101  (1918),  No.  2525,  p.  48).— A 
report  of  studies  made  under  the  auspices  of  the  Oxford  School  of  Rural 
ESconomy. 

The  wonders  of  instinct,  J.  H.  Fabbe,  trans,  by  A.  Teixetba  ds  Mattos  and 
B^  Miaix  (London:  T.  Fisher  Unwin,  Ltd.,  1918,  pp.  S20,  pis.  16).— A  transla- 
tion from  the  French  of  chapters  on  the  psychology  of  Insects. 

The  polyhedral  virus  of  insects  with  a  theoretical  consideration  of  filter- 
able viruses  generally,  R.  W.  Glaseb  (Science,  n.  ser.,  48  (1918),  No.  12S8,  pp. 
SOI,  S02). — ^These  data  supplement  the  account  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  87, 
p.  253). 

A  summary  is  given  of  the  chief  characteristics  of  the  wilt  virus  based  upon 
material  obtained  from  diseased  gipsy  moth,  army  worm,  and  tent  caterpillars. 
The  vims,  which  has  not  been  cultivated,  passes  through  Berkefeld  N  but  not 
through  Pasteur-Chamberland  filters.  On  examination  with  the  ultramicro- 
scope  there  was  nothing  visible  that  could  be  interpreted  as  being  different 
from  minute  protein  or  pigment  particles.  The  virus  is  destroyed  at  60*  C.  In 
20  minutes  when  suspended  in  water,  and  by  dry  heat  at  70  to  80*  in  20 
minutes.  It  resists  drying  at  room  temperature  for  a  period  of  2  years;  OS 
per  cent  glycerin  for  6  months;  when  dry,  direct  sunlight  for  12  hours;  and 
putrefaction  for  an  indefinite  time.  It  is  destroyed  by  80  per  cent  alcohol  in 
15  minutes  and  by  5  per  cent  carbolic  acid  in  3  weeks.  There  is  no  growth  or 
fermentation  of  the  virus  on  1  per  cent  sugar  solutions ;  no  growth  or  reduction 
on  methylene  blue  and  sodium  nitrate  solutions ;  and  no  growth  or  liquefaction 
en  gelatin  and  casein. 

Bxperiments  on  the  extrusion  of  polar  filaments  of  cnidesporidian  spores, 
B.  Kudo  (Jour.  Parasitology,  4  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  l^i-l^T).— "A  concentrated 
solution  of  hydrogen  peroxld  is  the  most  perfect  and  convenient  reagent  for 
producing  extrusion  of  the  polar  filament  from  spores  of  Nosema  honibyois  and 
of  some  Myxosporldia  In  the  fresh  state.  The  action  of  hydrogen  peroxld  is 
accelerated  by  the  presence  of  weak  alkalis.  Ringer's  solution  emulsion  \b 
more  favorable  for  filament  extrusion  than  water  emulsion.  The  action  of 
hydrogen  peroxld  in  extruding  the  polar  filament  is  less  effective  upon  spores 
which  have  been  desiccated  at  room  temperature  than  upon  fresh  ones.  Spores 
dried  on  a  slide  for  three  days  do  not  extrude  the  filament.  The  pressure 
method  gives,  generally  speaking,  the  same  results  as  the  perhydrol  method, 
except  that  it  produces  fewer  examples  of  extruded  filament    A  spore  emul* 


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256  EXPERIMElirT  STATION  RECOBD.  [Tol.  40 

slon  centrifuged  with  60  per  cent  methyl  alcohol  for  10  minutes  or  mixed  with 
84  per  cent  ethyl  alcohol  for  16  hours  shows  filament  extrusion  under  the  acti<m 
of  perhydroL" 

Effect  of  hydrocyanic  acid  gas  under  vacuum  conditions  on  subterranjean 
larvae,  E.  R.  Sassceb  and  EL  L.  Sanfobd  {Jour.  Agr,  Research  [U,  £f.L  i^ 
(1918),  No,  S,  pp.  1SS-1S6).— The  advlsahillty  of  fumigating  all  imported 
nursery  stock  at  the  port  of  arrival  as  a  requirement  for  entry,  which  has 
been  under  consideration  for  the  past  five  or  six  years,  led  to  the  investigations 
by  the  Federal  Horticultural  Board  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  here 
r^wrted. 

It  is  pointed  out  that  under  normal  conditions  from  five  to  seven  million 
ornamental  plants,  such  as  azaleas,  rhododendrons,  aucubas,  conifers,  box 
bushes,  bays,  etc,  are  introduced  annually  with  balls  of  earth  around  their 
roots.  Since  it  is  impossible  to  inspect  and  safeguard  plants  of  this  type 
without  removing  the  soil  from  the  roots,  and  since  practical  hortilculturists 
have  strongly  advised  against  this  procedure  on  account  of  its  effect  on  tlie 
plants,  the  only  safe  course  appears  to  be  fumigation  with  hydrocyanic  add 
gas  under  vacuum  conditions. 

The  work  was  carried  on  with  larvae  of  the  wheat  wireworm  (Affriotm 
mancu9),  green  June  beetle  {Cotinus  nitida),  white  grub  (Lachnoaiema  sp.), 
and  Japanese  beetle  {PopiUia  japonica). 

The  results  show  the  effectiveness  of  hydrocyanic  add  gas  under  the  vacanm 
process  to  be  influenced  by  the  water  content  of  the  soil.  "The  death  of  100 
per  cent  was  not  obtained  with  larvse  in  soaked  soil  at  dosages  ranging  from 
0.5  oz.  to  3  oz.  per  100  cu.  ft  of  space.  Eliminating  the  soaked-soil  tests,  by 
far  the  best  results  were  secured  where  a  preliminary  15-in.  vacuum  preceded 
an  exposure  of  1.5  hours  under  normal  atmospheric  conditions.  Hydrocyanle 
acid  gas  in  the  presence  of  26-in.  vacuum  throughout  the  entire  exposure  gave 
negative  results  with  a  dosage  of  1  oz.  of  sodium  cyanid  per  100  cu.  ft  and  an 
exposure  of  one  hour.  An  exposure  of  the  gas  for  one-half  hour  under  10  Iba 
pressure,  following  a  half-hour  exposure  to  a  27  in.  vacuum,  yielded  very  indif- 
ferent results.  With  our  present  knowledge  of  vacuum  fumigation  with  hydro- 
cyanic acid  gas,  a  dosage  exceeding  1  oz.  of  sodium  cyanid  per  100  cu.  ft  of 
space  with  an  exi>osure  of  1.5  hours  is  not  recommended  for  plants  in  foliage. 
Inasmuch  as  all  larv^  in  soaked  soil  were  not  killed  VTlth  dosages  varying  from 
0.5  oz.  to  8  oz.  per  100  cu.  ft  of  space,  fumigation  at  the  i>ort  of  entry  with  a 
dosage  which  will  not  injure  the  plants  can  not  prevent  the  introduction  and 
establishment  of  all  subterranean  pests." 

The  control  of  insect  pests  of  cotton,  H.  H.  King  ({WeUcome  Trop.  iSa- 
tearoh  Lah,'\  Bnt,  Bui.  9  (1918),  pp.  4), — A  brief  summary  of  methods  of  con- 
trol of  insect  pests  of  cotton  in  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan,  Including  the  pink  boll- 
worm  (Pectinophora  [Gelechia]  gosaypiella) ,  Egyptian  bollworm  {Earias  l»- 
Mulana),  Sudan  bollworm  {Diparopsia  caatanea),  cotton  aphis,  stainer  bug 
(OwycareMia  hyalinipefmia) ,  and  a  flea-beetle  {Niaotra  uniformia). 

Garden  and  small  fruit  insects,  with  notes  on  spraying  in  general,  A.  G. 
RT7GGIJB8  and  S.  A  Gbaham  {Univ.  Mitm.  Col.  Agr.  Ext.  Div,  Spec.  Bui.  29 
(1918),  pp.  S2,  figa.  50).— The  several  circulars  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  39, 
p.  861)  have  been  brought  together  in  this  special  bulletin. 

The  insect  enemies  of  fruit  trees,  P.  Lesnb  {Rev.  Hort.  [Pariali  89  {1917) , 
No.  24,  pp.  885-888,  pi.  1;  Jour.  Agr.  Prat,  n.  aer.,  SI  {1918),  No.  If,  pp.  269- 
271,  pi.  J). — A  brief  account  is  given  of  the  woolly  aphis  and  the  more  important 
ooccid  enemies  of  fruit  trees,  accompanied  by  a  colored  plate  of  the  same. 

Papers  on  deciduous-fruit  insects  {V.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bui  780  {1918),  pp.  J^O, 
pla.  8f  fig.  1). — ^This  bulletin  consists  of  three  papers,  information  relating  to 


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1»1*1  ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.  257 

the  first  two  of  which  has  been  reported  in  a  paper  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R., 
37,  p.  58). 

L  The  grape  curGuUo,  F.  E.  Brooks  (pp.  1-19). — ^Thls  paper  reports  upon 
inTestigations  of  the  grape  curculio  carried  out  principally  in  a  badly  infested 
locality  in  central  West  Virginia  during  the  years  1916  and  1917. 

The  grape  appears  to  be  the  only  host  plant  of  this  weevil.  The  adults  may 
be  found  upon  the  foliage  and  the  larvsB  within  the  fruit  of  probably  all  kinds 
of  wild  and  cultivated  grapes  that  grow  in  the  localities  where  the  Insect  is 
found,  although  the  "frost"  grape  (Vitia  cordifolia)  is  very  rarely  attacked. 

In  order  to  determine  the  extent  of  injury  caused  counts  were  made  in 
August,  1917,  of  about  50  grapevines  of  different  varieties.  The  results  showed 
that  from  40  to  95  per  cent  of  all  unprotected  fruit  had  been  ruined  by  the 
curculio,  the  average  loss  being  about  70  per  cent 

On  emerging  from  hibernation,  the  beetles  appear  upon  the  grape  canes 
about  the  time  the  Concord  grape  is  in  bloom  and  feed  for  ten  days  or  two 
weeks  on  the  upper  epidermis  and  parenchyma  of  the  leaf  before  beginning  to 
dQ)oeit  eggs  within  the  young  fruit.  Ovlposition  records  kept  of  24  females 
Aowed  a  maximum  of  886  and  a  minimum  of  141,  with  an  average  of  261.^. 
Six  days  were  required  for*  incubation  of  the  egg  in  July,  from  7  to  19  days 
for  the  development  of  the  larva,  and  18  or  19  days  for  the  pupa. 

Several  insects  are  mentioned  as  being  predacious  upon  the  larvse.  Parasites 
mentioned  Include  AnapTuHdea  conotracheli,  which  was  quite  abundant,  as  high 
as  38.5  per  eeskt  of  the  eggs  having  been  parasitized  by  it;  Microbracon  meU 
Mor^  which  attacks  the  larva;  Stibo8captts  hrooksi,  which  attacks  the  pupa 
while  within  the  cocoon;  and  Triaspis  curculUmia,  a  single  specimen  of  which 
was  reared. 

As  regards  control  measures,  it  is  pointed  out  that  the  long  period  during 
which  the  curculio  beetles  feed  freely  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  grape  leaves 
renders  them  peculiarly  susceptible  to  arsenical  sprays.  In  several  cases  prac- 
tically complete  freedom  from  attack  was  obtained  by  applying  two  sprays  of 
lead  arsenate,  8  lbs.  of  paste  to  50  gal.  of  water,  the  first  just  after  the  blos- 
soms had  dropped,  and  the  second  three  or  four  weeks  later.  Bagging  the 
clusters  of  fruit  affords  complete  protection.  Cultivation  of  the  soil  under 
infested  grapevines  destroys  the  curcullos  to  some  extent  by  breaking  up  the 
cocoons  and  exposing  the  pups,  or  by  burying  the  cocoons  deeply  in  the  soil. 

A  bibliography  of  84  titles  is  included. 

n.  Tfte  ffrape  root-borer,  F.  E.  Brooks  (pp.  21-28). —This  is. a  report  of 
studies  carried  on  at  French  Greek,  W.  Va.,  during  the  summers  of  1916  and 
1917. 

This  root-borer  is  frequently  a  source  of  serious  injury  to  the  grape  in  a  few 
flections  of  West  Virginia;  vines  of  the  fox  grape  (7.  labrusca)  growing  In  a 
vineyard  and  of  cultivated  varieties  suffer  about  equally. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  on  the  canes  or  leaves  of  grapevines  or,  more  fre- 
quently, on  grass,  weeds,  or  straws  under  or  near  the  vines,  sometimes  as 
many  as  4  or  5  eggs  being  placed  together.  A  single  female  has  been  recorded 
as  depositing  as  many  as  555  eggs.  Ovlposition  is  usually  completed  within 
a  period  of  one  week.  The  larve,  which  hatch  out  in  from  18  to  23  days,  at 
once  burrow  into  the  soil  and  attack  the  larger  grape  roots  wherever  found. 
A  period  of  nearly  two  years  is  passed  in  the  larval  stage  and  about  4  weeks 
are  passed  in  the  cocoon. 

No  parasites  of  this  species  have  been  discovered.  As  regards  control  it  is 
stated  that  this  species  does  not  lend  itself  readily  to  any  of  the  common 
insecticidal  methods  and  neither  is  the  worming  process  of  practical  applica- 
tion against  it    Thorough  cultivation  of  the  soil  around  the  vines  during  June 


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258  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  (Vol.40 

and  July  is  of  some  benefit  In  destroying  the  larv«  and  pups  in  tlie  cocoons. 
By  far  the  most  yaluable  practice,  however,  is  the  application  of  such  cultuial 
methods  as  will  induce  a  vigorous  and  rapid  growth  in  a  healthy  vine. 

A  list  of  8  references  to  the  literature  cited  is  appended. 

III.  Experiments  in  the  control  of  the  root  form  of  the  tooolly  apple  apMn, 
B.  R.  Leach  (pp.  29-40). — ^This  is  a  report  of  a  series  of  experiments  conducted 
in  Virginia  during  the  seasons  of  1914  and  1915,  the  work  being  baaed  upon 
results  obtained  by  French  investigators  in  the  employment  of  carbon  disulphld 
and  sodium  cyanid  in  solution  against  the  grape  phylloxera.  The  results  have 
been  summarized  by  the  author  as  follows: 

"  Carbon  disulphid,  in  solution  at  the  rate  of  0.5  oz.  to  4  gal.  of  water  and 
applied  at  the  rate  of  0.75  gal.  per  square  foot  of  soil,  will  control  the  root 
form  of  the  woolly  aphis  under  suitable  soil  conditions.  The  liquid  is  best 
applied  by  preparing  shallow  basins  about  the  tree  and  should  be  applied  only 
when  the  soil  is  in  a  moist  condition.  The  solution  is  best  prepared  by  pouring 
the  carbon  disulphid  into  the  water  and  agitating  vigorously.  The  carbon 
disulphid  thereby  breaks  up  into  small  globules,  some  going  into  solution  and 
the  remainder  forming  a  mechanical  mixture  with  the  solution.  The  gas  dif- 
fuses laterally  and  vertically  only  as  far  as  the  liquid  penetrates  and  therefore 
every  square  foot  of  infested  soil  must  be  subjected  to  the  action  of  the  solu- 
tion in  order  to  Insure  complete  control.  When  used  at  the  foregoing  rate 
the  carbon  disulphid  produced  no  injury  to  the  roots  of  apple.  The  treatment 
may  be  made  at  any  time  during  the  growing  season  except  during  the  period 
of  two  or  three  weeks  in  the  spring  when  the  trees  are  budding  out  In  ordiard 
practice  the  solution  is  best  applied  by  using  a  power  spraying  outfit  and 
two  auxiliary  tanks. 

'^The  advantages  of  this  method  are,  first,  the  even  diffusion  of  the  liquid 
and  complete  aphid  mortality  in  the  soil  area  treated  and,  second,  the  safety 
with  which  the  disulphid  can  be  used.  The  disadvantages  of  the  method  are; 
first,  the  huge  amounts  of  water  required,  with  consequent  high  cost  of  labor; 
second,  the  difficulty,  on  any  but  level  ground,  of  preparing  basins  with  levd 
floors,  thus  insuring  the  proper  distribution  of  the  liquid  over  the  area  to  be 
treated ;  and,  third,  the  wide  area  of  Infested  roots  on  older  trees,  every  .square 
foot  of  which  must  be  treated  with  the  liquid.  This  last  condition  precludes 
the  use  of  carbon  disulphid  except  on  small  trees  with  restricted  root  areas. 

"Sodium  cyanid  at  the  rate  of  0.5  oz.  to  4  gal.  of  water  did  not  kill  the 
woolly  aphis  in  the  lower  soil  depths  even  when  a  superabundance  of  solution 
per  square  foot  was  employed.  No  injury  to  apple  roots  resulted  when  the 
material  was  employed  at  this  strength.  The  only  advantage  this  material 
possesses,  as  compared  with  carbon  disulphid,  is  its  ready  solubility  in  water. 
On  the  other  hand,  its  uncertainty  in  producing  aphid  mortality  in  the  lower 
soil  levels,  together  with  the  extremely  poisonous  nature  of  the  material,  pre- 
cludes its  use  in  practice. 

"  When  kerosene  emulsion  is  applied  to  the  soil  it  disintegrates  into  its  com- 
ponent parts;  the  first  Inch  of  surface  soil  retains  the  soap  and  some  of  the 
kerosene  content ;  the  first  4  in.  of  the  soil  retain  almost  all  the  remainder  of 
the  kerosene.  Kerosene  emulsion,  therefore,  does  not  kill  the  aphlds  in  the 
lower  soil  levels  and  the  cost  of  preparing  the  quantity  necessary  for  soli  treat- 
ment renders  it  of  little  value.  The  application  of  this  material  to  apple  roots, 
in  the  author's  experience,  results  In  severe  injury  to  the  tree. 

"  Deep  planting  will  not  prevent  woolly  aphis  infestation  and  results  in  the 
death  of  many  trees  so  planted,  due  apparently  to  the  inability  of  the  root 
systems  to  function  properly  under  these  conditions.** 


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IMW  ECOKOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ^ENTOMOLOGY.  259 

Gombatiiig  insect  enemies  of  the  vine  by  cultural  methods,  J.  Gapus  {Rev. 
,  Ft*.,  iS  (1918),  Nos.  mi,  pp.  327-S29;  1U8,  pp.  Si^SU;  iW,  PP-  S51-S59; 
1250,  pp.  S74-ST8;  1251,  pp.  S90-^9S).—A  general  account  of  cultural  control 
measQies. 

Notes  on  insect  pests  of  green  manures  and  shade  trees,  E.  A.  Andbewb 
{Indian  Tea  Assoc.,  Sci.  Dept  Quart.  Jour.,  No.  2  {1918),  pp.  29S4). —This  Is 
a  continuation  of  the  paper  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  357). 

Some  insects  injuring  nut  trees,  W.  E.  Bbitton  {North.  Nut  Orotoers  Assoo^ 
Proc,  8  {1917),  pp.  75-81). — ^The  insect  pests  here  considered  include  the  wal- 
nut caterpillar  {Datana  integerrima) ,  fall  web- worm,  walnut  bud  moth 
{Acrobasis  caryw),  walnut  weevil  or  curcullo  {ConotracTielus  juglandis),  nut 
weevils  {Balaninus  spp.),  hickory  bark  beetle  or  bark  borer  {Scolytus  quadrispi- 
notus),  and  hickory  borer.- 

List  of  pecan  insects,  H.  A.  Gossabd  {Proc.  Nat.  Nut  Growers*  Assoc,  1917, 
pp.  12-1$). — ^A  list  of  48  species  with  references  to  the  literature  relating  to 
each 

[Insect  enemies  of  the  coconut  in  the  Philippines],  P.  J.  Wester  {Philip- 
pine  Agr.  Rev.  [English  Ed.],  11  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  47-57,  pis.  i,  figs.  «).— A  brief 
aommary  is  given  of  the  more  important  insects  attacking  the  coconut  and 
remedial  measures  therefor. 

Insect  pests  of  tea  in  Northeast  India  during  the  season  1916  {Indian  Tea 
Assoc,  Sci.  Dept.  Quart.  Jour.,  No.  S  {1917),  pp.  75-79).— The  more  important 
pests  of  tea  in  1916  are  noted. 

Forest  insect  conditions  in  India,  G.  F.  G.  Beesokt  {Agr.  Jour.  India,  Indian 
8cL  Cong.  No.,  1918,  pp.  114-124). —A  general  discussion. 

Insects  in  relation  to  problems  of  storage  of  food  in  Hawaii,  J.  G.  Bbidwell 
(Proc.  Hawaii.  Ent.  £foo.,  S  {1917),  No.  5,  pp.  506-509).— A  brief  discussion  of 
tiie  subject 

Insects  and  disease,  G.  E.  A.  Winslow  and  F.  E.  Lirrz  {Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.  Guide  Leaflet  48  {1918),  pp.  78,  pi.  1,  figs.  58).— A  popular  summary  of 
information. 

Tenth  ATiitw^i  report  of  the  Quebec  Society  for  the  Protection  of  Plants 
from  Insecto  and  Fungus  Diseases,  1917—18  {Ann.  Rpt.  Quebec  Soc.  Proteo. 
Plants  ietc'i,  10  {1917-18),  pp.  92,  pis.  2,  figs.  7). —This,  the  usual  annual  re- 
port (E.  S.  R^  38,  p.  459),  includes  the  following  papers  which  have  a  bearing 
(Ml  economic  entomology :  The  Protection  of  Plants,  W.  Lochhead  (pp.  14-18) ; 
A  Pew  Notes  on  the  Life  of  Abb6  Provancher,  by  V.  A.  Huard  (pp.  19-22) ; 
Notes  on  the  White-marked  Tussock  Moth,  by  J.  G.  Ghapais  (pp.  23,  24) ; 
Warbles  and  Bots,  by  A.  E.  Gameron  (pp.  31-^) ;  Some  Injurious  Insects  of 
Ste.  Anne  de  BeUevue,  1917,  by  P.  L  Bryce  (pp.  4^-48) ;  Ants  and  Aphlds,  by 
P.  Fontanel  (pp.  52-57) ;  The  Gontrol  of  the  White-marked  Tussock  Moth,  by 
J.  M.  Swaine  (pp.  58-69) ;  and  The  Most  Gommon  Plant  Lice  or  Aphlds,  by 
W.  Lochhead  (pp.  79-91). 

AnTi^it^i  report  of  the  entomologist,  A.  H.  RrrcHis  {Ann.  Rpt.  Dept.  Agr. 
Jamaioa,  1918,  pp.  S4-40)' — ^This  reports  upon  the  occurrence  of  and  work  with 
the  more  important  insects  of  the  year  in  Jamaica.  The  pests  particularly 
considered  include  the  sweet  potato  weevil  {Cylas  formicarius) ;  Euscepes  por- 
ceOiw,  previously  unrecorded  from  Jamaica ;  a  minute  scolytld  beetle,  the  larva 
and  adult  of  which  bore  into  sweet  potato  chips;  the  sweet  potato  leaf -folder 
{POocroois  tripunctata),  noted  by  Jones  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  465),  which  occasion- 
ally becomes  destructive  in  Jamaica ;  the  yam  scale  {Aspidiotus  Jiartii) ;  the 
pineapple  weevil  {Metamasius  ritchiei),  which  injured  a  large  percentage  of  the 
crop  In  Above  Rocks;  etc.  The  results  of  extensive  rearings  during  the  year 
indicate  that  the  Mediterranean  fruit  fly  does  not  at  present  exist  in  Jamaica. 


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260  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECOBD. 

[Beport  on  the  prevalence  of  insect  pests  in  the  West  Indies  ( 
1917],  J.  C.  HuTsoN  {West  Indian  Bui,  17  (1918),  No.  2,  pp.  S&-9e;  AgrA 
[Barbados],  11  {1918),  No.  48S,  pp.  578.  57P).--Thls  paper  deals  with  tbei 
under  the  headings  of  the  crops  affected. 

Injurious  insects  and  other  ^«<Tn^l»  observed  in  Ireland  during  d»  j 
1914  and  1915,  G.  H.  Gabpenteb  {Econ.  Proo.  Roy.  DubUn  Soc,  t  {191i 
12,  pp.  221-2S7,  pis.  4f  figs.  8). — ^Brief  accounts  are  given  of  the  < 
the  more  important  Insect  pests  of  these  years,  in  continuation  of  the  I 
previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  554). 

Economic  zoology  {Ann.  Rpt.  Bd.  Soi.  Adv.  India,  1916-17,  pp.  78-d8)/| 
occurrence  of  and  injury  caused  during  the  year  by  the  more  Important  1 
attacking  agricultural  crops  is  discussed  by  T.  B.  Fletcher,  imperial  | 
mologlst  (pp.  78-95),  and  of  those  attacking  forest  trees  by  C.  F.  C  i 
forest  zoologist  (pp.  96-d8). 

Notes  on  entomology  in  the  Federated  Malay  States  during  1917,1 
RiGHABos  {Agr.  Bui.  Fed.  Malay  States,  6  {1918),  No.  10,  pp.  m-i^O).] 
reports  upon  the  occurrence  of  and  work  with  economic  insects 
year,  dealing  particularly  with  the  insect  enemies  of  rubber  and  cocod 

[Economic  insects  in  the  Straits  Settlements!  {Garden^  BvL  8traiU\ 
ments,  2  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  1-6,  pi.  1,  fig.  1). — ^Brief  accounts  are  gltvol 
BurkiU   of  Catochrysops   pandava,  the  caterpillar  of  which  attadcB 
{Cycas  rumphii  and  C.  siamensis)  and  strips  them  of  leaves,  and  of  \ 
cotheca  cumingii,  an  account  of  which  in  the  Philippines  by  Jones  ] 
previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  80,  p.  56),  which  was  found  to  injure  serio 
conut  palms  in  Malacca.    Brief  reference  is  also  made  to  a  beetle  of  i 
Lema  or  Oriocera  which  attacks  yaftis  in  the  vicinity  of  Singapore.    In  1 
G.  F.  Baker  states  that  the  coconut  hispid  known  to  peninsular  enti 
as  Bronthispa  froggattU  has  been  determined  to  be  Plesispa  reichei. 

A  note  on  the  hibernation  of  Sinosternon  pennsylvanicom,  A.  W| 
and  F.  Harpee  {Copeia,  No.  iS  {1917),  pp.  56-59). 

Termite  injury  to  sweet  potatoes,  E.  W.  Beboeb  {Quart.  BuL  Plant  i 
2  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  190,  191,  fig.  1).— An  Illustrated  description  Is  given| 
injury  caused  by  termites  in  order  that  it  may  not  be  confused  with 
of  the  more  Important  sweet  potato  weevil  {Cylas  formicarius) . 

Zorotypus  hubbardi,  a  new  species  of  the  order  Zoraptera  from  the  1 
States,  A.  N.  Oaudell  {Canad.  Ent.,  50  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  875^81). 

Fauna  of  New  England. — ^XIV,  List  of  the  Hemiptera-Heteroptert,  | 
Pabshuct  {Oocas.  Papers  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  7  {1917),  pt.  H,  pp. 
1). — ^The  author  here  lists  419  species  representing  215  genera  of  82 
occurring  in  New  England,  and  records  the  occurrence  of  each  species  I 
and  collectors  for  each  State. 

The  rape  bug  (Meligethes  aeneus  [brassictt]),  N.  A.  EIemnsb  (Ce 
jSrdbruksforsok  Flygbl.  64  {1917),  pp.  4,  figs.  S;  K.  Landthr.  Akad.  Ha 
Tidskr.,  56  {1917),  No.  5,  pp.  454-457,  figs.  5).— A  brief  account  of  this  i 
means  for  its  control. 

The  meadow  plant  bug,  Miris  dolabratus,  H.  Osbobn  {Jour.  Agr. 
[17.  B.h  15  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  175-200,  pi.  1,  figs.  5).— -This  la  a  report  of  1 
gations  carried  on,  particularly  at  Orono,  Me.,  during  the  summer  of 
the  consulting  entomologist  of  the  Maine  Experiment  Station. 

"  M.  dolabratus  has  been  a  conspicuous  insect  in  timothy  meadows  in  ] 
of  the  eastern  Uniied  States  during  the  past  40  years  and  now  has  a  ( 
tion  as  far  west  as  Illinois  and  Minnesota  and  south  in  the  Mississippi 
into  Kentucky.    It  is  believed  to  be  an  Introduced  species,  coming  from  Enr 
with  timothy  hay  or  other  large-stemmed  grass  shipped  for  forage  or  pack 


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1M»1  ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.  261 

wofi  time  between  1800  and  1825.  It  feeds  upon  cultivated  grasses,  especially 
timothy,  orchard  grass,  and  meadow  fescue,  and  when  abundant  must  seriously 
affect  the  value  of  the  crop.  It  is  a  dimorphic  species,  there  being  two  forms 
of  females,  a  long-winged  and  short>winged  form,  the  latter  being  far  more 
plentiful,  about  90  per  cent 

*'The  species  hibernates  in  the  egg  form;  hatching  occurs  about  May  26  to 
June  10  in  Maine;  and  the  nymphs  pass  through  five  instars  of  about  six  or 
seven  days  each,  adults  occurring  from  early  July,  mating  and  laying  e^s  from 
July  10  to  August  1  for  the  short- winged  forms  necessarily  in  the  fields  where 
the  females  have  developed.  The  eggs  are  laid  in  stems  of  grass  or  clover  in 
fields  where  females  have  grown,  being  thrust  through  the  wall  of  the  stem  and 
held  by  an  expanded  cap  which  Is  firmly  held  by  the  walls  of  the  stem,  the  egg 
being  protected  in  the  hollow  of  the  stem,  and  in  this  position  remain  for  at 
least  eight  or  nine  months  before  hatching. 

''Measures  for  control  so  far  evident  and  based  on  habits  determined  will 
consist  eq[>ecially  of  rotation,  with  probably  some  advantage  from  burning, 
early  cutting,  pasturing  heavily  in  fall,  and  possibly  by  mechanical  devices  for 
capturing  the  nymphs  or  adults.  The  spread  of  the  insect  should  be  prevented 
by  care  in  the  disposition  of  timothy  hay  moved  f^  a  distance.  No  hay  from  an 
Infteted  district  should  be  allowed  to  be  scattered  in  or  near  meadows  in  locali- 
tlee  where  the  insect  is  not  already  present. 

"Natural  enemies  consist  so  far  as  at  present  known  of  spiders,  the  pre- 
dacious damsel  bug,  Reduviolus  ferus,  a  tachinld  fly,  Phorantha  oocidenti$,  and 
an  undetermined  q>ecies,  and  a  species  of  fungus,  Eniomophthora  sp.'* 

A  list  of  21  titles  to  the  literature  cited  is  appended. 

Cotton  stainer  control  in  St.  Vincent,  H.  A.  Baixou  (A^r.  News  IBarbadoal, 
n  (1918),  No.  426,  pp.  266,  267)  .--Control  work  with  the  cotton  stainer  is  said 
to  have  resulted  in  the  production  of  a  better  cotton  crop  in  1917  than  in  any 
recent  year. 

(Leptocorisa  Taricomis,  a  ooreid  injurious  to  rice  in  Assam],  J.  McSwinxt 
{Rpi.  Agr.  Dept.  ABsam,  1917,  p.  5;  abs.  in  Intemat.  Iiut.  Apr,  [Rwne^,  Intemai, 
Rev.  8cL  and  Pract.  Agr.,  9  (1918),  No,  5,  p.  6S9).'-Aa  determined  by  experi- 
amtal  harvestings,  injury  by  the  rice  bug  (L.  varicomis)  has  resulted  in  a  loss 
as  high  as  90  per  cent  of  the  normal  yield,  the  early  varieties  suffering  most 

The  apple  leaf  Jassid  (Empoasca  australis),  W.  W.  Fbogoatt  {Affr-  Oaz, 
N,  S.  WtOes,  29  (1918),  No.  8,  pp.  568-570,  figs.  6).—K  species,  which  has  been 
knoiwn  for  some  years  to  occur  in  the  apple  orchards  in  the  southern  districts 
about  Yass  and  Binalong  in  a  minor  degree,  but  which  during  the  past  year 
appeared  in  large  numbers  and  caused  severe  injury,  is  described  as  E.  wiutraUa 
B.  sp.    It  is  said  to  resemble  closely  the  apple  leaf -hopper. 

Hotea  on  Nora  Scotian  eupteryid  leaf  hoppers,  including  descriptions  of 
two  new  species,  W.  L.  McAteb  {Canad.  Ent,  50  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  960,  561).— 
Typhlooyba  oymba  and  Brythroneura  odor  are  described  as  new  to  science. 

A  note  on  the  recent  froghopper  outbreak,  G.  E.  Bodkin  {Jour.  Bd.  Agr. 
BrU.  Chiiama,  11  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  96,  97).— The  author  records  outbreaks  of  the 
Demerara  sugar-cane  froghopper  {Tomatpi*  fintvUatera)  in  three  widely-sepa- 
rated districts,  due  mainly  to  abnormal  climatic  conditions. 

Jfcftm  on  the  entomology  of  Hawaiian  Euphorbia  with  the  description  of 
a  ne-w  Bictyophorodelphax,  J.  G.  Bridwell  {Proc.  HawaU.  Ent.  8oo.,  S  {1917), 
No.  5,  pp.  885^87).— A  brief  account  with  a  description  of  JHctyophorodelphaa 
•toesseyi  n.  sp. 

The  pear  psylla,  W.  A  Ross  {Agr.  Oaz.  Canada,  5  {1918),  No.  12,  pp.  llSJh 
JJSe^  figs,  10). — ^A  brief  account  of  the  pear  psylla,  which  is  frequently  very 
destmctiTe  to  pear  orchards  in  Ontario,  notably  in  the  fruit-growing  sections 


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262  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [VoL40 

bordering  Lake  Ontario  from  Burlington  to  the  Niagara  River.  Many  pear 
growers  have  found  it  to  be  the  most  troublesome  insect  with  which  they  have 
to  contend. 

The  Jumping  plant  lice  (family  PsyllidaB)  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  D.  L. 
Qrawjobd  {Proo.  Hatoaii.  Ent.  Soc.,  S  {1911),  No,  5,  pp.  430-437,  /tgs.  2S), — 
The  author  describes  11  species  representing  5  genera  as  new  to  science  and 
gives  tables  for  their  separation.    The  genus  Gerotrioza  is  erected. 

The  California  species  of  mealy  bugs,  G.  F.  Febsis  {Leland  Stanford,  Jr^ 
Univ,  Pubs.,  Univ.  8er.,  1918,  pp.  78,  pis.  S,  figs.  16). — ^The  author  first  describes 
the  methods  of  study  and  the  tazonomic  value  of  morphological  charactos, 
secretions,  and  biology  of  California  species  of  mealy  bugs.  A  systematic  treat- 
ment is  then  presented,  including  a  synonymical  list  of  names  applied  to  Oali- 
fomia  species,  keys  to  the  nine  genera  represented  and  to  the  species,  and 
descriptions  of  the  genef^  and  spedea  Nine  species,  representing  the  genera 
Pseudococcus,  Phenacoccus,  Trionymus,  and  Heterococcus  n.  g.,  are  described 
as  new  to  science. 

Contributions  to  the  knowledge  of  the  family  ChermesidaB.— I,  The  biology 
of  the  Chermes  of  spruce  and  larch  and  their  relation  to  forestry,  H.  B£ 
Steven  (Proo.  Roy.  8oc.  Edinb.,  57  il91&-17),  No.  4,  pp.  S56-381,  figs.  6;  ahs.  im 
Rev.  Appl.  Ent.,  8er.  A,  €  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  15^158).— This  is  an  introductory 
report  of  studies  of  the  genus  Chermes  and  its  allies  in  Great  Britain. 

"The  nonmigrating  species  of  the  genera  Chermes  s.  str.  and  Cnaphalodes 
are  more  serious  enemies  to  e^ruce  than  are  the  migrating  spedea  The 
species  of  Chermesids,  however,  are  only  serious  enemies  of  spruce  when  allied 
with  unsuitable  soil  or  atmospheric  conditiona  The  collective  damage  to  larch 
by  the  colonic!  of  the  species  of  Chermes  s.  str.  and  Cnaphalodes  and  the 
progredientes  of  Cnaphalodes  is  serious  in  Britain. 

'*  The  fumigation  of  coniferous  nursery  stock  before  dispatch  to  the  planting 
area  has  proved  a  practical  method  of  limiting  the  further  distribution  of 
these  pests,  and  of  insuring  that  the  plants  get  a  reasonable  chance  of  estab- 
lishing themselves  in  their  new  environment" 

A  bibliography  of  51  titles  is  included. 

Phylloxera  {Dept.  Agr,,  Indus.,  et  Com.  [Vaud],  Rap.  8ta.  VU.  et  Sens. 
PhyUoxMque,  1915,  pp.  60;  1916,  pp.  (>2).— These  are  annual  reports  of  the 
Viticultural  Station  and  Phylloxera  Service  on  the  work  conducted  during  ldl5 
and  1916. 

Some  Japanese  Aphididas,  E.  O.  Essio  and  S.  I.  KtxwAiVA  {Proc.  CdL  Aomd. 
8ci.,  4'  ser.,  iZool.},  8  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  35-112,  figs.  40).— In  this  paper  the 
authors  report  upon  Japanese  Aphididae  collected  at  or  in  the  vicinity  of  Tokyo 
during  1913.  A  host  index  to  the  species  listed  is  first  presented,  followed 
by  notes  and  descriptions  of  the  species,  including  24  new  to  science.  Studies  of 
Japanese  Aphidids  by  Matsumura  have  been  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.;  40, 
p.  60). 

Our  birch  Symydobius  distinct  from  the  Boropean,  A.  C.  Bakkb  (CcimmL 
Ent.,  50  {1918),  No.  9,  pp.  318-320) .—Th^  author  finds  the  American  form  to  be 
distinct  from  Symydobius  ohlongus  of  Europe,  and  describes  it  as  representing 
a  new  species  under  the  name  £f.  amerioanus. 

On  the  transmission  of  the  subtertian  malaria  parasite  (Plasmodiwn  falci* 
pamm)  by  Egyptian  Anopheles,  P.  H.  Bahb  {Jour.  Roy.  Army  Med.  Corps,  30 
{1918),  No.  6,  pp.  606-608).— The  author  found  that  Anopheles  {Myzompia) 
turkhudi  Is  an  efficient  definitive  host  of  the  subtertian  malaria  parasite  in 
Egypt  "A.  {Cellia)  pharoensis  can  act  as  an  inefficient  and  occasional  definl- 
tive  host  for  the  subtertian  parasite.    This  fact  is  of  interest  in  view  of  the 


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1M91  ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.  268 

prevalence  of  Its  congener  A,  {Cellia)  pfiUchenima  in  Mesopotamia,  where  it  la 
xegarded  as  a  probable  carrier." 

A  peculiar  habit  of  a  horsefly  (Tabanus  amerieanos)  in  the  Florida  Ever- 
fflades,  T.  E.  Snydee  {Proo,  Ent.  8oc,  Wash,,  19  {1917),  No.  1-4,  pp.  Ul-HS, 
R«».  «). 

A  stndy  of  the  nuche,  E.  G.  CoBSia)iNK  {Rev.  Nac.  Affr.  [Bogota] ,  IS.  ter.,  12 
{1917),  No.  160,  pp.  1S4S-1S54,  figs.  7;  aht.  in  Jour.  Amer.  Vet.  Med,  Assoc.,  52 
{1918),  No.  4,  pp.  470,  471). — ^A  summary  of  information  on  Derma tobia. 

The  Australian  sheep  fly  in  Hawaii,  J.  F.  Iixinowobth  (Proc.  Hawaii.  Ent. 
Soc,  S  {1917),  No.  5,  p.  429). — ^The  author  records  the  occurrence  of  the  screw 
worm  fly  Chrysomyia  rufifaoies  in  Hawaii. 

Key  to  separate  Hawaiian  Sarcophaga,  P.  H.  TimbebijlKS  {Proo.  HatoaU, 
But.  8oc.,  3  {1917),  No.  5,  pp.  S71,  57£).— A  table  is  given  for  the  separation  of 
males  and  females  of  six  species. 

Two  new  HydrotsBas,  J.  M.  Aldkich  {Canad.  Ent.,  50  {1918),  No.  9,  pp.  511'- 
514). 

The  kelp  flies  of  North  America  (genus  Fucellla,  family  Anthomyidas), 
J.  M.  Aldbich  {Proc.  Cat.  Acad.  8ci.,  4.  ser.,  [Zool.],  8  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  157- 
'  ^nr9,  figa.  10). — ^Thirteen  species  are  recognized,  of  which  4  are  described  as  new 
!     to  science. 

Hew  and  little-known  Canadian  Oscinida,  J.  M.  Aldkich  {Canad.  Ent.,  50 
{1918),  No.  10,  pp.  SS6--54S,  ftgs.  5). — Four  species  representing  the  genera 
Laaloslna,  Dicrseus,  and  Osdnis  are  described  as  new. 

Key  to  the  North  American  species  of  A^omyza  related  to  Simplex,  X  R. 
Maixx>ch  {Gonad.  Ent.,  50  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  178,  179).— In  this  t&ird  paper 
(B.  8.  R.,  89«  p.  061)  a  key  is  presented  for  the  separation  of  five  species  which 
sre  recognized  by  the  author,  one  of  which  is  described  as  new  to  science. 

Partial  key  to  the  irenua  Agromyza,  IV,  J.  R.  Maixoch  {Canad.  Ent.,  50 
{1918),  No.  9,  pp.  515-318).— Ttda  is  the  fourth  part  of  the  paper  noted  above. 

Golor  variation  in  pupas  of  Terlas  nldppe,  G.  G.  Ainslde  {Proc.  Ent.  800, 
Wash.,  19  {1917),  No.  1-4,  P-  78). 

The  fall  army  worm,  F.  Shkbman  and  R.  W.  Leibt  {N.  C.  Agr.  Ext.  8erv. 
CHrc.  79  {1918),  pp.  7,  fig.  1). — ^A  popular  summary  of  information. 

The  pink  bollworm,  Fectinophora  (Gelechia)  jgossypiella,  at  Tokar,  Anglo- 
Si^yptlan  Sudan,  during  the  season  of  1017-18,  H.  H.  Kino  {{Wellcome  Trop. 
Research  Lab.l  Ent.  Bui.  10  {1918),  pp.  3). — ^A  brief  account  of  the  occurrence 
and  work  with  the  pink  bollworm  during  the  year. 

Physiological  and  parasltological  studies  of  economic  Lepidoptera,  0. 
Gatttikb  {Ccmpt.  Rend,  80c.  Biol.  IPaHs^,  81  {1918),  Nos.  4,  PP-  196-199;  15, 
pp.  8O1S03).— Three  papers  are  presented,  the  first  (pp.  196,  197)  dealing  with 
obeervatl(»is  of  the  larvs  of  Pieris  Itrassicts  and  P.  rapm;  the  second  (pp.  197- 
199)  with  the  parasltiBm  of  P.  hrassicw  by  Apanteles  gUnneratus,  etc. ;  and  the 
third  (pp.  801--808)  with  the  ovlposition  of  this  Apanteles  parasite  of  P. 
hrasHess. 

The  fmlt-tree  leaf  roller  (Tortiix  argyrospila),  L.  Oaxsab  {Canad.  Ent., 
50  {1918),  No.  10,  pp.  321-323). —A  brief  account  of  this  insect,  which  has  be- 
come a  dangerous  pest  of  apple,  pear,  and  plum  orchards  in  Ontario  during  the 
last  five  or  six  years. 

Beological  notes  on  the  spring  cankerworm  (Paleacrita  vemata),  B.  P. 
YouHO  {Canad.  Ent.,  50  {1918),  No.  8,  pp.  267-277,  figs.  «).— This  Is  a  report  of 
studies  made  at  Lawrence,  Bjins.,  in  the  eastern  part  of  which  State  this  pest 
has  been  a  source  of  considerable  injury  to  ehn,  as  previously  noted  by  Hunter 
(E.  S.  R.,  80,  p.  258). 


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264  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [TA 


Ovi position  began  during  the  second  night  after  emergence  from  the 
The  average  number  of  eggs  deposited  by  2,500  females  was  82.7.  It  was  ft 
that  there  were  11.7  eggs  per  milligram ;  dissections  showed  the  preseooe  €( 
many  as  400  eggs.  The  percentage  of  sterility  of  eggs  varied  from  10.8  pert 
for  those  deposited  the  first  night  in  captivity  up  to  46.7  per  cent  fmr  ti 
deposited  on  the  fourth  night,  and  thereafter  82.8  per  cent,  with  a  gen 
average  of  19.15  per  cent  sterility.  The  incubation  period  of  the  egg  i 
varied  from  28  to  32,  with  an  average  of  26  days. 

The  average  longevity  of  females  after  capture  was  about  9  days.  It  \ 
found  that  in  case  a  moth  is  able  to  drag  herself  through  the  sticky  band 
go  on  up  the  tree  she  is  not  likely  to  deposit  more  than  16  per  cent  as  n 
eggs  as  she  would  otherwise  have  done  under  normal  conditions.  It  was  i 
found  by  isolating  individuals  that  eggs  are  not  all  deposited  at  one  tliae, 
may  be  laid  in  at  least  four  different  masses.  The  details  are  given  in 
form. 

A  note  on  the  tortrlcid  genitalia,  O.  HEunticH  {Proc  Ent.  Soa,  Wuah^ 
il917),  No,  i-^.  pp.  1S7,  198). 

Bee  culture  in  Maine,  O.  B.  Gbiffin  {BuL  IMaine}  Dept.  Affr^  11  I 
No.  4,  pp.  58,  figs.  £8).— This  guide  to  beekeeping  treats  of  the  subject 
standpoint  of  Maine  conditions.    It  is  based  upon  the  author's  personal 
ence  during  a  period  of  25  years,  during  which  time  he  handled  as 
150  colonies  per  season.    A  paper  on  The  Honey  Flora  of  Maine,  by  J.  H. 
(pp.  54-58),  is  included. 

Thirty-eighth  annual  report  of  the  Bee-Keepers'  Association  of  the  Frovli 
of  Ontarft),  1917  {Ann.  Rpt.  Bee-Keepers*  Assoc.  Ontario,  1917,  pp.  56) 
port  of  the  proceedings  of  the  annual  meeting  of  this  association  held  at 
December  11-18,  1917. 

The  Nicolson  observatory  beehive  and  how  to  use  it,  J.  Anderson  {[B 
burghl:  No.  8coi.  Col.  Agr.,  1916,  pp.  IS,  pis.  4,  fig.  i).— A  descriptSoQ  of 
Nicolson  observatory  beehive,  designed  in  Scotland  in  1910,  and  the  manner 
which  it  is  used. 

Selection  and  management  of  hives,  P.  Lbmaibe  {Les  Ruches:  CM9 
Am^nagement.  Paris:  J.  B.  BaiUi^e  d  Sons,  1918,  pp.  84,  figs.  5«).— This! 
small  guide  to  beekeeping.  J 

The  management  of  the  apiary,   P.   Lbmaibe   (La  Conduite   du 
Paris:  J.  B.  BaUU^e  d  Sons,  1918,  pp.  1S2,  figs.  76).— A  small  handbook. 

Practical  queen  rearinfir,  F.  O.  PsLunr  {HamUUm,  lU.:  Amer.  Bee  J< 
1918,  pp.  103,  figs.  41). — ^A  practical  work  dealing  particularly  with  methods 

Pollination  of  alfalfa  by  bees  of  the  genus  Megachlle.— Table  of 
species  of  the  Latimanus  group,  F.  W.  L.  Sijiden  (Canad.  Ent.,  SO  {1918), 
9,  pp.  301-^04). — ^This  is  a  report  of  studies  of  the  bees  that  trip,  and  i 
presumably  pollinate,  flowers  of  alfalfa  in  parts  of  Canada  where  it  cu 
grown  for  seed.    See  also  a  previous  note  (B.  S.  B,.,  39,  p.  661). 

A  revision  of  the  bembidne  wasps  of  America,  north  of  "Wefrico,  1.-' 
Pabkeb  {Proc  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  52  {1917),  pp.  1-155,  figs.  231). —In  this 
of  the  tribe  Bembicini,  which  includes  species  of  economic  importance, 
author  deals  with  six  genera.  One  of  these  (Stictlella)  and  21  qpedet  I 
described  as  new.  i 

Early  establishment  of  Blastopha^a  in  California,  G.  P.  RixixnD  {CaL  Om^ 
51  {1918),  No.  7,  p.  147). —A  discussion  of  the  history  of  the  establiahment d 
the  fig  Blastophaga  in  California.  j 

Perezia  legeri  n.  sp.,  a  new  microsporidian  parasite  of  the  larv»  of  PM 
brassicflB,  A.  Paillot  {Compt.  Rend.  Sac.  Biol.  {Paris],  81  {1918),  No.  4*  tl 
187-189,  figs.  26),— The  organism  here  described  as  new  is  found  particoUul 


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.P-OU^tO]  BCONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ^ENTOMOLOGY.  265 

In  the  adipose  tissue  and  In  certain  giant  cells  of  the  blood  of  caterpillars.  The 
KMEogone  stages  of  P.  legeri  are  said  to  differ  but  little  from  those  of  P. 
metniU  (B.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  65). 

The  parasites  of  leaf -hoppers,  with  special  reference  to  Anteoninn,  H,  HI, 
F.  A.  Fknton  (Ohio  Jour.  BoL,  18  (1918),  No8.  7,  pp.  24S-S78,  figs,  11;  8y  pp. 
f8S-296,  fiffs.  15). -^'art  II  of  this  series  (E.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  870)  deals  first 
with  the  phylogeny,  taxonomy,  and  life  histories  of  QonatopuM  eryihrodeSf  G. 
eontorivlUM,  Haplogonatopus  americaruM,  Chalogymts  oshomi  n.  sp.,  P?iorbai 
mirobUU,  and  Aphelofnu  dikraneuri  n.  sp.  This  is  followed  by  a  systematic 
account  (pp.  258-278)  which  includes  descriptions  of  six  new  species. 

Part  ni  deals  with  the  effect  of  parasitism  on  the  host.  A  bibliography  of 
28  titles  is  included. 

Notes  on  some  of  the  immigrant  parasitic  Hymenoptera  of  the  Hawaiian 
Tslands,  P.  H.  Timberlakb  (Proc.  HaioaU.  Ent.  Sac,  S  {1917),  No.  5,  pp.  899- 
404). — A  brief  discussion  of  introduced  parasites. 

A  new  genus  of  pteroptridne  AphelininaB,  D.  T.  Pullawat  {Proo.  Hawaii. 
BnL  Soc^  S  {1917)f  No.  5,  pp.  48S,  464)*—'Pseudopteroptriw  imUairio,  reared 
trook  Howardia  Iticlavis  and  the  greedy  scale,  is  here  described  as  representing 
a  new  genus  and  species 

Idiosastra,  a  new  suborder  of  Stymenoptera  with  notes  on  the  immature 
stages  of  Oryssus,  S.  A.  Rohwsb  and  R.  A.  Gushman  {Proc  Bnt.  Soc  Wash., 
19  ilBTT),  No.  1-4,  PP'  89^8,  figs.  11). 

Weeding  habits  of  the  parasites  of  hardback  grubs,  H.  A.  Baixou  {Agr. 
New9  {Barbados},  17  (1918),  No.  425,  pp.  250,  251). —In  discussing  the  intro- 
duction into  Mauritius  of  TipTUa  parallela,  a  scoliid  wasp  parasitic  on  Phytdlus 
wmithi^  it  is  pointed  out  that  success  in  establishing  this  parasite  depends  en- 
tirely on  the  ability  of  the  adult  to  find  suitable  food  during  the  period  of 
mating  and  egg  laying.  This  food  appears  to  consist  in  large  part  of  the 
honeydew  from  plant  lice.  In  Mauritius,  where  plant  lice  appear  only  at  a 
certain  time  of  the  year  and  are  then  rapidly  destroyed  by  their  natural  ene- 
mies, this  parasite  has  recourse  to  the  sweetish  content  of  the  vesicular  hairs 
of  Cardia  intorrupta,  a  plant  native  to  British  Guiana,  which  was  introduced 
some  15  years  ago  and  is  now  a  regular  pest  infesting  all  uncultivated  fields. 

The  segregation  of  the  germ  cells  in  Trlchogrramma  evanescens,  J.  B. 
OAiKZfBT  {Quart.  Jour.  Micros.  SoL  {London},  n.  ser.,  €8  {1918),  No.  250,  pp. 
161-I74r  pL  1,  fig.  1). — ^A  report  of  embryological  studies  carried  on  in  con- 
tfnnation  of  the  work  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  856). 

Polyembryony  in  parasitic  Hymenoptera. — ^A  review,  J.  B.  Gatenbt  {Quart, 
Jimr.  Micros.  SoL  {London},  n.  ser.,  68  {1918),  No.  250,  pp.  175-196,  pis.  £).— 
A  review  of  the  subject  in  connection  with  a  bibliography  of  18  titles. 

The  raspberry  and  loganberry  beetle  (Byturus  tomentosus),  A.  H.  Less 
{UsUv.  Bristol,  Ann.  Rpt.  Agr.  and  Hort.  Research  8ta.,  1917,  pp.  85,  86;  Jour. 
BatM  and  West  and  South.  Counties  Soo.,  5.  ser.,  12  {1917-18),  pp.  186,  181).— 
This  beetle  is  said  to  have  a  wide  distribution  in  Bngland  and  fruit  is  said  to  be 
quite  commonly  infested  by  it  The  market  value  of  infested  fruit  is  greatly 
reduced,  and  such  fruit  can  not  be  used  for  canning.  In  experiments  in  1917 
witb  a  paraffln  emulsion  containing  nicotin,  the  infestation  was  100  per  cent 
OD  oontrol  rows  and  only  88  per  cent  on  sprayed  rows. 

The  New  Zealand  flax  grub. — ^Progress  of  the  investigation,  D.  Milleb 
{Jaw.  Agr.  {New  Zeal.},  17  {1918)  No.  4,  pp.  209-^15,  fig.  i).—- This  is  a  report 
of  studies  of  the  biology  of  Xanth4)rhoe  prwfectata  and  of  control  measures. 

Two  new  hydrophilid  beetles,  E.  A  Scrwakz  and  H.  S.  Babbeb  {Proc.  Bnt. 
Boe.  Waeh.,  19  {1917),  No.  1-4.  PP-  129-185,  figs.  2). 


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266  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  9-:r^ 

A  review  of  the  crenus  Buprestis  in  North  America,  A.  S.  Nicoult  aai  .  •  • 
Weiss  {Jour.  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  26  (1918),  No.  2,  pp,  75-109,  pis.  t.  fig.  ^ -^  ^ 
authors  recognize  25  forms  of  this  genus  occurring  in  North  America,  m  7^. 
one  species  and  one  variety  are  described  as  new.    A  blbliograi>hy  of  9  f^ 
is  included.  k  -^^ 

The  leather  beetle  (Dermestes  vulpinus),  a  troublesome  pest  ot  ^     '   ' 
in  Hawaii,  J.  F.  Ilunowobth  {Proc.  Hawaii,  EnU  Soc,  S  {1917) ^  mi  ^ 
S7&^78). — In  Honolulu  bales  of  dried  cod  found  in  the  fish  markeCi  "   ' 
badly  infested  by  D.  vulpinu8  that  the  whole  consignment  had  to  be  41 
Under  tropical  conditions  50  days  were  required  for  completion  of  I  "^^ 
larval  instars  and  64  days  for  the  life  cycle  from  egg  to  adult     An  i'  ^  ' 
list  of  six  references  to  the  literature  is  included.  r 

Notes  on  the  BruchidsB  and  their  parasites  in  the  Hawaiian  IsUr  ' 
Bbidwexl  {Proc.  HawaH.  Ent.  Soc,  S  {1917),  No.  5,  pp.  465-^05;  a9 
Appl.  Ent,  8er.  A,  6  {1918),  No.  8,  pp.  852-^56).— It  is  stated  thal*<^^ 
bruchid  is  ^idernic  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands  various  species  have  bee  .     ^ 
lished  there.    A  key  is  given  for  the  separation  of  the  Hawaiian  qoeC    . 
ing  the  bean  weevil,  cowpea  weevil,  the  four-spotted  bean  weevU  , 
quadrimaculatus) f  the  mesquite  or  algaroba  weevil   {B.  prosopU)^ 
rind  weevil   {Paohymems  iCaryoborus]  gonagra),  B.  pruininus^  i    ^ 
mined  ^)ecies  closely  related  to  B.  omatus  referred  to  as  the  TMHf 
and  a  small  species  perhaps  identical  with  Spermophagus  {Zabrote9 
In  addition  the  pea  weevil  and  B.  ruflmanus  occur  frequently  in  ios^ 
{PiHim  sativum)  and  broad  or  horse  beans  {Vioia  faba). 

In  a  detailed  discussion  of  parasites  of  bruchids  in  Hawaii,  th 
Charltopodinus  is  erected  and  Scleroderma  immigrant  described    ^    • 
account  of  the  habits  of  the  Bruchid£B  follows. 

The  distribution  of  Xyleborus  f omicatus  (shot-hole  borer  o 
SnETEB  {Dept.  Agr.  Ceylon  Bui.  S9  {1918),  pp.  54).— This  discuaaf 
list  of  the  estates  infested  up  to  June  7,  1918. 

The  banana  borer  {Ann.  Rpt.  Dept.  Agr.  Jamaica,  1918,  pp. 
is  a  summary  of  worli:  with  Co8m4}polites  aordida  in  Jamaica  exf 
period  of  two  years,  a  preliminary  account  of  which  has  been  pr 
(E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  IM).  It  has  been  found  in  the  Above  Rocks 
Catherine,  and  to  be  generally  distributed  in  the  parish  of  St.  Ai 
out  all  the  patches  of  bananas  growing  in  the  lowlands  and  foot 
the  hills  above  an  elevation  of  3,000  ft  It  is  thought  to  have  I 
from  Martinique  about  70  years  ago. 

Notes  on  insects  of  the  order  Strepsiptera,  with  descriptiona 
W.  D.  PnacB  {Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mua.,  40  {1911),  pp.  487^11).- 
ment  to  the  author's  monographic  revision  of  the  Strepsiptera 
465),  which  includes  descriptions  of  8  genera  and  26  species  ni 

The  comparatiTe  morphology  of  the  order  Strepsiptera, 
records  and  descriptions  of  insects,  W.  D.  Piebcb  {Proc.  U, 
{1918),  pp.  891-501,  pl8.  16,  figs.  5).— A  second  supplement 
monographic  revision  of  the  Strepsiptera,  the  first  of  which  is 
the  first  part  on  biology  the  author  discusses  the  relations 
morphology,  and  anatomy.    Their  dasslflcation  is  then  taker 
tions  given,  including  1  new  family,  9  new  genera,  2  subgener 
A  table  which  shows  the  distribution  of  the  described  spedi 
according  to  the  geographical  regions  of  Wallace,  a  host  list  i 
the  previous  list,  and  a  5-page  bibliography  are  given. 

Further  experiments  on  big  bud  mite,  A.  H.  Lees  {Univ, 
Agr.  and  Hort.  Research  8ta.,  1917,  pp.  37,  S8;  Jour,  Bath  an 


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Wl»l  F00D6 — HUMAN  FUTEITION.  267 

CovntieB  800.,  5.  «er.,  12  (i9i7-i8),  pp.  157-1^).— Prom  .experiments  conducted 
during  the  winter  of  1916-17  in  continuation  of  those  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R., 
38,  p.  468),  It  appears  that  an  early  application  of  the  mixture  of  soap  (10  per 
cent)  and  crude  carhoUc  acid  (5  per  cent)  is  important  when  a  double  spraying 
is  done,  and  that  three  sprayings  wlU  give  better  results  than  two. 

The  ehicken  tick,  H.  F.  Reels  (Fla.  Grower,  18  (1918),  No.  IS,  p.  5,  fig.  i).— 
The  occurrence  of  Argas  miniatus  at  Tampa  and  Lutz,  Fla.,  where  it  was  caus- 
ing considerable  loss,  is  reported. 

Horth  American  earthworms  of  the  family  LumbricidaB  in  the  ooUectiona 
of  the  United  States  National  Museum,  F.  Smith  {Proo.  U.  8.  Nat,  Mw.,  52 
{1917),  pp.  157-182). — In  this  paper  the  author  recognizes  29  species,  represent- 
ing 3  genera  occurring  in  North  America,  of  which  one  (Helodrilua  welchi)  is 
described  as  new.    A  bibliography  of  85  titles  is  included. 

Observations  on  reproduction  in  certain  parthenogenetic  and  bisexual 
nematodes  reared  in  artificial  media,  P.  S.  Welch  and  L.  P.  Wehble  (Trans. 
Amer.  Micros.  Soc,  57  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  Hl-176),—The  authors  liave  found 
that  some  of  the  free-living  and  semlparasitic  nematodes  can  be  reared  genera- 
tion after  generation  in  artificial  media  and  their  study  thus  facilitated. 
Studies  made  of  Cephalobus  duhius  and  Diplogaster  aerivora,  which  were  cul- 
tured continuously  for  over  three  years,  are  reported  upon. 

FOODS— HUMAN  NVTSITION. 

Disrsstlon  of  the  aleurone  cells  incorporated  in  bread,  L.  Laficqtte  and  A. 
liiACBE  {Compi.  Rend.  80c.  Biol.  [Paris'],  81  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  217-220). ^A 
microscopic  examination  of  bread  and  of  feces  recovered  after  the  ingestion  of 
bread  by  the  mouse,  dog,  and  man  would  seem  to  show  that  the  cell  walls  of  the 
aleurone  granules  are  broken  in  the  bread,  and  that  the  contents  undergo  diges- 
tion in  the  alimentary  tract.  The  explanation  advanced  is  that  the  tension 
exerted  on  the  dough  during  kneading  and  fermentation  causes  the  breaking 
open  of  the  aleurone  cell  wall  at  points  weakened  by  the  milling  process.  The 
contents  of  the  cell  are  thus  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  digestive  Juicea  These 
aleurone  cells  consist  of  about  one-third  of  the  material  hitherto  considered 
nondigestible. 

Improvement  of  war  bread  by  neutralization  of  the  ferments  of  bran, 
Lapicqite  and  Legenube  {Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  8ci.  [Paris'],  165  {1917),  No.  9,  pp. 
S16S19). — ^The  authors  suggest  the  use  of  limewater  in  making  bread  from 
flour  containing  bran  in  order  to  prevent  the  add  fermentation  caused  by  the 
soluble  ferments  in  the  aleurone  cells. 

How  to  make  sweet  potato  flour,  starch,  sugar,  bread,  and  mock  coco- 
nut, G.  W.  CARVER  {Alabama  Tuskegee  8ta.  Bui.  57  {1918),  pp.  6). — ^Directions 
are  given  for  making  sweet  potato  flour  from  the  raw  potatoes,  from  the  cooked 
potatoes,  and  from  the  potatoes  after  the  starch  has  been  removed,  as  well  as 
for  sweet  potato  starch  and  sugar.  The  uses  of  these  various  products  are  men- 
tioned, and  recipes  are  given  for  sweet  potato  bread  and  biscuits. 

deeding  experiments  with  raw  and  boiled  carrots,  Minna  O.  Denton  and 
BiofA  KoHMAif  {Jour.  Biol.  Chem.,  S6  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  249-26S,  figs.  2;  abs,  in 
Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  72  {4919),  No.  1,  p.  70). — ^Feeding  experiments  with 
albino  rats  are  reported  which  show  that  the  ordinary  methods  of  cooking  do 
not  perceptibly  injure  the  nutritive  value  of  carrots,  although  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  caloric  value  is  lost  when  the  water  used  in  cooking  is  rejected. 
Normal  growth  and  reproduction  took  place  on  a  diet  of  carrots  properly  supple- 
mented with  starch,  purified  commercial  casein,  butter  or  lard,  and  salts  to 


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268  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  CT«L4« 

sQclL  an  extent  that  50  per  cent  of  the  caloric  value  of  the  diet  was  derlTed 
from  the  carrots.  When  used  as  an  exclusive  diet,  and  supplemented  by  oalr 
cium,  phosphorus,  sodium,  and  chlorln,  carrots  were  able  to  support  animals 
in  apparent  good  health  for  as  long  as  16  weeks,  although  no  growth  tooic 
place.  On  reduction  of  the  proportion  of  nitrogen  by  the  addition  of  some 
nonnitrogenous  foodstuff,  such  as  fat  or  starch,  dropsy  occurred  among  many  of 
the  rats.  The  growth  curves  Indicated  the  presence  in  carrots  of  a  considerable 
amount  of  both  water-soluble  and  fat-soluble  vitamins. 

Experimental  researches  on  the  food  value  of  raw,  sterillEed,  and  decorti- 
cated com,  E.  Weill  and  G.  Moitbiquaetd  (Compt.  Rend.  Soc  BioL  {Parig}^  80 
{1911),  No,  8,  pp.  57£-575). — Feeding  experiments  with  pigeons  are  reported 
which  show  the  high  food  value  of  raw  whole  corn,  the  destructive  action  pro- 
duced by  sterilization  and  decortication  of  the  com,  and  the  dystrophic  action 
in  certain  cases  of  decorticated  com  on  cutaneous  nutrition.  These  results  are 
in  agreement  with  those  previously  obtained  with  other  grains  (K  S.  R^  35, 

p.  sei). 

Beport  upon  the  food  value  of  the  groundnut,  R.  L.  M.  Waixis  {Indian 
Jour.  Med.  Research,  6  {1918) ,  No.  i,  pp.  ^6-^55).— This  article  discusses  the 
manufacture  and  composition  of  a  preparation,  "nutramine,"  obtained  from 
the  groundnut  or  peanut,  the  utilization  of  the  substance  in  the  preparation  of 
food  products,  and  economic  considerations  in  regard  to  the  peanut  industry. 
Nutramine  is  the  flour  prepared  by  warming  the  press  cake  bbtained  after  the 
Usual  extraction  of  arachis  oil  from  the  peanut  and  subjecting  it  to  another  ex- 
traction in  the  hydraulic  press.  By  this  means  only  about  5  per  cent  of  the  oil 
remains  in  the  press  cake,  and  the  resulting  flour  is  said  to  have  lost  the 
peculiar  peanut  taste.  It  is  of  high  protein  content,  the  protein  being  rich  in 
lysin  but  deficient  in  tryptophan.  This  deficiency  may  be  made  up  by  mixing 
the  flour  with  casein  or  dried  milk. 

Relative  digestibility  of  maize  oil  (com  oil),  cottonseed  oil,  and  lard,  B.  W. 
RocKwooD  and  P.  B.  Sivickes  {Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.,  71  {1918),  No.  BO,  pp. 
1649, 1650). — ^As  a  result  of  metabolism  experiments  on  three  dogs  the  following 
percentages  of  fats  metabolized  were  obtained.  Com  oil  d8.9,  cottonseed  oil 
98.8,  and  lard  97.8. 

The  authors  state  that  other  experiments  show  that  com  oil  can  be  well  sub- 
stituted for  other  animal  and  vegetable  oils  in  salads  and  for  "  shortening  '*  In 
cooking  wheat  foods. 

Utilization  of  blackberries,  A.  Tbtjellk  {Vie  Agr.  et  Rurale,  8  {1918),  JVe. 
39,  pp.  222^224). — ^The  chemical  composition,  food  value,  and  use  of  blackberries 
are  discussed,  and  methods  are  described  for  the  preparation  of  blackberry 
conserves,  sirups,  jellies,  and  marmalade. 

Some  preparations  of  coffee  proposed  for  the  Army,  Balland  {Compt.  Rend, 
Acad.  Sci.  IParU],  167  {1918),  No.  12,  pp.  42S-425;  abs.  in  Chem.  Abs.,  IS 
{1918),  No.  23,  p.  2633). — Descriptions  and  analyses  are  reported  of  certain 
coffee  preparations  proposed  for  army  use,  including  coffee  extracts,  tablets, 
and  the  silver  skin  obtained  in  roasting  the  coffee. 

Investigations  in  regard  to  the  reaction  of  human  milk,  A.  Sznj  {Biochem^ 
Ztschr.,  84  {1917),  No.  3-4,  pp.  194-200;  abs.  in  Chem.  Abs.,  12  {1918),  No.  iwj, 
p.  1482). — ^Tables  are  given  of  the  hydrogen-ion  concentration  of  various 
samples  of  human  milk  and  of  the  acidity  as  determined  by  neutralizatioQ 
with  0.50  N  sodium  hydroxid,  using  phenolphthaleln  as  an  Indicator. 

The  hydrogen-ion  concentration  was  found  to  be  almost  exactly  that  of  water, 
and  did  not  change  appreciably  during  the  course  of  lactation.  The  milk  in  the 
latter  stages  of  lactation  required  somewhat  less  alkali  than  in  the  earlier 
stages  for  neutralization  to  phenolphthaleln. 


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in»]  POODS — HUMAN   KUTRITIOK.  269 

Xh«  atilizatioiK  of  horse  Borom  in  homan  nutrition,  L.  LnvDKT  {CompU 
Rend.  Aead,  Agr.  France,  4  {1918),  No.  29,  pp.  807-810)  .-—The  use  of  serum 
albumin  of  the  horse  as  an  inexpensive  and  satisfactory  substitute  for  the  white 
of  eggs  in  cooldng  is  suggested. 

*.  The  energy  content  of  extra  foods,  Cornexia  Q.  and  F.  G.  Bknedict  (Boiion 
Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  179  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  15S-162;  abs.  in  CJiem.  Ahs.,  It 
{1918),  No.  tt,  p.  2S87). — ^The  energy  values  of  several  extra  foods  which  may 
be  taken  at  other  times  Uian  at  the  three  regular  meals  are  reported.  These 
include  well-known  brands  of  plain,  milk,  and  nut  chocolate,  crackers  and 
wafers,  plain  and  ice  cream  sodas,  sundfts,  ice  cream  cones,  and  temperance 
or  soft  drinks. 

The  data  show  that  the  caloric  content  of  an  ordinary  serving  or  portion  of 
these  so-called  extra  foods  and  beverages  is  of  real  significance,  and  should  be 
taken  into  account  in  considering  the  total  energy  intake  in  the  course  of  the 
day.  It  is  stated  that  these  extra  foods  may  in  many  cases  form  at  least  10 
per  cent  of  the  total  daily  intake. 

Oeneral  index  numbers  of  food  prices  on  a  nutritive  value  base,  R.  Peasl 
{WashinffUm:  U.  S.  Food  AdnUn.,  1918,  pp.  IS,  fig.  i).— Two  general  price  in- 
dexes have  been  devised,  one  indicating  the  trend  of  prices  received  by  the 
producer  of  the  basic  food  staples  for  his  products  and  the  other  indicating  the 
trend  of  wholesale  prices.  The  general  plan  followed  in  calculating  these 
Indexes  is  to  weight  the  quoted  prices  of  each  commodity  by  a  factor  propor- 
tional to  the  nutritive  value  of  the  normal  production  or  crop  of  that  com- 
modity, the. total  Clergy  content  in  calories  being  taken  as  the  measure  of 
nutritive  value.  Detailed  data  are  given  as  to  the  number  of  commodities,  com- 
putation of  prices,  and  weighting  factors. 

Commercial  stocks  of  grain,  flour,  and  miscellaneous  food  products  in  the 
United  States  on  November  1,  1918  {U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Food  Surveys,  2  {1918), 
No.  H,  pp.  8). — ^Data  as  to  stocks  on  this  date  are  reported. 

Fhysioloerical  effects  of  a  prolonged  reduction  in  diet  on  25  men,  F.  G. 
BsinmcT  (Proc  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  57  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  479-490;  abs.  in  Chem. 
Ab9.,  12  {1918),  No.  is,  pp.  2600,  2601).— The  essential  points  of  this  investiga- 
tion have  been  previously  noted  (E.  S.  H.,  39,  p.  «567). 

Some  aspects  of  infant  feeding,  J.  C.  Dsuhmond  {Lanoei  {London},  1918. 
il.  No.  15,  pp.  4^2-484)^ — ^This  is  a  discussion  of  the  influence  of  the  accessory 
factors  of  the  diet  on  nutrition  based  upon  experimental  research  upon  the 
nutrition  of  young  growing  animal&  The  accessory  factors  are  classified  as 
I  fkt-aoluble  A,  water-soluble  B  or  antiberi-beri  factor,  and  water-soluble  G  or 
antiscorbutic  factor.  Tables  are  given  which  Indicate  the  chief  properties  of 
the  three  substances  and  their  relative  distribution  in  natural  foodstuffs 

The  author  points  out  that  much  of  the  low  resistance  to  disease  shown  by 
the  breast-fed  young  of  the  poorer  classes  or  by  those  fed  on  various  substi- 
tutes for  human  milk  is  indirectly  due  to  their  having  received  during  a  most 
critical  period  of  their  development  an  inadequate  supply  of  one  or  more  of  the 
Indispoisable  accessory  factors. 

Gastric  response  to  foods. — ^The  determination  and  significance  of  intra- 
I  gastric  conductance,  O.  Bkbcseim  {Amer.  Jour.  Physiol.,  45  {1917),  No.  1,  pp^ 
I-.  i-//,  figs.  IS). — ^A  retention  stomach  tube  in  the  form  of  an  electrolytic  cell  1ft 
deacribed,  which  is  said  to  make  possible  the  determination  of  intragastric 
coodnctances  at  any  desired  interval  of  time  without  disturbance  or  removal 
of  gastric  contents.  The  tip  contains  a  thermocouple,  which  makes  possible 
intragastric  temperature  determinations  and  corrections,  and  an  aspiration 


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270  BXPBBIMENT  STATION  BBCOBD.  nr->l.40 

tube  by  meanB  of  which  samples  of  gastric  contents  may.  If  desired,  be  collected 
for  analysis. 

It  is  considered  that  determinations  of  this  character  will  possess  the  advan- 
tage over  titration  methods  of  obtaining  the  desired  data  at  frequent  intenrals 
without  any  disturbance  or  removal  of  gastric  contents,  and  that  the  difacnltleB 
due  to  dissociation  of  the  protein  salt  during  the  usual  analysis,  to  the  phos- 
phates from  the  saliva,  and  to  the  coloring  matter  will  also  be  avoided.  A  few 
preliminary  observations  with  the  new  method  are  reported. 

Contributions  to  the  physiology  of  the  stomach. — XLV,  Hun^rer,  appetite^ 
and  gastric  Juice  secretion  in  man  during  prolonged  fasting  (16  days),  A.  J. 
Cablson  (Amer,  Jour,  Physiol.,  45  (1918),  No,  2,  pp.  120-146,  fiffs.  i4).— De- 
tailed observations  are  reported  of  15  days'  complete  ftist  followed  by  8  day^ 
abstinence  from  food  with  daily  ingestion  of  cotton  fiber.  Reports  are  glv^i  of 
gastric  hunger  contractions  during  the  control  and  fasting  periods,  the  sub- 
jective feelings  of  hunger  and  appetite  during  the  fast,  and  the  secretion  of 
gastric  Juice. 

The  results  show  that  during  fasting  the  gastric  hunger  contractions  con- 
tinued with  practically  normal  rhythm  and  intensity,  although  the  subjective 
sensations  induced  by  the  gastric  contractions  appeared  to  be  somewhat  weak- 
ened. The  contents  of  the  empty  stomach  and  the  continuous  gastric  juice 
secretion  during  the  fast  showed  a  tendency  to  slight  increase  in  acidity,  bat  no 
significant  increase  in  secretion  rate  over  that  of  the  control  period. 

Contributions  to  the  physiology  of  the  stomach. — ^L,  Studies  on  the  control 
of  hunger  by  drugs,  H.  Ginsbubg  and  I.  Tumpowskt  {Arch,  Int.  Ued.^  2f 
{191S),  No,  5,  pp.  559-570,  flga,  8), — ^The  effects  are  reported  of  various  common 
drugs  on  the  hunger  contractions  in  the  stomach  of  dogs  by  the  use  of  the 
balloon  method. 

Food  ingestion  and  energy  transformations  with  special  reference  to  tlie 
stimulating  effect  of  nutrients,  F.  G.  Benedict  and  T.  M.  Oabpbnteb  (Cameffie 
Inst.  Washington  Pub,  261  (1918),  pp.  S55;  abs.  in  Chem,  Abs.,  12  (1918),  No. 
21,  pp.  2210,  2211). — ^This  publication  Includes  an  historical  summary  of  the 
evidence  with  human  subjects  which  has  thus  far  accumulated  to  show  that 
there  is  an  increased  heat  production  following  food,  and  the  results  of  an  ex- 
tensive series  of  observations  made  under  the  auspices  of  the  Carnegie  Institu- 
tion of  Washington  during  a  period  of  10  years  on  the  quantitative  relations 
between  the  energy  Intake  and  character  of  the  Ingesta  and  the  quantitative 
increase  In  the  metabolism  of  man  following  the  ingestion  of  various  diet& 
Determinations  were  made  in  respiration  calorimeters  and  with  the  universal 
and  the  Tlssot  respiration  apparatus.  The  investigations  include  determina- 
tions of  basal  metabolism  during  24-hour,  8-hour,  and  short  periods,  metabolism 
during  chewing,  and  metabolism  following  Ingestion  of  water,  coffee,  beef  tea, 
carbohydrates,  fats,  diets  predominating  In  protein,  and  mixed  diets.  From  the 
analytical  data  presented  the  following  general  conclusions  are  drawn : 

The  mechanical  work  of  chewing  produces  a  definite  increase  In  metabolism. 
The  drinking  of  liquids,  especially  in  large  amounts,  increases  to  a  slight 
extent  the  metabolism.  Ingestion  of  all  kinds  of  food  in  any  amount  results 
in  an  Increment  In  the  metabolism.  Protein  produces  a  more  marked  and  ex- 
tended effect  on  metabolism  than  does  any  other  nutrient  All  carbohydrates 
differ  but  little  in  their  effect  on  total  metabolism,  although  levulose  and  sucrose 
appear  to  exert  a  somewhat  more  powerful  Influence  than  the  other  augara. 
Experiments  with  mixed  diets  showed  that  it  Is  possible  by  the  Ingestion  of  a 
large  meal  to  stimulate  the  metabolism  to  40  per  cent  above  the  basal  valuo 
for  a  number  of  hours  and  to  20  per  cent  for  at  least  eight  hours. 


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1M9J  FOODS — HTTMAN   ITUTBITION.  271 

A  comparison  of  the  fuel  value  of  the  diet  with  the  subsequent  increase  in 
beat  production  showed  the  average  "  cost  of  digestion  "  for  the  ingestion  of 
pure  carbohydrates  or  a  predominatingly  carbohydrate  meal  to  be  about  6  per 
cent  of  the  fuel  value  of  the  food  ingested,  of  fat  approximately  2  per  cent,  of 
a  protein-rich  diet  about  12  per  cent,  and  of  a  mixed  diet  about  6  per  cent 
The  authors  assert,  however,  that  ^  the  excess  heat  produced  from  the  ingestion 
of  protein  er  carbohydrates  like  sugars  may  not  properly  be  tx>nsidered  as 
purely  a  waste  process,  but  that  it  is  far  more  logical  to  consider  it  as  a  general 
stimulation  of  all  of  the  cells  in  preparation  for  the  drafts  of  muscular  activity.** 
The  results  are  considered  to  give  no  basis  for  recommending  an  exclusively 
protein  diet  or  an  exclusively  sugar  diet  prior  to  muscular  work,  but  to  show 
the  value  of  large  diets  of  either  protein,  carbohydrate,  or  mixed  nutrients  in 
replenishing  the  glycogen  depots  and  stimulating  the  whole  body  to  cellular 
activity. 

Practical  suggestions  as  to  the  methods  to  be  employed  for  an  ideal  study 
of  the  effect  upon  basal  metabolism  of  ingestion  of  food  and  drags  are  appended. 
The  presence  of  food  accesories  in  urine,  bile,  and  saliva,  A.  M.  Muckbn- 
russ  iJaur.  Amer.  Chem.  fifoc.,  40  {1918)-,  No.  10,  pp.  1606-1611;  al>8.  in  Chem, 
Ab«-,  12  {1918),  No.  28,  p.  2611), — ^Experiments  are  reported  in  which  urine, 
bile,  and  saliva  were  tested  for  antineuritic  properties  by  attempting  to  cure 
pigeons  of  acute  polyneuritis  by  treatment  per  os  with  fuller's  earth  activated 
by  the  substance  under  investigation.  From  the  results  obtained  the  author 
concludes  that  the  antineuritic  vitamin  is  probably  present  in  comparatively 
small  quantity  in  clean,  fresh,  filtered  bile  from  the  bladder  of  the  ox,  and  is 
also  present  in  traces  in  fresh  filtered  human  urine  and  in  saliva. 

A  study  of  the  water-soluble  accessory  srrowth-promotincr  substance. ^H, 

Its  Influence  upon  the  nutrition  and  nitrogen  metabolism  of  the  rat,  J.  OL 
Dbitmmono  (Biochem.  Jour.,  12  {1918),  No.  1-2,  pp.  25-41;  aba.  in  Jour.  Chem. 
Soc,  ILondon],  114  {1918),  No.  670,  1,  pp.  S58,  839;  Chem.  Abs.,  12  {1918),  No. 
tS,  p.  2609). — In  continuation  of  work  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  503), 
observations  upon  the  effect  of  the  water-soluble  accessory  factor  upon  the 
general  nuU-ition  of  the  rat  are  reported,  the  results  of  which  may  be  summa- 
rized as  follows: 

The  food  consumption  of  rats  fed  upon  a  diet  deficient  in  water-soluble  B 
Is  low,  probably  being  reduced  to  that  sufficient  to  supply  the  calorific  require- 
ments  of  maintenance.  Increased  food  consumption  may  be  brought  about  by 
the  addition  to  the  diet  of  flavoring  agents  or  by  extracts  containing  the  water- 
soluble  B.  Growth  takes  place  only  when  the  extract  contains  the  water-soluble 
accessory,  and  the  amount  of  growth  is  within  certain  limits  proportional  to 
the  amount  of  accessory  substance  added.  The  length  of  time  that  an  animal  is 
able  to  maintain  itself  upon  a  diet  deficient  In  water-soluble  B  without  suffering 
serious  loss  of  body  weight  seems  to  be  directly  proportional  to  the  age  at  which 
the  restriction  is  imposed.  There  is  no  apparent  deviation  in  the  nitrogen 
metabolism  except  in  the  appearance  of  creatlnuria.  Actively  growing  animal 
tissues  and  the  gUinds  of  internal  secretion  are  deficient  in  water-soluble  B. 

The  author  was  unable  to  determine  the  cause  of  the  fatal  decline  which 
Invariably  follows  a  deficiency  of  water-soluble  B.  Symptoms  of  nerve  disorder 
were  found  in  only  three  of  the  many  cases  studied. 

The  alleered  antineuritic  properties  of  a-hydrozypyridin  and  adenin,  A. 
Harden  and  S.  S.  Zilva  {Biochem.  Jour,,  11  {1917),  No.  2,  pp.  i72-i79).— The 
authors  have  confirmed  most  of  the  facts  observed  by  Williams  (E.  S.  It,  35, 
p.  711)  in  regard  to  the  chemical  nature  of  o-hydroxypyrldln,  but  were  unable 
ty  its  use  to  effect  a  cure  or  an  improvement  in  the  condition  of  polyneuritic 
pigeoDs.    Pure  adenin,  as  well  as  adenin  treated  with  sodium  ethylate,  yielded 

uigitizea  Dy  %j\j\^^i\^ 


272  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RBCOBD.  fVol.  40 

negative  results  in  disagreement  with  those  obtained  by  Williams  and  Seidell 
(B.  S.  R.,  36,  p.  314). 

The  diiferential  behavior  of  the  antinenrltie  and  antlacorbatlc  factors 
toward  adsorbents,  A.  Habdbn  and  S.  S.  Zilya  (Bloohem.  Jour.,  12  {1918),  ^o. 
i-«,  pp.  99-105,  figa.  6;  ab9.  in  Jour.  Chem.  8oc  iLondon},  lU  {1918),  No.  670, 
/,  f».  5(75).— The  possibility  of  separating  the  antinenritic  and  antiscorbutic 
fetors  when  present  in  the  same  solution  was  tested  with  a  mixture  of  equal 
quantities  of  autolyzed  yeast  and  orange  juice.  '  Various  absorbent  reagents 
were  used  and  the  filtrates  tested  on  polyneuritic  pigeons  and  scorbutic  guinea 

pigs. 

It  was  found  that  the  antineuritic  factor  is  absorbed  by  fuller's  earth  and 
dialyzed  Iron^  while  the  antiscorbutic  factor  is  not  affected.  Orange  juice  did 
not  lose  its  antiscorbutic  activity  on  filtration  through  a  Berkefeld  candle. 

A  note  on  the  susceptibility  of  the  antiscorbutio  principle  to  alkalinity, 
A.  Habdbn  and  S.  S.  Zilta  {Lancet  {London],  1918,  II,  No.  10,  p.  StO;  ate.  in 
Chem.  Ab9.,  12  {1918),  No.  22,  p.  £566).— Experiments  with  guinea  pigs  are  re> 
ported  which  show  that  alkalinity  has  a  very  deleterious  effect  on  the  anti- 
scorbutic potency  of  orange  juice.  The  authors  point  out  that,  as  most  anti- 
scorbutic vegetables  are  either  neutral  or  very  sUghtly  acid,  any  culinary 
manipulation  which  entails  alkaline  treatment  will  be  instrumental  in  the  de- 
struction of  at  least  a  significant  part  of  the  antiscorbutic  potency  of  Bucfa 
vegetables. 

The  antiscorbutic  value  of  cow's  milk,  Habbietts  Chick,  Blbanor  M.  Hma. 
and  Ruth  P.  Skelton  {Biocliem.  Jour.,  12  {1918),  No.  1-2,  pp.  ISl-lSS,  Has.  S: 
ab8.  in  Jour,  Chem.  8oc.  [London],  lU  {1918),  No.  670,  I,  p.  860;  Chem.  Aht., 
12  {1918),  No.  23,  p.  2609). —The  antiscorbutic  value  of  cow's  milk  was  tested 
by  feeding  experiments  with  young  guinea  pigs  in  which  the  diet  consisted  of 
oats,  wheat  bran,  and  fresh  milk,  a  special  feature  of  the  work  consisting  of 
the  measurement  of  the  amounts  actually  consumed. 

When  less  than  50  cc.  of  milk  was  taken  daily,  the  animals  showed  no  pro- 
tection from  scurvy.  If  the  daily  ration  varied  from  50  to  100  cc,  a  greater  or 
less  protection  was  observed,  varying  proportionately  with  the  amount  con- 
sumed. If  from  100  to  150  cc.  was  taken  daily,  satisfactory  growth  and  de- 
velopment occurred  with  no  symptoms  of  scurvy.  These  results  are  considered 
to  agree  with  the  vitamin  deficiency  hypothesis  of  the  etiology  of  guinea-pig 
scurvy,  and  to  show  that  milk  is  a  food  poor  in  the  antiscorbutic  accessory 
factor,  since  a  ration  large  in  comparison  with  that  of  other  antiscorbutic  ma- 
terials is  necessary  to  afford  sufficient  protection  from  scurvy. 

The  authors  are  of  the  opinion  that  the  experiments  reported  offer  a  reason- 
able explanation  of  the  anomalous  results  of  other  observers  when  guinea  pigs 
were  fed  on  diets  consisting  of  grain  and  fresh  milk  and  no  measurements  were 
made  of  the  amount  of  milk  actually  consumed.  The  conclusions  of  McGoUum 
and  Pitz  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  568)  are  challenged  on  this  ground,  and  experiments 
are  reported  which  tend  to  refute  their  constipation  hypothesis  as  to  the  cause 
of  scurvy. 

Applications  of  the  results  of  these  investigations  are  made  to  infant  feed- 
ing with  cow's  milk.  It  is  urged  that  whenever  milk  is  heated  in  any  way  or 
dried  an  additional  source  of  antiscorbutic  vitamin  should  be  provided,  either 
in  the  form  of  orange  juice  or,  if  this  is  unavailable,  of  raw  ruta-baga  juice. 

Studies  of  experimental  scurvy.^IH,  The  influence  of  meat  and  vartoas 
salts  upon  the  development  of  scurvy,  W.  Pits  {Jour.  Biol.  Chem,,  86  {19l8y , 
No.  2,  pp.  JtS9-'466,  fig%.  15;  ahs.  in  Jour,  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  12  {1919),  No.  l[ 
p.  70). — ^In  continuation  of  studies  previously,  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  365),  the 


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1»191  FOODS — HUMAN   NUTRITION.  278 

Y>nthor  h^r^vestigated  the  effect  of  meat  and  of  tricalcium  phosphate  and 
o£v8alts  apon  the  development  of  scurvy  in  the  guinea  pig. 

An  improvement  of  the  protein  of  the  diet  was  found  to  protect  guinea  pigs 
from  scurvy  for  a  number  of  weeks  and  to  greatly  prclong  the  life  of  the 
animals,  even  though  the  physical  character  of  the  diet  was  not  improved.  A 
study  of  the  effect  of  tricalcium  phosphate,  sodium  chlorid,  and  calcium  chlorid 
showed  that  the  calcium  and  chlorin  ions  are  of  greater  importance  In  the 
development  of  the  disease  than  Is  phosphorus.  The  evidence  given  in  the 
three  papers  upon  scurvy  is  summarized  as  follows : 

"The  physical  character  of  the  diet  and  the  character  of  the  flora  of  the 
digestive  tract  are  clearly  of  prime  Importance  In  the  production  of  this  dis- 
ease, but  other  factors,  such  as  those  which  make  the  diet  more  nearly  chem- 
ically complete,  which  stimulate  appetite  and  increase  the  flow  of  digestive 
Juices  and  increase  the  resistance  of  the  animals,  which  decrease  the  permea- 
bility of  the  intestinal  wall,  and  which  aid  in  correcting  a  deranged  chlorin 
metabolism,  are  of  great  importance  and  will  protect  tht  animals  from  scurvy 
for  a  considerable  time.  These  experiments  point  to  the  little  emphasized 
rdle  of  calcium  salts  in  nutrition,  namely,  that  of  controlling  the  permeability 
of  Tarlous  animal  tissues  and  thereby  affording  protection  against  invading 
agents.** 

Observations  on  three  cases  of  scurvy,  V.  StefAnsson  {Jour.  Amer.  Med. 
Amoc,  71  {1918},  No.  21,  pp.  1715-1718).— 'The  author  has  described  three  cases 
of  scurvy  occurring  among  members  of  the  Canadian  Aictic  Expedition  in  the 
winter  of  1916-17.  The  conclusions  drawn  from  observations  of  these  and 
other  cases  not  reported  are  as  follows : 

The  strongest  antiscorbutic  qualities  reside  in  certain  fresh  foods,  and  di- 
minish or  disappear  with  storage  by  any  of  the  common  methods  of  preserva- 
tloo,  such  as  canning,  pickling,  drying,  eta  Cooking  lessens  or  destroys  the 
antiscorbutic  value  of  most  or  all  foods.  Meat  and  fish  slightly  or  well  ad- 
Tsnoed  In  the  process  of  ordinary  putrefaction  seem  to  be  as  good  an  antiscor- 
bntic  as  fresh  flesh.  Bodily  cleanliness  and  ventilation  have  not  been  shown 
to  have  any  bearing  on  the  incidence  or  severity  of  scurvy.  Bxerdse  does  not 
prerent  scurvy.  Salt  probably  has  some  direct  bearing  on  the  history  of  the 
disease,  as  shown  by  the  fact  that  salt  meats  have  long  been  recognized  as 
predisposing  to  scurvy  and  that  most  scurvy  patients  have  a  craving  for  salt 
which  disappears  as  the  cure  proceeds. 

Bxperimental  chronic  beri-beri  syndrome,  B.  Wkill  and  G.  MomiQUAim 
iCampi.  Rend.  8oc  Biok  {Paris},  81  (1918),  No.  8,  pp.  45»-45tf).— Chronic  beri- 
beri was  produced  in  pigeons  by  the  use  of  a  partially  deflcient  diet  consisting 
of  a  mixture  of  one-third  uncooked  whole  grain  with  two-thirds  sterilized  grain. 
The  disease  was  characterized  by  an  hiitial  paralysis  of  the  wings,  sometimes 
foliowed  by  paralysis  of  the  feet,  also  in  one  case  by  severe  lesions  of  the  bones. 
These  chronic  berl-berl  symptoms,  contrary  to  the  acute  form,  showed  a  com- 
plete resistance  to  treatment  with  grain  pollshings.  The  authors  consider  the 
paralysis  functional  in  the  case  of  acute  and  lesional  in  the  case  of  chronic 
beri-beri. 

The  phenol  excretion  of  guinea  pigs  maintained  on  an  exclusive  oat  diet, 
W.  O.  Kabb  and  H.  B.  Lewis  {Amer.  Jour.  Physiol.,  44  {1917),  No.  4,  pp.  586- 
S90). — ^In  guinea  pigs  on  an  oat  diet  no  changes  in  the  urinary  elimination  of 
phenols  nor  in  the  degree  of  conjugation  of  the  phenols  were  observed,  provided 
the  factor  of  partial  starvation  was  ruled  out  This  is  considered  by  the  uu- 
tbors  to  substantiate  the  theory  advanced  by  McOoUum  and  Pitz  (E.  S.  TL,  38, 
p.  568)  that  the  injury  to  the  intestine  is  mechanical,  permitting  bacterial  in- 
vasion of  the  tissues,  rather  than  the  alternate  theory  that  the  Injury  may  be 


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274  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECOBD.  [ToL40 

dne  primarily  to  the  absorption  of  toxic  products  of  bacterial  metabolism  froa 
the  intestines. 

Thfi  occurrence  of  creatin  and  creatiain  in  the  blood  in  normal  and  patho- 
logical conditions. — ^U,  Observationa  in  the  young.  Further  discussion  in 
regard  to  the  development  of  methods,  J.  Feiol  (Biochem^  Ztschr.,  84  {1917), 
No.  9-4,  pp,  264-680;  abs,  in  Chem.  Abt.,  IB  (1918),  No.  22,  p.  £^60).— Tables  are 
given  of  the  creatin  and  creatinin  content  of  the  blood  of  children  under  10 
years  and  from  10  to  15  years  of  age.  The  creatinin  content  was  found  to  be 
lower  In  children  up  to  15  years  than  in  adult  men. 

Methods  for  determining  creatinin  are  discussed,  and  attention  is  called  to 
the  necessity  of  employing  pure  reagents. 

The  influence  of  iodin  and  sodium  iodid  on  the  circulation,  W.  Saiaitt  and 
A.  E.  Livingston  {Amer,  Jour,  PhytioL,  41  (1916),  No.  2,  pp.  294-249,  figM.  12).— 
The  authors,  at  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture^ 
have  studied  the  influence  of  iodin  and  sodium  iodid  on  the  circulation  in  frogB» 
cats,  and  dogs. 

It  was  found  that  dilute  solutions  of  molecular  iodin  perfused  through  the 
isolated  frog  heart  produced  cardiac  irregularity  and  depressing  aftereffects. 
These  were  much  more  marked  after  the  use  of  more  concentrated  solutions, 
but  were  decreased  by  the  presence  of  olive  oil  in  the  perfusion  fluid.  Intra- 
venous injection  of  iodin  caused  marked  depression  of  the  circulation  in  cats, 
but  was  without  effect  on  dogs.  Sodium  iodid  was  in  all  cases  much  less  toxic 
than  iodin,  although  a  solution  of  0.5  per  cent  in  Ringer's  solution  perfused 
through  the  frog  heart  produced  slight  depression. 

It  is  suggested  that  "  the  action  of  molecular  iodin  is  due  to  formation  d 
additive  compounds  with  the  unsaturated  fatty  acids  present  in  the  frog  beart 
The  action  of  iodin  on  the  circulation  of  the  cat  might  be  due  to  the  presence 
in  the  heart  of  large  amounts  of  unsaturated  fatty  acids  or  perhaps  to  adds 
that  are  more  unsaturated  than  those  in  the  heart  of  the  dog  and  also  to  the 
presence  of  smaller  amounts  of  some  of  the  lipoids  in  the  blood  serum  of  the  cat 
than  in  that  of  the  dog.  The  action  of  sodium  iodid  on  the  frog  heart  is  prob- 
ably due  to  physical  action  with  the  lipoids  of  the  heart  Rapid  elimination  is 
suggested  as  a  possible  cause  of  the  negative  results  obtained  after  the  intrave- 
nous administration  of  sodium  iodid  to  cats  and  dogs." 

Changes  in  the  hydrogen-ion  concentration  of  muscle  during  work,  J. 
GoLDBEBGEB  {Biochem.  Ztschr.,  84  (1917),  No.  9-4,  pp.  201-209;  abs,  in  Chem. 
Aba.,  12  (1918)  No.  14,  p.  1482).— The  reaction  of  extract  of  frogs*  muscle  was 
found  to  be  slightly  acid.  The  hydrogen-ion  concentration  of  the  muscle  in- 
creased during  work.  The  acidity  as  determined  by  titration  to  phenolpb- 
thalein  was  found  to  be  from  7  to  10,000  times  higher  than  as  electrometrically 
determined.  The  increased  acidity  due  to  work  is  considered  to  be  caused  by 
volatile  adds,  principally  carbon  dioxid. 

ANIMAL  PBODTJCTION. 

Genetics  and  eugenics,  W.  E.  Gastlb  {Cambridge:  Harvard  Vniv.  Pren, 
1916,  pp.  VI'{-959,  pU.  97,  figs.  29).— The  subtitle  calls  this  volume  a  textbook 
for  students  of  biology  and  a  reference  book  for  animal  and  plant  breeders. 
The  main  emphasis,  however,  is  on  animal  genetics,  plants  being  dealt  with  only 
incidentally  and  eugenics  being  confined  to  a  separate  section  of  less  than 
50  pages.  The  first  seven  chapters  trace  the  history  of  evolutionary  thought 
from  Lamarck  to  DeVries,  and  then  follows  a  four-chapter  exposition  of  ele- 
mentary mendelism.  Succeeding  chapters  bring  together  much  hitherto  scat- 
tered material  on  the  unit  characters  of  rodents,  cattle,  and  other  domestic 


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lu^i  AxmiAL,  PBODUonoH.  275 

maiiiiiials*  poultry,  plants,  and  Insects.  There  are  two  chapters  on  linkage^ 
with  special  references  to  Droeophila,  and  one  om  sex  determination,  as  well 
ta  short  discussions  on  unit  character  constancy,  multiple  factors,  gametic 
purity,  pure  lines,  the  efficacy  of  selection,  and  similar  topics.  The  Royal  Horti- 
cultural Society's  translation  of  Mendel's  paper  of  1865  is  printed  as  an  ap- 
pendix.   There  is  an  extended  bibliography. 

Inheritance  of  stature,  G.  B.  Davenport  {Oenetics,  Z  (1917),  No,  4,  pp.  SIS- 
S89,  fioM,  19). — ^Material  for  this  investigation  consisted  of  two  groups  of  family 
data,  one  in  which  total  height  alone  had  been  determined,  and  another  less 
numerous  group,  secured  personally  by  the  author  and  his  assistants,  in  which 
measurements  were  made  on  the  seated  subject  of  the  distance  from  tlie  surface 
of  the  seat  to  the  top  of  the  head,  from  the  seat  to  the  upper  border  of  the 
breastbone,  and  from  the  ground  to  the  head  of  the  fibula  at  the  side  of  the 
knee.  The  full  height  being  known,  it  was  thus  possible  to  divide  the  stature 
of  the  members  of  this  group  into  four  segments  which  roughly  coincide  with 
the  head  and  neck  combined,  torso,  thigh,  and  lower  leg.  In  discussing  the 
results  the  abeolute  measurements  of  an  individual  are  not  used,  but  only 
the  deviation  of  each  measurement  from  the  mean  of  that  individuars  sex. 

Examination  of  these  data  convinced  the  author  that  shortness  of  stature 
tends  to  be  dominant  to  tallness,  and  that  this  condition  results  from  the  domi- 
nance  of  smallness  of  body  segment  over  elongation  of  segment  The  segments 
being  more  or  less  independent  of  each  other,  there  is  a  considerable  irregu- 
larity in  the  results  when  total  stature  is  used.  A  lesser  irregularity  seen  in 
the  inheritance  of  segment  length  indicates  that  the  segments  selected  are  not 
the  ultimate  units  of  stature.  There  is  also  evidence  of  the  inheritance  of 
proportional  length  of  segments,  and  probably  there  exist  factors  which  in* 
fluence  growth  as  a  whole. 

The  relation  of  yellow  coat  color  and  black-eyed  white  spotting  of  mice  In 
Inherltanoe,  C.  C.  Lrmx  (Genetics,  2  (1917),  No.  5,  pp.  4SS-4U;  abt.  in  Anat. 
Rec^  11  (1917),  No.  6,  p.  501). ^It  is  well  known  that  yellow  color  in  mice  has 
never  been  found  in  a  homozygous  condition.  A  black-eyed  white  spotted  char- 
acter, the  inheritance  of  which  has  already  been  studied  by  the  author  (E.  S.  R., 
M,  p.  466),  has  the  same  peculiarity.  As  two  doses  of  yellow  or  two  doses  of 
black-eyed  white  seem  to  produce  death,  it  is  important  to  knew  whether  ani- 
mals with  a  single  dose  of  each  are  viable.  The  author  reports  that  they  are. 
The  lethal  effects  of  yellow  and  of  black-eyed  white  are,  therefore,  not  addi- 
tive.   The  two  factors  are  found  not  to  be  linked. 

Inheritanoe  of  number  of  feathers  of  the  fantail  pigeon,  T.  H.  Mobqan 
(ilmer.  Nat.,  5Z  (191S),  No.  BIS,  pp.  5-27,  fig:  16).— The  feathers  in  question 
are  the  tail  feathers,  which  in  fantails  may  be  three  or  more  times  as  numerous 
as  the  usual  12  of  other  breeda  Three  white  fantails  were  crossed  with  ordi- 
nary pigeons  (color  not  mentioned)  and  the  Fi's  allowed  to  breed  together  at 
random,  separate  records  not  being  kept  of  the  offspring  of  particular  pairs.. 
A  few  back  crosses  were,  however,  made.  The  frequency  distributions,  which 
are  given  only  as  diagrams,  present  so  many  peculiarities  that  the  author  has 
some  diiflculty  in  interpreting  them  on  the  customary  basis  of  the  multiple 
fiictor  hypothesia  The  distribution  of  blue  and  white  color  among  the  tails 
of  different  feather  number  suggests  "that  the  principal  factor  for  white  is 
linked  to  one  or  more  of  the  factors  for  increased  number  of  feathers."  There 
seems  also  to  be  a  linkage  between  a  gene  for  more  than  12  tail  featliers  and 
the  gene  fer  absence  of  oil  gland. 

Some  notes  on  split  feathers  are  added. 

A  note  on  the  inheritance  of  color  in  one  breed  of  pigeons — an  attempt  to 
dflmonstrate  a  Mendelian  type  of  transmission,  J.  S.  W.  Nuttall  (Jour. 


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276  BXPBMMBNT  STATION  RBCOBD.  nr«L40 


Genetics,  7  (1918),  No.  «,  pp.  i/P-i24).— The  red  coloration  of  the  type  eeen  In 
racing  homers  was  found  to  be  dominant  to  the  bine  color,  and  the  checked 
wing-pattern  dominant  to  the  barred.  This  conclusion  Is  based  on  OTer  400 
offspring.  For  tabulating  purposes  the  matings  are  grouped  according  to  the 
external  appearance  of  the  parents  only,  there  being  8  out  of  a  possible  10 
gi'oups.  The  expected  ratios  are  computed  by  assuming  that  indiTfdaals 
heterozygous  for  one  of  the  characters  dealt  with  are  as  Yiumerous  as  oomplete 
homozygotes,  but  that  double  heterozygotes  are  twice  as  likely  to  occur. 

Observations  on  the  skulls  of  Japanese  cattle,  K.  Ioucht  {Jour.  CoL  Agr. 
Tohoku  Imp.  Univ.,  5  il91S),  No.  i,  pp.  1-^0,  pis.  5;  7  {1917),  No.  5,  pp.  «i- 
949,  pis.  5).— These  papers  continue  the  author's  reports  (B.  S.  R.,  26,  Pl  4T2) 
on  the  craniometry  of  Japanese  cattle.  Measurements  of  51  dimensions  of  each 
skull  are  given.  The  57  specimens  dealt  with  were  collected  from  six  localities 
In  the  Empire,  including  Chosen  and  small  islands  near  Formosa. 

Studies  on  the  chromosomes  of  the  common  fowl  as  seen  in  tastes  and  in 
embryos,  M.  F.  Gttteb  {Biol.  Bui.  Mar.  Biol.  Lab.  Woods  Hole,  SI  {1916),  N^. 
4,  pp.  221-268,  pis.  7,  figs.  2).— Continued  studies  confirm,  in  general,  the  author's 
earlier  observations  on  spermatogenesis  in  the  fowl  (B.  S.  R.,  21,  p.  670).  The 
large  curved  element,  interpreted  as  a  sex  <^romosome,  is  clearly  shown  in 
nearly  1,000  primary  spermatocytes,  is  surprisingly  constant  in  size  and  shape, 
and  has  been  found  in  Langshan,  Plymouth  Rock,  and  Rhode  Island  Red 
breeds.  It  is  apparently  a  bivalent  chromosome,  as  there  are  two  visible  hi 
earlier  stages.  It  passes  undivided  into  only  one  of  the  two  secondary  ^er- 
matocytes  resulting  from  each  primary  spermatocyte  division,  and  in  this  way 
there  are  produced  two  types  of  spermatids,  one  with  and  one  without  the  ele- 
ment The  author  now  believes  that  this  latter  class  degenerates,  and  that  all 
the  functional  spermatozoa  arise  from  the  first  class.  He  bases  this  belief  on 
microscopic  evidence  of  a  riot  of  irregular  cell  division  among  8i>ermatid8  lack- 
ing this  element  with  resultant  decrease  in  size,  on  measurements  wlilch  Indi- 
cate a  general  uniformity  in  size  of  mature  sperm,  and  on  a  certain  logical 
necessity,  if  the  facts  of  spermatogenesis  are  to  be  consistent  with  the  chromo- 
some counts  of  the  embryo. 

Microscopic  examination  by  the  author  of  embryos  in  the  tenth  to  fourteenth 
day  of  incubation  showed  two  of  these  curved  chromosomes  in  dividing  cells 
of  male  chicks  and  only  one  in  those  of  females.  This  indicates  that  in  poultry 
the  female,  and  not  the  male,  produces  two  kinds  of  germ  cells  with  respect 
to  the  sex  chromosomes  ^nd  harmonizes  with  the  breeding  evidence  tliat  a  hen 
is  never  homozygous  for  a  dominant  sex-linked  factor. 

Live  stock  production  for  1919  (17.  8.  Depi.  Agr.,  Off.  See.  Ore.  IBS  {1918), 
pp.  li). — ^This  circular,  issued  in  October,  1918,  considers  the  food  needs  fbr 
1919,  and  urges  the  increased  production  of  live  stock  as  part  of  the  agricaltnral 
program  for  the  period  beginning  with  the  autumn  of  1918.  The  diacasslon  is 
based  largely  on  data  presented  relating  to  the  exportation  and  production  of 
beef,  pork,  and  dairy  products  and  to  wool  production,  requirements,  and 
supplies. 

Certain  desert  plants  as  emergency  stock  feed,  B.  O.  Wooton  {V.  fif.  DepL 
Agr.  Bui.  728  (1918),  pp.  27,  pis.  8,  fig.  1).— This  bulletin  was  prompted  by  the 
shortage  of  feeding  stuffs  in  the  arid  Southwest.  The  author  deals  with  about 
12  species  of  plants  growing  in  the  desert  regions  near  the  Mexican  border 
which  have  been  or  might  be  used  as  emergency  feed  for  cattle  on  the  range. 
The.se  plants  are  mostly  yuccas  and  agaves. 

The  essential  factor  in  the  utilization  of  these  feeds  Is  the  production  of 
an  apparatus  that  will  reduce  them  to  a  satisfactory  mechanical  condition,  since 
hand  chopping  consumes  much  time  and  is  otherwise  unsatisfactory.     Four 


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191»1  ANIMAL  PRODUCTION.  277 

sQcb  machines  are  now  offered  for  sale,  all  consisting  essentially  of  a  heavj 
cast  cylinder  that  revolves  on  a  horizontal  shaft  and  carries  knives  or  cutting 
teeth  passing  close  to  a  chopping  block  to  which  the  material  is  carried  by  a 
feeding  mechanism  or  by  gravity.  The  bulletin  includes  a  compilation  of 
cliemfcal  analyses  of  the  different  species.  These  figures  and  the  experience 
of  the  men  who  have  fed  the  plants  agree  in  showing  that  the  feeds  are  of  low 
nutritive  value  and  are  to  be  considered  as  roughages,  but  constitute  valuable 
emergency  feed  for  range  cattle  and  sheep  in  times  of  extreme  drought  if  prop- 
erly prepared.  Data  as  to  the  quantity  to  be  fed,  mechanical  condition  of  the 
feed,  and  the  cost  of  preparing  it  are  given. 

Only  two  of  the  species,  the  bear  grass  {Tuoca  glauca)  and  the  soap  weed  (7. 
^iata),  can  be  expected  to  reproduce  themselves  without  special  effort  to  insure 
n  new  crop.  The  plants,  therefore,  should  be  used  only  under  emergency 
conditions  and  permitted  to  grow  undisturbed  during  favorable  seasons. 

Sange  cow  maintenance  on  Yucca  and  sotol,  L.  Fosteb  and  G.  W.  Humbu 
{New  Mexico  Sta.  BuL  lU  {1918),  pp,  27,  figs.  9).— The  maintenance  of  range 
cows  on  Yucca  and  sotol  is  discussed*  Descriptions  of  sotol  and  of  species  of 
Yucca  are  given,  and  the  results  of  feeding  tests  with  these  plants  as  a  source 
of  feed  are  reported.  The  species  of  Yucca  used  in  the  experiments  was  the 
9oapweed  {Yucca  elata).  The  dry  leaves  were  burned  from  the  plant,  and  the 
stem  was  then  cut  off  at  the  ground  and  sliced  or  chopped  up  for  feed.  The 
sotol  feed  was  prepared  similarly  but  only  the  compact  head  of  the  plant  was 
used. 

The  feeding  tests  were  conducted  with  25  range  cows  in  thin  condition  and 
from  two  to  four  years  old.  These  cows  were  divided  into  five  equal  lots,  of 
which  two  were  fed  sotol  heads  and  three  on  Yucca  stems  at  the  rate  of  25  lbs. 
per  head  per  day.  Three  of  the  lots,  including  one  receiving  the  sotol  feed, 
were  given  in  addition,  daily.  2  lbs.  of  cottonseed  meal  per  head.  For  the  two 
IctB  receiving  no  cottonseed  meal  the  daily  ration  was  later  increased  to  30  lbs. 
per  day  of  sotol  and  Yucca.  One  lot  of  cows  entered  the  experiment  with  their 
calves,  while  in  the  other  four  lots  10  calves  were  born  during  the  period  of  the 
test,  January  12  to  June  25. 

The  results  of  the  exi>erlroent  are  considered  as  evidence  that  cows  may  be 
maintained  on  either  Yucca  elata  stems  or  sotol  heads,  without  other  feed, 
through  long  periods  of  drought  The  best  results  were  secured  with  the  lots 
receiving  the  cottonseed  meal.  The  five  calves  coming  into  the  experiment  with 
their  dams  but  being  allowed  the  run  of  a  separate  lot,  where  they  were  fed 
cottonseed  meal  up  to  0.5  lb.  per  head  per  day  and  all  the  Yucca  they  would  eat, 
made  a  total  gain  of  985  lbs.  for  the  entire  period  of  the  experiment.  The  gain 
was  made  at  a  very  small  cost  of  feed  and  the  calves  were  in  fine  condition 
when  they  went  back  to  the  range  the  middle  of  July.  Until  the  cows  became 
accustomed  to  the  feed  the  succulence  of  the  Yucca  and  sotol  plants  had  a 
loosening  effect,  but  when  they  were  given  the  run  of  a  brush  pasture  the  dry 
feed  they  obtained  tended  to  counteract  this  condition. 

Analyses  and  preliminary  coefficients  of  digestibility  are  also  reported.  A 
report  by  C.  L.  Forsling,  of  the  Forest  Service  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture,  on  Collection,  Preparation,  and  Feeding  of  Soapweed  under  Prac- 
tical Range  Conditions  on  the  Jornada  Range  Reserve  is  included. 

A  ehest  contour  caliper  and  its  adaptability  for  measuring  sheep,  E.  G. 
RrrzifAN  {New  Hampshire  Sta,  8ci.  Contrih,  11,  pp.  11,  figs.  7).— The  desirabil- 
ity of  greater  accuracy  in  body  measurements  taken  in  connection  with  animal 
huiAmndry  studies  is  pointed  out.  and  a  chest  contour  caliper  designed  at  the 
station  for  use  in  experimental  breeding  work  with  sheep  is  described.  Detailed 
<)irectlons  for  its  use  are  also  given. 


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278  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BSCOBD.  [Toll 

A  method  of  feeding  orplum  lambs,  W.  E.  Cabboll  {Utah  StA.  Chrdt 
{1918),  pp,  8,  ftg8.  5). — ^A  system  of  feeding  motherless  lambs,  including  d| 
description  of  a  feeder  for  tliis  purpose.  Is  briefly  outlined. 

A  preliminary  report  on  feeds  for  f.:ttening  pigs,  J.  S.  Mauone  {OkiaMxmtl 
Bta.  BuL  120  {1918),  pp.  7).— The  results  of  two  tests  made  to  determine  Qi| 
relative  merits  of  tankage,  peanut  meal,  and  cottonseed  meal  as  supplemoli 
to  Kafir  com,  togetlier  with  data  secured  in  a  comparison  of  com,  Kafir 
and  darso  as  a  fattening  feed  for  pigs,  are  presented  as  a  preliminary  re|HC(; 

In  the  tests  with  the  different  protein  supplements  the  four  lots  of  pigs 
received  the  Kafir  corn  and  the  supplements  through  self-feeders.    Three 
were  given  each  one  of  the  supplements  and  the  fourth  was  given  all  three 
them  in  addition  to  the  Kafir  corn.    The  results  of  the  two  tests  were  in  fai 
of  tankage,  the  tankage  lots  having  eaten  more  feed  and  made  faster  and 
economical  gains  and  greater  gains  per  pound  of  feed  than  those  getting  col 
seed  meal  or  peanut  meal.    The  lot  having  access  to  the  three  snpplemi 
feeds  made  as  rapid  gains  but  ate  more  feed  per  pound  of  gain  and  made 
profit  than  the  tankage  lot 

In  the  comparison  of  corn,  Kafir  com,  and  darso,  tankage  was  fed  with  c 
of  these  grains  through  self-feeders.  The  lot  of  pigs  fed  com  consumed 
lbs.,  the  one  fed  Kafir  corn  3.7  lbs.,  and  the  lot  fed  darso  4.23  lbs.  of  feed 
pound  of  gain.  The  results  indicated  also  that  when  grcund  and  fed  in  i 
feeders  Kafir  and  darso  will  produce  as  rapid  gains  and  as  good  pork  as  coOk 
and  that  more  supplement  is  required  for  darso  than  for  Kafir  com  and 
for  Kafir  com  than  for  com. 

Feeding  swine  during  fall  and  winter,  W.  L.  Hobison  {Mo.  BuL  Ohio  fiti« 
S  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  S28-SS2,  figs.  5).->The  results  of  several  feeding  es^^ 
meiits  are  summarized  in  tables  and  briefly  discussed. 

In  the  first  experiment  reported  6  pigs  each  were  fed  for  10  weeks  on  oom 
alone  and  on  com  and  tankage.  Corn  alone  produced  9.06  lbs.  gain  per  bnabflik 
while  with  the  addition  of  6.5  lbs.  of  tankage  the  production  of  gain  ««; 
13.29  lbs.  With  com  at  $1.68  per  bushel  and  tankage  at  $120  per  ton,  fltt< 
feed  cost  per  pound  of  gain  was  18.55  cts.  for  com  alone  and  13.78  ct&  fat 
corn  and  tankage. 

In  another  test  a  bushel  of  com  fed  alone  produced  8.18  lbs.  of  gain,  ail 
when  fed  with  168  lbs.  of  skim  milk  the  gain  was  21.82  lbs.,  each  100  lbs.  d 
skim  milk  replacing  54.91  lbs.  of  com.  In  one  instance  com  alone  resolted  li 
11.77  lbs.  of  gain  per  bushel,  and  com  and  skim  milk  fed  in  equal  qnantitMj 
by  weight  produced  16.52  lbs.  of  gain.  On  the  basis  of  skim  milk  at  50  da 
and  hogs  at  $16  per  100  lbs.  the  com  netted  $2.36  per  bushel  as  against  $1JI 
when  fed  alone. 

In  a  comparison  of  rations  of  corn  alone  and  of  corn  and  llnseed-oil  meal  5:1* 
1  lb.  of  oil  meal  replaced  1.52  lbs.  of  corn,  and  the  rate  of  gain  with  com 
oil  meal  was  19  per  cent  higher  than  with  corn  alone. 

The  results  of  a  comparison  of  a  ration  of  com  and  wheat  middlings  yM 
one  of  corn  and  tankage  showed  that  pigs  fed  corn  and  middlings,  1 : 1, 
24.4  per  cent  less  rapidly  and  required  9.5  per  cent  mbre  feed  per  unit  of 
than  those  fed  corn  and  tankage,  9 : 1. 

To  determine  the  amount  of  supplement  that  should  be  fed  with  com,  ratiott' 
averaging  4.9,  10.3,  and  18.9  lbs.  of  corn  to  1  lb.  of  tankage  were  compared, 
in  a  test  in  progress  for  20  weeks.  The  rate  of  gain  was  found  to  vary  dircctiT; 
with  the  amount  of  the  tankage.  Slightly  less  feed  per  unit  of  gain  was  reqaireft 
of  the  medium  ration  than  of  either  of  the  other  two,  and  this  ration  also  9^ 
the  highest  value  of  gains  over  cost  of  feed. 


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1919) 


ANIMAL  PBODUCnOlSr. 


279 


Pigs  weighing  an  average  of  72  lbs.,  self -fed  on  com  and  tankage  separately, 
consumed  an  average  of  eight  parts  of  corn  to  one  of  tankage  during  the  first 
seven  weeks  of  an  experiment,  at  the  close  of  which  they  averaged  123.3  lbs. 
In  weight,  and  during  the  remaining  7  weeks  of  test  they  consumed  17.2  lbs.  of 
com  to  1  lb.  of  tankage. 

In  another  experiment  three  lots  of  pigs  given,  respectively,  1,  8,  and  6  lbs. 
of  skim  milk  to  1  lb.  of  com  and  a  fourth  lot  given  twice  daily  all  the  skim 
milk  and  corn  they  would  consume,  were  compared  with  a  lot  fed  com  alone 
and  another  lot  fed  corn  and  tankage,  9:1.  At  the  prices  given  above  and 
placing  the  value  of  skim  milk  at  60  cts.  per  100  lbs.,  the  pigs  fed  3  lbs.  of  milk 
to  1  lb.  of  corn  made  the  most  economical  gains.  The  cost  of  feed  for  the  lot 
fed  com  alone  was  $8.38  above  the  value  of  the  gains.  For  the  other  lots  the 
value  of  gains  over  cost  of  feed  was  as  follows :  Corn  and  tankage  9 : 1,  $14.91 ; 
corn  and  skim  milk  1 : 1,  $20.62 ;  corn  and  skim  milk  1 : 3,  $35.59 ;  corn  and  skim 
milk  1:6,  $14.43;  and  corn  and  skim  milk  ad  libitum,  $18.62. 

Peanut  meal  and  velvet  bean  meal  for  fattening  swine,  H.  E.  Dvobachek 
and  H.  A.  Sai«dhovss  iArkansa9  Sta.  Circ.  45  {1918) ,  pp.  4).— The  high  price 
of  tankage  and  limited  quantities  available  suggested  the  two  experiments  here 
reported,  in  which  peanut  meal  and  velvet-bean  meal  were  compared  with 
tankage  as  supplements  to  corn  in  fattening  young  pigs. 

In  the  first  experiment  18  shotes,  averaging  115  lbs.  in  weight,  were  divided 
Into  three  lots,  each  receiving  corn  and  one  of  the  three  supplements  fed  sepa- 
rately by  the  freeKrhoice  self-feeder  system.  In  the  other  experiment  15  shotes» 
weighing  about  100  lbs.  each,  were  fed  the  same  way,  except  that  the  lots  were 
hand  fed  and  the  supplement  was  mixed  with  eight  times  its  weight  of  ground 
com  chop.  The  first  experiment  lasted  11  weeks  and  the  second  10.  Eesults 
are  given  in  the  following  table: 

Cofnpari9on  of  9upplement9  to  com  in  fattening  shotes. 


Fading  rnsthod. 

Supplfiiiiuit. 

Average 

Total  corn 
ooDiumed. 

Total  fap- 

plement 

consumed. 

Cost  per 
pounlof 
of  gain. 

fittffcd                   ... 

VelTet-beanmeal 

0.85 
1.34 
LOS 
.10 
.54 
.41 

Lb$. 

3,103.5 

3,304.5 

3,800.0 

600.7 

807.6 

770.0 

138.5 
423.5 
141.5 

71.1 
111.3 

06.0 

19.57 

Do 

Peanut  qimiI    t.......^... 

14.10 

Do  :  I  ;;::i:;!i::;: 

Tanicafn 

17.04 

ibiii-%1 

Velvet-bean  meal 

50.54 

Do 

Pc^anut  mml 

16.06 

Do         

Tankam. .  r....r..,r..r.r. 

20.49 

Costs  were  figured  on  the  following  market  prices  per  hundredweight :  Corn, 
IS.20;  velvet  bean  meal,  $2.50;  peanut  meal,  $2.85;  and  tankage,  $5.20.  The 
velvet  bean  meal  proved  unpalatable,  so  that  the  hogs  when  self-fed  ate  but 
little  of  it  and  made  their  gains  on  com.  When  it  was  mixed  with  com  and 
fed  by  hand  they  ate  little  more  than  a  maintenance  ration.  Peanut  meal  was 
much  relished  and  was  consumed  freely.  The  lots  receiving  It  made  the  largest 
gains  in  both  experiments,  and  these  gains  were  also  the  cheapest.  It  is,  there- 
fore, considered  to  be  an  excellent  substitute  for  tankage  in  the  South. 

Garbage  feeding  and  the  care  of  garbage  fed  swine,  R.  R.  Birch  (Com^M 
Vet,,  8  (1918),  No,  /,  pp.  28-S7). — ^Thls  article  advocates  the  more  extensive  use 
of  garbage  in  pig  feeding,  in  view  of  the  successful  development  of  hog^holera 
serum.  Replies  are  given  to  a  questionnaire  sent  to  the  mayors  of  50  New  York 
cities  concerning  the  local  methods  of  garbage  disposal  and  the  possibility  of 
ntlHaing  hogs  for  this  purpose. 


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280 


EXPERIMENT  STATIOK  REGOBD. 


[Y«1.4i 


MaklniT  artificial  daylight  for  poultry,  O.  R.  Shoxtp  {WaMtUngtan  8ta.,  Wart. 
Wash.  Sta„  Mo.  Bui,  6  (1918),  No.  8,  pp.  IIS-IU,  fifft.  4).~A  popolar  article 
noting  the  purpose  and  use  of  artificial  light  in  poultry  management,  and  de- 
scribing briefly  electric  lights,  gasoline  mantle  lights,  and  kerosene  lights  te 
use  in  this  connection. 

Business  methods  in  poultry  keeping,  V.  Q.  Aubbt  {Neto  Jertep  Stas.  Biaii 
to  Poulirpmen,  7  (1918),  No.  2,  pp.  4).— The  advisability  and  value  of  npjpisUif 
business  methods  to  poultry  keeping  are  pointed  out,  and  suggestions  as  l» 
planning  the  work  in  advance,  keeping  cost  accounts  and  records,  and  ways  of 
buying  and  selling  are  presented. 

The  Flemish  system  of  poultry  rearing,  Madamk  Jaspeb  {New  York:  Char^ 
Scritmer'9  8on9,  1916,  pp.  y///4-774). — An  account  of  methods  the  author  hii 
used  successfully  in  producing  table  fowls  on  a  commercial  scale  in  BeigliD% 
with  incidental  advice  to  Bnglish  poultry  breeders. 

American  squab  culture,  B.  H.  Eooleston  {Chicago:  Author,  191S^  pp.  W,  J{ 
figs.  S7). — ^This  book  contains  information  on  the  difTerent  squab  produdng  j 
breeds  and  the  care  and  management  of  the  pigeon  house,  with  some  notes  m 
market  problema 

DAIBT  FABMINCK-DAntTnrG. 

The  production,  distribution,  and  food  value  of  milk  {WoMhimgton:  U.  A 
Food  AdnUn.,  1918,  pp.  41). — This  is  a  report  of  the  milk  committee,  compoasl 
or  C.  L.  King  (chairman),  F.  A  Pearson,  G.  Pinchot,  Mrs.  A  W.  Smith,  J.  W. 
Sullivan,  and  G.  F.  Warren,  appointed  by  the  U.  S.  Food  AdministiatieB  l» 
consider  the  production  and  distribution  of  milk  for  city  markets. 

The  first  section  deals  with  production.  The  veal  problem,  the  slae  sad 
productivity  of  4ierds  furnishing  market  milk,  and  the  small  percoitage  tf 
concentrates  fed  that  are  home  grown  are  briefly  treated.  It  is  held  that  it 
least  1  heifer  must  be  raised  yearly  for  every  5  cows  if  production  Is  to  te 
maintained.  A  summary  is  given  of  data  submitted  by  seven  investigators  as  ti 
the  cost  of  milk  production  in  490  herds,  averaging  just  under  20  cows  eacft» 
located  in  Minnesota,  Michigan,  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  New  York,  and 
New  Jersey.  The  yearly  average  quantities  of  feed  and  labor  required  to  pi^ 
duce  100  lbs.  of  milk  are  shown  in  the  table  given  below.  They  equal  80l8  ptf 
cent  of  the  average  net  cost  Definite  figures  showing  the  diiference  betwea 
summer  and  winter  averages  are  provided  by  one  of  the  reports,  that  froa 
Broome  C!ounty,  N.  Y.,  concerning  56  farms  producing  milk  throughout  thi 
year  approximately  as  needed  by  the  New  York  market  These  figures  am 
given  in  the  following  table: 

Feed  and  lahor  required  per  100  lbs.  of  mUk. 


Locality  and  time  of  year. 

Labor. 

Oxain. 

Hay. 

Other 

dry 

forafe. 

ailaca. 

OQ>ir_ 

ted. 

All  farms,  yearly  average 

Hn. 
2.88 

2.79 
3.77 
8.42 

Lbt. 
33.5 

6.2 
41.7 
28.1 

Lbt. 
45.3 

.3 
100.8 
62.3 

Lbt. 

n.5 

.3 
17.7 
11.1 

Lbt. 
83.3 

6.6 
»1.9 
M.I 

Lbt. 
•16 

Broome  Cornty,  N.  Y.- 

Pafttuiv  wa-v)0  ...........a............ 

&t 

Winter  aeason 

lat 

Yearly  avexajfc.  ..•••.•••....••..••... . 

14.T 

As  a  guide  in  the  estimation  of  prices  to  be  expected  at  different 
a  tabulation  is  presented  showing  10-year  averages  of  the  relative  prices  bj 


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Itl9]  DAIBY  FARMING — ^DAIBTINO.  281 

BKmtiis  f6r  both  the  Chicago  and  New  Tork  territories.  An  appendix  giTea, 
for  each  investigation  separately,  an  itemized  statement  of  the  costs  and  credits 
per  cow.  By  vote  of  the  committee,  all  charges  for  managerial  ability  and  risk 
were  excluded  from  the  computations.  In  most  cases  a  statement  is  made  of 
the  percentage  of  tiie  annual  milk  yield  produced  during  the  six  months  be- 
ginning with  October.    This  percentage  varied  from  47.4  to  61.4. 

The  second  section  of  the  report  summarizes  replies  to  a  questionnaire  sent 
to  the  principal  milk  dealers  of  the  country  concerning  details  of  their  business. 
The  45  dealers  replying  were,  with  few  exceptions,  located  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River  and  north  of  the  latitude  of  Washington,  D.  O.  In  most  cases  the 
replies  were  checked  by  an  accountant  employed  by  the  committee.  For  each 
group  of  dealers  Information  is  furnished  for  the  first  six  months  of  1917  as  to 
assets,  sales,  costs,  earnings,  depreciation  of  plant  and  equipment,  the  disposal 
of  milk  purdiased,  the  number  of  retail  and  wholesale  routes,  and  the  number 
of  "quart  points"  per  route.  The  45  companies  disposed  of  510,000,000  qts. 
in  the  six  months.  The  net  earnings  per  quart  averaged  0.256  ct  The  average 
cost  of  distribution  after  the  milk  had  reached  the  city  and  had  been  pas- 
teurized was  1.116  cts.  per  quart  The  committee  is  of  the  opinion  that  dupli- 
cati<xi  of  routes  within  the  city  is  less  common  at  present  than  is  geierally 
supposed.  It  is  believed  that  all  duplication  could  be  eliminated  by  the  estab- 
lishment of  zone  monopolies  in  each  vicinity  through  the  licensing  of 
distributors. 

The  life  of  a  milk  bottle  is  estimated  at  from  20  to  30  trips.  Over  50  per  cent 
of  the  breakage  occurs  when  bottles  are  in  the  hands  of  consumers,  and  about 
40  per  cent  when  In  the  plant  At  the  time  of  the  survey,  quart  bottles  cost 
about  4  ct&  each.  The  committee  points  out  that  many  municipal  regulations 
afl^ctlng  distribution  are  obsolete,  and  is  unanimous  in  urging  the  repeal  of  all 
laws  prohibiting  standardization  of  milk.  It  also  believes  that  the  number  of 
recognized  grades  of  milk  should  be  reduced. 

The  third  section  of  the  report  is  a  compilation  of  familiar  facts  as  to  the 
food  value  of  milk. 

Hilk  production  costs  and  milk  prices,  R.  M.  Gbxen,  D.  C.  Wood,  and  A.  O. 
Raobdatj  {Mi^aauri  Sta,  Bui.  156  (1918),  pp.  36^  fig.  1).—A  report  on  Investiga- 
tions approximately  coinciding  with  the  calendar  year  1917  on  production  costs 
in  the  neighborhood  of  the  three  largest  Missouri  cities.  In  each  territory 
representative  herds  of  10  or  more  cows  were  selected  for  study.  The  total 
number  studied  was  101,  of  which  9  were  composed  entirely  of  pure-bred  cattle ; 
66  of  grades  with  an  occasional  pure  bred ;  and  the  rest,  26,  of  mixed  or  com- 
mon stock.  In  the  counties  adjoining  St.  Louis,  the  herds  of  49  dairymen  were 
studied,  of  which  40  shipped  their  milk  by  express  to  St  Louis,  paying  a  trans- 
portation charge  of  1.5  cts.  to  2  cts.  per  gallon.  The  remaining  9  retailed  their 
milk  locally  in  the  smaller  towns.  In  the  vicinity  of  St  Joseph,  23  farms  were 
studied,  of  which  13  either  hauled  their  milk  to  a  local  creamery  or  sold  it  to  a 
netghboring  dairyman  who  had  milk  routes  in  the  city.  Ten  retailed  their  own 
milk  in  St  Joseph,  an  average  haul  of  3.5  miles.  In  the  Kansas  City  district 
records  were  secured  from  29  dairymen,  of  whom  4  retailed  in  outiying  towns 
and  25  sold  to  local  creameries.  Complete  data  are  given  in  19  table&  The 
table  following  gives  some  of  the  main  items  of  cost  and  the  prices  received 
under  various  marketing  conditions  in  the  different  localities,  the  4  local  re- 
tailen  near  Kansas  City  being  omitted. 


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282 


EXPEBIMB29T  STATION  BECOBD. 


tV«t«i 


Produetion  C09t8  and  MelUng  prices  of  mUk  under  different  method*  of  ,- 

marketing. 


Territory. 

Method  of  markstinc. 

Feed 
pergaL 

Labor 
oast 

per  gal. 

Net 

oast 
pergaL 

Price 

leeelved 

parg»L 

ATei^l 

8t.  Louis 

Wholesale  by  express. 

Cenu. 
18.9 
20.8 
17.1 
20.4 
22.4 

Cenu. 
7.8 
9.2 
7.6 
13.7 
12.6 

Ctnu. 
81.80 
83.05 
24.  n 
83.27 
37.94 

Ctnu. 

23.14 
29.93 
43.43 

GBtt.   ' 

Bt.Joseph 

Wholesale  without  express .... 
Wholesale  through  oreameries. 
Retailing  In  small  towns 

14  S 

Kansas  City 

«9 

Bt.  Louis 

3H 

fit.  Joseph 

!■  S 

n 

>  Profit. 

The  net  cost  was  secored  bj  adding  together  the  feed,  labor,  and  misoellfl 
costs,  deducting  credits  for  manure,  stock  sold,  hides,  etc.,  and  then  adding  j 
per  cent  for  managerial  ability  and  risk. 

The  following  table  summarizes  the  more  pertinent  data  as  to  feed  and  la 
expenditures  for  St  Louis  and  St  Joseph,  those  for  Kansas  City  not 
complete  in  all  items : 

Feed  and  labor  expended  per  gallon  of  miUo  produced  annuaXly  per  ootei 


Cost  item. 


Com. 


Bran. 


Cotton- 


Other 


trates. 


Legume 


Per  cow: 
St.  Louis, 
fit.  Joseph 

Per  gallon: 

St.  IX)Ul8. 

fit.  Joseph 


£tt. 
10.2 
12.8 

Lb: 
1.40 
1.28 


Lbe. 

484.2 

445.0 

Xte. 
.96 
.79 


Lb9. 
160.6 
147.0 

Xte. 
.30 
.26 


JToiM. 
0.20 
L53 

JM. 
0.80 
6.43 


"In  no  case  were  the  men  who  were  producing  and  selling  milk  wholeaalt 
averaging  a  profit  when  all  items  of  cost  were  considered.  A  few  indivldiHlr 
cases  of  profit  were  due  to  particularly  favorable  contract  prices  rather  than  tt  i 
exceptionally  good  production.  The  producers  who  retailed  milk  averaged  S 
net  profit  of  3.1  cts.  per  gallon." 

It  is  pointed  out  that  some  of  the  Items  included  in  the  production  coslftn 
ghen  do  not  represent  immediate  cash  outlay,  and  tliat  this  escplains  w&y^ 
dairymen  continue  in  the  business  in  spite  of  low  returns. 

"  On  the  basis  of  the  difference  between  wholesale  and  retail  prices  it  appeav 
that  central  distributors  can  sell  at  the  same  price  as  farmer  retailers  with  m 
margin  three  to  four  times  as  large,  because  milk  can  be  bought  wholesan 
cheaper  than  it  can  be  produced."  1 

Determining  cost  of  milk  production,  F.  A.  Peabson  {Cream,  and  ItUk  Piant 
Mo.,  6  {1911),  No.  5,  p.  55).— Studies  completed  by  the  dairy  department  of  tba 
niinois  Experiment  Station  are  cited  to  show  that,  in  the  Chicago  milk  district 
the  amounts  of  feed  and  labor  entering  into  the  average  herd  cost  of  milk  jffo- 
duoed  per  hundredweight  are  as  follows:  Grain  44  lbs.,  silage,  188  lbs.,  haf^ 
60  lbs.,  bedding  89  lbs.,  and  man  labor  2.42  hours.    The  unitemized  debits  aiif 
approximately  offset  by  credits  for  increase  in  stock,  manure,  etc,  and  botiK; 
may  be  disregarded  in  making  a  practical  rough  estimate  of  the  financial  coil' 
of  production.    The  relative  price  paid  per  month  in  the  past  is  taken  as  a  t»it 
Indication  of  the  proper  distrlbutioli  of  prices  by  months.    A  table  ahowii^ 


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1910]  VETEBINABY  MEDIOHfTB.  283 

the  monthly  percentages  of  the  average  prly  In  the  Chicago  district  is  provided 
to  use  in  connection  with  the  formula  for  determining  a  Just  price. 

TlM  milk  supply  of  Dublin,  D.  Houston  (Dublin:  Coop.  Ref,  Libr.,  1918,  pp. 
SO;  abridged  in  Better  Businest,  S  {1918),  No.  ft,  pp.  d7-i09).— Results  of  a 
survey  show  high  bacteriological  counts  in  milk  supplied  to  Dublin.  The  author 
does  not  expect  that  the  exacting  standards  required  by  some  American  cities 
ftnr  market  milk  can  be  adopted  at  once,  but  urges  that  even  considerably  lower 
standards  would  work  great  improvement  In  three  appendixes  the  complete 
report  gives  details  of  bacteriological  examinations  of  milk  samples  and  milk 
bams,  together  with  specific  suggestions  for  retailera 

The  book  of  butter,  K  S.  Gxtthbib  {New  York:  The  MacmAllan  Co.,  1918,  pp. 
XV-^270,  /IgM.  60). — ^This  is  a  textbook  designed  to  cover  the  entire  field  of  the 
composition,  manufacture,  and  marketing  of  butter.  After  introductory  matter 
on  the  history,  chemistry,  and  food  value  of  butter,  there  is  given  a  chapter  on 
cleanliness  in  the  utensils,  equipment,  and  personnel  of  the  creamery.  Succeed- 
ing chapters  deal  concisely  with  the  care  of  milk  after  it  leaves  the  udder; 
separation,  grading;  and  neutralizing  of  cream;  pasteurization,  ripening,  and 
framing;  flavors  of  butter;  storage;  and  marketing.  There  are  also  brief 
discussions  on  whey  butter,  renovated  butter,  and  margarin.  The  volume  closes 
with  a  glossary  and  directions  for  testing  milk,  cream,  and  butter. 

The  book  of  cheese,  C.  THOii  and  W.  W.  Fisk  {New  York:  The  Macmillan 
Co.,  1918,  pp.  JVI'^S92,  figs.  74). — ^This  volume  emphasizes  the  science  rather 
than  the  art  of  cheese  making.  It  is  not  a  laboratory  manual,  but  a  statement 
of  tho  underlying  principles  and  a  compilation  of  facts  for  the  use  of  the  dairy 
student  and  the  beginner  cheese  maker.  Milk  in  relation  to  cheese,  the  theory 
of  coagulation,  lactic  starters,  and  curd  making  are  first  discussed,  and  then 
follows  a  classification  of  cheeses,  with  chapters  devoted  to  the  main  types. 
The  manufacture  of  Cheddar  cheese  is  discussed  in  considerable  detail.  Fac- 
tory construction  and  organization,  the  history  of  the  cheese  industry  In  Amer- 
ica, dairy  tests  of  Importance  to  the  cheese  maker,  marketing  cheese,  the  basis 
et  payment  for  milk  at  the  factory,  and  the  use  of  cheese  in  the  household  are 
other  topics  considered.  Many  references  to  American  and  foreign  literature 
are  given  in  footnotes  and  as  bibliographies  at  the  end  of  chapters. 

Condensed  milk  and  mUk  powder,  O.  F.  Hunzikeb  {La  Orange,  III:  Author, 
1918,  t.  ed.,  rev.  and  enl.,  pp.  S17,  figs.  67). — This  treatise  Is  now  considerably 
enlarged  to  include  developments  in  the  condensed  milk  industry  during  the 
four  years  since  first  publication  (E.  S.  R.,  31,  p.  375).  The  additions  consist 
chiefly  of  chapters  oft  condensing  milk  by  the  continuous  process,  the  manufac- 
ture of  malted  milk,  the  standardization  of  natural  and  condensed  milks,  and 
the  use  of  the  Mojonnier  methods  of  testing  milk  producta  The  discussion  of 
the  manufacture  of  milk  powder  Is  considerably  altered,  the  chapter  on  bac- 
teriological methods  is  enlarged,  and  the  information  on  markets  and  prices  is 
brought  up  to  data 

VETEBINABY  MEDICINE. 

Some  remarks  on  foot-and-mouth  disease  and  other  diseases  In  relation  to 
differential  diaffnosls,  A.  H.  Berby  {Vet.  Rec,  SO  {1918),  No.  1561,  pp.  497- 
S04). — ^The  diseases  and  abnormal  conditions  of  the  muzzle  and  buccal  cavity 
cimsldered  by  the  author  Include  catarrhal,  petechial,  papular,  vesicular,  pus- 
tular, ulcerative,  necrotic,  and  actinomycotic  stomatitis,  foot-and-mouth  dis- 
ease, necrotic  ulcers  on  the  tongue,  mycotic  stomatitis  or  "dirty  tongue"  dis- 
ease, pseudomembranous  stomatitis  of  sucklings,  spreading  sores  of  lips,  ranula 
•or  frog  tongue,  and  pustular  dermatlUa 


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284  BXPERIMBNT  STATION  BECOBD.  ITol.  40 

Bacteria  of  infections  diseases  ^  man  and  snlmals,  D.  H.  Jorbb  {OnUtrio 
Dept.  Agr.  BiU,  265  (1918),  pp.  SS-68,  flg9.  7).— A  popular  aommary  of  infor- 
mation. 

[Breport  of]  health  of  animals  branch,  T.  A.  Cisbab  {Bpt.  Mi%,  Agr.  Camodm^ 
1918,  pp.  58-^5). — ^A  brief  summary  of  the  oocorreDce  of  and  work  with  the 
more  important  diseases  of  live  stock  during  the  year  under  r^wrt 

Annual  administration  report  of  the  civil  veterinary  department  In  Balu- 
chistan for  the  otadal  jwr  1917-18,  S.  O.  Haji  {Ann,  AdnUti.  Rpt,  Oiv.  VeL 
Dept,  Baluchistan,  1917-18,  pp.  i5).-^This,  the  usual  annual  report  (B.  S.  B., 
87,  p.  274),  Includes  an  account  of  the  occurrence  of  and  work  with  InfecCloos 
diseases  of  live  stock. 

Annual  report  of  the  civil  veterinary  department,  United  Frovinoes,  for 
the  year  ended  March  31,  1918,  E.  W.  Ouymm  (Ann.  BpL  Civ.  Vet.  DepL 
United  Prov,,  1918,  pp.  [^]+f5).— This  is  the  usual  annual  report  (E.  S.  R^  38, 
p.  180). 

New  and  nonoffidal  remedies,  1918  (Chioaffo:  Amer.  Med,  Atfoa,  1918,  pp. 
iSi+XXVn.-^This  is  the  1918  edition  of  the  book  previously  noted  (B.  &  B., 
87,  p.  876).  Certain  products  described  in  the  1917  edition  have  been  omitted, 
new  products  have  been  added,  and  some  revisions  have  been  made  In  the 
definitions  and  statements  of  the  physical  and  chemical  properties  of  certain 
substances.  Special  attention  is  called  to  the  discussion  of  foods  for  diabetics, 
of  hypochlorites  and  hypochlorite  substitutes,  and  of  pollen  extract  prepara- 
tions. 

Revised  supplement  to  new  and  nonoAdal  remedies,  1918  ([CJUospo: 
Amer,  Med.  Absoc.,  1919},  pp.  19). — ^Thls  is  a  supplement  to  the  book  noted 
above. 

Relative  irritant  properties  of  the  chlorin  group  of  antiseptics,  O.  & 
CxTLLEN  and  H.  D.  Tatlob  (Jour.  Expt.  Med.,  28  (1918),  No.  6,  pp.  681-^99,  pU. 
S,  figs.  2). — ^The  relative  irritant  action  of  Dakin's  solution  prepared  In  various 
ways,  of  other  hypochlorite  solutions,  and  of  the  organic  chlorin  antiseptics, 
chloramin  T  and  dichloramin  T,  have  been  studied  by  means  of  the  effect  pro- 
duced by  these  reagents  on  the  ears  of  rabbita  From  the  observations  reported 
the  following  conclusions  are  drawn : 

Dakin's  hypochlorite  solutions,  of  which  the  alkalinity  Is  kept  within  the 
range  of  from  100  to  1,000  times  the  alkalinity  of  water  (pH  of  9.3  to  10.2) 
by  means  of  buffer  salts,  have  practically  the  same  degree  of  irritant  action 
whatever  method  has  been  employed  in  preparing  these  solutions.  Solutions 
that  have  an  alkalinity  less  than  that  Indicated  by  theeend-polnt  of  alcoholic 
solution  of  ph'enolphthalein  (pH  of  8.5  to  8.8)  or  greater  than  that  Indicated 
by  the  end-point  to  powdered  phenolphthalein  (pH  of  10.2)  are  int«isely  irri- 
tating. Solutions  of  hypochlorite  from  which  most  of  the  calcium  has  been 
precipitated  and  calcium  hypochlorite  solutions  seem  less  irritating  than  Dakin's 
solution.  Two  per  cent  chloramin  T  solution  has  no  irritant  action,  and  5 
per  cent  dichloramin- T  In  chlorcosane  and  chlorcosane  alone  are  only  slightly 
irritating. 

Dakin's  solution  and  Dakin's  oil  in  the  normal  peritoneal  cavity  of  the  dog, 
B.  G.  Gbbt  {Bid.  Johns  Hopkins  Hosp.,  29  (1918),  No.  $82,  pp.  221-228).— Botlx 
the  neutral  solution  of  chlorinated  soda  (Dakin's  solution)  and  dichloramin  T 
in  chlorinated  paraflSn  (Dakin's  oil)  when  Injected  into  the  normal  peritoneal 
cavity  of  a  dog  were  found  to  lead  to  an  Inflammatory  reaction,  the  degne  of 
which  was  directly  proportional  to  the  amount  of  chlorin  antiseptic  used.  The 
author  emphasisses  the  necessity  of  caution  In  the  use  of  chlorin  antiseptics  In 
intra-abdominal  infections  and  the  Importance,  U  they  are  used,  of  nminf  ii^tT^g 
an  adequate  drainage  tract. 


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1919]  TETERII^'ABT   MEDICHTB.  286 

A  stady  of  pyotherapy  in  various  suppurations,  Q.  A.  Ohaztieb  (R^.  M4d. 
7^..  94  U918)f  No.  15-11,  pp.  40S'411). —The  author,  In  cooperation  with 
Dnpont,  has  tested  the  efficacy  of  autopyotherapy  and  of  monovalent  and  poly- 
Taient  pyotherapy  in  the  treatment  of  various  suppurating  wounds. 

Excellent  and  similar  results  were  obtained  with  all  the  methods  employed. 
The  general  results  are  summarized,  from  which  the  conclusion  is  drawn  that 
pyotherapy  should  be  considered  as  an  adjuvant  rather  than  a  panacea  and 
should  be  used  only  in  connection  with  the  usual  surgical  treatment  Its  mode 
of  action  is  considered  to  be  a  stimulation  of  phagocytosis  augmenting  the 
natural  defuse  of  the  organism  rather  than  the  creation  of  a  state  of  resistance 
conferring  immunity. 

Sterilization  of  the  skin  and  other  surfaces  by  a  mixture  of  crystal  violet 
and  brilliant  green,  V.  Bonnet  and  C.  H.  Bbownino  {Brit.  Med,  Jour.,  No. 
i9H  (1918),  pp.  562,  56S;  aba.  *»  Vet.  Rev.,  $  (1918),  No.  4.  PP*  W»  485).-^h» 
solution  employed  contains  1  per  cent  of  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  crystal 
violet  and  brilliant  green  dissolved  in  equal  parts  of  rectified  spirit  and  water. 
The  skin  of  the  operation  area  is  painted  with  the  solution  six  hours  before  the 
operation,  and  is  then  covered  with  lint  soaked  in  the  solution  and  protected  by 
waterproof  cloth.  This  is  kept  on  until  the  operation.  A  sterile  and  actively 
antiseptic  condition  of  the  skin  with  no  irritation  is  produced. 

The  results  of  the  application  of  this  method  have  been  satisfactory  both  in 
chemical  and  in  bacteriological  tests. 

The  protective  action  of  diet  against  tartrate  nephritis,  W.  Salant  and 
A.  M.  SwANsoN  (Jour.  Pharmacol,  and  Expt.  Ther.,  11  (1918),  No.  I,  pp.  45- 
62). — ^"When  tartrate  was  given  by  mouth  to  rabbits  on  a  diet  of  oats  large 
doses  were  required  to  inhibit  the  elimination  of  phenolsulphonephthalein.  The 
effects  produced  with  medium  doses  were  very  moderate.  Recovery  was  ob- 
served in  all  cases.  Even  small  doses  of  sodium  tartrate  injected  subcutaneously 
into  rabbits  on  a  diet  of  oats  caused  a  very  pronounced  Inhibition  of  the  elimi- 
nation of  dye.  Considerable  improvement  occurred  after  three  to  five  days,  but 
complete  recovery  of  function  was  never  observed. 

"Evidence  of  disturbance  of  the  renal  function  was  seldom  obtained  with 
medium,  doses  of  sodium  tartrate  when  injected  subcutaneously  into  rabbits  on 
a  diet  of  fresh  young  carrots.  Large  doses  showed  a  decrease  of  functional 
activity  within  a  few  hours  after  injection,  but  tests  made  one  or  more  days 
later  indicated  considerable  improvement  and  in  some  cases  recovery. 

**  After  the  subcutaneous  Injection  of  sodium  tartrate  into  rabbits  on  a  diet 
of  oats,  the  time  of  appearance  of  the  phenolsulphonephthalein  injected  was 
delayed  and  the  duration  of  elimination  longer  than  in  rabbits  which  had  been 
receiving  carrots. 

**  When  sodium  tartrate  was  injected  subcutaneously  in  gradually  increasing 
amounts,  no  impairment  of  renal  function  was  observed  even  after  very  large 
doses  (4  and  6  gm.  per  kilogram)  If  the  diet  consisted  of  carrots  exclusively, 
but  the  efficiency  of  the  kidney  was  markedly  decreased  if  oats  alone  were  fed, 
altboagh  the  amount  of  tartrate  administered  was  only  one-fourth  or  one-sixth 
of  that  given  to  rabbits  on  a  diet  of  carrots." 

The  influence  of  diet  on  the  toxicity  of  sodium  tartrate,  W.  Salant  and 
A  M.  SwANsoN  (Jour,  PharmaooL  and  Expt.  Ther.,  11  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  27- 
^1). — "  The  toxicity  of  sodium  tartrate  was  most  marked  on  a  diet  of  oats,  hay, 
tnd  cabbage.  Diets  rich  in  sugar  were  efficacious  in  decreasing  toxicity,  the 
effect  being  most  pronounced  on  a  diet  of  young  carrots.  A  marked  increase 
of  resistance  to  tartrates  was  also  observed  on  a  diet  of  carrot  leaves. 
109642*— 19 7 


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286  EXFEBIMBNT  STATION  BEOOBO.  nrol.40 

**  The  favorable  effects  of  some  diets  on  the  toxicity  of  tartrates  mii^t  be  doe 
to  several  factors,  among  them  inhibition  of  bacterial  activit7*in  the  intestine, 
vitamins,  or  unknown  constituents  that  might  be  present  in  some  diets.** 

Complement  fixation  with  protein  sabstances,  R.  L.  Kahk  and  A.  MgNbi. 
(Jour.  Immunol.,  S  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  277-295). — The  purpose  of  the  studies  re- 
ported was  to  determine  whether  or  not  the  findings  of  Wells  and  Osborne 
(E.  S.  R.,  35,  p.  670),  that  the  specificity  of  the  anaphylactic  reaction  depends 
upon  the  chemical  structure  of  the  protein  molecule,  are  applicable  to  the  com- 
plement-fixation reaction.  The  substances  employed  consisted  of  proteins,  split 
proteins,  racemized  proteins,  and  animal  tissues.  These  were  introduced 
parenterally  into  rabbits  and  specific  complement-fixing  antibodies  sought  for  in 
the  blood  of  these  animals  at  definite  intervals. 

The  results  obtained  showed  that  "  what  has  been  found  to  be  true  In  the  case 
of  other  immunity  reactions  appears  to  be  true  also  in  the  case  of  the  comple- 
ment-fixation reaction,  namely,  that  the  specificity  of  the  complement-fixation 
reaction  depends  upon  the  chemical  structure  of  the  protein  molecule,  and  if 
the  molecule  be  split  or  modified  by  racemization  its  specific  complement  binding 
power  is  lost." 

A  note  on  the  relation  between  proteolysins  and  hemolysins,  A.  McNko* 
and  R.  L.  Eahn  {Jour.  Immunol,  S  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  295-299) .—This  paper 
reports  the  results  of  an  attempt  to  determine  whether  proteolytic  substances 
are  produced  in  rabbits  as  the  result  of  protein  injections.  Proteolysis  was  de- 
termined by  observing  the  increase  in  amino  nitrogen  after  digesting  mixtures 
of  the  immune  serum,  the  specific  protein,  and  complement  for  a  given  period. 

The  results  gave  no  evidence  of  any  increase  in  amino  adds  under  these 
conditions,  which  would  indicate  that  hemolysis  and  proteolysis  are  probably 
two  distinct  phenomena. 

A  study  of  the  immunizing  properties  of  bacterial  vaccines  prepared  after 
various  methods,  M.  W.  Pebby  and  J.  A,  Kolmeb  {Jour.  Immunol.,  S  {1918), 
No.  4,  pp.  247-259;  abs.  in  Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.,  11  {1918),  No.  24,  p.  2021).— 
A  comparative  study  is  reported  of  the  efficacy  of  vaccines  of  BacUlus  typhosus, 
including  living,  heat-killed,  and  chemically  killed  preparations  injected  sub- 
cutaneously  into  rabbits  in  doses  similar  to  those  employed  in  human  beings 
and  according  to  body  weight.  The  antibody  response  was  studied  by  means 
of  the  agglutination  and  complement-fixation  reactions,  and  the  nonspecific  re- 
action was  followed  by  means  of  total  leucocyte  counts  and  temperature  obser- 
vations.   The  results  of  the  study  are  summarized  as  follows : 

All  vaccines  of  B.  typhosus  prepared  in  various  ways  usually  produced  slight 
leucocytosls  and  slight  increase  in  temperature,  the  alcohol-killed  sen^tized 
sediment  producing  these  nonspecific  reactions  in  the  highest  degree.  Agglu- 
tinin and  complement-fixing  antibodies  were  produced  in  the  highest  d^ree  by 
the  administration  of  living  and  autolyzed  vaccines,  followed  in  order  by  the 
mercurophen-killed,  trlcresol-killed,  heat-killed,  and  alcohol-killed  sensitized 
sediment  vaccines. 

The  bactericidal  action  of  whole  blood,  with  a  new  technique  for  its  de- 
termination, G.  D.  Heist  and  S.  and  M.  Solis-Cohen  {Jour.  Immunol.,  S  {1918). 
No.  4,  pp.  261-276,  figs.  2;  abs.  in  Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  71  {1918),  No.  24,  p. 
2021).— A  five-stemmed  capillary  pipette  is  described  by  means  of  which  blood, 
as  it  flows  from  the  capillaries,  may  be  brought  into  contact  with  living  organ- 
isms in  varying  dilutions.  By  the  use  of  this  device  It  has  been  shown  that  if 
small  numbers  of  living  pneumococci  are  seeded  in  pigeon's  blood  before  it 
coagulates  the  pneumococci  fail  to  multiply,  while  if  seeded  in  mouse's  or 
rabbit's  blood  under  similar  conditions  the  pneumococci  grow  with  great  vigor. 


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IMOl  TBTERINABT  MEDICINE.  287 

The  globoid  bodies  of  poliomyelitis  were  found  to  grow  readily  in  nncoagnlated 
biunan  blood,  while  they  failed  to  grow  when  seeded  in  uncoagolated  rabbit's 
Mood. 

The  hypothesis  advanced  to  explain  the  facts  observed  is  that  "  when  small 
nnmbers  of  bacteria  are  planted  in  fresh,  uncoagulated  blood  only  those  bacteria 
(p-ow  and  multiply  which  are  pathogenic  for  the  speci&s  fiom  which  the  blood 
is  drawn.  Fiirther,  the  number  of  given  organisms  destroyed  b>  blood  from 
different  species  is,  to  a  certain  extent,  proportional  to  the  natural  immunity 
of  those  species  to  the  organism.  This  likewise  appears  to  be  true  of  the  im- 
munity induced  by  inoculations." 

Besearches  on  the  abnormal  figures  for  sodium  chlorid  in  the  serum  of  sick 
horses,  Augustin  (Rev.  04n.  MM,  Y4t.,  27  {1918),  No.  S21,  pp.  ^MW).— Ob- 
servations are  reported  showing  that  the  sodium  chlorid  in  the  serum  of  horses 
is  susceptible  to  wide  variations  in  the  course  of  infections  of  the  pasteurella 
type,  an  ascending  curve  of  temperature  very  often  coexisting  with  a  descend- 
ing curve  of  sodium  chlorid.  In  the  course  of  protracted  convalescence  a  nor- 
mal temperature  Is  accompanied  by  a  high  sodium  chlorid  figure. 

It  is  recommended  that,  in  severe  infections  where  injections  of  physiological 
serum  are  employed,  5.5  or  6  gm.  of  sodium  chlorid  per  1,000  should  replace 
the  concentration  of  7  or  7.5  gm.  per  1,000  usually  employed,  in  order  not  to 
change  too  abruptly  the  strength  of  the  sodium  chlorid  in  the  blood.  The  author 
also  recommends  the  dally  administration  of  about  200  gm.  of  sodium  chlorid 
as  an  essential  adjuvant  to  the  ordinary  medication. 

The  influence  of  arsphenamin  and  mercuric  chlorid  upon  complement  and 
antibody  production,  L  Toyama  and  J.  A.  Kolmeb  {Jour,  Immunol,,  9  {1918), 
^o-  4f  pp.  801-^16;  abs,  in  Jour.  Amer  Med.  Assoc,  71  {1918),  No,  24,  pp,  2021, 
2022). — A  study  is  reported  of  the  probable  influence  of  arsphenamin  and  of 
mercuric  chlorid  upon  (1)  the  production  of  immune  antlsheep  and  antlhuman 
hemolysins  and  agglutinins  for  sheep  and  human  erythrocytes  in  rabbits, 
(2)  the  production  of  immune  typhoid  agglutinin  In  rabbits,  (3)  hemolytic 
complement  and  normal  antlsheep  hemolysin  in  rabbit  serum,  and  (4)  normal 
typhoid  agglutinin  and  hemolytic  complement  in  human  serum. 

The  general  result  of  the  experiments  indicates  that  while  massive  doses 
of  arq;>haiamin  and  mercuric  chlorid  tend  to  suppress  antibody  production  and 
cause  a  decrease  in  hemolytic  complement,  smaller  doses  teyd  to  increase  the 
production  of  antibody  agglutinins  and  augment  the  complement  content  after 
a  primary  decrease. 

On  the  concentration  of  antitoxic  sera,  Annie  Homeb  {Jour.  Physiol,,  52 
(1918),  No.  4,  pp.  ZZXI-XXX///).— Additional  suggestions  to  those  previ- 
ously noted  (E.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  487)  are  given  for  the  concentration  of  antitoxic 
sera.  If  cresylic  acid  is  to  be  used  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  504),  it  is  considered  ad- 
visable to  determine  experimentally  for  each  consignment  the  minimum  amount 
necessary  to  produce  clear  end-points.  Preliminary  adjustment  of  the  reaction 
of  the  plasma  to  pH  8.3  is  thought,  however,  to  give  more  reliable  results  than 
those  obtained  by  the  use  of  either  phenol  or  cresylic  acid. 

If  both  the  first  and  second  fraction  precipitates  are  to  be  extracted  with 
brine,  the  author  recommends  that,  instead  of  filtering  the  plasma  after  the 
addition  of  30  per  cent  anunonium  sulphate,  the  ammonium  sulphate  content  be 
brought  up  to  46  or  50  per  cent  saturation  and  the  liquid  then  filtered.  The 
precipitates,  consisting  of  those  of  both  the  first  and  second  fraction  precipi- 
tates, are  macerated  in  a  volume  of  brine  about  twice  that  of  the  original 
plasma,  salt  is  added,  and  after  standing  at  room  temperature  for  at  least 
three  days  the  brine  extracts  are  filtered.    To  the  filtrate  is  added  0.3  per  cent 


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288  EXPERIMENT  STATION  SEOOBD.  [Vol.  40 

glacial  acetic  acid,  and  the  ensuing  precipitate  is  filtered,  pressed,  and  dlalyzed 
in  the  usual  manner. 

Further  observations  on  the  properties  of  antitoxio  sera,  Ajxvie  Hoxkk 
{Jour.  Physiol,  52  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  XXXVII,  XXXy///).— <3ertaln  factors 
Influencing  the  concentration  of  antitoxic  sera  by  methods  involving  the  frac- 
tional precipitation  of  the  heat-denatured  sera  by  ammonium  sulphate  and  by 
sodium  chlorid  are  discussed. 

On  the  concentration  of  antitoxic  sera  by  the  saltiiier  out  of  the  heat- 
denatured  serum  proteins  with  sodium  chlorid,  Annie  Homkb  {Biochem. 
Jour.,  12  U9J8),  No.  S,  pp.  190-209)  .—-This  paper  r^Mrts  a  study  of  the  possi- 
bility of  shortening  the  process  of  concentration  of  antitoxic  sera  by  treating 
the  heated  sera  directly  with  sodium  chlorid,  together  with  a  further  study  of 
the  factors  influencing  the  heat  denaturation  of  the  serum  proteins  and  of  the 
extent  to  which  the  denaturation  can  be  carried  without  rendering  the  protein 
antitoxin  complex  insoluble  in  brine.  The  results  of  the  study  are  summarized 
as  follows: 

The  concentration  of  antitoxic  sera  can  be  successfully  conducted  by  a  regu- 
lation of  the  heat  denaturation  of  the  serum  proteins,  followed  by  a  direct 
treatment  of  the  heated  sera  with  brine  and  salt.  The  end  products  thus  formed 
are  clear  and  more  readily  filterable  than  those  resulting  from  methods  In- 
volving the  use  of  ammonium  sulphate. 

With  heat  denaturation  of  the  order  of  from  30  to  40  per  cent,  the  method 
led  to  the  removal  of  about  50  per  cent  of  the  serum  proteins.  The  potency  of 
the  end  products  was  about  five  times  that  of  the  original  serum.  The  degree 
of  concentration  was  not  improved  by  a  further  increase  in  the  extent  of  the 
heat  denaturation,  nor  by  the  addition  of  substances  such  as  cresyllc  add  or 
sulphates  to  the  serum  previous  to  its  being  heated.  Under  some  conditioDS  the 
heat-denatured  proteins  precipitated  during  the  heating  of  sera  containing 
cresyllc  acid  or  of  which  the  reaction  is  more  add  than  pH=5  do  not  redissolve 
in  brine,  even  on  long  standing.  There  is,  however,  evidence  that  the  protons 
precipitated  during  the  heating  of  sera  containing  electrolytes  can  be  redls- 
solved  by  the  prolonged  treatment  of  the  precipitates  with  a  large  volume  of 
brine.  For  the  successful  concentration  of  sera,  the  precipitation  of  those  pro- 
teins to  which  the  antitoxin  is  attached  must  not  be  changed  from  a  reversible 
to  a  nonreversible«type  of  action. 

The  method  discussed  has  not  furnished  end  products  showing  so  great  a 
percentage  removal  of  the  serum  proteins  nor  a  degree  of  conc^itration  so 
high  as  that  obtained  by  the  author  with  the  Banzhaf  and  the  Homer  methods 
(E.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  487),  but  is  suggested  as  a  practicable  alternative  method. 

The  absorption  or  saturation  test  of  Castellani:  Its  applicationB  in  aeio- 
diagrnosis,  and  in  the  recogrnition  of  bacterial  species,  F.  E.  Taylob  iJomr» 
Hyg.  [Cambridge],  11  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  415-4S8) .—This  is  an  account  of  the 
absorption  or  saturation  test  of  Castellani,  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  14,  pu 
393),  with  a  general  review  of  its  use  by  different  investigators  in  the  study 
of  infections  of  the  typhoid-paratyphoid  group,  dysentery,  the  meningococcal 
group,  tetanus,  and  plague.  The  technique  employed  in  the  application  of  tlie 
test  to  the  serodia gnosis  of  mixed  infections  and  to  the  differentiation  of  doa^y 
allied  species  and  types  of  bacteria  is  described. 

A  preliminary  report  on  the  intrapalpebral  mallein  test,  L.  Price  {Jour. 
Amer.  Vet.  Med.  Assoc.,  5S  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  597-606,  figs.  -^).--This  is  a  dlscua- 
sion  of  the  Intradermo-palpebral  test  for  glanders  as  observed  in  the  examina- 
tion of  over  500  healthy  and  27  glandered  horses. 

The  author  concludes  that  the  intradermo-palpebral  test  "is  comparatively 
a  simple,  accurate,  convenient,  and  reliable  method  for  detecting  glanders  In 

uigitizea  Dy  k^jkjkjwik^ 


IWOl  VETEKINAEY  MEDIOIKB.  289 

horses.  It  is  the  most  suitable  method  of  testing  with  malleln  In  war  times 
or  when  large  numbers  of  animals  must  be  ^>eedily  tested.  If  the  local  reac- 
tion alone  is  considered,  a  large  number  of  horses  may  be  examined  in  a  short 
period  of  time.*' 

Observations  on  epizootic  lymphangitis,  Capiiau  {BuL  8oc.  Cent.  M4d, 
VH.,  $4  (1918),  No.  le-lS,  pp.  337-^60).— A  comparative  study  is  reported  of  the 
Belln  method  of  autopyovacclnation  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  587)  and  the  Velu  method 
of  pyovaccinatlon  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  587)  in  the  treatment  of  epizootic  lymphan- 
gitl&  In  the  technique  of  both  methods  the  author  recommends  as  thorough 
a  removal  as  possible  of  the  infected  tissue  before  the  injection  of  the  pyovac- 
cine. 

The  conclusion  is  drawn  that,  while  excellent  results  can  be  obtained  with 
both  methods,  the  autopyovacclne  appears  to  have  no  advantage  over  the 
pyovacdne,  and  to  have  as  disadvantages  the  difficulty  of  procuring  sufficient 
pus  to  make  the  necessary  amount  of  vaccine  and  the  danger  of  abscesses  at  the 
point  of  inoculation. 

Slight  modifications  of  the  Velu  method  are  outlined,  and  the  necessity  of 
certain  precautions  is  pointed  out.  It  Is  suggested  that  the  reactions  obtained 
with  pyovacdne  are  not  reactions  of  immunity  but  rather  of  phagocytosis. 

Antiparatyphoid  B  vaccination  with  sensitized  virus,  A.  Besredka  and  S. 
Bassechss  {Ann.  Inst.  Pasteur,  S2  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  193-201;  ahs.  in  Chem. 
Aht.,  12  {1918),  No.  22,  p.  2362).-- A  study  is  reported  of  the  relative  value  of 
different  methods  of  vacdnatlon  with  paratyphoid  bacilli,  using  mice  as  experi- 
mental animals.  The  following  vaccines  were  used:  Living  and  dead  non- 
sensitized  paratyphoid  bacilli,  living  and  dead  bacilli  in  the  presence  of  vari- 
able amounts  of  antiparatyphoid  serum,  and  living  sensitized  bacilli.  The  vari- 
ous preparations  were  introduced  subcutaneously  in  one  series  of  experiments 
and  orally  In  another  series.  From  the  results  obtained  the  following  conclu- 
sions are  drawn : 

Vaccination  with  living  paratyphoid  bacilli  confers  immunity  only  after 
several  days.  On  account  of  the  virulence  considerable  risk  is  involved  in  its 
use.  Vaccination  with  killed  bacilli  confers  immunity  after  four  or  five  days, 
but  the  vaccine  has  a  marked  toxic  power.  Vaccination  with  living  sensitized 
badlli  confers  immunity  on  the  following  day,  and  the  vaccine  Is  neither  toxic 
nor  virulent  The  presence  of  serum,  even  in  traces  only,  renders  Immunity  by 
vacdnatlon  passive  instead  of  active.  Immunity  following  ingestion  of  the 
badlli  is  established  very  slowly  and  Is  lasting  only  In  the  case  of  living 
organisms. 

A  Btady  of  the  agglutination  and  complement  fixation  tests  with  equine 
paratyplioid  bacillus  in  horses  with  typhoid  infections,  R.  Combes  (Compt. 
Rend.  Sac.  Bicl  IParisI,  81  (1918),  No.  6,  pp.  288-291;  ahs.  in  Yet.  Rev.,  2 
(1918),  No.  3,  p.  505)."-<3ontlnuing  investigations  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R., 
99,  p.  392),  the  author  reports  a  study  to  determine  whether,  in  the  blood  of 
horses  and  mules  infected  with  the  equine  paratyphoid  bacillus,  corresponding 
antibodies  are  produced. 

A  study  of  the  agglutination  and  complement  fixation  reactions  showed  that 
the  serum  of  horses  infiected  by  the  equine  paratyphoid  bacillus  had  agglutinat- 
ing power  for  the  bacillus  in  dilutions  up  to  1 : 4,000,  while  In  all  other  cases 
agglutination  did  not  take  place  at  a  dilution  of  more  than  1 :  100. 

The  author  concludes  that  by  means  of  serum  diagnosis  it  would  be  possible 
In  cases  of  equine  Infiuenza  to  determine  those  cases  in  which  the  infection  is 
due  to  the  equine  paratyphoid  badllus  and  those  In  which  this  organism  is 
absent 


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290  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vol.40 

Contagrious  abortion  questions  answered,  F.  B.  EUduet  (Wiscomin  Sta.  Bui. 
296  (1918) t  pp.  S6f  figs.  8). — Information  relating  to  this  disease  in  cattle  is 
given  in  the  form  of  questions  and  answers. 

Contagious  abortion  in  cattle,  A.  THEn^Es  (RttodeHa  Agr.  Jour.,  X5  {1918), 
No.  3,  pp.  268-278). — ^A  review  of  the  present  status  of  knowledge  of  this  dis- 
ease, the  occurrence  of  which  In  South  Africa  Is  said  to  have  been  known  fbr 
a  considerable  time,  although  its  identity  with  the  European  dli^^se  was  demon- 
strated only  a  few  years  ago. 

Cattle  scab  and  methods  of  control  and  eradication,  M.  Iicxs  (17.  S.  Dept. 
Agr.,  Fanners*  Bui,  1011  {1918),  pp.  29,  figs.  15).— ^The  nature  and  habits  of  the 
scab  mites,  the  symptoms  caused  by  each  species,  methods  of  distinguishing  the 
different  kinds  of  cattle  scab,  and  means  for  eradication  by  dipping  or  spray- 
ing are  given  in  popular  form. 

Goccidia  in  the  intestines,  red  dysentery  of  cattle. — ObservationB  on 
Eimeria  zumi-rivolta,  B.  Galli-Valjebio  {Trans,  in  Vet.  Jour.,  7^  {1918),  No. 
516,  pp.  219-223). — ^The  author's  conclusions  are  as  follows: 

**  Ck>ccldlan  dysentery  of  cattle  is  due  to  a  specific  coccidlum,  B.  fsumirrivoUa. 
It  is  chiefly  transmitted  by  ailing  animals  In  stalls,  stables,  and  sheds.  Infected 
abodes  not  disinfected  or  insufficiently  disinfected  maintain  infection  for  ages. 
For  a  good  prophylaxis  the  following  are  necessary  (a)  a  strong  sterilizing 
therapy  of  the  sick  animals  associated  with  their  Isolation,  (b)  the  destruction 
of  their  feces  and  disinfection  of  the  standing  (sulphuric  acid),  and  (c)  the 
draining  of  pastures  and  distribution  of  good  potable  water.'* 

Beport  of  experiments  on  immunising  against  hog  cholera,  L.  L.  Lewis 
and  C.  H.  McElboy  {Oklahoma  Sta.  But  119  {1918),  pp.  3-15).— The  investiga- 
tions reported  included  experiments  to  prove  whether  hogs  given  the  simul- 
taneous treatment  will  or  will  not  be  a  source  of  Infection  for  hogs  that  have 
not  been  vaccinated,  to  test  the  effect  of  desiccation  on  the  virulence  of  hog 
cholera  virus,  to  determine  how  long  immunity  will  last  in  young  hogs  after 
they  are  Immunized  against  hog  cholera  by  the  simultaneous  method,  and  to 
determine  the  period  of  immunity  In  hogs  receiving  only  the  serum  treatment 
From  the  results  obtained  the  following  conclusions  are  drawn : 

Hogs  given  the  simultaneous  treatment  for  hog  cholera  will  probably  not  tx* 
a  source  of  danger  when  put  with  hogs  that  have  not  been  vaccinated.  No 
immunity  is  produced  by  using  hog  cholera  virus  dried  for  such  a  l^igth  of 
time  that  it  will  not  produce  the  disease.  Young  pigs  three  weeks  old  or  older 
may  be  successfully  immunized  by  the  simultaneous  treatment.  Probably  a 
still  higher  immunity  may  be  acquired  by  an  additional  Inoculation  of  0.5  cc 
of  virus  in  about  two  weeks  after  the  simultaneous  treatment  has  been  ad- 
ministered. Serum-alone  treatment  will  not  give  hogs  Immunity  for  more  than 
three  or  four  weeks. 

ETTKAL  ENGINEEBIirO. 

Surface  water  supply  of  the  United  States,  1915,  ZZ,  X,  ZH  B,  ^ttt 
{U.  S.  Geol  Survey,  Water-Supply  Paper,  1918,  Nos.  409,  pp.  236+XXXlV,  pis. 
t;  410,  pp.  255+XL,  pU.  2;  413,  pp.  215+XLIX,  pU.  2;  414f  PP.  i«»-fXL/jr,  pit. 
2). — ^These  papers  deal  with  measurements  of  flow  made  on  streams  during  the 
year  ended  September  80, 1915,  as  follows :  Paper  409,  Colorado  River  Basin ;  410, 
The  Great  Basin ;  413,  North  Pacific  Drainage  Basins— Snake  River  Basin ;  414, 
North  Pacific  Drainage  Basins— Lower  (Columbia  River  and  Pacific  Drainage 
Basins  in  Oregon.  Paper  409  was  prepared  in  cooperation  with  the  States  of 
Arizona,  Nevada,  Utah,  and  Wyoming;  410  with  Utah,  Nevada,  Gallfomla*  and 
Oregon ;  418  with  Idaho,  Oregon,  Nevada,  and  Washington ;  and  414  with  Oregon 


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1»1»]  JLVULL  ENOINEEBIira.  291 

and  Washington.  In  each  case  the  usual  appendix  of  gauging  stations  and 
publications  relating  to  water  resources  are  Included. 

Surface  water  supply  of  the  United  States,  1916,  U,  IH,  V  {U.  8,  Qeol. 
Survey,  Water-Supply  Paper,  1918,  Nos,  4S2,  pp.  58+XXF/,  pla,  2;  4SS,  pp. 
205-^XXXJJ,  pl8.  2;  435,  pp.  20rt-^XXIX,  pl«.  2).— These  papers  deal  with 
measurements  of  flow  made  on  streams  during  the  year  ended  September  80, 
1916,  as  follows:  Paper  432,  South  Atlantic  and  Eastern  Qulf  of  Mexico  Basins; 
433,  Ohio  River  Basin;  and  435,  Hudson  Bay  and  Upper  Mississippi  Rlyer 
Basins.  Paper  433  was  prepared  In  cooperation  with  the  States  of  Illinois  and 
Kentucky,  and  435  with  Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  and  Illinois.  In  each 
case  the  usual  appendix  of  gauging  stations  and  publications  relating  to  water 
resources  are  included. 

Surface  water  supply  of  Hawaii,  July  1»  1916,  to  June  30,  1917  (17.  8. 
GeoL  Survey,  Water-Supply  Paper  465  {1918),  pp.  iPi).— This  report,  prepared 
in  cooperation  with  the  Territory  of  Hawaii,  contains  the  results  of  measure- 
ments of  flow  of  certain  streams  and  ditches  and  records  of  rainfall  In  the 
Territory  of  Hawaii  made  during  the  year  ended  June  30,  1917. 

Artesian  waters  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Black  Hills,  S.  Dak.,  N.  H.  Daston 
(U.  8.  Geol  Survey,  Water-Supply  Paper  428  {1918),  pp.  64,  pis.  IS,  figs.  11).— 
This  paper  describes  In  detail  the  geology  of  the  region  and  discusses  the  un- 
derground waters  with  reference  to  their  occurrence  in  different  geological  for- 
mations in  various  parts  of  the  region. 

It  is  stated  that  the  slopes  of  the  Blaclc  Hills  and  the  plains  adjoining  them 
are  underlain  by  6,000  ft  of  sedimentary  rocks.  Including  several  thick  beds  of 
water-bearing  sandstone  which  receive  their  water  supplies  from  rainfall  on  the 
higher  ridges  and  slopes.  The  Dalcota  and  Lakota  sandstones  are  considered 
to  be  the  principal  beds  in  which  artesian  water  is  to  be  expected  in  the  plains 
adjoining  the  Black  Hills,  the  greatest  volume  occurring  in  the  latter.  Some 
w^ls  are  said  to  show  surface  pressures  of  175  to  200  lbs.  per  square  inch. 

The  water  from  these  sandstones  is  said  to  be  the  source  of  supply  for  nu- 
merous wells  400  to  2,000  ft  deep,  which  furnish  large  volumes  of  water  in 
eastern  and  central  South  Dakota,  and  it  is  believed  that  this  water  is  also 
available  under  the  plains  lying  immediately  east  of  the  Black  Hills.  Analyses 
of  waters  from  various  wells  are  Included. 

Drainacre  methods  and  foundations  for  county  roads,  E.  W.  James,  V.  M. 
Pedce,  and  C.  H.  Moosefield  {U.  8.  Dept.  Ayr.  Bui  724  {1918),  pp.  86,  pU.  12, 
fig9. 19). — ^The  purpose  of  this  bulletin  is  to  supply  Information  concerning  the 
pn^r  methods  of  draining  roadbeds,  constructed  of  various  kinds  of  soil,  under 
different  topographic  conditions,  and  also  to  explain  how  foundations  may  be 
designed  to  suit  the  soil  conditions,  the  road  surface,  and  the  system  of  drainage. 
Considerable  engineering  data  on  the  design  of  drains  and  gutters  is  given, 
but  about  half  the  bulletin  is  devoted  to  the  design  of  foundations.  A  final 
section  on  specifications  is  Included. 

Practical  hints  on  running  a  gas  engine,  A.  P.  Yebkxs  {U.  8.  Dept.  Ayr., 
Formert^  BuL  101$  (1919),  pp.  i6).— This  publication  gives  general  suggestions 
to  inexperienced  operators  on  how  to  avoid  or  remedy  the  more  common  forms 
of  engine  trouble.  A  trouble  chart,  in  which  possible  sources  of  trouble  are 
listed,  is  included. 

Small  sawmills:  Their  equipment,  cbnstruetion,  and  operation,  D.  F. 
SnuT  (17.  8.  Dept.  Ayr.  Bui.  718  (1918),  pp.  68).— ThU  bulletin  offers  to  port- 
able-sawmill operators  suggestions  regarding  methods  of  organization,  milling, 
and  logging  which  have  been  proved  by  exx)erience  to  giv^  the  best  results.  It 
Is  meant  particularly  for  operators  in  National  Forest  timber,  but  is  considered 
useful  to  other  owners  of  portable  mills  where  conditions  are  like  those  in  the 


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292  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  (Vol.  40 

National  Forests.  An  appendix  giving  engineering  data  on  the  development  of 
water  power,  the  calculation  of  the  speed  of  saws,  pulleys,  and  drums,  and  on 
saw  gauges,  and  a  list  of  mill-machinery  and  lumber  terms  are  included. 

Housing  farm  poultry,  A.  G.  Philips  {Indiana  8ia.  Circ,  84  (1918),  pp.  12, 
figs.  13). — ^The  principles  underlying  the  proper  location,  arrangement,  and 
construction  of  poultry  houses  are  explained  and  illustrated  with  drawings 
showing  working  models  for  houses  to  accommodate  65  and  100  fowls.  These 
models  can  be  lengthened  and  widened  to  meet  any  desired  capacity. 

ETJRAL  ECONOMICS. 

Country  Ufe  and  rural  problems,  Mast  K.  Reelt  {New  York:  The  H.  W. 
Wilson  Co.,  1918,  pp.  S9). —This  is  a  study  outline  of  some  of  the  social  prob- 
lems of  the  country  community,  grouped  under  five  main  heads — ^thc  farm  home, 
rural  school,  country  church,  community  life,  and  country  town.  Suggestive 
topics  for  discussion  and  a  bibliography  are  given  under  each  head,  together 
with  a  general  supplementary  list  of  23  books. 

The  cost  of  crop  production  In  Ohio,  C.  E.  Trobne  {Mo.  BiU.  Ohio  8ta.,  S 
{1918),  No.  11,  pp.  387^48).— This  article  is  based  upon  figures  from  the  U.  S. 
Census  of  1910  and  other  official  sources  and  upon  the  author's  estimates. 

Figures  from  Bulletin  266,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  82,  p.  135)  show  the 
average  employment  in  the  field  of  man  labor  and  horse  labor  in  the  production 
and  harvesting  of  an  acre  of  corn.  Similar  tables  based  upon  common  expe^ 
rience  show  that  the  estimated  field  labor  expended  in  the  production  of  an 
acre  of  wheat  is  27  hours  of  man  labor  and  88  hours  of  horse  labor,  and  that 
of  an  acre  of  hay  crops,  17  hours  of  man  labor  and  26  hours  of  horse  labor. 
The  estimate  of  total  field  labor  employed  in  crop  production  on  the  avo^ge 
Ohio  farm,  which,  according  to  the  census  of  1910,  consists  of  88}  acres,  gives 
a  total  of  1,429  hours  of  man  labor  and  1,806  hours  of  horse  labor  expended. 

The  author  notes  such  items  as  overhead  cost;  weather  hindrance;  cost  of 
horse  labor;  cost  of  implements  and  machinery;  fertilizers;  average  yields  of 
principal  ,crops  for  the  10  years,  1906  to  1915,  inclusive,  and  average  farm 
prices  by  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  estimates  for  the  same  period  and 
by  the  scale  of  estimated  average  prices  for  1918 ;  land  rental ;  and  labor's  share. 
Setting  aside  one-third  of  the  crop  for  rental  of  the  land  and  computing  man 
labor  at  15  cts.  an  hour  at  the  lower  rate  and  25  cts.  at  the  higher,  and  horse 
labor  at  10  and  15  cts.,  respectively,  and  adding  50  per  cent  to  the  man  hours 
for  com  loss  through  unavoidable  hindrance,  the  average  cost  of  producing  a 
bushel  of  corn  in  1918  reaches  $1.10,  that  of  wheat  $1^  oats  79  cts.,  and  of  a 
ton  of  hay  $14.07,  as  compared  with  61  cts.,  $1.04,  48  cts.,  and  $8.40,  respectively, 
the  cost  per  bushel  or  ton  of  producing  these  crops  in  the  10-year  period  1906- 
1915.  At  the  average  rate  of  85  cts.  an  hour  for  man  labor,  the  cost  of  produc- 
ing wheat  reaches  $2.12  a  bushel  for  the  average  Ohio  yield  of  15  bu.  over  the 
seed  sown ;  the  cost  of  com  likewise  $1.80. 

The  calculations  in  this  study  indicate  that  the  Ohio  farmer  owning  his  faim« 
the  land  and  equipment  having  been  purchased  before  the  war,  may  receive 
about  6  per  cent  on  his  original  investment  and  a  salary  of  $800  to  $1,000.  The 
salary  of  the  tenant  farmer  may  be  much  less  than  that 

Producing  family  and  farm  supplies  on  the  cotton  farm,  O.  L.  Goodbicii 
(17.  £f.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers*  Bui.  1015  {1919),  pp.  16). — ^The  author  uses  .data 
from  Bulletins  648,  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  293),  and  410,  previously 
noted  (E.  S.  R.,  86,  ]^  289).  In  the  first  of  these  it  is  shown  that  on  106  farms 
in  Brooks  County,  Ga.,  the  families  in  1914  consumed  food  averaging  in  value 


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1M9)  BURAX  ECONOMICS.  293 

$526,  approximately  85  per  cent  of  which  was  produced  on  the  farm  and  con- 
stituted an  average  of  18  per  cent  of  the  net  income  on  farms  having  250  acres 
or  more  of  crop  land  and  48  per  cent  of  the  net  income  of  farms  having  less 
than  75  acres  of  crop  land.  Data  in  the  second  bulletin  referred  to  indicate  that 
on  149  farms  evenly  distributed  in  Gaston  County,  N.  O.,  Troup  Ck>unty,  Ga., 
and  McLennan  Ck)unty,  Tex.,  the  average  family  consumed  food  to  the  value  of 
$454,  of  which  68  per  cent  was  produced  on  the  farm. 

Data  from  Bulletin  602,  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  792),  are  given 
to  illustrate  a  similar  relative  importance  of  the  value  of  products  of  home 
gardens  to  town  families.  The  size  and  plan  of  the  home  vegetable  garden  and 
fruit  garden  are  discussed,  and  tables  are  given  as  to  yields  of  garden  vege- 
tables; planting  periods,  width  of  row,  and  distance  of  plants  in  the  row  for 
garden  vegetables;  and  a  suggested  planting  of  vegetables  for  a  farm  family 
of  five  adults  or  their  equivalent  in  the  middle  cotton  belt. 

The  author  makes  suggestions  for  the  production  of  farm  supplies  of  cereals ; 
sirup  and  sugar;  animal  foods  for  the  family,  including  milk,  butter,  and  cot- 
tage cheese,  pork  and  pork  products,  chickens,  and  eggs;  and  of  feed  for  the 
family  live  stock.  He  apportions  the  following  acreages,  calculated  on  the 
basis  of  average  yields  in  the  cottop  States,  for  food  and  feed  crops  which  will 
be  required  to  supply  adequately  a  two-mule  family  farm  with  an  average  of 
five  adult  persons  or  their  equivalent:  Garden  2  acres,  com  with  cowpeas  13} 
acres,  sugar  cane  1  acre,  oats  and  oat  hay  7i  acres,  soiling  crops  2  acres,  and 
pasture  7  acres.  Roughage  for  cows  and  work  stock,  cowpea  or  velvet  beaq 
bay,  and  cotton  seed  for  cows  are  taken  as  by-products  or  second  crops.  A 
second  crop  may  be  grown  on  7  of  the  25^  acres,  and  cowpeas  or  peanuts  should 
be  planted  between  the  com  rows. 

Belatlon  of  the  Oovemment  to  the  marketing  problem,  B.  T.  Galloway 
iProc,  2.  Pan  Amer.  8oi.  Cong.,  1915-16,  vol.  S,  pp.  60-55).— The  data  presented 
have  been  previously  noted  from  another  publication  (E.  S.  R.,  85,  p.  89). 

The  economic  bearing  of  future  trading  in  agricultural  commodities,  H.  0. 
EicERT  (JProo.  2.  Pan  Amer.  8ci.  Cong.,  1915-16,  vol.  S,  pp.  21-25).— The  author 
states  that  organized  future  trading  in  articles  which  naturally  permit  it,  in 
their  relation  to  the  whole  mechanism  of  trade  and  credit  by  which  agricultural 
products  are  carried  to  all  parts  of  the  world  from  producer  to  consumer,  in- 
creases the  possibilities  for  a  prompt  market  for  the  producer  under  definitely 
known  conditions  and  a  prompt  service  to  the  buyer,  and  that  the  gap  between 
the  consumer's  and  the  producer's  prices  (plus  freight)  is  thereby  reduced  to  a 
mtnimum. 

ITnif  orm  gndw  and  standard  packages,  0.  T.  Mobs  (Proo.  2.  Pan  Amer.  8oL 
Cang^  1915-16,  vol  S,  pp.  ^68^74).— The  benefits  of  these  conditions  are  set 
forth. 

Municipal  tsnninal  markets,  0.  0.  Miller  (Proo.  2.  Pan  Amer.  8ci.  Cong., 
1915-16,  voL  5,  pp.  720-729). — The  author  discusses  the  salutary  infiuence  of 
proper  wholesale  markets  on  many  pressing  problems  in  this  country,  such  as 
enoonragemeiht  to  the  farmer  to  increase  his  production,  the  reduction  of  food 
prices,  etc.  He  states  that  it  is  of  far  more  importance  that  the  farmer  sell 
bis  whole  crop  at  moderate  prices  than  to  sell  a  part  at  high  prices  and  the 
remainder  not  at  all,  that  the  chief  reason  farming  has  not  paid  is  the  lack  of 
marketing  facilities  in  the  cities^  that  it  has  been  proved  that  the  establishment 
of  a  large  terminal  market  insures  steady  sales  at  moderate  prices,  and  that 
the  qnldc  returns  of  cash  for  goods  consigned  to  the  market  stimulates  produc- 
tion. 

Monthly  Crop  Report  (17.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Mo.  Crop  Rpi.,  4  (1918),  No.  11,  pp. 
ISS-144), — ^In  addition  to  the  customary  data  on  crop  conditionB,  estimated 


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294  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECOBD.  PToL*© 

farm  value,  average  prices  received  by  producers  of  important  products,  and 
range  of  prices  of  agricultural  products  at  important  markets,  this  number 
contains  a  crop  summary  for  November  1,  1918;  special  reports  on  materials 
used  in  brewing;  acreage  of  pasture  land  and  its  carrying  capacity;  exports 
of  domestic  feeding  stuffs  from  the  United  States;  leaf  tobacco  held  by  manu-  ' 
facturers  and  dealers;  clover  and  alfalfa  seed  prices,  1916-18;  the  com  pro- 
duction, 1918,  with  comparisons;  area  and  yield  of  sugar-beet  seed,  1918;  live- 
stock changes  in  the  United  States;  hog  production  and  consumption;  data 
on  how  the  com  crop  is  harvested;  a  special  sectional  api^e  report;  a  com- 
parison of  the  commercial  tomato  pack  of  1917  and  1918;  and  miscellaneoas 
data. 

Farmers'  market  bulletin,  W.  R.  Camp  {North  Carolina  8ta.  Farmert^  Market 
Buh,  5  (1918),  No.  25t  pp.  7). — This  number  contains  the  current  partial  list  of 
products  which  farmers  have  for  sale^  with  notes  on  marketing  and  directioiis 
to  growers  for  reporting  their  needs. 

Price  CurrentoGrain  Beporter  Yearbook,  1918,  E.  G.  Osman  {Price  Current- 
Grain  Rptr,  Yearbook  1918,  pp.  104). — ^This  issue  continues  data  previoualy 
noted  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  695),  giving  statistics  for  the  year  ended  May  1,  1918. 

[Agricultural  statistics  of  Sweden]  {^tatis,  Arabok  Sverige,  1917,  p.  70- 
86;J918,  pp.  72-90). — ^These  reports  continue  data  previously  noted  (E.  S.  EL, 
85,  p.  894)  by  adding  information  for  the  years  1917  and  191& 

AGBICTrLTTnEULL  EDUCATION. 

Have  the  agrricultural  coUeffes  fulfilled  their  obligation  in  the  present  war 
emergrencyP  W.  D.  Hurd  {Proc.  Soc.  Prom.  Agr.  fifoi.,  S8  {1917),  pp.  95-104), — 
This  paper,  presented  at  the  1917  meeting  of  the  society,  briefly  surveys  some 
of  the  things  which  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  and  the  agricultural 
colleges  with  their  cooperating  organizations  have  done  through  their  scientllic; 
technical,  and  military  instruction  to  meet  the  war  emerg^icy. 

The  advisability  of  collegiate  courses  on  marketing  and  distribution,  T.  N. 
Cabves  {Proc.  2.  Pan  Amer.  8ci.  Cong.,  1915-16,  vol,  S,  pp.  S96S99), — ^The 
author  discusses  the  necessity  of  a  study  of  the  problem  of  marketing  and  ways 
In  which  this  problem  enters  into  the  general  scheme  of  theoretical  economicsL 
He  concludes  that  "colleges  and  universities  are  the  proper  places  for  the 
study  of  any  problem  which  is,  in  the  first  place,  of  such  profound  importance 
to  the  welfare  of  the  community  as  the  problem  of  marketing,  and,  in  the 
second  place,  of  such  difficulty  and  magnitude  as  to  challenge  the  best  efforts  of 
educated  men." 

The  institute  of  tropical  agriculture  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  H.  J.  Wisbkb 
{Proc,  2.  Pan  Amer.  8ci.  Cong.,  1915-16,  vol.  3,  pp.  599-602). — An  account  la 
given  of  the  functions  and  equipment  of  the  Graduate  School  of  Tropical  Agri- 
culture and  Citrus  Exx)eriment  Station  at  Riverside,  Cal.,  established  as  m 
branch  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  of  the  University  of  California. 

The  public  school  system  of  San  Franciseo,  CaL  (17.  £f.  Buh  Bd.  Bid,  4B 
{1917),  pp.  649,  figs.  7P).— This  report  of  a  survey  of  the  public  school  systeiu 
of  San  Francisco  contains  among  others  a  chapter  on  home  economics  (pp.  442-- 
478),  including  a  discussion  of  the  conditions  as  they  existed  at  the  time  of  tlio 
survey  committee's  visit,  a  statement  of  ideals  in  regard  to  this  phase  of  edn* 
cation,  and  a  series  of  recommendations  for  immediate  modifications  and  tbe 
ultimate  development  of  courses,  Instructional  corps,  and  material  equipment. 

A  chapter  is  also  devoted  to  the  educational  and  economic  value  of  sdiool* 
directed  gardenlug  (pp.  570-620),  indnding  a  discussion  of  the  present  statiu^ 


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i91»]  AOBICULTUBAL  EDUOATIOK.  295 

of  gardening  in  the  city  of  San  Francisco,  the  irrigation  of  gardens,  the  advisa- 
bility of  training  the  youths  of  the  city  in  agriculture,  teacher  training,  the 
I'aiue  of  school-directed  home  gardening  to  San  Francisco  children,  and  the 
present  status  of  instruction  in  nature  study  and  elementary  science  which  are 
required  subjects. 

In  conclusion  it  is.  stated  that  school  and  home  gardoiing  and  elementary 
agriculture  have  not  been  given  adequate  recognition  or  financial  aid  in  the 
school  system.  Brief  accounts  are  given  of  a  dry-farming  dub  project  and  of 
a  study  of  the  economic  value  of  gardening  and  agricultural  interests  of  the 
home  that  might  become  school-directed  projects.  It  is  recommended  that  a 
director  of  nature  study  and  school  and  home  gardening  be  appointed  to  act 
under  the  direction  of  the  deputy  superintendent  responsible  for  vocational 
education  and  the  manual  arts,  and  that  he  should  work  out  a  complete  plan  of 
home  and  school  gardening  and  other  home  project  activities  for  the  city. 
From  10  to  15  grade  teachers  should  also  be  appointed  at  once  as  school  and 
home  garden  teachers  under  a  schedule  which  would  permit  them  to  teach 
gardening  in  the  upper  grades  during  school  hours  and  direct  the  practical 
work  out  of  school  hour& 

Annual  report  of  the  Atlantic  County  Tocatlonal  schools,  Atlantic  County, 
N.  J.  (Ann.  Rpt,  Atlantic  Co,  [N,  J.]  Vocat.  SohooU,  1917,  pp.  27).— This  is  a 
statement,  by  the  director  of  the  schools,  of  the  history  and  organization  of  the 
instruction  in  agriculture  and  home  economics  in  the  schools  of  agriculture 
located  at  Hammonton,  Pleasantvllle,  Cologne,  and  lllnotola,  N.  J.,  and  part- 
time  schools,  Including  statistics  of  student  enrollment  and  attendance,  and  the 
number  and  kinds  of  projects  undertaken,  together  with  an  outline  of  the  course 
of  study  and  extension  work. 

IMrectors  of  acrrlcolture:  Be^ulatlons  governing  appointment  and  duties 
(Univ.  State  N,  T.  Bui,  654  {1918),  pp.  11). — Information  is  given  concerning 
Uie  requirements  and  qualifications  of  directors  of  agriculture  in  New  York 
dtles,  towns,  and  school  districts  not  maintaining  a  school  of  agriculture,  me- 
chanic arts,  and  homemaklng.  This  is  followed  by  an  outline  of  suggested 
types  of  work,  a  description  of  types  of  work  carried  on  during  the  summer  of 
1017  by  the  directors  of  agriculture  in  the  city  of  Troy  and  in  a  rural  com- 
munity In  Montgomery  Ck>unty,  and  a  summary  of  four  type  projects. 

The  home  project  as  a  phase  of  vocational  agricultural  education,  F.  B. 
Hkald  {Fed.  Bd,  Vocat.  Ed.  Bui.  21  (1918),  pp.  4^).— This  bulletin  has  been 
prq^mred  In  order  to  supply  information  and  suggestions  concerning  the  nature 
and  conduct  of  home-project  work  as  a  phase  of  secondary  instruction  in  voca- 
tional agriculture.  It  discusses  the  application  of  the  term  "home  project** 
and  the  essentials  of  a  home  project;  the  project  plan  in  detail.  Including  a 
form  of  agreement ;  the  relation  of  schoolroom  instruction  to  home-project  work, 
Including  types  of  outlines  for  various  projects;  detailed  project  records  and 
reports;  and  the  supervision  of  projects.  A  memorandum  on  instruction  in 
agriculture  In  vocational  schools  and  extension  work  in  agriculture,  and  a  list  of 
typical  publications  dealing  with  the  teaching  of  agriculture  and  invoving  the 
home-project  method,  are  included. 

Farm  science,  W.  J.  Spillman  {Tonkers-on-Eudson,  N.  Y.:  World  Book  Co., 
1918,  pp.  VJI-i-SUf  flg9.  174,  P^'  2).— This  text  deals  with  the  fundamental 
prtndples  underlying  agriculture,  the  subject  matter  being  presented  in  a  form 
suitable  for  classroom  use.  Its  four  parts  treat  respectively  of  the  soil,  the 
plant,  the  animal,  and  the  tAvm,  the  latter  including  a  discussion  of  the  farm 
business,  how  to  secure  the  best  results  from  growing  crops,  live  stock  enter- 
prises, and  the  farm  Investment  and  income.    The  experiments  following  the 


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296  EXPERIMENT  STATIOIST  BECOBD.  !▼< 


•L4ai 


various  chapters  require  no  apparatus  and,  for  the  most  part,  no  materials 
not  readily  obtainable  on  the  farm. 

Home  projects  in  horticulture  and  field  crops,  G.  H.  WnrrcHER  {N.  H.  Dept, 
Pub.  iMtr.,  Div.  Insts,,  No.  8S  {1917-18),  pp.  18,  fig.  i).— Project  requirements 
for  standard  New  Hampshire  schools  and  suggestions  for  the  horticultural 
projects  In  the  freshman  year  of  the  high  school  are  given, 

The  book  of  the  school  garden,  O.  F.  Lawbancc  {London:  Evans  Bro9^  Ltd^ 
[7Pi8],  pp.  XII+2S1,  figs.  7^).— This  book  consists  of  four  parts  dealing  respec- 
tively with  (1)  vegetable  culture,  including  the  planning  and  cropping  of 
school  gardens,  manual  operations  in  the  garden,  fertilizers,  seed  sowing,  thin- 
ning and  transplanting,  harvesting  and  storing  garden  produce,  seed  savins* 
potato  culture,  and  allotment  management;  (2)  garden  friends  and  foes;  (3> 
fruit  culture,  treating  of  methods  of  propagation,  planting,  pruning  and  train- 
ing fruit  trees  and  bushes,  and  dealing  with  established  fruit  trees;  and  (4) 
discussions  for  indoor  work  for  the  gardening  class  and  for  making  useful  ap- 
pliances and  tools,  useful  hints  on  intercropping,  rotation  of  crops,  manuring, 
etc.,  instructions  for  growing  a  number  of  vegetables  and  flowers,  and  a  simple 
method  of  protecting  early  and  late  crops.  A  model  allotment  cropping  plan  and 
a  model  school  garden  plan  are  included.  A  scheme  of  work  for  the  school  gar- 
den, the  classroom  and  correlation,  a  table  of  seed  quantities,  etc,  a  garden 
calendar,  directions  for  using  spraying  machines,  and  formula  for  varioiis 
sprays  are  appended. 

The  home  and  the  family,  Helen  Kinre  and  Anna  M.  Ooolet  {Neto  York: 
The  MacmiUan  Co.,  1917,  pp.  VJ+292,  pi.  1,  figs.  iPtf).— This  text,  which  is 
written  in  story  form,  is  intended  for  use  in  elementary  schools  as  a  supple- 
mentary reader  to  the  authors'  two  textbooks,  Clothing  and  Health  and  Food 
and  Health,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  96,  pp.  S96,  407),  and  for  the  home 
people.  It  describes  how  the  cottage  loaned  to  the  pupils  of  the  Pleasant  Valley 
school  was  decorated,  furnished,  and  kept  clean.  Suggestions  for  laundering 
are  made,  and  a  chapter  on  the  care  of  the  baby  is  included.  The  final  chapt» 
consists  of  a  series  of  lessons  on  personal  efficiency,  suggesting  some  he^  la 
keeping  well  and  including  a  lesson  on  the  care  of  the  sick.  Practical  exercises 
and  problems  are  included. 

UISCELLAHEOTTS. 

Monthly  Bulletin  of  the  Ohio  Experiment  Station  (ifo.  Bui.  Ohio  Sta.,  S 
{1918),  No.  11,  pp.  S21-S49,  pi.  1,  ftgs.  8).— This  contains  several  articles  ab- 
stracted elsewhere  in  this  Issue,  together  with  the  following:  War  Time  Uses 
of  Timber,  by  E.  Secrest;  Fall  Practices  to  Destroy  Cereal  Crop  Insects,  by 
T.  H.  Parks ;  and  Autumn  Lawn  and  Flower  Garden  Work,  by  W.  B.  Bontrager. 

Monthly  bulletin  of  the  Western  Washington  Substation  {WMhinffUm  8ta^ 
West.  Wcuh.  8ta.  Mo.  Bui,  6  {1918),  No.  8,  pp.  106-120,  figs,  tf).— This  number 
contains  brief  articles  on  the  following  subjects:  The  Washington  State  Land 
Settlemen  Association,  by  E.  F.  Benson ;  Vinegar  Making  by  the  Storage  Method, 
and  Sauerkraut,  both  by  J.  L.  Stahl;  Post-mortem  Examination  of  Poultry,  by 
W.  T.  Johnson;  Making  Artificial  Daylight  for  Poultry,  by  O.  R.  Shoup  (see 
p.  280) ;  and  How  Some  of  Our  Gonmion  Vegetable  Diseases  and  Insect  Pests 
Pass  through  the  Winter,  and  What  Can  Be  Done  toward  Controlling  Them 
at  That  Time,  by  A.  Frank  (see  p.  245). 


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N^TES. 


Arizona  TTniversity  and  Station. — K  comprehensive  building  plan  of  some 
tliirteen  projects  has  been  favorably  recommended  by  the  legislative  committee 
after  a  thorough  inspection  of  the  work  of  the  institution.  Among  the  struc- 
tures recommended  are  an  administration  building,  a  science  building,  a  gen- 
eral assembly  and  students*  activities  building,  and  additional  dormitories. 

Sheep  feeding  experiments  are  being  begun  at  the  Salt  River  substation  near 
Mesa.  The  feeds  tested  will  be,  for  the  most  part,  those  produced  on  the  sub- 
station farm,  notably  sorghum  silage,  which  has  not  thus  far  been  us^  very 
largely  in  the  State.  A  10-acre  fruit  orchard  is  being  set  out  on  the  Salt  River 
farm  and  a  3-acre  orchard  on  the  university  farm  near  Tucson,  while  the 
plantings  of  citrus  fruits  and  grapes  at  Yuma  are  being  increased  materially. 

Arkansas  TTnlversity  and  Station. — Appropriations  recently  made  by  the 
legislature  for  the  support  of  the  university  under  the  provisions  of  the  miUage 
tax  law  will  provide  a  considerable  increase  in  funds  for  the  ensuing  biennium. 
Among  the  allotments  is  one  of  $75,000  for  the  purchase  of  land  during  the  next 
six  years,  $25,000  being  made  available  for  each  of  the  three  biennial  periods. 

I^onisiana  Stations. — Seth  S.  Walker,  formerly  of  the  Florida  Station,  has 
been  appointed  soU  chemist  at  Baton  Rouge. 

Minnesota  TTnlversity  and  Station. — Phil  G.  Bing,  assistant  editor  of  pub- 
lications and  assistant  professor  of  Journalism  since  1917,  died  February  23, 
aged  35  years.  Recent  appointments  as  instructors  include  Lavinia  Stinson  in 
foods  and  cookery,  R.  W.  Hall  in  agricultural  physics,  P.  B.  Barker  in  agricul- 
taral  education,  L.  Y.  Wilson  in  dairy  husbandry,  A.  L.  Anderson  in  animal 
liiisbandry,  and  George  E.  Holm  (returned  from  military  service)  in  agriail- 
tiiral  biochemistry. 

Missouri  TTnlversity  and  Station. — ^Deau  F.  B.  Mumford,  who  has  acted  ns 
Federal  food  administrator  for  the  State  of  Alissouri,  has  again  taken  active 
charge  of  the  administration  of  the  college  and  station.  G.  A.  Helm,  assistant 
professor  of  farm  crops,  L.  J.  Stadler,  assistant  in  farm  crops,  and  E.  H.  Hughes, 
superintendent  of  short  courses  and  assistant  to  the  dean,  have  also  returned 
from  National  service.  A.  G.  Ragsdale,  extension  professor  of  dairy  husbandry, 
has  been  appointed  professor  of  d^iT  husbandry,  beginning  April  1,  vice  Dr. 
G.  H.  EckleSy  whose  Minnesota  appointment  has  been  previously  noted. 

New  Jersey  College  and  Stations. — ^A  new  building  is  being  constructed  on 
the  college  farm  to  house  all  the  farm  machinery  and  provide  for  instruction 
work  in  farm  mechanics. 

New  home  economics  equipment  has  been  installed  in  the  short  course  build- 
ing. A  large  room  has  been  remodeled  to  provide  for  model  unit  kitchens  and 
a  dining  room  for  Instruction  work,  and  another  room  has  been  equipped  as  an 
experimental  laboratory  for  the  study  of  methods  of  canning  and  drying,  new 
recipes,  etc 

The  station,  the  college  of  agriculture,  and  the  extension  division  have  estab- 
lished a  new  publication  known  as  2few  Jersey  Agriculture,  This  is  to  be 
iflsaed  monthly  and  distributed  to  a  restricted  mailing  list  of  persons  interested 
in  advancing  the  agricultural  activities  of  the  State. 

The  short  courses  in  agriculture,  which  ended  February  19,  were  completed 
bgr  45  students.  A  special  school  in  tractor  instruction  was  conducted  at  Ham- 
ttonton,  Febroary  24  to  March  1,  following  a  petition  from  30  farmers. 

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298  BXPERIMEKT  STATIOK  RECOBD.  [▼ol.40 

Director  J.  G.  Lipman  has  been  appointed  chairman  on  agrlcalture  of  the  in- 
dustrial commission  of  New  Jersey.  This  commission  consists  of  15  members 
appointed  by  the  State  manufacturers'  council,  5  of  these  members  representinir 
agriculture.  The  purpose  of  the  commission  is  to  formulate  a  reconstroction 
program  for  the  State. 

Dr.  H.  C.  McLean  has  resigned  as  soil  research  chemist  Van  El  Leavitt, 
extension  specialist  in  fruit  growing,  died  December  23,  1918. 

The  following  men  who  have  been  In  military  service  have  returned  to  the 
station:  William  M.  Regan,  dairy  husbandman;  J.  M.  Hunter,  animal  hus- 
bandman ;  W.  0.  Thompson,  assistant  poultry  husbandman ;  Roscoe  W.  DeBaun, 
extension  specialist  in  market  gardening;  J.  Vincent  Breazeale,  foreman  in 
vegetable  growing,  and  Dr.  William  H.  Martin,  appointed  associate  in  plant 
pathology  to  devote  his  entire  time  to  problems  in  potato  growing. 

Recent  appointments  include  Ingrld  C.  Nelson  as  assistant  editor;  Henry  B» 
Seaver  as  instructor  in  horticulture,  Edson  J.  Currier  and  F.  Raymond  Hunter 
as  assistant  chemists,  and  Howard  F.  Huber  as  assistant  State  leader  of  farm 
demonstration. 

New  Mexico  College  and  Station. — ^A  small  drying  house  has  been  completed 
for  use  in  drying  Yucca  elata,  which  is  being  studied  in  connection  with  the 
range  cattle  nutrition  investigations. 

George  R.  Quesenberry,  professor  of  farm  management  and  in  charge  of  the 
college  farm,  and  Cleave  W.  Humble,  Gates  S.  Vickers,  and  B.  L.  Barrows,  assist- 
ants, respectively,  in  animal  husbandry,  poultry,  and  Irrigation,  have  returned 
from  military  service. 

Oregon  College  and  Station. — Walter  Sheldon  Brown,  extension  associatt 
professor  of  horticulture,  has  been  appointed  professor  of  pomology  vice  V.  R. 
Gardner,  effective  February  1.  Frank  Heldtman  Lathrop,  instructor  in  ento- 
mology and  assistant  entomologist,  Leon  W.  Wing,  instructor  in  dairy  hus- 
bandry, and  Clair  Wilkes,  instructor  In  farm  management,  have  returned  from 
military  service. 

Bhode  Island  Station.— Recent  appointments  include  the  following  asalsi- 
ants:  Helena  A.  M.  Tlbbetts  and  Walton  E.  Scott  in  animal  breeding  and 
pathology,  and  J.  Roy  Haag  in  chemistry. 

Virginia  Station. — After  leave  of  absence  for  military  service  B.  T,  Batten 
has  resumed  his  duties  as  superintendent  of  the  substation  at  Holland.  W.  G. 
Harris  has  been  appointed  associate  chemist  and  Charles  F.  Warren  assistant 
horticulturist.  B.  G.  Anderson,  superintendent  of  the  substation  at  Appomat- 
tox and  county  agent,  is  to  give  his  entire  time  to  experimental  work. 

American  Farm  Management  Association. — ^The  ninth  annual  meeting  of 
this  organization  was  held  in  Baltimore,  January  8,  9,  and  10,  1919. 

The  presidential  address,  presented  by  G.  A.  Billings,  had  to  do  primarily 
with  an  outline  of  the  problems  confronting  farm  management  workers.  The 
necessity  for  saving  labor  and  for  the  economic  utilization  of  land  was 
emphasized.  The  need  for  information  regarding  the  cost  of  production  on 
the  farm  led  to  the  suggestion  that  a  committee  be  appointed  to  study  pro- 
duction costs  and  farm  practices. 

Two  Joint  sessions  were  held  with  the  American  Association  for  Agricultural 
Legislation  at  which  the  following  papers  were  presented:  Agricultural 
Competition  between  Nations  after  the  War,  by  M.  S.  Lane;  Opportunities  In 
After-the-War  Agriculture  for  the  Young  Man  without  Capital,  by  W.  J. 
Splllman;  Purpose  and  Plans  of  the  American  Association  for  Agricultural 
Legislation,  by  R.  T.  Ely;  Colonization  and  Control,  by  H.  L.  Russell;  Some 
After-the-war  Problems  in  Agriculture,  by  G.  F.  Warren;  and  Purpose  and 
Plans  of  the  National  Board  of  Farm  Organizations,  by  C.  A.  Lyman. 


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!«•!  NOTES.  299 

Other  papers  presented  before  the  association  were  as  follows:  Economic 
Studies  of  Farm  Tractors,  by  A.  P.  Yerkes  and  D.  S.  Fox ;  Methods  of  Fertility 
Maintenance  Practiced  on  the  More  Successful  Farms — y\z:  Ck>tton  Growing 
Region,  by  A.  6.  Smith;  General  Crop,  Dairy,  Truck,  and  Potato  Farms  in 
New  Jersey,  by  F.  App;  Appalachian  Region,  by  J.  H.  Arnold;  and  Dairy 
R^ons  of  the  Northeast,  by  J.  A.  Foord ;  Economic  Studies  of  Ck>tton  Farms 
under  War  Conditions,  by  J.  R.  Fain ;  Enterprise  Studies  In  Sugar  Beet  Areas, 
by  L.  A.  Moorhouse;  Some  Points  Brought  Out  by  Successiye  Surveys  of  the 
Same  Farms,  by  H.  W.  Hawthorn ;  Primary  v.  DerlTatlve  Foods  in  Times  of 
Food  Shortage,  by  H.  W.  Muraf ord ;  Principles  Involved  in  Fixing  the  Price  of 
Mnk,  by  F.  A.  Pearson ;  The  Farm  Labor  Outlook  for  1919  and  What  Should 
Be  Done,  by  G.  I.  Christie,  with  a  discussion  led  by  E.  V.  Wilcox ;  Man  Power 
in  Agriculture,  by  H.  M.  Eliot;  Constructive  Criticisms  of  Extension  and 
Demonstration  Work  in  Farm  Managemrat,  Based  on  Apparent  Results  to 
Date,  by  M.  C.  Burrltt ;  Tlie  Ideal  Relationship  between  EiXtenslon  and  Demon- 
stration Work,  and  Investigation  in  Farm  Management,  by  C.  B.  Smith;  and 
How  to  Get  and  Use  Credit  in  Farming,  by  H.  C.  Taylor. 

6. 1.  Christie,  Assistant  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  outlined  the  attitude  of  the 
Federal  Department  of  Agriculture  toward  farm  management  investigations, 
and  also  led  a  general  discussion  on  cost  accounting  with  the  view  of  standard- 
izing the  methods  employed.  Quite  detailed  reports  were  presented  by  the 
committees  on  teaching,  investigations,  the  formation  of  local  sections,  and 
terminology. 

After  considerable  discussion  it  was  decided  that  the  growth  of  the  activities 
of  this  organization  justified  a  change  of  name  to  the  American  Farm  Economics 
Association.  Changes  in  the  constitution  made  necessary  by  the  change  of 
name  were  agreed  to,  the  most  important  being  a  restatement  of  the  object  of 
the  association  as  "to  promote  investigation  and  teaching  of  farm  management 
and  other  economic  questions  pertaining  to  agriculture." 

The  executive  committee  was  instructed  to  determine  the  feasibility  of  start- 
ing a  journal  comprising  not  more  than  four  numbers  the  first  year.  It  was 
farther  recommended  that  committees  be  appointed  as  follows :  To  work  toward 
obtaining  money  for  investigations  in  farm  management  and  other  economic 
piiapes  in  agriculture,  preferably  from  the  Hatch  fund ;  to  draw  up  suggestions 
for  the  Treasury  Department  relative  to  levying  the  Income  tax  on  farm/;  and 
to  confer  with  the  Ofilce  of  Extension  Work  North  and  West,  of  the  U.  S. 
DeiMirtment  of  Agriculture,  on  farm  management  demonstration  projects. 

Oflteers  for  the  ensuing  year  were  elected  as  follows :  President,  J.  R.  Fain ; 
vice  president,  L.  A.  Moorhouse ;  and  secretary-treasurer,  F.  W.  Peck. 

American  Society  of  Agronomy. — The  eleventh  annual  meeting  of  this  so- 
ciety was  held  In  Baltimore,  January  6  and  7. 

The  presidential  address,  prepared  by  Dr.  T.  L.  Lyon,  was  presented  at  a 
Joint  session  held  with  the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Agricultural  Science. 
The  subject  of  Dr.  Lyon's  address  was  The  Influence  of  Higher  Plants  on 
Certain  Bacterial  Activities  in  Soils,  and  it  constituted  a  suggestive  review  of 
the  status  of  existing  knowledge  on  the  subject 

Other  papers  presented  before  the  society  included  the  following :  Effect  of 
Varying  Degrees  of  Heat  on  the  Viability  of  Seeds,  by  J.  L.  Burgess;  Field 
Crop  Inspection,  a  Necessity  to  Standardization  and  Crop  Improvement  In 
Cereals,  by  H.  L.  Bolley ;  The  Small  Grain  Varieties  of  Utah,  by  George  Stewart ; 
Carrying  Capacity  of  Native  Range  Grasses  In  North  Dakota,  by  J.  H.  Shep- 
pard;  Green  Sand  Deposits  as  a  Source  of  Potassium,  by  R.  H.  True;  Ferti- 
lizer Experiments  on  De  Kalb  Soils  in  Pennsylvania,  by  F.  D.  Gardner ;  A  Method 
tor  Determining  the  Proper  Stand  of  Corn  under  Southern  Conditions,  by  C.  A 


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300  EXPERIMENT  STATIOIT  BEOOBD.  [▼oL40 

Mooers ;  The  Work  of  the  Ck>mmittee  on  Seed  Stocks,  by  R.  A.  Oakley ;  and  A 
Reason  for  Contradictory  Results  in  Com  Experiments,  by  Lyman  Carrier. 

The  usual  reports  of  the  standing  committees  of  the  society  were  omitted. 
The  executive  committee  was  asked  to  ascertain  the  sentiment  of  the  members 
toward  meeting  with  Section  M  (agriculture)  of  the  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  rather  than  with  the  Association  of  American 
Agricultural  Colleges  and  Experiment  Stations  as  now  provided  for  In  the 
constitution. 

Officers  were  elected  as  follows:  President,  J.  G.  Llpman;  vice  prestdenta, 
F.  S.  Harris  and  A.  B.  Conner ;  and  secretary-treasurer,  Lyman  Carrier. 

Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Agricultural  Science. — ^The  thirty-ninth  an- 
nual meeting  of  this  society,  held  in  Baltimore  January  6  and  7,  was  opened 
with  the  usual  Joint  session  with  the  American  Society  of  Agronomy.  The 
presidential  address  for  the  society  was  given  by  Dr.  Herbert  Osbom,  upon  the 
subject  The  Problem  of  Permanent  Pasture  with  Special  Reference  to  its  Bio- 
logical Factors.  Dr.  Osbom  discussed  some  of  the  complex  relations  between 
the  various  forms  of  animal  and  plant  life  entering  into  the  pasture  problem, 
and  suggested  its  fitness  as  a  subject  for  coordinated  research  through  some 
central  agency  such  as  the  society. 

President  W.  O.  Thompson  presented  an  account  of  his  observations  of  agri- 
cultural conditions  in  England  and  France  in  connection  with  the  visit  of  the 
Agricultural  Commission  to  Europe.  A  great  difference  was  found  in  the  con- 
ditions prevailing  in  the  two  countries,  with  a  corresponding  divergence  in  the 
farm  practices  followed  and  needs  for  the  future. 

At  the  remaining  sessions  papers  were  presented  as  follows :  Occurrence  of 
Nitrates  in  Sugar  Beet  Soils  and  in  Wheat,  by  W.  P.  Headden ;  Use  of  Wood 
for  Fuel,  by  F.  W.  Rane ;  More  Study  of  Pastures  and  Pasture  Needs,  by  M.  L. 
Fisher ;  Poisonous  Plants,  by  O.  A.  Beath ;  Relation  of  the  Society  for  the  Pro- 
motion of  Agricultural  Science  to  Extension  Work,  by  D.  W.  Working;  A 
Study  in  Community  Cattle  Breeding,  by  J.  H.  Sheppard ;  Some  Codling  Moth 
Life  History  Studies,  by  C.  P.  Gillette  and  G.  M.  List ;  Seasonal  Variations  in 
the  Butter  Fat  Content  of  Milk  in  Southern  Arizona,  by  R.  W.  Clothier; 
Training  Students  for  Soil  Specialists,  by  H.  J.  Wilder;  Lime  as  a  Factor  in 
Soil  Fertility,  by  J.  G.  Lipman  and  A.  W.  Blair;  and  UtiUzing  Soil  Potash  by 
Means  of  Intermediary  Crops,  by  A.  W.  Blair. 

The  functions  and  future  policy  of  the  society  were  subjects  of  considerable 
discussion.  Its  usefulness  as  a  forum  for  the  presentation  and  discussion  of 
papers  relating  to  agricultural  science  as  a  whole  rather  than  the  reporting  of 
investigations  in  specialized  fields  was  pointed  out,  and  likewise  its  opportu- 
nity for  service  in  the  coordination  of  some  of  the  more  complicated  problems. 
The  question  of  affiliation  and  meeting  with  section  M  of  the  American  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Science  was  also  taken  up,  although  a  recom- 
mendation to  the  executive  committee  was  ultimately  adopted  advocating  the 
holding  of  the  next  annual  meeting  as  usual  with  the  Association  of  American 
Agricultural  Colleges  and  Experiment  Stations. 

Officers  for  the  ensuing  year  were  elected  as  follows:  President,  R.  W, 
Thatcher;  vice  president,  B.  L.  Hartwell;  and  secretary-treasurer,  J,  G.  Llp- 
man.   F.  B.  Linfield  was  elected  as  a  member  of  the  executive  conmiittee. 


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EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 

Editor :  E.  W.  ALLEN,  Ph.  D.,  CThief,  Office  of  Experiment  8tati(m9. 
AjBSociate  Editor :  H.  L.  Knioht. 

XDITQBIAL  DXPABTMSNT8. 


Agricultural  Chemistry  and  Agrotechny — Sybil  L.  Smith. 

Meteorology.  SoUs,  and  Fertilizers  {^  b^L^^ir. 

Agricultural  Botany,  Bacteriology,  and  Plant  Pathology  |^;  ^'^^^*  ^^'  ^' 

Field  Crops — ^J.  D.  Luckett. 

Horticulture  and  Forestry — ^E.  J.  Glasson. 

£k:onomlc  Zoology  and  Entomology — W.  A.  Hookkr,  D.  V.  M. 

{C.  F.  Langwobthy,  Ph.  D.,  D.  Sc 
Sybil  L.  Smith. 
Elizabeth  B.  Bowkb. 

Animal  Husbandry,  Dairying,  and  Dairy  Farming  j^'  ^  ^^^^ 

veterinary  Medlcine{W^^  f  I^h. 
Rural  Engineering— >R.  W.  Tbulungeb.' 

[E.  Mebbitt. 
Rural  Economics  { M.  Lenobe  Flint. 

[Louise  Mabbut. 

AgrIcaltnralBducatlon{A-^^  SnrrHMA^N. 
Indexea— AifEUA  B.  Deans. 


CONTENTS  OF  VOL.  40,  No.  4. 


Editorial  notes:  P»i«. 

Birmingham  meeting  of  the  Southern  Agricultural  Workers 301 

Abstract  journals  after  the  war 304 

Recent  work  in  agricultural  science 308 

Notes 898 

SUBJECT  LIST  OF  ABSTRACTS. 

AGBICULTUBAL  CHEHISTBY — ^ACffiOTBGHNT. 

Practical  xriiysiological  chemistry,  Hawk 808 

The  i^obulins  of  the  Jack  bean,  Canavalia  enHfomUs,  Sumner 308 

New  reflux  condenser,  Bajda 308 

Absorption  pipettes,  Van  Alstine 308 

The  wet  process  for  the  determination  of  carbon,  Stepp 308 

Determination  of  free  alkalis,  and  carbonate,  Philibert 309 

The  separation  and  gravimetric  estimation  of  potassium,  Kuzirian 809 

The  determination  of  nitrates  and  nitrites,  Strecker 309 

The  determination  of  nitrites,  Dienert 309 

Determination  of  residual  nitrogen  in  blood  serum,  Fischer 310 

The  colorimetrlc  determination  of  blood  sugar,  Salomon 310 

Chemical  analyses  of  bacteriological  bouillons,  Cook  and  LeFevre 810 

^On  leave  of  absence  for  military  eerrice. 

I 


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ir  ,  CONTENTS.  [Tol 

New  method  of  determining  methyl  alcphol  In  mixtures,  Toplls 

The  reaction  called  "  Teclalr  bleu  "  and  Its  application,  Jeanpretre 

New  methods  for  the  analysis  of  butter,  BrcuUsse  and  Dackweller 

A  rapid  and  accurate  method  for  butter  Analysis,  Kohman^ 

Report  of  committee  on  analysis  of  conmaerclal  fats  and  oils,  Richardson- 
Quantitative  determination  of  soluble  stfcrch,  Small 

A  method  for  the  preparation  of  soluble  storch.  Small 

Improvement  In  volumetric  determination  of  reducing  sugars,  Sldersky.. 

Determination  of  glucose  with  hypolodid,  Wlltetatter  and  Schudel 

Influence  of  rafllnose  on  determination  of  sugar  beet  molasses,  Pellet 

The  nonfermentable  sugars  In  sugar  cane  molasses,  Muller 

Utility  of  blanching  In  food  canning.    Effect  of  cold  shock,  Bruett 

Report  of  the  agricultural  chemist,  Brflnnlch 

ICETBOBOLOaT. 

On  the  cooling  of  air  near  the  ground  at  night,  Hellmann 

The  "  warmth  of  dawn,"  Melssner 

Certain  weather  changes  and  radio-active  emanations,  Bandl 

[Climatic  conditions  of  the  Belle  Fourche  reclamation  project],  Aune 

British  rainfall,  1917,  Mill  and  Salter 

Sulphuric  acid  content  of  snow  and  rain  water,  Kflppers J 

SOILS — ^nEBTHJZKBS. 

Soil  factors  affecting  the  toxicity  of  alkali,  Harris  and  Pittman 

Determining  salt  content  by  freezing-point,  Bouyoucos  and  McCooL^. 
Estimation  of  fertility  of  soils  In  Fulton  County,  Ind.,  Carr  and  Gast.- 

Granitlc  and  gneiss  soils  of  the  Corso 

Soil  acidity  as  affected  by  moisture  conditions  of  the  soil,  Conner 

Are  unusual  precautions  necessary  In  soil  samples?  Lipman  and  Martin. 

The  Importance  of  mold  action  in  the  soil,  Waksman 

Nitrate  reduction  in  cultivated  soils,  Oelsner. 


Researches  on  certain  "  soil  sicknesses  **  in  Netherlands,  SQlmgen  et  al_. 

[Report  of  soil  fertility  work  in  Kansas,  1917] 

Exi)eriments  with  Rehmsdorfer  nitrogen  fertilizer,  von  Seelhorst  et  al.. 

A  means  of  relieving  the  fertilizer  crisis,  de  L'Bduse 

Experiments  with  phosphate  fertilizers  In  Minnesota,  Alway 

[Phosphates  in  the  Ukraine],  Doelter 

A  preliminary  report  on  the  potash  industry  of  Nebraska,  Condra 

The  Alsace  potash  deposits  and  their  significance  in  peace,  Kestner 

Wood  ashes  as  a  source  of  potash,  Guthrie 


Effect  of  liming  on  crop  yields,  Lipman  and  Blair 

Experiments  with  lime  and  marl,  Christensen 

The  injurious  effect  of  borax  in  fertilizers  on  corn,  Conner 

Crops  thrive  under  Imhoff-tank  sludge  tests  at  Dallas,  Saville 

AOBICULTUSAL  BOTANY. 

The  effects  of  inbreeding  and  crossbreeding  upon  development,  Jones 

The  relation  of  mutational  characters  to  cell  size,  Tupper  and  Bartlett^ 

The  nature  and  significance  of  the  chondrlome,  Gullliermond 

Relation  of  the  plant  to  the  reaction  of  the  nutrient  solution,  Hoa^land.- 
Value  of  certain  nutritive  elements  in  development  of  oat  plant,  Dickson. 
Direct  assimilation  of  organic  carbon  by  Ceratodon  purpureu$,  Robbina^ 

Degradation  of  Inulin  and  inullds  in  diicory  root,  Geslin  and  Wolff 

Sugar  content  of  sorghum  at  various  stages,  Berthelot  and  Trannoy 

Development  of  sugars  of  sorghum,  Berthelot  and  Trannoy 

Xia^emlcal  changes  accompanying  abscission  in  Coleus  blumeit  Sampson 

Metachromatln  and  phenol  compounds  in  the  vegetable  cell,  Gullliermond. 

The  salt  contest  of  a  Kamerun  plant,  Lacroix 

The  injurious  effect  of  magnesium  carbonate  on  plants,  Coupin. 


■Influence  of  the  vegetative  function  of  yeast  on  alcoholic  yidd,  Lindet 

Measurements  of  growth  in  sugar  cane,  Killan 

Photosynthesis,  Crocker 

JBehavior  of  plants  in  vnv.en^at^d  chambers,  Newcombe  and  Bowerman.. 

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iw»)                                     ooiirrENTS.  m 

Page. 

StBdiM  on  the  regetatfon  of  New  York  State^i  II,  Petry 326 

New  species  of  Uredine«,  X,  Arthur , 327 

Uredinales  of  Guatenimla  based  on  collections  by  Holway,  I,  Arthur 327 

In?«ntory  of  seeds  and  plants  Imported  to  December  81,  1916 327 

WSKLD  CBOPS. 

[Report  of  agronomy  worik  at  the  Guam  Station],  Briggs 827 

fBeport  of  field  crops  work  in  Iowa,  1917] 328 

(Report  of  work  with  field  crops  in  Kansas,  lJftl7] 329 

[Work  with  field  crops  at  Belle  Fourche  experiment  farm  in  1917],  Aune.  881 

[A  report  of  field  crops  work  in  the  United  Provlnoes,  India],  Burt 332 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  in  South  AustraliaJ,  Spafford 332 

Sew  crops  for  Rhodesia,  Walters 333 

(HeagiBous  plants  of  Indo-Ohina,  Crevost 333 

Cotton  and  other  vegetable  fibers:  Production  and  utilization,  Gouldlng..  333 

Wheat  and  rye,  Zavitz 333 

Tfce  castor  bean,  Barthe - 334 

ae  production  of  the  castor  bean  in  North  Africa,  Oouston 334 

Storage  of  seed  com,  Welton 334 

OottMi  variety  tests  for  1917,  Winters  and  Hermain 335 

Xote  on  protecting  the  cotton  fiowers  from  natural  crossing,  Kottur 335 

(btton  culture,  Packard 33o 

Ihe  cost  of  cotton  production,  season  of  1917-18 335 

Bie  world's  cotton  shortage,  Todd 335 

fotato  culture  in  Maine,  Newdlck  and  Morse 335 

Selection  of  some  standard  Ilocano  and  Tagalog  lowland  rices,  Gutierrez-  336 

hiddy  experiments  at  Sabour,  Sil 336 

I  Held  experiments  with  rice,  Coombs  and  Grist 336 

Sbal  In  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  MacCkiughey  and  Weinrich 336 

fagar  beets>  Zavitz  and  Mason 336 

fnie  sugar  beet  industry  in  South  Australia],  Perkins 387 

i&e  cultlTation  of  sugar  cane  in  Cuba,  Crawley 337 

I  Wheat  variety  tests,  1917-18,  Mullett 337 

Irroblems  of  wheat  storage:  Damaged  grain,  Masson  et  al 337 

!  feed   Reporter 338 

Iburth  annual  seed  laboratory  rq;K>rt,  1916-17,  Dahlberg  and  Oswald 338 

Report  of  seed  tests  for  1917 338 

Hie  qiwlity  of  agricultural  seeds 339 

Weed  seeds  in  the  soil,  Plpal 339 

Oanada  thistle  and  methods  of  eradication,  Hanson 339 

KiimeBota  weeda»  III,  Oswald  and  Boss 839 

'  tf 

Howi'ic  ui;r  u  SB. 

(B^ort  of  horticultural  Investigations  in  Guam],  Briggs . 889 

{B^ort  of  horticultural  work  on  Belle  Fourche  f^rm  in  1917],  Aune 840 

food,  fruit,  and  flowers,  Wright 840 

Tegecnltnre. — ^How  to  grow  vegetables,  salads,  and  herbs,  Day 840 

Bome-grown  seed,  Stookey 840 

Propagation  by  hardwood  cuttings,  Leonard 340 

[ftatistics  of  Tlnejards,  orchards,  gardens,  and  root  crops,  Johnston 340 

Beoommended  list  of  hardy  friiits,  flowers,  etc.,  Marshall  et  al 340 

Oibhard  tree  census,  Dean 340 

tBeport  on  orchard  studies] : 340 

Oichard  fertilization  experim^ts.— Method  of  rejuvenating  trees,  Ballou.  341 

SIcport  on  apple  breeding  work 341 

▼srieties  of  apples  for  the  home  orchard,  Faurot 341 

Hect  of  various  dressings  on  pruning  wounds  of  apple  trees,  Rose 341 

*io  years  of  success  with  dusting,  Cossette 341 

mtchoi,  plums,  and  cherries  for  the  home  orchard,  Faurot 341 

i  Ae  Hernito  grape,  Thayer 342 

ipray  schedule  for  grapes.  Boss 342 

lihooslng  goos^>erry  varieties. — ^Experimental  results^  Thayer 342 

Agricultural  explorations  in  Mexico,  Pojienoe 342 

investlgattons  in  ordiard  heating,  McBeth  and  Allison 342 


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H 


IV  C50NTEKTS.  |V< 


Varieties  of  the  Satsama  orange  group  In  Japan,  Tanaka 

Varieties  of  the  Satsnma  orange  group  In  the  United  States,  Scott I 

Successfnl  grapefruit  production  In  Oallfomla,  Shamel 

Roses  and  how  to  grow  them,  Beckett 

lt)BBSntT. 

j 

The  forests  of  Buchanan  Ck>unt7,  Va.,  Schwab i 

The  forests  of  Tazewell  County,  Va.,  Schwab i 

Effect  of  grazing  on  western  yellow  pine  r^roductlon,  Sparhawk 

Marketing  farm  timber  in  South  Carolina,  Lamb 


[Report  of  the  divlsicMi  of  lands  and  forests]. 

Forest  administration  in  British  India  for  the  year  1910-17 

Annual  report  on  the  forestry  department  for  1918,  Fyffe 

DISEASES  or  PLANTS. 

Some  of  the  broader  phytopathological  problems,  Galloway 

Pathological  aspects  of  the  Federal  Inspection  Service,  Shear 

Immunity  and  disease  In  plants,  Butler 

Breeding  for  disease  resistance  In  plants,  Orton 

Plant  disease  investigations 

Report  on  the  plant  disease  situation  In  Guam,  Weston,  jr 

Cultures  of  ^cidium  tuhuloaum  and  ^.  passiflariicola,  Thomas 

Field  studies  of  Cercoapora  beticola,  McKay  and  Pool 

Perennial  mycelium  of  Oymnosparangium  bUudaleanum,  Boyce 

Occurrence  of  Pucoinia  graminis  tritici  compacti,  Stakman  and  Hoemer 

Differences  between  the  species  of  Tilletla  on  wheat.  Potter  and  Ooons.. 

Resistance  of  Manitoba  wheat  to  fungus  diseases 

Comparative  smut  resistance  of  Washington  wheats,  Gaines 

A  possible  new  fungicide  for  wheat  and  barley  smut,  Mackle 

The  Altemarla  leaf  spot  of  cotton,  Faulwetter 

Rhlzoctonia  in  jute :  The  inhibiting  effect  of  potash  manuring,  Flalow 

Potato  diseases. — I,  Early  blight  or  leaf  curl,  Doidge 

Leaf  roll  of  potato,  Blanchard  and  Perret 

Determination  of  factors  Inducing  leaf  roll.  Murphy  and  Wortley 

Sweet  potato  storage  rots.  Barter,  Weimer,  and  Adams 

Bacterial  diseases  of  tomatoes  In  St  Vincent,  Nowell 

Winter  Injury  to  fruit  trees.  Paddock 

Pear  blight  wind  borne,  Stevens,  Ruth,  and  Spooner 

Pear-blight  control  In  Rogue  River  Valley,  Oreg.,  Cate 

Control  of  peach  leaf  curl  at  Yanco  experiment  fftrm,  Allen 

Citrus  canker  eradication,  Evans 

Buried  coconut  trunks  and  root  diseases  of  rubber,  South 

The  spraying  of  tea  in  northeast  India,  Tunstall 

Disease  in  forest  trees  caused  by  the  larger  fungi,  Cheel  and  Cletand 

Notes  on  forest  tree  rusts.  Weir  and  Hubert 

Resistance  In  the  American  chestnut  to  the  bark  diseases.  Graves 

Observations  on  PeHdermium  cerebrum.  Dodge  and  Adams 

Advance  rot  and  latent  defects  in  aeroplane  timber,  Boyce 

Some  new  or  little  known  hosts  for  wood-destroying  fungi,  II,  Rhoada_ 
Hydrogen-ion  concentration  necessary  to  inhibit  growth,  Meacham 

SCONOHIO  ZOOT/JQT — ^ENTOMOLOGY. 

Control  of  ground  squirrels  by  the  fumigation  method,  Stewart  and  Burd- 

Laws  relating  to  fur-bearing  animals,  1918,  Lantz — _ 

Wild  animals  [of  the  Yellowstone  National  Park],  Bailey 

Mutanda  ornithologlca,  IV,  Oberholser 

Notes  on  North  American  birds,  IV-VII,  Oberholser 

Some  notes  on  Connecticut  birds,  Gabrielson — 


Bird  notes  from  Forrester  Island,  Alaska,  Willett 

A  synopsis  of  the  races  of  BombyciUa  garrula,  Oberholser 

Description  of  a  new  lole  from  the  Anamba  Islands,  Oberholser 

Two  new  shrews  from  Oregon,  Jackson 1 

The  food  of  Australian  birds,  Cleland  et  al Jl 


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OONTBKTB.  V 

the  tracheal  air  sac  in  tbe  niddy  duck,  Wetmore 851 

:ed  birds,  Arnold 851 

of  iniiects,  Oomstock 851 

itions  of  surface-feeding  caterpillars  are  not  troplsms,  Turner.  852 

pic  insects  in  Kansas] 862 

toects  affecting  vegetables  in  Trinidad  and  Tobago,  Urlch 852 

non  of  Gattleya  orchids  with  hydrocyanic  acid,  Sasser  and  Dietz.  852 

hents  on  cockroach  control,  Walter 858 

kii  of  Orthoptera  made  in  central  Pern,  Gandell 853 

'^  Diapheromera  veliei  and  Manomera  blatchleyi,  Gandell 858 

|ptera  of  Florida,  Watson 358 

ttd  data  on  the  distribntion  and  food  plants  of  Lygus,  Knight..  858 

taeak  of  tbe  cotton  stainer  on  citms,  Watson 353 

%  molt  in  the  nymphal  stages  of  the  chinch  bug,  Ynasa 358 

en  of  the  potato  and  its  relation  to  the  potato  leaf-hopper.  Ball.-  853 

nt  the  EhipterygidK»  McAtee 854 

^  stages  of  Carythucha  pergandei,  Weiss  and  Dickerson 854 

lory  and  stages  of  Corythiicha  pivrthleyi,  Weiss  and  Dickerson..  354 

»  of  the  vidnlty  of  Wastilngton,  D.  C,  McAtee 354 

{g  a  commercial  orchard  for  the  green  apple  bug,  Brittain 354 

laiy  report  on  clover  aphis  and  methods  for  control.  Smith 354 

ieco  aphis,  Henry 855 

ittras  and  species  of  aphid,  Wilson  and  Davis 355 

peldje  of  Oaba,  Honser 355 

ithe  life  cycle  and  fertility  of  the  body  louse,  Hutchinson 355 

%  lanndertng  on  lice  {Pedicvlu^  corporis)  and  their  eggs,  Moore..  355 

emois  grain  moth,  Headlee 356 

of  the  germ  band  in  the  egg  of  the  holly  tortrlz  moth,  Hule..  356 

pee  of  malaria  to  agriculture  and  studies  on  malarial  soil,  Rossi..  856 

^    mlc  bearing  of  hover  flies.  Miller 356 

ital  work  with  fruit  flies,  Proggatt 356 

sewage  filter  fly  {Psychoda  <iltemata),  Headlee  and  Beckwlth.  356 

tment  of  manure  to  prevent  fly  breeding.  Carter 856 

id  genus  from  the  Ghlrlcahua  Mountains,  Arls.,  Townsend..  857 

iMunyid  genus  Pogonomyla,  Aldrich 357 

of  Maine  species  of  Altica,  Woods 357 

Chalepus  rubra  in  New  Jersey,  Nlcolay  and  Weiss 357 

potato  weevil  and  Its  control,  Ghlttenden 357 

sfltonid,  Kenmer 358 

in  Florida,  Stirling 358 

in  war  time,  Herrod-Hempsall 358 

_  In  British  Guiana,  De  Weever 358 

lyrtinse  from  Galifomia  parasitic  in  mealy-bugs,  Tlmberlake 359 

ISting  habit  of  a  wax  moth  parasite,  Graham 350 

a  new  mite  attacking  valley  cottonwood,  O'Gara 850 

n  the  iguana  tide,  Amhlyomma  dUsimile,  in  Panama,  Dunn 359 

Igy  of  Amblyomma  dis^imUe,  Bodkin 359 

R  cyde  of  the  fbwl  cestode,  Dmainea  cesticillus,  Ackert 859 

YOODS — HUICAJT  NUTBITIOW. 

Ik  and  vegetables  in  the  diet,  Sherman 859 

nployed  for  cooking  vegetables, — I,  Dried  legumes.  Masters 860 

of  Oreat  Britain,  where  to  find  and  how  to  cook,  Gamerson..  360 

of  bread  from  wheat,  oats,  barley,  etc.,  Sprlggs  and  Weir 360 

Ijesst  bread  with  substitute  flours,  Sprague 360 

Beattle  and  Lewis 360 

,  recipes,  Jensen  and  Newton 861 

sor^^ums 861 

the  food  supply  and  their  relation  to  nutrition,  Mendel 861 

:  stocks  of  grain  and  miscellaneous  products  December  1, 1918.  861 

i  statistics  on  foodstuffs  and  fuel  for  flve  years 861 

r  economy  handbook,  [Pratt] 861 

Tfai  the  kitchen,  Breazeale 861 

family.  Rose 861 

in  families  of  limited  means,  Davis,  Jr 861 


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VI  OOKTBZm.  tv*^ 


A  dietary  f6r  miners  Broelciini«r 8© 

Diets  of  laboring  class  families  in  Glasgow  in  war  time,  Fergnson 992 

Composition  of  dietaries  of  munition  workers,  Donlnce  and  Oresnwood —  MS 

The  food  ration  of  the  soldier,  Bornand 9B2 

Malnutrition  among  school  children Wi 

A  food  poisoning  outbreak  at  Brighton,  Savage  and  Forbes 882 

Vitamins  and  nutrition,  Steenbock 8© 

Vitamins  and  symblotes,  Blerry  and  Portler 868 

The  known  and  the  unknown  with  regard  to  berl-beri,  Veddar , —  868 

[Diet  in  pellagra],  Goldberger -_- 868 

Chemical  analyses  of  the  stomach  contents  from  100  pellagrins,  Oiyens 863 

Pathogenesis  of  infantile  scuryy :  An  hypothesis,  Garstenberger 863 

Infantile  scurvy,  Hess 863 

The  antiscorbutic  factors  in  lemon  Juice,  Harden  and  Zllva 364 

The  effect  of  alcoholic  intoxication  on  catalase,  Burge 864 

Reason  for  the  helpful  effect  of  alcoholic  beverages,  Burg« 864 

The  rOle  of  catalase  in  "  shock,"  Burge  and  Nelll 864 

The  mode  of  action  of  food  in  increasing  oxidation,  Burge  et  al 364 

Further  study  on  effect  of  food  in  increasing  oxidation,  Burge  and  Nelll-.  865 

Creatlnuria. — I,  Origin  of  urinary  creatin,  Steenbock  and  Gross 869 

ANIMAL  PBODUOnON.  | 

Net  energy  values  of  alfalfa  hay  and  of  starch,  Armsby  and  Fries S66 

•[Feeding  value  of  Para  grass],  Edwards 966 

Experiments  with  bolly  refuse,  Dowell  and  Friedemann 306 

The  composition  of  some  Indian  feeding  stuffs,  Jatlndra  Nath  Sen 360 

Studies  of  Inheritance  and  evolution  in  Orthoptera,  II,  III,  Naboura 367 

Studies  of  inheritance  and  evolution  in  Orthoptera. — ^IV,  Bellamy 367 

Inheritance  studies  of  color  and  horn  characteristics,  Qowea 867 

Ovarian  transplantation  in  Rouen  and  Peking  ducks,  Kaltenbach 307 

Baby  beef  production.  Pew  and  Evvard 867 

Cattle  feeding  investigations 869 

Limiting  the  grain  ration  for  fattening  cattle,  Pew,  Bward,  and  Dunn 869 

[Pasturing  alfalfa  and  harvesting  corn  with  hogs  and  sheep],  Aune 871 

[Importance  of  mineral  nutrients  in  swine  feeding] 371 

Some  vital  problems  of  the  poultry  feeder,  Lewis 872 

[Marketing  of  poultry] 872 

[Incubation  and  brooding  tests  in  Guam],  Edwards 372 

Accuracy  in  grading  of  opened  eggs,  Jenkins  and  Hendrickson 912 

Fur  farming,  Vallquette 373 

DAiBT  PAaicnro — ^daibtino. 

The  mineral  metabolism  of  the  milch  cow.  III,  Forbes  et  al 33 

[Pasture  grass  for  dairy  cattle  on  Belle  Fourche  ftmn],  Aune 374 

Rotation  of  dairy  farm  crops,  Thome 373 

Influence  of  Brown  Swiss  on  mountain  cattle  of  Boumania,  Fillp 375 

CaUfornla  State  dairy  cow  competition,  1916-1918,  Woll 375 

How  to  determine  the  cost  of  milk 375 

Concerning  milk  costs  and  prices,  Rader 376 

The  examination  of  milk  for  public  health  purposes,  Race 876 

The  significance  of  the  colon  count  in  raw  milk,  Ayers  and  Clemmer 376 

A  study  of  the  action  of  bacteria  on  milk  protein,  Spitzer  and  Weeter S77 

A  pocket  card  for  the  easy  calculation  of  milk  mixtures,  Griffith S77 

Butter  fat  losses  in  creameries,  Washburn  et  al 877 

Centrifugal  recovery  of  cheese  from  buttermilk,  Perkins 373 

[Dried  milk  powder] 379 

•  Dried  and  condensed  milk,  Balland 379 

Fermented  milk,  Hammer  and  Hauser 879 

VETEBINABY  MKDICINK. 

Reports  of  live  stock  sanitary  commissioner  of  Maine,  Bearoe -^,,  379 

Annual  report  of  the  State  veterinarian  of  Nebraska  for  1918,  Anderson 380 

Report  of  the  civil  veterinary  department,  Assam,  for  1917-18,  Harris^ 880 


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»i9i  contents:  vir 

Page. 

thradlcation  of  disease  from  the  farm,  Washburn 380 

Specific  fats  as  factors  In  Immune  processes,  Warden 380 

ihe  coagulation  of  the  blood  and  anaphylactic  shock,  Bulger 880 

Action  in  vitro  and  preparation  of  hemolytic  antibodies.  Balls  and  Korns.  880 

Medium  for  enumeration  of  colon-aerogenes  group,  Ayers  and  Rupp 381 

Standardization  of  blackleg  vaccine,  Goss  and  Scott 381 

Preventive  and  curative  treatment  of  gas  gangrene  by  serums,  Ivens 381 

Clinical  pathology  of  mustard  gas  poisoning,  Herrmann 382 

On  quinin  in  animal  tissues  and  liquids,  Ramsden  et  al 882 

Diet  and  renal  activity  in  tartrate  nephritis,  Salant  and  Swanson 383 

Cutaneous  hypersensitlveness  and  B.  ahortn9y  Fleischner  and  Meyer.!^ 383 

Spirilla  associated  with  disease  of  fetal  membranes  in  cattle,  Smith 383 

Louping-ill,  Stockman 883 

The  transfusion  of  tuberculous  sheep,  Mayer  and  Hurley : 385 

Immnnization  against  swine  erysipelas  in  1917,  Bttrki 385 

Effect  of  "  ground  glass,"  Simmons  and  von  Glahn 885 

BUSAL  ENGINEEBINa 

Durability  of  cement  draintile  and  concrete  in  alkali  soils 386 

Report  of  the  committee  on  irilgatlon  for  1917,  Israelsen  and  Murdock..  886 

The  activated  sludge  experiment  at  Pasadena,  Cal 386 

Economic  highway  transportation,  Barnett 387 

Traffic  laws  in  relation  to  highway  construction,  McLean 387 

Efficiency  of  the  motor  truck  In  terms  of  cost  per  ton  mile.  Chamberlain—  387 

Improved  roller  curtain  for  commercial  poultry  house,  Shoup 387 

BUKAL  ECONOMICS. 

Rural  problems,  Ashby 387 

The  rural  problem,  Ashby 387 

Mercantile  and  agricultural  economics,  Duncan 388 

Farm  management  investigations 388 

Stunmary  of  farm  management  survey 388 

r^bor  costs  and  seasonal  distribution  of  labor  in  Utah,  Connor 388 

Farm  and  farm  laborers*  allotments  in  the  Durham  State  land  settlement-  389 

Whoi  they  come  home.  Lane 389 

City  troops  take  a  food  salient,  Wilcox 389 

Proceedings  of  New  York  State  Agricultural  Society , 389 

A  credit  statement  for  short-term  farm  loans,  Falconer 389 

The  cattle-loan  company,  Larmer 389 

Ai^icaltural  credit  in  Spain 389 

Agricultural  cooperation  and  the  collective  rent  system  in  Italy,  Dumont.  389 

The  marketing  of  Canadian  grain  imder  war  conditions,  Bawlf 390 

Cereal  and  seed  prices  for  1919 390 

Cost  of  producing  the  1918  cotton  crop,  Teary  et  al 890 

Coim^  marketing  schemes 390 

Manual  of  laws  pertaining  to  the  Department  of  Farms  and  Markets 890 

[Transfportation  in  the  Belgian  Kongo]  Fallon 390 

The  Colonial  Congress  of  Agriculture  at  Paris,  1918,  Regelsperger 390 

T!be  rural  church  serving  the  community,  Barp • 390 

jQTenile  delinquency  in  rural  New  York,  Claghorn 890 

Monthly  Crop  Report 891 

Cotton  production  in  the  United  States,  1917 391 

[Agricultural  conditions  on  Belle  Fourche  project  In  1917],  Aune 301 

:    (Agriculture  in  the  Virgin  Islands  of  the  United  States],  Hartley 891 

!    {Agricultural  statistics  of  Trinidad  and  Tobago],  Freeman 392 

I    A  study  of  the  native  agricultural-pastoral  colonies,  Muello 392 

I   Uie  war  and  Brazilian  foodstuffs 392 

British  agriculture  as  a  business  proposition,  Guy 392 

Ixelaod  as  a  food  supplier  of  Great  Britain 392 

Afpricultural  and  live  stock  statistics  of  Finland 392 

(Agriculture  In  the  Belgian  Kongo]  Fallon 392 

(4j;ricnltural  laws  in  the  Belgian  Kongo],  Ballon 392 

[Airicultural  statistics  of  Australia],  Knibbs 893 


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VHI  CONTENTS.  [VoL  40 

AGRICULTUBAL  EDUCATTON. 

Page. 

Some  fundamental  problems  in  forestry  education,  Winkenwerder SOB 

Interdependence  of  forest  conservation  and  forestry  education,  Toumey.-  38B 

Agricultural  education  and  research BOS 

Plans  to  meet  provisions  of  Smith-Hughes  Act  for  Arizona.-n ^ 8W 

State  and  Federal  aid  under  the  Smith-Hughes  Act 304 

Vocational  education 394 

Documents  relating  to  vocational  education 804 

Proposals  for  vocational  education  under  the  Smith-Hughes  Act 894 

Agriculture  in  schools  of  secondary  grade:  Ck>ndition8  of  approval 304 

Course  in  agriculture  approved  under  the  Smith-Hughes  Act,  Baton 304 

Plans  for  vocational  education  in  Delaware,  Spald 394 

Plans  and  aims  for  vocational  school  work  in  Georgia ^ 394 

Courses  of  study  for  vocational  schools 304 

Plans  for  vocational  education  in  Indiana  under  Smith-Hughes  Act 396 

Federal  and  State  law  and  plans  for  vocational  education,  1017-18 385 

Vocational  education 895 

Vocational  education,  Ross 395 

State  Board  for  Vocational  Education :  Statement  of  plans  and  policies—  395 

Vocational  education  In  the  State  of  Maine 395 

The  Michigan  plan  for  vocational  education  imder  Sndth-Hughes  law 395 

[Rules  and  regulations  of  Michigan  Board  for  vocational  education] 395 

Vocational  agriculture  for  teacher  training  classes  in  Michigan 395 

Vocational  education  in  Mississippi  under  the  Smith-Hughes  Act 395 

Standards  and  regulations  for  Federal  and  State-aided  vocational  schools.  395 

Suggestions  to  school  authorities  concerning  the  Smith-Hughes  Act 896 

The  management  of  the  soil,  Jackson  and  Daugherty : 396 

Household  arts :  Teachers'  manual  and  course  of  study  for  grades  7  to  IC  386 

The  agricultural  college  and  the  working  farmer,  Butterfield 306 

Agricultural  extension  work  in  the  United  States,  Smith 306 

Boys*  and  girls*  clubs 396 

ICIBCELLANEOUS. 

Report  of  the  Guam  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  1917 396 

Annual  Report  of  Iowa  Station,  1917 307 

Report  of  Kansas  Station,  1917 397 

Monthly  Bulletin  of  the  Ohio  Agricultural  Experiment  Station 397 

Monthly  bulletin  of  the  Western  Washington  Substation 887 


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LIST  OF  EXPERIMENT  STATION  AND  DEPARTMENT     ^ 
PUBLICATIONS  REVIEWED, 


StatUnu  in  the  United  States. 

Ottllfomla  StaUon:  p»««. 

Bui.  301.  Nov.,  1918 875 

Bui.  302.  Dec.,  1918 850 

Gonuectlcut  State  Station: 

Bui.  207,  Sept.  1918 823 

(laam  Station: 

Rpt   1917 327, 

339, 344, 866, 872, 396 
Idaho  Station : 

Bui.  112,  Dec..  1918 354 

Iowa  Station : 

BuL  181.  Oct,  1918 367 

Bnl.  182,  Oct,  1918 360 

arc  54,  Sept,  1918 379 

An,  Rpt  1917 328,341,388,3^7 

fj^ngflif  Station: 

Rpt  1917 319,329,340,344.352 

361,369,371,872,388,397 
tfalne  Station: 

BuL  272,  Aug.,  1918 307 

BuL  273,  Oct.  1918 857 

Uinnesota  Station: 

BuL  176,  July,  1918 338 

BuL  176.  July,  1918 339 

Bui.  177,  Sept,  1918 379 

Missouri  Fruit  Station : 

Clrc.  10,  Dec,  1917 341 

arc.  11,  May,  1918 342 

arc  12,  Oct,  1918 341 

arc  18,  Nov.,  1918 841 

N^ew  Jersey  Stations : 

Ore  92,  Oct  20, 1917 856 

Hints  to  Poultrymen,  voL  7, 

No.  3,  Dec.  1918 872 

North  Dakota  Station : 

Spec    Bol.,    vol.    5,    No.    5, 

July,  1918 861 

Ohio  Station : 

BuL  830,  Sept,  1918 373 

Mo.  BuL,  VOL  3,  No.  12,  Dec, 

1918 334, 342, 875, 879, 396 

Mo.  BuL,  voL  4,  No.  1,  Jan., 

1919 341,342,375,896 

Oklahoma  Station: 

BuL  121,  Dec,  1918 866 

Utah  Station: 

BoL  165,  Oct.,  1918 388 

Washington  Station: 

West  Wash.  Sta.  Mo.  BuL, 
ToL  6,  No.  9,  Dec,  1918..     840, 
876,887,396 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Pag«. 
BuL  391,  Accuracy  In  Commer- 
cial Grading  of  Opened  Eggs, 
M.   K.  Jenkins  and  N.  Hen- 

drickson 872 

BuL  738,  Effect  of  Grazing  upon 
Western  Yellow  Pine  Repro- 
duction    in     Central     Idaho, 

W.  N.  Sparhawk 843 

Bui.  739,  The  Significance  of 
the  Colon  Count  in  Raw  Milk, 
S.  H.  Ayers  and  P.  W.  Clem- 

mer 876 

Farmers'  BuL  1002,  Canada 
Thistle  and  Methods  of  Eradi- 
cation, A.  A.  Hansen 889 

Farmers*  BuL  1020,  The  Sweet 
Potato  Weevil  and  Its  Con- 
trol, F.  H.  Chittenden 357 

Farmers*  BuL  1022,  Laws  Re- 
lating to  Fur-bearing  Ani- 
mals, 1918,  D.  B.  Lantz 350 

Bureau  of  Crop  Estimates: 
Mo.  Crop  Rpt,  vol.  4,  No. 

12,  Dec,  1918 891 

Bureau  of  Markets: 

Food  Surveys,  vol.  2,  No.  15, 

Dec  23,  1918 361 

Seed  Rptr.,  voL  2— 

No.  6,  Dec  7,  1918 388 

No.  7,  Jan.  11,  1919 838 

Bureau  of  Plant  Industry : 

Varieties   of    the    Satsuma 
Orange  Group  in  Japan, 

T.  Tanaka 842 

Varieties  of  the  Satsuma 
Orange  Group  in  the 
United  States.  L,  B.  Scott-  342 
The  Work  of  the  Belle 
Fourche  Reclamation  Proj- 
ect Experiment  Farm  in 

1917,  B.  Aune 314. 

331,840,371,374,391 
Inventory  of  Seeds  and 
Plants  Imported  by  the 
Office  of  Foreign  Seed  and 
Plant  Introduction  During 
the  Period  from  October  1 
to  December  81,  1915 827 


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List  op  publications. 


(Vol.  40. 


U.  flf.  Department  of  Affriculture— Con.     U.  8.  Department  of  Agriculture— Oaa. 


Scientific  Contributions:* 

Chemical  Analyses  of  Bacte- 
riological Bouillons,  F.  C. 
Cook  and  B.  LeFevre 

A  Rapid  and  Accurate 
Method  for  Butter  Analy- 
sis, Suitable  for  Factory 
Control  Work,  E.  F.  Koh- 
man 

Agricultural  Explorations  In 
Mexico,  W.  Popenoe 

Successful  Grapefruit  Pro- 
duction in  California,  A.  D. 
Shamel 

Marketing  Farm  Timber  in 
South  CaroUna,  G.  N. 
Lamb 

Some  of  the  Broader  Phyto- 
pathological  Problems  in 
Their  Relation  to  Foreign 
Seed  and  Plant  Introduc- 
tion, B.  T.  Galloway 

Pathological  Aspects  of  the 
Federal  Fruit  and  Vege- 
table Inspection  Service, 
C.  L.  Shear 

Perennial  mycelium  of  Gv»- 
noaporangium  blasdaleor 
num,  J.  S.  Boyce 

Differences  between  the  Spe- 
cies of  Tilletla  on  Wheat, 
A.  A.  Potter  and  G.  W. 
Coons 

Sweet  Potato  Storage  Rots, 
L.  L.  Harter,  J.  L.  Weimer, 
and  J.  M.  R.  Adams 

Notes  on  Forest  Tree  Rusts, 
J.  R.  Weir  and  B.  B. 
Hubert 

Resistance  in  the  American 
Chestnut  to  the  Bark  Dis- 
ease, A.  H.  Graves 

Advance  Rot  and  Latent  De- 
fects in  Aeroplane  Timber, 
J.  S.  Boyce 

Some  New  or  Little  Known 
Hosts  for  Wood-destroy- 
ing Fungi,  II,  A.  S. 
Rhoads 

Wild  Animals  [of  the  Yel- 
lowstone National  Park], 
V.  Bailey 

Mutanda  Ornlthologlca,  IV, 
H.  C.  Oberholser 

Notes  on  North  American 
Birds,  IV-VII,  H.  C.  Ober- 
holser  

Some  Notes  on  Connecticut 
Birds,  I.  N.  Gabrielson 

Bird  Notes  from  Forrester 
Island,  Alaska,  G.  Willett- 

A  Synopsis  of  the  Races  of 
Bombycilla  garrula,  H.  C, 
Oberholser 


Pave. 
310 

311 
342 

342 

343 

343 

344 
345 

345 
347 
349 
340 
349 

350 

350 

350 

351 
351 
351 


_      351 


Scientific  Contributlons--Con.        P*«e- 

Description  of  a  New  lole 
from  the  Anamba  Islands, 
H.  C.  Oberholser 351 

Two  New  Shrews  from  Ore-        * 
gon,  H.  H.  T.  Jackson 351 

A  Note  on  the  Tracheal  Air 
Sac  in  the  Ruddy  Duck, 
A.  Wetmore 851 

Fumigation  of  Cattleya  Or- 
chids with  Hydrocyanic 
Add  Gas,  E.  R.  Sasscer 
and  H.  F.  Dletz 352 

On  a  Collection  of  Orthop- 
tera  (Exclusive  of  the 
Locustidse)  Made  In  Cen- 
tral Peru  by  N.  Iconnicoff 
and  C.  Schunke,  A.  N. 
Caudell 353 

Regarding  Diapheromera  ve- 
Uei  and  Manomera  hlatch- 
legi,  A.  N.  Caudell 353 

Genera  of  the  Eupterygidft, 
W.  L.  McAtee 354 

Psyllidie  of  the  Vicinity  of 
Washington,  D.  C,  with 
Description  of  a  New  Spe- 
cies of  Aphalara,  W.  L. 
McAtee 354 

A  New  Genus  and  Species 
of  Aphid,  H.  F.  Wilson 
and  J.  J.  Davis 355 

A  Note  on  the  Life  Cycle 
and  Fertility  of  the  Body 
Louse  (PediculuB  ccrpo- 
rte),  R.  H.  Hutchinson 855 

A  New  Muscold  Genus  from 
the  Chiricahua  Mountains, 
Ariz.,  C.  H,  T.  Townsend-      357 

The  Anthomyid  Genus  Pogo- 
nomyia,  J.  M.  Aldrich 857 

Net  Energy  Values  of  Al- 
falfa Hay  and  of  Starch, 
H.  P.  Armsby  and  J.  A. 
Fries 365 

Eradication  of  Disease  from 
the  Farm,  H.  J.  Wash- 
bum 880 

A  Synthetic  Medium  for  the 
Direct  Enumeration  of 
Organisms  of  the  Colon- 
aerogenes  Group,  S.  H. 
Ayers  and  P.  Rupp 881 

Diet  and  Renal  Activity  in 
Tartrate  Nephritis,  W. 
Salant  and  A.  M.  Swan- 
son 888 

Labor  Costs  and  Seasonal 
Distribution  of  Labor  on 
Irrigated  Crops  in  Utah 
Valley,  L.  G.  Connor 

City  Troops  Take  a  Food 
Salient,  B.  V.  Wilcox 

Agricultural  Bxtension  Work 
in  the  United  States,  C.  B. 
Smith 


^  Printed  in  sdentlflc  and  technical  puMicationB  outside  tbe  department. 

uigitizea  Dy  vj^^v^^iv^ 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 

Vol.  40.  March,  1919.  No.  4. 


The  annual  convention  of  the  Association  of  Southern  Agricul- 
tural Workers  has  become  a  noteworthy  event  among  gatherings  of 
the  year,  and  one  which  concerns  the  experiment  stations  quite  in- 
timately. It  brings  together  for  conference  the  representatives  of 
the  agricultural  colleges  and  the  departments  of  agriculture  in  the 
Southern  States,  and  with  them  other  agencies  which  are  laboring 
similarly  for  agricultural  advancement  in  that  section.  It  thus  ex- 
presses the  broad  common  interest  and  the  strength  of  a  closer  union. 

Starting  some  twenty  years  ago  as  a  gathering  of  the  State  depart- 
ments of  agriculture,  the  scope  has  gradually  broadened  until  it 
includes  the  various  agencies  and  lines  of  effort  concerned  in  the 
promotion  of  agricultural  measures  of  regional  interest.  The  asso- 
ciation views  problems  not  alone  from  the  standpoint  of  investigation 
and  the  dissemination  of  intelligence  through  teaching,  but  in  their 
external  relationships  to  the  agricultural  industry,  and  this  has  led 
from  time  to  time  to  inviting  representatives  of  business  interests  to 
meet  with  the  convention  and  discuss  special  topics.  The  democracy 
of  the  organization  is  illustrated  by  the  election  to  the  presidency  for 
the  coming  year  of  Dr.  Tait  Butler,  long  associated  with  the  agri- 
cultural work  of  southern  institutions  but  now  connected  with  the 
agricultural  press. 

The  meeting  this  year  at  Birmingham,  Alabama,  February  26  to 
28,  was  no  exception  to  the  rule  in  the  interest  of  the  matters  con- 
sidered and  the  generally  representative  character  of  the  attendance. 
Over  one  hundred  were  present,  and  nearly  all  of  the  southern  in- 
stitutions were  represented  by  men  from  their  experiment  stations, 
extension  divisions,  or  other  departments.  Invitations  were  extended 
to  the  southern  section  of  the  American  Phytopathological  Society 
and  to  the  Association  of  Cotton  States  Entomologists  to  affiliate 
with  the  association,  which  would  broaden  the  scope  further  along 
two  important  lines. 

In  his  presidential  address  Prof.  J.  F.  Duggar,  of  Alabama,  called 
pertinent  attention  to  the  fundamental  necessity  of  maintaining  the 
financial  support  of  the  experiment  stations  on  a  plane  commensurate 
with  the  importance  of  that  branch  of  activity.  The  various  interests 
represented  in  the  association  made  the  occasion  an  appropriate  one 

aoi 

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302  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [VoL  40 

for  pointing  out  the  key  position  of  agricultural  research,  and  the 
dependence  upon  it  of  all  other  measures  for  steady  advancement 
and  effectiveness.  The  stations  have  now  quite  generally  reached 
their  limits  under  their  present  appropriations,  and  many  of  them 
are  feeling  keenly  the  pressure  resulting  from  the  higher  cost  of 
services  and  materials.  In  seeking  further  funds  for  agricultural 
purposes,  their  interests  will  need  to  be  safeguarded  not  only  by 
the  station  men  themselves  but  by  those  engaged  in  other  branches  of 
agricultural  effort,  for  the  interest  in  adequate  means  for  keeping 
agricultural  research  thoroughly  abreast  of  the  whole  movement  is 
a  common  one  in  which  all  are  involved.  It  is  gratifying  to  see  that 
this  is  realized  in  the  section  represented  by  this  body,  and  that  more 
adequate  station  support  is  looked  upon  as  the  most  important  pres- 
ent need. 

The  association  has  two  main  sections,  agro4aomy  and  live  stock. 
Committees  representing  these  branches  have  for  several  years  been 
actively  engaged  in  considering  the  experimental  work  with  a  view 
to  giving  it  the  highest  efficiency  in  solving  problems  of  the  South. 
These  committees  have  assembled  the  projects  in  these  fields  under 
way  at  the  various  stations,  and  published  lists  of  them  in  their 
reports  as  a  means  of  familiarizing  members  with  the  lines  in  prog- 
ress and  where  common  topics  are  being  studied.  An  ultimate  pur- 
pose has  been  to  effect  a  closer  union  in  common  efforts,  to  make  ex- 
periments in  similar  lines  more  readily  comparable,  and  to  illustrate 
the  advantage  of  working  with  a  common  understanding  of  what  is 
in  progress  throughout  that  section.  This  survey  lends  emphasis  to 
the  opportunity  for  cooperation  and  coordination  in  specific  cases, 
and  calls  attention  to  the  extent  of  unnecessary  or  ineffective  dupli- 
cation which  has  occurred  in  certain  lines. 

The  live  stock  committee,  for  example,  showed  in  a  recent  report 
that  despite  the  amount  of  experiment  in  that  field,  it  had  been  dis- 
tinctly individualistic  in  character  and  in  many  cases  is  conspicuous 
for  the  diversity  of  method  and  plan  followed  in  experiments  di- 
rected at  similar  ends.  The  report  pointed  to  a  lack  of  coordination 
or  of  attempt  to  carry  out  local  experiments  in  accordance  with 
common  plans,  or  even  in  such  a  way  that  the  results  could  be  readily 
harmonized.  There  was  found  to  be  much  duplication  which  was 
not  as  effective  as  it  should  have  been  in  solving  common  questions, 
because  owing  to  this  diversity  the  results  were  not  cumulative  or 
complementary.  The  committee  urged  in  its  last  year's  report  that 
"the  demand  for  careful  study  of  some  of  the  broader  live  stock 
problems,  with  relatively  small  increases  in  the  appropriations  for 
conducting  experimental  and  research  work  and  the  greatly  increased 
appropriations  for  extension  work,  has  made  it  apparent  that  some 
system  should  be  devised  whereby  experiment  stations  might  closelj 

uigitizea  Dy  vji\_/\^^lC 


19191  EDITORIAL.  303 

cooperate  in  the  future  planning,  execution,  and  reporting  of  their 
worf 

Similarly  the  agronomy  committee  has  sought  by  cataloging  the 
projects  to  bring  about  a  closer  relationship  and  a  larger  coordina- 
tion in  the  main  lines  of  effort,  in  order  that  new  work  may  be  so 
planned  that  the  results  will  fit  in  with  other  work  where  the  soil 
and  climatic  conditions  are  similar.  It  has  made  considerable  prog- 
ress in  outlining  group  projects,  defining  requirements  of  comparable 
effort,  and  suggesting  the  organization  of  work  on  the  basis  of  soil 
provinces.  The  committee  has  also  been  working  in  the  direction  of 
improving  the  procedure  in  field  experiments,  directing  work  into 
specific  lines,  and  making  the  combined  program  of  the  stations 
such  as  to  more  effectively  cover  the  leading  problems  in  a  conclusive 
way.  This  year  its  efforts  in  that  direction  were  continued  and  a 
number  of  specific  recommendations  made. 

The  live  stock  committee  likewise  dealt  this  year  with  methods 
and  planning,  the  taking  of  data  and  recording  of  results,  with  a 
view  to  strengthening  experiments  in  some  directions  and  to  sys- 
tematizing procedure.  Its  reconmiendations,  embodying  tangible 
and  concrete  plans,  should  be  of  much  value  in  strengthening  the 
attack  and  the  conclusions  in  regard  to  various  feeding  questions. 

A  matter  bearing  on  a  growing  branch  of  agricultural  industry 
in  the  South  was  a  carefully  prepared  and  comprehensive  report 
upon  oleomargarin,  with  special  reference  to  its  relation  to  dairying. 
This  was  from  a  committee  appointed  last  year  to  investigate  the 
subject,  of  which  Director  W.  B.  Dodson,  of  Louisiana,  was  chair- 
man. The  report  was  not  apprehensive  of  danger  provided  existing 
laws  are  enforced. 

The  subject  of  soft  pork  respulting  from  certain  widely  used  feeds, 
notably  peanuts,  was  given  much  attention.  Although  not  a  new 
topic  it  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  important  in  southern  agri- 
culture, being  related  to  the  cropping  and  farming  systems  as  well 
as  the  returns  in  marketing  one  of  the  chief  products.  The  matter 
was  discussed  in  its  various  aspects,  added  interest  being  given  by 
the  presence  of  representatives  of  the  packing  houses  who  presented 
their  side  of  the  problem.  It  was  pointed  out  that  soft  hogs  can  not 
be  marketed  in  the  North  except  at  greatly  reduced  prices,  can  not 
be  used  for  export,  and  are  not  suitable  for  making  the  high  grade 
products  sold  under  nationally  advertised  brands.  Consequently  as 
soon  as  the  South  has  reached  the  limit  of  its  own  consumption  of 
this  class  of  pork  the  market  declines  and  prices  and  profits  are 
materially  affected.  The  packers  maintain  that  all  pork  cuts  from 
soft  hogs  show  an  unusually  heavy  shrinkage  in  curing,  that  they  do 
not  chill  properly  in  the  cooler,  and  never  become  firm  enough  to 
permit  cutting  into  economical,  attractive  cuts.    They  also  show  a 

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304  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vol.  40 

heavy  waste  in  retail  cutting,  and  at  ordinary  storage  temperaturee 
it  is  said  to  be  impossible  to  prevent  standard  cuts  from  dripping 
oil  which  not  only  means  an  additional  loss  but  affects  the  appear- 
ance of  the  meat. 

This  problem  is  therefore  seen  to  be  one  of  unusual  importance. 
The  rapidly  increasing  hog  production  in  the  South  makes  the 
thorough,  systematic  study  of  the  whole  question  of  the  effect  of  feed 
on  quality  of  product  a  matter  which  can  not  be  overlooked.  Con- 
siderable attention  has  already  been  given  to  it,  but  such  features 
as  the  transference  or  replacement  of  fat,  the  physiological  aspects 
of  the  change,  the  period  for  hardening  pork,  etc.,  remain  distinctive 
lines  of  study  for  the  southern  stations.  There  can  be  little  doubt 
that  in  working  out  the  practical  and  research  features  of  this  prob- 
lem there  would  be  marked  advantage  from  united,  correlated  effort 
in  place  of  the  quite  independent  and  disassociated  action  of  the 
past. 

The  association  has  committed  itself  quite  definitely  to  the  de- 
sirability of  closer  union  in  station  work,  and  has  done  much  through 
its  meetings  for  several  years  past  to  propagate  the  idea  and  gain 
acceptance  for  it.  The  work  of  its  committees  has  blocked  out 
prominent  features  in  the  field  of  experimental  inquiry  in  the  South- 
ern States,  and  formulated  procedure  for  a  further  unification  of 
plans  and  methods.  Through  these  committees  the  association  has 
therefore  become  an  effective  means  of  promoting  cooperation,  coor- 
dination, and  systematized  effort  in  the  study  of  southern  problems. 
It  is  prepared  to  serve  as  a  medium  for  bringing  together  groups 
of  workers  engaged  on  subjects  common  to  them,  in  order  that  there 
may  at  least  be  mutual  imderstanding  in  the  further  conduct  of 
their  experiments. 

The  provision  of  such  an  agency  is  an  important  advantage,  for 
while  such  a  joining  of  effort  must  necessarily  be  voluntary  and  as 
free  as  possible  from  set  machinery,  some  means  is  usually  required 
to  furnish  the  initiative  and  make  definite  proposals.  Where  this 
agency  directly  represents  the  institutions  themselves  its  position  is 
strengthened  and  the  suggestion  of  self-interest  or  domination  is 
removed.  The  association  deserves  credit  and  support  for  the  po- 
sition it  has  taken  and  the  movement  it  has  set  in  motion. 

An  interesting  discussion  has  been  going  on  for  some  time  in 
a  number  of  scientific  periodicals  of  the  Allied  nations  regarding 
the  effect  of  the  war  on  the  various  abstract  journals  and  similar 
bibliographical  mediums  upon  which  scientific  workers  have  come 
to  depend  quite  largely  for  information  as  to  the  current  status  of 
research.  An  increasing  conviction  seems  to  be  developing  that  more 
adequate  provision  should  be  made  for  the  establishment  and  main- 


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1W»1  EDITOEIAL.  305 

tenance  of  this  class  of  publications,  that  the  auspices  under  which 
they  are  issued  are  of  more  importance  than  has  sometimes  been 
realized,  and  that  much  more  is  involved  than  that  somewhere  and 
somehow  the  abstract  journal  and  up-to-date  compendimn  should 
exist. 

One  aspect  of  the  matter  was  touched  upon  by  Dr.  B.  M.  Duggar 
at  the  Baltimore  meetings  last  December.  Dr.  Duggar  pointed  out 
that  the  extent  to  which  American  workers  had  had  to  depend  upop 
the  abstract  journals  of  foreign  countries  in  bringing  their  work 
to  the  attention  of  the  scientific  world  had  inevitably  resulted  in 
considerable  delay.  Furthermore,  it  was  suggested  that  the  foreign 
abstracts  have  not  always  presented  this  work  in  sufficient  fullness 
to  reflect  satisfactorily  the  significance  of  its  results.  These  diffi- 
'culties,  in  his  judgment,  could  best  be  met  by  the  maintenance  of 
American  abstract  journals. 

Another  and  very  important  consideration  has  been  brought  out 
I)y  Professor  E.  B.  Wilson  of  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
Jiology  in  a  communication  to  Science.  Professor  Wilson  shows 
quite  forcefully  how  dependent  scientists  have  been  upon  German 
:sources  for  obtaining  much  of  their  information  as  to  existing  knowl- 
«edge.  He  points  out  that  any  scientist  must  have  the  means  where- 
with to  look  up  readily  the  literature  on  his  subject,  and  "  that  the 
great  compendiums  of  science,  the  great  yearly  reviews  of  scientific 
progress,  are  made  by  Germans,  and  published  in  the  German  lan- 
guage." This  magnifies  the  position  of  that  country  as  a  scientific 
center  and  a  source  of  both  original  and  compiled  information  in 
science.  It  also  lends  prominence  to  the  language  as  a  vehicle  for 
the  dissemination  of  scientific  work.  He  queries  whether  the  English 
speaking  people  of  the  .world  will  continue  thus  dependent  upon 
Germany  for  their  standaxd  reviews  and  handbooks  of  science. 

Another  writer  who  has  contributed  several  articles  on  the  general 
SKbject  of  the  handling  of  ;scientific  literature  is  M.  Paul  Otlet,  gen- 
*cral  secretary  of  the  Institu^t  International  de  Bibliographic  since  its 
organization  at  Brussels  in  liS95.  M.  Otlet  likewise  deplores  the  pre- 
dominance of  Germjtn  influen  ce  through  Centralblatter  and  Jahres- 
berichte,  and  maintains  that  ^^he  Allied  nations  should  henceforth 
give  more  attention  to  the  varioi  ^s  methods  through  which  the  results 
of  scientific  investigations  can  bt  made  widely  known.  Very  natur- 
ally he  emphasizes  the  opportuit 'ties  for  international  cooperation 
in  the  publication  of,  periodicals,  \  abstracts,  bibliographies,  diction- 
aries, and  textbooks.  He  draws  pan  icular  attention  to  what  is  being 
done  alo»g  these  lines  by  the  Interm  ^tional  Institute  of  Agriculture 
at  Borne,  wiose  activities,  it  will  be  rt  called,  were  described  in  these 
pa^es  flome  months  ago.^    He  looks  fa  ^ard  to  the  foundation  of  a 

HlBKpetlmmt  BtM^cn.BwwH,  Jg  1%  »">'  W-  701-707). 

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306  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vol.40 

somewhat  similar  institution  for  general  science,  supported  on  an  in- 
ternational basis,  and  suggests  as  one  important  function  the  publi- 
cation of  the  International  Catalog  of  Scientific  Literature,  but 
eventually  in  greatly  enlarged  form. 

It  is  of  interest  to  note  in  this  connection  that  the  publication  of 
bibliographical  v^orks  in  all  branches  of  science  formed  one  of  the 
topics  of  discussion  at  the  Interallied  Conference  on  International 
Scientific  Associations  held  in  London  October  9>11,  1918,  and  was 
among  the  subjects  referred  to  a  special  committee  of  inquiry  to  be 
convened  later  in  Paris.  The  view  was  quite  generally  manifested 
that  irrespective  of  existing  publications  elsewhere  it  was  important 
that  complete  abstracts  and  bibliographies  of  science  should  be  pub- 
lished in  the  Allied  countries.  It  was  apprehended  that  the  income 
from  the  sale  of  these  publications  would  not  defray  the  relatively 
high  cost  of  preparation  and  printing,  and  the  plan  of  Government 
subsidies  was  advocated  for  their  support. 

Whatever  may  be  the  developments  along  international  lines,  a 
distinct  increase  in  the  facilities  aflforded  by  abstract  journals  in  the 
English  language  is  already  in  evidence.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
war  chemical  literature  was  receiving  quite  comprehensive  treat- 
ment in  Chemical  Abstracts  and  the  Journal  of  the  Chemical  So- 
ciety^  and  the  Review  of  Applied  Entomology  had  been  established 
the  previous  year  for  abstracts  in  that  subject,  but  as  regards  the 
sciences  related  to  agriculture  these  journals  stood  virtually  alone  in 
the  comprehensive  character  of  their  reviews.  A  limited  number  of 
abstracts  as  well  as  book  reviews  have,  of  course,  been  published  by 
Phytopathology^  the  Bulletin  of  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club^  the 
Jov/maL  of  HoTne  Economics^  the  JawmxH  of  Dairy  Science,  and 
certain  other  periodicals,  but  in  none  of  these  cases  has  a  complete 
summary  been  attempted. 

In  1916,  Physiological  Abstracts  was  begun  by  the  Physiologicil 
Society  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  with  the  cooperation  of  the 
American  Physiological  Society.  Abstracts  of  Bacteriology,  pub- 
lished by  the  Society  of  American  Bacteriologists,  followed  in  1917, 
and  in  the  same  year  the  Veterinary  Review  began  an  extensive  ab- 
stract section. 

Most  recent  of  all  is  Botanical  Abstracts,  the  initial  number  of 
which  appeared  in  September,  1918,  and  contained  206  abstracts. 
This  publication  is  now  a  monthly  serial,  "  furnishing  abstracts  and 
citations  of  publications  in  the  international  field  of  botany  in  its 
broadest  sense,"  and  is  therefore  of  special  interest.  It  is  announced 
that  the  membership  of  its  board  of  control  is  to  be  representative 
of  some  thirteen  North  Atnerican  botanical  organizations.  Among 
these  are  Section  G  (Botany)  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Scienoe,  the  Ammcan  Genetic  Assodation,  the 

uigitizea  Dy  "kjkjkj^^^is^ 


1W»1  EDITORIAL.  307 

American  Phytopathological  Society,  the  American  Society  of  Agron- 
omy, the  Botanical  Society  of  America,  the  American  Society  for 
Horticultural  Science,  the  Society  of  American  Bacteriologists,  and 
the  Society  of  American  Foresters.  A  force  of  fully  400  collabo- 
rators has  already  been  organized,  and  comprehensive  plans  are 
being  worked  out  for  abstracting  as  completely  as  possible  the  botani- 
cal literature  of  the  world,  estimated  to  be  scattered  through  from 
two  to  three  thousand  serial  publications.  This  suggests  the  wide 
range  the  journal  is  intended  to  cover  and  the  interpretation  to  be 
given  to  the  field  of  applied  botany. 

The  question  of  abstract  journals  has  likewise  received  attention 
in  France,  although  no  definite  plans  are  as  yet  available.  The  newly 
established  Superior  Council  for  the  Agronomic  Stations  and  Agri- 
cultural Laboratories  of  France  has  included  among  its  proposed 
activities  the  publication  of  reviews  of  publications  in  all  countries 
bearing  on  the  field  of  these  institutions,  with  a  view  to  keeping  their 
workers  posted  and  thus  strengthening  their  activities. 

Regarding  the  present  status  of  the  German  abstract  journals,  it 
may  be  said  that  copies  are  gradually  reappearing  in  this  country. 
It  seems  that  with  some  modifications,  such  as  consolidated  numbers, 
curtailments  in  space,  and  the  like,  most  of  these  publications  have 
been  continued.  A  recent  note  in  Natwre  states  that  the  Deutsche 
Chemische  Gesellschaft  has  celebrated  its  jubilee  by  collecting  a 
fimd  of  2,500,000  marks  for  the  more  extensive  publication  of  chemi- 
cal works  of  reference.  Annoimcement  has  also  been  made  of  a 
ten-year  agreement  effective  January  1,  1919,  between  the  Deutsche 
Chemische  Gesellschaft  and  the  Verein  der  Deutscher  Chemiker  for 
the  discontinuance  of  the  "  Ref erate  "  section  of  the  Zeitschrift  fur 
angewandte  Chemie^  and  in  its  stead  the  joint  publication  of  ab- 
stracts in  Chermaches  Zentralhlatt.  The  Verein  der  Deutscher 
Chemiker  is  to  contribute  26,000  marks  per  annum  for  this  purpose. 

The  growth  of  agencies  in  this  country  for  agricultural  education 
and  research,  and  especially  agricultural  schools  and  extension  work, 
has  enlarged  the  range  of  those  making  use  of  Experiment  Station 
Record  and  made  it  increasingly  important  to  our  system.  The 
Record  is  now  in  its  thirtieth  year,  and  with  the  close  of  the  fiscal 
year  on  July  1  will  complete  its  fortieth  volume.  In  common  with 
other  publications,  it  has  suffered  some  handicaps  during  the  war, 
among  them  a  depletion  of  its  staff,  a  shortage  of  paper,  and  serious 
congestion  of  publication  facilities.  These  causes  have  collectively 
contributed  to  regrettable  delays  in  the  assembling  and  printing  of 
abstracts,  but  it  is  hoped  that  with  the  gradual  improvement  in  con- 
ditions less  difficulty  will  henceforth  be  experienced. 
111401*— 19 2 


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RECENT  WORK  IN  AGRICULTURAL  SCIENCE. 


AOKICTTLTITEIAL  CHEHISTKT— AOKOTECmTT. 

Practical  physiological  chemistry,  P.  B.  Hawk  {Philadelphia:  P.  BlakU- 
ton's  Son  d  Co.,  1918,  6,  ed.,  rev.  and  enl.,  pp.  XIV +661,  pl«.  6,  figs.  185). — ^Thls 
is  the  sixth  edition  of  the  volume  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  35,  p.  311).  The 
chapters  on  metabolism,  blood  analysis,  gastric  digestion,  and  qnantitative 
analysis  of  nrine  have  been  expanded,  and  a  new  chapter  on  acidosis  has  been 
introduced.  In  the  quantitative  section,  Van  Slyke^s  procedure  has  been 
adopted  as  the  sole  method  for  the  determination  of  acetone  bodies  in  the 
urine,  and  the  use  of  urease  for  the  determination  of  urea.  Several  new 
illustrations  have  been  added. 

The  grlobulins  of  the  Jack  bean,  Canavalla  ensiformis,  J.  B.  Sumneb  {Jour. 
Biol.  Chem.,  57  {1919),  No.  i,  pp.  1S7-UB,  pL  i).— By  subjecting  Jack  beans  to 
dialysis  the  author  has  separated  three  globulins  in  place  of  the  two  found  by 
Jones  and  Johns  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  8).  Blsphenoid  crystals,  to  which  the  name 
concanavalin  A  has  been  given,  are  precipitated  first ;  a  noncrystallizable  globu- 
lin, canavalin,  separates  next  as  spheroids;  and  finally  a  small  amount  of 
material  crystallizes  In  the  form  of  needier  This  last  has  been  named  con- 
canavalin B.  By  filtering  off  the  precipitates  as  they  appear,  a  partial  separa- 
tion of  the  globulins  can  be  made,  but  a  more  complete  separation  is  brought 
about  by  the  use  of  salt  solutions.  Canavalin  is  readily  soluble  in  1  per  cent 
sodium  chlorid  solution,  concanavalin  B  slowly  soluble  in  10  per  cent  salt  solu- 
tion, and  concanavalin  A  insoluble  in  any  but  concentrated  salt  solutions. 

All  three  globulins  are  said  to  give  the  usual  protein  color  and  precipitation 
tests  when  purified. 

New  reflux  condenser,  J.  J.  Bajda  {Jour,  Indus,  and  Engin.  Chem.,  11  {1919), 
No.  i,  p.  52,  fig.  1). — ^A  modified  type  of  reflux  condenser  is  described  which  is 
said  to  be  very  satisfactory,  especially  in  those  cases  in  which  the  refluxing 
liquid  has  a  comparatively  high  boiling  point 

The  modification  consists  of  a  vapor  conduit  forming  a  part  of  the  condenser 
through  which  the  vapors  pass  and  are  led  into  the  upper  part  of  the  condensing 
coil.  At  the  lower  end  of  the  coil  Is  a  trap  by  means  of  which  is  provided 
regular  and  undisturbed  flow  into  the  receiver. 

Absorption  pipettes,  E.  Van  Albtink  {Jour.  Indus.,  and  Engin.  Chem.,  11 
{1919),  No.  1,  pp.  51,  52,  fig.  1). — ^An  absorption  apparatus  to  be  used  with  the 
Parr  carbon  apparatus  for  determining  both  carbonates  and  total  carbon  In 
soils  is  described  and  Illustrated,  in  which  the  use  of  glass  beads  or  glass  rods 
is  dispensed  with  by  means  of  a  siphoning  device  enabling  the  gas  to  come  in 
close  contact  with  the  absorbing  liquids.  It  is  stated  that  it  is  not  necessary 
to  shake  the  apparatus  to  insure  rapid  action,  as  must  be  done  when  bulbs 
without  beads  or  rods  are  used,  yet  absorption  is  as  rapid  as  with  either. 

The  wet  process  for  the  determination  of  carbon,  W.  Stefp  {Biochem, 
Ztschr.,  87  {1918),  No.  S-4,  pp.  1S5-142,  fig.  1). — Certain  improvements  in  the 
wet  method  of  estimating  carbon  are  suggested.  These  include  slight  modifi- 
cations in  the  apparatus  and  more  careful  purification  of  the  reagents  em- 

808 


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19193  AGRICULTURAL  CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY.  309 

ployed.  The  sulphuric  add  Is  purified  by  heating  first  with  potassium  dlchro- 
mate  and  afterwards  with  potassium  permanganate.  Instead  of  potassium 
dlchromate  for  the  oxidation  of  organic  salts,  the  author  employs  a  mixture  of 
diromic  and  sulphuric  adds. 

Determination  of  free  alkalis  and  carbonate-  in  alkaline  hypoclilorite 
flolutiona,  M.  Phujbebt  {Jour.  Pharm,  et  Chim,,  7.  ser,,  18  (1918),  No.  9,  pp. 
tSO-STH). — ^The  method  proposed  consists  essentially  of  determinations  of  the 
total  alkali  and  of  the  free  alkali  or  blcarbonates,  preceded  by  the  destruction 
of  oxidizing  substances  by  hyposulphites  as  in  the  method  of  Mestrezat  previ- 
ously noted  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  112).  Instead  of  adding  the  hyposulphite  directly 
to  the  alkaline  liquid,  the  solution  Is, first  addlfied  and  the  destruction  of 
oxidizing  substances  brought  about  in  the  presence  of  potassium  lodld.  This 
ia  considered  to  give  much  more  constant  and  accurate  results  than  those 
obtained  in  an  alkaline  medium. 

A  simplification  of  the  Mestrezat  method  is  also  proi)Osed  in  which  the  use 
of  phenolphthaldn  is  dispensed  with  by  noting  the  successive  color  changes  of 
Utmus  from  blue  to  violet  and  from  violet  to  red.  The  first  color  change  cor- 
responds to  the  phenolphthaleln  test  and  represents  the  change  from  carbonate 
to  bicarbonate. 

The  separation  and  grravimetric  estimation  of  potassium,  S.  B.  Kuzibian 
{Proc.  Iowa  Acad.  SoL,  24  {1917),  pp.  547-550). — From  studies  conducted  at  the 
Iowa  Experiment  Station  on  the  use  of  anllln  i)erchlorate  for  the  gravimetric 
estimation  of  potash,  the  author  concludes  that  the  best  results  are  obtained 
when  the  following  points  are  observed : 

^  The  exact  strength  of  the  alcohol  used  must  be  known,  and  none  used  that 
runs  below  ©9.5  per  cent.  For  every  1.5  cc.  of  water  used  for  dissolving  the 
mixed  chlorids,  50  cc.  of  absolute  alcohol  should  be  added.  A  weighed  amount 
of  anilin  perchlorate  dissolved  in  50  cc.  of  absolute  alcohol  must  be  added  to  the 
dissolved  chlorids  drop  by  drop  with  constant  shaking  and  set  aside  for  one 
hour  before  filtering."  It  is  considered  necessary  to  add  the  anllln  perchlorate 
slowly  in  order  to  avoid  the  occlusion  of  some  of  the  potassium  chlorid  wUh 
the  perchlorate.  If  sufficient  precautions  are  taken  to  prevent  this  occlusion, 
a  complete  conversion  of  the  chlorids  into  perchlorates  is  said  to  take  place. 

The  use  of  anilin  perchlorate  instead  of  perchloric  acid  is  said  to  shorten 
tlie  process  considerably,  to  alford  the  best  means  for  direct  quantitative 
separation  and  estimation  of  sodium  in  the  alcoholic  filtrate,  and  to  cheapen 
the  process  by  doing  away  with  platlnic  chlorid. 

The  determination  of  nitrates  and  nitrites,  W.  Stbecker  {Ber.  Deut.  Chem. 
Ge^etl.,  51  {1918),  No.  10,  pp.  997-1004.  flg-  i).— A  method  is  described  for  the 
determination  of  nitrites  and  nitrates  in  the  same  solution  which  includes  (1) 
the  reaction  between  the  nitrites  and  ammonium  chlorid  in  which  nitrogen  is 
evolved,  collected  In  a  nitrometer,  and  measured,  and  (2)  the  reaction  between 
nitrates  and  ferrous  salts  In  which  nitric  oxld  is  evolved  and  collected  in  the 
sune  nitrometer. 

A  diagram  is  given  of  the  apparatus,  in  which  spedal  precautions  are  taken 
to  remove  the  air  by  means  of  carbon  dioxld.  The  method  is  also  applicable 
to  the  determination  of  nitrates  alone. 

The  determination  of  nitrites,  F.  Dienebt  {Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  ScL  [Parisi, 
1^  il918).  No.  10,  pp.  S66,  867;  abs.  in  Jour.  Pharm.  et  Chim.,  7.  Ber.,  18  {1918), 
^o.  7,  pp.  M7,  tl8;  Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  [London],  114  {1918),  No.  672,  II,  p.  S70).— 
The  method  depends  upon  the  following  reaction:  NaN0i+2HI=NaI-|-I+N0-|- 
B/>.  To  prevent  the  oxidation  of  the  nitric  oxld  formed  and  its  subsequent 
■ttloa  on  hydrogen  lodld,  the  reaction  is  conducted  in  the  absence  of  air  by 


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310  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  {VoL«| 


saturating  the  flasks  containing  the  reagents  with  carbon  dioxid.   The 
ated  iodin  is  then  titrated  with  N/70  arsenlous  add. 

Determination  of  residual  nitrogen  in  blood  serum,  Fischek  {Soffc40 
lev's  Ztachr,  PhyHol  CJiem,,  102  (WIS),  No,  5-tf,  pp.  266-274),— An  «' 
tion  of  different  methods  of  precipitating  the  proteins  in  blood  serum  preli^ 
nary  to  the  determination  of  the  nonprotein  nitrogen  is  reported,  the  resnlts 
which  indicate  that  precipitation  with  uranium  acetate  in  the  cold  Is  prefenH 
to  precipitation  with  an  acetic  acid  solution  of  either  sodium  chlorld  or  sodtal 
acetate  at  boiling  temperature.    The  details  of  the  method  are  as  follows: 

Ten  cc.  of  blood  serum  Is  mixed  in  a  50  cc.  cylinder  with  10  cc.  of  a  L6 
cent  uranium  acetate  solution  and  made  up  with  water  to  50  cc    The  miiti 
is  shaken  well,  allowed  to  stand  for  5  minutes,  and  then  filtered.   A  mixture 
25  cc.  of  the  clear  filtrate  and  10  cc.  of  Kjeldahl  sulphuric  acid  solution  is  m 
in  a  Kjeldahl  flask  and  the  nitrogen  determined  according  to  the  usual 

The  colorimetric  determination  of  blood  sugar  by  the  reduction  of 
acid,  C.  Salomon  (Biochem.  Ztsclvr,,  90  {1918),  No.  1-2,  pp,  S9-52).—W» 
a  r6sum6  and  critical  review  of  the  original  method  of  Lewis  and  Benedict 
tlie  determination  of  blood  sugar  by  reduction  of  picric  acid  and  subseqal 
modifications  of  the  method  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  112).  A  bibliography  of  20 
Is  appended. 

Chemical  analysis  of  bacteriological  bouillons,  F.  C.  Cook  and  E.  LeFM 
(Amer,  Jour.  Pub.  Health,  8  (1918),  No.  8,  pp.  587-^589).— Chemical  analyse! 
standard  bouillons  prepared  from  fresh  beef,  meat  extract,  and  fresb  liver 
reported  from  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agricultal 
The  bouillons  were  prepared  by  the  cold  infusion  method.  Five  hundred  gm. 
finely  ground  beef  or  liver  was  Infused  in  1,000  cc.  of  water  for  24  hours, 
the  fluid  obtained  after  pressure  and  filtration  was  made  up  to  1,000  cc. 
meat  extract  bouillons  were  prepared  from  3  gm.  of  Lieblg's  beef  extract  aod 
gm.  of  Witte's  peptone,  made  up  to  a  volume  of  1,000  cc.  with  water, 
samples  of  each  series  were  analyzed  for  total  solids,  ash,  PtOt,  total  nitrog 
purin  nitrogen,  protein  nitrogen,  creatin,  and  creatinln. 

The  liver  bouillon  was  found  to  contain  a  higher  percentage  of  all  these 
stituents  than  the  meat  extract  of  beef  bouillon,  with  tlie  exception  of 
and  creatinln,  while  the  beef  bouillon  contained  more  of  all  constituents 
the  beef  extract,  with  the  exception  of  protein,  which  was  present  in  practifll 
equal  amounts.  These  results  are  thought  to  afford  an  explanation  of  the 
bacterial  counts  frequently  found  on  beef  bouillon  media  than  on  beef  extt 
media  and  of  the  failure  of  certain  organisms  to  grow  on  the  latter. 

A  study  of  the  extent  of  loss  of  peptone  resulting  from  the  addition  of  WIN 
peptone  to  beef  Juice  prior  to  coagulation  and  filtration  showed  that  on  an 
age  12  per  cent  of  the  peptone  is  held  by  the  coagulum  and  therefore 
indicating  that  the  economical  procedure  is  to  add  the  peptone  to  the 
after  coagulation. 

A  new  and  novel  method  of  determining  the  amount  of  methyl  alcohd 
mixtures  of  ethyl  and  methyl  alcohol,  W.  G.  Toplis  {Amer,  Jour.  Phani'$ 
{1918),  No.  9,  pp.  6S6-640).—The  method  described  depends  upon  the  fact 
when  methyl  and  ethyl  alcohols  are  mixed  and  treated  with  metallic  sodium 
yield  of  hydrogen  is  proportional  to  the  amounts  of  the  two  alcohols  in 
mixture.  The  fact  that  commercial  samples  containing  higher  alcohols  yield 
in  a  different  ratio  as  their  molecular  weight  varies  is  considered  not  to 
the  application  of  the  method  in  determining  the  minimum  of  methyl  aid 
The  determination  is  conducted  simultaneously  with  that  of  a  previously 
pared  standard  denatured  alcohol,  the  hydrogen  being  collected  over  gasol^ 


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1W91  AGRICULTURAL  CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY.  311 

A  reading  of  the  unknown  lower  than  that  of  the  standard  indicates  a  deficiency 
in,  and  liigher  than  the  standard  an  excess  of,  methyl  alcohoL 

The  reaction  called  '^  I'eclair  bleu  "  and  its  application  to  the  control  of 
▼inegars  and  wines,  [J.]  JsANPBfiTBE  {Mitt.  Lebensm,  Unterauch.  u.  Hyg,, 
Bchioeie.  Gsndhtsamt,,  7  (1916),  No,  6,  pp.  SS&-^i6,  figs.  4).— The  author  recalls 
the  report  of  Landolt,^  who  found  that  if  to  a  mixture  of  equal  volumes  of 
sulphurous  and  hydriodic  adds  containing  a  certain  amount  of  starch  solu- 
tion various  adds  are  added,  the  liberation  of  iodin  is  accelerated  under  the 
same  conditions  of  temperature  and  concentration,  in  direct  proportion  with 
the  constant  of  dissodation  of  the  add  used.  The  sudden  appearance  of  the 
blue  color  led  to  the  name  of  *'  Teclair  bleu,*'  or  blue  flash. 

In  the  present  application  of  the  test  to  the  control  of  vinegars  and  wines, 
the  reagents  employed  are  2  per  cent  solutions  of  sodium  lodate  and  of  sodium 
sulphite  and  a  0.5  per  cent  solution  of  starch.  At  the  time  of  the  test,  10  cc. 
each  of  the  iodate  and  sulphite  solutions  and  5  cc.  of  the  starch  solution  are 
made  up  to  100  cc.  with  distilled  water.  The  test  consists  of  mixing  rapidly 
10  cc  of  the  add  liquid  and  10  cc.  of  the  reagent  and  noting  the  time  of 
appearance  of  the  blue  color. 

With  pure  N/10  solutions  of  different  acids,  the  blue  color  appeared  as  fol- 
lows: Acetic  acid  in  438  seconds,  succinic  320,  malic  52,  citric  45,  and  tartaric 
26 ;  with  N/10  solutions  of  oxalic  and  of  mineral  acids  the  reaction  was  instan- 
taneous. 

The  author  discusses  the  interpretation  of  results  with  mixtures  of  acids, 
the  effect  of  different  factors  on  the  results,  and  the  application  of  the  method 
to  the  analysis  of  vinegars  and  wines.  While  the  reaction  does  not  permit  of 
an  exact  determination  of  the  degrees  of  acidity,  it  is  considered  to  be  of  value 
not  only  for  the  control  of  acid  beverages,  but  also  for  determining  the  purity 
of  the  greater  part  of  organic  acids  and  their  acid  salts. 

Hew  methods  for  the  analysis  of  butter,  P.  Ebculissb  and  H.  Dackweileb 
(ilnii.  Chim.  Analyt.,  $S  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  225-234;  a^s.  in  Jour.  Soc.  Chem. 
Indus.,  S7  {1918),  No.  24,  p.  780A). — ^The  customary  determinations  in  the  ex- 
amination of  butter  are  described  and  criticized.  As  substitute  determinations, 
there  are  proposed  the  index  of  saponification,  the  silver  index,  and  the 
magnesium  index,  these  being  respectively  the  number  of  milligram  molecules 
contained  in  1  gm.  of  fat,  of  fatty  acids,  butyric  acid,  and  caproic,  caprylic, 
and  capric  acids.  From  these  values  can  be  calculated  the  true  Reichert-Meissl, 
Polenake,  and  Hehner  numbers. 

The  saponification  index  is  obtained  in  the  usual  manner  of  determining  the 
sapontflcation  number.  The  silver  index  is  obtained  by  precipitating  a  known 
amount  of  neutral  soap  by  slver  nitrate,  which  precipitates  everything  but 
butyrate.  The  index  is  then  determined  by  comparison  with  the  saponification 
index.  The  magnesium  index  is  obtained  by  precipitating  a  new  amount  of 
neutral  soap  by  magnesium  sulphate,  which  leaves  in  the  filtrate  only  those 
adds  with  fewer  than  12  carbon  atoms  (with  the  exception  of  butyric  acid). 
These  are  then  predpitated  with  N  silver  nitrate. 

The  methods,  which  are  described  in  detail,  are  said  to  be  more  rapid  and 
accurate  than  the  customary  determinations,  and  to  be  capable  of  application 
to  the  analysis  of  all  kinds  of  fats  and  their  derivatives,  such  as  soaps. 

A  rapid  and  accurate  method  for  butter  analysis,  suitable  for  factory  con- 
trol work,  E.  F.  KoHMAN  {Jour.  Indus,  and  Bngin.  Chem.,  11  {1919),  No.  1,  p. 
S6). — ^A  method  of  butter  analysis  is  described  in  which  the  fat  and  salt  are 
determined  in  connection  with  the  moisture  test  as  follows : 

ifier.  Dent  Chem.  GeeelL,  10  (1886),  pp.  1817-186Q. 

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312  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECORD.  [VoL40 

The  moisture  in  a  10  gm.  sample  Is  determined  In  the  usual  way  in  a  tail, 
lipped  100  cc.  aluminum  beaker.  After  the  beaker  is  weighed  to  determine 
the  loss  of  moisture,  the  fat  is  extracted  with  successive  portions  of  petroleom 
ether,  which  Is  removed  by  decantation.  The  excess  of  petroleum  ether  is  re- 
moved by  evaporation  and  the  percentage  of  fat  determined  by  difference  upon 
reweighlng  the  beaker  and  Its  contents.  The  salt  may  then  be  determined  by 
titration. 

The  method  is  said  to  be  very  rapid  and  to  give  results  as  accurate  as  those 
obtained  by  the  official  methods. 

Beport  of  the  committee  on  the  analysis  of  commercial  fats  and  oils,  W.  D. 
RiCHAKDSON  {Jour.  Itidus,  and  Engin.  Chem.,  11  {1919),  No,  J,  p.  «9).— This 
report  contains  a  few  corrections  to  the  tentative  standard  methods  for  the 
sampling  and  analysis  of  commercial  fats  and  oils,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  K, 
88,  p.  804),  and  new  methods  for  the  melting  point  and  doud  test  determina- 
tions. 

Quantitative  determination  of  soluble  starch  in  the  presence  of  starch 
and  its  hydrolytic  cleavage  products,  J.  C.  Small  {Jour,  Arner,  Chem.  8oc,  |i 
{1919),  No.  i,  pp.  107-112).— The  method  described  consists  essentially  in 
precipitating  the  lodld  from  its  solution  of  dextrlns  and  lower  carbohydniteB 
by  ammonium  sulphate.  The  precipitate  Is  washed  free  from  the  other 
carbohydrates  by  successive  portions  of  a  saturated  solution  of  ammonium  sul- 
phate and  heated  in  water  suspension  to  drive  off  the  iodin.  The  soluble 
starch  is  then  hydrolyzed  by  acids  and  estimated  by  the  usual  methods  for 
determining  dextrose. 

A  method  for  the  preparation  of  soluble  starch,  J.  G.  Small  {Jour.  Arner, 
Chem.  Soc,  41  {1919),  No.  i,  pp.  llS-120,  fig,  i).— The  following  method  has 
been  found  by  the  autiior  to  be  more  satisfactory  than  the  Ltntner  method  for 
the  preparation  of  a  soluble  starch  containing  a  minimum  of  carbohydrate: 

The  starch  is  hydrolyzed  by  means  of  redistilled  d5  per  cent  alcohol  in  the 
presence  of  a  small  amount  of  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid  {sp.  gr.  1.19). 
At  the  end  of  from  6  to  15  minutes  the  acid  is  neutralized  with  sodium  blca^ 
bonate,  the  neutral  alcohol  filtered  off,  and  the  starcdi  washed  VTith  several 
additions  of  fresh  alcohol. 

Analyses  of  samples  obtained  by  this  method  are  reported  which  indicate 
that  the  principal  factors  influencing  the  conversion  of  starch  to  soluble  starch 
in  this  process  are  the  time  of  exposure,  concentration  of  acid,  and  density  of 
the  starch  suspension.  A  study  of  the  effect  of  concentration  of  add  showed 
that  the  greatest  yield  of  soluble  starch  is  obtained  when  0.75  volumes  per  cent 
of  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid  in  95  per  cent  alcohol  is  used  and  the  hydro- 
lysis continued  at  the  boiling  temperature  for  10  minutes.  The  indication  that 
under  the  proper  conditions  starch  seems  to  be  wholly  converted  to  soluble  starch 
before  further  hydrolysis  occurs  Is  considered  to  support  the  idea  that  soluble 
starch  is  a  hydrated  starch  from  which  maltose  has  not  yet  been  split  off. 

An  improvement  applied  to  the  Tolumetric  determination  of  reducing 
sugars,  D.  Sidebskt  {Bui.  Assoc.  Chim.  8ucr.  et  DisHU,,  S5  {1917),  No,  IS,  p. 
S9), — In  order  to  bring  about  a  more  rapid  settling  of  the  cuprous  oxid  precipi- 
tate in  the  usual  determination  of  reducing  sugars,  the  author  recommends  the 
addition  of  magnesium  sulphate  to  the  copper  sulphate  solution  in  the  pro- 
portion of  5  gm.  MgSO«  to  34.64  gm.  CuSO«  dissolved  In  500  cc.  of  water. 

Determination  of  glucose  with  hypoiodid,  R.  Willstatteb  and  G.  Schttdkl 
{Ber.  Dent.  Chem.  Gesell,  51  {1918),  No.  8-9,  pp.  780,  781). --It  is  stated  that 
glucose  can  be  determined  quantitatively  by  means  of  a  hypoiodid  solution, 
even  in  the  presence  of  fructose  or  sucrose,  if  certain  precautions  are  observed. 
The  details  of  the  method  are  as  follows: 


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191&1  AGRICULTUKAL  CHEMISTRY — ^AGBOTECHNY.  313 

The  glucose  solution  is  treated  with  from  one  and  one-half  to  four  times  the 
amount  of  lodln  in  N/10  solution,  then  with  one  and  one-half  times  the  amount  of 
NAO  sodium  hydroxid  solution  required  for  reaction,  and  allowed  to  stand  at 
room  temperature  for  from  12  to  15  minutes.  The  solution  Is  acidified  with 
dilute  sulphuric  add  and  titrated  with  thiosulphate  in  the  presence  of  starch. 

The  influence  of  raffinose  on  the  determination  of  sugar  beet  molasses  pre- 
pared by  difFerent  methods,  £L  Pellet  (Bui,  Assoc.  Chim.  8ucr.  et  DistiU.,  S5 
(1917),  Nos.  IS,  pp.  l&SO;  4r-€,  pp,  lOC^-llS)  .--The  earlier  methods  for  the 
determination  of  rafflnose  based  on  its  Inversion  by  hydrochloric  acid  are  re- 
viewed, and  a  detailed  description  Is  given  of  the  method  employed  by  the  author, 
which  is  based  on  the  inversion  of  raffinose  by  two  special  yeasts  as  described 
by  Hudson  and  Harding  (E.  S.  R.,  34,  p.  813).  Analytical  results  are  given  of 
the  application  of  this  method  to  the  determination  of  rafilnose  in  solutions  of 
pure  sugar  and  in  the  molasses  from  sugar  cane  and  from  sugar  beets. 

Contribution  to  the  study  of  nonfermentable  sugars  in  sugar  cane  mo- 
lasses, C.  MuLLEK  {Bui  Assoc.  Chim.  Sucr.  et  Distill,  S5  {1917),  No.  |-6,  pp; 
95-105). — The  literature  on  the  subject  of  the  nonfermentable  sugars  desig- 
nated under  the  name  glutose  is  reviewed  and  discussed  and  results  obtained 
by  the  author  on  the  determination  of  nonfermentable  sugars  in  sugar  cane  and 
beet  molasses  obtained  in  different  localities  and  by  different  methods  of  extrac- 
tion are  reported. 

The  results  seem  to  indicate  that  the  various  processes  of  treatment  of  mo- 
lasses do  not  have  so  great  an  influence  on  the  proportion  of  nonfermentable 
sugars  as  do  the  locality  in  which  the  sugar  is  produced,  the  season,  and  the 
stage  of  growth  of  the  cane.  Beet  molasses  contained  traces  only  of  nonfer- 
mentable sugars. 

An  attempt  to  transform  nonfermentable  sugars  into  fermentable  sugars  led 
to  the  following  results :  With  sugar  cane  molasses,  less  nonfermentable  sugars 
were  obtained  after  than  before  heating  with  sulphuric  add,  the  difference 
being  greater  in  factories  in  which  carbonation  was  not  employed.  With  mo- 
lasses from  the  refinery,  on  the  contrary,  more  nonfermentable  sugars  were 
obtained  after  heating  than  before.  As  an  explanation  of  this  phenomenon, 
the  theory  is  advanced  that  certain  organic  substances,  probably  carbohydrates, 
if  partially  removed  by  carbonation  under  the  action  of  heat,  would  produce  a 
nonfermentable  reducing  substance.  This  would,  however,  be  hydrolyzable  by 
adds  and  become  fermentable.  This  substance  does  not  exist  in  refined  mo- 
lasses, where  the  action  of  sulphuric  acid  on  the  organic  matter  produces  non- 
fermentable reducing  substances. 

The  author  proposes  the  name  **  glutocose  "  for.  the  unknown  substance  which 
becomes  fermentable  after  hydrolysis. 

ntUity  of  blanching  in  food  canning.  Effect  of  cold  shock  upon  bacterial 
death  rates,  Eva  M.  Bbusit  {Jour.  Indus,  and  Bngin.  Chem.,  11  {1919),  No.  1, 
pp.  S7-S9). — ^From  a  study  of  the  velocity  coeffldents  of  the  death  rates  of 
bacterial  sfpores  of  BaoUlus  pseudotetanicus  during  temperature  changes  ap- 
proximating those  of  the  blanching  process  in  canning,  the  conclusion  is  drawn 
that  bacterial  spores  are  apparently  not  made  more  sensitive  to  heat  by  pre- 
liminary heating  followed  by  chilling,  and  that  consequently  blanching  as  a 
preliminary  to  the  cold-pack  process  does  not  have  bacteriological  Justification 
ML  the  basis  of  Increased  susceptibility  of  the  bacteria  to  sterilization  because 
of  cold  shock.  The  author  points  out,  however,  that  there  is  some  bacterio- 
logical justification  for  blanching  on  account  of  the  marked  cleansing  action 
of  the  process,  which  results  in  the  introduction  of  smaller  numbers  of  spores 
initially  into  the  canned  product  and  may  thus  reduce  the  time  required  for 
sterilization. 


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314  EXPERIMENT  STAXIOUT  BECX)RD.  IVol.40 

Beport  of  the  agricaltural  chemist,  J.  C.  BBttNificH  (Ann.  Rpt.  Dept.  Agr. 
and  Stock  [Queensland],  1916-17,  pp.  S7-48). — ^This  is  the  customary  anniuU 
report,  containing  a  general  statement  of  the  work  performed  during  the  year 
1916-17,  together  with  tables  of  analyses  of  Queensland  soils,  waters,  wheats, 
flours,  and  farm  and  vegetable  seeds. 

METEOBOLOOT. 

On  the  cooling  of  air  near  the  crround  at  night,  G.  Hellicann  (Ah$.  in  ScL 
Abs.,  Sect.  A—Phy$.,  21  (1918),  No,  252,  p.  -^«8).— Observations  with  10  mini- 
mum thermometers  arranged  at  5-cm.  intervals  above  the  ground  from  5  to  50 
cm.  showed  that  on  clear  nights  there  was  a  regular  increase  of  temperature 
with  height,  following  an  exponential  law.  On  the  average,  the  difference  be- 
tween the  temperature  at  the  surface  of  the  ground  and  at  a  height  of  50  cm. 
was  8.7*  O.  An  increase  of  cloudiness  by  1*  of  the  usual  scale  (0=clear, 
10=overcast)  diminished  this  difference  by  a  full  third  of  a  degree  Caitigrade. 
With  an  overcast  sky  there  was  no  difference  of  temperature.  In  rainy  and 
windy  weather  there  was  a  diminution  of  temperature  of  a  few  tenths  of  a 
degree. 

The  '<  warmth  of  dawn/'  O.  Meissneb  (Phys.  Ztachr.,  19  (1918),  No.  17,  p^. 
587,  S88;  ab$.  in  Sd.  Abs.,  Sect.  A—Phys.,  21  {1918),  No.  252,  p.  ^88).— "From 
hourly  readings  of  temperature  as  recorded  at  the  Potsdam  Observatory,  the 
conclusion  is  reached  that  the  difference  in  point  of  time  between  tanperatnre- 
minimum  and  sunrise  has  a  definite  seasonal  variation,  both  for  clear  nights 
only  and  on  the  average  of  all  nights.  From  May  to  September  the  time  of 
minimum  temperature  occurs  30  minutes  after  sunrise;  in  spring  and  autumn 
the  interval  is  reduced  to  15  minutes,  but  in  winter  minimum  temperature 
occurs  10  minutes  earlier  than  sunrise.  Thus  there  is  nothing  in  the  observa- 
tions to  support  the  *  warmth  of  dawn  *  theory." 

On  a  possible  relation  between  certain  weather  chancres  and  radio-active 
emanations  from  the  earth,  E.  Bandl  (Phyi.  Ztschr.,  n  {1016),  No.  10,  pp.  19^ 
196). — Observations  in  mountain  regions  are  reported  which  are  thought  to 
indicate  a  relation  between  radio-active  emanations  and  weather  changes. 

[Climatic  conditions  of  the  Belle  Fourche  reclamation  project],  B.  Axnnc 
(U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bur.  Plant  Indus.,  Work  BeUe  Fourche  Expt.  Farm,  191Z 
pp.  4-S,  fig.  i). — Observations  on  temperature,  precipitation,  evaporation,  kill- 
ing frosts,  and  wind  velocity  at  the  experiment  farm  for  the  ten  years,  1908 
to  1917,  are  recorded.  The  precipitation  in  1917  was  18.32  in.,  0.56  in.  less 
than  the  10-year  average.  "  The  ground  had  a  fair  covering  of  snow  from  De- 
cember to  March,  and  most  of  the  precipitation  came  before  June  1.**  The 
spring  was  cold  and  wet.  "  The  precipitation  after  June  1  came  in  such  small 
quantities  that  little  benefit  was  derived  from  it  Consequently,  very  poor 
stands  of  all  crops  that  were  planted  late  on  spring  plowing  were  secured.** 

British  rainfall,  1917,  H.  R.  Mill  and  C.  Salter  {London:  Edward  Stanfori, 
Ltd.,  1918,  pp.  240;  rev.  in  Nature  [London],  102  {1919),  No.  2568,  p.  S8S).— 
Records  are  given  for  over  5,000  stations  and  analyzed  as  usual.  The  report 
also  contains,  among  a  number  of  special  articles,  one  relating  to  the  diminu- 
tion of  rainfall  with  height  above  the  ground  at  Greenwich  Observatory.  This 
showed  that  at  approximately  10  ft.  above  the  ground  there  is  a  diminution 
of  about  3  per  cent,  at  22  ft.  10  per  cent,  at  38  ft.  20  per  cent,  and  at  50  ft 
85  per  cent 

Sulphuric  acid  content  of  snow  and  rain  water,  E.  Et)pPER8  {Ztschr.  AngevB. 
Chem.,  SI  (1918),  No.  29,  Aufsateteil,  pp.  74-76;  abs.  in  Jour.  Soc.  Chem.  Indits., 
37  {1918),  No.  13,  p.  388A;  Chem.  Abs.,  12  {1918),  No.  22,  p.  2395).— It  is  re- 


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1W91  SOILS — ^FERTILIZERS.  815 

ported  that  the  sulphuric  add  (SOt)  content  of  snow  and  rain  water  varied  with 
the  prozUnity  of  industrial  centers  and  the  prevailing  direction  of  the  wind. 
In  an  industrial  district,  freshly  fallen  snow  was  found  to  contain  on  an  aver- 
age from  15  to  20  mg.  per  kilogram  and  fresh  rain  water  from  17  to  18  mg. 
per  Uter  of  sulphuric  acid,  much  lower  amounts  than  have  been  recoj*ded  for 
certain  agricultural  stations.  Distilled  water  exposed  in  an  industrial  district 
absorbed  L2  mg.  of  sulphuric  acid  per  100  square  meters  In  24  hours.  The 
trne  sulphuric  add  content  of  snow  and  rain  was  obtained  only  with  freshly 
fallen  samples. 

sons— FEETILIZEES. 

Soil  factors  affecting  the  toxicity  of  alkali,  F.  S.  Harbis  and  D.  W.  Pitt- 
man  {Jour,  Agr,  Research  [V.  fif.l,  15  (1918),  No,  5,  pp.  287S19,  figs,  27).— 
Oon  tinning  previous  work  at  the  Utah  Experiment  Station,  an  attempt  was 
made  to  determine  with  more  exactness  the  quantities  .of  the  various  salts  that 
prolilblt  crop  growth  under  different  soil  conditions.  The  general  method  of 
procedure  was  the  same  as  was  used  previously  (E.  S.  R.,  34,  p.  125)  in  study- 
ing the  effects  of  different  salts  and  combinations  of  salts.  In  these  experi- 
ments, sodium  carbonate  and  sodium  sulphate  were  used  at  rates  of  500,  1,000, 
3,000,  5,000,  7,000,  and  10,000  parts  per  milUon  of  dry  soil,  and  sodium  cMorld 
at  rates  of  400.  1,000,  2,000,  8,000,  and  4,000  parts.  Wheat  plants  were  grown 
in  the  glass  tumblers  for  21  days  in  sand,  loam,  clay,  and  garden  soil,  with  and 
without  addition  of  peat  or  manure  and  with  varying  amounts  of  moisture. 
About  12,000  determinations  of  the  effect  of  the  salts  on  germination  and  growth 
under  the  different  conditions  were  made. 

Sunmiarizing  the  results,  it  is  stated  that  "  size  of  particles  of  a  sand  inde- 
pendent of  other  factors  does  not  seem  appreciably  to  influence  the  toxicity  of 
alkali.  Loam  soils  are  more  tolerant  of  alkali  than  either  sand  or  clay.  The 
coarser  loams  are  more  tolerant  than  the  finer  at  the  same  moisture  content, 
but  if  the  heavier  loams  are  maintained  at  an  equivalent  moisture  content  they 
are  more  tolerant. 

**  Organic  matter  increases  the  resistance  to  alkali  when  the  soil  containing 
it  is  given  sufficient  moisture,  but  where  present  in  large  quantities  organic 
matter  decreases  the  resistance  if  the  moisture  supply  is  low.  Increasing  the 
moisture  content  of  a  soil  up  to  the  maximum  that  will  produce  good  crops  in- 
creasee  resistance  to  alkali. 

"The  toxicity  of  sodium  chlorid  and  sodium  sulphate  seems  to  depend  to 
quite  an  extent  on  the  relation  between  concentration  of  salt  and  percentage  of 
moisture  present,   while  the   toxicity  of  sodium  carbonate   is  more  largely 
affected  by  the  presence  of  organic  matter.    Organic  matter  in  the  soil  seems 
actually  to  remove  sodium  carbonate  from  the  soil  solution  In  large  quantities. 
This  probably  explains  why  in  experiments  where  sodium  carbonate  Is  added 
to  a  loam  soil,  it  is  less  toxic  than  sodium  chlorid,  while  in  field  studies  where 
the  salt  Is  determined  by  analyses  and  in  solution  and  sand  culture  studies 
the  sodium  carbonate  is  more  toxic. 

"Practical  conclusions  that  may  be  drawn  from  these  experiments  are:  (1) 
Loam  soils  and  soils  with  a  high  water-holding  capacity   may  be  successfully 
tanned  at  a  higher  alkaU  content  than  others;  (2)    solla  in  which  alkali  re- 
dnces  crop  yields  should  be  kept  as  moist  as  Is  compatible  with  good  plant 
ffowth;  and  (8)  manure,  or  other  organic  matter,  should  be  beneficial  to  alkali 
"Oils,  especially  those  high  in  carbonates.** 

Jkierminhig  Uie  absolute  salt  content  of  soils  by  XKxeans  of  the  freerf^K- 
VAat  method,  G.  J.  Bouyotjcos  and  M.  M.  McCk>o]:.  (JTour.  Agr,  Research 
fi7.  B,l  IS  {1918},  Ilo.  6,  pp.  33i-53ff).— In  investigation's  at  the  Michigan  Bx- 


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perlment  Station  It  was  foond  that  wh^  different  kinda  of  aoU  were  washed 
nntll  their  soluble  salt  content  was  greatly  reduced,  their  lowering  of  the  freez- 
ing point  was  practically  IdenticaL  This  suggested  that  at  a  comparatiTely 
high  moisture  content  the  Influence  of  the  nnfree  water  <m  the  omcentratlon  of 
the  soil  solution  was  practically  negligible,  If  not  entirely  absent  It  was 
found  further  that  air-drying  did  not  increase  the  freezing-point  depression  of 
the  soils.  On  the  basis  of  these  facts,  the  following  method  to  determine  the 
absolute  salt  content  of  soils  at  high  moisture  content  was  devised: 

'*  The  soils  are  allowed  to  air-dry  if  freshly  taken  from  the  field.  Then  a 
15-gm.  sample  of  soil  is  taken  and  poured  into  the  freezing  tube  containing 
10  cc.  of  distilled  water.  The  soil  is  stirred,  usually  by  shaking,  allowed  to 
stand  for  a  few  minutes,  and  its  freezing-point  depression  determined.  For 
accomplishing  the  latter  the  tube  is  placed  directly  in  the  ice  mixture,  having 
a  temperature  of  about  —2.5'*  C,  and  the  soil  is  stirred  constantly  with  the 
Beckmann  thermometer  until  the  temperature  falls  to  about  1*  above  the  zero 
X)oint  of  the  thermometer.  Then  it  is  allowed  to  remain  undisturbed  until  the 
temperature  falls  to  about  0.5*  below  the  zero  point,  when  the  soil  is  again 
stirred  with  the  thermometer  in  order  to  cause  solidification  to  take  place.  Ai 
soon  as  solidification  begins,  the  tube  is  at  once  taken  out  of  the  ice  mixtore 
and  placed  in  the  air  Jacket  in  the  same  bath.  The  soil  is  gently  stirred  and 
the  thermometer  gently  tapped,  and  the  freezing  point  read  by  means  of  a  lens. 
By  this  procedure  it  takes  only  about  10  minutes  to  make  a  freezing-point  deter 
mination." 

Tests  of  the  method  which  indicate  a  high  degree  of  accuracy  are  reported. 

Chemical  estimation  of  the  fertility  of  soils  in  Fulton  County,  Ind.,  R.  E 
Cabb  and  W.  K.  Gast  (Proc.  Ind,  Acad,  SoL,  1917,  pp.  ftOl-tlO,  figs.  8).— The 
results  of  determinations  of  total  organic  matter,  nitrogen,  and  pho^horus  in 
128  soil  samples,  including  38  subsoils  and  20  virgin  soils,  are  presented  and 
a  correlation  of  the  data  with  the  yield  of  com  per  acre  attempted.  Observa- 
tions were  also  made  upon  the  presence  of  carbonates  and  upon  soil  acidity. 

About  one-half  the  soils  of  the  county  were  found  to  contain  less  than  4  per 
cent  of  organic  matter.  Six  of  the  samples  are  described  as  unusually  add  and 
52  as  slightly  add  to  litmus,  most  of  the  add  soils  also  being  low  in  organic 
matter.  Both  the  nitrogen  and  phosphorus  content  of  a  large  number  of  these 
soils  was  less  than  1,500  lbs.  per  acre  (to  a  depth  of  6|  In.).  The  cultivated 
soils  showed  a  considerable  decrease  in  plant-food  elements  as  compared  with 
corresponding  virgin  soils.  The  results  are  held  to  Indicate  that  com  yields 
increase  with  an  Increase  of  the  nitrogen  and  phosphorus  content  of  the  soil. 

Granitic  and  gneiss  soils  of  the  Corso  {Rev.  SoL  [ParUJ,  57  {1919),  No,  i, 
p.  26), — ^Brlef  reference  is  made  to  a  recent  monograph  by  D.  HoUande  on  the 
geology  of  the  Ck>rso,  in  which  the  character  of  the  soils  derived  from  granites 
and  gneiss,  and  the  processes  by  which  they  are  formed,  are  discussed. 

Soil  addity  as  affected  by  moisture  conditions  of  the  soil,  S.  D.  €k>NNB 
{Jour.  Agr,  Research  \TJ.  fi^.],  IS  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  S21S29). — Supplementing 
previous  investigations  at  the  Indiana  Experiment  Station  on  soils  from  tiled 
and  untiled  land  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  22),  five  typical  add  Indiana  soils  were  studied 
under  controlled  moisture  conditions  in  pots,  namely,  at  full  water-holding 
capacity,  at  one-half  water-holding  capacity,  and  at  one-fourth  water-holding 
capacity,  other  portions  of  each  soil  bdng  taken  when  the  pots  were  filled  and 
kept  in  an  air-dry  condition  in  the  laboratory.  Samples  of  the  soil  of  each  pot 
were  tested  for  addity  by  the  potassium-nitrate,  calcium-acetate,  and  ethyl- 
acetate  methods  in  both  moist  and  air-dried  condition,  and  the  potassium-nitrate 
extracts  were  analyzed. 


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1»1»3  SOILS — ^FERTILIZERS.  317 

It  was  fonnd  tbat  the  acidity  as  measured  by  the  different  methods  varied 
with  different  conditions  of  moisture  and  aeration.  "  With  each  soil  and  each 
method  used  the  samples  which  had  been  kept  half -saturated  were  higher  in 
acidity  than  they  were  at  the  start  of  the  experiment.  The  acidity  of  the  half- 
saturated  soils  was  greater  than  the  acidity  of  the  fourth-saturated  soils.  The 
soils  high  in  organic  matter  showed  the  greatest  acidity  when  kept  fully  satu- 
rated. The  soils  low  in  organic  matter  showed  the  greatest  acidity  when  kept 
half-saturated. 

''When  the  moist  samples  of  soil  taken  at  the  dose  of  the  experiment  were 
air-dried,  the  fully  saturated  samples  showed  loss  of  acidity.  The  half  and 
fourth  saturated  samples  showed  both  gains  and  losses  in  acidity  when  air- 
dried. 

"  The  potassium-nitrate  extracts  of  the  fully  saturated  soils  contained  much 
larger  amounts  of  Iron  than  extracts  of  other  samples.  This  soluble  iron 
was  In  the  ferrous  form  and  was  oxidized  and  made  insoluble  when  the  soils 
were  dried. 

"  With  the  mineral  soils  the  fully  saturated  soils  had  much  greater  amounts 
of  soluble  manganese  than  the  other  samples.  Drying  the  soils  did  not  render 
the  manganese  Insoluble  as  it  did  the  Iron. 

**  There  was  less  soluble  aluminum  in  the  fully  saturated  mineral  soils,  but 
with  the  soils  high  in  organic  matter  this  was  not  true.  There  was  both  in- 
crease and  decrease  of  soluble  aluminum  on  drying  the  soils. 

"Calcium,  magnesium,  and  silica  showed  variations  In  solubility  owing  to 
different  moisture  conditions,  but  the  variations  were  not  as  striking  as  those 
of  iron,  manganese,  and  aluminum. 

**  In  correlating  the  soluble  iron  and  aluminum  with  the  addlty  obtained  from 
the  potassium-nitrate  extracts,  it  was  apparent  that  the  titrated  acidity  could 
not  be  entirely  explained  on  this  basis.  Doubtless  this  acidity  is  partly  due 
to  soluble  acid  organic  compounds.  The  measurable  acidity  of  acid  soils  varies 
to  a  large  degree  under  different  conditions  of  moisture  and  aeration.  These 
variations  are  due  to  chemical  rather  than  physical  changes  in  the  soils.  The 
extreme  sensitiveness  of  the  chemical  compounds  of  soils  and  the  wide  varia- 
tions caused  by  changing  moisture  conditions  leads  to  the  conclusion  that  some 
soil  investigations  should  be  conducted  with  undrled  samples.  The  soil  moisture 
of  acid  soils  is  acid  in  reaction  as  shown  by  hydrogen-ion  determinations. 

A  list  of  references  to  literature  dted  is  given. 

Are  unusual  precautions  necessary  in  takiner  soil  samples  for  ordinary 
bacteriologrical  testsP  C.  B.  Lifican  and  D.  E.  Mabtin  (Soil  SoL,  6  (1918),  No, 
2,  pp.  ISX-ISG). — ^Thls  paper,  a  contribution  from  the  California  Experiment 
Station,  describes  tests  with  bacteriological  samples  taken  from  an  alluvial 
loam  soil  at  Hayward  and  a  blow  sand  at  Oakley,  to  determine  the  extent  of 
contamination  due  to  sampling  with  a  post-hole  type  of  auger  as  compared  with 
sampling  with  a  sterile  spatula  from  the  flamed  vertical  wall  of  a  pit  (E.  S.  R., 
27,  p.  822).  Samples  were  taken  for  each  foot  to  a  depth  of  5  ft.  and  determi- 
nations made  of  the  number  of  bacteria  which  would  grow  on  bouillon  agar, 
the  ammonifying  power  of  the  soil  with  0.1  per  cent  of  peptone,  the  nitrifying 
power  with  soil  nitrogen  alone  and  with  the  addition  of  0.2  per  cent  of  am- 
monium sulphate,  and  nitrogen  fixation  in  solutions  containing  2  per  cent  of 
mannlte  and  in  soil  with  1  per  cent  of  mannlte. 

It  is  conduded  that  "for  ordinary  bacteriological  work  on  soils  no  spedal 
precautions  are  necessary  in  taking  soil  samples."  No  significant  differences  in 
the  points  studied  were  observed  between  the  two  methods  of  sampling.  That 
the  sampling  itself  from  the  vertical  wall  constituted  a  "  precautionary  "  method 
is  said  to  have  been  indicated  by  the  marked  differences  In  bacterial  numbers 


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818  EXPERIMENT  STATIOK  RECORD.  IVoL40 

and  biochemical  activities  which  characterized  the  Yarioos  soil  layers.  It  li 
thought  that  methods  devised  for  soil  sampling  for  ordinary  soil  bacteriological 
work  have  been  based  upon  an  erroneous  assumption  that  the  dangers  from 
contamination  are  considerable.  "The  soil  flora  In  a  given  sample  of  soil 
seem  to  be  so  large,  so  characteristic,  and  so  firmly  established  and  adapted  to 
the  conditions  under  which  they  are  found  that  the  Introduction  of  relatively 
small  numbers  of  contaminating  organisms  Into  that  sample  is  without  pe> 
ceptible  effect  on  the  original  flora  as  shown  In  ordinary  tests  on  soils." 

Large  bacterial  numbers  and  well-marked  bacterial  activities  were  observed 
at  relatively  great  d^ths  In  soils  of  the  arid  region,  although  the  surface  foot 
of  soil  was  by  far  the  most  active  biochemically  and  was  the  most  densely 
populated.  In  some  phases  of  bacterial  activity  the  second  foot  approached  or 
equaled  the  first,  while,  as  a  rule,  the  soil  layers  from  2  to  6  ft  were  neaiiy 
uniform  in  bacterial  population  and  activity. 

The  importance  of  mold  action  in  the  soil,  S.  A.  Waksman  (Soil  SeL,  6 
(1918),  No.  2,  pp,  137-155), —In  this  paper,  a  contribution  from  the  New  Je^ 
sey  Experiment  Stations,  the  author  discusses  in  some  detail  the  metabolism 
of  molds  which  are  commonly  found  in  the  soil,  basing  his  observations  and 
conclusions  upon  the  work  of  different  investigators,  but  chiefly  upon  the  re- 
sults of  his  own  studies.  The  points  receiving  consideration  include  tbe 
occurrence  of  molds  in  the  soil,  nitrogen  fixation,  nitrification,  ammonificatiOD, 
decomposition  of  carbon  comx)ounds  in  the  soil,  utilization  of  nitrogen  com- 
pounds, enzym  production  by  molds,  the  possible  modification  of  soil  reaction 
by  the  action  of  molds,  the  effect  of  molds  upon  the  mineral  transformations  in 
the  soil,  and  the  relation  of  soil  fungi  to  plant  diseases. 

Summarizing,  the  author  states  that  "  molds  have  been  Isolated  in  large  num- 
bers from  different  cultivated  and  uncultivated  soils,  and  the  identity  of  many 
genera  and  species  isolated  from  widely  different  localities  has  been  estab- 
lished. The  cultivated  soils  contain  by  far  a  smaller  number  of  molds  than  tbey 
do  bacteria  and  Actinomycetes.  Molds  live  and  produce  mycelium  In  the  soli, 
and  therefore  take  an  active  part  in  the  transformation  of  some  of  the  organic 
and  inorganic  substances  which  are  important  factors  in  the  fertility  of  the 
soil.  The  plate  count  of  molds  in  the  soil  can  not  be  taken  as  an  indication  of 
the  actual  numbers  of  molds  living  in  the  solL 

"  The  molds  present  in  the  soil,  at  least  most  of  them,  do  not  fix  any  atmos- 
pheric nitrogen,  and  even  where  fixation  was  shown  to  be  positive  the  quan- 
tities are  so  small  as  to  be  negligible  in  the  study  of  soil  fertility  problem& 
Molds  do  not  seem  to  play  any  part  in  the  process  of  nitrification.  The  molds 
play  an  important  r6le  In  the  decomposition  of  organic  matter  with  the  subse- 
quent liberation  of  ammonia.  The  amount  of  ammonia  produced  depends  not 
only  on  the  source  of  nitrogen,  but  also  on  the  carbohydrates  available. 

"  The  molds  take  an  active  part  in  the  decomposition  of  the  simple  and  com- 
plex carbohydrates  in  the  soil,  with  the  production  of  carbon  dioxid ;  this  brings 
about  a  mineralization  of  the  organic  matter  which  is  thus  made  available  for 
higher  plants.  The  molds  utilize  very  readily  the  nitrogen  compounds  usually 
added  to  the  soil  in  the  form  of  different  fertilizers  and  convert  them  into  com- 
plex body  proteins,  thus  competing  with  the  green  plants  and  exerting  an  in- 
jurious effect  upon  soil  fertility.  This  may  be  somewhat  counterbalanced  by 
the  fact  that  some  of  the  soluble  nitrogen  compounds  are  thus  saved  frtim  loss 
by  drainage  from  the  soil  and  that  the  fungus  body  undergoes  autolysis,  tfaos 
liberating  In  a  soluble  form  most  of  the  nitrogen  that  It  has  assimilated. 

"The  molds  Isolated  from  the  soil  produce  a  number  of  enzyms  which  may 
help  to  bring  about  decomposition  processes,  which  are  important  to  the  upkeep 
of  the  fertility  of  the  soil.    The  prodaction  of  adds  by  some  molds  in  the  soil 


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1W91  SOn^ — ^FBRTIMZBRS.  319 

maj  aoconnt  for  some  of  the  soil  acidity,  and  may  help  to  dissolve  the  Insoluble 
phosphates  and  other  minerals  necessary  for  the  growth  of  the  green  plants. 
A  number  of  organisms  parasitic  to  green  plants  have  been  Isolated  from  soils, 
upon  which  these  plants  have  often  never  been  grown  before." 
A  list  of  62  titles  comprising  the  literature  cited  Is  appended. 
Nitrate  reduction  in  cultivated  soils,  Auoc  Oelsneb  (Centbh  Bakt,  [etc.], 
t,  AbU  4S  {1918),  No,  10-15,  pp.  ^iO-JK?! ) .— The  author  describes  Investigations  " 
with  dliferent  types  of  soil  containing  from  18  to  50  per  cent  of  moisture 
and  to  which  solutions  of  nitrates  had  been  added,  decided  nitrate  reduction 
resulting  without  the  addition  of  any  energy-producing  material.  The  effects 
were  most  pronounced  with  the  higher  moisture  contents,  and  the  conclusion 
was  reached  that  the  exclusion  of  air  from  the  soil  led  to  the  utilization  of 
the  oxygen  of  the  nitrates  by  the  soil  organisms.  The  end  product  of  this 
reduction  Is  said  to  be  elemental  nitrogen,  while  the  necessary  energy  material 
was  thought  to  be  derived  from  carbonaceous  matter  in  the  soil.  It  is  con- 
cluded further  that  danger  of  denitrification  in  the  field  Is  always  present  if 
soil  aeration  is  seriously  Interfered  with,  even  in  the  absence  of  cellulose, 
straw,  or  other  similar  materials  usually  regarded  as  sources  of  energy  for 
denitrifying  processes. 

Beseazches  on  certain  ''  soil  sicknesses ''  in  the  Netherlands,  N.  L.  SOlm- 
G«w,  A.  Kneteicaitn,  and  K.  T.  Wixbinoa  {Verslag,  Landhouwk,  Onderzoek. 
Rifkslandbouioproefstai.  [Netherlandsl,  No.  21  {1917),  pp.  121-165,  figs.  6;  aba. 
in  Intemat.  Inst.  Agr,  {Rome'],  Intemat.  Rev.  Sci.  and  Pract.  Agr.,  9  {1918), 
No.  6,  pp.  659-662).— The  so-called  "soil  sicknesses"  appearing  in  Holland, 
Germany,  and  Denmark  are  briefly  noted,  and  studies  made  by  the  authors 
of  soil  acidity  and  its  influence  on  vegetation  are  described.  It  is  stated  that 
the  direct  and  Immediate  cause  of  these  soil  sicknesses  has  not  yet  been 
ascertained,  but  that  a  close  relationship  was  observed  between  their  appear- 
ance and  the  free  humic  acid  content  of  the  soil,  enabling  the  soil  to  be  ren- 
dered healthy  by  means  of  suitable  treatment. 

[Beport  of  soil  fertility  work  in  Kansas,  1917]  {Kansas  Sta.  Rpt.  1917, 
pp.  16,  17,  21,  22,  2i). — Com  grown  continuously  since  1910  produced  23  bu. 
per  acre  in  1916  as  compared  with  42.25  bu.  for  that  grown  in  rotation  with 
cowpeas  and  wheat.  Wheat  grown  in  rotation  also  yielded  better  than  wheat 
grown  continuously. 

Applications  of  barnyard  manure  on  com  in  a  rotation  of  com,  cowpeas, 
and  wheat  had  a  marked  eifect  on  the  succeeding  wheat  crops,  although  the 
wheat  yields  were  almost  identical  on  plats  receiving  one-half  the  manure 
on  com  and  one-half  on  wheat.  Marked  increases  in  yields  were  also  ob- 
tained from  the  use  of  manure  on  alfalfa  grown  continuously  and  in  rotation 
with  com  and  wheat 

Commercial  fertilizers  on  corn  grown  in  rotation  failed  to  increase  yields 
sufficiently  to  pay  for  the  fertilissers,  but  decided  increases  in  yields  followed 
their  use  on  com  grown  continuously  since  1911.  Phosphorus  is  said  to  be 
the  principal  factor  in  increasing  yields.  Fertilizers  on  wheat  grown  con- 
tinuously Increased  yields,  potassium  giving  only  slight  increases,  while  appli- 
cations of  phosphorus  alone  or  in  combination  resulted  in  a  test  weight  of  2 
Iba  or  more  per  bushel  above  the  other  plats.  Pronounced  effects  were  ob- 
tained from  the  use  of  fertilizers  on  alfalfa  grown  continuously  but  no  marked 
«• ,      hifluence  was  noted  where  it  was  grown  in  rotation. 

Observations  on  the  effect  upon  the  nitrogen  content  of  the  soil  of  prolonged  ^ 
^  alfalfa  production  indicated  that  in  the  semiarid  portion  of  the  State  the  ) 
^  alfalfa  soils  had  as  great  a  percentage  of  nitrogen  as  the  soils  in  native  sod  ( 
,^|      and  that  the  difference  between  the  nitrogen  content  of  the  latter  and  of  the  ) 


^^ 


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320  EXPERIMBirr  station  BECOBD.  [VoL40 

/  cultivated  soil  was  small.    In  the  hamld  region  the  soils  In  native  sod  contained 

more  nitrogen  than  the  alfalfa  soils,  while  nearly,  all  of  the  latter  contained  a 

greater  amount  of  nitrogen  than  soils  conttnaously  cropped.    In  the  semihnmld 

section  of  the  State  the  results  resembled  those  of  both  the  aemlarld  and  humid 

^  regions. 

Analyses  of  the  soil  types  occurring  In  Montgomery  Oounty  are  said  to  Indi- 
cate deficiencies  In  calcium,  a  low  phosphorus  content,  and  less  potash  than  the 
average  for  good  soils  In  the  State. 

Experiments  with  the  Behmsdorfer  nitrogen  fertUlser,  G.  voir  Seblhoist 
ET  AL.  {Jour,  Landto.,  66  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  105-119) .^-Fot  tests  comparing  botb 
the  Immediate  and  after  effects  of  the  Rehmsdorfer  nitrogen  fertilizer  wltb 
ammonium  sulphate  for  mustard  and  oats  are  said  to  Indicate  that  the 
nitrogen  of  the  former  Is  only  about  one^lxth  as  effective  as  that  of  the 
latter.  Additional  experiments  with  barley,  oats,  potato^  and  rape,  made  in 
boxes,  led  to  similar  conclusions. 

A  means  of  relieving  the  fertilizer  crisis,  A.  de  L'£clx7sx  {Vie  Affr.  et 
Rurale,  8  {1918),  No.  t2,  pp.  969-^1;  abs.  in  Rev.  8cL  [ParW^,  56  {1918),  Vo. 
23,  pp.  727,  728). —A  method  of  precipitating  ammonium-magnesium  phOEfphate 
from  urine  by  adding  an  acid  magnesium  salt  is  described,  and  tests  of  t}ie 
fertilizing  value  of  the  product  so  obtained  are  briefly  discussed.  It  Is  esti- 
mated that  the  average  amount  of  urine  produced  per  man  annually  is 
1,029.56  lbs.,  and  that  this  contains  sufficient  fertilizing  material  to  keep 
0.05  acre  of  soil  In  good  productive  condition. 

Experiments  with  phosphate  fertilizers  in  Minnesota,  F.  J.  Alwat  {Vniv. 
Minn.  Col.  Agr.,  Ext.  Div.  Spec.  Bui.  2S  {1918),  pp.  8).— On  the  basis  of  results 
so  far  obtained  In  experiments  made  on  the  substation  farms  and  on  the 
university  farm  with  both  rock  and  acid  phosphate  on  the  ordinary  farm 
crops,  it  has  been  concluded  that  the  general  use  of  phosphate  fertilizers  is 
not  Justified  even  with  the  prevailing  high  prices.  However,  on  a  large  pnh 
I)ortion  of  the  soils  In  the  west-central  part  of  the  State  the  use  of  add 
phosphate  alone  for  wheat  and  clover  has  been  found  profitable  where  grain 
has  been  grown  for  a  long  time  without  the  application  of  manure.  These 
conclusions  are  said  not  to  apply  to  peat  soils  or  to  truck  crops. 

[Phosphates  in  the  XTkraine],  O.  Doelteb  {Ab9.  in  Nature  [London^,  if^ 
{1918),  No.  2562,  p.  271). — It  is  stated  that  phosphorites  are  found  In  great 
abundance  in  many  districts  of  the  Ukraine  and  can  be  obtained  from  open- 
cast workings  at  a  low  cost.  They  generally  contain  a  high  percentage  of 
calcium  phosphate,  analysis  showing  27.5  per  cent  of  phosphoric  add. 

A  prelimineury  report  on  the  potash  industry  of  Nebraska,  G.  E.  Conoba 
{Bui.  Nebr.  Bd.  Agr.,  No.  245  {1918),  pp.  2SS-269,  ftga.  20).—Thls  describes  the 
potash  regions  of  Nebraska,  and  notes  the  present  status  and  progress  of  the 
Industry  In  the  State. 

The  Alsace  potash  deposits  and  their  economic  slcrniflcance  in  relation  to 
terms  of  peace,  P.  Kestneb  {Jour.  8oc.  Chem.  Indus.,  87  {1918),  No.  21;  pp- 
291T-299T,  figs.  2;  abs.  in  Amer.  Jour.  8ci.,  4.  ser.,  47  {1919),  No.  277,  p.  68).- 
The  Alsatian  deposits  are  described  and  compared  with  other  deposits  in 
North  Germany,  Galicia,  Spain,  Italian  Eritrea,  and  the  United  States.  It  is 
estimated  that  the  known  deposits  in  Alsace  contain  about  1,509,000,000  tons 
of  salts  averaging  22  per  cent  of  actual  potash  (E«0).  The  salts  are,  as  a  rule, 
of  higher  grade  than  the  Stassfurt  deposits  and  need  no  refining  for  agricultural 
purposes 

Wood  ashes  as  a  source  of  potash,  F.  B.  Guthbie  {Agr.  Oag.  N.  S.  Wtdes,  29 
{1918),  No.  11,  pp.  817-^19). — ^An  analysis  is  reported  of  mixed  unleached  hard- 
wood ashes  from  a  sawmill  furnace  which  contained  1.34  per  cent  of  potash. 


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1W91  SOILS — FERTIUZERS.  321 

Reference  Is  also  made  to  mlscellaneons  analyses  of  ashes  of  mixed  timbers, 
which  showed  from  0.06  to  5.04  per  cent  of  potash.  A  table  Is  given  of 
analyses  of  ashes  of  different  kinds  of  Australian  woods,  in  which  the  potash 
varied  from  0.18  pw  cent  in  gray  Ironbark  to  9.23  per  cent  in  mountain  ash. 
A  potash  content  of  18.07  per  cent  is  reported  for  Pinus  inMgnis  and  16.71  per 
cent  for  bracken  fern. 

The  effect  of  liming  on  crop  yields  in  cylinder  experiments,  J.  G.  Lipman 
and  A,  W.  Bulib  (Soil  Soi.,  6  {1918),  No.  «,  pp,  157-161,  figs.  5).— The  authors 
describe  certain  modifications  in  soil  treatment  In  the  cylinder  experiments 
which  have  been  in  progress  at  the  New  Jersey  Experiment  Stations  since 
1808  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  817).  The  treatments  under  consideration  comprised  an- 
nual applications  representing  160  and  320  lbs.  of  sodium  nitrate  per  acre  and 
of  ammonium  sulphate  and  dried  blood  in  quantities  equivalent  to  320  lbs.  of 
sodium  nitrate  per  acre.  All  cylinders  also  received  annual  applications  of 
add  phosphate  and  potash  at  the  rate  of  640  and  320  lbs.  per  acre,  respectively, 
and  in  addition  generous  amounts  of  ground  limestone  were  applied  at  the 
beginning  of  the  experiment.  -All  treatments  were  made  in  triplicate,  and  be- 
ginning with  the  spring  of  1908  the  A  cylinders  in  each  series  received  no  further 
additions  of  lime,  the  B  and  O  cylinders  received  generous  applications  of  ground 
limestone '  once  in  each  5-year  rotation,  and  In  the  O  cylinders  a  legumir 
nous  green  manure  crop  (vetch  and  crimson  clover)  was  grown  twice  in  each 
rotation.  Tabulated  data  are  presented  showing  the  yield  in  dry  matter  for 
each  cylinder  for  each  year  of  the  20-year  period,  1898-1917,  inclusive,  and  a 
comparison  is  made  of  the  yields  obtained  in  the  first  and  second  10-year  periods. 

The  average  yields  for  all  treatments  for  the  first  10  years  amounted  to 
222.4,  223.1,  and  215.2  gm.  for  the  A,  B,  and  0  cylinders,  respectively ;  and  for 
the  second  10  years  128.9,  205.1,  and  245.5  gm.  per  cylinder,  respectively.  The 
differences  observed  between  the  various  treatments  are  briefly  discussed,  and 
the  conclusion  is  reached  that  "the  continued  use  of  acid  phosphate,  muriate 
of  potash,  nitrate  of  soda,  sulphate  of  ammonia,  and  dried  blood,  in  amounts 
corresponding  to  those  employed  in  the  experiments  described  here,  Is  bound 
to  lead,  sooner  or  later,  to  an  unsatisfactory  soil  reaction  and  to  the  need  of 
generous  applications  of  lime.  Indeed,  the  writers  are  convinced  that  suffi- 
cient stress  is  not  laid  on  the  importance'  of  systematic  and  adequate  liming 
of  land  whose  production  is  to  be  brought  up  to  constantly  higher  levels  by 
the  generous  use  of  commercial  fertilizers.  Emphasis  is  also  laid  on  the  Im- 
portance of  introducing  leguminous  crops  in  the  rotation  at  frequent  inter- 
vals for  the  purpose  of  increasing  the  supply  of  available  nitrogen  and  also  to 
maintain  a  good  supply  of  organic  matter." 

Experiments  with  lime  and  marl,  H.  R.  Chuistensen  (TidssJcr.  Planteavl., 
25  {1918),  Jfo.  3,  pp.  Sn-522,  fig.  i).—The  results  of  experiments  with  lime 
and  marl  carried  on  for  a  series  of  years  at  several  Danish  experiment  stations 
are  r^wrted  at  length  and  data  from  the  different  experiments  are  tabulated  In 
detail.  The  object  of  the  work  was  to  compare  marl  and  lime,  the  use  of 
different  quantities  of  the  two  substances,  and  the  use  of  different  forms  of 
lime.  The  soils  upon  which  the  tests  were  made  included  acid  and  neutral 
day  soils  and  light  neutral  and  light,  strongly  acid,  sandy  soils.  Laboratory 
tests  showed  that  samples  of  these  soils,  with  only  one  exception,  were  in- 
capable of  developing  Azotobacter. 

The  available  plant  food  content  of  the  soil  proved  to  be  one  of  the  greatest 
factors  In  determining  the  effect  of  lime  on  lime-poor  soils,  the  effect  of  the 
ippUcations  of  lime  or  marl  on  such  soils  increasing  as  the  fertility  of  the  soil 
decreased.  In  this  connection  it  is  pointed  out  that,  where  experiments  with 
otts  and  crop  mixtures  were  conducted  for  a  series  of  years  and  the  fertility  of 


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322  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECOBD.  [Vol  40 

the  soil  Improved  as  the  work  progressed,  the  average  yearly  effect  of  lime 
applications  as  measured  by  increase  in  yield  decreased. 

The  best  response  from  the  use  of  lime  was  secured  on  a  light,  strongly  add, 
sandy  soil  and  the  largest  increases  in  yield  were  obtained  with  turnips  and 
grass  mixtures.  Striking  increases  In  yield  were  also  secured  with  rye  and 
oats.  In  one  of  the  tests  with  grass  mixtures  on  a  light,  strongly  acid,  sandy 
soil,  clover  practically  disappeared  on  the  plats  receiving  no  lime.  The 
increase  in  yield  of  fodder  beets  also  was  quite  definite  from  the  use  of  lime 
on  the  soil,  and  this  is  believed  to  have  been  due  largely  to  the  action  of  lime 
in  reducing  plant  diseases.  Other  results  seemed  to  confirm  this  view,  and  it 
is  stated  that  since  the  favorable  action  of  lime  Is  influenced  by  the  fertility  of 
the  soil  as  well  as  by  the  disinfecting  power  of  the  lime  itself,  results  of  a  field 
test  to  determine  the  lime  requirement  of  the  soil  can  not  be  expected  always  to 
show  the  true  condition  of  the  soil  with  regard  to  its  need  of  lime. 

Alfalfa  and  black  medic  as  a  rule  resironded  to  a  much  greater  extent  to 
applications  of  lime  than  did  clover,  bird*s  foot  trefoil,  and  kidney  vetch, 
although  clover  made  practically  no  growth  in  one  test  on  a  lime-poor  soil 
without  lime  application.  In  one  of  the  tests  oats  as  compared  with  rye  proved 
the  more  resistant  to  unfavorable  soil  conditions  in  lime-poor  soils,  and  under 
similar  conditions  barley  in  a  mixture  of  barley  and  oats  nearly  disappeared  oa 
the  unlimed  plats,  but  always  made  a  better  showing,  relatively  and  othe^ 
wise,  where  lime  and  marl  had  been  applied.  . 

The  results  of  comparisons  of  lime  and  marl,  applied  on  the  basis  of  eqo&l 
quantities  of  calcium  carbonate,  indicated  that  marl  proved  somewhat  more 
beneficial  than  did  lime. 

Of  different  pulverized  forms  of  lime  compared,  chalk  was  most  effective  but 
not  enough  so  to  be  of  particular  value.  It  is  advised  that  the  price  per  unit 
of  weight  of  calcium  carbonate  be  used  as  a  deciding  factor  in  the  purchase 
of  finely  pulverized  forms  of  lime.  When  lump  lime  is  used  the  softer  forms 
or  those  more  readily  acted  upon  by  the  weather  are  considered  as  preferable 
at  times. 

On  the  particular  soil  on  which  different  quantities  of  lime  were  tested,  the 
use  of  12,000  lbs.  of  pulverized  chalk  per  tOndeland  (8,823  lbs.  per  acre)  gave 
an  Increase  about  50  per  cent  greater  than  was  secured  from  the  use  of  4,000 
lbs.  When  chalk  in  the  raw  state  was  applied,  the  last  4,000  lbs.  of  a  total 
application  of  12,000  lbs.  showed  only  about  10  per  cent  of  the  effect  of  the 
first  8,000  lbs.  used.  The  application  of  8,000  lbs.  of  raw  chalk  was  found  much 
more  effective  than  the  use  of  4,000  lbs.  of  pulverized  chalk.  In  one  test  on  a 
light  acid  sandy  soil,  in  which  the  applications  ranged  from  8,000  to  24,000 
and  48,000  lbs.  of  calcium  carbonate  in  the  form  of  lime  or  marl,  the  increase 
in  yield  rose  consistently  with  the  quantity  of  lime  or  marl  applied,  and  the 
results  showed  that  the  soil  may  take  as  high  as  24,000  lbs.  of  calcium  ca^ 
l)(^nate  per  tdndeland  without  quite  satisfying  its  lime  requirement  An  ap- 
plication of  1,000  lbs.  of  lime  annually  for  seven  years  was  found  about  one- 
fourth  as  effective  as  o  single  application  of  8,000  lbs.  per  tdndeland  on  a 
strongly  acid  reacting  soil. 

The  injurious  effect  of  borax  in  fertilizers  on  com,  S.  D.  Conner  (Proa 
Ind.  Acad.  8ci„  1917,  pp.  195-199,  figs.  2), — Pot  tests  made  at  the  Indiana  Ex- 
periment Station  are  described.  In  which  a  study  was  made  of  the  effect  upon 
com  of  a  commercial  fertilizer,  carrying  5  per  cent  potash  and  5  per  cent 
available  phosphoric  acid,  which  was  found  to  contain  1.92  per  cent  of  borax, 
and  of  a  similar  fertilizer  prepared  in  the  laboratory  with  and  without  the 
addition  of  2  per  cent  of  borax.  The  materials  were  applied  in  varying  amounts 
both  in  the  row  and  broadcast. 


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1»101  AGKICtTLTURAL,  BOTANY.  323 

Tbe  results  are  said  to  indicate  tliat  2  per  cent  of  borax  in  a  fertilizer  used 
at  the  rate  of  100  lbs.  per  acre  in  the  row  will  bleach  the  leaves  of  the  com 
plant  and  cause  more  or  less  permanent  injury. 

Crops  thrive  under  Imhoff-tank  sludge  tests  at  Dallas,  G.  Savuxb  {Engin. 
NewS'Bec.,  SI  (1918),  No,  ^,  pp,  164,  165;  aba.  in  Ohem,  Ab8„  IB  (1918),  No,  22, 
p.  2401)* — ^In  tests  of  the  sludge  with  peanuts,  cowpeas,  corn,  and  cotton,  grown 
on  sandy  loam  which  had  a  tendency  to  bake  in  dry  weather,  it  was  round  that 
the  growth  of  com  and  cotton  was  increased  and  that  the  physical  condition  of 
the  soil  was  materially  improved. 

AGBICTTLTXTEAL  BOTAHT. 

The  effects  of  inbreeding  and  crossbreeding  upon  development,  D.  F.  Jones 
(Connecticut  State  Bta,  Bid,  tOrt  (1918),  pp.  S^lOO,  pU.  IB,  figs.  5).— This  bul- 
letin, which  was  prepared  as  a  thesis  to  be  presented  to  the  faculty  of  Bussey 
Institution  of  Harvard  University,  is  a  progress  report  on  inbreeding  and  cross- 
breeding. The  experiments  on  inbreeding  of  maize,  on  which  much  of  the  bul- 
letin is  based,  were  conducted  at  the  station  by  the  author  and  others.  Exten- 
sive reviews  of  literature  are  given,  the  exi)erimental  work  with  maize  men- 
tioned above  is  described  at  length,  and  the  theoretical  importance  of  inbreeding 
is  pointed  out  After  a  sunmiary  showing  the  effects  of  inbreeding  and  cross- 
breeding, the  author  gives  a  Mendelian  interpretation  of  heterosis  and  describes 
the  part  it  has  played  in  the  establishment  of  sex. 

In  conclusion,  the  author  states  that  the  good  or  bad  results  of  inbreeding 
depend  solely  upon  the  constitution  of  the  organisms  before  Inbreeding  is  com- 
menced. Inbreeding  is  concerned  only  with  the  manifestation  of  conditions  pre- 
existing. As  a  means  of  analyzing  and  of  purifying  a  cross-bred  stock  by  the 
elimination  of  undesirable  qualities,  inbreeding  is  therefore  a  method  of  first 
importance  in  plant  and  animal  improvement. 

The  relation  of  mutational  characters  to  cell  size,  W.  W.  Tuffeb  and  H.  H. 
Babtleit  (Qenetiot,  S  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  9S-106,  figs.  2). —Reporting  a  continu- 
ation of  the  study  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  36,  p.  222),  the  authors  claim  to 
have  shown  that  what  is  thought  to  be  a  mutant  of  CEnothera  gigas  or  €B.  aemi- 
gigoM  may  be  a  cell  giant  and  at  the  same  time  a  half  dwarf.  The  half-dwarf 
habit  of  the  mutant  latifolia  is  due  not  to  its  being  composed  of  smaller  but  of 
fewer  cells,  and  results  from  a  life  cycle  shortened  not  as  to  duration  but  as  to 
number  of  cell  divisions. 

From  a  comparis<Hi  of  the  form  typica  and  the  mutant  gigas,  they  conclude 
that  the  supposed  tetraploid  forms  have  much  larger  cells  and  are  differentiated 
from  typica  by  characters  of  organization  as  well  as  of  proportion.  It  is 
impossible  to  be  certain  which  characters  are  due  directly  and  which  indirectly 
to  the  doubling  of  the  number  of  chromosomes.  The  fact  that  the  supposed 
gigas  mutations  differ  widely  among  themselves,  some  apparently  belonging  to 
the  category  of  half  dwarfs,  suggests  that  some  characters  may  be  independent 
of  the  doubling  and  due  to  an  independent  mutation  at  the  time  of  origin  of 
the  tetraploid  number. 

The  nature  and  signification  of  the  chondriome,  A.  Guiixiebmond  (Oompt. 
Rend.  Acad.  8ci.  [Parish  166  (1918),  No.  16,  pp.  649-651)  .--On  account  of  con- 
tradictory views  among  observers  regarding  the  chondriomes  and  en  account 
oif  their  supposed  importance  in  cellular  physiology,  the  author  discusses 
briefly  the  distinctive  characters,  relations,  and  functions  of  mitochondria  and 
the  technique  appropriate  to  their  demonstration. 

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324  EXPERIMENT  STATION  REGOBD.  [VoL  40 

Mitochondria  are  stated  to  present  well  defined  characters  which  are  In 
most  cases  easily  studied,  especially  in  certain  animal  cell& 

Generally  the  chondriome  of  the  vegetable  cell  is  r^resented  very  early  by 
granular  mitochondria.  In  the  embryonic  cells,  some  of  these  elements  are 
changed  into  chondrlocontes  which  develop  Into  plastida,  while  others  usually 
remain  as  granular  mitochondria,  performing  other  functions  or  simply  perpetu- 
ating the  chondriome. 

The  relation  of  the  plant  to  the  reaction  of  the  nutrient  solution,  D.  B. 
HoAGLAND  {Science,  n.  ser,,  48  {1918),  No,  124S,  pp.  4t^42S). — ^In  a  previous 
paper  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  736),  the  author  described  the  effect  of  the  hydrogen 
and  the  hydrozyl  ion  concentration  on  the  growth  of  barley  seedllnga  The 
experiments  with  barley  seedlings  are  said  to  have  Indicated  a  strong  tendency 
on  the  part  of  the  plant  to  change  the  reaction  of  various  potassium  phosphate 
solutions  in  the  direction  of  neutrality.  The  work  has  been  extended  to  other 
solutions,  including  complete  nutrient  solutions,  and  observations  have  be^i 
made  at  all  stages  in  the  growth  cycle  of  the  barley  plant  The  experiments 
were  carried  out  in  sand  and  water  cultures,  and  in  addition  to  barley  plants 
several  varieties  of  beans  were  used. 

In  every  instance,  nutrient  solutions  of  an  acid  reaction  reached  an  api»t>xi- 
mately  neutral  reaction  after  contact  with  the  plant  roots  for  varying  periods 
of  tima  The  neutral  solutions  remained  constant  in  reaction  throughout  the 
entire  period.  Chemical  analyses  of  the  solutions  indicated  that  the  change 
in  reaction  was  the  result  of  selective  absorption  of  the  various  phosphoric 
acid  anions,  accompanied  by  a  removal  of  positive  ions.  A  marked  regulatory 
absorption  is  said  to  have  been  apparent 

Considering  the  nature  of  acid  soils  and  their  relation  to  crop  growth,  tlie 
author  states  that  it  is  often  assumed  that  most  agricultural  plants  require  a 
slightly  alkaline  reaction  in  the  soil.  Previous  work  has  shown  that  a  reaction 
of  pH  5  is  in  no  way  inhibitive  to  the  growth  of  barley  seedlings.  This  point 
has  been  further  investigated  with  the  use  of  several  varieties  of  beans  in  sand 
culturea  The  solutions  were  changed  with  sufficient  frequency  to  maintain 
constantly  an  acid  reaction,  but  no  Injury  was  apparent  Observations  are 
given  on  some  California  peat  soils,  which  were  found  to  be  decidedly  adtl,  and, 
where  other  inhibiting  factors  were  absent,  first-class  crops  of  barley,  oats, 
beans,  potatoes,  onions,  com,  and  asparagus  were  produced.  It  is  claimed 
that  in  these  soils  the  add  reaction  did  not  interfere  with  the  growth  of  crops 
nor  the  formation  of  nitrates. 

The  value  of  certain  nutritive  elements  in  the  development  of  the  oat 
plant,  J.  G.  Dickson  {Amer.  Jour.  Bot,  5  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  301-824,  flg9.  5).— 
Experiments  carried  out  during  the  growing  seasons  of  1915-1917,  and  planned 
to  show  the  effects  of  some  of  the  essential  nutritive  elements  on  the  develop- 
ment and  composition  of  plants  when  other  physico-chemical  factors,  such  as 
unequal  osmotic  pressure  and  the  addition  of  new  chemical  elements,  were 
controlled  as  far  as  possible,  are  reported.  The  author,  employing  with  Avena 
sativa  aristata  a  modified  Enop's  solution,  found  that  the  general  development 
of  the  plants  studied  was  most  severely  affected  by  a  deficiency  of  phosphorus 
or  of  nitrogen,  these  preventing  the  stooling  of  the  p]ant& 

A  deficiency  of  calcium  or  magnesium  increases  vigor  of  growth  but  length^s 
the  period  of  development,  which  is  shortened  by  a  defidoicy  of  potassium,  phos- 
phorus, or  nitrogen.  Grain  production  is  lowered  by  a  deficiency  of  magnesium, 
calcium,  potassium,  phosphorus,  or  nitrogen.  The  ratio  of  grain  to  straw  is 
decreased  by  a  deficiency  in  magnesium  or  calcium  and  is  increased  by  a 
deficiency  in  potassium,  phosphorus,  or  nitrogen.  The  water  requirement  is 
decreased  by  a  deficiency  in  magnesium,  slightly  increased  by  a  deficiency  In 


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»1»1  AGRICULTURAL  BOTAITr.  325 

ctlcfnin,  and  greatly  increased  by  a  deficiency  in  potassium,  phosphorus,  or 
idtrogeii.  In  general,  the  effects  upon  the  plants  of  limiting  the  supply  of 
idiosplionis  or  nitrogen  are  much  more  noticeable  than  the  effects  of  limiting 
the  supply  of  magnesium,  calcium,  or  potassium. 

Direct  assimilation  of  organic  carbon  by  Ceratodon  purpureus,  W.  J.  Rob- 
mNB  {Bot.  Gar.,  65  {1918),  No,  6,  pp.  $48-551,  figs.  5).— The  author,  presenting 
results  so  far  as  obtained  from  an  Incomplete  investigation  begun  in  1914  with 
C.  tntrpureus  in  pure  culture,  states  that  this  moss  absorbed  and  utilized  or- 
ganic carbon  In  the  form  of  levulose,  glucose,  galactose,  lactose,  cane  sugar,  and 
naltose;  mannite,  glycerin,  and  starch  not  being  utilized.  Starch  forms  In 
darkness  from  levulose,  glucose,  galactose,  lactose,  cane  sugar,  and  maltose. 
Lemlose  was  from  two  to  seven  times  as  effective  as  a  sourse  of  carbon  for 
growth  aa  glucose,  maximum  growth  occurring  with  the  former  in  darkness, 
with  the  latter  in  light  Moss  plants  seem  to  require  light  as  well  as  available 
orbohydrates  for  the  best  development 

Recent  observations  on  the  degradation  of  inulin  and  inulids  in  chicory 
not,  K  Gesun  and  J.  Woixr  (Compi.  Rend,  Acad,  £fci.  {Paris},  166  (1918),  No, 
ti,  pp.  4Z8-^0), — ^The  authors  have  followed,  by  means  of  two  ferments  dif- 
fering as  regards  their  mode  of  action,  the  changes  which  occur  during  the 
tatumn  and  winter  resting  period  of  chicory  root  in  the  content  of  inulin  and 
tf  the  substances  which  the  authors  have  previously  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  502) 
lesignated  by  the  general  term  inulids. 

These  substances  are  divided  by  the  authors  into  two  groups  according  to 
Heir  effects  as  regards  fermentation  and  the  successive  degradations  which 
ftey  undergo,  these  differences  being  shown  by  comparative  tests  and  tabula- 
tion of  results.  These  results  are  said  to  be  confirmed  by  those  recently  re- 
lorted  by  CkAin  (B.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  524). 

The  sugar  content  of  sorghum  at  various  stages  of  its  growth,  D.  Ber- 
THELor  and  B.  Teannoy  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Soi.  iParis},  166  {1918),  No,  20, 
^.  824-827,  fig.  1). — Sorghum  saccharatum,  studied  at  Meudon  during  1917  in 
regard  to  sugar  content,  showed  glucose  and  levulose  earlier  than  saccharose, 
the  last  named  reaching  its  maximum  about  October  5  and  maintaining  a 
aomewhat  lower  level  during  the  latter  half  of  November,  and  the  other  two 
decreasing  from  about  August  24  to  November  16  but  showing  a  slight  rise 
taring  the  rest  of  that  month. 

2>evelopment  of  the  principal  sugars  of  sorghum  and  the  effect  of  castra- 
tion, D.  BnTHKLOT  and  R.  Tsanitot  {Oompt.  Rend,  Acad.  Soi.  {Paris},  166 
{1918),  No,  22,  pp.  907-910,  fig,  1). — ^Having  studied  the  history  of  sugars  at  an 
earlier  period  than  that  of  the  work  noted  above,  the  authors  found  that  sac- 
diarofie  followed  the  same  general  course  as  in  the  previous  study,  castration 
maUng  no  appar«it  difference  in  the  saccharin  content  Ck>mparisons  are  made 
I  between  sorghum  and  beets  as  sugar-producing  plants  in  regard  to  economic 
[ind  other  phases. 

Chemical  changes  accompanying  abscission  in  Coleua  blmnei,  H.  O.  Samp- 
{Bot.  Gaz„  66  {1918),  No.  1,  pp,  S2-5S). — Giving  an  account  of  studies  on 
f.  Hymei  and  of  methods  employed,  with  discussion,  the  author  states  that 
badflslon  la  O.  hlumei  results  from  conversion  of  cellulose  into  pectose.    This 
I  farther  transformed  into  pectic  add  and  pectin,  leading  to  an  excess  amount 
t  pectic  add  over  that  of  the  available  calcium  suffident  to  maintain  the 
irildity  of  the  middle  lamella  of  the  cell  walls  of  the  absdsslon  layer.    These 
ises  are  possibly  initiated  and  probably  accelerated  by  the  presence  of 
nldases  and  ferric  ibns,  both  of  which  accumulate  in  the  abscission  layer. 
Xetftchromatin  and  phenol  compounds  in  the  vegetable  cell,  A.  Gxtiixikb- 
cosD  {Compi.  Rend,  Acad.  Sci.  {Paris},  166  {1918),  No.  28,  pp,  968^60),— It  ia 

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326  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [K 

stated  that  the  substance  described  as  metachromatln  in  the  higher  pli 
not  identical  with  the  metachromatln  of  fongl  but  Is  a  phenol  compoimd 
formable  directly  into  anthocyanin.    The  presence  of  this  phenol 
the  vacuole  of  plant  cells,  far  from  being  general*  is  confined  to  spedal 
Mitochondria,  on  the  contrary,  exists  in  all  cells. 

The  salt  content  of  a  Kamerun  plant,  A.  Lacboiz  (Compt.  Rend,  AsU 
[Port*],  166  {19X8),  No,  26,  pp,  lW5-iW5).— Analysis  of  ash  sent  from 
nin  and  said  to  be  used  as  a  source  of  salt  by  natives  in  African  regioog 
ing  salt  deposits  is  stated  to  give  results  resembling  those  obtafDed 
analyses  of  the  ash  of  Panioum  crus-gaUi. 

The  injurious  effect  of  magnesium  carbonate  on  plants,  H.  Oounx  {i 
Rend,  Acad.  Soi.  iParis'\,  166  (1918),  No,  24,  pp.  iO(?«-i(W8).— Noting  bi 
the  effects  of  magnesium  carbonate  (which,  ordinarily  insoluble  in 
comes  sparingly  soluble  if  a  small  proportion  of  carbon  dlozid  is 
a  number  of  plants,  the  author  states  that  a  prejudicial  effect  on  plants 
shown  by  diminution  of  the  length  of  the  main  root,  by  reduction  hi  a 
number  of  the  rootlets,  by  a  black  or  brown  coloration  of  the  brandu 
rootlets,  by  a  decrease  in  the  number  of  absorbing  root  hairs,  and 
sened  linear  growth  of  the  aerial  portions. 

The  influenpe  of  the  v^etable  function  of  yeaat  on  alcoholic  yield;! 
interpretation  of  fermentative  capacity,  L.  Lindet  {Compt  Rend.  A\ 
{Paris},  166  (1918),  No,  22,  pp,  910-91S).— The  author  gives  in  tabnltl 
the  results  of  studies  on  the  problem  of  the  conditions  affecting  alcobi 
duction  by  yeast,  such  as  sugar  concentration,  temperature,  origin,  vtgi 
amount  of  the  yeast  present ;  and  alimentary  value  of  grape  Juice  and 
chemical  medium  employed. 

Measurements  of  growth  in  sugar  cane,  J.  Ejliait   (Arch,  fi^nttfl 
Nederland,  Indie,  26  (1918),  No.  17,  pp.  7S6-74S,  figs.  «).— A  brief 
given  with  graphical  representation  of  records  made  by  sugar  cane  1 
July  10,  1915,  and  March  10,  1916,  as  regards  stool  ing  and  growth  in 
tion  with  precipitation  during  a  part  of  that  period. 

Photosynthesis,  W.  Gbockeb  {Bot.  Oaz,,  65  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  S6S,  S&l 
is  a  summary,  with  critical  comments,  of  several  recent  contributloiiB 
views  bearing  upon  photosynthesis,  and  more  particularly  upon  heat  a 
in  that  connection. 

Behavior  of  plants  in  onventilated  chambers,  F.  O.  Newcombe  and 
BowEBMAN  {Amer.  Jour.  Bot.,  6  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  £8^-294).— The  antt 
porting  work  with  several  economic  plants,  state  that  confinement  of  I 
small  spaces  or  moist  air  produced  no  lU  effects  except  by  ffeivorlng  ] 
growths  or  abnormal  growth  of  weak  tissue.  They  reach  the  ooodoa 
not  only  Is  ventilation  without  effect  In  producing  better  seedlings  in 
or  a  large  darkened  chamber,  but  that  it  is  without  visible  effect  on 
sitlve  reactions  of  geotroplsm  and  hellotropism. 

Studies  on  the  vegetation  of  New  York  State. — ^H,  The  vegetath 
glacial  plunge  basin  and  its  relation  to  temperature,  L.  C.  Pktbt  (B«L 
Bot,  Club,  45  {1918),  No.  5,  pp,  203-^10,  figs.  5).— This  is  in  series  with 
by  Bray  (B.  S.  B.,  85,  p.  146). 

Data  as  regards  air  and  soil  temperatures  are  given  for  a  glacial 
basin  near  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  whose  bottom  lies  at  an  altitude  of  610 
sea  level,  the  temperature  over  an  area  of  some  thousands  of  square 
it  remaining  throughout  the  year  below  70^  F.    The  bottom  area  of  t 
is  occupied  by  an  association  of  plants  characteristically' Canadian  hi 

tlon,  analysis  of  conditions  demonstrating  that  temperature  is  the 

trolling  plant  distribution  in  this  area.  ' 

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1M»]  FIELD  CROPS.  327 

Hew  speciaB  of  TTredlneflB,  X,  J.  C.  Abthub  {Bui.  Tarrey  Bot.  Club,  45  (1918), 
^•<  4f  PP'  m-156), — ^Thls  descriptive  list  comprises  23  new  species  and  2  new 
combinations.  The  species  are  all  North  American,  ranging  from  Wyoming 
and  Vermont  to  Panama  and  the  West  Indies,  the  greater  part  being  from 
Mexico  and  Central  America. 

Uredinales  of  Ohiatemala  based  on  collections  by  R  W.  D.  Holway,  I, 
J.  C.  Abthub  {Amer.  Jour.  Bot,  5  {1918),  No,  6,  pp.  S2S-SS6)  .—Notes  and  de- 
Berlptlons  are  given  Qf  species  of  Ooleosporiaceae  and  Uredinaceee  collected  in 
Guatemala  during  the  period  from  1914  to  1917,  inclusive. 

Inventory  of  seeds  and  plants  imported  by  the  Office  of  Foreign  Seed  and 
Plant  Introduction  during  the  period  from  October  1  to  December  31,  1915 
(17.  S.  Dept.  Affr.,  Bur.  Plant  Indu$.  Inventory  No.  45  {1918),  pp.  66,  pU.  7).— 
A  list  Is  given  of  370  lots  of  seeds  and  plants  introduced  during  the  period  from 
October  1  to  December  31,  1915,  the  material  collected  by  O.  F.  Cook  in  the 

I  high  Peruvian  Andes  while  attached  to  the  Yale  University-National  Geo- 

;  graphic  Society  expedition  being  included. 

HELD  CBOPS. 

[Beport  of  agronomy  work  at  the  Guam  Station],  O.  Bbiogs  {Ouam  8ta. 
Rpt.  1917,  pp.  17-29,  pl8.  2). — ^This  describes  the  continuation  of  work  with 
Md  crops  as  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  728). 

In  a  comparison  of  different  treatments  for  renovating  Para  grass  {Panioum 
HrJHnode)  areas,  the  heaviest  yield  of  green  forage,  amounting  to  132,257  lbs. 
ler  acre,  followed  an  application  of  15  tons  of  barnyard  manure,  as  compared 
vith  an  average  yield  of  48,481  lbs.  from  two  untreated  checks.  The  grass  is 
aid  to  be  best  suited  to  lowland  pastures  and  to  require  a  rest  period  at  cer- 
kln  intervals  throughout  the  year.  Paspalum  dilatatum  continued  to  give  ex- 
cellent results  as  a  pasture  grass  under  droughty  conditions  and  on  many  types 
•f  soiL  Plantings  made  12  in.  each  way  with  sod  cut  into  2-in.  squares  have 
Civen  the  best  results.  The  necessity  for  allowing  both  Paspalum  and  Para 
tnaa  to  become  well  established  before  pasturing  is  emphasized. 

The  first  successful  introduction  of  Sudan  grass  into  Guam  was  made  during 
the  year.  The  first  crop,  produced  during  the  dry  season,  was  harvested  108 
days  after  planting,  the  yield  being  9.83  tons  of  forage  per  acre. 

Two  fields  of  Amber  cane  sorghum  planted  in  January  yielded  at  the  rate  of 
8  and  8.5  tons  of  forage  per  acre,  respectively,  at  the  first  cutting  and  5.92  and 
10.4  tons  at  the  second  cutting.    Kafir  corn  produced  10.5  tons  of  forage  the 
first  cutting  and  31.65  bu.  of  grain  per  acre,  and  7.98  tons  of  forage  from  the 
first  ratoon  crop.    Limited  data  are  thought  to  show  a  direct  correlation  be- 
tween season,  or  time  of  planting,  and  the  yield  and  number  of  days  required 
to  reach  maturity  for  the  grain  sorghums.    During  the  wet  season  the  crop 
matures  in  less  time  but  the  yields  are  materially  lower  than  in  the  dry  season. 
I     Ttie  fourth  and  fifth  generations  of  com  obtained  In  improvement  work  with 
ia  native  white  variety  matured  during  1917.    The  fourth  generation  crop  is 
[  described  as  quite  satisfactory,  maturing  several  days  earlier  than  the  original 
:  ftoek  and  producing  an  average  of  37  bu.  per  acre,  as  compared  with  less  than 
J5  bu.  for  the  native  kind.    The  fifth  generation  was  practically  a  failure. 

Results  obtained  in  fertilizer,  shading,  and  insect  enemy  studies  with 
^tobacco  are  held  to  indicate  that  insect  control  is  the  most  Important  factor 
i  Jb  producing  marketable  tobacco.  Shading  tobacco  was  found  to  be  detri- 
■jBOital  as  wen  as  unprofitable,  while  treatment  with  lead  arsenate  resulted  in 
larger  yields  and  a  better  grade.  The  results  of  the  fertilizer  tests  for  the  past 
two  years  were  so  conflicting  that  no  definite  conclusions  have  been  reached. 


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828  EXPERIMENT  STATIOlir  BEOOBD.  [VoL40 

Observatioiis  have  been  made  of  different  types  of  cotton  to  ascertain  their 
relative  yalne  when  grown  as  ratoon  crop.  The  results  are  said  to  indicate 
that  the  upland  varieties  are  more  likely  to  produce  a  ratoon  crop  than  are 
the  Egyptian  varieties,  and  that  cotton  plants  generally  die  before  or  soon  after 
being  cut  back  for  a  second  ratoon  crop.  Variety  tests  with  cotton  included 
three  types  of  Egyptian  grown  in  Hawaii,  Arizona,  and  Guam,  and  two  up- 
land types,  Hartsville  and  Ck)vington-Toole,  grown  tn  Guam.  Yields  of  seed 
cotton  were  obtained  amounting  to  921.8,  872.6,  823.4,  974.4,  and  787.6  lb&  per 
acre,  respectively. 

Work  with  rice  was  a  failure  due  to  insufficient  moisture  and  high  winds 
which  blasted  the  crops  at  blossoming  time.  Data  obtained  during  the  past  two 
years  with  regard  to  the  cost  of  producing  rice  showed  an  average  cost  of 
$22.50  per  acre. 

A  number  of  leguminous  cover  crops  have  l>een  tested,  the  most  promising 
of  which  are  velvet  beans,  jack  beans,  and  pigeon  peas.  Gowpeas  matured  in 
about  80  days,  but  the  yields  were  small  and  the  growth  of  vine  insufficient 
to  cover  the  ground.  Velvet  beans  have  produced  from  0  to  14.3  bu.  of  seed 
per  acre  and  as  high  as  7.3  tons  of  green  forage,  and  remained  on  the  ground 
for  several  months,  covering  it  completely.  The  Jack  bean  matures  earlier 
than  the  velvet  bean  and  shades  the  ground  fairly  well,  but  its  woody  growth 
renders  the  plant  difficult  to  work  into  the  soil. 

In  tests  with  alfalfa,  one  plat  in  an  apparently  well-drained  location  died  oat 
after  the  heavy  rains  had  continued  for  some  time.  All  uninoculated  plats  w&e 
much  slower  in  growth  than  the  inoculated  plata 

The  use  of  arsenic  sprays  in  weed  eradication  proved  effective  against  the 
aboveground  portions  of  the  plants  but  did  not  kill  the  roots.  Under  local  con- 
ditions t^e  practice  is  deemed  less  effective  and  more  ezpenisve  than  hand 
labor. 

A  brief  report  is  presented  on  mechanical  and  chemical  analyses  of  soil  sam- 
ples taken  from  the  north  end  of  the  island  and  analyzed  by  the  Bureau  of 
Soils  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  The  outstanding  features  were 
the  extremely  low  silica  content,  high  iron  and  aluminum  content,  and  rela- 
tively high  phosphoric-acid  content 

[Report  of  field  crops  in  Iowa,  1917]  (loioa  8ta.  Rpt,  1917,  pp.  18,  19,  ft^ 
jS5).— This  describes  the  continuation  of  work  along  the  same  general  lines  as 
previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  30). 

Cooperative  tests  made  by  64  farmers  with  Iowa  302  com  resulted  In  an 
average  increase  in  yield  of  3.3  bu.  per  acre  over  the  local  varieties.  Iowa 
103  oats  grown  by  105  farmers  and  Iowa  105  oats  grown  by  75  farmers  pro- 
duced  average  yields  of  48  and  51.3  bu.  per  acre,  respectively,  as  compared 
with  43  and  47.3  bu.  for  the  local  sorts.  A  superior  variety  of  barley  grown 
in  comparison  with  oats  produced  1,419  lbs.  or  1,206  lbs.  of  feed  without  the 
hulls,  while  the  oats  produced  1,390  lbs.  of  whole  grain  or  937  lbs.  of  feed. 

In  tests  with  soy  beans  to  determine  the  need  of  inoculation,  about  two-thirds 
of  those  reporting  noted  an  increase  in  vigor  and  in  yield  from  inoculation. 
Red  clover  and  alfalfa  grown  under  identical  conditions  by  23  farmers  resulted 
generally  in  better  stands  of  red  clover  than  of  alfalfa.  Beneficial  results 
from  inoculation  and  the  use  of  lime  were  also  noted  in  most  instances. 

Sudan  grass  as  compared  with  millet  gave  larger  yields  and  a  better  quality 
of  forage. 

American  varieties  of  alfalfa,  such  as  Grimm,  Baltic,  or  common,  are  deemed 
superior  to  Imported  varieties  for  Iowa  conditions.  Seed  from  the  Dakotaa 
axid  Montana  is  said  to  have  shown  little  superiority  over  seed  obtained  from 


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1919]  FIELD  CROFS.  329 

Nebraaka  and  Kansas  under  normal  conditions,  while  under  severe  winter  con- 
ditions the  Dakota  and  Montana  seed  has  proved  to  be  somewhat  superior. 
The  largest  yields  of  alfalfa  and  the  smallest  percentage  of  failures  were 
reported  by  farmers  growing  the  crop  on  loam  soil  with  clay  or  sandy  subsoil, 
tbe  greatest  percentage  of  failures  occurring  on  sandy  and  stiff  clay  soils. 
Approximately  40  per  cent  of  all  failures  are  said  to  have  been  due  to  a  lack 
of  inoculation  or  of  Ume,  while  15  per  cent  were  due  to  smothering  by  the 
nurse  crop  and  12  per  cent  to  winterkilling. 

To  Insure  a  stand  of  red  clover  when  seeded  with  a  small  grain  nurse  crop, 
it  is  suggested  that  the  grain  be  drilled  in  at  a  rate  of  not  more  than  2  bu. 
per  acre.  Iowa  105  oats  is  deemed  far  superior  to  all  other  varieties  as  a 
nurse  crop.  The  removal  of  the  grain  cr(^  for  hay  when  in  the  milk  stage 
often  resulted  in  an  excellent  stand  of  clover  when  under  similar  conditions, 
but  with  the  grain  allowed  to  mature  the  clover  failed. 

[Beport  of  work  with  field  crops  in  Kansas,  1917]  {Kansas  8ta,  Rpi,  1917, 
pp.  i7-i9,  21,  23,  24,  25,  SI,  S2,  S9,  40^42,  4h  45^7,  48.)— This  describes  the 
continuation  along  the  same  general  lines  of  work  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R., 
88,  p.  830). 

In  tests  of  various  methods  of  seed  bed  preparation  for  wheat  the  highest 
yield,  8u25  bu.  per  acre,  was  produced  on  the  plat  listed  July  15  with  the  ridges 
subsequently  worked  down.  Seasonal  moisture  and  nitrate  studies  are  said 
to  indicate  that  nitrification  is  correlated  with  the  actual  available  moisture 
during  the  summer,  that  the  available  moisture  is  controlled  by  cultivation 
through  the  prevoition  of  weed  growth,  and  that  weeds  not  only  waste  soil 
moisture  but  utilize  the  nitrates  developed,  preventing  an  accumulation  for 
*  the  faU  growth  of  wheat 

As  a  result  of  three  years'  observation  on  the  effectiveness  of  soil  mulches, 
it  has  been  concluded  that  a  cultivated  soil  surface  is  no  more  effective  than 
a  bare  surface  in  checking  evaporation,  that  nitrification  may  occur  at  the 
same  rate  on  uncultivated  soils  with  a  bare  surface  as  on  cultivated  soils, 
that  weeds  deplete  the  soil  moisture  and  plant  food,  and  that  cultivation  should 
aim  at  keeping  the  soil  in  a  receptive  condition  for  rainfall  and  at  preventing 
weed  growth. 

Kanred  wheat  continued  to  give  increased  yields  over  the  standard  varieties, 
producing  nearly  11  bu.  per  acre  more  than  Turkey  and  8.5  bu.  more  than 
Kharkof.  Average  yields  for  6  years  in  field  tests  amounted  to  81.1,  26.5,  and 
25.9  bu.  per  acre,  respectively.  Kanred  is  also  said  to  be  a  superior  variety 
for  growing  on  all  soil  types  throughout  the  hard  wheat  belt  of  the  State.  In 
54  cooperative  tests  extending  over  three  years  Kanred  gave  an  average 
increase  of  4.4  bu.  per  acre  over  the  local  varieties. 

A  promising  strain  of  oats  has  been  isolated  which  is  said  to  be  much  earlier 
and  appears  to  be  more  productive  than  Red  Texaa  The  kind  of  soil  and  Its 
moisture  content  is  held  to  have  a  very  definite,  though  complex,  relation  to 
soil  temperature  and  winterkilling  in  cereals.  Seeding  in  furrows  gave  marked 
protection  to  grain  during  the  winter. 

Com  plats  scraped  to  remove  the  weeds  and  those  cultivated  in  the  ordinary 
way  gave  practically  the  same  yields,  while  plats  cultivated  every  10  days 
after  the  corn  was  laid  by  gave  the  lowest  yields.  Hybrid  strains  of  corn  gen- 
erally gave  higher  yields  than  the  average  of  the  parents  but  not  enough 
Ugher  to  jusdfy  the  extra  cost.  Several  hybrid  strains  grown  at  Manhattan 
thawed  superior  drought  resistance  during  the  season  of  1916  when  there  was 
A  moisture  deflcioicy  of  6.26  in.,  all  of  which  occurred  in  July  and  August. 
Cooperative  tests  with  com  are  said  to  have  demonstrated  that  acclimated  va- 
dedes  are  superior  to  introduced  varieties  and  that  the  longer  a  variety 

uigitizea  Dy  vj 


jlc 


S30  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECOBD.  [ToL  40 

grown  in  a  given  environment  the  greater  is  its  superiority  over  the  introduced 
sorts. 

Observations  on  8,000  heads  of  Kafir  com  to  determine  the  relation  of  the 
number  of  whorls  to  the  weight  of  heads  indicated  that  heavy  heads  had  fewer 
whorls  than  light  heads  and  thrashed  a  higher  percentage  of  grain.  Kansas 
Orange  sorghum  was  first,  in  a  comi>ari8on  with  com  and  Kafir  com  for  silage, 
for  5  years,  with  an  average  yield  of  18  tons  per  acre.  Soy  beans  have  pro- 
duced from  a  third  to  a  half  more  hay  per  acre  than  cowpeas  and  from  two  to 
three  times  as  much  seed,  several  varieties  averaging  25  biL  per  acre  or  more 
for  the  past  three  years.  Local  adapted  strains  of  Kentucky  blue  grass  proved 
to  be  much  superior  to  introduced  strains. 

Grazing  experiments  are  noted  In  which  a  portion  of  the  pasture  was  pro- 
tected for  a  part  of  the  season,  while  a  similar  area  was  grazed  throughout  the 
season.  More  seed  is  said  to  have  matured  on  the  protected  area,  and  the 
average  germination  of  the  seed  was  twice  as  high.  Sweet  clover  and  several 
tame  grasses  were  seeded  in  the  native  sod  in  an  effort  to  improve  the  pasture, 
but  sweet  clover  alone  has  proved  promising.  The  yellow  type  appeared  to  pre- 
dominate. Burning  over  the  pasture  early  in  the  spring  did  not  seem  to  injure 
the  grass  so  far  as  its  immediate  effect  was  concerned. 

A  study  was  made  of  the  effect  of  maturity  and  methods  of  harvesting  and 
curing  on  corn,  sorghum,  and  Sudan  grass.  Barren  com  obtained  by  covering 
the  silk  at  time  of  tasseling,  was  found  to  contcdn  more  protein  and  less  crude 
fiber  than  normal  com.  With  sorghum  the  percentage  of  protein  and  crude 
fiber  decreased  and  that  of  nitrogen  free  extract  increased  as  the  plant  ma- 
tured. The  amount  of  protein  in  Sudan  grass  was  closely  related  to  the  yield, 
the  percentage  of  protein  being  higher  with  a  smaller  yield.  The  largest  amount 
of  total  nutrient  was  obtained  when  the  grass  was  cut  in  full  bloom. 

Work  with  potatoes  included  variety  tests,  disease  control,  and  fertilizer 
experiments.  Irish  Gobbler  and  Early  Rose  have  given  the  highest  yields,  while 
Colorado  seed  was  less  productive  than  either  northern  grown  or  Kaw  Valley  seed. 
As  compared  with  liquid  sprays,  dry  sprays  were  applied  more  rapidly  and 
cheaply  and  were  as  effective  in  controlling  the  Colorado  potato  beetle.  Liquid 
Bordeaux  mixture  was  much  more  effective  in  controlling  early  blight.  Fer- 
tilizer applications  resulted  in  increased  yields  in  favorable  years,  potash 
exercising  the  greatest  influence  on  yields. 

The  highest  yield  of  wheat,  34.3  bu.  per  acre,  obtained  at  the  Fort  Hays 
substation  was  secured  on  land  prepared  for  sorghum  in  1915,  but  which  was 
practically  fallowed  due  to  the  poor  stand  of  sorghum.  The  crop  is  said  to 
have  been  produced  at  an  average  cost  of  33  cts.  per  busheL  The  average  yield 
of  wheat  at  the  substation  amounted  to  24.2  bu.  per  acre.  Studies  of  cultural 
methods  under  dry  farming  conditions  and  variety  tests  and  selection  work 
with  cereals  and  forage  crops  for  western  Kansas  are  briefly  noted.  Several 
strains  of  Crimean,  Kharkof,  Turkey,  and  Malakoff  wheat  have  been  developed 
which  are  said  to  outyield  the  check  varieties  by  as  much  as  4.5  bu.  per  acre. 

At  the  Garden  City  substation  the  fallow  and  green  manure  plats  of  winter 
wheat  were  practically  the  only  ones  producing  harvestable  crops,  the  highest 
yield  being  14  bu.  per  acre  and  the  average  yield  for  all  tillage  methods  and 
rotations  5.4  bu.  The  average  yields  of  stover  from  corn,  Kafir  com,  and  milo 
maize  were  2,100,  1,900,  and  1,800  lbs.  per  acre,  respectively.  In  the  irrigation 
experiments  greater  differences  in  yields  were  produced  during  1916  by  the 
different  amounts  of  water  applied  than  at  any  time  since  the  work  was  begun, 
these  differences  being  most  marked  with  the  grain  sorghums.  Milo  maize  re- 
ceiving 21.3,  14.3,  11.3,  and  5.2  in.  of  water  produced  58.6,  41.5,  16.8,  and  7.5  bu. 
per  acre,  respectively.    The  forage  sorghums  did  not  respond  to  irrigation  to 

uigitizea  Dy  vj\_/v^v  iv. 


1919]  FIELD  GBOPS.  331 

svch  a  marked  extent,  while  In  several  Instances  the  second  rate  of  application 
to  the  cereals  produced  more  grain  than  the  highest  rate.  Millet,  cowpeas, 
potatoes,  and  sugar  beets  responded  somewhat  to  irrigation,  but  scarcely  in 
proportion  to  the  amount  of  water  applied. 

Unfayorable  weather  conditions  during  the  spring  and  early  summer  of  1916 
at  the  Oolby  substation  resulted  in  poor  stands  of  spring  crops.  Yellow  milo 
is  said  to  be  the  most  promising  grain  sorghum  for  western  Kansas  and  Red 
Amber  the  best  kind  for  forage.  In  a  test  of  winter  wheat  varieties,  Kanred 
was  first  with  a  yield  of  42.55  bu.  per  acre.  Greatly  increased  yields  were  ob- 
tKbied  from  irrigated  plats  of  potatoes,  grain  and  forage  sorghums,  com  for 
sOa^e  and  fodder,  and  Sudan  grass. 

At  the  Tribune  substation  Sudan  grass  sown  broadcast  produced  over  2^  tons 
of  hay  per  acre,  and  sown  in  42  in.  rows  about  li  tons.  Millet  and  Sudan  grass 
Bown  July  15  yielded  over  1  ton  per  acre.  Fair  yields  were  obtained  of  dwarf 
milo,  dwarf  Kafir,  and  Freed  sorghmn. 

[Work  with  field  crops  at  the  Belle  Eourche  reclamation  project  experi- 
meat  farm  in  1917],  B.  Auke  (C7.  8.  Dept.  Agr,,  Bur.  Plant  Indus.,  Work  Belle 
fourche  Bxpt.  Farm,  1917,  pp.  10-H,  ti-2S). — In  continuation  of  work  pre- 
Yionsly  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  30),  this  report  deals  with  rotation  experiments 
vith  irrigated  field  crops,  small  grains,  and  variety  trials  with  com.  Obser^ 
Tfttions  on  com  and  sunflower  silage  are  also  noted. 

The  average  yields  for  all  crops  grown  in  the  irrigated  rotation  experiments 
during  1917  amounted  to  3  tons  of  hay  per  acre  for  alfalfa,  12.85  tons  for  sugar 
teetB»  42.92  bu.  for  com,  19.9  bu.  for  winter  wheat,  27.8  bu.  for  spring  wheat, 
19^  bu.  tor  oats,  27  bu.  for  barley,  14.6  bu.  for  fiax,  and  148.7  bu.  for  potatoes. 
Glover  for  hay  and  seed  winterkilled.  Alfalfa  two  or  more  years  old  produced 
•Q  the  average  3.74  tons  per  acre;  first-year  alfalfa  sown  in  the  fall  of  1916, 
102  tons ;  and  that  sown  in  the  spring  of  1917, 1.08  tons. 

The  highest  yield  of  beets,  20.86  tons  per  acre,  was  secured  in  a  rotation  of 
oats  (manured)  and  beets,  producing  8.2  tons  more  than  a  similar  rotation 
without  manure.  The  average  sugar  content  of  the  beets  for  1917  was  20.2 
per  cent  and  the  average  purity  87.2.  The  maximum  yield  of  potatoes  was  ob- 
tained after  beets  and  amounted  to  205  bu.  per  acre.  Potatoes  cropped  continu- 
ously for  6  and  5  years  produced  146.5  and  192.7  bu.  per  acre,  respectivety. 
Considerable  increases  were  noted  in  all  rotations  with  manure,  while  the  yields 
after  alfalfa  were  low.  The  average  percentage  of  marketable  tubers  for  all 
eroKking  systems  was  84.4.  Oats  after  beets  and  potatoes  have  given  uniformly 
good  results,  the  maximum  yield  being  obtained  in  a  rotation  of  oats  (manured) 
and  beets.  After  com  the  yields  have  not  been  satisfactory.  Rotations  with 
manure  have  not  shown  any  decided  increase  in  the  yield  of  oats.  The  high- 
est wheat  yield,  36.9  bu.  per  acre,  was  obtained  in  a  4-year  rotation  where 
wheat  followed  alfalfa.  Wheat  after  beets  has  also  given  good  results.  The 
ina-riimim  yield  of  com,  53.8  bu.,  was  secured  where  com  followed  barley.  The 
aaximiim  fiax  yield,  17.6  bu.,  was  obtained  from  plats  sown  continuously  to 
flax  for  6  years,  while  yields  amounting  to  16.1  and  15.5  bu.  were  obtained  after 
oora  (bogged  off)  and  after  beets,  respectively. 

Based  on  the  results  of  observations  covering  a  period  of  6  years  the  follow- 
ing are  deemed  to  be  the  more  important  indications : 

**Alfalfa  has  shown  no  marked  increase  in  yield  on  crops  that  followed  it 
Grains  following  a  cultivated  crop  have  given  better  net  retums  per  acre  than 
whoi  following  alfalfa  or  grain.  The  application  of  manure  has  shown  a 
narked  increase  in  the  yields  of  potatoes  and  sugar  beets,  but  not  of  grains. 
Sugar  beets  following  a  cultivated  crop  have  given  uniformly  good  results,  and 
sugar  beets  following  a  grain  crop  without  any  manure  and  after  clover  have 


uigitizea  Dy  ' 


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332  EXFEBIME27T  STATIOIl  RECORD.  [ToL  40 

given  uniformly  poor  results.  Alfalfa  seeded  shortly  after  tiie  grain  has  been 
removed  in  the  late  sammer  has  given  the  most  satisfactory  stand  and  produced 
higher  yields  the  first  year  after  planting.  Early-seeded  spring  grains  have 
given  much  better  results  as  to  both  quality  and  yield  than  late-seeded  spring 
grains/* 

In  variety  testing  with  winter  cereals,  reported  by  J.  H.  Martin,  Turkey 
selection  wheat  has  given  the  highest  average  yield,  86.8  bu.  per  acre,  for  the 
3  years  1915  to  1917,  Inclusive.    Kharkof  was  second  with  an  average  yield  of 

85.7  bu.  Swedish  (Minn.  No.  2)  and  North  Dakota  No.  958  rye  produced  25.5 
bu.  and  25.8  bu.  per  acre,  respectively.  Winter  emmor  and  winter  q[)elt  have 
not  proved  sufficiently  hardy  for  this  locality.  Kubanka,  a  durum  variety,  has 
produced  the  highest  average  yield  of  the  spring  wheat  varieties  tested,  with 

21.8  bu.  for  the  period  of  1913  to  1917,  Inclusive.  Marquis,  with  an  average 
yield  of  16.8  bu.,  Is  deemed  the  best  common  wheat  White  Russian  oats,  a  late 
variety,  has  given  the  highest  average  yield  for  the  past  6  years,  45.8  bn.  per 
acre,  while  Sllvermlne,  with  a  8-year  average  yield  of  51.6  bu.,  is  said  to  be 
one  of  the  most  promising  of  the  mldseason  sorta  Early  oats  have  not  proved 
very  productive  under  irrigation.  Hannchen  and  Chevalier  barleys,  2-rowed 
types,  have  outylelded  all  the  6-rowed  varieties.  Chevalier  II  produced  an  aver- 
age of  81.1  bu.  per  acre  for  the  4  years  1914  to  1917,  as  compared  with  20.3  ba. 
for  Manchuria  (Wla  No.  13).  Hull-less  types  have  produced  from  19.2  to  2?.8 
bu.  for  the  same  period.  White  spring  emmer  yielded  46.3  bu.  for  a  4-year  aver- 
age, but  the  yield  in  pounds  of  grain  per  acre  has  been  somewhat  less  than  that 
of  the  better  varieties  of  barley.  Damont  fiax  has  given  the  highest  average 
yield  for  the  past  4  years,  13  bu.  per  acre,  with  Russian  (N.  Dak.  No.  155) 
second  with  12.6  bu. 

Marten  White  Dent,  Northwestern  Dent,  and  Payne  White  Dent  com  have 
produced  average  yields  for  the  5  years,  1913  to  1917,  amounting  to  42.8,  42.7, 
and  40.9  bu.  per  acre,  respectively.  Gehu  Flint  has  yielded  an  average  of 
89.8  bu.  for  the  past  8  years  and  is  said  to  be  the  earliest  ripening  of  all  the 
varieties.  Marten  White  Dent,  Payne  White  Dent,  Red  Cob,  and  Sweet  Fodder 
corn,  grown  for  silage  in  comparison  with  Mammoth  Russian  sunflower,  pro- 
duced 9.55,  10.37,  11.98,  and  8.67  tons  per  acre,  respectively,  the  average  yield 
for  the  sunflowers  being  12.59  tona 

[A  report  of  field  crops  work  in  the  United  Provinces,  India],  B.  C.  Bust 
(Rpt,  Agr,  Expt.  Stas.  Cent,  Circle,  UrUted  Prov.  [/tkWa],  1917,  pp.  1-24.  ^«-^, 
7S-81,  85-87). — ^This  reports  the  results  of  fertilizer  tests  with  wheat,  com, 
potatoes,  tobacco,  and  millet;  field  and  variety  tests  with  wheat,  cotton, 
gram,  peanuts,  fiaz,  sugar  cane,  millet,  tobacco.  Indigo,  barley,  rice,  and  mis- 
cellaneous fodder  crops;  and  cultural  experiments  with  wheat,  gram,  and  fod- 
der crops  at  the  Cawnpore,  Atarra,  and  Oral  experiment  stations,  and  on 
demonstration  and  seed  farms  for  the  year  ended  June  30,  1917. 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  in  South  Australia],  W.  J.  Spafpobd  {Jour.  Dept, 
Agr.  8o.  Aust,  21  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  57«-^8«).— Variety,  cultural,  and  fertilizer 
tests  with  wheat  conducted  at  three  experimental  centers  during  the  seasons 
of  1916  and  1917  are  reported,  in  continuation  of  work  previously  noted  (£3.  S. 
R.,88,  p.  488). 

Rolling  the  land  after  plowing  for  wheat  gave  practically  the  same  yield, 
abo]it  16.3  bu.  per  acre,  for  6  in.  plowing  as  subpacking  after  plowing.  For 
3  in.  plowing  the  respective  yields  were  approximately  15.5  and  14.5  bu. 
See  also  an  earlier  note  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  240). 

Applications  of  2  and  8  cwt.  of  superphosphate  per  acre  materially  increased 
wheat  yields. 


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191S]  FIELD  CROPS.  333 

Hew  crops  for  Bhodesia^  J.  A.  T.  Walters  (RTiodeiia  Agr.  Jour,,  U  {1917), 
Ko9.  5,  pp.  StrSSl,  pis.  4;  6,  pp.  757-7-W).— The  aathor  presents  a  bri^f  report 
on  some  of  the  most  recent  crop  introductions  deemed  of  value  to  Rhodesian 
asrlcolture,  as  indicated  by  tests  conducted  at  the  Salisbury  agricultural  ex- 
periment station  during  1916-17.  The  crops  discussed  include  grasses  and 
legumes  for  pasture,  cereals,  oil  seeds,  root  crops,  fiber  plants,  com,  and  mis- 
cellaneous forage  crops. 

Oleaginous  plants  of  Indo-China,  O.  Obxvost  {Bui.  icon.  Indochine,  n.  ser., 
to  {1917),  No.  127,  pp.  669-619,  pit.  18). — ^A  comprehensiye  account,  including 
brief  botanical  descriptions  and  cultural  notes,  of  numerous  oil-producing 
plants  in  Indo-China. 

Cotton  and  other  vegetable  fibers:  Their  production  and  utilization,  E. 
OoxTLDiNG  {London:  John  Murray,  1917,  pp.  X-\-2Sl,  pU.  12;  rev.  in  8oi.  Prog. 
[London^,  12  {1918),  No.  48,  pp.  694,  695). —Thia  volume,  with  a  preface  by 
W.  R.  Dunstan,  issued  in  the  Imperial  Institute  series  of  handbooks  to  the 
commercial  resources  of  the  Tropics,  deals  with  the  present  status  and  the 
future  prospects  of  the  world's  production  and  utilization  of  fibers,  including 
cotton,  fiax,  hemp,  ramie,  Jute,  and  cordage  and  miscellaneous  fibers.  Par- 
ticular reference  is  given  to  the  possibilities  of  extending  production  in  the 
British  Empire,  especially  in  the  tropical  possessions. 

Wlieat  and  rye,  O.  A.  ZAvrrz  {Ontario  Dept.  Agr.  Bui.  261  {1918),  pp.  31, 
figs.  4). — ^This  reports  the  results  of  variety  and  cultural  tests  with  winter  and 
spring  wheat,  winter  and  spring  rye,  emmer,  and  spelt  conducted  at  the  Ontario 
Agricultural  Ck>llege. 

In  variety  tests  with  winter  wheat  covering  a  22-year  period,  Dawson  Golden 
Chaff  and  Imperial  Amber  have  given  the  highest  average  yields,  50.2  and  47.2 
bu.  per  acre,  respectively.  A  hybrid,  O.  A.  C.  No.  104,  obtained  by  crossing 
Dawson  Golden  Chaff  and  Bulgarian,  has  produced  an  average  yield  of  45  bu. 
per  acre  for  a  6-year  period,  as  compared  with  yields  of  40.8  bu.  for  Dawson 
Golden  Chaff  and  37.5  bu.  for  Bulgarian  for  the  same  period. 

In  tests  of  various  methods  of  soil  preparation  for  wheat  the  maximum  yield 
was  obtained  after  bare  summer  fallow  receiving  20  tons  of  barnyard  manure 
per  acre,  the  average  being  40.9  bu.  for  a  4-year  period,  as  compared  with  an 
average  of  88.8  bu.  after  summer  fallow  alone.  Wheat  after  field  peas,  buck- 
wheat, and  Dwarf  Essex  rape  plowed  under  showed  yields  of  86.1,  20.6,  and  30.4 
bu.  per  acre,  respectively. 

Date-of-seeding  tests  covering  a  6-year  period  resulted  in  average  yields  rang- 
ing from  48.6  to  48.7  bu.  per  acre  for  seedings  made  from  August  25  to  Septem- 
ber 9,  as  compared  with  45.7  bu.  for  seedings  made  after  September  15.  Four, 
6,  and  8  pk.  rates  of  seeding  showed  average  yields  for  a  6-year  period  of  40.15, 
43.8,  and  43.87  bu.  per  acre,  respectively. 

Ehcperiments  were  begun  in  1807  to  study  the  effect  of  harvesting  winter 
wheat  at  different  stages  of  maturity,  the  cuttings  being  made  at  weekly  inter- 
vals for  5  weeks,  beginning  2  weeks  before  the  usual  time  for  cutting  wheat 
throughout  the  Province.  Seed  from  the  different  cuttings  were  secured  and 
sown  again  in  the  fall,  this  process  being  repeated  annually  for  20  years  and 
the  yields  of  grain  and  straw  being  recorded.  The  average  yield  of  grain  varied 
from  21.1  bu.  per  acre  for  the  first  cutting  to  51.17  bu.  for  the  fourth,  and  49.64 
bu.  for  the  fifth  cutting.  The  yields  of  straw  showed  a  gradual  decrease  as  the 
date  of  harvest  advanced,  ranging  from  3.49  tons  per  acre  for  the  first  cutting 
to  2.79  tons  for  fhe  fifth.  The  weight  of  grain  per  measured  bushel  increased 
from  45.19  lbs.  for  the  first  cutting  to  58.77  lbs.  for  the  fourth,  and  58.79  lbs. 
for  tbe  fifth. 


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384  BXPEBIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [VoL  40 

The  following  average  acre  yields  were  obtained  In  a  S-year  test  of  yarioos 
methods  of  seed  treatment  for  smut :  Thirty-eight  bu.  from  untreated  seed,  40.6 
bu.  from  hot  water  treatment,  40.2  bu.  from  immersion  in  'copper  sulphate  solu- 
tion for  12  hours,  41.1  bu.  from  sprinkling  with  copper  sulphate  solution,  43.3 
bu.  from  inunersion  in  dilute  formalin,  and  36.3  bu.  from  sprinkling  with 
formalin. 

As  a  result  of  seed-selection  tests  made  in  each  of  6  years,  average  annual 
increases  in  yield  are  reported  amounting  to  6.8  bu.  per  acre  for  large  over  small 
seed,  7.8  bu.  for  plump  over  shrunken  seed,  and  35.6  bu.  for  sound  over  broken 
seed. 

In  tests  with  saving  wheat  varieties  for  a  27-year  i>eriod,  1891  to  1917,  the 
highest  yields  wer^  obtained  from  Saxonka  with  33.1  bu.  per  acre.  Red  Blfe 
with  32.1  bu.,  'Uid  Pringle  Champion  with  31.9  bu.  Arnautka,  Roumania,  and 
Wild  Goose  durum  varieties  have  given  average  yields  of  40.28,  39.38,  and  38.9 
bu.  per  acre,  respectively,  for  a  5-year  period.  Seed  selection  tests  employing 
two  different  varieties  were  conducted  over  an  8-year  period,  and  resulted  in 
average  yields  of  21.7  bu.  per  acre  for  large  plump  seed,  18  bu.  for  small  plump 
seed,  and  16.7  bu.  for  shrunken  seed.  Date-of-seeding  tests  conducted  over  a  5- 
year  period  resulted  in  a  maximum  yield  of  21.9  bu.  per  acre  for  the  earliest 
seeding  date. 

Tests  with  varieties  of  winter  rye  for  a  14-year  period  resulted  in  an  average 
maximum  yield  of  55.8  bu.  per  acre  for  Mammoth  White.  Grown  as  a  nurse 
crop  with  hairy  vetch,  winter  rye  proved  to  be  superior  to  winter  wheat  or 
winter  emmer.  Winter  rye  is  said  to  have  produced  an  annual  average  of  7.93 
tons  per  acre  of  green  forage  in  cooperative  tests  covering  a  5-year  period. 

O.  A.  0.  No.  61  and  Saatroggen  with  10-year  average  yields  of  30.1  and  29.6 
bu.  per  acre,  respectively,  were  highest  in  variety  tests  with  spring  rye.  Large, 
medium,  small,  and  broken  seed  of  spring  rye  have  given  average  yields  of  26» 
24.4,  22.3,  and  16.9  bu.  per  acre,  respectively. 

Variety  tests  with  emmer  and  spelt  have  been  conducted  for  16  years,  the 
highest  yielding  enmier  variety  being  Iowa  with  2,906  lbs.  of  grain  per  acre  and 
the  highest  yielding  spelt  variety  being  Red  with  2,120  lbs.  Emmer  is  said  to 
surpass  spelt  in  freedom  from  rust,  thinness  of  hull,  weight  of  grain,  and  in 
yield  of  both  grain  and  straw,  spelt  being  superior  only  in  strength  of  straw. 
Date-of-seedlng  tests  with  emmer  and  spelt  for  a  5-year  period  indicated  that 
emmer  could  be  successfully  sown  at  a  later  date  than  spring  wheat,  while  spelt 
gave  the  best  results  from  early  seeding. 

The  castor  bean,  A.  £3.  Babthe  {Rev,  Agr,  [Santo  Domingo^,  IS  (1917).  No. 
9,  pp.  231-257 1  flg9.  4). — ^This  presents  a  detailed  description  of  the  castor  bean 
{Riciivu$  communis)  and  of  Its  production,  together  with  a  discussion  of  the 
industrial  exploitation  of  the  crop  and  its  products. 

The  production  of  the  castor  bean  in  North  Africa,  F.  Gouston  (Lai  Culture 
du  Ricin  dana  VAfrique  du  Nord.  Algiers:  Govt,,  1918,  pp.  15). — ^This  pr^;euts 
a  brief  account  of  the  present  status  of  castor-bean  production,  methods  of  cul- 
tivation, adapted  varieties,  insect  and  disease  pests,  and  the  exploitation  and 
utilization  of  the  crop  in  northern  Africa. 

Storage  of  seed  com,  F.  A.  Welton  {Mo.  Bui.  Ohio  Sta.,  S  (1918),  No.  12.  pp. 
S60^62). — Tests  of  eight  different  methods  of  storing  seed  corn  covering  a 
period  of  five  years,  1913-1917,  inclusive,  are  described  and  tabulated  data 
presented  showing  the  percentage  of  germination  and  the  yield  secured  with 
each  method  and  for  each  year  of  the  test 

The  best  average  germination,  97.53  per  cent,  and  the  highest  average  yield, 
75.06  bu.  per  acre,  were  obtained  from  seed  hung  up  in  the  furnace  room,  and 
the  lowest  germination,  89.4  per  cent,  and  yield,  71.02  bu.,  from  seed  stored 

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1919]  FIELD  CBOPS.  335 

under  conditions  slmUar  to  those  which  prevail  where  seed  is  selected  from  the 
crib  in  the  spring.  The  average  germination  and  yield  of  those  lots  receiving 
no  heat  was  93.77  per  cent  and  72.12  bu.,  respectively,  as  compared  with  06.8 
per  cent  germination  and  74.21  bu.  for  those  lots  to  which  heat  was  applied  in 
some  way.  With  the  abnormal  weather  conditions  of  1918,  germination  varied 
from  1  per  cent  for  seed  stored  in  the  crib  to  95.67  per  cent  for  that  hung  up  in 
the  fomace  room. 

Cotton  variety  tests  for  1917,  R.  Y.  Winters  and  V.  R.  Herman   (Bui, 
N.  C.  DepU  Agr,^  S9  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  id).— This  reports  the  results  of  tests  • 
with  38  short-staple  and  6  long-staple  varieties  of  cotton  at  West  Raleigh. 

The  highest  yielding  short-staple  varieties  were  Jones  Improved,  Cook  Im- 
proved, and  Wannamaker  Cleveland,  with  yields  of  lint  amounting  to  351,  349, 
and  330.4  lbs.  per  acre,  respectively.  HartsviUe  No.  12  and  Webber  No.  82,  with 
yields  of  207  and  210.8  lbs.  of  lint  per  acre,  were  t)je  highest  yielding  long- 
staple  types. 

Note  on  protectincr  the  cotton  flowers  from  natural  crossincr*  O.  L.  Kottur 
{Poona  AffT'  Col  Mag.,  9  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  131,  132,  flga.  5).— A  simple  method 
for  the  prevention  of  cross-pollination  in  cotton  is  described. 

Rings  made  of  thin  wire  were  employed  in  place  of  paper  bags,  the  rings  being 
slipped  over  the  fully  developed  buds  before  they  began  to  open.  The  protected 
Hower  was  marked  by  a  cotton  thread  attached  to  the  stalk  and  ring. 

Ck>tton  culture,  W.  E.  Packard  {Mo.  Btd.  Cat.  Com.  Eort.,  7  {1918),  No.  4,. 
pp.  181-187 ). — ^The  production  of  cotton  in  southern  California  is  described 
with  particular  reference  to  the  San  Joaquin,  Sacramento,  Imperial,  and  Palo 
Verde  Valleys.  The  cost  of  production  of  three  varieties  has  been  estimated 
as  follows :  For  picking,  Mebane  Triumph  $15  per  bale,  Durango  $20.80,  and 
Bgyptian  $40.62;  for  ginning,  $4.50,  $4.50,  and  $14  per  bale,  respectively;  and 
for  the  total  cost  of  production  on  a  basis  of  one  bale  per  acre,  Mebane  Triumph 
from  $48.80  to  $71.85,  Durango  from  $54.60  to  $77.65,  and  Egyptian  from  $83.92 
to  $106.97. 

The  cost  of  cotton  production,  season  of  1917*18  (New  York:  H.  P.  Bach- 
man  d  Co.,  1918,  pp.  27). — ^Thls  presents  a  statistical  study  of  factors  entering 
into  the  actual  cost  of  producing  cotton  during  the  season  of  1917.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  the  average  cost  of  production  was  11.28  cts.  per  pound ;  the  average 
price  obtained  by  farmers,  27.5  cts.  per  pound ;  and  the  average  net  profit,  $31.55 
per  acre. 

Extracts  from  letters  from  several  directors  of  experiment  stations  in  the 
cotton  States  relative  to  a  possible  correlation  of  the  potash  scarcity  and  the 
small  yield  of  the  last  year  are  given,  from  which  it  is  concluded  that  very  littie, 
if  any,  reduction  in  yield  was  attributable  to  a  lack  of  potash  except  on  certain 
iandy  soils  of  the  Southeast 

The  world's  cotton  shorta^re,  J.  A.  Todd  {African  World,  59  {1917),  Not.  765, 
pp.  V,  VI;  769,  p.  V;  Agr.  Jour,  India,  13  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  110-120).— This 
presents  an  economic  discussion  of  the  present  status  of  the  cotton  industry 
throughout  the  world,  with  special  reference  to  the  bearing  upon  the  situation 
of  cotton  production  in  Egypt  While  Egyptian  cotton  represents  only  about 
G  per  cent  of  the  world's  total,  it  is  said  to  have  the  highest  yield  per  acre,  450 
lbs.  of  lint  cotton,  to  supply  85  per  cent  of  the  second  and  73  per  cent  of  the 
third  of  the  five  recognized  grades,  and  to  have  a  value  of  from  60  to  100  per 
cent  above  that  of  American  middling. 

Potato  culture  in  Maine,  E.  L.  Newdick  and  W.  J.  Morse  (Bui.  [Maine} 
Dept.  Agr.,  17  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  II-\-40,  fig.  1). — A  general  discussion  of  the 
production,  harvesting,  and  marketing  of  potatoes  in  Maine  is  given  by  E.  L. 


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336  EXPERIMBirr  station  BECOBD.  [VoL  40 

Newdick,  and  directions  for  the  control  of  potato  enemies  are  given  by 
W.  J.  Morse. 

Selection  of  some  standard  Hocano  and  Tagalog  lowland  iloes,  M.  E. 
GuTDEiiBEZ  {Philippine  Agr*  ond  Fore9ter,  6  {1918) ^  No.  S~6,  pp.  ISS-lSt,  figs. 
S). — ^Rather  detailed  observations  are  recorded  on  parent  plant  selections  and 
their  Ft  progeny  of  four  Ilocano  or  bearded  rices,  including  Ganado,  Iroy, 
Binalayan,  and  Deqnet  &  Bolilising,  and  two  Tagalog  or  nonbearded  varieties, 
including  Blnangbang  and  BinicoL 

Paddy  experiments  at  Saboor,  S.  N.  Sil  {Affr,  Jour,  Bihar  and  Orissa 
[India},  5  {1917),  No.  i,  pp.  iS-S5,  pit.  ^).— This  notes  the  progress  of  variety, 
manurial,  and  cultural  experiments  with  rice.  Alternate  green  manuring,  as 
compared  with  continuous  green  manuring  of  paddy  land,  resulted  in  average 
yields  of  1,685  and  1,946  lbs.  per  acre,  respectively. 

Field  experiments  with  rice,  G.  E.  Coombs  and  D.  H.  Gbibt  {Agr.  Bui.  Fed. 
Malay  States,  6  {1917),  No.  5,  pp.  159-161,  fig.  Jf).— In  experimental  work  to  de- 
termine the  best  size  of  small  plats  for  pure-line  breeding  investigations  with 
rice,  greater  accuracy  was  obtained  from  duplicated  plats  than  from  single 
plats.  The  size  of  plat  ranged  from  1/25-  to  l/20(Nicre,  and  the  variations  in 
the  probable  error  were  from  5.5  to  9.9  per  cent,  re<q;>ectively,  for  single  plats 
and  from  8.8  to  7.1  per  cent,  respectively,  for  duplicated  plats. 

Sisal  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  Y.  MaoGattghet  and  W.  Wkinsich  {Hawaii^ 
Forester  and  Agr.,  15  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  4t-48) .—TMb  presents  an  account  of 
the  sisal  {Agave  rigida  var.  elongata  and  A.  rigida  var.  sisalana)  industry  in 
Hawaii.  An  effort  to  produce  a  hybrid  sisal  derived  from  the  two  varieties 
named  is  briefly  noted,  together  with  chonical  investigations  of  the  waste 
products  of  the  industry. 

Sugar  beets,  O.  A.  ZAvnz  and  A.  W.  Mason  {Ontario  Dept.  Agr.  Bui.  262 
{1918),  pp.  12,  fig.  i).— The  sugar  beet  industry  in  Ontario  is  described,  and 
rather  extensive  variety  and  cultural  tests  with  sugar  beets  are  reported. 

In  variety  tests  covering  a  6-year  period,  the  three  leading  varieties  in  point 
of  sugar  production  were  Improved  Imperial  with  17  per  cent  sugar,  Klein- 
wanzlebener  with  16.6  per  cent,  and  Petzscheke  Elite  with  16.1  per  cent  The 
acre  yields  of  roots  for  these  varieties  amounted  to  18.42,  20.68,  and  19.07  tons, 
respectively. 

Duplicate  tests  were  made  of  planting  8  large,  5  medium,  or  8  small  clusters 
of  selected  seedlings  to  insure  a  perfect  stand,  the  plants  being  afterwards 
thinned  to  one  in  each  place.  Average  yields  were  obtained  amounting  to 
approximately  22.9  tons  per  acre  for  the  large  clusters,  21.85  tons  for  the 
medium  clusters,  and  14Sft  tons  for  the  small  clusters. 

A  comparison  of  flat  and  ridged  cultivation  extending  over  a  5-year  period 
resulted  in  average  yields  of  19  and  18.1  tons  i>er  acre,  respectively. 

Experiments  were  conducted  for  5  years  with  beets  sown  in  21-in.  rows  with 
the  beets  7  in.  apart  in  the  row  to  determine  the  best  planting  depth.  Average 
yields  were  obtained  amounting  to  19.9  tons  per  acre  for  a  seeding  depth  of 
0.5  in.,  17.2  tons  for  1  in.,  14.4  tons  for  1.5  in.,  18.8  tons  for  2  in.,  10.6  tons  for 
3  in.,  and  5.8  tons  for  4  in.  Tests  were  also  made  of  growing  sugar  beets  in 
rows  spaced  from  12  to  28  In.  apart  The  average  yields  for  5  years  ranged 
from  16.96  tons  per  acre  for  a  planting  distance  of  28  in.  to  20.52  tons  for 
12-ln.  spacing.  The  weight  per  root  varied  from  0.62  lb.  for  the  12-ln.  spacing 
to  1.11  lbs.  for  the  28-ln.  spacing.  Only  slight  variations  were  observed  in 
the  percentage  of  sugar  or  in  the  purity  of  Juice  for  roots  grown  in  rows  at 
different  distances  apart. 

In  thinning  sugar  beets  to  2,  4,  6,  8,  and  10  in.  apart  in  the  rows,  the  average 
weight  per  root  varied  from  0.89  lb.  for  2-in.  spacing  to  1.25  lbs.  for  l(Hn. 


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1W»1  FIELD  CROPS.  887 

pacing,  while  the  average  yield  of  roots  ranged  from  15.48  tons  per  acre  for 
10-ln.  spacing  to  17.75  tons  for  2-ln.  spacing.  As  an  average  of  5  years'  results, 
sugar  beets  tlilnned  when  2  in.  in  height  outylelded  those  thinned  when  8  in. 
In  height  by  U  tons»  those  thinned  when  0.5  in.  high  by  0.5  ton,  and  thoee 
thinned  when  5  in.  high  by  one-third  ton  per  acre. 

The  coltivation  of  the  crop  and  the  by-products  of  the  beet  sugar  industry 
are  briefly  discussed. 

[The  sugar  beet  industry  in  South  Australia],  A.  J.  Perkins  {Jour,  Dept. 
Agr.  So.  Aust,,  21  (1918),  No.  7,  pp.  547-^70). — This  is  a  rather  comprehensive 
eeonomtc  discussion  of  the  sugar  Industry  in  Australia,  with  special  reference 
to  sugar  beet  production  in  Queensland,  Victoria,  New  South  Wales,  and  South 
Australia. 

The  cultivation  of  sugar  cane  in  Cuba,  J.  T.  Gbawlet  (Estac.  Expt.  Agron. 
Cuba  Bol  S5  {1911),  pp.  82,  pU.  29). — This  is  a  comprehensive  account  of  the 
ilevelopment  and  present  status  of  the  sugar  cane  Industry  In  Cuba,  with  a 
dimmsslon  of  local  varieties  of  cane  and  of  field  practices  and  cultural  methods 
employed  in  growing  and  handling  the  crop  in  the  island. 

Wlieat  variety  tests,  1917-18,  H.  A.  Mttllbtt  {Jour.  Dept.  Agr.  Victoria, 

15  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  168-176,  figs.  4).— The  results  of  variety  tests  with  wheat 
conducted  during  1917-18  on  the  permanent  experiment  fields  at  Longerenong 
OoUege  and  at  the  Wyuna,  Werrlbee,  and  Rutherglen  farms,  Victoria,  are 
reported. 

The  highest  yielding  varieties  at  each  station  were,  respectively,  hybrid 
Galllpoli  with  50J5  bu.  per  acre,  YandlUa  King  with  32.7  bu.,  hybrid  Indian 
HXTelfords  with  29  bu.,  and  Warden  with  14  bu.  Maximum  average  yields 
for  the  5-year  period  1913  to  1917,  inclusive,  were  as  follows:  At  Werrlbee, 
Major  with  21.4  bu.  per  acre;  at  Longerenong,  Federation   (selected)    with 

16  J.  bu. ;  and  at  Rutherglen,  Tandilla  King  with  16.4  bu. 

Tests  of  early  (June  25)  and  late  (July  28)  seedlngs  with  early,  midseason, 
and  late  varieties  of  wheat  at  Longerenong  during  1917-18  resulted  in  average 
yields  In  favor  of  early  seeding  of  0.9  bu.  per  acre  for  Bunylp  (early)  and 
U  bn.  for  Yandilla  King  (late),  as  compared  with  differences  in  favor  of  late 
seeding  of  3.8  bu.  for  King  Early,  4.3  bu.  for  Federation,  and  2.7  bu.  for  Dart 
Im];)erial  (both  midseason  varieties).  Similar  tests  conducted  at  Wyuna 
showed  an  average  difference  in  favor  of  late  seeding  (first  week  In  July) 
of  9.9  bu.  per  acre  for  King  Early,  and  in  favor  of  early  seeding  (last  week 
Id  May)  of  3.9  bu.  for  Federation  and  13.2  bu.  for  Tandilla  King. 

Problems  of  wheat  storage:  Damaged  grain,  O.  Masson  et  al.  {Aust.  Ad- 
visory Council  8oi.  and  Indus,  Bui,  6  {1917),  pp,  6-17;  abs,  in  Jour.  Dept.  Agr, 
So,  Aust.,  21  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  588,  58d).— Stored  grain  in  New  South  Wales, 
Victoria,  and  South  Australia  having  sustained  serious  damage  from  mice 
during  the  summer  of  1916-17,  experiments  were  undertaken  to  determine  the 
eiEect  of  quicklime  upon  wheat  in  various  conditions  of  soundness  and  pollution 
as  SDggBSted  by  Barrett 

Samples  of  wheat  designated  as  ordinary,  mouse  tainted  or  smutty,  damp 
nusty,  weevUy,  and  mousey  were  passed  through  the  ordinary  wheat  cleaning 
Mchfnery  of  a  mill  and  then  mixed  with  1  per  cent,  by  weight,  of  fresh 
foickUme.  The  samples  were  stored  for  from  12  to  17  days,  recleaned  to 
remove  the  lime,  tempered,  ground,  and  the  flour  made  into  loaves.  Tabulated 
data  are  presented  showing  the  results  of  cleaning  the  samples,  the  moisture 
eootent  of  each  before  and  after  treatment,  and  the  results  of  the  examination 
of  the  water  washings.  The  treatment  was  regarded  as  having  given  satis- 
factory results,  and  the  conclusions  arrived  at  may  be  summarized  as  follows: 


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338  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEGOBD.  [VoL  40 

Wheat  treated  with  freshly  burnt  quickUme  showed  a  considerable  rednctton 
in  the  number  of  bacteria  on  the  outer  layers  of  the  grains,  the  surface  being 
slightly  corroded  and  cleansed  from  organic  nitrogenoos  compounds.  Upon 
wetting,  the  limed  wheat  turned  yellow,  although  all  the  free  lime  was  appar- 
ently removed  by  screening.  With  ordinary  wheat  the  treatment  facilitated 
the  process  of  tempering  and  improved  the  quality  of  the  bread  baked  from 
the  flour.  Weevils  in  the  adult  stage  were  not  immediately  killed  by  cold  lime, 
nor  were  the  eggs  prevented  from  hatching.  Damaged  wheat  was  not  improved 
when  the  grains  were  rotted  throughout,  but  further  deterioration  was  checked, 
due  to  the  removal  of  the  impurity  and  to  the  partial  sterilization  of  the  surface 
of  the  grains.  Mousey  tainted  wheat,  not  otherwise  deteriorated,  was  ren- 
dered suitable  for  bread  making.  The  use  of  freshly  ignited  and  hot  lime  was 
deemed  essential.  The  ammonium  content  of  the  extract  obtained  by  aoaking 
the  wheat  in  water  is  said  to  be  a  reliable  measure  of  the  degree  of  contami- 
nation or  deterioration  of  the  sample,  the  damaged  samites  examined  yielding 
from  8  to  15  times  as  much  ammonia  as  the  cleaned  samples. 

Seed  Beporter  (U.  8,  Dept,  Affr,,  Seed  Rpt.,  2  {1918),  Noa.  6,  pp.  8;  7,  pp.  8). — 
In  the  first  of  these  two  numbers,  statistics  are  presented  showing  the  com- 
mercial stocks,  receipts,  imports,  exports,  and  estimated  sales  of  v^etable  seeds 
for  1917  and  1918,  based  on  information  obtained  from  525  concerns  reporting 
in  the  seed  surveys  of  February  1  and  July  1,  1918,  and  including  data  from 
other  sources.  Data  showing  the  commercial  acreage,  average  yield  per  acre, 
commercial  production,  and  estimated  commercial  consumption  of  vegetable 
seeds  for  the  United  States  are  given  as  secured  in  reports  from  185  commercial 
vegetable  seed  growers  reporting  in  the  vegetable  seed  production  survey  of 
July  1,  1918,  and  including  information  and  estimates  from  other  sourcea 

Tabulated  statistics  regarding  the  estimated  acreage,  yield,  prices,  etc.,  of 
sorgo  or  **cane  "  seed  in  1918  are  presented  and  discussed.  The  lespedexa  seed 
and  Sudan  grass  seed  outlooks  are  dealt  with,  together  with  notes  on  maricet 
conditions  at  Chicago  and  in  the  Missouri  Valley  and  Pacific  Northwest,  and 
comparative  data  as  to  vegetable  seed  exports. 

A  brief  account  prepared  In  the  ofl3ce  of  the  Seed  Commissioner  of  Canada 
is  given  describing  the  regulations  adopted  in  Canada  to  prevent  the  importa- 
tlon  of  undesirable  seed.  Measures  taken  by  the  Danish  Government  in  estab- 
lishing seed  prices  are  also  noted. 

In  the  second  number,  tabulated  statistics  are  presented  showing  the  exports 
and  imports  of  timothy  and  clover  seed  by  months  for  the  years  191S-1918, 
Inclusive;  shippers'  stocks,  shipments,  prices,  etc.,  of  red,  alsike,  and  sweet 
clover,  alfalfa,  and  timothy  seed  by  States  as  determined  by  information  ob* 
talned  December  14,  1918 ;  and  wholesale  selling  prices  of  33  different  kinds  ot 
field  seeds  January  1,  1919,  and  1918,  respectively. 

Seed  export  information  and  seed  import  rulings  are  briefly  noted*  Other 
subjects  dealt  with  include  clover  seed  acreage,  production,  and  stocks;  tiie; 
European  seed  situation ;  the  export  of  seed  com  to  Canada ;  soy  bean,  cowpeaJ 
and  velvet  bean  seed  outlook;  and  rather  extensive  seed  markets  notea         ' 

In  both  numbers,  the  usual  data  relative  to  imports  of  forage  plant  seedd 
permitted  entry  into  the  United  States  are  given.  i 

Fourth  axmual  seed  laboratory  report,  1916-17,  R.  C.  Dahi^ebq  and  W.  I4 
OswAU)  (Minnesota  8ta.  Bui  175  (1918),  pp.  $-14,  figs,  £).— This  comprises  i 
summarissed  report  of  germination  and  purity  tests  made  during  the  yea] 
ended  July  31,  1917.    A  total  of  10,967  samples  of  seed  were  received. 

Beport  of  seed  tests  for  1917  (Bui.  N.  C.  Dept.  Agr.,  S8  (1917),  Jffo.  9,  p$ 
66). — ^This  reports  the  results  of  purity  and  germination  tests  of  686  offlci4 
samples  of  agricultural  seed  and  667  samples  of  vegetable  seed  collected  by  Ui 


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1M9]  HORTICULTURE.  839 

ipectora  during  the  year  ended  July  15,  1917,  in  addition  to  829  samples  of 
agrlcaltaral  seed  received  from  private  IndMduala 

The  qualltj  of  agrricultural  seeds  {Jowr,  Bd,  Agr,  [London^ ,  24  (1918)  ^  No. 
11, 9p.  ISOt^lBlS;  at>$.  in  Nature  {London},  101  (1918),  No.  2525,  p.  5i).— This 
compriseB  a  preliminary  report  and  brief  discussion  of  the  viability  and  pnrHy 
of  agricnltiiral  seed,  based  npon  tests  of  over  2,400  samples,  Including  cereals, 
dovers  and  other  legumes,  root  and  forage  crops,  vegetables,  and  grasses,  re- 
ceived by  the  official  seed  testing  station  from  all  parts  of  England  and  Wales. 

Weed  seeds  In  the  soil,  F.  J.  Pifal  (Proo.  Ind.  Acad.  8cl.,  1916,  pp.  568- 
m).— Investigations,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  34,  p  736),  are  described 
in  wMch  an  effort  was  made  to  ascertain  the  number  of  viable  weed  seeds  In 
different  samples  of  soU,  to  compare  carefully  cultivated  soils  with  those  receiv- 
ing poor  cultivation  with  respect  to  weed  growth,  to  determine  at  what  depth 
Bost  of  the  weed  seeds  occur,  and  to  identify  the  most  prevalent  species.  Tabu- 
lar data  are  given  showing  the  number  and  kinds  of  weed  seeds  found  in  the 
upper  and  lower  8  in.  layers  of  1  sq.  ft.  of  soil  from  a  rye  field,  abandoned 
orchard,  cultivated  experimental  plat,  garden,  and  sod.  Similar  data  are  also 
presented  for  1  in.  layers  of  1  cu.  ft.  of  soil  from  the  rye  field.  The  number  of 
weed  seeds  per  acre  on  various  kinds  of  soil,  including  garden,  overfiow  land, 
mack,  plowed  sod,  cultivated  fields,  etc.,  has  been  calculated,  based  on  reports 
of  investigators  mentioned  in  this  paper. 

Canada  thistle  and  methods  of  eradication,  A.  A.  Hanson  (U.  8.  Dept.  Agr., 
Former^  Bid.  1002  {1918),  pp.  15,  figs.  4).— The  weed  and  its  manner  of 
erowth  are  Illustrated  and  described,  its  distribution  in  the  United  States  indi- 
cated, and  tested  methods  of  eradication  outlined.  Summer  fallow  and  dean 
ealtivation  with  implements  that  ci)t  the  plants  beneath  the  surface  of  the 
sroimd  are  said  to  effect  the  extermination  of  the  pest  over  large  areas,  while 
small  patches  can  be  smothered  out  by  covering  with  boards,  roofing  paper,  or 
limilar  material. 

Minnesota  weeds.  III,  W.  L.  Oswau)  and  A.  Boss  (Minnesota  8ia.  BuL  176 
(1918),  pp.  5-4S,  figs.  25). — ^Thls  bulletin  contains  brief  descriptions  and  notes 
on  the  eradication  of  24  different  kinds  of  weeds  in  continuation  of  work  pre- 
viously noted  (E.  S.  R.,  81,  p.  683). 

HOBTICVLTITBE. 

[B^ort  of  horticultural  investigations  in  Guam],  G.  Bbioos  (Ouam  8ta. 
Rpt.  1917,  pp.  29-44y  pl-  1)' — Notes  are  given  on  the  acquisition  and  distribu- 
tion of  seeds  and  plants  during  the  year,  together  with  data  on  fertilizer  tests 
of  vegetables,  longevity  tests  of  vegetable  seeds,  and  notes  on  fruits  and  other 
economic  plants  being  tested  by  the  station.  These  include  the  papaya,  banana, 
mango,  avocado,  orange,  lemon,  coconut,  cacao,  coffee,  various  starch-yielding 
plants,  the  bay,  camphor,  and  rubber  trees,  and  a  number  of  palms. 

In  the  longevity  test  of  vegetable  seeds  (E.  S.  R.,  87,  p.  742),  the  various 
seeds  were  stored  both  in  ground-glass  top  exhibition  jars  and  cloth  sacks, 
placed  in  insect-proof  wooden  cabinet  drawers.  Duplicate  sets  of  seeds  were 
used  in  the  germination  tests,  which  were  made  about  every  15  days.  The  first 
series  of  tests  was  begun  August  1,  1915,  and  was  completed  March  15,  1917 ; 
the  second  series  was  begun  September  1,  1916,  and  was  completed  the  follow- 
ing Juna 

The  results  as  a  whole  indicate  that  seeds  rapidly  lose  their  viability  in  Guam. 
QtauBS  Jars  are  preferable  to  sacks  for  storing  seed.    Neither  method,  however, 

111401*— 19 4 


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340  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEOOBD.  IV©L40 

Will  keep  the  seed  in  good  condition  for  an  entire  year  if  the  containoa  are 
opened  at  frequent  intervals. 

[Report  of  horticultural  work  on  the  Belle  Vourche  redaxnatlon  project 
experiment  farm  In  1917],  B.  Amm  {U.  8.  Dept,  Agr.,  Bur.  Plant  Indu$.,  Work 
Belle  Fourche  Expt,  Farm,  1917,  pp.  28-^1). — ^Data  are  given  on  tests  of  varioiu 
kinds  of  trees  for  shade,  ornamental,  and  wind-break  use,  that  have  been 
planted  both  on  dry  land  and  on  irrigated  land. 

Observations  covering  eight  years  with  dry-land  tree  planting  indicate  that 
the  land  to  be  planted  must  be  thoroughly  subdued  previous  to  planting.  Of 
the  species  tested,  honey  locust,  green  ash,  Russian  white  olive,  red  cedar, 
and  Siberian  pea  tree  have  given  the  best  results.  A  much  larger  number  of 
species  has  succeeded  on  irrigated  land.  For  a  quick-growing  wind-break,  cot- 
tonwood,  x)oplar8,  and  willows  can  be  used.  These  may  be  flanked  on  either 
side  by  white  elm,  honey  locust,  green  ash,  Russian  olive,  and  Siberian  pea 
trees.  Evergreens  like  bull  pine  and  white  cedar  can  be  planted  in  the  rows 
between  the  poplars,  and  may  be  cnt  out  when  the  evergre^is  are  well  estab- 
lished. The  Chinese  elm  and  Chinese  willow,  as  well  as  a  number  of  shrubs, 
have  been  grown  successfully  for  ornamental  purposes. 

Data  are  given  on  varieties  of  strawberries,  raspberries,  currants,  and  goose- 
berries tested  on  the  farm. 

Food,  fruit,  and  flowers,  W.  P.  Wbisht  {London  and  Toronto:  J.  M,  Dent 
d  Sons,  Ltd.,  1917,  pp.  SS6,  pis.  S9,  flg$.  29). — ^A  popular  treatise  on  ornamental 
and  kitchen  gardening,  prepared  with  special  reference  to  war-time  conditions 
in  Great  Britain. 

Vegeculture. — ^How  to  grow  vegetables,  salads,  and  herbs  In  town  and 
country,  H.  A.  Day  {London:  Methuen  A  Co.,  Ltd.,  1917,  pp.  VIII-\-152).—A. 
practical  treatise  on  vegetable  gardening,  with  special  reference  to  British 
conditions. 

Home-grown  seed,  E.  B.  Stookkt  {Washington  8ta.,  West.  Wash.  8ta.  Mo. 
BtU.,  6  {1918),  No.  9,  pp.  128-lSO,  fig.  i). --Practical  suggestions  are  given  for 
growing  kale  and  mangel  seeds. 

Propagation  by  hardwood  cuttings,  L.  Y.  Lbonabd  {Washington  Bta.,  West. 
Wash.  Sta.  Mo.  Bid.,  €  {1918),  No.  9,  pp.  1S5,  IM).— Directions  are  given  for 
propagating  various  trees  and  shrubs  by  means  of  hardwood  cuttings. 

Report  on  the  statistics  of  vineyards,  orchards,  and  gardens,  and  root 
crops  for  the  season  1917-18,  W.  L.  Johnston  {8o.  Aust.  8tatis.  Dept.  Bid. 
4  {1918),  pp.  5). — A  report  on  the  area  and  production  of  vineyards,  orchards, 
market  gardens,  and  root  crops  in  South  Australia  for  the  season  1917-18^ 
including  comparative  data  for  the  previous  five  seasons. 

Recommended  list  of  hardy  fruits,  flowers,  and  plants,  including  shrub- 
bery, shade,  and  ornamental  trees,  evergreens,  etc,  G.  A.  Mabshall  kt  al. 
{Ann.  Rpt.  Nebr.  8tate  Hort.  8oc.,  48  {1917),  pp.  159-177,  fig.  1).— This  com- 
prises revised  lists  of  fruits  and  ornamentals  prepared  by  the  Nebraska  State 
Horticultural  Society,  and  recommended  for  planting  in  the  diiferent  fruit 
districts  of  the  State. 

Orchard  tree  census,  M.  L.  Dsan  {Bien.  Rpt.  Dept.  Agr.  Wash.,  S  {1917-18)^ 
pp.  87-112). — ^This  comprises  a  tree  census  of  apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums, 
prunes,  apricots,  and  cherries,  as  well  as  the  acreage  of  other  fruits  planted  in 
the  State  of  Washington. 

[Report  on  orchard  studies]  {Kansas  Sta.  Rpt.  1917,  p.  25). — ^A  brief  state- 
ment of  progress  made  in  soil  management  and  pruning  investigations. 

The  soil  management  factors  considered  thus  far  show  that  the  use  of  alfalfa 
as  a  companion  crop  in  an  orchard  may  encourage  the  work  of  the  buffalo 
tree  hopper  {Ceresa  buhalus).    A  more  vigorous  wood  production  remits  from 


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im]  HORTICULTUKE.  341 

thoroo^  cultivation  than  from  growing  trees  in  sod,  or  in  alfalfa  plats  where 
the  alfalfa  Is  allowed  to  grow  within  3.5  ft.  of  the  trees. 

A  comparative  study  was  made  of  the  effects  of  summer  pruning,  winter 
prnning,  and  lack  of  pruning,  summer  pruning  producing  the  most  finely  de- 
veloped and  well-balanced  tops.  The  summer-pruned  trees  were  also  less 
affected  by  the  severe  winds  that  followed  several  hard  fall  rains  than  the  other 
trees.  The  summer-pruned  trees  produced  fruit  spurs  and  a  few  blossoms  on 
the  current  season's  growth,  whereas  none  of  the  others  produced  any  blossoms. 
Orchard  fertilization  experiments. — ^Method  of  rejuvenating  trees  on 
womout  hilly  soils,  F.  H.  Ballou  {Mo.  Bui.  Ohio  Sia.,  4  {1919),  No,  i,  pp.  9-16, 
figs,  5). — ^A  popular  summary  of  the  results  secured  in  the  station's  orchard 
rejavenation  experiments  in  southeastern  Ohio  (E.  S.  R.,  36,  p.  40). 

Beport  on  apple  breeding  work  (loiva  8ta,  Rpt.  1917,  pp.  SI,  32), — ^A  brief 
statement  of  results  secured  in  apple  breeding  work  at  the  station. 

A  number  of  promising  varieties  of  apples  have  been  secured,  one  of  which, 
resulting  from  a  cross  of  Hibernal  and  Delicious,  has  a  much  better  keeping 
quality  than  Delicious  although  not  as  high  a  quality  early  in  the  season.  Sev- 
eral promising  seedlings  have  been  produced  from  a  cross  of  Salome  and  Jo- 
nathan. The  keeping  quality,  attractive  color,  and  high  quality  of  these  seed- 
lings indicate  that  they  will  be  of  considerable  value  in  the  future  apple  planta- 
tions of  the  northern  portions  of  the  United  States.  High  quality  fruit  has  also 
been  produced  from  a  selected  lot  of  Vermont  seedling  apple  stocks. 

The  plantation  of  C.  G.  Patten  of  Charles  City,  Iowa,  where  several  thousand 
seedlings  of  apples,  pears,  and  other  kinds  of  fruits  representing  40  years  of 
effort  by  Mr.  Patten  are  located,  has  been  purchased  and  added  to  the  station 
material 

Varieties  of  apples  for  the  home  orchard,  F.  W.  Faubot  iMi8$ouri  Fruit 
Sta.  arc,  12  {1918),  pp,  8), — A  descriptive  list  of  apples,  including  also  lists 
of  crab  apples  and  pears  adapted  for  planting  in  Missouri. 

Effect  of  various  dressings  on  pruning  wounds  of  apple  trees,  D.  II.  Rose 
{Missouri  Fruit  Sta.  Circ,  10  {1917),  pp,  4), — ^A  preliminary  report  on  a  prun- 
ing experiment  begun  in  January,  1916,  to  determine  the  best  time  to  prune  and 
also  to  test  the  value  of  various  paints  and  pruning  compounds  as  dressings  for 
wounds. 

The  results  thus  far  secured  indicate  that  winter  is  the  poorest  time  to  make 
large  pruning  wounds  in  Missouri  orchards,  since  the  wounds  heal  slowly  and 
are  very  likely  to  become  infected  with  cankers.  The  best  time  to  do  such 
pruning  is  between  March  and  June,  preferably  in  May  and  June,  when  there  is 
less  danger  from  canker  infection  and  bark  injury  around  the  wound.  Wounds 
heal  more  quickly,  show  less  bark  Injury,  and  are  less  in  danger  from  canker 
infection  when  covered  with  a  soft  grafting  wax  than  when  untreated  or  when 
covered  with  any  of  the  other  wound  dressings  commonly  in  use.  Untreated 
wounds  heal  no  better  than  those  treated  with  lead  and  oil,  and  show  a  slightly 
greater  tendency  to  become  Infected  with  New  York  canker  than  do  those  treated 
with  lead  and  oil  or  grafting  wax. 

Two  years  of  success  with  dusting,  J.  R.  Cossette  {Agr,  Qaz.  Canada,  6 
(1919),  No.  2,  pp,  168,  i6d).— Dusting  experiments  conducted  at  the  Oka  Agrl- 
coltoral  Institute  for  two  years  indicate  that  the  use  of  powdered  sulphur  and 
lead  arsenate  on  apple  trees  Is  efficient  in  preventing  scab  and  wormy  apples, 
bat  Is  of  no  value  in  checking  canker. 

Peaches,  plums,  and  cherries  for  the  home  orchard,  F.  W.  Faubot  {Mis- 
souri Fruit  Sta.  Circ.  IS  {1918),  pp.  7).— A  descriptive  list  of  peaches,  plums, 
and  cherries  recommended  for  planting  in  Missouri, 


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342  EXPEBIKENT  STATION  BBGOBD.  (YoL  40 

The  Hemito  grape,  P.  Thayeb  {Mo.  Bui.  Ohio.  Sta.,  S  {1918),  No.  12,  pp.  ST2, 
S7S,  fig.  1). — ^The  grape  here  Illustrated  and  described  is  a  seedling  of  the  Heiv 
bert  and  was  originated  by  T.  Y.  Munson.  The  author  regards  the  Hemito 
variety  as  one  of  the  best  of  grapes  for  storing  after  maturity.  It  keeps  well 
In  both  cellar  and  cold  storage. 

'  Spray  schedule  for  grapes,  D.  H.  Ross  {Missouri  Fruit  Sta.  Circ  11  {1918}, 
PP'  4)' — ^Thls  circular  comprises  a  spray  schedule  for  the  control  of  the  more 
Important  diseases  and  of  Insect  pests  of  grapes,  including  directions  for  pre- 
paring spray  material. 

Choosing  gooseberry  varieties. — ^Experimental  results  with  American  and 
English  fruits,  P.  Thateb  {Mo.  Bui.  Ohio  Sia.,  4  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  22-27,  figs. 
3). — ^Notes  are  given  on  a  number  of  American  and  English  varieties  of  goose- 
berries that  have  been  tested  at  the  station  since  1912.  Of  the  American 
varieties  the  Downing  and  Houghton  were  the  leading  varieties,  and  of  the 
English  varieties  the  Industry  and  Whitesmith  were  the  most  satisfactory 
and  are  recommended  for  trial  wherever  English  varieties  are  desired. 

Agricultural  explorations  in  Mexico,  W.  Popenoe  {CaU  Citrogr.,  4  {1919}, 
No.  3,  pp.  63,  69,  to,  71,  73,  figs.  4).— This  is  the  third  of  a  series  of  papers  deal- 
ing with  avocados  and  other  fruits  of  Mexico  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  246). 

Becent  investigations  in  orchard  heating,  I.  G.  McBeth  and  J.  R.  AixiaoH 
(Cal.  Citrogr.,  4  {1919),  No.  3,  pp.  51,  65,  67,  figs.  5).— Experiments  were  con- 
ducted by  the  authors  in  some  lemon  orchards  at  Whlttler,  GaL,  to  determine 
the  exact  time  required  to  damage  young  lemons  at  a  given  temperature  and 
a  given  humidity. 

The  results  in  general  indicate  that  lemons  are  damaged  more  quickly  by 
low  temperatures  under  humid  conditions  than  under  conditions  of  low 
humidity.  Small  lemons  will  not  be  damaged  by  a  temperature  of  28"*  F.  if 
surrounded  by  a  dry  atmosphere,  unless  exposed  for  many  hours.  An  abun- 
dance of  moisture  is  of  value  in  protecting  lemons  from  damage  only  when  the 
condensation  of  atmospheric  vapor  into  dew  and  the  congealing  of  the  dew 
into  ice  liberates  sufficient  heat  to  hold  the  temperature  above  the  freezing 
point  of  the  fruit 

Varieties  of  the  Satsuma  orange  group  in  Japan,  T.  Tjlnaka  {U.  8.  Dept. 
Agr.,  Bur.  Plant  Indus.,  1918,  pp.  10,  figs.  2). — ^This  discusses  the  origin  of  the 
Satsuma  orange,  and  gives  a  general  description  of  six  strains  of  the  Satsuma 
orange  located  by  the  author  up  to  the  end  of  1912  after  a  thorough  surv^ 
of  Japanese  citrus  varieties. 

Varieties  of  the  Satsuma  orange  group  in  the  United  States,  L.  B.  Sootr 
{U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bur,  Plant  Indus.,  1918,  pp.  7). — ^The  author  calls  attention 
to  the  variations  occurring  among  Satsuma  oranges  both  in  Japan,  as  observed 
by  Tanaka  in  the  above  noted  circular,  and  in  the  United  States.  Yariationa 
occurring  in  this  country  are  described,  and  the  importance  of  segregatins 
those  varieties  which  differ  in  the  seasons  of  their  maturity  Is  pointed  out 

Successful  grapefruit  production  in  California,  A.  D.  Shamel  (Col.  Citroffr^ 
4  (1919),  No.  3,  pp.  50,  72,  figs.  3). — ^A  popular  discussion  of  factors  involved  In 
the  successful  production  and  marketing  of  grapefruit. 

Boses  and  how  to  grow  them,  E.  Beckett  {London:  C.  Arthur  Pearson,  Lt^ 
1918,  pp.  126,  pi.  1). — ^A  popular  handbook  on  rose  culture  under  glass  and  In 
the  open,  including  chapters  on  various  classes  of  roses  and  lists  of  varieties 
recommended  for  various  tyi)es  of  planting. 


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19191  DISEASES  OF  PLANTS.  843 

FOBESTBT. 

The  forests  of  Bnchanan  County,  Va.,  W  G.  Schwab  (Va.  Oeol.  Com.,  Off, 
State  F wester  Bui.  16  (1918),  pp.  20,  pfo.  S).— A  survey  of  the  forests  and  forest 
activities  in  Buchanan  Ck>unty,  Va.  The  important  phases  discussed  include 
distribution  of  species,  forest  types,  distribution  of  forests,  classes  of  forest, 
methods  of  lumbering  in  the  past  and  at  present,  markets  for  lumber  and 
minor  products,  stumpage  values,  forest  fires,  reproduction  and  rate  of  growth 
of  young  stands,  the  future  of  the  forests,  and  the  lumber  industry. 

The  forests  of  Tazewell  County,  Va.,  W.  G.  Schwab  (Fa.  OeoL  Cam,,  Off. 
State  Forester  Bui.  IS  (1917),  pp.  14,  pU.  7).— A  survey,  similar  to  the  above, 
of  the  forests  and  forest  activities  in  Tazewell  County,  Va. 

Slfect  of  grazing  upon  western  yellow  pine  reproduction  in  central  Idaho, 
W.  N.  Spabhawk  (17.  8.  Dept.  Agr.  Bui.  7S8  (1918),  pp.  SI,  pis.  ^).— An  inten- 
sive study  was  conducted  on  three  sheep  grazing  allotments  of  the  Payette 
National  Forest  in  central  Idaho  during  the  years  1912  to  1914,  inclusive.  It 
is  believed  that  the  results  here  presented  are  applicable  to  the  entire  western 
yellow  pine  region  in  central  Idaho. 

The  method  of  study  is  described,  and  data  are  given  on  the  nature  and 
amount  of  injuries  caused  by  sheep  grazing,  sizes  injured,  season  of  injury, 
relation  between  amount  of  damage  and  intensity  of  grazing,  cumulative  effect 
of  grazing,  relation  between  amount  of  damage  and  amount  and  character  of 
forage,  comparison  of  the  damage  caused  by  sheep  and  other  agencies,  and 
valuation  of  damage.  Consideration  is  also  given  to  the  benefits  of  sheep 
grazing  to  the  forest  and  the  management  of  grazing,  both  with  reference  to 
the  proper  utilization  of  the  forage  and  the  welfare  of  forest  reproduction. 

Marketing  farm  timber  In  South  Carolina,  G.  N.  Lamb  {Clemaon  Agr.  Col. 
8.  C,  Bspt.  Bui.  41  (1918),  pp.  48,  Affs.  5).— This  bulletin  contains  instructions 
for  estimating  and  marketing  timber  and  other  products  of  farm  woodlands. 

[Beport  of  the  division  of  lands  and  forests]  (Ann.  Rpt.  Conserv.  Com., 
N.  y.,  8  (1918),  pp.  97-140,  pU.  6).— A  report  for  the  calendar  year  1918  rela- 
tive to  the  administration  and  management  of  the  State  forest  preserves  and 
forest  nurseries,  parks,  and  reservations,  including  information  relative  to 
work  in  reforestation,  the  control  of  the  white  pine  blister  rust,  and  forest 
fire  protection.  A  report  is  also  given  of  lumber,  cordwood,  and  other  products 
obtained  from  the  State  forests  during  the  calendar  year  1917. 

Awiiwai  return  of  statistics  relating  to  forest  administration  in  British 
India  for  the  year  1916-17  (Stalls.  Forest  Admin.  Brit.  India,  1916-17,  pp.  24, 
pi.  i).~A  statistical  report  relative  to  the  administration  and  management  of 
the  State  forests  of  British  India  during  the  year  1916-17.  Data  relative  to 
area  pf  forests  under  the  control  of  the  forest  department,  forest  settlements, 
surveys,  working  plans,  forest  fires,  planting  operations,  yields  in  major  and 
minor  forest  products,  principal  exports,  etc.,  are  presented  in  tabular  form. 
Comparative  data  on  revenue  and  expenditures  are  given  for  the  25  years 
commencing  188S&-88. 

Annual  report  on  the  forestry  department  for  the  year  ended  March  31, 
1918,  R.  Fyfts  (Ann.  Rpt.  Forestry  Dept.  Uganda,  1917-18,  pp.  11).— A  prog- 
ress report  of  the  administration,  development,  and  improvement  of  the  Uganda 
Protectorate  forest  resources,  including  a  financial  statement  for  the  year. 

DISEASES  OF  FLAXTTS. 

Some  of  the  broader  phytopathological  problems  in  their  relation  to  for- 
eign seed  and  plant  introduction,  B.  T.  Gaixowat  (PhytapatJiology,  8  (1918), 


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344  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [VoL  40 

No,  St  pp.  87-^). — ^In  a  ]>aper  presented  at  the  meeting  of  the  Phytopathological 
Seminary  at  Washington,  D.  G.,  the  author  calls  attention  to  some  phases  of 
plant  disease  problems  that  are  considered  as  needing  Investigation.  These 
relate  especially  to  studies  In  plant  hygiene  and  of  crops  in  relation  to  their 
environment. 

Pathological  aspects  of  the  Pederal  Fruit  and  Vegetable  Inspection  Serv- 
ice, 0.  L.  Shbab  {Phytopathology,  8  (1918),  No,  4,  pp.  155-160).— Attention 
is  called  to  some  of  the  pathological  problems,  and  the  possibilities  of  service 
offered  by  and  In  connection  with  the  recently  established  Food  Inspection 
Service  of  the  Bureau  of  Markets  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Immunity  and  disease  in  plants,  E.  J.  Butler  (Agr,  Jour.  India,  Indian 
Sci.  Cong,  No.,  1918,  pp.  10-28). — ^The  author  distinguishes  between  avoidance, 
endurance,  and  resistance  of  disease  by  plants,  and  cites  freely  the  Illustrative 
literature,  with  discussion.  Indicating  certain  directions  In  which  progress  can 
be  readily  made  by  investigations. 

Breeding  for  disease  resistance  in  plants,  W.  A.  Obton  (Amer,  Jour,  Bat.,  5 
(1918),  No,  6,  pp,  279-283). — ^Besides  giving  a  discussion  of  several  plant  dis- 
eases as  to  introduction,  spread,  injury,  and  prevention,  the  last  being  based 
primarily  upon  the  development  of  resistant  varieties  by  work  along  lines  fol- 
lowed in  the  past  as  here  reviewed,  the  author  suggests  practical  measures  in- 
volving cooperation  on  a  large  scale. 

Plant  disease  investigations  {Kansa$  8ta.  Rpt.  1917,  pp.  SO,  SI), — It  is 
stated  that  marked  freedom  from  stem  rust  (Puccinia  graminis  tritici)  was 
observed  in  field  and  greenhouse  tests  with  three  varieties  of  hard  winter 
wheat  developed  by  the  station.  One  of  these,  Kanred,  showed  only  10  per 
cent  of  rust  and  two  commercial  varieties  only  5  per  cent  All  other  varieties 
which  proved  susceptible  in  the  same  test  showed  as  much  as  85  per  cent  rust, 
and  the  quality  of  the  seed  was  very  poor. 

An  Investigation  on  the  control  of  com  smut  showed  that  the  various  fungi- 
cides used  reduced  the  amount  of  smut,  but  In  almost  every  case  the  yield  was 
likewise  reduced.  It  has  been  found  that  Infection  from  com  smut  Is  local 
and  that  that  through  developing  seedlings  Is  a  negligible  factor. 

Brief  notes  are  given  on  the  occurrence  of  a  number  of  other  cereal  diseases, 
as  well  as  on  diseases  of  potatoes  and  tomatoes. 

Report  on  the  plant  disease  situation  in  Guam,  W.  H.  Weston,  jb.  {Guam 
8ta,  Rpt,  1917,  pp,  45-€2f  pis.  2), — ^An  account  Is  given  of  fungus  diseases  ob- 
served by  the  author  during  a  brief  visit  to  the  Island  of  Guam  in  1918,  the 
diseases  being  discussed  under  the  various  host  plants. 

Cultures  of  JEddium  tubulosom  and  M,  passlfloriieola,  H.  E.  Thomas 
{Phytopathology,  8  {1918),  No,  4,  pp.  16S,  164),— As  a  result  of  cultural  testa, 
the  author  has  been  able  to  associate  the  telial  forms  of  these  fungi  with  their 
alternate  hosts.  This  is  believed  to  be  the  first  time  that  cultural  proof  has 
been  presented  of  the  full  life  cyde  of  any  tropical  grass  or  sedge  rust. 

Field  studies  of  Gercospora  beticola,  M.  B.  McKay  and  Ventts  W.  Pool 
{Phytopathology,  8  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  119-1S6,  flgs,  «).— Results  are  given  of 
studies  on  artificial  infections,  sources  of  field  infection^  and  the  influence  of 
different  field  and  feeding  practices  on  the  development  of  the  leaf  spot  of 
sugar  beets  due  to  C.  heticola. 

In  addition  to  the  sugar  beet,  garden  beets,  Swiss  chard,  mangel-wurzel,  and 
Martynia  louisiana  are  subject  to  attack  by  this  fungus.  It  is  claimed  that 
primary  Infections  on  sugar  beets  may  come  from  Infected  beet  balls  or  from 
the  debris  of  other  hosts  than  the  sugar  beet,  but  the  chief  source  of  such  in- 
fections Is  from  the  old  beet  top  material  left  on  the  ground  after  the  harvest 
of  the  preceding  season. 


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1W»1  DISEASES  OF  PLANTS.  345 

The  careful  remoyal  of  infected  beet  tops  after  harvest  is  claimed  to  delay 
the  appearance  of  the  disease  in  nonrotated  fields  the  following  season  and 
to  materially  reduce  the  injury  therefrom.  Treatment  of  infected  beet  seed 
with  formaldehyde  (15: 1,000)  for  7  minutes  kills  the  fungus  without  injuring 
the  germination  of  the  seed,  and  plants  grown  from  seed  thus  treated  are  said 
to  attain  greater  development  and  productivity  than  those  from  untreated  in- 
fected seed. 

The  organism  is  destroyed  in  its  passage  through  the  alimentary  tract  of 
animals,  and  also  when  infected  beet  tops  are  subjected  to  a  temperature  of 
100°  C.  for  30  minutes  or  110*  for  15  minutes.  The  best  method  for  prevent- 
ing the  spread  of  the  disease  through  feeding  practices  is  said  to  be  the 
removal  and  storage  of  the  beet  tops  in  silos,  as  the  organism  does  not  survive 
the  siloing  process  for  even  two  weeks. 

Sugar-beet  fields  should  not  only  be  rotated  but  should  also  be  separated 
from  nonrotated  fields  by  at  least  100  yds.  to  avoid  the  spread  of  the  disease 
from  one  field  to  another.  The  organism  is  said  to  be  spread  to  some  extent  by 
the  air,  insects,  and  irrigation  water. 

Feresmial  mycelium  of  Gymnosporangiiiin  blasdaleanum,  J.  S.  Boycb 
{Phyiopatholoify,  8  (1918),  No,  4,  PP-  161,  i62).— Attention  is  called  to  the  fact 
that  originally  the  telial  stage  of  O.  bkudaleanum  was  considered  as  not 
deforming  its  host,  but  subsequent  investigations  have  shown  that  it  is 
capable  of  producing  pronounced  witches'  brooms  in  the  incense  cedar  {Libo- 
eedruM  deourrens).  In  addition  to  the  witches'  brooms,  the  author  describes 
spindle-shaped  swellings  found  on  the  branches  and  on  the  trunks  of  trees  of 
all  sizes.  These  swellings  are  considered  a  result  of  a  very  decided  Increase  in 
the  development  of  the  wood  with  a  negligible  increase  in  the  bast.  Mycelium 
was  found  in  abundance  in  the  browned  areas  of  the  wood  in  both  the  witches' 
brooms  and  the  spindle-shaped  swellings.  No  internal  sori  have  been  found 
within  the  swellings,  and  it  is  believed  that  the  life  of  the  fungus  within 
these  swellings  is  strictly  vegetative. 

The  occurrence  of  Pucdnla  gramlnis  tritici  compact!  in  the  southern 
United  States,  E.  G.  Stakman  and  G.  R.  Hoehneb  (Phytopathology,  8  (1918), 
^0-  4.  PP-  H1-H9,  fi09.  2;  abs.  in  8  (1918),  No.  2,  p.  77).— In  a  previous  publi- 
cation (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  749),  a  strain  of  P.  fframinis  occurring  on  club  wheat 
and  grasses  in  the  Pacific  Northwest  was  described,  and  in  the  present  paper 
the  anthers  report  that  this  strain  has  been  found  on  wheat  in  southwestern 
Texas,  in  Louisiana,  and  in  Alabama.  This  strain  is  considered  identical  with 
that  occurring  in  the  Pacific  Northwest,  and  the  fact  that  it  is  so  constant  on 
dilferent  hosts  in  widely  separated  localities  is  considered  to  indicate  strongly 
tliat  it  is  not  merely  a  local  variant  form  of  P.  granUnis  tritici.  The  geographic 
limits  of  the  form  described  are  imperfectly  known,  but  it  has  been  reported 
from  the  South  and  the  Pacific  Northwest  and  it  may  be  much  more  widely 
9read,  though  it  probably  does  not  occur  in  the  upper  Mississippi  Valley  or 
the  northern  Great  Plains. 

IMJferences  between  the  species  of  Tilletia  on  wheat,  A.  A.  Potteb  and 
G.  W.  Cooifs  (PhytopatJwloffy,  8  (1918),  No,  3,  pp.  106-113,  f,gB.  4;  abs.  in  8 
(1918),  No.  t,  p,  72). — ^The  authors  call  attention  to  differences  manifested  by 
7.  Imvis  and  T.  tritici  on  wheat,  confirming  the  observations  previously  reported 
QB  the  occurrence  in  southwestern  Michigan  of  high  and  low  types  of  the 
sdnldng  smut  (B.  S.  R.,  4,  p.  352). 

The  high  smut  is  characterized  by  the  production  of  culms  from  2  to  4  in. 
shorter  than  normal,  while  the  low  form  averages  fully  1  ft  shorter  than  the 
h^^t  of  healthy  plants.  The  high  form  is  said  to  be  due  to  T,  Iwvis  and  the 
siiorter  to  T.  triticL    Other  differences  between  the  manifestations  of  disease  j 

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346  BXPEEIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  tToL4e 

caused  by  these  two  species  of  smut  are  described,  and  it  is  thought  that  the 
dwarfing  of  the  host  by  T.  tritici  probably  contributes  materially  to  the  smut 
problem  in  the  Palouse  region  of  Washington  and  Idaho.  Varietal  resistance 
is  believed  to  be  a  factor  of  considerable  importance  in  respect  to  these 
diseases,  some  varieties  being  affected  as  much  as  50  per  cent  Attention  Is 
Called  to  these  two  smuts  in  order  that  observations  may  be  made  which  may 
confirm  the  authors*  conclusions  and  also  furnish  more  accurate  data  regarding 
their  present  distribution. 

Besistanoe  of  Manitoba  wheat  to  fonffos  diseases  (Compl.  Bend.  Acad.  Agr, 
Franoet  4  U918),  No.  17,  pp.  5S0-5S4). — ^This  includes  information  bearing  upon 
the  practically  complete  resistance  to  smut  of  the  wheat  variety  Manitoba. 

Comparative  smut  resistance  of  Washington  wheats,  B.  F.  Oaines  {Jour. 
Amer.  Soo.  Agron.,  10  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  21S-222). — Observations  on  the  com- 
parative resistance  to  stinking  smut  of  13  varieties  and  strains  of  wint^ 
wheat,  made  at  the  Washington  Experiment  Station  during  1915,  1916,  and 
1917,  inclusive,  showed  marked  differences  between  varieties,  the  reduction  in 
yield  ranging  from  1.8  per  cent  for  Turkey  to  92.15  per  cent  for  Hybrid  128 
under  conditions  of  maximum  infection.  The  extreme  differences  noted  are 
thought  to  point  to  two  distinct  factors  which  tend  to  control  the  resistance  of 
wheat  to  smut,  namely,  the  prevention  of  infection  as  indicated  by  the  marked 
variations  in  the  percentage  of  Infected  plants  among  the  varieties  studied 
and  the  prevention  of  smut-ball  formation  after  infecti<»i,  as  evidenced  by  wide 
differences  in  yield  of  wheat  produced  by  Infected  plants  of  the  diftereat 
varietiea 

A  possible  new  fungicide  for  wheat  and  barley  smut,  W.  W.  Macxib 
(Science,  n.  aer.,  48  (1918),  No.  1247,  pp.  515,  516). — ^Formaldehyde,  which  is 
very  effective  for  the  treatment  of  seed  wheat  for  stinking  smut  where  soil 
infection  does  not  occur,  is  said  to  be  Ineffective  in  the  Pacific  Coast  States. 
In  this  region,  copper  sulphate  is  more  widely  used,  and  this,  by  adhering  to 
the  seed,  usually  prevents  soil  Infection  of  the  crop.  As  strong  solutions  of 
copper  sulphate  tend  to  lower  the  germination  of  the  seed,  the  expedient  of 
dipping  the  treated  seed  in  lime  solutions  has  been  widely  adopted,  but  this 
Involves  a  double  dipping  and  a  considerable  increase  in  the  cost  of  the 
treatment 

In  attempting  to  devise  some  other  method  of  treatment,  the  author  tested 
lime-sulphur  dip,  and  the  preliminary  results  with  wheat  and  barley  showed 
that  rather  dilute  solutions  of  lime-sulphur  are  very  effective  against  both 
the  stinking  smut  of  wheat  and  the  covered  smut  of  barley.  A  solution  as  stroog 
as  1  part  Ume-sulphur  to  1  part  water  had  no  apparent  deleterious  effect  on 
the  germination  of  seed  wheat  and  barley. 

The  Altemarla  leaf  spot  of  cotton,  R.  C.  Faxtlwettieb  {Phytopathology,  8 
{1918),  No.  S,  pp.  98-105,  figs.  3).— A  report  is  given  of  a  disease  of  ootton 
leaves  said  to  be  common  in  South  Carolina  and  believed  to  be  present  In  other 
cotton-growing  States. 

The  lesions  of  the  disease  arise  in  and  spread  from  earlier  injuries  in  the 
leaf  in  the  majority  of  instances.  The  spot  is  characterized  at  first  by  a  pale 
green  color,  later  becoming  straw  yellow  and  finally  rusty  brown,  at  whidi 
stage  it  has  a  brittle,  papery  texture  and  irregular,  concentric  conations.  The 
Alternaria  spots  are  usually  found  growing  from  and  finally  surrounding  spots 
caused  by  Bacterium  maJvacearum  and  also  injuries  caused  by  the  red  spider, 
but  they  are  also  present  where  no  previous  injury  can  be  detected.  Tlie 
fungus  causing  the  disease  has  not  been  definitely  determined,  but  it  is  con- 
sidered very  similar  to  A.  tenuU.   AJtificial  inoculations  have  shown  the  fansm 


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1»1»1  DISEASES  OF  PLANTS.  847 

to  be  a  weak  parasite  and  able  to  infect  bealthy  tissues  only  under  the  most 
favorable  conditions. 

Bhlzoctonia  in  Jute:  The  inhibiting  effect  of  potash  manuring,  R.  S.  Fin- 
low  {Affr-  Jour,  indta,  Indian  Sci.  Cong.  No,,  1918,  pp,  d5-7£). — Indications 
having  been  noted  that  a  connection  may  exist  between  the  presence  of 
Rhlzoctonia  and  a  lack  of  potash  In  the  soil,  the  author  has  taken  part  in 
preliminary  experimentation,  which  as  here  described  Is  considered  to  show  a 
highly  beneficial  effect  ascribed  to  the  potash  content  of  the  ash  of  water 
hyacinth. 

Potato  diseases.—!,  Early  blight  or  leaf  curl,  Ethel  M.  Doidgb  (£fo.  African 
Fruit  Grower,  4  {1917),  No,  4,  pp,  65-67,  figs.  5).— Experiments  on  early  blight 
carried  out  for  three  years  on  an  extensive  scale  on  several  varieties  of 
potatoes  at  Groenkloof,  near  Pretoria,  showed  no  very  satisfactory  results  for 
either  Bordeaux  or  Burgundy  mixture.  The  better  results  were  obtained  with 
the  former,  the  latter  causing  some  injury  to  the  plants,  which  showed  con- 
siderable varietal  differences  as  regards  susceptibility. 

Iieaf  roll  of  potato,  Blanchahd  and  Pekret  (Compt,  Rend,  Acad.  Agr,  France, 
S  {1917),  No.  31,  pp.  894,  895), — ^Thls  Is  a  summary  of  a  report  on  studies  with 
potato  leaf  roll  carried  on  since  1914  In  the  Department  of  the  Loire. 

Although  the  cause  of  the  trouble  has  not  been  definitely  established.  It 
appears  not  to  be  due  to  parasitic  agency  but  to  physiological  and  other 
causes,  probably  being  connected  with  too  long  a  course  of  asexual  reproduc- 
tion and  with  too  great  a  deficiency  of  nitrogenous  factors  in  the  soil.  Certain 
varieties  named  appear  to  possess  resistance  to  leaf  roll.  Copper  treatments 
were  without  beneficial  effect 

Betermination  of  the  factors  inducing  leaf  roll  of  potatoes,  particularly  in 
northern  dimates,  P.  A.  Mubphy  and  E.  J.  Wortley  {Phytopathology,  8  {1918), 
No,  4»  PP-  150-154,  fig-  i). — ^The  authors,  in  a  first  progress  report  on  leaf  roll, 
confirm  the  claim  of  Quanjer  that  leaf  roll  may  be  transmitted  to  healthy 
potato  plants  grown  in  proximity  to  diseased  ones  (E.  S.  K.,  86,  p.  847).  The 
history  of  a  number  of  potato  plats  in  Prince  Edward  Island  is  given  and  the 
developmoit  of  the  disease  in  these  plats  is  traced. 

As  a  result  of  their  investlgatlcms,  it  is  claimed  that  it  is  impossible  to  rid 
stock  of  leaf  roll  by  the  selection  of  healthy  potatoes,  even  when  only  a  mod- 
erate amount  of  the  disease  Is  present  and  the  work  Is  carried  on  under  con- 
ditions unfavorable  to  the  production  of  the  disease.  It  is  recommended 
in  case  of  collections  of  varieties  of  potatoes  that  they  should  be  grown  In 
rows  separated  from  one  another  by  at  least  6  ft.,  and  that  the  Intervening 
space  should  be  planted  with  some  other  hoed  crop. 

Sweet  potato  storage  rots,  L.  L.  Hasteb,  J.  L.  Weiiceb,  and  J.  M.  R.  Adaics 
iJowr.  Agr,  Research  [V,  fif.],  15  {1918),  No,  6,  pp,  3S7-S68,  pU,  7).— This  ar- 
ticle, which  is  a  contribution  from  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  U.  S.  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  is  an  elaboration  of  a  report  previously  published  (E.  S. 
R.,  39,  p.  854). 

Seventeen  fungi  responsible  for  loss  in  sweet  potatoes  in  storage  are 
described  at  considerable  length.  Of  these,  Rhizopus  nigricans,  Sptiwronema 
flmbriatum,  Diplodia  tubericola,  Diaporthe  batatatis,  Plenodomus  destruens, 
ScHerotium  l)ataticola,  and  Moniloch^Btes  infuscans  are  said  to  be  responsible 
for  most  of  the  loss,  while  under  favorable  storage  conditions  rots  may  be 
produced  by  Mucor  racemosus,  Altemaria  sp.,  PerUciUium  sp.,  Botrytis  cinerea, 
Bpicocoum  sp.,  Oibherella  sauhinettii,  Fusarium  culmorum,  F.  acuminatum, 
and  TViduHlerma  koningi.  Some  of  the  organisms  causing  storage  rots  are 
also  known  to  cause  field  diseases  of  sweet  potatoes.  These  are  Sphteronema 
fbniniatum,  Plenodomus  destruens,  and  Moniloohwtes  infuscans*     ^  , 

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848  EXPEBIMEKT  STATION  BECORD.  (ToL  40 

Bacterial  diaeases  of  tomatoes  In  St.  Vincent,  W.  Nowell  {Agr,  Newt  IBar- 
bados},  16  (1917) f  No,  409,  pp.  4H,  415), — ^Tbe  outstanding  character  of  tomato 
wilt  (ascribed  to  Bacterium  {Badllus)  $olanacearum)  In  St  Vincent  is  the 
wilting  of  the  whole  plant,  usually  suddenly,  no  preliminary  discoloration  hav- 
ing been  observed.  Other  diagnostic  phenomena  are  reported.  The  peanut 
is  said  to  be  attacked  by  the  disease  on  infected  soiL 

While  fruit  inoculations  with  this  organism  were  unsuccessful,  injuries  to 
fruits  were  observed  to  be  followed  by  infection  resulting  in  gas  bubbles  xukdet 
the  skin  of  the  fruit  The  whole  content  of  the  fruit,  except  the  seeds,  was 
finally  reduced  to  slime  and  gas,  this  process  being  very  rapid. 

Winter  injury  to  fruit  trees,  W.  Paddock  {Agr.  Student,  2S  {1918),  No.  1, 
pp.  31,  S2,  fig,  i).— As  a  result  of  the  unusual  cold  during  the  winter  of  1917-lS, 
the  mortality  due  to  cold  effects  was  very  high  among  peach  trees  over  six 
years  old.  Curious  phenomena  noted  include  live  fruit  buds  on  trees  so  injured 
by  cold  as  to  die  before  maturing  fruit  Cherry,  plum,  pear,  and  apple  trees 
were  injured  or  killed,  the  older  suffering  more  than  the  younger  trees.  Frost 
cankers  in  crotches,  sometimes  severely  injuring  the  younger  trees,  appear  to 
have  been  started  by  the  cold  weather. 

Pear  blight  wind  borne,  F.  L.  Stevens,  W.  A.  Ruth,  and  C.  S.  SpooivEa 
(Science,  n.  «er.,  48  (1918),  No.  1244,  PP-  449^  450).— In  order  to  determine 
whether  other  agencies  than  insects  play  a  part  in  the  spread  of  pear  blight 
two  pear  trees  were  inclosed  in  wooden  frames,  the  structures  being  covered 
with  wire  netting.  Fully  as  abundant  infection  was  observed  on  the  screened 
trees  as  on  others,  but  as  the  mesh  of  the  wire  netting  was  not  sufficiently  fine 
to  keep  out  very  small  insects,  the  experiment  was  repeated  in  1918  with 
cylinders  of  fine  bolting  cloth  placed  over  portions  of  trees.  Ten  cylinders  in- 
closed flowering  wood  and  40  were  used  to  cover  terminal  growth.  When 
examination  was  made  at  a  later  date,  blighted  flowers  were  found  in  two  of 
the  cages,  the  blight  evidently  having  altered  through  the  calyx,  and  a  con- 
siderable number  of  blighted  terminal  shoots  were  found  in  other  screens. 

These  observations  are  believed  to  indicate  that  insects  are  not  of  primary 
importance  as  carriers  of  pear  blight,  and  the  hypothesis  is  presented  that  wind 
is  the  chief  agency  of  dissemination. 

Pear-blight  control  in  Bogue  Biver  Valley,  Oreg.,  C.  O.  Catb  (Better  FruU, 
IS  (1918),  No.  S,  pp.  5,  6,  ftgt.  3). — ^Pear  blight  (BaciUua  amylovorus) ,  appearing 
in  the  Rogue  River  Valley  in  1007  and  being  mistaken  at  first  for  a  sour  sap 
phenomenon,  is  now  known  to  attack  all  local  varieties  of  apples,  though  the 
Winesaps  are  very  resistant.  Hold-over  blight  has  been  found  to  be  due  to  in- 
fection of  the  root  systems,  influenced  very  largely  by  the  presence  of  different 
insects,  the  control  of  which  is  regarded  as  important 

It  was  noted  that  the  application  of  powdered  sulphur  formerly  tried  for 
crown  gall  had  greatly  reduced  pear  blight  also  that  measures  controlling 
different  insects  had  kept  down  the  blight  to  a  considerable  degree.  Recom- 
mendations include  careful  inspection,  the  use  of  from  1  to  S  Iba  of  sulphur 
around  the  base  of  trees,  tanglefoot  bands,  spraying  with  oil  emulsion,  nlcotin 
and  arsenate  of  lead,  and  cresol,  and  disinfection  of  all  wounds  made  tn 
pruning. 

Control  of  peach  leaf  curl  at  Yanco  experiment  farm,  W.  J.  Aixjbn  {Agr, 
Oaz.  N.  8.  Walei,  29  (1918),  No.  7,  p.  490). — ^Freshly  prepared  lime-sulphur  ap- 
plied to  peach  trees  during  the  dormant  period  proved  to  be  almost  perfectly 
protective  against  leaf  curl  and  also  against  rust  An  application  made  at  the 
time  the  buds  were  swelling  permitted  some  development  of  leaf  curl,  and  one 
made  when  the  blossoms  were  in  the  pink  stage  permitted  still  more  develop- 
ment of  the  disease. 

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1»1»1  DISEASES  OF  PLAKTS.  349 

atruB  oanker  eradication,  I.  B.  P.  Evans  {8o.  African  Fruit  Grower,  ^ 
{1918),  No,  10,  p.  192),— The  author  states  that,  at  the  end  of  March,  1918, 
dtms  canker  had  been  found  only  in  the  Cape  and  Transvaal  Provinces,  which 
showed  three  and  two  outbreaks,  respectively. 

Bozied  coconut  trunks  and  root  diseases  of  rubber,  F.  W.  Sottth  {AffT' 
BuL  Fed.  Malay  State*,  6  (1918),  No.  6,  p.  26P).— An  account  is  given  of  the  de- 
velopment of  disease  in  rubber  trees  between  the  rows  of  which  coconut  trees 
had  been  buried  some  three  years  before.  The  rubber  trees  were  affected  with 
brown  root  disease  {HymenocJupte  noxia)  and  wet  rot  (Poria  hypolaterita) 
working  together  or  separately,  the  last  named  having  attacked  much  of  the 
buried  wood.  The  disease  was  traceable  down  the  roots  of  the  rubber  trees  to 
the  coconut  logs.  When  the  attack  had  not  reached  the  collar,  removal  of  the 
diseased  roots  saved  the  rubber  trees. 

The  spraying:  of  tea  In  northeast  India,  A.  O.  Tunstaix  {Affr,  Jour.  India, 
Indian  8ok  Cong.  No.,  1918,  pp.  79-80). — This  is  a  general  account  of  the  con- 
ditions for  the  growing  of  the  tea,  with  discussions  of  tea  diseases  and  their 
control,  including  both  devices  and  organization. 

A  number  of  ready-made  preparations  have  been  tested,  and  lime-sulphur 
solutions  appear  to  be  the  most  satisfactory  on  the  whole,  either  as  insecticides 
or  fungicides. 

Bisease  in  forest  trees  caused  by  the  larger  fungrit  E.  Cheel  and  J.  B. 
CuBLAjn)  {Foresftry  Com.  N.  8.  Wales  Bui.  12  (1918),  pp.  12,  pis.  20).— Descrip- 
tions are  given  of  injury  to  timber  trees  caused  by  a  number  of  species  of 
Armillaria,  Pholiota,  Polyporus,  Polystictus,  Femes,  Hexagons,  and  Trametes. 

Hotes  on  forest  tree  rusts,  J.  R.  Weib  and  E.  E.  Hubert  (Phytopathology,  8 
{1918),  No.  S,  pp.  lH-118). — ^Notes  are  given  on  a  number  of  forest  tree  rusts, 
in  which  the  different  stages  of  the  life  history  are  described  and  also  the 
presence  of  new  hosts  indicated. 

Resistance  in  the  American  chestnut  to  the  bark  disease,  A.  H.  Qbaves 
{Science,  n.  «er.,  ^  (1918),  No.  1252,  pp.  652,  653).— During  an  investigation  on 
the  American  chestnut,  looking  toward  immunity  or  resistance  to  the  bark  dis- 
ease, the  author  discovered  a  considerable  number  of  resistant  trees  in  the 
vicinity  of  New  York  Oity.  The  evidence  regarding  the  resistant  quality  of 
these  trees  is  based  on  inoculation  tests,  the  occurrence  of  the  trees  in  a  neigh- 
borhood long  subject  to  the  disease,  the  apparently  long  period  the  disease  has 
been  present  in  the  trees  as  indicated  by  healed  cankers  and  thrifty  branches 
with  diseased  bases,  peculiarities  of  the  bark,  and  the  natural  grouping  of  the 
trees  in  w^-defined  areas  which  seem  to  point  to  genetic  variation.  A  large 
number  of  nuts  has  been  gathered  from  some  of  the  trees  and  planted  for 
further  observation.  If  the  resulting  seedlings  should  substantiate  the  inference 
that  the  disease  resistance  is  a  heritable  character,  it  is  believed  that  by  in- 
breeding and  by  crossbreeding  with  the  resistant  oriental  species  it  will  be  pos- 
sible to  develop  a  resistant,  if  not  an  immune,  strain  of  timber  tree  for  the  re- 
forestation of  the  devastated  chestnut  woodlands  of  the  United  States. 

Some  observations  on  the  development  of  Peridermium  cerebrum,  B.  O. 
DoDOE  and  J.  F.  Adams  (Mem.  Torrey  Bot.  Cluh,  17  (1918),  pp.  253-261,  pU.  S, 
figs.  S). — ^This  iB  a  study  of  P.  cerebrum  on  Pinus  rigida  and  P.  virginiana, 
pcesenting  points  of  interest  which  are  discussed. 

Infections  have  been  accomplished  with  Peridermium  cerebrum  on  Quercus 
iHHfoHa,  Q.  marOandica,  and  Q.  heterophyUa. 

Advance  rot  and  latent  defects  in  aeroplane  timber,  J.  S.  Boyce  (Aerial 
^K,  7  (1918),  No.  14,  pp.  674,  675,  691). — ^Popular  descriptions  are  given  of  a 
number  of  the  rots  attacking  the  Sitka  spruce,  Douglas  fir,  and  other  timbers 
Hied  in  aeroplane  construction. 

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350  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECORD.  IVoL40 

Some  new  or  little  known  hosts  for  wood-destroyinfir  fun^,  H,  A.  S. 
Rhoadb  iPhytopatholoffv,  8  (1918),  No.  4,  pp,  16^167). — ^In  a  previous  article 
(E.  S.  R.,  87,  p.  846),  the  author  recorded  a  number  of  unusual  hosts  for  fungi 
usually  confined  to  species  of  coniferous  or  dicotyledonous  wood.  In  the  present 
paper  additional  species  of  fungi  on  unreported  hosts  are  cited. 

Note  upon  the  hydrogen-ion  concentration  necessary  to  inhibit  the  growth 
of  four  wood-destroying  fungi,  M.  R.  Meacham  (Science,  fk  8er.,  48  (1918), 
No.  1246,  pp,  499,  500,  flg,  1), — Due  to  the  lack  of  definite  Information  r^arding 
the  behavior  of  fungi  toward  varying  degrees  of  hydrogen-Ion  concentration,  the 
author  conducted  experiments  with  four  wood-destroying  fungi,  LensUes 
sepiaria.  Femes  roseua,  Coniophora  cerebeUa,  and  MeruUus  lacrymans,  the  data 
obtained  being  presented  In  the  present  paper. 

It  appears  that  growth  was  not  Inhibited  until  a  high  hydrogen-Ion  concen- 
tration was  reached,  and  that  the  four  organisms  responded  In  about  the  same 
way,  though  there  were  distinct  variations  among  them.  The  most  Important 
facts  regarding  response  to  concentration  are  shown  In  the  form  of  curves. 
Translating  the  data  into  terms  of  normality,  the  author  states  that  the  first 
critical  point  occurs  at  about  N/850,  and  the  limiting  addlty  at  about  N/50, 
hydrogen-ion  concentration. 

ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGT— ENTOMOLOGT. 

Control  of  ground  squirrels  by  the  fumigation  method,  Q.  R.  Stewabt  and 
J.  S.  BxjED  (CaUfomia  Sta.  BuL  S02  (1918),  pp.  207-224,  Ags.  5).— PoUovrtng  a 
general  discussion  of  carbon  blsulphid  as  a  fumigant,  the  authors  report  upon 
experiments  with  varying  concentrations  of  the  gas,  the  flow  of  the  gas  uphill, 
tests  with  other  gases,  and  field  fumigation. 

The  experiments  clearly  show  that  carbon  blsulphid  is  an  eminently  satis- 
factory fumigant  for  ground  squirrels.  Twenty  to  30  minutes*  treatment  with 
air  containing  2  per  cent  of  carbon  blsulphid  Is  sure  to  be  fatal.  The  dosage  of 
1.5  to  2  oz.  usual  In  the  waste  ball  method  corresponds  to  about  2  per  cent  gas 
In  large  burrows.  Experiments  with  the  artificial  burrow,  as  well  as  Dixon's 
field  observations  In  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  456),  demonstrated 
that  the  gas  will  not  flow  over  elevations  of  1  or  2  ft  and  that  exploding  the 
gas  will  distribute  it  somewhat  more  but  not  sufficiently  to  make  It  rise  over  tbe 
usual  irregularities.  The  results  Indicate  that  some  form  of  apparatus  to  pnnp 
the  gas  Is  desirable  and  It  appears  that  all  that  is  necessary  Is  a  bellowB  or 
large-bored  pump  which  will  blow  a  strong  stream  of  air  through  the  tank  whldi 
contains  liquid  carbon  blsulphid. 

Observations  show  that  neither  gasoline  nor  distillate  are  satisfactory  ma- 
terials for  squirrel  fumigation. 

A  Ust  of  10  refisrences  to  the  literature  is  appended. 

Laws  relating  to  fur-bearing  animals,  1918,  D.  E.  Lantk  (U.  8.  Dept.  Agr^ 
Farmers*  Bui.  1022  (1918),  pp.  5i).— This  Is  the  annual  summary  of  laws  In  the 
United  States,  Canada,  and  Newfoundland  relating  to  trapping,  open  seasons, 
propagation,  and  bounties. 

Wild  animals  [of  the  Yellowstone  National  Park],  V.  Bailey  (U.  8,  Dept. 
Int.,  Oen.  Inform.  YeUowstone  Nat.  Park,  1917,  pp.  ff-f4;  1918,  pp.  51-60).— 
Brief  accounts  are  given,  under  their  respective  orders,  of  the  occurrence, 
numbers,  and  habitats  of  the  wild  animals  found  within  the  park. 

Mutanda  omlthologlca,  IV,  H.  O.  Obebholseb  (Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash^  SI 
(1918),  pp.  125,  126). — A  continuation  of  the  author's  comments  on  the  nomen- 
datorial  alterations  in  the  names  of  birds  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  055). 


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»«1  ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.  351 

Notes  on  North  American  birds,  IV-VH,  H.  O.  Obkbholseb  {Auk,  SS 
U918),  N09.  1,  pp,  ei^S;  «,  pp.  185-187;  4,  PP.  463-467;  S6  {1919),  No.  1,  pp. 
81-85). 

Some  notes  on  Connecticut  birds,  I.  N.  Gabbiklson  {Auk,  S4  {1917)^  No.  4* 
pp.  4^1-465). 

Bird  notes  from  Forrester  Island,  Alaska,  G.  Willett  {Condor,  20  {1918), 
No.  2,  p.  85). 

A  synoiwis  of  the  races  of  Bomby cilia  garrula,  H.  G.  Obebholseb  {Auk,  34 
{1917),  No.  3,  pp.  330-333). 

Description  of  a  new  lole  from  the  Anamba  Islands,  H.  0.  Obebholseb 
{Proc,  Biol  8oc.  WasK  31  {1918),  pp.  197,  198). 

Two  new  shrews  from  Oregon,  H.  H.  T.  Jackson  {Proc.  Biol.  8oc.  Wash., 
91  {1918),  pp.  127-130). — ^Two  new  forms  are  here  described,  namely,  Sorew 
yaquijue  and  S.  obscurus  permilieMis. 

The  food  of  Australian  birds,  J.  B.  Cleland  et  al.  {Dept.  Agr.  N.  8,  Wales, 
8oi.  BuL  15  {1918),  pp.  112). — In  the  present  bulletin  an  analysis  Is  made  of 
all  available  data  on  the  food  of  wild  birds  in  Australia.  It  includes  the  re- 
sults of  examinations,  made  during  the  course  of  control  work  with  tbe  blowfly 
pest  of  sheep,  of  all  birds  in  the  sheep-breeding  districts  which  might  play  a 
possible  part  In  order  to  meet  all  needs  the  information  has  been  arranged 
in  several  ways,  including  (1)  a  short  summary  of  the  food  of  and  a  verdict 
on  various  birds  or  groups  of  birds,  the  most  important  being  taken  first,  and 
(2)  lists  indicating  the  birds  which  feed  on  particular  kinds  of  food  of  more 
or  less  economic  importance. 

Appendix  1  consists  of  a  tabulated  examination  of  the  contents  of  the 
stomachs  and  crops  of  each  species  of  bird  examined,  full  details  being  given 
of  the  animal  and  vegetable  food  with  remarks  appended  opposite  the  species 
amplifying  these  details.  Appendixes  2  and  8  consist  of  tabulated  examinations 
of  the  contents  of  stomachs  and  crops  of  the  individual  Australian  birds,  etc, 
examined,  from  which  appendix  1  was  compiled. 

The  English  sparrow  and  starling  were  found  to  do  much  more  harm  than 
good,  neither  apparently  playing  any  definite  part  in  the  control  of  the  blowfly 
pest  The  crow,  while  doing  marked  harm  at  times,  is  undoubtedly  of  decided 
^-alue  on  other  occasions,  and  by  destroying  dead  carcasses  tends  to  ^prevent 
the  mal^plication  of  blowflies.  Of  the  large  number  of  other  species  examined, 
with  one  or  two  notorious  exceptions,  the  vast  majority  serve  a  more  or  less 
definitely  useful  purpose  in  maintaining  the  balance  of  nature  as  regards  the 
various  species  of  insects.  Only  a  few,  however,  have  been  found  to  feed  on 
blowflies,  and  these  do  so  only  occasionally  and  play  no  definite  part  in  con- 
trolling this  pest 

A  note  on  the  tracheal  air  sac  in  the  ruddy  duck,  A.  Wvtmobe  {Condor, 
20  {1918),  No.  i,  pp.  19,  20). 

Maggot-infested  birds,  W.  W.  Abnold  {Auk,  36  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  147,  148).— 
This  note  relates  to  the  infestation  of  the  smaller  birds,  including  yellow  war- 
blers, goldfinches,  house  finches,  homed  larks,  vireos,  and  house  sparrows,  in  the 
vicinity  of  Colorado  Springs,  CJolo.,  by  ProtocaUiphora  azurea.  "A  few  western 
meadowlarks  have  been  brought  to  me,  two  specimens,  fledglings,  yielding  100 
worms,  their  bodies  presenting  the  appearance  of  having  been  struck  by  a  load 
of  shot  The  largest  number  of  these  worm-Infested  creatures  come  from  the 
homes  of  the  house  sparrow." 

The  wings  of  insects,  J.  H.  CJomstock  {Ithaca,  N.  T.:  The  Comstock  Pub. 
Co,,  1918,  pp.  XVIII'{-430,  pis.  10,  figs.  -427).— This  work,  which  is  based  upon 
studies  extending  over  a  period  of  more  than  30  years,  deals  with  the  subject 
under  the  headings  of  the  genesis  of  the  uniform  terminology  of  the  wings,  the 


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852  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEGOBD.  [VoL  40 

tracheatlon  of  the  wings,  more  general  features  of  the  wings,  paleontological 
data  bearing  on  the  development  and  the  specialization  of  the  wings,  develop- 
ment of  the  wings,  steps  In  the  specialization  of  wln^,  etc.  Chapters  on  the 
wings  of  each  of  the  20  orders  of  Insects  follow;  also  a  chapter  on  the  teaching 
of  the  uniform  terminology  of  the  wing  veins  of  Insects,  a  bibliography  of  7 
pages,  and  an  index. 

The  locomotions  of  surface-feeding  caterpillars  are  not  tropisma,  C  H. 
TiTBNEB  {Biol.  Bui  Mar.  BioL  Lab.  Woods  Sole,  S4  (1918),  No.  3,  pp.  137-148, 
figs.  3). — ^The  author  concludes  that  there  Is  nothing  about  the  behavior  of 
surface-feeding  caterpillars  which  warrants  the  assumption  that  their  locomo- 
tions are  tropisms. 

[Economic  insects  in  Kansas]  (Kansas  Sta.  Rpt.  1917,  pp.  15,  16,  19,  20,  27, 
28). — A  brief  statement  Is  made  of  the  work  of  the  year  with  the  Hessian  fly, 
com  earworm,  fruit  insects,  insects  injurious  to  shade  trees  and  staple  crops, 
and  termites. 

In  variety  test  work  with  regard  to  immunity  to  com  earworm  Injury,  25 
varieties  of  corn  were  grown,  of  which  Colby  Bloody  Butcher  and  Iowa  Silver- 
mine  had  the  lowest  percentage  of  ears  Injured  and  the  highest  yield.  Bzperi- 
ments  made  with  dust  sprays  Indicate  that  the  Injury  decreases  with  the  in- 
crease in  the  number  of  applications,  and  that  the  dust  gun  is  more  effective 
than  the  cheesecloth  bag  in  application. 

Some  of  the  principal  insects  affecting  vegretables  in  Trinidad  and  Tobago, 
F.  W.  Ubich  {Bui.  Dept.  Agr.  Trinidctd  and  Tobago,  17  {1918),  No.  2,  pp,  77- 
87,  pis.  4). — ^This  paper  calls  attention  to  some  of  the  principal  pests  of  vege- 
tables in    Trinidad  and  Tobago  and  discusses  control  measures. 

Fumigation  of  Cattleya  orchids  with  hydrocyanic  acid  gas,  E.  R.  Sassceb 
and  H,  F.  Dibtz  {Jowr.  Agr.  Research  {XJ.  iSf.],  15  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  263-268, 
pis.  2). — Inspectors  of  the  Federal  Horticultural  Board  of  the  U.  S.  Departmrat 
of  Agriculture,  in  calling  attention  to  the  importance  of  fumigation  all  orchids 
Imported,  state  that  a  total  of  137  species  of  insects,  including  41  species  of 
scale,  were  collected  on  Imported  orchids,  principally  species  of  Cattleya,  or  in 
cases  containing  them,  from  August,  1912,  to  December,  1917.  The  experiments 
which  they  here  report  were  conducted  with  a  view  to  determining  the  possi- 
bility of  killing  insects  by  fumigation  without  removing  the  plants  from  the 
container  and  to  determine  the  effect  of  fumigation  on  imported  cattleyas  at 
time  of  arrival.  The  conclusions  drawn  from  these  experiments,  which  are 
supported  by  data  presented  largely  In  tabular  form,  are  as  follows : 

"Black  areas  appear  on  unfumigated  as  well  as  fumigated  leaves  which 
have  been  Injured.  Progressive  yellowing  occurs  on  both  unfumigated  and 
fumigated  plants  and  depends  on  adverse  treatment  or  age  of  the  leaves. 
Fumigated  plants  lose  their  leaves  more  rapidly  than  do  unfumigated  plants 
when  subjected  to  adverse  treatment  Young  leaves  and  shoots  are  not  severely 
injured  by  the  gas  with  a  1-oz.  dosage,  although  a  number  of  old  devitalised 
leaves  may  falL  Fumigation  is  not  responsible  for  dying  of  pseudobulba,  if 
excessive  dosages  are  not  used.  Presence  of  water  on  Cattleya  leaves  does  not 
increase  burning  from  fumigation.  Loss  of  a  few  old  leaves  does  not  render  a 
plant  valueless,  as  in  a  brief  period  they  are  replaced  by  new  vigorous  foliage. 
Where  excessive  dosages  are  not  employed,  orchids  are  apparently  stimulated 
by  hydrocyanic  add  gas. 

"  Infested  orchids  at  the  time  of  arrival  at  the  port  of  entry,  if  in  a  reason- 
ably good  condition,  are  not  seriously  affected  by  hydrocyanic-add  gas  gen- 
erated at  the  rate  of  1  oz.  to  sodium  cyanld  per  100  cu.  ft,  and  are  not  killed 
where  a  4-oz.  dosage  is  used.     Insects  which  are  not  hermetically  sealed  in 


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1M91  ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.  353 

stems  or  psendobulbs  of  cattleyas  can  be  killed  in  the  original  cases  with 
bydrocyanlc  add  gas,  provided  a  preliminary  20-In.  vacuum  Is  given." 

Experiments  on  cockroach  control,  E.  V.  Walter  (Jour,  Econ.  Ent.,  11 
(1918),  No,  5,  pp.  42Jh4^9), — "Traps  may  be  used  as  means  of  control  but  can 
not  be  relied  on  as  a  method  of  extermination.  Boric  add  is  a  safe  and 
economical  material  to  use  against  the  roaches  as  It  Is  nonpoisonous  to  human 
beings  and  yet  very  effective  against  roadies.  A  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  pow- 
dered borax  and  powdered  sugar  ground  together  is  effective  against  cock- 
roaches, is  safe,  and  economical,  although  acting  slower  than  boric  acid.  Cock- 
roaches eat  these  substances  in  an  effort  to  keep  clean  and  not  for  any  possible 
food  value." 

On  a  collection  of  Orthoptera  (exclusive  of  the  Locastida)  made  in  cen- 
tral Pern  by  N.  Iconnicoff  and  C.  Schunke,  A.  N.  Oaxtdell  {Inaecuior  Insoitia 
Mefutruua,  6  (1918),  No.  1-^,  pp.  70,  pU.  £). 

Begardingr  Diapheromera  veUei  and  Manomera  blatchleyl,  A.  N.  Caudell 
{Ent,  Neios,  29  (1918),  No.  7,  pp.  258-260). 

Tfajsanoptera  of  Florida,  J.  R.  Watson  (Fla.  Buggist,  1-2  {1918),  No.  4-1, 
pp.  SS^S,  65-77). — ^The  author  lists  52  species  known  to  occur  in  Florida  and 
gives  keys  for  their  separation.  Frankliniella  floHdana  from  velvet  beans  at 
Gainesville,  AtUhrothrips  dozieri  from  hop  hornbeam  {09trya  virginiana),  and 
Cryptothrips  dtri  on  citrus  at  Frultland  Park,  Fla.,  are  described  as  new. 

Notes  on  their  distribution  and  host  plants  are  Included,  and  a  bibliography 
of  96  titles  Is  appended. 

Additional  data  on  the  distribution  and  food  plants  of  Lyg^us,  with  de- 
scriptions of  a  new  species  and  variety,  H.  H.  Knight  (Bui.  Brooklyn  Ent. 
8oc.,  IS  (1918),  No.  2,  pp.  4S-45,  fig.  i).— This  paper  presents  notes  on  the  distri- 
bution and  food  plants  of  spedes  of  Lygus  not  incl&ded  In  the  previous  paper 
(E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  461),  and  describes  two  forms  new  to  science,  namely,  I/ygu% 
(Neolygu9)  nyasm  taken  on  sour-gum  (Nyssa  sp.)  at  Auburn  and  Le  Roy,  Ala., 
and  L.  Hliw  heterophylUu  from  TUia  heterophylla  in  Florida,  Georgia,  and 
Mississippi. 

An  outbreak  of  the  cotton  stainer  on  citrus,  J.  R.  Watson  (Fla.  Buggist, 
2  (1918),  No.  2,  pp.  88-90;  Fla.  Grower,  18  (1918),  No.  25,  p.  9).— The  author 
rqwrts  that  dtrus  and  avocado  growers  In  some  of  the  southern  counties  of 
Florida,  where  in  order  to  escape  the  boll  weevil  cotton  was  raised  in  1918,  have 
had  trouble  with  the  cotton  stainer.  It  punctures  the  rind  of  citrus  and  tbc 
fruit  then  drops  from  the  tree  and  decays.  The  author  concludes  that  cotton 
growing  in  citrus  communities  should  be  abandoned. 

An  extra  molt  in  the  nymphal  stages  of  the  chinch  bug,  H.  Yt7asa  (Ent. 
New9,  29  (1918),  No.  6,  pp.  2SS,  2S4). — ^In  work  at  the  Kansas  Experiment  Sta- 
tion, the  author  has  found  an  extra  or  fifth  stage  of  the  chinch  bug  to  occur 
between  either  the  first  and  second  or  second  and  third  stages  as  described  by 
Riley. 

Leaf  bum  of  the  potato  and  its  relation  to  the  potato  leaf -hopper,  E.  D. 
Baix  (Science,  n.  «er.,  48  (1918),  No.  12S4,  p.  194). —There  has  been  a  remark- 
able epidemic  of  leaf  bum  on  potatoes  throughout  the  northern  section  of  the 
United  States,  from  Montana  to  New  York  and  south  at  least  to  Iowa  and 
C^o.  ''The  margins  of  the  leaves  of  early  varieties  turned  brown,  the  dead 
areaa  gradually  widening  until  the  leaves  dried  up  and  the  whole  field  took  on 
t  burned  appearance.    In  severe  cases  the  stalks  also  withered  and  died." 

In  the  potato  sections  of  Wisconsin,  all  of  which  were  affected,  a  careful 
study  by  the  author  showed  that  In  every  case  the  injury  was  directly  pro- 
portioned to  the  number  of  apple  leaf-hoppers  present    In  cage  experiments 


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854  BXPEBIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  tV6L4l1 

in  which  large  nnmbers  of  apple  leaf -hoppers  were  used  typical  leaf  burn  m^ 
produced  In  four  days. 

Genera  of  the  BapterysridflB,  W.  L.  McAtee   {Proc.  BioL  8oe,  Waih^  M, 
{191%),  pp.  i09-il^4).— This  relates  to  a  group  of  leaf  hoppera 

The  early  stages  of  Corythucha  pergandei,  H.  B.  Weiss  and  B.  L.  Dici^ 
SON  {Ent.  News,  29  (1918),  No,  6,  pp.  205^09,  fig.  1).— The  lacewing  bug  h 
considered  is  rather  widely  distributed  in  New  Jersey,  and  has  beoi  found 
the  authors  on  alder  (Alnus  glutinoaa)  and  in  nurseries  on  birch  (BMI 
fii^a,  B,  lutea,  and  B,  populifolia). 

The  life  history  and  early  stages  of  Corythucha  parshleyl,  H.  B. 
and  B.  L.  Dickebson  (Canad.  Ent.,  50  {1918),  No,  12,  pp.  401-406).— Ttiia 
wing  bug  has  been  found  in  New  Jersey  on  butternut  {Juglans  dnerea), 
(«/.  nigra),  and  Japanese  walnut  (J.  sihboldiana). 

PsyllidflB  of  the  vicinity  of  Washington,  D.  C,  with  description  of  a 
species  of  Aphalara,  W.  L.  McAixb  {Ent.  Newi,  29  {1918),  No.  6,  pp. 

fig.  1). 

Practical  results  In  spraying  a  commercial  orchard  for  the  green  appl 
bug,  W.  H.  BittTTAiN  (Canad.  Ent.,  50  (1918),  No.  12,  pp.  S9SS97).—rh\ti6 
account  of  demonstration  control  work  in  Nova  Scotia  during  1917  with  Lffgi 
oomtMinia  novctscotiensU,  an  account  of  which  insect  by  the  author  tiafl 
previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  462). 

The  experimental  data  presented  show  that  economically  profitable 
may  be  expected  from  control  work.    This  consists  in  the  application  of  bl 
leaf  40,  1  pint  to  100  gal.     In  the  application  made  immediately  before 
blossoms  opened  it  was  combined  with  lime-sulphur  and  arsenate  of  lime, 
the  after-blossom  application  sodium  sulphld  (soluble  sulphur)  was  used. 

A  preliminary  report  on  the  clover  aphis  and  methods  for  its  eontnl 
R.  H.  Smfth  {Idaho  Sta.  BtU.  112  (1918),  pp.  9-15,  figs.  5).— This  is  a 
of  observations  and  experiments  conducted  largely  during  the  year  of  1918^ 
continuation  of  earlier  work  by  Parks  and  by  BurrllL     A  paper  by 
has  been  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  800). 

The  clover  aphis  (Aphis  bakeri),  which  occurs  throughout  the  United  StiM 
was  first  recorded  from  Colorado  in  1895,  in  which  year  it  was  desottl 
(B.  S.  R.,  7,  p.  280).  It  was  reported  as  doing  serious  damage  in  the  N< 
west  in  1907.  In  Idaho  it  has  been  abundant  on  clover  since  1913,  the  gieftttf 
trouble  with  honey  dew  being  experienced  in  1916,  when  it  was  estimated 
90  per  cent  of  all  red  clover  and  alsike  clover  seed  marketed  in  the  State 
sticky. 

The  author  considers  11,600,000  to  be  a  conservative  estimate  of  the 
caused  by  the  clover  aphis  in  Idaho  during  the  past  four  years.    The 
aphis  has  been  an  Important  factor  in  reducing  the  acreage  of  red  doTer  tf 
alsike  clover  75  and  90  per  cent,  respectively,  during  1917  and  1918. 

"All  clover  aphlds  found  in  clover  fields  are  'agamic'  females  that 
birth  to  living  young  at  the  rate  of  4  or  5  per  day.  During  the  fall  some  of  tt 
aphids  leave  clover  plants  and  fly  to  apple,  pear,  quince,  ornamental  crab, 
hawthorn  trees.  Here  they  give  birth  to  certain  small  aphids  whidi  d^ 
eggs  on  the  small  branches  of  these  treea  The  eggs  hatch  in  the  fbllovHI 
spring. 

"  In  Idaho  the  clover  aphis  has  been  found  to  feed  only  on  red,  alsike, 
to  a  limited  extent,  on  white  clovers.    When  the  clover  aphids  are  present 
small  numbers  they  will  be  found  under  the  'stipules*  of  the  clover  lea^ 
The  aphis  injures  clover  plants  by  stunting  their  growth,  by  causing  then 
ripen  prematurely,  by  killing  flowering  branches,  by  blighting  seeds,  by 
lug  the  seeds  with  honeydew,  and  injuring  the  marketing  quality* 


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Ml©]  BOONOMIO  ZOOLOGY — ^ENTOMOLOGY.  355 

"  Weather  conditionB  are  of  muAi  importance  in  the  natural  control  of  the 
clover  aphi&  A  fungus  parasite  caused  the  wholesale  destruction  of  the  clover 
aphis  in  Jane,  191& 

"Close  pasturing  of  red  clover  and  alsike  fields  during  fall,  winter,  and 
early  q[>ring  is  the  most  effective  control  for  the  clover  aphis  that  can  at 
present  be  recommended.  Grazing  during  spring  and  early  summer,  or  dose 
grazing  after  the  hay  crop  has  been  removed,  will  greatly  aid  in  preventing 
the  aphis  from  becoming  injurious  to  the  red  clover  seed  crop.  The  aphis  can 
be  destroyed  by  completely  submerging  clover  fields.  Aphids  can  be  largely 
prevented  from  laying  their  eggs  on  apple  and  pear  trees  in  the  fall  by  the 
close  grazing  of  the  clover  cover  crops  in  apple  and  pear  orchards  during  the 
early  part  of  S^tember.  Volunteer  clover  plants  serve  as  hibernating  places 
for  overwintering  aphids,  and  may  prove  to  be  important  sources  of  infestation 
for  nearby  clover  fielda  Such  plants  and  scattered  patches  of  clover  should  be 
grazed  close  or  destroyed.  Spraying  promises  to  be  an  effective  control  for  the 
dover  aphis  In  alsike  clover  field&" 

The  tobacco  aphis,  G.  M.  Henbt  (Trop,  Agr,  [Ceylon\,  51  (191%,  No,  i, 
pp.  61,  5t,  ftg9.  S), — The  author  records  a  widespread  outbreak  of  an  aphid 
on  tobacco  in  Jaffna  and  Mullalttivu  during  February  and  March,  1918, 
the  outbreak  in  Jaffna  having  been  first  observed  in  October,  1917.  In  some 
places  the  crop  had  to  be  entirely  replanted.  A  tobacco  wash  that  gave  satls- 
fiictory  control  consisted  of  1  lb.  of  tobacco  refuse  boiled  In  6  gaL  of  water 
Id  which  1  lb.  of  soap  was  dissolved. 

A  new  genns  and  species  of  aphid,  H.  F.  Wilson  and  J.  J.  Davis  (Ent. 
New9j  SO  (1919),  No.  2,  pp.  59,  40). — ^An  aphid  collected  on  choke  cherry 
(PrtmiM  seroiina)  at  Portage,  Madison,  and  Prairie  du  Ohlen,  W1&,  Is  described 
as  AHphonaphU  pruni  n.  g.  and  n.  sp. 

The  Cocddflo  of  Cuba,  J.  S.  Houses  (Ann.  Ent.  Sac.  Amer.,  11  {1918),  No.  B, 
pp.  1S7-172,  pL  1). — ^The  author  reports  upon  studies  of  868  lots  of  material 
examined  which  yielded  86  species  and  8  subspecies,  of  which  one  species, 
namely,  Aspidioius  fabemii,  and  a  subspecies,  A.  suhsimilia  anonw,  are  de- 
scribed as  new. 

A  note  on  the  life  cycle  and  fertility  of  the  body  louse  (Fedicolas  cor- 
XK>ris),  R.  H.  HirrcHiNsoN  (Jour.  Econ.  Ent.,  11  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  404^406).-^ 
At  a  temperature  of  80  to  88'  O.  eggs  hatched  in  7  days.  The  larvffi,  when 
placed  on  a  small  piece  of  dark  serge  cloth  in  a  pill  box  applied  to  the  arm, 
required  8  days  for  the  development  of  the  first  stage,  2  days  for  the  second, 
and  3  days  ^f or  the  third,  or  a  total  of  8  days  from  emergence  to  adult.  The 
period  from  deposition  of  the  eggs  to  final  molt  was  15  days,  and  from  egg  to 
egg  16  daya  A  single  female  kept  in  the  wristlet  deposited  276  eggs  within 
a  period  of  25  days,  an  average  of  11  eggs  per  day  and  a  maximum  of  14 
eggs  in  24  hours. 

Extended  studies  by  Nuttall  have  previously  been  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  765). 

The  effect  of  laundering  upon  lice  (Pediculus  corporis)  and  their  eggs, 
W.  MoOBB  (Jour.  ParaHtology,  5  (1918),  No.  2,  pp.  61-68).— This  is  a  report  of 
studies  conducted  at  the  Minnesota  Experiment  Station  at  the  suggestion  and 
with  the  support  of  the  medical  division  of  the  National  Research  CounclL 

"These  experiments  show  the  lethal  temperature  for  lice  is  about  US'*  F. 
(45*  G.)  for  22  to  30  minute  washings,  and  a  slightly  higher  temperature 
(114JS*)  proved  effective  in  15  minutes*  time.  .  .  . 

'*  Oonsidering  the  data  presented,  the  following  procedure  is  recommended 
for  the  laundering  of  woolen  goods  to  destroy  both  lice  and  eggs :  Infested  gar« 
ments  to  be  washed  at  a  temperature  of  120"*,  not  to  fall  below  115*  during 
111401*^W 5 


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856  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECOBD.  [ToL  40 

the  washing  period  of  15  minutes,  this  treafinent  to  destroy  the  active  stages 
without  the  use  of  any  special  chemicals.  Garments  are  then  treated  In  the 
regular  manner  until  perfectly  dry,  when  they  should  he  placed  In  the  hot  air 
tumbler  at  a  temperature  of  150  to  170'  for  10  to  15  minutes,  resulting  in  the 
destruction  of  the  eggs.  By  this  method  it  will  be  possible  to  launder  woolois 
without  shrinkage,  and  destroy  the  lice  and  eggs  without  the  use  of  a  special 
chemicaL*' 

The  Angonmois  grain  moth,  T.  J.  Hbadleb  {New  Jertey  Stas.  Ore  9t 
{1917),  pp.  4,  flga,  2). — ^A  popular  account 

The  formation  of  the  germ  band  in  the  egg  of  the  hollj  tortiix  moth, 
Bademls  naevana,  L.  H.  Huik  {Proc  Roy.  Soc.  Edinb,,  S8  {IQIJ-IS),  No,  2,  pp. 
lS4r-165,  pl8,  2). — In  the  introduction  to  this  report  it  is  pointed  out  that  in- 
vestigations have  been  carried  out  on  the  embryology  of  about  18  species  of 
Lepldoptera,  but  that  thus  far  no  account  has  been  published  on  the  embryology 
of  the  Tortricidse,  to  which  family  E,  naevana  belongs.  The  paper  includes  a. 
bibUography  of  12  Utles. 

The  importance  of  malaria  to  agriculture  and  studies  on  malarial  soil,. 
G.  Rossi  {Soil  8oL,  5  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  S29-392).—A  contribution  from  the  In- 
stitute of  Agricultural  Bacteriology  of  the  Superior  Royal  School  of  Agri- 
culture, Portid,  near  Naples,  Italy. 

The  economic  bearing  on  hover  flies,  D.  Muxer  {Jour.  Affr-  {New  ZeaLh 
17  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  129-195,  ftg$.  7). — ^A  discussion  of  the  economic  importance 
of  syrphid  flies. 

Experimental  work  with  fruit  flies,  W.  W.  Fbogoatt  {Asfr.  Oaz.  N.  8. 
Wales,  29  {1918),  No.  8,  pp.  579,  580). — Preliminary  tests  have  led  to  the  con- 
clusion that  fruit  flies  {Daous  tryoni  and  CeratitU  capitata)  can  be  trapped 
and  poisoned  with  arsenical  preparations,  and  various  experiments  are  stdd  to 
be  under  way. 

Sprinkling  sewacre  fllter  fly  (Psychoda  altemata),  T.  J.  Hcadlkb  and  G.  S. 
Beckwith  {Jour.  Econ.  Ent.,  11  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  S95-401). — ^The  fact  that  this 
fly  proves  itself  a  serious  nuisance  wherever  sprinkling  fllters  utilized  for  the 
purification  of  fecal  sewage  are  located  within  0.75  mile  or  less  of  human 
habitation,  by  penetrating  the  houses  and  getting  into  food,  etc,  led  to  the 
investigation  here  reported.  Accounts  by  others  of  related  apecies  have  been 
previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  29,  p.  159;  32,  p.  552). 

Brief  notes  are  first  presented  on  the  life  history  and  habits  of  P.  aUemata 
and  P.  cinerea,  the  former  being  the  principal  species  concerned.  The  eggi 
are  deposited  upon  the  surface  of  the  stone  in  irregular  masses  of 'ifrom  80  to 
100,  and  at  a  temperature  of  70*  F.  from  82  to  48  hours  are  required  for 
their  incubation.  The  larvae  are  very  much  like  mosquito  wrigglers  and  seem 
to  pass  their  existence  in  much  the  same  way.  Soon  after  hatching  they  make 
their  way  into  the  surface  film,  where  they  thmst  their  breathing  tubes 
through  the  film  itself.  At  a  temperature  of  70'  the  larval  stage  ranges  from 
9  to  15  days  and  the  pupal  stage  requires  from  20  to  48  hour& 

Experimental  control  work  has  shown  that  both  species  can  be  destroyed 
by  the  simple  process  of  submerging  the  sprinkling  sewage  fllter  for  24  hours 
with  the  ordinary  sewage  as  delivered  to  the  sprinkling  fllters,  without  in  any 
way  impairing  the  eflSciency  of  the  fllm  upon  which  the  activity  and  efficiency 
of  the  sprinkling  sewage  fllter  depends. 

Simple  treatment  of  manure  to  prevent  fly  breeding:  The  Panama  method, 
H.  P.  Gabtke  {Proo.  Med.  As$oc.  lathmian  Canal  Zone,  10  {1917),  pt.  1,  pp.  79, 
80,  pte.  S). — ^The  measures  for  fly  control  used  in  Panama  Gity  are  said  to 
consist  in  thorough  cleaning  of  the  stables  once  a  day  and  the  carting  of  all 
the  manure  to  a  public  dumping  ground,  where  it  is  placed  in  an  oblong  pile 


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l»ltl  BCK)KOMIO  ZOOLOGY — ^ENTOMOLOGY.  857 

• 
and  covered  with  inflammable  material  consisting  of  street  sweepings,  paper 
waste,  and  some  rubbish.  The  surface  is  burned  over  and  all  the  eggs  and 
young  larrse  thus  destroyed.  This  method  is  e^ctremely  simple,  no  initial  ex- 
pense is  incurred  in  installing  concrete  bins  or  pits  or  maggot  traps,  and  the 
sale  of  the  manurie  as  fertilizer  pays  for  the  expense  of  the  treatment,  ^hich 
without  being  ofllensive  may  be  carried  on  close  to  the  city  where  lot  space  is 
ayailable.  The  present  grounds  for  treatment  in  Panama  are  only  600  yds. 
distant  from  the  hotel  districts,  where  very  few  flies  are  noticeable. 

A  new  moscoid  genus  from  the  Chiricahoa  Hountains,  Arls.,  O.  H.  T. 
TowNSEND  (Ent  News,  29  {1918),  2fo.  5,  pp.  177, 178).— A.  new  genus  and  species 
are  described  as  OMrioahuia  cavicola. 

The  anthomyid  genus  Pogonomyia,  J.  M.  Aldbich  {Ent.  News,  t9  (1918), 
No.  5,  pp.  179-185,  fig.  1). 

The  biology  of  Maine  species  of  Altica,  W.  G.  Woods  {Maine  8ta.  Bui.  278 
{1918),  pp.  149-204,  pis.  2,  figs,  2). — Studies  of  four  species  of  flea-beetles  from 
Maine  are  reported  upon  in  this  bulletin  of  which  three,  which  have  been  com- 
monly classed  as  Altica  igniia  of  Illiger,  namely,  A.  comi,  a  black  species  oc- 
euring  on  dogwood ;  A,  rosw,  a  cupreous  species  occurring  on  the  wild  rose ;  and 
A.  vlmi,  a  greenish  or  bluish  form  found  on  the  elm,  are  described  as  new. 

Studies  have  shown  the  life  histories  of  these  three  to  be  very  similar.  They 
hibernate  as  adults  which,  coming  out  from  their  winter  quarters  in  late  spring, 
pair  and  deposit  eggs  on  the  leaves  of  their  respective  host  plants  in  June  and 
July.  The  larvae  which  hatch  from  these  eggs  feed  on  the  leaves,  skeletonizing 
them.  In  all  cases  there  are  three  larval  instars  averaging  about  4  days  each. 
Whoi  full  grown  the  larvse  enter  the  ground,  where  they  transform,  spending 
about  5  days  as  prepupse,  and  9  days  more  as  pupae  before  emerging  as  adults. 
There  is  but  one  generation  each  year. 

The  blueberry  flea-beetle  {A.  terquata),  the  fourth  species,  passes  the  winter 
in  the  egg  stage.  The  larvae  hatch  out  in  late  May,  feed  on  the  opening  buds 
of  the  blueberry  and  later  on  the  flowers  and  foliage,  and  cause  great  damage 
when  they  are  abundant.  There  are  three  larval  instars,  the  larval  life  last- 
big  about  12  days.  The  larvie,  when  full  fed,  enter  the  soil  to  pupate,  spending 
about  6  days  as  prepupse  and  10  or  11  days  as  pupue  before  the  adult  beetles 
emerge.  The  adults  feed  freely  all  summer  on  the  leaves  of  the  blueberry  but 
do  not  survive  the  winter.  The  eggs  are  deposited  in  July,  probably  on  the 
ground  at  the  base  of  the  bushes,  and  these  eggs  pass  the  winter,  hatching  the 
following  spring,  there  being  but  one  generation  each  year. 

Their  control  can  be  accomplished  by  spraying  with  arsenate  of  lead.  A 
tachinld  {CeHatorla  spinosa)  was  reared  from  the  adults  of  two  species,  and  a 
predacious  bug  {Podisns  madesius)  was  found  attacking  the  larva  of  one 
spedes.  All  are  susceptible  to  fungus  {Sporotrichum  globuUferum)  and  bac- 
terial diseases  which  doubtless  play  a  large  part  in  holding  them  in  check. 

Two  other  species  of  flea-beetles  occur  in  Maine,  namely,  the  alder  flea- 
beetle  {A.  IHmarginata) ,  a  detailed  report  of  which  by  the  author  has  been 
noted  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  64),  and  the  lesser  grape  flea-beetle  which  is  closely 
related  to  A.  ignita. 

Votes  on  Ghalepus  rubra  in  New  Jersey,  A.  S.  Nicolat  and  H.  B.  Weiss 
{Cmad.  Ent.,  50  {1918),  No.  12,  pp.  S98-400,  pi.  i).— This  beetle  has  been  found 
not  xmcommonly  to  mine  the  leaves  of  various  species  of  oak  in  New  Jersey. 

The  sweet  potato  weevil  and  its  control,  F.  H.  CumEStDvs  {U.  8,  Dept 
Igr.,  Torment  Bui.  1020  {1919),  pp.  24,  figs.  i5).— This  is  a  preliminary  ac 
count  of  studies  jof  the  swe^t  potato  weevil  {Cylas  form4carius) ^  which  pest 
lerfously  threatens  the  production  of  sweet  potatoes  in  this  country.    This 


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858  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEGOBB.  [ToL40 

weev]l  has  become  permanently  establisbed  in  Texas,  Lonlstana,  and  Florida, 
and  during  the  last  few  years  has  destroyed  a  large  part  of  the  crop. 

Its  food  consists  of  the  sw^t  potato  and  other  species  of  Ipomoea,  iodod- 
ing  the  goat's  foot  morning  glory  (/.  pes-caprw),  and  more  rarely  a  wild  moon- 
vine  or  moonflower  (Calonyction  aouleata). 

"  The  beetles  injure  the  sweet  potato  by  feeding  on  the  leaves,  vines,  stalks, 
and  roots  or  '  tubers.'  The  female  weevil  lays  her  eggs  in  the  vines,  and  in  the 
stalks  or  crowns,  near  the  ground,  as  also  in  the  roots  in  the  fi^d,  and  con- 
tinues to  work  and  breed  in  the  roots  in  storage.  The  larvae  on  hatching  tunnei 
through  the  vines  to  the  roots,  the  vines  die,  and  frequently  the  roots  become 
badly  riddled  and  filled  with  excreta,  imparting  such  a  bitter  taste  that  even 
swine  will  not  eat  them.  .  .  .  Within  a  short  time,  if  the  insects  are  numeroiu, 
the  roots  are  completely  destroyed,  and  breeding  continues  almost  indefinitely 
after  decay  has  become  advanced,  until  finally  the  roots  become  either  too 
moist  or  too  dry  and  hard  to  permit  further  weevil  development 

"One  form  of  injury  is  accompanied  by  the  first-appearing  weevils.  After 
feeding  on  the  leaves,  stems,  and  vines  enough  eggs  are  deposited  at  the  base  of 
the  vine  to  girdle  it  more  or  less  completely,  thus  impairing  its  vitality  before 
It  is  old  enough  to  bear  roots.  Many  weevils  undergo  transformation  within 
the  base  of  the  vine  before  the  roots  have  attained  much  growth.** 

But  few  instances  of  its  fiight  have  been  recorded  and  present  knowledge  In- 
dicates that  its  spread  can  scarcely  be  effected  by  fiight,  its  spread  being  pos- 
sible through  commercial  movement  of  Its  food  plants.  The  weevil  is  more  or 
less  active  throughout  the  year  in  the  Gulf  States.  **  In  the  field  the  beetles 
assume  greater  activity  as  soon  as  the  young  slips  begin  to  appear  in  the  seed 
bed.  They  feed  first  on  the  leaves  and  stalks  of  young  plants,  eating  irregular 
holes  in  the  leaves  and  making  excavations  in  the  stalks,  which  are  particularly 
conspicuous  near  the  surface  of  the  ground.  After  the  stalks  reach  sufildent 
size  and  begin  to  become  woody,  the  eggs  are  deposited  on  the  roots  just  below 
the  earth  line.  The  usual  course  taken  by  the  female  is  to  follow  the  vine  to 
the  roots  and  to  deposit  the  eggs  there.  .  .  .  The  young  larvae  eat  into  the 
fiesh  of  the  potato,  leaving  an  irregular  mine  or  burrow  lined  with  excremoit 
They  burrow  and  feed  throughout  the  root  until  their  full  growth  is  reached, 
then  construct  a  more  or  less  oval  cavity  at  the  end  of  the  burrow,  usually  0.25 
to  0.5  in.  of  the  surface  of  the  root,  and  there  transform  to  pupae."  Upwards  of 
800  eggs  may  be  deposited.  From  4  to  8  days  are  required  for  the  hatching  of 
the  egg,  2  to  4  weeks  for  the  larval,  and  8  days  for  the  pupal  stages,  a  total  of 
from  about  30  to  42  days  for  completion  of  the  life  cycle. 

Control  measures  considered  include  clean  culture,  crop  rotation,  planting 
the  new  crop  remote  from  the  seed  bed,  disinfection  of  the  roots,  spraying  with 
arsenicals,  and  quarantine.  It  is  pointed  out  that  it  can  be  eradicated  in  limited 
regions  where  it  has  not  yet  secured  a  firm  foothold,  and  then  by  quarantine  can 
be  kept  out  of  the  uninf ested  territory. 

The  pea  sitonid,  N.  A.  Kemneb  (K.  Landtbr.  Akad,  JSandl.  och  Tidskr,,  S6 
(1917),  No.  5,  pp.  450-458,  figs,  5;  CentraXanst,  Jordbrukafdraok  Flygbl  6S 
(1917),  pp.  4y  figs,  5), — ^A  brief  illustrated  article  on  Sitona  lineattu. 

Beekeeping  in  Florida,  F.  Stiblinq  (Fla,  Buggist,  1-t  {1918),  No,  4-1,  pp. 
49-52), — ^A  brief  discussion. 

Beekeeping  in  war  time,  W.  Herrod-Hempsall  (New  York:  Charles  Scrib- 
net's  Sons,  1918,  pp,  82). — A  practical  booklet  on  up-to-date  methods  of  bee- 
keeping. 

Beekeeping  in  British  Guiana,  P.  M.  De  WfEVEB  (Jour,  Bd.  Agr.  Brit. 
Guiana,  11  (1918),  No.  8,  pp.  86-96), — In  referring  to  the  enemies  of  bees  in 
Bxillsh  Guiana,  the  author  states  that  the  Yakman  ant  (Eoiton  burchelU),  the 


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m»]  FOODS — HUMAK  NUTBITIOK.  859 

attacks  of  which  occur  in  the  evening  after  a  shower,  Is  the  most  dreaded.    The 
«H»l]ed  tarantula  spider   (Avicularia  avicularia)   attacks  the  colony  after 

Hew  genera  and  species  of  Encyrtinfld  from  California  parasitic  in  mealy- 
bags,  P.  H.  TiMBERiAKE  (UfUv.  Cal.  Pubs.  Ent,,  1  (1918),  No,  8,  pp.  S47Se7, 
figs.  7). — Three  new  genera  and  six  new  species  are  described  by  the  author, 
namely,  Acerophagus  fasciipennis  n.  sp.,  reared  from  early  larval  stages  of 
Pseudococcus  cratoU  at  Uplands;  A.  pallidus  n.  sp.,  reared  from  P.  yerbasantCB, 
Sespe  Cafion ;  Btemmatosteres  apterus  n.  g.  and  n.  sp.,  reared  from  P.  timber' 
lakei  from  Mlllbrae;  Pseudococcobius  fumipennis  n.  sp.,  reared  from  P.  solani 
at  Uplands ;  Pseudococcobius  clauseni  n.  sp.,  reared  from  Erium  sp.  on  cactus 
at  Riverside;  and  Tanaomastix  claripennis  n.  sp.,  reared  from  P.  ryani  at  Pasa- 
dena. The  genus  Girrhencyrtus  is  erected  for  Pseudococcobius  ehrhomi  Tim- 
berlake  and  Tanaomastix  for  Paraleptomastix  abnormis  Girault. 

An  interesting  habit  of  a  wax  moth  parasite,  S.  A.  Gbahak  {Ann.  Ent. 
6oc.  Amer.,  11  {1918),  2fo.  «,  pp.  175-180,  pi.  L  figs.  2).— This  is  a  report  of 
studies  of  the  pteromalid  parasite  Dibrachys  clisiocampWy  heretofore  recorded 
as  a  parasite  of  the  forest  tent  caterpillar,  and  now  recorded  for  the  first  time 
as  a  parasite  of  the  bee  moth  {OaUeria  meUonella). 

During  the  course  of  investigations  at  the  Minnesota  Experiment  Station  the 
author  reared  this  parasite  from  the  bee  moth  in  large  numbers.  Its  ovipositor 
is  tlumst  into  the  larva  of  the  bee  moth  repeatedly  and,  when  in  the  course  of 
6  to  24  hours  the  larva  thus  stabbed  becomes  sluggish  and  finally  dies,  eggs  are 
deposited  on  the  surface  of  the  body,  usually  in  the  wrinkles  in  the  skin.  In 
from  3  to  7  days  the  larvss  hatch  out  and  fasten  themselves  to  the  body  of 
the  host  where  they  feed  from  2  to  4  weeks  and  even  longer.  From  14  to  25 
days  are  required  for  the  completion  of  the  pupal  stage,  the  life  cycle  from  egg 
to  adult  varying  from  31  to  59  days. 

Notes  on  a  new  mite  attacking  valley  cottonwood,  P.  J.  O'Gasa  {J'^ur. 
Econ.  Ent,  11  {1918),  No.  5,  p.  430,  pi.  1). — ^The  author  records  the  occurrence 
of  what  may  prove  to  be  a  new  species  orEriophyes  on  poplar  {Populus  uHs- 
lizeni)  in  the  vicinity  of  Bl  Paso,  Tex. 

Btndiea  on  the  iguana  tick,  Amblyomma  dissimile,  in  Panama,  L.  H. 
DuRN  {Jour.  Parasiiology,  5  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  1-10).— This  is  a  report  of  bio- 
logical studies  of  A.  dissimUe  in  the  Canal  Zone. 

The  biology  of  Amblyomma  dissimile,  with  an  account  of  its  power  of  re- 
producing parthenogenetically,  G.  E.  Bodkin  {Parasitology,  11  {1918),  No.  1, 
pp.  10-17,  pis.  2,  fig.  1). — ^A  report  of  studies  conducted  by  the  Government 
economic  biologist  of  British  Guiana. 

On  the  life  cycle  of  the  fowl  cestode,  Davainea  cesticiUus,  J.  E.  Ackkrt 
{Jour.  Parasitology,  5  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  41-48,  pi.  i).— Working  at  the  Kansas 
Experiment  Station,  the  author  has  demonstrated  experimentally  that  D.  cesti- 
ciUus  may  be  transmitted  by  the  house  fiy. 

FOOBS— HUMAN  NUTBITION. 

Place  of  milk  and  Tegetables  in  the  diet,  H.  O.  Sherman  {Amer.  Med.,  n. 
ser.,  IS  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  361-S69,  figs.  S), — ^This  article  aims  to  teach  a  higher 
appreciation  of  milk  and  vegetables  as  food,  pointing  out  that  both  are  rich  in 
calcium  and  green  vegetables  also  in  fat-soluble  A.  The  author  suggests  as  a 
general  guide  that  as  much  money  should  be  spent  for  milk  as  for  meat,  and 
that  as  much  might  well  be  spent  for  fruit  and  vegetables  together  as  for 


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860  EXPEBIMEKT  STATION  EEOOBD.  (TAI 

An  ixiTestlgratioh  of  the  methods  employed  for  codkhig  TesetablBi, «] 
special  reference  to  the  losses  incurred. — ^Z,  Dried  lefrumes,  EExisi  Maih 
{Biochem.  Jour.,  It  (1918),  No.  S,  pp.  231-247,  fig.  i).— Data  are  repoitel 
the  losses  incurred  and  the  time  required  for  cooking  dried  v^etables  ul 
▼arious  conditions,  and  methods  based  upon  the  results  of  the  investigatin  l 
suggested  for  cooking  dried  legumes  on  a  large  scale.    The  method 
preferable  is  to  soak  the  legumes  for  not  leas  than  four  hours  In  watff 
taining  1  per  cent  sodium  bicarbonate,  and  tlien  to  cook  them  ^tber  ti' 
steamer  or  by  simple  boiling  for  about  one  hour  in  water  containing  (K25 
cent  salt. 

The  wild  foods  of  Great  Britain,  where  to  lind  them  and  how  to  eodk 
L.  C.  R.  Gaiceson  (London:  Oeorge  Routledge  «S  8on9,  Ltd.,  1911,  pp.  XF+J 
pit.  2,  figs.  25).—Th&  author's  Ust  includes  260  different  kinds  of  wild 
including  game,  fish,  pot  herbs,  salad  plants,  edible  fungi,  etc 

The  di|r«8tibility  of  bread  made  from  two  parts  of  wheat  and  one  ptit 
oats,  barley,  maize,  or  rice,  E.  I.  Spbigos  and  A.  B.  Weib  (Lancet  V 
1917,  II,  No.  19,  pp.  724-726) . — ^The  question  was  studied  by  using  these 
as  part  of  an  ordinary  mixed  diet 

The  results  show  certain  differences  in  the  percentage  absorption  of  nitnfi 
which  varied  from  81  per  cent  in  the  case  of  barley  bread  to  about  90  per  < 
in  the  case  of  white  bread,  rice  bread,  and  a  war  bread.  The  Tariatioos  te 
absorption  of  carbohydrate  and  fat  were  smaller,  but  they  appear  to  neiitnB 
the  effect  of  the  nitrogen  variations,  for  when  the  proportions  of  the  total 
values  assimilated  in  each  experiment  are  compared  they  are  almost  identM 
the  lowest  being  95  per  cent  for  barley  bread,  and  the  highest  96.8  per  centi 
rice  bread.    From  these  data  the  authors  draw  the  following  amclusions: 

"  If  properly  prepared  and  baked,  palatable  breads  can  be  made  from  a  i 
ture  of  one- third  of  oatmeal,  barley  flour,  maize  flour,  or  rice  flour,  and  i 
thirds  of  wheat  flour.  Experiments  showed  that  each  of  these  breeds,  m 
taken  with  a  mixed  diet,  was,  for  the  time  of  the  observation  and  for  this 
ject,  as  nourishing  as  the  bread  made  from  white  wheaten  flour." 

A  study  of  yeast  bread  with  substitate  flours,  Elizabeth  Spbasub  (< 
Home  Boon.,  10  (1918),  No.  6,  pp.  272-^9,  figs.  (^).— These  exiwriments  wvt 
signed  to  check  the  results  previously  obtained  in  a  preliminary  study, 
seemed  to  indicate  that  while  breads  containing  S3i  per  cent  of  sabstltrf 
were  possible  with  some  flours,  only  25  per  cent  was  advisable  in  g^enl 
the  quality  of  the  bread,  as  regards  texture  and  lightness,  was  to  be  kept 
all  like  normal  bread.  The  results  reported  in  this  paper  show  the  pxt^itM 
which  have  been  used  to  produce  breads  of  good  normal  quality,  faults  wb 
may  occur,  and  some  tentative  explanations  as  to  their  cause. 

**  Bopy  "  bread,  J.  M.  Bkattie  and  F.  G.  Lewis  (Lancet  {Londcn],  1517, 
No.  6,  pp.  211,  212).— The  condition  of  "ropiness**  in  bread  is  caused  \ff 
epeciflc  organism  of  the  group  BociUu*  mesenterUma,  which  the  authors,  foQi 
ing  the  proposal  of  Yogel,  call  B.  viscosus-panis.  The  source  of  infection  Ifl 
Ueved  to  be  the  flour,  but  actual  development  takes  place  in  the  bread  fl 
when  the  organism  is  present  in  considerable  numbers 

Since  the  causal  organism  has  been  found  in  the  husk  of  the  grain  si  i 
as  in  the  flour,  infection  is  said  to  be  more  likely  to  occur  where  the  fh 
contains  a  large  proportion  of  husk.  The  development  of  the  orgsnin  ( 
greatly  favored  by  moisture  and  warmth.  The  use  of  adds  in  the  process  4 
baking  is  not  advocated,  the  procedure  recommended  being  the  eUminatkm 
the  organism  from  the  flour  by  improved  milling  methods 


I 


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low  TOOBS — ^HITMAN  N  UTKITIOK,  861 

Wheat  BtLving  recipes,  Kathebine  Jensen  add  Julia  O.  Newton  (North 
Dakota  8tm,  Spec.  B«I.,  5  {191S),  No.  5,  pp.  iff).— A  compilation  of  redpes  il- 
histrating  the  use  of  sabstitutes  for  wheat  and  sugar. 

Milling  grain  sorghums  (Kansas  8ta.  Rpt.  1917,  p.  24).-— Approximately  20 
milling  tests  and  75  baking  tests  made  with  Kaflr  com  indicated  that  a  suffl- 
dently  satisfactory  product  can  be  obtained  by  blending  from  20  to  25  per  cent 
of  Kaflr  corn  meal  with  a  good,  strong  wheat  flour.  A  somewhat  coarse  meal, 
rather  than  a  flne  flour,  was  found  to  produce  the  best  results. 

Chancres  in  the  food  supply  and  their  relation  to  nutrition,  L.  B.  Mendel 
(Proc.  £.  Pan  Atner.  fifci.  Cong.,  1915-16,  vol.  10,  pp.  llt-126).—A  discussion  of 
the  factors  which  Influence  the  supply  and  availability  of  food. 

Commercial  stocks  of  grain,  flour,  and  miscellaneous  food  products  in  the 
XTnlted  States,  on  December  1,  1918  (U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Food  Surveys,  2  {1918), 
No.  15,  pp.  8). — ^The  usual  data  are  reported  In  tabular  form. 

Comparative  statistics  on  foodstuffs  and  fuel  for  five  years  as  shown  in  a 
budget  of  the  annual  cost  of  living  of  a  family  of  five  persons  {Olympia, 
Wash.:  State  Bur,  of  Labor,  1918,  pp.  5).— These  statistics  were  collected  in 
the  State  of  Washington  during  the  years  1914-1918,  inclusive. 

The  home  economy  handbook,  [C.  R.  Pratt]  {Author,  1917,  pp.  48,  fig.  1), — 
The  author  states  that  the  secret  of  food  economy  is  to  select  those  foods 
which  provide  the  proper  amounts  of  repair  and  fuel  materials  at  the  least 
cost.  He  emphasizes  the  use  of  cheap  protein  and  cheap  fuel  foods,  and  gives 
recipes  illustrating  their  uses.  As  an  economy  in  the  preparation  of  foods,  the 
flreless  cooker  is  advocated  and  described. 

Bconomy  in  the  kitchen,  J.  F.  Bbeazealb  {New  York:  Frye  Fuh.  Co.,  1918, 
pp.  114,  figs.  10),— The  author  discusses  a  satisfactory  kitchen  and  outlines 
a  plan  therefor.  The  canning  problem  and  other  widely  related  material 
Is  also  considered. 

Feeding  the  family,  Mabt  S.  Rose  (New  York:  The  MacnMan  Co.,  1916,  pp. 
XV II -^449,  pis.  15,  figs.  5). — ^Thls  handbook  for  Instructors  in  home  economics 
Is  also  adapted  for  the  use  of  people  who  need  a  working  knowledge  of  personal 
hygiene  including  simple,  rational,  well-founded  rules  for  eating.  The  food 
requirements  of  persons  of  different  ages  are  presented  and  family  dietaries 
are  calculated.  By  means  of  the  large  number  of  carefully  worked  out  tables 
it  is  possible  to  find,  not  only  the  weight,  but  also  the  volume  of  common 
foods  that  it  requires  to  furnish  a  definite  amount  of  nourishment  In  the 
chapter  entitled  Food  for  Children  from  Eight  to  Twelve  Years  Old,  the 
author  emphasizes  the  fact  that  youth  Is  the  time  to  cultivate  respect  for  all 
natural  foods  as  a  means  to  physical  and  mental  effldency,  and  painstakingly 
suggests  how  this  may  be  accomplished.  The  appendix  sunmiarlzes  data  re- 
garding food  composition,  dietary  redpes  with  computed  food  values,  and  other 
useful  information. 

Food  supply  in  families  of  limited  means,  M.  M.  Davis,  jb.  (Boston:  League 
for  Prev.  Work,  1917,  pp.  «4).— This  is  a  study  of  present  facts  of  the  food 
problem  In  Boston  families  by  six  welfare  agencies.  Two  hundred  families 
were  investigated,  mostly  residents  of  Boston  and  representatives  of  the  dty's 
dilef  nationalities.  The  results  indicated  that  100  of  these  families  received 
an  adequate  amount  of  energy,  35  were  on  the  border  line,  and  03  were  Inade- 
quately fed«  Too  large  an  amount  of  money  was  spent  in  all  cases  for  meat 
and  too  little  for  milk,  fruits,  and  vegetables.  This  has  led  to  a  defldency 
of  mineral  material,  which  is  epecially  unfortunate  in  view  of  the  large  num- 
ber of  young  children  in  the  f  amUies. 

In  conclusion  the  report  recommends  that  the  general  public  needs  to  be 
more  fully  awakened  to  the  serious  effect  of  present  food  prices  upon  the 


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362  EXFEBIMENT  STATION  BBOOBD.  [YoLM 

nutrition  of  families  of  small  means,  particularly  familias  in  which  there  are 
many  small  children.  Present  food  conditions  also  obviottsly  demand  of  all 
charitable  societies  which  administer  material  relief  that  they  revise  and 
study  carefully  the  money  standards  of  income  which  they  are  provldins. 

A  dietary  for  miners,  S.  H.  Bbockunub  (Bngin.  and  Mi%.  Jmir,,  105  (1918), 
No.  H,  pp.  627-6S0).—'A  discussion  of  methods  of  feeding  employees  at  mining 
camps.  Economy  in  the  purchase  of  food  and  efficiency  in  purchasing  and 
preparation  is  recommended.  Calculations  showing  the  food  requiranoitit  of 
miners,  tables  presenting  a  balanced  ration  designed  to  be  in  accordance  with 
the  best  dietetic  theory  and  conforming  to  actual  experience  in  mining  camps, 
the  preparation  of  lunch  buckets,  weights  and  prewar  costs,  and  suggestions 
for  war  economies  and  conservation  are  included. 

A  further  study  of  the  diets  of  laboring  class  families  in  Qlasgow  in  war 
time,  Maboabet  I.  H.  Ferguson  (Proe.  Roy,  8oo,  Bdinb.,  S8  {1917-18),  Ho.  1, 
pp.  -(d-47).— The  diets  of  eight  of  the  famUies  previously  r^wrted  (B,  S.  E., 
88,  p.  267)  were  studied  for  the  third  time  in  November,  1917.  The  income 
of  the  families  varied  from  81  to  90s.  per  week.  In  two  of  the  families  the 
energy  value  had  increased  over  the  last  study ;  six  families  showed  an  increase 
In  protein  consumption,  the  average  over  the  whole  being  6.8  gm. ;  five  showed 
an  increased  use  of  fat,  averaging  7  gm.  per  man  per  day.  No  less  than  86 
per  cent  of  the  energy  was  obtained  from  the  rationed  foods,  while  in  1915 
they  yielded  only  76  per  cent 

An  inquiry  into  the  composition  of  dietaries,  with  special  reference  to  the 
dietaries  of  munition  workers,  Dunlxtce  and  M.  Gbeenwood  {Nat  Health 
Ina,  Med,  Research  Committee  [Ot.  Brit.},  Spec.  Rpt.  Ber.,  No.  IS  {1918),  pp. 
48). — ^This  report  is  based  upon  information  collected  in  1917  in  English  board- 
ing houses  for  munition  workers.  The  report  contains  an  introductory  section 
in  which  the  modern  experimental  work  on  dietetics  Is  reviewed  and  dietary 
standards  are  discussed.  This  is  followed  by  sections  on  the  statistics  of 
working-class  diets  collected  before  the  war,  statistics  of  worlting-dass  diets 
in  war  time,  the  war-time  dietaries  of  Germans,  and  the  voluntary  ration. 
A  more  detailed  discussion  is  giv^i  in  the  appendix  of  the  scientific  stadj  of 
**  bioenergetics,"  statistical  evidence  respecting  working-class  dietaries,  and 
also  Includes  an  article,  by  Miss  E.  M.  Chrystal,  on  Food  in  Hostels. 

The  food  ration  of  the  soldier,  M.  Bobnand  {Mitt.  Lehenstn.  Untertuch.  «. 
Hyg.,  Schtoeiz.  Oandhtsamt.,  7  {1916),  No.  1-2,  pp.  i-M6).— This  is  a  compila- 
tion of  data  on  the  standard  war  rations  of  different  countries,  with  particnlar 
reference  to  that  of  the  Swiss  Army.  The  value  In  army  feeding  of  canned 
soups,  vegetables,  and  meat ;  alcoholic  beverages ;  and  purified  drinking  water 
is  discussed. 

Malnutrition  among  school  children  {Med.  Rec.  [N.  T.],9S  {1918),  No.  8,  pp. 
S11-S18). — ^Malnutrition  is  deemed  one  of  the  most  potent  factors  hindering 
the  normal  course  of  the  child's  development.  Statistics  are  cited  to  show  that 
for  the  first  nine  months  of  the  year  1917  in  New  York  City  9.9  per  cent  of  the 
school  children  were  undernourished.  The  causes  of  malnutrition  were  divided 
into  two  groups,  external  and  intrinsic.  The  first  group  includes  unpropltiooB 
environment,  poverty,  ignorance,  and  bad  domestic  management.  The  seomd 
includes  digestive,  respiratory,  and  circulatory  disablements,  as  well  as  those 
arising  from  bad  heredity.  Various  agencies  dealing  with  the  problem  of  mal- 
nutrition are  discussed,  and  recommendations  are  made. 

A  food  poisoning  outbreak  at  Brighton,  W.  G.  Savage  and  D.  Fobres  {Jour. 
Hyg.  [Cambridge},  17  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  460-470).— A  food  poisoning  outbreak 
at  the  Royal  Sussex  CJounty  Hospital  is  described  which  is  considered  to  be  due 


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1»1»1  POODS — HUMAN  NUTRITIOK.  863 

to  fish  Infected  from  a  carrier  of  organisms,  evidently  of  the  Gaertner  group  but 
of  slightly  abnormal  characteristics. 

yitamins  and  nutrition,  H.  Steenbock  {^oi.  Mo.,  7  (1918),  No.  2,  pp.  179- 
188f  figs.  9). — This  article  discusses  the  vitamina,  ahowa  when*  physiological 
disturbances  are  to  be  expected  if  the  diet  is  deficient  in  them,  and  what,  with 
our  present  mode  of  living,  is  the  probability  of  a  deficiency. 

The  author  concludes  that  it  is  sufficient  to  say  that  both  vitamins  are  in- 
dispensible  in  the  diet,  but  that  for  normal  nutrition,  if  the  individual  has  the 
opportunity  to  select  his  foods  as  he  desires,  lack  of  vitamins  should  give  no 
greater  cause  for  concern  than  lack  of  suitable  proteins  or  salts. 

yitamins  and  symblbtes,  H.  Biebby  and  P.  Postteb  {Compt.  Rend.  Acad. 
8ci.  {ParUh  166  (1918),  No.  2S,  pp.  96S-966;  aba,  in  Chem.  Abs.,  12  (1918),  No. 
19,  p.  2001). — ^The  author  points  out  the  similarity  between  vitamins  and 
symbiotes  In  occurrence  and  temperature  of  destruction,  and  reports  experi- 
ments made  upon  rats  and  pigeons  in  which  deficiency  symptoms  were  cured 
by  subcutaneous  or  Intraperitoneal  inoculation  of  cultures  of  living  symbiotes. 

The  known  and  the  unknown  with  regard  to  the  etiology  and  prevention 
«f  beri-beri,  B.  B.  Viddee  (Proc.  2.  Pan  Amer.  Sci.  Cong.,  1915-16,  vol.  10,  pp. 
22-29). — ^A  discussion  Involving  the  relation  of  diet  to  beri-beri. 

[Diet  in  pellagra],  J.  Goldbebgeb  {Proc.  2.  Pan  Amer.  Sci.  Cong.,  1915-16, 
voU  10,  pp.  5-e2).>-A  rteum^  of  some  of  the  studies  of  the  United  States  Public 
Health  Service  relating  to  the  causation  and  to  a  method  of  preventing  pellagra. 

Chemical  analyses  of  the  stomach  contents  from  100  pellafirrins,  M.  H. 
Givers  {Amer,  Jour.  Med.  8ci.,  155  {1918),  NOi  2,  pp.  221-2S2)  .—This  is  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  studies  of  Hunter,  Givens,  and  Lewis  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R., 
35,  p.  666).  Data  from  100  more  cases  are  presented  and  summarized  as 
floUows: 

"No  definite  relation  can  be  found  between  the  absence  of  pepsin  and  free 
hydrochloric  acid,  and  sex,  age,  duration  of  pellagra,  and  clinical  symptoms. 
The  gastric  secretion  of  children  is  disturbed  along  the  same  general  line  as 
that  of  adults.  Free  hydrochloric  acid  and  pepsin  do  not  seem  to  be  absent 
as  often  in  children  as  in  adults.  Although  the  tendency  is  for  acid  and  pepsin 
to  disappear  hand  in  hand,  such  is  not  always  the  case.  It  is  believed  that 
pepsin  and  free  acid  are  present  more  often  than  has  been  expected." 

Pathogenesis  of  infantile  scurvy:  An  hypothesis,  H.  J.  Gebstenbebgeb 
(Amer.  Jour.  Med.  fife*.,  155  (1918),  No.  2,  pp.  259-268;  aba.  in  Physiol.  Abe.,  5 
{1918),  No.  4-5,  pp.  259,  260).— The  author  outlines  the  etiology  and  clinical 
picture  of  scurvy  and  proposes  the  following  theory  of  its  pathogenesis: 

(1)  All  of  the  known  symptoms  of  scurvy  may  be  explained  on  the  common 
basis  of  a  primary  or  secondary  interference  with  one  or  more  of  the  normal 
functions  of  calcium  alone  or  in  conjunction  with  its  physiological  anion.  (2) 
In  infant  scurvy  this  defunctionlng  of  calcium  is  caused  by  a  substance  pro- 
duced through  a  break  in  the  metabolism  of  carbohydrates,  whatever  their 
original  source  may  be.  (3)  The  break  in  carbohydrate  metabolism  occurs,  as 
already  suggested  by  Funk  (E.  S.  R.,  31,  p.  463)  and  others,  as  a  result  of  the 
absence,  inactivity,  relative  insufficiency,  or  inadequacy  of  some  physlochemical 
substance  or  vitamin  essential  to  the  establishment  and  performance  of  normal 
eart>ohydrate  metabolism.  (4)  The  defunctionlng  substance  is  possibly  oxalic 
add  or  some  other  agent  having  a  strong  affinity  for  calcium,  and  after  com- 
bining with  calcium,  it  is  soluble  with  great  difficulty. 

This  hypothesis  is  discussed  in  detail,  with  many  references  to  the  literature 
on  the  subject  of  scurvy. 

Infantile  scurvy,  A.  F.  Hess  {Proc.  2.  Pan  Amer.  Bci.  Cong.,  1915-16,  vol. 
10,  pp.  48-5i).— The  author  cites  investigations  which  led  to  the  conclusion 

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864  BXFEBIMBHT  STATIOK  BBOOBD.  tToL40 

that  a  diet  of  pasteurized  milk  induces  scurvy  in  inftots  unless  some  anti- 
scorbutic food,  as  orange  juice  or  potato  water,  is  also  given. 

The  antiLacorbutic  factors  in  lemon  Juice,  A.  Habden  and  S.  S.  Zilta 
(Bioohem.  Jour,,  12  {1918),  No.  3,  pp.  259-269,  figs.  5).— The  liquid  obtained 
after  precipitation  of  the  citric  and  other  organic  adds  from  lemon  juice  has 
been  found  by  the  authors  to  contain  the  greater  part,  if  not  the  whole,  of 
the  antiscorbutic  content  of  the  lemon  juice.  The  potency  of  the  treated  juice 
was  lessened  by  storing  In  the  cold  for  about  a  fortnight,  and  was  increased 
by  evaporation  to  dryness  in  an  acid  medium. 

Potent  doses  of  the  treated  juice  when  given  subcutaneously  failed  to  arrest 
the  progress  of  scurvy  in  guinea  pigs,  and  the  administration  of  very  concen- 
trated doses  previous  to  depriving  guinea  pigs  of  the  antiscorbutic  factor  did 
not  prevent  or  delay  the  onset  of  scurv^. 

The  effect  of  alcoholic  intoxication  on  catalase,  W.  B.  Busqe  {Amer,  Jour, 
PhyHoh,  45  (1917),  No.  1,  pp.  57-61,  flg,  i).— The  introduction  of  alcohol  Into 
the  stomach  of  dogs  was  found  to  Increase  greatly  the  catalase  of  the  blood, 
while  the  introduction  of  alcohol  directly  into  the  vascular  system  decreased 
the  catalase  of  the  blood.  This  decrease  is  considered  to  be  due  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  catalase  by  the  alcohol,  and  leads  to  the  assumption  that  in  so  far 
as  the  absorption  of  alcohol  from  the  alimentary  tract  produces  an  increase  in 
the  catalase  of  the  blood,  resulting  presumably  in  an  increase  in  oxidation, 
just  so  far  alcohol  exerts  a  stimulating  effect,  while  in  so  far  as  the  accumu- 
lation of  alcohol  in  blood  in  prolonged  intoxication  or  Its  introduction  directly 
into  the  blood  destroys  catalase,  just  so  far  alcohol  exerts  a  depressing  effect 

Beason  for  the  helpful  effect  of  alcoholic  beverasres  in  diabetes,  states  of 
depression,  and  convalescence,  W.  B.  Buboe  (Science,  n.  $er.,  48  (1918),  No. 
1239,  pp.  327,  328).— The  administration  of  alcohol  to  normal  dogs  and  to  dogs 
rendered  diabetic  by  the  removal  of  the  pancreas  led  to  an  increase  in  the  cata- 
lase of  the  blood.  It  is  also  stated  that  the  blood  from  the  liver  was  richer  in 
catalase  by  from  10  to  15  per  cent  than  the  blood  from  any  other  part  of  the 
body. 

The  conclusion  is  drawn  that  "  the  administration  of  alcohol  to  diabetics  is 
helpful  because  it  stimulates  the  liver  to  an  Increased  output  of  catalase,  which 
Is  carried  by  the  blood  to  the  tissues,  where  It  facilitates  the  oxidative  procesees 
with  resulting  increased  oxidation  of  sugar  and  decreased  acidosis." 

The  rdle  of  catalase  in  "  shock,"  W.  B.  Busge  and  A.  J.  Nxnx  (Atner.  Jour. 
Physiol.,  45  {1918),  No.  3,  pp.  286-293,  figs.  2).— Bssentially  the  data  noted  ia 
the  above  article  and  from  another  source  (B.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  870). 

The  mode  of  action  of  food  in  Increasing  oxidation,  W.  B.  Buxqe,  A.  J. 
Nbhx,  and  R.  Ashman  {Amer.  Jour.  Physiol.,  45  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  500-506, 
figs.  2). — Ck)ntinuing  the  investigations  on  catalase,  the  effect  of  ingestion  of 
food  on  the  catalase  content  of  the  blood  and  tissues  was  determined  by  ex- 
periments upon  dogs.  The  results  indicate  that  food  increases  the  catalase  of 
the  blood  and  hence  of  the  tissues  parallel  with  the  increase  produced  in 
oxidation. 

To  explain  this  increase  in  catalase,  alcohol  was  used  as  a  stimulant  to  cata- 
lase activity  in  normal  dogs  and  In  dogs  in  which  the  liver,  pancreas,  spleen,  or 
otiier  organs  had  been  extirpated.  From  the  results  obtained  it  is  concluded 
that  alcohol,  and  probably  food  in  a  like  manner,  increases  the  catalase  of  the 
blood  by  stimulating  the  pancreas,  the  spleen,  the  gastric  and  intestinal  glands, 
and  particularly  the  liver,  to  an  increased  output  of  catalase  and  in  this  way 
causes  an  increase  in  oxidation. 


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m9]  AKIMAL  PBODTJOnON.  365 

Farther  study  on  the  effect  of  food  In  increasing  oxidation,  W.  E.  Bubge 
and  A.  J.  Nkzll  (Amer.  Jour.  Physiol,  47  (1918) ,  No,  1,  pp.  lS-2i,  figs,  6),^ 
OoDdnnlDg  the  work  noted  above,  observations  on  the  effect  of  the  ingestion  of 
the  ordinary  food  materials  (fruits  and  beverages)  on  the  production  of 
catalase  are  reported. 

The  experiments  confirm  the  conclusions  that  the  increase  in  oxidation  fol- 
lowing the  ingestion  of  food  is  due  to  the  increase  in  catalase  produced  by  the 
stimulation  of  the  digestive  glands,  particularly  the  liver,  to  an  increased  out- 
pat  of  this  ensym.  The  glycerin  radical  of  the  fat  molecule  appears  to  be  re- 
qx>08ible  for  the  stimulating  effect  of  the  fats;  the  end  products  of  protein 
digestion,  presumably  the  amino  acids,  for  the  stimulating  effect  of  meat ;  and 
the  simple  sugars  for  the  stimulating  effect  of  the  starchy  foods. 

Greatinnria.— I,  Szoerenous  origin  of  urinary  creatin,  H.  Steenbock  and 
E.  G.  Oboss  {Jour.  BM,  Chem.,  S6  (1918),  No.  2,  pp.  265-289;  abs,  in  Jour. 
Amer,  Med.  Assoc^  72  (1919),  No.  i,  p.  70).— The  work  of  various  investigators 
on  creatin  is  reviewed  and  some  of  the  factors  are  presented  which  the  authors 
b^eve  to  be  responsible  for  the  apparent  anomalies  shown  In  the  appearance 
and  disappearance  of  creatin  in  urine  under  different  dietary  conditions. 
Data  obtained  from  experiments  with  pigs  are  reported,  from  which  the  foUow- 
log  conclusions  are  drawn: 

Creatin  in  the  urine  of  the  pig  may  or  may  not  be  produced  by  fasting,  and 
it  may  or  may  not  be  present  in  the  urine  on  the  rations  customarily  employed 
In  animal  husbandry  practice.  Creatlnuria  obtained  during  fasting  may  be 
reduced  by  carbohydrate  feeding  or  by  the  administration  of  alkali,  but  both 
treatments  applied  simultaneously  need  not  necessarily  prevent  it  Acid  ad- 
ministration, resulting  in  a  slight  acidosis,  may  or  may  not  increase  the 
creatin,  but  protein  feeding  if  sufficiently  intensive  will  always  produce  creatl- 
nuria, or  if  it  be  already  present  will  increase  it  in  degree. 

The  theory  advanced  in  explanation  of  these  results  and  those  of  other  in- 
vestigators is  that,  in  one  form  or  another,  creatlnuria  is  etiologlcally  related 
to  protein  metabolism  whether  of  exogenous  or  endogenous  origin,  and  that  in 
addition,  in  a  manner  as  yet  unknown,  it  is  related  to  the  creatin  stored  In  the 
musdes  and  other  tissues.  As  a  possible  mechanism  for  the  formation  of 
creatin,  it  is  suggested  that  some  of  the  arglnln  may  be  split  into  components, 
leaving  the  guanidln  group  Intact  Further  cleavage  would  result  In  the  for- 
mation by  one  of  two  possible  methods  of  guanidin  acetic  acid,  the  methyla- 
tion  of  which  would  form  creatin. 

The  theory  is  discussed  in  detail  with  a  view  to  correlating  the  observations 
hitherto  made  on  creatin  excretion. 

AinUAL  PBOBXrCTION. 

Vet  energy  Talues  of  alfalfa  hay  and  of  starch,  H.  P.  Abmsbt  and  J.  A« 
Foes  {Jour.  Agr.  Research  [U.  S.I,  1$  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  269-286) .—Seven 
Tespiration  calorimeter  experiments  with  a  pure-bred  Shorthorn  steer  1  year 
and  10  months  old  were  made  at  the  Pennsylvania  Institute  of  Animal  Nutri- 
tion In  cooperation  with  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  of  the  U.  S.  Depart- 
iMnt  of  Aa^cnltore  to  determine  the  net  energy  value  of  alfalfa  hay  by  a 
comperfeon  of  the  seveifal  periods  In  which  different  amounts  of  it  were  fed, 
and  to  determine  similarly  the  net  energy  value  of  a  mixture  of  alfalfa  hay 
nd  starch  in  the  proportion  of  2.5 : 1.  From  the  data  thus  derived  the  net 
▼alue  of  the  starch  was  computed.  The  data  given  in  detail  in  tabular 
Included  the  following  subjects:  Oompoeition  and  net  energy  content  of 


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the  dry  matter  of  the  feeding  staffs,  percentage  digestibility,  iiiflnence  tt 
starch  on  the  digestibility  of  the  hay,  average  dally  nrlnary  and 
cretion,  average  dally  gains  of  protein  and  fat,  methane  production, 
able  energy,  heat  emission  and  production,  and  the  net  energy  values  per 
gram  of  dry  matter.    The  experiments  are  briefly  compared  as  to  mei 
and  results  with  similar  work  by  Kellner. 

"  The  digestibility  of  the  rations,  the  losses  In  the  urine,  and  the 
the  methane  fermentation  showed  a  distinct  increase  as  the  total  a: 
the  ration  was  reduced.    The  greater  loss  of  energy  In  the  urine  and 
on  the  lighter  rations  more  than  compensated  for  the  smaller  losses 
feces,  so  that  the  proportion  of  the  total  energy  metabollzable  was  soi 
less  than  on  the  heavier  rations. 

"The  metabollzable  energy  of  the  starch  was  10  per  cent  greats 
average  computed  from  five  experiments  by  Kellner,  the  difference  bdnf 
chiefly  to  smaller  losses  in  the  feces.  Starch  caused  the  usual  d^ressla 
digestibility. 

"  The  average  heat  Increment  caused  by  the  consumption  of  alfalfa  hay 
990  calories  per  kilogram  of  dry  matter,  as  compared  with  981  calories  fl 
for  the  same  hay  In  the  previous  year  and  with  an  average  of  1,169  calorli 
six  previous  experiments  on  three  different  samples. 

"  The  average  heat  Increment  for  the  starch  was  1,602  calories  per 
of  dry   matter,   as  compared  with   1,248  calories  computed   from 
experiments.    The  net  energy  value  of  the  starch  was  about  9  per  cent 
than  that  computed  from  Kellner's  experiments,  only  49  per  cent  as 
with  59  per  cent  of  the  metabollzable  energy  being  utilized  by  the  animal" 

[Feeding  value  of  Para  grass],  G.  W.  Edwabos  {CHtam,  8ta,  Rpt.  1911,  t 
10, 11,  12), — Seven  native  cows  and  a  grade  heifer  were  divided  Into  two 
the  flrst  kept  on  Para  pasture  and  the  second  on  native  pasture.  Darlm 
spring  (dry  season)  all  of  the  flrst  group  gained  in  weight  and  all  of  the  n 
lost  The  initial  weight  of  the  first  lot  was  considerably  less  than  that  4 
second.  In  a  similar  comparison  with  two  lots  of  six  S-months-cdd  pim 
lot  on  native  pasture  gained  an  average  of  29.3  lbs.  during  three 
the  spring  and  the  lot  on  Para  grass  41  lbs.  during  the  same  period.  1 
was  no  disparity  in  initial  weights. 

In  an  experiment  comparing  alfalfa  hay  with  the  much  cheaper  Part  | 
as  feed  for  horses,  it  was  found  that  the  latter  could  be  used  as  sole  tcngb 
maintenance  ration  for  horses  doing  light  work. 

experiments  with  boUy  refuse,  G.  T.  Dowell  and  W.  G. 
(Oklahoma  Sta,  Bui.  121  {1918)  pp.  8).— "BoUies"  is  a  term  that  has  tea 
plied  to  unopened  or  partly  opened  cotton  bolls  gathered  at  the  «kd  d 
piddng  season  and  sold  to  glnners  who  put  them  through  a  cracking  wM 
and  then  gin  them.  The  refuse,  c(Hisisting  of  the  burr  and  some  nsgl 
cotton,  has  been  used  as  a  fuel  and,  in  recent  years,  as  a  feeding  stuff.  1 
two  18-months-old  steers,  the  authors  have  studied  the  digestibility  of 
boUy  refuse,  both  when  fed  alone  and  with  the  addition  of  alfalfa  meal 
cottonseed  meaL  The  digestion  coeflldents  were  all  low,  but  the  refuse  m 
a  satisfactory  roughage  as  the  steers  gained  s(Mnewhat  in  weU^t. 

It  is  pointed  out  that  the  feeding  value  of  holly  refuse  would  depend  upai 
percentage  of  seed  and  unginned  cotton,  both  of  whi<di  varied  considtf 
In  samples  of  refuse  secured  from  different  sources. 

Analyses  of  the  bolly  refuse,  and  the  cottonseed,  cottonseed  cake, 
derived  from  "  hollies  "  are  reported,  as  well  as  the  composition  of  the  ail 

The  composition  of  some  Indian  feeding  stuffs,  jATnmajL  Nath  Sdi 
Research  Inst.  Pusa  Bui.  70  (1917),  pp.  60+rV).'-ThiB  U  a  combined  II 


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»1»)  AKIBiAL  PB0DTJC3TI0N.  867 

analyses  completed  in  the  laboratory  of  the  imperial  agricultural  chemist 
Entries  are  made  under  the  botanical  name  of  the  plant  from  which  the  products 
analyzed  were  derived.  In  most  cases  the  percentage  of  albuminoid  nitrogen 
is  giren  in  addition  to  the  total  nitrogen,  and  the  percentage  of  sand  and  silica 
separated  from  the  soluble  mineral  matter.  The  nutritive  ratio  and  the  food 
units  for  each  item  have  been  computed. 

Studies  of  inheritance  and  evolution  in  Orthoptera,  II,  III,  R.  K.  Naboubs 
(Jour,  Oeneiics,  7  (1917),  No.  1,  pp.  1-64,  Pls,  2;  abs,  in  Anat.  Rec.,  11  {1917), 
iVo.  6,  pp.  500,  501). — ^These  papers  report  the  continuation  of  breeding  experi- 
ments with  grasshoppers  of  the  genus  Paratettix,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R., 
31.  p.  58). 

The  experiments  deal  with  a  variety  of  color  markings  on  the  pronota  and 

in  the  femora  of  the  jumping  legs.    Fourteen  patterns  are  considered  to  form 

a  group  of  multiple  allelomorphs,  and  are  held  to  be  typical  of  one  class  of 

I    diaracters  "  allelomorphic  to  each  other,  never  to  an  absence."    Another  char- 

I   acter  producing  a  melanic  pattern  is  recognized  and  considered  typical  of  a 

I    second  dass  of  characters  "  allelomorphic  only  to  their  absences,  never  to  each 

other  or  any  other  characters."    The  possibility  that  a  multiple  allelomorph 

might  be  the  result  of  linkage  of  two  or  more  factors  is  considered  in  Part  III. 

Studies  of  inheritance  and  evolution  in  Orthoptera. — ^IV,  Hultiple  allelo- 
morphism and  inheritance  of  color  patterns  in  Tettigidea,  A.  W.  Bellamy 
{Jour.  (Ienetic8,  7  {1917),  No.  1,  pp.  55-70,  pi.  i).— Breeding  results  with  over 
3»000  grasshoppers  of  the  genus  Tettlgidea  are  given  an  interpretation  similar 
to  the  one  adopted  by  Naboura 

Inheritance  studies  of  color  and  horn  characteristics,  J.  W.  Gowen  {Maine 
BUi.  Bui.  272  (1918),  pp.  127-U8,  figs.  4).— This  is  an  abstract  of  the  paper 
previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  78). 

Ovarian  transplantation  in  Rouen  and  Peking  ducks,  R.  Kaltenbach 
{Zt9Chr.  Induktive  Abstam.  u.  Vererbungslehre,  17  (1917),  No.  $,  pp.  251-258, 
fig.  1). — ^The  author  reports  an  unsuccessful  attempt  at  ovarian  transplanta- 
tion in  birds,  which  like  attempts  of  other  investigators  (E.  S.  R.,  25,  p.  867), 
resulted  in  absorption  of  the  engrafted  ovaries.  A  new  technique  prevented 
the  regeneration  of  the  original  ovary  found  in  much  previous  work.  The 
method  involves  the  destruction  of  the  ovary  in  situ  by  the  cautious  application 
of  formalin.  Ducks  sprayed  in  this  way  with  or  without  implantation  of  a  new 
ovary  developed  drake  feathering  at  the  next  molt 

Baby  beef  production,  W.  H.  Psw  and  J.  M.  Eward  (Iowa  Sta.  Bui.  181 
(1918),  pp.  289-811,  figs.  4). — ^A  certain  number  of  com  belt  farmers,  in  spite 
of  the  high  price  of  land,  labor,  and  feed,  have  found  it  profitable  to  raise  cattle 
for  the  purpose  of  producing  baby  beef.  The  results  from  November,  1913,  to 
November,  1916,  are  reported  of  a  cooperative  study  by  the  station  of  one  of 
these  farms  with  respect  to  the  methods,  costs,  and  profits  of  this  part  of  the 
business. 

The  breeding  herd,  75  to  90  head,  culled  out  each  year,  consisted  of  home- 
grown cows  and  heifers,  all  Hereford  grades  of  good  type.  The  bulls  were 
nooetly  from  the  pure-bred  herd  maintained  on  this  farm.  The  females  were 
bred  to  calve  not  later  than  May  each  spring,  the  bulls,  3  to  5  In  number,  usually 
being  kept  with  the  whole  herd  from  the  end  of  June  to  the  beginning  of  Sep- 
tember. Calves  ran  with  their  dams  until  late  November.  After  weaning  they 
were  dehorned  and  the  bulls  castrated.  Those  intended  for  baby  beef  then 
itarted  their  feeding. 

Heifer  calves  designed  for  the  breeding  herd  were  carried  through  their  first 
winter  in  the  dry  lot  with  the  baby  beeves  and  liberally  fed.  Usually  they  were 
bred  to  calve  as  2-year-olds,  but  if  poorly  developed  the  breeding  was  postponed 


uigitizea  Dy  "" 


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368 


EXPEBIMSKT  STATIOK  BECOBD. 


tVoL40 


12  months.  The  older  heifers  and  the  breeding  cows  were  pat  on  winter  rations 
about  November  21  each  year  and  continued  until  April  or  the  middle  of  May, 
according  to  circumstances.  For  the  first  six  or  eight  weeks  they  were  pastured 
in  clover  and  timothy  aftermath  and  run  in  com  stalks.  Additional  feed  In  the 
form  of  com  silage,  rough  discolored  alfalfa,  and  dover-tlmothy  hay  was  al- 
lowed toward  the  end  of  the  v^inter. 

The  prices  charged,  regarded  as  constant  for  the  three  seasons,  were  meadow 
aftermath  75  cts.  per  acre,  com  stalks  50  cts.  per  acre,  alfalfa  $10  per  ton,  mixed 
hay  $8  per  ton,  and  com  silage  H  per  ton.  In  the  first  winter  the  average  dally 
cost  was  7.8  cts.  per  cow,  in  the  second  6.8  cts.,  and  in  the  third  6.8  cts.  Silage 
feeding  was  begun  comparatively  early  the  first  season. 

During  the  rest  of  the  year  the  cows  were  on  blue  grass  pasture.  In  1014  tbe 
pasture  was  severely  dried  up,  and  com  silage  was  added  to  the  ration  of  nurs- 
ing stock.  Pasture  land  was  valued  at  $110  to  $150  per  acre,  which  was  $50  to 
|90  less  than  land  used  for  crops.  During  the  two  summers  that  no  silage  was 
fed.  the  dally  costs  per  head  for  pasture  were  6.3  and  5.9  cts.,  respectively. 

During  the  most  typical  year  (1015-16),  an  average  cow  used  0.54  acre  of 
meadow  aftermath,  1.68  acres  of  com  stalks,  0.3  ton  of  timothy  hay,  1.03  tons 
of  silage,  0.61  ton  of  alfalfa,  2  acres  of  blue  grass  pasture  (182  days  for  cow 
and  calf),  and  15.6  lbs.  of  salt 

As  summer  advanced  calves  were  gradually  given  a  certain  amount  of  grain 
(shelled  com  and  whole  oats  1:1).  By  weaning  time  they  were  on  full  feed. 
The  average  daily  consumption  throughout  this  period  was  about  3^25  lbs.  per 
calf.  At  weaning,  their  average  weight  in  different  years  varied  from  412  to 
416  lbs.  The  following  table  gives  the  estimated  cost  of  producing  a  calf  and 
shows  the  advantages  of  home-grown  calves  over  feeders  purchased  on  the 
range: 

Cost  of  a  calf  at  tceaning  and  it$  market  vtUue, 


Items  of  cost. 


1914 


1915 


191« 


Tear's  audntenanoe  of  oow 

Boll  service 

Oalf  feed  while  in  creep 

MortaUtyrisklnoalTBS 

Labor  on  calves 

Oroasoost  at  weaning 

Net  production  cost  (gross  cost  less  manure) 

Manet  value  (consideting  weight) 

Prollt  on  home  growns 


937.87 
2.00 
3.94 
3.95 
1.05 


48.81 

33.81 

35.36 

1.55 


8S3.04 

3.06 

8.89 

3.95 

.85 


883.06 
2.00 
S.76 
2.98 
1.21 


44.39 

29.30 

33.99 

4.60 


43.61 
28.01 
87.08 
9.09 


Besides  feed  cost,  the  charges  for  cows*  maintenance  given  here  include  labor, 
interest,  taxes,  veterinary  charges,  mortality,  risk,  depreciation,  and  upkeep. 
An  accurate  time  record  was  kept  of  all  operations.  <x>sses  from  death  of 
calves  and  the  failure  of  cows  or  heifers  to  produce  calves  are  distributed 
among  the  remaining  calves  under  the  item  mortality  risk.  A  direct  rental  of 
5  per  cent  of  the  value  of  the  pasture  land  is  included  imder  maintenance  of 
cow.  The  valuations  of  the  calves  at  weaning  time  used  to  determine  the  profit 
are  based  on  actual  market  quotations,  but  the  calves  themselves  could  have 
readily  been  sold  at  an  advance  over  the  market. 

The  net  cost  of  carrying  the  heifers  destined  for  breeding  purposes  from 
weaning  to  the  age  of  18  months  was  in  the  successive  years  $28.21,  |35.55, 
and  $25.43,  respectively.  The  greatest  expense  occurred  in  the  winter  when 
the  heifers  were  in  the  feed  lot  This  cost  was  only  a  few  dollars  less  eadx 
year  than  the  net  cost  and  was  considerably  higher  in  the  case  of  the  1914 


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1»1»1  ANIMAL  PRODUCTION.  369 

bdfers  than  of  the  others.  The  only  other  Important  item  of  expense,  the 
sammer  pasture,  was  more  than  covered  by  credits  for  manure  and  pork. 

During  the  years  covered  by  this  report  the  costs  of  actually  making  baby 
beef  out  of  the  home-grown  steers  and  heifers  not  kept  for  breeding  were 
rendered  abnormal  because  most  of  the  animals  were  fitted  for  the  show  ring. 
However,  about  200  calves  purchased  on  the  open  market  were  also  fed  each 
year  and  some  of  the  details  of  their  management  are  given.  Of  those  secured 
in  1913,  most  were  disposed  of  in  June,  1914,  after  seven  months*  feeding. 
About  50  were  held  over  on  pasture  during  the  summer  and  sold  in  December. 
It  was  found  that  heavy  gains  during  the  finishing  period  did  not  compensate 
lor  the  diminished  returns  on  pasture.  The  calves  purchased  in  1915  were  fed 
in  dry  lot  exclusively  for  over  a  year  and  topped  the  Chicago  market  at  $12.50 
per  hundredweight 

From  the  available  data,  and  using  1917-18  prices,  it  ia  concluded  that  the 
cost  of  raising  a  calf  to  weaning  would  be  about  $38  and  the  net  cost,  including 
labor  and  overhead  charges  of  a  year's  feeding,  about  $175.  The  net  profit 
would  be  somewhat  more  than  $19,  but  nearly  $12  of  this  is  profit  in  rearing 
the  calf.   The  profit  of  the  feeding  operation  would  thus  be  about  $7.50  per  head. 

Cattle  feeding  Investigations  {Kansas  8ta.  Rpt,  1917,  pp.  28,  29,  39,  40). — 
EiShty-four  grade  Hereford  calves  from  the  Fort  Hays  substation  were  divided 
taito  six  lots  and  full-fed  for  the  production  of  yearling  beef.  Four  lots  were 
nsed  to  compare  good  sweet  clover  hay  and  green,  brown,  and  black  alfalfa  hay. 
The  concentrates  used  were  shelled  com  and  oil  meal.  The  black  alfalfa  had 
been  stacked  immediately  after  cutting  without  being  cured.  It  was  charged 
at  $5  per  ton,  whereas  the  price  of  the  other  hays  was  put  at  $15. 

The  black-alfalfa  lot  was  given  almost  twice  as  much  hay  as  the  other  lots 
but  ate  somewhat  less  grain.  The  gain  averaged  lowest  and  was  the  most 
expensive  of  any  lot.  The  green-alfalfa  hay  lot  made  slightly  better  and  more 
economical  gains  than  the  brown-alfalfa  lot  The  lot  fed  sweet  clover  hay 
made  about  the  same  gains  as  the  green-alfalfa  hay  lot,  but  these  were  cheaper. 

The  two  remaining  lots  were  used  to  compare  ground  com,  barley,  and  Unseed 
meal  with  shelled  com  and  linseed  meal  when  the  roughage  consisted  of  brown 
alfalfa  and  silage  in  both  cases.  The  corn  and  barley  lot  made  the  fastest  gains 
of  any  of  the  six  lots,  but  next  to  the  black-alfalfa  lot  these  were  the  most  ex- 
pensive.   The  other  lot  made  rather  low  but  cheap  gains. 

Progress  is  reported  on  a  project  at  the  Fort  Hays  substation  concerning 
the  develoi»nent  of  breeding  heifers.  During  the  second  winter  the  group  of  40 
grade  Herefords  bred  to  calve  at  8  years  made  better  gains  than  the  group  that 
calved  the  succeeding  spring  as  2-year-olds.  In  both  groups  the  lots  receiving 
com  and  cottonseed  cake  in  addition  to  roughness  averaged  somewhat  less 
tban  twice  the  gain  of  lots  fed  only  alfalfa  hay  silage  and  wheat  straw,  but  at 
aomewhat  more  than  twice  the  cost  In  the  case  of  2-year-olds,  the  grain-fed 
lot  had  less  trouble  in  calving. 

T.im<»ing  the  grain  ration  for  fattening  cattle,  W.  H.  Pew,  J.  M.  Ewabd, 
and  R.  Dunn  {Iowa  8ta.  Bui,  182  (1918),  pp.  S19-^U,  ftffs.  ii).— This  is  a  re- 
port of  a  two-year  feeding  trial  to  determine  prinxarily  whether  the  usual 
eora-grain  ration  for  fattening  steers  could  profitably  be  reduced  and  an  in- 
creased amount  of  com  silage  substituted.  In  1915-16  five  lots  of  five  2-year- 
olda»  mostly  showing  Hereford  characteristics,  were  used,  and  in  1916-17  four 
lota  of  ^ght  steers  each  were  Included  in  this  phase  of  the  work.  Much  care 
waa  taken  to  secure  uniformity  in  the  lots,  not  only  the  weights  and  general 
appearance  being  considered  but  also  certain  Individual  body  measurements 
and  the  dispositions  of  the  animals.  Lot  1  of  each  year,  after  getting  on  full 
teed,  had  shelled  com  present  at  all  times  in  a  self-feeder.    The  other  lots 


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870 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 


[Vol  10 


were  fed  by  hand  twice  daily  in  predetermined  amounts,  one  lot  (lot  2)  each 
year  being  full-fed  and  the  others  receiving  75,  50,  and  25  per  cent,  respecti?ely, 
of  the  amount  of  shelled  com  received  by  lot  2.  In  the  second  year  the  75 
per  cent  lot  was  omitted.  £2ach  lot  was  given  as  much  silage  twice  daily  as  it 
would  eat.  Linseed  meal  (old  process)  was  fed  mlxsd  -with  the  silage  in 
uniform  amounts  to  each  lot,  in  the  first  winter  at  the  rate  of  2  lbs.  per  steer 
daily  and  the  second  winter  2.5  lbs.  Alfalfa  hay  was  fed  each  evening,  the 
amount  being  the  same  for  each  lot  and  determined  by  the  appetite  of  the 
lot  consuming  the  least. 

Four  hogs  followed  each  lot  of  cattle,  and  in  addition  there  was  a  che<^  lot 
each  year  of  four  hogs  that  were  self-fed  on  shelled  com  and  meat  meal 
tankage  in  separate  feeders.  The  other  hogs  received  limited  amounts  of 
com  and  tankage  in  addition  to  the  "pick-up."  The  difference  between  the 
check  and  an  experimental  lot  was  used  to  compute  the  amount  of  feed  saved 
by  the  hogs  per  100  lbs.  of  gain  on  the  steers.  The  first  set  of  hogs  was  replaced 
in  90  days  by  a  new  set 

Some  of  the  results  are  assembled  in  the  following  table: 


Resulti  of  full  and  limited  grain  ration  for  steers  {120  days). 

Lot 

Method  of  feeding. 

Average  daily 

Average 
daUy 
gain. 

Coni 
saved 

potmds 
gain  en 
steers. 

foed 

saved 

by  hogs. 

Com. 

Silage. 

1 

8«IM«1 

1916-16. 

Poundt, 
16.47 
16.68 
11.67 
7.79 
8.87 

14.83 

13.36 

6.68 

8.34 

Pounds. 
30.66 
38.76 
39.90 
61.47 
63.85 

34.29 
34.11 
44.88 
60.73 

Poundt. 
2.98 
2.94 
3.80 
3.03 
2.56 

3.50 
3.17 
2.83 
2.81 

Pounds. 

31.47 

16.23 

23.02 

&19 

&46 

41.73 
2&0i 
19.48 
6.31 

cmti. 

13.  IS 

2 

Hand-fed    

1146 

3 

do 

13.  OB 

4 

.do 

ILM 

6 

do 

11.30 

1 

SalMed 

1916-17. 

11.16 

3 

Hand-C^       . 

u.» 

3 

do 

mn 

4 

do 

ia« 

Incompatingthecostsooim  wasputat  90(;ts.  per  bushel  and  silage  at  S6.50perton. 

In  spite  of  their  greater  gain  in  weight,  a  general  better  condition  in  the 
full-fed  steers,  and  the  larger  amount  of  **  pick-up  "  available  for  the  hogs  fol- 
lowing them,  the  limited  grain  lots,  especially  the  25  per  cent,  made  distinctly 
the  cheaper  gains.  This  is  shown  not  only  by  the  cost  per  pound  of  gain  bat 
by  the  estimated  margins  which  the  authors  give,  based  on  market  conditions 
at  the  time  the  experiments  ended.  Full  feeding  is  advised  only  where  a  large 
premium  is  being  paid  for  well-finished  cattle. 

Comparing  self -feeding  and  full  hand-feeding,  the  results  are  thought  to  be 
somewhat  in  favor  of  the  former  method. 

Each  y.ear  the  experiment  was  continued  beyond  the  initial  four  months* 
period.  In  1915-16  the  limited  feeding  lots  were  put  on  full  grain  ration  fOr  40 
days,  while  the  next  year  a  fifth  month  of  continued  limited  feeding  was  tried. 
Complete  data  are  provided  for  comparison  of  the  results  of  the  extended 
period  with  those  of  the  shorter  period,  but  no  definite  conclusions  are*  drawn 
as  to  the  advantages  of  either.  The  margin  of  selling  price  over  feed  cost  is 
generally  Increased  by  longer  feeding. 

In  the  second  year  a  lot  of  eight  steers  similar  to  the  other  lots  received 
alfklfa  as  its  sole  roughage  but  was  fed  a  full  corn  ration  and  was  otherwise 


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1919] 


ANIMAL  PRODUCTION. 


871 


treated  lUm  lot  2.  It  made  greater  gains  than  the  silage  fed  lot,  but  with 
tiflilfa  at  $18  per  ton  it  was  less  profitable. 

In  this  year  also  another  lot  of  eight  steers  was  fed  exactly  like  lot  2  but 
in  a  concrete  instead  of  a  dirt  yard.  Results  show  slight  differences  in  favor 
of  the  concrete  yard. 

[Pastorinff  alfalfa  and  harveating  com  on  irrigated  fields  with  hogs  and 
Bheep],  B.  Axtitb  (17.  8.  Dept.  Agr,,  Bur.  Plant  Indus.,  Work  BeUe  Fwirche 
BMpt.  Farm,  1917,  pp.  H-tl,  fig.  1). — In  two  six-year  rotations,  a  three-year 
stand  of  alfalfa  is  pastured  each  year  with  hogs  which  receive  in  addition  2  lbs. 
com  daily  per  100  lbs.  live  weight  The  hogs  are  later  turned  into  the  com 
plats  of  the  same  rotation.  A  progress  report  is  presented  of  five  years'  results 
with  one  rotation  and  three  years'  with  the  other.  In  the  case  of  the  former,  the 
average  gain  per  acre,  made  by  hogs  while  on  alfalfa  with  com  supplement,  was 
1,725  lbs.  for  117  days.  The  grain  fed  per  acre  averaged  4,795  lbs.,  and  the 
grain  per  pound  of  gain  was  2.9  lbs.  While  the  hogs  were  on  com,  the  average 
gain  per  acre  was  538  11)8.  for  21  day&  Based  on  the  estimated  yield,  this  repro- 
ents  an  average  consumption  of  4.7  lbs.  of  com  per  pound  of  gain. 

A  summary  is  given  in  the  subjoined  table  of  the  first  year's  results  of  a 
cooperative  investigation  with  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  of  this  Depart- 
ment concerning  the  pasturing  of  pigs  from  May  28  to  September  25  on  alfalfa 
supplemented  with  various  grains  to  the  extent  of  2  per  cent  of  the  live  weight 
daily.  After  44  days  the  original  pigs  in  those  lots  receiving  supplements  were 
replaced  by  much  lighter  spring  pigs. 

Pasturing  pigs  on  alfalfa  supplemented  by  grain. 


Sappiementol  ntlon. 

Tfamon 
pasture. 

Cawytag 
oapwslty 
IMracn. 

Total 

gain 

par  acre. 

Ofaln 

(ad 

paracra. 

SfflF 

Nm« 

116 
119 
119 
119 

1,305 
1,901 
1987 
194fi 

Povndi. 

117 

1,786 

1903 

1741 

PottfuU. 

Pouni$. 

Bvley...            

4,662 
4;504 

2.66 

flhcrto 

2.89 

Com. 

2.39 

It  would  appear  that  there  is  little  difference  in  the  results  that  could  be 
attributed  to  particular  supplements.  Which  should  be  chosen  at  any  particular 
time  dQ>end8  on  market  prices. 

In  another  six-year  rotation,  the  alfalfa  after  three  years'  growth  is  pastured 
with  ewes  and  their  lambs,  which  later  are  used  to  harvest  the  com  and  con- 
Fume  beet  tops  from  the  beet  crop  in  the  same  rotation.  In  1917  the  lambs 
made  fully  as  good  gains  as  the  hogs,  and  in  addition  they  seemed  to  clean  up 
the  field  of  com  more  thoroughly. 

Because  of  the  supposed  danger  from  bloat,  sheep  have  not  been  commonly 
pastured  on  alfalfa.  Tests  of  this  pasture  have  been  conducted  for  three 
years  at  the  Belle  Fourche  Farm  with  no  indication  of  bloat  or  other  ill  effects. 
TSests  show  that  a  well  irrigated  alfalfa  field  divided  into  two  parts  for  alter- 
nate pasturing  has  a  carrying  capacity  with  sheep  of  1,900  to  1,400  lbs.  per  acre. 

[Importance  of  mineral  nutrients  in  swine  feeding]  (Kansas  8ta.  Rpt. 
1917 t  pp.  13-15). — ^Ninety  Duroc- Jersey  pigs  were  divided  into  16  lots  and  fed 
eom  meal  with  various  unspecified  ash  and  protein  supplements.  Bone  ash 
was  a  valuable  addition  to  all  rations  tried,  except  those  containing  tankage. 
where  it  proved  detrimentaL  A  ration  of  corn  meal  and  alfalfa  pasture  did 
not  supply  all  the  mineral  required  for  young  fattening  pigs. 
1114af— 19 6 

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372  EXPEBIMBNT  STATIOK  KBGOBD.  lVoL40 

Six  pregnant  Dnroe-Jersey  sows  fed  corn  only  and  three  fed  a  flUmllar  1«« 
ash  ration  composed  of  ground  com,  wheat  glntoi,  and  blood  meal  produced 
Bman  littem  of  poorly  developed  pigs,  half  of  which  were  dead  in  30  days.  Tbe 
0OW0  were  generally  in  poor  condition,  and  two  died  about  five  weeks  after 
farrowing.  Two  control  lots,  comprising  three  sows  each,  were  fed  a  miztotv 
of  ground  com  70,  shorts  24,  and  tankage  6  per  cent  with  or  without  extra 
mineral  matter,  and  produced  healthier  pigs  that  grew  more  vigorously  and 
showed  a  lower  death  rate. 

Sotse  vital  problems  of  the  poultry  feeder,  EL  R.  Lewis  (New  Jersey  8t€», 
HMUs  to  Poultrymen,  7  {1918) ^  No.  S,  pp.  4).— The  supiHy,  cost,  and  quality  of 
poultry  feed  are  discussed,  the  planning  of  rations  is  considered,  and  methods  nl 
feeding,  including  suggestions  regarding  the  quantity'  of  grain  to  be  fod  laying 
hens  during  each  montii  of  the  year,  are  outlined. 

[Uarktfting  of  poultry]  (Kansai  Sta.  Bpt  1917,  p,  2^).— A  large  number 
of  fowls  were  dressed  by  different  methods  and  shipped  to  a  town  about  50 
miles  distant  From  there  they  were  returned  to  the  bacteriology  department 
for  examination.  The  results  indicate  that  it  is  not  feasible  in  Kansas  to  ship 
poultry  by  parcel  post  during  the  summer.  Attempts  to  use  preservatives,  snch 
as  cane  sugar,  sodium  nitrate,  and  sodium  chlorid,  were  not  successful  becanse 
of  the  foreign  flavors  added  with  these  substancea 

[Incubation  and  brooding  tests  in  Qaam],  O.  W.  Edwards  (Chtam  Sta.  fipt. 
1917,  pp.  lS-16). — ^The  hatching  percentage  secured  in  the  station  poultry 
plant  was  low  during  the  season  of  1917.  In  a  test  setting  during  which  tbe 
concrete  floor  under  the  incubator  was  sprinkled  twice  daily,  the  percentage  of 
fertile  eggs  hatched  increased  slightly.  The  percentage  of  dead  germs  in  eggs 
held  more  than  10  days  was  very  high. 

A  comparison  was  made  of  heated  and  unheated  brooders.  During  the  seasoo 
of  cool  nights  (December  and  January),  a  lower  chick  mortality  and  more 
rapid  growth  occurred  in  the  brooder  artificially  heated.  Later  during  tiie 
warm  season  (after  February  15),  results  from  the  fireless  and  kerosene 
brooders  were  equally  satisfactory. 

Accuracy  in  commercial  grading  of  opened  egrgs,  M.  EI.  Jenkins  and  N. 
Hendbickson  (17.  8.  Dept.  Agr,  BuL  S91  {1918),  pp.  «7,  pis.  5,  figs.  5).— In  con- 
nection with  the  previous  work  of  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry  on  the  quality  of 
liquid  eggs  used  in  making  frozen  or  dried  egg  products  (E.  S.  R.,  35,  p.  173), 
it  was  noted  that  comparatively  high-grade  stock  might  have  a  high  bacterial 
count  under  conditions  which  could  not  be  accounted  for  on  the  grounds  of 
carelessness  in  opening  or  during  subsequent  treatment  Apparently  there 
were  some  infected  eggs  among  those  that  went  to  make  up  breaking-stock  eggs 
of  a  type  which  is  not  readily  detected  by  ordinary  grading  out  of  the  shell. 

To  investigate  this  problem  a  study  was  made  of  2,052  individual  eggs,  rep- 
resenting 29  samples  secured  ftom  eastern  commission  houses.  All  the  egffi 
had  been  passed  as  fit  for  human  food  by  commercial  candlers.  Bach  egg  was 
opened  separately  under  aseptic  conditions  and  a  portion  removed  for  bac- 
terial examination.  Of  the  whole  lot  only  13.5  per  cent  had  more  than  100 
organisms  per  cubic  centimeter,  and  only  2.8  per  cent  contained  members  of 
the  Baottlus  coU  group. 

When  the  eggs  were  dassiflcM  according  to  the  condition  of  shell,  it  was 
found  that  the  percentage  of  Infection  (both  general  and  B.  coU)  progressively 
increased  through  the  following  series:  Clean  whole  eggs,  dirty  whole  egg^ 
dean  cracked  eggs,  dirty  ci*«cked  eggs,  dean  leaking  eggs,  and  dirty  leaking 
eggs,  39.1  per  cent  of  the  last  class  being  infected.  The  percentage  of  eggs  In- 
fected also  increased  with  the  physical  breakdown  of  the  yolk,  but  a  lai^ 


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m»)  DAIRY  FARMING — ^DAIBYIl?a  873 

number  of  "  soft  eggs  **  were  practically  sterile,  an  indication  that  the  Initial 
stage  of  deterioration  can  not,  in  most  cases,  he  ascribed  to  bacteria. 

After  being  removed  from  the  shell,  each  egg  was  graded  according  to  its  appear- 
ance and  odor,  and  when  necessary,  taste,  after  the  manner  adopted  by  the  more 
progressiTe  of  the  frozen  and  dried  egg  concerns.  Of  the  total,  8.8  per  cent  are 
in  this  way  classed  as  bad.  Of  those  graded  good,  12  per  cent  contained  bac- 
teria and  2u2  per  cent  B.  coU,  the  average  count  being  low.  Although  certain 
eggs  whose  condition  can  not  be  detected  by  the  senses  are  carriers  of  bacteria, 
it  is  Yery  seldom  that  such  eggs,  when  mixed  with  sterile  eggs  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  commercial  products,  would  Increase  the  bacterial  count  to  a  con- 
siderable degree.  Of  the  eggs  graded  bad  over  one-half  were  rejected  on  account 
of  their  odor ;  those  called  musty  being  practically  sterile,  whereas  most  of  the 
others  were  heavily  infected.    No  cause  of  mustlness  was  discovered. 

Eggs  rejected  on  account  of  physical  appearance  Include  mixed  rots,  white 
rota,  eggs  with  green  whites,  adherent  yolks,  and  a  small  percentage  of  the 
border-line  cases  known  as  soft  eggs.  The  number  of  eggs  in  any  one  class  was 
small,  and  the  conditions  as  to  infection  were  variable. 

For  farming,  S.  Vaijqttettb  {Com.  Oonserv.  Ottnada  Rpt,  7  (1916)  ^  pp.  75- 
77,  /If.  i).— The  author  reports  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  raise  mink  In  cap- 
tivity for  its  fur. 

BAIBT  FABMIHG— BAIBTDrO. 

The  mineral  metabolism  of  the  milch  cow;  third  paper,  E.  B.  Fobbes,  J.  O. 
EUllvebson,  L.  E.  Morgan,  bt  al.  (Ohio  8ta.  Bui.  SSO  (1918),  pp.  89-1S4).— In 
the  earlier  papers  of  this  series  (E.  S.  R.,  87,  p.  169)  it  was  shown,  among 
other  things,  that  cows  at  the  height  of  milk  flow  draw  upon  their  skeletons 
for  the  mineral  constituents  (particularly  calcium)  of  their  milk,  and  that 
they  are  unable  to  utilize  extensively  for  this  purpose  the  mineral  nutrients 
in  the  ration  even  when  these  are  augmented  by  considerable  quantities  of 
steamed  bone  flour  or  of  calcium  carbonate.  The  present  paper  shows  that 
this  condition  Is  not  altered  when  more  soluble  calcium  preparations  are  used 
as  supplements  to  the  basal  ration. 

As  In  the  earlier  work,  the  experimental  subjects  were  six  Holstein  cows 
somewhat  above  the  average  in  production,-  but  not  record  breakers,  and  all 
in  the  early  part  of  their  lactation.  Each  cow  was  fed  during  two  experimental 
periods  of  20  days  each,  separated  by  a  10-day  interval  during  which  the  rations 
for  the  second  period  were  being  adjusted  to  individual  peculiarities.  In  4 
of  the  12  periods  it  was  necessary  to  decrease  the  number  of  days  because  of 
irregular  behavior  of  the  animals.  The  basal  ration  in  period  1  was  composed 
of  com  meal  (11  lb&  daily),  cottonseed  meal  (2  lbs),  linseed  oil  meal  (2  lbs.), 
wheat  bran  (1  lb.),  and  alfalfa  hay  (16  lbs.).  Its  nutritive  ratio  averaged 
1:5.72.  In  the  second  period  the  alfalfa  allowance  was  Increased  to  18  lbs. 
dally  on  account  of  the  hunger  of  the  cows,  and  this,  with  a  change  in  the 
chemical  composition  of  the  alfalfa,  narrowed  the  ration  to  1 : 4.5.  Three  of 
the  cows  had  nothing  added  to  the  basal  ration  during  the  first  period,  but 
received  calcium  lactate  (from  2  to  4  oz.  per  head  daily  according  to  individual 
tolerance)  in  addition  during  the  second  period.  The  other  three  cows  were 
given  2JS  oz.  of  precipitated  bone  flour  per  head  dally  in  period  1  and  about 
U  oe.  of  calcium  chlorid  during  period  2.  The  rations  thus  possessed  the 
eharacteristlcs  of  high-class  milk-producing  rations,  except  for  the  absence 
of  succulent  feeds  such  as  silage  and  roots.  The  average  daily  milk  yield  per 
CDW  during  the  first  period  was  47.2  lbs.  und  during  the  second  period  49,9  lbs, 


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374  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEGOBD.  [VoL  40 

The  complete  analytical  results,  with  special  referenoe  to  the  paths  of  oatBo, 
are  given  in  16  tables,  each  cow  being  treated  separately. 

"The  most  important  fact  developed  by  these  data  is  that,  irrespective  of 
conditions  and  in  spite  of  large  intake  of  calcium,  this  element  was  ejiminated 
In  quantities  greater  than  were  contained  in  the  feed.  Tliere  is  but  slii^t 
evidence  that  the  precipitated  bone  flour  was  utiliced  and  no  evidence  that 
the  calcium  lactate  or  the  calcium  chlorid  was  utilised/  There  is  no  evidence, 
therefore,  that  the  limited  utilization  of  caldum  by  milk-i«odacing  cows  Is 
due  to  the  limited  solubility  of  the  calcium  compounds  of  the  ration.  It  is 
worthy  of  note,  also,  that  the  cows  were  marlcedly  irresponsive  to  the  intake 
of  magnesium  and  phosphorus  with  which  calcium  is  combined  in  tlie  sk^e- 
ton,  and  that  the  balances  for  these  elements  remained  almost  invariably 
negative  in  spite  of  the  presence  in  the  rations  of  amounts  of  the  same  very 
much  greater  than  were  utilized.  The  fact  that  the  heavily-miUdng  cow  loses 
calcium  at  the  same  time  that  she  receives  a  readily  assimilable  supply  greatly 
in  excess  of  the  amount  utilized  shows  that  the  calcium  stores  of  the  body 
(the  skeletal  stores)  -are  more  readily  accessible  for  use  in  milk  production 
than  is  the  calcium  of  the  ration.  The  cow  can  store  fat  and  protein  in  con- 
siderable quantities  in  spite  of  heavy  milk  production,  but  her  o^Micity  to 
assimilate  mineral  matter,  especially  calcium,  appears  to  be  of  a  distinctly 
lower  and  more  definitely  limited  order.  .  .  . 

"  In  general,  the  differences  in  the  utilization  of  the  mineral  nutrients  caused 
by  changes  in  the  ration  were  in  harmony  with  the  nature  of  the  change ;  that 
is,  an  increase  in  the  intake  of  an  element  was  usually  followed  by  an  increased 
storage  or  decreased  loss  of  this  nutrient,  but  the  response  was  usually  so 
slight  in  comparison  with  the  extent  of  the  change  of  intake  that  it  became 
apparent  that  the  mineral  metabolism  of  the  well-fed,  heavily-milking  cow  is 
not  intimately  and  directly  dependent  upon  the  mineral  nutrients  of  the  ration, 
but  that  its  character  is  determined  under  normal  conditions,  first,  by  the 
inherited  Impulse  to  secrete  milk,  second,  by  the  mineral  nutrient  reserves  of 
the  animal  body,  and  only  third  by  the  food  supply." 

Both  sulphur  and  nitrogen,  which  are  consumed  almost  wholly  in  chemical 
combinations  In  the  protein  of  the  ration,  had  negative  balances  in  period  L 
In  the  second  period  there  was  a  marked  increase  in  the  intake  of  both,  nitro- 
gen balances  becoming  positive  and  the  sulphur  balances,  although  reduced, 
remaining  negative.  In  these  rations,  therefore,  an  amount  of  protein  sufficient 
to  provide  for  nitrogen  storage  failed  to  furnish  enough  sulphur  to  maintain 
equilibrium  of  this  element. 

In  part  2  of  this  bulletin  the  authors  discuss  results  of  the  three  years* 
experimental  work.  The  importance  of  leguminous  feed  and  the  possibility 
that  sterility  of  high  milk  producing  cows  may  be  due  to  disturbances  in 
mineral  metabolism  are  again  emphasized. 

[Pasture  grass  for  dairy  cattle  on  the  Belle  Fourche  Reclamation  Project 
experiment  farm],  B.  Aune  {U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bur,  Plant  Indut,,  Work  Belie 
Fourche  ExpU  Farm,  1911,  pp.  21-24,  fiff'  i).— The  economical  feeding  of  dairy 
stock  on  reclamation  projects  involves  the  use  of  grass  pasture.  These  irri- 
gated pastures  are  of  a  permanent  nature  and  while  the  first  cost  is  somewhat 
high,  the  subsequent  expense  is  not  great  Notes  are  given  on  the  carrying 
capacity  of  several  mixturea 

Four  mixtures  were  seeded  in  1915  and  pastured  with  two  cows  in  1916  and 
1917.  Three  of  these  were  rather  elaborate,  consisting  of  from  11  to  14  kinds 
of  grassea  The  fourth,  composed  of  20  lbs.  of  brome  grass,  12  lbs.  of  slender 
wheat  grass,  and  3  lbs.  of  alfalfa  per  acre,  maintained  the  cows  somewhat 
longer  than  the  others  during  the  first  year  and  much  longer  in  the  second. 


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19191  DAlRlf  FAJIMIKG — ^DAIEYING.  375 

However,  a  t^dency  to  bloat  was  encountered,  due,  it  is  thought,  to  the 
nlfalfa.  A  new  series  of  plats  was  sown  with  four  simpler  mixtures  lu  1916 
and  pastured  the  next  spring  with  five  Holstein  heifers  6  to  12  months  old. 
The  most  satisfactory  proved  to  be  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  brome  grass, 
tall  oat  grass,  and  sweet  clover,  18  lbs.  to  the  acre. 

Botation  of  dairy  farm  crops,  G.  E.  Thobne  {Mo.  Bui.  Ohio  8ta.,  4  (1919), 
No.  /,  pp.  9-8). — ^The  benefits  of  systematic  rotation  of  crops  are  set  forth,  and 
suggestions  made  with  reference  to  the  requirements  on  dairy  farms. 

The  soy  bean  is  suggested  as  deserving  greater  attention  from  the  dairyman 
than  it  has  received,  since  It  is  perhaps  better  adapted  for  use  with  corn  in 
the  silo  than  any  other  legume  and  has  practically  the  same  climatic  and 
seasonal  range  as  corn.  It  is  also  pointed  out  that,  because  of  the  lime  and 
phosphorus  in  milk,  dairying  is  more  exhaustive  of  soil  fertility  than  any 
other  form  of  live-stock  husbandry,  and  that  the  drain  must  be  met  by  restora- 
I  tion  of  these  elements  in  the  form  of  purchased  feeds  or  fertilizers. 
I  Influence  of  the  Brown  Swiss  breed  in  improving  the  mountain  cattle  of 

'  Soomania,  N.  Fiup  (De  VIn/luence  de  la  Race  Brune  de  Suisse  sur  V Ameliora- 
tion des  Animaux  Bavins  de  Montague  en  Roumanie.  Inaug.  Diss.,  Univ. 
Bern  {19141  ^  PP-  S5,  figs.  S). — ^The  mountain  cattle  form  one  of  the  four  rac^s 
of  Roumanian  cattle.  The  cows  are  small  in  size,  about  117  cm.  (3.8  ft)  high 
at  the  withers,  and  produce  on  an  average  1,200  liters  of  4.5  per  cent  milk  durlrg 
a  lactation  period  of  seven  months.  In  general  appearance  they  resembla 
Jerseys. 

The  author  reports  that  Brown  Swiss  were  first  imported  in  1896.  Gross- 
breds  show  increased  height,  increased  length  of  body,  and  increased  girth, 
and  resemble  in  general  color  and  conformation  the  Brown  Swiss.  Gows  im- 
ported from  Switzerland  produce  about  3,000  liters  of  milk  annually,  but 
pnre-bred  Swiss  bom  in  the  mountainous  districts  of  Roumania  where  feeding 
conditicms  are  not  ideal  give  on  an  average  1,785  liters.  The  average  of  Swiss 
grades  is  little,  if  at  all,  lower  than  this.  All  these  data  are  based  on  rather 
few  numbers. 

Gallfomla  State  dalxy  cow  competition,  1916-1918,  F.  W.  Woix  {Call- 
fomia  Sta.  Bui.  SOI  {1918),  pp.  153-204,  flgs.  20).— A  considerable  part  of  this 
balletln  consists  of  lists  of  prizes  and  prize  winners  and  other  details  of 
purely  local  interest.  Ten-month  records  were  completed  for  246  cows,  130 
of  :which  were  grades.  The  competition  was  conducted  as  in  the  original 
announcement  (B.  S.  R.,  85,  p.  674),  except  that  it  was  impossible  to  secure 
complete  feeding  records  owing  to  war  conditions  and  labor  shortage.  How- 
ever, statements  from  a  number  of  prize  winners  as  to  methods  of  feeding 
their  herds  are  included.  An  appendix  gives  the  age,  breeding,  pounds  of  milk, 
amount  and  percentage  of  butter  fat,  and  the  butter  fat  credit  of  each  individual 
entrant,  and  a  table  shows  the  average  change  in  production  with  advance  of 
lactation.  The  high  production  of  certain  grade  herds  that  had  long  been 
members  of  a  cow  testing  association  indicates  the  value  of  the  persistent 
culling  which  these  associations  tend  to  bring  about. 

How  to  determine  the  cost  of  milk  {Mo.  Bui.  Ohio  Sta.,  S  {1918),  No.  12,  pp. 
senses;  4  (1919),  No.  1,  pp.  11-21,  fig.  i).— This  is  an  outline  of  cost  account- 
ing designed  for  the  use  of  the  individual  dairy  farmer  and  is  followed  by  a 
summary  of  costs  of  milk  production  on  83  Ohio  farms.  In  these  summaries 
all  cbarges,  except  feed  and  labor,  are  given  as  percentages  of  the  value  of  a 
oow  fassumed  not  pure-bred).  These  total  27.8  per  cent  and,  with  the  annual 
ebarse  for  horse  labor  per  cow,  roughly  balance  the  value  of  a  calf  and  the 
10  tona  of  manure  that  the  cow  is  assumed  to  produce  yearly.  On  the  average  a 
eow  was  on  pasture  187  days  a  year,  but  received  additional  feed  during  this 


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876  EXPERIHEirr  station  BBOOBD.  [VoLM 

time.  The  cost  of  100  lbs.  of  milk  is  computed  on  tbe  assomptlon  that  tlie 
cow  is  dependent  solely  on  pasture  for  five  months,  beginning  May  16,  and  U 
on  full  feed  for  the  sevoi  months  beginning  October  15. 

From  the  data  at  hand  for  these  Ohio  herds,  it  was  found  that  during  winter 
the  items  not  off&et  by  credits  required  to  produce  100  lbs.  of  milk  are  44  Iba 
of  grain,  150  lbs.  of  silage,  43  lbs.  of  hay,  31  lbs.  of  stover,  22  lbs.  of  beddiofe 
and  4.7  hours  of  labor  and  management  During  pasture  season  the  chareai 
are  6.1  days  of  pasture  and  3.1  hours  of  labor. 

A  scale  is  suggested  for  monthly  deviations  from  average  prices  which  gives 
a  uniform  percentage  from  November  to  April  of  123.  The  results  are  cooh 
pared  with  the  formulas  and  sliding  scales  proposed  by  F.  A.  Pearson  and 
G.  F.  Warren. 

Conceming  milk  costs  and  prices,  F.  W.  Radeb  {W€L9hii»gton  fifto.,  WetL 
Wash.  8ta.  Mo.  Bui,  6  {1918),  No.  9,  pp.  125-128),— A  discussion  of  the  author's 
figures  for  cost  of  milk  producti<Ni  in  western  Washington  (B^  S.  R.,  39,  p. 
784)  in  the  light  of  criticisms  from  distributors  and  condensing  interests  snm- 
marized  by  W.  A.  Linklater  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  97). 

The  examination  of  milk  for  public  health  puxposes,  J.  Race.  (Neto  York: 
John  Wiley  d  Bom,  1918,  pp.  ¥1-^224,  iUf.  i).—'S\A^  handbook,  by  the  dty 
bacteriologist  and  food  examiner  for  Ottawa,  Ontario,  includes  considerably  moie 
than  the  routine  methods  of  chemical  and  bacteriological  examination  required 
of  officials  charged  with  enforcing  pure  food  laws,  and  aims  to  be  of  general 
use  to  students.  In  the  section  on  chemistry,  in  addition  to  the  official  mettiods 
for  the  determination  of  fats  and  total  solids  and  the  detection  of  preservatives, 
alternative  procedures  are  outlined.  Selected  methods  are  given  for  the  deter 
mination  of  lactose,  total  proteins,  caseinogen,  albumin,  mineral  constituents, 
total  acidity,  refractive  index,  etc,  to  aid  in  the  correct  diagnosis  of  sophisti- 
cation. The  section  on  bacteriological  examination  includes  a  general  sorvey 
of  sources  of  infection,  an  outline  of  methods  of  enumeration,  and  a  discusaloo 
of  the  possibility  of  detecting  excremental  and  pathogenic  forms.  Details  of 
the  standard  methods  of  the  American  Public  Health  Association  are  given  in 
some  instances.  Many  of  the  illustrative  tables  are  summaries  of  the  author's 
unpublished  investigations. 

it  is  pointed  out  that  average  counts  may  be  misleading  if  deviations  fron 
the  mean  are  large  or  the  number  of  variants  is  smalL  In  these  cases  tlis 
median  would  be  a  better  indicaticm  of  the  quality  of  the  supply,  but  it  is  best 
to  group  the  results  into  classes  having  a  comparatively  small  range  of  btc- 
terial  counts. 

An  appendix  gives  the  composition  of  certain  culture  media  and  tables  flw 
computing  sfpecific  gravity. 

The  slgnlficanoe  of  the  colon  count  in  raw  milk,  S.  H.  Aysbs  and  P.  W. 
CT.wifitfEB  {V,  B.  Dept,  Agr,  BuL  739  {1918),  pp.  35,  pU.  S,  Hg,  i).— This  is  a 
study  of  the  significance  of  the  colon  count  as  an  index  of  cleanliness  in  milk 
production,  based  upon  an  examination  of  the  literature  on  the  subject  and  a 
series  of  bacteriological  studies  under  controlled  conditions. 

The  colon  count  as  at  present  determined  by  plating  methods  does  not  dis- 
criminate between  the  BaolHui  coli  and  B.  wrogenes  types  of  organisms. 
Since  the  first  was  found  to  be  mostly  of  fecal  and  the  latter  of  nonfecal  origin, 
the  colon  count  is  not  a  direct  measure  of  manurial  contamination.  Using  the 
Clark-Lubs  method  (E.  S.  R.,  34,  p.  136),  the  authors  found  only  4  cultuces  of 
B,  wrogenei  among  1,100  cultures  Isolated  from  20  samples  of  fresh  cow  ibres, 
but  found  this  type  common  in  the  air  of  bams  and  very  generally  introduced 
into  the  milk  by  dirty  utensils. 


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1»1»1  DAIBY  FABMIKG — ^DAIBYINQ.  877 

It  appears  impossible  to  produce  milk  under  commercial  conditions  without 
the  presence  of  colon  organisms.  In  milk  from  a  clean  bam,  clean  cows,  and 
sterilized  utensils,  6.9  per  cent  of  tbe  saivples  showed  colon  organisma  With 
utensils  sterilised  but  bam  and  cows  dirty,  the  percentage  was  only  Increased 
to  10.7.  Under  the  same  dirty  conditions  but  with  utensils  not  sterilized  but 
washed  in  hot  water  one  hour  after  milking,  rinsed,  and  allowed  to  stand 
inyerted  until  the  next  milking,  the  percentage  of  infected  samples  was  28.6. 
Plnally,  witii  dirty  cows,  dirty  barn,  and  utensils  held  eight  hours  after  milk- 
ing and  then  washed  in  hot  water  containing  washing  powder,  but  not  sterilized, 
the  percentage  was  71.4. 

In  the  254  samples  used  to  investigate  the  influence  of  these  diverse  condi- 
tions, there  was  only  one  colon  count  for  fresh  milk  of  over  2,000  per  cubic  centi- 
meter, which  leads  the  authors  to  believe  that  this  figure  is  the  maximum  num- 
ber of  colon  organisms  that  can  be  introduced  into  milk  during  milking,  ex- 
cept perhaps  under  very  abnormal  circumstancea  Higher  counts  than  this  in- 
dicate that  the  sample  of  milk  has  been  held  for  a  period  of  time  at  a  relatively 
high  temperature,  thereby  allowing  the  original  colon  flora  to  multiply. 

A  study  of  the  action  of  bacteria  on  milk  proteins,  G.  Spitzse  and  H.  M. 
Wkeikb  iProo.  Jnd,  Acad.  Boi,,  1917,  pp.  Bl-Bd). — Sterile  milk  was  inoculated 
with  pure  cultures  of  11  different  kinds  of  bacteria  that  occur  frequently  in 
milk,  cream,  and  butter.  Changes  in  acidity  (expressed  as  percentage  of  lactic 
acid),  ammonia,  amid  nitrogen,  and  lactose  content  of  the  medium  were  de- 
termined at  intervals  until  the  sixteenth  day. 

The  acidity  developed  was  not  uniformly  in  proportion  to  the  lose  of  lactose 
or  to  the  gain  in  ammonia.  The  Bacillus  loctit  acidi  culture  was  markedly 
diiferent  from  the  others.  It  developed  its  maximum  acidity  by  the  fourth 
day  and  maintained  it  unchanged  throughout  the  period  of  observation.  This 
Increase  in  acidity  was  over  three  times  that  produced  by  any  other  organism 
during  the  16  daya  This  culture  showed  almost  the  lowest  ammonia  and 
amid  nitrogen  production,  and  a  smaller  loss  of  lactose  than  that  found  in  any 
cultures  producing  appreciable  increased  acidity  except  B,  myG(ddes.  The 
group  composed  of  B,  proteus,  B,  fluoreicens  putidui,  B.  coli,  and  B.  hutyricus, 
which  caused  either  a  decrease  or  no  essential  change  in  acidity,  averaged 
distinctly  lower  gains  in  ammonia  and  amid  nitrogen  and  a  smaller  loss  of 
lactose  than  the  six  other  organisms  (B,  mycoides,  B,  viscosua,  B.  megatherium, 
B,  mesentericus,  B,  9uhtiU9,  and  B,  liquefaciens)  that  caused  moderate  increa83S 
In  acidity. 

Experiments  of  this  type  are  being  continued. 

A  pocket  card  for  the  easy  calculation  of  milk  mixtures,  J.  P.  O.  Qsiffith 
{Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  71  (1918),  No.  6,  pp.  iJl,  U^,  figs.  «).— The  card  de- 
scribed contains  a  table  giving  approximate  percentage  composition  of  different 
layers  of  milk,  and  directions  for  finding  the  amount  of  any  layer  to  be  used  to 
give  percentages  desired  and  for  determining  the  percentages  present  in  any 
milk  mixture  already  in  use.  On  the  reverse  side  of  the  card  is  a  table  of  the 
amoonts  to  be  employed  in  making  various  20-oz.  milk  mixtures  and  the 
caloric  values  resulting.  Attention  is  drawn  to  the  fact  that  the  commercial 
pasteurizing  of  milk  interferes  greatly  with  the  making  of  milk  mixtures  from 
the  different  layers. 

Butter  fat  losses  in  creameries,  R.  M.  Washbubn,  A.  G.  Dahiaebo,  J.  So- 
iDfsoN,  and  M.  P.  Mobtenskn  {Minnesota  8ta.  Bui.  177  {1918),  pp.  S^IS).-^ 
This  Is  an  attempt  to  determine  what  part  of  the  observed  differences  between 
actual  and  calculated  overrun  is  due  to  fat  losses  occurring  mechanically  in 
the  plant  fixtures  and  what  part  to  errors  either  inherent  in  the  Babcock  test 
or  resulting  from  faulty  manipulation  of  the  test  in  commercial  practice.    The 


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878 


EXPERIMEKT  STATION  RECORD. 


t  Vol  10 


observations  were  made  daring  43  working  days  at  the  Minnesota  State 
creamery. 

Preliminary  studies,  some  detail  of  whicli  are  given,  convinced  tbe  authors 
that  the  Babcock  test  for  milk  and  cream,  carried  out  with  care,  gave  resalts 
sufficiently  accurate  for  their  pur];)ose.  Deviations  from  standard  practice, 
however,  in  conducting  the  test  were  not  found  wise.  Errors  in  sampling  even 
the  sweet  and  not  very  rich  cream  handled  in  the  creamery  were  found  to  be  a 
far  greater  source  of  Inaccuracy  than  the  trifling  errors  of  the  Babcock 
method. 

An  endeavor  was  made  to  determine  accurately  the  fat  loss  at  every  stage  of 
manufacture  under  normal  operating  conditions.  The  weight  cans,  vats,  flash 
pasteurizer,  pipes,  pump,  etc.,  after  the  usual  rinsing,  were  thoroughly  scrubbed 
with  hot  water,  which  was  then  weighed  and  quickly  sampled.  The  butter 
wash-water  and  the  hot  chum  wash-water  were  both  weighed  into  the  chum 
and  sampled  ns  soon  as  used.  Wash-waters  were  all  tested  by  the  Babcock 
method  (skim  milk  bottles).  Both  gravimetric  and  Babcock  tests  were  ap- 
plied to  the  skim  milk  and  buttermilk.  Butter  samples  were  tiiken  from  at 
least  10  different  places  in  the  churn  and  given  gravimetric  analyses.  The 
details  of  the  unavoidable  mechanical  losses  are  given  in  the  subjoined  table : 

Lo88  of  butter  fat  in  the  mechanical  process  of  the  manufacture  of  butter. 


Source  of  loss. 


Totaltt 
in  I 


Milk  woigb  can,  vat,  heater 

Cream  forewanner,  flash  pasteuriser,  and  cooler 

dream  ripener 

Butter  wash-water 

Chum  wish-water 

Total  for  whole-milk  creamery 

Total  far  hand-separator  creamery 


As  this  mechanical  loss  is  practically  independent  of  the  volume  of  prodact 
handled,  the  percentage  loss  in  a  large  creamery  is  small,  but  careless  woik 
would  greatly  increase  it. 

The  chief  cause  of  unaccountable  losses  of  butter  fat  was  the  fact  that  the 
Babcock  method  gave  only  about  one-third  of  the  true  amount  of  fat  in  skim 
milk  and  buttermilk,  as  is  shown  in  the  following  tabulation : 

Failure  of  Babcock  test  to  account  satisfactorily  for  fat  losses  in  skim  mWt 

and  butt&jnUk, 


Disposition  of  ftit. 


Fat  lost  in  skim  milk... 
Fat  lost  in  buttermilk.. 
Fat  lost  mechanically . . 
Fat  recovered  In  butter 
Fat  not  aooounted  (or . . 


Percent. 

PereaiL 

a49 

L64 

.29 

.93 

.60 

.60 

96w72 

W.72 

LOO 

.11 

Percentage  losses  in  skim  milk  and  buttermilk  would  not  be  affected  by  the 
size  of  the  creamery.  In  a  whole-milk  creamery  the  losses  from  all  sources 
are  estimated  as  S.17  per  cent,  and  in  a  hand-separator  creamery  (losses  in 


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Wl«l  VETERINAKY  MEDICINE.  379 

skim  milk,  milk  weigh  can,  vat,  and  heater  deducted)  the  percentage  of  loss 
would  be  1.4. 

It  la  also  shown  that  the  drip  method  of  sampling  milk,  by  which  the  samples 
are  caught  by  means  of  a  pet  cock  placed  In  the  pipe  leading  from  the  heater 
to  t|ie  separator  Is  accurate  enough  to  make  possible  the  determination  of  daily 
overrun  without  the  necessity  of  a  dally  analysis  of  the  milk  furnished  by  each 
patron.   The  average  error  of  43  samples  was  0.39  per  cent. 

Centrifugal  recovery  of  cheese  from  buttermilk,  A.  E.  Psbxins  {Mo,  Bui, 
Ohio  8ia.,  S  {1918),  No.  12,  pp.  S67^S70)  .—This  article  reports  the  successful 
use  of  a  centrifuge  for  separating  the  curd  In  the  manufacture  of  cottage  cheese 
from  buttermilk  on  a  large  scale  at  an  Ohio  creamery.  The  machine  Is  a 
modification  of  that  used  in  laundries  for  drying  garments  and  has  a  bowl  ca- 
I«dty  of  12.5  gal. 

[Dried  milk  powder]   {RpU,  Local  Oovt,  Bd.  {Ot.  Brit.],  Pub.  Health  and 

Med.  Subjt.,  n.  ser.,  No.  116  {1918),  pp.  y/-|-i8^,  pi.  1,  figs.  16;  abs.  in  Pub, 

HeaUh  Rpts.  [U.  fir.],  SS  {1918),  No.  26,  pp.  1052^1055;  Amer.  Food  Jour,,  IS 

{1918),  No.  10,  pp.  577,  578;  Chem.  Abs.,  12  {1918),  No.  22,  pp.  2388,  2S89).— 

•Three  papers  are  presented. 

I.  Upon  an  inquiry  as  to  dried  mUks,  with  special  reference  to  their  use  in 
infant  feedinig,  by  F.  J.  H.  Ctoutts  (pp.  1-138).— This  report  Includes  a  history 
of  dried  milk  and  methods  of  preparation  and  distribution,  Its  physical  and 
diemlcal  characteristics  and  bacteriology,  and  Its  use  In  Infant  feeding. 

As  a  result  of  the  inquiry,  the  author  concludes  that  dried  milk  Is  a  valuable 
food  and  one  which  possesses  certain  special  advantages  which  are  likely  to 
lead  to  its  use  being  greatly  extended  In  the  future.  Among  these  advantages 
are  portability,  keeping  properties,  freedom  ftom  bacteria,  convenience,  and 
freedom  from  waste.  For  Infant  feeding,  dried  milk  of  recent  manufacture 
and  made  of  a  good  quality  of  cow's  milk  is  considered  a  safe  substitute  when 
breast  feeding  is  impossible.    An  extensive  bibliography  Is  appended. 

IL  Some  investigations  bearing  on  the  nutritive  value  of  dried  milk,  by 
0.  Winfleld  (pp.  139-156). — ^Thls  report  is  based  partly  on  observations  made 
at  intant  welfare  centers  and  partly  on  feeding  experiments  made  on  animals. 
The  growth  curves  of  children  fed  on  dried  milk  resemble  closely  the  average 
growth  curve  of  breast-fed  children.  Teething  and  walking  began  at  normal 
ages  and  no  greater  liability  to  rickets  or  scurvy  was  shown. 

These  results,  combined  with  those  of  feeding  experiments  on  rats,  led  to  the 
conclusion  that  "cow's  milk  during  the  process  of  desiccation  loses  none  of 
the  characters  which  are  necessary  for  the  support  of  normal  growth  in 
lofbuta.** 

IIL  On  the  examination  of  mUk  powders  at  the  Oovemment  laboratory,  by 
J.  J.  Dobbie  (pp.  157-184).— This  report  presents  in  detail  the  methods  t>f  ex- 
amination and  the  results  obtained  in  the  analyses  of  a  large  number  of  com- 
madal  samples  of  dried  milk,  carried  out  under  the  direction  of  O.  Stubbs. 

Dried  and  condensed  milk,  Balland  {Jour.  Pharm.  et  Chim.,  7.  ser.,  18 
{1918},  No.  12,  f»p.  868-^65). — ^Analyses  of  condensed  and  dried  milk  from  dif- 
ferent countries  are  reported. 

Fermented  milk,  B.  W.  Haiciceb  and  A.  J.  Hauseb  {Iowa  Sta.  Giro.  54 
{1918),  pp.  4).— The  manufacture  and  use  of  buttermilk,  kefir  whey,  kefir,  and 
lactade  are  briefly  described. 

VETEBINABT  UEDIOINE. 

Eeports  of  the  live  stock  sanitary  commissioner  of  the  State  of  Maine  on 
Qontaerious  diseases  of  animals,  1916  and  1917,  B.  Bearce  {Rpt.  Live  Stock 
Bmit.  Comr.  Me.,  1916,  pp.  106,  pis.  12;  1917,  pp.  26).— -These  reports  deal  with 

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880  EXPEBIBCENT  STATION  BEOOBD.  (IToLiO 

the  work  of  the  years  1916  and  1917  with  iofectloiui  diseases  of  live  stock. 
Particular  attention  was  given  to  the  work  of  eradication  of  bovine  taherailodi 
in  cooperation  with  the  U.  S.  Department  of  A«;rlciUti»e. 

Annual  report  of  the  State  veteiinarliui  of  .Nebxftska  for  the  year  19t8» 
J.  S.  Anderson  (iliMi.  Rpt.  State  Vet,  Nehr.,  1918,  pp.  16^).— This  report  in- 
dudes  an  account  of  the  occurrence  of  and  work  with  infectious  diseues  of 
live  stock  during  the  year. 

Beport  of  the  civil  veterinary  department*  Assam,  for  the  year  1917-18, 
W.  Habris  {Rpt.  Civ.  Vet.  Dept.  An<m,  1917-18,  pp.  «+i4+2)-— The  usool 
annual  report  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  180.) 

Eradication  of  disease  from  the  farm,  H.  J.  Waahbvbn  (iroarcTs  Ddrywfim, 
1918,  Dec,  27,  pp.  772,  775,  778,  779,  flffi.  5). 

Specific  fats  as  factors  in  immune  processes,  O.  G.  Waxdbn  {Jour.  Infect. 
Diseases,  23  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  504~^i).— This  is  a  continuation  of  work  pre- 
viously noted  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  80). 

Experimental  evidence  is  given  that  the  fat  oompleses  <diaract«lsti€  of 
certain  bacteria  and  other  cells,  obtained  either  from  the  cells  or  assembled 
artificially,  are  capable  of  replacing  the  cells  themselves  in  the  production  ef  • 
specific  antibodies  in  the  blood  of  rabbits  Injected  with  than.    The  r^atlon  of 
fats  to  antibody  causation  Is  discussed  in  detalL 

The  author  considers  that  the  specificity  of  the  antibodies  obtained  by  tbe 
injection  of  cells  probably  depends  in  part  or  wholly  on  the  configuration  ol 
the  fats  constituting  the  bulk  of  the  cell  surfaces. 

The  coagulation  of  the  blood  and  anaphylactic  shock,  H.  A.  BuLon  {Jowr. 
Infect.  Diseases,  29  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  522-^32).— The  relation  of  anaphylaxis 
to  the  coagulation  of  the  blood  was  studied  by  means  of  determining  the  effect 
of  anaphylactic  shock  on  coagulation  time,  and  the  prothrombin  and  antithrom- 
bin  factors  of  coagulation  of  the  blood  of  cats,  rabbits,  dogs,  and  guinea  ptga 
The  following  conclusions  were  drawn : 

«« The  changes  in  the  coagulability  of  the  blood  during  anaphylactic  shock  are 
due  to  changes  in  that  stage  of  the  coagulation  process  at  which  thrombin  is 
formed  through  the  interaction  of  prothrombin,  ealclum,  thromboplastin,  and 
antithrombin  (?).  These  changes  are  probably  due  to  variations  In  tlirombo- 
plastin.  Antithrombin  changes  are  not  great  In  some  animals  there  may  be  an 
Increase  In  antithrombin,  which  would  aid  in  retarding  the  coagulation  of  tbe 
blood.  There  is  no  increase  in  antithrombin  in  rabbits.  There  was  a  marked 
increase  in  the  rate  of  fibrinolysis  after  anaphylactic  and  peptone  shock." 

On  the  mode  of  action  in  vitro  and  the  preparation  of  hemolytic  anti- 
bodies,  A.  K.  Balls  and  J.  H.  Kobns  {Jour.  ImmunoL,  S  {1918),  No.  5,  p^ 
S75-S87). — ^The  work  reported  was  undertaken  to  .study  the  mechanism  of 
amboceptor  action  in  vitro  and  to  ascertain  if  possible  what  part  of  the  red 
blood  cells  is  responsible  for  their  antigenic  property.  The  results  are  suin- 
marized  as  follows: 

"  In  vitro,  as  hemolysis  proceeds,  the  total  amount  of  amboceptor  is  constant, 
but  the  stroma  of  the  laked  red  cells  increasing  in  amount  become  less  and  lees 
saturated  with  amboceptor,  and  so  split  off  less  of  it  by  dissociation,  thus 
causing  the  velocity  of  hemolysis  to  decrease.  In  vivo  the  stroma  produce 
specific  hemolytic  and  agglutinative  bodies  of  l^igh  titer.  Since  little  protein  is 
injected,  the  toxicity  seems  to  be  nil. 

"Alcohol  and  ether  extracts,  as  well  as  0.86  and  5  per  ceat  salt  solution  ex- 
tracts,  of  the  stroma  do  not  bind  amboceptor  in  vitro.  The  extract  of  stroma 
with  alkaline  physiological  salt  solution  does  bind  amboceptor  in  vitro,  and  on 
injection  causes  the  development  of  specific  hemolysins  but  not  of  ag^utinina 
This  alkaline  extract  contains  nucleo-protein,  but  not  simple  albumin  or  i^o- 


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Idl9]  VBTERI17ABT  MEDICINE.  881 

bulliL  It  also  ooDtains  lipoids,  but  these  probably  are  not  essential  to  its  anti- 
gsaic  function. 

"The  presence  or  absence  of  the  anaphylactic  reaction  is  not  a  certain 
criterion  for  specificity  when  nndeo-proteins  are  used  as  antigens." 

A  synthetic  medium  for  the  direct  enumeration  of  organisms  of  the 
eolon-aerogenes  group,  S.  H.  Atebs  and  P.  Rupp  {Jour.  Boot.,  S  {t918),  No.  5, 
pp.  iS3-4S€), — In  the  course  of  investigations  carried  on  by  the  Dairy  Division 
of  the  n.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  the  authors  have  devised  a  simple  syn- 
thetic medium  in  which  there  is  a  single  source  of  nitrogen,  namely,  sodium 
ammonium  phosphate,  and  a  stogie  source  of  carbon,  namely,  lactose.  This 
medium  consists  of  two  solutions:  (1)  Sodium  ammonium  phosphate  0.4  per 
cent,  add  potassium  phosphate  0.2  per  cent,  lactose  1  per  cent,  dissolved  in  dis- 
tilled  water;  and  (2)  a  filtered  solution  of  agar  in  distilled  water  3  per  cent 
"Mix  solution  1  and  2  in  equal  proportions  while  hot  and  put  up  in  definite 
amounts  of  100  cc.  or  more  in  flasks  or  bottles,  and  then  sterilize.  The  8  per 
cent  agar  solution  is  made  up  separately  and  kept  in  stock  merely  for  con- 
I  Tenlence.  Agar  can  be  added  directly  to  solution  1  at  the  time  of  preparation  if 
desired,  using  1.5  per  cent  A  slight  predpitate  may  appear  upon  sterilization, 
but  this  does  not  interfere  with  the  count  and  may  not  appear  on  the  plate." 

The  advantages  of  this  medium  include  (1)  apparent  accuracy  in  the  direct 
enumeration  of  bacteria  of  the  colon-aerogenes  group,  (2)  constancy  of  compo- 
iltion,  (3)  simplicity  of  preparation,  and  (4)  cheapness. 

Standardization  of  blacUeg  vaccine,  L.  W.  Qoss  and  J.  P.  Scott  (Jour. 
Amer.  Yet.  Med.  Assoc,  5^  (1918) ,  No.  S,  pp.  284-^48)' — Data  are  presented 
Rhowlng  that  by  injecting  into  horses  cultures  of  Baeillus  c?iauv(si  a  serum  can 
be  made  which  will  protect  guinea  pigs  from  blackleg  when  they  are  in;)ected 
with  0.5  ec  of  culture  virus  (10  mid.)  after  having  received  0.02  cc.  of  the  serum 
15  hours  previous  to  the  injection  of  the  virus.  It  was  found  that  the  patho- 
genic properties  of  B.  ohauvcH  cultures  are  greatly  reduced  by  washing. 

Aggressins  and  filtrates  in  quantities  of  from  2  to  5  cc.  produced  an  active 
Immunity  in  11  days  which  protected  60  per  cent  of  the  guinea  pigs  when  given 
5  mid.  of  culture  virus.  Blackleg  aggressins  and  filtrates  have  an  aggressive 
action  which  seems  to  neutralize  the  protective  action  of  serum. 

The  authors  state  in  conclusion  that  the  laboratory  standardization  of  anti- 
blackleg  serum  is  a  comparatively  simple  procedure,  but  that  the  standardiza- 
tion of  aggressln  and  filtrate  is  somewhat  more  difficult,  as  the  highest  active 
immunity  which  can  be  produced  in  guinea  pigs  is  of  a  low  degree.  The  neutral- 
izatiOQ  of  the  serum  by  the  AggreBtAn  or  filtrate  is  considered  to  give  a  method 
by  which  the  value  of  the  product  may  be  measured. 

The  preventive  and  curative  treatment  of  gas  gangrene  by  mixed  serums, 
F.  IvKNs  (BrU.  Med.  Jour.,  No.  8016  (1918),  pp.  42S-W;  aha.  in  Jour.  Amer. 
Med.  Assoc.,  11  {1918),  No.  22,  pp.  1861,  1862).-— Case  reports  of*the  treatment 
of  gas  gangrene  by  mixed  serums  are  given,  from  which  the  following  con- 
dusi<His  are  drawn : 

The  administration  of  a  powerful  antigangrenous  serum  is  of  real  value 
In  preventing  the  inddence  of  gas  gangrene,  not  repladng  but  assisting  surgical 
treatment  Employed  as  a  curative  agent  in  <iases  of  advanced  infection,  it 
to  a  disintoxicating  agent  of  great  value  if  used  in  sufficient  quantities.  The 
ptdyvalent  serum  of  Ledainche  and  Vallte  (B.  S.  R.,  85,  p.  882)  has  a  marked 
influence  on  the  after-history  of  cases  with  coindd^nt  streptococcal  infections. 
The  dilution  of  the  serum  by  normal  saline  solution  and  its  subcutaneous  ad- 
ministration have  made  anaphylactic  phenomena  extremely  rare.  In  cases 
wh^e  the  special  microbe  can  be  isolated,  or  in  blood  infections,  the  appropriate 
can  be  used  with  advantage  on  account  of  the  length  of  time  necessary 


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382  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECOBD.  [VoL40 

for  these  examlaatlons.  It  is,  however,  considered  wiser  to  give  the  mixture, 
especially  in  cases  where  sporulated  bacilli  are  present  in  the  original  bac- 
teriological preparations. 

The  clinical  pathology  of  mustard  gas  (dichlorethylsulphid)  poisoning, 
G.  R.  Hebbmann  {Jour.  Lab.  and  Clin.  Med.,  4  (1918),  No.  £,  pp.  1-^0,  fig9.  t).— 
"  Mild  cases  of  mustard  gas  bums  of  the  skin  show  no  changes  in  the  blood 
or  urine.  Moderately  severe  and  severe  cases  of  mustard  gas  bums  of  tbc 
skin  with  some  involvement  of  the  upper  respiratory  tract  show  after  the  first 
week  dbflnite  changes  in  urine,  blood  urea,  and  blood.  The  urinary  changes 
consist  in  a  diminution  of  the  urinary  output,  increased  concentration  and 
acidity,  albuminuria,  and  diminished  urea  and  chlorid  output  In  the  sediment 
there  may  be  found  casts,  renal  epithelium,  red  blood  cells,  and  an  Increased 
numbers  of  leucocytes.    Under  the  forced  fluids  prompt  Improvement  occurs. 

"  Coincident  with  these  urinary  changes  the  blood  urea  is  found  to  be  high, 
but  approaches  normal  with  the  improvement  in  the  urinary  condition  wben 
fluids  are  forced. 

"The  blood  shows  a  slight  secondary  anemia  with  a  well-marked  poly- 
morphonuclear leucocytosis,  a  definite  eosinophilia,  and  the  appearance  of 
myelocytes  and  young  forms  of  leucocytes.  The  blood  platelets  were  usually 
increased.  No  evidence  of  hemolysis  was  found.  These  changes  Indicate  a 
disturbance  In  the  white  cell  formation  rather  than  in  the  red  blood  cell 
group.  No  leucopenia  was  noted  at  any  time.  The  leucocytosis  reached  its 
height  coincidently  with  the  height  of  the  secondary  infection,  and  fell  with  the 
improvement  of  the  infection. 

"The  temperature,  pulse,  and  respiration  charts  show  in  the  severe  cases 
an  initial  period  of  shock.  With  the  development  of  the  necrosis  and  the 
secondary  infection  there  is  a  corresponding  febrile  reaction.  The  bacterlologlc 
examination  of  the  infected  skin  lesions  and  furuncles  showed  constantly  the 
presence  of  Staphylococcus  pyogenes  aureus.  In  the  one  bronchial  cast  ob- 
tained streptococci  ^were  present. 

"  We  believe  that  the  changes  in  the  blood  and  urine  may  be  interpreted  as 
dependent  upon  the  secondary  infection  and  due,  in  part,  possibly  to  the 
absorption  of  toxic  products  from  the  necrotic  skin,  rather  than  to  any  direct 
toxic  action  of  mustard  gas." 

On  qulnin  in  animal  tissues  and  liquids,  with  methods  for  its  estimation, 
W.  Ramsden,  I.  J.  LiPKiN,  and  B.  Whitijby  {Ann.  Trop.  Med.  and  Par.,  if 
{1918),  No.  2,  pp.  22S-258,  figs.  «).—'*  Delicate  methods  are  described  for  the 
estimation  and  detection  of  qulnin  in  animal  tissues  and  liquids.  Qulnin  does 
not  normally  suffer  change  in  putrefying  urine  or  feces.  Quinln  introduced  ifito 
an  animal  in  large  doses  accumulates  in  most  of  the  tissues  at  very  much  higher 
concentrations  than  in  the  blood.  Of  the  quinln  present  in  the  blood,  more 
than  three-fouVths  is  in  the  semm  (plasma  ?).  Normal  red  corpuscles  take 
up  very  little  quinln. 

"After  intraperitoneal  injections  the  suprarenal  glands  take  up  qulnin  at 
much  higher  concentration  than  any  other  tissue  examined;  the  kidneys  prob- 
ably come  next  in  the  series.  The  healthy  human  kidney  excretes  qulnin  at 
much  higher  concentration  than  that  at  which  it  is  present  in  the  contem- 
poraneous blood.  During  an  atta<^  of  black  water  fever  it  appears  to  lose  this 
power.  The  liver  of  rabbits,  guinea  pigs,  and  oxen  rapidly  attacks  qulnin  post- 
mortem and  presumably  during  life.  The  properties  of  the  active  agent  suggest 
that  it  is  an  enzym.  The  product  or  products  presumably  represent  normal 
metabolites  of  qulnin  in  the  living  body. 

"Experiments  directed  to  ascertain  whether  quinotoxin  is  a  normal  meta- 
bolite have  shown  that  (a)  it  is  attacked  by  liver  extracts;  (b)  wh^  ingested 


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»!•!  VBTBRINABY  MEDICINE.  883 

by  month  it  produces  alimentary  disturbances,  but  some  is  absorbed  and  some 
at  least  is  excreted  unchanged  In  urine;  (c)  any  antimalarial  action  which  it 
may  exert  is  so  slight  in  comparison  with  that  of  qulnln  as  to  be  negligible. 

"A  given  dose  of  qulnin  gives  rise  in  different  men  to  very  different  amounts 
of  qulnin  in  the  blood.  The  excretion  period  of  quinin  by  the  urine  differs 
greatly  In  different  men — ^ranging  from  41  hours  (after  a  single  dose  by  mouth) 
to  7Ji  days  (after  the  last  of  a  succession  of  large  doses).  About  90  per 
cent  of  the  quinin  injected  intravenously  disappears  from  the  blood  within 
one  minute.  There  is  a  striking  association  between  symptoms  of  quinin  intoxi- 
cation and  high  concentrations  of  quinin, in  the  blood.  When  quinin  is  admhils- 
tered  in  a  succession  of  large  doses,  an  abnormally  large  proportion  (from  90 
to  93  per  cent  of  that  ingested)  is  metabolized. 

*' Quinin  may  fail  to  effect  a  radical  cure  of  malaria  even  when  it  has 
reached  and  maintained  for  some  time  a  concentration  in  the  blood  so  high  as 
to  be  barely  tolerable  to  the  patient.*' 

Diet  and  renal  activity  in  tartrate  nephritis,  W.  Salant  and  A.  M.  Swan- 
Bon  iProc.  £foc.  Expt.  Biol,  and  Med.,  IS  (1911),  No.  1,  pp.  8,  9). 

The  bearlns:  of  cutaneous  hypersensitiveness  on  the  pathogenicity  of  the 
Bacillafl  abortus  bovinus,  B.  G.  Fixischneb  and  K.  F.  .Meyss  (Amer.  Jour. 
DUeates  Children,  16  (1918),  No.  4,  PP-  2^8-^5).— Experimental  evidence  is 
given  to  prove  that  in  guinea  pigs  infection  with  B.  abortus  hovinus  and  with 
the  tuberde  bacillus  always  produces  cutaneous  hypersensitiveness.  In  infants 
infection  with  the  tubercle  bacillus,  with  few  exceptions,  gives  marked  cuta- 
neous hypersensitiveness,  while  in  the  serums  of  75  infants  fed  on  milk  with  a 
iiigfa  Bacillus  abortus  content  cutaneous  hypersensitiveness  was  not  present. 
The  constant  absence  of  this  phenomenon  in  infants  is  considered  to  Indicate 
that  B.  a}>ortus  bovifUM  is  not  pathogenic  for  infanta 

Spirilla  associated  with  disease  of  the  fetal  membranes  in  cattle  (infec- 
tions abortion),  T.  Sicrrn  (Jour.  Expt.  Med.,  28  (1918),  No.  6,  pp.  701-719,  pU. 
t). — *' Spirilla  of  identical  morphological  and  cultural  characters  have  been 
Isolated  in  pure  cultures  from  the  fetuses  of  14  cases  of  abortion.  The  condi- 
tion of  the  fetus  is  much  the  same  whether  spirilla  or  the  bacilli  of  abortion  are 
present  This  condition  is  probably  due  in  both  cases  to  interference  with 
the  placental  circulation.  The  injurious  action  of  the  etiological  factor  when 
Virilla  are  present  is  limited  to  the  fetal  membranes,  more  particularly  the 
chorion.  Definite  lesions  of  the  fetus  were  not  detected.  The  spirilla  gain 
access  to  the  digestive  and  respiratory  organs  of  the  fetus  when  the  latter 
■wallows  the  amniotic  fluid.  More  rarely  they  are  disseminated  through  the 
body,  probably  through  the  circulation.  The  spirilla  will  grow  in  certain  culture 
media  only  under  reduced  oxygen  tension,  readily  secured  by  sealing  the  ordi- 
nary culture  tubes  with  sealing  wax.  Laboratory  animals  (mammals)  are 
refractory.  The  precise  relation  of  the  spirillum  to  the  pathologic  process 
remains  to  be  more  definitely  formulated.  Since  the  spirillum  was  first  isolated, 
27  cases  have  been  found  associated  with  BacUlus  abortus  and  14  with  the 
spirillum.  In  none  was  a  mixed  infection  with  both  organisms  detected.  The 
spirillum  has  been  isolated  only  from  the  second  or  succeeding  pregnancies." 

A  table  here  presented  summarises  the  data  collected  thus  far.    *'  It  gives  by 

number  the  male,  and  shows  that  the  spirillum  is  not  associated  with  any  one 

i  boIL    The  q[»irillum  has  been  found  in  fetuses  of  various  ages.    The  dlstribu- 

doo  of  HdriUa  as  shown  by  cultures  is  given.    The  guinea  pig  inoculations  are 

riiown  to  be  uniformly  negative  as  regards  B.  abortus." 

Lonplxig-ill*  S.  Stockman  (Jour.  Compar,  Path,  and  Ther.,  SI  (1918),  No.  S, 
pp.  1S7~19S,  figs.  10). — ^This  is  a  detailed  report  of  investigations  carried  on  in 


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884  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vol  40 

continuation  of  those  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  277),  ttte  remits  of 
which  have  led  to  the  conclusion  that  Ixodes  ricinua  transmits  the  infection. 

"  The  Juice  of  certain  edematous  lymph  glands  and  the  blood  from  sheep 
affected  with  louplng-ill  when  inoculated  into  other  sheep  can  cause  a  diseise 
which  may  be  fatal  or  may  amount  only  to  an  indiq;K>sition.  This  disease 
is  characterized  by  high  temperature,  in  some  cases  by  coma,  nervous  tremblings 
or  twitchings,  or  even  paralysis,  by  an  absence  of  macroscopic  lesions  capable 
of  explaining  the  symptoms,  and  by  the  presence  of  microscopic  lesions  in  tiie 
brain  and  cord  of  varying  degree  but  referable  to  a  pathological  conditUm 
describttble  as  myelo-encephalitis  and.  similar  to  what  are  found  in  cases  of 
naturally  contracted  louping-ill. 

"  Notwithstanding  the  first  apparently  negative  results  obtained  with  ticks 
(i.  ricin/us)  in  various  stages  which  had  in  a  previous  stage  fed  on  sheep 
affected  with  louping-lU  in  the  field  [E.  S.  R.,  87,  p.  277],  it  follows  from  the 
later  ^esults  obtained  that  larvoe  from  females  which  as  adults  ^gorged  on 
affected  sheep  can  give  rise  to  a  highly  febrile  and  sometimes  f^tal  disease  in 
other  sheep,  when  put  to  feed  upon  them  in  very  large  numbers^  and  tbat 
adults  fed  as  nymphs  on  affected  sheep  may  have  the  same  effect  It  is  pos- 
sible that  the  apparently  negative  results  recorded  in  the  first  article  arose 
owing  to  the  circumstances  that  only  a  small  proportion  of  ticks  beoHne 
carriers  of  infection,  but  it  is  also  probable  that  neglecting  to  take  temperatores 
explains  some  of  the  apparently  negative  results. 

"The  blood  and  the  Juice  of  edematous  lymph  glands  from  cases  aridsg 
from  experimental  inoculation  and  from  infestation  by  ticks  can  cause  similar 
symptoms  and  lesions  when  inoculated  to  other  sheep  in  seriea  Ticks  allowed 
to  engorge  on  these  experimental  cases  during  the  reaction  can,  after  molting 
to  their  next  stage,  cause  the  disease  in  other  sheep  upon  which  they  are  pat 
to  feed. 

"  The  infective  agent,  whatever  it  is,  can  be  transmitted  from  the  female  tida 
through  the  eggs  to  the  next  generation  of  larvse;  but,  although  the  positiye 
results  so  far  have  been  obtained  witii  larvse  and  adults,  it  does  not  follow 
conclusively  from  the  results  available  that  the  ticks  in  their  nymphal  stage 
can  not  also  transmit  the  disease. 

"  Since  the  disease  can  be  transmitted  to  sheep  in  series  by  inoculation,  it 
follows  that  the  infecting  agent  is  not  a  toxin,  but  a  living  agent,  capable  of 
reproducing  itself  to  some  extent  in  the  tissues  of  the  animal  into  which  it  Is 
inoculated.  It  also  follows  abnost  certainly  from  the  fact  of  ticks  transmitting 
the  infection  that  the  infective  agent  is  a  protozoan  parasite.  Some  of  the 
mononuclear  leucocytes  in  edematous  glands  and  in  the  blood  stream  when 
treated  by  Qeimsa's  stain  show  in  their  protoplasm  chromatin  bodies  ^cfa 
have  some  of  the  characteristics  of  protozoan  parasites,  including  their  stain- 
ing reaction.  It  is  not  claimed,  however,  that  a  final  statement  can  be  made 
that  these  chromatin  bodies  are  parasites,  and  the  causal  agent  of  louplng41L 
Awaiting  the  results  of  further  research  on  this  special  question,  it  is  allowable 
to  summarize  the  evidence  in  favor  of  the  parasite  view  being  correct:  (1)  The 
disease  is  tick-borne.  (2)  Inoculation  with  the  fiuids  and  organs  of  sheep 
containing  the  bodies  reproduces  the  disease.  (8)  The  bodies  stain  after 
the  manner  of  such  parasites.  (4)  The  causal  agent  Is  apparently  not  ultra- 
microscopic  and  the  bodies  are  the  only  abnormal  objects  observable  under 
the  microscope  in  materials  which  convey  the  disease  by  inoculation.  (5)  The 
virulent  material,  if  perfectly  fresh,  is  sterile  as  regards  bacteria  (the  infective 
agent  appears  to  be  retained  by  bacterial  filters,  which  is  evidence  that  it  is 
not  ultramlcroscopic). 


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»1»)  VftTERnTARY  MEDICINE.  385 

"  The  blood  of  a  sheep  which  hufl  recovered  from  the  disease  produced  by  inocu- 
lation does  not  continue  to  be  infective  by  Inoculation  to  others  as  in  the  case 
of  piroplasmosis  (redwater),  and  it  is  therefore  unlikely  that  ticks  can  infect 
themselves  from  sudk  animals.  The  same  is  true  of  material  taken  from  a 
chronic  case  of  louping-ill  contracted  by  natural  infection. 

"A  sheep  which  has  passed  through  a  reaction  following  upon  inoculation 
is  protected  to  a  very  considerable  extent  against  the  effects  of  a  subsequent 
inoculation,  just  as  a  sheep  recovered  from  louping-iU  in  the  field  is  highly 
resistant  to  further  attacks.  A  small  number  of  sheep  which  had  been  inocu- 
lated at  the  laboratory  with  blood  survived  exposure  in  the  following  season 
on  lonping-ill  infected  pasture,  while  4  out  of  12  other  sheep  not  so  inoculated 
and  exposed  on  the  same  pasture  died  of  typical  louping-ilL  The  blood  of 
healthy  she^  when  inoculated  in  large  amount  to  other  sheep  does  not  cause 
a  reaction* 

"The  disease  which  has  been  produced  experimentally  by  larval  dcks  (/. 
fidnus)  from  females  off  sheep  affected  with  louplng-ill  and  by  adults  which 
had  fed  as  nymphs  on  infected  sheep,  and  by  the  inoculation  of  gland  juice  and 
blood  from  such  sheep,  Is,  in  fbct,  louping-ill.  To  conclude  otherwise  would 
Involve  the  following  further  conclusions  which  are  very  difficult  of  acceptance : 
(a)  That  the  experimentally  produced  cases  with  conclusive  symptoms  and 
lesions  described  in  part  1,  .  .  .  must  be  disregarded;  (b)  that  there  is  a 
disease  of  sheep  other  than  louping-ill,  characterized  by  similar  microscopic 
lesions  and  by  similar  varying  symptoms  which  is  tick-borne  and  inoculable, 
and  that  she^  suffering  from  acute  and  typical  louping-ill  in  the  field  are 
invariably  attacked  at  the  same  time  by  this  other  disease,  since  inoculation 
of  their  gland  juice  or  blood  constantly  produces  it" 

The  transfusion  of  tuberculous  sheep  with  the  blood  of  normal  and  im- 
munised sheep,  Including  a  study  of  sheep  tuberculosis  controlled  by  the 
complement  fixation  test,  B.  Matke  and  D.  J.  Httsuct  (Amer,  Rev,  Tubercu- 
fotfif,  t  (1918),  No.  10,  pp.  604-SH), — ^Transfusion  of  tuberculous  sheep  with 
normal  and  with  immune  blood  was  conducted  for  the  purpose  of  determining 
the  value  of  blood  transfusion  in  the  treatment  of  tuberculosis.  In  both  cases 
the  animals  outlived  the  control,  although  the  condition  of  the  animal  receiv- 
ing the  immune  blood  was  much  better  than  that  of  the  one  receiving  normal 
blood. 

The  authors  are  of  the  opinion  that,  while  the  results  are  in  no  way  con- 
clusive, normal  blood  on  repeated  transfusion  is  of  slight  value,  while  blood 
containing  antibodies  is  possibly  of  considerable  value  in  the  treatment  of 
tuberculosis. 

XmmmilBatlon  against  swine  erysipelas  In  1917,  F.  Bthixi  {Schweiz,  Arch. 
Tierhetth,,  60  (1918),  Ifo.  6,  pp.  t7t-275), — ^In  the  practice  of  the  author,  suc- 
cessful Immunization  against  erysipelas  consists  of  (1)  simultaneous  im- 
munisation of  healthy  stock,  (2)  therapeutic  inoculation  of  stock  sick  with 
urticaria  (diamond-skin  disease),  whereby  sick  and  apparently  healthy  swine 
receive  the  same  amount  of  serum,  and  (S)  therapeutic  inoculation  of  stock 
affected  with  the  acute  form  of  the  disease,  followed  by  simultaneous  im- 
nnmlzatlon. 

the  elfeet  of  *'  ground  glass  "  on  the  gastrointestinal  tract  of  dogs,  J.  S. 
StxvoNS  and  W.  C.  vow  Olabn  (Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.,  11  (1918),  No.  26,  pp. 
tttl,  tltS). — ^"The  ingestion  of  ground  or  powdered  glass  has  no  toxic  effect 
and  produces  no  lesion^  either  gross  or  microscopic,  on  the  gastrointestinal 
tnu!t  of  dogs.** 


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386  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECORD.  [VoL40 

SVBAL  EirOIHEEBINO. 

Durability  of  cement  draintile  and  concrete  in  alkali  soils  {Engin,  and 
Contract,,  4$  (1918),  No.  7,  pp.  170-172) .—This  paper  summarizes  the  resultB 
of  a  third  year's  tests  made  under  the  auspices  of  the  U.  S.  Bttrean 
of  Standards. 

With  reference  to  concrete,  no  definite  conclusions  are  as  yet  drawn  as  to 
its  ultimate  resistance  to  the  action  of  alkali  In  the  soils  and  waters  on  the 
irrigation  projects,  except  to  indicate  that  materials  of  good  quality  and  proper 
workmanship  are  of  the  greatest  Importance. 

"The  following  conclusions  may  be  drawn  for  the  use  of  cement  dralntUe 
exposed  to  soils  or  waters  containing  alkali  salts  in  quantities  of  0.1  per  cent 
or  more :  The  use  of  cement  tile  in  soils  containing  alkali  salts  in  large  quan- 
tities is  experimental.  Porous  tile  due  to  the  use  of  lean  mixtures  or  rela- 
tively dry  consistencies  are  subject  to  disintegration.  Some  dense  tile  are 
under  certain  conditions  subject  to  surface  disintegration.  •  Disintegration  is 
manifested  by  physical  disruption  caused  by  the  expansion  resulting  from  the 
crystallization  of  salts  in  the  pores  and  by  softening,  resulting  from  chemical 
action  of  the  solutions  with  the  constituents  of  the  cement  While  results  ob- 
tained will  not  permit  of  a  definite  statement  as  to  the  relative  effect  of  the 
various  constituents  of  the  salts,  indications  are  that  the  greater  the  quantity 
of  sulphate  and  magnesium  present  and  the  greater  the  total  concentration  of 
salts  the  greater  will  be  the  disintegrating  effect 

"Tile  made  by  the  process  commonly  used,  which  allows  the  removal  of 
forms  immediately  after  casting,  are  subject  to  disintegration  where  exposed 
to  soils  or  waters  containing  0.1  per  cent  or  more  alkali  salts  similar  in  com- 
position to  those  encountered  In  this  investigation.  The  hand-tamped  tUe  of 
plastic  consistency  as  made  in  this  investigation  are  not  equal  in  quality  to 
machine-made  tile  of  the  same  mixture,  and  they  do  not  resist  alkali  action 
as  well. 

"  Steam-cured  tile  show  no  greater  resistance  to  alkali  action  than  tile  which 
are  cured  by  systematic  sprinkling  with  water.  Tile  made  of  sand  cement  have 
less  resistance  to  alkali  action  than  the  tile  made  of  Portland  cement  of  the 
same  proportions.  The  tar  coating  as  used  is  not  effective  in  preventing  the 
absorption  of  alkali  salts  from  the  soil.  The  cement-grout  coating  is  not 
effective  in  preventing  the  absorption  of  alkali  salts  from  the  soil.  No  advant- 
age is  found  in  introducing  ferrous  sulphate  into  the  cement  mixture. 

"  If  cement  draintile  are  to  be  used  in  alkali  soils  or  waters  containing  Oi 
per  cent  or  more  of  salts  similar  in  composition  to  those  encountered  in  this 
Investigation,  they  should  be  made  of  good  quality  aggregate  in  proportiooa 
of  not  less  than  1  part  Portland  cement  to  8  parts  aggregate.  The  consistency 
should  preferably  be  quaking,  which  has  proved  the  most  resistant  of  all  mix- 
tures used.  This  is  wetter  than  that  generally  used  in  commercial  tile  plants 
and  will  probably  require  the  retention  of  the  tile  in  the  molds  for  several 
hours,  unless  some  means  are  found  to  hasten  the  hardening  of  tlie  (dement*" 

Beport  of  the  committee  on  irrigation  of  the  American  Society  of  Agrl- 
cultural  Engineers  for  the  year  1917,  O.  W.  Isbaklsen  and  H.  E.  Mubdock 
(Trans.  Ainer.  Soc.  Agr.  Engin.,  11  (1917),  pp.  181-191;  Reclam.  Rec.  [U.  S.], 
9  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  170-174) .—This  report  deals  with  economy  in  the  use  of 
irrigation  water,  and  summarizes  answers  to  a  questionnaire  relating  to 
the  subject 

The  activated  sludge  experiments  at  Pasadena,  Cat  (Engin.  and  Contract., 
49  (1918),  No.  2,  pp.  S6,  S7,  figs.  $). — In  these  experiments  the  plant  consisted 
of  an  aerating  tank,  one  sludge  re-aerating  tank,  two  settling  tanks,  and  one 


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IWaj  RURAL  ECONOMICS.  387 

■lodge  somp.  From  the  results  of  a  period  of  operation  extendlDg  from  March 
17  until  June  27  It  was  found  that  with  a  4-hour  aeration  period,  using  1  cu.  ft 
of  air  per  gallon  of  sewage  treated  per  minute  and  using  between  10  per  cent 
and  20  per  cent  of  activated  sludge  with  a  settling  i)erlod  of  30  minutes,  an 
effluent  was  produced  which  would  remain  In  the  Incubator  at  87''  G.  for  10 
days  with  a  bacterial  reduction  of  96  to  99.6  per  cent.  Poor  results  were  ob- 
tained when  the  aeration  period  was  cut  down  to  2  hours. 

Eoonomio  highway  transportation,  R.  G.  Babnett  {Good  Roads,  fk  <er.,  15 
U918),  No.  19,  pp.  %41-^i5,  figs.  5). — ^A  large  amount  of  tabular  and  graphic 
data  on  different  types  of  highway  transportation  in  relation  to  the  roadbed, 
based  on  conditions  In  Missouri,  Is  given. 

Trai&c  laws  in  relation  to  highway  construction  and  maintenance,  W.  A. 
McLcAir  (Gfood  Roads,  n.  ser,,  15  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  97,  98,  105).— This  Is  a 
paper  presented  at  the  fifteenth  annual  convention  of  the  American  Road 
Builders'  Association,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  February,  1918,  in  which  trafilc  laws  are 
summarized  to  show  their  relation  to  highway  engineering. 

The  efficiency  of  the  motor  truck  in  terms  of  cost  per  ton-mile,  R.  B. 
Chambebulin  {Good  Roads,  n.  ser.,  15  {1918),  No.  8,  pp.  Ill,  i2£).— This  is  a 
paper  presented  at  the  fifteenth  annual  convention  of  the  American  Road 
Builders*  Association  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  February,  1918,  In  which  data  on  the 
economic  use  of  motor  trucks  for  highway  transportation  are  glvea 

Improved  roller  curtain  for  commercial  poultry  house,  Q.  R.  Shoxtp  {Wash- 
ington 8ta.,  West.  Wash.  Sta.  Mo.  Bui,  6  {1918),  No.  9,  pp.  150-155,  fig.  1).-- 
The  device  illustrated  is  a  roller  curtain  of  muslin  which  resembles,  In  gen- 
eral, that  used  for  roller  awnings,  except  that  it  is  anchored  at  all  heights  and 
can  not  flap  In  the  wind.  A  curtain  200  ft  long  and  6  ft.  wide  can  be 
handled  by  one  windlass.  The  curtain  can  be  partly  elevated  to  secure  ventila- 
tion on  quiet  winter  nights  and  can  be  entirely  rolled  up  out  of  the  dust  in 
summer,  thus  removing  two  disadvantages  of  the  muslin-front  poultry  house. 

BTTKAL  ECONOMICS. 

Boral  problems,  A.  W.  Ashbt  (In  The  Industrial  Outlook,  London:  Chatto 
d  Windus,  1917,  pp.  t(n-25i).—The  author  includes  in  his  discussion  of  rural 
problems  the  Intensiflcatlon  of  production,  the  increasing  of  the  cultivated  area 
by  reclaiming  land  and  by  afforestation  of  rough  grazing  and  sport  lands,  the 
sui^ly  of  labor  for  production,  and  the  conditions  of  the  agricultural  classes. 
He  recommends  that  from  the  point  of  view  of  economy  of  production  and 
standard  of  living  and  intelligence,  the  small  holding  has  a  place  only  in  the 
market-garden  industry.  The  large  industrial  farm  is  open  to  criticism  also, 
but  has  many  advantages. 

The  points  developed  in  the  discussion  of  condition  of  the  agricultural  classes 
are  that  (1)  the  most  satisfactory  method  of  raising  wages  would  be  by  mutual 
action  on  the  part  of  the  laborers;  (2)  improvement  of  housing  conditions 
diould  eome  through  the  industry  Itself ;  (8)  a  business  policy  founded  on  exact 
knowledge  is  needed  on  all  estates;  and  (4)  education  in  management  of  land 
and  of  culUvation,  In  farm  accounting  and  marketing,  and  the  improvement  of 
eJementary  education  are  fundamental  to  all  rural  problems. 

The  chapter  has  appended  a  bibliography  on  12  aspects  of  the  rural  problem. 

The  rural  problem,  A.  W.  Ashby  {London:  The  Athemtum  11917},  pp.  40).— 
^Is  treatise  is  similar  to  that  noted  above,  adding  a  somewhat  more  de- 
tailed discussion  of  village  life,  the  rural  school,  the  village  dub,  and  the  rural 
dmrch.    It  contains  the  bibliography  noted, 

111401*— 19 7 

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388  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECOKD.  [VoL40 

Mercantile  and  agricultural  economics,  C.  S.  Dungait  {Jour.  PoUt,  Bwil, 
26  {1918),  No.  8,  pp,  769-806).— The  author  discusses  in  detail  the  reUtlonahip 
of  the  home  and  the  farm  to  show  the  difference  between  the  farm  as  a  busi- 
ness and  other  kinds  of  business,  also  the  differences  between  the  principles 
employed  by  agricultural  economists  in  caring  for  raw  materials  and  in  analyz- 
ing the  farm  income.  He  condemns  certain  conclusions  which  disparage  the 
farmer's  labor  income,  failing  to  take  Into  consideration  both  tangible  and 
intangible  total  returns. 

Earm  manasrement  investigrations  {Kanaat  8ta,  Bpt,  1917,  p.  fO).— The  in- 
dications from  records  of  farm  business  on  633  Kansas  farms  for  1915  and 
from  detailed  records  of  farm  operations  and  transactions  obtained  from  tbiee 
farms  in  the  same  State  are  briefly  summarized.  Stock-share  leasing  was 
found  to  be  the  most  profitable  and  satisfactory  system  of  tenancy. 

Summary  of  farm  manaerement  surv^  {latoa  Sta.  Rpt.  1917,  pp.  28,  29).— 
The  results  of  a  farm  management  survey  made  in  the  summer  of  1916,  in- 
cluding 882  farms  in  Warren  County,  Iowa,  are  summarizeu.  "Of  the  832 
farms  studied,  41  p»  cent  were  operated  by  owners,  36  per  cent  by  tenants, 
23  per  cent  by  those  who  owned  part  and  rented  some  additional  land.  The 
average  size  farm  was  156  acres  and  the  value  per  acre  $117.  .  .  «  The  hi^^er 
the  price  of  land,  the  larger  percoitage  of  the  farms  are  usually  operated  by 
tenants. 

"After  deducting  operating  expenses  and  5  per  cent  interest  on  the  capital  in- 
vested in  the  farm,  the  average  owner  received  $212  as  pay  for  his  year's  labor, 
whereas  the  average  tenant,  after  deducting  operating  expenses  and  rent  paid 
to  the  landlord,  received  $725  for  his  labor.  .  .  .  Until  we  reach  a  group  of 
farms  406  acres  in  size,  where  the  labor  income  decreases,  there  is  apparently 
a  limit  to  the  size  of  farm  which  can  be  efficiently  operated.  The  fiict  that 
only  54  out  of  832  farms  fall  in  this  group  indicates  that  such  farms  are  not 
profitable,  on  the  average.  .  .  . 

"In  studying  over  the  repords,  it  has  been  found  that  those  who  stocked 
their  pastures  most  heavily  were  making  labor  Incomes  more  than  twice  as 
large  as  those  farmers  who  stocked  their  pastures  the  lightest  .  .  .  The 
highest  priced  land  in  Warren  C!ounty  seems  to  be  the  cheapest  from  the 
standpoint  of  making  money.*' 

Labor  costs  and  seasonal  distribution  of  labor  on  irrigated  crops  in  Utah 
Valley,  L.  G.  Connob  {Utah  Sta.  Bui.  165  (1918),  pp.  9-24,  flffs.  5).— This  bul- 
letin presents  in  tabular  form  the  results  of  a  detailed  study  made  in  1915  in 
cooperation  with  the  Office  of  Farm  Management  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture,  principally  in  Utah  Lake  Valley,  Utah,  and  is  supplemoitary  to 
a  study  of  farm  management  and  farm  profits  In  the  Provo  area  previously 
noted  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  493).  Local  farm  practices  in  regard  to  small  f^lts 
and  tree  fruits,  general  field  crops,  and  canning  crops,  considered  in  the  order 
in  which  they  are  harvested,  are  described* 

"  The  growers  estimate  that  from  December  1  until  April  1  weather  condi- 
tions permit  about  half  of  the  total  number  of  days  to  be  used  fw  outside 
work,  such  as  hauling,  etc.  .  .  .  When  field  work  starts,  about  March  1,  not 
over  half  the  time  is  available.  .  .  .  Two-thirds  of  the  time  in  May,  three- 
fourths  in  June,  and  four-fifths  In  July,  August,  and  September  are  available 
for  field  work.  In  October  three-fourths  and  in  November  two-thirds  of  the 
time  are  also  available.  In  the  winter  season  (December  1  to  March  1)  about 
46  days  are  available  for  outside  work,  such  as  liauling  manure.  .  .  .  Prom 
March  1  to  May  1,  the  planting  period  for  this  area,  there  are  61  days,  of  which 
about  35  are  available  for  field  work.  From  May  1  to  July  1,  the  crop  working 
period,  about  42  days  are  available,  and  50  during  July  and  August  .  .  . 

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1»1»]  BUBAL  EGONOMICa  389 

From  September  1  to  NoTember  1,  when  the  greater  part  of  the  harvesting  Is 
accompliahed,  about  42  days  are  available  for  field  work  and  In  November  are 
20  more  available  days.*' 

Fourteen  tables  showing  labor  requlrments  per  acre  for  various  crops  and 
three  samnuiry  tables,  two  of  which  comprise  the  man-labor  and  horse-labor 
reqairements,  respectively,  of  farm  crops  by  periods  and  one  the  man  and 
hone  labor  requirements  in  live-stock  enterprises,  are  given. 

Farm  allotments  and  farm  laborers'  allotments  in  the  Durham  State  land 
settlement  {Berkeley,  C(U,:  State  Land  Settlement  Bd.,  19 18,  pp.  10,  pi  1).— 
Thia  offers  information  regarding  soiU  water  supply,  improvements,  prices  of 
land  and  terms  of  payment,  capital  necessary,  general  requirements  of  the 
land  settlement  act,  etc.,  with  reference  to  the  Durham  State  land  settlement, 
Durham,  Bntte  County,  GaL 

When  they  come  home,  F.  K.  Lane  iNation*s  Bu^inets,  6  (1918),  No.  9,  pp. 
^t  iS,  fig,  1). — ^This  article  discusses  the  plan  to  absorb  labor  released  by  dis- 
banded armies  and  dislocated  war  workers  through  the  development  of  arid 
landfl^  especially  in  the  Colorado  Basin,  the  drainage  of  the  Mississippi  Delta, 
and  the  reclamation  of  cut-over  pine  lands  in  the  South. 

City  troops  take  a  food  salient,  E.  V.  Wilcox  (Nation^s  Business,  6  {1918), 
A'o.  10,  pp.  16,  n,  98,  figs,  2).— It  is  estimated  that  500,000  persons  responded  in 
lfll8  to  the  plan  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  for  city  men  to  volun- 
teer as  harvest  hands.  The  movement  is  said  to  have  solved  the  labor  problem 
in  many  cases  and  to  have  established  a  better  understanding  between  the 
fanner  and  the  city  man.  The  Department  is  endeavoring  to  make  this  im- 
provanent  permanoit  through  the  development  of  organization,  cooperation, 
and  community  interest 

Proceeding  of  the  eighty-sixth  annual  meeting  of  the  New  York  State 
Agricultural  Society  {2f,  7.  Dept.  Farms  and  Markets,  Div.  Agr.  Bui,  105 
(1918),  pp.  tJSrt,  pis.  Si), — ^The  program  of  this  meeting  included  addresses  on 
some  defects  In  the  New  York  laws  as  to  cooperative  associations,  a  report  of 
the  Million  Acre  Wheat  Committee,  and  a  statement  of  the  Patriotic  Farmers* 
Fund,  which  has  made  short-term  loans  to  farmers  and  from  which  was  planned 
to  make  loans  for  the  purchase  of  sheep  and  swine. 

A  credit  statement  for  short-term  farm  loans,  J.  I.  Falconer  {Agr,  Col, 
Ext.  Oirc.  [OMo  State  Univ.^  4  {1918),  No,  82,  pp,  -f).— This  is  a  blank  for  an 
agricultural  credit  statement  and  a  detailed  statement  and  business  record. 

The  cattle-loan  company,  F.  M.  Labmeb  {Jour.  Polit.  Econ,,  26  {1918),  No, 
S,  pp.  807-SSl),—Tlie  points  developed  in  this  treatise  are  types  and  location 
of  cattle-loan  companies,  types  of  cattle  loans,  the  credit  analysis  made  by  the 
cattle-loan  company,  the  marketing  of  cattle  paper,  the  correlation  of  cattle- 
loan  companies  and  allied  banks,  the  economic  services  of  cattle-loan  companies, 
and  the  future  of  cattle-loan  companies. 

A^coltoral  credit  in  Spain  (17.  S.  Dept.  Com.,  Com,  Rpts.,  No.  264  {1918), 
pp.  SSS-^Q), — ^This  article  reviews  briefly  the  function  of  the  "p6sitos,**  or 
granaries,  and  gives  the  text  of  the  proposed  law  for  the  reorganization  of 
agricultural  credit 

Agricultural  cooperation  and  the  collective  rent  system  in  Italy,  P.  Du- 
MOKT  (Vie  Agr.  et  Rurale,  8  {1918),  No.  41,  pp.  261-264)  .—This  article  is  an  ac- 
count of  two  principal  types  of  collective  holdings  in  Italy,  those  under  a  cen- 
tral management  and  those  divided  Into  small  individual  holdings,  as  well  as  of 
the  details  of  organization  of  agricultural  cooperative  societies.  A  representa- 
tive balance  sheet  of  one  of  the  improvements  under  this  system  in  Parma  for 
1917  is  given.     The  methods  of  cultivation  described  have  effected  higher 


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390  EXPERIMEXT  STATION  RECORD.  tVoL40 

agricultural  wages,  a  decrease  in  the  amount  of  fallow  land  and  an  Increase 
in  production,  and  larger  incomes  for  proprietors. 

The  marketing  of  Canadian  grain,  under  war  conditions,  W.  R  Bawu 
(Winnipeg,  Canada:  WiwUpeg  Grain  Bw.,  1918,  pp.  It,  fig,  1). — ^The  author 
declares  that  the  order-in-council  which  increases  the  power  of  the  Board  of 
Grain  Supervisors  is  acceptable  to  the  grain  trade  as  increasing  its  diances 
for  surviyal  and  maintaining  the  principle  of  Canadian  autonomy  in  Canadian 
commerce.  Under  the  former  system,  it  is  stated,  marketing  of  western  wheat 
was  practically  in  the  hands  of  representatires  of  the  Allies  and  grain  firms 
were  being  thrown  out  of  business  altogether. 

Cereal  and  seed  prices  for  1919  (Bui.  £foo.  Agr.  France,  1918,  Sept,,  pp.  t09- 
205). — These  pages  contain  a  brief  correfipondence  between  the  president  of 
the  Society  of  French  Agriculturists  and  the  Minister  of  Agriculture,  with  the 
decree  which  fixed  the  maximum  prices  for  the  1919  harvest  of  cereals. 

Cost  of  producing  the  1918  cotton  crop,  W.  B.  Ybabt  et  al.  {Austin,  Tes.: 
Dept.  Agr.,  1918,  pp.  4). — ^The  data  in  this  report  were  compUed  from  results 
of  records  returned  by  several  hundred  farmers  in  all  parts  of  the  State.  Od 
the  basis  of  160  lbs.  of  lint  cotton  per  acre  and  $70  per  ton  f6r  the  seed,  the 
cost  per  pound  of  lint  is  estimated  at  86  cts. 

County  marketing  schemes  (Jour.  Bd.  Agr.  {London},  tS  {1918),  No.  4,  pp. 
464,  455). — ^This  notice  shows  46  counties  in  England  and  Wales  where  sys- 
tematized marketing  is  in  full  swing.  Great  elasticity  is  shown  in  the  arrange- 
ment of  marlseting  schemes. 

Manual  of  laws  pertaining  to  the  Department  of  Farms  and  Markets 
(N.  T.  Dept.  Farms  and  Markets,  Div.  Agr.  BuL  108  {1918),  pp.  278).— This 
bulletin  supplements  the  data  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  36,  p.  688). 

[Transportation  in  the  Belgian  Kongo],  F.  FAixoif  (In  UAgricuUure  on 
Congo  Beige.  London:  Belg.  Min.  Colon.,  Dir,  Agr.  11917},  pp.  68-72,  figs.  6).— 
Information  is  given  with  regard  to  the  routes  into  the  Belgian  Kongo,  means 
of  access,  and  the  cost  of  transportation  of  agricultural  products. 

The  Colonial  Congress  of  Afrriculture  at  Paris,  1918,  G.  RaaKLSFKHGEB 
(Rev.  Q4n.  8oi.,  29  {1918),  No.  16-16,  pp.  476-^480 ).^'rhiB  article  reviews  the 
reports  of  some  of  the  important  lines  of  agricultural  investigation  made  at 
the  Colonial  Congress  of  Agriculture  held  in  Paris,  May  21  to  25, 1918. 

The  rural  church  serving  the  community,  B.  L.  Eabp  {New  York:  The 
Abingdon  Press,  1918,  pp.  144). — ^The  book  offers  specific  suggestions  for  making 
a  social  survey  of  a  rural  church  conmmnlty,  contains  an  analysis  of  the  social- 
center  parish  plan,  and  emphasizes  the  need  for  cooperation  betwe^i  sfpheres  of 
influence  and  between  denominations,  or  for  consent  to  the  survival  of  the 
church  fittest  to  work  on  a  community  basis.  The  author  calls  attention  to  the 
need  for  cooperative  denominational  overhead  intervention  in  definite  rural 
programs,  outlines  the  training  of  rural  ministers,  discusses  the  local  institu- 
tions that  are  responsible  as  parts  of  the  rural  social  machinery,  and  con- 
cludes with  a  summary  of  what  has  been  achieved  and  what  should  be  stressed 
in  the  next  decade.    A  bibliography  Is  appended. 

Juvenile  delinquency  in  rural  New  York,  Katk  H.  Glaohosn  (U.  6.  Dept. 
Labor,  Children's  Bur.  Pub.  82  {1918),  pp.  197).— Thin  study  was  made  of  the 
amount,  nature,  and  proportion  of  various  classes  of  delinquency  in  21  rural 
communities  of  the  State,  emphasizing  mainly  the  investigation  of  community 
surroundings,  home  influences,  and  methods  of  treatment  of  the  Jnvenlle  de- 
linquents.   Recommendations  are  made  for  treatment  and  prevoition. 

Recommendations  for  treatment  Include  talcing  cases  of  Juvenile  delinquents 
out  of  the  liands  of  local  justices  and  putting  them  in  the  charge  of  a  division 
of  the  juvenile  court  working  on  a  drenlt  or  giving  them  over  to  referees  ap- 


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Wl»l  RURAL  ECONOMICS.  891 

pointed  to  hear  cases  in  different  parts  of  the  county,  also  a  provision  for  a 
probation  officer  in  every  rural  section,  the  elimination  of  commitment  of 
children  to  institutions,  raising  the  age  limit  of  juvenile  delinquents  from  16 
to  18  years,  especially  for  rural  children,  since  they  mature  at  a  later  age  than 
do  dty  children,  the  abolition  of  the  office  of  justice  of  the  peace,  the  prosecu- 
tion of  adulta,  and  the  establishment  of  advisory  boards  of  citizens.  The  school, 
church,  village,  and  family  are  in  turn  discussed  as  important  preventive 
agrats. 

Part  2  consists  of  descriptions  of  21  communities  and  of  the  cases  of  juvenile 
delinquency  found  in  them. 

Monthly  Crop  Beport  {U.  8,  Depi.  Agr,,  Mo,  Crop  Rpt,  4  (1918),  No,  12,  pp, 
14S-164,  fig,  i).— Together  with  the  usual  data  on  estimated  farm  value  of 
Important  products  November  15,  average  prices  received  by  producers,  and 
range  of  prices  at  important  markets,  this  report  contains  the  crop  summary 
for  1918,  including  comparisons  with  1917  and  the  average  from  1912  to  191C> ; 
statistics  for  major  and  minor  crops  1916  to  1918 ;  aggregate  crop-value  com- 
parisons; a  graphic  representation  of  the  relative  distribution  of  aggregate  crop 
values  in  the  United  States,  1910  to  1914,  by  crops  and  by  geographical 
dlYlsions;  data  with  reference  to  the  wages  of  male  farm  labor;  acreage, 
yields,  and  monthly  prices  of  a  large  number  of  crops  for  a  period  of  years; 
special  articles  on  the  December  1  wheat  condition,  December  cotton  report, 
and  trend  of  prices;  also  crop  notes  for  Bulgaria,  Switzerland,  Spain,  and 
Austria-Hungary. 

Cotton  production  in  the  United  States,  1917  {Bur,  of  the  Census  [17.  8,], 
Cotton  Prod.  U,  8,,  1917,  pp,  59).— Statistics  similar  to  those  previously  noted 
(E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  441)  on  the  production  of  cotton  are  continued  to  date. 

[Agricultural  conditions  on  the  Belle  Vourche  reclamation  project  in 
19171,  B.  AuifK  {U,  8,  Dept.  Agr.,  Bur,  Plant  Indus,,  Work  Belle  Fourche  Expt, 
Farm,  1917,  pp,  S,  &-9). — "The  area  from  which  crops  were  harvested  on  the 
project  in  1917  was  50,026  acres,  included  in  825  farms,  an  increase  of  3,117 
acres  and  23  farms  over  1916.  The  total  irrigable  area  of  the  825  farms  re- 
ported in  1917  was  67,826  acres.  There  was  a  slight  decrease  in  the  acreage  of 
com  and  wheat  and  some  increase  in  the  acreage  of  sugar  beets.** 

Tables  based  on  data  obtained  from  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  Service  are  given 
regarding  (1)  acreage,  yields,  and  farm  values  of  the  crops  produced  in  1917, 
with  a  summary  of  similar  information  for  the  years  1913  to  1917,  inclusive; 
(2)  the  live  stock  on  hand  January  1  and  December  31, 1917,  with  a  summary  of 
similar  data  for  the  years  1913  to  1917,  inclusive;  and  (3)  carload  lots  of  live 
stock  shipped  from  and  received  at  four  shipping  points  on  this  project  in 

1916  and  1917. 

"The  average  yield  per  acre  of  all  crops  has  remained  rather  low,  owing 
chiefly  to  the  fact  that  every  year  large  areas  of  new  land  are  broken  up  and 
planted.  Much  of  this  new  land  is  poorly  farmed  and  the  yields  secured  are 
low,  so  that  the  average  for  the  project  is  reduced.*' 

A  decrease  is  shown  in  the  number  of  beef  cattle  and  of  hogs.  "  The  total 
number  of  carloads  of  all  stock  shipped  out  from  the  four  project  towns  in 

1917  was  1,843,  an  increase  of  550  carloads  over  1916.  During  the  same  period 
208  cars  were  shipped  in,  showing  a  decrease  of  229  cars  as  compared  with 
19ia" 

[Acrxieultore  in  the  Virgin  Islands  of  the  United  States],  E.  F.  Habtuei 
{Bur.  of  the  Census  [17.  fir.].  Census  Virgin  Isl„  U.  8„  1917,  pp,  41-4S,  IIS-ISO, 
pis.  4). — Census  data  are  given  as  to  the  rural  and  urban  population,  the  num- 
ber, area^  and  value  of  farms,  the  values  of  live  stock  and  crops,  farm  tenure, 


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392  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vol.« 

farm  expenses,  age  of  farmers,  terms  of  occupancy  of  farms,  fiurms  and  Uim 
property,  and  live  stock  not  on  farms. 

[Agricultural  statistics  of  Trinidad  and  Tobaero],  W.  G.  FusBicAif  {Rpt 
Dept,  Agr.  Trinidad  and  Tobago,  1916,  pp.  -f-7).— This  contains  statistics  re- 
garding the  principal  agricultural  exports  In  1916,  and  notes  the  registering  of 
the  first  agricultural  credit  society  under  the  new  ordinance  going  into  opera- 
tion in  1916  and  the  progress  of  agricultural  education. 

A  study  of  the  native  agricultural-pastoral  colonies,  A.  C.  Mukllo  (BoI. 
Min.  Agr.  [Argentina],  «g  {1917),  No.  2,  pp.  17B-205,  figs.  5).— This  article  de- 
scribes the  geographical  features,  with  data  as  to  the  rainfall  and  temperature 
of  the  colonies  in  the  region  of  the  Teuco  and  Vermejo  Rivers  in  nortn- 
em  Argentina.  It  contains  estimates  of  the  cost  of  production  of  Important 
crops,  and  reports  on  the  means  of  communication  and  the  local  govemmoit. 

The  war  and  Brazilian  foodstuffs  {U.  8.  Dept.  Com.,  Com.  Rpts.,  No.  25B 
(1918),  pp.  419-4^5). ^Thls  is  a  report,  with  statistics,  on  the  production  and 
exportation  of  vegetable  foodstuffs  from  Brazil,  showing  the  development  of 
several  new  crops  which,  at  prevailing  prices,  were  more  profitable  than  coffee. 

British  agrriculture  as  a  business  proposition,  J.  H.  Gtrr  {Jour,  Bd,  Agr. 
[London},  25  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  402-416).— An  American  lecturer  suggests,  as 
three  basic  conditions  for  success,  that  capital  combined  with  expert  manage- 
ment shall  operate  (1)  to  turn  over  the  capital  of  the  farming  industry  more 
frequently;  (2)  to  control  its  purchasing  and  distributing  machinery  so  that 
it  can  pass  on  its  fair  and  reasonable  costs  to  the  consumer;  and  (3)  to  cease 
paying  profits  to  interlopers  who  may  intrude  between  the  factory  and  the  farm 
and  the  farm  and  the  consumer.  Tables  are  given  to  emphasize  the  author's 
conclusions. 

Ireland  as  a  food  supplier  of  Great  Britain  {Jour.  Bd.  Agr.  [London],  25 
{1918),  No.  4f  PP'  444-448;  Dublin:  Dept.  Agr.  Tech.  Instr.  Ireland,  1918,  pp. 
4)* — Statistics  are  given  as  to  the  value  of  foodstuffs  imported  into  Great 
Britain  from  Ireland  from  1912  to  1916  and  the  quantities  of  foodstuffs  im- 
ported, comparing  the  average  of  the  Irish  supply  for  the  prewar  years  1912 
and  1918  with  the  average  of  the  two  years  1916  and  1917,  and  comparing  the 
average  of  the  supply  from  all  other  countries  for  the  same  prewar  years  with 
that  of  1916.  Notes  on  the  importance  of  Ireland  as  an  essential  food  base 
for  Great  Britain  and  on  the  regulation  of  exports  and  Imports  between  Ire- 
land and  Great  Britain  are  included. 

Agricultural  and  live  stock  statistics  of  Finland  {Statis.  ArMbdh  Finland, 
n.  ser.,  14  {1916),  pp.  122-189,  687-692). — In  addition  to  information  previously 
noted  (E.  S.  R.,  SO,  p.  692),  which  is  continued  to  date,  new  tables  are  Inserted 
on  capital  invested  and  net  returns  on  rural  improvements,  number  of  rented 
farms  by  governments  in  1912,  and  economic  status  of  the  cooperative  dairies 
1905  to  1915. 

[Agriculture  in  the  Belgian  Kongo] ,  F.  Fallon  (In  U Agriculture  au  Congo 
Beige.  London:  Belg.  Min.  Colon.,  Dir.  Agr.  [1917),  pp.  42--57,  ftgn.  JT).— This 
section  of  the  publication  contains  reports  on  the  labor  situation  from  different 
districts  of  the  colony,  and  statli°|tics  as  to  the  estimated  cost  of  clearing,  the 
capital  necessary  to  start  a  plantation  In  ICatanga,  the  net  cost  of  different 
kinds  of  houses  in  some  of  the  colonies,  and  the  net  cost  of  production  of  im- 
portant crops. 

[Agricultural  laws  in  the  Belgian  Kongo],  F.  Fallon  (In  UAgricuUure  au 
Congo  Beige,  London:  Belg.  Min.  Colon.,  Dir.  Agr.  [1917],  pp.  73-76). — ^This 
chapter  deals  with  legislation  relating  to  agriculture. 


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1W91  AGRICULTURAL  EDUCATIOK.  393 

[Agrlcaltoral  statistics  of  Australia],  Q.  H.  Enibbs  {Commonwealth  Bur, 
Ceimu  and  Statu.  Atut.,  Prod,  Bui.  11  (1918),  pp.  9^8).— This  report  con- 
tlnaes  the  information  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  27,  p.  5d5)* 

AOBICULTintAI  EDUCATION. 

Some  fundamental  problems  In  foreBtr7  education,  H.  Winkenwebdeb 
(Jour.  Forestry,  16  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  641-e52) .—The  principal  conclusions  in 
Uiis  discussion  are  summarized  by  the  author  as  follows : 

"(1)  The  legitimate  field  of  the  forest  schools  Includes  all  the  work  in  lum- 
bering, logging  engineering,  wood  preservation,  all  phases  of  products  work ;  in 
fact,  all  work  pertaining  to  trees,  forests,  and  forestry  that  ties  in  better  and 
OLD  be  handled  more  advantageously  in  connection  with  the  forest-school  cur- 
ricalum  than  that  of  other  university  departments. 

"(2)  The  colleges  of  engineering  and  agriculture  and  the  departments  of 
botany,  chemistry,  physics,  etc.  that  have  tried  to  enter  these  fields  have  made 
a  comparative  failure  of  it  unless  the  work  was  handled  by  persons  properly 
trained  In  forestry."  Institutions  like  Cornell  and  California  imlverslties  where 
tbe  work  in  forestry,  though  grouped  under  the  college  of  agriculture,  has  been 
organised  as  distinct  departments  or  divisions  under  the  direction  of  foresters 
of  recognized  high  professional  standing  are  not  included  in  this  category. 

*'(3)  Taken  collectively,  the  forest  schools  are  not  properly  fulfilling  all  their 
ftmctlons  unless  they  offer  the  same  opportunities  for  specialization  in  the  so- 
called  'allied  fields,*  under  conditions  making  for  the  same  high  standard  of 
fnstruction,  as  in  sUvicultural  practice  and  forest  management. 

**{4)  If  the  forest  schools  will  train  their  students  so  as  to  cover  the  field 
u  outlined  in  (1)  above,  there  is  no  danger  of  overcrowding  the  profession  for 
Biany  years  to  come.  In  fact,  there  is  a  crying  need  for  specialists  along  varl- 
Ms  lines  which  will  take  many  years  to  fill. 

"(G)  The  term  *  forestry '  has  been  too  closely  hedged  In  by  its  literal  mean- 
ing. The  technical  specialists  of  high  standard  developed  in  the  minor  fields 
by  the  Forest  Service  and  the  forest  schools  are  a  distinct  product  of  the  de- 
Telopment  of  forestry  in  this  country  and  worthy  of  being  recognized  as  pro- 
fessional foresters. 

"(6)  The  graduate  schools  of  forestry  have  not  as  yet  reached  the  same 
standard  as  those  of  recognized  high  standing  in  other  professions,  and  they 
will  not  until  a  clear  differentiation  between  the  undergraduate  and  graduate 
wort  has  been  established.'*  The  author  finds  some  indications  of  such  differ- 
entiations. Thus,  for  example.  Harvard  University  is  making  a  specialty  of  the 
lumber  business,  and  furthermore  has  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum  no  competition 
In  the  form  of  a  graduate  laboratory  for  the  study  of  dendrology.  Yale  Uni- 
versity has  in  the  past  furnished  the  majority  of  forest-school  teachers,  and  is 
now  taking  up  tropical  forestry  as  a  specialty.  The  College  of  Forestry  of  the 
University  of  Washington  has  for  some  time  been  specializing  in  logging  engi- 
neering and  wood  preservation. 

Interdependence  of  forest  conservation  and  forestry  education,  J.  W. 
TouMET  {Proe.  2.  Pan  Amer.  Sci,  Cong.,  1915-16,  vol.  S,  pp,  .15(Wtfi ) .— This 
address  has  been  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  34,  p.  908 ;  86,  p.  96). 

Agricultural  education  and  research  {Rpt.  Bd.  Agr.  Scot.,  5  {1916),  pp, 
lU-TVIII;  6  {1917),  pp.  X/F-X/X).— These  reports  deal,  respectively,  with 
file  progress  in  1916  and  1917  of  agricultural  education  and  research  work 
vider  the  control  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  of  Scotland, 


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894  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  nroL40 

Plans  to  meet  the  proviBions  of  the  Smith-Hughes  Act  for  Tocational  edu- 
cation submitted  by  the  State  Board  of  Control  for  Arizona  and  approved  by 
the  Federal  Board  for  Vocational  Education  (Phoenim,  ArUt.:  State  Bd.  Con- 
trol, Vocat,  Ed,  [1918h  PP-  8). — ^An  outline  of  the  general  plans  is  glyen. 

State  and  Federal  aid  for  vocational  education  under  the  Smith-Hughes 
Act  (Bid.  State  Bd.  Control  Vocat,  Ed,  {Ariz},  No.  1  {1918),  pp  68).— This 
bulletin  contains  a  statement  of  the  State  plans  in  detail  f6r  vocational  educa- 
tion in  Arizona  under  the  Smith-Hughes  Act,  together  with  outlinee  of  sug- 
gested courses  of  study  in  agriculture,  home  economics,  and  the  trades  and  in- 
dustries, and  a  list  of  books  on  home  economics. 

Vocational  education  (CaL  Staie  Bd.  Ed.  BuL  tS  {1911),  pp.  M).— This  edi- 
tion (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  194)  contains  the  general  regulaticms  as  approved  by  the 
Federal  Board  for  Vocational  Education. 

Documents  relating  to  vocational  education  (Oal.  State  Bd.  Bd.  BvL  ti-A 
{1918),  pp,  S6). — ^In  this  bulletin  are  presented  the  requirements  for  teachers  of 
vocational  subjects  and  plans  for  the  training  of  vocational  teachers  and  for 
the  supervision  of  vocational  courses  in  agriculture  under  the  provisions  of  the 
Federal  and  State  vocational  education  acts,  and  the  plan  adopted  outlining  the 
standards  and  policies  in  administering  these  acts. 

Proposals  for  vocational  education  in  accordance  with  the  proviaionB  of 
the  Smith-Hughes  Act  {State  Bd.  Bd.  Conn.  Bui,  45  11917},  pp,  20).—Th\B  bul- 
letin contains  the  plans  proposed  for  the  vocational  education  work  in  Con- 
necticut 

Agriculture  in  schools  of  secondary  grade:  Conditions  or  approval  in  eon- 
f ormity  with  the  Federal  act  for  vocational  education  and  the  regulationB  of 
the  Federal  Board  {State  Bd.  Ed,  Conn.  BuU  43  [1917],  pp.  8).— The  conditions 
of  approval  of  these  schools  by  the  State  Board  of  Education  are  set  forth. 

A  brief  description  of  the  course  in  agriculture  in  high  schools  approved 
by  the  State  Board  of  Bducation  under  the  provisions  of  the  Federal  act  for 
vocational  education  known  as  the  Smith-Hughes  Act,  T.  H.  Eaton  {State 
Bd.  Ed.  Conn.  Bui,  70  [iPi7],  pp.  6). — ^The  course  extends  over  four  years  and 
provides  for  16  units,  of  which  8  are  credited  to  the  vocational  studies  and 
practice  work,  and  8  to  approved  related  and  academic  subjects.  The  first  year 
is  devoted  to  the  study  of  animal  husbandry,  the  second  to  plant  husbandry,  the 
third  to  farm  machinery  and  buildings,  and  the  fourth  to  farm  management 

Plans  for  vocational  education  in  Delaware,  A.  R.  Spaid  {State  Bd.  Ed. 
[Dekl,  Bui.  6  {1917),  pp.  26). —Thin  is  an  outline  of  the  plans  for  the  adminis* 
tration  and  supervision  of  vocational  education  in  Delaware  under  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Smith-Hughes  Act,  approved  by  the  Federal  Board  for  Voca- 
tional Education. 

.Plans  and  aims  for  vocational  school  work  in  Oeorgia  {Qa.  State  Vooot 
Bd.  {Bui.},  1  {1917),  pp.  32). — The  main  features  of  the  plans  approved  by  the 
Federal  Board  for  Vocational  Education  are  submitted. 

Courses  of  study  for  vocational  schools  {Oa,  State  Vocat.  Bd.  IBuL]  t 
{1918),  pp.  27). — Outlines  are  given  of  the  (1)  teacher  training  courses  in  agri- 
cultural education  at  the  University  of  Georgia,  in  trades  and  industries,  and 
home  economics,  approved  by  the  State  and  Federal  boards;  (2)  courses  in 
vocational  agriculture  for  Georgia  high  schools  and  suggestive  class  schedules 
for  the  first  two  years  in  agriculture ;  (8)  a  vocational  home  economics  course 
tor  Georgia  schools;  (4)  a  type  of  strictly  vocational  home-making  course; 
(5)  vocational  home-making  courses  in  evening  schools;  and  (6)  types  of 
unit  trade  courses  in  the  trades  and  industries  for  Georgia  schools. 


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1»1«1  AGBICULTTJBAL  EDUCATIOK.  895 

Plansfor  vocational  education  in  Indiana  under  the  Smith-Hughes  Act, 
1917-18  (Ind,  State  Bd.  Ed.,  Ed.  Bui,  S4  il917h  PP-  6^).— This  is  a  detaUed 
statement  of  the  plans,  under  the  Smith-Hughes  Act,  for  vocational  education. 

Federal  and  State  law,  administrative  boards  and  officers,  and  approved 
plans,  of  the  State  for  vocational  education,  1917-18  Ulowa  State  Bd. 
Vocat  Ed.h  Vocat.  Ed.  Bui  1  [iP/7],  pp.  I^P).— The  texts  of  the  Federal  and 
State  laws  for  the  promotion  of  vocational  education  and  plans  for  the  admin- 
istration of  these  acts  are  given. 

Vocational  education  {Topeka,  Katu.:  State  Dept.  Ed.,  1918,  pp.  5i).— This 
bulletin  presents  the  detailed  plan  for  the  cooperation  of  the  Kansas  State 
Board  of  Education  with  the  Federal  Board  for  Vocational  Education  for 
1917-18. 

Vocational  education,  W.  D.  Ross  (Topeka,  Kana.:  State  Dept.  Ed.,  1918, 
PP'  k)- — ^Thls  is  a  circular  of  information  relating  to  the  operation  of  the 
Smith-Hughes  Act  in  Kansas. 

State  Board  for  Vocational  Education:  Statement  of  plans  and  policies 
(BuU  Ky.  Dept.  Ed.,  2  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  57).— Kentucky's  plans  for  administer- 
ing the  Smith-Hughes  Act,  as  approved  by  the  Federal  Board  for  Vocational 
Eklucation,  are  given  in  this  bulletin. 

Vocational  education  in  the  State  of  Maine  (Augusta,  Me.:  State  Dept.  Ed., 
1918,  pp.  24). — ^This  contains  the  minimum  requirements  and  general  regula- 
tions for  all-day,  part-time,  and  evening  schools  of  agriculture,  home  economics, 
and  the  trades  and  industries  in  Maine  under  the  Smith-Hughes  Act 

The  Michigan  plan  for  vocational  education  under  the  Smith-Hughes  law 
(State  Bd.  Cmtrol  Vocat.  Ed.  [MicK.^,  Vocat.  Ed.  Bui.  201  (1917),  pp.  ^0).— This 
bulletin  presents  the  plans  approved  by  the  Federal  Board  for  Vocational 
Education  for  the  development  and  conduct  of  vocational  education  in 
Michigan. 

[General  rules  and  regulations  of  the  Michigan  State  Board  of  Control 
for  vocational  education]  (State  Bd.  Control  Vocat.  Ed.  [Mich.},  Vocat,  Ed. 
BuU.,  1917,  No$.  202,  pp.  12;  20S,  pp.  11;  204,  PP-  10;  1918,  Nos.  205,  2.  ed.,  pp. 
19;  206,  pp.  7;  207,  pp.  16;  208,  pp.  11).— These  bulletins  deal  with  the  general 
rules  and  regulations  of  the  Michigan  board  concerning  the  establishment  and 
maintenance  of  vocational  education  under  the  Smith-Hughes  an*^  Tufts  laws, 
and  with  general  suggestions  of  the  board  concerning  courses  of  study,  equip- 
ment, textbooks,  and  management. 

Vocational*  agriculture  for  teacher  training  classes  in  Michigan  (Mich. 
Agr.  Col.,  Dept.  Agr.  Ed,  Bui.  19  (1917),  pp.  64,  figs.  5). —The  purpose  of  this 
bulletin  is  to  serve  as  a  guide  in  the  training  of  agricultural  teachers.  It  in- 
cludes an  outline  of  a  course  of  study  conforming  to  the  recommendation  of 
the  Department  Of  Public  Instruction  for  a  six-year  high  school,  syllabi  on 
the  several  subjects  to  be  taught,  and  suggestions  on  methods  of  presenting 
them,  including  classroom  and  laboratory  work,  field  trips,  and  home  projects. 
References  to  literature  and  lists  of  equipment  are  included. 

Vocational  education  in  Mississippi  under  the  provisions  of  the  Federal 
law  known  as  the  Smith-Hughes  Act  (Miss.  Dept.  Pub.  Ed.  Btil.  11,  Vocat. 
Ber.  1  (1918),  pp.  5S). — ^Thls  bulletin  presents  initial  and  tentative  plans  ap- 
proved by  the  Federal  Board  for  Vocational  Education  for  work  in  Mississippi 
imder  the  Smith-Hughes  Act 

Standards  and  regulations  of  the  State  Board  of  Education  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  Federal  and  State  aided  vocational  schools  (Missouri  State  Bd. 
Bd.,  Vocat.  Ed,  Bui.  1  (1917),  pp.  24).— The  plans  for  vocational  education 
work  in  Missouri  are  described. 


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896  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEGORD.  [VoL40 

Sucrerestions  to  school  authorities  concerning  the  organization  of  Federal 
and  State  aided  vocational  schools,  departments  and  classes  under  the 
Smith-Hughes  Act  (MissauH  State  Bd,  Ed,,  Vocat,  Ed.  Bui  2  {1918),  pp.  i5).— 
This  bulletin  contains  suggestions  concerning  (1)  curricula  and  courses  of 
study  in  Yocational  agriculture,  (2)  project  work  in  agriculture,  including  the 
common  essentials  of  all  project  work  and  an  outline  of  a  type  fkrm  crop  pro- 
ject, and  (8)  the  construction  and  equipment  of  the  school  shop.  A  suggested 
curriculum  for  the  all-day  two-year  trade  or  industrial  school,  and  suggested 
two-year  courses  in  vocational  home  economics,  Including  one  f6r  cities  of 
more  than  25,000  inhabitants,  are  outlined. 

The  management  of  the  soil,  G.  R.  Jackson  and  Mas.  L.  S.  Daughkbtt 
(Albion,  Idaho,  and  Cameron,  Mo.:  Authors,  1918,  pp.  XII -^-88,  flgt,  42). — ^The 
authors,  haying  come  to  the  conclusion  from  several  years  of  experience  that  it 
is  not  feasible  to  try  to  teach  general  agriculture  in  the  time  allotted  to  it  in  most 
secondary  schools,  are  preparing  a  series  of  short  courses  in  agriculture  each 
giving  the  underlying  principles  of  a  special  phase  of  agriculture.  This  first 
course  deals  with  the  formation,  agricultural  types  of  soils,  the  importance  of 
water,  soli  management,  and  factors  of  soil  fertility.  Suggested  exercises, 
problems  and  experiments,  a  brief  list  of  simple  apparatus  and  materials  tor 
soil  exercises,  and  a  list  of  reference  books  and  bulletins  are  included. 

Household  arts:  Teachers'  manual  and  course  of  study  for  grades  seven 
to  ten,  inclusive  (Bui.  Bd.  Ed.  Mass.,  No.  29  {1916),  pp.  /X+[5]-|-i5-f,  fig.  i).— 
This  manual  and  course  of  study  for  the  seventh  and  eighth  grades  and  the 
first  two  years  of  the  high  school  was  prepared  by  a  committee  of  the  household 
arts  department  of  the  Framingham  Normal  School.  Gourses  are  outlined  in 
clothing,  foods,  management,  child  nursing,  housing,  accounting,  and  illness, 
together  with  general  directions  concerning  rooms  and  equipment  and  the  time 
allotment  for  each  course.  The  units  of  study  are  the  project  and  the  topic. 
Suggestions  are  also  offered  on  various  general  administrative  problems,  e.  g., 
the  selection  of  teachers,  time  allotment,  cost  per  unit  of  instruction,  short 
units,  organization  of  the  work  in  large  and  small  schools,  the  school  luncheon, 
the  disposal  of  other  products,  and  credit  for  admission  to  higher  educational 
institutions.    A  list  of  books  for  reference  reading  is  included. 

The  agricultural  college  and  the  working  farmer,  K.  L.  Bttttesfield  (Proc. 
2.  Pan  Amer.  8ci.  Cong.,  1915-16,  vol.  8,  pp.  882-389). — ^This  paper  has  been 
previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  84,  p.  808). 

Agricultural  extension  work  in  the  United  States,  G.  B.  Sicrfn  (Agr.  Oas, 
Canada,  5  (1918),  No.  9,  pp.  907-910)  .—This  address  on  the  organization  of 
agricultural  extension  work  in  the  United  States  was  given  at  a  conference 
of  Ontario  agricultural  representatiyes. 

Boys'  and  girls'  clubs  (Agr.  Oaz.  Canada,  5  (1918),  No.  9,  pp.  896-902,  fig. 
1). — ^This  is  a  series  of  brief  articles,  by  provincial  agricultural  officials.  Indi- 
cating to  some  extent  the  character  and  nature  of  boys'  and  girls'  club  activi- 
ties, fostered  under  the  Agricultural  Instruction  Act  of  Ganada,  in  Nova  Scotia, 
New  Brunswick,  Ontario,  Manitoba,  Saskatchewan,  Alberta,  and  British  Co- 
lumbia. 

MISCEUAnEOUS. 

Beport  of  the  Guam  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  1017  {Quam  Bio. 
Rpt.  1917,  pp.  62,  pU.  7). — ^This  contains  reports  of  the  animal  husbandman 
in  charge  and  the  agronomist  and  horticulturist,  and  a  special  report  on  the 
plant  disease  situation.  The  experimental  work  recorded  is  for  the  most  part 
abstracted  elsewhere  in  this  issue. 


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19191  MISCELLANEOUS.  397 

Annual  Beport  of  Iowa  Station,  1917  {Iowa  Sia,  Rpt.  1917,  pp.  97).— This 
contains  the  organization  list  and  a  report  by  the  director  on  the  work  of  the 
station,  including  a  financial  statement  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1917. 
The  experimental  work  recorded  Is  for  the  most  part  abstracted  elsewhere  in 
this  issue. 

Beport  of  If  ansa  b  Station,  1917  (Kansas  8ta,  Rpt.  1917,  pp.  50), — ^Thls  con- 
tains the  organization  Ust,  a  financial  statement  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June 
SO,  1917,  and  a  report  of  the  director  summarizing  the  work  and  publications 
of  the  station.  The  experimental  work  recorded  is  for  the  most  part  ab- 
stracted elsewhere  in  this  issue. 

IConthly  Bulletin  of  the  Ohio  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  (Mo,  Bui 
OMoSta.,  3  (1918),  No.  12,  pp.  351-^82,  figa.  6;  4  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  32,  figs.  10).— 
Theee  numbers  contain,  in  addition  to  several  articles  abstracted  elsewhere  in 
this  issue  and  miscellaneous  notes,  the  following: 

No.  12. — Growing  Clover  for  Soil  Improvement,  by  F.  B.  Bear;  How  Much 
Manure  May  Be  Produced  on  a  Farm?  by  G.  G.  Williams;  Weather  Conditions 
During  the  Season  of  1918,  by  C.  A.  Patton ;  and  Are  There  Barberry  Bushes 
on  Your  Farm?  by  D.  C.  Babcock. 

IContlily  bulletin  of  the  Western  Washington  Substation  (Washington  Sta., 
West,  Wash.  Sta.  Mo.  Bui.,  6  (1918),  No.  9,  pp.  121-136,  figs.  4).— This  contains 
brief  articles  on  the  following  subjects :  Poultry  Diseases,  by  W.  T.  Johnson ; 
Concerning  Milk  Costs  and  Prices,  by  F.  W.  Rader  (see  p.  376) ;  Home-growu 
Seed,  by  B.  B.  Stookey  (see  p.  340) ;  Improved  Roller  Curtain  for  Commercial 
Poultry  House,  by  G.  R.  Shoup  (see  p.  ) ;  Controlling  Aphis  on  Farm  Crops 
by  the  Use  of  Ladybugs,  by  A.  Frank ;  and  Propagation  by  Hardwood  Cuttings, 
by  Li.  Y.  Leonard  (see  p.  840). 


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NOTES. 


Connecticut  State  Station. — Lieut  C.  B.  Morison  bas  resvuned  his  wort  as 
chemist. 

Nebraska  University  and  Station. — ^An  animal  pathology  and  hygiene  lab- 
oratory is  under  construction.  This  will  be  a  two-story  building  about  50  by  80 
ft.  The  unit  now  being  built  will  contain  laboratories  and  classrooms,^  and 
two  other  units  will  ultimately  furnish  ho^ital  facilities  and  quarters  for  a 
large  number  of  small  animals  for  laboratory  work. 

Dean  E.  A.  Burnett  has  been  given  leave  of  absence  for  educational  work  with 
the  Y.  M.  G.  A.  Overseas  Educational  Campaign.  During  his  absence  W.  W. 
Burr,  who  has  been  appointed  assistant  director  of  the  station,  will  serve  as 
acting  dean  and  director. 

E.  R.  Davis  and  J.  W.  Rovner,  assistant  professors  of  animal  husbandry  and 
dairy  husbandry,  resigned  March  1,  the  former  to  operate  a  farm  and  the  latter 
to  take  up  graduate  work  in  medicine.    W.  H.  Brokaw  has  been  ai^pointed  di-     | 
rector  of  the  agricultural  extension  service  vice  C.  E.  Gunnels,  whose  resigns-     I 
tion  has  been  previously  noted. 

Frank  W.  Judson  and  John  R.  Webster,  of  Omaha,  have  been  elected  r^ents 
of  the  university  vice  Frank  L.  Haller  and  Victor  G.  Lyford. 

Nevada  University  and  Station. — ^A  large  number  of  feeding  experiments 
conducted  during  the  summer  and  autunm  with  various  plants  have  denxm- 
strated  the  poisonous  character  of  several  plants  not  heretofore  known  to  be 
dangerous.  The  problem  of  handling  sheep  and  cattle  on  the  public  domain 
range  to  avoid  losses  from  poisonous  plants  is  concluded  to  be  much  more  com- 
plicated than  it  first  appeared. 

A  new  board  of  control  has  been  elected  consisting  of  A.  E.  Cheney,  chairman, 
Mies  B.  North,  and  Mrs.  W.  H.  Hood,  all  of  Reno ;  Walter  E.  Pratt,  of  Qold- 
field ;  and  B.  F.  Curler,  of  Elko. 

North  Carolina  Station. — A  series  of  spraying  experiments  of  much  Interest 
was  recently  completed.  These  experiments  demonstrated  that  homemade  Bor- 
deaux mixture  plus  an  insecticide  will  control  potato  blight  and  beetles  to  a 
better  degree  than  other  mixtures  which  have  been  used,  an  increased  yield  over 
the  check  plat  of  50  per  cent  being  obtained.  Exi)eriments  have  been  conducted 
both  in  the  mountains  on  the  one-crop,  and  in  the  eastern  truck  region  on  tbe 
two-crop  system.  It  is  announced  that  the  results  have  been  widely  dissemi- 
nated and  adopted  by  potato  growers. 

Work  recently  completed  in  the  mountains  of  western  North  Carolina  show- 
ing the  advantage  of  winter  pasturing  of  beef  cattle  is  r^K>rted  to  have  greatly 
encouraged  the  raising  of  beef  cattle  In  that  section.  Many  farmers  are  now 
taking  steps  to  secure  pure-bred  stock,  and  legislation  is  being  sought  prohibiting 
the  roaming  at  large  of  scrub  sires  and  otherwise  encouraging  the  greater  use  of 
pure-bred  sires. 

Clemson  College. — Guy  West  Wilson  has  been  appointed  associate  professor 
of  botany  and  plant  pathology. 

American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Agricultural  Teaching. — 
The  ninth  annual  meeting  of  this  association  was  held  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Janu- 
ary 7.    G.  A.  Works,  president  of  the  association,  discussed  briefly  some  of  the 


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1»1»J  .  NOTES.  399 

problems  that  confronted  It,  stressing  those  arising  from  the  operations  of 
the  Smith-Hughes  Act. 

The  general  theme  for  the  meeting  was  the  training  of  teachers  for  voca- 
tional agriculture,  with  special  prominence  being  given  to  the  emergency 
teacher  training  courses.  W.  F.  Lusk  described  the  emergency  courses  con- 
ducted In  the  New  York  State  College  of  Agriculture.  The  requirements  for 
admission  to  these  courses  were  ample  farm  exx)erlence,  successful  teaching 
experience,  at  least  two  years  of  educational  preparation  beyond  the  high 
school,  and  exemption  or  deferred  classification  under  the  Selective  Service 
Act  Bach  course  extended  over  a  period  of  nine  weeks,  Including  the  week  of 
the  annual  conference  of  agricultural  Instructors  held  at  the  college.  A  rather 
extensive  program  of  studies  was  given  covering  the  principal  phases  of  agri- 
cultural subject  matter,  based  essentially  on  the  subject  matter  of  the  cor- 
responding high  school  course,  with  some  attention  to  the  problems  of  teaching. 
Two  general  weaknesses  of  those  taking  this  course  were  brought  out,  one 
)Erowing  out  of  their  limited  agricultural  information  and  the  other  a  tendency 
to  adhere  to  academic  rather  than  the  vocational  standards  of  teaching.  For 
those  men  who  are  now  teaching,  a  further  course  for  the  coming  summer  is 
planned  which  will  bear  directly  upon  subject  matter  omitted  in  their  previous 
training. 

Verde  Peterson  continued  the  discussion  by  outlining  briefly  the  emergency 
summer  course  conducted  at  Clemson  College.  Men  taking  this  course  were 
required  to  have  been  reared  on  a  farm,  to  be  college  graduates  with  several 
years  of  successful  teaching  experience,  and  in  most  cases  to  have  studied  and 
taught  ^me  elementary  agriculture.  A  six-weeks*  course  was  given  in  soils 
and  fertilisers,  field  crops,  materials  and  methods  for  teaching  agriculture,  and 
principles  of  agricultural  education.  Agricultural  college  graduates  who  had 
been  teaching  most  of  one  year  took  four  weeks  of  this  course,  chlefiy  in  soils 
and  crops.  The  plans  for  the  coming  summer  include  a  similar  course  in 
animal  husbandry  to  prepare  for  the  second  year's  teaching  work. 

The  emergency  training  course  at  the  Georgia  State  College  of  Agriculture, 
discussed  by  J.  T.  Wheeler,  extended  over  a  period  of  three  months  covering 
the  entire  field  of  agriculture.  Requirements  for  admission  to  this  course 
were  at  least  a  four-year  high  school  course,  farm  experience  equal  to  being 
reared  on  the  farm,  and  successful  teaching  experience. 

Dean  Alfred  Vivian  reported  that  two  distinct  plans  were  tried  at  Ohio  State 
University.  One  group  of  men  were  agricultural  college  graduates,  but  without 
any  methods  training.  These  men  were  given  three  weeks'  training  in  methods 
with  uniformly  successful  results.  Another  group  were  graduates  of  arts 
colleges  and  had  taken  some  work  In  agriculture.  This  group  was  given  an 
eight  weeks'  course  in  farm  crops  and  horticulture  and  a  course  in  vocational 
agricultural  methods.  The  results  of  the  work  of  this  group  have  not  been  as 
successful  as  the  first  because  of  the  failure  to  ginsp  the  vocational  idea  of 
teaching. 

In  the  general  discussion  that  followed  it  seemed  to  be  the  consensus  of 
opinion  that  these  emergency  courses  in  teacher  training  would  need  to  be 
continued  for  some  time  to  meet  the  increasing  demands  for  vocational 
teachers,  and  until  the  agricultural  colleges  could  furnish  through  their  regu- 
lar courses  an  adequate  supply  of  trained  teachers. 

R.  W.  Stlmson  considered  the  problem  of  teacher  training  in  service.  He 
discussed  the  type  of  man  who  could  make  good  as  an  agricultural  teacher 
and  the  type  of  man  who  is  needed  as  the  itinerant  teacher  trainer,  and  also 
the  pn^ram  of  teacher  training  itself,  which  he  said  is  the  project  method  of 
teaching  teachers  how  to  teach  agriculture  while  they  are  teaching.  He  gave 
a  description  of  this  plan  as  worked  out  in  Massachusetts. 

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400  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  lVoL4« 

J.  T.  Wheeler,  in  a  paper  on  Improvement  of  Teachers  in  Service,  discaaeed 
the  purpose  or  aim,  the  organization  of  subject  content,  outlines  of  a  suggestive 
plan,  and  supervision  and  stimulation  of  Improvement  work.  He  defined  the 
aim  of  improvement  of  teachers  in  service  as  to  bring  to  the  teacher  a  realiza- 
tion of  his  problems  of  instruction,  to  get  him  interested  in  solving  these 
problems,  to  arouse  a  conununity  interest  and  spirit  In  his  work,  and  to  insfiire 
him  to  a  high  professional  attitude. 

G.  D.  Jarvis,  of  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Eklucation,  took  up  the  Organization  of 
Teacher  Training  in  Agriculture.  The  basis  of  this  paper  was  a  questionnaire 
sent  to  the  instructors  in  teacher  training  in  all  the  colleges  of  agriculture  and 
to  the  officer  In  charge  of  the  agriculture  work  in  ten  State  departments,  and 
dealt  with  facilities  for  practice  teaching,  teacher  training  while  in  service, 
certification  of  teachers,  and  relationship  between  teacher  training  and  other 
educatonal  activities  of  the  State. 

The  first  year  under  the  Smith-Hughes  Act  was  reviewed  by  L.  S.  Hawkins 
of  the  Federal  Board  for  Vocational  Education.  Information  was  presented 
as  to  the  number  and  type  of  schools  together  with  funds  expended  and  avail- 
able, as  well  as  some  of  the  problems  confronting  the  vocational  teaching  sys- 
tem and  the  possibilities  in  future  work  under  this  act 

The  standing  committee  on  relation  of  general  science  to  agriculture  made  a 
report  based  upon  the  study  of  100  schools  selected  from  all  parts  of  the  United 
States.  The  committee  on  relations  of  the  association  to  the  National  Society 
for  the  Promotion  of  Vocational  Education  reported  that  satisfactory  relations 
had  been  established,  and  that  the  association  would  be  henceforth  represented 
by  a  section  in  the  meetings  of  the  National  Society.  A  progress  report  was 
presented  by  the  committee  on  essential  laboratory  equipment  for  teaching 
agriculture  in  secondary  schools. 

Officers  elected  for  the  ensuing  year  were  as  follows :  President,  Dean  Alfred 
Vivian;  vice  president,  F.  E.  Heald;  secretary-treasurer.  Dr.  C.  D.  Jarvis;  and 
additional  members  of  the  executive  committee,  G.  A.  Works,  K.  D.  Maltby, 
and  W.  G.  Hummel. 

New  Journals. — The  Journal  of  General  Physiology  is  being  published  by 
the  Rockefeller  Institute  for  Medical  Research,  with  Drs.  Jacques  Lo^  and 
W.  J.  V.  Osterhout  as  editors.  Its  field  is  announced  as  "  the  explanation  of 
life  phenomena  on  the  basis  of  the  physical  and  chemical  constitution  of  living 
matter."  The  initial  number  contains  the  following  articles :  On  the  Dynamics 
of  Photosynthesis,  by  W.  J.  V.  Osterhout  and  A.  R.  0.  Haas;  A  Method  of 
Studying  Respiration,  by  W.  J.  V.  Osterhout;  The  Antagonism  Between  Thy- 
roid and  Parathyroid  Glands,  and  Further  Proof  of  the  Existence  of  a  Specific 
Tetany-Producing  Substance  in  the  Thymus  Gland,  both  by  E.  XThlenhntii; 
Difference  in  the  Action  of  Radium  on  Green  Plants  in  the  Presence  and  Ab- 
sence of  Light,  by  C.  Packard;  Amphoteric  Colloids,  I,  and  The  Law  Con- 
trolling the  Quantity  of  Regeneration  in  the  Stem  of  Bryophyllum  calydnum, 
both  by  J.  Loeb ;  A  Theory  of  the  Mechanism  of  Disinfection,  Hemolysis,  and 
Similar  Processes,  by  S.  C.  Brooks ;  Reversal  of  Reaction  by  Means  of  Strych- 
nine in  Planarians  and  Starfish,  by  A.  R.  Moore ;  Light  and  the  Muscle  Tonus  of 
Insects :  The  Heliotroplc  Mechanism,  by  W.  E.  Garrey ;  and  Lutear  Cells  and 
Hen-Feathering,  by  Alice  M.  Boring  and  T.  H.  Morgan. 

The  Landswoman  is  being  published  in  London  as  the  Journal  of  the  Land 
Army  and  the  Women*s  Institutes.  The  initial  number  describes  various 
phases  of  these  enterprises. 

The  title  of  the  Journal  of.  the  American  Association  of  Instructors  and 
Investigators  in  Poultry  Husbandry  has  been  changed  to  PouUry  Science. 


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EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 

Editor :  E.  W.  ALLEN,  Ph.  D.,  Chief,  Office  of  Experiment  Stationa. 
Associate  Editor :  H.  L.  Kniqht. 

EDITORIAL  DEPABTKENTB. 

Agricultural  Chemistry  and  Agrotechny — Sybil  L.  Smith. 

Meteorology,  Soils,  and  Fertilisers  {^ 'ijf  l^c^. 

Agricultural  Botany,  Bacteriology,  and  Plant  Pathology  f^'  |;  ^yd.*'  ^^'  ^' 

Field  Crops — J.  D.  Ltjckitt. 

Horticulture  and  Forestry — ^E.  J.  Glasson. 

Economic  Zoology  and  Entomology — W.  A.  Hooker,  D.  V.  M. 

{C.  P.  Lanowobtht,  Ph.  D.,  D.  Sc. 
Sybil  L.  Smith. 
Elisabeth  B.  Boweb. 

Animal  Husbandry,  Dairying,  and  Dairy  Farming  |jr  j  ^^^^ 

veterinary  Medldae  {^^„^  1!%^h. 
Rural  Engineering — ^R.  W.  Tbullingeb.^ 

[E.  Mebbitt. 
Rural  Economics  {M.  Lenore  Funt. 

I  Louise  Mabbtjt. 

Agricultural  Education  {^"^SS^  Sptthmakn. 
Indexes— Amelia  B.  Deans. 


CONTENTS   OF  VOL.  40,  No.  5. 


Editorial  notes:  Page. 

The  return  of  station  workers  from  war  service 401 

The  influence  of  the  war  on  station  work  in  the  future 403 

Recent  work  in  agricultural  science 408 

Notes 405 

SUBJECT  LIST  OF  ABSTRACTS. 

A0BICTJLTX7RAL  CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 

A  handbook  of  colloid  chemistry,  Ostwald,  trans,  by  Fischer 408 

Industrial  and  manufacturing  chemistry. — ^I,  Organic,  Martin  et  al 406 

Note  on  trypsin,  and  a  new  method  of  purifying  enzyms.  Wood 406 

Preparation  of  mediums :  New  hydrogen-ion  concentration  method,  StroAg.  408 

Pressed  yea^t  and  yeast  extract  in  the  preparation  of  media,  Ickert 408 

An  efficient  laboratory  funnel  for  filtering  neutral  liquids,  AJdrich 400 

A  new  Indicator  of  vegetable  nature,  Marlnl 409 

lodlB  action  on  hypophosphorous  and  phosphorous  adds,  Boyer  and  Bausll.  409 

Volumetric  estimation  of  the  sulphion,  Howden 40q 

Determination  of  hypochlorites  and  chlorates  in  same  solution,  KolthofP..  410 

A  convenient  and  efficient  digestion  apparatus  for  crude  fiber.  Spears 410 

A  On  leave  of  abience  for  military  senrioe. 

X 


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11  CONTENTS.  [Vol.  40 

Pace. 

The  detection  of  vegetable  giims  in  food  products,  CkK>k  and  Woodman 410 

Maximum  vitamin  content  of  Philippine  vegetables.  Brill  and  Alincastre—  410 

Formation  of  ammonia  and  amlns  in  canned  sardines,  Weber  and  Wilson.  411 

Microscopic  color  reaction  for  wheat,  rye,  and  potato  starch,  Unna 4li 

The  true  composition  of  sugar  cane  molasses,  Pellet 412 

Determination  of  carbon  dioxld  in  baking  powders,  Rupp  and  Wohnlich__  412 

A  new  formula  for  the  calculation  of  added  water  in  milk,  Harris 412 

Reichert-Meissl  number  according  to  Bondzynskl  and  Rufi,  Preacher 412 

The  oxidase  reaction  for  the  detection  of  rancid  fats,  Preacher 412 

Acetylmethylcarbinol  in  sorghum  silage,  Friedemann  and  Dowell 412 

Modifications  of  Benedict's  and  Folin's  sugar  methods,  Haskins 413 

New  titration  method  for  determination  of  uric  acid  in  urine,  Morris 413 

Detection  of  methyl  alcohol,  Maue 413 

Lead  in  pharmaceutical  zinc  oxid,  Collins  and  Clarke 413 

A  special. bleaching  powder  for  use  in  hot  countries,  Rettie  et  al 413 

Relation *of  dehydration  to  agriculture,  Prescott 414 

[Investigations  on  cider],  Grove 414 

The  manufacture  of  cider  apple  Jelly,  Barker 414 

Grape  sirup,  Bioletti  and  Cruess 414 

Industry  of  lactose  and  of  the  vegetable  casein  of  the  soy  bean,  Beltzer__  415 

The  utilization  of  waste  products,  KoUer 415 

Report  of  the  agricultural  chemist,  Brfinnich 415 

ICETEOaOLOGY. 

A  much  needed  change  of  emphasis  in  meteorological  research,  Franklin.  416 

Correlations  between  solar  activity  and  far  eastern  climates,  Seklguchl__  416 

Clouds  and  their  significance  in  local  weather  forecasting,  Palmer 41 6 

Monthly  Weather  Review 416 

Meterological  records  for  the  year  ending  November  30,  1917,  Burke 417 

SOILS — FEBTILIZERS. 

Relation  of  inorganic  soil  colloids  to  plowsole  In  citrus  groves,  Jensen _.  417 

Nitrification  and  Its  Importance  from  ecology  point  of  view,  Hesselman___  418 

The  shrinkage  of  soils 419 

[Report  of  soil  Investigations  in  Montana],  Burke 419 

Soil  survey  of  Monroe  County,  Ala.,  Smith  et  al 419 

Soil  survey  of  Porter  County,  Ind.,  Bushnell  and  Barrett 420 

Soil  survey  of  Cleveland  County,  N.  C,  Vannatta  and  McDowell 420 

Soil  survey  of  Payne  County,  Okla.,  Cobb  and  Hawker 420 

Analyses  of  West  Virginia  soils,  Salter  and  Wells •  420 

Effect  of  farm  manure  in  stimulating  irrigated  field  crops,  Scofield 421 

Plant  products  and  chemical  fertilizers,  Collins 421 

[Fertilizers  in  relation  to  production  in  the  United  States  in  1910] 421 

[Fertilizer  needs  of  England,  France,  and  Italy],  Thompson  et  al 422 

Experiments  with   fertilizers,   Stookey 422 

[Nitrate  of  soda  for  corn  in  the  South] 422 

Experiments  on  green  sand  as  a  source  of  potassium.  True  and  Geise 423 

Limestone  action  on  acid  soils,  Stewart  and  Wyatt 423 

Commercial  fertilizers,  1918,  Woods 424 

AGBICULTURAL  BOTANY. 

Atmospheric  electricity  as  an  environmental  factor,  JQrgensen  and  Stiles.  424 

On  the  ecology  of  the  vegetation  of  Breckland,  V,  Farrow 424 

Competition  between  Oalium  9<upatile  and  G.  9ylve9tre,  Tansley 424 

Plant  life  on  saline  solla,  Kearney 424 

Comparative  salt  reanirements  for  young  and  mature  buckwheat,  ShlTe.  425 

Factors  determining  character  and  distribution  of  food  reserve,  Slnnott._  425 

The  nature  and  rOle  of  mitodiondria  in  vegetable  cells,  GuUUermond 425 

Formation  of  nitrites  from  nitrates  by  sunlight,  Moore 425 

Action  of  light  rays  on  organic  compounds,  Moore  and  Webster 426 

Oxidases :  Presence  and  function  in  sugar  cane,  Narain 426 

The  evaluation  of  the  soil  temperature  factor  in  root  growth,  Cannon 426 

Determination  of  wilting,  Bakke 427 

Fertility  in  Ciohorium  intyhus.  Stout 427 


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1»1»1                                                    CONTENTS.  m 

FIELD  CHOPS. 

Page. 

Some  factors  of  success  and  failure  in  dry  farming,  Kezer 428 

Experiments  in  electrical  stimulation  of  crops,  Washington 428 

Treatment  of  growing  crops  with  overhead  electric  discharges,  Hendrick.  429 

The  electroculture  of  crops,  Jdrgensen  and  Stiles 429 

[Report  of  work  with  field  crops  in  Montana] 429 

[Work  with  field  crops  on  Scottsbluff  experiment  farm  in  1917],  Holden.  430 

[Field  crops  work  at  Umatilla  experiment  farm,  Greg.,  in  1917],  Allen—  431 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  on  Yuma  experiment  farm  in  1917],  Blair —  438 

Report  on  the  department  of  agriculture,  Barbados,  1916-17,  Bovell 434 

Field  experiments  [in  Ireland],  1917 434 

Cereal  culture  in  New  Castile,  Spain,  QuintaniUa 434 

The  influence  of  chemical  fertilizers  on  the  composition  of  grain 434 

Effect  of  sodium  chlorid  on  the  development  of  certain  legumes,  Hendry.  434 

Our  colonial  agriculture. — XII,  Fibers,  van  Iterson,  jr 435 

Field  beans,  Stewart 436 

Our  colonial  agriculture. — ^I,  Cassava,  Bloksseijl 435 

Breeding  new  castor  beans,  White 435 

Relation  between  yield  and  ear  character  in  corn,  Hutcheson  and  Wolfe.  435 

A  fifth  pair  of  factors,  Aa,  for  aleurone  color  in  maize,  Emerson 436 

Cotton  variety  tests,  1918,  East 437 

VarieUes  of  cotton,  1909-1917,  Ayres u 437 

Varieties  of  cotton.    Summary  1909  to  1917,  Ayres 438 

Production  of  American  Egyptian  cotton,  Scofield  et  al 438 

The  cotton  resources  of  the  [French]  colonies,  Bourdarle 438 

Experiment  with  flax  growing  at  Guemmeiza,  Dudgeon *  438 

The  inheritance  of  hull-lessness  In  oat  hybrids.  Love  and  McRostie 438 

Scientific  potato  culture.  Young,  sr 439 

Effect  of  inoculation  and  certain  minerals  on  soy  beans.  Fellers 489 

Growing^  sugar  beets  in  Michigan  and  Ohio,  Washburn  et  al 440 

Sugar  beet  seed.  Palmer 441 

Results  of  field  experiments  with  sugar  cane  In  Java,  VII-IX,  Geerts 441 

[Java  canes  In  Tucum&n],  Rosenfeld 441 

Fall  and  winter  planting  [of  sugar  cane]  In  the  Argentine,  Rosenfeld 441 

A  cane  drainage  experiment,  Rosenfeld 441 

Avoiding  frost  damage  to  cane  stools,  Rosenfeld .442 

Sweet  tussock  {Phalaris  bulbosa),  Botto 442 

Some  studies  in  blossom  color  inheritance  in  tobacco,  Allard 442 

Trials  with  Reunion  tobacco  In  1916-17,  Auchlnleck 442 

Our  colonial  agriculture. — VIII,  Tobacco,  de  Vries 442 

Culture  and  possible  utilization  of  Typha  In  France,  G6ze 443 

Spring  wheat  for  Illinois,  Burllson  and  Stark 443 

Fourth  report  of  Montana  grain  laboratory,  Atkinson  and  Jahnke 448 

Commercial  agricultural  seeds,  1918,  Woods 443 

Report  of  seed  tests  for  1918 443 

Disinfection  of  seeds  with  bromln,  Artslxovsky  and  Stora 443 

HOBTICULTXmE. 

[R^)ort  of  horticultural  Investigations],  Whipple 444 

[Horticultural  Investigations  at  the  Umatilla  experiment  farm],  Allen. ^_  444 

[Horticultural  investigations  on  Yuma  reclamation  project],  Blair 444 

The  garden :  How  to  make  It  pay,  Thomas 444 

A  new  method  of  using  explosives  In  tree  planting,  PlMallu 444 

Progress  report  on  rootstock  experiment,  Howard 444 

Orchard  spraying  v,  dusting,  Glddlngs 445 

Why  prune  bearing  apricot  trees  heavily?    Tufts 445 

Breeding  a  hardy  pear.  Patten 446 

Aocllmatlzation,  selection,  and  hybridization  experiments  in  Alaska 446 

Hybridization  experiments  with  strawberry  in  Alaska 446 

A  new  method  of  grafting,  Verdifi 446 

Chemical  composition  of  pineapple,  Gongalves  de  Sousa 446 

The  detection  and  elimination  of  frosted  fruit,  Chace 446 

Trees,  their  use  and  abuse.  Berry 447 

Trees  and  shrubs  on  the  farm,  Whii^le  and  Starring 447 

Seaside  planting  for  shelter,  ornament,  and  profit,  Webster 447 

Bod  variation  in  dahlias,  Shamel 447 

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IV  CONTENTS.  l^ol. 

F0RE8TBT. 

National  Forest  areas 4 

Timber  supplies  and  forestry  in  the  Union,  Legat 4 

Report  on  forest  administration  in  South  Australia.  1917-18,  Gill i 

Effect  of  grazing  upon  aspen  reproduction,  Sampson i 

Manuring  of  Hevea  brasiliensia,  Anstead i 

Scientific  principles  of  the  budding  of  Hevea  hrasUien^is,  Bobllloff 41 

Structure,  degeneration,  and  regeneration  of  latex  rings,  Keuchenius I 

Tapping  on  renewed  bark.  Fetch 4 

The  African  oil  palm,  its  possibilities  In  Malay.  Eaton  and  Spring 4 

Note  on  the  resin  (yacca  gum)  in  Xanthorrhasa  quadrangulata,  Osborn..  4 

DISEASES   or  PLANTS. 

The  relation  of  phytopathologlsts  to  plant  disease  survey  work,  Lyman.,  i 

[Report  of]  the  botany  and  bacteriology  department.  Swingle i 

Seed  treatment  of  cucumber  angular  leaf  spot,  Gilbert  and  Gardner i 

Copper  sulphate  as  a  disinfectant  for  potatoes,  Blsby  and  Tolaas < 

Two  Illinois  rhubarb  diseases,  Stevens < 

Physiological  studies  of  normal  and  blighted  spinach.  True  et  al < 

Brown  blotch  of  the  Kleffer  pear,  Martin 

Plum  pocket  and  leaf  gall  on  Americana  plums.  Swingle  and  Morris 

The  life  history  and  parasitism  of  Eocronartium  musoicola,  Fitzpatrick_ 

ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ^ENTOMOLOGY. 

[Economic  Insects  and  their  control  in  Kansas] 

[R^ort  of]  the  entomology  department^  Cooley 

fifteenth  annual  report  of  the  State  entomologist  of  Montana,  Cooley 

[Economic  Insects  In  Cuba],  Cardfn 

[Insect  pests  in  St.  Lucia,  1917-18],  Hutson 

Report  on  the  work  of  the  entomological  division,  Speyer 

Insects  affecting  the  castor  bean  In  Cuba,  Carttln 

The  Insect  pests  of  maize,  Gurney 

Insects  bred  from  bark  and  wood  of  American  larch,  Blackman  and  Stage- 
Fungi  cultivated  by  termites  In  vicinity  of  Manila  and  Los  Baflos,  Brown. 

Machine  gun  work  with  a  new  formula  on  red  spiders,  Jones 

The  mixing  of  oil  emulsions  with  Ume-sulphur  solutions,  Yothers 

The  toxic  action  of  KCN  and  its  relation  to  the  cell,  Lund 

The  tarnished  plant  bug  and  Its  Injury  to  nursery  stock,  Haseman 

Value  of  high  temperature  for  controlling  the  common  bedbug,  Gibson 

A  contribution  to  the  physiology  of  wing  development  in  aphlds,  Shinjl — 

Genetic  relations  In  the  aphid  MacroBiphum  tolanifoUi,  Shull 

Prevention  and  arrest  of  lice-borne  diseases  by  disinfection.  Hunter 

Notes  on  Japanese  Lepldoptera  and  their  larva,  I-V.  Wlleman 

Control  work  with  grapevine  cochylls  In  Vaudols  vineyards  in  1017.  Faes. 

The  large  aspen  tortrix,  Cacoecia  conflictanaf  Criddle 

The  origin  of  the  pink  boUworm,  Marlatt 

Walnut  worm  threatens  Industry,  Smith 

The  bean  fly,  Otanes  y  Quesales 

Ovlposltlon  in  the  celery  fly,  Taylor 

Winter  hibernation  of  Anopheles  larvae,  Grlflitts 

On  mosquito  larvlddes.  Kirk 

A  contribution  to  the  knowledge  of  the  Brazilian  CEstrince,  Lutz 

Distribution  of  nose  fly  and  other  species  of  Gastrophilus,  Bishopp 

QastrophilUB  duodenaliSt  Mendy 

A  serious  pest  to  stored  wheat,  the  lesser  grain  borer,  Froggatt 

Four  new  African  Hymenoptera  belonging  to  Microgasterins,  Qaban 

Beekeeping  may  Increase  the  cotton  crop,  Meade 

Description  and  notes  on  some  ichneumon  flies  from  Java,  Rohwer 

Descriptions  of  some  sawflies  from  the  Australian  region,  Rohwer 

An  entomogenous  fungus  growing  from  the  cocoon  of  a  braooold,  Lyle 

The  biology  of  fruit-fly  parasites  in  Hawaii,  Pemberton  and  WlUard 

Adult  habits  of  some  hymenopterous  egg  parasites  of  Orthoptera,  Bmea — 

[Leaf  gall  on  American  plums].  Swingle  and  Morris 

The  common  cattle  tick  in  Argentina,  Jasschke 


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Idiai                                                    CONTENTS,  V 

FOODS — HUMAN    NTJTBITION. 

Page. 

Foods  and  their  adulteration,  Wiley 459 

Results  and  expectations  of  research  on  fishery  problems,  Mitchell 459 

A  study  of  some  of  the  chemical  changes  which  occur  In  oysters,  Smith 459 

Bread  and  the  baking  Industry,  Allen 460 

The  degree  of  bolting  and  food  value  of  wheat,  Lapicque 460 

Direct  paniflcaUon,  Dol6ris 460 

Digestibility  of  bread.— Ill,  Erythrodextrin  in  starch  hydrolysis,  Blake 460 

The  use  of  calcium  glucosntes  In  bread  making,  LeRoy 460 

War  bread  (dechlorlnated  calcium  bread),  Dubois 461 

Limed  bread,  Lapicque  and  Legendre 461 

Food  preparations  of  blood  and  viscera  fermented  with  yeast,  Gauducheau-  461 

Utilization  of  honey  in  the  preparation  of  desserts,  Lemaire 461 

Report  of  the  Federal  Trade  Commission  on  canned  foods 461 

(Food  and  drug  inspection].  Clay 461 

Miscellaneous  food  materials.  Woods 461 

Report  of  food  and  drug  examinations,  Howard 461 

Supplement  to  Wisconsin  dairy  and  food  laws  of  August,  1913,  W^eigle 462 

Stocks  of  grain,  flour,  and  miscellaneous  food  products,  January  1,  1919 —  462 

A  list  of  food  statistics 462 

The  business  of  the  household,  Taber  et  al 462 

Food  and  the  people,  Waldman 462 

Feeding  a  nation  in  peace  and  war,  Paton 462 

The  nutrition  of  the  people  in  time  of  famine  and  war,  Hueppe 462 

Alimentation  in  time  of  war.  Combe 462 

How  shall  we  plan  our  diets?    McCoUum 463 

Nutritional  physiology.  Stiles 463 

Continuation  of  work  on  vegetable  proteins,  Osborne  and  Mendel 463 

Researches  on  toxicity  of  egg  albumin :  Influence  of  seasons,  Maignon 463 

Comparative  toxicity  and  nutritive  power  of  food  proteins,  Maignon 463 

Influence  of  species  on  toxicity  and  utilization  of  food  proteins,  Maignon..  464 

Action  of  symbiotes  on  the  constituents  of  fats.  Blerry  and  Portier 464 

Importance  of  the  ketonlc  function  in  metabolism,  Portier  and  Blerry 464 

Note  on  the  etiology  of  scurvy  in  guinea  pigs.  Harden  and  Zilva 464 

The  vitamins,  their  chemical  nature,  importance,  and  function.  Funk 465 

Some  general  aspects  of  the  "  vitamin  "  problem,  Williams 465 

The  relation  of  vitamins  to  animal  growth,  Macallum 465 

The  action  of  tartrates,  citrates,  and  oxalates,  Salant  and  Swanson 465 

Importance  of  diet  in  the  production  of  pathologic  changes,  Salant 465 

Nutrition  Laboratory,  Benedict 465 

A  portable  respiration  apparatus  for  clinical  use,  Benedict 465 

ANIMAL  PXODUCTION. 

The  freemartln :  Action  of  sex  hormones  in  fetal  life  of  cattle,  Llllie 466 

Microscopic  study  of  reproductive  system  of  fetal  freemartlns,  Chapin 467 

Interstitial  gland,  seminiferous  tubules,  and  secondary  characters.  Ix)eb-_  467 

A  typical  oestrous  cycle  in  the  guinea  pig,  Stockard  and  Papanicolaou 467 

The  process  of  ovulation  and  ovarian  cyst  formation,  Schochet 467 

Studies  on  the  mammary  gland,  I-III,  Myers 467 

The  relation  of  age  to  fertility  In  the  rat.  King 468 

The  prolonged  gestation  period  In  suckling  mice,  Klrkham 469 

Postnatal  growth  of  body  and  central  nervous  system.  King 469 

Some  effects  of  continued  administration  of  alcohol  to  fowl.  Pearl 470 

Commercial  feeding  stuffs,  1917-18,  Woods 470 

[Use  of  sunflower  silage],  Burke 470 

[Alfalfa  and  sweet  clover  as  pasture],  Holden 470 

Chopped  soapweed  as  emergency  feed  for  cattle.  For  sling 471 

Beef  cattle,  Joseph 472 

Pasturing  sheep  on  irrigated  ditches,  Blair 472 

Pasturing  alfalfa  with  hogs,  Blair 472 

Kansas  State  Live  Stock  Registry  Board,  McCampbell 472 

Licensed  stallions  In  Utah  during  the  season  of  1918,  Carroll 473 

Feeding  [the  backyard  poultry  flock],  Schoppe 473 

DAIBT  FABMIRG — ^DAIBYINQ. 

Farm  proflts  on  460  dairy  farms  In  Sussex  County,  N,  J.,  App 473 

Straining  milk,  Kelly  and  Gamble .^.^^...(^^^^gf^ 


VI  CONTENTS.  IToL^ 


Cooling  milk  and  shipping  at  low  temperatures,  Gamble  and  Bowen 

Survival  of  typhoid  bacilli  in  sour  milk,  Marsh 

The  economical  use  of  fuel  in  milk  plants  and  creameries,  Bowen 

Twelfth  annual  conference  of  the  American  Dairy  Science  Aasodation 

VETERINABT  MEDICINE. 

Observations  and  experiments  on  Intestinal  trichinae,  Schwartz ^ 

A  study  of  the  character  of  the  feces  due  to  various  foods,  Wlgdor *« 

The  rOle  of  Immunity  in  the  conduct  of  the  present  war,  Kolmer fi 

A  method  of  preparing  bacterial  antigens,  Small 

Disinfection  of  pathogenic  bacilli  by  the  cinchona  alkaloids,  Biellng 

Resistance  of  the  glanders  bacillus  to  calcium  hypochlorite,  Coheo 

The  paratyphoid  enterltidls  group  in  human  Intestine,  Jordan  and  loms.. 

Further  observations  on  hemolytic  streptococci  in  milk,  Davis 

The  metabolism  of  pathogenic  actlnomycetes  (streptothrices),  I,  Waksman. 

A  case  of  rat  bite  fever,  Tunnlcllff  and  Mayer 

Note  on  bleeding  guinea  pigs  and  preserving  sheep's  erythrocytes,  Wenner. 

Improvement  in  Isolating  and  recovering  bacillus  of  abortion,  SmiUle 

The  survival  of  the  hog-cholera  virus  in  laboratory  animals,  TenBroeck 

Paratyphoid  bacilli  Isolated  from  cases  of  hog  cholera,  TenBroeck 

Changes  in  virulence  of  the  pneumococcus,  Wadsworth  and  Klrkbride 

A  further  consideration  of  complement  fixation  in  tuberculosis.  Moon 

The  complement  fixation  reaction  in  tuberculosis,  Wilson 

The  complement  fixation  reaction  for  tuberculosis,  von  Wedel 

l^rther  studies  on  brisket  disease,  Glover  and  Newsom 

Gastrointestinal  lavage  in  dogs,  Hall  and  Wlgdor 

An  epizootic  of  poliomyelitis  among  dogs,  Greeley  and  Johnson 

The  anatomy  of  the  domestic  fowl,  Kaupp 

Observations  on  an  outbreak  of  favus,  Beach  and  Halpln 

A  chromogenlc  bacillus  from  a  case  of  roup,  Kaupp i 

BUBAL  ENGINEBBINO. 

Legislation  concerning  water  rights,  Israelsen ^ 

Border  irrigation  experiments,  Allen 

Irrigation  requirements,  Blair 

Ground  water  In  Reese  River  Basin  and  adjacent  parts,  Waring 

Ground  water  in  Quincy  Valley,  Wash.,  Schwennesen  and  Meinzer 

Public  Roads 

A  poultry  house  for  the  backyard.  Schoppe 

Commercial  room  brooder  for  chicks,  Shoup 

BUBAL  ECONOMICS. 

Rural   life,  Galpin 

Mobilizing  the  rural  community,  Morgan 

The  home  of  the  countryside 

The  day  of  the  country  church,  Ashenhurst 

f  Economic  report  of  Agricultural  Commission  to  Europe],  Pearson  et  ml 

Now  and  then,  or  notes  on  the  society  and  its  work,  Harrison 

How  Holland  will  dispose  of  the  Zulder  Zee,  Skerrett 

Economic  problems  of  technical  agriculture,  Fern&ndez  de  la  Rosa 

Present  agricultural  problems  and  colonization  in  Algeria,  Stotz 

Agricultural  production  for  1919 

[Report  of]  the  farm  management  department.  Currier 

Farming  as  a  business,  Ostrander 

Opportunities  afforded  railroads  for  agricultural  development,  Povrell ZI 

Great  central  markets  for  live  stock  and  meats,  Hall 

The  meat  problem,  Moussu 

Truck  marketing  on  a  large  scale  under  cooperative  principles,  Weacott 

Improved  transportation  service  for  perishable  products.  White , 

The  auction  as  a  distributor  of  perishable  commodities,  McElheny,  jr III 

Influence  of  supply  of  prices,  Chaney 

Car-lot  distribution,  Crutchfleld "^ 

Effective  use  of  the  Panama  Canal  in  the  distribution  of  products,  Brmodl 


uigitizea  Dy  ' 


lOogle 


XM]                                                    CONTENTS.  Vlt 

Pagtt. 

Tbe  extent  and  possibilities  of  cooperation,  Bassett 489 

Report  of  Cooperative  Organization  Branch  [Saskatchewan],  Thomson..  489 

Agricultural  credit  societies 489 

The  New  Jersey  Patriotic  Farmers  Fund,  Melxell,  Jr 490 

Adaptation  of  share  leasing  to  Joint-stock  societlesi  des  Rodieties 490 

Monthly  Crop  Report 490 

A0BICI7LTUBAL  EDUCATION. 

Agriculture  as  presented  by  some  of  the  State  normal  schools,  Frazee 490 

Agricultural  textbooks  for  our  public  schools,  Ness 492 

A  year's  work  in  vocational  agriculture,  Blackwell  and  Bressler 492 

[Suggested  courses  in  plant  production  and  southern  field  crops] 492 

Household  physics:  Its  nature  and  presentation,  Floyd 492 

Principles  of  chemistry  applied  to  household,  Rowley  and  Farrell 493 

A  course  in  nature  study  for  the  elementary  schooUr 493 

Type  problems  In  farm  arithmetic,  Ackert 493 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Iteport  of  Agricultural  Commission  to  Europe,  Thompson  et  al 493 

Annual  Reports  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  1917 493 

Work  of  Scottsbluff  Reclamation  Project  Farm  in  1917,  Holden 498 

Work  of  Umatilla  Reclamation  Project  Experiment  Farm  in  1917,  Allen..  494 

Work  of  Yuma  Reclamation  Project  Experiment  Farm  in  i917,  Blair 494 

Thirty-first  Annual  Report  of  Maryland  Station,  1918 494 

Twenty-fourth  Annual  Report  of  Montana  Station,  1917 494 

Monthly  bulletin  of  the  Western  Washington  Substation 494 

List  of  available  publications 494 


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LIST  OF  EXPERIMENT  STATION  AND  DEPARTMENT 
PUBLICATIONS  REVIEWED. 


8tatian9  in  the  United  States. 

Pace. 

Arkansas  Station  : 

Bui.  157,  Dec.,  1918 437 

Clrc.  44,  Sept.  1918 488 

California  Station: 

Bui.  303,  Jan.,  1919 414 

Illinois  Station: 

Bui.  212,  Jan.,  1919 428 

Bui.  213,  Jan.,  1919 450 

Bui.  214,  Feb.,  1919 443 

Kansas  Station : 

Insp.  Circ.  8,  Dec.  31. 1918.-  472 

Maine  Station : 

Off.  Insp.  87,  Jan..  1918 461 

Off.  Insp..  88,  July,  1918 443 

Off.  Insp.  89,  Aug..  1918 470 

Off.  Insp.  90.  Oct.,  1918 424 

Maryland  Station: 

Thirty-first  An.  Rpt  1918—  494 

Missouri  Station: 

Research  Bui.  29.  July,  1918.  455 

Montana  Station: 

Bui.  123.  Feb.,  1918 462. 459 

Bui.  124,  Feb.,  1918 452 

Bui.  125,  Mar.,  1918 443 

Olrc.  77,  Feb.,  1918-i 452,459 

Clrc.  78,  Mar.,  1918 447 

Clrc.  79,  Mar.,  1918 478, 485 

Twenty-fourth  An.  Rpt.  1917-  417, 

419, 429. 444, 449, 452. 

470,  472, 488,  494 

New  Jersey  Stations: 

Bui.  320,  July  1,  1917 473 

New  York  Cornell  Station : 

Mem.  16,  Nov.,  1918 436 

Utah  Station: 

Circ.  35,  Dec.,  1918 473 

Clrc.  37,  Jan.,  1919 435 

Clrc.  38,  Dec..  1918 483 

Washington  Station: 

West  Wash.  Sta..  Mo.  Bui., 

vol.  6,  No.  10,  Jan.,  1919.  442, 
485.494 

West  Virginia  Station: 

Bui.  167,  Nov.,  1918 445 

Bui.  168,  Dec.  1918 420 

Clrc.  29,  Sept..  1918 494 

U.  8.  Department  of  Agriculture. 

An.  Rpts.  1917 493 

Bui.  740,  A  Study  of  the  Chemi- 
cal Changes  which  Occur  In 
Oysters  during  Their  Prepara- 
tion for  the  Market,  E.  B. 
Smith 459 

vm 


17.  8.  Department  of  Agriculture— Coo. 

PMC 

Bul.  741,  Effect  of  Grazing  upon 
Aspen  Reproduction,  A.  W. 
Sampson 448 

Bul.  742,  Production  of  Ameri- 
can Egyptian  Cotton,  C.  S. 
Scofield,  T.  H.  Kearney,  C.  J. 
Brand,  O.  F.  Cook,  and  W.  T. 
Swingle 488 

Bul.  744,  Cooling  Milk  and  Stor- 
ing and  Shipping  It  at  Low 
Temperatures,  J.  A.  Gamble 
and  J.  T.  Bowen 475 

Bul.  745,  Chopped  Soapweed  as 
Emergency  Feed  for  Cattle  on 
Southwestern  Ranges,  C.  L. 
Forsllng 471 

Bul.  747,  The  Economical  Use  of 
Fuel  in  Milk  Plants  and 
Creameries,  J.  T.  Bowen 476 

Bul.  748,  Farm  Practice  in 
Growing  Sugar  Beets  in  Miclii- 
gan  and  Ohio,  R  S.  Waf^burn, 
L.  A.  Moorhouse,  T.  H.  Sum- 
mers, and  C.  O.  Townsend 440 

Farmers*  Bul.  1019,  Straining 
Milk.  E.  Kelly  and  J.  A. 
Gamble 475 

Report  of  Agricultural  Commis- 
sion to  Europe,  W.  O.  Thomp- 
son et  al 422,  487, 483 

Office  of  the  Secretary : 

Clrc.  125,  Agricultural  Pro- 
duction for  1919,  with 
Special  Reference  to  Crops 

and  Live  Stock 421,487 

Circ.  126,  Relation  of  Dehy- 
dration    to     Agriculture, 

S.  C.  Prescott 414 

Weekly  News  Letter,  vol.  6,  No. 
30,  Feb.  26,  1918 422 

Bureau  of  Crop  Estimates: 

Mo.  Crop  Rpt,  vol.  5,  No.  1, 
Jan.,  1919 490 

Forest  Service: 

National  Forest  Areas,  June 
80,   1918 447 

Bureau  of  Plant  Industry: 
The   Work    of   the    Scotts- 
bluff  Reclamation  Project 
Experiment  Farm  in  1917. 
J.  A.  Holden 430,470,493 

uigiTizea  by  vjjOOQIC 


1919] 


UST  OF  PUBLICATIONS. 


IX 


U.  8.  Department  of  Agriculture — Con.     17.  8.  Department  of  Affriculture — Con. 


419 


420 


Bureau  of  Plant  Industry— Con.     Page. 
The  Work  of  the  Umatilla         ^ 
Reclamation   Project   Ex- 
periment  Farm    in   1017, 

R.  W.  Allen 431, 444, 484, 494 

The    Work    of    the    Yuma 
Reclamation   Project  Ex- 
periment  Farm    in    1017, 
R.  E.  Blair.  433, 444, 472, 484, 404 
Bureau  of  Markets: 

Food    Survej's,    vol.   2,   No. 

16,  Jan.  25.  1919 462 

Bureau  of  Public  Roads : 

Public   Roads,    voL    1,    No. 

6-8.  Dec..  1018 485 

Bureau  of  Soils: 

Field  Operations,  1016— 
Soil  Survey  of  Monroe 
County.    Ala.,    H.    C. 
Smith,  A.  L.  Patrick. 

and  J.  F.  Stroud 

Soil  Survey  of  Porter 
County,  Ind.,  T.  M. 
Bushnell  and  W.  Bar- 
rett  

Field  Operations.  1016— 
Soil    Survey    of   Cleve- 
land   County.    N.    C, 

E.  S.    Vanatta    and 

F.  N.  McDowell 420 

Soil    Survey    of   Payne 

County,  Okla.,  W.  B. 
Cobb     and     H.     W. 

Hawker 

Weather  Bureau: 

Mo.  Weather  Rev.,  vol.  46, 
Nos.  0-10,Sept.-Oct,  1018. 
Scientific  Contributions:' 

The  Formation  of  Ammonia 
and  Amins  in  Canned  Sar- 
dines during  Storage,  F.  C. 
Weber  and  J.  B.  Wilson— 

Lead  in  Pharmaceutical  Zinc 
Oxld.  W.  D.  Collins  and 
W.  F.  Clarke 418 

Relation  of  Inorganic  Soil 
Colloids  to  Plowsole  in 
Citrus  Groves  in  Southern 
California.  C.  A.  Jensen., 

Effect  of  Farm  Manure  in 
Stimulating  the  Yields  of 
Irrigated  Field  Crops,  C. 
S.  Scofleld 421 

ESxperiments  on  the  Value  of 
Greensand  as  a  Source  of 
Potassium  for  Plant  Cul- 
ture. R.  H.  True  and  F. 
W.  Geise 423 

Plant  Life  on  Saline  Soils, 
T.  H.  Kearney 424 


420 


416 


411 


414 


Scientific  Cont;;ibutlon»— Con.        Page. 

Some  Studies  in  Blossom 
Color  Inheritance  in  To- 
bacco, with  Special  Refer- 
ence to  Nicotiana  sylves- 
tris  and  N,  tabacum^  H.  A. 
Allard 442 

The  Detection  and  Elimina- 
tion of  Frosted  Fruit, 
E.  M.  Chace 446 

Bud  Variation  in  Dahlias, 
A.  D.  Shamel 447 

The  Relation  of  Phyto- 
pathologlsts  to  Plant  Dis- 
ease Survey  Work,  G.  R. 
Lyman 440 

Seed  Treatment  Control  and 
Overwintering  of  Cucum- 
ber Angular  Leaf  Spot, 
W.  W.  Gilbert  and  M.  W. 
Gardner 440 

Physiological  Studies  of 
Normal  and  Blighted  Spin- 
ach, R.  H.  True  et  al 450 

The  Mixingof  Oil  Emulsions 
with  Lime-sulphur  Solu- 
tions, W.  W.  Yothers 454 

The  Origin  of  the  Pink  Boll- 
worm.  C.  L.  Marlatt 456 

The  Distribution  of  the  Nose 
Fly  and  Other  Species  of 
Gastrophllus  in  the  United 
States.  F.  C.  Blshopp 458 

Four  New  African  Parasitic 
Hymenoptera  Belonging  to 
the  Subfamily  Microgas- 
terime.  A.  B.  Gahan 458 

Descriptions  and  Notes  on 
Some  Ichneumon  Flies 
from  Java,  S.  A.  Rohwer.     458 

Notes  on  and  Descriptions 
of  Some  Sawflies  from  the 
Australian  Region,  S.  A. 
Rohwer 450 

A  Contribution  to  the  Bi- 
ology of  Fruit-fly  Para- 
sites in  Hawaii,  C.  E. 
Pemberton  and  H.  F.  Wil- 
lard 450 

Some  General  Aspects  of 
the  "Vitamin"  Problem. 
R.  R.  Williams 465 

Observations  on  the  Action 
of  Tartrates,  Citrates, 
and  Oxalates. — ^A  Study 
in  Tolerance.  Cumulation, 
and  the  Effect  of  Diet. 
W.  Salant  and  A.  M. 
Swanson 465 

The  Importance  of  Diet 
as  a  Factor  in  the 
Production   of  Pathologic 

Changes,  W.   Salant 465 

*  Piinted  in  scientlflc  and  technical  publications  outside  the  Department. 


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LIST  OF  PUBLICATIONS. 


[Vol.  40. 1919] 


V.  8.  Department  of  Agriculture — Con. 

Scientific  CJontributiona— Con.        Page. 
Dairy    Farm    Score    Card, 
E.    Kelly 476 

Statistics  of  Production  and 
Marketing  of  Dairy  Prod- 
nets,  R.  C.  Potts 476 

Observations  and  Experi- 
ments on  Intestinal  Tri- 
chlnse,  B.  Schwartz 476 

Opportunities  Afforded  tbe 
Railroads  of  the  United 
States  for  Profitable  Ag- 
ricultural Development 
Work,  T.  F.  Powell 488 


V,  S,  Department  of  Agriculture— Ooa. 

Sdentiflc  Contributions— Con.       ^ut 

Great  Central  Markets  for 
Live  Stock  and  Meats, 
L.  D.  Hall 488 

Improved  Transportation 
Service  for  Perishable 
Products.  G.  C.  White 488 

The  Effective  Use  of  the 
Panama  Canal  In  the  Dis- 
tribution of  Products.  C. 
J.  Brand 489 

The  Extent  and  Possibilities 
of  Cooperation,  C.  E.  Bas- 
sett 489 


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EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 

Vol.40.  April,  1919.  No.  6. 


Gradually  the  men  who  have  been  out  to  war  or  on  special  war 
work  are  returning  and  taking  up  their  accustomed  places  in  the 
stations.  The  ranks  are  being  filled  again  and  the  stations  are  set- 
tling down  to  normal  conditions.  But  the  experience  of  the  war 
period  will  remain  with  the  men  and  with  the  institutions.  Neither 
can  entirely  escape  its  conscious  or  unconscious  influence,  for  it  in- 
troduced a  new  situation,  brought  a  quickened  sense  of  responsi- 
bility, and  aroused  a  new  idea  of  service.  To  a  certain  extent  the 
return  of  the  workers  marks  a  new  epoch  for  them  and  for  their 
institutions. 

The  stations  have  been  represented  in  nearly  every  branch  of  the 
military  and  civilian  service.  Many  of  their  employees  were  in 
uniform,  often  with  commissions,  others  in  civilian  posts,  all  largely 
selected  for  duties  for  which  their  special  fitness  qualified  them. 
Many  were  assigned  to  the  sanitary  and  chemical  warfare  services, 
the  Ordnance  Department,  the  Signal  Corps,  and  other  noncom- 
batant  branches.  Others  were  enrolled  in  Ked  Cross  work  to  aid  in 
organizing  production  abroad  or  otherwise,  and  in  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
work  of  various  kinds,  including  educational  work  toward  the  last. 
A  considerable  number  were  associated  with  the  National  Research 
Council,  others  held  responsible  positions  in  the  State  councils  of 
defense,  the  Federal  and  State  food  administrations,  on  production 
committees,  and  the  like. 

As  a  whole,  the  representation  was  a  large  and  varied  one,  includ- 
ing specialists  in  practically  every  branch  of  agricultural  science. 
It  made  a  noticeable  impression  on  the  ranks  of  the  station  forces, 
and  a  considerable  share  of  those  who  remained  at  home  were  pressed 
into  various  activities  not  ordinarily  in  their  field.  The  latter  found 
that  it  was  not  necessary  to  associate  themselves  with  some  new 
organization  or  to  go  to  some  other  locality  or  country  in  order  to 
render  useful  service  to  the  country  in  time  of  war  and  recovery 
from  it.  If  they  were  alert  and  ready,  there  were  important  things 
to  be  done  near-by;  and  the  close  association  with  the  agricultural 
colleges  around  which  so  many  war  activities  were  organized  gave 
exceptional  opportunity  for  getting  into  these  enterprises. 

401 

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402  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vol.40 

It  was  inevitable  that  the  losses  of  personnel  and  the  assignment 
of  unusual  duties  should  have  its  effect  upon  the  regular  work  of 
the  stations,  but  they  could  well  afford  to  lend  their  forces  tem- 
porarily for  such  a  cause,  and  it  is  a  matter  of  pride  that  they 
could  take  the  part  they  did  in  addition  to  the  regular  contributions 
made  in  their  particular  field. 

Those  meji  who  have  been  out  from  the  stations  on  special  war 
service  have  been  brought  into  contact  with  organized  effort  on  an 
extensive  scale,  and  have  seen  the  strength  of  union  in  accomplish- 
ing things  that  needed  to  be  done  quickly  and  effectively.  They 
have  taken  part  in  team  work  and  enterprises  where  the  parts  were 
coordinated.  They  have  been  doing  hard  things  involving  intensive 
application  to  a  problem  or  an  undertaking  that  must  be  accom- 
plished. They  have  felt  the  impelling  force  of  necessity  and  seen  the 
remarkable  things  accomplished  under  it,  even  in  research. 

This  is  a  new  experience  for  research  and  for  research  workers. 
Men  were  brought  together  and  set  to  work  with  definite  ends  in 
mind,  and  the  individual  was  to  an  extent  engulfed  in  the  general 
undertaking.  He  learned  to  subordinate  self.  And  the  success 
which  followed  the  employment  of  existing  knowledge  and  the  search 
for  new  information  to  meet  new  needs  was  one  of  the  distinct 
accomplishments  of  the  war. 

This  war  work  of  the  men  of  science  has  been  described  by  one 
of  them  as  "  participation  in  a  big  collective  undertaking  where  the 
end  sought  was  a  victory  from  which,  in  all  probability,  one  would 
derive  no  calculable  private  reward  whatsoever.  ...  It  signified 
that  for  the  time  being  one  had  forgotten  selfish  ambitions  and  be- 
come absorbed  in  a  new  and  bigger  thing.  ...  It  proved  the  love 
of  doing  well  something  that  one  could  put  one's  heart  in ;  the  love 
of  expending  energy  with  an  undivided  conscience,  and  with  the  ap- 
proval of  one's  fellows.  It  was  the  sudden  consciousness  of  the  new 
comradeship  springing  from  coordinated  and  enthusiastic  effort; 
above  all  it  was  a  sense  of  scope  and  power." 

To  many  it  was  a  first  experience  with  the  real  meaning  of  emer- 
gency. They  were  under  the  stern  "compulsion  of  getting  things  done. 
They  found  that  their  experience  and  training  had  given  them  ca- 
pacity to  meet  an  emergency,  to  think  to  a  purpose,  and  to  carry 
their  thinking  through  to  the  final  end.  The  emergency  was  both 
a  profound  and  a  common  one.  "  Being  a  profound  emergency  it  has 
forced  men  to  go  back  even  to  first  principles  in  their  thinking;  and 
being  a  common  emergency  it  has  forced  men  to  meet  it  together  in 
thought  and  in  action.  So  that  the  effect  on  men's  minds  has  been 
to  emancipate  them  from  the  trivial  and  to  redeem  them  from  the 
selfish." 


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1W»1  EDITOKIAL,.  403 

These  things  have  given  a  consciousness  of  man's  power,  of  the 
service  of  his  vocations  to  mankind,  of  almost  limitless  ability  with 
close  application  and  in  association  with  others  to  meet  extraordi- 
nary emergencies.  They  have  fired  the  imagination,  and  especially 
they  have  given  a  passion  for  the  problems  which  lie  close  to  human 
life  and  welfare. 

Something  of  these  impressions  has  been  shared  also  by  those  who 
remained  at  their  posts  and  were  in  contact  with  or  under  the  spell 
of  the  agricultural  production  campaigns  and  other  civil  activities 
for  combating  the  common  enemy.  The  situation  finally  took  hold 
of  all  mankind.  It  could  hardly  be  escaped.  It  became  a  matter  of 
pride  to  be  stirred  by  it  and  of  zeal  to  take  even  a  small  part  in  it. 
It  was  everybody's  war. 

What  then  may  be  the  effect  of  these  experiences  on  the  sta- 
tion forces?  What  will  be  their  reaction  to  the  problems  which 
lie  within  their  special  fields?  W^hat  wiU  be  their  standards  in 
selecting  problems  in  these  fields  for  individual  study?  They 
have  seen  the  interdependence  of  nations  and  of  human  beings; 
they  have  seen  how  often  the  problems  make  it  necessary  to  cut  across 
department  and  division  boundaries  of  science  and  organize  the 
work  around  the  subject  and  the  purpose.  Will  this  make  them  less 
individualistic  and  isolated  ?  Will  it  broaden  their  view  of  the  com- 
mon interest  in  problems  and  the  opportunity  to  draw  workers  to- 
gether in  closer  association?  Will  the  need  for  strengthening  our 
great  basic  industry  through  teaching  based  on  investigation  appeal 
to  them  with  new  force;  and  will  the  fact  that  the  research  side 
must  depend  on  a  relatively  small  group  of  workers  emphasize  the 
responsibility  of  the  individual  to  make  himself  and  his  work  as  effi- 
cient and  productive  as  possible  ? 

The  progress  of  knowledge  is  a  necessarily  slow  process.  Besults 
can  rarely  be  rushed  or  made  to  order,  and  safety  is  usually  more 
important  than  haste.  Investigation  in  normal  times  has  not  been 
carried  on  under  the  spur.  But  a  new  realization  of  the  vital  im- 
portance of  science  in  food  production  and  of  the  responsibility  rest- 
ing on  a  limited  group  of  workers  may  prove  an  unusual  stimulus. 

Now  that  the  days  of  war  service  are  over  those  who  have  taken 
part  may  find  that  their  thoughts  have  been  turned  more  largely  to 
practical  ends,  and  they  may  feel  that  these  are  not  more  sordid  or 
ignoble  in  peace  than  in  war.  They  may  be  given  {^larger  aptitude 
for  living  problems.  They  may  come  to  see  that  not  only  war  but  life 
itself  is  made  up  of  perpetual  emergencies,  and  that "  the  emergencies 
of  to-day  like  those  of  yesterday  are  both  profound  emergencies  and 
ccmimon  emergencies." 

When  a  man  catches  the  real  spirit  and  significance  of  agricultural 
research — the  reach  of  its  possibilities,  he  sees,  as  Dr.  E.  J.  Russell 

uigitizea  Dy  vjx^v^^lC 


404  EXPERIMENT  STATION   RECORD.  [V<rf.40 

has  said,  ^^the  noble  side  of  the  subject  and  realizes  that  it  is  not 
merely  a  way  of  making  money  but  of  getting  all  the  best  out  of  life. 
When  he  does*  that  he  becomes  an  enthusiast,  and  to  make  an  en- 
thusiast is  emphatically  a  great  achievement" 

It  is  conceivable  that  to  those  who  have  been  away  working  under 
the  stress  of  emergency  the  station  work  may  appear  easy-going  in 
seme  respects,  and  lacking  in  the  urge  of  necessity.  They  may  note  a 
not  infrequent  failure  of  dependent  parts  of  an  investigation  to  keep 
in  step,  due  to  defect  of  organization  or  miscalculation;  and  they  may 
be  impressed  at  times  with  a  lack  of  force  in  the  attack,  or  a  failure 
to  bring  to  conclusion  long  continued  studies  which  are  essentially 
finifiiied  as  far  as  actual  progress  is  concerned.  The  contrast  with 
their  recent  experiences  may  bring  these  things  out  more  vividly  than 
formerly.  Doubtless  they  will  see  opportunity  for  improvement  in 
certain  respects,  even  in  their  own  work — for  concentration  on  a 
smaller  number  of  subjects,  more  energetic  attack,  keeping  of  parts 
of  an  undertaking  up  to  date,  and  studying  the  trend  of  results  so 
that  the  work  may  be  live  and  actually  progressive,  and  not  mainly  a 
series  of  repetitions. 

And  finally,  they  may  carry  back  a  quickened  sense  of  their  rela- 
tions to  the  organization  of  which  they  are  constituent  parts  and  in 
whose  success  as  a  whole  they  should  be  vitally  concerned.  Occa- 
sionally a  man  has  seemed  more  concerned  over  his  ^  reputation  as  a 
scientist "  than  he  is  over  the  reputation  of  the  station  he  is  associated 
with,  or  its  measure  of  success  in  solving  the  problems  of  agriculture. 
The  efficiency  of  a  station  is  the  sum  of  the  efficiency  of  its  workers, 
measured  by  the  product  and  its  relations  to  matters  which  are  vital. 

As  to  the  stations  themselves,  what  may  be  expected  of  the  effects 
of  this  new  experience?  Nearly  all  of  them  have  shared  in  it.  Will 
they  carry  the  influence  of  these  things  into  the  future  ? 

A  research  institution  is  thought  of  as  a  particularly  stable  type 
having  its  fixed  purposes  and  lines  of  endeavor,  and  hence  less  sub- 
ject to  change  or  influence  from  current  affairs  than  some  other 
classes  of  institutions.    But  practically  every  class  of  research  enter- 
prises, even  such  as  are  removed  from  direct  responsibility  to  the 
public,  and  every  branch  of  pure  as  well  as  applied  science,  was 
drawn  imder  the  influence  of  the  great  conflict.    The  desire  to  serve 
in  a  practical  way  pervaded  them.    There  are  indications  th&t  all 
science  has  bee^^  more  than  temporarily  affected.    It  has  itself  been 
stimulated  and  humanized.   It  has  been  said  that  research  must  mean 
a  different  thing  hereafter,  and  that  the  search  for  truth  for  truth's 
sake  must  now  be  raised  ^'  to  an  inspiration  with  a  very  passion  for 
truth  for  humanity's  sake."    Science  for  service  must  continue  to  be  a 
watchword. 


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^•^»J  BDITOBIAL.  406 

As  permanent  research  institutions  the  stations  must  have  fixed 
policies  in  relation  to  their  purposes  and  the  means  of  carrying  them 
out.  But  as  public  institutions  they  naturally  can  not  fail  to  be 
responsive  to  the  conditions  and  influences  about  them.  Their  rela- 
tions to  the  whole  agricultural  industry  have  been  materially  strength- 
ened and  clarified.  They  have  shared  in  the  popular  acknowledgment 
of  science  in  the  war  and  the  broadening  realizations  of  what  it 
means  to  human  welfare.  It  would  not  be  surprising,  therefore,  if  the 
recent  experiences  permanently  affected  the  stations  and  their  man- 
agement in  the  new  r^me. 

It  is  clear  that  more  will  be  expected  of  these  institutions,  and  that 
an  aggressive  policy  regarding  their  future  work  must  be  followed 
if  they  are  to  keep  at  the  head  of  the  procession  and  in  advance  of  the 
demands  upon  them.  The  working  program  must  be  a  discriminating 
one,  for  judgment  must  determine  to  what  the  limited  resources  are 
to  be  devoted ;  and  it  will  need  to  have  quite  definitely  in  mind  the 
channels  where  new  information  is  most  urgent  With  all  possible 
latitude  toward  individual  preference,  therefore,  the  needs  of  the 
industry  the  stations  serve  will  necessarily  be  a  prime  consideration. 
This  win  require  close  contact  with  the  situation  and  a  clear  vision^, 
and  it  will  result  in  a  working  plan  suited  to  meet  local  problems  and 
requirements. 

•  The  demand  is  for  information  which  will  be  practical,  but  natu- 
rally this  can  not  be  construed  too  narrowly.  There  is  a  difference 
between  studying  a  subject  for  the  use  the  knowledge  of  it  may  be  in 
practice,  and  studying  it  from  a  purely  practical  point  of  view,  as 
there  is  also  from  studying  it  with  no  thought  or  reference  to  the  use 
that  may  come  of  it,  in  the  abstract  view  that  it  is  desirable  to  know 
*Ki  *  ^'^^  Even  though  the  last  is  true,  some  things  are  more  desir- 
a  le  to  know  than  others  at  this  present  stage,  and  promise  a  more 
important  and  far-reaching  bearing  on  agriculture.    Discriminating 

r^k^**  ^'1  determine  the  subjects  to  be  taken  up  for  intensive  study, 
and  here  special  preference  may  give  way  to  the  end  sought  to  be 
served. 

Xow  as  ever  the  sUtions  must  stick  to  the  big  things.  They  must 
th  ^^^  •^"^^^Itural  problems  and  questions  in  their  broader  aspects 
»s  hey  relate  to  general  principles  and  underlying  facts.  They  can 
aeal  rarely  with  purely  individual  or  localized  conditions  unless  these 
represent  a  quite  generalized  rituation.  The  extension  service  will 
^^^eaaingly  meet  the  needs  of  A,  B,  and  Cs  farm  and  discover  where 
«P«ial  studies  are  required. 

^one  the  less,  the  stations  must  themselves  interpret  the  results  of 

«eir  work  m  practical  terms.  They  can  not  le«tve  it  at  the  laboratory 

^|«fi«areh  stage,  as  a  technical  scientific  contribution  for  some  one 

^  ^ork  out  the  application  of  at  some  future  time.    They  will 


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406  EXPERIMENT  STATION   RECORD.  [Vol.  40 

need  to  bring  it  down  to  the  practical  stage  and  the  place  it  has  in  the 
affairs  of  agriculture.  This  implies  carrying  the  study  to  a  point 
which  takes  full  cognizance  of  actual  conditions  in  practice,  subjects 
the  results  to  test,  and  proves  that  they  have  a  place  and  a  value  there. 
This  is  needed  quite  as  much  as  ever  to  prove  the  soundness  of  con- 
clusions and  suit  the  product  for  wider  dissemination  through  the 
extension  service. 

This  interpretation  is  a  large  task,  often  involving  somewhat  dif- 
ferent methods  from  those  employed  in  the  basic  investigation,  but  it 
is  not  trivial  or  unworthy  of  the  most  skilled  investigator.  It  may 
be  made  just  as  scientific  as  the  acquiring  of  the  facts,  and  its  suc- 
cessful performance  may  mark  the  difference  between  a  theorist  and  a 
practical  investigator  in  science.  No  one  else  will  interpret  one's  work 
with  the  same  skill  and  force  as  the  originator  if  he  has  the  under- 
standing of  practical  affairs  which  he  needs. 

The  larger  function  of  the  station  experts  does  not  end  with 
making  substantial  contributions  to  science,  even  agricultural  science, 
but  it  seeks  through  them  to  make  science  practical  and  practice 
scientific.  Hence  specialists  need  not  only  to  know  their  science  but 
to  vizualize  its  application  to  useful  ends.  It  is  not  what  they  do 
and  learn  that  makes  agricultural  investigation  valuable  to  the  in- 
dustry ;  it  is  the  use  they  put  the  things  to  that  are  done  and  learned. 
It  is  a  relating  of  the  things  done  and  the  thinking  connected  with* 
them  to  the  actual  conditions  of  practical  farming.  Time  to  think 
is  one  of  the  important  requirements  in  the  work  and  one  too  often 
cut  short. 

Research  from  its  nature  involves  considerable  negative  and  incon- 
clusive work — of  prowling  in  blind  alleys.  But  it  is  important  to  ^ 
recognize  when  the  end  of  the  blind  alley  has  been  reached.  There 
should  never  be  any  hesitation  to  abandon  a  line  of  procedure  or  a 
method  after  it  has  been  found  incompetent  or  inadequate,  and  the 
progress  of  the  investigation  should  be  followed  so  closely  and  so 
critically  that  ineffectual  efforts  will  be  detached.  The  results  need 
to  be  studied  as  they  are  acquired,  not  only  with  reference  to  them- 
selves but  to  the  light  they  are  shedding  and  the  efficiency  of  the 
method  in  effecting  progress.  This  would  avoid  long  continuation 
of  projects  which  are  marking  time  rather  than  making  constructive 
advancement,  or  protracted  efforts  which  in  the  end  are  abortive. 

It  is  recognized,  of  course,  that  the  very  nature  of  research  is  ex- 
perimental— the  following  of  hypothetical  suggestions  and  theories, 
but  its  very  essence  is  the  testing  of  these  suggestions  and  theories 
in  the  light  of  the  results  and  scrapping  them  as  soon  as  their  fallacy 
or  weakness  develops.  Productive  investigation  needs  to  be  con- 
stantly of  the  nature  of  inquiry,  and  each  step  examined  as  to  what 
it  is  contributing  or  bids  fair  to  add.    This  will  give  a  basis  of  se- 


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^»^?a 


'Ot/c.    ^''Gf 


'«/4i. 


"•o 


:.^^C.^-f  .7^%  ^J  tH>,^rf/''^  u.l'^'^in^tion  of  the  w 


'""^      '*»^''X•    Ji      -^e,? '*?>»>  »/tt'^  critical  «u, 
.    ^^jl/^  H^  ^^^?k   ^^^t^Ptf^J  ^^ti^     ^^j^^^tai         Such  a  vi 


critical  study 

and  es 

wholesoi 


/'ot  ^S  (i>o^>C"»«  l^^e  >  Pr.?«  e^^^^-A   a«ci    attack  is  n 


^*tOM  j~""*     «n-«v.iv    1=    11 

^  Sft,-  .  "''^^    economize  fui 

^d.  ^  fff^rys  in  the  exist- 
i^ose  .  *^«s<=lostire  of  th 
<s  f  '*""■'  ^»^  a.  til  rally  lead 
Aottf  ^"^^^'^^^ing  or  exte 
»eiV  ^^■*''  <^*^e  stations 
acti^^iti^  with  tl 


JJecessit^^  of  restrict 
/_<Ae  ^<^«.t:esinincr 
''•^SJ.n^      «.nd  reflect 

."if  f-^^i-^  oftheA 
^J^  ^^"-^  X-»  wiping  to 
^'^»~*  "«r«rii-ing  the 
J^'  _**_:rxddeclai 
./^  '•^  ^"^  ^=ts  workm 
'^       '  ;j)oint  o 

xiations 
^  the  pt 
:«r>nation 

rhile  1 


uigitizea  Dy 


^en  a  : 
is  an 
meni 
stres 


RECENT  WORK  IN  AGRICULTURAL  SCIENCE. 


AaEICULTXTKAL  CHEMISTET— AaEOIECHNT. 

A  handbook  of  colloid  chemistry;  the  reco^titlon  of  colloids,  the  theoxr 
colloids,  and  their  general  physlcochemical  properties,  W.  Ostwalis 
by  M.  H.  PiscHEB  (Philadelphia:  P.  Blakiston's  San  d  Co.,  1919,  pp. 
284,  pl'  if  fiff9.  6S), — ^Thls  is  the  second  English  edition  of  this  book,  pTevi< 
noted  (E.  S.  R.,  34,  p.  801).    A  few  corrections  In  quotation  and  formulas 
been  made,  and  several  paragraphs  by  E.  Hatschek  have  been  added  oo 
important  advances  In  colloid  chemistry,  particularly  those  dealing  vith 
mechanical  properties  of  colloids. 

Industrial  and  manufacturing  chemistry. — ^I,  Organic,  6.  Mabtr?  n 
(London:  Crosby  Locktcood  rf  Son,  1918,  t.  ed.,  rev.  and  enL,  pp.  XX4-7JI. 
10,  figs.  246). — In  this  revision  of  the  book  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R^  31^ 
801)  the  various  sections  have  been  brought  up  to  date.  The  new  maUS 
includes  a  short  description  of  the  cracking  of  oils,  a  discussion  of  the 
nitrocellulose  varnishes  and  dopes,  and  a  description  of  modem  methods 
bleaching  linen  yarns.  A  new  section  on  the  tobacco  industry  has  been 
tributed  by  S.  E.  Hodgkinson. 

Note  on  trjrpsin,  and  a  new  method  of  purifying  enzyms,  J.  T.  Wood  (. 
Soc.  Chem.  Indus.,  31  (1918),  No.  23,  pp.  313T-^15T) .—A  simple  method 
purifying  enzyms  is  reported,  which  consists  essentially  in  soaking  plecoi 
Swedish  filter  paper  in  the  Impure  enzym  solution  and  drying  quickly  in  boti 
When  the  paper  thus  treated  Is  placed  in  water,  the  enzym  is  said  to 
quickly  to  a  perfectly  clear  solution,  while  the  colloidal  matter  with  which 
associated  adheres  firmly  to  the  paper.  The  liquid  should  be  filtered  in  i 
15  to  20  minutes. 

While  the  author  does  not  consider  this  preparation  to  be  a  pure  em^ym, 
strength  and  purity  are  said  to  be  greatly  increased. 

Preparation  of  mediums:  A  new  hydrogen-ion  concentration  method. 
Strong  (Jour.  Amer,  Med.  Assoc.,  72  (1919),  No.  6,  p.  413). ^-The  adjustawi 
mediums  to  the  alkalinity  of  the  human  tissues  is  accomplished  in  the  bm 
described  by  the  use  of  phenolsulphonephthalein,  1  cc.  of  which  is  added 
liter  of  the  broth  medium.  About  5  cc.  of  the  medium  Is  poured  into  eM 
two  test  tubes.  To  one  tube  a  drop  of  any  acid  solution  Is  added  and  ti 
other  a  drop  of  sodium  hydroxid  solution.  To  the  remainder  of  the 
then  added,  drop  by  drop,  acid  or  alkali  until  the  color  of  about  5  cc  p 
into  a  third  test  tube  is  between  the  color  of  the  other  two  tubes,  represe 
a  hydrogen-ion  concentration  of  pH=7.6. 

The  following  advantages  of  this  method  are  pointed  out :  No  standard 
tion  is  used.  Any  tube  that  changes  reaction  can  be  told  at  a  glanoe 
discarded  before  inoculating.  Growth  of  all  organisms  is  more  rapid  and 
uriant,  always  producing  a  color  cha^.  Much  time  is  saved  in  the  prepaOi 
of  the  medium. 

Pressed  yeast  and  yeast  extract  in  the  preparation  of  media,  F.  li 
(Deut.  Med.  Wchnschr.,  44  (1918),  No.  7,  p.  186). ^It  is  stated  that  dried  ji 
408 


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1919)  AGRICULTURAL  CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY.  409 

or  yeast  extract  makes  a  satiafkictory  sabstitute  for  meat  extract  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  culture  media  and  in  the  regeneration  of  need  agar. 

An  efficient  laboratory  fnnnel  for  filtering  neutral  liquids,  especially  the 
Tolatile  orgranic  solvents,  T.  B.  Aldrich  {Jour,  Indut.  and  Engin.  Chem,,  11 
{1919),  No.  B,  pp.  1S9,  HO,  figs.  2).— A  funnel  is  described  in  which  the  filter 
paper  is  clamped  securely  between  two  plates  by  a  screw  thread  so  that  it 
can  not  lift  even  when  the  filtration  is  interrupted  and  the  solvent  evaporates. 
The  filtration  is  said  to  be  more  rapid  and  complete  than  with  the  ordinary 
or  Buchner  funnel. 

A  new  indicator  of  vecretable  nature,  C.  Masini  {Ann.  Chim,  AppL  [Rome], 
10  {1918),  No.  1-4,  pp.  S2-S6;  abs.  in  Chem.  Abs.,  IS  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  17,  18).-- 
An  alcoholic  extract  of  myrtle  berries  is  used  as  the  basis  of  an  indicator 
which  is  said  to  be  more  delicate* than  litmus.  The  indicator  is  green  in  alka- 
line solution  and  carmine  red  in  acid. 

Action  of  iodin  on  hypopliosphorous  and  phosphorous  adds.  Application  to 
the  determination  of  hypophosphites  and  phosphites,  Boyeb  and  Bauzil 
{Jour.  Pharm.  et  Chim.,  7.  «er.,  18  (1918),  No.. 11,  pp.  321-^34.  figs.  -»).— The 
action  of  iodin  on  hypophosphorous  and  phosphorous  acids  is  discussed,  and 
modifications  of  the  usual  ,iodometric  methods  for  the  determination  of  these 
adds  are  described  which  are  said  to  be  applicable  to  their  quantitative  separa- 
tion. 

In  the  determination  of  hypophosphorous  add  by  iodin  in  an  add  medium, 
the  authors  consider  it  unnecessary  to  carry  the  oxidation  beyond  the  phos- 
phorous add  stage.  It  was  found  that  with  a  pure  hypophosphite  the  iodin 
required  in  an  add  medium  is  exactly  half  that  required  in  a  medium  alter- 
nately add  and  alkaline.  Deviation  from  these  proportions  indicates  the  pres- 
ence of  phosphites,  which  can  be  determined  by  the  amount  of  deviation. 

A  study  of  the  influence  of  sodium  hydroxid,  sodium  carbonate,  and  sodium 
bicarbonate  in  equlmolecular  amounts  upon  the  oxidation  of  sodium  phos- 
phite by  iodin  showed  that  the  rapidity  of  the  oxidation  is  in  inverse  ratio  to 
the  strength  of  the  alkalL  The  reaction  is  complete  in  30  minutes  with  sodium 
bicarbonate  and  in  3  hours  with  neutral  carbonate,  while  with  sodium  hydroxid 
it  is  almost  negligible  even  after  6  hours.  The  details  of  the  methods  are  as 
follows: 

Determination  of  hypophosphorouf  acid. — One  gm.  of  the  substance  is  dis- 
solved in  distiUed  water  and  made  up  to  100  cc.  To  10  cc.  of  this  solution  are 
added  10  cc.  of  sulphuric  add  (1 : 4)  and  30  cc.  of  N/10  iodin.  The  flask  is 
securely  stoppered,  left  in  a  dark  place  for  from  8  to  10  hours,  and  the 
aohition  then  titrated  with  N/10  hyposulphite. 

Determination  of  phosphorous  acid. — ^To  10  cc.  of  phosphite  solution  pre- 
pared as  above  are  ^dded  10  cc.  of  a  5  per  cent  solution  of  sodium  bicarbonate 
and  20  cc.  of  N/10  iodin.  After  standing  for  2  hours  in  a  closely  stoppered 
flask,  10  cc  of  10  per  cent  acetic  add  is  added  and  the  solution  titrated  with 
N/10  hyposulphite. 

In  a  mixture  of  salts  of  the  different  adds  of  phosphorus,  the  hypophos- 
phites and  phosphites  are  determined  separatdy,  and  the  phosphates  then 
determined  by  predpitation  as  magnesium-ammonium  phosphate.  The  results 
obtained  in  this  way  can  be  checked  by  oxidizing  another  portion  of  the  sub- 
stance with  nitric  add  and  determining  the  orthophosphoric  add  thus  formed. 

Volumetric  estimation  of  the  sulphion,  R.  Howoen  {Chem.  News,  117  {1918), 
No.  SOBS,  p.  S8S). — ^A  rapid  method  for  the  estimation  of  the  SO4  ion  is  outlined 
which  is  based  on  the  decomposition  of  soluble  alkaline  ralphates  by  insoluble 
barfam  carbonate,  generating  alkaline  carbonate  which  can  be  estimated  by 


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410  EXPERIMENT   STATION   RECORD.  lTol.« 

alkalimetric  titration.  Heavy  metals  or  calcium  must  first  be  precipitetrt 
by  an  excess  of  sodium  carbonate  and  filtered  off  and  the  solution  made  exacdf 
neutral,  using  methyl  orange  as  an  indicator. 

While  the  method  is  claimed  to  give  only  approximate  results,  the  errors  m 
mainly  compensatory,  due  to  the  presence  of  small  amounts  of  both  Bt  ui 
SO4  ions. 

Determination  of  hypochlorites  and  chlorates  in  the  same  solution,  L  C 
KoLTHOFF  (Pharm.  WeekbL,  55  (1918),  No.  57,  pp.  1289-1295),— Tbsi  lup>« 
chlorltes  were  determined  as  follows : 

To  25  cc.  of  N/10  AssOi  solution  are  added  5  cc.  of  4  N  acetic  acid  and  3  dnpi 
of  a  2  per  cent  solution  of  methyl  red.    The  hypochlorite  solution  to  be 
is  run  in  from  a  burette  until  the  solution  is  decolorized.    The  volume  of 
chlorite  required  contains  88.75  mg.  of  active  chlorin. 

The  chlorates  are  determined  by  adding  to  the  clear  solution  obtained 
25  cc.  of  O.IN  AstOs  and  20  cc.  of  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid,  heating  for 
minutes,  and  titrating  the  excess  of  Asad  with  N/10  potassium  bromate,  mil 
indigo  as  an  indicator.  One  cc.  of  ASsOa  consumed  Is  equivalent  to  1.4  mg.  ( 
ClOg  or  represents  a  loss  of  3.45  mg.  of  available  chlorin. 

The  method  is  said  to  be  applicable  to  the  determination  of  the  strengthl 
chlorin  water. 

A  convenient  and  efficient  digestion  apparatus  for  the  determinatios  1 
crude  fiber,  H.  D.  Spears  (Jour.  Indus,  afid  Engin.  Chem.,  11  {1919),  .Yo.  5,1 
HO,  HI,  figs.  2). — In  the  apparatus  described,  which  is  said  to  have  been  tf 
satisfactorily  for  several  years  in  the  feeding  stuffs  laboratory  of  the  Kentod 
Experiment  Station,  the  reflux  condensers  employed  in  the  official  method 
the  determination  of  crude  fiber  are  substituted  by  a  series  of  round  flasks  1 
intake  and  outflow  tubes,  connected  by  rubber  tubing  through  which  flows 
water  for  cooling.  The  flasks  are  about  2|  in.  in  diameter,  so  as  to  rest  pi 
erly  in  the  mouth  of  beakers  2A  In.  in  diameter,  6  In.  In  height,  and  of  a1 
375  cc.  capacity,  which  are  used  as  the  digestion  containers.  The  flasks  are 
pended  over  the  beakers  by  loops  of  sheet  Iron  or  zinc. 

While  there  may  be  a  slight  loss  of  water  from  evaporation  during  the  bofll 
on  account  of  the  condensers  not  being  attached  to  the  digestion  contalnere 
tight  Joint,  it  is  believed  that  the  concentration  of  the  solvents  thus  bi 
about  Is  not  enough  to  cause  an  appreciable  error,  as  is  sliown  by  a  taMft 
duplicate  determinations  made  with  the  apparatus. 

The  detection  of  vegetable  grums  in  food  products,  A.  A.  Cook  and  JL 
Woodman  (Jour.  Indus,  and  Engin.  Chem,,  10  (1918),  No.  7,  pp.  5S0-^S;cH 
Jour.  Soc.  Client.  Indus.,  57  (1918),  No.  11,  p.  527 A). — The  procedure  consW^ 
brief,  in  removing  the  protein  of  the  food  mixture  by  heating  \^ith  acetic 
and  tannin,  and  then  precipitating  the  gums  from  the  filtrate  by  acetone, 
precipitate  is  dissolved  in  acetic  acid,  and  ammonia  is  added  to  remove 
soluble  pho8r»hates.    The  pure  gum  is  then  precipitated  by  alcohol. 

The  possible  maximum  vitamin  content  of  some  Philippine  vegetal 
H.  C.  Bbhx  and  C.  Axincastbe  (Philippine  Jour.  Sci.,  Sect.  A,  12  (1917) 
pp.  127-152). — A  method  based  upon  the  property  of  pyrldin  derlvatlT«( 
yielding  approximately  three-fourths  of  their  nitrogen  by  the  KJeldahl 
has  been  employed  for  determining  the  relative  amounts  of  vitamins  in  vM 
Philippine  vegetables. 

A  portion  of  the  fresh  vegetable  was  dried  at  a  low  temperature,  and  100 
of  the  finely  ground  material  was  thoroughly  extracted  with  methyl  al« 
The  alcohol  was  evaporated  at  a  low  temperature  and  the  re«?idue  taken  i 
water  and  filtered.    After  acidifying  the  filtrate  with  suflRcient  sulphuric 


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10191  AGRICULTURAL  CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY.  411 

to  make  a  concentration  of  5  per  cent,  phosphotungstlc  acid  was  added  to  pre- 
cipitate the  antineuritic  substance.  Tlie  precipitate,  washed  with  sulphuric  acid 
and  with  alcohol  and  dried  in  a  desiccator  over  sulphuric  acid,  was  used  for 
nitrogen  determinations  by  both  the  Kjeldahl  and  Dumas  methods.  The  differ- 
ence In  the  values  of  the  vitamin  in  the  original  samples,  calculated  from  the 
Kjeldahl  and  the  Dumas  nitrogen,  is  considered  to  represent  one-fourth  of  the 
true  vitamin  content. 

The  values  for  the  vitamin  content  of  Philippine  vegetables  determined  by 
this  method  are  in  general  higher  than  the  results  found  by  Funis  (E.  S.  H.,  30, 
p.  508)  for  milli,  but  are  considered  to  have  comparative  value. 

The  formation  of  ammonia  and  amins  in  canned  sardines  during  storagre, 
F.  C.  Weber  and  J.  B.  Wilson  [Jour.  Indus,  and  Engin,  Chem.,  11  {1919),  No.  £, 
pp.  121-126)  .-^This  Is  a  report  of  investigations  conducted  during  the  seasons 
of  1913  to  1916  of  the  sardine  industry  of  Maine  by  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry 
of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 

In  following  the  degree  of  spoilage  of  the  flsh,  ammonia  determinations  were 
made  by  titration  and  by  nesslerization  of  the  volatile  allcaline  materials. 
Variations  in  the  results  obtained  by  the  two  methods  led  to  the  conclusion  that 
tbe  packed  goods  on  standing  undergo  a  change  with  the  liberation  of  amins. 
A  comparison  of  the  amounts  of  ammonia  and  amins  in  old  packs  of  sardines 
and  in  various  ex];>eri mental  packs  showed  that  directly  after  processing  the 
volatile  alkaline  material  contains  practically  two- thirds  ammonia  and  one- 
third  alkyl  amins.  During  storage  at  room  temperature,  the  proportions  appear 
to  change  slowly,  until  after  a  long  period  of  standing  the  total  aHcaline  mate- 
rial contains  about  equal  amounts  of  ammonia  and  amins.  When  stored  at 
a  temperature  jiist  above  freezing,  the  total  quantity  of  volatile  alkaline  mate- 
rial produced  is  much  less  than  that  produced  when  stored  at  ordinary  tem- 
peratures. This  difference  is  considered  to  be  an  indication  that  these  changes 
may  be  caused  in  some  instances  by  bacterial  growth.  The  amins  consisted 
chiefly  of  triamin  with  small  quantities  of  monamin  and  diamin.  On  prolonged 
storage  the  monamin  is  apparently  converted  into  diamin. 

The  anthers  consider  that  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  quantities  of  ammonia 
and  amins  in  the  canned  product  have  any  direct  relation  to  the  keeping  quali- 
ties of  sardines,  although  it  has  been  shown  that  they  have  a  decided  bearing 
upon  the  detinning  of  the  interior  of  the  cans. 

mcroscopic  color  reaction  for  wheat,  rye,  and  potato  starch  in  the  same 
sample,  B.  Unka  {Ztschr.  Vntersuch.  Nahr.  u.  Genussmtl,  S6  {1918),  No.  5--J, 
pp.  49^8,  pi.  1). — ^The  solutions  used  for  staining  are  as  follows:  (1)  Water 
blue-orcin  mixture,  consisting  of  1  part  water  blue,  1  part  orcin,  5  parts  glacial 
acetic  acid.  20  parts  glycerin,  and  50  parts  86  per  cent  alcohol,  made  up  with 
water  to  100  parts;  (2)  1  per  cent  alcoholic  solution  of  eosin;  (3)  1  per  cent 
safranin  solution:  (4)  0.5  per  cent  potassium  bichromate  solution. 

The  flour,  after  preliminary  treatment  with  3  per  cent  phenol  solution,  is 
washed  and  a  small  portion  allowed  to  dry  on  a  microscope  slide.  The  slide  is 
then  treated  for  10  minutes  with  1  gm.  of  the  water  blue-orcin  mixture  dissolved 
in  6  drops  of  the  eosin  solution.  After  washing  .with  water,  the  slide  is  placed 
in  the  safranin  solution  for  from  15  to  20  minutes,  thoroughly  washed  again 
with  water,  and  placed  fbr  from  20  to  30  minutes  in  the  potassium  bichromate 
solation.  It  is  then  washed  with  water  and  alcohol,  dried,  mounted,  and 
examined  under  the  microscope. 

A  plate  is  given  showing  the  colors  produced.  Potato  starch  is  colored  red, 
with  a  concentric  blue  ring;  wheat  starch  pink,  with  tlie  surrounding  gluten 
protein  blue;  and  rye  starch 'a  brownish  yellow. 


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412  EXPERIMENT  STATION  EECORD.  [Vol.40 

The  true  composition  of  sugar  cane  molasses,  H.  Pelixt  {BuL  Atdoc.  Chim. 
Sucr.  et  DistiU.,  S5  (1911),  No.  4r-€,  pp.  118-129).— The  author  points  oat  the 
errors  in  the  usual  methods  for  determining  the  composition  of  sugar  cane 
molasses,  and  outlines  a  procedure  which  is  claimed  to  overcome  these  errors. 

The  determination  of  carbon  dloxid  and  carbonates  in  baking  powders,  Q. 
RUFP  and  E.  Wohnuch  (ZUchr.  Untersuch.  Nahr.  u.  Oenu^Bmtl^  S6  {1918),  No. 
5-6,  pp.  101-110). — ^For  the  examination  of  baking  powders  containing  caldam 
carbonate  the  procedure  given  below  is  suggested,  and  suitable  methods  for 
each  determination  are  described. 

The  total  carbon  dioxid  is  first  determined,  a  sample  of  the  baking  powder 
is  then  heated  in  water  suspension  and  filtered,  and  the  carbon  dioxid  deter- 
mined in  both  filtrate  and  residue.  The  carbon  dioxid  of  filtrate  and  resldoe 
subtracted  from  the  total  carl)on  dioxid  gives  the  active  or  effective  carbon 
dioxid  of  the  baking  powder. 

A  new  formula  for  the  calculation  of  added  water  in  milk,  L.  J.  Hasbis 
{Analyst,  4S  {1918),  No.  511,  pp.  S45-^47;  Chem.  New9,  118  {1919),  No.  8072,  pp. 
99, 100). — ^The  author  has  deduced  a  formula  by  which  the  percentage  of  added 
water  is  calculated  on  the  assumption  that  the  original  milk  contained  the 
minimum  of  both  fat  and  solids-not-fat  (8  and  8.5  per  cent,  respectively).  If 
N  and  F  equal,  respectively,  the  percentage  of  solids-not-fat  and  the  per- 
centage of  fat  in  the  milk-water  mixture,  X,  or  the  percentage  of  milk  of  the 
minimum  standard  in  the  original  mixture,  is  determined  from  the  formula 

^        10,000  N 
*     8NHF875  (100— F)  • 
100 — X  then  equals  the  required  percentage  of  added  water  In  the  milk    The 
probable  amount  of  added  water  may  be  found  by  substituting  average  values 
for  fat  and  solids-not-fat  in  place  of  the  figures  8  and  8.6. 

The  formula  is  considered  by  the  author  to  be  more  accurate  than  the  Rich- 
mond rule,  in  that  it  introduces  a  compensation  for  any  deficiency  which  may 
have  been  caused  by  the  rising  of  cream  and  the  consequent  depression  of  solids- 
not-fat  in  the  creamery  fraction. 

The  determination  of  the  Beichert-Heiasl  number  according  to  the  method 
of  Bondzynski  and  Bufl,  J.  Prxscheb  {ZtBchr.  UnterBuch.  Nahr.  u.  QenuswUL, 
36  (1918),  No.  S-4,  pp.  67-69).— Slight  modifications  of  the  method  of  Bondzyn- 
ski and  Rufi  ^  are  described,  in  which  the  soluble  acids  obtained  by  the  saponifi- 
cation of  the  butter  fat  and  subsequent  treatment  with  HsSO*  are  filtered  from 
the  insoluble  acids  and  titrated  without  distillation.  In  place  of  an  alcoholic 
KOH  solution,  used  in  the  original  method,  the  author  employs  a  15  or  16  per 
cent  water  solution.  The  excess  of  KOH,  after  saponification  is  complete,  is 
titrated  with  N  HaSO«.  The  insoluble  acids  are  then  filtered  off  and  the  aolubte 
acids  in  the  filtrate  titrated  with  N/10  NaOH,  using  phenolphthalein  as  an 
indicator. 

The  oxidase  reaction  for  the  detection  of  rancid  fats,  J.  Pbbscheb  {Zttchr. 
Untersuch.  Nahr.  u.  Oenussmtl.,  86  {1918),  No.  7-8,  pp.  162-166)  .—The  author 
reviews  the  literature  on  oxidase  reactions,  and  reports  an  investigation  proving 
the  reliability  of  the  method  of  Vintilescu  and  Popescu,  previously  noted 
(E.  S.  R.,  86,  p.  109),  for  the  detection  of  rancidity  of  fat  by  the  guaiac  reaction. 

The  presence  of  acetylmethylcarbinol  in  saccharin  sorghum  sUage,  W.  Q. 
Fbiedbkann  and  O.  T.  Dowkll  {Jour.  Indus,  and  Bngin.  Chem.,  11  {1919)^  No. 
2,  pp.  129,  ISO). — Samples  of  saccharin  sori^um  silage  were  found  to  contain  a 
volatile  reducing  substance,  considered  from  its  osazone  to  be  acetylmethyl- 
carbinol,  previously  found  by  Balcom  (B.  S.  R.,  p.  112)  to  be  a  constituent  of 


^ZtBchr.  Analjrt.  Chem.,  29  (1890),  pp.  1-Q. 

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1W*1  AGRICULTURAL  CHEMISTRY — ^AGROTECHNY.  413 

dder  vinegar.  It  is  pointed  out  that  since  acetic  acid  is  formed  by  the  oxidation 
of  acetylmethylcarbinol,  the  Duclanx  method  for  the  determination  of  alcohols 
is  onreUable  for  the  determination  of  ethyl  alcohol  in  saccharin  sorghum  silage. 
If  acetylmethylcarbinol  is  found  to  be  present  in  the  fresh  silage  made  from 
field  crops,  the  authors  consider  that  it  will  be  necessary  to  modify  the  methods 
for  the  determination  of  sugars  and  of  alcohols  in  silage. 

Modifications  of  Benedict's  and  Folin's  quantitative  su^ar  methods,  H.  D. 
Haskins  {Jour.  Biol.  Chem.,  57  {1919),  No.  2,  pp.  SOS,  S04),— The  author  has 
substituted  sodium  thiocyanate  for  potassium  thlocyanate  in  the  Benedict 
method  (E.  S.  R.,  25,  p.  15)  for  determining  sugar  in  urine  and  in  Folin's  modifi- 
cation of  this  method  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  614).  Benedict's  solution  prepared  with 
the  substitution  of  equivalent  amounts  of  sodium  thlocyanate  for  the  potassium 
salt  proved  to  be  a  perfect  substitute,  but  in  the  preparation  of  Folin's  mixture 
it  was  found  that  correct  titrations  could  be  obtained  only  by  reducing  some- 
what the  amount  of  sodium  thlocyanate  and  using  periods  of  boiling  half  as  loni; 
as  those  originally  recommended. 

Hew  titration  method  for  the  determination  of  uric  acid  in  urine,  J.  L. 
MoBSis  {Jour.  Biol.  Chem.,  57  {1919),  No.  2,  pp.  2S1-2S8).—A  volumetric  method 
for  the  determination  of  small  amounts  of  uric  acid  in  urine  is  described  which 
ts  based  upon  the  precipitation  of  uric  acid  as  the  zinc  salt  and  a  single  direct 
titration  with  permanganate  in  a  solution  made  alkaline  with  sodium  bicar- 
bonate. The  end-point  used  is  the  blue  starch  iodid  color.  The  procedure,  which 
requires  from  90  to  40  minutes  for  the  complete  determination,  is  said  to  be 
entirely  satisfactory  for  urine,  and  to  give  with  the  usual  blood  filtrate  obtained 
by  precipitating  proteins  with  dilute  acetic  acid  results  agreeing  with  those 
obtained  with  the  colorlmetrlc  method. 

Detection  of  methyl  alcohol,  O.  Matte  {Ztschr.  Vntersuch.  Nahr.  u. 
QenuMsmil.,  55  {1918),  No.  4--5,  pp.  179-18S)  .—The  author  discusses  various 
methods  for  the  detection  of  methyl  alcohol  and  describes  the  following  proce- 
dure, which  depends  upon  the  use  of  o-dioxybenasol  or  its  derivatives : 

A  few  cubic  centimeters  of  the  solution  to  be  tested  are  distilled,  and  1  cc.  of 
the  distillate  is  oxidized  with  1  cc  of  sulhpuric  add  (1 : 8)  and  8  cc.  of  a  0.8  per 
cent  solution  of  permanganate.  At  the  end  of  10  minutes  the  solution  is  filtered, 
and  20  cc.  of  the  filtrate  is  mixed  with  2  drops  of  ferrous  sulphate  solution  and 
a  few  crj'stals  of  dioxybenzol  or  gulacol.  After  shaking  thoroughly,  2  cc.  of 
concentrated  sulphuric  acid  is  poured  slowly  down  the  side  of  the  tube.  In  the 
presence  of  formaldehyde  a  violet  red  ring  is  formed  between  the  two  layers. 
With  the  use  of  guiacol  carbonate  and  ferric  chlorid  in  place  of  gulacol  and 
ferrous 'sulphate,  a  ra^berry  colored  ring  is  formed  in  from  3  to  5  minutes. 

Both  tests  are  applicable  to  the  detection  of  formaldehyde  in  milic.  The 
author  considers  the  colored  substances  formed  to  belong  to  the  group  of 
aurines. 

Lemd  in  pharmacentical  sine  oxid,  W.  D.  Ooluns  and  W.  F.  Clarke  {Jour. 
Indfu.  and  Bngin.  Chem.,  11  {1919),  No.  2,  pp.  1S8,  1S9). 

A  special  bleaching  i>owder  for  use  in  hot  countries,  T.  Rrrrnc,  J.  L.  SicrrH, 
and  J.  RrrcHix  {Jour.  Soc.  Chem.  Indu9.,  57  {1918),  No.  2S,  pp.  SllT-SlST).— 
The  treatment  found  most  successful  in  preventing  deterioration  in  bleaching 
powder  at  tropical  temperatures  consists  in  mixing  the  bleaching  powder,  which 
iboiild  contain  as  low  a  percentage  of  moisture  as  possible,  with  one-fourth 
more  than  the  theoretical  amount  of  freshly  ignited  quiclclime  necessary  to 
absorb  the  moisture.  The  product  obtained,  if  suitably  packed  in  air-tight  con- 
tainers, is  said  to  withstand  any  temperature  likely  to  be  encountered  in  the 
Tropics.    This  treatment  Is  considered  specially  adviiiable  when  the  bleuchiug 


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414  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECOED.  l^oLli 

powder  is  to  be  used  Id  the  preparation  of  eusol  and  other  antiseptic  aolntiov 
and  in  the  sterilization  of  drinking  water. 

Belation  of  dehydration  to  agrricalture,  S.  C.  Pbescott  (U.  S.  Deft. 
Off'  Sec.  Circ,  126  (1919),  ppt  li).— This  is  an  address  before  the  National 
elation  of  Commissioners  of  Agriculture  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  January  7,  Idld. 
contains  a  brief  history  of  food  drying,  with  particular  reference  to  the 
lation  of  the  drying  industry  by  war,  and  a  description  of  the  dehydnl 
systems  In  the  United  States. 

The  methods  now  In  use  are  classified  as  follows:  (1)  The  tunnel 
which  consist  of  long  chambers  or  tunnels  Into  which  the  prepared  t\ 
are  introduced  on  screens  or  racks  and  through  which  a  strong  current  of  A 
heated  air  is  blown,  (2)  kilns,  whcih  consist  essentially  of  square  chambeni^ 
sloping  roofs  and  perforated  floors,  heated  from  below  by  means  of  stOTet 
furnaces,  (3)  the  vacuum  process,  employing  closed  chambers  with  a  large  n 
ber  of  shelves  heated  by  steam  at  greatly  reduced  pressure,  and  (4) 
machines  so  arranged  as  to  bring  about  a  carefully  regulated  drying.  Witli 
first  two  methods,  a  lack  of  unlfoimity  in  the  products  is  likely  to  result, 
to  the  fact  that  there  is  not  absolute  control  of  the  physical  conditioD& 
vacuum  process  is  considered  to  give  excellent  results  for  many  kinds  of  prodH 
but  tends  to  break  down  the  cellular  structure  of  the  materiaL  It  is  poiil 
out  that  only  in  those  processes  where  there  is  practically  perfect  control 
temperature,  humidity,  and  rate  of  air  flow  are  products  obtained  wfaicb 
retain  their  flavor,  color,  and  appearance,  and,  when  soaked  in  water,  will 
to  approximately  their  normal  appearance. 

The  most  important  advantages  of  dehydration,  from  the  standpoint  of  a| 
culture,  are  considered  to  be  the  stabilization  of  crops  and  the  conservatioB 
food  materials.    A  third  factor  of  importance  is  that  a  better  diversity  of  etk 
can  be  secured,  as  a  result  of  which  there  will  be  a  good  variety  of  vegetaM 
available  to  all  classes  throughout  the  year. 

[Investigation  on  cider],  O,  Gsovs  {Vniv,  Bristol,  Ann,  Rpt,  Agr^  oad  Si 
Research  Sta,,  1917,  pp,  10-20;  Jour,  Bath  and  West  and  South,  Counties  Si 
5.  ser.,  12  (1917-18),  pp.  114-124) .—Three  papers  are  presented. 

Single  variety  ciders  and  perries,  1916-17. — ^This  contains  a  table  comprSd 
a  list  of  the  ciders  and  perries  made  at  the  National  Fruit  and  Cider  Institi 
during  the  season  191G-17,  with  details  as  to  chemical  composition,  etc 

A  ropy  cider  bacillus. — The  cultural  and  morphological  characteristics 
given  of  a  bacillus  found  to  be  the  cause  of  ropiness  in  some  samples  of 
A  study  of  the  elTect  of  organic  acids  upon  the  bacillus  showed  that  they  haH 
pronounced  preventive  action  upon  the  development  of  the  organism.  It* 
pointed  out  that  if  the  mixture  of  apples  used  in  cider  making  contains  a  4 
ficient  proportion  of  sharp  apples  to  bring  the  initial  acidity  up  to  0.5  per  4 
or  more,  there  is  not  much  danger  of  ropiness  setting  in. 

A  note  on  tider  vinegar. — Brief  directions  are  given  for  the  maDufacture 
cider  vinegar  in  the  home  and  on  a  commercial  scale. 

The  manufacture  of  cider  apple  Jelly,  B.  T.  P.  Babkjcb  {Vniv,  Bristol,  A 
Rpt,  Agr.  and  Hort.  Research  Sta.,  1917,  pp.  55-70;  Jour.  Bath  and  West,  i 
SoutJi.  Counties  Soc,  5  ser.,  12  (1917-18),  pp,  142-158).— This  is  a  report  of 
commercial  manufacture  of  cider  apple  Jelly  as  conducted  at  the  National  fVl 
and  Cider  Institute,  Including  a  description  of  the  mills,  presses,  and  evapoFaM 
used ;  the  details  of  the  process,  essentially  noted  from  another  source  <E.  & 
89,  p.  808) ;  and  statistics  as  to  the  output  and  cost  of  the  product. 

Grape  sirup,  F.  T.  Biolktti  and  W.  V.  Cruess  {California  Sta.  Bui 
(,1918),  pp.  227-242).— This  is  a  preliminary  report  of  investigations  condoddj 


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19191  AGRICXJLTUBAL  CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY.  415 

for  the  purpose  of  determining  whether  a  grape  sirup  can  be  made  that  will 
be  bought  for  its  special  properties,  and  whether  such  a  sirup  can  be  produced 
and  sold  at  prices  that  will  attract  the  consumer  and  pay  the  grower.  A  method 
for  manufacturing  the  sirup  based  on  the  experimental  work  reported  is  as 
follows : 

Ripe  grapes,  preferably  25**  Balling  or  higher,  are  crushed  and  pressed  in 
the  ordinary  winery  equipment  as  soon  after  picl^ing  as  possible.  The  Juice 
from  the  pomace  is  extracted  by  progressive  washing  with  boiling  water  and 
steam  and  two  supplementary  pressings.  The  liquid  from  the  first  extraction 
is  mixed  with  the  undiluted  juice,  and  that  from  the  last  extraction  is  used  for 
the  first  extraction  of  the  next  lot  of  pomace.  To  100  gal.  of  juice  1.25  lbs.  of 
liquid  sulphurous  acid  or  2.5  gal.  of  6  per  cent  sulphurous  acid  solution  are 
added  to  prevent  fermentation,  and  the  juice  is  then  stored  in  clean,  completely 
filled,  and  lightly  bunged  wooden  tanks.  If  stored  for  some  time  before  being 
sent  to  the  sugar  factory,  a  sediment  forms  from  which  the  clear  juice  can  be 
drawn  off  and  shipped  in  clean,  sterilized  barrels.  At  the  sugar  factory  the 
juice  is  de^lphited  with  steam,  clarified,  if  necessary,  with  casein  or  a  mixture 
of  casein  and  Spanish  clay,  decolorized  with  bone  black,  filtered,  deacidified 
with  calcium  carbonate,  filtered  again,  concentrated  to  65'  Balling  in  triple- 
effect  vacuum  pans,  and  allowed  to  settle  for  two  weeks  in  clean  tanks  to  remove 
excess  of  calcium  tartrate.  The  clean  sirup  is  then  packed  in  containers, 
pasteurized  for  from  25  to  35  minutes,  and  cooled  In  water. 

This  process  is  said  to  yield  a  sirup  of  agreeable  taste  and  flavor  which  can 
be  used  as  a  table  sirup,  in  cooking,  canning,  and  in  making  certain  preserves. 
Attempts  to  use  it  in  the  preparation  of  jellies  and  marmalades  were  not  suc- 
cessful. It  is  said  that  by  slight  modifications  of  the  process  special  sirups 
can  be  made  of  difl^erent  colors  and  flavors. 

Estimations  of  the  yield  and  cost  of  the  sirup  indicate  that  if  practically  all 
the  Juice  were  extracted  a  ton  of  grapes  would  yield  a  number  of  gallons  of  65' 
Balling  sirup  equal  to  two  and  one-half  times  the  Balling  degree  of  the  Juice, 
and  that  the  cost  of  the  sirup  would  be  about  $1.35  per  gallon.  It  is  pointed 
out  that  about  250,000  tons  of  wine  and  table  grapes,  representing  a  value  of  the 
raw  material  of  over  $4,000,000,  can  not  be  used  next  year  In  the  usual  way, 
and  that  if  these  grapes  were  made  into  grape  sirup  the  product  saved  would 
be  equivalent  to  over  40,000  tons  of  sugar. 

Industry  of  lactose  and  of  the  vegetable  casein  of  the  soy  bean,  F.  J.  G. 
Beltzeb  (Industries  du  Lactose  et  de  la  Cas4ine  V4g4tale  de  "  8oja"  Paris: 
Bernard  Tignol,  [WIS],  pp.  144*  fiff^-  55).— This  publication  deals  particularly 
with  the  industrial  manufacture  of  lactose  and  of  vegetable  milk  and  vegetable 
casein  from  the  soy  bean.  In  addition,  the  chemistry  of  the  above-named  sub- 
stances is  discussed,  and  a  chapter  is  included  on  various  industrial  treatments 
of  milk,  such  as  homogenization,  pasteurization,  sterilization,  and  condensation 
of  milk ;  separation  of  cream ;  and  the  manufacture  of  butter  and  casein.  An 
extensive  bibliography  is  given  of  the  literature  on  lactose. 

The  utilization  of  waste  products,  T.  Kolleb  (London:  Scott,  Greenwood  d 
Son,  1918,  S,  English  ed.,  rev.  and  enU,  pp.  VIII +338,  figs.  22).— This  is  the 
third  English  edition  of  this  book,  revised  and  enlarged  (E.  ^.  R.,  14,  p.  717). 

Beport  of  the  agricultural  chemisty  J.  0.  Bat^NNicH  (Ann.  Rpt.  Dept.  Agr, 
and  Stock  [Queensland},  1917-18,  pp.  28-^9), — ^Thls  is  the  customary  annual  re- 
port, including  tables  of  analyses  of  Queensland  soils,  mixed  fertilizers,  edible 
plants  occurring  in  prickly-pear  scrubs  in  the  Maranoa  district,  and  agricultural 
and  vegetable  seeds. 


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416  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vol.40 

UETEOEOLOaT. 

A  much  needed  change  of  emphasis  in  meteorological  research,  W.  S. 
Franklin  (U.  S.  Mo.  Weather  Rev.,  46  (1918),  No.  10,  pp.  U9-45S) .—This  paper 
sets  forth  especially  the  value  of  the  statistical  method  of  studying  meteorology- 
It  Is  stated  that  three  fairly  distinct  objects  are  to  be  attained  by  statistical 
analysis  of  weather  observations:  "(1)  The  detennination  of  systematic  vari- 
ations in  time  and  place,  (2)  the  elaborate  classification  of  individual  storin 
movements  with  respect  to  a  great  number  of  measurable  or  specifiable  char- 
acteristics, and  the  establishment  of  statistical  coefficients  of  correlation  be- 
tween the  characteristics  of  a  given  type  of  storm  on  successive  days  so  that 
weather  predictions  can  be  made  and  qualified,  as  they  should  be,  by  probable 

departures and  (3)  the  intensive  study  of  weather  conditions  should  lead 

to  a  clear  recognition  of  critical  conditions  in  a  given  storm  movement  (condi- 
tions of  static  or  dynamic  instability)  and  make  it  possible  to  devise  means  for 
controlling  the  storm  movement  by  the  suitable  expenditure  of  very  moderate 
amounts  of  energy  at  the  critical  time  and  place." 

Some  correlations  between  the  solar  activity  and  the  far  eastern  clim.ates, 
R.  Sekiguchi  (Ahs.  in  Jour.  Met.  Soc.  Japan,  57  (1918),  No.  7,  pp.  SS-42,  figt. 
3;  U.  8.  Mo.  Weather  Rev.,  46  (1918),  No.  9,  pp.  419-415,  flg^.  5).— Correlations 
between  sun  spots  and  temperature,  rainfall,  and  cyclones  are  discussed. 

Clouds  and  their  significance  in  local  weather  forecasting,  A.  IL  Pauceb 
(17.  8.  Mo.  Weather  Rev.,  46  (1918),  No.  9,  pp.  -t(?7-415).— It  is  stated  that 
•*  everywhere  within  the  Unlt;ed  States,  and  particularly  along  the  Pacific  coast, 
clouds  offer  the  forecaster  a  clue  to  the  coming  weather  which  can  not  well  be 
disregarded.  .  .  .  From  a  study  of  almost  a  thousand  cloud  observations  made 
at  San  Francisco  during  nine  years,  it  is  apparent  that  the  significance  of 
clouds  regarding  subsequent  precipitation  is  worthy  of  the  forecaster's  atten- 
tion, the  significance  increasing  as  the  height  of  the  cloud  decreases.  The  slgnl- 
ficauee  regarding  precipitation  varies  greatly  with  direction  at  all  cloud  levels. 
For  the  highest  clouds  those  moving  from  the  southwest  are  most  frequently 
followed  by  rain ;  for  those  of  intermediate  levels  those  from  the  south  are  so 
followed;  while  for  the  lowest  clouds  southeast  is  the  direction  of  greatest 
significance,  the  probability  of  rain  increasing  as  the  direction  changes  from 
southwest  to  southeast,  and  the  height  of  the  cloud  diminishes.  As  far  as 
temperature  changes  are  concerned,  the  significance  of  clouds  is  not  great  at 
San  Francisco.  It  is  least  with  high  clouds  and  greatest  with  low  clouds,  and 
varies  greatly  with  direction  at  all  levels.  This  fact  is  doubtless  Influenced  by 
the  semimarine  environment  of  the  city.'* 

Monthly  Weather  Bevlew  (V.  8.  Mo.  Weather  Rev.,  46  (1918),  Noa.  9,  pp. 
401-444.  Pl9'  10,  figs.  5;  10,  pp.  445-496.  pla,  9,  flg$.  13).— In  addition  to  weather 
forecasts,  river  and  flood  observations,  and  seismological  reports  for  September 
and  October,  1918;  lists  of  additions  to  the  Weather  Bureau  Library  and  of 
recent  papers  on  meteorology  and  seismology;  notes  on  the  weather  of  the 
months;  solar  and  sky  radiation  measurements  at  Washington,  D.  C,  during 
September  and  October,  1918;  condensed  dimatological  summaries;  and  the 
usual  dimatological  tables  and  charts,  these  numbers  contain  the  following 
articles : 

No.  5.— Wolfer  Provisional  Sun  Spot  Relative  Numbers,  by  H.  H.  Kimball; 
Halo  Phenomena  Observed  during  September,  1918,  by  W.  R.  Qregg;  Capt. 
Schroeder  Establishes  World  Altitude  Record  (Aba) ;  Halo  ObservatioDs  at 
York,  N.  Y.,  by  M.  N.  Stewart ;  Clouds  and  Their  Signiflcance  in  Local  Weather 
Forecastings,  by  A.  H.  Palmer  (see  above) ;  Some  Correlations  Between  Solar 


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1919)  SOILS — ^FERTILIZERS.  417 

Activity  and  the  Climate  of  the  Far  Bast  (lUus.),  by  R.  Seklguchl  (Aba.) 
(see  p.  416);  Cumulus  Clouds  of  Hawaii  (lllus.),  by  A.  M.  Hamrlck;  and 
Some  New  Facts  About  the  Centers  of  Typhoons  (lllus),  by  Co-Chlng  Chu. 

No.  iO.— Halo  Phenomena  Observed  during  October,  1918,  by  W.  R.  Gregg; 
Forecast  Service  for  Aviators  Begins;  A  Much  Needed  Change  of  Bmphasls  in 
Meteorological  Research,  by  W.  S.  Franklin  (see  p.  416) ;  Dynamic  Heating  of 
Air  as  a  Cause  of  Hot  Volcanic  Blasts  (lllus.),  by  O.  N.  Cole;  Smoke  as  an 
Indicator  of  Gustiness  and  Convection  (lllus.),  by  P.  W.  Etkes  and  C.  F. 
Brooks;  The  Structure  of  Gusts,  by  C.  C.  Turner  (Abs.) ;  A  Virginia  Tornado 
(lllus.),  by  A.  W.  Giles;  Abnormal  Change  of  Air  Temperature  at  Tokyo  and 
Slnagawa,  by  K.  Slgetomi  (Abs.) ;  and  Major  Controls  of  the  Climates  of  the 
United  States,  by  R.  DeC.  Ward. 

Keteoroloffical  records  for  the  year  ending  November  30,  1917,  B.  Burkb 
{Montana  8ia,  Rpt.  1917,  pp.  263-266), — Observations  at  Bozeman,  Mont.,  on 
temperature,  precipitation,  frosts,  and  cloudiness  are  summarised  and  the 
general  character  of  the  weather  of  the  year  Is  described.  The  highest  tem- 
perature recorded  in  1917  was  98'  F.,  July  8,  22.  and  26;  lowest,  — 25*,  Jan- 
oaty  22  and  81 ;  mean,  40.87* ;  total  rainfall,  15.68  In. ;  days  with  0.01  in.  or 
more  precipitation,  96;  last  killing  frost  in  spring,  June  8;  first  killing  frost 
in  fiOl,  October  17 ;  and  number  of  clear  days  in  year,  146.  The  weather  was 
the  coldest  of  which  there  is  any  record,  and  was  characterized  by  unusually 
iieavy  snowfall  and  the  absence  of  chlnook  winds.  The  precipitation  for  the 
growing  season  was  below  normal,  and  the  hot  months  of  July  and  August, 
combined  with  a  low  precipitation,  made  the  season  extremely  unfavorable  for 
the  growing  of  dry-land  crops.  ( 

sons— FEBTmZEES. 

Relation  of  inorganic  soil  colloids  to  plowsole  in  citms  groves  in  southern 
California,  C.  A.  Jensen  (Jour.  Agr.  Research  [U.  8.},  IS  {1918),  No.  9,  pp. 
505-519). — ^The  plowsole,  which  was  the  subject  of  the  investigations  reported 
in  this  article,  a  contribution  from  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  of  the  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture,  is  the  hard  soil  layer  which  usually  forms  imme- 
diately under  the  soil  mulch  in  cultivated  citrus  groves  in  southern  California. 
''It  often  seriously  limits  the  root  system  of  the  shallow-rooted  citrus  trees, 
and  seriously  interferes  with  penetration  of  irrigation  water.  After  being 
broken  up  with  a  subsoiler,  it  re-forms  when  cultivation  is  resumed.  .  .  . 
Mechanical  packing  is  not  necessary  for  its  formation.  .  .  . 

''No  greater  accumulation  of  water-soluble  iron,  calcium,  magnesium,  or 
silica  was  found  in  the  plowsole  than  in  the  soil  mulch  or  subsoil.  No  greater 
accDmulatlon  of  total  ammonia-soluble  silica,  iron,  aluminum,  or  phosphoric 
add  was  found  in  the  plowsole  than  in  the  soil  mulch  or  subsoil,  after  the 
calcium  had  been  removed  with  hydrochloric  acid.  The  humus  extract  .  .  . 
contained  more  colloidal  silica,  iron,  and  aluminum  than  either  the  soil  mulch 
or  sabfloil*  but  no  more  colloidal  phosphoric  add.  Both  the  organic  and  in- 
organic colloidal  material  in  the  humus  extract  moved  toward  the  positive 
pole  in  an  electric  current.  .  .  . 

"  Plowsole  contained  a  markedly  higher  percentage  of  Inorganic  colloid  sus- 
pension than  the  soil  mulch,  and  usually  a  higher  percentage  than  the  sub- 
soiL  When  soils  were  placed  in  pots  in  the  laboratory,  irrigated,  and  allowed 
to  dry,  the  percentage  of  colloid  suspension  was  found  to  be  appredably  greater 
In  the  surface  soil  layer  than  in  the  subsurface  layer,  indicating  that  the 
colloids  moved  with  the  capillary  soil  moisture.    No  relation  could  be  observed 


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418  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vol.  40 

between  the  percentage  of  iDorganic  colloid  suspension  and  tbe  percentage  of 
organic  carbon  or  humus  in  the  soil. 

"  Native  uncultivated  soils  contained  appreciably  less  colloid  suspension  than 
did  similar  soils  which  had  been  under  cultivation  for  a  number  of  years. 
The  iiecompositlon  of  1  per  cent  organic  matter  In  soil  had  no  marked  effect 
on  tlvB  percentage  of  inorganic  colloid  suspension;  3  per  cent  organic  matter 
in  some  cases  decreased  the  percentage  of  colloida  Barley  decreased  the 
amount  of  colloid  suspension  more  than  did  alfalfa  or  manure. 

"The  addition  of  ground  lime  rock  appreciably  decreased  the  percentage 
of  inorganic  colloid  suspension  in  the  soil  when  no  organic  matter  was  added. 
When  organic  matter  was  added,  the  flocculating  .effect  of  lime  was  appreciably 
diminished,  especially  in  clay  loam  soil.  The  addition  of  powdered  sulphur 
and  gypsum  to  soil  markedly  decreased  the  colloid  content,  and  organic  matter 
had  no  appreciable  effect  in  counteracting  the  flocculating  effect  of  these  sub- 
stances. The  addition  of  sodium  nitrate  to  soil  markedly  increased  the  colloid 
content,  and  the  addition  of  organic  matter  appreciably  decreased  the  defloc- 
culating  effect  of  this  compound.  The  addition  of  lime,  sulphur,  sodium  nitrate, 
iron  sulphate,  ammonium  sulphate,  and  organic  matter  to  soils  did  not  funda- 
mentally change  the  composition  of  the  inorganic  colloid  suspension  obtained 
from  the  soil.  The  addition  of  gypsum  to  soil  increased  the  percentage  of 
silica,  calcium,  and  manganese,  and  decreased  the  percentage  of  iron  in  the 
colloid  suspension. 

**The  inorganic  colloid  suspension  contained  an  appreciably  higher  per- 
centage of  iron,  aluminum,  and  manganese  than  the  untreated  soil.  In  soils 
which  readily  form  plowsole  the  percentage  of  silica  In  the  colloid  suspension 
was  also  appreciably  higher  than  in  the  untreated  soil.  The  percentage  of 
iron  and  aluminum  in  colloid  suspensions  from  soils  which  readily  form  hard 
plowsole  was  higher  than  in  colloid  suspensions,  from  soils  which  do  not  form 
a  hard  plowsole.  The  percentage  of  iron  and  aluminum  in  the  colloid  suspension 
from  a  soil  was  found  to  be  directly  correlated  with  the  readiness  with  which 
the  soil  formed  plowsole." 

A  list  of  references  to  literature  cited  is  Kiven. 

Studies  on  nitriflcation  in  natural  soils  and  its  importance  from  an  eco- 
logical point  of  view,  in  Sweden,  H.  Hesseluan  {SkogsvdrtUfor.  Tidskr.,  No. 
4-6  {1911),  pp.  SZl-Ue,  figs.  30;  aba.  in  Internal.  Inst,  Agr.  [JBome],  Intermt. 
Rev.  8ci.  and  Pract.  Agr.,  9  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  662-665;  Chem.  Abt.,  It  {1918), 
No.  23,  p.  2646). — ^The  author  distinguishes  between  two  kinds  of  humiferoas 
soils,  one  type  being  described  as  well  aerated  by  tlie  action  of  worms  and 
insects  and  as  characterizing  deciduous  forests  and  to  a  lesser  degree  pine 
forests  on  soils  rich  In  inorganic  salts,  while  the  other  type,  comprising  dead, 
decomposed,  or  decomposing  vegetation,  is  said  to  occur  in  ordinary  pine 
forests  and  frequently  to  form  a  series  of  layers  of  varying  stages  of  decom- 
positon  clearly  defined  from  the  mineral  subsoil.  Studies  were  made  with 
soils  from  different  types  of  forests,  and  included  an  examination  of  the  soil 
samples  for  nitrifying  bacteria,  tests  of  the  nitrifying  capacity  of  the  different 
soils,  and  determinations  of  tlie  nitrogen  content  of  trees  and  plants  growing 
on  the  various  soils  at  different  seasons.    Conclusions  were  reached  as  follows: 

The  humus  of  beech  woods  contained  as  many  nitrifying  as  denitrifying 
bacteria  distributed  throughout  the  mass,  while  samples  of  this  soil  formed 
considerable  amounts  of  nitrates.  On  the  other  hand,  the  humus  of  pine  forests 
with  a  mossy  covering  was  charactei-ized  by  the  absence  of  denitrifying  organ- 
isms and  of  bacteria  capable  of  nitrifying  ammonium  sulphate.  No  potassium 
nitrate  was  found  in  the  tissues  of  plants  growing  on  this  soil. 


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W191  SOILS — FERTILIZERS.  419 

It  is  stated  that  the  Isolation  of  organic  substances  from  the  soil  said  to  be 
partly  toxic  to  plants  should  not  be  overemphasized,  as  no  proof  Is  available 
that  such  substances  occur  in  the  dark-colored,  acid  humus  of  coniferous  forests. 
In  many  places  nitrification  was  so  rapid  that  considerable  amounts  of 
nitrogen  accumulated  in  the  covering  vegetation,  this  being  specially  marked  in 
dense  beech,  elm,  oak,  ash,  and  alder  forests  with  moving  underground  water. 
In  the  higher  mountain  regions  the  soil  covering  contained  a  large  quantity 
of  nitrogen,  while  in  woodlands  and  spruce  forests  with  grassy  soil  coverings 
the  nitrogen  of  the  humus  nitrified  without  a  resulting  accumulation  of  nitrogen 
in  the  layer.  Plant  associations  on  bare  rocky  soils  were  often  composed  of 
nitrophilous  species,  which  accumulated  nitrogen  in  their  tissues.  In  pine 
forests  having  a  covering  of  lichens  and  mos.ses,  nitrification  did  not  occur,  and 
the  decomposition  of  the  dead  covering  gave  rise  to  the  formation  of  ammonia 
and  Its  compounds.  Natural  soils  were  capable  of  accumulating  as  much  nitric 
nitrogen  as  ordinary  cultivated  soils. 

Nitrification  was  found  to  be  influenced  not  only  by  the  origin  of  the  soil 
to  a  large  extent  but  also  by  the  climate.  Since  the  degree  of  nitrification 
constituted  an  important  factor  In  determining  the  composition  of  the  plant 
associations  of  a  given  soil,  those  factors  affecting  the  formation  of  the  soil 
might  have  a  decisive  influence  on  this  composition.  A  suitable  forest  system, 
therefore,  should  make  it  possible  to  thin  the  forests  In  such  a  way  as  to  favor 
soil  nitrification,  thus  assuring  a  higher  yield  of  wood.  It  Is  stated,  however, 
that  good  yields  of  pine  and  spruce  could  be  obtained  on  soils  having  no  nitrate 
formation.  In  the  latter  case,  the  rate  of  growth  appeared  to  be  proportional 
to  the  rate  of  ammonlficatlon. 

The  shrinkage  of  soils  {West  Indian  Bui,  11  (1918),  No.  2,  pp.  107-118,  figs. 
2). — This  is  an  account  of  work  done  by  Tempany  and  previously  noted  from 
another  source  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  321). 

[Beport  of  soil  investigations  in  Montana],  K  Burke  (Montana  Sta.  Rpt. 
1917,  pp.  238-240).— The  nature  of  the  soil  fertility  work  in  progress  at  the 
station  and  In  cooperation  with  farmers  throughout  the  State  Is  briefiy  de- 
scribed, and  the  construction  of  a  geological  map  of  Montana  is  noted.  It  is 
stated  that  observations  covering  a  period  of  seven  years  showed  little  difference 
in  the  amount  of  nitrates  present  In  the  soil  where  dlfl'erent  cropping  systems 
had  been  practiced.  Including  alternate  summer  fallow  and  crop,  a  rotation  of 
corn,  peas,  fallow,  and  wheat,  and  continuous  cropping  to  corn  or  sugar  beets. 
Where  alfalfa,  brome  grass,  or  wheat  had  been  grown  continuously  the  soils 
did  not  contain  so  large  amounts  of  nitrates  as  occurred  with  the  various  crop- 
ping systems  noted  above. 

Soil  survey  of  Monroe  County,  Ala.,  H.  C.  Smith,  A.  L.  Pa'trick,  and  J.  F. 
Stroud  (17.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Adv.  Sheets  Field  Oper.  Bur.  Soils,  1916.  pp.  5S,  figs. 
3^  map  1). — ^Thls  survey,  made  In  cooperation  with  the  State  of  Alabama,  deals 
with  the  soils  of  an  area  of  647,680  acres  situated  in  the  southwestern  part  of 
the  State,  and  Ijing  entirely  within  the  Gulf  Coastal  Plain.  The  topography  of 
the  county  ranges  from  prairie-like  to  rough,  about  one-sixth  being  untillable, 
one-sixth  flat  land,  and  the  remainder  rolling  to  hilly.  Approximately  80  per 
cent  of  the  area  is  upland.    Natural  drainage  is  generally  well  established. 

The  upland  soils  of  the  county  have  been  derived  from  lime-bearing  rocks, 
noncalcareous  siliceous  rocks,  and  from  unconsolidated  deposits  of  sand,  clay, 
and  gravel.  In  addition,  areas  of  terrace  soils,  derived  from  old  alluvium,  are 
found  largely  above  ordinary  overflow,  while  flood-plain  soils  occur  which  are 
overflowed  several  times  annually.  Exclusive  of  meadow,  27  soil  typf s  of  17 
series  are  mapped.    Orangeburg  fine  sandy  loam,  Ruston  gravelly  sandy  loam, 


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4&0  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  ITol.40 

Sttsquetuinna  clay,  and  Norfolk  fine  sandy  loam,  are  the  principal  soil  types, 
occupying  10.1,  9.3,  9.2,  and  8.4  per  cent  of  the  total  area,  respectively. 

Soil  surrey  of  Porter  County,  Ind.,  T.  M.  Bushnkll  and  W.  Babbett  {U.  & 
Dept  Agr.,  Adv.  Sheets  Field  Oper.  Bur.  8oiU,  1916,  pp.  47,  figs.  2,  map  1).— This 
survey,  made  in  cooperation  with  the  Indiana  Department  of  Geology,  deals 
with  the  soils  of  an  area  of  265,600  acres  situated  in  the  northwestern  corner 
of  the  State.  The  main  physiographic  divisions  comprise  the  glacial  Lake 
Chicago  Plain  lying  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county,  the  Valparaiso  moralnic 
system  across  the  center,  and  the  Kankakee  Basin  located  in  the  southern  and 
southeastern  section.  Except  for  a  narrow  belt  of  sand  dunes  along  Lake 
Michigan,  the  topography  of  the  northern  and  southern  parts  of  the  area  is 
generally  level  to  gently  doping,  while  that  of  the  moraine  belt  includes  con- 
siderable rough  land.  Drainage  is  generally  well  established  over  most  of  the 
moralnic  region,  but  the  Kankakee  Basin  is  said  to  lack  good  natural  drainage. 

The  soils  of  the  county  are  of  glacial,  glacial-lake,  and  alluvial  origin.  In 
addition  to  muck,  dunesand,  and  swamp,  23  soil  types  representing  11  series 
are  mapped.  Miami  silt  loam,  occupying  16.4  per  ce:jC  of  th«s  total  area,  is 
the  principal  type  encountered. 

Soil  survey  of  Cleveland  County,  K.  C,  E.  S.  ^anatta  and  F.  N.  M-Dowkll 
( U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Adv.  Sheets  Field  Oper.  Bur.  Soils,  1916.  pp.  S7,  pis.  f .  ,^«.  2, 
map  1). — ^This  survey,  made  in  cooperation  with  the  North  Carolina  Departu  ent 
of  Agriculture,  deals  with  the  soils  of  an  area  of  299,520  acres,  situated  ^n 
the  south-central  part  of  the  western  half  of  the  State,  and  lying  almost  wholly 
within  the  Piedmont  Plateau  province.  The  mountain  range  along  the  northern 
border  of  the  county  and  outlying  ridges  within  the  county  are  included  in 
the  Appalachian  Mountain  province.  The  topography  of  the  area  is  described 
as  that  of  a  broad  plain  of  moderate  elevation  sloping  southward,  with  occa- 
sional mountains  and  hills  standing  out  prominently  above  the  surrounding 
country.    Natural  drainage  is  well  established  throughout  most  of  the  area. 

The  upland  soils  of  the  county  are  derived  from  the  underlying  rocks,  includ- 
ing granites,  gneiss,  schist,  and  diorite.  In  addition  to  meadow  and  rough 
stony  land,  13  soil  types  of  6  series  are  mapped.  Cecil  sandy  clay  loam  and 
Cecil  clay  loam,  occupying  41.1  and  21.5  per  cent  of  the  total  area,  respectively, 
predominate. 

Soil  survey  of  Payne  County,  Okla.,  W.  B.  Cobb  and  H.  W.  Hawkeb  (tJ.  S. 
Dept.  Agr.  Adv.  Sheets  Field  Oper.  Bur,  SoUs,  1916,  pp.  S9,  figs.  2,  map  1).— This 
survey  deals  with  the  soils  of  an  area  of  444^00  acres  situated  in  the  north* 
central  part  of  the  State,  and  lying  in  the  transition  belt  between  the  prairies 
and  plains.  The  topography  of  the  county  varies  from  level  to  gently  undulat- 
ing, and  in  the*westem  and  eastern  parts  to  rolling.  Natural  drainage  Is  wen 
established  in  practically  all  parts  of  the  area. 

The  upland  soils  of  the  county  are  residual  in  origin,  being  derived  largely 
from  sandstone  and  shale,  and  in  the  eastern  part  from  limestone.  Areas  of 
eolian  and  alluvial  soils  also  occur.  Eighteen  soil  types  representing  11 
series  are  mapped.  Vernon  loam  occupying  24.1  per  cent  of  the  total  area,  and 
Vernon  very  fine  sandy  loam  occupying  19.9  per  cent,  are  the  prevailing  types. 

Analyses  of  West  Virginia  soils,  R.  M.  Salter  and  C.  F.  Wells  {West  Vir- 
ginia Sta.  Bui.  168  {1918),  pp.  S6,  fig.  1).— This  forms  the  second  report  (B.  S. 
R.,  36,  p.  722)  on  chemical  studies  of  the  most  important  soil  types  found  in  the 
State  and  presents  the  results  of  analyses  of  the  first  240  samples. 

It  has  been  concluded  that  the  average  West  Virginia  soil  contains  about  1,100 
lbs.  of  phosphorus  per  acre  to  a  depth  of  6}  in.,  while  55  per  cent  of  the  soils 
examined  contained  less  than  this  amount    Many  of  the  soils  were  also  deficient 


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WW]  SOn^ — FERTILIZERS.  421 

in  organic  matter.  Over  40  per  cent  of  the  soils  had  less  than  2,500  lbs.  of 
nitrogen  per  acre,  more  than  80  per  cent  showed  a  need  of  lime,  while  over  75 
per  cent  contained  more  than  20,000  lbs.  of  potassium  per  acre. 

Effect  of  farm  manure  in  stimulatiniT  the  yields  of  Irrigated  field  crops, 
C.  S.  ScoriELD  (Jour.  Agr.  Research  {U.  fif.],  15  U918),  No.  9,  pp.  -^55-505).— Ex- 
periments are  reported  in  this  article,  a  contribution  from  the  Bureau  of  Plant 
Industry  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  in  which  "  the  effect  of  manure 
on  the  yields  of  Irish  potatoes  and  sugar  beets  under  Irrigation  has  been  tested 
for  six  years  in  seven  rotations  at  each  of  three  different  stations  in  the  north- 
em  Great  Plains.  Comparison  is  made  between  the  yields  of  these  crops  when 
grown  in  rotations  without  manure  and  when  grown  in  the  same  sequence  in 
other  rotations  in  which  manure  Is  applied  at  the  rate  of  12  tons  per  acre  once 
during  the  cycle  of  the  rotation. 

"  It  is  concluded  that  the  effect  of  the  manure  has  been  to  increase  the  yield  of 
potatoes  about  40  bu.  per  acre  at  Scottsbluff,  Nebr.,  about  84  bu.  at  Bellefourche, 
S.  Dak.,  and  about  26  bu.  at  Huntley,  Mont.  The  proportion  of  marketable  pota- 
toes was  increased  about  8  per  cent  at  Scottsbluff  and  about  7  per  cent  at  Belle- 
foorche^  while  at  Huntley  the  proportion  of  marketable  potatoes  was  not  influ- 
enced materially.  The  yield  of  sugar  beets  was  increased  4.3  tons  per  acre  at 
Scottsbluff,  1.9  tons  at  Bellefourche,  and  2.6  tons  at  Huntley,  without  material 
change  in  the  sugar  content  of  the  beets  in  any  of  these  localities. 

**  In  five  of  the  seven  rotations  considered,  the  increased  yields  were  from  the 
crop  immediately  following  the  application  of  the  manure.  In  the  other  two 
rotations  the  yields  were  from  crops  produced  the  second  season  after  the 
manure  was  applied.  The  increases  in  yield  shown  in  these  two  cases,  as  well  as 
the  effects  observed  with  other  crops  grown  in  these  rotations,  show  that  the 
benefit  of  the  manure  was  appreciable  for  two  years  or  more  after  it  was 
appUed." 

Plant  products  and  chemical  fertilizers,  S.  H.  Coluns  {London:  Bailli^e 
TindaU  d  Cox,  1918,  pp.  XVI+2S6,  fig.  1;  rev.  in  Sci.  Prog.  {London'i,  1$  {1919), 
No.  61,  pp.  500,  501). — This  is  one  of  a  series  of  volumes,  edited  by  S.  Rldeal, 
designed  to  give  a  comprehensive  survey  of  the  applications  of  chemistry  in 
industry  and  to  serve  as  a  guide  to  the  standard  literature  on  the  subject.  It  is 
not  intended  to  be  a  textbook,  but  to  serve  as  an  adjunct  to  the  ordinary  text- 
book. 

The  plan  of  the  book  is  to  "  pick  up  the  story  of  those  industrial  waste  prod- 
ucts which  are  useful  as  fertilizers,  and  carry  it  on  through  the  soil  and  crops, 
until  new  products  are  available  for  industrial  uses."  It  is  divided  into  four 
parts,  namely,  fertilizers,  soils,  crops,  and  the  production  of  meat,  and  the 
topics  discussed  vary  from  the  properties  and  uses  of  the  various  fertilizers,  to 
the  chemistry,  characteristics,  and  usee  of  the  crops  produced.  There  are  also 
sections  devoted  to  the  calorific  value  of  foods,  the  future  prospects  of  scientifi- 
cally controlled  agriculture,  and  to  the  discussion  of  labor  difficulties  and  edu- 
cation of  land  workers.  Special  bibliographies  are  Included  in  each  section  and 
a  general  bibliography  is  given  for  the  whole  volume. 

[Tertilisem  in  relation  to  aerrlcultural  production  in  the  United  States  in 
1010]  (17.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Off.  Sec.  Circ.  125  {1919),  p.  «5).— Discussing  agricul- 
toral  production  in  1919,  with  special  reference  to  crops  and  live  stock,  it  is 
stated  that  for  the  first  six  months  of  1918  there  was  produced  in  the  United 
States  approximately  3,500,000  tons  of  mixed  fertilizers  and  1,400,000  tons  of 
add  phoei^ate,  practically  all  of  which  was  used  on  the  spring  crops  of  that 
year,  with  little  carry-over  for  fall  use. 

**The  prospects  of  adequate  supplies  of  fertilizer  for  use  this  spring  are 
good.    The  supplies  of  nitrogenous  materials  will  probably  be  ample.    There 


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422  EXPERI>fENT  STATIOK  RECORD.  [Vol.  40 

are  large  stocks  of  nitrate  of  soda  in  the  country  which  were  brought  in  for 
munition  purposes  and  are  now  available  for  agriculture,  and  in  addition  the 
producing  capacity  of  ammonium  sulphate  plants  has  been  Increased  from  aboat 
200,000  tons  in  1913  to  approximately  400,000  tons  at  present"  The  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  has  procured  a  supply  of  nitrate  of  soda,  which  it  is  pre- 
paring to  distribute  to  farmers  at  cost  for  cash  under  much  the  same  plan 
as  was  followed  last  year. 

"Acid  phosphate  supplies  should  be  ample  to  meet  all  demands,  since  there 
is  a  large  surplus  of  sulphuric  acid  producing  capacity  in  the  country,  and  our 
own  supplies  of  phosphate  rock  are,  of  course,  available  to  practically  any 
extent  demanded.  The  indications  are  that  supplies  of  European  potash  can 
not  be  secured,  either  from  Alsace  or  from  Germany,  In  time  for  use  this 
spring." 

[Fertilizer  needs  of  England,  France,  and  Italy],  W.  O.  Thompson, 
R.  A.  Peabson,  T.  F.  Hunt,  and  D.  R.  Cokeb  (In  Rpt.  Agr,  Com.  Europe. 
Washington:  U.  S,  Dcpt.  Agr,,  1919,  pp.  13,  16,  31,  32,  64,  66,  80). — In  this  report 
on  agricultural  conditions  in  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Italy,  of  the  Agri- 
cultural Commission  to  Europe  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  708),  It  Is  stated,  with  refer- 
ence to  fertilizers,  that  the  situation  in  Great  Britain  "is  serious,  hot  not 
nearly  so  bad  as  it  would  have  been  without  the  fertilizer  by-products  from 
manufacturing  and  munition  making." 

The  outstanding  fertilizer  shortage  and  needs  In  France  Is  also  noted  and  it 
Is  stated  that  "the  one  requirement  of  French  agriculture  upon  which  the 
French  authorities  are  agreed  Is  the  need  of  commercial  fertilizers." 

The  fertilizer  situation  in  Italy  Is  stated  to  be  causing  much  anxiety.  "It 
is  said  that  only  about  16  per  cent  of  the  normal  amount  of  phosphates  is  now 
available.  The  phosphate  question  was  referred  to  as  the  most  serious  agri- 
cultural question  in  Italy  for  the  next  few  years.  On  considerable  areas  it 
has  been  the  custom  to  secure  nitrogen  through  alfalfa  and  to  accumulate 
phosphate  through  Its  application  each  year  for  about  three  years.  Then  the 
land  was  plowed  and  planted  to  wheat  without  phosphate.  The  lack  of  this 
fertilizer  during  a  short  period  of  years  is  likely  to  have  a  serious  effect  for 
a  prolonged  period.  .  .  .  The  potash  question  Is  not  so  serious.  Some  sub- 
stitutes have  been  found  for  the  usual  forms  of  potash.  These  substitutes  In- 
clude olive-oil  residues  and  some  local  mineral  deposits.  Nitrates  are  made 
In  Italy  from  water  power,"  but  during  the  war  the  quantity  available  for 
agriculture  was  reduced  to  about  one-third  the  normal  amount  because  of 
munitions  requirements.  The  situation  was  made  still  more  difficult  because  of 
the  failure  of  shipments  of  ammonium  sulphate  from  England. 

Experiments  with  fertilizers,  E.  B.  Stookey  {Washington  8ta.,  West.  Wash. 
Sta.  Mo.  But.,  6  {1919),  No.  10,  pp.  138-141,  fig.  i).— Field  tests  of  various  fer- 
tilizer treatments  made  on  muck  soil  for  a  period  of  five  years  and  on  Paget 
fine  sandy  loam  and  Everett  gravelly  sandy  loam  for  one  year  are  briefly  de- 
scribed. On  all  three  types  of  soil,  manure  Is  said  to  have  produced  better 
results  than  any  of  the  commercial  fertilizers  used.  The  muck  showed  a 
marked  deficiency  in  potash. 

[Nitrate  of  soda  for  com  in  the  South]  {U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Weekly  Neics  Let- 
ter, 6  {1919),  No.  30,  p.  4)* — Observations  for  one  season  on  the  effect  of  sodium 
nitrate  upon  corn  In  the  South  were  made  In  9  counties  In  South  Carolina,  7 
In  Alabama  and  Virginia,  5  In  Georgia,  and  4  in  North  Carolina,  by  the  Bureau 
of  Plant  Industry  In  cooperation  with  the  States  Relations  Service.  The 
nitrate  was  applied  at  a  uniform  rate  of  100  lbs.  per  acre  after  the  corn  was 
above  the  ground,  usually  after  It  had  attained  a  height  of  18  In.    Classify hig 


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moi  S0II5 — ^FERTILIZEBS.  423 

tbe  farms  as  good  and  ordinary,  the  results  for  all  tests  showed  average  yields 
of  90.1  bn.  per  acre  wlthont  nitrate  and  80.4  bn.  with  nitrate  on  the  former,  as 
compared  with  20.8  bn.  without  nitrate  and  27.5  bu.  with  nitrate  on  the  latter. 

Experiments  on  the  value  of  greensand  as  a  source  of  potassium  for  plant 
culture,  R.  H.  True  and  F.  W.  Geise  {Jour.  Agr,  Research  [V,  £f.],  15  {1918), 
No.  9,  pp.  489-492,  pU.  B). — In  the  experiments  described  in  this  article,  a  con- 
tribution from  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, the  availability  of  the  potash  in  samples  of  greensand  and  greensand 
marl  from  New  Jersey  and  Virginia,  containing  from  1.62  to  7.68  per  cent  of 
total  potash,  was  studied  in  pot  experiments  with  wheat  and  red  clover,  com- 
parative tests  being  also  made  with  other  forms  of  potash. 

The  conclusions  reached  were  that,  as  shown  by  pot  experiments  carried 
out  with  crushed  quartz  and  Shive's  culture  solution  as  a  basis,  '*  greensands 
and  greensand  marls  from  Virginia  and  New  Jersey  are  able  to  supply  sufficient 
potassium  to  satisfy  the  demand  of  Turkey  red  wheat  and  red  clover  during  the 
first  two  months  of  their  growth.  This  enables  them  to  make  a  greater  dry 
weight  of  tops  than  was  seen  in  similar  cultures  in  which  the  potassium  demand 
was  supplied  by  potassium  chlorid,  potassium  sulphate,  and  potassium  phos- 
phate. The  prompt  availability  of  sufficient  potassium  to  meet  the  needs  of 
many,  perhaps  most,  farm  crops  seems  to  be  indicated.*' 

Limestone  action  on  acid  soils,  R.  Stewast  and  F.  A.  Wtatt  {lUinoia  fifto. 
Bitl  212  {1919),  pp.  26&-296,  fig.  i).— Experimental  work  begun  in  1902  on  the 
Odin  experiment  field  in  Marion  County  and  in  1912  on  the  Newton  field 
in  Ja^)er  County  is  described,  in  which  observations  have  been  made  upon  the 
effect  of  limestone  on  the  surface  soil,  loss  through  drainage,  the  Influence  of 
applications  of  limestone  to  surface  soil  upon  acidity  in  the  subsurface  and  sub- 
soil, the  relative  value  of  high-calcium  and  dolomitic  limestone,  the  effect  of 
the  degree  of  fineness  upon  loss  and  upon  acidity,  and  the  comparative  effect 
and  loss  of  light  and  heavy  applications.  Considerable  tabular  data  are  pre- 
sented and  fully  discussed  showing  the  rates  and  form  of  lime  applied  to  the 
various  plats,  and  giving  information  relative  to  the  amount  of  residual  llmc- 
stxme  and  degree  of  soil  acidity  found  and  destroyed  with  tho  different  treat- 
ments. Based  on  the  evidence  secured,  the  following  conclusions  with  regard 
to  the  common  prairie  land  of  southern  Illinois  are  deemed  Justified. 

An  application  of  one  ton  of  limestone  per  acre  once  in  three  or  four  years  is 
snificient  to  keep  the  soil  alkaline,  after  the  initial  acidity  has  been  destroyed 
by  heavier  applications.  Dolomitic  limestone  can  be  used  successfully  on  acid 
soils,  being  slightly  more  effective  than  high-calcium  limestone  in  neutralizing 
soil  acidity,  being  more  durable,  and  having  no  injurious  effects  on  crop  yield& 

Results  obtained  on  the  Newton  field  failed  to  show  that  finely  ground  lime- 
stone was  more  effective  in  correcting  soil  acidity  than  was  the  total  product 
from  a  i-ii^*  screen,  which  contained  both  the  finer  material  for  immediate  use 
and  the  coarser  material  for  greater  durability.  It  is  stated  that  this  "  mill- 
ran  **  product  appeared  to  be  the  most  economical  form  to  use,  although  final 
conclusions  must  await  further  data  concerning  crop  yields. 

On  the  Odin  field  after  fourteen  years  one-half  the  acidity  in  the  subsurface 
■oil  was  neutralized  where  the  larger  applications  had  been  made  to  the  sur- 
face, and  one-ft>urth  where  the  lighter  applications  had  been  made,  while  appli- 
cations of  limestone  to  the  surface  soil  seemed  to  have  no  effect  upon  the  acidity 
of  the  subsoiL  The  amount  of  native  limestone  found  in  the  subsoil  was  a  vari- 
able quantity,  none  being  present  in  some  cases,  even  at  a  depth  of  40  in., 
wblle  in  other  cases  it  extended  upward  even  slightly  into  the  subsurface  solL 
112874*— 19 3 


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424  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEOOBD.  [ToL40 

The  annual  loss  of  limestone  from  the  soil  depended  upon  a  number  of  factors, 
among  which  were  the  kind,  form,  and  amount  of  lime  added.  The  data  pre- 
sented are  held  to  indicate  that  the  annual  loss  of  limestone  is  not  so  large 
as  is  generally  assumed,  the  average  loss  for  all  determinations  with  the  surface 
20  in.  of  soil  being  760  lbs.  per  acre  from  the  Newton  field  and  542  lbs.  from  the 
Odin  field.  A  study  of  the  total  calcium  is  said  to  indicate  that  the  actual  loss 
of  bases  may  have  been  less  than  is  shown  by  these  figures,  which  are  based 
upon  the  carbon  dloxid  and  acidity  determinations. 

*'  It  is  very  evident  from  the  data  presented  that  chemical  analysis  may  be 
depended  upon  to  measure  the  acidity  in  the  soil,  the  reduction  in  acidity  due  to 
the  action  of  limestone  applied,  and  also  to  find  the  limestone  still  remaining 
in  the  soil,  whether  from  applications  made  or  from  a  supply  native  to  the 
soil." 

Conunerdal  fertilisers,  1018,  C.  D.  Woods  {Maine  Sia.  Off.  Insp.  90  ilSlS), 
pp.  101-120), — ^Tbis  reports  the  results  of  actual  and  guarantied  analyses  of  295 
samples  of  fertilizers  and  fertilizing  materials  collected  during  1918. 

AOBICXriTUBAL  BOTAin. 

Atmospheric  electricity  as  an  environmental  factor,  I.  J^sgensen  and  W. 
Stiles  (Jtmr,  Ecology,  5  (1917),  No,  S-4,  pp.  20S-209)  .—Thia  is  largely  a  dis- 
cussion of  a  paper  by  Rose  Stoppel,  not  yet  available,  in  which  she  Is  said  to 
have  shown  that  atmospheric  electricity  may  have  a  profound  influence  on 
certain  vital  processes  in  the  plant.  This  has  led  to  the  inference  that  atmos- 
pheric electricity  is  to  be  reckoned  with  as  one  of  the  environmental  factors 
affecting  the  life  of  the  plant. 

On  the  ecology  of  the  vegetation  of  Breckland.— V,  Observations  relating 
to  competition  between  plants,  E.  P.  Fabrow  {Jour.  Ecology,  5  {1917),  No.  5-4, 
pp.  155''172,  pi.  1,  flgs.  2).— This  article  deals  with  cases  illustrating  the  oper- 
ation of  competition  between  plants  in  mixed  associations,  competition  between 
pure  plant  associations,  destruction  of  competitors  (by  means  of  fallen  dead 
fronds,  as  in  case  of  PterU  aquilina),  and  a  biological  barrier  to  rhizome  spread 
of  Carex  arenaria  (caused  by  a  layer  of  dead  fallen  leaves  from  a  single  row 
of  pines). 

On  competition  between  Galium  sazatile  (G.  hercynicum)  and  G.  sylvestre 
(G.  asperum)  on  different  tjrpes  of  soil,  A.  O.  Tanslet  {Jour.  Ecology,  S 
{1917),  No.  S-4,  pp.  175-175).— Studies  carried  out  on  G.  saxatile  and  G.  9yl- 
vestre  (the  former  preferring  light  siliceous  soils,  the  latter  limestone  hills  and 
pastures)  are  described  in  some  detail  for  mixed  sowings  made  on  a  calcareous 
garden  soil  of  medium  texture,  a  noncalcareous  garden  loam,  a  strongly  add 
peat,  and  a  natural  sandy  woodland  loam. 

The  caldfugous  species  O.  saxatile  is  heavily  handicapped,  especially  in  the 
seedling  stage,  on  calcareous  soils,  being  unable  to  compete  with  G.  sylvestre, 
which  is  more  severely  handicapped  and  subordinated  on  add  peat,  though 
both  species  can  establish  themselves  and  grow  for  several  years  on  either  soil 
if  the  handicap  of  competition  with  other  vegetation  Is  not  too  severe.  On 
sandy  loam  from  a  healthy  woodland  both  species  germinate  freely,  and  both 
growing  better  during  the  first  year  than  thereafter,  the  relations  between  the 
two  spedes  resembling  those  obtaining  on  peaty  soil. 

Plant  life  on  saline  soils,  T.  H.  Keabnet  {Jour.  Wash.  Acad.  8ci.,  8  {1918), 
No.  5,  pp.  109-125). — Following  a  discussion  of  the  physiology  of  the  halo- 
phytes,  the  author  considers  the  question  of  the  rdle,  if  any,  played  by  sodium  In 
plant  nutrition,  discussing  the  possible  significance  of  such  a  relation  In  view 


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1W01  AGRICULTURAL  BOTANY.  425 

of  a  possible  continuance  of  hostile  control  of  the  great  potash  deposits.  The 
opinloa  is  expressed  that  when  potassium  is  not  available  in  sufficient  quantity 
soaie  of  the  physiological  functions  normally  performed  by  that  element  may 
be  assumed  by  sodium.  Regarding  the  nature  of  these  functions,  several  sug- 
gestions are  given. 

A  comparative  study  of  salt  requirements  for  young  and  for  mature  buck- 
wheat plants  in  sand  cultures,  J.  W.  SmvE  {Soil  8ci,,  6  (1918),  No.  X,  pp.  ISt, 
figs.  S). — ^Thls  is  a  report  of  work  done  with  sand  cultures  on  the  salt  require- 
ments during  two  different  developmental  periods  of  buckwheat  plants,  cor- 
leiqMuiding  to  that  reported  with  solution  cultures  (E.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  732).  The 
results  obtained  from  the  two  series  of  studies  are  compared  in  this  paper.  The 
sand  cultures  were  supplied  with  nutrient  solutions  of  salts  having  the  same 
range  of  concentration  as  in  the  work  previously  noted. 

The  relation  of  growth  rates  to  variations  in  the  osmotic  proportions  of  the 
solutions  supplied  to  the  sand  cultures  differs  markedly  for  the  two  develop- 
mental periods,  whether  this  be  Judged  by  top  or  root  growth,  transpiration,  or 
water  requirements. 

Factors  determining  character  and  distribution  of  food  reserve  in  woody 
plants,  K  W.  Sinnott  (Bot,  Oaz.,  66  (1918),  No.  «,  pp.  162-115,  figs,  «).— A  study 
of  the  minute  deposits  of  food  materials  in  twigs  and  young  branches  of  different 
Idants  shows  that  in  winter  starch  Is  to  be  found  more  commonly  in  regions 
remote  from  centers  of  conduction  and  in  cells  having  thick  walls  with  small 
pits,  while  fat  is  most  abundant  in  and  near  the  phloem,  close  to  vessels,  and  in 
cells  with  thin  or  unlignified  walls  or  large  pits*  These  facts  indicate  that  the 
character  of  the  food  reserves  In  any  cell  depends  primarily  upon  the  readiness 
or  difficulty  with  which  water  or  solute  reaches  the  cell,  fat  appearing  in  the 
former  case,  starch  in  the  latter.  ThlB  suggests  that  differences  in  the  type  of 
food  reserve  may  be  due  to  differences  In  water  content  of  the  various  storage 
cells  (resulting  In  modification  of  enzym  activity)  or  to  differences  in  the  ease 
with  which  enzyms  liave  access  to  the  storage  cells. 

The  nature  and  rdle  of  mitochondria  in  vegetable  cells,  A.  Guilliebmond 
(Compt.  Rend.  Soc  Biol.  {PaHa-l,  80  {1917),  No.  19,  pp.  917-924,  pis.  2).— The 
author  replies  to  some  objections  offered  to  his  views,  as  set  forth  in  connection 
with  his  various  contributions,  regarding  the  characters  and  significance  of 
certain  bodies  or  structures  said  to  be  present  in  the  cells  of  both  animals  and 
plants. 

The  formation  of  nitrites  from  nitrates  in  aqueous  solution  by  the  action 
of  sunlight,  and  the  assimilation  of  the  nitrites  by  green  leaves  in  sunlight, 
B.  Moose  {Proc.  Roy.  8oo.  [London],  Ser.  B,  90  {1918),  No.  B  627,  pp.  158-167).^ 
The  author  considers  the  assumption  to  be  entirely  untenable  that  the  green 
cell«  complex  and  highly  organized  as  it  now  is,  constituted  at  the  dawn  of  life 
the  only  agency  capable  of  utilizing  light  energy  so  as  to  produce  a  gain  in 
chemical  energy.  He  emphasizes  the  imxK>rtance  of  a  study  of  the  action  of 
light  on  organic  substances  present  in  air  and  water  and  supposedly  capable  of 
being  acted  upon  endothermically  by  light  so  as  to  produce  more  complex  com- 
pounds of  organic  character.  A  continuation  of  experimentation  previously 
reported  (B.  S.  R.,  83,  p.  627)  is  said  to  show  that  air,  rain,  and  dew  invariably 
contain  a  mixture  of  nitrites  and  nitrates,  the  former  ordinarily  tending  (on 
their  being  k^t  together)  to  pass  over  into  the  latter,  and  the  process  being 
1-eversed  as  a  result  of  insolation  or  exposure  to  artificial  light  of  short  wave 
length  The  inference  is  that  both  these  nitrogen  compounds  occur  in  atmos- 
pheric air,  and  this  is  said  to  have  been  supported  by  experiments  referred  to. 
The  nitrogen  percentage  requirement  for  plants  is  said  to  average  not  above  5 
per  cent  of  the  carbon  assimilation  requirement 


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426  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEOOBD.  [yoL40 

Sunlight  passing  through  the  npper  layers  of  the  atmosphere,  while  still  rich 
In  nltraviolet  wave  lengths,  mnst  prodnce  vast  amoants  of  ozone,  which  may 
oxidize  nitrogen,  giving  nitrites  and  nitrates.  It  \fi  thought  that  many  of  the 
natural  bleaching,  deodorizing,  and  sterilizing  actions  In  air  and  water,  hitherto 
ascribed  to  hydrogen  peroxld  and  ozone,  are  more  probably  dne  to  nitrites  and 
oxids  of  nitrogen  of  high  dilutions  possessing  an  odor  Indistinguishable  from 
that  of  ozone.  It  Is  stated  that  air  bubbled  through  dIstiUed  water  gives  after- 
wards a  positive  reaction  when  tested  for  both  nitrites  and  nitrates.  It  is  said 
that  neither  hydrogen  peroxld  nor  ozone  exists  at  surface  level. 

Action  of  light  rays  on  organic  compounds,  and  the  photosynthesis  of 
organic  from  inorganic  compounds  In  presence  of  inorganic  colloids,  B. 
MooBE  and  T.  A.  Wibsteb  (Proc.  Roy.  Soo.  {London],  8er.  B,  90  {1918),  No.  B 
627,  pp.  168-186). — Giving  results  of  work  related  to  that  previously  noted 
(E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  627)  and  that  noted  above,  the  authors  state  that  a  number  of 
organic  systems,  in  the  presence  of  carbon  dioxid  and  under  exposure  to  light, 
can  build  up  formaldehyde,  while  others  remain  Inert  The  activity  is  related 
to  the  development  of  an  optimum  degree  of  colloidality,  and  is  probably  not 
due  to  the  formation  of  higher  or  lower  oxids  but  rather  to  surface  condensation 
on  interfaces 

The  report  also  discussed  conditions  favorable  to  condensation  of  formalde- 
hyde to  form-reducing  substances  leading  to  the  formation  of  carbohydrates, 
as  well  as  the  energetics  of  such  a  system  and  the  effects  of  general  or  local 
concentration  upon  which  the  equilibrium  point  depends  in  reversible  reactions. 
A  general  reversible  reaction  is  described  as  a  result  of  which  formaldehyde 
arises  in  all  intense  reactions  of  light  upon  substances  of  biochemical  origin, 
this  reaction  under  excessive  light  being  supposedly  a  reversal  of  the  process  by 
which  all  organic  matter  has  been  built  up  from  inorganic.  Some  bearings  of 
these  points  are  discussed,  in  particular  as  regards  the  germicidal  action  of  sun- 
light and  ultraviolet  rays.  It  is  claimed  that  the  simple  organic  products  so 
formed  are  incompatible  with  the  life  processes  of  llying  organisms  and  there- 
fore cause  their  destruction. 

The  authors  claim  that  the  building  up  of  organic  from  inorganic  matter 
must  have  preceded  the  advent  of  living  organisms  on  the  earth,  and  that  all 
accumulations  of  reduced  substances  possessing  stores  of  chemical  energy  must 
have  arisen  from  the  energy  of  sunlight 

Oxidases:  With  special  reference  to  their  presence  and  function  in  the  so^ar 
cane,  R.  Nabain  {Agr.  Jour.  India,  Indian  SoL  Cong.  No.,  1918,  pp.  47-^64). — 
In  order  to  throw  light  on  the  question  as  to  whether  or  not  oxidases  can  be  re- 
garded as  enzymic,  the  author  has  made  a  study  of  the  presence  and  behavior  of 
oxidcuses  in  sugar  cane,  the  phenomenon  of  browning  and  the  chromogen  of  the 
cane,  the  action  of  preservatives,  the  effect  of  medium  on  the  action  of  the 
oxidases,  the  strength  of  oxidases  in  different  portions  of  the  cane,  the  effect 
of  boiling  the  oxidase  extract,  the  action  of  reducing  agents  on  the  oxidases,  the 
addlty  of  the  cell  sap,  the  starch  potassium  iodid  test  for  oxidases,  the  pres- 
ence of  nitrites  in  the  cell  sap,  and  the  nature  of  oxidases.  The  results  are  de- 
tailed, and  the  conclusion  has  been  reached  that  the  oxidases  are  not  enzymic  tn 
any  sense,  but  that  they  are  probably  compounds  of  some  inorganic  substance 
with  certain  colloids  which  are  probably  not  proteins  as  has  been  supposed. 

The  evaluation  of  the  soil  temperature  factor  in  root  growth,  W.  A.  Gannon 
(Plant  World,  21  (1918),  No.  S,  pp.  5-M7).— -The  author  proposes  the  formula 
TR,  the  product  of  growth  rate  at  a  given  temperature  by  the  time  that  t^npera- 
ture  is  maintained,  for  the  effectiveness  of  temperature  at  a  given  place.  Ac- 
cording, to  this,  the  relative  temperature-growth  effects  on  Oovillea  tridentata 


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1W91  AGBIOUIiTUBAL  BOTANY.  427 

dnriiig  August,  1916,  would  be  at  the  Tucson,  Ariz.,  and  the  Carmel,  Cal.,  labora- 
tories, respectively,  588.7  and  74.4.  Survival  of  this  species  at  the  latter  place 
is  not  considered  probable. 

Determination  of  wilting,  A.  L.  Bakks  {Bot,  Oaz.,  66  (1918),  No.  £,  pp.  81- 
116,  fiQM.  5). — A  studj'  of  Helianthus  annuus,  as  carried  out  during  1915  and 
1916  with  standardized  hygrometrlc  paper  according  to  methods  previously  de- 
scribed (E.  S.  R.,  86,  p.  824),  is  said  to  give  an  accurate  knowledge  of  the  In- 
ternal water  relations  of  the  plant. 

The  exact  wilting  point  occurs  when  there  is  a  serious  rupture  of  the  water 
columns.  The  maximum  is  attained  at  a  time  previous  to  the  greatest  evapora- 
tion. During  the  time  of  approximately  maxinmm  evaporation,  a  marked  fall 
occurs  In  the  index  of  foliar  transpiring  power,  followed  soon  by  a  rise.  The 
ratio  between  maximum  and  minimum  is  not  sufficiently  definite  for  the  expres- 
sion of  a  law.  A  ratio  approximating  unity  marks  a  state  of  intense  incipient 
drsring. 

When  the  maximum  does  not  rise  above  the  usual  minimum,  the  plant  is  near 
its  wilting  coefficient.  High  evaporation  coincides  with  high  transpiration  value, 
but  during  wilting  the  index  of  foliar  transpiring  power  becomes  independent  of 
evaporation.  A  condition  of  equilibrium  is  noted  to  occur  during  the  process  of 
wilting,  the  duration  of  this  condition  supposedly  giving  a  measure  of  the  com- 
parative drought  resistance  of  different  plant&  In  H.  a/rmuus  the  equilibrium 
period  for  1915  was  much  shorter  than  that  for  1916,  when  the  season  was  much 
drier.  Permanent  wilting  occurs  much  sooner  in  old  than  in  young  leaves. 
Stomatal  movements  or  changes  are  not  important  factors  when  the  plant  is  in 
an  intense  state  of  wilting. 

Fertility  in  Cichorium  intybus:  Self -compatibility  and  self -incompatibility 
among  the  ofPsprlng  of  self -fertile  lines  of  descent,  A.  B.  Stout  (Jour.  Qenet- 
icM,  7  {1918),  No.  ft,  pp.  11-109,  pU.  S). — ^This  work  continues,  with  material 
identical  in  part,  that  previously  noted  and  is  also  related  to  some  which  have 
been  reported  more  recently  (B.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  482;  40,  p.  225). 

The  results  presented  in  the  present  paper  pertain  to  the  variation,  the 
heredity,  and  the  results  of  selection  in  respect  to  seed  production  in  progenies 
of  self-fertile  plants  of  chicory,  these  having  first  appeared  sporadically  among 
the  descendants  of  self-sterile  parents.  The  type  of  sterility  previously  studied 
has  been  ascribed  to  physiological  and  not  to  anatomical  incompatibility. 
£mbryo  abortion  resulting  from  gametic  incompatibility  developing  after  fertil- 
ization may,  it  Is  thought,  also  account  in  part  for  the  decreased  seed  produc- 
tion and  poor  germination.  These  facts,  the  many  instances  of  cross-sterility  and 
eelf-sterillty  in  wild  and  cultivated  varieties,  instances  where  self-fertile  plants 
appear  in  the  progeny  of  self-sterile  parents,  and  other  facts  are  thought  to  be 
of  special  Importance  in  their  bearing  on  the  fundamental  problems  of  sexuality 
and  fertilization,  particularly  as  noted  in  the  bisexual  higher  plants. 

The  plants  for  which  data  are  here  presented  and  discussed  in  considerable 
detail  were  descendants  during  and  since  1916  of  three  self-sterile  parents,  two 
of  which  were  of  common,  unimproved  chicory,  these  being  each  crossed  with  a 
wild,  white-flowered  plant  so  that  there  resulted  two  main  families  with  their 
reciprocals.  This  work  is  thought  to  strengthen  the  conclusion  that  self-  and 
cross-incompatibilities  in  chicory  develop  independently  of  anatomical  incom- 
patibility with  its  marked  structural  differences  and  adaptations  for  cross 
pollination  also  Independently  of  embryo  abortion,  at  least  of  tlie  sort  due  to 
malnutrition  of  embryos.  Impotence  and  embryo  abortion  probably  occur,  how- 
ever. In  chicory.  The  new  data  here  reported  are  considered  to  be  in  full  accord 
with  those  previously  noted  in  the  several  contributions  on  this  subject 


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BXPEBIMEKT  8TATI0K  BECX)Ba 


[Vol  40 


FIELD  CBOPS. 

Some  factors  of  success  and  failure  in  dry  fanning,  A.  Kezeb  {Proe.  fioe. 
Prom,  Agr.  SoL,  S8  {1917),  pp.  19-SS). — The  author  presents  a  general  discus- 
sion of  data  obtained  in  farm  survey  work  conducted  by  the  Colorado  Experi- 
ment Station  during  1914  in  El  Paso,  Cheyenne,  Lincoln,  Adams,  and  Logan 
Counties  to  determine  what  farm  methods  are  profitable  under  the  dry  land  con- 
ditions of  eastern  Colorado. 

It  is  concluded  that  a  proper  adjustment  between  live  stock  and  crop  acres  Ib 
essential,  but  that  it  varies  with  locality,  the  best  practice  being  deemed  one 
in  which  all  the  time  possible  is  devoted  to  crop  production  and  Just  eaongli 
live  stock  kept  to  consume  and  furnish  a  market  for  all  crops  that  can  not  be 
marketed  for  cash.  The  highest  labor  Incomes  were  not  obtained  from  the 
farms  having  the  highest  yields,  but  from  those  having  good  yields  on  consider 
able  acreages. 

Arranging  the  farms  In  groups  according  to  the  average  number  of  crop  acres 
per  farm,  the  relative  labor  Incomes  were  found  to  be  as  follows : 

Average  crop  acres  per  farm  and  labor  income  equivaleni. 


County. 

Number 
of  farms 
studied. 

sizeoT 
farm. 

Labor 
income 
equiva- 

County. 

Number 
of  farms 
BtwUd. 

Averan 
size^ 
fann. 

Labor 
iBone 

•fir 

El  Paso 

10 
19 
19 
16 
18 
15 
14 
16 

Onpotree. 

82 
143 
287 

36 

71 
128 

73 
160 

64 
01 
142 
82 
66 
88 
37 
64 

Lincoln 

17 
17 
16 
20 
21 
22 
24 

CVoparm. 
261 
46 
87 
154 
114 
221 
460 

01 

Do 

Adams. 

84 

Do 

Do 

66 

Cheyeime 

Do 

106 

Loffan... 

61 

Do 

Do.::::;:;::; 

140 

T^tiAAln 

Do::::::::::; 

218 

Do 

Other  data  indicate  tliat  the  best  ratio  of  live  stock  to  crop  acres  varies 
from  year  to  year,  but  is  apparently  one  of  8  acres  in  crops  per  animal  unit.  A 
special  study  made  In  Logan  County  showed  the  labor  income  was  higher  for 
that  class  of  residents  which  had  occupied  the  land  from  7  to  10  years  than 
for  that  of  the  10  to  15  or  15  to  20  year  class,  due  to  a  better  balancing  of  live 
stock  and  crop  acres. 

Experiments  in  electrical  stimulation  of  crops,  H.  L.  Washington  (U.  8. 
DepU  Com.,  Com.  Rpts.,  No.  1S4  {1918) y  p.  £140). --This  briefly  notes  experiments 
with  various  crops  grown  on  electrified  and  nonelectrified  areas  in  Calderstones 
Park,  Liverpool,  during  1917.  The  electrical  treatment  consisted  in  the  discharge 
of  a  high-tension  current  from  a  series  of  fine  wires  suspended  above  the  area. 
The  following  table  shows  the  results  obtained  expressed  in  percentages  of 
increase  or  decrease  in  weight  of  the  electrically  treated  crops  In  comparison 
with  the  untreated  crops : 

Effect  of  electrical  stimulation  of  crops. 


Crops. 

Xncrease 
(+)or 
decrease 
(-)  over 
untreated 

Ciopa. 

Increase 
(+)«■ 
decrease 
(— )  over 
untreated 
^  crops. 

Crops. 

Increase 
(+)or 
decrease 
(-)ow 
untoeatad 
crops. 

Beetroot 

Percent. 
+300 

+688 
+  20 

tn 

+467 

Man^Mfl 

Percent. 
+210 

-  16 
+  25 

-  13 

-  2 

Potatoes-Contd. 

Britisb  Queen.... 
Barley 

Percemt, 

Onionn........  ^...». 

swedS:..:::  :.;.:: 

+63 

gggiiii^U) 

Cabbage 

+» 

Great  Soot 

King  Edward 

Barley  straw 

—IS 

+30 

Sugar  beets 

Oat  straw.. 

+  9 

p 

, ,     _      /^r^rr 

U19]  FIELD  OBOPS.  429 

Bzperlmoits  on  the  treatmont  of  growlner  crops  with  overhead  electric  dlo- 
charsres,  J.  Hsnduc  {Soot.  Jour,  ^gr.,  1  (19X8),  No.  t,  pp.  160-111,  ftff- 1:  a&<-  ^ 
Nature  {London^,  101  {1918),  No.  2547,  p.  ^95).— The  application  of  a  high 
teDfllon  dectric  discharge  to  oats,  barley,  hay,  potatoes,  turnips,  and  swedes 
grown  in  rotation  in  experiments  conducted  in  Kincardineshire,  Scotland,  dnring 
tlie  period  ldl8  to  1917,  inclnslYe,  is  said  to  have  failed  to  produce  sufficient 
Increases  in  the  yield  of  the  crops  to  repay  the  cost  of  the  treatment 

The  electrocoltore  of  crops,  I.  JttBOKNSSN  and  W.  Stiles  {8oi.  Prog.  ILondofi]^ 
It  {1918)  No.  48  pp.  609-^1;  8cl.  Amer.  Sup.,  85  {1918),  No.  Z»14,  PP.  866-^68). -- 
Tbe  authors  present  a  brief  review  of  the  more  prcMulnent  experimental  work 
dealing  with  overhead  electrical  discharge  in  relation  to  crop  production,  be- 
ginning with  experiments  made  by  NoUet  in  1747.  They  conclude  that  what- 
ever advances  have  been  made  in  electroculture  In  the  past  have  come  from 
the  physicist,  but  that,  although  a  knowledge  of  physical  methods  is  essential 
for  intelligent  research,  the  problems  involved  are  essentially  problems  of  plant 
physiology. 

[Beport  of  work  with  field  crops  In  Montana]  {Montana  Sta,  Rpt.  1917,  pp. 
^27-^9, 2S7,  t4l0-24ft,  IB55-£54).-~This  describes  the  continuation  of  work  similar 
to  that  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  888),  including  observations  on  small 
grain  variety  tests,  selection  work  with  oats,  tests  of  annual  forage  crops  for 
dry  lands,  fertilizer  experiments  with  small  grains  and  legumes,  and  observa- 
tions on  soil  moisture  under  different  cropping  systems,  all  by  L.  F.  Oleseker, 
weed  control  with  arsenicals,  by  D.  B.  Swingle,  observations  on  the  amount  of 
plant  food  removed  annually  by  difTerent  crops,  by  E.  Burke,  and  variety  tests, 
selection  work,  and  cultural  experiments  with  potatoes,  by  O.  B.  Whipple. 
•  Marquis  spring  wheat  seeded  late  in  the  fall  has  produced  an  average  yield 
of  41il  bu.  per  acre.  A  field  selection  of  Kharkov  also  seeded  in  the  fall  has 
outyidded  all  other  Turkey  Red  and  Kharkov  strains,  producing  an  average 
(tf  49.8  bu. 

CHMervations  of  29  different  correlations  made  on  oats  Introduced  from  New 
York  each  year  and  on  oats  grown  continuously  at  the  station  are  said  to 
Indicate  that  the  same  relationships  hold  under  the  climatic  and  soil  conditions 
ptevailing  in  Montana  for  introduced  oats  as  for  acclimated  sorts. 

Ifaramotfa  Russian  snnfiower,  producing  30.8  tons  of  green  forage  per  acre 
when  seeded  at  the  rate  of  00  lbs.  per  acre  in  8  in.  rows.  Is  described  as  a  promis- 
ing soiling  and  silage  crop.  Under  field  conditions  seeding  in  80  or  86  in.  rows 
is  recommended.  Tields  of  28  tons  per  acre  have  been  obtained  under  irriga- 
tioo  with  the  crop  seeded  at  the  rate  of  16  lbs.  per  acre  in  28  In.  rows.  Analyses 
of  the  dry  material  showed  it  to  contain  0.208  per  cent  of  phosphorus  and  1.96 
per  cent  of  nitrogoi.  A  tabular  statement  is  presented  showing  the  relative 
amounts  of  plant  food  removed  annually  by  different  crops,  from  which  it  is 
concluded  that  sunflowers  remove  more  nitrogen  from  the  soil  than  any  of  the 
grain  or  root  cropa 

Add  phosphate  applied  at  different  rates  to  small  grains  and  legumes  at 
Boseman,  Huntley,  and  Judith  Basin  failed  to  produce  any  marked  increase  in 
yieU.  An  8-ton  application  of  manure  to  dry  land  rotation  crops  failed  to 
give  a  sufficient  Increase  in  yields  to  cover  the  cost  of  application  at  Bozeman 
and  Judith  Basin,  while  the  small  grains  responded  to  the  treatment  at  Huntley. 

Observations  of  soil  moistures  to  a  deptli  of  10  ft.  on  27  differently  cropped 
plats  on  tiie  Fdrt  Ellis  fkrm  for  the  past  eight  years  have  led  to  the  following 
conclusions: 

The  seasm  is  deemed  to  be  a  greater  factor  in  governing  crop  yields  than 
cultural  methods.    Small  grains  yielded  best  on  those  plats  in  which  the  sea- 


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430  EXPEBIMBKT  STATIOK  BEOOBD.  [YoLM 


sonal  moisturd  pmetrated  eadi  year  to  tJie  sobsoil  moUitare.    Spring  wlieat, 
barl^,  and  oats  removed  moisture  from  the  soil  to  a  depth  of  ftom  5  to  6  ft, 
alfalfa  trouk  9  to  10  ft,  and  brome  graaa  from  6  to  7  ft,  plant  roots  removlnf 
the  moisture  from  the  soil  zones  where  It  is  most  available.    Less  than  a  third        \ 
of  the  annual  rainfall  has  been  retained  in  dean  summer-fallowed  land.    Bx- 
cept  in  seasons  of  heavy  rainfall,  small  grains  grown  on  summer-fallowed  land        \ 
removed  all  the  available  soil  moisture  by  the  time  the  grain  was  in  the  headiag       j 
stage,  the  yields  being  largely  dependent  on  the  seasonal  rainfall  received  after        : 
this  period.    Manuring  and  deep  plowing  held  a  large  percentage  of  the  sea- 
sonal moisture  In  the  surface  soil,  while  plowing  to  a  depth  of  5  or  6  In.  witili 
a  shallow  surface  soil  mulch  permitted  the  moisture  to  poietrate  Into  the  seb- 
solL    Intertilled  crops  such  as  com  did  not  start  active  growth  until  after  the 
greater  part  of  the  seasonal  rainfall  had  fallen.    These  crops  matured  early, 
leaving  a  portion  of  the  seasonal  moisture  In  the  soil  for  snbseQuent  crops. 
Weeds  were  found  to  be  by  far  the  greatest  factor  In  removing  the  molstnra 
content  of  the  summer  fallow  during  the  summer  months. 

Spraying  perennial  weeds  with  sodium  arsenite  is  said  to  have  given  promising 
results  with  poverty  weed  (Iva  axiUaria)  and  blue  lettuce  {Laatuca  pkieheUa), 
while  the  results  with  Canada  thistle  {OarduuM  orvenHt)  and  weeds  of  the 
same  general  habit  of  g«*owth  were  less  encouraging. 

The  maximum  potato  yield  for  the  season  was  88,270  lbs.  per  acre  from 
Mills  Prize.  Of  seed  selected  In  various  ways  that  chosen  by  noting  the  vigor 
of  the  vines  gave  the  highest  yield,  resulting  in  increases  In  several  varieties 
of  over  80  per  cent  By  varying  the  environment  under  which  seed  was  grown 
in  1916,  yields  ranging  from  16,700  to  24,000  lbs.  per  acre  within  the  same 
variety  were  secured  in  1917.  Selecting  culls  from  a  crop  grown  from  culU 
has  not  seriously  reduced  the  yielding  power  of  Russet  Burbank,  Rural  New 
Yorker,  or  Early  Rose.  Seed  from  thinned  plats  is  said  to  have  hi^^r  yield- 
ing powers  than  that  from  unthinned  plats.  Very  little  dlfPerence  was  noted 
whether  Green  Mountain  potatoes  were  planted  12,  10^  18,  or  24  in.  apart  in 
the  row. 

[Work  with  field  crops  on  the  SoottsblulK  reclamation  project  ezperiment 
farm  in  1017],  J.  A.  Hoij>en  {U.  8.  Dept.  Affr.,  Bur.  Plant  Indui.,  Work  8eM9- 
bluff  E»pU  Farm,  1917,  pp,  lB-14, 19--^,  £5-£8).*-This  reports  the  continuation 
of  work  along  tbe  same  general  lines  as  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  130), 

Alfalfa  yields  ranged  from  8.44  tons  per  acre  for  native  to  4.68  tons  for  Baltic 
with  an  average  of  4.19  tons  for  the  seven  varieties  tested.  Harrowing  with  a 
spring-tooth  harrow,  disking,  and  manuring  alfalfa  resulted  in  yields  of  4.88, 
4.53,  and  4.61  tons  per  acre,  rei¥>ectively,  as  compared  with  4.48  tons  from  un- 
treated checka  Alfalfa  seeded  alone  in  the  spring  after  beets  in  the  irrigated 
rotation  experiments  has  produced  a  4-year  average  yield  of  1.55  tons  per  acre 
the  first  season,  as  compared  with  4.21  tons  from  alfalfa  seeded  in  the  fall  in 
oat  stubble. 

Sugar  beets  thinned  at  the  ordinary  time  and  10  and  20  days  later  resulted  in 
average  yields  amounting  to  17.16,  13.77,  and  0.61  tons  per  acre,  reefpectively. 
The  decrease  in  the  value  of  the  crop  due  to  late  thinning  is  estimated  to  hava 
been  $18.66  per  acre  where  thinning  was  delayed  10  days  and  $48.58  where  It 
was  delayed  20  day&  An  average  increase  in  yield  of  sugar  beets  of  4.61  tons 
per  acre  has  been  secured  where  the  beets  fallow  manure  and  5.21  tons  where 
they  follow  alfalfa  the  second  and  third  season  after  it  has  been  plowed  up. 
Alfalfa  land,  pastured  by  hogs  receiving  different  quantities  of  grain  during  1914 
and  1915,  produced  816  bu.  of  potatoes  in  1916  and  ia29  tons  of  beets  in  1917, 
as  compared  with  288.3  bu.  of  potatoes  and  16.72  tons  of  beets  during  the 
period  from  land  producing  alfalfa  hay  during  1914  and  1915. 


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IMft]  FIELD  CROPS.  481 

Qia&t  Bttendorf;  with  a  yldd  ot  28.46  tons  per  acre,  was  first  in  variety  tests 
with  mangels.  Sugar  beets  on  similar  land  and  grown  under  similar  conditions 
IkToduced  17.16  tons  per  acre.  Mangels  are  said  to  be  much  more  difficult  to 
silo  saccessfolly  than  sugar  beet& 

In  potato  variety  tests,  Rural  was  first  with  a  yield  of  4S4.9  bu.  per  acre, 
with  Red  Triumph  and  Downing  next  in  order  with  456  bu.  and  465.1  bu.,  re- 
q;»ectively.  A  date-of-planting  test  was  made  in  which  potatoes  were  planted 
at  four  weekly  intervals  beginning  June  11.  The  yields  decreased  consistently 
with  an  advance  of  the  planting  date,  ranging  from  272.6  bu.  per  acre  for  Eureka 
seeded  June  11  to  126  bu.  for  the  July  2  planting,  and  from  842.2  bu.  for  the 
June  11  planting  of  Pearl  to  208.9  bu.  for  the  July  2  planting.  Rural  seeded 
July  2  produced  218.7  bu.  It  is  suggested  that  potatoes  may  prove  satisfactory 
for  recropping  blown-out  sugar-beet  land.  Potatoes  following  alfalfa  in  the 
Irrigated  rotation  experiments  produced  an  average  yield  of  2d8  bu.  per  acre 
and  following  manure  198.6  bu.,  as  compared  with  188.6  bu.  where  potatoes  were 
grown  without  alfftlfa  or  manure.  The  average  increase  in  yield  for  a  6-year 
period  has  amounted  to  104  bu.  per  acre  after  alfalfa  and  48.1  bu.  after  manure. 

Dry-Land  White  com,  with  a  yield  of  71.5  bu.  per  acre,  was  first  in  variety 
testa  Oalico  com  from  locally  grown  seed  produced  68.8  bu.  per  acre,  while 
that  from  seed  grown  in  the  eastern  part  of  Nebraska  yielded  only  87.4  bu.  of 
inferior  com.  In  the  irrigated  rotation  experiments  com  produced  on  the  aveiv 
age  48.5  bu.,  while  com  following  alfalfa  showed  an  increase  of  14.6  bu.  Com 
following  oats  is  said  to  have  shown  a  slight  advantage  over  that  following  a 
cultivated  crop.  Planting  com  after  sugar  beets  can  not  be  recommended. 
Net»ra8ka  White  and  Hagner  Yellow,  with  yields  amounting  to  16.9  and  15.9 
tons  per  acre,  respectively,  were  the  highest  yielding  varieties  in  silage  tests. 
RusBdan  sunflowers  produced  22.93  tons  of  silage. 

Red  Mexican,  tepary,  large  navy,  small  navy,  and  pinto  beans  produced  17.4, 
16.2, 15.5, 14,  and  13  bu.  per  acre,  respectively. 

In  cereal  variety  tests  the  yields  of  spring  barley  ranged  from  87.2  bu.  per 
acre  for  Bald  to  79.4  bu.  for  Trebi,  of  spring  oats  from  64.4  bu.  for  Kherson  to 

70.4  bu.  A>r  Newmarket,  and  of  spring  wheat  from  49.4  bu.  for  Galgalos  to  52.9 
bu.  for  B^oturka. 

Oats  grown  in  the  irrigated  rotation  experiments  were  badly  damaged  by 
grasflihopperB,  but  produced  at  the  rate  of  71.6  bu.  per  acre  as  an  average  for  all 
plats.  The  residual  effect  of  manure  applied  to  the  previous  crop  produced  an 
increase  of  17iS  bu.  per  acre,  and  oats  following  alfalfa  showed  an  increase  of 

19.5  bu.  Smaller  yields  were  obtained  where  oats  followed  a  grain  crop  than 
where  they  followed  potatoes  or  beets,  while  still  larger  yields  were  obtained 
where  tJiey  were  grown  on  disked  corn  land. 

Wheat  after  alfalfa  produced  40.2  bu.  per  acre,  and  after  oats  28.7  bu.  Winter 
whealT grown  continuously  for  6  years  yielded  28.3  bu. 

(Beport  of  field  crops  work  at  the  Umatilla  reclamation  project  experiment 
farm,  OreiTM  la  1917],  B.  W.  Aixen  (17.  8.  Dept.  Agr,,  Bur.  Plnnt  Indus.,  Work 
UmoHOa  Bopt,  Farm^  1917,  pp.  9,  lt-14,  IJ-iO,  t7-^0,  fig.  1), — In  a  continuation 
of  work  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  431)  this  describes  the  progress  of 
fertilizer  tests  with  com,  irrigation  experiments  with  alfalfa,  variety  trials 
with  pasture  grasses,  and  observations  on  vetch  seed  production,  together  with 
a  report  on  crop  rotation  and  lyslmeter  investigations  conducted  by  H.  K. 
Bean. 

The  yields  of  com  per  acre  ranged  from  3.15  tons  of  lleld-cured  com  for  the 
no  fertilizer  plat  with  an  annual  vetch  crop  to  7.66  tons  for  the  plat  receiving 
blood  meoL 


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432 


EXPBKIlfEirr  STATION  BECOBD. 


IToL40 


Rye  grown  as  a  cover  crop  after  alfalCa  attained  a  height  of  2.9  ft.  with  no 
manure,  3.2  ft.  with  manure  applied  at  the  rate  of  8  tons  per  acre,  and  8.8  ft 
with  a  82-ton  application,  as  compared  with  a  growth  of  1.3,  1.8,  and  2.4  ft, 
respectively,  after  feterita.  Alfalfa  yields  following  8-  and  32-ton  applications 
of  manure  amounted  to  5.47  and  6.25  tons  per  acre,  respectively,  as  compared 
with  4.47  tons  without  manure.  Feterita  following  alfalfa  showed  a  marked 
superiority  over  that  following  a  cover  crop  of  rye  and  vetdi  with  respect  to 
the  number  of  plants  maturing  heads,  yield,  and  height,  weight,  stalks,  and 
mature  heads  per  plant,  the  greatest  Increases  occurring  without  manure. 

Applying  different  amounts  of  water  to  alfalfa  at  intervals  of  1,  2,  and  S 
weeks  resulted  in  average  yields  of  5.d8,  5.57,  and  3.97  tons  per  acre,  re- 
spectively, for  the  period  of  1914-1917,  inclusive.  The  respective  yields  per 
acre-foot  of  water  amounted  to  0.87,  1.41,  and  1.41  tons.  The  use  of  4  acre-In. 
of  water  per  application  at  intervals  of  two  weeks  is  deemed  best. 

The  arrangement  and  methods  of  cropping  the  lysimeters  and  observations 
on  the  amount  of  moisture  lost  through  percolation,  evaporation,  and  transpira- 
tion from  the  differ^it  soil  types  may  be  summarized  as  follows : 


Summary  of  re8uit9  obtained  iti  lyHmeter  4$weatiffatioH»,  ' 

BoUtype. 

Crop. 

AlMk 

yield 

aone. 

Total 
water 

pSSi. 

Pereolation. 

fir^nntiOQ- 
transpbBtiaa. 

Lyri- 
me- 
ter. 

Total. 

Pei^ 
centaee 

1^ 

Total. 

esal- 

S: 

Medium  s&nd 

Po 

None. 

Tom. 

In, 
flX86 
«4.86 
63.88 
68.86 
48.76 
48.76 
47.76 
6L76 

In. 

4X006 

2&.886 

17.960 

12.083 

6.266 
U.058 
None. 
None. 

Peru. 
68.4 

39.0 
88L6 
19.1 
12.8 
38.8 

In. 

ia8S4 

8^.073 

44.801 

6a837 

42.S04 

34.917 

48.760 

SLTM 

Pfl-tf. 

3L6 

Vetofa  and  Boy  beans 

6ai 

Do...... ......: 

Rveandalfeffe 

1.W 
&54 

1.95 
1.19 
8.02 
a.  38 

71  4 

Po 

Alfalla  (manured) 

Alfalfa 

8019 

Fine  sHiQd 

87  3 

Coarse  Muid 

....do 

7L3 

smiSiv!?!::::::: 

....do 

gut  loam 

...do 

Lysimeters  1  to  4,  inclusive,  received  8.86  in.  rainfall  during  the  year,  while 
numbers  5  to  8,  inclusive,  which  were  started  later  in  the  season,  received  3.70 
in.  During  1917  the  irrigation  water  and  percolate  were  tested  for  total 
solids,  and  calcium,  carbonates,  blcarbonates,  chlorids,  sulphates,  and  nitrates 
were  found.  It  is  stated  that  in  no  instance  was  the  amount  of  salt  constituents 
added  to  the  soil  by  irrigation  or  that  leached  out  by  percolation  sufficient  to 
affect  the  soil  materially.  More  nitrogen  was  leached  from  all  lysimetess  than 
was  added,  except  in  number  5.  A  net  loss  of  carbonates  occurred  in  all 
lysimeters  except  those  having  the  fine  and  the  coarse  sand,  respectively,  while 
more  blcarbonates  were  lost  than  added  to  lysimeters  1  to  3,  inclusive,  and 
more  added  to  than  lost  from  numbers  4  to  8.  The  sulphate  represented  a  net 
gain  for  all  lysimeters,  and  the  chlorids  for  all  except  number  1.  There  was 
a  net  loss  of  nitrates  in  the  percolate  of  all  lysimeters. 

Brief  notes  are  given  on  the  germination  and  general  appearance  of  14 
varieties  of  grasses  and  2  of  clover  grown  in  a  test  of  pasture  grasses.  Meadow 
fescue,  English  rye-grass,  tall  oat-grass,  timothy,  orchard  grass,  western  rye- 
grass, and  alsike  and  white  clover  are  said  to  be  promising  sorts  for  oae  In 
ihlxed  pastures  on  sandy  soil  if  the  land  is  prepared  for  frequent  and  evea 
irrigation* 


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WW]  FIELD  CBOPS.  488 

Aiq[»rozlmately  2,500  lbs.  of  vetch  seed  grown  between  orchard  trees  were 
harvested  from  10  acres  of  land. 

[Beport  of  field  crops  work  on  the  Tuma  reclamation  project  experiment 
farm  in  1917],  R.  E.  Biaib  (17.  S.  Dept  Agr„  Bur.  Plant  Indus,,  Work  Yuma 
Expt,  Farm,  1917,  pp.  1^21,  2S-S2,  45,  figs.  7).— -This  describes  the  continuation 
of  work  along  the  same  general  lines  as  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  433). 

In  cotton  variety  tests  the  Egyptian  varieties  Pima  and  Tuma,  a  selected 
strain  of  Dorango,  and  Dixie,  a  short  staple  sort,  were  the  highest  yielding 
khids,  producing  2,184,  2,169, 2,022,  and  2,020  lbs.  of  seed  cotton  per  acre,  respec- 
tively. Larger  plantings  of  Pima,  Tuma,  Durango,  Acala,  and  Tuxtla  resulted  In 
average  yields  of  seed  cotton  amounting  to  1,669,  1,686,  1,882,  2,033,  and  1,918 
lbs.  per  acre,  respectively.  The  estimated  total  cost  of  production  ranged  from 
$107.85  per  acre  for  Tuxtla  to  $139.57  for  Tuma,  while  the  total  net  return  per 
acre  ranged  from  $122.49  for  Tuxtla  to  $250.27  for  Pima. 

In  thinning  tests  with  Egyptian  cotton  the  highest  yield  of  Pima,  1,661  lbs. 
of  seed  cotton  per  acre,  was  obtained  from  one  thinning  to  a  distance  of  from 
17  to  19  in.  between  plants,  and  the  highest  yield  of  Tuma,  1,732  lbs.,  from  plants 
thinned  twice  to  a  distance  of  from  9  to  11  In.  between  plants.  Similar  tests 
made  with  Durango,  Acala,  and  Tuxtla  resulted  in  Increased  yields  for  all 
varieties  from  delayed  final  thinning  and  a  relatively  close  spacing  of  plants  In 
tbe  row  as  compared  with  only  one  thinning  at  an  earlier  date  and  a  greater 
distance  between  plants.  Egyptian  cotton  produced  slightly  better  results  when 
grown  by  the  furrow-and-bed  method  thap  by  the  ordinary  method  of  planting. 
The  highest  yield  of  Pima  was  obtained  from  plats  having  the  pairs  of  rows 
spaced  6  ft  apart  between  the  centers  of  the  furrows,  although  the  increase  in 
.yldd  was  not  deemed  sufficient  to  Justify  the  extra  dlfiiculty  In  handling 
the  crop  as  compared  to  plantings  with  the  furrows  7  to  8  ft.  apart.  The  best 
results  were  also  obtained  with  the  plants  thinned  to  from  12  to  16  in.  apart. 
The  highest  yield  of  Durango  cotton  was  secured  from  plats  with  the  furrows  8 
ft  apart 

Variety  tests  with  alfalfa  resulted  In  yields  of  field-cured  hay  of  3.12  tons  per 
acre  for  hairy-leaved  Peruvian,  2.36  tons  for  Indian,  2.25  tons  for  smooth-leaved 
Peruvian,  and  2.22  tons  for  common  Chilean.  Tlelds  of  alfalfa  seed  were 
obtained  as  follows :  Arabian,  202  lbs.  per  acre,  Chilean  135  lbs.,  Peruvian  130 
lbs.,  and  Grimm  110  lbs.  Hairy-leaved  Peruvian  sown  In  20-ln.  rows  produced 
562  lbs.  of  seed  per  acre,  as  compared  with  431  lbs.  when  sown  broadcast.  Addi- 
tional hay  yields  were  obtained  amounting  to  3.78  and  5.35  tons  per  acre, 
respectively. 

White  dorra.  Dwarf  mllo.  Dwarf  hegarl,  and  feterlta  grown  on  a  field  basis 
in  variety  tests  with  grain  sorghums  produced  36.7,  31.3,  29.8,  and  29.5  bu.  p^ 
acre,  respectively.  Brown  kaoliang  grown  on  a  limited  scale  yielded  36.6  bu.  of 
grain.  In  spacing  tests  with  Dwarf  mllo  the  maximum  yields  Were  obtained 
where  the  plants  were  spaced  12  in.  apart  in  the  row,  amounting  to  36.2  bu.  on 
medium  heavy  soil  and  82.2  bu.  on  light  soil.  From  94.2  to  98.7  per  cent  of  the 
heads  were  well  filled  on  the  medium  soil  and  from  85.8  to  90.8  per  cent  on  the 
light  soiL 

Date-of-seeding  tests  were  made  with  flftx  sown  In  30-ln.  rows  at  Intervals  of 
15  days  from  November  25  to  February  1,  Inclusive.  The  highest  .yield,  26.1  bu. 
per  acre,  was  obtained  from  the  December  15  planting,  with  the  J^anuary  2 
planting  next  in  order  with  24.5  bu.  Rate-of-seeding  tests.  In  which  fiax  was 
sown  broadcast  at  a  rate  of  from  18  to  60  lbs.  per  acre,  resulted  In  yields  ranging 
from  a96  bn.  for  the  18  lb.  rate  to  10.9  bu.  for  the  40  lb.  rate,  although  25  lbs. 
of  seed  la  deemed  sufficient 


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484  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEGORD.  iYiA,4Xi 

Tests  of  forage  sorghams  for  simp  production  made  in  cooperation  with  the 
U.  S.  Indian  Service  resulted  in  yields  of  simp  amounting  to  200  gaL  per  acre 
for  Gooseneck,  176  gal.  for  White  African,  149  gal.  for  Honey,  and  70  gaL  fbr 
Sumac.  Sorghum  grown  on  soil  containing  much  wliite  alkali  was  found  to  be 
undesirable  for  sirup  production. 

Amraoti  and  Bangalia  field  peas  gave  the  highest  yield  of  seed,  15.45  and  1Z35 
bu.  per  acre,  respectively,  while  selections  of  the  Tangier  pea  grown  during  1917 
failed  to  produce  yields  equal  to  these. 

Chufas  are  said  to  have  produced  much  higher  yields  on  medium  soil  than  on 
sandy  soil.    Yields  of  2.1  tons  of  tubers  and  2  tons  of  hay  per  acre  were  obtainei 

The  failure  of  rice  on  the  i^roject  is  briefly  noted,  and  the  possible  danger  to 
all  other  crops  of  raising  the  water  table  of  areas  adjacent  to  land  being  heavily 
irrigated  for  rice  is  indicated. 

Eastern-grown  seed  of  a  strain  of  Irish  Gobbler  potatoes  was  compared  with 
seed  grown  as  an  autumn  crop  on  the  experiment  farm  the  preceding  year,  and 
also  with  seed  from  the  spring  crop  of  the  preceding  year  that  had  been  shipped 
to  a  cool  climate  for  summer  storage.  Yields  amounting  to  89.3,  28.3,  and  36.6 
bu.  per  acre,  respectively,  were  obtained. 

Beport  on  the  department  of  ag^riculture,  Barbados,  1016-17,  J.  R.  Bovell 
{Rpt.  Dept.  Agr,  Barbados,  1916-17,  pp.  tSO). — ^This  reports  the  progress  of 
work  with  sugar  cane,  cotton,  cassava,  economic  Galadiimi  and  Xanthosoma, 
various  legumes,  yams,  sweet  potatoes,  and  miscellaneous  fodder  crops  along 
the  same  general  lines  as  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  526). 

Field  experiments  [in  Ireland],  ftl7  {Dept,  Agr,  and  Tech,  Inatr.  Ireland 
Jour.,  18  (1918),  No.  2,  pp.  158-168) .--The  results  of  fertilizer,  variety,  and 
cultural  tests  with  potatoes  already  noted  (E.  S.  B.,  38,  p.  432)  are  reviewed, 
and  variety  tests  with  winter  wheat  are  briefly  reported.  Queen  Wllhelmina. 
Square  Head  Master,  and  White  Stand-up  tested  at  22  centers  during  1917 
produced  average  yields  of  approxlmaely  46.2,  43.9,  and  41.5  bu.  per  acre,  re- 
spectively. 

Cereal  culture  in  Kew  Castile,  Spain,  Q.  Quintaniixa  (BoL  Agr.  T^  y 
Econ.,  10  (1918),  No.  110,  pp.  115-192;  abs.  in  Intemat.  Inst.  Agr.  [Rome}, 
Intemat  Rev.  8oi.  and  Pract.  Agr.,  9  (1918),  No.  7,  pp.  782-784) .—This  article 
reviews  the  available  data  on  weather  conditions  (temperature  and  rainfall) 
of  New  Gastlle  in  relation  to  the  production  of  crops,  particularly  cereals. 

"The  author  lays  stress  on  the  necessity  of  such  examinations  of  the  soil 
as  will  immediat^y  give  the  data  by  which  it  is  possible  to  calculate  approxi- 
mately the  probability  of  growing  successfully  any  crop  in  a  country  with  » 
unfavorable  a  climate,"  and  on  the  importance  of  choosing  resistant  types  (pref- 
erably native),  the  date  of  sowing,  and  the  character  of  soil 

The  influence  of  chemical  fertilizers  on  the  composition  of  grain  {Agr.  Mod, 
IMilanl,  2S  {1917),  No.  20,  pp.  «^5-»e7).— Experimental  work  with  wheat  and 
corn  is  briefly  described  showing  the  effect  on  the  composition  of  the  grain  of 
the  application  of  nitrates,  phosphates,  and  potash  to  different  soils.  The 
results  indicated  a  general  increase  in  the  weight  of  grain,  total  nitrogen, 
and-  phosphoric  add  content,  and  the  amount  of  dry  gluten  for  the  fertiliced 
over  the  unfertilized  grain. 

Relative  effect  of  sodium  chlorid  on  the  development  of  certain  legumes, 
G.  W.  Hendby  {Jour.  Amer.  Soc.  Agron.,  10  {1918),  No.  $,  pp.  246^49)  .—TWb 
paper,  a  contribution  from  the  University  of  Galifomla,  describes  experiments 
in  which  13  varieties  of  legumes  were  grown  in  the  greenhouse  in  glass  jars 
containing  chemically  pure  quartz  sand  to  which  sodium  chlorid  was  added  in 
amounts  representing  0.04,  0.16,  0.8,  0.5,  and  1  per  cent  of  the  dry  weight  of 


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1019]  FIELD  CROPS.  435 

the  sand.  Observations  were  made  on  the  relative  effects  of  the  different 
concentrations  upon  the  life  period,  height  of  growth,  and  leaf  area  for  all  the 
▼arietles  studied,  and  npon  nodnle  development  and  the  blossoming  period  In 
certain  of  the  varieties. 

Windsor  bean  {Vicia  faba),  Blackeye  cowpea  {Vigna  sinensis),  and  Mexican 
garbanzo  {Cioer  arietinwn)  were  found  to  be  less  affected  by  sodium  chlorld 
than  the  other  varieties  tested,  while  Lewis  lima  (Phaseolus  lundtus),  and 
White  tepary  (P.  acutifoUus  var.  latif alius)  were  less  affected  than  the  other 
varieties  of  P.  vulgaris  employed  In  the  test.  None  of  the  plants  grew  in  the  1 
per  cent  solution,  while  only  the  Windsor  bean  and  the  Mexican  garbanzo  sur- 
vived In  the  0.6  per  cent  solution. 

Nodules  developed  on  all  varieties  except  the  lima,  tepary,  and  garbanaso, 
and  were  most  numerous  and  largest  In  the  control  cultures,  diminishing  In 
size  and  number  as  the  concentration  of  the  solution  Increased,  and  disap- 
pearing entirely  In  the  0.8  per  cent  solution.  Differences  In  the  degree  of 
Injury  sustained  by  the  different  legumes  with  regard  to  nodule  production 
are  held  to  Indicate  a  spedflc  alkali  tolerance  for  the  nodule-forming  organ- 
isms themselves.  Other  effects  of  sodium  chlorld  upon  plant  development  In- 
cluded retardation  of  germination,  height  of  growth,  and  blossoming  period, 
reduction  In  the  number  and  size  of  leaves,  and  premature  death. 

Our  colonial  acrrlculture. — XTT,  Fibers,  Q.  van  Itebson,  jb.  {Onze  Koloniale 
Landbouio. — XII,  Vezelstoffen.  Haarlem:  JET.  D.  Tjeenk  Willink  d  Son,  1917,  pp. 
80,  figs,  4S). — ^Thls  Is  one  of  the  series  of  popular  handbooks,  edited  by  J. 
Dekker,  on  the  agricultural  products  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies.  It  deals  with 
the  production  and  utilization  of  various  fiber  plants. 

Field  beans,  G.  Stewabt  (Utah  Sta.  Circ,  S7  (1919),  pp.  3-45,  figs,  15).— This 
Is  a  rather  detailed  account  of  the  distribution  and  adaptations  of  the  crop,  to- 
gether with  a  description  of  the  field  practices  and  cultural  methods  employed 
In  growing,  harvesting,  thrashing,  and  marketing  beans  In  Utah.  Brief  notes 
are  presented  on  bean  pests  and  on  the  utilization  of  beans. 

Little  Navy  Wonder,  Utah  Pea,  White  Marrow,  and  Michigan  Pea  are  deemed 
to  be  the  best  varieties  In  the  order  named. 

Our  colonial  agriculture.— ^IX,  Cassava,  K.  R.  F.  Blokzeijl  (Onze  Koloniale 
Landhouw,-^IX,  De  Cassave,  Haarlem:  H,  D,  T^eenk  Willink  d  Son,  1916,  pp. 
VIII-{'76,  figs.  24)' — ^Thls  Is  one  of  the  series  of  popular  handbooks  noted  above. 
It  deals  with  the  cultural  methods  and  field  practices  employed  In  growing 
cassava,  and  gives  a  rather  detailed  account  of  the  preparation  of  the  different 
products  obtained  from  the  plant  A  brief  account  of  the  history  and  bo- 
tanical relationships  of  the  plant  and  of  cassava  diseases  is  also  included,  and 
the  results  of  chemical  analyses  of  the  roots  are  noted. 

Breeding  new  castor  beans,  O.  B.  White  (Jour,  Heredity,  9  (1918),  No.  5,  pp. 
i95-M0,  figs,  6), — ^The  author  briefly  outlines  the  possibilities  of  crop  Improve- 
ment with  the  castor  bean  on  the  basis  of  observations  made  In  breeding  work  at 
the  Brooklyn  Botanic  Garden.  Many  varieties  are  said  to  breed  true  to  their 
most  prominent  characters  immediately.  Even  under  favorable  conditions  crosa- 
ponination  was  observed  In  only  about  5  per  cent  of  the  plants. 

Belatlon  between  yield  and  ear  characters  in  com,  T.  B.  Hutcheson  and 
T.  K,  WoiJB  (Jour,  Amer,  Soc.  Agron.,  10  (1918),  No.  6,  pp.  250-^55).— The 
authors  describe  work  done' at  the  Virginia  Experiment  Station  during  1916 
and  1917  in  a  study  of  the  relation  between  com  yields  and  certain  ear  charac- 
ters of  the  progeny  of  seed  ears  selected  at  random.  Boone  County  White 
grown  at  the  station  for  nine  years  and  selected  for  earllness  was  employed. 
In  1916  12  high-yielding  and  10  low-yielding  strains,  and  In  1917  9  hlgh-yleldlng 


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436  BXPBRIBCElfrr  station  B£CX)BD.  (VqI.40 

and  11  low-yleldlng  strains  were  selected  for  examination.  The  high-yield- 
ing strains  produced  20.77  bu.  more  per  acre  than  the  low-yieiding  strains  in 
1016  and  14.72  bu.  more  in  1917. 

The  data  relative  to  the  yarious  ear  characters  were  in  dose  accord  for  the 
two  years  and  in  general  favored  the  high-yielding  strains.  A  significant  coire- 
lation  was  observed  between  yield  and  length,  average  drcnmference,  average 
circumference  of  cob,  uniformity  of  exhibit,  shape  of  ears  and  trueness  to  type, 
character  of  tips,  uniformity  of  kernels,  and  shape  of  kernels  and  size  of  genu, 
while  the  correlation  between  yield  and  ratio  of  butt  to  tip  circumference,  per- 
centage of  grain,  number  of  rows,  average  length  of  kernels,  character  of  batt«» 
space  between  kernels,  and  epAce  between  rows  was  small.  The  results  are  said 
to  indicate  that  points  emphasized  in  the  com  score  card  may  be  of  value  in 
selecting  high-yitiding  strains,  and  that  high-yielding  strains  are  high-scoring 
strains. 

A  fifth  pair  of  factors,  Aa,  for  aleurone  color  in  maise,  and  Its  relation  to 
the  Co  and  Br  pairs,  R.  A.  Eicebson  {New  York  Comeli  8ta.  Mem,  16  {1918), 
pp.  2Sl-2S9y  fig,  1), — Observations  of  Ft,  Ft,  and  F«  individuals  are  said  to  indi- 
cate the  existence  of  a  fifth  pair  of  aleurone  color  factors  in  addition  to  the 
four  factor  pairs  concerned  in  the  development  of  aleurone  color  in  maize,  pre- 
viously described  by  East  and  Hayes  (B.  S.  R.,  25,  p.  736)  and  Bast  (E.  &  B^ 
28,  p.  634).  Considerable  data  are  presented  in  tabular  form,  and  certain  other 
factors,  genetic  and  otherwise,  concerned  in  aleurone  color  development  are 
discussed. 

The  fifth  factor  pair  designated  as  Aa  was  found  to  bear  such  a  relation  to 
the  other  factors  Cc,  Rr,  li,  and  Pfpr,  that  dominant  A,  0,  and  A,  and  duplex 
recessive  i,  must  all  be  present  for  the  development  of  any  aleurone  color. 
Duplex  pr,  together  with  the  other  factors,  resulted  in  red  aleurone,  while  Pr 
gave  purple.  Fs  ratios  of  colored  to  colorless  approaching  27 :  37  are  noted  and 
are  compared  with  the  well  known  9 : 7  Ft  ratios.  Variation  in  the  percentage 
of  colorless  individuals  was  sufficient  to  cause  an  overlapping  of  the  two 
classes,  the  range  for  the  9 : 7  class  being  from  36  to  53.7  per  cent  and  for  the 
27 :  37  class  from  44.9  to  66.5  per  cent  The  mean  Fs  percentages  were  found 
to  be  42.91  ±0.28  and  57.79  ±0.21  and  the  theoretical  percentages  43.75  and 
67.81,  respectively. 

The  hypothesis  that  color  developed  only  in  the  presence  of  dominant  A,  C, 
and  R,  and  that  all  three  were  heterozygous  in  Fi  was  subjected  to  every 
genetic  test  known  to  the  author  with  results  said  to  be  quite  in  accord  with 
expectations,  as  follows: 

(1)  Colorless  Fi  individuals  bred  true  colorless  in  Ft,  while  colored  Ft  indi- 
viduals were  found  to  be  of  four  kinds  with  respect  to  their  behavior  in  Ft, 
giving  ratios  of  colored  to  colorless  of  1:0,  8:1,  9:7,  and  27 :  37  in  approxi- 
mately the  expected  numerical  relation  of  1 : 6 :  12 : 8,  respectively.  Colored  Ft 
individuals  of  the  9:7  class  were  tested  and  were  found  to  give  Ft  ratios  of 
1:0,  3:1,  and  9 : 7  in  about  the  expected  numerical  relation  of  1:4:4,  respec- 
tively. The  results  in  F4,  so  far  as  determined,  were  in  agreement  with  the 
hypothesis.  (2)  The  seven  classes  of  colorless  individuals  expected  on  the 
basis  of  the  hyi)othesis,  namely,  aCR,  AcR,  ACr,  Act,  aCr,  acR,  and  ocr,  have 
been  found,  demonstration  of  their  existence  having  been  made  possible  by 
the  use  in  crosses  of  the  three  classes  aCR,  AoR,  and  ACr,  known  as  aleurone 
testers,  after  these  had  first  been  isolated  by  random  Intercrosses  of  oolorlesi 
individuals  The  results  expected  from  crossing  the  three  aleurone  testers 
with  each  of  the  27  possible  genotypes  involving  A,  C,  and  R  are  noted,  and  ex- 
amples illustrating  some  of  these  results  are  given.    The  effect  of  the  degree 


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1W»1  FIELD  CROPS.  487 

of  maturity  on  the  development  of  aleurone  qolor  Is  Indicated,  and  the  differ- 
ence in  appearance  of  aleurone  colors  due  to  the  color,  composition,  and  texture 
of  the  underlying  endosperm  are  discussed. 

Certain  previously  unannounced  genetic  factors  influencing  aleurone  color 
and  color  patterns  are  described,  although  the  mode  of  inheritance  of  some 
of  these,  and  their  interrelations  with  other  aleurone  factors,  havQ  not  as  yet 
been  fully  determined. 

Heterozygous  mottling  of  aleurone  color  is  said  to  be  due  to  the  Rr  factor 
pair  or  to  some  factor  closely  associated  with  it  Furthermore  it  was  shown 
by  means  of  reciprocal  crosses  that  mottling  occurred  only  when  R  was  con- 
tributed by  the  male  parent  and  r  by  the  female  parent  of  a  cross,  indicating 
that  colored  aleurone  of  the  constitution  RRR  or  RRr  is  self-colored,  while 
that  of  the  constitution  rrR  is  ordinarily  mottled.  Various  hypotheses  bear- 
ing upon  the  relation  of  iZ  to  mottling  are  discussed. 

Examples  are  presented  of  anomalous  development  of  aleurone  color  result- 
ing in  seeds  that  were  partly  colored  and  partly  colorless,  it  being  demon- 
strated that  R  was  rar^y  if  ever  concerned  in  this  peculiar  coloration,  while 
C  and  A,  the  latter  probably  more  frequently  than  the  former,  were  so  con- 
cerned. Such  colored-colorless  seeds  apparently  occurred  only  when  at  least 
one  of  the  aleurone  color  factors  was  heterozygous,  and  then  only  when  the 
dominant  factor  entered  the  cross  from  the  male  parent  and  its  recessive 
allelomorph  from  the  female  parent  From  these  facts  it  is  inferred  that  the 
aaA  condition  of  the  aleurone,  for  instance,  but  not  the  AAa  and  AAA  condi- 
tions, may  occasionally  result  in  anomalously  colored  seeds.  Three  possi- 
bilities are  discussed  in  this  connection,  vegetative  segregation,  somatic  muta- 
tion, and  aberrant  chromosome  behavior. 

Cotton  variety  tests,  1018,  L.  E.  Rast  {Oa.  State  Col.  Agr.  Giro,  81  (1919), 
pp.  4). — Of  the  38  varieties  of  cotton  tested.  College  No.  1  was  first  in  yield  of 
lint  with  972  lbs.  per  acre,  and  Wanamaker  next  in  order  with  877  lbs.  Based 
upon  the  yield  and  value  of  both  seed  and  lint,  Meade,  a  long-staple  upland 
variety,  is  estimated  to  have  given  the  largest  total  money  return,  $371.80  per 
acre.    College  No.  1  was  second  with  $341.61. 

Varieties  of  cotton,  1900-1917,  W.  B.  Atbes  (Arkansas  Sta.  Bui.  151 
(1918),  pp.  40,  figs.  2). — ^This  bulletin  presents  general  conclusions  and  recom- 
mendations with  regard  to  cotton  varieties  in  Arkansas,  together  with  con- 
siderable tabulated  data  on  yields  of  different  strains  grown  in  numerous  tests 
throughout  the  State  and  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  637). 

It  is  estimated  that  good  varieties  of  cotton  will  produce  for  the  State 
products  worth  $75,000,000  more  annually  than  poor  varieties  and  $26,000,000 
more  than  average  sorts,  and  that  good  varieties  alone  will  increase  the  value 
of  the  cotton  crops  of  the  South  by  $230,000,000  annually.  The  use  of  well- 
bred  seed  from  consistently  high  yielding  varieties  is  recommended,  and  com- 
munity action  for  the  protection  of  seed  cotton  from  deterioration  through 
mixing  at  the  gin  is  urged.  It  is  stated  that  a  few  varieties  could  profitably 
r^dace  the  large  number  now  grown  in  the  State. 

Trice,  Cleveland,  and  early  strains  of  Triumph  are  said  to  be  the  most 
satisfactory  short  staple  varieties  for  the  hill  and  thin  valley  lands  of  north- 
eastern Arkansas,  while  Express  and  early  strains  of  Webber  are  deemed  to 
be  the  best  long  staple  kinds.  Express  and  early  strains  of  Foster  and  Webber 
are  recommended  for  the  better  soils  in  the  bottom  lands  of  this  section  which 
are  adapted  to  long  staple  cotton.  Trice  and  dwarf  strains  of  Cleveland  and 
Triumph  are  regarded  as  desirable  short  staple  varieties  for  these  soils. 

Sxpress,  Foster,  and  Webber,  together  with  early  strains  of  the  last  two 
under  severe  weevil  infestation,  were  found  to  be  the  best  long  staple  varieties 


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438  EXPEEIMBNT  STATION  EBGOBD.  lVoL40 

for  the  better  Bolls  of  the  west-central,  central,  and  east-centra!  parts  of  the 
State,  while  Cleveland  and  early  strains  of  Triumph  were  the  best  short  staple 
sorts.  Where  "benders"  are  desired,  Rowden  and  Lone  Star  are  deemed 
best  On  the  poorer  soils  of  this  region  Trice,  Rnblee,  and  Cleveland  did  welL 
Express  and  Webber  are  recommended  for  hill  lands  where  long  staple  cotton 
is  to  be  grown. 

On  the  thin  soils  of  the  southern  third  of  the  State,  Trice,  Rublee,  and 
Cleveland  were  best.  On  the  better  soils,  long  staple  kinds  such  as  Express, 
Foster,  and  Webber  gave  good  results,  while  Triumph,  Rowdoi,  and  Lone  Star 
also  did  well. 

Varieties  of  cotton.  Summary  1900  to  1917,  W.  E.  Atbes  (ArkoMos  Sta, 
Oirc.  44  (1918) t  pp.  4).— -This  presents  a  summarized  statement  in  tabular  form 
of  the  results  noted  above. 

Production  of  American  Egyptian  cotton,  C.  S.  Sgofield,  T.  H.  KKAsmsr, 
0.  J.  Brand,  O.  F.  Cook,  and  W.  T.  Swingle  (U.  8,  Dept.  Agr,  BuL  H2  (1919), 
pp.  50). —This  is  a  revision  of  Bulletin  332  (E.  S.  R.,  34,  p.  529). 

The  cotton  resources  of  the  [Trench]  colonies,  P.  Boxtsoabde  {BuL  Sac.  Bn- 
cour.  Indus.  Nat  {Parish  1^  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  97-134) .— This  is  a  compre- 
hensive account  of  the  cotton  resources  of  the  French  possessions,  with  a  review 
of  the  position  of  the  French  cotton  industry  with  respect  to  raw  material  and 
of  the  relation  of  the  English  and  German  industries  to  raw  materials. 

Experiment  with  flax  growing  at  the  g>ovemment  farm  at  Gnemmeiaa, 
G.  C.  DUDQEOW  {Min,  Agr.  Egypt,  Tech.  and  8ci.  Serv.  BuL  12  {1917),  pp.  1-9, 
pL  1). — ^Tliis  forms  a  preliminary  report  on  a  study  of  flax  growing^  In  Egypt, 
noting  some  experiments  begun  in  1915  with  Egyptian-grown  seed  to  detennlne 
the  best  rate  of  seeding  and  the  effect  of  different  dates  of  harvesting  on  the 
production  of  both  seed  and  fiber.  The  details  of  weights,  analyses,  and  valua- 
tions were  obtained  from  a  report  on  the  work  made  by  F.  Hughes. 

The  average  maximum  yield  of  seed,  harvested  April  2,  1916,  was  obtained 
from  a  planting  rate  of  approximately  2J27  bu.  per  feddan  (2.19  bu.  per  acre), 
and  amounted  to  about  178.2  lbs.  The  maximum  yield  of  stalks,  harvested  April 
7,  amounted  to  470.75  lbs.,  and  was  obtained  from  a  seeding  rate  of  3.62  bu. 

The  inheritance  of  huU-lessness  In  oat  hybrids,  H.  H.  Lovs  and  G.  P.  He- 
RosTiE  {Amer.  Nat.,  53  {1919),  No.  624,  pp.  5-^,  figs.  7). — ^The  authors  describe 
work  begun  in  1910  at  Cornell  University  in  cooperation  with  the  U.  S.  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  in  which  a  number  of  crosses  were  made  between  hulled 
and  hulMess  types  of  oats.  The  hull-less  oat  used  was  typical  of  the  Avena 
nuda  group,  while  the  hulled  forms  comprised  A.  fatua  and  different  varieties 
of  A.  sativa,  including  Black  Tartarian,  Danish  Island,  Swedish  Select,  and 
Sixty  Day.  In  addition  to  observations  made  upon  the  inheritance  of  hull- 
lessness  studies  were  also  undertaken  to  determine  whether  the  percentage  of 
hulled  plants  secured  from  any  heterozygous  parent  varied  with  the  percentage 
of  hulled  kernels  possessed  by  that  parent,  and  whether  hulled  and  hull-lefls 
kernels  of  a  heterozygous  plant  give  approximately  the  same  results  In  their 
ofbpring. 

It  is  said  to  be  evident  from  the  results  obtained  that  hull-lessneas  exhibits 
a  simple  Mendellan  ratio  of  one  hulled,  two  intermediate,  one  hull-less.  The 
intermediates  showed  all  gradations  of  huU-lessness  from  individuals  nearly 
hulled  to  those  nearly  hull-less.  The  percentage  of  hulled  kernels  on  heteio- 
sygous  plants  appeared  to  indicate  to  some  extent  the  percentage  of  hulled 
kernels  on  the  heterozygous  offspring.  Regardless  of  the  percentage  of  hulled 
kernels  present  on  heterozygous  individuals,  they  tended  in  general  to  produce  a 
1:2:1  ratio.  Hulled  and  hull-less  kernels  fXrom  intermediate  plants  produce^ 
a  similar  ratio. 


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•  Wltl  KBLD  CHOPS.  489 

Selentiao  potato  calture,  A.  J.  Yoxmo,  bb.  (Huntinffton  Beach,  Caik:  Hunt- 
ingicn  Beach  Newe  [IdlS^,  pp.  90,  flgs.  15). — ^A  concise  dlBcnssion  of  the  potato 
and  its  production,  designed  especially  for  the  potato  growers  of  Oalif omia. 

The  effect  of  inoeolation,  fertiliser  treatment,  and  certain  minerals  on  the 
yield,  composition,  and  nodule  formation  of  soy  beans,  O.  R.  Fellers  {Soil 
Sck,  6  (1918),  No.  2,  pp.  81-129,  figs.  5).— Greenhouse  pot  tests  and  field  plat 
experiments  conducted  at  the  New  Jersey  Bzperlment  Stations  are  described. 
Black  Eyebrow  soy  beans  were  grown  without  inoculation,  and  also  with  inocu- 
lation from  soil,  different  commercial  cultures,  and  from  a  pure  culture  of 
BaetUue  radicicola  isolated  from  a  soy  bean  nodule,  to  study  the  effect  of  inocu- 
lation upon  yield,  nodule  formation,  and  composition  of  seed,  with  particular 
reference  to  its  effect  upon  the  protein  and  oil  content.  Similar  observations 
were  made  of  the  effect  of  different  quantities  of  burnt  lime,  ground  limestone, 
and  ground  oyster  shell,  and  of  fertilixers  and  salts  used  alone  and  in  varying 
combinations,  including  add  phosphate,  sodium  nitrate,  potassium  chlorid, 
calciom  carbonate,  manganese  sulphate,  sulphur,  calcium  sulphate,  zinc  sul- 
phate, and  ferric  sulphate.  The  data  are  presented  in  tabular  form,  fully  dis- 
cuased,  and  conclusions  reached  as  follows : 

Oertain  commercial  cultures  of  legume  bacteria  were  found  to  be  unreliable 
for  inoculating  soy  beans,  while  others  were  as  efficient  in  nodule  production  as 
freahly  isolated  cultures  of  B.  radicicola  or  well-infected  soil.  Inoculation 
resulted  in  a  substantial  increase  in  the  yield  of  both  the  total  dry  matter  and 
the  seed  in  every  case.  An  average  decrease  of  8  per  cent  in  the  oil  content  of 
soy  bean  seeds  followed  inoculation,  while  the  protein  content  was  increased  7 
per  cent,  the  respective  decreases  and  increases  being  in  direct  proportion  to  the 
thoroughness  of  inoculation  of  the  plants.  No  differences  were  observed  in  the 
drying  power  of  the  oil  extracted  from  the  seeds  of  inoculated  and  uninoculated 
plants.  It  is  stated  that  the  spread  of  natural  inoculation  in  the  soil  appeared 
to  be  very  small,  unless  B.  radicicola  was  transferred  by  means  of  wind,  water, 
animals,  etc. 

Ground  oyster  shells  and  burnt  lime  were  both  found  to  be  very  efficient  in 
increasing  the  yield  and  total  dry  matter  of  soy  beans  on  acid  soils,  the  increases 
varying  from  ao  to  60  per  cent.  Small  applications  (1,000  to  2,000  lbs.  per  acre) 
were  nearly  as  beneficial  as  large  amounts,  and  are  deemed  preferable  to  a  single 
large  application  if  made  at  intervals  of  a  few  years.  Liming  seemed  to  stimu- 
late nodule  production  by  as  much  as  1,600  per  cent  in  some  cases,  appearing  to 
be  nearly  as  important  as  inoculation,  although  it  is  stated  that  both  should  be 
practiced  for  the  best  results.  Nodule  development  did  not  take  place  readily  on 
add  soil,  even  when  the  root-infecting  organisms  were  plentiful  in  the  soil.  The 
oU  content  of  the  seeds  decreased  in  direct  proportion  to  the  increased  amounts 
of  lime  applied,  while  the  protein  content  increased.  The  average  decrease  in 
the  oil  content  following  liming  was  2.8  per  cent  Small  amounts  of  lime  were 
nearly  as  effective  in  raising  the  protein  content  as  larger  applications. 

Immature  and  small  seeds  were  lower  in  oil  content  than  mature  seeds.  This 
is  thought  to  be  due  possibly  to  the  failure  of  the  reserve  carbohydrates  in  the 
seed  to  be  fully  transformed  into  oil. 

The  yield  of  total  dry  matter  and  seed  and  the  oil  content  of  the  seed  was 
materially  increased  with  small  applications  of  acid  phosphate,  especially  when 
the  soils  were  well  limed,  from  100  to  200  lbs.  per  acre  appearing  to  be  as  bene- 
ficial as  larger  applications.  On  acid  soils  acid  phosphate  failed  to  show  any 
appreciable  increase.  Nodule  production  was  also  stimulated  on  limed  soils  by 
add  phosphate,  but  this  effect  was  not  so  marked  on  add  soils.  Acid  phosphate 
ia2874*— 19 4 


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440  EXPERIHBNT  STATIOK  RECORD.  [Tol.40 

seemed  to  exert  a  beneficial  influence  on  protein  formation  in  seed  on  both  limed 
and  nnlimed  plats. 

Applications  of  from  60  to  400  lbs.  of  muriate  of  potash  per  acre  were  fol- 
lowed by  an  average  increase  of  about  10  per  cent  in  the  yield  of  total  dry 
matter  and  seed  on  both  limed  and  nnlimed  plats,  while  nodule  production  wag 
slightly  stimulated  on  the  limed  plats  but  not  on  the  unlimed.  A  slight  decrease 
in  the  percentage  of  oil  in  the  seeds  followed  the  use  of  potash,  but  little 
influence  on  their  protein  content  was  observed. 

Various  combinations  of  add  phosphate,  muriate  of  potash,  .and  nitrate  of 
soda,  with  lime,  showed  substantial  increases  in  the  yield  of  total  dry  matter 
and,  except  for  two  plats  fertilized  with  manganese  sulphate,  in  seed  as  well. 
That  fertilizer  treatment  which  appeared  to  give  the  greatest  return  for  the 
mon^  invested  on  acid  soils  comprised  from  200  to  900  lbs.  of  add  phosphate, 
together  with  a  ton  of  lime.  Other  fertilizer  mixtures  showed  Increased  yields, 
but  these  were  not  sufficient  to  Justify  their  use.  Nitrate  of  soda,  for  example, 
apparently  increased  the  yield  and  protein  contait  of  the  seed,  but  inhibited 
nodule  formation  and  caused  a  decrease  in  the  oil  content. 

With  manganese  sulphate,  germination  and  early  growth  of  soy  beans  were 
stimulated,  but  not  nodule  production  or  yields.  There  was  little,  if  any,  effect 
upon  the  oil  or  protein  content  of  the  seed. 

Sulphur  did  not  show  increased  yields  of  dry  matter  or  seed  in  applications 
over  100  lbs.  per  acre,  large  amounts  seeming  to  injure  the  plants.  It  is  sug- 
gested that  this  may  have  been  due  to  oxidation  of  the  sulphur  in  the  soil  to 
sulphuric  acid,  thus  producing  acidity.  The  protein  content  appeared  to  be 
increased  by  moderate  applications  of  sulphur  but  was  decreased  by  large 
applications,  the  exact  reverse  being  true  in  the  case  of  the  oil  content.  In 
general,  sulphur  seemed  to  stimulate  nodule  formation.  Caldum  sulphate  in 
amounts  up  to  600  lbs.  per  acre  seemed  to  exert  little  influence  on  the  yield  of 
total  dry  matter  or  seed,  while  with  large  amounts  there  was  an  increase  in  oil 
content  in  the  seed  and  also  a  stimulation  of  nodule  formation.  The  results 
obtained  with  zinc  sulphate  and  ferric  sulphate  are  deemed  incondusive,  but 
these  minerals  seemd  to  stimulate  plant  growth  and  to  give  increased  seed  pro- 
duction. The  protein  content  was  also  apparently  somewtiat  increased  and  the 
oil  content  slightly  decreased. 

A  list  of  54  title?  comprising  the  literature  dted  is  appended. 

Farm  practice  in  growing  sugar  beets  in  Kichigan  and  Ohio,  R.  S.  Wash- 
BX7RN,  L.  A.  MooBHousE,  T.  H.  SuvMBBS,  and  O.  O.  Townsend  (17.  £f.  Dept. 
Agr.  Bui.  748  {1919),  pp.  45,  figs.  16d).--This  bulletin  reports  the  result  of 
studies  made  on  820  farms  in  the  vidnity  of  Caro,  Alma,  and  Grand  Rapids, 
Mich.,  and  in  northwestern  Ohio,  to  ascertain  the  Add  practices  ^nployed  in 
the  production  of  sugar  beets  under  humid  conditions,  together  with  the  cost  of 
growing  the  crop.  The  data  were  obtained  during  the  crop  seasons  of  1914 
and  1915. 

In  the  Michigan  areas,  sugar  beets  followed  com  or  beans  in  the  rotation, 
while  on  89  per  cent  of  the  farms  visited  in  northwestern  Ohio  they  followed 
clover.  Manure  was  applied  at  an  average  rate  of  about  18  tons  per  acre  on 
201  of  the  farms,  while  commercial  fertilizers  were  applied  on  68  per  cent  of 
the  farms  in  the  Caro  region,  47  per  cent  at  Alma,  78  per  c^t  at  Grand  Rapids, 
and  39  per  cent  in  northwestern  Ohio,  the  rate  of  application  ranging  from  130 
to  170  lbs.  per  acre.    Planting  dates  varied  from  April  5  to  June  1. 

Most  of  the  handwork  on  sugar  beets  was  performed  at  a  contract  rate  of 
$18  per  acre  for  beets  grown  in  22-in.  rows,  $16  for  24-in.  rows,  and  $15  for 
28-in.  rows.    Blocking  and  thinning  was  done  by  16  per  coat  of  the  farmerSi 


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1910]  FIELD  OBOPS.  441 

bodns  l^  IT  per  cent,  and  topping  by  10  per  cent,  this  work  b^ng  done  on  a 
contract  basis  on  the  remaining  farms.  At  Garo  growers  produced  on  the 
average  9.72  tons  of  beets  per  acre  at  an  estimated  cost  of  $47.66;  at  Alma  11.4 
tcms  for  $57.42;  at  Grand  Rapids  10.16  tmis  for  $93.05;  and  In  northwestern 
Ohio  18.17  tons  for  $56.04.  A  yield  of  8  tons  or  less  per  acre  produced  by  22 
men  cost  $49,  or  $7.05  per  ton,  as  compared  with  a  cost  of  $68.18  per  acre,  or 
$8.92  per  ton,  for  a  yield  of  14  tons  or  more  obtained  by  25  growers. 

Labor  constitnted  about  64  per  cent  of  the  total  cost  of  producing  sugar  beets 
In  the  region ;  manure,  fertiliser,  and  seed  about  11  per  cent ;  and  insurance, 
taxes.  Interest,  rent,  machinery  charges,  etc,  about  25  per  cent 

Approximately  96  per  cent  of  the  growers  in  Michigan  fed  the  beet  tops  to 
stock,  while  about  one-half  of  the  producers  in  northwestern  Ohio  fed  the  tops 
and  about  one-half  plowed  them  under. 

Sogar  beet  seed,  T.  O.  Palmee  {New  York:  John  WUey  d  Sons,  1918,  pp. 
XV-{'120,  fifft.  54).— This  book  presents  a  comprehensive  discussion  of  the  his- 
tory, deyelopment,  and  present  status  of  the  sugar  beet  seed  Industry,  based 
largriy  on  Information  obtained  during  1908  to  1911,  Inclusive,  when  the 
author  visited  sugar  beet  seed  farms  in  France^  Germany,  Holland,  and  Bo- 
hemia. Seed  growing  in  Washington,  Galifomla,  Utah,  Idaho,  and  South 
Dakota  Is  also  discussed.  Statistical  Information  is  given  showing  the  exports 
and  the  value  of  the  sugar  beet  seed  from  Germany  to  various  countries  and 
from  Russia  into  Germany,  and  the  estimated  sugar  beet  seed  requirements  of 
the  world. 

A  refiaw  6f  the  results  of  field  experiments  with  sugar  cane  In  Java, 
VU-IZ,  J.  M.  Gdebts  (Aro^.  Suikerindus,  Nederland.  Indie,  25  {1917),  No.  4S, 
pp.  leSl-ieSB,  figs.  28;  26  {1918),  No9.  S,  pp.  55-192,  figs.  SO;  i,  pp.  195-tU; 
Meded.  Proefstat.  Java-StUkerindus.,  Landbowok.  8er,,  No.  16  {1917),  pp.  53,  ftgs. 
28;  No.  1  {1918),  pp.  78,  figs.  SO;  No.  2  {1918),  pp.  10).— The  author  presents 
prdlminary  observations  on  the  most  promising  sugar-cane  varieties,  as  indl- 
eited  by  field  tests  for  the  year  ended  January  1,  1917,  reports  the  results  of 
variety  tests  for  the  season  of  1917,  and  reviews  the  results  of  fertilizer  and 
cultural  experiments  with  sugar  cane  in  connection  with  work  previously  noted 
(B.  S.  IL,  87,  p.  426;  88,  p.  516). 

[Javm  canes  in  TucunUUi],  A.  H.  Rosbntsld  {Sugar  {Chicago},  19  {1917), 
No9, 11,  pp.  ^25-4B9,  figs.  2;  12,  pp.  ^7^-476).— This  describes  variety  tests  with 
Java  seedling  canes  at  the  Tucum&n  Experiment  Station,  giving  the  results 
obtained  from  the  plant  cane  and  stubble  from  eight  crops  for  the  period  1911 
to  1016^  inclusive. 

Average  yields  of  cane  were  obtained  amounting  to  76,054  kg.  per  hectare 
(about  83.84  tons  per  acre)  for  Java  86 ;  68,880  kg.  for  Java  218 ;  63^45  kg.  for 
Java  189;  and  47,584  kg.  for  Java  284.  The  average  sucrose  content  of  the 
Juice  was  14.2,  18.9,  12.5,  and  14.9  per  cent,  respectively.  Native  striped  cane 
used  as  a  check  produced  22,494  kg.  of  cane  per  hectare  and  13.4  per  cent  of 
SQcroBe.    The  four  Java  varieties  are  briefly  described. 

Tall  and  winter  planting  [of  sugar  cane]  In  the  Argentine,  A.  H.  Rosen- 
TELD  {Sugar  iCMeagol,  20  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  47,  48).— The  author  presents  a 
brief  review  of  work  begun  in  1911  at  the  Tucum&n  Bxperiment  Station  to 
determine  the  best  planting  date  for  sugar  cane.  The  maximum  yields  of  cane 
were  obtained  from  plantings  made  between  July  15  and  September  15. 

A  cane  drainage  experiment,  A.  H.  Rosxnteld  {Sugar  lOhioago},  20  {1918), 
No.  S,  p.  97).— The  author  describes  field  tests  conducted  at  the  Tucamftn  Ex- 
periment Station  during  1912  and  1913  with  sugar  cane  grown  on  drained  and 
imdrftlned  plats. 


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442  EXPERIMSHT  STATION  BBGOBD.  [Vol.40 

Yields  of  plant  cane  from  the  drained  plat  amounted  to  34,142  kg.  per  hectare 
(about  15.19  tons  per  acre),  and  the  yield  of  stntble  was  48,609  kg.  aa  compared 
with  31,198  and  38,273  kg.  per  hectare,  respectlvelr,  from  the  nndralned  plat 
Analysis  of  the  juice  showed  11.9  per  cent  sucrose  for  the  cane  grown  on  the 
drained  plats  and  12.2  per  cent  for  that  grown  on  nndralned  plats  for  both 
plant  and  stubble  cane. 

Avoiding  frost  damage  to  cane  stools,  A.  H.  Bosknisia  (Suffar  {New  York], 
ftO  {1918),  No,  6,  pp.  182, 18S).— The  author  briefly  describes  experiments  begun 
at  Tucum&n  in  1912  to  ascertain  the  efEect  upon  the  yield  and  stand  of  sugar 
cane  of  covering  the  stubble  to  prevent  injury  from  froet  Gane  cut  in  June 
was  oovered  about  two  weeks  later  with  soil  thrown  up  on  each  side  of  the 
row,  and  the  following  crop  was  harvested  August  9,  1913.  The  covered  stob- 
ble  yielded  at  the  rate  of  39,534  kg.  per  hectare  (about  17.59  tons  per  acre), 
with  719  stalks  per  row  of  100  meters  (about  328  ft.),  as  compared  with  35,970 
kg.  per  hectare  from  uncovered  stubble  averaging  100  stalks  per  row. 

Observations  were  also  made  of  the  effect  of  frost  injury  upon  cane  harvested 
at  different  times.  In  1912  a  series  of  cane  rows  corresponding  to  the  on- 
covered  rows  described  above  were  harvested  June  22,  and  a  second  series 
corresponding  to  the  covered  row  was  harvested  August  2.  The  1913  crop 
was  harvested  July  24,  yielding  at  the  rate  of  31,746  kg.  per  hectare  for  the 
August  stubble  and  23,100  kg.  for  the  June  stubble.  The  average  numbo' 
of  stalks  per  row  of  100  meters  was  626  and  519,  respectively. 

Sweet  tussock  (Fhalaris  bulbosa),  A.  Borro  (Rev.  FacuU.  Agron.  v  Vet.  La 
Plata,  2,  ser.,  IS  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  1-32,  figs.  P).— The  producth^n  and  use  of 
P.  btUb09a,  said  to  be  a  valuable  forage  crop  for  Argentina,  is  described. 

Some  studies  in  blossom  color  inheritance  in  tobacco,  with  special  reference 
to  Nicotiana  sylvestris  and  N.  tabacum,  H.  A.  Ajulabd  {Amer.  Nat.,  5S  (1919), 
No.  624,  pp.  79-^4)' — Grosses  of  pink-flowered  with  carmine-flowered  varieties 
of  tobacco  and  of  carmine  or  pink-flowered  strains  with  white-flowered  sorts 
are  briefly  described.  The  white-flowered  types  used  included  N.  e^lvesirU 
and  N.  tabacum;  the  pink-flowered  varieties  Ck>nnecticut  Broadleaf,  70^eaf 
Cuban,  and  Maryland  Mammoth ;  and  the  carmine-flowered  strain  was  a  variety 
sold  for  ornamental  purposes  as  a  giant  led-flowering  tobacco. 

Carmine  and  pink  behaved  as  unit  diaracters,  carmine  being  dominant  In 
the  Fs  generation  perfect  Mendelian  segregation  occurred,  approximatlDg  very 
closely  the  theoretical  ratio  of  three  carmines  to  one  pink.  Extracted  recessive 
pinks  and  homozygous  carmines  bred  true,  heterozygous  carmines  again  break- 
ing up  into  carmine  and  pink.  Heterozygous  plants  of  the  Fa  generation  crossed 
with  pure  carmine  produced  all  carmine  blossoms,  whereas  when  crossed  with 
pink  both  carmines  and  pinks  appeared  in  approximately  a  1:1  ratio.  In 
crosses  of  carmine  or  pink  with  white,  white  behaved  as  a  recessive  appearing 
in  the  second  generation. 

Trials  with  B^union  tobacco  in  1916-17,  G.  G.  Auchinubck  (Depl.  Agr, 
MauHtius,  Qen.  Ser.,  Bui.  9  {1911),  [BnglUh  £(!.],  pp.  12,  pie.  5).— The  first 
season's  results  of  an  attempt  to  establish  Reunion  tobacco  in  Mauritius  are 
noted. 

A  unique  system  of  curing  the  crop,  knovm  ag  "  carotting,"  is  described,  in 
which  the  leaves  are  rolled  into  torpedo-shaped  bundles  and  secur^  bound 
with  cord,  the  cord  being  tightened  as  the  tobacco  dries  out  The  "carottes" 
are  then  stored  for  two  years  or  more  before  being  fK>ld  to  the  manufacturer. 

Our  colonial  agriculture. — ^VHI,  Tobacco,  O.  de  Vbies  {Onee  KoUmJMe 
Landbouw.—VIII,  Tabak.  Haarlem:  H.  D.  Tfeenk  WitUfik  d  Son,  1915,  w. 
F///-f  79,  /lg9.  ^7).— This  is  one  of  the  series  of  popular  handbooks  edited  by 


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i^i^i  rnsLD  0B0P8.  448 

J.  Dekker,  on  the  agricultural  products  of  the  Dutch  Bast  Indies.  It  deals 
with  the  cultlyation,  harvesting,  and  marketing  of  tobacco,  and  contains 
brief  notes  on  tobacco  diseases. 

Oultnre  and  possible  utilization  of  Typha  in  France,  J.  B.  OftzE  {BuL  Mens. 
Off.  Renseig.  Agr.  [ParU^,  15  {1916),  Deo.,  pp.  490-498) --^J^e  species  of  Typha 
employed  In  France,  their  geographical  distribution  and  cultivation,  and  the 
utilisation  and  exploitation  of  the  roots,  stems,  leaves,  flowers,  and  fruit  are 
briefly  described. 

SprinfiT  wheat  for  Illinois,  W.  L.  Bxtbuson  and  W.  R.  Stabk  {lUinoU  8ta. 
Bui.  tl4  {1919),  pp.  5jr^-^£(^).— ObservaUons  on  growing  spring  wheat  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  State  are  briefly  described. 

Barly  seeding  is  deemed  essential  for  the  best  results,  while  somewhat  higher 
yields  were  obtained  from  the  use  of  an  8  in.  drill  than  with  a  4  in.  drill.  Illinois 
No.  1  was  the  highest  yielding  variety  of  spring  wheat  tested  at  Urbana  (cen- 
tral Illinois),  producing  an  average  of  29.8  bu.  per  acre  for  a  4-year  period, 
while  Marquis  with  an  average  of  84.8  bu.  was  first  at  De  Kalb  (northern  Illi- 
nois). In  central  Illinois  hardy  varieties  of  winter  wheat  have  outyielded  all 
spring  wheat  varieties,  while  at  De  Kalb,  due  to  partial  winterkilling  of  fall- 
sown  wheat.  Marquis  has  produced  an  average  of  2.5  bu.  per  acre  more  than 
Turkey  Red,  the  hardiest  winter  wheat  variety.  At  Urbana  Turkey  Red  winter 
wheat,  Oderbrucker  barley,  and  Sixty  Day  oats  gave  greater  monetary  returns 
per  acre  than  any  spring  wheat,  while  at  De  Kalb,  Wisconsin  Pedigree  barley 
gave  better  returns  than  any  other  spring-sown  crop. 

Fourth  annual  report  of  the  Montana  ffrain  inspection  laboratory,  A.  At- 
KiiiBON  and  B.  W.  Jahnkb  {Montana  8ta.  Bui.  125  {1918),  pp.  id).— This  re- 
ports work  for  the  year  ended  September  SO,  1017.  Germination  and  purity 
tests  were  made  on  6,868  samples  of  seed  sent  in  by  farmers  and  seedsmen,  and 
on  2,082  oflBcial  samples. 

Laboratory  tests  with  66  samples  of  frosted  wheat  resulted  in  an  average 
germination  of  77  per  cent,  as  compared  with  93  per  cent  for  unfrosted  wheat 
Winter  wheat  showed  27  per  cent  germination  one  week  after  thrashing,  70  per 
cent  one  month  later,  and  03  per  cent  two  months  later ;  spring  wheat  31,  81, 
and  94  per  cent ;  oats  21,  57,  and  88  per  cent ;  and  barley  48,  77,  and  89  per 
cent,  respectively,  for  similar  periods 

Commercial  asrrieultural  seeds,  1918,  O.  D.  Woons  {Maine  Sta.  Off-  Insp.  88 
(1918),  pp.  tfi-7tf).— Tables  are  given  showing  the  results  of  the  1918  seed  in- 
spection, together  with  a  list  of  the  weed  seeds  found. 

Report  of  seed  tests  for  1918  {Bui.  N.  0.  Dept.  Agr.,  S9  {1918),  No.  9,  pp. 
58).— This  reports  the  results  of  purity  and  germination  tests  made  by  the 
North  OaroUna  State  seed  laboratory  during  the  year  ended  July  15,  1918.  A 
total  of  778  samples  of  agricultural  seed  and  363  samples  of  vegetable  seed  was 
received  from  regularly  appointed  inspectors  and  from  farmers.  Tobacco  seed 
recleaned  for  the  tobacco  farmers  of  the  State  amounted  to  156,149  cc. 

Disinfection  of  seeds  with  bromin,  Y.  Abtsixovskt  and  I.  Stoh  (In  Hibridi- 
cultura  V  Otro9  Trabajos  de  las  EstacUmeB.  Madrid:  Estao.  Ensayo  8emilla9, 
1917,  pp.  51-64f  pl'  If  flg9.  4)' — ^^he  sterilization  of  peas,  beans,  com,  wheat,  flax, 
and  pumpkin  with  1  per  cent  solution  of  bromin  is  described,  and  the  results  are 
reported  of  germination  tests  with  peas,  com,  wheat,  and  flax  treated  from 
I  to  4  hours  and  with  beans  and  pumpkin  seed  treated  from  }  to  82  hours. 

The  results  are  said  to  indicate  that  bromin  is  an  effective  sterilising  agent. 
The  viability  of  the  seed  was  not  seriously  affected  by  the  shorter  periods  of 
treatment,  except  in  the  case  of  wheat,  which  was  rendered  practically  useless 
by  treatments  of  only  30  minutes. 


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444  EXPEBIMENT  STATION  BEOOBD.  (VoL40 

HOBTICniTVSE. 

[Beport  of  hortlcaltaral  inveetiffationB],  O.  B.  Whippu  (Montana  8ta.  Rft 
1917,  pp.  262,  253,  254,  255),— A  brief  statement  of  progress  made  in  yari^  and 
cultural  tests  of  vegetables  and  fruit& 

A  continuation  of  studies  of  premature  seeding  in  c^ery  again  cleaiiy  dem- 
onstrated that  moving  plants  to  the  cold  frame  early  was  the  most  important 
factor  in  favoring  premature  seeding  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  844).  Plants  subjected  to 
the  cool  temperature  of  the  oold  frame  produced  50  p^  cent  of  seed  stalkfl» 
while  check  plats  produced  none.  In  the  selection  work  with  tomatoes  the  great 
majority  of  the  station's  selections  of  BSarliana  and  Chalk  Barly  Jewel  on^ 
yielded  seed  purchased  from  well-known  seed  houses. 

Some  data  were  secured  during  the  year  on  the  influence  of  the  position  of 
the  fruit  in  the  cluster  upon  the  form  of  Mcintosh  and  Wealthy  ai^es.  In 
general,  the  length  of  the  apple  increases  fix>m  the  outside  of  the  cluster  to  the 
center  and  the  length  of  stem  increases  from  the  center  outward.  In  the  caae 
of  the  Mcintosh,  the  best  fruits  were  secured  from  the  fourth  and  fifth  blossoms, 
counting  from  the  outside  of  the  cluster.  The  center  blossom  in  dusters  of  six 
flowers  produced  an  inferior-shaped  fruit 

[Horticultural  Investigrations  at  the  Umatilla  experiment  farm,  Oreg.,  in 
1917],  R.  W.  AiXKN  {U.  8.  Dept.  Agr-,  Bur.  Plant  Indm.,  Work  UmatOla  Btpt. 
Farm,  1917,  pp.  9-12,  23-27). — ^This  is  a  progress  report  on  the  apple-orchard 
cover-crop  and  the  peach-orchard  experiments  being  conducted  at  the  farm 
(B.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  448),  together  with  notes  on  variety  tests  of  orchard  fruits, 
grapes,  and  ornamental  and  windbreak  plants.  Tabular  data  are  givmi  show- 
ing the  yield  of  fruit  in  1917,  and  the  sizes  of  the  trees  in  1915  and  1917  on  the 
various  plats  in  the  apple  and  peach  orchard  experiments,  and  also  the  growth 
record  of  peach  varieties  on  the  farm  in  1915  and  1917. 

[Horticultural  investi^ationB  on  the  Yuma  reclamation  project  in  1917],  | 
R.  R  BujB  (17.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bur.  Plant  IndUM.,  Work  Yuma  Bspt.  Farm,  \ 
1917,  pp.  35-44^  flff9.  7). — ^The  usual  progress  report  on  cultural  and  variety  tests  | 
of  orchard  and  small  fruits  and  vegetables  (B.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  444). 

The  garden:  How  to  make  it  pay,  H.  H.  Thomas  {London  and  New  York: 
Castell  d  Co.,  Ltd.,  1918,  pp.  VIII -{-151,  flg9.  74). — ^A  popular  treatise  on  vege- 
table, fruit,  and  flower  gardening,  including  a  monthly  working  calendar. 

A  new  method  of  using  e3q;>losives  in  tree  planting.— Its  advantaires  and 
utilization  in  the  rapid  reconstitution  of  orchavds  devastated  by  the  enemy, 
A.  PrtoAixu  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  8oL  [Parte],  137  {1918),  No.  21,  pp.  763, 
764). — ^The  author  calls  attention  to  the  vigorous  development  of  wild  plants 
growing  on  the  border  of  shell  holes  and  abandoned  trenches,  as  well  as  to 
certain  beneficial  results  which  have  followed  the  use  of  explosives  in  tree 
planting  in  the  United  States.  He  then  advocates  the  use  of  a  combined 
fertilizer  and  explosive  shell  in  replanting  the  devastated  regions  of  France,  witt 
a  view  to  distributing  the  essential  fertilizers  through  the  subsoil  brokra  up 
by  the  explosives. 

Progress  report  on  rootstock  ezperlment»  W.  L.  Howasd  {Mo.  Buk  CaL  Com. 
Hort.,  8  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  13,  14,  fig-  i).— Tests  of  different  rootstocks  for  de- 
ciduous fruit  trees  were  started  at  the  University  Farm  at  Davis,  GaL«  in  the 
spring  of  1915.  The  present  paper  briefiy  reviews  all  varieties  and  stocks  of 
different  ages  from  one  to  four  years. 

The  results  thus  for  secured  indicate  that  the  quince  stock  is  not  congenial 
for  the  Bartlett  pear,  which  variety  has  done  best  on  French  pear  and  has  also 
done  well  on  Japanese  stock  for  two  seasons.    There  is  essentially  no  differ- 


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»W  HOBTICULTUBB-  445 

enoe  In  the  aiipearance  of  Royal  Ann  cberry  trees  on  mazzard  and  on  mahaleb 
fliocte  Tlie  mabaleb  stock  lias  failed  to  dwarf  any  of  the  cherries.  The  Drake 
and  Ne  Plus  Ultra  almond  trees  have  made  practically  the  same  growth  on 
myrobalan,  peach,  and  almond  roots.  Burbank  plums  made  the  largest  per- 
centage of  gain  on  peach  stock,  but  have  made  satisfactory  growth  on  myro- 
balan  and  almond  stock.  The  Royal  apricots  have  made  slightly  better  growth 
on  peach  stock  than  on  myrobalan,  almond,  and  apricot  stocks.  Of  the  five 
different  fruits  grown  on  the  myrobalan,  peach,  almond,  and  apricot  stocks, 
four  showed  the  largest  gains  for  the  first  year  on  peach  root  The  difTerence 
observed  between  these  stocks  appears  to  decrease  each  year. 

In  Aiuril,  1917,  a  severe  test  was  made  to  determine  whether  asphaltum  could 
be  used  as  a  protective  coating  against  rabbits  or  borers  without  injuring  the 
trees.  The  asphaltum  was  applied  to  the  trees  fXrom  top  to  bottom,  all  of  the 
buds  being  covered  without  any  noticeable  injury  to  the  bark  of  any  of  the 
trees.  The  results  Indicate,  however,  that  the  asphaltum  should  be  applied  as 
soon  as  possible  after  the  trees  are  planted  in  order  to  keep  out  the  borers. 

Orchard  spraying  ▼.  dustinsr*  N.  J.  Giddinqs  {West  Virginia  8ta.  BuL  167 
(1918) t  pp.  18,  figs,  t), — ^Thls  bulletin  reports  a  series  of  experiments  conducted 
during  a  period  of  five  years  in  both  apple  and  peach  orchards  to  determine 
the  value  of  dust  treatments  -as  compared  vrith  ordinary  methods  of  spraying. 
Tbe  peach  dusting  experiments  are  described  in  detail,  and  a  brief  general 
statement  is  given  of  the  work  with  apples.  The  detailed  results  with  apples 
are  to  be  reported  at  a  later  date. 

Sulphur  dust  was  found  quite  effective  against  peach  scab  and  brown  rot 
The  dust  treatments  have  also  been  found  very  effective  for  the  control  of  biting 
or  chewing  Insects.  It  is  believed  that  the  dusting  method  may  be  of  much 
practical  value  in  peach  orchards. 

After  four  years  of  experimental  work  it  is  not  felt  that  the  dusting  method 
is  to  be  recommended  in  West  Virginia  apple  orchards  where  scab  or  sooty 
blotch  is  severe,  or  for  the  treatment  of  bitter  rot,  black  rot,  or  blotch,  unless  It 
is  used  primarily  for  the  control  of  insects,  such  as  codling  moth,  curculio, 
cankerworm,  or  caterpillar.  In  apple  orchards  where  it  is  difficult  to  use  a 
spraying  machine,  or  where  it  is  difficult  to  obtain  water,  the  dusting  method 
wUl  be  of  considerable  benefit  for  insect  control. 

The  cost  of  materials  required  for  efficient  dust  applications  is  considerably 
greater  than  for  iprays.  Relative  to  labor  and  time  required,  however,  it  was 
found  that  one  man  and  a  driver  with  a  dusting  outfit  can  dust  between  three 
and  four  times  as  many  trees  per  hour  as  two  men  and  a  driver  can  spray 
with  the  ordinary  power-spraying  outfit  With  the  spraying  outfit  it  was  cus- 
tomary to  handle  two  rows  at  a  time  and  short  but  frequent  stops  were  nec- 
essary. The  dusting  machine  usually  covers  three  rows  at  a  time  and  the  team 
Is  k^  moving  at  a  good  walk. 

Wliy  prone  bearing  apricot  trees  heavily?  W.  P.  Txtvts  {Mo.  BuL  CoL 
Cam.  Hart.,  8  {1919},  No.  1,  pp.  15-21,  figs.  8). — ^In  this  paper  the  author  presents 
some  results  of  experiments  conducted  by  the  division  of  pomology  of  the 
University  of  California  which  indicate  that  it  is  not  desirable  to  follow  the 
cnstomary  practice  of  severely  cutting  back  the  annual  growth  of  apricot  treea 

Although  the  experiments  have  not  proceeded  sufficiently  long  to  warrant 
definite  conclusions  as  to  the  proper  system  of  pruning,  the  work  thus  far  con- 
ducted indicates  that  some  form  of  pruning  should  be  adopted  which  will  pro- 
vide fcMT  a  moderate  amount  of  new  growth  which  may  be  retained  for  fruiting 
purpose  from  three  to  five  years  and  then  cut  away.  The  present  system  of 
heavy  annual  pruning  is  frequently  followed  by  sunburned  branches  and,  in 
many  cases,  by  lighter  yields  than  are  believed  to  be  necessary  or  desirable. 

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446  EXPEBIMBKT  STATIOK  REOOBD.  [y«L40 

Bre«dixkir  ft  bardy  pear,  O.  G.  Pattcn  (Afinik  Bart.,  ^7  (1919),  No.  $,  py. 
S9-96,  pi.  If  figs.  2). — ^A  popular  sammary  of  reaalts  aecored  by  the  aothor  it 
his  experltnental  grounds,  Oharles  City,  Iowa,  In  breeding  hardy  and  blight- 
resistant  pears. 

Acclimatization,  selection,  and  hybridisation  eacperimenta  with  fruit  trea 
in  Alaska  {Intemat  Inst.  Agr.  IRameh  Intemat.  Rev.  SeL  and  Pract.  Agr.,  9 
{1918),  No.  6,  p.  682). — ^This  comprises  a  summary  of  investigations  at  the 
Alaska  Experiment  Stations  during  the  period  1903-1915,  based  on  the  annual 
reports  of  the  stations  (B.  S.  R.,  86,  p.  442). 

Hybridization  experiments  between  diiferent  varieties  of  the  cultivated 
and  wild  strawberry  in  Alaska  {Intemat.  Inst.  Agr,  {Borne},  Intemat.  Rev. 
8oi.  and  Pract.  Agr.,  9  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  681,  682).— A  summary,  simlUir  to  the 
above,  of  Investigations  conducted  with  strawberries  at  the  Alaska  Bxperlmeat 
Stations  during  the  period  1904^1916  (B.  S.  R.,  86,  p.  442). 

A  new  method  of  grafting,  H.  YvaaA  {Rev.  VU.,  49  {1918),  No.  1266,  99. 
212^U).—The  method  described  has  been  successfully  used  by  J.  M.  MotbeB 
for  some  time  In  rejuvenating  old  grafted  grapevines,  and  has  given  good  re- 
sults In  trials  conducted  by  the  author. 

Vigorous  sprouts  from  the  old  stock  are  tshleld-budded  in  summer,  preferably 
in  July,  in  the  Department  of  Gers,  France,  where  the  trials  were  conducted. 
The  budded  sprouts  are  layered  about  five  Inches  deep  in  mounds  of  m^ow, 
fresh  soil,  where  conditions  are  fftvorable  for  cicatrization.  Union  is  perfected 
in  about  three  weeks*  time,  after  which  the  soil  Is  removed  and  the  shoot  con- 
tinues Its  normal  growth.  The  following  spring  the  old  vine  Is  removed  Just 
above  the  budded  shoot,  which  Is  then  tied  up  to  a  stake  like  a  young  vine. 

In  budding  shoots  a  straight  cut  about  1.5  In.  long  is  preferred  to  the  ordi- 
nary T  cut  To  facilitate  loosening  the  edges  of  the  bark,  the  vines  should  be 
flexed  and  the  bark  gently  rubbed  with  the  thumb.  Great  care  should  be  taken 
not  to  Injure  the  liber  in  lifting  the  edges  of  the  bark.  Insertion  of  the  bud 
shield  is  also  made  easier  by  bending  the  shoot  during  the  procesa  The 
ligature  should  be  made  preferably  with  wool. 

A  contribution  to  the  chemical  composition  of  pineapple  and  the  materials 
necessary  to  its  cultivation,  J.  Y.  Gon^alvks  db  Sotjsa  {Rev.  Agron.  IPorta- 
gal],  IS  {1918),  No.  1-4,  pp.  26-61;  abs.  in  Intemat.  Inst.  Agr.  [Rome\,  Intemat. 
Rev.  8cL  and  Pract.  Agr.,  9  {1918),  No.  10,  p.  ISOO).— Analyses  were  made  of 
pineapple  fruits,  plants,  soils,  and  organic  manures  used  in  fertilizing  pine- 
apple soils.  The  results  Indicate  that  the  pineapple  plant  requires  large  qoBn- 
titles  of  potash  and  nitrogen  from  organic  sources. 

Assuming  the  average  weight  of  fruit  and  plant  to  be  4  kg.  (SJ8  lbs.),  the 
amount  of  food  removed  from  the  soil  per  1,000  plants  was,  nitrogen  8.1  kgn 
phosphoric  add  0.84  kg.,  potash  17.60  kg.,  and  lime  2.68  kg. 

The  detection  and  elimination  of  frosted  fruit,  B.  M.  Oracs  (Col.  Oitrogr., 
4  (1919),  No.  S,  pp.  108, 109,  144f  fig*.  5).— The  author  describes  the  hesperidln 
crystal  and  desiccation  tests  for  detecting  frosted  oranges  and  the  spedflc 
gravity  method  of  detecting  and  eliminating  the  frosted  fruit  Data  are  given 
on  experimental  tests  of  these  methods  conducted  by  F.  B.  Denny  under  the 
direction  of  the  Oltrus  By-products  Laboratory  of  the  U.  8.  Department  of 
Agriculture.    Related  investigations  are  briefly  dted. 

The  hesperidln  crystal  test  is  believed  to  be  the  most  accurate  method  of 
detecting  frost  Injury.  These  crystals  are  found  on  the  membrane  between  the 
segments  of  the  frosted  orange,  and  also  occur  in  the  pulp  if  the  injury  Is  severe. 
Fruit  Injured  by  excessive  hot  weather  is  said  also  to  fithow  this  phenomenon. 
The  frosted  orange  generally  shows  a  drying  out  of  the  pulp  as  well  as  the 


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1M9]  70IUB8TBT.  447 

ptm&acB  of  flue  crystals,  but  the  crystais  may  occar  to  some  degree  in  oranges 
which  show  no  desiccation.  The  drying  out  of  the  palp  is  made  the  basis  of  the 
tests  adopted  by  the  Horticultnral  Ckunmission  of  the  State  of  California  and 
by  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agrlcalture.  Desiccation  incident  to  frost  injury 
can  be  accelerated  by  holding  the  fruit  at  elevated  temperatures. 

Sound  fruit  when  stored  at  ordinary  temperatures  was  found  to  gain  in 
spedflc  gravity,  whereas  the  specific  gravity  of  frozen  fruit  will  diminish  in 
storage.  Inasmuch  as  these  changes  can  be  noticed  from  day  to  day  it  is  believed 
possible  to  develop  a  laboratory  method  of  detecting  frost  Injury  on  the  basis  of 
the  increasing  or  diminishing  specific  gravity  of  individual  fruit  of  the  samples. 

After  the  freeze  in  California  in  1918,  F.  Chase  devised  a  water  separator 
which  dQ[>ended  upcm  the  difference  between  the  spedflc  gravity  of  frozen  and 
unfrozen  fruit  Separators  of  this  type  are  now  in  common  use  in  California. 
Experiments  were  conducted  by  Denny  with  a  numbtf  of  these  separators  in 
1917  to  determine  their  efficiency.  When  the  fruit  was  separated  into  two 
classes,  flrst  grade  and  culls,  there  was  an  average  efficiency  of  85  per  cent  for 
first-grade  fruit  and  of  70  per  cent  for  cull  fruit  An  attempt  to  separate  the 
fruit  into  three  grades  gave  very  poor  results  for  the  second  grade.  The  ma- 
chines were  found  to  vary  widely,  owing  to  the  different  methods  of  operation. 

The  specific  gravity  of  certain  frosted  oranges  may  at  times  be  greater  than 
of  certain  sound  oranges,  hence  frequent  samples  should  be  taken  of  the  fruit 
and  the  skimming  devices  regulated  with  care.  Some  work  was  conducted  in 
pre-sizing  the  fruit  before  separation,  but  the  results  thus  far  secured  are  not 
condusive  as  to  the  value  of  pre-slzing. 

Trees,  their  use  and  abuse,  J.  B.  Bsbbt  (BuZ.  Gfa.  State  Col.  Agr.,  No.  16$ 
(1919),  pp.  19,  flat.  18). — Suggestions  are  given  for  the  selection,  planting,  pro- 
tection, and  care  of  street,  roadside,  and  farm  trees. 

Trees  and  shrubs  on  the  farm,  O.  B.  Whifplb  and  C  C.  Stabling  {Montana 
8ta.  Ore.  78  {1918),  pp.  2d). —This  drcular  contains  practical  suggestions  for 
Iilanning  the  home  grounds  and  the  planting  of  trees  and  shrubs,  both  for  orna- 
mental purposes  and  as  windbreaks^  A  descriptive  list  is  given  of  desirable 
ahmbs  and  trees.  Although  the  circular  is  intended  primarily  for  nonirrigated 
farms,  many  of  the  suggestions  are  applicable  also  to  irrigated  farms,  and  spe- 
cial advice  is  given  for  those  who  use  irrigation  water. 

Seaside  planting  for  shelter,  ornament,  and  profit,  A.  D.  Wxbstes  {London: 
T.  Pither  UmiTifi,  Ltd.,  1918,  pp.  166,  pJ9.  S2).—A  treatise  on  seaside  planting  with 
spedal  reference  to  British  conditiona  The  successive  chapters  discuss  sand 
dunes  and  coast  erosion,  preparation  of  the  ground  and  planting,  tree  growth 
around  the  coast,  trees  for  seaside  planting,  shrubs  for  seaside  planting,  climb- 
ing and  wall  plants  tor  the  seaside,  alpine  and  herbaceous  plants  for  the  sea 
coast,  native  seaside  plants,  cost  of  seaside  planting,  returns  from  seaside  plant- 
ing, insects  and  fungi  injurious  to  seaside  trees,  and  choice  of  trees  and  shrubs. 

Bud  vmriation  in  dahlias,  A.  D.  Shamel  {Jour.  Heredity,  9  {1918),  No.  8, 
pp.  SSt~S64,  fig9.  B). — ^The  author  states  that  according  to  a  recent  inquiry 
among  southern  California  dahlia  growers  striking  bud  variations  in  dahlia 
plants  propagated  from  cuttings  are  of  common  and  frequent  occurrence.  A  bud 
variation  of  this  type  observed  by  the  author  is  here  illustrated  and  described. 

FOBESTKT. 

National  Forest  areas  {U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Forest  Serv.,  1918,  pp.  6,  flff.  i).-— 
A  statistical  report  on  National  Forest  areas,  national  monuments,  national 
game  preserves,  and  lands  acquired  in  the  White  and  Appalachian  Mountains 


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448  EZPEBIMENT  STATION  B£CX)BD.  [Vol.40 

uiMler  the  Weeks  Law  to  June  80, 1918,  aceompaiiled  by  a  map  Bhowlug  tbe  loci- 
tlon  of  the  National  Forests. 

Timber  supplies  and  forestrj  in  the  Union,  O.  B.  Lcgat  {8a.  Afrioam  Jour, 
Sd,,  15  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  79-99).— An  account  of  the  forestry  resoarces  and 
present  status  of  forestry  in  the  Union  of  South  Africa,  induding  meaBureB 
which  are  being  taken  to  provide  for  the  future  tiniber  requirements  of  the 
Union. 

Annual  progress  report  upon  State  forest  administration  in  South  Ans* 
tralia  for  the  year  1917*18,  W.  Qill  {Ann.  Rpt.  State  Farett  AdmitL  So. 
Aust.,  1917-18,  pp.  IS,  pis.  6). — ^This  Is  the  usual  progress  report  relative  to  tiie 
administration  and  management  of  the  State  forests  of  South  Australia,  indud- 
Ing  a  financial  statement  for  the  year  ended  June  30,  1918.  Data  are  given 
relative  to  the  alterations  in  forest  areas;  planting  operations,  yields  in  major 
and  minor  products,  revenues,  expenditures,  etc 

Effect  of  grazing  upon  aspen  reproduction,  A.  W.  Sampson  (U.  8.  Dept. 
Agr.  BiU.  HI  {1919),  pp.  29,  pU.  5,  figs.  7).— This  bulletin  reports  a  study  con- 
ducted on  the  Manti  National  Forest,  in  central  Utah,  during  the  years  1912  to 
1916,  inclusive,  to  determine  the  extent  of  injury  to  aspen  reproduction  by  she^ 
and  cattle,  the  effects  of  such  damage  on  the  development  of  young  trees»  and  tlie 
best  method  of  protecting  the  reproduction  from  injury  without  unnecessarily 
restricting  the  grazing  of  live  stock. 

The  results  are  presented  in  a  series  of  tables  and  diagrams  and  fully  dis- 
cussed. It  is  believed  that  the  recommendations  embodied  herein  may  be  of 
value,  with  slight  modifications,  in  the  case  of  farm  woodlands  in  the  Bsst 
where  the  forage  under  aspen  is  converted  into  meat  or  butter  fat. 

Manuring  of  Hevea  brasiliensis,  R.  D.  Anstbad  {Agr.  Jour.  India,  IS  {1918), 
No.  4f  PP'  660-665;  Trop.  Agr.  iCeyUmh  51  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  Mi-M^).— The 
author  finds,  after  briefly  reviewing  the  results  of  manuring  experiments  with 
Hevea  rubber  in  South  India  and  Geylon,  that  the  results  of  practically  all  such 
experiments  have  been  that  the  unmanured  plats  give  quite  as  good  yields,  if 
not  better,  than  the  manured  ones.  It  is  pointed  out  that  the  failure  of  manurial 
treatments  to  show  beneficial  effect  may  have  been  due  to  the  detrimental  influ- 
ences of  too  close  planting.  It  is  recommended  that  new  manurial  experiments 
with  Hevea  should  be  designed  f^m  the  start  to  test  the  influence  of  manures 
on  trees  widely  spaced,  and  on  trees  thinned  out  early. 

The  seientific  principles  of  the  budding  of  Hevea  brasiliensis,  W.  Bosiuorr 
{Arch.  RubbercuU.  Nederland.  Indie,  t  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  Sei-^TI,  figs.  11).— 
From  a  theoretical  examination  of  the  three  methods  generally  used  in  budding 
Hevea  trees  (patch-budding,  the  inverted  T  process,  and  the  Forkert  method), 
the  author  concludes  that  patch-budding  has  a  great  advantage  over  the  two 
other  methods  because  by  it  regular  and  quidc  union  takes  place,  first  between 
the  rows  of  latex  vessels,  and  second  between  the  food-carrying  sieve  tubes 
which  are  necessary  for  the  proper  development  of  the  plant  In  the  inverted  T 
and  Forkert  methods,  the  growing  together  starts  only  after  about  six  months, 
when  a  new  cambium  unites  both  parta 

On  the  structure,  the  degeneration,  and  the  regeneration  of  latex  rings 
with  Hevea  trees,  P.  B.  Kkuchkntos  {AroK  RubberouU.  Nederiand.  IndiS,  2 
{1918),  No.  11,  pp.  8S7-851,  figs.  8). — The  structure,  degeneration,  and  regenera- 
tion of  latex  rings  in  Hevea  trees  are  illustrated  and  described. 

The  scraping  of  bark  affected  by  canker  is  held  to  be  better  than  paring,  be- 
cause in  scraping  the  bark  the  diseased  tissues  only  are  removed,  and  a  large 
number  of  uninfected  latex  rings  is  preserved  intact,  th^^y  hastening  recov- 
ery.  Pared-off  bark  requires  at  least  three  years  for  regeneration.    Paring  the 


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101»)  DISEASES  OF  PLANTS.  449 

bark  Is  not  sufficient  when  the  cambium  Is  affected,  since  the  diseased  cambium 
must  be  scraped  away. 

!Dappinff  on  renewed  bark,  T.  Pktch  {Trap.  Agr.  [Ce]/Zoti],  51  {1918),  No.  6, 
pp.  t9S-4i96,  fig.  1). — ^Tabular  results  are  given  on  a  comparative  test  of  rubber 
yields  obtained  teom  renewed  bark  of  different  ages.  The  test  was  started  at 
the  Gangarowa  Bxperiment  Station  in  July,  1016,  and  continued  for  2  years. 
Trees  on  which  the  renewed  bark  was  6  years  9  months  old  at  the  beginning 
of  the  experiment  yielded  8,001  gm.  of  rubber  per  tree  for  the  2  years ;  renewed 
bark  4  years  8  months  at  the  beginning  of  tapping  yielded  2,828  gm.  per  tree; 
and  renewed  bark  8  years  7  months  at  the  beginning  of  tapping  yielded  2,820 
gm.  per  tree. 

The  African  oil  palm,  its  possibilities  in  Kalay,  B.  J.  Eaton  and  F.  O. 
Spung  {Agr.  BuL  Fed.  Malay  States,  6  {1918),  Ko.  11,  pp.  49S-512).—An  ac- 
count of  the  African  oil  palm  {BkHs  guineenHa)^  with  reference  to  its  distri- 
bution, botany,  cultural  requirements,  estimated  yields  of  palm  oil  and  palm- 
kernel  oil,  and  methods  and  machinery  used  in  extracting  oil.  Analyses  are 
given  ot  palm  fruit  of  different  parts  of  western  Africa,  and  the  industry  is 
considered  with  reference  to  its  development  in  Malay. 

A  note  on  the  occorrence  and  method  of  formation  of  the  resin  (yacca  gum) 
In  Zanthorrhosa  quadrangulata,  T.  G.  B.  Osbosn  {Trans.  Ray.  8oo.  8o.  Aust., 
40  {1916),  pp.  1-8,  pl8.  3,  figs.  5).— A  preliminary  study  of  resin  formation  in 
X.  ^uadrangulata,  an  Australian  grass  tree,  led  the  author  to  conclude  that  the 
resin  is  an  intracellular  secretion,  principally  of  the  peripheral  cortical  cells 
of  the  stem.  The  resin  so  formed  is  molded  by  pressure  between  the  persistent 
leaf  bases  clothing  the  stem.  It  becomes  viscous  at  sun  heat,  flows  to  a 
certain  extent,  and  destroys  the  original  cellular  matrix.  There  appears  to  be 
little  UkeUhood  of  collecting  the  resin  otlier  than  by  destroying  the  tree. 
The  macroscopic  and  microscopic  structure  of  the  stem  and  leaf  bases  are 
dtscribed. 

DISEASES  OF  PLANTS. 

The  relation  of  phytopathologists  to  plant  disease  survey  work,  G.  R. 
Ltmar  {Phytopathology,  8  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  $19-228;  abs.  in  8  {1918),  No.  2, 
pp.  78,  79). — ^An  outline  is  given  of  some  of  the  work  of  the  plant  disease  survey 
which  has  been  organised  in  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture. 

[Beport  of]  the  botany  and  bacteriology  department,  D.  B.  Swingle  (Jfon- 
tmna  8ta.  Bpi.  1917,  pp.  286,  2S7). — A  report  of  progress  is  given  on  the  various 
Unes  of  work.  Including  the  studies  of  the  injury  to  foliage  by  spraying  and  to 
roots  by  adding  arsenicals. 

In  the  study  of  the  brown  bark  spot  of  fruit  trees  the  cause  has  not  been 
determined,  but  the  investigations  so  far  have  given  indications  that  the  dis- 
ease is  not  due  to  a  pathogenic  organism.  Spraying  experiments  for  the  con- 
trol of  plum  pockets  caused  by  TaphHna  communis,  though  carried  on  in  a 
very  unfavorable  season,  gave  satisfactory  results,  and  the  author  recommends 
a  single  application  of  lime-sulphur  Just  before  the  flowar  buds  open.  Notes 
are  given  on  potato  diseases,  particular  attention  having  been  paid  to  the  wilts 
and  rots  caused  by  species  of  Fusarium  and  to  the  bacterial  disease  of  potatoes 
known  as  bladcleg. 

Seed  treatment  eontrol  and  overwintering  of  cncnmber  angular  leaf  spot, 
W.  W.  GiLBSRT  and  M.  W.  Gabdnxb  {Phytopathology,  8  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  229- 
tSS,  fig.  ly.—lt  having  been  shown  by  Carsner  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  260)  that  the 


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450  BXPBSIMENT  STATIOlfr  BEOOBD.  CT«LM 

causal  organism  of  cacnmber  angular  leaf  spot  may  oyerwinter  In  the  seed 
and  cause  Infection,  the  authors  confirmed  by  field  tests  the  accuracy  of  these 
observations,  and  they  r^K>rt  upon  the  efficacy  of  seed  disinfection  as  a  control 
measure. 

It  is  claimed  that  outbreaks  of  angular  leaf  eqpot  may  originate  from  contami- 
nated seed  or  infected  soil,  and  that  seed  disinfection  reduces  the  incidence  of 
the  disease  nearly  one-half.  The  use  of  treated  or  disease-free  seed  in  fields 
well  remoyed  from  previous  cucumber  patches  is  recommended  as  a  control 
measure.  For  seed  treatment,  immersion  in  a  1 : 1,000  corrosive  sublimate  solution 
for  6  minutes,  followed  by  15  minutes*  washing,  proved  most  satisfactory  fron 
the  standpoint  of  safety  and  effectiveness,  this  treatment  having  been  used  on 
a  commercial  scale  in  1018. 

Copper  sulphate  as  a  disinfectant  for  potatoes,  O.  R.  Bisbt  and  A.  6.  Touus 
iPhytopatholoffy,  8  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  240,  iS|l).— The  results  of  three  yean^ 
treatment  of  potatoes  with  copper  sulphate  solutions  as  a  disinfectant  are  gLveo. 
Seed  tubers  infected  with  black  scurf  were  used  to  compare  the  efficiency  of 
copper  sulphate,  corrosive  sublimate,  formaldehyde,  and  lime-sulphur.  The 
tubers  were  planted  at  University  Farm,  Minn.,  in  rather  add  soil,  and  the 
results  were  fairly  consistent  in  that  the  best  average  yield  was  obtained  from 
seed  treated  with  copper  sulphate. 

Two  niinois  rhubarb  diseases,  F.  L.  Stevens  {iUitMs  8ta.  Buk  213  {1919), 
pp.  298-312,  ftgi.  19). — ^Descriptions  are  given  of  anthracnose  and  leaf  spot  of 
rhubarb. 

The  anthracnose,  which  is  said  to  be  due  to  Cdleiotrichum  erumpetu,  was 
first  noticed  on  market  rhubarb  in  the  stores  of  Champaign,  111.,  in  1018.  The 
fungus  causes  a  soft  rot  of  the  petioles,  the  decayed  spots  usually  being  soft 
watery,  translucent,  and  oval  in  outline,  with  the  long  axis  lengthwise  of  the 
petiole.  In  the  market  only  milder  cases  of  the  disease  were  found,  but  in  the 
field  in  the  more  advanced  stages  the  older  petioles  were  dead  and  the  yield  oi 
marketable  product  was  considerably  reduced.  In  addition  to  the  original 
locality,  the  disease  has  been  observed  in  a  number  of  other  places  in  Illinois. 
The  fungus  has  been  isolated  and  its  cultural  characters  are  described  at  con- 
siderable length. 

The  leaf-spot  disease,  which  is  said  to  be  due  to  PhyUosHcta  MtramineUla,  was 
first  collected  in  Kankakee  Ck>unty,  IlL,  where  it  occurred  in  great  abundance 
in  one  field,  nearly  every  leaf  in  the  planting  being  affected  with  spota  Unlike 
the  anthracnose,  the  leaf  spot  is  not  a  disease  of  old  leaves,  as  even  the  com- 
paratively young  leaves  may  be  seriously  affected.  In  addition  to  affecting  the 
leaf  blade,  the  disease  has  also  been  found  on  the  petiolesi  The  leaf  spot  is 
said  to  have  been  observed  not  only  In  several  localities  in  Illinoifl^  but  also  In 
Indiana  and  Wisconsin. 

Physiological  studies  of  normal  and  blighted  spinach,  B.  H.  Taux  et  al. 
{Jour.  Agr.  Reiearoh  [17.  8.},  15  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  869-408) .—Tte  results  are 
given  of  laboratory  studies  from  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  of  the  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture  on  normal  and  blighted  spinach  plants  as  contribut- 
ing possible  explanations  regarding  spinach  blight  The  papers  presented  are: 
Ash  Ck)ntent  in  Normal  and  in  Blighted  Spinach,  by  R.  H.  True,  O.  F.  Blade, 
and  J.  W.  Kelly;  Oxidase  Reaction  in  Healthy  and  in  Blighted  Spinach,  by 
H.  H.  Bunzdl ;  Garl>ohydrate  Production  in  Healthy  and  in  Blighted  Spinadi, 
by  R.  H.  True  and  L.  A.  Hawkins;  and  Nitrogen  Metabolism  in  Normal  and  in 
Blighted  Spinach,  by  S.  L.  Jodidi,  B.  H.  Kellogg,  and  R.  H.  True. 

In  the  study  of  the  ash  content,  it  was  found  that,  while  the  quantity  of  total 
ash  is  not  strikingly  different  in  normal  and  in  diseased  material,  normal  tops 


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tmi  DISfiASBS  OF  PliAKTS.  451 

seem  to  be  a  little  richer  than  the  diseased  tops,  whereas  the  diseased  roots  seem 
to  have  somewhat  more  ash  than  the  normal  roots.  Silica  was  present  In  large 
quantities  when  compared  with  the  ash  content  of  other  plants,  calcium  showed 
an  increased  accumulation  in  both  tops  and  roots  of  diseased  plants,  and  mag- 
nesium was  present  in  blighted  plants  in  almost  double  the  quantity  found  in 
normal  onea  A  striking  feature  of  the  investigation  was  the  high  potassium 
content  of  both  normal  and  blighted  plants.  Phosphate  absorption  seemed  in- 
flueaced  by  the  blight,  and  the  iron  content  of  blighted  plants  was  less  than  that 
of  normal  ones. 

The  results  obtained  in  the  study  of  the  oxidase  activity  resemble  those  ob- 
tained in  the  study  of  other  plant  diseases,  such  as  the  mosaic  of  tobacco,  curly 
top  of  sugar  beets,  and  leaf  curl  and  curly  dwarf  of  potatoes.  The  diseased  ma- 
terial shows  a  greater  power  to  transfer  atmospheric  oxygen  to  certain  aromatic 
compounds  than  the  healthy  material.  In  all  of  the  above-mentioned  plant  dis- 
eases, which  cause  dwarfing  of  the  plants  affected,  the  capacity  of  the  plant  juice 
to  utilize  atmospheric  oxygen  for  the  oxidation  of  certain  chromogens  is  abnorm- 
ally Increased.  How  this  Increase  in  the  catalytic  activity  of  the  cell  sap  is 
broagfat  about  remains  to  be  determined. 

It  appears  from  the  study  of  the  effect  of  spinach  blight  on  carbohydrate  pro- 
duction that  the  manufacture  of  carbohydrates  is  not  inhibited  by  the  disease, 
although  it  may  be  retarded.  The  reducing  sugars  are  practically  absent  from 
the  roots  of  all  plants,  while  the  tops  of  normal  plants  contain  somewhat  more 
than  the  diseased.  Both  sucrose  and  starch  are  present  in  the  leaves  of  dis- 
eased plants  in  markedly  greater  quantity  than  in  those  of  normal  plants.  They 
are  found  in  the  roots  of  both  healthy  and  diseased  plants  in  approximately  like 
qoantities.  Determination  of  diastatic  activity  failed  to  bring  out  any  marked 
difference  between  healthy  and  diseased  plants.  The  accumulation  of  carbo- 
hydrates is  considered  due,  not  to  a  breaking  down  of  digestion,  but  to  some 
partial  failure  in  the  subsequent  metabolic  processes  in  connection  with  which 
carbohydrates  are  used. 

The  accumulation  of  carbohydrates  In  the  leaves  of  blighted  plants  is  shown 
not  to  be  due  to  the  inability  of  the  diseased  plants  to  make  proteins.  Although 
carbohydrates  were  found  in  the  tops  of  diseased  plants  in  a  somewhat  smaller 
percentage,  calculated  on  the  dry  weight  of  the  material,  than  in  normal  tops, 
the  proteins  make  up  a  larger  proportion  of  the  total  nitrogen  in  the  diseased 
than  in  the  healthy  material  The  proteins  in  the  roots  of  blighted  plants  were 
found  to  exceed  those  in  the  roots  of  healthy  plants  both  with  reference  to  the 
dry  weight  and  to  the  total  nitrogen.  Spinach  blight  is  said  to  be  physiologically 
characterized  by  retarded  growth  and  a  lower  moisture  content.  This  Is  con- 
sidered to  be  due  to  the  fact  that  the  rapidly  growing  normal  tissues  are  com- 
paratively rich  in  water  and  poor  in  complex  organic  compounds,  such  as  pro- 
teins, etc.  The  lower  percentage  of  total  nitrogen  and  of  acid  amid  nitrogen  in 
the  diseased  material  is  explained  by  the  assumption  that  denitriflcatlon  takes 
place  in  these  tissues,  whereby  a  part  of  the  nitrogen  may  be  lost  either  as  ele- 
mentary nitrogen  or  in  the  form  of  ammonia. 

Brown  blotch  of  the  Xleffer  pear,  Q.  W.  Mabtin  {Phytopathology,  8  {1918), 
1^0-  5,  pp.  234-^9,  ftgs.  9). — ^The  author  describes  a  disease  of  Kleffer  pears  in 
southern  New  Jersey  which  is  locally  known  as  brown  blotch.  While  the 
Kietter  pear  is  most  seriously  attacked,  the  disease  is  also  found  on  other 
varieties. 

The  spots  when  small  and  scattered  are  usually  circular  and  without  well- 
defined  borders.  As  the  season  progresses,  a  number  of  the  spots  coalesce. 
farming  large»  irregular  patches  or  blotches  and  frequently  covering  one  side 


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452  BXPERIMBNT  STATIOV  BBOOBO.  [ToLIO 

Of  the  fruit  and  sometimes  the  entire  pear.  The  blotches  resemble  very  closely 
the  natural  msset  coat  characteristic  of  certain  yarletles  of  pears,  and  It  Is 
thought  that  this  fiict  has  prevented  the  prerioos  recognition  of  the  parasitic 
nature  of  the  disease.  It  Is  believed  to  be  unquestionably  of  fungus  origin,  the 
organism  causing  It  being  very  similar  to  the  common  sooty  blotdi  fangns 
{Leptothffriuin  pomi). 

The  author  claims  that  the  disease  may  be  readily  controlled  by  two  rather 
late  sprayings  in  addition  to  the  regular  spring  treatments.  Weak  Bordeav 
mixture  has  proved  somewhat  more  effective  than  dilute  lime-sulphur  80luti0D& 

Plum  pocket  and  leaf  gall  on  Americana  plums,  D.  B.  Swirqlb  and  R  fi. 
MoBRis  (Mtmiana  8ta.  BuL  ItS  {1918),  pp.  107-188,  figs.  6;  obM.  in  Ore.  77 
(1918) t^pp,  151-164,  ftg8.  6)., — ^According  to  the  authors,  the  growing  of  Ameri- 
cana plums  In  Montana  has  been  greatly  hampered  by  attacks  of  a  fungus  and 
au  insect  pest  The  fungus  causing  the  plum  pocket  is  said  to  be  TaphriM 
communis,  t.  pruni,  which  is  reported  as  attacking  European  plums,  has  not 
been  observed  in  Montana.  The  symptoms  of  tiie  disease  and  the  causal  fungus 
are  described  at  considerable  length,  after  which  the  authors  give  an  account 
of  spraying  experiments  for  the  control  of  the  phim  pocket  and  also  the  leaf 
galls  caused  by  the  mite  Eriophyes  pruni  (see  also  p.  459). 

As  a  result  of  their  experiments,  the  authors  claim  that  the  plum  pocket  can 
be  controlled  by  spraying  with  lime-sulphur,  either  self -boiled  or  commercial, 
only  a  single  application  being  necessary.  This  may  be  given  at  any  time  from 
a  late  dormant  condition  to  the  time  when  the  flowers  are  beginning  to  open. 
Some  evidence  has  been  obtained  indicating  that  the  fungus  persists  as  a  peren- 
nial mycelium  in  the  twigs,  but  most  of  the  fruits  are  infected  by  spores.  The 
leaf  gall  mite  is  said  to  be  easily  controlled  by  spraying  with  dilute  lime-sulphur 
while  the  trees  are  still  dormant 

A  bibliography  of  literature  relating  to  T.  arnimwnis  and  7.  pruni  is  given. 

The  life  history  and  parasitism  of  Eocronartium  musdcola,  H.  M.  Fm- 
FATRiCK  {PhvtopatJiologv,  8  (1918),  No.  6,  pp.  197-^18,  pU  1,  figs,  i).— A  descrip- 
tion is  given  of  this  fungus,  which  attacks  mosses,  with  a  discussion  of  related 
species  occurring  on  a  number  of  otlier  host  plants. 

ECONOMIC  ZOOIOOT— EHTOHOLOGT. 

[Economic  insects  and  their  control  in  Kansas]  {Trans,  Kans.  State  Sort, 
Soc,  34  (1916-17),  pp.  18Z-212), —Included  in  this  work  are  papers  on  Practical 
Insecticides  and  Proper  Application,  by  S.  J.  Hunter  (pp.  182-l$t2) ;  Some  Im- 
portant Work  of  the  Year  1916  Relating  to  Horticulture  (pp.  192-200),  and 
Some  Entomological  Work  for  the  Year  1917  Belating  to  Horticulture  (pp. 
201-208),  both  by  Q.  A.  Dean;  and  the  Spring  Gankerworm:  An  Orchard  and 
City  Problem,  by  S.  J.  Hunter  (pp.  209-212). 

[Report  of]  the  entomology  department,  R.  A.  Coousr  (Montana  8ta,  Rpt, 
1917,  pp.  242-248,  fig.  1). — In  the  course  of  a  discussion  of  the  financial  loss 
caused  by  Insects,  estimates  are  made  relating  to  the  comparative  loss  occa- 
sioned by  the  sugar  beet  louse  as  based  on  the  numl^er  of  irrigations.  The  data 
presented  emphasize  the  importance  of  irrigating  five  instead  of  two  or  three 
times. 

The  most  notable  entomological  feature  of  the  season  is  said  to  have  been 
an  outbreak  of  grasshoppers  in  various  parts  of  the  State,  particularly  in  Flat- 
head, Missoula,  and  Sanders  Oounties.  It  is  estimated  that  in  control  work 
10,000  lbs.  of  white  arsenic  was  used  In  making  the  poison  bait 

Fifteenth  annual  report  of  the  State  antomolocist  of  Montana,  R.  A. 
OooLST  (Montana  8ta,  Bid.  124  (1918),  pp.  199-^08,  Jig.  1).— This  consists  In 


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1W»1  ECONOMIO  ZOOLOGY — ^ENTOMOLOGY.  458 

large  part  of  an  annotated  list  of  the  more  Important  Insect  pests  of  1017. 
An  account  of  the  grasshopper  outlveak  in  1917  is  included. 

[Sconomic  Insects  In  Cnba],  P.  G.  OasdIn  {Mem.  Boo.  Cubana  Hist,  Nat. 
"Felipe  Foey,"  S  (19/7-18),  No.  2^,  pp.  5SS1). — ^Notes  are  presented  on  Monec- 
phora  bidncia,  Tomaspit  bMncia,  and  several  species  of  termites,  and  a  list  of 

17  species  of  Thysanoptera  is  included. 

[Insect  pests  in  St.  Lada,  1017-18],  J.  O.  HirrsoN  {Imp.  Dept.  Agr.  West 
Indies,  Rpt.  Affr.  Dept.  8t.  Lucia,  Idll-lS,  pp.  6-lS;  aba.  in  Agr.  News  [Bar- 
bados}, 17  {1918),  No.  4X7,  pp.  282,  283).^ThiB  is  a  report  upon  a  special  visit 
to  the  colony  made  by  the  author  in  July  to  study  the  black  weevil  borer  of 
bananas  {Cosmopolites  sordidus).  This  pest,  which  occurs  wherever  the 
banana  is  grown  in  St  Lucia,  was  found  to  attack  all  varieties  but  seems  to 
prefer  the  plantain.  Brief  mention  is  also  made  of  other  insects  which  attack 
bananas,  plantain,  etc.,  insects  which  attack  limes,  miscellaneous  insects,  and 
grasshoppers. 

Beport  on  the  work  of  the  entomological  division,  B.  R.  Speteb  {Ceylon 
Admin.  Rpts.  1917,  Sect.  IV,  pp.  C10-C16).—Th\B  report  includes  a  list  of  the 
Important  insects  of  the  year  and  a  report  of  special  investigations  into  the 
abot-hole  borer  of  tea,  Xyleborus  fomicatus.  A  special  investigation  into  the 
tea  tortrix  {Homona  eoffearia),  by  N.  K.  Jardine,  is  included. 

Insects  affecting  the  castor  bean  in  Cuba,  P.  Oabdin  {Rev.  Agr.,  Com.  y 
TraX^.  [Cuba},  1  {1918),  No.  10,  pp.  527-^SS,  figs.  7).— This  is  a  preliminary  ac- 
count of  the  insects  which  attack  the  castor  bean  {Ridnus  communis)  in  Cuba. 

Particular  attention  is  given  to  the  tingitid  or  lacewing  bug  Corythucha  gos- 
iypH,  which  is  a  source  of  serious  injury  through  its  attack  upon  the  foliage. 
Other  pests  of  less  importance  mentioned  include  HemAcMonaspis  minor,  Chrys- 
wnphalus  dictyospemU,  Tetranychus  bimaculatus,  Xylomiges  eridamia,  Resth- 
snia  atripennis,  and  Bpitris  sp. 

The  insect  pests  of  maiEe,  W.  B.  Gttbnet  {Agr.  Gaz.  N.  8.  Wales,  29  {1918), 
Ho.  9,  pp.  $41-^50,  figs.  15). —A  summary  of  information  on  the  more  important 
insect  enemies  of  com  in  New  South  Wales. 

"  Some  25  species  have  been  recorded  so  far  as  attacking  maize  in  the  field, 
as  well  as  the  cobs  and  shelled  grain  in  store,  and  these  include  probably  most  of 
those  which  are  likely  to  be  seriously  destructive.  Among  them,  two  species 
of  moth  grubs  are  recorded  now  for  the  first  time  as  attacking  maize  in  New 
South  Wales,  vis,  the  pink  com  worm  {Batraohedra  rUeyi)  introduced,  and 
our  native  species  of  sugar  cane  boring  moth  {PhragmatiphUa  [Nonagria] 
tnmcata).'* 

Kotes  on  insects  bred  from  the  bark  and  wood  of  the  American  larch 
(Lartc  laridna),  M.  W.  Biackman  and  H.  H.  Stagk  {Syracuse  Univ.  [Pubs.}, 

18  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  11-115,  pis.  9).— This  report  upon  the  insect  infestation  of 
the  wood  and  bark  of  larch  is  based  particularly  upon  an  investigation  of  a 
100-acre  tract  of  larch  near  Crittenden,  N.  Y.  The  paper  includes  a  discussion 
and  tabulation  of  the  ecological  associations  of  various  predators  and  parasites 
In  larch  and  a  detailed  discussion  of  each  species  reared  from  larch.  A  S-page 
bibliography  alphabetically  arranged  \a  also  included. 

The  fungi  cultivated  by  termites  in  the  vicinity  of  Kanila  and  Los  Bafios, 
W.  EL  Bbown  {PhtUppine  Jour.  Sci.,  Sect.  C,  IS  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  22S-2S1,  pis. 
2). — ^A  report  of  studies  by  the  author  in  the  vicinity  of  Manila. 

Kaehlne  gun  work  with  a  new  formula  on  red  spiders  in  Tulare  County, 
P.  B.  JowES  {Mo.  Bui.  Cal.  Com.  Sort.,  7  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  4^5-457)  .—In  control 
work  with  the  red  spider  {Tetranychus  telarius),  the  author  made  use  of  a 
spray  in  which  mlscible  oil  was  combined  with  lime-sulphur,  using  the  formula 


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454  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BBGOBD.  [ToL40 

6  gal.  of  Orchard  brand  lime-sulphur,  2  gal.  of  mlsclble  oU  (Triumph),  and  1  lb. 
of  ground  glue  per  200  gal.  spray  tank.  In  pr^Mirlng  the  spray  5  lb&  of  grmmd 
glue  was  placed  In  an  empty  5-gal.  coal  oil  or  gasoliBe  can.  This  was  cotrered 
with  a  sufficient  amount  of  cold  water  to  make  it  Into  a  paste,  then  2  or  8  galsL 
of  hot  or  cold  water  were  poured  into  the  can  and  the  solution  heated  until  all 
the  glue  was  thoroughly  dlssolred,  whereupon  sufficient  water  was  added  to 
make  5  gal.  One  gal.  of  the  glue  solution  was  then  stirred  into  2  gaL  of  ttie 
miscible  oil,  and  the  mixture  was  stirred  while  water  was  added  sufficient  to 
make  5  gal.  of  a  thin,  creamy  emulsion.  This  emulsion  was  added  to  the  lime- 
sulphur  solution  in  the  spray  tank  just  as  the  spraying  was  begun.  ApplieatioQ 
of  this  ^>ray  Is  said  to  have  resulted  in  the  immediate  destruction  of  all  the  red 
spiders  on  both  surfaces  of  the  leaves. 

**  The  spread  of  the  spray  was  very  great,  covering  all  portions  of  the  trees 
with  a  very  fine  film,  and  no  trouble  was  experienced  at  all  in  breaking  down 
beyond  the  point  intended.  After  the  contact  value  of  the  formula  had  been 
obtained,  secondary  killing  results  showed  up  over  quite  a  period  of  time  in 
the  action  of  the  free  sulphur  fumes  on  the  young  red  spiders  hatched  from  the 
eggs.  The  fumes  of  this  solution  were  very  much  in  evidence  for  a  long  period 
after  application,  and  this  secondary  killing  or  '  mopping  up '  was  carried  out 
very  efficiently.  It  is  evident  that  the  oil,  with  what  was  left  of  the  caieium 
polysulphlds  and  the  sodium  and  potassium  sulphids,  did  all  the  c<Xitact  work 
on  the  adult  red  spiders,  while  the  free  sulphur  continued  to  act  on  the  youn^ 
hatched  from  the  eggs.  The  lime  in  the  sulphur  and  free  lime  formed,  together 
with  the  very  increased  spread  and  fine  film  over  the  trees,  tended  to  shade  over 
the  spray  so  as  not  to  cause  injury,  and  the  increased  spread  also  kept  the  liquid 
from  gathering  in  such  large  drops  when  drying.  .  .  . 

"For  general  work  throughout  the  State  where  there  is  not  an  extenatve 
fungus  condition,  or  this  problem  is  not  to  be  taken  into  consideration,  it  is 
probable  that  it  will  not  be  necessary  to  use  this  formula  stronger  than  4  gal. 
llm.e-sulphur,  1  gaL  miscible  oil  (Triumph),  and  1  lb.  glue  to  200  gaL  spray 
tank.  And  it  is  suggested  that  this  formula  be  used  especially  on  prunes  whlcb 
have  the  fruit  on  them,  or  on  citrus  trees,  although  the  stronger  formula  has 
been  used  with  great  success  on  the  gray  scale  (Cooou$  oitriooia)  in  Tulare 
Oounty,  during  the  months  of  July,  August,  September,  and  October,  and  even 
stronger  solutions  during  the  winter  months. 

"  It  is  a  question  whether  the  mark  left  by  the  lime-sulphur,  wh&i  used  at 
the  weaker  strength,  would  have  any  bad  effect  on  prunes,  inasmuch  as  th^ 
are  dipped  before  marketing.  However,  there  might  be  some  difficulty  in  this 
respect  on  canning  peaches.  No  trouble  was  experienced  in  this  respect  on 
almonds  or  on  oranges,  as  the  lime-sulphur  came  off  very  readily  or  else  did 
not  show  any  marks  at  all  at  picking  time.'* 

The  mixing  of  oil  emulsions  with.  Ume-sulphur  solutions,  W.  W.  Yothibbs 
(Fla,  Grower,  18  (1918),  No.  18,  p.  4).— The  author  reports  upon  the  use  of  ell 
emulsions  mixed  with  lime-sulphur  solution,  as  recommended  by  Jones  in  the 
article  above  noted. 

In  following  the  directions  given  by  Jones  it  was  found  that  when  the  gtue- 
miscible  oil  combination  was  added  to  the  lime-sulphur  solution  a  granular 
scum  formed,  but  this  was  readily  stirred  up  and  apparently  formed  a  fairly 
good  mixture.  It  is  pointed  out  that,  owing  to  the  forming  of  a  granular  scum 
on  the  surface  of  the  solution,  it  will  be  necessary  to  use  an  agitator  in  apply- 
ing it  to  the  trees,  otherwise  the  granular  scum  will  be  at  the  bottom  of  the 
tank  when  nearly  empty  and  will  then  be  applied  to  the  trees  in  a  ooncentrated 
state  and  cause  much  damagOi 


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Wl»3  ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ^ENTOMOLOGY.  455 

The  results  of  spraying  tests  made  by  the  author  indicate  that  glue  must  be 
added  to  the  oil  emulsion  when  it  is  being  made,  whereas  it  can  be  added 
afterwards  to  a  misdble  oil.  With  a  view  to  determining  the  effect  upon 
white  fly  and  purple  scale,  applications  were  made  on  August  13  In  which 
miacible  oil  was  stabilized  <1)  with  glue  solution  and  (2)  with  milk  powder. 
A  stabilized  emulsion  was  also  used  in  place  of  the  mlscible  oil,  and  the  glue 
solution  was  used  for  a  binder.  It  was  found  later  that  the  addition  of  glue 
to  a  stabilized  emulsion  was  unnecessary.  White  fly  pupae  were  killed  per- 
fectly, and  the  sooty  mold  was  loosened  and  fell  off  after  the  first  rain.  At 
the  time  of  writing  the  sprayed  trees  were  free  from  sooty  mold  and  purple 
scale  and  had  a  much  better  appearance  than  a  check  row  of  unsprayed  trees 
in  the  same  grove.  It  is  pointed  out  that  while  the  mixture  seems  to  be 
satisfactory  as  an  insecticide  it  may  injure  the  trees  and  fruit 

"There  is  no  evidence  to  show  that  the  combination  of  oil  emulsions  and 
lime-sulphur  is  superior  to  the  combination  of  the  emulsion  and  the  soda 
sulphur  solutions.  So,  until  further  knowledge  has  been  obtained,  it  would  be 
well  to  try  the  former  combination  only  experimentally." 

The  toxic  action  of  KCN  and  its  relation  to  the  state  of  nutrition  and  age 
of  the  cell  as  shown  by  Paramecium  and  Didinium,  Babbara  L.  Lund  {BioL 
Bui.  Mar.  Biol.  Lab.  Woods  Hole,  S5  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  211-231,  figs.  5).— A  re- 
port of  studies  of  the  comparative  resistance  of  Paramecium  and  Didinium 
to  the  toxic  action  of  potassium  cyanld  in  culture  medium,  and  the  factors 
responsible  for  the  observed  differences  among  individuals  living  in  the  same 
medium. 

The  tarnished  plant  bug  and  its  injury  to  nursery  stock,  L.  Hasehan 
{Missouri  Sta,  Research  Bui.  29  (1918),  pp.  S-20,  pis.  5).— This  is  a  report  of 
investigations  of  Lygus  praiensis,  of  which  insect  an  earlier  account  has  been 
noted  (E.  S.  R.,  29,  p.  854).  The  author's  conclusions,  based  upon  the  investi- 
gations here  reported,  are  as  follows: 

••  The  typical  injury  to  nursery  stock,  known  as  *  stop-back,*  •  bush-head,'  or 
'bunch-head'  in  Missouri  is  the  result  of  feeding  by  the  tarnished  plant  bug. 
This  injury  has  been  common  in  the  State  for  years,  out  has  attracted  special 
attention  only  in  the  last  seven  years. 

"  The  main  injury  is  done  by  the  adults  which  pass  the  winter.  Some  of  the 
late  work  may  be  done  by  adults  maturing  in  the  summer.  The  nymphs  do  not 
breed  and  feed  on  nursery  stock.  The,  principal  injury  is  done  in  the  spring 
before  the  dormant  buds  have  produced  a  growth  of  more  than  12  in.  Later 
Injury  does  occur  but  It  is  usually  of  little  importance.  Peach,  pear,  and 
cherry  are  most  severely  attacked  in  Missouri. 

"The  pest  hibernates  in  the  adult  stage  between  the  leaves  of  mullen  and 
similar  plants,  under  rubbish,  leaves,  and  other  shelter.  Only  a  small  per- 
centage of  the  adults  which  hibernate  live  through  the  winter.  The  bugs  are 
strong  fliers,  but  collect  in  greatest  abundance  and  do  most  damage  on  nursery 
stock  near  favorable  breeding  and  hibernating  places. 

••  In  the  development  of  the  pest  it  passes  through  five  nymphal  stages,  the 
second  of  which  can  not  be  distinguished  with  certainty  without  actually 
following  the  hourly  growth  and  development  of  the  nymph  from  the  time  it 
hatches. 

•TThe  pest  oviposits  largely  in  the  blossoms  of  composits  and  nymphs  feed 
on  the  sap  of  the  same  plants.  'Mare's  tail'  (Erigeron  canadensis)  is  pre- 
ferred, although  the  pest  breeds  on  a  variety  of  other  plants. 

•*In  the  control  of  the  pest,  clean  culture  to  destroy  plants  on  whlch.it 
hreeds,  and  the  destruction  of  favorable  hibernating  quarters  are  essential. 
112874*— 19 6 


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456  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  IVol.  40 

Trap  crops,  sticky  shields,  and  driving  will  also  help  to  reduce  the  amount  of 
injury.  Known  insecticides  are  of  little  or  no  value.  Judicious  pruning  will 
help  reshape  Injured  trees." 

The  value  of  high  temperature  for  controllinfr  the  common  bedbog^,  A. 
Gibson  (Agr.  Gaz.  Canada,  5  {1918),  No,  10,  pp.  949-951,  figs.  2).— The  raising 
of  the  temperature  of  infested  rooms  within  8.5  hours  to  not  less  than  145'  F. 
resulted  in  the  death  of  all  bedbugs  present.  The  results  obtained  confirm  the 
worlt  of  Ross,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  35,  p.  658). 

A  contribution  to  the  physiology  of  wing  development  in  aphids,  G.  O. 
Shinji  {BioL  Bui.  Mar.  Biol.  Lab.  Woods  Hole,  S5  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  95-116).— 
Among  the  ten  species  considered  in  this  paper  are  Myzus  persiciE,  Aphis  bras- 
9ic€B,  Macrosiphum  ulmariw,  M.  roses,  M.  solanifolUB,  and  A.  gossypii. 

Genetic  relations  of  the  winged  and  wingless  forms  to  each  other  and  to 
the  sexes  in  the  aphid  Macrosiphum  solanifolil,  A.  F.  Shull  {Amer,  Nat.,  SS 
{1918),  No.  622-623,  pp.  507-520). — ^A  report  of  studies  of  the  pink  and  greei 
potato  plant  louse. 

The  prevention  and  arrest  of  lice-borne  diseases  by  new  methods  of  dis- 
infection, W.  Hunter  {Lancet  [London],  1918,  II,  Nos.  11,  pp.  S47-S51,  figs.  8; 
12,  pp.  377-381,  figs.  3). — ^This  is  an  address  delivered  before  the  Royal  So- 
ciety of  Medicine  on  July  17,  1918,  by  the  president  of  the  advisory  committee 
for  prevention  of  epidemic  diseases  in  eastern  war  areas  in  1915-1917. 

Notes  on  Japanese  Lepidoptera  and  their  larvn,  I-V,  A.  E.  Wileman 
{Philippine  Jour.  Sci.,  Sect.  D,  9  {19Wf  No.  3,  pp.  247-267,  pU.  3;  10  {1915), 
Nos.  5,  pp.  281-305,  pis.  3;  6,  pp.  345-363,  pU.  3;  12  {1917),  No.  4.  PP-  229-247, 
pis.  2;  13  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  151-171,  pis.  2).— The  several  parts  of  this  paper  in- 
clude descriptions  and  colored  illustrations  of  the  larvse  of  9,  11,  8,  8,  and  8 
species,  respectively. 

Control  work  with  the  grapevine  cochylis  in  Vandois  vineyards  in  1917, 
H.  Faes  {Essais  et  Traitetnents  Effectu4s  dans  le  Vignoble  Vaudois  conire  le 
Ver  de  la  Vigne  {Cochylis)  en  1917.  Lausanne:  Sta.  Vit.  Lausanne,  1918,  pp.  IS, 
figs.  3). — ^This  is  a  report  of  experimental  control  work  with  electric  lights  and 
insecticides. 

The  large  aspen  tortrix,  Cacoscia  conflictana,  N.  Griddle  {Agr.  Oaz.  Canada, 
5  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  1049-1051,  figs.  2).— The  small  caterpillars  of  this  lepidop- 
teran  appeared  on  aspen  poplars  in  Manitoba  during  1916,  and  became  so 
numerous  in  a  short  time  as  to  threaten  seriously  large  numbers  of  the  trees. 
The  caterpillar  commences  to  devour  the  leaves  as  soon  as  they  burst  from 
their  buds,  at  first  eating  holes  in  them  and  soon  after  curling  them  by  means 
of  silken  webs,  forming  funnel  or  trumpet-shaped  inclosures  within  which  in- 
dividual larvfie  live  and  feed  and  later  move  to  other  leaves.  A  second  sea- 
son's attack  is  even  worse  than  the  first  and  is  said  to  have  been  responsible 
for  much  killing. 

A  second  species,  Argyroploce  duplex,  which  closely  resembles  C.  conflictana, 
was  also  present  and  a  source  of  some  of  the  Injury. 

The  origin  of  the  pink  bollworm,  G.  L.  Mariatt  {Science,  n.  ser.,  48  {1918) , 
No.  1239,  pp.  309-312).— This  is  a  discussion  by  the  chairman  of  the  Federal 
Horticultural  Board  of  the  origin  of  Pectinopfiora  [Oelechia]  gossypieUa,  a 
summarized  account  of  which  pest  by  Hunter  has  been  previously  noted  (E.  S. 
R.,  39,  p.  764).  The  author  finds  that  a  scrutiny  of  the  records  gives  strong: 
support  to  the  theory  that  the  pink  boUworm  originated  in  southern  Asia, 
probably  in  India. 

Walnut  worm  threatens  industry,  R.  E.  SMrrH  {CaL  Cult.,  51  {1918),  No, 
18,  pp.  441*  442,  4^7,  figs.  6).— The  author  calls  attenUon  to  the  fact  that  a  bio- 


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1U»]  ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ^EKTOMOLOGY.  467 

logical  Tarlety  of  the  codling  moth  is  serioiuSly  injuring  walnuts  in  certain 
parts  of  Santa  Barbara  and  Orange  Counties,  Gal.,  and  that  the  Immediate 
inauguraticfn  of  control  measures  is  necessary  to  keep  it  from  spreading  all  over 
southern  CaUfomia.  In  some  orvdiards  where  the  worm  has  been  present  for 
several  years  fully  50  per  cent  of  the  nuts  on  the  trees  are  wormy,  and  in  many 
groves  over  20  per  cent  of  the  crop  is  affected.  The  damage  is  gradually  in- 
creasii^  from  year  to  year  and  at  the  same  time  the  pest  is  spreading  into  new 
territory,  many  hundreds  of  acres  now  being  affected  and  steadily  growing 
worse.  The  wormy  nuts  make  the  worst  kind  of  culls,  as  they  are  not  only 
a  total  loss  but  are  very  hard  to  find  in  culling.  A  large  amount  of  extra  labor 
is  required,  and  even  then  some  0t  the  nuts  get  by.  The  profits  from  a  grove 
50  per  cent  infested  are  cut  almost  In  half. 

It  Is  pointed  out  that  while  the  insect  In  all  stages  looks  exactly  like  the 
codling  moth  its  occurrence  in  walnuts  shows  no  connection  with  apple  and  pear 
trees,  and  judging  from  its  feeding  habits  it  is  a  different  form  from  that 
which  ordinarily  attacks  those  fHiits.  Its  spread  into  new  places  has  taken 
place  largely  by  sacks  taken  from  infested  orchards  or  packing  houses  Into 
nnlnfested  places.  It  is  said  that  in  France  and  other  parts  of  Europe  walnuts 
are  commonly  attacked  by  a  similar  fbrm  of  the  codling  moth. 

A  report  upon  the  nut-feeding  habits  of  the  codling  moth  by  Foster  has  been 
previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  28,  p.  760). 

The  bean  fly,  F.  Otancs  t  Qitesalbs  {Philippine  Affr.*  7  (1918),  No.  1,  pp. 
f-f7,  pte.  4). — This  is  a  detailed  report  of  studies  of  the  Philippine  bean  fly, 
described  by  Malloch  in  1016  as  Agramyga  deBtructor  (E.  S.  B.,  36,  p.  668). 
TUs  pest  was  first  noticed  at  Los  Bafios  in  1912,  in  which  year  It  did  serious 
damage  to  beans  under  cultivation.  It  has  since  proved  to  be  the  worst  pest 
of  young  beans  in  the  vicinity  of  Los  Bafios,  sometimes  destroying  whole  fields, 
and  is  thought  to  occur  throughout  the  Philippines. 

The  female  deposits  its  eggs,  about  200  in  number,  in  punctures  in  the  leaves 
of  beans,  and  the  resulting  maggots  are  leaf  miners  at  first.  In  one  or  two 
days  after  hatching  they  move  from  the  leaves  and  mine  the  stalk,  in  which 
they  work  in  greater  numbers  at  the  base,  causing  the  tissues  to  decay.  The 
pest  is  most  destructive  to  kidney  beans  and  cowpeas,  especially  from  January 
to  April.  The  Limas  and  the  patanl,  which  belong  to  the  same  species  (Phase- 
oUts  IwMiliM),  are  the  most  resistant  to  it,  and  are  only  attadced  at  the  time 
of  the  appearance  of  the  first  two  leaves.  Its  life  cycle  is  said  to  average  21 
days. 

Two  chalddid  parasites,  Eurytoma  poUmi  and  Paratrigonogattra  stetta, 
have  been  reared,  the  former  being  the  more  abundant.  It  is  thought  that 
spraying  for  the  control  of  this  pest  will  not  prove  profitable.  It  can  be  more 
easily  and  cheaply  controlled  by  cultural  methods. 

Ovlposition  in  the  celery  fly,  T.  H.  Tatlob  {Ann.  Appl.  Biol.,  5  {1918),  No.  i, 
pp.  60,  61,  /Iff.  i).— A  description  of  the  manner  In  which  Tephritea  onopordinis 
deposits  its  ^gs  in  the  leaf.  About  six  days  are  required  for  their  incubation. 
'Vnnter  hibernation  of  Anopheles  larv»,  T.  H.  D.  OaiFTrrTS  {Puh.  Health 
RpU.  [U.  £f.],  66  {1918),  No.  4^.  PP.  iP9^i9P8).— "Anopheles  {A.  cruciane  and 
A.  punctipennie,  at  least)  pass  the  winter  In  the  larval  stage.  This  is  true  for 
northern  Louisiana  (for  A.  entdane)  during  a  severe  winter  for  that  section. 
Evidence,  though  less  conclusive,  shovrs  that  A.  punotipennis,  at  least  in  the 
larval  stage,  withstands  a  severe  eastern  Virginia  winter. 

''Apparently  pupation  does  not  occur  at  low  temperature  or  until  ordinary 
room  temperature  obtains.  In  selected  places  considerable  numbers  of  Ano- 
pheles larve  pass  the  winter  as  such.    Larviddes  should  be  i4>plied  in  the  fall 


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458  RXPRRTMFiNT  STATION  BEOOBD.  [VoL40 

Bnffidently  late  to  kill  the  last  batch  of  larrs,  or  before  season  suitable  for  the 
completion  of  their  aquatic  stages  in  the  spring.** 

On  mosquito  laryicides,  H.  B.  Kibx  {Trafu.  and  Proc,  New  Zeal  InH^  60 
(,1911),  pp.  19S-196).—^h\n  is  a  brief  statemrat  of  work  with  several  mosquito 
larvlcides  in  New  Zealand. 

A  contribution  to  the  knowledge  of  the  Bnudlian  OSstrina,  A.  Ltm  ( Jfam. 
In»t.  Oawaldo  Cruz,  9  {1917),  No.  1,  pp.  9^11S,  pU.  S;  ab9.  in  Itev.  AppL  AU., 
Ber.  B,  6  {1918)^  No.  7,  pp.  It9,  idO).>^rhe  author  takes  the  view  that  CBstrins 
should  be  treated  as  a  subfamily  of  the  Musclde.  He  gives  a  key  to  the  five 
genera  observed  in  Brazil  and  a  list  of  20  South  American  species*  meet  of 
which  occur  in  Brazil.  Then  follow  notes  on  15  species*  of  which  4  belonging 
to  the  genus  Guterebra  are  described  as  new.  Several  of  the  qpedes,  indiiding 
those  described  as  new,  are  illustrated  in  colors.  Notes  on  the  parasitic  habits 
of  the  American  CEstrlnn  follow  (pp.  105-113). 

The  distribution  of  the  nose  fly  and  other  species  of  Oastrophiliu  in  the 
United  States,  F.  O.  Bishofp  {Ptyche,  24  (1917),  No.  S,  pp.  182-187,  fig.  i).— 
This  paper  is  based  upon  studies  by  the  Bureau  of  Entomology  of  the  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture. 

The  common  horse  hot  (G.  iMeBiinaUa)^  introduced  Into  this  country  many 
years  ago,  has  become  widely  spread  throughout  the  United  States,  though  it 
appears  to  vary  much  in  local  abundance.  The  chin  fly  (G.  fuwo/w)  is  also 
widespread  over  the  United  Statea  The  nose  fly  (G.  hmrnoTrhoidaUa),  the  most 
important  economically  of  the  three,  is  a  serious  pest  of  horses  in  the  north 
central  States,  including  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Montana,  Minnesota, 
Golorado,  Idaho,  Utah,  Washington,  Illinois,  and  Wisconsin.  Montana  and 
North  and  South  Dakota  are*  generally  infested  at  this  time,  and  central  western 
Minnesota,  northern  Nebraska,  and  northeast  Wyoming  undoubtedly  so.  The 
species  is  also  known  to  occur  In  Manitoba  and  Saskatchewan. 

Studies  of  these  pests  by  Dove,  since  published,  have  been  noted  (B.  8.  R^ 
80,  p.  180). 

GkMtrophilus  duodenalis,  J.  B.  Msndt  (An.  Boo.  Rwral  Argentina,  S2  {1918} , 
No.  7,  pp.  429-440,  figs.  17).— A  r^;}ort  of  studies  of  this  horse  hot  fly  whicdi 
includes  a  map  showing  its  distribution  in  Argentina.  An  account  of  studies 
of  this  species  by  Dove  has  been  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  80,  p.  180). 

A  serious  pest  to  stored  wheat,  the  lesser  grain  borer  (Bhlaopertba 
dominioa),  W.  W.  Fbogqatt  {Agr.  Ouz.  N.  B.  Wales,  29  {1918),  No.  10^  pp.  726- 
728,  fig.  1). — ^A  brief  account  is  given  of  this  cosmopolitan  enemy  of  wheat, 
which  has  been  established  In  Australia  in  a  minor  degree  for  many  years  and 
is  recorded  as  a  common  pest  of  stored  wheat  In  South  Australia.  In  New 
South  Wales  It  appears  to  be  largely  confined  to  the  vicinity  of  Sydney. 

An  account  of  this  pest  by  Chittenden  has  been  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R., 
25,  p.  663). 

Pour  new  African  parasitic  Hymoioptera  belonging  to  the  subfamily 
lAcrocrasterinA,  A.  B.  Oahan  {Proc.  U.  B.  Nat.  Mus.,  54  {1918),  pp.  587-^590). 

Beekeeping  may  increase  the  cotton  crop,  R.  M.  Mxaob  {Jour.  HertdUy,  9 
{1918),  No.  6f  pp.  282-28Sf  figs.  2). — ^The  investigation  here  reported  upon  in- 
dicates that  the  introduction  of  colonies  of  bees  may  prove  of  distinct  ad- 
vantage in  the  fertilization  of  long  staple  varieties  of  cotton.  **  It  is  evident 
from  the  increased  yield  of  bolls  secured  in  the  long-plstiUed  Durango  variety 
through  artificial  pollination  that  the  presence  of  additional  pollinating  insects 
would  aid  in  reducing  the  high  percentage  of  shedding." 

Descriptions  and  notes  on  some  ichneumon  flies  from  J'ava,  S.  A  Rohwkb 
{Proe.  U.  B.  Nat.  Mus.,  64  {1918),  pp.  663-570). 


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1»1»1  FOODS — HITMAN  NUTBITIOir.  459 

Notes  on  and  descriptions  of  some  sawfiies  from  the  Australian  region, 
8.  A.  RoHWEB  (Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  HUt.,  9.  <er.,  t  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  iSS-UO). 

An  entomofirenous  fungn^s  growing  from  the  cocoon  of  a  braconid,  G.  T. 
Ltle  (BniomolOffUt,  51  {1918),  No.  665,  pp.  227-229,  fig.  i).-— This  note  relates 
to  Uaria  arachnophUa,  found  growing  in  cocoons  of  BraconldsB  of  the  aphldi- 
Yorous  genus  Praon,  undoubtedly  P.  voluere. 

A  contribution  to  the  biology  of  fruit-fly  parasites  in  Hawaii,  O.  E.  Pem- 
BBBTOir  and  H.  F.  Whxasd  {Jour.  Agr.  Research  [XJ.  8.},  15  {1918),  No.  8,  pp. 
419-465,  f^L  1,  fig:  ^i).— This  report  of  investigations  by  the  Bureau  of  Ento- 
mology Of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  deals  particularly  with  the 
hymenopterous  parasites,  Diachatma  tryoni^  Opiu8  humiUs,  D.  fiUlawayi,  and 
TetrasUchus  giffardianus,  A  discussion  of  the  parasitism  of  the  melon  fly  by 
fmlt-fly  parasites,  relation  of  the  introduced  pupal  parasites  to  the  established 
larval  parasites  of  the  fruit  fly,  Pachycrepoideus  dubmu,  occasionally  reared 
from  fruit  fly  puparia,  and  PJieidole  megaoephala  as  a  predacious  enemy  of  the 
fruit  fly,  follows. 

A  list  of  seven  references  to  the  literature  cited  is  included. 

Kote  on  the  adult  habits  of  some  hymenopterous  egrg  parasites  of  Orthop- 
tem  and  Mantoidea,  G.  T.  Bbxtes  {Psyche,  24  {1917),  No.  6,  pp.  195, 196,  fig.  1).— 
This  paper,  which  supplements  that  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  68),  calls 
attention  to  the  fact  that  the  phenomenon  of  phoresy  appears  in  members  of 
both  the  Chalddoidea  and  Serphoidea.  A  drawing  is  given  of  Lepidoacelio 
viatriXy  a  scelionid  which  attaches  Itself  to  the  locust  Dichromarpha  viridis. 

[Iieaf  gall  on  Americana  plums],  D.  B.  Swingle  and  H.  E.  Mobbis  {Mon- 
tana 8ta.  Bui.  12S  {1918),  pp.  175,  180,  181,  fig.  1;  abs.  in  Circ.  77  (1918),  pp. 
158, 16S,  fig.  1). — The  authors  find  that  Ehriophyes  prunl  on  plum  is  easily  con- 
trolled by  spraying  with  dilute  lime-sulphur  while  the  trees  are  still  dormant, 
and  in  some  seasons  when  the  buds  are  in  the  pink,  but  after  the  petals  fall  it 
is  too  late  to  get  the  best  results. 

The  common  cattle  tick  in  Argentina,  V.  J.  Jasschke  {An.  8oc.  Rural 
Argentina,  52  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  S46-S58) .—This  account  relates  to  Margaropus 
mtcropius. 

FOODS— HUHAir  NUTSITIOH. 

Foods  and  their  adulteration,  H.  W.  Wnxr  {Philadelphia:  P.  Blakitton's 
Son  d  Co.,  1917,  5.  ed.,  pp.  XIV-\'646,  pU.  11,  figs.  87).— ^This  is  a  third  and 
revised  edition  of  the  work  previously  listed  (E.  S.  R.,  25,  p.  263). 

Basalts  and  expectations  of  research  on  fishery  problems,  P.  H.  Mitchell 
(SeL  Mo.,  6  {1918),  No,  1,  pp.  76-83),— The  author  suggests  that  research  along 
this  line  may  be  of  great  value  in  increasing  the  food  supply.  He  believes  that 
general  biological  surveys  serve  to  locate  and  protect  fishing  grounds,  as  has 
been  dononstrated  in  the  case  of  tUe  fish.  Studies  on  the  life  history  of  various 
species  make  possible  the  development  of  modem  methods  of  culture,  as  in 
the  case  of  oysters  and  lobsters.  The  need  of  further  study  of  fish  pathology 
and  the  general  nutritional  value  and  limitations  of  fish  and  shell  fish  is 
emphasized. 

A  study  of  some  of  the  chemical  changes  which  occur  in  oysters  during 
their  preparation  for  the  market,  B.  B.  Smith  (17.  8.  Dept,  Agr.  Bui.  740 
{1919)^  pp.  24),— An  investigation  was  conducted  during  the  fall  and  winter  of 
1914-15  in  certain  r^resentative  oyster  houses  in  Gonnecticut  to  determine 
tlie  amounts  of  ammoniacal  nitrogen,  amino  acid  nitrogen,  moisture,  total  solids, 
ash,  and  sodium  chlorid  present  in  oysters  under  the  various  conditions  through 


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460  EXPBBIMENT  STATION  RBCOBD.  [VoLM 

which  they  pass  In  ordinary  commercial  practice,  and  to  ascertain  the  effect 
of  washing  and  soaking  on  both  the  chemical  composition  and  physical  condition 
of  the  oysters. 

From  the  data  presented  the  author  concludes  that  the  determination  of 
ammoniacal  nitrogen  and  amino  acid  nitrogen  Is  of  Uttle  value  in  eatfmatlng 
the  amount  of  decomposition  which  has  occurred,  bat  that  the  latter  is  a  reliable 
index  of  the  amount  of  wasliing  or  soalting  which  the  oysters  have  received. 

A  marked  loss  of  oyster  solids  and  of  ash  constituents  occurs  on  washing 
oysters  with  fresh  water.  If  oysters  are  agitated  in  fresh  water,  either  by  me- 
chanical means  or  by  means  of  a  blast  of  air,  a  large  Increase  in  volume  results 
in  a  short  space  of  time.    This  increase  is  believed  to  be  due  to  osmotic  actloa 

Bread  and  the  bakin^r  industry.  R.  McD.  Allen  {Gen.  Fed.  {Women'i 
Clubs)  Mag.,  11  {1918),  No.  IZ,  pp.  IS-^W.—A  general  discussion  of  the  baking 
industry  and  the  nutritive  value  of  bread. 

The  degree  of  bolting  and  food  value  of  wheat,  L.  Lapicqxje  {Compt.  Rend. 
Acad.  Sci.  [Paris],  165  {1917),  No.  13,  pp.  ^iM^^).— The  comparative  food 
value  of  wheat,  whole  wheat,  and  mixed  flours  is  discussed  with  particular 
reference  to  the  data  reported  by  Snyder  (E.  S.  R.,  17,  p.  481).  The  author 
recommends  85  per  cent  extraction  as  furnishing  a  flour  of  greater  food  value, 
all  things  being  considered,  than  those  containing  a  smaller  percentage  of  the 
grain. 

Direct  panification,  M.  Dol£sis  {Vie  Agr.  et  Rurale,  8  {1918),  No.  11,  pp. 
293,  294).— A  method  for  the  utilization  of  wheat  for  bread  making  without  the 
customary  milling  is  described,  which  is  said  to  be  economical  and  practical 
for  wheat  producers  and  for  rural  bakeries. 

The  method  consists  In  a  preliminary  cleansing  of  the  wheat,  followed  by 
soaking  it  for  about  12  hou^s  in  water  at  SO""  G.  (122*  F.).  The  wheat,  which 
has  taken  up  about  70  per  cent  of  its  weight  of  water,  is  then  crushed  by  means 
of  a  perforated  cylinder  through  which  the  pulp,  but  not  the  bran,  can  pass. 
The  pulp  is  then  dried  and  used  bb  ordinary  flour  in  baking. 

Analyses  by  Leprince  and  Lecoq  are  reported  of  wheat  and  corn  piroducts 
obtained  by  this  method  and  also  of  the  bread  made  from  them. 

On  the  digestibility  of  bread. — ^HI,  Erytlirodeztrin  in  starch  hydrolysis, 
J.  G.  Blake  {Jour.  Amer.  Ohem.  Soc.,  40  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  623-636,  figs.  2).—- 
A  continuation  of  previous  work  (E.  S.  R.,  86,  p.  661).  Partly  for  the  purpose 
of  standardizing  amylolytlc  agents  and  partly  for  the  chemical  study  of 
amylolytic  activity,  efforts  were  made  to  obtain  pure  erythrodextrin.  Starch 
in  one  case  was  moistened  with  dilute  acids  and  roasted,  and  in  another  was 
boiled  with  dilute  acid. 

From  the  results  of  experiments  the  author  concludes  ''that  boiled  com 
starch  disintegrates  in  at  least  three  stages,  protein  and  amylodextrin  preceding 
erythramylum  and  erythrodextrin  in  order  of  formation.  These  three  stages 
probably  correspond  with  those  shown  by  the  •roasting*  process,  the  final 
practical  disappearance  of  the  amylodextrin  in  both  cases  occurring  at  the  third 
and  greatest  maximum  of  the  erythrodextrin.  They  also  probably  correspond 
with  the  three  stages  of  salivary  digestion  of  starch." 

The  use  of  calcium  glucosates  in  bread  making,  Q.  A.  Lb  Rot  {Compt. 
Rend.  Acad.  8ei.  {Paris},  165  {1917),  No,  IS,  p.  41tf).--The  author  recommends 
the  use  of  calcium  glucosate  instead  of  limewater,  as  suggested  by  liapicque 
and  Legendre  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  267),  in  the  preparation  of  bread  from  flour  of  85 
per  cent  extraction.  The  glucosates  employed  are  prepared  by  action  in  the 
cold  of  milk  of  lime  upon  commercial  glucose.  To  100  gm.  of  flour  are  added 
the  glucosates  obtained  from  100  gm.  of  glucose  and  GO  gm.  of  lime.    The  br«ad 


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1919]  F00D6 — HUMAN  NUTRITION,  461 

Is  said  to  be  of  even  better  quality  tban  that  inside  with  llmewater,  the  fer- 
mentation  of  the  dough  apparently  being  hastened  instead  of  slightly  retarded 
as  in  the  case  of  limewater. 

War  bread  (dechlorinated  calcium  bread),  R.  Dubois  {Campt  Rend.  800. 
BioL  iParUh  80  {1917),  No.  11,  pp.  818-^1;  abs,  in  Chem.  Abs.,  IB  {1918).  No. 
10.  pp.  1087,  1088). — ^The  author  suggests  the  advisability  of  the  manufacture 
of  bread  without  common  salt,  on  the  theory  that  the  dally  ingestion  of  salt  Id 
too  great  amounts  tends  to  increase  the  catabolism  of  protein,  thus  requiring 
increased  ingestion  of  food,  and  that  it  abnormally  excites  the  appetite,  experi- 
ments having  shown  that  consumption  of  bread  without  salt  was  one-fourth  leas 
than  that  of  bread  with  salt. 

The  use  is  also  recommended  of  calcium  carbonate  (preferably  in  the  form  of 
precipitated  chalk)  in  amounts  of  15  to  20  gm.  per  kilogram  of  bread.  This  is 
considered  by  the  author  to  be  superior  to  the  limewater  suggested  by  Lapicque 
and  Legendre  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  267)  for  correcting  the  addlty  of  bread  made 
from  flour  containing  large  amounts  of  bran,  in  view  of  the  possibly  injurious 
action  of  limewater  on  yeast 

Limed  bread,  L.  Lapicque  and  R.  Lbgendbe  {Compt.  Rend.  80c.  Biol. 
[ParU],  80  {1917),  No.  19,  pp.  896,  897;  abs.  in  Chem.  Ab9.,  12  {1918),  No.  10, 
p.  1088). — In  reply  to  the  article  noted  above,  the  authors  discuss  further  the 
use  of  limewater  in  bread  malOng.  Destruction  of  the  yeast  by  limewater  is 
considered  possible  only  when  the  yeast  Is  mixed  directly  with  the  limewater. 
In  practice,  the  yeast  should  be  added  to  ordinary  water  and  then  worked  Into 
the  dough  which  has  been  prepared  with  the  limewater.  The  difference  in 
amounts  of  chemicals  added — 800  mg.  of  limewater  at  most  and  from  15  to  20 
gm.  of  calcium  carbonate  for  1  kg.  of  bread — ^is  considered  by  the  authors  to  be 
an  aigument  in  favor  of  the  use  of  limewater. 

Food  preparations  of  blood  and  viscera  fermented  with  yeast,  A.  Gaudu- 
CHEAU  {Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  ScL  iParitl,  166  {1918),  No.  2j,  pp.  1058,  1059).— 
A  method  is  described  for  the  fermentation  of  blood  and  visceral  organs  by  yeast 
in  a  slightly  add  medium  in  the  presence  of  a  small  amount  of  sugar.  The 
fermentation  product  is  said  to  be  of  practical  use  in  the  making  of  bread  and 
pastry. 

ntilization  of  honey  in  the  preparation  of  desserts,  P.  Lemaihe  {Vie  Agr. 
€t  Rurale,  8  {1918),  No.  80,  pp.  69,  70). — ^Recipes  are  given  for  various  desserts, 
wines,  and  liqueurs  in  which  honey  is  substituted  for  sugar. 

Report  of  the  Pederal  Trade  Commisaion  on  canned  foods  {WaBhinffton: 
Fed.  Trade  Com.,  1918,  pp.  VII-\'108).—A,  report  on  the  production  and  distri- 
bution of  canned  vegetables  and  canned  fruits,  prepared  as  a  part  of  a  general 
food  investigation.  Reconunendations  concerning  practices  and  methods  used 
in  the  production  and  distribution  of  canned  foods  are  Included. 

[Food  and  drug  inspection],  a  L.  Olat  {Bien.  Rpt.  La.  Bd.  Health,  1916-17, 
pp.  61-189,  figs.  JS).— The  results  of  analyses  of  various  foods  and  drugs  are  re- 
ported and  prosecutions,  seizures,  and  condemniations  noted. 

MiBcellaneous  food  materiah^  C.  D.  Woods  {Maine  8ta.  Off.  Jntp.  87  {1918), 
pp.  83-60). — Information  is  given  regarding  a  number  of  samples  of  food 
products  analyzed. 

Samples  of  dairy  and  creamery  butters  were  examined  with  a  view  to  fram- 
ing new  standards  and  definitlona  From  the  examination  it  appears  that 
creamery  butter  carries  about  5  per  cent  more  water  on  the  average  than 
does  dairy  butter. 

Report  of  food  and  drug  examinationSy  G.  D.  Howaed  {Quart.  Bui.  Bd. 
Health  N.  H.,  5  11918],  No.  6-8,  pp.  7^94).— This  is  a  report  of  the  food  and 


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462  EXPEEIMENT  STATION  BECOBD.  [Tol.40 

drug  examinations  conducted  by  the  State  of  New  Hampshire.  The  text  for 
the  new  regulations  under  the  sanitary  food  law  is  included. 

Supplement  to  Wisconsin  dairy  and  food  laws  of  August,  1013,  6.  J. 
Weiglb  (Madison,  Wis.:  State,  1917,  pp,  £i).— This  supplemoit  (E.  S.  B.,  90,  p. 
105)  contains  regulations  relating  to  dairies  and  their  operation,  bakeries,  and 
confectioneriea  The  text  of  the  Cold  Storage  Act,  effective  September  1,  1917, 
is  also  included. 

Commercial  stocks  of  grain,  flour,  and  miscellaneous  food  products  in  the 
United  States  on  January  1,  1010  <17.  £f.  Dept.  Agr,,  Food  Surveys,  2  {1919), 
No.  16,  pp,  8). — ^The  usual  tabular  data  are  reported. 

A  list  of  food  statistics  issued  by  the  Statistical  Clearing  House,  Central 
Bureau  of  Planning  and  Statistics  {Washington:  War  Indus.  Bd,  [17.  £.}, 
1918,  W-^-iSS), — ^This  gives  an  index  to  the  statistical  information  on  fbod 
which  has  been  collected  by  Government  bureaus  and  certain  private  agencies. 

The  business  of  the  household,  G.  W.  Txbeb  vr  al.  {Philadelphia:  J.  B.  Up- 
pincott  Co,,  1918,  pp.  XII +438,  jigs,  4I), — ^A  chapter  on  food  for  the  family  dis- 
cusses the  composition,  selection,  cost,  and  marketing  of  food  with  a  view  to 
helping  in  planning  the  food  budget 

Food  and  the  people,  L.  Waldman  {New  York:  Rand  School  80c,  ScL,  1918^ 
pp.  45). — ^An  analysis  of  the  high  cost  of  living,  with  an  exposition  of  a  measure 
Introduced  into  the  New  York  State  Legislature  proposing  a  commission  of 
three  members,  including  one  representative  each  of  organized  labor  and  a 
farmers*  organization,  and  an  expert  on  the  food  question,  to  deal  with  the 
problem. 

Feeding  a  nation  in  peace  and  war,  D.  N.  Patton  {Jour,  State  Med.,  26 
{1918),  Nos.  S,  pp.  66-76;  4,  pp.  111-119,  fig.  i).— The  food  committee  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Great  Britain  made  an  estimate  of  the  food  of  the  nation  "as 
purchased"  during  the  years  1909-1913.  It  was  concluded  that  the  average 
amount  of  nutrients  available  per  man  per  day  was  protein  118  gm.,  tsX  130  gnL, 
carbohydrate  571  gm,  with  an  energy  content  of  4,009  calories 

As  the  war  progressed  it  was  found  that  an  increased  supply  of  food  was 
necessary,  but  that  a  decrease  in  shipping  facilities  tended  to  decrease  the 
amount  available.  An  estimate  of  the  requirements  of  the  nation  at  war 
showed  that  if  the  prewar  supply  were  maintained  there  would  still  be  a  sur- 
plus.   However,  the  rise  in  prices  accentuated  the  inequality  in  distribution. 

The  author  concludes  that  the  part  of  the  State  in  feeding  a  nation  during 
wartime  is  to  secure  an  adequate  supply  and  to  see  that  it  is  equally  dis- 
tributed. He  believes  that  if  rationing  is  necessary  to  accomplish  the  latter  it 
must  be  on  the  basis  of  the  energy  requirement  of  the  individual. 

The  nutrition  of  the  people  in  time  of  famine  and  war,  Huepfb  {Mitt. 
Okonom.  Qesell.  Saohsen,  1914-15,  pp.  25-47). — ^This  paper  discusses  the  food 
resources  of  Germany  at  the  time  of  publication,  and  the  food  requirements  of 
the  German  people,  as  well  as  means  to  render  the  resources  during  the  war 
adequate  to  the  requirements. 

Alimentation  in  time  of  war,  A.  Ooicbb  {Comment  se  Nourrir  en  Temps  de 
Ouerre.  Paris:  Payot  d  Co.,  1917,  pp,  il8).— This  book  contains  a  brief  intro- 
duction in  which  the  needs  of  the  body  for  the  various  classes  of  food  are 
explained^  followed  by  a  discussion  of  the  problems  of  alimentation  for  people 
of  limited  means  in  time  of  war.  Suggestions  are  given  for  diminishing  the 
consumption  of  meat  and  fat,  for  increasing  the  consumption  of  carbohydrates, 
and  for  modifying  the  feeding  of  live  stock.  A  brief  discussion  of  infant  feeding 
in  war  time  is  Included,  together  with  a  table  for  the  modification  of  milk  for 
infant  feeding  up  to  12  months  of  aga 


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1«U] 

'OODS— HUMAN  NUTMTION.  468 

they  are  »«^u  J  «ff '^  t!^*^  *^  "  "prote.rOve  foods."  because 
to  be  eate^  ~'^*"*«'  "  to  correct  tbe  deflclendee  of  whateyer  else  is  likely 

chaptii^S,J5J^t  «L^  ««>•  The  principal  change,  are  found  to  the 
«d  eJTSeJ^igo  '"''''*         •*'*"  ~'^**^  ■*'*^*"*  *«'*y  "«"»  they 

Ove  n^SS^,"^^^^'^'^;^'  the  Investigation  by  the  authors  of  t^  relT 

•mrce  ofToHn^  1^^  ^"^  ''**'''  *•*  "»•  '^  ^"^  "<»  with  yeast  m  a 
mirLdl^^^?^^' ::;^^\'^«''  -^-^  By-produL  of  the 
the  protein  W^U^i^i!^  t^  *^*  '•"^  "'  "*™'*"«  »  *«*»  -ubstltute  for 
and  «ultable^.^-n.       ,J^  !*"  ^^^  «««1  ««  •»  »o«««  of  water-soluble  ntamlns 

Of  thwe^^ZLta  K     ^l"*  "^^"^  '"'*^"*«  P"*'*™'   The  re«,lts  of  m<S 
«we«perlments  have  been  noted  from  the  original  sources. 

««il^^r^  J!f"*^  *•  "**"«"  tot«tle«tl«n.  F.  Maionon  (Oompt. 

•aftuJ^^u  ^pJJj'itf*i,f'«>-B^Pert'»«^      with  white  rat.  fed  upon  egg 

«rbonateTp^^d!l?„  "°«*^'  "^^  ""•  "*""•"  **•"'*<»•  "«»  '«'«»'» 
«nt  addortJ  JJ^^^^^!"""**"  "**  '^^^  -Odium  .bicarbonate  to  pre- 
clusion: ^^'***  *""•  ^"^  ^  «""'«'  «^w«  the  following  L- 

m?*"  STJi'X"*^  to  s^  Ufe  and  maintain  a  fixed  weight  to  white 
with  acute  toto^o^«? ?K         "JJT"**  ''^  "^*^y  *"  M»y  "'•I  October 

Of  tlTnSS'^'Sln^^^, "'  the  author  to  ^yaeat  the  seasonal  character 
totoxlca^r^  "  'Ir*^,'"'"*^'*^  *»««»«•  a«oclated  with  nitrogen 
nltrogSlnto^rnt^^  '^"'  affections,  etc  The  acute  form  of 
la  <i^ZZ^J^^  ~".*'  ""**  '~'^«  ^'^'-te  that  diabetic  coma 
^^^^^^  «>  •»«<*  to  acidosis  as  to  the  accomulatlon  of  pepttd.  derived  from 

•mtCT^  a'^S.*'*  ««  toxkdty  «.d  autrttlv.  power  f  food  protein. 

B-tHtiv?f^^*rfltirrsriLi:2'po^^^        ^  '''^•^^  **- 

BSwh  of  thMe  msitAi^oi.  «v--.  ♦      JT^    P<>^der  were  tested. 

«~*h  in  every  a«B  ^JTT^t^^'^  Mto  the  case  of  egg  albumin,  and 
i-toxlcatlo^'^a^.rge  d;^u*%rSr^^"  Of  reserves  and  not  to  chro^ 

uurauon  or  life  uaaer  this  feeding  was  esg  albumin 

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464  EXPEBiMEsrr  station  rbgobo.  (tolm 

8,  meat  powder  10,  fibrin  21,  and  casein  41  daya  The  rats  developed  an  in- 
tense fatty  degeneration  of  the  liver  on  the  casein  diet,  those  fed  fibrin  a  less 
intense  deposit,  while  no  deposit  of  fat  was  found  in  the  liver  cells  of  the 
animals  fed  on  meat  powder  or  egg  albumin. 

The  author  points  out  that  there  seems  to  exist  a  direct  relationship  between 
the  length  of  life  and  the  ability  of  the  Ingested  proteins  to  be  transformed  into 
fat,  and  suggests  that  the  presence  of  fat  renders  the  organism  lees  susceptible 
to  nitrogen*poi8oning  in  the  spring  and  fall. 

Influence  of  the  animal  species  on  the  toxicity  and  mode  of  utilization  of 
food  proteins,  B.  Maiqnon  iCampt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  [ParUI,  167  {1918),  Nu,  2, 
pp.  91-94). — ^The  experiments  noted  above  were  repeated  with  dogs.  The  re- 
sults with  egg  albumin  were  similar,  but  with  casein  entirely  different  results 
were  obtained.  Constant  weight  was  maintained  for  a  month  or  more,  deatb 
finally  resulting  from  acute  intoxication.  No  fatty  deposit  was  found  in  the 
liver.  With  meat  powder  the  dogs  were  able  to  maintain  and  increase  their 
weight. 

The  explanation  advanced  regarding  the  differences  between  the  results  ob- 
tained with  rats  and  dogs  is  that  the  dog,  naturally  carnivorous,  can  adjust 
itself  more  readily  to  a  protein  diet.  The  nutritive  power  of  a  food,  as  deter- 
mined by  the  readiness  with  which  constant  weight  is  established,  is  not  neces- 
sarily connected  with  its  toxicity.  The  toxicity  of  the  same  protein  varies 
with  the  animal  species,  the  variation  seeming  to  be  connected  with  the  power 
of  the  particular  species  to  transform  proteins  more  or  less  easily  into  fat 
The  author  suggests  that  these  facts  constitute  a  new  proof  of  the  r61e  of  fats 
in  the  utilization  of  nitrogenous  matter. 

The  action  of  symbiotes  on  the  constituents  of  fats,  H.  Bixbbt  and  P.  Poa- 
TiEB  {Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sol.  iParW^,  106  {1918),  No.  25,  pp.  105S-10S7;  abs.  in 
PhyMiol,  Abs.,  S  {1918),  No.  7,  p.  ^(?6).—The  authors  state  that  th^  have  suc- 
ceeded in  bringing  about  the  transformation  of  glycerin  into  dioxyacetone  by 
the  action  of  symbiotes  isolated  from  the  testicles  of  pigeons  upon  a  4  per  cent 
solution  of  glycerin  in  yeast  kept  at  40^  G.  for  15  to  20  days. .  Experiments 
are  also  reported  in  which  it  is  claimed  that  the  process  of  jS-oxidation  ob- 
tained chemically  in  vitro  by  Dakln  and  in  vivo  by  perfusion  of  organs  has 
been  effected  by  the  action  of  symbiotes  upon  butyric  acid. 

Importance  of  the  ketonic  function  In  metabolism.  Its  origin  by  aym- 
biotes,  P.  PosTiEB  and  H.  Biebbt  {Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  [Parish  1^  {1918), 
No.  2,  pp.  94-96). — Continuing  the  investigations  noted  above,  the  authors  dis- 
cuss the  r61e  of  the  ketonic  function  in  the  phenomena  of  cataboliam  and 
anabolism,  and  report  experiments  indicating  that  the  symbiotes  of  mammals 
and  birds  are  powerful  agents  of  ketonization,  acting  upon  various  carbohy- 
drates to  form  among  other  products  acetyl-methyl-cait)lnoL  It  is  stated  also 
tliat  under  suitable  conditions  the  symbiotes  are  capable  of  forming  a  polysac- 
charfd  from  sucrose. 

The  formation  of  the  polysaccharid  is  said  to  be  accompanied  always  by 
the  establishment,  by  means  of  the  symbiotes,  of  about  N/10  alkalinity.  With 
glucose  the  production  of  the  polysaccharid  was  very  slight,  which  is  considered 
to  be  an  indication  that  the  levulose  molecule  plays  an  important  part  in  the 
formation  of  the  polysaccharid. 

Note  on  the  etiology  of*  scurvy  fti  gruinea  pigs,  A.'  Haxmen  and  S.  S.  Zilva 
{Bioohem.  Jour.^  12  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  270-274,  fig:  «).— The  antiscorbutic 
potency  of  lactose  and  fructose  was  tested  by  administration  to  guinea  pigs 
previously  rendered  scorbutic  by  a  diet  of  crushed  oats  and  bran  with  a  daily 
ration  of  50  -oe.  of  autoclaved  milk. 


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1M91  FOODS — HUHAK  NUTBITIOK.  465 

Contrary  to  the  observatious  of  Pitz,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  365), 
the  sugars  tested  afforded  no  protection  against  scurvy.  The  authors  consider 
that  the  data  tend  further  to  strengthen  their  belief  that  any  amelioration  ob- 
served by  McCoUum  and  Pitz  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  568)  was  due  to  the  enhanced 
consumption  of  the  raw  milk  and  not  to  the  antiscorbutic  potency  of  the  sub- 
stances tested. 

The  vitamins,  their  chemical  nature,  their  importance  in  metabolism,  and 
their  function  in  the  animal  organism,  C.  Funk  {Amer.  Med,,  n.  <er.,  IX 
U916),  No.  11,  pp.  751-756). — ^This  article  summarizes  some  of  the  latest  de- 
velopments of  research  on  vitamins,  and  outlines  the  outlook  and  plans  in  this 
direction  for  the  future. 

Some  ereneral  aspects  of  the  **  vitamin ''  problem,  R.  R.  Williams  {Amer. 
Med.,  n.  ser.,  11  {1916),  No.  11,  pp.  756-762,  /Igs.  2).— The  author  presents  clini- 
cal pathological,  and  chemical  evidence  against  specificity ,  and  discusses  the 
possible  nature  of  the  active  agents  of  dietary  diseases. 

The  relation  of  vitamins  to  animal  growth,  A.  B.  Macallum  {Amer.  Med,, 
n.  <er.,  11  {1916),  No.  11,  pp.  782-786).— The  author  believes  that  the  vitamins 
do  not  In  themselves  directly  stimulate  the  growth  of  the  animal  cell,  but  that 
when  present  in  a  diet  otherwise  adequate  they  play  their  part  in  maintaining 
metabolic  equilibrium. 

Observations  on  the  action  of  tartrates,  citrates,  and  oxalates. — ^A  study  in 
tolerance,  cumulation,  and  the  effect  of  diet,  W.  Salant  and  A.  M.  Swansou 
{Jour.  Pharmacol,  and  Expt.  Ther.,  11  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  lS3-li5).—A  study  of 
the  influence  of  diet  on  the  toxicity  of  sodium  tartrate,  sodium  citrate,  and 
sodium  oxalate.  Diets  of  cabbage,  carrots,  hay,  and  oats  were  used  with  rab- 
bits and  other  laboratory  animals.    The  results  are  summarized  as  follows : 

''Tolerance  to  tartrate  may  be  acquired  by  rabbits  on  different  diets,  the 
doses  survived  being  about  two  to  three  times  the  surely  fatal  dose.  No 
increased  resistance  to  tartrate  was  observed  in  cats  that  received  gradually 
increasing  doses. 

**  Cumulation  was  observed  in  experiments  with  citrate  and  oxalate.  The 
resistance  to  oxalate  and  citrate  in  rabbits  may  be  slightly  Increased  by  diet 

"The  different  behavior  of  tartrate,  citrates,  and  oxalate  as  regards  toler- 
ance and  cumulation  is  held  to  be  unfavorable  to  the  theory  which  assumes 
that  the  physiological  effects  of  their  acids  and  soluble  salts  are  due  to  calcium 
precipitation  or  to  the  transformation  of  ionic  calcium  into  nonlonized  calcium 
in  the  cell." 

The  importance  of  diet  as  a  factor  in  the  production  of  pathologic  changes, 
W.  SAI.AITT  {Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.,  69  (1917),  No.  8,  pp.  60S-605) .—This  is  a 
review  of  investigations  conducted  by  the  author  at  tlie  Bureau  of  Chemistry 
of  tlie  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  and  by  others  in  regard  to  the  protective 
action  of  diet  against  drugs  and  poisons  of  various  kinda 

Nutrition  Laboratory,  F.  G.  Benedict  {Carnegie  Inst,  Washington  Year  Book, 
16  il917),  pp.  2S7-248).—lu  this  report  are  given  detailed  data  regarding  addi- 
tions to  equipment,  cooperating  and  visiting  investigators,  investigations  in 
progress,  and  publications  Issued  during  the  year  by  the  Nutrition  Research 
Laboratory  of  the  Carnegie  Institution. 

A  portable  respiration  apparatus  for  clinical  use,  F.  O.  Benedict  {Boston 
Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  178  {1918),  No.  20,  pp.  667-678,  figs.  ^).— This  apparatus 
dispenses  with  gas  analysis  and  for  the  most  part  with  all  weighings.  Re- 
cording to  the  author,  it  has  the  advantages  of  portability,  simplicity,  and 
rapidity  of  operation,  with  a  sufficient  degree  of  accuracy  to  meet  the  needs  of 
practically  all  clinical  work. 


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466  EXPERIMENT  STATIOK  BECX)BD.  IVoL40 

A5IMAL  FBODTTCTIOH. 

The  freemartln:  A  study  of  the  action  of  sex  hermones  in  the  fetal  life  of 
cattle,  P.  R.  LnxiB  (Jour.  Expt.  ZooL,  tS  (1917),  Vo.  2,  pp.  57i-|5«,  flff9.  29).— 
In  this  paper  the  author  describes  the  gross  anatomy  of  freemartlns  and  the 
vascular  connections  of  twin  cattle  fetuses,  and  amplifies  his  previous  conclu- 
sions (E.  S.  Rm  S5,  p.  169)  that  the  sterile  freemartln  is  fundamentally  a  female 
modified  by  the  sex  hormones  of  the  male  twin.  These,  it  is  shown,  are  free 
to  circulate  in  both  individuals  during  fetal  life  owing  to  secondary  fusions  of 
the  chorion  and  temporary  union  of  the  vascular  systems.  The  study  is  based 
upon  the  examination  of  55  twin  pregnancies  secured  from  a  slaughterhouse  and  | 
2  freemartlns  slaughtered  after  birth.  In  only  two  of  the  uteri  examined  were  | 
the  fetuses  inclosed  in  separate  chorions.  The  existence  of  Joint  circulation  i 
was  confirmed  in  a  number  of  cases  by  injections. 

In  the  22  cases,  where  both  ovaries  were  attached  to  the  specimen,  each  ovary 
contained  a  corpus  luteum.  A  number  of  gravid  uteri  containing  only  one  fetus 
were  also  collected.  In  the  45  cases  where  both  ovaries  had  been  preserved, 
only  one  ovary  in  each  case  showed  a  corpus  luteum.  These  facts  are  h^d  to 
show,  as  far  as  they  go,  that  most,  if  not  all,  twin  pregnancies  in  cattle  are 
the  result  of  ovulation  in  both  ovaries,  and  consequently  can  not  be  attributed 
to  the  partition  of  single  eggs,  as  had  been  assumed  provisionally  by  Cote 
(E.  S.  R.,  85,  p.  109)  and  others. 

Of  the  55  pairs  of  fetal  twins,  19  were  both  males,  11  both  females,  21  con- 
sisted of  a  male  and  a  freemartln,  8  of  a  male  and  an  anatomically  normal 
female,  and  1  was  too  young  to  permit  the  determination  of  the  sexes.  Two  of 
the  pairs  of  male  and  female  were  secured  early  in  the  investigation  before  the 
system  of  note-taking  had  been  perfected.  In  each  there  was  a  very  narrow 
connection  between  the  chorions,  but  no  record  was  made  as  to  whether  the 
connection  was  vascular.  In  the  third  case  organic  connection  with  the  two 
chorions  was  entirely  lacking.  In  the  other  case  of  entirely  separate  chorions 
the  twins  were  both  females. 

In  discussing  the  reasons  why  this  sort  of  embryonic  sterilization  is  not  more 
common  in  mammals,  the  author  points  out  that  chorionic  fusion  could  only 
occur  in  cases  of  diffuse  placentation  and  that  there  are  other  quite  special  con- 
ditions. "  Such  conditions  are  found  only  in  normally  unlparous  ungulates 
in  which  the  ovum  grows  to  an  extreme  length  very  rapidly,  so  that  the  asso- 
ciated ova  meet  at  an  early  stage  which  favors  their  organic  union.  Even  then 
vascular  anastomosis  is  not  likely  to  occur  to  any  considerable  extent  unless 
the  development  of  the  fetal  cotyledons  is  relatively  late,  so  as  to  be  preceded 
by  a  condition  of  general  vascularization  of  the  chorion,  before  the  highly  spe- 
cialized circulation  of  the  cotyledons  becomes  dominant.  Such  is  the  condition 
in  cattle.*'  The  author  suggests  that  the  early  development  of  the  cotyledons 
in  sheep  may  explain  why  freemartlns  do  not  occur  in  this  form. 

A  microscopic  study  of  the  reproductive  system  of  fetal  freemartlns, 
Oathabine  L.  Ghapin  (Jour.  Expt,  ZooU  2S  (1917),  No.  2,  pp.  453-482,  figs. 
16). — ^A  histological  examination  of  the  embryologlcal  material  collected  by 
Lillie  (see  above)  showed  that  the  interstitial  cells  of  the  testis,  whose  secre- 
tion almost  certainly  determines  the  production  of  secondary  sexual  characters, 
are  produced  earlier  in  fetal  life  than  the  cells  of  the  ovary  having  a  correspond- 
ing function.  In  the  case  of  twins  Joint  circulation  is  set  up  at  a  period  which, 
if  the  sexes  are  opposite,  permits  the  male  hormones  to  pass  into  the  circulation 
of  the  female  in  time  to  interfere  with  the  development  of  the  mechanism  for 
the  formation  of  many  of  the  female  secondary  sexual  characters.    Therefor^ 


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1M©1  ANIldAL  PRODUCTION.  467 

tliofle  sexual  organs  of  the  f reemartin  which  are  present  in  the  Indifferent  stage 
develop  toward  the  male  condition,  while  anatomical  developments  that  par- 
ticularly characterize  the  later  female  stages,  such  as  the  proliferation  of  the 
cords  of  PflOger  and  the  union  of  the  Mailerian  ducts  to  form  the  uterus,  do  not 
occur  in  the  freemartin.  The  great  variation  found  hi  the  reproductive  organs 
of  the  freemartin  is  explained  by  the  differences  in  the  exact  stage  at  which 
the  interstitial  secretions  of  the  male  are  introduced  into  the  circulation  of  the 
female  embryo  and  in  the  amounts  thus  introduced. 

The  relations  between  the  InterstitiAl  glmnd  of  the  testicle,  seminiferous 
tabulesy  and  the  secondary  sexual  characters,  L.  Lose  {Biol.  BiU.  Mar,  Biol. 
Lab.  WoodM  Hole,  $4  {X918),  No.  i,  pp.  5S-48)  .--Thl»  paper  discusses  a  case  of 
undescended  testes  in  a  guinea  pig. 

Histological  study  of  the  testicles,  which  were  found  in  the  normal  place  of 
tlie  ovary,  showed  that  spermatogonia  were  absent  and  that  the  seminiferous 
tabules  were  lined  with  a  single  layer  of  epithelium,  interpreted  as  cells  of  Ser- 
toli, and  surrounded  by  an  unusual  amount  of  interstitial  tissue.  Observations 
on  the  living  animal  showed  that  sexual  desire  was  normaL  In  spite  of  en> 
largement  of  interstitial  gland  substance,  male  secondary  sescual  characters 
vr^re  absent,  there  being,  indeed,  no  penis.  Microscopic  examination  of  mam- 
mary glands  showed  a  typical  female  a]H>earance. 

In  an  appendix  the  author  compares  this  case  with  the  findings  of  LiUie  and 
of  Chapin  in  regard  to  freemartins,  as  noted  above. 

The  existence  of  a  typical  oestrous  cycle  in  the  guinea  pig,  with  a  study 
of  its  histoloirical  and  physioloirical  changes,  G.  R.  Stockabd  and  G.  N. 
Papahiooiaott  {Amer.  Jour.  Anat.,  62  (1917),  No.  2,  pp.  225-28$,  figs.  50).— By 
using  a  small  nasal  speculum  to  examine  the  vaginal  canal  of  guinea  pigs  at 
frequent  intervals,  it  was  found  that  the  vagina  of  nonpregnant  females  is 
filled  with  fluid  for  about  24  hours  once  every  16  days.  The  fluid  is  not  abun- 
dant enough  to  be  detected  on  the  vulva.  It  is  a  mucous  secretion  from  the 
uterus  containing  a  large  number  of  desquamated  epithelial  cells  from  the 
vagina.  After  about  12  hours  the  latter  become  so  numerous  that  the  material 
has  a  distinct  cheese-like  appearance.  Leucocytes  then  invade  the  mass  and  it 
is  soon  disposed  of. 

Anatomical  studies  show  that  ovulation  occurs  during  every  one  of  these 
periods,  and  that  the  actual  rupture  of  the  follicle  occurs  at  the  time  the  vaginal 
accumulation  is  thick  and  cheese-like.  The  corpus  luteum  is  held  to  control 
these  changes. 

A  sufiTgestion  as  to  the  process  of  ovulation  and  ovarian  cyst  formation, 
8.  S.  ScHocHcr  {Anat.  Reo.,  10  {1916),  No.  6,  pp.  447-457)^— The  Uquor  derived 
from  mature  ovarian  follicles  of  the  pig  was  found  capable  of  digesting  ovarian 
tissue,  muscle,  ligament,  and  fibrin.  Slight  digestive  reaction  was  produced  by 
fluid  from  ovarian  cysts,  but  not  by  amniotic  fluid  or  neutral  salt  used  as  con- 
trols. This  indicates  that  ovulation  is  not  entirely  a  mechanical  process  but  is 
aided  by  the  digestive  action  of  the  liquor  foUiculi. 

Studies  on  the  mammary  gland,  I,  H,  III,  J.  A.  Mykbs  {Amer.  Jour. 
Anat.,  19  {1916),  No.  S,  pp.  SSS^89,  figs.  17;  22  {1917),  No.  2,  pp.  195-22$,  fig$. 
12;  Anat.  Rec,  IS  {1917),  No.  4,  pp.  205-226,  fig:  7).— These  anatomical  studies 
were  initiated  to  provide  a  basis  for  various  lines  of  experimental  work  on  the 
mammary  s^and.    The  albino  rat  was  the  laboratory  form  selected  for  study. 

I.  The  growth  and  dUtrihution  of  the  mUMLuets  and  the  development  of  the 
nipple  in  the  oibino  rat  from  Idrth  to  ten  weeks  of  age.— The  methods  used  in- 
cfnded  serial  sections,  wax  reconstructions,  and  the  whole  amounts  stained  and 
cleared  after  the  methods  of  Lane-aaypon  and  Starling  (E.  S.  R.,  18,  p.  75). 


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468  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vol.40 

There  are  six  pairs  of  nipples,  three  in  the  thoracic  and  three  In  the  Inguinal 
region.  Of  100  female  rats  studied,  80  had  normal  arrangement  of  nipples,  12 
lacked  the  right  nipple  of  the  second  thoracic  pair,  7  lacked  both  of  this  pair, 
and  one  had  a  fourth  thoracic  nipple  on  the  left  side.  A  simplified  terminology 
for  the  manunary  ducts  is  adopted. 

Only  one  primary  duct  was  found  to  be  present  in  ea<^  gland;  it  brandies 
and  rebranches  in  an  intricate  manner  by  the  development  of  lateral  buds.  It 
is  not  certaain  whether  ducts  of  the  different  glands  communicate.  No  true 
alveoli  were  observed  during  the  ages  covered  by  this  study.  Great  activity  in 
growth  and  branching  of  ducts  occurs  in  the  ninth  week,  which  probably  corre- 
sponds to  the  age  of  puberty.  A  large  amount  of  individual  variatl<MD  was 
observed  in  the  development  of  the  glands,  a  matter  which  must  be  considered 
by  investigators  in  conducting  physiological  experiments. 

II.  The  fetal  development  of  lAe  mammary  gland  in  the  female  olMno  rat. — 
Studies  of  other  authors  have  not  dealt  with  changes  in  the  mammary  glands 
of  rats  between  the  sixteenth  day  of  gestation  and  the  time  of  birth  five  or  six 
days  later.  The  author  confines  his  attention  largely  to  this  period.  It  was 
found  that  mammary  pits  first  make  their  apparance  on  the  seventeenth  day  and 
become  more  definite  later.  On  the  twentieth  day  in  the  deepest  part  of  each 
pit  and  surrounded  by  a  narrow  furrow  Is  a  small  eminence  which  after  birth 
develops  into  the  nipple.  The  milk  ducts  begin  as  solid  cords  of  cpitheUuno,  pro- 
jecting inward.  On  the  eighteenth  day  branching  Is  noted  in  the  primary  milk 
ducts,  and  by  the  twentieth  secondary  ducts  are  present  In  all  glands  with 
tertiary  and  terminal  ducts  beginning  to  appear  in  the  glands  of  the  Inguinal 
region.  At  this  time  the  ducts  are  surrounded  by  a  sheath  of  fibrous  tissue^ 
The  lumlna  of  the  ducts  are  formed  by  rearrangement  of  cells,  resulting  in 
numerous  intercellular  spaces  that  later  fiow  together. 

III.  A  comparison  of  the  mammary  glands  in  male  and  fem^ile  albino  rats 
from  the  late  fetal  stages  to  10  weeks  of  age. — ^Male  fetuses  of  18  days  show  no 
mammary  pits,  but  there  is  a  slight  eminence  covered  with  a  thickened  epithe- 
lium. On  the  twentieth  day  neither  pits  nor  eminences  cover  the  mammary 
gland  areas,  but  the  ducts  come  directly  to  the  surface.  In  the  postnatal  stages 
studied  no  nipples  occur  on  male  individuals.  From  the  twentieth  day  of  ges- 
tation uhtll  the  fifth  week  of  postnatiil  life  the  milk  ducts  of  the  male  res^nble 
those  of  the  female  but  thereafter  undergo  little  development  The  number  of 
mammary  glands  is  more  variable  in  the  male  than  in  the  female. 

The  relation  of  afire  to  fertility  in  the  rat,  Helen  D.  King  {Anat.  Ree^  11 
(1916),  No.  5,  pp.  B69-287,  figs.  S). — Breeding  records  of  76  females  tiiat  gave 
birth  to  a  total  of  3,955  young  comprised  in  685  litters  are  the  basis  of  this 
study.  All  the  females  considered  lived  to  tiie  age  of  at  least  16  months.  The 
number  of  litters  produced  per  female  varied  from  8  to  16,  the  average  being 
7.7.  As  indicated  by  the  tables  the  median  was  7  and  the  most  frequent 
number,  6. 

The  young  female  rat  In  good  physical  condition  will  generally  cast  her  first 
litter  when  three  months  old,  and  normally  produces  a  litter  a  month  for  some 
time  thereafter.  Complete  cessation  of  ovulation  normally  occurs  about  the 
eighteenth  month  of  life.  The  greatest  number  of  litters  were  cast  when  the 
mothers  were  six  or  seven  months  old.  The  number  was  slightly  lower  at  the 
younger  ages  and  decreased  sharply  after  this  point  The  average  size  of  all 
litters  was  6.7.  The  largest  one  contained  16  young.  The  table  shows  that 
the  medium  size  was  7  and  the  most  frequent  size,  8,  with  a  secondary  mode 
at  6.  The  size  was  greatest  when  the  mothers  were  four  months  old,  the 
average  then  being  7.9.    At  three  months  the  averafi;e  was  6.9.    The  avera^ 


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19191  ANIMAL  PRODUCTIOlff.  469 

continued  high  nntil  the  seventh  month,  when  the  decline  became  more  marked. 
After  the  fifteenth  month  the  average  size  was  well  under  4. 

The  second  litter  produced  by  a  female  was  larger  than  the  others,  averaging 
7.7.  The  first  litter  averaged  7J2.  The  third  to  seventh  pregnancies  resulted 
in  litters  somewhat  below  the  first  litter  in  size.  Thereafter  there  was  a 
steady  decline.  In  the  author's  opinion^  the  age  of  the  mother  is  more  im- 
portant than  the  serial  number  of  the  pregnancy  in  determining  litter  size. 
The  size  of  her  first  litter  is  considered  a  better  Index  of  a  female's  fertility 
than  the  size  of  the  second.  Coefficients  of  variation  for  litter  size  at  different 
ages  are  given.  In  general  they  are  inversely  proportional  to  the  average 
litter  size  for  a  particular  age. 

The  sex  ratio  of  the  young  was  106.1  males  to  100  females.  No  relationship 
was  noted  between  the  variation  in  the  sex  ratio  and  the  age  of  the  mother, 
except  a  slight  indication  that  old  mothers  tended  to  produce  a  relatively  high 
proportion  of  femalea 

The  prolonged  gestation  period  in  suckling  mice,  W.  B.  Kibkham  {Anat. 
Rec.,  11  {1916),  No,  2,  pp.  Sl-tO). — In  order  to  discover  the  causes  of  the  pro- 
longed gestation  period  found  by  Daniel  (E.  S.  R.,  28,  p.  173)  In  female  mice 
that  are  suckling  young,  the  author  studied  the  post-partum  ovulation  and  de- 
velopment of  ova  in  two  sets  of  females,  one  allowed  to  nurse  from  3  to  8 
young  during  iH*egnancy,  the  other  deprived  of  their  litters  immediately  after 
parturition. 

Lactatlng  females  generally  fail  to  ovulate  immediately  after  parturition. 
In  the  case  of  those  that  do  become  pregnant  immediately,  the  course  of 
development  of  the  dividing  eggs  is  the  same  as  in  nonlactatlng  females  as  far 
as  the  seventh  day,  at  which  time  the  eggs  have  reached  the  blastula  stage.  In 
nonsnckling  females  on  this  day,  the  embryos  become  implanted  in  the  uterus 
and  continue  their  development  rapidly.  In  suckling  females,  at  least  in  the 
ten  that  were  killed  and  examined  during  this  investigation,  the  blastulte 
remain  free  in  the  lumen  of  the  uterus  from  the  sixth  to  the  fourteenth  day 
witiMmt  undergoing  development  On  the  fourteenth  day  implantation  takes 
place  and  growth  continues.  The  embyros  of  nonsnckling  females  by  this  time 
have  the  lenses  of  the  eye  well  developed,  future  location  of  legs  and  ribs 
clearly  Indicated,  hair  and  teeth  folides  formed,  and  the  blood  cells  showing 
signs  of  hemoglobin. 

The  farther  development  of  the  embryos  in  lactatlng  females  is  apparently 
irregnlar  and  generally  very  slow,  so  that  it  Is  impossible  to  reconcile  the 
available  data  with  the  known  length  of  gestation  in  this  class  of  female. 

On  the  postnatal  growth  of  the  body  and  of  the  central  nervous  system  in 
albino  rata  that  are  undersized  at  birth,  Helen  D.  Kino  (Anat,  Rec,  11 
(1916),  No.  2,  pp.  il-St). — It  is  stated  that  as  a  rule  a  female  rat  in  good  physi- 
cal condition  produces  only  young  of  normal  birth  weight  and  growth  capacity 
when  the  number  in  the  litter  is  small  or  medium.  Occasionally,  however, 
undersized  Individuals  occur  which,  if  they  survive  the  first*  day  of  postnatal 
life,  grow  rapidly  for  some  time,  but  this  acceleration  Is  correlated  with  early 
cesaatioo  of  growth,  so  that  the  ultimate  body  weight  and  especially  the  weight 
of  the  nervous  System  is  below  the  standard*  The  difference,  however,  is  often 
not  sufficient  to  prevent  the  animals  being  classified  as  "normal"  at  ma- 
turity. Eteta  on  the  growth  of  three  litters  in  the  Wlstar  Institute  rat  colony, 
containing  individuals  of  this  type,  are  presented. 

If  the  litter,  is  very  large  or  the  mother  is  not  in  good  physical  condition 
during  the  gestation  period,  some  of  her  young  may  be  bom  with  their  growth 
capacity  so  impaired  that  they  remain  permanently  dwarfed.    These  are  the 


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470 


EXPERIMENT  STAllON  BECOBD. 


[Yol.40 


true  "  runts.**  In  many  cases  at  least  they  are  not  distinguishable  from  normal 
rats  at  birth.  In  the  experience  of  the  wortcers  at  the  Wlstar  Institute  these 
runts  are  Invariably  sterile. 

Some  effects  of  the  continued  administration  of  alcohol  to  the  domestic 
fowl,  with  special  reference  to  the  proflrenj,  R.  Pbabl  (Proc.  Nat.  Acad.  ScL^  t 
{1916),  No.  12,  pp.  675-eW).— The  e:[fperimental  data  Included  In  this  report 
were  secured  at  the  Maine  Experiment  Station  during  the  breeding  and  rearing 
season  of  1916,  and  confirm  the  observations  of  the  1915  season  (E.  S.  R.,  37, 
p.  870;  39,  p.  177)  that  the  prenatal  mortality  of  chicks  from  alcoholic  parents 
was  greater  than  that  of  those  from  normal  parents,  but  that  the  poenatal 
mortality  was  less. 

During  this  year  a  careful  record  was  kept  of  all  structural  abnormalities, 
however  trifling,  discovered  on  the  live  chicks  and  those  dead  in  shell.  In  the 
series  from  alcoholic  parents  the  perc^itage  of  abnormalities  was  10.8 ;  in  that 
from  untreated  controls  it  was  10.2.  The  difference  is  not  considered  signifi- 
cant The  hypothesis  developed  to  explain  the  results  is  that  the  alcohol 
inhaled  by  the  parents  has  a  selective  action  on  the  germ  cells,  eliminating 
those  not  capable  of  giving  rise  to  vigorous  chicks. 

A  side  light  on  the  mode  of  action  of  alcohol  is  furnished  by  additional  experi- 
ments in  which  eggs  from  normal  stock  were  exposed  to  alcohol  fumes  in  the 
incubator  for  periods  of  one,  two,  or  three  weeks  from  the  beginning  of  incuba- 
tion.   The  results  are  set  forth  in  the  following  table: 

Influence  of  alcohol  on  mortality  of  chicks  from  alcoholized  eggs. 


"ist 

inS^. 

ICortaUtyn^e. 

Length  of  treatment. 

InsheD. 

After 
hatchhiK 
C30di5ra5. 

None 

890 
130 
130 
130 

Per  emu, 
28.6 
26w2 
2ft.9 
32.3 

Percent, 
38.7 
42.7 
43.2 
60.5 

Per  emu. 
34.1 

One  week 

2LS 

Two  weeks 

Three  week! 

87  S 

It  is  held  that  the  prenatal  mortality  rate  was  selective,  since,  except  in  the 
lot  exposed  for  the  entire  incubation  period  where  treatment  was  severe  enough 
to  injure  most  of  the  embryos,  the  higher  the  prenatal  death  rate  the  lower 
the  mortality  among  hatched  chicks. 

Commercial  feeding  stuffs,  1917-18,  C.  D.  Woods  (Maine  Sta.  Off.  Inep.  89 
(1918),  pp.  77-iOO).— A  report  of  analyses  of  about  350  samples  of  feeding 
stuffs  received  from  July  1,  1917,  to  June  30,  1018,  including  cottonseed  meal, 
linseed  meal,  gluten  feed,  gluten  meal,  dried  brewers*  and  distillers'  grains, 
wheat  bran,  middlings,  red  dog  flour,  hominy  meal,  com  meal,  alfalfa  meal, 
meat  scrap,  and  proprietary  and  mixed  feeds. 

[Use  of  sunflower  silage],  E.  Burke  (Montana  Sta.  Rpt.  1917,  p.  &tO).— The 
average  of  four  analyses  of  sunflower  silage  reported  shows  water  78.6*  ash 
3.6,  protein  2.2,  crude  flber  0.8,  nitrogen-free  extract  10.3,  and  ether  extract  0.5 
per  cent.  These  flgures  show  close  resemblance  to  pubUshed  analyses  of  com 
silage  and  confirm  the  view  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  182)  that  this  silage  is  a  very 
satisfactory  feed  for  dairy  cattle. 

[Alfalfa  and  sweet  clover  as  pasture],  J.  A.  Holdbn  (17.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bur, 
Plant  Indus.,  Work  Scottsbluff  Expt.  Farm,  1911,  pp.  15-19,  «5).— From  May  15 


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1»1»]  ANIMAL  PBODuonoir.  471 

to  August  81, 1917,  four  lots  of  10  hogs  each  nrcniglng  about  105  lbs.  In  weight, 
were  used  in  an  alfalfa  pasture  test  As  the  season  was  backward  and  the 
alfalfa  was  damaged  by  grasshoppers,  pork  production  was  below  normal.  Eacb 
lot  received  a  dally  ration  of  com  approximately  equal  to  2  per  cent  of  its 
weight  until  the  last  month,  when  it  was  increased  to  3  per  cent.  Lots  1  and  2 
each  had  access  to  1  acre  of  alfalfa,  that  of  lot  1  being  cut  for  hay  every  SO 
days,  while  that  of  lot  2  was  divided  for  alternate  pasturing  and  cut  every  16 
daya  The  other  2  lots  each  had  0.5  acre,  one  of  which  was  also  divided  for 
alternate  pasturing,  but  no  hay  was  cut.  The  difference  between  lots  1  and 
2  at  the  end  of  the  summer  was  trifling.  The  acre  belonging  to  lot  1  yielded 
0.G9  ton  of  hay,  and  to  the  second  lot,  1.02  tons.  Each  of  these  lots  consumed 
practically  all  of  the  forage  on  I  acre  pastures.  The  other  two  lots  made  pooi 
gains  owing  to  overpasturing.  The  divided  pasture,  however,  produced  more 
forage. 

Casual  observations  in  previous  years  had  seemed  to  indicate  a  preference 
on  the  part  of  the  hogs  for  Turkestan  alfalfa  over  tbe  common  variety.  Ezperi- 
ments  planned  to  study  this  point  confirmed  the  observation.  In  one  of  these 
experiments  a  field  containing  a  quarter  acre  of  Turkestan  and  11  acres  of 
common  alfalfa  was  fenced  into  one  pasture.  Ten  sows  and  their  litters  were 
tamed  in  when  the  alfalfa  was  about  10  in.  high.  Previous  to  this  time  it  had 
not  been  possible  to  detect  the  dividing  line  between  the  two  varieties,  but  after 
tbe  hogs  had  been  on  the  pasture  only  two  days  the  line  was  very  distinct.  The 
Turkestan  was  soon  eaten  dose  to  the  ground,  although  to  get  to  it  from  their 
bouse  the  hogs  had  to  wade  through  common  alfalfa  over  a  foot  high. 

The  pasturing  of  hogs  on  the  third-year  alfalfa  plat  of  one  of  the  irrigated 
rotations  (£.  8.  B.,  39,  p.  173)  was  continued  in  1917,  and  a  summary  of  results 
together  with  the  averages  for  5  years  are  given.  In  the  early  part  of  the 
grazing  season  fall  hogs  were  used,  but  later  were  replaced  by  spring  hogs.  A 
2  per  cent  ration  of  shelled  com  was  also  fed.  The  total  gains  were  2,044  lbs. 
per  acre  in  1917,  the  five-year  average  being  3,167  lb&  The  corn  fed  per  pound 
of  gain  was  2.71  lbs.  On  the  price  basis  used  in  previous  years  the  hogs  paid 
the  equivalent  of  $22.63  per  ton  on  the  1917  hay  crop,  the  five-year  average  l>elng 
S25J0. 

In  one  of  the  com  plats  of  this  rotation  the  com  was  harvested  by  hogs. 
Three  spring  shotes  were  turned  into  this  0.25-acre  plat  and  after  40  days  had 
gained  at  the  rate  of  732  lbs.  per  acre.  On  the  estimated  yield  of  the  com 
piat,  it  required  4.48  lbs.  of  corn  to  produce  1  lb.  of  pork. 

Eight  lamte  were  also  pastured  on  a  0.65-acre  alfalfa  field  and  received  no 
other  feed.  In  139  days  they  made  a  gain  equivalent  to  278  lbs.  per  acre.  On 
this  basis  1  acre  of  alfalfa  should  carry  12  yearling  lambs  through  the  summer 
in  a  thriving  condition.  It  is  noted  that  lambs  pastured  on  the  second  year's 
growth  of  sweet  clover  made  a  gain  of  312  lbs.  p^  acre. 

A  test  with  4  heifers  pastured  on  1.32.  acres  of  sweet  clover  for  varying 
periods  is  also  briefly  noted. 

Chopped  soapweed  as  emergency  feed  for  cattle  on  Southwestern  ranges, 
G.  L.  FoBSUivo  (17.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  BuL  745  U919),  pp.  20,  pU.  4).— Satisfactory 
results  from  feeding  soapweed  {Yucca  elata)  to  cattle  on  the  Jornada  Range 
Reserve,  N.  Mex.,  in  1918  are  reported.  The  plants,  which  have  very  thick 
stems,  are  cut  down  with  an  ax  and  run  through  a  chopping  nuLchine.  The 
cost  of  pr^^Muration  and  transport  to  the  placing  of  feeding  was  $2.27  per  ton. 
It  was  fed  with  cottonseed  meal  in  the  proportion  of  15 : 1,  the  daily  ration 
for  healthy  cows  being  from  15  to  20  lbs.  per  head.  A  large  number  of  cows  in 
process  of  starvation  because  of  the  scarcity  of  forage  on  the  range  after  the 

112874*— 19 6 


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472  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  lVol.40 

1917  drought  were  brought  back  to  good  condition  with  this  feed.  Analyses 
are  reported  which  show  that  the  chopped  aoapweed  has  a  chemical  composition 
comparable  to  native  forage  grasses  and  some  of  the  poorer  hay  crops.  Indis- 
criminate cutting  is  to  be  avoided,  as  the  plant  requires  perhaps  10  years  to 
attain  a  siase  suitable  for  profitable  cutting. 

Beef  cattle,  W.  E.  Joseph  (Montana  8ta,  Rpt,  1917,  pp.  £5^-294).— A  lot  of 
cows  wintered  for  100  days  on  straw  alone  showed  greater  loss  in  weight  than 
lots  fed  hay  in  addition,  but  soon  picked  up  on  pasture  and  produced  strong  and 
healthy  calves.  Calves  wintered  on  clover  hay  did  not  do  so  well  as  those 
receiving  an  oats  and  barley  mixture  with  the  hay,  but  after  the  following 
grassing  season  there  was  little  difference  between  the  groups. 

Pasturing  sheep  on  irrigation  ditchas,  R.  E.  Blaib  ( C7.  8.  Dept.  Affr.,  Bur. 
Plant  Indus.,  Work  Tuma  Espt,  Farm,  1917,  pp.  S3,  S4,  fig.  D.—A  test  con- 
ducted in  cooperation  with  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  Service  in  1917  showed  that 
sheep  can  be  used  successfully  to  keep  down  vegetation  in  irrigation  ditches. 
The  ditch  used  was  about  one-half  mile  long,  was  thorouglily  fenced,  and  con- 
tained about  21  acres  well  grown  with  Bermuda  grass.  Thirty-one  sheep 
grazed  the  grasses  so  short  that  the  opportunity  for  settling  and  depositing  of 
silt  was  reduced  to  a  minimum.  Ordinarily  the  removal  of  this  deposit  and  the 
clearing  out  of  weeds  are  the  two  most  expensive  items  in  the  upkeep  of  an 
irrigation  ditch.  In  addition  the  sheep  returned  a  small  profit  on  mutton  and 
wool. 

Pasturing  alfalfa  with  hogs,  R.  B.  Bi.aib  (17.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bur.  Plafd 
Indus.,  Work  Yuma  Expt.  Farm,  1917,  pp.  W-W).— The  pasturing  tests  of  1916 
(E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  479),  were  repeated  with  some  variation  in  1917.  On  March 
1,  16  grade  Duroc- Jersey  shotes  averaging  58  lbs.  were  turned  into  third-year 
Peruvian  alfalfa  on  a  0.76  acre  plat,  fenced  for  alternate  pasturing.  They  were 
fed  a  daily  ration  of  2  lbs.  of  cracked  milo  maize  for  each  100  lbs.  of  live 
weight.  When  removed  after  120  days  they  had  gained  in  weight  the  equivalent 
of  1,869  lbs.  per  acre.  For  a  week  hi  May  the  supplemental  grain  ration  was 
stopped  and  the  hogs  allowed  on  an  adjoining  field  of  barley  which,  however, 
they  ate  sparingly.  During  the  week  they  lost  84  lbs.  and  the  original  system 
was  resumed.    The  grain  fed  per  pound  of  gain  was  2.41  ll>s. 

Twelve  younger  shotes,  averaging  about  38.5  lbs.,  were  placed  on  the  same 
pasture  July  31  and  fed  a  2  per  cent  supplemental  ration  of  rolled  barley  for 
98  days.  They  gained  the  equivalent  of  878  lbs.  per  acre  and  required  3.24  lbs. 
of  grain  per  pound  of  gain.  The  alfalfa  suffered  from  over-pasturing  during 
the  extreme  heat  of  summer.  With  pork  at  7  cts.  and  grain  at  1  ct.,  the  prices 
previously  used,  the  alfalfa  pasture  during  the  whole  season  gave  a  net  return 
of  $117.55  per  acre. 

On  November  6  the  hogs  that  had  been  carried  through  the  second  pasture 
period  were  turned  into  a  field  of  mature  Dwarf  milo  maize  which  they  cleaned 
up  in  14  days.  The  per-acre  production  of  pork  was  357  lbs.,  which  was  a 
return  at  the  rate  of  $31.33  per  ton  for  grain  that  was  worth  at  least  $65  on 
the  market. 

Kansas  State  Live  Stock  Registry  Board,  C.  W.  McCamfbeix  (Kansas  8t(L 
Insp.  Circ.  8  (1918),  p.  149).— This  publication  contains  a  list  of  all  the  stal- 
lions licensed  in  Kansas  during  the  calendar  year  1918,  the  text  of  the  State 
law  requiring  registration  and  licensing,  an  account  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
annual  meeting  of  the  Kansas  Horse  Breeders'  Association  and  several  of  the 
addresses  delivered  there,  and  a  statistical  discussion  showing  that  in  1910  when 
the  registration  law  went  into  effect  only  40.8  per  cent  of  the  licensed  stallions 
were  pure  bred,  whereas  in  1918  the  percentage  was  64.2. 


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1M9]  DAIRY  FABMING — DAIBYVSQ.  478 

Lic«nMd  BtaUions  in  Utah  during  the  season  of  1918,  W.  E.  Oabboll  {Utah 
8ta.  Ore  S5  {X918),  pp.  S-B4) .--ThiB  ia  the  customary  Ust  of  Ucensed  stalUona 
and  Jacks  arranged  by  counties. 

Peeding  [the  backyard  poultry  flock],  W.  F.  Schoffe  {Montana  Sta.  Circ* 
79  (1918),  pp.  30-^2). — ^Brief  saggestions  are  given. 

DAIBT  PAKMHrO— DAIBTING. 

Farm  profits  and  factors  Influencing  farm  proflts  on  460  dairy  farms  in 
Sussex  County,  N.  J.,  F.  Afp  {New  Jersey  Stas.  BuU  820  {1917),  pp,  7-108,  pit. 
8,  figs.  7). — Sussex  County  is  on  the  northern  boundary  of  New  Jersey,  and  has 
been  an  agricultural  settlement  since  its  settlement  It  is  a  natural  grass 
conntry,  too  stony  in  places  for  cultivation.  Formerly  it  produced  considerable 
quantities  of  grain  and  a  large  amount  of  butter.  With  improved  trahsporta- 
tioD,  dairy  activities  have  changed  from  butter-making  to  production  of  market 
milk,  of  which  13,000,000  gal.  were  sold  in  1910.  The  milk  is  shipped  to  the 
New  York  City  district  and  is  mostly  of  grades  B  and  O.  The  crops  of  this 
area  are  largely  those  raised  for  forage  to  feed  dairy  cattle.  Most  of  the  neces- 
sary concentrates  are  purchased.    The  cows  are  mainly  grade  Holsteins. 

The  survey  reported  in  this  bulletin  was  conducted  during  the  12  months 
of  1914,  a  year  in  which  the  milk  situation  is  considered  to  have  been  normal, 
and  covered  300  farms  operated  by  their  owners  and  160  operated  by  tenants. 
Of  the  latter,  95  were  share  tenants,  65  cash  tenants,  and  21  labor-share  tenants. 
The  farms  are  all  highly  specialized  for  milk  production.  In  the  owner  farms, 
the  milk  receipts  averaged  $2,100,  while  the  crop  receipts  were  only  $123. 
In  the  tenant  farms  the  disproportion  was  still  greater.  The  average  produc- 
tion on  the  owner  farms  was  3,072  qt  of  milk  per  cow  and  on  the  tenant 
farms  3,136  qt  The  State  average  at  the  time  was  2,088  qt  Nearly  25  per 
cent  of  the  capital  was  invested  in  live  stock. 

The  factors  whose  influence  on  profits  is  investigated  include  land  tenure, 
capital  per  farm,  number  of  crop  acres  per  farm  and  per  cow,  relative  crop 
yield  (crop  index),  number  of  cows  per  farm,  production  per  cow,  proportion 
of  receipts  from  live  stock,  percentage  of  crop  acres  in  hay,  corn,  small  grains, 
and  fruit,  acres  of  pasture  per  cow,  number  of  chickens  kept,  possession  of  a 
silo,  and  the  distance  from  the  railroad.  In  an  elaborate  series  of  tables  the 
mutual  relations  of  practically  all  of  these  are  considered,  as  well  as  the  rela- 
tions of  each  to  labor  income,  inventory  value  of  lands,  buildings  and  stock, 
work  units  per  man  and  per  horse,  total  expenses,  labor  expenses,  receipts  per 
fkrm,  etc  Tables  do  not  give  averages  alone,  but  in  every  instance  show  the 
influence  of  change  in  one  factor  of  the  variables  considered  in  relation  to  it 
The  chief  measure  of  success  is  taken  to  be  the  operator's  labor  income,  and 
for  each  of  the  more  important  factors  there  is  a  table  showing  essentially  the 
correlation  between  the  factor  and  the  labor  income.  The  investigation  thus 
treats  the  farm  business  as  a  unit  and  does  not  deal  with  dairying  as  a  sepa- 
rate enterprise,  except  in  one  section  devoted  to  the  cost  of  milk  production. 

In  the  author's  Judgment  the  major  factors  of  success  on  these  farms  are  in 
the  order  of  their  importance  milk  production  per  cow,  number  of  cows  per  herd, 
and  crop  acreage  per  farm.  Owner  farms  of  good  and  better  than  the  average 
in  respect  to  all  three  of  these  produced  an  average  labor  Income  of  $1,270. 
Those  deflclent  in  any  one  item  produced  a  labor  Income  of  $565.  Those  below 
the  average  In  two,  netted  $369,  and  those  below  in  all  three  $8.  The  corre- 
Bpoiiding  flgures  for  the  tenant  farms  are  $1,263,  $661,  $462,  and  $173,  respec- 
tively. 


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474 


£XPEBIME2!rr  8TATI0H  BEOOBD. 


[T0L40 


The  great  Influence  of  the  prodactlon  capacity  of  the  individual  cow  on  the 
labor  income,  as  well  as  the  relation  of  production  to  the  other  two  major  Vic- 
tors, is  Indicated  in  the  following  table : 

Milk  yield  per  coto;  Us  influence  <m  labor  income,  and  it9  relation  to  size  of  Jierdf 

and  area  cultivated. 


Yield  of  inUlc  per  ww. 


Owners. 


Num- 
ber of 
fanns. 


Cows 

per 

farm. 


Crop 


ftim. 


Labor 
In- 


Tenants. 


Num- 
ber of 
lanns. 


Cows 
farm. 


Crap 


per 
farm. 


Labor 
in- 


2.000  or  less.. 

2.001  to  2,500... 
2,501  to  3,000... 
8,001  to  3,500... 
3,501  to  4,000... 
4,001  to  4,500... 
4,501  to  5,000... 
5,001  and  over.. 


Average. 


Quart*. 


11.6 
19.0 
21.2 
21.3 
10.1 
23.2 
3a9 
20.6 


6X0 
60.9 
58.8 
60.0 
67.2 
64.9 
68.1 
55.8 


-  1125 

-f-    161 

406 

468 

738 

1,083 

1,613 

1,652 


25.2 
25.8 
25.8 
28.5 
27.0 
25.1 
22.7 
23.0 


57.2 
76.4 
75.9 
68.1 
73.2 
60.1 
M.1 
94.5 


SKO 
IM 

as 

6M 

8BB 

991 

610 

l,2g3 


20.3 


6&2 


457 


26w3 


7L7 


iS7 


The  high-producing  cows  tended  to  belong  to  the  larger  herds  especially  on 
the  owner  farms,  but  their  tendency  to  occur  on  farms  of  larger  crop  acreage 
was  not  marked.  In  fact  one  of  the  author's  tables  indicate  that  the  number 
of  crop  acres  per  cow  steadily  decreases  with  increased  size  of  herd.  Greater 
efllciency  in  the  utilization  of  man  and  horse  labor  Is  associated  with  the  bigger 
herds  and  the  larger  farms,  and  this  is  an  important  item  in  their  success.  A 
relatively  large  proportion  of  crop  acres  in  small  grains  was  profitable  mainly 
because  of  decreased  necessity  of  purchasing  concentrates.  An  increased  per- 
centage of  area  devoted  to  raising  com  did  not  result  in  lesseied  purdiaslng 
of  concentrates  and  did  not  materially  increase  the  labor  income.  The  rela- 
tively few  farms  where  corn,  small  grain,  or  hay  were  sold  yielded  considerably 
larger  labor  Incomes  than  the  others. 

The  crop  acreage  on  tenant  farms  was  larger  than  on  owner  farms,  but  the 
relative  value  was  about  equal,  averaging  about  86  per  cent  The  owners  had 
29  per  cent  of  their  farm  area  in  permanent  pasture,  the  tenants  21  per  cent 
The  labor  income  of  28  per  cent  of  the  owners  and  12  per  cent  of  the  tenants 
was  zero  or  negative. 

In  the  opinion  of  the  author,  these  farms  are  too  highly  specialized  in  the 
production  of  market  milk.  The  growing  of  orchard  fruits  could  be  profitably 
extended  and  would  result  in  a  more  efficient  use  of  labor.  Poultry  raising 
also  deserves  consideration  as  a  desirable  adjunct  to  dairying.  Dairying  as 
followed  on  these  farms  increases  soil  fertility,  but  most  of  them  would  be 
benefited  by  a  more  extensive  use  of  lime,  which  could  easily  be  secured  locally. 
A  reorganization  of  the  crop  systems  of  these  farms  is  advocated  and  a  5-year 
rotation  suggested. 

A  group  of  100  farms  where  08  per  cent  or  more  of  the  receipts  were  from 
cows  was  selected  for  a  special  study  of  the  cost  of  producing  market  milk. 
The  amounts  of  feed  and  labor  required  to  produce  100  lbs.  of  mUk  was  found 
to  be  grain  89.7  lbs.,  silage  81.95  lbs.,  hay  and  forage  69  lbs.,  pasture  1.85  da^ 
and  man  labor  2.81  hours.  The  amounts  required  to  keep  a  cow  for  a  year 
were  grain  2,577  lbs.,  silage  2,075  lbs.,  hay  and  forage  8,882  lbs.,  pasture  121 
days,  and  man  labor  182.6  hours.  The  credits  for  calves  sold  and  f6r  manure 
not  produced  on  pasture  covered  about  two-thirds  of  the  other  costs^  not  coun^ 


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m»l  DAIBY  FABMINQ — ^DAIBYIKG.  476 

lag  managerial  charges.  In  1914  the  cost  of  producing  a  quart  of  millc  was 
128  cts.  and  in  1917  it  would  have  been  6.17  cts. 

Straining  milk,  EL  Kkllt  and  J.  A.  Gambia  ( U.  8.  Dept,  Agr,,  Farmers'  Buk 
1019  {1919},  pp.  14j  fiffs.  14), — ^Besides  a  discussion  of  the  signiflcanoe  and 
■onrces  of  sediment  in  millc  and  a  warning  that  straining  does  not  result  in  a 
bacteria-free  product,  this  publication  contains  a  summary  of  tests  of  the 
efficiency  of  several  types  of  strainers  in  removing  sedim^it  Tlie  most  efficient 
strainer  examined  was  composed  of  a  layer  of  absorbent  cotton  inclosed  by 
cheesecloth.  Almost  equally  effective  was  filter  cloth,  wMch  can  be  purchased 
from  dairy  supply  houses  and  if  properly  sterilized  and  cared  for  may  be  used 
repeatedly.  Several  thicknesses  of  cheesecloth  have  a  certain  value  in  remov- 
ing sediment,  but  the  wire  strainer  used  on  35  per  c^it  of  the  farms  (about 
40,000)  from  which  reports  were  received  was  very  unsatisfactory. 

CooUnsr  milk  and  storing  and  shippinir  it  at  low  temperatures,  J.  A. 
Gamblb  and  J.  T.  Bown  (17.  8.  Dept.  Apr.  BuL  744  {1919),  pp.  28,  flgt.  21).— 
The  experimental  work  reported  deals  with  the  efficiency  of  cooling  devices  of 
various  constructions  and  in  different  locations  and  the  value  of  insulation  on 
cans  used  for  storage  and  transportation  purposes,  with  special  reference  to 
prompt  cooling  at  the  farm.  The  cooling  devices  dealt  with  are  tanks  contain- 
ing Ice  and  noncirculating  water,  into  which  cans  of  milk  are  placed. 

Beports  received  frc«i  some  4OJ0I0O  dairies  in  32  States  indicate  that  about 
80  per  cent  of  farms  producing  market  milk  use  some  sort  of  cooling  tank. 
About  19  per  cent  of  the  tanks  were  of  metal,  25  per  cent  of  wood,  31  per  cent 
of  concrete,  and  25  per  cent  of  material  not  QMcified.  Very  few  tanks  were 
Insulated. 

Ooollng  In  a  tank  is  at  an  end  when  milk  and  water  are  of  uniform  tem- 
peratures. In  an  ideal  tank  permitting  no  absorption  of  outside  heat,  the  end 
temperature  is  a  weighted  average  of  the  initial  temperatures  of  water,  milk 
can,  and  milk,  the  weights  being  proportional  to  the  spedflc  capacity  of  eadii 
substance  to  absorb  heat.  The  measure  of  tank  efficiency  proposed  is  the  ratio 
(expressed  as  percentage)  of  this  theoretical  temperature  to  the  actually  ob- 
served end  temperature,  the  latter  always  being  higher  owing  to  radiation  from 
the  surroundings.  Directions  are  given  for  constructing  a  concrete  tank  with 
Insulating  substances  imbedded  in  the  walls  that  is  97  per  cent  efficient 

Bxperimoital  tanks  were  constructed  of  uniform  size  to  test  the  relative 
efficiency  of  four  different  materials,  when  tanks  are  either  sheltered  or  un- 
sheltered from  the  sun,  covered  with  a  wooden  lid,  or  uncovered.  Hourly 
changes  in  temperature  in  the  tanks  during  the  progress  of  experimental  cooling 
are  shown  by  graphs,  while  the  heat  absorbed  expressed  as  British  thermal 
units  and  the  relative  loss  in  cooling  effects  expressed  In  pounds  of  ice  are 
glv«i  in  tables.  In  the  order  of  Increasing  efficiency  the  materials  used  were 
galvanised  Iron,  solid  concrete  4  to  5  in.  thick,  1  In.  wood  not  insulated,  and  1 
In.  wood  lined  with  2  in.  of  cork.  The  results  show  clearly  the  value  of  a 
simple  board  covering  aUd  the  importance  of  having  the  tank  indoors,  the 
logical  place  being  the  milk  house.  The  added  expense  of  insulation  in  most 
cases  would  soon  be  compensated  for  in  the  saving  of  ice.  In  building  a  tank 
It  ia  recommended  that  it  be  divided  Into  a  larger  and  a  smaller  compartment 
so  as  to  allow  the  economical  cooling  of  different  quantities  of  milk.  A  tank 
holding  8  or  4  gal  of  water  for  each  gaL  of  milk  is  more  efficient  in  the  use 
of  ice  than  a  larger  tank.  When  the  water  supply  is  of  low  temperature,  pre- 
oooling  results  in  economical  use  of  ice  and  rapid  lowering  of  the  temperature 
of  the  milk  to  50"*  P.  Rapid  cooling  is  also  greatly  aided  by  putting  Ice  In  the 
tanks  some  time  before  the  cans  of  milk  are  added. 


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476  EXFEBIICBKT  STATIOH  BSCOBD.  [ToL40 

Six  10-gal.  cans  were  used  to  study  methods  of  holding  ftnd  tranflpordng  milk. 
Insulated  cans  (kind  of  insulation  not  mentioned)  held  milk  at  a  low  tem- 
perature considerably  longer  than  any  of  the  other  kinds.  The  can  covered 
with  a  1  In.  jacket  of  felt  held  milk  cool  as  long  as  a  can  with  an  ice  compart- 
ment and  several  times  as  long  as  a  plain  can.  The  same  cans  filled  with  milk 
cooled  below  45**  F.  were  sent  on  long  railroad  journeys*  from  Washington, 
D.  C,  to  New  Orleans  and  from  Chicago  to  Washington.  Temperature  changes 
in  the  milk  were  noted  at  frequent  intervals.  The  results  are  shown  graphlr 
cally  in  a  series  of  charts.  The  insulated  and  f^t  covered  cans  were  the  moat 
satisfactory  in  retaining  a  low  temperature. 

Survival  of  typhoid  bacilli  in  sour  milk,  Pbnklofk  Maxsh  {Amer.  Jowr. 
Pub,  ffeaUh,  8  (1918),  No.  8,  pp,  590^93) .—Testa  indicate  that  B.  typh09Ut  If 
sensitive  to  acidity  and  is  usually  destroyed  in  milk  in  a  short  time  at  about 
the  degree  of  acidity  occurring  in  fresh  buttermilk  as  obtained  in  the  New  York 
market  Buttermilk  would  seem  to  be  free  of  danger  as  a  means  of  distributing 
B,  typhosus  or  paraiyphosus  or  B.  dysenteriw  in  the  ordinary  course  of  eventa 

The  economical  use  of  fuel  in  milk  plants  and  creameriea,  J.  T.  Bower 
iU,  8.  Dept.  Ayr.  Bui.  W  {1919),  pp.  ^7,  ;l^<.  i^).— The  continued  high  price  of 
coal  makes  the  efficient  use  of  fuel  in  commercial  plants  a  matter  of  great 
importance.  This  bulletin  presents  material  dealing  with  fuel  efficiency  in 
creameries  collected  by  the  Dairy  Division  of  the  U.  S.  D^Mirtment  of  Agricul- 
ture, and  includes  a  study  of  conditions  in  206  creameries  where  steam  is  used 
exclusively  for  both  power  and  heating.  These  plants  were  visited  and  informa- 
tion secured  on  the  quantity  of  butter  made,  kind  and  amount  of  fuel,  size  and 
type  of  boiler  and  engine,  methods  of  firing,  and  condition  of  engine,  piping,  and 
all  steam  apparatus.  These  data  are  used  as  a  basis  for  definite  recommenda- 
tions. Instructions  for  the  building  of  boiler  settings  and  furnaces  are  given  in 
detail,  together  with  illustrations  and  diagrams  and  tables  of  dimensiona  Sug- 
gestions as  to  methods  of  firing  furnaces  and  the  elimination  of  air  leaks  and 
heat  losses  from  bare  pipes  are  given.  The  author  reccnnm^ids  the  more  ex- 
tended use  of  exhaust  steam  instead  of  live  steam  for  heating  wash  water  and 
for  pasteurization,  and  provides  several  diagrams  showing  how  exhaust  steam 
can  be  successfully  utilised. 

The  final  section  deals  with  the  distribution  of  heat  energy  from  combustion 
of  coal  in  the  boiler  furnace  of  an  average  gathered-cream  plant  making  approx- 
imately 500,000  lbs.  of  butter  per  year.  It  is  shown  that  in  such  a  plant  only  &3 
per  cent  of  the  total  heat  units  are  actually  consumed  in  useful  work,  and  plans 
are  presented  by  the  use  of  which  the  heat  loss  in  such  a  plant  would  be  so 
reduced  that  less  than  50  per  cent  of  the  original  heat  units  would  be  necessary. 

Twelfth  annual  conference  of  the  American  Dairy  Science  Association 
{Jour.  Dairy  Sci.,  1  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  S75-445t  fig.  i).— -This  conference  was  held 
at  Columbus,  Ohio,  October  22,  1917.  Reports  submitted  by  chairmen  of  five 
committees  are  published,  together  with  notes  of  the  discussions  that  occurred 
after  the  reports  were  read.  These  were  as  follows :  Legal  Limits  for  Butter, 
by  B.  D.  White;  Bacteriological  Methods  for  Market  Milk  Analysis,  by  R.  S. 
Breed;  State  and  National  Brands  for  Butter  and  Cheese,  by  M.  Mortensen; 
Dairy  Farm  Score  Card,  by  E.  Kelly ;  and  Statistics  of  Production  and  Market- 
ing of  Dairy  Producte,  by  R.  O.  Potts. 

V£T££INABT  MEDICINE. 

Observations  and  experlnients  on  intestinal  trlchinsB,  B.  Schwajbts  {Jour. 
Ayr.  Research  {U.  S.},  15  {1918),  No.  8,  pp.  4e7-48£,  figs,  d).— This  is  a  report 


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m»]  VBTBItmABY  MEDIdlinB.  477 

of  InveBtlsatl^NU  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture  which  have  led  to  the  following  summary  and  conduslona : 

''The  lanrs  of  TrichineUa  9pirali9  do  not  linger  In  the  stomach  of  the  host 
after  they  are  freed  from  their  capsules,  but  pass  Into  the  small  Intestine.  The 
passage  of  the  larvie  throu^^  the  stomach  does  not  stimuhite  them  to  further 
growth  and  development,  and  a  brief  sojourn  in  the  intestine  is  Insufficient  to 
initiate  those  processes  which  lead  to  sexual  maturity.  lArvie  from  the  In- 
testine that  have  not  yet  been  stimulated  to  further  development  become  tightly 
coiled  when  removed  from  the  host  and  placed  In  a  physiological  salt  solution, 
but  those  which  have  been  stimulated  to  development  apparently  lose  the  power 
of  becoming  tightly  colled  under  similar  conditions.  Larvie  which  have  been 
stimulated  to  further  development  in  the  intestine  will  molt  even  after  being 
removed  from  that  organ.  The  molting  process  may  be  hastened  by  high  tem- 
peratures and  suppressed  by  low  temperatures.  Larvae  whlcli  have  not  yet  been 
stimulated  to  further  development  In  the  small  Intestine  can  not  be  caused  to 
molt  by  a  high  t^nperature. 

**  With  the  beginning  of  development  In  the  small  intestine  the  larvse  lose  the 
power  of  surviving  for  considerable  lengths  of  time  outside  of  the  host.  They 
afterwards  become  more  persistent,  however,  In  direct  proportion  to  their  increas- 
ing age.  When  removed  from  the  host  within  24  hours  after  artificial  infection 
intestinal  trichinae  often  undergo  spontaneous  disintegration,  which  may  be 
due  to  the  sudden  change  of  environment,  lack  of  food,  or  possibly  the  liberation 
of  toxic  substances  which  affect  the  parasites  while  in  an  artificial  medium. 
Larve  which  molt  after  removal  from  the  host  have  been  observed  occasionally 
to  decrease  in  size.  It  is  suggested  that  the  dwarfed  condition  Is  possibly  due  to 
lack  of  food. 

"After  the  first  and  subsequent  molts  the  tolerance  of  the  larvse  to  various 
toxic  agents  is  replaced  by  a  marked  sensitiveness  to  such  agents,  which  de- 
creases, however,  with  advancing  age.  Under  the  influence  of  potassium  cyanld 
the  worms  undergo  disintegration  and  exhibit  susceptibility  to  the  poison  along 
the  major  axis,  which  in  the  growing  forms  appears  to  be  greatest  In  regions 
where  growth  takes  place  most  rapidly.  Modifications  In  the  permeability  of 
the  cuticle  do  not  appear  to  be  directly  responsible  for  the  changes  in  suscepti- 
bility. The  changes  probably  result  from  a  reorganization  of  th^  protoplasm 
coincident  with  growth,  differentiation,  and  age.  Attempts  to  induce  molting  in 
the  larvae  which  have  been  decapsuled  by  artificial  digestion  and  afterwards 
kept  in  vitro  under  various  conditions  have  thus  far  failed  to  yield  successful 
results." 

A  stndjr  of  the  character  of  the  feces  due  to  various  foods  in  connection 
with  anthelmintic  Investigation,  M.  Wiqdok  {Amer.  Jour,  Vet,  Med.,  IS  {1918), 
yo.  9,  pp.  4^-4^).— "Soft  llght-cok>red  plenUful  feces  are  IndicaUve  of  a 
bread  diet.  Dark  fairly  hard  feces  in  comparatively  small  amounts  are  indi- 
cative of  a  raw  meat  diet  Very  dark  fairly  soft  feces  in  small  amounts  are 
indicative  of  a  finely  choiHO^  cooked  meat  diet  (This  seems  to  be  especially 
true  when  the  meat  is  fed  while  still  warm.)  Clay-colored,  brittle  feces  in 
amall  lumps  are  indicative  of  some  bone  constituent  in  the  diet 

"Therapeutic  doses  of  oil  of  chenopodlum  or  distillation  products  of  oil  of 
chenopodlum,  when  given  with  castor  oll»  usually  cause  greenish,  fluid  feces, 
regardless  of  the  diet 

"Excessive  or  lethal  doses  of  chenopodlum  constituents  cause  constipation. 
In  q>lte  of  therapeutic  doses  of  castor  oil,  defecation  being  suppressed  for  a 
period  of  one  or  more  days  or  the  feces  being  hard  and  .dark." 

The  rdle  of  immunity  in  the  conduct  of  the  present  war,  J.  A.  Kolmeb 
iJaur.  InmunoL,  S  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  S71^74) .—This  U  a  brief  discussion  of 


uigiiizea  Dy  ' 


lOogle 


478  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECOBD.  [Vol.40 

the  contributions  of  the  scl^ioe  of  iaiinunity  to  the  diagnosis  and  treatment  of 
various  diseases  of  particular  importance  in  the  present  war,  together  with  a 
statement  of  a  few  of  the  unsolved  i>roblems. 

A  method  of  preparing  bacterial  antigens,  J.  C.  Suall  (Jour,  ImmunoL,  Z 
(1918),  No.  5,  pp.  41S-422:  ab9,  in  Jour,  Amer,  Med.  Atsoc,  71  (1918),  No,  M. 
p.  2179). — The  essential  qualifications  of  an  ideal  bacterial  antigen  are  dis- 
cussed, and  a  method  is  outlined  which  is  said  to  yield  ^Icient  antigens. 

The  method  consists  essentially  of  the  extraction  of  the  fat-like  substances 
from  dried  bacteria  by  chloroform  and  ether.  The  residue  is  then  freed  firom 
traces  of  these  solvents  and  suspended  in  sterile  salt  solution.  A  dry  antigen 
preparation  is  also  described  which  can  be  stored  for  use  over  long  i)eriod8  of 
time  without  becoming  anticomplementary',  as  is  often  the  case  with  stod; 
antigen  suspensions.  For  this  preparation  the  bacteria  are  extracted  as  de- 
scribed above,  and  after  the  last  washing  with  ether  the  bacterial  residue  is 
dried,  intimately  mixed  with  8.5  times  its  weight  of  sodium  chlorid,  and  re- 
duced in  a  mortar  to  a  very  fine  powder.  For  use  the  powder  Is  suspended  in 
distilled  water  in  the  proportion  of  0.95  gm.  of  the  powder  to  100  cc.  of  water. 

The  disinfection  of  pathogenic  badlU  by  the  cinchona  alkaloids,  R.  BoBLmo 
(Biochem.  Ztschr.,  85  (1918),  No.  8-4,  pp.  188-211,  figs.  ^).— The  author  sum- 
marizes the  work  of  other  investigators  on  the  disinfecting  action  of  the  homo- 
logues  of  the  hydroqulnone  series  with  from  5  to  8  carbon  atoms  in  the  side 
chain,  and  reports  the  results  of  a  study  of  the  effect  of  these  disinfectants  on 
the  bacilli  of  diphtheria,  tetanus,  and  anthrax.  While  all  these  organisms  are 
destroyed  by  very  high  dilutions  of  the  higher  homologues  of  hydroqulnone,  the 
maximum  effect  on  the  different  organisms  was  not  always  produced  by  the 
same  compounds.  The  theory  of  their  action  as  specific  rather  than  nonspecific 
disinfectants  is  discussed. 

The  resistance  of  the  glanders  bacillua  to  ealdum  hypochlorite,  B.  Gohsk 
(Jour.  Infect.  Diseases,  2^  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  51-65,  fig.  i).— The  author's 
studies  indicate  that  Bacillu%  maUei  is,  if  anytiiing,  more  sensitive  than  B.  ooU 
to  dilute  solutions  of  calcium  hypochlorite.  He  concludes  that  it  may  be  effec- 
tively used  In  the  disinfection  of  horse  troughs  as  a  harmless  prophylactic 
measui'e  in  glanders  Infected  regions. 

The  difPerontiation  and  distribution  of  the  paratyphoid  enteritidia  group.— 
V,  Occurrence  in  the  human  intestine,  E.  O.  Jobdan  and  E.  E.  Iobns  {Joar. 
Infect.  Diseases,  23  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  557-^4*).— This  is  in  continuation  of  the 
studies  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  587). 

Further  observations  on  hemolytic  streptococci  in  milk,  D.  J.  Davtb  {Jow, 
Infect.  Diseases,  2S  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  559-561). — ^This  is  a  report  of  observa- 
tions carried  on  in  continuation  of  those  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  85,  p.  680), 
in  which  hemolytic  streptococci  of  the  Streptococcus  lactieus  type  wete  found 
in  dairy  milk  in  28  of  92  samples.  "  In  this  series  they  were  far  more  common 
in  nonpasteurized  than  in  pasteurized  milk.  They  are  less  virulent  for  rabbits 
than  the  hemolytic  streptococci  of  human  6rigin.  Two  strains  were  found  with 
moderate  pathogenic  power  for  rabbits. 

"  While,  in  general,  one  may  be  practically  sure  that  organisms  of  the  [8.] 
lactieus  t3rpe  are  not  dangerous  to  man,  still  individual  organisms  or  strains 
of  human-milk,  or  bovine  origin  suspected  of  being  responsible  for  sore  throats 
or  other  infections  in  man  should  be  carefully  studied  and  compared  with  a  view 
to  finding  specific  common  characters." 

Studies  in  the  metabolism  of  pathogenic  actinomy^etes  (Btreptothrioea),  I, 
S.  A  WAXSiiAN  {Jour.  Infect.  Diseases,  23  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  5-J7-55-J).— •*Btood 
agar  is  a  very  good  medium  for  the  growth  of  pathogenic  actinomycetes,  a  good 
growth  being  obtained  in  24  to  72  hours  when  incubated  at  87*  O.  [98.6*  F.l 


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laiai  VETEBINABT  MEBICIKS.  479 

''The  prodQction  of  hemolysis  of  the  blood  on  blood  agar,  the  liquefaction  of 
blood  senun,  the  clotting  and  subsequent  peptonization  of  the  milk,  [and]  the 
Uqu^acUon  of  gelatin,  ran  parallel.  The  organism  that  produces  most  hemoly- 
Bls  produces  liqueffeiction  of  the  blood  serum  and  gelatin  and  a  greater  digestion 
of  the  milk  proteins.  The  f^ganism  that  does  not  produce  any  hemolysis  of  the 
blood  does  not  liquefy  the  blood  serum  and  the  gelatin,  does  not  clot  the  milk, 
and  has  only  a  small  action  on  the  milk  proteins.  These  characters  can  be  used 
adyantageously  in  the  identification  and  classification  of  the  actinomycetes. 
Some  pathogenic  actinomycetes  grew  readily  on  synthetic  mediums.*' 

A  case  of  rat  bite  fever,  Ruth  TtiNiviGijnr  and  Katbsbink  M.  Mayer  (Jour, 
Infect,  DUeoMCM,  tS  (1918),  No,  6,  pp.  655^68,  pi.  i).— It  is  pointed  out  that  a 
streptothrix  (Sireptothri9  murU^atH)  has  been  isolated  from  the  blood  of 
three  patients  with  rat-bite  fever  by  three  separate  investigators  and  observed 
in  the  fresh  blood  in  a  fourth  case  by  Tileston  (B.  S.  R.,  8K,  p.  487) .  Organisms, 
culturally  and  morphologically  similar,  have  been  found  in  bronchopneumonia 
by  the  senior  author  <B.  S.  R.,  96,  p.  678).  Another  streptothrix  (8,  putorU) 
has  been  isolated  by  Dick  and  Tunnidiir  from  the  blood  of  a  patient  bitten  by  a 
weasel  (E.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  880).  In  the  latter  case  the  clinical  picture  was  similar 
to  that  of  rat-bite  fever,  although  the  streptothrix  differed  both  culturally  and 
morphologically  from  S.  muris-rattt 

In  the  present  paper  the  authors  report  upon  a  fiital  case  which  occurred  in 
Chicago,  in  which  the  streptothrix  was  found  to  be  more  closely  related  cul- 
turally and  morphologically  to  8.  putorii  than  to  8.  fimria-ratti.  The  chief 
points  of  interest  in  this  case  are  the  presence  of  a  streptothrix  in  the  poly- 
morphonuclear leucocytes  during  life,  in  blood  cultures  after  death,  in  smears 
of  bone  marrow,  and  pooslbly  in  the  ganglion  cells  n^ar  the  suprarenale 

A  note  on  bleedinir  guinea  pigs  and  on  preserviniT  sheep's  erythrocytes, 
J.  J.  Wehnicb  (Jour.  Immunol.,  8  (1918),  No,  5,  p^.  889-^98;  abt.  in  Jour,  Amer, 
Med.  A99oe.,  11  {1918),  No.  26,  p.  SiTP).— The  author,  at  the  Oonnecticut  Storrs 
Experiment  Station,  describes  a  method  for  bleeding  guinea  pigs  in  which  the 
Mood  is  obtained  from  a  partial  incision  in  the  jugular  vein.'  After  from  10  to 
15  cc.  of  blood  has  been  drained  from  the  vein,  cotton  is  pressed  into  the  wound 
and  the  animal  placed  on  its  back  until  the  flow  of  blood  stopsw  The  cotton  is 
then  removed  and  the  wound  treated  with  alcohol  and  closed. 

The  method  is  said  to  yield  practically  as  large  a  quantity  of  blood  as  when 
the  animal  Is  bled  to  death,  and  to  have  the  further  advantage  that  this  amount 
may  be  obtained  repeatedly  Arom  the  same  animal. 

The  method  of  presenratlon  of  sheet's  erythrocytes  by  the  use  of  formalin, 
essentially  as  described  by  Bernstein  and  Kaliski  (E.  S;  R.,  29,  p.  676),  is  also 
described. 

An  Improvement  In  the  method  of  Isolating  and  recovering  the  bacillus  of 
cattle  abortion  throuirh  guinea  pigs,  E.  W.  SiinxDB  (Jour,  Empt.  Med,,  28 
{19 Wf  No.  1,  pp.  68S-^05,  flgM,  2).— -The  method  employed  by  the  author  for  the 
cultivation  of  BaoUhu  abortiM  is  described  In  detail,  and  experiments  under- 
taken for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  possibility  of  shortening  the  life  period 
of  the  inoculated  guinea  pig  without  In^ialring  the  chances  of  obtaining  cul- 
tures are  also  described. 

The  spleen  was  found  to  be  the  organ  In  which  the  bacteria  are  regularly 
present  and  in  largest  numbers.  The  number  of  living  bacteria  in  the  spleen 
of  the  guinea  pig  is  larger  between  the  third  and  fourth  weeks  than  later,  al* 
thcnigh  the  macroscopic  lesions  become  more  pronounced  as  the  bacteria  decline. 

The  author  suggests  that  fora  diagnesla  based  <m  the  isolation  of  B.  ahoriuM 
guinea  pigs  ahoiM  be  killed  between  the  third  and  the  fourth  week,  while  for 


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480  EXFBBIMEKT  STATIOIT  SECOBD,  [yoL40 

a  diagnofllB  iMtsed  on  characteristic  lesions  they  should  be  killed  later,  prefer- 
ably aften  seven  or  ei^^t  weeks. 

The  survival  of  the  hog-diolera  vims  in  laboratory  animals,  particolarlj 
the  rat,  G.  TenBboeck  {Jowr.  Bmpt.  Med.,  tS  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  74^757).— This 
is  a  report  of  an  investigation  of  the  effi»ct  of  hog-cholera  vinia  on  various 
laboratory  animals.  The  method  emi^oyed  was  to  inoculate  several  animals 
of  a  given  species  in  one  or  more  ways,  and  after  seven  days  to  determine 
whether  the  virus  was  still  present  in  their  bodies  by  inoculation  of  8U8cq;>tible 
pigs. 

Attempts  to  demonstrate  the  vims  of  hog  cholera  after  intravenous  and 
intra-abdominal  inoculations  were  unsuccessful  in  the  case  of  rabbits,  guinea 
pig8»  and  pigeons.  It  was  proved,  however,  that  the  vims  can  be  found  in  the 
bodies  of  white  rats  for  at  least  seven  days  after  either  intra-abdominal  or 
intracerebral  inoculations.  Passing  one  strain  of  vims  alternately  through 
pigs  and  rats  for  three  transfers  in  each  species  did  not  change  the  virulence 
for  swine  nor  cause  the  virus  to  become  virulent  for  rats.  Attempts  to  intro- 
duce the  vims  into  the  body  of  the  rat  by  feeding  virulent  material  and  an 
attempt  to  pass  the  virus  through  one  lot  of  rats  to  another  were  unsucceasfuL 

From  these  observations  the  conclusion  is  drawn  that  the  rat  does  not  play 
a  part  in  the  transmission  of  hog  cholera. 

A  study  of  paratyphoid  bacilli  isolated  from  cases  of  hog  oholera,  G.  Ten- 
Bboeck  {Jour.  Ewpt,  Med.,  28  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  759-777). — ^During  the  course  of 
experimental  work  <m  hog  cholera,  paratyphoid  bacilli  were  isolated  from  10 
per  cent  of  the  hogs.  Gultnrally  these  organisms  were  found  to  be  the  same  as 
paratyphoid  bacilli  isolated  from  man  and  different  in  many  req^ects  from 
hog  cholera  bacilli.  In  their  agglutination  in  sera  produced  by  the  injectioa 
of  living  cultures  one  of  the  cultures  corresponded  to  Bacillus  enteriiidU^ 
while  five  apparently  formed  a  class  by  themselves,  resembling  paratyphoid  B 
more  closely  than  hog  cholera  bacilli,  but  different  from  both  in  the  type  of 
clumps  formed  and  in  abscMiition  experiments.  When  injected  into  rabbits 
they  produced  an  immunity  to  the  hog  cholera  bacillus,  while  paratyphoid  B 
does  not. 

The  author  considers  it  probable  that  some  of  the  cultures  that  are  described 
as  hog  cholera  bacilli  belong  to  this  group.  Whether  the  Ingestion  of  pork  con- 
taining these  bacilli  would  cause  disease  in  man  has  not  yet  been  determined. 

A  study  of  the  changes  in  vimlenee  of  the  pneomoeoccus  at  different 
periods  of  grrowth  and  under  different  conditions  of  cultivation  in  media, 
A.  B.  Wadswosth  and  Mabt  B.  Kibkbbidb  {Jour.  Bmpt.  Med,,  tS  {1918),  No,  6, 
pp.  191-805), — In  this  paper  are  presented  the  results  of  a  preliminary  stady 
of  the  essential  relation  between  the  different  phases  of  growth  and  the  degree 
of  virulence  of  the  pneumococcua 

It  was  found  possible,  by  rapid  transfers  alone,  not  only  to  maintain  the 
virulence  for  mice  of  the  pneumococcus  in  artificial  media,  but  also  to  restore 
a  certain  degree  of  virulence  to  cultures  previously  rendered  avimlent  by 
less  rapid  transfers  in  the  same  medium.  For  these  results  the  pres^ice  of 
enriching  fluids  such  as  blood  or  semm  was  not  required.  Attenuated  cultures 
which  had  been  shown  to  be  avimlent  for  mice  at  the  24-hour  period  of  growth 
exhibited  marked  pathogenicity  if  injected  during  or  eq)eclally  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  period  of  maximum  growth,  when  the  growth  energy  may  be 
considered  at  its  height 

The  authors  consider  it  improbable  that  the  close  relation  between  the  vege- 
tative power  or  growth  energy  of  the  pneumococcus  and  its  pathogenic  power 
is  peculiar  to  this  organism,  but  that  it  forms  the  basis  not  only  of  the  nnw  u 


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1019]  VBTEBINABY  MEDIOIKE.  481 

dally  mrasitlc  but  also  of  the  more  special  tozicogenic  activities  of  the 
bacteria. 

A  further  eonaideratioii  of  complement  fizatioii  in  taberealosia,  V.  H.  Moon 
iJtmr.  Amer.  Med.  As900,,  11  {191%),  No.  U,  pp.  1127-1188) .—The  work  of 
▼arions  Inyestigators  on  the  complement  fixation  test  for  tuberculosis  is  re- 
Tiewed,  and  reports  are  given  of  results  obtained  by  means  of  the  test  in  166 
tuberculous  cases,  of  which  183  gave  positive  tests. 

The  conclusion  is  drawn  that  complement  fixatlim  in  tuberculosis  should  be 
regarded  as  an  established  technique,  well  past  the  experimental  stage,  and  of 
particular  value  as  an  aid  in  the  early  diagnosis  of  the  disease.  The  author 
eonaiders  that  a  freshly  prepared  antigen  containing  living,  virulent  bacilli  is 
superior  to  one  containing  dried  organisms,  although  the  latter  will  keep  in- 
definitely. 

A  oontrilmtion  to  the  study  of  the  oompleuent  fixation  reaction  in  tuber- 
cnloaia,  M.  A.  Wilson  {Jour.  ImmunoL,  S  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  845^60;  abs.  in 
Jow.  Amer.  Med.  Astoc,  71  (1918),  No.  26,  p.  £178). —This  is  a  preliminary  re- 
port. In  which  are  described  the  author's  method  of  standardizing  the  comple- 
ment, the  preparation  of  tuberculosis  antigen,  and  the  diagnostic  test  for 
tuberculosis. 

It  is  pointed  out  that  not  all  guinea-pig  serums  are  efficient  for  tuberculosis 
complement  fixation,  and  that  consequently  the  serum  from  each  guinea  pig 
should  be  tested  for  flxabllity  with  tuberculosis  antigen  plus  tuberculosis  serum 
before  pooling  the  complement  for  diagnostic  tests. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  discovery  of  von  Wedel  that  some  serums  from 
active  tuberculosis  cases  gave  a  negative  complement  fixation  reaction  when  the 
test  was  made  on  the  first  day  after  bleeding  and  a  positive  reaction  a  week 
later,  having  been  kept  in  the  ice  box  dmiiig  the  IntervaL  Although  this  early 
negative  irfiase  was  not  demonstrated  in  the  serums  from  all  tubercular  cases, 
the  percentage  was  so  large  that  it  is  considered  advisable  to  make  thcT  later 
test  before  the  tuberculosis  antibody  content  of  all  serums  can  be  determined. 

The  antigen  used  by  the  author  consists  of  a  suspension  of  tubercle  bacilli 
killed  with  heat,  extracted  with  alcohol  and  ether,  and  dried. 

A  oontrilmtion  to  the  study  of  the  oompleucnt  fixation  reaction  for  tuber- 
cnloaia,  H.  von  Wkdxl  {Jour.  /vMiuifiol.,  S  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  851-869;  abs.  in 
Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Auoc,  11  {1918),  No.  26,  pp.  £178,  £179).— A  brief  review  is 
given  of  some  of  the  more  important  investigations  of  the  past  few  years  on  the 
complement  fixation  test  for  tuberculosis,  and  results  are  reported  of  a  study 
of  the  test  with  the  use  of  the  perfteted  Wilson  antigen,  noted  above. 

Data  are  reported  from  1,078  complement  fixation  tests  on  200  spedmeus  of 
blood  serum  taken  from  cases  with  no  dlnical  history  of  tubearculosis  and  from 
patients  with  active,  inactive,  and  primary  pulmonary  tuberculosis.  As  a 
result  of  this  study  tiie  following  modifications  of  the  original  complement 
fixation  tests  are  recommended : 

*'  Pooled  complement  from  at  least  six  guinea  pigs  should  be  used  in  making 
the  tests,  or  the  complement  from  single  pigs  should  be  tested  for  its  comple- 
ment fixation  value  with  known  positive  sera.  Double  the  original  Wassermann 
amount  of  patients'  serum  should  be  used.  No  report  should  be  made  until  the 
sera  have  been  tested,  after  having  been  kept  under  sterile  conditions  in  the  ice 
chest  for  from  four  to  six  days,  preferably  six  days." 

With  these  modifications  the  results  seem  to  indicate  that  **  100  per  cent  of 
nontubercular  cases  will  give  absolutely  negative  results,  nearly  100  per  cent 
of  the  primary  and  active  cases  will  give  positive  results  with  tlie  exception  of 
the  dying  cases,  and  about  25  per  cent  of  the  partially  Inactive  and  inactive 
i  will  give  only  weak  positive  results." 


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482  BXPBBIMBNT  STATION  BECOBD.  [VoL40 

The  tubercle  bacillus  antigen  was  found  to  be  not  anticomplementary  in  four 
times  the  amount  capable  of  producing  positive  complement  fixation  with  sera 
from  the  great  majority  of  cases  with  active  tubercnlosiB. 

Further  studies  on  brisket  disease,  G.  BL  Glovkb  and  L.  B.  Nkwbok  {Jowr. 
Affr.  Research  {V.  £f.],  15  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  409-41S,  pU.  5).-~Thls  is  a  report  of 
investigations  at  the  Ck>lorado  Experiment  Station  in  continuation  of  thoee 
previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  690). 

The  authors*  studies  of  45  cases  "  tend  to  show  that  normal  animals  living 
in  a  high  altitude  have  a  heavier  heart  than  those  living  near  sea  level;  that 
animals  affected  with  brisket  disease  had  dilated,  flabby,  and  heavy  hearts; 
that  they  have  a  high  percentage  of  red  corpuscles ;  that  they  show  generalized 
edema  and  enlarged  and  sclerosed  livers,  such  as  one  would  expect  in  cardiac 
weakness;  that  they  usually  recover  when  shipped  to  lower  altitudes,  but 
seldom  do  if  they  remain  at  the  higher  levels ;  and  that  the  feed  is  not  a  factor; 
that  animals  from  low  altitudes  are  more  often  affected  than  natives;  that 
calves  sired  by  bulls  from  low  altitudes  are  more  likely  to  be  affected  than  those 
sired  by  native  bulls;  that  the  higher  the  altitude  the  more  prevalent  is  the 
disease. 

'*  We  therefore  have  no  hesitancy  in  concluding  that  the  malady  is  due  to 
failure  of  acclimatisation  at  high  altitudes.  The  remedy  lies  not  in  drugs,  but 
in  breeding  a  hardier  strain  of  cattie  which  can  accustom  themselves  to  the 
rigorous  conditions  incident  to  an  existence  at  these  extreme  altitudea" 

Gastrointestinal  lavaere  in  dogs:  Its  value  In  removing  worms  and  in  other 
respeots,  M.  O.  Hall  and  M.  Wiodob  {Jour,  Amer,  Vet.  Med.  ^«foc.,  52  {ISIS), 
No,  4^  pp.  J^S'Ji^56). — **  Experimental  investigations  of  various  procedures  which 
may  be  regarded  as  gastrointestinal  lavage  in  the  sense  in  which  the  term  is 
now  used  among  American  veterinarians,  or  some  modification  of  that  pro- 
cedure, have  been  made  by  us  in  12  cases.  We  eondude  from  these  tests  (1) 
that  Sastrointestinal  lavage,  like  most  of  the  medicinal  anthelmintics,  has  not 
the  entirely  dependable  efficacy  which  is  usually  credited  to  it  by  those  who 
use  it  (2)  It  has  a  certain  limited  efficacy  in  removing  worms  and  it  might 
be  of  value  in  anthelmintic  treatment  in  one  of  several  ways :  By  mechanically 
removing  part  of  the  worms  present  at  times,  or  all  of  them  lesfr  frequoitiy  by 
removing  material  that  interfered  with  the  action  of  medicinal  anthelmintics, 
or  by  employment  as  a  means  of  administering  medicinal  anthelmintics  in 
properly  selected  cases.  Its  anthelmintic  value  is  less  than  that  of  properly 
selected  medicinaranthelmintics  in  suitable  doses.  (8)  It  probably  has  greater 
value  in  cases  of  poisoning  in  dogs  or  cats,  animals  which  are  often  poisoned, 
where  the  lavage  can  be  given  in  time  to  wash  out  some  or  all  of  the  poison 
from  the  digestive  tract  before  the  absorption  of  a  lethal  dose.  Where  it  eoold 
be  applied  promptly  we  would  regard  it  as  a  procedure  of  great  value.  (4)  It 
is  temporarily  very  depressing  and  may  at  times  cause  rupture  of  the  intestinal 
walls  from  the  water  pressure  or  hemorrhage  of  tiie  stomach  from  protracted 
forcible  emesls.  (5)  The  treatment  is  easy  and  rapid  with  some  dogs  but  slow 
and  tedious  with  others. 

'*  Ii.vestigations  based  on  the  weights  of  200  dogs  indicate  that  for  practical 
purposes  the  weight  of  the  average  dog  is  about  10  kg.  [22  lbs.] ;  investigations 
based  on  the  above  and  on  the  measurement  of  26  dog  stomachs  indicate  that 
the  gastric  capacity  of  the  average  dog  is  about  1  liter  [1.06  qt]  and  that  the 
gastric  capacity  of  the  average  dog  per  kilogram  of  body  weight  is  about  100 
mils  [0.106  qt].  The  exact  computed  weight  is  a  littie  over  10  kg.  and  the 
exact  computed  capacity  and  capacity  per  kilogram  are  a  little  leas  than  these 
flgureSb" 


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1919]  BUfiAL  EKGINEEBING.  483 

An  eplsootle  of  poliomyelitis  among  doga,  H.  Gbbelbt  and  W.  L.  Johnson 
(Med.  Rec.  {N.  T.h  92  {1911),  No.  20,  pp.  839-^42,  figs.  6;  abM.  in  Jour.  Trop. 
Med.  and  Hyg.  [Londohl,  21  (1918),  No.  S,  pp.  S4-^6),— The  antbora  report  upon 
a  small  epizootic  among  collie  dogs  at  Jamaica,  N.  Y.,  in  which  the  lesions  found 
in  the  central  nervons  system  were  similar  to  those  which  are  found  in  cases 
of  poliomyelitis  in  man.  A  Gram-negatiTe»  pleomorphic  bacillus  was  isolated, 
a  culture  of  which  upon  intraveDOus  inoculation  into  a  young  dog  daily  for  four 
soccessiTe  days  resulted  in  the  appearance  of  typical  symptoms  (paraplegia  and 
ferer)  and  lesions. 

In  referring  to  a  similar  ^demic  reported  by  Pierson  among  Eskimo  dogs 
(E.  S.  R.,  30,  p.  781),  it  is  pointed  out  that  the  collie  and  Eskimo  dogs  are  near 
rdatives. 

The  anatomy  of  the  domestio  f  owl,  B.  F.  Kautp  (Philadelphia  and  London: 
W.  B.  Saunders  Co.,  1918,  pp.  S7S,  pi.  1,  figs.  88;  rev.  in  GomeU  Vet.,  9  {1919), 
No.  1,  pp.  «3-tf5).—- The  subject  is  dealt  with  under  the  headings  of  osteology 
(pp.  17-65),  arthrology  (pp.  56-09),  myology  (pp.  70-134),  splanchnology  (pp. 
135-168),  the  urogenital  system  (pp.  169-189),  the  ductless  glands  (n;).  196-206), 
angiology  (pp.  206-263),  neurology  (pp.  264-302),  esthesiology  (pp.  303-308), 
structure  of  appendages  (pp.  309-^17),  and  embryology  of  the  chick  (pp. 
818-353),  and  includes  an  outline  for  laboratory  study  of  the  chick  and  a 
bibliography  of  19  titles. 

Observations  on  an  outbreak  of  f avus,  B.  A.  Beach  and  J.  O.  Hairpin  {Jour. 
Agr.  Research  {U.  8.},  15  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  ilS-418,  pi.  i).— This  is  a  report  of 
studies  of  favus,  due  to  Achorion  schonleinii,  made  at  the  Wisconsin  Experiment 
Station,  in  which  State  several  severe  outbreaks  of  the  disease  have  occurred 
among  poultry  during  the  last  few  years. 

The  experiments  show  that  **  favus  is  primarily  a  wound-infection  disease  of 
the  unfeathered  parts  of  the  head.  It  occurs  usually  as  an  ^izootic.  An  oint- 
ment composed  of  vaseline  and  formaldehyde  is  an  effectlTe  remedy.  Infection 
by  the  digestive  tract  is  impossible.  Intravenous  inoculations  are  incapable  of 
starting  infections.  The  organism  isolated  and  studied  by  us  is  specific,  as 
shown  by  the  fact  that  typical  cases  of  the  disease  were  produced  in  hens  inocu- 
lated with  laboratory  cultures." 

A  chromogenic  bacillus  from  a  oase  of  roup,  B.  F.  Kaupp  {Jour.  Infect. 
Diseases,  2S  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  568-57i )  .--This  is  a  report  of  studies  made  at 
the  North  Oirollna  Experiment  Station  of  a  new  chromogenic  bacillus  which 
was  obtained  in  an  almost  pure  culture  in  smears  from  the  lower  third  of 
the  trachea  of  a  fowl  affected  with  roup.  This  bacillus,  to  which  no  name  is 
given,  is  highly  pathogenic  for  rabbits,  kilUng  of  septicemia  in  from  10  to  20 
hours,  and  shows  some  pathogenic  properties  for  fowls  when  injected  into 
injured  tissues. 

BVEAL  SN GnrEEsnro. 

I«egislation  concerning  water  rights,  O.  W.  Israxlsen  (Utah  8ta.  Ciro,  S8 
(1918),  pp.  3-26,  fig.  1).— This  circular  brings  out  the  salient  points  of  legisla- 
tion in  the  Western  States  concerning  water  rights  for  irrigation.  It  is  brought 
out  that  nearly  every  available  means  of  increasing  the  water  supply  of  Utah 
and  of  other  Western  States  is  In  some  degree  depei^ent  on  water  rights.  It 
Is  the  opinion  of  the  author  that  legislation  concerning  water  rights,  to  be 
complete,  must  provide  for  (1)  the  acquirement  of  new  rights,  (2)  the  defining 
of  rights  which  have  vested  through  use.  and  (8)  the  public  distribution  of 
water  according  to  established  rights.  Rights  to  water  which  have  become 
vested  through  use  before  laws  governing  the  acquirement  of  rights  were 


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484  EXPEBIMBHT  STATIOIT  BEGOBD.  [Tol.40 

enacted  are  now  defined  (1)  by  the  coorts,  called  the  Ck>lorado  eystem;  (2)  by 
adminlstratiye  boards,  called  the  Wyoming  system;  and  (3)  by  adminlstratlTe 
boards  and  courts,  called  the  Oregon  syst^n.  Bight  States,  invading  Utah, 
follow  the  Colorado  system,  three  follow  the  Wyoming  system,  three  the  Oregon 
system,  and  three  have  not  yet  provided  special  procedure  for  d^hiing  water 
rights.  The  Oolorado  system,  as  followed  by  Utah,  has  been  practically  inop- 
erative during  a  period  of  15  years.  It  is  believed  that  if  the  public  were  rq>re- 
sented  in  all  proceedings  for  tlie  purpose  of  defining  vested  water  ris^ts,  the 
permanency,  or  period  of  endurance,  of  each  decree  could  be  greatly  increased 
and  the  ultimate  cost  of  litigation  thereby  decreased,  thus  better  protecting  the 
interests  of  both  the  individual  and  the  public. 

On  the  basis  of  this  study  of  legislation,  it  is  suggested  that  public  distribution 
of  water  should  be  improved  (1)  by  making  safe  and  adequate  financial  pro- 
vision for  the  employment  of  watar  commissi<mer8,  (2)  by  preventing  divided 
Jurisdiction  of  streams,  and  (8)  by  standardising  and  keeping  permanent  and 
accurate  records  of  water  deliveries. 

Border  irrigation  experiments,  R.  W.  Allbn  {U.  B.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bw.  Pkwt 
Indus.,  Work  UmatiUa  Bxpt,  Farm,  1917,  pp.  i|-i7).— Experiments  on  the 
Umatilla  Experiment  Farm  near  Hermiston,  Oreg.»  to  ascertain  the  best  length 
and  width  of  borders  are  reported. 

It  was  found  that  the  175-ft.  border  was  irrigated  as  economically  as  the 
100-f t.  border  in  1916.  In  1917  the  100-ft.  border  was  irrigated  wltii  1  acre-ft  less 
water  tlian  the  175-ft.  border.  The  smallest  average  application  in  tlie  width- 
of-border  experiments  was  8.48  acre-in.  on  the  20-ft  border,  and  tbe  largest 
4.64  acre-ln.  on  the  30-ft.  border. 

Irrigation  requirements,  R.  E.  Blaix  (17.  8,  Dept.  Agr.,  Bur.  Plant  IndiU^ 
Work  Yuma  Ewpt.  Farm,  1917,  pp.  S4,  ^5).— Tabular  data  showing  the  water 
requirements  of  the  entire  Yuma  project  for  the  year  1917,  as  accounted  for 
by  the  U.  S.  Reclamation  Service,  are  given.  The  average  amount  of  water 
applied  to  each  acre  irrigated  on  die  project  was  8.7  acre-ft,  as  compared  with 
8.2  acre-ft.  during  1916. 

Ghround  water  in  Beese  Biver  Basin  and  adjacent  parts  of  Humboldt  Biver 
Basin,  Nev.,  G.  A.  Wabuvq  (17.  8.  OeoU  Survey,  Water-Supply  Paper  425-D 
(1918),  pp.  95-lft9,  plB.  6,  flff.  i).— This  report  deals  witti  the  ground  water  of 
an  area  about  150  miles  long  and  from  12  to  80  miles  wide  in  the  central  part 
of  Nevada,  and  discusses  the  physiography  and  geology  of  the  area  and  its 
relation  to  ground-water  supplies. 

Data  on  the  quality  of  the  ground  water  indicate  that  dug  wells  furnish  water 
which  is  generally  satisfactory  for  domestic  use,  but  is  only  good  or  fair  for 
irrigation  and  poor  for  use  in  boilers.  The  water  from  springs  is  usually  satis- 
factory for  domestic  use  and  poor  for  boilers,  but  is  better  than  that  from  dug 
wells  for  irrigation.  The  deeper  drilled  wells,  if  properly  cased  to  exclude  water 
from  near  the  surface,  yield  water  that  is  more  satisfactory  for  general  uses 
than  either  dug  wells  or  springs. 

Some  data  on  artesian  conditions  in  the  valley  are  included. 

Ground  water  in  Quincy  Valley,  Wash.,  A«  T.  Schwennesen  and  O.  B. 
MsiNZEB  (17.  8.  GeoU  Survey,  Water-Supply  Paper  42S-E  (1918),  pp.  191-157, 
pis.  £,  figs.  IB).— This  report  deals  with  the  ground  water  supplies  of  an  area  of 
600  square  miles  a  little  south  and  east  of  the  center  of  the  State  of  Washing- 
ton, the  floor  of  which  is  a  nearly  smooth  plain.  The  topography  consists 
essentially  of  great  expanses  of  nearly  level  or  gently  sloping  ground.  Inter- 
rupted by  hills  and  by  deep  trench-like  valleys. 

The  depth  to  water  in  the  valley  was  ascertained  at  about  250  wid^  dis- 
tributed points.    It  was  found  that  in  general  the  depth  to  water  varies  with 


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1919]  BUBAL  EOONOMICS.  485 

the  eleratioD  of  the  land  surface.  In  a  i>art  of  the  sand-dune  area  the  groand 
water  comes  to  the  surface  in  many  springs,  and  in  a  large  iMirt  of  the  area 
water  is  less  than  60  ft  below  the  surface  Throughout  much  of  the  sandy 
Goantry  in  the  south-central  part  of  the  basin  the  water  ranges  from  60  to 
100  ft,  and  from  100  to  160  ft  in  the  west-central  part 

It  is  concluded  in  general  that  the  quantity  of  water  underlying  the  valley 
is  large,  but  that  the  annual  intake  of  water  is  not  more  than  24,000  acre-feet 
The  quantity  which  can  safely  be  pumped  annually  is  less  than  this  amount, 
and  conditions  indicate  that  it  wili  be  impossible  to  irrigate  the  entire  basin 
with  water  obtained  from  this  source.  It  is  considered  unwise  at  present  to 
increase  the  area  to  be  irrigated  by  underground  water  by  more  than  a  few 
thousand  acres. 

Analyses  of  IS  ground  waters  and  6  surface  waters  indicate  a  very  favorable 
condition  of  the  ground  waters.  Of  the  ground  waters,  11  of  the  samples  are 
classed  as  good  and  2  as  fair  for  irrigation.  Most  of  the  waters  are  good  or 
fair  for  domestic  use,  but  two  are  classed  as  bad. 

Public  Boads  {U.  S.  Dept.  Apr.,  PubUo  Roads,  1  {1918),  No.  6-^,  pp.  ^8,  pi.  1, 
/IffS.  SO). — ^This  number  of  this  periodical  contains  a  tribute  by  A.  D.  Williams 
to  the  late  Logan  Waller  Page,  director  of  the  Bureau  of  Public  Roads,  several 
articles  of  rather  general  interest  to  highway  engineers,  and  the  usual  data 
as  to  the  Federal  and  road  projects. 

A  poultry  house  for  the  backyard,  W.  F.  Schoppe  {Montana  Sia,  Circ.  19 
{J918),  pp.  2S-30y  fig9.  £). — ^The  small  poultry  house  here  described  and  dia- 
grammatically  illustrated,  is  designed  to  suit  Montana  conditions. 

Commercial  room  brooder  for  ehicks,  Mb.  and  Mas.  6.  R.  Sroup  {Washing- 
Urn  Sta.,  West.  Wash.  8ta.  Mo.  Bui  6  {1919),  No.  10,  pp.  141-U7,  figs.  6).— This 
brooder  and  its  construction  are  described. 

BmAL  ECOHOMICS. 

Rural  life,  G.  J.  Galpin  {New  York:  The  Century  Co.,  1918,  pp.  XVII-\-S86, 
pL  1,  figs.  114). — Chapter  1  of  this  book  is  an  inventory  of  the  physical  and 
aemlphsrsical  features,  residential,  occupational,  institutional,  and  urban  influ- 
ences acting  in  the  farm  environment.  Chapter  2  discusses  the  Influences  and 
circumstances  which  tend  to  make  the  rural  psychology  what  it  is. 

In  chapter  8,  first  discussing  three  widely  known  theories  of  the  rural  social 
problem,  the  author  states  his  own  conception,  as  follows:  "How  shall  the 
rural  population  liberate  itself  from  the  restrictions  and  repressions  upon  its 
manner  of  life  and  labor  ...  so  as  greatly  to  extend  its  acquaintance  with 
persons  and  increase  its  contacts  with  the  human  mind?  "  He  points  out  two 
schools  of  thinking  on  rural  matters,  ruralist  and  rurbanist,  the  former  advocat- 
ing self-Bufllcing  farmer  groups  and  farmer  institutions  in  competition  with 
urban  business.  The  latter,  being  based  upon  present  tendencies,  would  attempt 
new  adjustments  of  the  farm  to  the  town  cluster,  with  elimination  of  dis- 
crimination against  the  social  interests  of  the  farmer. 

In  the  chapter  on  the  structure  of  rural  society  the  social  anatomy  is  so 
dissected  as  to  show  the  structure  of  the  trade  zones,  banking  zones,  local  news- 
paper sones,  village  milk  zones,  village  church,  high-school,  and  library  zones, 
juid  school  districts.  One  figure  illustrates  the  theoretical  form  of  an  agri- 
cultural oonununlty  as  a  circle,  with  the  agricultural  city  as  its  center,  having 
a  radius  somewhat  longer  than  half  the  distance  between  any  two  centers. 

The  organized  social  life  of  the  farmer  is  narrowed  down  to  the  limits  of 
tlie  school  district  or  neighborhood,  and  he  is  witbout  (i  legal  community  com- 


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486  EXPERIMENT  STATIOIT  BEOOBD.  [Vol  40 

mensurate  with  the  structure  of  urban  commuiiitles.  The  author  recommends, 
then,  the  readjustment  and  adaptation  of  the  Institutions  of  that  sodo^couomlc 
unit,  the  trade  zone,  or,  as  he  names  it,  the  borough.  The  farm  woman  as  home 
maker,  interpreter  of  family  and  child  psychology,  housekeeper,  and  cooperator, 
and  the  child,  through  whom  new  and  progressive  ideas  are  often  accepted  into 
the  home,  must  both  be  given  the  benefits  of  modem  science,  the  one  by  means 
of  labor-saving  devices  which  will  prevent  her  chronic  fatigue  and  tlie  other  by 
a  broadening  of  his  school  life  and  opportunities. 

Chapter  7,  on  rural  relations  of  high  schools,  offers  one  solution  for  the  prob- 
lem of  meeting  the  needs  of  rural  adolescents.  Maps  are  given  showing  areas 
of  high-school  influence  in  Wisconsin  and  rural  relations  of  two  high  schools 
are  described  in  detail.  The  discussion  of  rural  social  centers,  country  dobs, 
country  fetes,  and  country  churches  cites  many  examples  of  what  is  being  done 
in  hamlets  and  in  the  open  country  through  these  agencies. 

Chapter  12  develops  the  idea  of  the  survey  and  statistical  method  of  rural 
study.  The  author  shows  how  a  force  at  hand,  school  teacher  and  pupils,  is 
available  for  surveying  the  school  district,  and  recommends  the  method  of  the 
work  and  the  making  of  maps  locating  each  farm  and  showing  social  features. 
Surveys  of  boroughs  and  rural  parishes  are  discussed  in  the  same  way  to  show 
how  they  may  be  made  and  how  utilised. 

The  last  two  chapters  are  devoted  respectively  to  a  discussion  of  legislaticH] 
affecting  rural  education  and  rural  local  government  and  the  need  for  new  rural 
population  classifications  in  the  census,  and  to  outlining  study  problems  as 
applications  of  the  13  preceding  chapters. 

Mobilizing  the  rural  comm«nity-,  £L  L.  Moboan  (ifcMS.  Afrr.  CoL  EzU  Sere, 
Bui,  23  (1918),  pp,  54,  /lg$,  26). — ^The  bulletin  presents  the  three  forms  of  rural 
organization  which  have  been  used  in  the  State  of  Massachusetts,  two  of  them, 
that  with  a  community  leader  and  the  one  the  author  calls  the  group  plan, 
leading  up  to  the  third,  the  community  council  plan.  Steps  in  the  inauguration 
of  the  latter  are  a  preliminary  conference  of  a  few  organization  representatives, 
the  first  community  meeting  and  appointment  of  committees,  subsequent  meet- 
ings, and  the  annual  community  meeting. 

The  author  declares  that  in  undertaking  similar  work  in  other  towns  one 
must  keep  in  mind  that  farm  production  and  farm  business  have  a  large  place, 
that  the  work  of  organization  must  be  thoroughgoing  and  well  balanced,  time, 
money,  and  brains  being  devoted  to  it,  and  that  progress  will  not  come  about  of 
Itself.  One  must  know  of  the  town  under  consideration,  its  future,  the  spirit 
of  the  people,  whether  or  not  the  farmers  are  making  money,  and  whether  or 
not  farm  bureaus,  the  county  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  the  agricultural  college,  and  other 
sources  of  assistance  are  being  taken  advantage  of.  The  work  in  several  com- 
munities has  been  written  up  as  illustrative  of  achievement  in  the  line  of 
organization. 

The  home  of  the  countryside  (New  York:  A$9ociatUm  Press,  1917,  pp. 
X+149). — ^In  this  book  are  edited  discussions  heard  at  the  fifth  country  life 
conference  of  the  county  work  department  of  the  International  Committee  of 
the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association.  At  this  meeting  the  Young  Womoi's 
Christian  Association  also  had  an  offldai  part. 

The  day  of  the  country  church,  J.  O.  Ashenhttbst  (New  York  and  jL(mdon: 
Funk  d  Wagnalls  Co.,  1910,  pp,  208).— Th&  discussion  follows  the  usual  chan- 
nels, urging  the  responsibility  of  the  church  in  the  spiritual  life  of  the  country 
and  suggesting  needed  institutional  methods,  cooperation,  and  evangelism,  as 
well  as  remedies  for  the  handicap  of  denominatlonalism.  Chapters  are  devoted 
to  the  Sunday  school,  to  the  idea  of  a  diurdi  plant  of  three  unlta-^  place  at 


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1W»J  BURAL  ECONOMICS.  487 

worship,  a  parsonage,  and  a  parish  house — and  to  church  finance  on  a  business 


[Some  of  the  economic  phases  of  the  report  of  the  A^ricultaral  Conunls- 
sion  to  Europe],  R.  A.  Peabson  et  al.,  W.  A.  Taylok,  and  T.  F.  Hunt  (In  Rpt. 
Agr,  Com.  Europe.  Washington:  V,  8.  DepU  Agr.,  1919,  pp.  2SS1,  52-54,  il,  42, 
^,  69-72,  79). — ^These  sections  of  this  report  embody  observations  of  the  Agri- 
cultural Ck>mmission  to  Europe  (£.  S.  R.,  S9,  p.  703)  on  questions  of  economic 
interest,  namely,  measures  to  increase  agricultural  production  in  Italy,  includ- 
ing increase  in  acreage,  mechanical  plowing,  activities  of  the  labor  office,  and 
the  provisions  for  rural  credits ;  Government  price  fixing  In  England ;  estimates 
of  the  relative  Infiuence  of  war  upon  the  agriculture  of  the  United  Kingdom  and 
of  France;  wheat  requirements  and  production  in  the  United  Kingdom  and 
France  and  In  Italy  and  Belgium ;  and  notes  on  the  possible  shift  in  agricul- 
tural prosperity  that  may  result  from  new  international  relationships. 

Now  and  then,  or  notes  on  the  society  and  its  work  in  1897  and  in  1918, 
J.  B.  Harrison  (TimehH,  Brit.  Ouiana,  5.  «er.,  5  {1918),  pp.  VII-\-LXXXI).— 
This  article  discusses  the  growth  of  the  work  carried  on  by  the  Royal  Agri- 
cultural  aud  Commercial  Society  of  British  Guiana  during  the  last  21  years. 
The  phases  considered  include  agricultural  education,  exhibitions,  and  indus- 
tries; adulteration  of  foodstuffs;  soils;  and  irrigation.  The  principal  crops 
discussed  are  feeds,  coconuts,  cacao,  coffee,  fruits,  and  Para  rubber. 

How  Holland  will  dispose  of  the  Zuider  Zee,  R.  G.  Skerrett  {Sci.  Amer., 
119  (1918),  A^o.  IS,  pp.  251,  261,  figs.  2).— The  author  states  that  on  June  14, 
1018,  a  bill  was  passed  in  Holland  embodying  plans  to  drain  the  Zuider  Zee  and 
thus  add  523,440  acres  of  land  to  the  total  area.  The  author  states  that  90 
per  cent  of  this  bottom  is  covere<l  with  silt  and  cultivable  clay,  which  will 
increase  the  farming  and  cattle  raising  area  by  480,000  acres  and  will  accom- 
modate an  industrial  population  of  about  250,000.  The  cost,  magnitude,  and 
results  of  the  reclamation  are  also  discussed. 

Bconomic  problems  of  technical  agriculture,  G.  FernAndez  db  la  Rosa  (BoL 
Ayr.  T4c.  y  Econ.,  10  (1918),  Nos.  109,  pp.  17-27;  110,  pp.  105-115;  HI,  pp.  197- 
208;  112,  pp.  S05^15;  US,  pp.  S85S95;  114,  PP.  48«- W ) —These  articles  dis- 
cuss some  of  the  principal  economic  questions  of  agriculture  in  Spain.  Some 
of  the  reforms  suggested  by  the  author  are  conservation  and  improvement  of 
the  herds,  the  intensification  of  wheat  cultivation  through  irrigation  and  credit, 
the  necessity  of  simultaneous  local  politico-administrative  reforms  in  agricul- 
ture, the  increased  cultivation  of  cotton  and  the  development  of  cotton  textiles 
in  Spain,  the  enlargement  of  the  various  branches  of  horticulture,  and  official 
educational  institutions  to  promote  Spanish  agriculture. 

Present  agricultural  problems  and  colonization  in  Algeria,  G.-J.  Sityrz 
(Prog.  Agr.  et  Vit.  (Ed.  VEst-Centre),  S9  (1918),  No.  SS,  pp.  15S-160).— The 
author  discusses  the  agricultural  productivity  of  Algeria  in  the  light  of  the 
economic  rebuilding  of  France.  He  compares  Algeria  with  other  countries, 
and  finds  that  it  compares  favorably  with  Australia,  Argentina,  Canada,  and 
the  United  States  in  the  possibilities  of  production  of  cereals.  He  maintains 
that  with  proper  organization,  a  modification  of  methods,  and  a  maximum 
ntiliEation  of  the  rainfall,  agricultural  production,  both  vegetable  and  animal, 
can  be  greatly  Increased  until  northern  Africa  takes  a  high  place  among  the 
more  recently  developed  nations. 

Apricnltnral  production  for  1919,  with  special  reference  to  crops  and  live 

stock  (17.  8.  Dept.  Agr,,  OH.  Sec.  Circ.  125  (1919),  pp.  «7).— This  report,  similar 

to  one  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  896),  includes  a  review  of  the  essential 

facts  of  agricultural  production  in  the  United  States  in  1918,  taken  from  the 

112874*'— 19 7 


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488  EXPERIMENT  STATIOIT  BECX)BD.  [Vol.40 

annual  report  of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  dated  November  15,  1918  (see 
p.  4!i3),  also  notes  ou  exports  of  farm  products  in  1918  and  estimates  of  tlie 
world's  requirements  of  cereals  and  miscellaneous  crops  for  1919  and  for  tlie 
years  1919  and  1920. 

The  live-stock  program  is  considered  in  the  light  of  available  and  prospective 
feed  supplies  and  demands  for  the  product.  The  supply  of  seed  for  the  leading 
staple  crops  is  reported  adequate  and  generally  w^l  distributed.  Questions  of 
fertilizers  (see  p.  421)  and  the  labor  supply  are  also  discussed. 

[Beport  of]  the  farm  management  department,  B.  L.  Cubrirb  {Montana 
Sfa.  Rpt.  1917,  pp.  248-252). — ^A  preliminary  summary  of  conclusions  drawn 
from  studies  conducted  on  wheat  farms  in  the  Gallatin  Valley  and  the  Judith 
Basin  to  determine  the  cost  of  growing  wheat  and  the  relation  of  the  wheat 
enterprise  to  farm  organization  in  Montana,  and  from  similar  studies  of  organ- 
ization on  the  sugar-beet  farms  In  the  region  adjacent  to  Billings,  is  given. 

Fanning  as  a  business,  W.  A.  Ostbandeb  {8,  Dak.  Col.  Agr.  Ext,  Ore.  10 
(t918),  pp.  SI,  fig.  1). — ^This  circular  is  a  copy  of  an  account  kept  by  a  f^mer 
in  South  Dakota,  covering  his  f^rm  business  in  1917-18,  with  summaries  of 
various  enterprises  taken  from  the  record  of  sales,  expenses,  and  inventories. 

Opportunities  ailorded  the  railroads  of  the  United  States  for  profitable 
agricultural  development  work,  T.  F.  Povtsll  {Proc.  2.  Pan  Amer.  Sci.  Cong., 
1915-16,  vol.  S,  pp.  451-456). — Various  methods  which  the  railroads  might  use 
to  cooperate  more  closely  with  farmers  in  marketing  and  distributing  agricul- 
tural products  are  discussed.    A  bibliography  is  appended. 

Great  central  markets  for  live  ato^  and  meats,  L.  D.  Hall  {Proc.  2.  Pan 
Amer.  Sd.  Cong.,  1915-16,  vol.  S,  pp.  SS5S41,  fig.  1). — ^This  article  contains  a 
brief  history  of  the  rise  and  growth  of  great  central  markets  for  live  stock,  also 
statistics  showing  the  number  of  cattle  received  annually  at  the  principal 
markets  at  10-year  intervals  from  1870  to  1910.  The  author  states  that  the 
chief  problems  in  live-stock  marketing  are  the  wide  markPt  fluctuations  and 
the  difficulty  in  financing  live-stock  paper;  that  though  the  cost  of  production 
is  higher  than  formerly,  the  central  markets  have  helped  to  stabilize  the  ex- 
pense of  marketing;;  and  that  the  cost  of  selling  compares  favorably  with  that 
Incurred  in  the  sale  of  any  other  farm  product. 

The  meat  problem,  Moussu  {Rec.  M6d.  V6t.,  93  {1917),  No.  17,  pp.  481-492).-- 
The  author  maintains  that  the  problem  of  fuonishing  meat  to  both  civilians 
and  soldiers  has  become  increasingly  difficult  in  France.  He  suggests  the 
construction  of  regional  abattoirs  witli  refrigeration  to  take  care  of  the  cattle 
from  the  vicinity,  and  the  inaugurating  of  a  regular  service  of  refrigerating 
wagons  capable  of  conserving  all  perishables  to  the  end  of  the  route,  notwith- 
standing unexpected  delaya  During  the  winter  season,  the  author  suggests,  it 
is  possible  to  supply  the  front  with  meat  slaughtered  behind  the  Unea  even 
without  refrigeration  wagons,  provided  that  the  meats  are  transported  hanging 
and  he  states  that  there  already  exist  models  of  wagon  bodies  which  are  easily 
adaptable  to  this  method  of  transporting  meats.  He  attributes  many  of  the 
problems  that  have  arisen  to  lack  of  sufficient  organization. 

Truck  nLarketing  on  a  largre  scale  under  cooperative  principles,  N.  P.  Wn- 
coTT  {Proc.  2.  Pan  Amer.  Sci.  Cong.,  1915-16,  vol.  S,  pp.  $41-949) .—TblB  article 
discusses  methods  of  cooperative  associations  for  truck  marketing,  with  special 
reference  to  the  operations  of  the  Eastern  Shore  of  Virginia  Produce  Bxchange. 

Improved  transportation  service  for  perishable  products,  G.  C.  Whitb 
{Proc.  2.  Pan  Amer.  SoL  Cong.,  1915-16,  vol.  S,  pp.  400-425) .—ThiB  article  dis- 
cusses the  principal  factors  in  efficient  transportation  of  perishable  products. 

The  author  states  that  mechanical  refrigeration  has  not  proved  practical, 
economical,  or  efficient,  and  that  there  is  need  for  improvement  in  mechanical 


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lOlO]  BUBAL  BOONOMIGS.  489 

appUanceB  for  handling  lee  and  in  the  location  and  proper  construction  ot  idng 
platforms.  Fish,  milk,  live  poultry,  and  live  stock  each  require  a  type  of 
▼ehide  and  other  facilities  different  from  those  required  by  fruits  and  vege- 
tables, and  there  is  a  lack  of  special  market  trains  for  fruits,  vegetables,  and 
dairy  products.  Other  reforms  in  tranq;K>rtation  management  are  also  dis- 
cosaed,  and  a  bibliography  is  appended. 

The  econoBalc  value  of  the  auction  as  a  distributor  of  perishable  commodi- 
ties, V.  K.  McElhent,  jb.  {Proc.  2,  Pan  Amer,  Sck  Cong,,  1915-16,  vol  S,  pp. 
740-748,  pte.  t,  fig,  i).— The  author  explains  the  prejudice  against  auction  sales 
of  fruit  and  gives  data  on  the  large  proportion  of  foreign  auction  markets.  He 
discusses  the  distinctive  characteristics  of  the  auction  method  and  maintains 
that  the  auction  is  an  Increasingly  necessary  factor  in  distribution.  Among  the 
advantages  claimed  for  this  method  he  enumerates  the  following :  It  relieves  a 
glutted  market,  returning  full  market  value  for  all  grades  when  the  crop  is 
short ;  it  insures  stability  of  price  and  speed  in  delivery ;  it  widens  the  area  of 
distribution  and  gives  equality  between  large  and  small  growers;  it  prevents 
combinations  of  buyers ;  and  is  suitable  fbr  both  perishables  and  other  kinds  of 
food  products. 

Influence  of  supply  on  prices,  A.  U.  Ghanet  {Proc.  2.  Pan  Amer.  8ci.  Cong., 
1915-16,  VOL  S,  pp.  7S5-740). — The  author  discusses  the  principal  factors  which 
cause  supply  to  influence  price  and  the  need  of  improved  and  economical 
methods  of  marketing.  He  contends  that  these  improvements  can  be  effected 
through  a  system  of  jobbers  with  large  capital,  through  national  standardiza- 
tion of  weights  and  containers,  and  through  close  cooperative  control  of  the 
supply  and  Government  regulation  of  distribution,  thereby  insuring  stability  of 
values. 

Cmr-lot  distribution,  J.  S.  Crutchfield  (Proc.  2.  Pan  Amer.  8ci.  Cong., 
1915-16,  vol.  S,  pp.  425-430).— This  article  explains  the  methods  of  car-lot  dis- 
tribution in  vogue  for  ftuits,  and  emphasizes  the  many  advantages  of  a  stand- 
ardized product 

The  eflecti've  use  of  the  Panama  Canal  in  the  distribution  of  products, 
a  J.  Bband  (Proc.  2.  Pan  Amer.  8oi.  Cong.,  1915-16,  vol.  S,  pp.  911-915). 

The  extent  and  possibilities  of  cooperation,  C.  E.  Bassett  (Proc.  2.  Pan 
Amer.  SoL  Cong.,  1915-16,  vol.  3,  pp.  456-459) .—The  author  states  that  co- 
operation as  an  economic  prindi^e  is  a  corrective  measure  that  will  do  much 
to  place  the  agricultural  industry  in  this  country  upon  a  solid  basis,  that  suc- 
cessful marketing  of  a  highly  specialized  crop  grown  in  a  narrowly  restricted 
area  is  largely  limited  by  the  willingness  of  producers  to  stand  together  under 
all  discouragements,  and  that  sev«al  States  have  secured  legislation  that  fixes 
the  simple  standards  of  cooperation  and  provides  for  the  control  and  protection 
of  cooperative  organizations.  He  also  discusses  the  methods  of  management, 
financing,  standardizing,  auditing,  etc.,  that  have  proved  successful  in  this 
country. 

Fourth  annual  report  of  the  Cooperative  Organization  Branch  [Saskatche- 
wan], 1917-18,  W.  W.  Thomson  (Saskatchetpan  Dept.  Agr.,  Ann.  Rpt.  Coop. 
Organ.  Branch,  4  (1918),  pp.  4i  pl-  h  fio*-  2).— This  report  continues  the  data 
regarding  cooperative  organizations  in  Saskatchewan  previously  noted  (R  S.  R., 
88,  p.  90),  adding  statistics  for  the  year  ended  May  1, 1918. 

Agricultural  credit  societies  (Imp.  Dept,  Agr.  West  Indies,  Rpt.  Agr.  Dept. 
St.  Luda,  1917-18,  pp.  £^-^4).— This  article  is  the  second  annual  report  of  the 
agricultural  credit  societies  of  St  Lucia,  dealing  with  the  year  1917-18.  There 
is  a  list  and  a  short  description  of  the  new  organizations,  and  statistics  of  the 
produce  shipped.    The  report  states  that  these  societies  have  had  a  marked 


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490  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEGOBD.  [VoL40 

uplifting  effect  upon  the  peasantry,  and  that  there  has  been  no  difficulty  in 
collecting  moneys  due. 

The  New  Jersey  Patriotic  Farmers  Ttrnd,  H.  Metcell,  ja.  {K.  J.  State  R&- 
$earch,  5  (1918),  No,  6,  pp.  5S-^9), — An  account  of  the  extension  of  the  New 
York  Patriotic  Fanners*  Fund  plan  to  New  Jersey,  Oregon,  southern  CallfomJt, 
Michigan,  and  two  counties  in  Connecticut. 

The  adaptation  of  share  leasing:  to  modem  Joint-stock  asrricnltaral  so- 
cieties, A.  M.  DES  RocHETiss  (JouT.  AffT.  Prat.,  n.  ser.,  SI  (1918),  No.  19,  pp. 
S7S,  S74). — The  author  outlines  the  theory  of  a  combination  of  labor  and 
capital,  including  money  and  land,  into  agricultural  societies  operating  on  a 
share^leasing  basis.  He  shows  the  advantages  of  such  a  combination  in  the 
possibility  for  diversified  activities  in  addition  to  the  actual  farm  operations;  for 
the  employment  of  disabled  soldiers  and  the  widows  and  orphans ;  the  stability 
of  labor ;  and  the  sharing  by  the  laborer  of  the  profits  of  his  labor. 

Monthly  Crop  Beport  {U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Mo.  Crop  Rpt.,  5  (1919),  No.  1,  pp. 
8). — ^Thls  number  r^)ort8,  as  usual,  the  estimated  farm  value  of  important  prod- 
ucts for  December  15,  1918,  and  January  1,  1919,  average  prices  received  by 
producers,  and  range  of  prices  of  agricultural  products  at  important  markets. 
It  contains,  in  addition,  detailed  estimates  of  stock  and  prices  of  potatoes,  a 
summary  table  of  estimated  value  of  farm  products,  1879  to  1918,  hiclusfve; 
index  numbers  of  total  crop  production,  prices,  and  values ;  and  estimates,  by 
States,  of  the  total  hay  production  and  the  yield  per  acre  in  1918. 

A  special  article  is  given  on  the  change  of  yield  per  acre  from  year  to  year, 
which  gives  tables  for  <1)  the  percentage  of  increase  or  decrease  in  yield  of 
the  principal  crops  per  acre  in  the  United  States  from  1866  to  1917,  (2)  the  per- 
centage of  Increase  or  decrease  in  yield  of  com  per  acre  in  Virginia,  Iowa,  and 
Kansas  for  the  same  period,  (3)  the  mean  percentage  of  increase  or  decrease  in 
yield  per  acre  of  the  principal  crops  in  the  United  States  by  periods  of  years, 
and  (4)  the  range  of  percentage  of  change  of  yield  per  acre  of  the  principal 
crops.  "  The  more  dependable  crops,  as  they  are  geographically  distributed,  are 
sweet  potatoes,  rye,  hay,  and  rice ;  of  medium  dependency  are  barley,  buckwheat, 
cotton,  oats,  corn,  and  winter  wheat ;  of  less  dependency  flaxseed,  potatoes,  and 
spring  wheat." 

Brief  articles  on  the  trend  of  prices,  amount  of  clover  sown  In  winter  wheat 
and  the  production  of  cane  sugar  and  cane  sirup  in  1918  are  also  given. 

AORICXrLTUSAL  EDVCATIOK. 

Afirricultare  as  presented  by  some  of  the  State  normal  aehoolB,  O.  B. 
Frazeb  (School  Sci.  and  Math.,  18  (1918),  No.  9,  pp.  8I?(M27).— This  is  a  sum- 
marized report  based  upon  information  received  from  80  State  normal  schools 
in  response  to  a  questionnaire  concerning  Instruction  in  agriculture. 

The  data  show  that  22  schools  require  agriculture  in  all  courses,  six  de- 
scribing the  required  work  as  agriculture,  nature  study,  or  gardening.  Of 
these  schools,  18  are  west  of  the  Mississippi  River.  Agriculture  is  required  in 
rural  and  graded  school  courses  In  24  normal  schools  which,  with  f6ur  excep- 
tions, are  situated  in  the  North  Central  States.  Five  schools  require  agricul- 
ture in  the  regular  course,  three  require  it  in  agricultural  and  advanced 
courses  only,  and  two  in  science  and  household  arts  only.  Agriculture  is  re- 
ported as  elective  in  two  schools  and  not  required  for  any  course  in  18  schools, 
one  of  which,  however,  makes  it  a  requirement  for  admission,  and  90  per  cent 
of  these  are  located  in  the  North  Atlantic  States.  The  most  frequent  explana- 
tion offered  by  schools  not  requiring  agriculture  for  any  course  is  that  tbeir 
students  are  largely  from  the  citie& 


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10i9]  AOaiOTJLTUBikL  EDUGATIOK.  491 

The  data  show  farther,  approximately,  that  10  schools  require  agriculture 
for  12  weeks,  11  f6r  18  weeks,  4  for  24  weeks,  24  for  38  weeks,  4  for  48  weeks, 
and  8  for  72  weeks  or  more.  Of  these  8  schools,  2  require  agriculture  for  four 
years  and  one  requires  agriculture  each  term  in  its  five-year  course.  Of  the 
schools  offering  agriculture,  15  place  it  in  the  first  year,  15  in  the  second,  9  in 
the  third,  14  in  the  fourth,  1  in  the  fifth,  7  require  it  every  year,  and  in  15 
schools  it  is  (H>tional  with  the  student  as  to  which  year  he  pursues  it. 

With  reference  to  the  course  In  agriculture  offered  for  siz  weeks  or  more,  it 
Is  shown  that  general  agriculture  (including  elementary  agriculture)  is  taught 
for  six  we^s  or  more  in  44  schools,  animal  husbandry  in  20  schools,  soils  in 
18,  farm  crops  and  cropping  in  13.  horticulture  in  13>  gardening  in  10,  agronomy 
in  8,  dairy  husbandry  in  7,  feeds  and  feeding  in  6,  farm  management  in  0, 
Idapt  propagati<»  (including  plant  breeding)  in  7,  poultry  in  4,  stock  judging, 
weeds,  and  rural  economics  in  3  each,  fkrm  mechanics  and  forestry  In  2  each, 
and  methods  in  agriculture,  economic  entomology,  bacteriology,  plant  pathology, 
and  agricultural  chemistry  in  1  school  each.  There  is  overlapping  in  ihe  courses 
to  some  extent.  Data  are  also  given  with  reference  to  courses  in  other  depart- 
meuts  that  are  prerequisite  to  agriculture. 

It  is  found  that  63  normal  schools  prepare  teachers  of  agriculture  for  rural 
schools,  three  preparing  th^n  for  rural  schools  alone ;  60  may  prepare  teachers 
of  agriculture  for  graded  as  well  as  rural  schools ;  and  38  may  prepare  agricul- 
tural teachers  for  high  schools  in  addition  to  the  preparation  of  teachers  for 
the  elementary  schools.  There  seems  to  be  a  definite  movement  in  the  North 
Central,  South  C^entral,  and  Western  States  to  prepare  teachers  of  agriculture 
for  h%^i  schools. 

Seventy  per  cent  of  the  replies  received  fkvor  the  training  of  teachers  in 
normal  schools  in  the  art  and  science  of  agriculture,  while  10  per  cent  did  not 
favor  such  training.  Four  schools  favor  such  training  in  the  science  of  agricul- 
tore  only,  two  in  the  art  of  agriculture  only,  and  two  schools  hold  that  special 
schools  (preferably  normal  schools)  should  be  delegated  to  do  the  work  in 
agriculture. 

With  reference  to  the  approximate  value  of  material  equipment  for  agricul- 
ture it  is  shown  that  one  normal  school  has  an  estimated  material  equipment 
of  $100,000,  5  have  approximately  $50,000  each,  7  have  $10,000  each,  8  have 
$5,000  each,  9  have  $1,000  each,  14  have  $500  each,  6  have  $100  each,  and  5 
report  little  or  nominal  equipment  Twenty-two  schools  report  that  there  is 
no  coordination  of  the  work  of  the  school  and  the  agriculture  of  the  community ; 
10  schools  do  club  work*  or  cooperate  with  the  county  agent ;  nine  schools  do 
certain  types  of  practical  work,  such  as  soil  testing,  determining  species  of 
insects,  suggesting  building  plans,  etc.;  six  schools  do  extension  work,  includ- 
ing lectures  and  experiments;  and  one  school  does  supervision  work  in  the 
teacliing  of  agriculture  in  district  schools. 

"The  replies  are  practically  unanimous  in  the  belief  that  the  function  of 
agriculture  in  the  normal  school  is  to  develop  in  the  minds  of  young  men  and 
women  a  point  of  view  with  respect  to  the  problems  of  rural  communltlea  This 
would  include  a  training  which  would  emphasize,  first,  the  art  and  science  of 
agriculture ;  second,  an  appreciation  and  understanding  of  rural  problems ;  and 
third,  practical  problems.  .  .  .  The  sentiment  of  the  majority  seems  to  be 
reflected  in  the  thought  that  agriculture  has  a  *  relatively  growing  importance ' 
In  the  normal  curriculum.  .  .  .  With  reference  to  desirable  changes,  the 
sentiment,  aside  from  those  having  in  mind  purely  local  matters  of  administra- 
tion, is,  first,  that  the  subject  needs  to  be  vitalized  in  the  curriculum ;  second, 
that  it  should  be  more  generally  required ;  third,  that  it  should  be  taught  in  the 
training  schooL** 


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492  EXFEBIKENT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vol.  40 

Agrrieultural  tertbooks  for  onr  public  schools,  H.  Ns88  (Science,  n,  ser^  i8 
{1918),  No.  1246,  pp.  4&M^)-^In  the  author's  opinion,  it  is  expected  in  tbe 
greater  number  of  tbe  textbooks  on  agriculture  for  tbe  public  schools  tbat  "  tlie 
pupils  .  .  .  cover  more  agricultural  subjects,  frequently  crowded  together  In 
an  Incoherent  way  and  stripped  of  all  philosophical  connective  tissue,  than  any 
student  in  the  State  agricultural  colleges,  where  he  has  a  four  years'  course  witii 
specialists  for  teachers,  supplied  with  all  the  equipments  for  demonstradoiL' 
He  finds  many  of  these  books  both  too  bullcy  and  too  dry  for  digestion,  and 
recommends  a  return  to  the  idea  of  **  a  book  about  agriculture,"  giving  up  the 
idea  of  productive  agriculture  for  the  public  schools.  Such  a  book  should  deal 
with  agricultural  botany  and  zoology,  including  a  history  of  the  practical  phases 
of  the  evolution  of  form  animals  and  plants  under  domestication.  The  pra^ 
tical  operations  and  the  history  of  their  evolution  he  would  subordinate  to 
what  might  be  called  the  sdentiflc  aspects,  yet  diligently  drawing  upon  them  for 
the  elucidation  of  the  latter. 

A  year's  work  in  vocational  aerieolture,  J.  D.  Blackwell  and  R.  G.  Bbess- 
LEB  (Dept.  Ed.  Tex.  BuU.  93  (1918),  pp.  49;  94  U918),  pp.  65).— These  bulletioi 
are  the  first  two  of  a  series  of  four  to  be  prepared  for  teachers  of  vocational 
agriculture  in  Texas.  The  first,  dealing  with  plant  production,  contains  a  sug- 
gested weekly  program ;  explanation  of  home  project  work ;  outlines  of  proposed 
courses  of  study  for  vocational  agricultural  schools  and  for  departments  of 
vocational  agriculture;  lists  of  required  reference  books  and  bulletins  and  labo- 
ratory equipment ;  a  plan  for  cataloguing  agricultural  bulletins ;  brief  ontlineB 
of  100  lessons,  including  laboratory  exercises,  in  plant  production,  soils  and 
fertilizers,  and  field  crops;  study  outlines  for  plant  production  projects,  in- 
cluding corn,  cotton,  peanut,  and  potato  projects ;  and  explanatory  r^x>rt  blank& 

The  second  bulletin  deals  with  animal  production,  and  contains  outlines  of  a 
proposed  four-year  course  in  vocational  agriculture,  including  a  half  ^ear'i 
work  in  general  animal  husbandry  and  a  half  year's  work  in  poultry  and  dairy- 
ing; 96  lessons  and  64  laboratory  exercises  in  general  animal  husbandry,  64 
lessons  and  81  laboratory  exercises  in  dairying,  32  lessons  and  16  laboratory 
exercises  in  poultry  husbandry;  study  outlines  for  pig,  baby  beef,  dairy  herd, 
egg  production,  and  poultry  raising  projects ;  an  explanation  of  home  projects, 
a  list  of  required  reference  books  and  bulletins,  and  project  report  blanks. 

[Suggested  outlined  courses  of  study  in  plant  production  and  southern 
field  crops]  {Vocat.  Div.  Pub.  Ed.  [MiS9.'\,  1918,  Memo  A,  pp.  16;  Memo  B,  pp 
16;  Memo  C,  pp.  21). — ^These  pamphlets  contain  suggested  outline  courses  i» 
plant  production  for  consolidated  schools  and  plant  production  and  southern 
field  crops,  respectively,  for  agricultural  high  schools.  Each  course  consists  of 
a  year's  work  on  a  seasonal  sequence  basis,  that  in  southern  field  crops  repre- 
senting the  second  year's  work  for  the  agricultural  high  schools.  With  each 
lesson  or  topic,  assignments  or  suitable  subject  matter  for  students  to  read 
have  been  indicated.  Productive  Plant  Husbandry,  by  K.  O.  Davis,  is  the  basal 
text  for  the  first  year's  course,  and  Southern  Field  Crops,  by  J.  F.  Duggar,  for 
the  second  year's  work.  Exercises  for  laboratory  or  practical  work  are  in- 
cluded. 

Household  physics:  Its  nature  and  presentation,  E.  V.  Flotd  {Teaching 
[Kans.  State  Nonwa  School},  4  {1918),  No.  4S,  pp.  15-18). —The  author  d^lnea 
household  physics  as  a  first-year  course  in  physics  adapted  to  the  needs  of 
women,  the  purpose  of  which  is  primarily  to  teach  the  student  to  reason  about 
her  physical  environment  It  is  held  that  the  entire  field  of  elemmtary  physics, 
as  well  as  that  of  college  physics,  can  be  outlined  and  studied  in  terms  of 
problems,  to  illustrate  which  12  problems  in  tbe  field  of  light  are  enumeraie^I 


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1019]  MI6CEXXANB0U&  493 

for  study.  One  of  these,  the  problem  of  illaminating  homes,  1b  outlined  to  In- 
dicate what  may  be  done  in  the  classroom. 

Prlneliilea  of  ehemlstry  applied  to  tlie  household,  Hannah  T.  Rowlxt  and 
Bklkn  W.  Fabbell  (Boston:  The  Boston  Cooking  School  Mag,  Co,,  1918,  pp. 
XIII-\-t84,  figs,  100). — Part  1  of  this  elementary  text  deals  with  the  principles 
of  chemistry  centering  around  the  idea  of  chemical  change,  which  are  applied 
in  part  2  on  the  chemistry  of  foods  and  cleaning.  Experiments  and  references 
to  Uterature,  a  supplement  containing  general  information  on  household  sub- 
stances and  additional  experiments,  directions  for  laboratory  worlw,  a  table  of 
food  values,  etc.,  are  included. 

A  course  of  study  in  nature  study  for  the  first  six  grades  of  the  elementary 
schools  {BuL  Bd.  Ed,  Mass.,  No.  H  {1916),  pp.  SI,  pis.  /f ).— This  is  a  seasonal 
outline  in  nature  study  for  grades  1  to  6,  inclusiye,  including  a  study  of  flowers, 
trees,  seasonal  conditions,  birds,  animals,  Insects,  and  indoor  and  outdoor  gar- 
dening. Special  emphasis  is  given  to  home  gardens,  distribution  gardens,  and 
tree  gardens,  and  it  is  suggested  that  the  distribution  gardens  may  easily  be- 
come adjuncts  of  the  home  gardens,  enabling  the  teacher  to  help  the  pupils  to 
start  at  school  many  kinds  of  flowers,  fruits,  and  vegetables  for  them  to  carry 
to  their  home  gardens  at  the  proper  season.  The  more  important  plants  which 
may  be  utilized  in  this  way  are  suggested-  for  the  various  grades.  It  is  found 
tliat  in  the  method  of  teaching  nature  study  in  general  three  stages  of  develop- 
ment may  well  be  recognized,  viz,  (1)  in  the  lower  grades,  acquaintance  making 
and  experience  getting  through  sense  perceptions,  in  which  play  instincts  may 
be  utilized  to  great  advantage;  (2)  in  intermedinate  grades,  emphasis  placed 
upon  activities  directed  toward  special  ends,  in  which  work  with  gardens  and 
pets  is  specially  important;  and  (8)  in  the  upper  grades,  similar  work  with  a 
broader  scope,  the  economic  or  vocational  relations  being  considered.  A  list  of 
books  for  reference  and  the  study  of  nature  are  appended. 

Type  problems  in  farm  arithmetic,  E.  W.  Ackxbt  (State  Normal  and  Indus. 
School  [EUendale,  N.  Dak.}  Bui.,  18  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  15).— This  Is  a  compila- 
tion of  type  problems  in  shipping  grain,  etc.«  dockage,  feeds  and  feeding,  in- 
terest, concrete,  and  roads  offered  in  the  short  course  in  farm  engineering  by 
the  North  Dakota  State  Normal  and  Industrial  School  at  EUendale. 

MISCELLANEOTTS. 

Report  of  Agricultural  Commission  to  Europe,  W.  O.  Thompson  et  al. 
(M'ashington:  U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  1919,  pp.  8S).— This  lncUTde.s  reports  of  the 
chairman  and  various  individual  members  of  this  commission  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p. 
703),  together  with  its  suggestions  and  recommendations.  Portions  of  the 
reports  dealing  with  fertilizers  and  various  ecor.ouiic  questions  are  noted  on 
pages  421  and  487  of  this  issue. 

Annual  Beports  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  1917  (V.  S.  Dept.  Agr, 
Rpts.  1917,  pp.  VII -^499). — ^This  contains  the  reports  of  the  Secretary  and 
beads  of  bureaus  and  other  administrative  officers.  The  various  reports  are 
also  issued  as  separates. 

The  work  of  the  Scottsbluff  Beclamation  Project  Experiment  Farm  in 
1917,  J.  A.  HoLDEN  (U,  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bur.  Plant  Indus.,  Work  Scottsbluff 
Expt.  Farm,  1917,  pp.  28,  figs.  2).— This  report  includes  a  summary  of  meteor- 
ological observations  from  1911  to  1917,  a  review  of  agricultural  conditions  on 
the  project,  and  a  report  of  the  work  on  the  experimental  farm  during  1917. 
The  experimental  work  reported  is  for  the  most  part  abstracted  elsewhere 
in  this  issue. 


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494  BXPERIMBNT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vol.40 

The  work  of  the  XTmatllla  Beclamation  Project  Experiment  Farm  in  1917, 
R.  W.  Allen  {U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bur,  Plant  Indus,,  Work  Umatilla  Expt,  Farm, 

1917,  pp.  SO,  figs.  6). — ^Thls  report  includes  a  summarj  of  meteorological  obser- 
vatlonB  from  1912  to  1917,  a  review  of  climatic  and  agricultnrai  conditions  on 
the  project,  and  a  report  of  the  work  on  the  experimental  farm  during  1917. 
The  experimental  work  reported  is  for  the  most  part  abstracted  elsewhere  io 
this  issue. 

The  work  of  the  Yuma  Beclamation  Project  Experiment  Farm  in  1917, 
B.  E,  Blaib  {U,  S.  Dept,  Affr,,  Bur.  Plant  Indus.,  Work  Yuma  Expt.  Farm,  1911, 
pp.  45,  figs.  17.) — ^Thls  report  includes  a  summary  of  meteorological  observations 
from  1910  to  1917,  a  review  of  agricultural  conditions  on  the  project,  and  a 
report  of  the  work  on  the  experimental  farm  during  1917.  The  experimental 
work  reported  is  for  the  most  part  abstracted  elsewhere  in  this  issue. 

Thirty-first  Annual  Beport  of  Maryland  Station,  1918  (Maryland  8ta.  RfU. 

1918,  pp.  X'i-270,  figs.  5S).— This  contains  the  organization  list;  a  report  by  the 
director  on  the  organization,  work,  and  publications  of  the  station;  a  financial 
statement  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1918;  and  reprints  of  Bulletins 
209-218,  previously  noted. 

Twenty-fourth  Annual  Beport  of  Montana  Station,  1917  (Montana  Sta, 
Rpt.  1917,  pp.  209-2172,  fig.  1). — ^This.  contains  the  organization  list,  a  financial 
statement  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1917,  and  a  report  of  the  director 
on  the  work  and  publications  of  the  station.  The  experimental  work  reported 
is  for  the  most  part  abstracted  elsewhere  in  this  issue. 

Monthly  bulletin  of  the  Western  Washington  Substation  ( Washington  Sta., 
West  Wash.  Sta.  Mo.  Bui,  6  (1919),  No.  10,  pp.  198^152,  figs.  8).— This  contains 
brief  articles  on  the  following  subjects:  Exi)eriments  with  Fertilizers,  by  El  B. 
Stookey  (see  p.  422) ;  Commercial  Room  Brooder  for  Chicks,  by  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
G.  B.  Shoup  (see  p.  485)  ;  Some  Methods  of  Poultry  Disease  Prevention,  by 
W.  T.  Johnson ;  and  Pruning  Old  Neglected  and  Young  Fruit  Trees,  by  J.  L 
Stahl. 

List  of  available  pubUcations  (West  Virginia  Sta.  Giro.  29  (1918),  pp.  4).— 
The  available  station  bulletins  and  circulars  and  extension  circulars  are  listed 
and  briefly  described. 


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NOTES. 


Ariaona  Vniverfldty. — ^The  State  allotment  for  county  scholarships  has  heen 
increased  from  |150  to  $600  each,  available  for  tuition,  room,  and  board  at  the 
university  for  the  year  following  award.  Examinations  are  to  be  held  annually 
to  select  one  beneficiary  from  each  county.  Agriculture  Is  among  the  sciences 
which  may  be  oifered  as  subjects  in  the  examination. 

California  Uniyersity  and  Station. — ^Among  the  members  of  the  staff  who 
have  recently  returned  from  military  service  are  W.  B.  Herms,  associate  pro- 
fessor of  parasitology ;  G.  R.  Stewart,  assistant  professor  of  agricultural  chem- 
istry ;  A.  W.  Christie,  instructor  in  agricultural  chemistry ;  and  W.  D.  Norton, 
H.  E.  Drobish,  and  F.  T.  Murphy,  assistants  in  agricultural  extension. 

Connecticut  Storrs  Station. — Leslie  E.  Card,  assistant  poultry  husbandman, 
resigned  April  1  to  take  up  graduate  work  at  Cornell  University. 

Florida  Station. — ^A  cooperative  arrangement  has  been  entered  Into  with  the 
Bureau  of  Public  Roads  of  the  U.  S.  I>epartment  of  Agriculture  for  Install  ins: 
a  plant  with  the  view  of  ascertaining  the  value  of  sewage  when  applied  to  th«! 
sandy  soils  at  the  station. 

A  better  fruit  campaign  was  held  under  the  auspices  of  the  extension  division, 
February  10  to  26.  This  campaign  afforded  opportunity  for  the  station  workers 
to  present  information  relative  to  their  Adams  fund  projects  on  citrus  problems 
to  growers  in  various  parts  of  the  State,  and  was  found  very  helpful  in  estab- 
lishing a  clearer  comprehension  of  the  various  problems  under  way. 

Miss  Evelyn  Osbom  has  been  appointed  assistant  entomologist  beginning 
March  1.  William  N.  Ankeney  of  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  ot  the  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture  has  been  given  headquarters  at  the  station  while 
studying  vegetable  diseases  in  the  State. 

Georgia  College  and  Station. — Lewis  A.  Zlmm,  instructor  in  forestry  and 
plant  pathology  at  Cornell  University,  has  been  appointed  extension  forester 
in  the  college. 

The  station  has  arranged  a  cooperative  feeding  project  with  the  Bureau  of 
Markets  of  the  State  Department  of  Agriculture,  in  which  a  study  will  be  made 
of  the  influence  of  certain  feeds  on  the  softness  and  other  qualities  of  pork. 
D.  G.  SulUns,  swine  specialist  at  the  Connecticut  College,  has  been  appointed 
animal  husbandman,  beginning  March  15. 

Idaho  VniTersity  and  Station. — ^The  various  State  administrative  depart- 
ments have  been  reorganized  under  a  recent  act  of  the  legislature  into  nine 
State  departments.  One  of  these  is  agriculture,  which  is  further  administered 
by  directors  of  mai^ets,  animal  industry,  plant  industry,  and  fairs.  A  board  of 
agricultural  advisers  is  also  provided.  The  duties  of  the  new  department 
cover  a  wide  range,  among  them  that  of  cooperation  with  the  college  of  agri- 
culture and  station  and  the  Federal  Government,  and  It  is  announced  that  close 
cooperation  with  the  college  and  station  has  already  been  agreed  upon. 

The  legislature  made  much  more  liberal  provision  for  the  college  of  agricul- 
ture and  station  than  ever  before.  The  aggregate  for  the  ensuing  blennlum, 
including  Federal  funds,  wiU  be  $175,290.    In  addition  there  are  certain  supple- 

495 


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496  EXPERIMENT  STATION  REOORD.  [Vol.  40 

mentary  funds' of  $15,000  for  a  poultry  bouse  and  $5,500  for  miscellaDeonB 
repairs. 

The  principle  of  supplementing  the  Federal  fonds  for  general  station  wotIl 
was  recognized  by  the  State  for  the  first  time,  with  an  Initial  appropriation  of 
$15,000  available  for  any  form  of  experimental  work  as  well  as  $5,000  f<xr 
studies  of  insect  pests  and  $1,500  for  a  aoll  survey.  It  is  planned  to  use  tbe 
increased  general  funds  for  work  in  animal  husbandry,  irrigaticm,  and  several 
other  lines. 

Tbe  substations  also  received  increased  appropriations.  The  allotment  for 
the  work  at  Caldwell  was  increased  from  $7,800  to  $20,200;  that  at  Aberdeen 
from  $5,000  to  $7,050;  the  high  altitude  substation  from  $3,500  to  $11,000;  and 
the  Sandpoint  substation  from  $5,000  to  $13,150. 

Herbert  P.  Davis  of  the  Dairy  Division  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agricol- 
ture  has  been  appointed  professor  of  dairying  in  the  college  and  vice  director 
and  dairyman  in  the  station,  beginning  May  1.  Charles  W.  Hungerford  of  the 
Office  of  Cereal  Investigations  of  the  Department  has  been  appointed  plant 
pathologist  of  the  station  to  take  up  work  with  diseases  of  cereals,  i>otatoefl, 
and  various  other  fruits.  W.  V.  Halverson  has  been  appointed  assistant  in 
bacteriology,  chiefly  for  the  Adams  fund  project  dealing  with  the  relation  of 
soil  nitrates  to  the  inoculation  of  legumes. 

Illinois  TTniversity. — ^The  department  of  animal  husbandry  has  announced 
an  eight-day  course  in  feeding  pure  bred  sheep  for  show  and  sale,  beginning 
August  6.  Students  must  furnish  and  maintain  their  own  sheep  during  the 
course. 

Purdue  University  and  Station. — The  fiiendly  suit  by  the  university  against 
the  State  of  Indiana  to  establish  a  settlement  regarding  certain  disputed  ap- 
propriations has  been  settled  by  the  State  Supreme  Court  according  to  a  com- 
promise proposed  by  the  State  officials  and  the  trusteea  The  university  will 
receive  the  special  appropriations  granted  for  the  station  and  extension  de- 
partment, amounting  to  $121,000  a  year,  together  with  $10,000  a  year  for  three 
years  in  payment  of  expenses  during  the  period  of  the  contest. 

The  station  has  been  given  a  400-acre  farm  in  northern  Indiana  by  William 
E.  Pinney.  This  farm  will  be  known  as  the  Pinney -Purdue  Farm,  and  will  be 
used  to  study  agricultural  problems  of  northern  Indiana  and  to  further  better 
country  life.  Mr.  Pinney  has  also  given  the  institution  another  tract  of  67 
acres  to  be  known  as  the  Pinney-Purdue  Experiment  Field,  which  will  be 
operated  for  soil  fertility  tests. 

A  contract  has  been  awarded  for  building  a  large  horse  bam  and  a  cattle 
bam  for  the  use  of  the  department  of  animal  husbandry.  These  will  be  brick  and 
concrete  structures.  A  modern  farm  cottage  has  been  completed  for  the  use  of 
the  farm  foreman,  using  an  approved  design  for  buildings  in  a  model  rural 
community. 

The  school  of  agriculture  has  recently  completed  a  fruit  growers'  course, 
three  tractor  short  courses,  and  a  poultry  course.  These  short  courses  were 
all  very  successful. 

Capt  Frank  G.  King  and  Lleuts.  G.  P.  Walker,  and  W.  P.  Hayes  have  re- 
turned from  military  service.  C.  F.  Mcintosh,  assistant  county  leader,  has 
been  appointed  a  member  of  the  Federal  Board  for  Vocational  Education  to 
succeed  Charles  A.  Gre^ithouse.  Dr.  Max  W.  Gardner  has  been  appointed  as- 
sociate in  botany  to  take  up  pathological  studies  in  vegetable  crops.  Dr. 
Arthur  T.  Evnns  has  been  stationed  at  the  institution  for  histological  work  In 
the  corn  Investigations  which  are  being  conducted  In  cooperation  with  the 
Office  of  Cereal  Investigations  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 


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WWl  NOTES*  497 

Kansas  College  and  Station.— The  legislature  has  Just  made  the  largest 
appn^riatlOQS  for  the  Institution  yet  granted.  For  the  ensuing  blennlum 
$1,^5,500  has  been  authorized,  In  addition  to  the  grant  for  extension  work  to 
meet  the  requirements  of  the  Bmlth-Lever  Act,  and  liberal  appropriations  for 
the  various  substations.  The  ai^roprlatlon  for  the  college  represented  an 
increase  of  $400,000,  or  approximately  38  per  cent,  while  the  annual  station 
allotment  Is  increased  from  $40,000  to  $50,000.  Among  the  new  Items  is 
$10,000  for  a  hog  plant  and  equipment 

Dr.  R.  R.  Dykstra,  professor  of  surgery  and  acting  head  of  the  department 
of  veterinary  medldne,  has  been  appointed  head  of  the  department 

Kentucky  UnlTendty  and  Station. — ^Dr.  Fred  B.  Mutchler,  director  of  agrl- 
CHltural  extension,  has  resigned  eifectlTe  June  90  to  accept  a  commercial 
position.  In  the  station,  A.  L.  Bruecknor,  on  leave  for  military  service,  has 
resumed  his  position  as  assistant  in  animal  pathology,  and  N.  M.  Cregor  has 
been  appointed  assistant  in  bacteriology. 

Maine  Station. — ^The  legislature  has  appropriated  $5,000  for  the  years  1919 
and  1920  to  aid  In  the  maintenance  of  the  Hlghmoor  farm. 

Masaaehttsetts  College  and  Station. — Special  six  weeks*  short  courses  in 
agi-icttlture  and  horticulture  for  returning  soldiers  and  sailors,  held  in  Febru- 
ary and  March,  were  so  successful  as  to  lead  to  their  repetition  from  April  14 
to  M^y  24,  with  courses  in  soils  and  fertilizers,  field  crops,  types  and  breeds  of 
live  stock,  poultry  husbandry,  farm  management,  farm  machinery,  fruit  grow- 
ing, and  dainring.  Special  provision  is  expected  to  be  made  during  the  summer 
term  beginning  June  80,  and  at  subsequent  dates  if  there  is  sufficient  demand. 

J.  C.  McNutt,  head  of  the  animal  husbandry  department  has  been  granted 
six  months*  leave  of  absence  to  organize  the  work  in  animal  husbandry  for  the 
Army  Overseas  Bducational  Commission.  J.  C.  Graham,  poultry  husbandman, 
has  been  granted  a  year's  leave  of  absence,  which  he  will  spend  at  the  Bed 
Cross  Institute  for  the  Blind  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  where  he  is  to  head  the  agri- 
cultural division  and  develop  courses  of  training  adapted  to  the  needs  of  the 
blind  along  agricultural  lines.  R.  B.  Cooley,  of  the  extension  department  ot 
Bhode  Island  College,  has  been  appointed  animal  husbandman  in  the  extension 
department,  beginning  April  1. 

Minnesota  University  and  Station. — The  legislature  has  passed  a  law 
making  it  mandatory  upon  county  commissioners  to  appropriate  for  the  support 
of  county  agricultural  extension  and  home  demonstration  work  whenever  a 
county  farm  bureau  has  been  organlssed  and  requests  the  appropriation,  and 
raising  the  maximum  limit  of  the  sum  which  may  be  so  appropriated  to  $3,000 
In  each  county.  An  appropriation  of  $86,000  to  provide  the  State's  share  of  the 
expenses  of  county  agent  work  has  been  provided. 

Henry  W.  Vaugfaan,  professor  of  animal  husbandry  and  assistant  animal 
husbandman  at  the  Iowa  College  and  Station,  has  been  appointed  professor  of 
animal  husbandry  and  animal  husbandman,  beginning  July  1.  Adele  Koch  has 
been  appointed  home  economics  lecturer  in  agricultural  extension. 

Albert  Hoversten  has  resigned  as  superintendent  of  the  Wnseca  substation 
and  has  been  succeeded  by  Robert  E.  Hodgson,  a  1918  graduate  of  the  college. 
A.  G.  Heine  has  been  appointed  Instructor  in  agricultural  engineering  at 
Morris. 

MOasonri  Vniyersity  and  Station.— Dean  F.  B.  Mumford  has  been  ap- 
pointed agricultural  representative  on  a  ComnilKsion  of  American  Universities 
to  Tiait  France,  with  a  view  to  cementing  more  closely  educational  and  economic 
relations.  M.  F.  Miller  has  been  designated  as  acting  dean  of  the  college  of 
agriculture  and  director  of  the  station  during  his  absence. 


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498  BXPERIMUNT  STATION  BECOBD.  [Vol.40 

D.  J.  Griswold  has  resigned  as  research  assistant  In  animal  hnsbandrr,  ef- 
fectiye  April  30,  to  become  animal  husbandman  at  the  Mississippi  Station,  vice 
H.  K.  Gayle,  whose  resignation  has  been  previously  noted.  He  has  been  suc- 
ceeded by  John  H.  Longwell,  now  research  scholar  of  animal  husbandry. 

Miss  Helen  Johann,  research  assistant  in  iHant  pathology,  resigned  April  15i 
Elmer  M.  McDonald,  assistant  professor  of  farm  crops,  returned  March  1  from 
national  service;  A.  J.  Durant,  instructor  in  veterinary  science,  on  Febmarj 
17;  and  R.  R.  Hndelson,  assistant  professor  of  soils,  on  February  15.  Horace 
A.  Gardinell  has  been  appointed  extension  instructor  in  horticulture,  beglnninK 
March  1. 

A  request  from  the  Federal  Board  for  Vocational  fMucatlon  that  tbe  coll^ 
of  agriculture  offer  a  special  short  course  for  disabled  soldiers,  beginning 
March  1  and  continuing  for  seven  weeks,  has  been  agreed  to. 

ComeU  TTnlverslty. — ^The  annual  Farmers'  Week,  held  February  10  to 
14,  had  a  registration  in  excess  of  4,000  persons,  the  largest  yet  recorded. 

John  L.  Stone,  connected  with  the  farm  crops  woiic  of  the  institution  since 
1897,  and  professor  of  farm  crops  since  1907,  retired  February  15.  The  death 
is  noted  of  John  Hallock  Bromley  of  the  department  of  soil  tecimology  on  De- 
cember 20,  1918,  at  the  age  of  33  years,  and  of  W.  I.  McGann,  extension  in- 
structor In  pomology,  on  November  18,  1918. 

Miss  Martha  Van  Rensselaer,  professor  of  home  economics,  has  returned  to 
the  college  of  agriculture  after  ten  months'  service  at  Washington,  D.  G.,  as 
bead  of  the  home  conservation  division  of  the  U.  S.  Food  Administration. 

North  Dakota  College  and  Station. — R,  C.  Doneghue  has  resigned  aa 
agronomist  to  become  county  agent  at  Macomb,  III.  Dr.  H.  L.  Walster,  assist- 
ant professor  of  soils  in  the  Wisconsin  University  and  Station,  has  become 
agronomist  to  the  station  and  chairman  of  the  agronomy  department  of  the  col- 
lege, beginning  in  April. 

J.  L.  Tompkin  has  resigned  the  secretaryship  of  the  State  Stallion  Board  to 
become  assistant  animal  husbandman  in  the  station.  A.  F.  Yeager.  whose  res- 
ignation from  the  Pennsylvania  College  has  been  previously  noted,  has  been 
appointed  horticulturist  of  the  station,  beginning  March  15.  L.  T.  Anderegg 
has  been  appointed  assistant  chemist. 

Ohio  State  TTniyersity. — Henry  W.  Schuer,  instructor  in  farm  crops,  has 
resigned  to  engage  in  farming.  H.  D.  Munroe,  superintendent  of  ^^-laying 
contests  at  the  Ck)nnecticut  College,  has  been  appointed  instructor  in  poultry 
husbandry  in  extension  work  beginning  February  10. 

Oklahoma  Gollegre. — ^The  legislature  has  Just  authorized  the  provision  of 
two  scholarships  for  each  county  of  the  State.  This  law  is  reported  to  have 
been  enacted  largely  as  an  outgrowth  of  extension  work  in  the  State.  The  bill 
as  originally  drafted  required  that  candidates  must  be  members  of  boys*  and 
girls*  clubs  In  extension  work,  and  while  this  provision  was  eliminated  an  ex- 
amination is  provided  which  calls  for  an  equivalent  training.  Both  boys  and 
girls  are  eligible  to  compete  for  the  scholarships. 

Pennsylvania  College. — ^The  trustees  have  asked  the  legislature  for  appro- 
priations for  the  ensuing  biennium  aggregating  $3,300,842.  Among  the  items 
are  $1,250,000  for  general  maintenance,  $1,625,000  for  six  new  buildiass,  among 
them  agriculture  ahd  domestic  science,  and  $370,482  for  agricultural  exten- 
sion work. 

A.  r.  Mason,  assistant  professor  of  horticultural  extension,  resigned  Maxcb 
10  to  become  extension  specialist  at  Rutgers  College.  L.  W.  Morley,  assistant 
in  dairy  husbandry  at  the  Missouri  University  and  Station,  has  been  appointed 


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1919]  NOTES.  499 

instractor  In  dairy  husbandry  extension  beginning  March  15,  and  E.  A.  Slegler, 
instmctor  in  plant  pathology,  beginning  March  1. 

South  Dakota  College  and  Station. — ^The  legislature  has  appropriated  funds 
for  the  purchase  of  240  acres  of  additional  land  for  the  institution.  A  portion 
of  this  land  will  be  used  for  exi)eriments  in  breeding  and  feeding  live  stock. 

The  live-stock  pavilion  is  nearly  completed.  It  is  a  fire-proof  one-story  struc- 
ture with  seating  capacity  for  500  students,  the  classrooms  being  so  arranged 
as  to  be  readily  thrown  together  around  the  Judging  ring  and  form  a  large 
amphitheater. 

Ranald  Sherwood,  sugar  beet  expert,  has  returned  from  military  sen^ice. 

Tennessee  Station. — F.  J.  Qray  of  the  Mississippi  College  has  been  appointed 
assistant  chemist    W.  A.  Holding,  assistant  chemist,  has  resigned. 

Utah  Station. — ^The  station  has  received  a  $20,000  appropriation  from  the 
legislature  for  studies  on  underground  water  development.  Investigations  pre- 
viously conducted  by  the  station  and  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  have 
shown  that  vast  areas  of  arid  land  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  State  con- 
tain sufficient  underground  water  for  irrigation,  and  the  experimental  work 
to  be  undertaken  under  this  special  appropriation  will  be  to  determine  the  best 
type  of  well  and  equipment  for  various  sections  of  the  State.  One  well  is  now 
being  driven  in  Iron  County  and  others  will  soon  be  started  in  different  sec- 
tions of  the  State. 

Wyoming  Station. — Dr.  Cecil  Elder  has  been  appointed  research  assistant 
in  pathology. 

Intemational  Association  of  Poultxy  Instructors  and  Investigators. — A 
meeting  of  this  organization  was  held  in  London,  March  11  to  15,  with  dele- 
gates from  Holland,  Cyprus,  the  Transvaal,  New  Zealand,  Canada,  Scotland, 
Australia,  France,  Belgium,  England,  and  the  United  States.  Edwanl  Brown, 
of  England,  was  elected  president,  and  W.  A.  Lippincott,  of  the  Kansas  College 
and  Station,  succeeded  Dr.  Raymond  Pearl,  formerly  of  the  Maine  Station,  as 
secretary.  Dr.  Pearl  was  made  the  first  fellow  of  the  association,  in  recogni- 
tion of  his  services  as  secretary  since  the  organLKation  of  the  association  in  1912. 

On  invitation  of  the  Netherlands  Government  a  World's  Poultry  Congress 
is  to  be  held  at  The  Hague  in  1921  under  the  auspices  of  the  association. 

Philippine  College  of  Agriculture  and  Experiment  Station. — Three  addi- 
tional agricultural  schools  have  been  authorized  by  the  Philippine  Legislature. 
The  College  of  Agriculture  had  its  appropriation  largely  increased  and  pro- 
vision was  made  for  the  establishment  of  an  experiment  station  in  connection 
with  it 

Considerable  progress  is  already  reported  in  the  development  of  the  station. 
A  tract  of  about  200  hectares  (nearly  500  acres)  of  good  agricultural  land 
adjoining  the  land  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  at  Los  Bafios  is  being  acquired. 
Permanent  poultry  houses  have  been  built  and  material  secured  for  a  barn  and 
other  farm  buildings.  Two  laboratory  buildings  are  projected,  one  to  house 
the  department  of  entomology  and  plant  pathology,  and  the  other  the  depart- 
ment of  chemistry.  Considerable  live  stock  and  machinery  have  already  been 
secured. 

Kew  Agricultural  School  in  Lyon,  France. — According  to  a  vice-consular 
TBjpatU  definite  steps  have  been  taken  to  establish  a  large  agricultural  school 
In  the  city  of  Lyon.  It  has  been  decided  to  purchase  two  large  estates  com- 
prising some  293  acres  for  this  purpose,  at  a  cost  of  about  $81,060.  It  is 
estimated  that  the  expense  of  buying  the  property,  putting  it  in  shape,  etc., 
will  amount  to  about  $125,450.  Modem  machinery  is  to  be  installed  and  special 
attention  given  to  practical  instruction. 


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500  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vol.40 

Bothamsted  Librarj. — The  Carnegie  Truat  has  donated  $1,5(N)  to  the  Ubnuy 
of  the  Rothamsted  Station  for  the  purchase  of  reference  booka  A  slmflar 
donation  was  made  two  years  ago  for  the  same  purpose. 

Capt  Rupert  Guinness  has  given  the  library,  which  already  possessed  an 
unusual  collection  of  early  printed  books  on  agriculture  of  the  fifteenth  and 
sixteenth  centuries,  a  copy  of  the  first  and  second  printed  books  on  the  subject, 
namely,  the  volume  on  agriculture,  by  Crescentius,  printed  at  Augsburg  in 
1471,  and  Jensen's  edition  of  the  Latin  agricultural  writers,  printed  at  Venice 
in  1472. 

Misoellaneous. — ^The  Macdonald  Institute  of  Agriculture  and  Plant  Experi- 
ment Station,  near  Johannesburg,  South  Africa,  was  formally  opened  August 
21,  1918,  by  Dr.  William  Macdonald.  The  present  equipment  consists  of  a 
residence  and  40  acres  of  land,  but  it  is  proposed  to  erect  an  agricultural 
building  and  students'  dormitory  at  an  early  date. 

The  American  Association  of  Agricultural  Engineers  met  In  Chicago,  UU 
December  30,  1918,  to  January  1,  1919.  The  officers  elected  include  the  follow- 
ing: President,  Raymond  Olney  of  St  Joseph,  Mich.;  vice-presidents,  L.  F. 
Seaton  of  the  University  of  Nebraska  and  H.  B.  Murdock  of  the  Montana  Col- 
lege ;  and  secretary-treasurer,  F.  W.  Ives  of  Ohio  State  University. 

The  laboratory  of  forest  pathology  of  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  of  the 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  has  been  transferred  from  Missoula,  Monc, 
to  Spokane,  Wash.,  where  permanent  quarters  have  been  provided  in  a  fire- 
proof building.  A  permanent  field  station  and  a  forest  pathological  museum 
are  also  to  be  establi^ed. 

A  Scientific  Research  Association  has  been  formed  in  Great  Britain,  originat- 
ing at  Cambridge  University.  Among  the  objects  in  view  are  the  formulation 
of  an  extensive  plan  for  the  endowment  of  research  by  the  State,  and  the 
impressing  upon  the  public  the  importance  of  scientific  research  and  the  value 
of  the  scientific  method  in  the  national  life. 

The  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Fisheries  of  Great  Britain  has  recently  pur- 
chased a  farm  at  Ormsklrk,  Lancashire,  for  experimental  work  with  potatoes. 
Contributions  from  private  Individuals  are  being  secured  for  equipment,  the 
cost  of  which  is  estimated  at  from  $26,000  to  $50,000. 

Science  reports  that  a  tract  of  five  farms,  aggregating  over  1,000  acres  of 
land  and  with  a  set  of  buildings  on  each  farm,  has  been  given  by  P.  W. 
Sprague,  of  Boston,  to  the  Maine  Agricultural  and  Industrial  League.  It  is 
expected  to  utilize  the  property  as  a  demonstration  farm. 

A.  J.  Galbraith,  professor  of  chemistry  at  Manitoba  Agricultural  Collie, 
died  toward  the  end  of  1918.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  engaged  on  a  soil 
survey  of  Manitoba. 

The  residuary  estate  of  the  late  Horace  G.  Fletcher,  student  of  dietetics,  who 
died  January  13,  1919,  has  been  left  to  Harvard  University,  the  Income  to  be 
used  to  *'  foster  knowledge  of  healthful  nutritioo." 

A  Chamber  of  Horticulture  for  Great  Britain  was  formally  inaugurated  at 
London,  December  2,  1918. 

E.  H.  Thompson  has  resigned  as  assistant  chief  of  the  Office  of  Farm  Manage- 
ment of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  to  engage  in  farming. 


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EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 

Editor :  R  W.  ALLEN,  Ph.  D.»  Chief,  Office  of  EsBperimeni  Biations. 
Associate  Editor :  H.  L.  Knight. 

EDITORIAL  DEPABTMENTS. 

Agricaltnral  Chemistry  and  Agrotechny — Sybil  L.  Smith. 
Meteorology,  Soils,  and  FerUllzers  {j^'i^  l^^^^ 

Agricultural  Botany,  Bacteriology,  and  Plant  Pathology  |^;  ^  j^ra^'  ^^  ^' 

Field  Crops — J.  D.  Luckett. 

HortlcQlture  and  Forestry — ^E.  J.  Qlasson. 

Economic  Zoology  and  Entomology — ^W,  A.  Hooxeb,  D.  V.  M. 

[C.  F.  Lanoworthy,  Ph.  D.,  D.  Sc, 
Foods  and  Human  Nutrition    Sybil  L.  Smith. 

Elizabeth  B.  Bower. 

Anhnal  Husbandry.  Dairying,  and  Dairy  Farming  |J-  ^'  |^^^^ 

Veterinary  Medicine  {^3,^,'  ^^^"J^^ 

Knral  Engineering — ^R.  W.  Tbullinoeb.* 

{E.  Mebritt. 
M.  Lenobb  Flint. 
Louise  Mabbut. 

Agricultural  Education  {^^^  sp«hma.»k. 
Indexes— Amklu.  B.  Dears. 


CONTENTS  OF  VOL.  40,  No.  6. 


Page. 

Recent  work  in  agricultural  science 501 

Notes 600 

SUBJECT  LIST  OF  ABSTRACTS. 

agricultural  chemistry — ^AOROTEGHNY. 

Physiochemical  state  of  the  proteins  in  cow*s  milk.  Palmer  and  Scott 501 

The  state  of  proteins  in  cow's  milk,  Van  Slyke  and  Bosworth 501 

Globulin  of  the  coconut  (Cocos  nucifera),  I,  Johns  et  al 502 

The  distribution  of  nitrogen  in  certain  seeds.  Brewster  and  Alsberg 502 

Ash  absorption  by  spinach  from  concentrated  soil  solutions,  True  et  al —  502 

Bacteriological  studies  on  alfalfa  silage,  Hunter 503 

Studies  on  pepsin. — ^I.  Chemical  changes  in  purification,  Davis  and  Merker_  504 

Influence  of  liydrogen-lon  concentration  on  enzyms.  Sherman  et  al 504 

JThe  effect  of  neutral  salts  upon  the  activity  of  ptyalin,  Rockwood 504 

IFhe  preparation  of  metol  (^'-methyl-p-amidophenol  sulphate),  Harger —  504 

Reaction  In  explosions  of  dilute  OSs-air  mixtures.  Stewart  and  Burd 505 

Color  in  relation  to  chemical  constitution,  Watson 505 

^Laboratory  apparatus  for  rapid  evaporation,  Merrill  and  Ewlng 505 


>  On  lears  of  absence  for  military  service. 

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n  CONTENTS,  [▼•LH 

An  improved  automatic  burette.  Hough ^' 5A 

Golorimetric  scale  for  estimation  of  hydrochloric  acid,  Delort  and  Roche..     SK 
Determination  of  soil  nitrates  by  phenol  disulphonic  acid  method,  Noycs..     891 

Solvent  action  of  citric  and  nitric  acids  on  rock  phosphate,  Stenius 6BI 

Oontribution  to  the  study  of  the  Adamkiewicz  reaction,  VoiseneC 9f 

The  determination  of  lactose,  Hlldt tKf 

Determination  of  lactose  with  sucrose  and  invert  sugar,  Gro^feld 99 

Determination  of  fructose  in  presence  of  aldoses,  Herzfeld  and  Lenart —     9f 

Determination  of  acidity  and  nitrogen  in  wheat,  Swanson  and  Tagne W 

Total  and  lecithin  phosphoric  acid  content  of  peas,  Halaaz M 

Carbon  diozid  determination  in  baking  powders,  Schellbach  and  Bodlnus..     91 
Carbon  diozid  determination  in  baking  powders,  Tillmans  and  Heublein..     M 

Microscopic  investigation  of  coffee  substitutes,  Griebel M 

The  microscopic  investigation  of  coffee  substitutes,  Griebel l| 

Witgatboom:  A  substitute  for  chicory,  McCrae  and  Kloot 

Methods  for  nonprotein  nitrogen  of  milk,  Denis  and  Minot 

The  microanalysis  of  malted  milk,  Ballard 

Reduction  of  humln  nitrogen  in  feeding  stuffs,  Eckstein  and  Grindley 

[Treatment  of  massecuites],  Schecker 

Juice  clarification  and  decolorlzation  with  new  carbon,  Peck  and  Adams. 

Preparation  of  carbon  filters  for  purification  of  sugar,  Dande 

Utilization  of  seeds  of  pears  and  apples  for  extraction  of  oil,  Truelle 

lOPTEOBOLOGT. 

Periods  of  plant  growth  and  rest 

Cllmatological  data  for  the  United  States  by  sections 

Observations  at  Massachusetts  Station,  Ostrander  and  Chandler 

Meteorological  records  for  1917 

The  exceptional  drought  of  the  summer  of  1918  in  the  Gironde,  Courty__. 
[Meteorological  review  for  the  region  of  Paris],  Flammarlon 

SOILS — ^FEBTIUZERS. 

Soluble  salt  content  of  soils  and  factors  affecting  It,  McCool  and  Millar.. 

Effect  of  carbon  disulphid  and  toluol  on  organisms,  Gainey 

Influence  of  higher  plants  on  bacterial  activities  in  soils,  Lyon 

Bacteria  of  frozen  soils  in  Quebec,  I  and  II,  Vanderleck 

Champaign  County  soils,  Hopkins  et  al 

The  value  of  manure  on  Indiana  soils,  Wiancko  and  Jones 

The  book  of  the  Rothamsted  experiments.  Hall,  revised  by  Russell 

Woburn  pot-culture  experiments,  1917,  Voelcker 

Cooperative  fertilizer  experiments,  1908-1917,  Fraps 

Production  and  consumption  of  potash  [in  the  United  StaCte],  Houston 

Domestic  production  of  potash  in  1918,  Hicks 

Some  general  information  on  lime,  McCool  and  Millar 

Inspection  of  commercial  fertilizers,  Haskins,  Walker,  and  Pierce I 

Analyses  of  commercial  fertilizers,  Wessels 

AGRICULTUBAL    BOTANY. 

Cytokinesis  of  the  pollen  mother  cells  of  certain  dicotyledons,  Farr 

Cell  division  by  furrowing  in  Magnolia,  Farr 

Some  factors  affecting  inulase  formation  in  AspergiUu*  niffer,  Yonngll 

The  biology  of  Otdium  lactU,  Linossier. 


The  response  of  Pilobolus  to  light.  Parr 

The  structure  of  the  integumentary  system  of  the  barley  grain,  OoIUds 

The  laticiferous  system  of  Bevea  hrasilienHs  and  its  function,  Sharplea.. 

Effect  of  bog  and  swamp  waters  on  swelling  in  plants,  MacDougml 

A  new  three-salt  nutrient  solution,  Livingston  and  Tottingham I. 

Organic  plant  poisons. — II,  Phenols,  Brenchley 

Studies  on  the  embryo  sac  and  fertilization  in  CEnothera,  lahikawa 

Abortiveness  as  related  to  position  in  the  legume^  Halsted II 

Studies  in  classification  and  nomenclature  of  bacteria. — VII,  Bucfaananll 
A  promising  chemical  photometer  for  physiological  research,  Ridgway 


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VDCLD   CROPS. 

ToHLge  crops,  Klesselbach 621 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  In  Antigua,  1916-17],  Watts ^ 522 

[Culture  experiments  on  moor  soils],  Ghristensen 622 

[Beport  of  field  crops  work  in  Assam],  Meggitt  and  McKay 623 

[Report  or  field  crops  work  in  Bihar  and  Orissa,  India,  1917]-_^ 528 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  In  Burma],  Couper 52S 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  in  Central  Provinces  and  Berar],  Ritchie  et  al.  523 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  at  the  Alibag  Agricultural  Station],  Qokhale.^  623 

Report  of  the  Government  economic  botanist  for  1916-17,  Pamell 523 

•   Agricultural  research  [with  field  crops]  In  Australia 523 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  in  New  South  Wales],  Ross  et  al 524 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  In  South  Australia],  Spafford 524 

[Field  crops  work  in  the  Union  of  South  Africa],  Scherfiius  et  al 524 

The  exploitation  of  plants " 524 

Observations  on  hybridization  and  plant  selection  experiments,  Gmelln 524 

Mendelian  Inheritance  in  wheat  and  barley  crosses,  Kezer  and  Boyack 624 

Permanent  variation  in  Triticum  polonicumXT.  elohoni,  Oaporn 525 

Grain  production  and  the  bread  situation  in  Switzerland,  Wirz 525 

British  grasses  and  their  employment  in  agriculture,  Armstrong 525 

Alfalfa,  Qraber 526 

[Castor  beans  in  Rhodesia],  Walters 526 

[Red  clover  experiments  in  Holland,  1915  to  1917],  Gmelln 526 

Maize  culture,  Wenholz,  Darnell-Smith,  and  Gurney 526 

Selection  of  disease-free  seed  corn,  Hoffer  and  Holbert 626 

Cotton,  Stine,  Baker,  et  al 526 

The  quest  of  the  long  staple  cotton,  Bullard 526 

Brief  in  behalf  of  the  Louisiana  Farmers*  Associiition,  Gilmer 527 

A  study  of  hybrids  in  Egyptian  cotton,  Kearney  and  Wells 527 

Notes  on  fiber  produced  from  some  plants  in  the  Cape  Province,  Leighton.  527 

Investigations  on  hops  {Humulus  lupulus),  XI,  Schmidt 527 

Studies  of  selections  of  two  cultivated  oats,  Daniel  and  Mi^ge 528 

The  heredity  of  ear^  and  late  ripening  in  an  oat  cross,  Gaporn 528 

The  olona,  Hawaii's  unexcelled  fiber  plant,  MacCaughey 529 

[Proceedings  of  the  Potato  Association  of  America] 529 

Approved  methods  of  transplanting  rice  [in  Italy] 529 

Notes  on  the  production  of  dry  land  rice,  O)ombs 529 

Culture  experiments  with  rye,  Ljung 529 

Studies  on  the  contamination  of  the  pollen  of  rye,  Heribert-Nilsson 529 

8val5f  Improved  Wasa  rye,  LJung 530 

Spartina  and  coast  erosion.  Roper 530 

Climatic  control  of  the  morphology  and  physiology  of  beets,  Shaw 531 

The  botany  of  the  sugar  cane,  Geerts 532 

New  varieties  of  sugar  cane,  McConnie 532 

Thick  V,  thin  canes  for  planting,  Ros«ifeld 532 

Fertilizer  experiments  with  sugar  cane,  Mlrasol  y  Jison 532 

The  use  of  sulphate  of  ammonia  as  a  fertilizer  for  sugar  cane,  Crawley 533 

The  sugar  .situation,  Spencer 533 

A  study  of  Swedish  sunflower  seed  in  1917,  Rhodin 533 

Stocks  of  leaf  tobacco 533 

Wheat  growing  in  Saskatchewan,  Bracken 533 

f Cultural  and  fertilizer  testa  with  wheat  in  Argentina],  Tonneller 533 

Tests  of  foreign  varieties  of  winter  wheat,  1914-1916,  Linhard 534 

Svali^fS  Pansar  wheat,  Akerman 534 

Sval5fs  Sol  wheat,  1  and  2,  Akerman 534 

Russian  wheats,  Fliaksberger 535 

Treatment  of  seed  wheat  with  formalin,  Garman  and  Hathaway 585 

Agricultural  seed  inspected  in  1917,  Smith 535 

Seed  Reporter 535 

AlfUlfa  dodder  in  Colorado,  Robbina  and  Egginton 536 

Weed  control  experiments  in  1917,  Kvadsheim 536 

The  weeds  of  western  Pennsylvania,  Kirch 536 

HOBTICULTUBE. 

Food  gardening  for  beginners  and  experts,  Davis 536 

The  food  producing  garden,  Day^,^,„,,„,^„^„^,^^^^-,^^,,«,,.,,^_  536 

uigiTizea  Dy  vjiv_7v_7QlC 


IV  ooNTfiirrs.  !▼*« 

The  market  gardener :  Economic  production  of  yegetables  for  the  martet.  SN 

The  inheritance  of  seed  coat  color  in  garden  beans,  Shaw  and  Norton GH 

Washington  asparagus :  Information  and  suggestions  for  growers,  Norton-  SK 

Asparagus,  Sutton 538 

Hybridization  of  eggplants,  Bayla SB 

Acreage  totals-  and  values  of  C5alifornia  fruits  for  1918 S» 

The  testing  of  a  new  tree  crop  for  hardiness,  Fairchild SS 

Experiment  on  the  culture  of  grapes  in  cordon,  Godet 86 

New  direct  bearers,  I-II,  de  Arana  y  Franco W 

Grossing  investigations  with  grapes,  Rasmuson 5S 

Fertilizer  experiments  In  vineyards,  Dussere 91  < 

A  study  of  the  effects  of  freezes  on  citrus  in  Olifomia,  Webber  et  al SI 

Propagation  and  culture  of  the  date  palm,  Drummond Ml 

Investigations  with  pecans,  Matthews Hd 

On  hybridization  of  some  species  of  Sallx,  Ikeno 511 

Chrysanthemums  for  greenhouse  and  garden,  Crane 5*) 

Studies  of  inheritance  in  the  Japanese  Convolvulus,  Mlyazawa 541 

Dahlias  and  their  culture,  Howe _: 541 

New  species  of  Rhododendron,  Balfour 541 

Note  on  the  origin  of  a  mutation  in  the  sweet  pea,  Punnett 541 

FOBESTRT. 

Regional  spread  of  moisture  in  the  wood  of  trees,  I,  Craib 511 

Notes  on  North  American  trees,  IV,  Sargent « 

Botanical  identifications  of  British  Guiana  trees  and  plants,  Hohenkerk..  5tt 

Synopsis  of  the  genus  Ochroma,  with  descriptions  of  new  species,  Rowlee.  5fi 

Investigation  of  the  oil  palm  and  its  products,  Johnson 5fl 

Forests  and  forest  planting Wl 

Recreation  uses  on  the  National  Forests,  Waugh SO 

Fifth  biennial  report  of  the  State  forester.  Van  Hook M! 

Biennial  report  of  the  Forestry  Commission  for  1918 5fl 

Pulpwood  consumption  and  wood-pulp  production  in  1017,  Smith 5fl 

DISEASES  OF  PLAIIT8. 

Handbook  of  plant  disease  and  pest  control.  Smith,  Esslg,  and  Gray M9 

Histological  studies  on  potato  leaf  roll,  Artschwager MS 

Wart  of  potatoes:  A  disease  new  to  the  United  States,  Kunkel 5fi 

Further  data  on  susceptibility  of  rutaceous  plants  to  citrus  canker,  Lea^  M 

Pecan  rosette  in  relation  to  soil  deficiencies,  McMurran 5* 

Brown  canker  of  roses  caused  by  Diaporthe  umbrina,  Jenkins 5« 

Seedling  diseases  of  conifers.  Hartley,  Merrill,  and  Rhoads 5* 

Parasitism,  morphology,  and  cytology  of  Cronariium  ribicola^  Golley 541 

New  researches  on  the  variability  of  plantation  Para  rubber,  Eatmi 5i 

ECONOMIC  ZOOLOQT — ^BITTOKOLOGT. 

The  rodents  of  Iowa,  Stoner 5* 

The  albino  rat  and  the  Norway  rat,  Donaldson 51 

The  rat  and  infantile  paralysis. — ^A  theory,  Richardson 51 

Description  of  a  new  seaside  sparrow  from  Florida,  Howell 51 

[Contributions  on  economic  insects] SI 

Insect  visitors  to  blossoms  of  wild  blackberry  and  spirea,  Blackman M 

Revised  check  list  of  British  terrestrial  Isopoda  (wood  lice),  ColUnge 5< 

The  pear  thrlps  in  British  Columbia,  Cameron  and  Treheme Si 

Control  of  the  onion  thrlps,  Chittenden Si 

The  possible  spread  of  influenza  through  the  bedbug,  Friedman Si 

The  periodical  cicada  or  seventeen  year  locust,  Cory 91 

Late  dormant  treatment  for  the  control  of  apple  aphlds,  Regan 9i 

Present  conditions  of  lac  cultivation  in  the  plains  of  India,  Misra 58 

Trench  fever. — Report  of  clinical  observations  and  research,  Byam  et  al_  99 

The  transmission  of  relapsing  fever  by  the  botly  louse,  Koch 55 

Government  report  on  laundry  machinery,  Pierce  et  al 58 

The  birch  case  bearer  in  Sweden,  1915-1917,  Kemner 53 

Olethreutes  vartegana  Injurious  to  fruit  trees  in  Italy,  Sarra .  H 


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mW                                                   CONTENTS.  V 

Paso. 

Anopheles  crucians:  Habits  of  larvee  and  adults,  Metz 552 

Be&goe  fever  In  Aastralla,  Cleland  et  al 552 

Study  of  a  bacillary  parasite  of  the  larvse  of  Anopheles,  Garin 552 

Antlmalaria  work  in  Macedonia  among  troops,  Willoughby  and  Cassldy 552 

The  sacred  beetles  and  others,  Fabre,  trans,  by  Teixeira  de  Mattos 552 

On  the  insect  enemies  of  root-cutting  white  grubs,  Yano 652 

A  new  forest  insect  enemy  of  the  white  birch,  Swaine 652 

Canadian  bark  beetles,  II,  Swaine — '. , 552 

Experiments  on  the  disinfection  of  dwarf  beans,  Pantanelll 553 

Observations  of  (Acanthoscelides)  Bruchus  obtecttu  in  Italy,  Razzautl..  658 

The  cotton  boll  weevil  in  Tennessee,  Bentley 553 

Notes  on  habits  and  life  history  of  Pempfieres  ajg^lnis,  Ramakrishna  Ayyar.  553 

A  stndy  of  some  ant  larvie,  Wheeler 553 

Wa«p  studies  afield.  Ran 553 

A  synopsis  of  the  Sphecoidea  of  Nebraska  (Hymenoptera),  Mlckel 553 

Oq  Braconidie  parasitic  on  Diairwa  saccharalis  in  Demerara,  Turner 554 

Key  to  American  insect  galls.  Felt 554 

Dwarfing  effect  of  attacks  of  mites  on  Norway  maples,  Bnders 554 

The  cercaria  of  the  Japanese  blood  fluke.  Schistosoma  japorUcum,  Cort —  554 

The  developmental  cycle  of  Trombidium  akamushi,  Teodoro 554 

VOODS — HXTICAN  NUTUTION. 

The  newer  knowledge  of  nutrition,  McOoUum 554 

Physiological  chemistry,  Hopkins 554 

A  national  laboratory  for  the  study  of  nutrition 554 

Interrelations  of  animals  and  plants  and  influence  on  food  supply,  Hegner.  555 

The  fbod  value  of  fresh-water  fish,  Guenaux 555 

A  bacteriologic  study  of  sardines,  Obst 555 

BeptUes  as  food,  Reese 555 

Relation  between  weight  of  bones  and  meat  of  beef  cattle,  Dechambre —  555 

Principal  constituents  of  sweetened  condensed  milk,  Lassablidre 555 

A  diffuse  bacterial  alteration  of  bread,  Perotti  and  Comanducci 556 

The  digestibility  of  bread  and  the  best  utilization  of  wheat,  Bertrand..  556 

Experiments  on  the  milling  of  wheat  substitutes,  Balland 556 

Barley  flour  in  the  making  of  bread,  Garola , 556 

Potato  bread,  liaurel . 556 

The  use  of  potatoes  in  bread  making,  Amal ^-  556 

Alibied  poisoning  by  potatoes,  Harris  and  Cockburn 557 

Production  of  popped  rice  in  China,  Sammons 557 

The  digestibility  of  soy  bean  meal  by  man,  Lyman  and  Bowers 557 

Substitutes  for  native  beans  in  the  food  of  the  French  Army,  Balland 557 

The  uses  of  the  peanut  on  the  home  table,  Arms 557 

The  Hawaiian  taro  as  food,  MacCaughey 557 

Study  of  Dioscorea,  with  starch  determinations  and  cooking  tests,  Clemente.  557 

Gnhiman  dagat  as  a  substitute  for  gelatin  in  food.  Wells 557 

Kgg  substitutes  and  so-called  egg  savers,  LaWall 558 

Analytical  data  in  regard  to  Argentine  honey,  Raffaelli 558 

Adulteration  of  yerba  mat6,  Oirola 558 

Jelly  making  with  sugar  savers,  Adams  and  Loflin 558 

Kitchen  tests  for  pectin  in  jelly  making,  Denton 558 

The  effect  of  heat  on  the  spores  of  Bacillus  botuUnus,  I,  Burke 558 

[Food  and  drug  topics},  Ladd  and  Johnson 650 

[Food  and  drug  inspection],  Jackson  et  al 559 

Electric  cooking  appliances,  Kloefller 550 

One  hundred  points  in  food  economy,  Ramsay 550 

Food  primer  for  the  home,  Gillett 550 

Bibliography  of  food  economy  for  the  housewife,  Clatworthy  and  Hunt —  559 

The  balanced  ration  [food  chart],  lAwrie 559 

BaMc  quantity  food  tables 559 

Conservation  of  food  by  substitution  with  suggestive  menus 559 

Food  requirements  and  the  menu,  MacDonald  and  Pittman 660 

Moderate  coat  menus  and  recipes  from  Florida  food  materials,  Henderson.  560 

The  Chinese  cookbook.  Chan 660 

Handbook  of  (Young  Women's  Christian]  Association  cafeteria,  Geary..  560 


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[Diet  In  the]  home  for  incurables,  Toronto 560 

[Diet  in  the]  house  of  industry,  Toronto 560 

Infant  feeding,  Orulee 5C0 

The  care  and  feeding  of  children.  Holt 5^ 

Army  rations:  A  comparative  study,  Newcomb 580 

Feeding  of  troops 560 

The  reform  in  army  rations  and  national  economy,  Rho 560 

Feeding  the  Italian  Army,  Baglioni 560 

The  reform  in  the  ration  of  the  Italian  Navy,  Belli 561 

The  effects  of  a  prolonged  reduced  diet  on  25  college  men 561 

A  review  of  the  food  situation,  Amaudru 561 

Germany's  food :  Can  it  last?  edited  by  Wells 561 

Scandinavian  living  costs,  Thompson 561 

The  cost  of  living  in  the  Union  [of  South  Africa],  Owen-Smith 561 

Practical  dietetics  with  reference  to  diet  in  health  and  disease,  Pattee —  561 

The  influence  of  correct  food  quantities  upon  human  life.  Steams 561 

Influence  of  protein  feeding  on  cencentration  of  amio  adds,  Mitchell 562 

The  relation  of  carbohydrates  to  protein  synthesis,  Janney 562 

Influence  of  carbohydrates  and  fats  on  food  proteins,  Malgnon 562 

Supplementary  relationships  between  proteins  of  seeds,  McCJoUum  et  al__  56S 

The  sugar  minimum  and  origin  of  carbohydrates,  Blerry  and  Portier 56S 

Vitamin  studies. — I,  Oatalase  activity  in  avian  polyneuritis,  Dutcher 563 

Vitamin  studies,  II,  III,  Dutcher  and  CJollatz 563 

The  vitamins  in  green  foods,  Osborne,  Mendel  et  al 564 

The  "  vitamins  "  in  relation  to  problems  arising  from  the  war,  Macallum 564 

Rations  in  relation  to  disease  in  Mesopotamia,  Wllloox 564 

Influence  of  high  temperatures  and  alkalis,  Daniels  and  McClurg 565 

Appearance  of  antiscorbutic  substance  in  germinations,  Weill  et  al 565 

On  the  deflciency  theory  of  the  origin  of  beri-beri,  Walshe 565 

The  relation  of  the  intestinal  flora  to  scurvy,  Torrey  and  Hess 506 

The  effect  of  the  maternal  ingestion  of  desiccated  placenta,  Hammett 566 

Action  of  enzyms  on  human  placenta,  Harding  and  Young 588 

Metabolism  in  leukemia  during  radium  treatment,  Knudson  and  Erdos 566 

ANIICAL  PRODUCTION. 

Growth  and  form,  Thompson 586 

Effect  of  limited  food  on  growth  of  young  beef  animals,  Trowbridge  et  al.  567 

Fall  lamb  feeding,  Gramllch 509 

Profits  on  150  poultry  farms  in  New  Jersey,  App  et  al 570 

An  accurate  method  for  determining  which  hens  are  laying,  Waite 571 

Inspection  of  commercial  feedstuffs,  Smith 57I 

Commercial  feeding  stuffs.  Patten  et  al ^ 571 

Commercial  feeding  stuffs,  1917-18,  Fuller 571 

DAIBT  FABKING — ^DAIETING. 

Relation  of  quality  of  proteins  to  milk  production,  Hart  and  Humphrey..  572 

Feeding  velvet  bean  feed,  palm  kernel  meal,  etc,  Hooper  and  Nutter 578 

Grain  rations  for  dairy  stock,  Llndsey 574 

Profits  from  milk  cows  on  general  corn-belt  farms,  Johnson  and  Green—  574 

Milk  contests  in  milk  supply  of  Portland,  Oreg.,  Callaway  and  Lucas 575 

Calculation  of  the  nutritive  value  of  milk  from  routine  tests,  Smith 576 

Jack  cheese,  Balrd - 576 

Homogenized  cream  used  In  cheese  making,  Charron 576 

VETEatlNABT  MEDICINB. 

Physiology  and  biochemistry  in  modem  medicine,  Madeod  et  al 577 

Applied  bacteriology. — Some  present-day  problems,  edited  by  Browning..  577 

Meat  Inspection  problems,  with  special  reference  to  recent  years,  Howarth^  r77 

The  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  as  a  war  auxiliary,  Mohler 577 

State  veterinary  service,  Luckey 577 

Maintaining  animal  health  on  farms,  Mohler 577 

Vitamins  and  nutrition.  Fish 577 

Suspected  stock  poisoning  by  wild  onion  {Allium  oanadense)^  Plpal 577 

Biochemistry  of  pathogenic  anaerobea— V,  Vibrian  septique.  Wolf 677 


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IMM  CONTENTS.  VII 

Immunity  and  tissue  transplantation. — ^IV,  Flelsher 578 

Heterolyalns,  SordelU  and  Fischer 578 

Castellanl's  absorption  test,  Broughton-Alcock 579 

ROle  of  eaxyms  In  the  production  ot  natural  Immunity,  Belln 579 

ROle  of  «izyms  in  acquired  Immunity  and  anaphylaxis,  Belin 579 

Injection  of  antiserum  to  prevent  acute  anaphylactic  shock,  Lewis 579 

Studies  of  anaphylatoxlns,  Fischer  and  Kantor :  579 

Prophylaxis  of  serum  sickness  with  bovine  serum,  Penna  et  al 580 

Studies  in  regard  to  the  production  of  antitoxic  serum,  S<>rdelll 580 

Studies  in  regard  to  production  of  antitoxic  sera,  I,  Kraus  and  SordelU-.  580 

Oxhydridase,  its  antitoxic  rdle,  Abelous  and  Aloy 580 

Action  of  mixtures  of  salts  on  lactic  fermentation,  Richet  and  Cardot 581 

Pharmacodynamics  of  alkaline  chlorates,  Abelous 681 

The  theory  and  practice  of  alcohol  disinfection,  Christiansen 581 

A  note  on  the  value  of  brilliant  green  as  an  antiseptic,  Webb 581 

A  multiple-pipette  holder  for  the  complement-fixation  test,  Iteynolds 581 

Anthrax  vaccination,  Rossello 582 

Anthrax  vaccine:  Necessity  of  official  control,  Kraus  and  Beltrami 582 

Anthrax  vaccine. — II,  Fate  in  sheep,  Kraus  and  Beltrami 582 

The  treatment  of  anthrax  with  normal  (beef)  serum,  Hyman  »nd  Leary.  582 

The  treatment  of  anthrax  in  man  with  normal  bovine  serum,  Penna 582 

Tartar  emetic  in  tiie  treatment  of  derrengadera,  Iturbe 583 

Favus  herpeticus  or  mouse  favus  from  Australian  wheat,  Buchanan 583 

Prompt  macroscopic  agglutination  in  the  diagnosis  of  glanders,  Povltzky.  583 

The  antigen  for  the  complement  flxution  test  for  small|;>ox,  Casagrandl 584 

Chemical  changes  in  tuberculous  tissues,  Caldwell 684 

Bromocresol  purple  and  litmus  as  indicators,  Frothingham 584 

'  The  significance  of  tuberculosis  in  infants  and  children,  Hess 584 

Abortion  in  cattle:  Some  of  the  causes  and  preventives,  Potter 585 

Hemogloblnemia  of  cattle  in  Sweden,  Bergman  and  Waxberg 585 

A  preliminary  note  on  infectious  keratitis,  Allen 585 

Notes  and  experiments  on  SarcocystU  teneUa,  II,  Scott 685 

Hogs  and  the  tent  caterpillar,  Hayes 580 

Cultivation  of  causative  organisms  of  lymphangitis,  N^gre  and  Boquet..^  586 

Notes  on  treatment  of  equine  ascurlasls  and  oxyuriasis,  Hall  et  al 586 

Anthelmintic  treatment  of  equine  intestinal  strougylidosis,  Ha**  et  al 586 

The  etiology  and  treatment  of  granular  dermatitis,  Van  Saceghem 586 

Notes  on  two  species  of  nematodes  parasitic  in  crop  of  chickens,  Wharton.  587 

Experiments  in  avian  toxicology.  Gallagher 587 

Diseases  transmitted  by  ticks,  Ligni^res 5«7 

Babesiosis  and  the  Babesia  parasite  in  Netherlands,  Vrijburg 587 

BI7RAL  ElVOINEERTNG. 

Report  on  Improvement  of  marshlands  in  western  Oregon,  Powers 587 

The  zeolite  process  of  water  softening,  Hulbert 588 

Machinery  for  cutting  firewood,  ToUey 588 

SURAL  ECONOMICS. 

The  evolution  in  fanning,  Nourse 589 

The  future  of  our  agriculture,  Wolff 589 

[ROle  of  agriculture],  Ogg 589 

Corn  Production  Act,  1917,  with  explanatory  memorandum,  Black 589 

[Prevention  of  waste  In  agriculture],  Spooner 589 

Farming  on  factory  lines,  Wibberley 589 

Oontinuoua  cropping  and  dairy  farming  for  small  farmers,  Wibberley..  590 

Agriculture  in  Berkshire,  Orr 590 

Production  of  food  in  Scotland.  Wason  et  al 590 

I  The  economic  effects  of  the  war  upon  agricultural  production],  Renard-  590 

The  economic  future  of  Macedonia,  Hitler 590 

Foodstuff  production  In  Mauritius,  Robert 590 

The  rOle  of  our  colonies  after  the  war,  du  Vlvier  de  Streel 590 

References  on  re-educntlon  of  disabled  soldiers  and  saildrs 59t 

IFarms  for  returning  soldiers] • 591 

Farm  and  farm  laborers'  allotments  in  Durham  State  land  settlement 591 


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YHI  CONTENTS.  IVAIO 

Put 

[Meeting  farm  labor  demands] 391 

Wages  Board  Gazette 581 

New  York  State  Boys*  Working  Reserve,  Sayer 991 

Oblldren  in  agriculture,  Mclntlre 31 

[Cooperative  production],  Harris  et  al »l 

Ck>operation  in  the  New  World,  Smith-Gordon aSl 

The  largest  cooperative  society  for  farmers 3K 

The  spread  of  cooperation  in  the  Punjab,  Strickland 3fi2 

The  Australian  Farmers'  Federal  Organization 5K 

Journal  of  proceedings  of  the  National  Grange. SK 

Third  annual  report  of  the  New  Jersey  State  Department  of  Agriculture.  Wr: 

Government  marketing  of  Australian  wheat,  Sakolski 392 

The  farmers'  elevator  movement  in  Ohio,  Brdman 9E 

Obligations  and  opportunities  of  mutual  insurance  companies,  Yalgren^  998 

A  rural  social  survey  of  Orange  Township,  Iowa,  Von  Tungeln  et  al —  M  j 

Rural  sanitation,  Lumsden 998  j 

Sources  of  agricultural  statistics,  Lacy 9M 

Monthly  Crop   Reporter 3M 

[Agricultural  staUstics  of  the  Prairie  Provinces,  1916] 3M 

Acreage  and  livestock  returns  of  Kngland  and  Wales 9W  \ 

The  important  crops  of  Algeria  and  Tunis,  Vermeil  and  L^nardon 3W 

Annual  report  on  Punjab  Colonies  for  year  ended  September  30;  1916 995 

AORICDLTUBAL  EDUCATION. 

Proceedings  of  Farmers'  Institute  Workers,  1917,  edited  by  Webb 995 

Bibliography  of  the  college. — I,  The  Institution 395 

Statistics  of  vocational  schools  and  teacher-training  centers  for  1918 —  995 

Plans  and  policies  of  Illinois  Board  for  Vocational  Education 398 

[Information  desired  in  application  for  approval  of  plans] 89S 

State-aided  vocational  education  In  Massachusetts 998 

Plans  for  vocational  education  in  Minnesota,  Phillips 99^ 

Plans  for  vocational  education  in  Nebraska 39? 

Nevada  plan  for  vocational  education  under  Smith-Hughes  Act  1918-19^  ^ 

Plans  for  vocational  education  in  New  Mexico,  Miller ^* 

Vocational  training  of  girls  in  the  State  of  New  York,  Hedges ^ 

Vocational  education  in  North  Carolina  under  the  Smith-Hu^^bes  Law ^ 

A  manual  of  vocational  education  for  North  Dakota  schools 398 

Plans  of  the  Oklahoma  State  Board  of  Vocational  Education 9* 

Federal  aid  for  home  economics  in  Texas,  Doughty  and  Crigler 998 

Vocational  education  under  the  Smith-Hughes  Law 998 

The  Chicago  plan  of  high  school  boys  in  agriculture,  Hayes SJS 

Agriculture  for  the  schools  of  northwestern  Indiana,  1918-19,  Bordner..  590 

Illustrated  lecture  on  soy  beans,  Morse  and  Hendrick 998 

ICISCELLANBOUS.  ' 

Annual  Report  of  California  Station,  1918 9* 

Thirty-sixth  Annual  Report  of  New  York  State  Station.  1917 9W 

A  day  at  the  Utah  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Merrill  et  al ^ 


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LIST  OF  EXPERIMENT  STATION  AND  DEPARTMENT 
PUBLICATIONS  REVIEWED. 


station*  i»  the  United  Btnte$, 
CSalifornia  Station:  Pag«. 

BnL  804,  Jan.,  1919 589 

Circ.  204,  Aug.,  1918 548 

ar.  206,  Feb..  1919 576 

Rpt  1918 599 

Colorado  Station : 

Bui.  248,  Nov..  1918 535 

Bui.  249,  Oct.,  1918^. 524 

Illinois  Station : 

Soil  Rpt.  18,  Nov.,  1918 514 

Indiana  Station: 

Bui.  222,  Sept.,  1918 514 

Bnl.  224,  Sept,  1918 526 

Iowa  Station : 

Bui.  184,  Dec.,  1918 593 

Kentucky  Station : 

Circ.  22,  July,  1918 535 

drc.  23,  Nov.,  1918 573 

Maryland  Station: 

Bui.  220,  Sept..  1918 535 

Bui.  221,  Sept,  1918 571 

Massachusetts  Station : 

Bui.  184,  July,  1918 549 

Bui.  185,  July,  1918 536 

Control    Sen   Bui.    9,    Oct, 

1918 517 

Control   Ser.  Bui.   10,  Oct., 

1918 ^ 571,574 

Met    Buls.    361-362,    Jan.- 

Feb.,  1919 511 

Michigan  Station : 

Bui.  282,  Sept,  1918 571 

Tech.  Bui.  43,  Nov.,  1918 512 

Spec.  Bui.  91,  Dec.,  1918 -     517 

Missouri  Station: 

But  150,  Oct.  1918 574 

Research     Bui.     28,     June, 

1918 567 

Nebraska  Station : 

Bui.  169,  Dec.,  1918 521 

Bui.  170,  Oct.  1918 569 

New  Jersey  Stations: 

Bui.  329,  Mar.  15,  1918 570 

New  York  State  Station : 

Thirty  -  sixth       An.       Rpt. 

1917 511,  599 

North  Dakota  Station: 

Spec.    Bui.,    vol.    5,    No.    7, 

Dec.,  1918 559,588 

Oliio  Station: 

Bui.  831,  Nov.,  1918 592 

Oregon  Station: 

But  156,  Dec.,  1918 575 

Bui.  157,  Jan..  1919 587 

Rbode  Island  Station : 

Insp.  But,  Oct,  1918 517 


Stations  in  the  United  States — Contd. 

Texas  Station:  Paw. 

Bui.  234,  Sept,  1918 571 

Bui.  235,  Sept,  1918 515 

Utah  Station: 

Circ.  39,  Dec.,  1918 599 

U.  8,  Department  of  Affriculture. 

Bui.  756,  Pecan  Rosette  in  Rela- 
tion to  Soil  Deficiencies,  S.  M. 

McMurran   544 

Bui.  758,  Pulpwood  Consumption 
and  Wood-pulp  Production  In 

1917.  P.  H.  Smith 543 

Farmers'  Bui.  1007,  Control  of 
|Jie  Onion  Thrlps,  F.  H.  Chit- 
tenden       548 

Farmers'  Bui.  1016,  Propagation 
and  Culture  of  the  Date  Palm, 

B.  Drummond 540 

Farmers'  Bui.  1023,  Machinery 
for  Cutting  Firewood,  H.  R. 

ToUey 588 

Bureau  of  Crop  Estimates : 

Monthly      Crop      Reporter, 
vol.  5,  No.  2,  Feb.,  1919—      594 
Forest  Service: 

Recreation  Urcs  on  the  Na- 
tional    Forests,     F.      A. 

Waugh 542 

Bureau  of  Markets: 
Seed  Rptr.,  vol.  2 — 

No.  8,  Feb.  8,  1919 535 

No.  9.  Mar.  8,  1919 535 

Bureau  of  Plant  Industry: 

Wart  of  Potatoes :  A  Disease 
New  to  the  United  States, 

L.  O.  Kunkel 543 

Washington  Asparagus:  In- 
formation and  Suggestions 
for  Growers  of  New  Pedi- 
greed  Rust  -resistant 

Strains,  J.  B.  Norton 538 

'Office  of  Farm  Management: 
Atlas  of  American  Agricul- 
ture:   V,   The  Crops.— A, 
Cotton,  O.  C.  Stine,  O.  B. 

Baker,  et  al 526 

States  Relations  Service : 

Syllabus  35,  Illustrated  Lec- 
ture on  Soy  Beans,  W.  J. 
Morse  and   H.   B.   Hend- 

rlck 599 

Weather  Bureau: 

Nat.  Weather  and  Crop  Bui. 

33,  1918 511 

Climat.  Data,  vol.  5,  Noa  9- 
10,  Sept.-Oct,  1918 511 

XX 

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EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 


[yoL40 


TJ,  8.  Department  of  Agriculture — Con.      17.  B.  Department  of  Agriculture^-CouL 


Scientific  Contributions:' 

Globulin  of  tbe  Coconut 
(Cocos  nuoifera).  —  I, 
Preparation  of  Coconut 
Globulin.  Distribution  of 
the  Basic  Nitrogen  in  Co- 
conut Globulin,  C.  O. 
Johns,  A.  J.  Finks»  and 
C.  B.  P.  Gersdorff 

Determination  of  the  Dis- 
tribution of  Nitrogen  in 
Certain  Seeds,  J.  F.  Brews- 
ter and  C.  L.  Alsberg 

Ash  Absorption  by  Spinach 
from  Concentrated  Soil 
Solutions,  R.  H.  True,  O. 
P.  Black,  and  J.  W.  Kelly. 

The  Preparation  of  Metol 
{N '  methyl-p-amidophenol 
Sulphate),  R.  N.  Harger— 

Laboratory  Apparatus  for 
Rapid  Evaporation,  E.  C. 
Merrill  and  C.  O.  Ewing__ 

An  Improved  Automatic 
Burette,  G.  J.  Hough 

Production  and  Consump- 
tion of  Potash  [In  the 
United  States],  D.  P. 
Houston 

A  Promising  Chemical  Pho- 
tometer for  Plant  Physio- 
logical Research,  C.  S. 
Ridgway 

Selection  of  Disease-free 
Seed  Corn,  G.  N.  Hoffer 
and  J.  R.  Holbert 

A  Study  of  Hybrids  in  Egyp- 
tian Cotton.  T.  H.  Kear- 
ney and  W.  G.  Wells 

Climatic  Control  of  the  Mor- 
phology and  Physiology  of 
Beets,  H.  B.  Shaw 

The  Testing  of  a  New  Tree 
Crop  for  Hardiness,  D. 
Pairchild 

A  Test  of  the  Efficiency  of 
Orchard  Heating,  A.  D. 
Shamel,  L.  B.  Scott,  and 
C.  S.  Pomeroy 

The  White  Pine  Blister 
Rust,  P.  Spauldlng 

A  Type  of  Winterkilling, 
Known  as  the  Red  Belt 
Injury  of  Porest  Trees, 
Occurring  in  the  Vicinity 
of  Helena,   Mont.,   E.   E. 


Pag«. 


502 

502 

502 

604 

505 
505 

516 

521 
526 
527 
531 
535 

540 
542 


Hubert 

54?! 

Economic  Use  of  the  For- 
ests   of    Montana,    J.    F. 
Preston 

54?, 

Histological  Studies  on  Po- 
tato   Leaf    Roll,     E.     F. 
Artschwager 

543 

Scientific  Contributions— Oon.       Pftge. 

Further  Data  on  the  Sus- 
oeptibQlty  of  Rutaceous 
Plants  to  Citrus  Canker, 
H.  A.  Lee 544 

Brown  Canker  of  Roses 
Caused  by  Diaporthe  mm- 
brina,  A.  E.  Jenkins 544 

Seedling  Diseases  of  Coni- 
fers, C.  Hartley,  T.  G. 
Merrill,  and  A.  S.  Rhoads^     545 

Parasitism,  Morphology,  and 
Qrtology  of  CronarUum 
ribioola,  R.  H.  Cooley 545 

Description  of  a  New  Sea- 
side Sparrow  from  li^lor- 
Ida,  A.  H.  Howell 547 

Government  Report  on 
laundry  Machinery. — ^Its 
Adaptability  to  Various 
Requirements  of  Disinfec- 
tion and  Disinsection,  W. 
D.  Pierce,  R.  H.  Hutchi- 
son, and  A<  Moscowltz 551 

A  Bacterlologic  Study  of 
Sardines,  M.  M.  Obst 555 

Kitchen  Tests  for  Pectin  in 
Jelly  Making,  M.  C.  Den- 
ton       538 

Calculation  of  the  Nutritive 
Value  of  Milk  from  Rou- 
tine Tests,  R.  S.  Smith 57G 

The  Bureau  of  Animal  In- 
dustry as  a  War  Auxili- 
ary. J.  R.  Mohler 577 

Maintaining  Animal  Health 
on  Farms,  J.  R.  Mohler..      577 

A  Multlple-plpette  Holder 
for  the  Distribution  of 
Serum  for  the  Comple- 
ment Fixation  Test,  P.  H. 
Reynolds 581 

Abortion  In  Cattle:  Some  of 
the  Causes  and  Preven- 
tives, G.  M.  Potter 585 

Experiments  on  Avian  Toxi- 
cology, B.  A.  Gallagher 587 

Obligations  and  Opportuni- 
ties of  Mutual  Insurance 
Companies  in  the  Conser- 
vation of  Property,  V.  N. 
Valgren 593 

Sources  of  Agricultural  Sta- 
tistics, M.  G.  Lacy 

Farmers*   Institutes  in   the      594 
United  States  In  1917,  J. 
M  Stedman 596 

Report  on  Movable  Schools 
of  Agriculture  under  War 
Conditions,  D.  J.  Crosby—      596 

Some  Timely  Topics  of  In- 
terest to  Farmers'  Insti- 
tute Workers,  A.  C.  True-      596 

Junior    Farmers*    Institute 

Work,  O.  H.  Benson 596 

*  Printed  in  scientific  and  technical  publicationR  outside  the  Department. 

uigitizea  Dy  vjx^v^^lC 


EXERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 


Vol,  40.  Abstract  Nttmbbr.  No.  6. 


RECENT  WORK  IN  AGRICULTURAL  SCIENCE. 


AOSICULTTraAL  CHEXISTRT— AOBOTECHKT. 

The  phirsiochemical  state  of  the  proteins  In  cow's  milk,  L.  S.  Paluer  and 
R.  G.  Scott  {Jour.  Biol  Chem,,  57  (1919),  No.  2,  pp,  27i-284).— Experiments 
are  reported  in  which  fresh  skim  milk,  sktm  milk  preserved  with  5  per  cent 
dkloroform,  skim  milk  preserved  with  0.05  per  cent  formaldehyde,  and  the 
lactic  acid  whey  from  fresh  skim  milk  were  filtered  through  Pasteur-Chamber- 
land  filtering  tabes  tinder  pressure.  The  total  protein  passing  through  the 
filters  was  determined  by  precipitation  with  Almen*s  tannic  add  reagent,  and 
the  nonprotein  nitrogen  in  the  filtrate  from  the  precipitate  thus  formed. 

The  amount  of  noncasein  protein  recovered  in  the  filtrate  did  not  in  any  case 
exceed  10  per  cent  of  the  noncasein  protein  in  the  original  milk,  and  in  most 
cases  was  considerably  less  than  this  figure.  There  was  also  only  a  partial 
recovery  of  the  nonprotein  nitrogen  of  the  original  milk  in  the  experiments 
with  chloroformed  and  formaldehyde-treated  milk.  Prom  these  results,  which 
are  not  in  agreement  with  those  obtained  by  Van  Slyke  and  Bosworth  (E.  S.  R., 
32,  p.  007),  the  authors  conclude  that  the  variation  in  the  size  of  the  pores  of 
different  Pasteur-Chamberland  filters  shows  the  fallacy  of  drawing  conclusions 
regarding  the  true  state  of  solution  of  noncasein  proteins  of  milk  based  on 
filtration  studies  of  this  character. 

Data  are  also  presented  which  show  that  chloroform  left  in  contact  with 
milk  greatly  depresses  the  amount  of  protein  which  can  be  recovered  from 
casein  filtrates  by  this  method,  probably  by  a  partial  precipitation  of  heat- 
coagnlable  protein.  This  is  thought  to  explain  the  fact  that  chloroformed 
milk  apparently  allows  less  heat-coagulable  protein  to  pass  through  the 
Pastenr-Cbamberland  filter  than  sour  milk  or  milk  preserved  by  formaldehyde. 

The  state  of  proteins  in  cow's  milk,  L.  L.  Van  Slyke  and  A.  W.  Boswobtr 
(Jour.  Biol,  Chem.,  S7  {1919),  No.  f,  pp.  t85,  t86).— In  reply  to  the  preceding 
paper,  attention  Is  called  to  the  fact  that  the  finer  filters  employed  by  Palmer 
and  Scott  would  require  passage  through  them  of  a  greater  volume  of  liquid 
for  saturation,  and  that  the  first  100  cc.  or  so  of  the  filtrate  should  conse- 
qtiently  have  been  discarded  before  drawing  samples  for  analysis. 

It  Ifl  also  pointed  out  that  the  action  of  chloroform  on  milk  Is  a  progressive 
one,  and  that,  therefore,  the  changes  noted  in  the  preceding  work  at  the  end  of 
aeren  days  are  not  comparable  to  those  which  might  have  taken  place  In 
flltrations  lasting  from  12  to  36  hours. 

601 


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502  EXPEBIMEKT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vol.  40 

Globulin  of  the  coconut  (Cocos  nudfera). — I,  Preparation  of  coconut  glo- 
bulin. Distribution  of  the  basic  nitrogren  in  coconut  cr^obulin,  C.  O.  Johkh, 
A.  J.  Finks,  and  C.  E.  F.  Gersdorff  (Jour.  Biol  Chem.,  S7  {1919),  No,  i,  pp. 
149-15S). — A  method  of  preparing  coconut  globulin  from  coconut  press  cake 
is  described  and  the  following  analyses  of  the  globulin  reported : 

Analysis  of  coconut  globulin  (Van  Slyke  method) :  Amid  N  7.99  per  cent, 
humin  N  adsorbed  by  lirae  1.41,  humln  N  in  amyl  alcohol  extract  O.UU  cystin 
N  0.96,  arginin  N  29.5,  histidin  N  S.68,  lysin  N  6.41,  amino  N  of  filtrate  45.44, 
and  nonamino  N  of  filtrate  4.6.  Basic  amino  acids  in  coconut  globulin :  Cystin 
1.44  per  cent,  arginin  15.92,  histidin  2.42,  and  lysin  5.8. 

The  free  amino  nitrogen  as  determined  with  the  Van  Slyke  microapparatus 
was  found  to  equal  nearly  one-half  the  lysin  nitrogen. 

Determination  of  the  distribution  of  nitrofi^en  in  certain  seeds,  J.  F.  Basw- 
STKB  and  O.  L.  Alsbebg  {Jour,  Biol.  Ckem,,  S7  {1919),  No.  5,  pp.  S67-S71). — 
This  is  the  report  of  an  investigation  conducted  at  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry 
of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  of  the  applicability  of  the  Van  Slyke 
method  of  protein  analysis  to  the  direct  analysis  of  seeds. 

To  determine  the  possible  effect  of  plant  nucleic  add  on  the  results  of  such 
an  analysis,  yeast  nucleic  acid  was  hydrolyzed  25  hours  with  20  per  cent  hydro- 
chloric acid  and  subjected  to  the  usual  procedure.  The  analysis  reported  indi- 
cates the  presence  of  15  per  cent  of  arginin  nitrogen.  As  yeast  nud^c  acid 
does  not  contain  arginin,  its  presence  in  the  hydrolysate  is  thought  to  be  due 
to  decomposition  of  the  guanin,  adenin,  and  cytosln  of  the  nucleic  acid,  and  to 
indicate  that  in  the  determination  of  the  distribution  of  the  nitrogen  In  mate- 
rials containing  nucleic  acid  by  the  Van  Slyke  method  erroneous  results  may  be 
obtained  because  some  of  the  purin  and  pyrimidin  nitrog^i  appears  in  the 
arginin  fraction. 

A  table  is  given  of  the  nitrogen  distribution  in  certain  seeds  and  seed  prod- 
ucts as  determined  by  the  Van  Slyke  method,  the  results  of  which  agree  fairly 
well  with  those  previously  reported  by  Grindley,  Slater,  et  al.  (B.  S.  R-,  34, 
p.  412). 

Ash  absorption  by  spinach  from  concentrated  soil  solutions,  R.  H.  Teu£, 
O.  F.  Black,  and  J.  W.  Kellt  {Jour,  Agr.  Research  [U.  8,],  16  {1919),  No.  1. 
pp.  15-25,  figs.  2). — In  connection  with  a  study  of  spinach  blight  conducted  co- 
operatively by  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agri- 
culture and  the  Virginia  Truck  Station  spinach  plants  were  grown  on  the 
grounds  of  the  Truck  Station  at  Norfolk  in  beds  given  heavy  treatments  of 
fertilizer  salts,  singly  and  in  mixtures.  The  plafits  were  divided  Into  roots  and 
tops  anfi  the  ash  constituents  were  determined,  both  as  percentages  of  dry 
material  and  as  percentages  of  the  total  ash.  The  results,  which  are  iNresented 
in  tables  and  graphs,  are  summarized  as  follows : 

The  best  results  were  secured  in  plats  receiving  a  complete  mixture  having  a 
basic  or  neutral  character  in  the  soil  (sodium  nitratej  basic  slag,  and  potas- 
sium sulphate);  next  best  with  acid  phosphate  and  with  sodium  sulphate; 
poor  In  plats  receiving  heavy  treatments  of  sodium  chlorid,  sodium  nitrate,  and 
acid  complete  mixture  (1  to  2  tons  per  acre)  ;  poorest  with  potassium  chlorid. 

"A  study  of  the  ash  showed  the  highest  total  ash  in  the  tops  in  plats  with 
sodium  chlorid,  calcium  carbonate,  acid  phosphate,  and  manure;  lowest  with 
potassium  chlorid  and  basic  complete  mixture.  The  highest  ash  was  In  roots 
accompanied  with  acid  phosphate  and  manure*  the  lowest  with  potassium 
chlorid  and  sodium  salts.  Qeneral  excellent  condition  of  the  croj^  doee  not 
parallel  high  ash  absorption,  the  best  and  poorest  plats  having  plants  with  low 


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1»1«1  AGRICULTURAL  CHEMISTRY — ^AGROTECHNY,  503 

''Ash  constituents  fall  into  two  groups:  (1)  Those  present  In  qnantlties  that 
sliow  relatively  little  variation  whatever  be  the  chemicals  added  to  the  soil — 
lime,  magnesia,  phosphorus  pentozid,  sulphur  triozld,  manganons  oxld,  almnina, 
and  ferric  ozid;  and  (2)  those  which  show  great  fluctuations  in  the  quantity 
present-Hsilica,  potash,  and  soda.  In  the  first  group  the  plants  seemed  to  be 
able  to  get  the  required  quantity  of  constituents  menti^med  from  the  soil  of  all 
plats  studied  whatever  was  offered  in  excess,  and  reached  an  equilibrium  that 
was  little  aifected  by  the  varying  conditions.  In  the  second  group  wide  varia- 
tions occur,  sometimes  with  an  increase  of  the  ions  offered  in  excess,  as  in 
sodium  chlorid  and  sodium  nitrate,  sometimes  by  the  absorption  of  something 
else,  as  increase  in  silica  in  plats  receiving  calcium  carbonate  and  acid  phos- 
phate. 

"  Manganous  oxld  is  the  only  constituent  regularly  present  in  greater  propor- 
tion in  the  roots  than  in  the  tops. 

"  In  some  cases  the  high  absorption  of  one  constituent  is  accompanied  by  the 
low  absorption  of  another,  and  vice  versa.  Such  reciprocal  pairs  are  silica  and 
potash,  soda  and  lime,  and  potash  and  magnesia.  The  silica-potash  ratio  is 
relatively  steady.  When  silica  equals  1,  potash  varies  between  1.16  and  2.18  in 
the  tope  and  between  1.88  and  2.82  in  the  roots,  except  when  the  substance 
added  to  the  soil  is  high  in  calcium,  when  the  value  of  potash  becomes  less 
than  unity  in  both  tops  and  roots. 

"  The  soda-potash  ratio  is  much  more  variable,  being  always  more  than  1  in 
both  tops  and  roots.  When  mixtures  of  salts  are  added  to  the  soil,  potash  rises 
to  very  high  relative  values. 

"There  is  a  suggestion  that  sodium  may  perform  some  functions  also  per- 
formed by  potassium,  indicating  the  possibility  that  sodium  might  in  part  re- 
place potassium  in  fertillzera 

"The  calcium-magnesium  ratio  in  spinach,  both  in  leaves  n.M  in  roots,  is 
exceptional  in  having  a  value  greater  than 'unity.  The  only  exception  is  seen 
in  the  tops  of  plants  receiving  a  heavy  treatment  with  calcium  cartMmate. 
This  .fact  seems  to  suggest  the  practical  importance  of  magnesium  salts  as  fer- 
tilizers for  spinach." 

Bacteziological  studies  on  alfalfa  silaffe,  O.  W.  Htjnteb  {Jour.  A^,  Re- 
•earch  [U.  fi.],  15  {1918),  No.  11,  pp,  511-^92,  figs.  5).— This  is  a  report  of 
bacteriological  studies  made  in  connection  with  the  investigations  at  the  Kansas 
Bxperiment  Stati<m  on  alfalfa  silage  (E.  S.  R.,  87,  p.  700).  Three  series  of 
studies  were  made,  the  first  tvA>  on  samples  of  the  silage  obtained  under  aseptic 
conditions  from  the  experimental  silage  of  1014  and  3015,  previously  described 
(E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  871),  and  the  third  on  green  and  cured  alfalfa  stored  in  sterile 
milk  bottles  with  and  without  carbohydrates.  Chemical  analyses  were  also 
made  of  the  bottled  silage  in  order  to  determine  the  effect  of  carbohydrates  on 
the  quality  of  the  silage. 

The  results  obtained  from  the  first  two  studies  indicate  that  alfalfa  when 
siloed  alone  undergoes  a  typical  silage  fermentation  which  is  caused  by  micro- 
bial flora,  and  is  practically  idratical  with  that  obtained  from  silage  made  from 
the  common  forage  crops.  The  final  product  is  of  very  poor  quality.  When  a 
fermentable  cart>ohydrate  is  added  to  the  alfalfa  at  the  time  of  siloing,  a  good 
quality  of  silage  is  produced,  although  but  little  difference  can  be  noted  between 
the  microbial  flora  of  such  silage  and  that  of  silage  made  from  alfalfa  alone. 

Similar  results  were  obtained  in  the  third  series  of  experiments.  The  chem- 
ical data  indicate  that  silage  produced  from  alfalfa  with  a  carbohydrate  sup- 
filement  has  a  higiier  add  content  than  the  alfalfa  alone.  More  amino  nitrogen 
and  more  ammonia  were  formed  in  the  alfalfa  silage  than  in  th^t  nlfalfft  and 


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504  fiXPSBIMENl   STATION  BBGORD.  {Vol.  4© 

carbohydrate  sllage»  indicating  that  the  carbohydrate  nerrea  as  a  protein 
sparer.  The  theory  is  advanced  that  proteolytic  action,  which  is  responsible 
for  the  offensiye  odors  characteristic  of  the  alfalfa  silage,  results,  in  part  at 
least,  from  the  ability  of  the  add  producers  to  utilise  protein  as  a  source  of 
energy  in  the  absence  of  available  carbohydrates. 

Studies  on  pepsin* — ^I,  Chemical  ehanges  in.  the  purification  of  pepcdn* 
L.  Davis  and  H.  M.  Mebkeb  («^o«ir.  Amer,  Chem.  8oc.,  41  {1919),  No,  2,  pp. 
221-4^8). — ^The  literature  on  the  chemical  composition  of  pepsin  is  reviewed, 
and  an  investigation  is  reported  of  the  changes  taking  place  in  the  purtficatlon 
of  p^wln  with  the  view  of  throwing  light  on  its  chemical  composition.  Chemi- 
cal analyses  were  made  of  samples  of  pepsin  of  proteolytic  str^igth  of  1 :  2fiiOO 
up  to  1 :  40,000,  the  results  of  which  are  summarized  as  follows : 

"  The  puriflcation  of  pepsin  seems  to  consist  in  the  elimination  of  secondary 
protein  derivatives  including  a-amino  acida  Oalcium  and  sulphur  appear  to 
be  unaltered  as  a  result  of  purification,  but  phosphorus  is  materially  reduced. 
Chlorids  are  seemingly  entirely  removed.  Aqueous  solutions  of  pepsin,  after 
purification,  show  no  material  change  in  optical  activity.  A  sample  of  high 
digestive  power  (1 :  40,000)  shows  a  reaction  very  nearly  neutral.  Pepsin  tends 
to  approach  nearer  to  the  actual  diaracter  of  a  protein  (possibly  a  ^copro- 
tein)  with  increasing  proteolytic  activity.'* 

Influence  of  hydrogen-ion  concentration  upon  ensymic  activity  of  three 
typical  amylases,  H.  G.  Sherkan,  A.  W.  Thomas,  and  M.  E.  Baldwut  iJou». 
Amer.  Chem.  Soo.,  41  (1919),  No.  2,  pp.  2S1'-2S6,  fig.  l).^In  continuation  of  hi- 
vestigatioDS  on  amylases  and  related  enzyms  (E.  S.  R.,  SO,  p.  009),  determina- 
tions are  reported  of  the  H-ion  concentration  which  induces  optimum  activity 
of  pancreatic  and  malt  amylases  and  that  of  AspergUhu  orysiB  (prepared  from 
taka  diastase),  and  of  the  limits  of  H-ion  concentration  within  which  any 
enzymatic  activity  is  shown.  The  H-ion  concentration  was  determined  by  the 
use  of  the  C^lark  cell  and  rocking  eltetrode. 

Pancreatic  amylase  was  found  to  be  active  betweoi  the  limits  of  pH  4  to  10 
with  optimum  activity  at  about  7,  the  solutions  commonly  considered  neutral 
showing  under  similar  conditions  a  pH  value  of  5.8.  Malt  amylase  was  actlre 
between  pH  2.5  and  9,  with  optimum  activity  at  4.4  to  4.5.  The  amylase  of 
A.  oryzw  was  active  from  pH  2.6  to  8,  with  optimum  activity  at  about  4.8. 

The  activities  of  the  three  amylases  throughout  the  range  of  H4on  ccmcen- 
tration  in  which  activity  was  found  are  summarized  by  means  of  curves.  The 
influence  of  concentration  of  electrolyte^  as  dlsflnguished  from  concentration 
of  H-ion  alone,  appeared  greatest  in  the  case  of  pancreatic  amylase  and  least 
In  the  case  of  the  amylase  of  A.  oryzw. 

The  effect  of  neutral  salts  upon  the  acthrity  of  ptyalin,  B.  W.  Bockwood 
(Jour.  Amer.  Chem.  8oc.,  41  {1919),  No.  2,  pp.  22S-230).— In  continuation  of 
work  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  204)  on  auxo-amylases  or  activaton  of 
amylolytic  enzyms,  a  study  is  reported  of  the  effect  of  small  amounts  of  am- 
monium and  other  neutral  salts  upon  the  activity  of  ptyalln. 

Variations  in  ptyalln  activity  in  the  presence  of  these  salts  were  ft>und  to 
be  a  function  of  the  anion*  The  effect  was  greatest  with  chlorids,  bromids,  and 
nitrates;  considerable  with  sulphates  and  thiocyanates ;  and  sliest  with 
fluorids,  acetates,  and  tartrates.  The  nature  and  valence  of  the  cation  ap- 
peared to  have  no  effect  As  a  possible  reason  for  the  variations  produced  by 
the  anion,  a  ooUoidal  change  in  either  the  starch  of  the  albumin  of  the  saliva 
or  in  both  Is  suggested. 

The  preparatlcm  of  metol  (N-methyl-p-amidophenol  sulphate),  R.  N. 
Habosb  (Jour,  Amer,  Chem,  800.^  4I  (1919),  No.  2,  pp.  279-276). 


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1»1©)  AGRIGITLrXJRAL  CHEMISTRY — ^AOROTEGHNY.  506 

Course  of  reaction  in  eacplosionB  of  dilute  CSa-air  mixtures,  G.  R.  Stewart 
and  J.  S.  BuBD  {Jour.  Indu9.  and  Engin.  Chem,,  11  {1919),  No.  9,  pp.  ISO-ISS),— 
This  is  the  report  of  a  laboratory  study  of  the  combination  products  of  carbon 
bisulphld,  made  at  the  California  Experiment  Station  in  connection  with  in- 
yestigations  on  the  control  of  ground  squirrels  by  fumigation  methods  (E.  S.  R., 
40,  p.  850). 

Combustion  of  carbon  bisulphld  in  dilute  mixtures  with  air  was  found  to 
result  always  in  the  formation  of  carbon  dioxld,  carbon  monoxid,  sulphur 
dloxid,  and  some  residual  carbon  bisulphld.  The  character  of  the  resulting 
gas  mixture,  quantitatively  considered,  was  found  to  depend  more  upon  the 
initial  carbon  bisulphld  concentration  than  upon  variation  in  the  reaction. 

Color  in  relation  to  chemical  constitution,  E.  R.  Watson  {Neto  York  and 
London:  Longmans,  Qreen  d  Co.,  1918,  pp.  XII +197,  pis,  15,  figs.  52).— In  this 
volume,  which  is  one  of  the  monographs  on  industrial  cliemistry  edited  by  K. 
Thorpe,  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  give  a  brief  and  connected  account  of  the 
main  lines  on  which  research  and  discussion  have  taken  place  with  regard  to 
the  relation  between  color  and  chemical  constitution  and  the  principal  theories 
which  have  been  proposed  as  to  the  nature  of  the  vibrations  to  which  ordinary 
color  is  due.    An  extensive  bibliography  is  appended. 

laboratory  apparatus  for  rapid  evaporation,  E.  C.  Mxrbiix  and  C.  O. 
BwiKo  iJowr.  Indus,  and  Engin.  Chem.,  11  {1919),  No.  S,  pp.  230,  fig.  i).— The 
apparatus,  devised  by  the  authors  at  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry  of  the  U.  S.  De- 
partment of  Agriculture,  employs  air  from  a  blast  which  is  first  passed  through 
a  screw-capped  brass  cylinder,  packed  with  cotton,  which  filters  out  any  particle 
that  might  contaminate  the  residue  during  the  operation,  and  then  through  a 
2-m.  coil  of  0.6  cm.  copper  tubing  which  rests  on  the  steam  pipes  in  an  ordinary 
steam  bath.  This  is  connected  with  individual  blowers  supported  over  the 
respective  holes  in  the  steam  bath  and  provided  with  glass  stopcocks,  so  that  as 
many  as  are  desired  can  be  used  simultaneously. 

The  appardtus  is  said  to  be  specially  useful  for  the  rapid  top  evaporatl<m  of 
solutions  which  are  apt  to  decrepitate.  By  insulating  the  beaker  from  the 
batli,  a  rapid  evaporation  at  a  low  temperature  can  be  made  of  solutions  of 
materials  which  are  apt  to  volatilize,  polymerize,  or  decompose  at  higher  tem- 
peratures. 

An  Imiproved  automatic  burette,  Q.  J.  Hough  {Jour.  Indus,  and  Engin. 
Chem.,  11  {1919),  No.  S,  p.  229,  fig.  1).— The  author  at  the  Bureau  of  Soils  of  the 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  has  devised  an  automatic  burette,  the  princi- 
pal merits  of  which  are  said  to  be  that  it  requires  no  bracket  or  support  to 
bold  it  in  the  solution  reservoir  and  that  it  can  be  cleaned  quickly  and  used 
for  some  other  solution.  The  base  of  the  burette  consists  of  a  tube  sm:- 
rounded  by  a  much  larger  tube,  which  fits  into  the  rubber  stopper  of  the  solu- 
tion reservoir.  This  outer  Jacket  is  connected  with  a  T-shaped  tube,  to  one 
outlet  of  which  is  attached  a  rubber  pressure  bulb.  The  other  outlet  is  closed 
by  the  finger  when  pumping  air  into  the  reservoir.  A  hole  in  the  outer  Jacket 
serves  to  equalize  the  pressure  in  the  reservoir. 

A  diagram  is  given  of  the  apparatus,  with  accompanying  dimensions. 

Colorimetric  scale  for  the  rapid  estimation  of  free  hydrochloric  acid  by 
means  of  a  solution  of  brilliant  green,  M.  Delort  and  Roche  {Compt.  Rend. 
Soc.  Biol.  [Paris],  81  {1918),  No.  12,  pp.  646-649;  abs.  in  Jour.  Chem.  Soc 
ILondon],  114  {1918),  No.  674,  II,  p.  450).— The  scale  is  prepared  by  mixing  in 
varying  proportions  a  nonfiltered  1  per  cent  hydro-alcoholic  solution  of  methy- 
lene blue,  a  filtered  5  per  cent  aqueous  solution  of  neutral  potassium  chromate, 
and  a  nonfiltered  0.1  per  cent  hydro-alcoholic  solution  of  eosln.     These  are 


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606  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [VoL40 

placed  in  sealed  tubes  and  kept  as  a  permanent  scale  of  colors,  which  matdi 
those  produced  by  mixing  equal  volumes  of  a  0.02  per  cent  solution  of  bril- 
liant green  with  gastric  juice  containing  six  different  concentrations  of  free 
hydrochloric  acid  (0.025  to  0.2  per  cent). 

Accurate  (letermination  of  soil  nitrates  by  phenol  disalphonic  add  method, 
H.  A.  Notes  {Jour.  Indus,  and  Engin.  Chem.,  11  {1919),  No.  S,  pp.  219-^18).- 
As  a  result  of  a  study  at  the  Indiana  Experiment  Station  of  errors  in  the 
colorimetric  (phenol  disulphonlc  add)  method  for  determining  soil  nitrates, 
the  following  modified  procedure  is  recommended : 

The  soil  solution  is  prepared  by  shaking  thoroughly  50  gm.  of  the  soil  with 
200  cc.  of  distilled  water  and  filtering  several  times  through  a  good  grade  of 
filter  paper.  Five  cc.  of  the  clear  filtrate  is  pipetted  into  small  evaporating 
dishes  and  evaporated  to  dryness  on  a  steam  bath.  When  cool,  1  cc  of  the 
phenol  disulphonlc  add  solution,  pr^ared  according  to  Chamot,  Pratt,  and 
Redfleld  (E.  S.  R.,  26,  p.  110),  is  added  drop  by  drop  to  the  dry  residue,  rotating 
the  dish  so  that  the  add  com'bs  in  con  tad  with  all  the  r^idue.  After  standing 
15  minutes  15  cc.  of  cold  distilled  water  is  slowly  added,  after  which  by  means 
of  a  wash  bottle  having  a  fine  Jet,  dilute  (4  to  8  per  cent)  ammonium  hydroxid 
is  added  until  the  yellow  color  is  permanent  The  solution  and  a  standard, 
prepared  from  5  cc.  of  a  potassium  nitrate  solution  containing  0.0001  gm.  of 
nitrate  per  cubic  centimeter  and  treated  like  the  soils  undergoing  the  tests, 
are  washed  Into  cylinders  for  a  Schrelner  colorimeter,  made  up  to  the  100  mm. 
mark,  and  compared  in  the  colorimeter. 

Experimental  data  are  given  indicating  that  the  method  as  outlined  Is 
adapted  to  the  accurate  determination  of  soil  nitrates  In  large  as  well  aa  in 
small  amounts. 

The  use  of  small  aliquots  of  the  water  extract  reduces  the  amounts  of  inter- 
fering salts,  prevents  heat  reactions  with  the  sulphuric  add,  and  thereby 
Increases  the  accuracy  of  the  determination.  Ohlorids  were  found  to  have  no 
effect  on  the  determination.  Calcium  hydroxid  was  found  to  be  the  best  pre- 
cipitant of  colored  water-soluble  organic  matter  as  well  as  of  interfering 
inorganic  substances,  such  as  soluble  Iron  compounds. 

The  solvent  action  of  dilute  dtric  and  nitric  adds  on  rock  phosphate, 
J.  A.  Stenius  {Jour.  Indus,  and  Engin.  Chem.,  11  {1919),  No.  S,  pp.  22^227). — 
An  investigation  is  reported  from  the  Ohio  Experiment  Station  of  the  possible 
value  of  dilute  citric  and  nitric  acid  solutions  as  substitutes  for  neutral  ammo- 
nium citrate  solutions  for  determining  the  availability  of  phosphorus  in  rock 
phosphate. 

Both  acids  were  found  to  possess  too  high  a  solvent  power  to  discriminate 
between  the  available  and  nonavailable  phosphorus.  An  additional  objection 
to  the  use  of  dtric  acid  is  that  basicity  has  a  deddedly  depressing  Infiuence 
on  the  solvent  power,  which  can  not  be  entirely  overcome  by  the  addition  of  an 
extra  amount  of  dtric  add  equivalent  to  the  basidty.  With  nitric  add,  how- 
ever, it  was  found  that  the  effect  of  basidty  could  be  wholly  overcome  by  add- 
ing exadly  the  amount  of  nitric  acid  corresponding  to  the  bases  present 

The  author  concludes  that  while  neutral  ammonium  dtrate  can  not  serve  as 
a  means  for  measuring  the  absolute  amount  of  available  phosphorus,  it  prob- 
ably gives  a  sufficiently  reliable  Indication  of  the  available  phosphorus  of  rock 
phosphate  and  the  dianges  in  availability  due  to  sulfofication  and  other 
processes.  The  necessity,  however,  is  pointed  out  of  making  two  determina- 
tions, one  at  the  beginning  and  one  at  the  end  of  the  experiment,  and  of  main- 
taining absolutely  uniform  conditions. 


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1»1»1  AGRICULTURAL  GHEHISTRT — ^AGROTEOHNT.  607 

Contribution  to  the  study  of  the  Adamkiewicz  reaction  and  of  the  trans- 
formation of  gljaxjUc  acid  into  formaldehyde,  £.  Voisenkt  {Bui.  Soc.  Chim, 
France,  4-  9er.,  2S  {1918),  No.  8,  pp.  361-^69;  ab9.  in  Analyst,  4S  U918),  No. 
512,  p.  386). — Experiments  are  described  which  indicate  that  the  violet  colora- 
tion in  the  Adamkiewicz  reaction  is  due  to  formaldehyde  rather  than  to 
glyoxylic  acid.  In  place  of  glyoxylic  acid,  recommended  by  Hopkins  and  Goie 
(E.  S.  R.,  13,  p.  522),  the  author  suggests  the  use  of  formaldehyde  in  a  1 
per  cent  solution  with  sulphuric  or  liydrochloric  acid,  followed  by  the  addition 
of  a  drop  of  1  per  cent  nitrite  solution. 

The  determination  of  lactose,  E.  Huldt  (Compt  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  [Pari8i, 
167  (1918),  No.  21,  pp.  756-759). — The  author  recommends  the  use  of  a  cata 
lyzer  such  as  benzene  sulphonlc  acid  for  hydrolysis  of  the  lacto-serum  in  the 
procedure  for  .determining  lactose  in  lacto-serum  by  the  reducing  power  after 
inTersion.  The  time  required  for  complete  hydrolysis  is  said  to  be  less  than 
when  mineral  acids  are  employed  as  catalyzers,  and  the  danger  of  destruction 
of  the  galactose  and  glucose  formed  on  hydrolysis  is  avoided. 

Determination  of  lactose  in  mixtures  with  sucrose  and  invert  suflT&r,  J. 
Gbossfield  {Ztschr.  Unteranch.  Nahr.  u.  Qenuasmtk,  35  (1918),  No.  7-8,  pp.  249- 
256). — ^The  author  has  derived  formulas  and  constructed  tables  by  means  of 
which  lactose  and  sucrose  can  be  determined  in  the  same  sample  from  the 
values  obtained  on  polarization  and  reduction  after  inversion.  The  method  is 
said  to  be  applicable  to  the  analysis  of  sweetened  and  condensed  milk  and 
otlier  milk  products. 

The  determination  of  fructose  in  the  presence  of  aldoses,  A.  Hebzfeld  and 
G.  Len ART  (ZUchr.  Ver.  Dent.  Zuckerindus.,  No.  749,  II  (1918),  pp.  227-234).— 
This  is  an  application  to  the  determination  of  fructose  in  sugar  beets  and  beet 
Juices  of  the  procedure  described  by  Wilson  and  Atkins  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  10) 
for  the  estimation  of  mixtures  of  four  or  more  carbohydrates  by  quantitative 
oxidation  with  bromin. 

It  was  found  that  the  lead  acetate  used  for  clarifying  the  solution  to  be 
tested  apparently  acted  as  a  catalyzer,  reducing  the  oxidation  period  to  within 
24  houni 

I>etermination  of  acidity  and  titrable  nitrogren  in  wheat  with  the  hydro- 
gen electrode,  G.  Q.  Swanson  and  E.  L.  Taoue  (Jour,  Agr.  Research  [U,  £>.], 
16  (1919),  No.  1,  pp.  1-13,  figs.  6). — This  paper  presents  the  results  of  a  stuily 
at  the  Kansas  Experiment  Station  of  the  H-ion  concentration  of  extracts  of« 
ground  wheat  at  different  temperatures  and  periods  of  time.  Determinations 
were  also  made  of  the  amino  nitrogen  by  the  SQrensen  formaldehyde  method 
and  of  the  total  and  inorganic  phosphorus. 

Fifty  gm.  of  finely  ground  Kansas  hard  wheat  was  weighed  into  a  quart 
Mason  Jar  and  heated  to  the  temperature  used  in  the  extraction.  Five  hun- 
dred cc  of  carbon  dioxld-free  water,  previously  heated  to  the  temperature 
employed,  was  then  added  with  5  cc.  of  toluene  as  a  preventive  of  ttacterial 
action.  The  whole  was  thoroughly  shaken,  placed  in  a  thermostat,  and  the 
fOiaking  repeated  at  frequent  intervals  during  the  time  of  extraction,  at  the 
end  of  which  time  the  contents  of  tlie  jar  were  centrifuged  and  filtereil.  The 
filtrate  was  used  for  determinations  by  means  of  the  hydrogen  electrode  of  the 
H-lon  concentration  or  the  pH  value  of  the  extract,  the  amount  of  N/20 
Ba(OH)i  used  to  titrate  to  the  absolute  neutral  point  of  pH=7,  to  the  point 
of  color  change  for  phenolphthalein  or  pH=8.3,  to  the  point  of  color  change 
for  thymolphtbaleln  or  pH=0.3 ;  the  amount  of  alkali  necessary  to  reneutrallze 
after  the  addition  of  neutral  formaldehyde ;  the  total  phosphorus  In  the  extract ; 
and  the  pbosphorua  precipitated  by  magnesia  mixture.    Extractions  were  made 

114878*— No.  6— 1» 2 

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508  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  lVoL4e 

at  temperatures  ot  5,  20,  40,  and  60*"  G.  and  at  the  following  time  periods:  5, 
90,  and  00  minutes ;  2,  4,  8,  10,  and  24  tiours. 

The  temperature  at  which  the  extraction  was  made  and  the  duration  of  the 
digestion  period  did  not  influence  appreciably  the  H-ion  concentration,  although 
the  quantity  of  N/20  Ba(OH)i  necessary  to  change  the  concentration  to  a 
definite  point  was  within  certain  limits  proportional  to  the  duration  of  the 
digestion.  This  is  thought  to  indicate  that  the  H-ion  concentration  of  the  water 
extract  of  wheat  is  definite  in  amount  and  is  not  changed  during  the  extractioD 
in  proportion  to  the  time.  The  conditions  for  ionization  are  not  present  imtQ 
an  alkali  is  added.  Ionization  then  takes  place,  and  the  amount  of  standard 
alkali  necessary  to  lower  the  H-ion  concentration  to  a  given  point  bears  a  pro- 
portionate relation  to  the  temperature  and  duration  of  the  digestion  period. 

The  amount  of  amino  nitrogen  was  found  to  reach  the  maximum  at  20"*  In 
about  8  hours  and  at  40*  in  2  hours.  At  20*  the  amount  of  phosphorus  in  the 
extract  precipitated  by  magnesia  mixture  axeraged  about  half  of  the  total, 
while  at  40*  practically  all  of  the  total  phosphorus  was  converted  into  forms 
that  are  precipitated  by  the  magnesia  mixture. 

Total  phosphoric  add  and  lecithin  phosphoric  add  content  of  various 
kinds  of  peas,  P.  HalXsz  {Biochetn.  Zt9chr,,  87  (1918),  No.  1-2,  pp.  lOk-tm- 
Analyses  are  reported  of  the  total  and  lecithin  phosphoric  acid  contrat  of 
several  varletes  of  peas.  It  is  pointed  out  that  the  green  chlorophyll-containing 
peas  are  rich  in  lecithin  and  poor  in  starch,  while  the  yellow  varieties  contain 
less  lecithin  and  more  starch.  The  total  phosphoric  acid  is  also  higher  in  the 
green  than  in  the  yellow  peas. 

Carbon  dioxid  determination  in  baking  powders,  H.  Scheixbach  and  F. 
BoDiNUS  {ZUohr,  Vniersuch,  Nahr,  u,  OenussmtL,  S5  {1918),  No,  6,  pp.  tSS- 
tiO). — ^A  method  for  the  determination  of  carbon  dioxid  in  chemicals,  baking 
powders,  etc.,  is  described.  This  consists  essentially  in  the  volumetric  determi- 
nation of  the  carbon  dioxid  set  free  by  a  5  per  cent  phosphoric  acid  solotiOD 
and  collected  in  33  per  cent  potassium  hy<)roxld  solution. 

Carbon  dlozid  determination  and  valuation  in  bakinir  powders,  J.  Tn.i.- 
ifANs  and  O.  Heubucin  {Ztschr.  Vntersnch,  Nahr,  u.  Chmusamtl,,  S5  (1918),  Jfa. 
7-8,  pp.  tSl-'iSe,  fl0s.  t).—Th\n  is  a  criticism  and  discussion  of  the  article 
noted  abovOk  The  method  described  by  Schellbach  and  Bodinus  is  considered 
inaccurate. 

A  further  contribution  to  the  microscopic  investigation  of  coffee  substi- 
tutes, C.  Gkiebel  (ZUchr.  UntersHch.  Nahr.  ic.  QenusBtntl.,  55  {1918),  No.  6,  pp. 
2SS-2S5,  figs.  S). — The  microscopic  characteristics  are  described  of  the  seeds 
of  serradella  {Omithopus  tativiu),  which  has  been  used  in  Gtermony  as  a 
coffee  substitute. 

Contribution  to  tiie  microscopic  investigation  of  coffee  snbstitutes,  G. 
Qbiebel  {ZUohr.  Vntersuch.  Nahr.  u.  Oenussmtl,  S5  {1918),  No.  7-8,  pji.  f72- 
277,  figs.  S). — ^The  substitutes  discussed  in  this  article  are  the  seeds  of  the  corn 
spurrey  {Spergula  arvensis)  and  the  false  acacia  (Rohinia  psetufo-oonda). 
The  former  contain  starch,  while  the  latter  are  free  from  starch  but  contain 
protein  and  fat 

Witgatboom:  A  substitute  for  chicory,  J.  McRab  and  A.  Kloot  {Analyst. 
43  {1918),  No.  512,  pp.  S7S,  574).— A  description  Is  given  of  two  varieties  of 
witgatboom  (white-hole  tree),  and  chemical  analyses  are  reported  of  the  dried 
and  roasted  roots,  which  are  used  in  South  Africa  as  a  substitute  for  chicory. 
The  roasted  product  is  said  to  grind  more  easily  than  diicory  and  to  possess 
a  sweetish  taste  without  any  bitter  aftertaste. 


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AGRICULTURAL  CHEMISTRY — AGROTBCHNY. 


609 


Methods  for  the  quantitative  determination  of  the  nonprotein  nitrogenous 
constitaents  of  milk,  W.  Denis  and  A.  S.  MiNorr  (Jour.  Biol,  Chem,,  S7  (1919), 
No.  S,  pp.  953-^66). — ^The  methods  described  include  determinations  of  total 
nonprotein  nitrogen,  urea,  creatlnln  and  creatln,  amino  nitrogen,  and  uric  acid. 

In  the  procedure  for  the  total  nonprotein  nitrogen,  the  proteins  and  fat  are 
first  removed  by  heating  the  sample  with  copper  sulphate  in  a  solution  made 
0.005  normal  with  sulphuric  acid.  After  filtering,  a  small  amount  of  ammonia- 
firee  formaldehyde  is  added  to  the  filtrate  to  prevent  the  formation  of  insoluble 
amino  copper  compounds,  and  the  lactose  is  then  precipitated  with  cupric 
hydroxid  prepared  with  calcium  hydroxld  instead  of  sodium  hydroxid,  on 
account  of  the  readiness  with  which  an  excess  can  be  removed  by  precipitation 
with  oxalic  acid  and  potassium  oxalate.  Slight  modifications  found  necessary 
with  human  milk  consisted  of  the  omission  of  the  sulphuric  acid  from  the  cop- 
per sulphate  solution  and  the  addition  of  a  small  amount  of  a  10  per  cent  solu- 
tion of  disodium  phosphate.  In  both  cases  the  nonprotein  nitrogen  was  deter- 
mined by  methods  similar  to  that  described  by  Folln  and  Denis  (B.  S.  R.,  86, 
p.  316)  for  the  total  nitrogen  in  urine. 

For  the  determination  of  creatlnln  and  creatin,  the  colorlmetrlc  picric  acid 
method  of  Folin  was  found  to  be  satisfactory  after  a  preliminary  precipitation 
oC  the  lactose  by  calcium  sulphate  and  calcium  hydroxid.  The  amino  nitrogen 
was  determined  by  the  Tan  Slyke  nitrous  add  method,  employing  the  micro 
apparatus.  Copper  acetate  and  acetic  acid  were  found  to  be  the  most  satisfac- 
tory protein  predpitants  with  the  subsequent  addition  of  potassium  oxalate 
to  remove  excess  of  caldum  salts.  With  human  millc,  copper  acetate  and 
disodium  phosphate  were  employed.  Uric  add  was  determined  by  precipitation 
with  alkaline  einc  acetate,  nickel  acetate,  as  suggested  by  Curtman  and  Lehr- 
man  (K  S.  IL,  40,  p.  16),  having  been  found  to  possess  no  adrantage  over  sine 
acetate. 

The  technique  of  all  the  determinations  is  described  in  detail,  and  a  table 
is  given  of  the  results  obtained  from  three  samples  of  cow's  milk  and  three 
ct  homan  milk.    The  average  results  are  as  follows : 

NottproMm  fU^royenotit  ooHitiiuetU9  of  mtUe. 


Quoitity  per  100  oo.  mUk. 

KlndofidUk. 

Total 
non- 

UnaN. 

Amino 

N. 

Pro. 

fonnod 

cnatlDdiL 

CrMttn. 

Uric 
add. 

Cow 

39.0 

12.« 

7.21 

3.n 

^... 

2.C 

The  microanalysis  of  malted  milk,  G.  W.  Baixabd  (Jour.  Amer.  Pharm. 
A990c.^  7  (191S),  No.  i,  pp.  SteSSS,  figs.  8). — ^The  author  describes  the  micro- 
scopical characters  of  skimmed  milk,  whole  milk,  and  malt  powders  and  of 
dried  malt  extract,  and  the  characteristic  elements  in  the  standard  processed 
nalted  milk  in  which  enzymic  action  has  taken  place,  in  the  so-called  mixed 
■uilted  milk  prepared  by  mechanically  mixing  certain  quantities  of  powdered 
nilk  with  malt  or  malt  preparations,  and  in  the  substitute  or  spurious  malted 

AilkSL 

It  la  stated  that  a  microahalytical  determination  of  a  malted  milk  can  be 
csmpleted  by  an  experienced  worker  in  less  than  oae  hour,  and  that  from  such 


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an  analysts  can  be  determined  what  kind  of  milk  and  malt  has  been  used  and 
whether  the  sample  is  a  standard  processed  article  or  an  imitation  mixture. 

A  tabulation  of  24  microanalyses  of  milk  is  reported,  of  which  16  were  foand 
to  be  mixed  and  8  processed. 

Seduction  of  the  quantity  of  humin  nltrofiren  formed  in  the  hjrdrolyiis 
of  the  nltrofirenous  constituents  of  feeding  stuffs,  H.  C.  Ek^KSTEiR  and  H.  SI 
Gbindlbt  iJour.  Biol.  Chem.,  S7  {1919),  No,  S,  pp.  575-^l»).— Certain  modill- 
cations  of  the  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  96,  p.  205)  application  of  the  Van 
Slyke  method  of  protein  analysis  to  the  determination  of  the  nitrogenous  con- 
stituents of  feeding  stuffs  are  described  which  are  said  to  obviate  the  interfer 
ence  of  some  of  the  nonprotein  nitrogenous  constituents  and  to  lower  consider- 
ably the  amount  of  humln  nitrogen.   The  details  of  the  method  are  as  follows : 

"  Weighed  quantities  of  the  feeding  stuff  are  extracted  with  ether  in  Soxlilct 
extractors  and  then  with  cold  absolute  alcohol  on  Buchner  funnels.  Ttie  residua 
thus  extracted  are  digested  for  15  hours  three  or  four  times  with  0.1  per  cent 
solution  of  hydrochloric  acid  until  all  the  starch  has  been  converted  into  sugars. 
The  residues  Insoluble  in  0.1  per  cent  hydrochloric  add  are  boiled  with  20  per 
cent  hydrochloric  acid  until  the  proteins  which  they  contain  are  completely 
hydrolyzed. 

"  The  filtrates  from  the  residues  insoluble  in  0.1  per  cent  hydrochloric  add  are 
neutralized  with  sodium  hydroxld,  then  faintly  acidified  with  acetic  add,  allowed 
to  stand  overnight,  and  then  filtered.  The  filtrates  from  the  precU>itated  pro- 
teins are  concentrated  in  vacuo  to  small  volumes  and  predpitated  by  tlie  addi- 
tion of  five  volumes  of  absolute  alcohol.  After  standing  overnight  the  piedid- 
tated  proteins  are  removed  by  filtration  and  washed  with  83  per  cent  alcohoL 

"The  filtrates  from  the  proteins  precipitated  by  alcohol  are  concentrated 
to  small  volume  and  enough  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid  is  added  to  make 
a  5  per  cent  solution.  The  solutions  are  then  boiled  until  hydrolysis  is  com- 
plete. The  proteins  separated  above  by  neutralization  and  by  the  addition  of 
alcohol  are  boiled  with  20  per  cent  hydrochloric  add  until  hydrolyala  it 
complete." 

Each  of  the  three  hydrolyzed  solutions  thus  obtained  is  filtered  and  the 
insoluble  humin  substances  r^[)eatedly  digested  with  0.1  per  cent  hydrochloric 
add  and  then  thoroughly  washed  with  hot  water.  The  nitrogen  in  tbese  reri- 
dues  is  considered  to  represent  the  insoluble  humin  substancea 

The  following  results  for  humin  nitrogen  expressed  in  percentage  of  total 
nitrogen  in  the  feeding  stuff  were  obtained:  CJom  3.2,  wheat  3^4,  oats  4^  and 
barley  3.0. 

[Treatment  of  massecuites],  Q.  Schegkeb  (ZUchr,  Ver.  DeiU,  Zucherindmf^ 
No,  758  {1918),  II,  pp.  559-572).— The  author  has  computed  a  table  in  whldi, 
knowing  the  Brix  reading  and  coefiident  of  purity,  the  temperature  can  be 
determined  at  which  the  mother  sirup  of  the  massecuite  of  the  proper  ratio 
nonsugar :  water  for  complete  crystallization  produces  saturated  molasses.  At 
a  lower  temperature,  the  molasses  is  supersaturated,  and  it  is  necessary  to  add 
water  before  centrifuging.  At  a  higher  temperature,  a  completely  crystalllzabte 
exhausted  molasses  can  no  longer  be  maintained.  This  temperature  has  been 
named  the  critical  temperature  of  the  massecuite. 

The  derivation  of  the  table  and  its  application  are  described  in  detalL 

Juice  claiification  and  decolorization  with  a  new  carbon,  S.  S.  Peck  and 
A.  Adams  {Sugar  [New  York],  21  {1919),  No.  3,  pp.  1S2,  142,  US).— A  new 
decolorizing  carbon  is  described  which  is  said  to  have  given  excellent  results 
on  a  laboratory  and  small  factory  scale. 

The  carbon,  which  has  been  patented  in  most  sugar  countries,  is  made  by 
treating  a  mixture  of  molasses  and  kieselguhr  with  sulphuric  acid,  baking  in 

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1»1»1  METEOROLOGY,  511 

suitable  containers  until  the  reaction  is  complete,  and  then  washing  the  result- 
ing carbon  free  from  acid.  The  beet  results  have  been  obtained  by  using  it  as 
a  filtering  layer  instead  of  mixing  the  liquor  to  be  decolorized  with  the  carbon 
and  then  removing  the  carbon  by  filtration.  It  is  said  that  along  with  the  par- 
tial removal  of  color  there  is  an  almost  complete  removal  of  the  flavors  peculiar 
to  raw  cane  juice,  and  of  most  of  the  scale-forming  material.  The  filtered 
Juice  is  said  to  evaporate  very  rapidly. 

The  preparation  and  restoration  of  carbon  filters  for  the  purification  of 
auirar,  Daude  {ZUchr.  Ver.  Deut,  Zuckerindua.,  No.  750,  II  {1918),  pp.  251-273, 
liffM,  It), — ^This  is  a  review  of  German  patent  literature  on  carbon  filters  for 
sugar  purification. 

The  utilization  of  seeds  of  pears  and  apples  for  the  extraction  of  oil, 
A.  Tbuelle  {Vie  Agr,  et  Rurale,  9  {1919),  No.  6,  pp.  101-105,  flga.  2).— The 
author  reviews  the  literature  on  the  subject,  and  concludes  that  while  the  con- 
tent in  oil  of  apple  and  pear  seeds  is  comparatively  high,  the  extraction  would 
not  be  practical  under  normal  conditions. 

METEOBOLOOT. 

Periods  of  plant  growth  and  rest  ( U.  B.  Dept  Agr.,  Nat.  Weather  and  Crop 
Bml^  No.  S3  {1918),  pp.  2,  S,  7,  fig.  i).— A  chart,  showing  the  general  rest 
periods  of  most  plants  in  different  sections  of  the  United  States,  as  determined 
by  the  average  time  in  nKmths  between  the  first  month  in  fall  and  the  last  in 
spring,  inclurtve,  with  a  mean  temperature  below  49''  F.,  is  given  and  briefly 


Climatological  data  for  the  United  States  by  sections  {U.  6.  Dept.  Agr., 
Weather  Bmr.  OUmat.  Data,  5  {1918),  Noa.  9,  pp.  202,  pla.  5,  figa.  2;  10,  pp.  202, 
P^^  S,  figa.  2), — These  volumes  contain  brief  summaries  and  detailed  tabular 
statements  of  eUmatologlcal  data  for  each  State  for  September  and  October, 
laiS,  Feq)ective]y. 

Meteorological  observatiooas  at  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Ezperl- 
ment  Station,  J.  E.  OsTSAmNEa  and  A  L.  Chandler  {Maaaachuaetta  8ta.  Met. 
B«is.  S61-S$2  {1919),  pp.  4  each). — Summaries  of  observations  at  Amherst, 
Mass.,  on  preasore,  temperature,  humidity,  precipitation,  wind,  sunshine,  cloudi- 
nena,  and  casnat  phenomena  during  January  and  February,  1919,  are  presented. 
The  data  are  briefly  discussed  in  general  notes  on  the  weather  of  each  month. 
Meteorological  records  for  1917  {New  York  State  8ta.  Rpt.  1917,  pp.  71U 
7M). — Tables  are  given  showing  tridaily  readings  at  Geneva,  N.  T.,  of  standard 
air  thermometers  for  each  month  of  the  year ;  daily  readings  of  maximum  and 
tliermometerB  at  5  p.  m.  tor  each  month  of  the  year ;  a  monthly  sum- 
of  maYlmnm,  minimum,  and  standard  thermometer  readings  for  the  year ; 
mcmthly  and  yearly  maximum  and  minimum  temperatures  from  1883  to  1917, 
tBClnslTe;  average  monthly  and  yearly  temperatures  since  1882;  and  rainfall 
by  monOie  since  1882. 

The  exceptional  drought  of  the  eammer  of  1918  in  the  Oironde  regioi^, 
M.  F.  CouBTT  {Oampt.  Rend.  Acad.  Agr.  France,  4  (1918),  No.  SO,  pp.  84S, 
S47). — It  Is  shown  that  the  drought  of  the  summer  of  1918  was  the  most 
■efvere  and  disastrous  that  has  occurred  during  the  period  of  70  years,  184^ 
lAlS. 

[Meteorological  review  for  the  region  of  Paris],  G.  Fi^ifMAXioBr  {Ann. 
Aairam.  et  M4i.  (Porit],  S5  {1919),  pp.  20S-20S,  S06-SS8,  ilga.  15).— Tables  are 
ii'ven  whldi  show  the  normal  daily  temperature  of  each  month  based  upon  the 
ttcorda  of  the  Paris  observatory  for  the  60  years  1841-1891,  and  monthly  and 
mnual  t^nporature  and  precipitation  1873-1918.     The  climatology  of  1917  in 


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612  EXPEBIICENT  STATIOK  EBGOBD.  (V«L40 

the  region  of  Paris,  induding  a  summary  of  observations  on  pressure ;  tempera- 
ture of  tlfe  air,  soil,  and  subterranean  waters;  precipitation;  homidity;  snd 
sunshine,  is  reviewed.  A  comparison  is  made  of  the  charactar  of  the  aeaaons  in 
different  years  from  1891  to  1917,  Inclusive.  A  similar  comparison  is  made  of 
the  winters  of  45  years,  1873-1918.  A  special  article  on  a  remarkable  haUstorm. 
which  occurred  July  29, 1917,  In  the  region  of  Provins,  is  included.  It  is  tsbown 
that  the  winter  of  1880  was  extremely  cold^  those  of- 1891  and  1895  were  veiy 
cold,  and  those  of  1888  and  1917  were  also  below  the  normal  in  temperature: 
The  winter  of  1877  was  extremely  warm  and  those  of  1883,  1884,  1897,  1888, 
1910,  1912,  1913,  1915,  and  1916  were  very  warm.  The  summers  of  1891, 190S, 
1907,  1909,  1910,  1912,  1918,  and  1916  were  cold,  while  those  of  1893,  1901,  ISOi 
and  especially  1899, 1900,  and  1911  were  very  hot  The  summer  of  1911  was  the 
hottest  recorded.    The  summer  of  1917  was  cooL 

SOUS— IXBTniZESS. 

Soluble  salt  content  of  soils  and  some  factors  affecting  it,  M.  M.  MoOool 
and  C.  E.  Millab  {Michiffan  8ia.  Tech.  BuU  iS  (1918),  pp.  47,  figs,  4).— Investi- 
gations embracing  several  classes  of  soils  are  described  In  which  a  study  was 
made  of  salt  movements,  rainfall,  and  the  soluble  salt  content  of  soils,  the 
effect  of  crops  on  salt  movement,  the  effect  of  plant  growth  on  the  soluble  salt 
contait  of  soils,  the  influence  of  different  conditions  of  moisture  and  tempera- 
ture on  the  rate  of  formation  of  soluble  salts  in  cropped  and  virgin  soils,  and 
the  soluble  salt  content  of  field  soils  at  different  seasons  of  the  year.  OiNisid- 
erable  tabulated  data  are  presented  and  fully  discussed.  The  condusloDS 
reached  may  be  summarized  as  follows : 

The  translocation  of  salts  is  said  to  be  due  mainly  to  water  movements.  In 
the  presence  of  large  quantities  of  salt  a  movement  to  areas  of  lowet  ooncen- 
tration  was  observed  even  when  water  movements  were  prevoited,  higher  soil 
moisture  contents  aiding  this  movement  Since  the  soluble  salt  content  of  MA 
soils  was  found  to  be  relatively  low,  it  is  deemed  probable  that  i^ants  are  sap- 
plied  with  food  elements  by  diffusion  ftom  local  areas  around  the  roots  only. 

The  accumulation  of  soluble  salts  on  the  surface  of  uncropped  areas  is  hdd 
to  indicate  that  when  water  movements  occur  in  the  soil  the  salts  are  carried 
along  with  it  That  these  movements  do  not  occur  at  any  gfeat  depth  was 
indicated  by  observations  which  revealed  but  little  movement  of  water  firom 
the  subsoil  to  the  feeding  zone  of  the  roots.  It  appeared  to  be  unlikely  tiist 
any  considerable  quantity  of  soluble  matoial  was  supplied  to  plants  tnm 
depths  below  those  of  root  penetration.  It  was  found  that  the  quantity  of 
soluble  salts  in  greenhouse  soils  might  become  too  great  for  proper  plant  de- 
velopment, and  that  plant  growth  mi^t  be  inhibited  in  muck  soils  by  an  aocii- 
mulation  of  soluble  substances  in  the  upper  layers. 

Data  obtained  in  these  investigations  are  also  said  to  sliow  that  plants  may 
materially  reduce  the  soluble  salt  content  of  the  soil.  Laboratory  studies  indi- 
cated that  the  constituents  of  cropped  soils  went  into  solution  at  a  somewhat 
slower  rate  than  those  of  corresponding  viiisin  soils.  The  rate  of  solution  of 
the  soils  studied  was  found  to  be  governed  to  some  extent  by  temperature,  being 
more  rapid  at  25''  O.  than  at  temperatures  approaching  O""  O.  The  moistnrs 
content  of  the  soil  appeared  to  have  a  marked  effect  on  the  rate  of  solubility. 
It  is  believed,  too,  that  biological  activities  play  an  important  part  in  these 
phenomena.  Under  laboratory  conditions  the  concentration  of  the  soil  solutions 
at  all  moisture  contents  was  usually  lower  after  80  days  than  aftor  10  days, 
thought  to  be  due  possibly  to  the  reabsorption  of  the  soluble  material  by  the 


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W1»J  SOILS — ^FfiRTUJZEBS.  518 

soil,  to  the  atilizatlon  of  the  salts  by  orgaDisms,  and  to  the  formation  of  leas 
soluble  compounds. 

The  concentration  of  the  soil  solution  in  the  soil  was  variable,  differing 
somewhat  In  several  soils  with  the  seasons,  rainfall,  at  different  depths,  and 
with  plant  growth.  It  is  thought  probable  that  **  variations  In  the  concentra- 
tion of  the  soil  solution  In  some  Instances  at  least,  have  not  been  sufficiently 
considered  in  biological  studies  where  conclusions  have  been  drawn  based  upon 
the  results  obtained  from  studies  of  the  water  extracts  of  soils.  Moreover,  It 
does  not  seem  possible  to  determine  the  fertilizer  needs  of  soils  by  obtaining 
water  extracts  and  growing  plants  therein.  The  seasonable  variation  in  the 
soluble  salt  content  of  soils  doubtless  plays  an  important  rdle  in  the  results 
obtained  from  the  use  of  fertilizers.*' 

EIFect  of  carbon  disulphid  and  toluol  upon  nitrogen-fixing  and  nitrifjlng 
oTigaiiisms,  P.  L.  Gainst  {Jour.  Agr.  Research  [U,  8,},  15  (1918) ^  No,  11,  PP- 
601^H), — Continuing  previous  investigations  at  the  Kansas  Experiment  SU- 
tlon  (E.  S.  R,  30,  p.  717),  and  using  similar  methods,  the  author  studied  more 
specifically  the  effect  of  carbon  disulphid  and  toluol  on  the  nitrogen-fixing  and 
nitrifying  organisms  of  soils  under  varying  conditions  of  moisture. 

The  conclusions  reached  were  that  '*  carbon  disulphid  and  toluol  when  applied 
to  soils  in  sufficient  quantities  will  destroy  Azotobacter  group  of  organisms  and 
check  the  accumulation  of  nitrate  nitrogen,  and  possibly  will  destroy  the  nitrify- 
ing organisms.  The  quantities  necessary  to  produce  such  effects  vary  quite 
widely,  depending  among  other  things  upon  the  quantity  of  moisture  present 
Apparently  if  the  quantity  of  carbon  disulphid  or  toluol  is  sufficient  to  have  any 
effect  upon  Azotobacter  they  are  usually  completely  destroyed.  On  the  other 
hand,  there  is  a  great  difference  in  the  quantity  necessary  to  destroy  nitrifying 
organisms  and  that  necessary  to  check  their  activity.  There  are  nitrogen-fixing 
organisms  other  than  Azotobacter  present  in  soils  which  are  not  destroyed  with 
10  cc  of  carbon  disulphid  or  toluol  [to  50  gm.  of  soil]  even  when  the  moisture 
content  of  the  soil  Is  high.  Following  treatment  with  carbon  disulphid  and 
toluol  there  Is  no  appreciable  accumulation  of  ammonia  unless  nitrification  has 
been  checked.  There  is  no  evidence  in  these  experiments  to  show  that  treatment 
with  antiseptics  stimulates  the  nitrifying  organisms,  and  there  is  little  evidence 
to  indicate  a  stimulative  effect  upon  the  ammonifying  or  nitrogen-fixing  or- 
ganisms." 

Influence  of  higher  plants  on  bacterial  actlritlM  im  soils,  T.  L.  Lyon 
(Jour.  Amer.  8oc.  Agron,,  10  {1918),  No.  9,  pp.  S1S~S22).— In  this  paper,  pre 
sented  as  the  presidential  address  before  the  1918  meeting  of  the  American 
Society  of  Agronomy  (B.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  290),  the  author  briefly  reviews  experi- 
mental work  dealing  with  the  immediate  effect  of  growing  plants  on  certain 
tMicterlal  processes  in  the  soil.  Particular  reference  is  made  to  the  nitrogen 
transformationa.  The  necessity  is  pointed  out  for  improved  methods  in  study- 
ing the  chemical  and  biological  changes  occurring  in  the  soil  Xor  a  proper  solu- 
tion of  the  problem. 

Bacteria  of  frozen  soils  in  Quebec,  I,  H,  J.  Vanderleck  {Proc,  and  Trant, 
Bay.  Boo.  Canada,  5.  ser.,  11  {1917),  Sect.  IV,  pp.  IS-Tt,  plB.  4»  fio^.  3;  12 
{1918),  Sect.  IV-V,  pp.  1-21,  figs.  6).— Investigations  begun  during  the  winter 
of  1914-15  are  described  in  which  observations  were  made  upon  the  number 
of  bacteria  occurring  in  a  cultivated  soil,  under  a  sod,  in  soils  from  various 
localities,  in  soil  from  a  plat  covered  with  snow  and  in  which  a  gradual  hori- 
zontal penetration  of  frost  had  taken  place,  and  in  soil  from  an  exposed  hilltop. 
The  weather  conditions  during  the  winter  of  1914-15  and  1915-16  are  said  to 
haTe  been  rather  unfavorable  for  these  observations,  while  the  winter  of  1916-17 


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514  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  lVol40 

was  much  more  favorable.    Based  largely  on  the  results  obtained  during  the 
latter  aeaaon  the  following  conclusions  have  been  reached : 

The  number  of  bacteria  increased  rapidly  during  January  in  all  soils,  both 
frozen  and  unfrozen,  where  raw  material  was  available  for  bacterial  decompo- 
sition, this  increase  failing  to  materialize  where  raw  material  was  absent  A 
moderate  increase  in  numbers  amounting  to  from  two  to  four  times  the  original 
number  occurred  in  frozen  soils  during  March.  Severe  frosts  checked  any 
bacterial  development  in  frozen  soil.  A  high  soil  moisture  content  counter- 
acted the  frost  action,  while  a  low  moisture  content  aided  in  the  depression 
of  bacterial  development  A  sudden,  severe  frost  killed  most  of  the  bacteria  in 
the  exposed  soil.  A  decrease  in  the  numbers  of  bacteria  was  observed  when 
the  soil  thawed,  while  an  increase  in  soil  moisture  was  usually  followed  by  an 
increase  in  the  number  of  bacteria. 

The  work  was  continued  along  the  same  general  lines  during  the  winter  of 
1917-18  and  observations  made  every  two  weeks  of  the  bacterial  content  of  the 
different  soils.  Results  confirming  those  noted  above  were  obtained.  A  super- 
ficial examination  is  said  to  indicate  that  ammonlficatlon  and  denltrification  are 
produced  by  extra-cellular  and  nitrification  by  intra-cellular  enzym  action, 
which  is  held  to  mean  that  the  first  mentioned  processes  could  continue  In 
frozen  soils  even  when  further  bacterial  development  was  halted,  while  the 
latter  would.be  impossible. 

Champaign  County  soils,  C.  G.  Hopkiivs,  J.  G.  Mosieb,  E.  Van  Alstine,  ami 
F.  W.  Gakbett  (Illinois  8ta.  Soil  Rpt,  18  (1918),  pp.  61,  pU,  5,  figs,  io).— Cham- 
paign County,  situated  in  the  east-central  part  of  the  State,  comprises  an  ares 
of  988  square  miles.  The  topography  of  the  region  varies  from  flat  to  slightly 
rolling,  while  a  few  small  areas  occurring  along  the  streams  are  too  steep  for 
cultivation.  The  entire  county  was  covered  first  by  the  IllInoLs,  then  by  the 
Wisconsin  glaclatlon,  the  drift  and  loesslal  strata  ranging  in  depth  from  95 
to  SOO  ft.,  with  an  average  depth  of  200  ft.  over  the  entire  area.  The  county 
is  divided  into  six  drainage  areas  including  the  Sangamon  Basin,  the  Ka.skaskia 
Basin,  the  Embarrass  Basin,  the  Little  Vermilion  Basin,  the  Salt  Fork  Basin, 
and  the  Middle  Fork  Basin. 

The  soils  of  the  county  embrace  upland  prairie,  upland  timber,  terrace,  and 
swamp  and  bottom-land  soils  covering,  respectively,  92.2,  4.89,  2.39,  and  0.52 
per  cent  of  the  total  area.  The  fertility  content  and  needs  and  methods  of 
management  of  the  various  soils  are  discussed. 

The  value  of  manure  on  Indiana  soils,  A.  T.  Wiancko  and  S.  C.  Jones 
(Indiana  8ta.  Bui.  22$  (1918),  pp,  20,  figs.  6).— Field  tests  in  progress  at  iKe 
station  since  1890  and  on  six  outlying  experiment  fields  for  shorter  periods  of 
time  are  described,  in  which  manure  has  been  used  In  varying  amounts  and 
on  difTerent  crops  grown  continuously  and  in  rotation. 

On  the  basis  of  the  results  obtained,  it  is  concluded  that  farm  manures 
are  now  worth  twice  as  much  as  before  the  war.  Crop  increases  valued  from 
%2  to  |8,  or  more,  per  ton  of  manure  applied  were  secured  according  to  the 
fertility  of  the  soil  and  the  crops  grown,  while  the  average  return  on  the 
different  experiment  fields  reported  amounted  to  $5  per  ton.  light  applica- 
tions made  every  8  or  4  years  are  deemed  much  more  profitable  than  heavy 
applications  at  longer  Intervals.  Reinforcing  manure  with  phosphates  is  also 
recommended.  The  sources  of  waste  and  loss  in  manure  through  Improper 
methods  of  handling  on  the  farm  are  indicated,  and  measures  for  conserving 
manure  discussed. 

The  book  of  the  Bothamsted  experiments,  A.  D.  Hall,  revised  by  E.  J. 
Russell  (London:  John  Murray,  1917,  2.  ed.,  ret?.,  pp.  XL+SS2,  pis.  8,  figs. 
57).— This  is  the  second  edition  of  the  work  previously  noted  (B.  S.  B.,  17,  p. 


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1»1»)  SOILS — ^FERTILIZERS.  515 

542).  It  iDcludes  a  continuation  of  the  tables  for  a  farther  decade  and  the 
necessary  alterations  in  the  text.  The  deductions  drawn  in  the  first  edition 
hare  remained  essentially  the  same.  Two  new  chapters  have  been  added,  one 
by  A.  D.  Hall,  on  the  secondary  effects  of  manures  on  the  soil,  comprising  an 
account  of  investigations  nuide  by  the  author  at  Rothamsted,  and  the  other 
by  E.  J.  Russell,  on  the  biochemical  processes  in  the  soil,  containing  a  summary 
of  investigations  made  during  the  past  10  years. 

Wobum  pot-culture  experiments,  1917,  J.  A.  Voelckeb  (Jour.  Roy.  Agr. 
Sac.  England,  78  (1911),  pp.  28^243,  pis.  6;  Wobum  Expt.  8ta.  Rpt.,  1917, 
pp.  Ik-tS*  pis.  B). — ^This  describes  the  continuation  of  work  previously  noted 
(R  S.  R.,  39,  p.  116). 

Additions  of  0.1  and  0.2  per  cent  barium  as  sulphate,  carbonate,  hydrate,  and 
nitrate,  and  of  0.05,  0.1,  and  0.2  per  cent^as  chlorid  were  made  to  a  light, 
sandy  loam  soil  sown  to  wheat.  Even  in  the  higher  amounts  the  sulphate,  car- 
bonate, and  hydrate  are  said  to  have  produced  no  bad  effects,  but  appeared  to 
be  slightly  stimulating.  Barium  nitrate  proved  injurious  at  the  0.1  per  cent 
rate  of  application  and  at  the  0.2  per  cent  rate  destroyed  the  crop  altogether. 
The  chlorid  appeared  to  be  harmless  if  used  at  a  rate  not  exceeding  0.05  per 
cent  barium,  but  was  decidedly  toxic  in  greater  amounts. 

Further  observations  on  the  relative  influence  of  caustic  lime  and  carbonate 
of  lime  on  an  acid  soil  are  said  to  confirm  previous  conclusions  that  calcium 
oxid  was  superior  to  calcium  carbonate,  and  that  an  application  of  3  tons  of 
calcium  oxid  per  acre  or  the  equivalent  of  4  tons  of  calcium  oxid  as  the  car- 
bonate will  give  the  best  results. 

Although  failing  to  show  any  effect  the  first  year  applications  of  10  cwt. 
(0^  ton)  feldspar  per  acre,  both  with  and  without  salt  and  lime,  resulted  in 
increased  yields  of  clover  the  second  year  after  application,  amounting  to  from 
26.6  per  cent  of  the  untreated  check  for  feldspar  alone  to  36.5  per  cent  for 
feldspar  and  lime  (5  cwt).  An  application  of  potassium  sulphate  containing 
an  amount  of  potash  equivalent  to  that  found  in  the  feldspar  was  followed  by  an 
increase  of  37.4  per  cent.  Somewhat  similar  experiments  with  mustard  and  bar- 
ley failed  to  show  any  beneficial  effect  from  the  use  of  feldspar  the  first  year. 

Gontinuing  observations  on  the  relative  value  of  ordinary  nitrolim,  granular 
nltrollm  having  70  per  cent  of  its  nitrogen  as  dicyandiamld,  and  dlcyandiamid 
al<Mie,  ai^licatlons  were  made  to  barley  and  mustard  both  at  the  time  of  seed- 
ing and  as  a  top-dressing.  In  every  case  ordinary  nitrolim  appeared  to  be 
superior  to  the  granular  form,  while  dlcyandiamid  was  decidedly  injurious  to 
barley  and  still  more  so  to  mustard. 

Niter-cake  applied  to  barley  at  rates  varying  from  5  cwt  to  2  tons  per  acre 
Is  said  to  have  produced  no  Injurious  effects.  Superphosphate  prepared  from 
niter-cake  gave  practically  the  same  results  with  both  barley  and  peas  as  an 
equivalent  amount  of  ordinary  superphosphate. 

Cooperative  fertilizer  experiments  with  cotton,  com,  sweet  potatoes,  and 
Irish  potatoes,  1908-1917,  G.  S.  Fbaps  (Texas  8ta.  Bui  iS5  (1918),  pp.  125).— 
Supplementing  work  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  35,  p.  531),  this  bulletin  con- 
tains a  report  of  the  experiments  up  to  1918.  when  the  work  was  temporarily 
discontinued.  In  all  151  experiments  with  cotton,  153  with  corn,  54  with  Irish 
potatoes,  28  with  sweet  potatoes,  and  8  miscellaneous  tests  are  briefly  discussed, 
and  tabulated  data  presented  showing  the  yields  of  the  different  crops  for  the 
various  fertilizer  treatments.  Analyses  are  also  given  of  a  number  of  surface 
aoils  and  subsoils  on  which  the  tests  were  made.  The  conclusions  reached  may 
be  summarized  as  follows : 

Acid  phosphate  produced  a  gain  in  75  per  cent  of  the  cotton  experiments, 
cottonseed  meal  in  68  per  cent  and  potash  in  68  per  ceot.   Wliere  gains  occurred 


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516  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECOBD.  CVoLM 

applications  of  from  150  to  200  lbs.  of  acid  phospbate  produced  average  gains  of 
from  50  to  185  lbs.  of  seed  cotton  per  acre ;  applications  of  from  30  to  100  lb&  of 
cottonseed  meal,  gains  of  from  20  to  105  lbs. ;  and  applications  of  from  5  to  25 
lbs.  of  muriate  of  potash,  gains  of  from  20  to  140  IbSw 

Acid  phosphate  is  deemed  to  be  the  most  certain  and  the  most  profitable  fer- 
tilizer for  both  cotton  and  com,  while  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  add  phosphate 
and  cottonseed  meal  (containing  about  8  per  cent  available  phosphoric  add  and 
8.5  per  cent  nitrogen)  applied  at  the  rate  of  from  150  to  200  lbs.  per  acre  ap- 
peared to  be  the  best  mixed  fertilizer  for  these  crops.  If  300  IbSL  or  more  are 
to  be  used  on  cotton,  it  is  suggested  that  the  fertilizer  contain  about  5  per  cent 
phosphoric  acid  and  4  per  cent  nitrogen.  The  use  of  potash  in  mixed  fertilizers 
is  regarded  as  inadvisable  except  where  the  soil  is  known  to  be  d^dent  in 
potash.  In  such  cases  a  mixture  containing  8  per  cent  phosphoric  add  and  3 
per  cent  each  nitrogen  and  potash  Is  recommended  for  application  to  cotton  or 
com  at  the  rate  of  from  150  to  200  lb&  If  larger  applications  are  to  be  made, 
it  is  recommended  that  the  percentage  of  phosphoric  acid  be  reduced  and  that  of 
nitrogen  and  potash  increased.  Barnyard  manure  produced  average  gains  of 
from  107  to  227  lbs.  of  seed  cotton  per  acre,  and  is  also  said  to  have  given  good 
results  with  corn,  the  effects  of  the  manure  continuing  over  several  years. 

In  16  experiments  with  cotton  the  phosphoric  acid  of  rock  phosphate  was 
found  to  liave  about  22  per  cent  of  the  effect  of  that  in  add  phosphate.  The  use 
of  hydrated  lime  on  cotton  resulted  in  an  average  decrease  of  about  6  per  o«it 
in  20  tests.  Where  an  equivalent  amount  of  sodium  nitrate  replaced  one-half 
the  cottonseed  meal,  the  yields  of  cotton  were  slightly  lower  than  for  sodium 
nitrate  alone. 

The  use  of  cottonseed  meal  was  followed  by  gains  in  87  per  cent  of  the  Irish 
potato  tests,  of  add  phosphate  in  72  per  cent,  and  of  potash  in  52  per  cent 
Where  gains  occurred,  400  lbs.  of  cottonseed  meal  produced  gains  of  from  18  to 
28  bu.  per  acre ;  800  lbs.  of  acid  phosphate  from  10  to  24  bu.,  and  20  lbs.  of  sul- 
phate or  muriate  of  potash  from  6  to  10  bu.  A  mixture  of  100  lb&  of  add  phos- 
phate with  200  lbs.  of  cottonseed  meal  is  said  to  be  the  best  average  fertilizer 
for  both  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes.  The  use  of  potash  is  deemed  advisable  only 
when  the  soil  is  known  to  be  defldent  in  that  ingredient,  and  then  in  combina- 
tion with  acid  phosphate  and  cottonseed  meaL  Manure  applied  to  Irish  potatoes 
at  the  rate  of  20  loads  per  acre  showed  average  gains  of  from  8.9  to  4.5  bu.  per 
acre  the  first  2  years  and  from  81  to  38  bu.  the  last  4  years.  Repladng  one-half 
the  cottonseed  meal  by  an  equivalent  amount  of  sodium  nitrate  gave  practically 
the  same  results  as  where  cottonseed  meal  was  used  alone. 

In  the  sweet  potato  tests  65  per  cent  showed  gains  with  add  phosphate  and 
cottonseed  meal  and  56  per  cent  with  potash.  Where  gains  occurred,  800  lbs. 
of  add  phosphate  showed  gains  of  from  10  to  71  bu.  per  acre,  400  lbs.  of  cotton- 
seed meal  from  8  to  47  bu.,  and  40  lbs.  of  muriate  of  potash  from  15  to  60  bu. 

Production  and  consumption  of  potash  [in  the  ITnited  States],  D.  F. 
Houston  {U,  8,  Senate,  65.  Cong.,  S.  SesM.,  Doc.  S96  (1919),  pp.  S). — ^It  la 
stated  that  the  information  in  the  possession  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agri- 
culture "indicates  a  production  in  the  United  States  during  1918  of  about 
53,600  tons  of  actual  potash  (KsO).  Of  this  amount,  approximately  28,000  tons 
were  produced  from  the  brine  lakes  of  western  Nebraska,  11,000  from  Searles 
Lake,  Cal.,  and  2,600  from  alunite.  ...  A  conservative  estimate  would 
probably  show  about  5,000  tons  of  KsO  from  kelp  and  7,000  tons  from  all  other 
sources,  including  cement  mills,  blast  furnaces,  sugar  mill  wastes,  and  wood 
ashes."  Data  furnished  by  producers  indicate  that  about  60.000  tons  of  potash 
salts  containing  approximately  ^5,000  tons  of  actual  potash  wan  in  storage 
January  1,  1019. 


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1»W  AGHICtTLTUBAL  BOTANY.  617 

The  eBtlmAted  possible  production  of  plants  now  in  operation  or  ready  for 
operation  In  the  United  States  is  lOO/XX)  tons  of  actual  potash.  The  estimated 
pot^itial  production  from  cement  mills  is  100,000  tons  of  actual  potash.  "  By 
alterations  now  being  made  in  one  of  the  plants  at  Searles  Lake,  it  is  estimated 
that  the  production  from  this  source  will  be^increased  to  something  like 
eOfiOO  tons  KaO  a  year.  The  installations  in  western  Nebraska,  operating  on 
the  brine  lakes  of  that  reckon,  are  capable  of  largely  increased  production, 
while  a  complete  utilization  of  tlie  kelp  beds  on  the  Pacific  coast  and  the 
installation  of  apparatus  for  recovering  potash  from  the  gases  of  blast  furnaces 
would  undoubtedly  furnish  a  very  heavy  tonnage  of  potash." 

Domeatie  production  of  potash  in  1918,  W.  B.  Hicks  (V.  S,  QeoL  Survey 
Press  BuL  S99  {1919),  p.  i).— The  indicated  production  in  the  United  States  iu 
1918  is  192,687  short  tons  of  materials  containing  52,185  short  tons  of  actual 
potash  (almost  double  tliat  of  1917),  of  which  89,255  tons  were  obtained 
from  natural  brines,  2,619  from  alunite,  1,429  from  dust  from  cement  mills, 
4,292  from  kelp,  3,322  from  molasses  distillery  waste,  761  from  Steifens  waste 
water,  366  from  wood  ashes,  and  92  tons  from  other  sources.  The  products  as 
pr^kared  for  market  contained  12,614  tons  of  potash  as  muriate,  894  as  low- 
grade  chlorid,  8,188  aa  sulphate,  81311  as  crude  sulphate  and  carbonate,  365 
as  crude  carbonate  and  caustic  potash,  2,896  as  potash  char,  ash,  and  ground 
kelp^  and  867  tons  as  cement  and  blast  furnace  dust,  alum,  and  raw  and 
calcined  alunite. 

Producers'  reports  indicate  60,426  tons  of  crude  potash  In  storage  on  Janu- 
ary 1,  1919. 

The  estimated  capacity  of  American  potash  plants  is  given  as  100,000  tons 
of  actual  potash,  distributed  as  follows:  Natural  brines  from  Nebraska  lakes 
50,000  tons,  from  other  sources  2SfiQ0;  alunite  4,000,  dust  from  cement  mills 
3/500,  kelp  5,500,  molasses  distillery  waste  4,000,  Steffens  waste  water  8,000, 
wood  ashes  1,000,  and  potash  from  other  sources  1,000  tons. 

Soma  general  information  on  lime  and  its  uses  and  functions  in  soila, 
M.  IL  McCooL  and  a  E.  Millak  {Michigan  Sia,  Spec,  Bui  91  (1918),  pp.  21, 
figs.  It). — ^This  is  a  rather  popular  account  of  the  functions  and  uses  of  lime 
in  Michigan,  including  information  regarding  sources  of  lime  in  the  State. 

Inspection  of  commercial  fertilixers,  H.  D.  Haskuis,  L.  S.  Walkei,  and 
H.  B.  PnoMS  (Massachuseiis  Sta.  Control  Ser.  Bui.  9  {1918),  pp.  75).— This 
reports  the  actual  and  guarantied  analysis  of  506  official  samples  of  fertilizers 
and  fertilizer  material^  induding  wood  ashes  and  llniie  compounds  and  repre- 
senting 372  brands  collected  during  1918.  The  chemical  character  and  coat 
of  crude  stodk  materials  are  indicated,  and  the  quality  of  the  nitrogen*  phoa- 
piioric  add*  and  potash  contained  in  mixed  goods  discussed. 

The  text  of  the  amended  f^tilizer  law  is  included. 

Analyses  of  eommardal  fertilifsers,  P.  H.  Wesselb  {Rhode  Island  Sta.  Iwp. 
BmL,  1918,  Oct.,  pp.  14).— This  reporto  the  actual  and  guarantied  analyses  of 
an  tlie  brands  of  commercial  fertilizers,  limes,  and  wood  ashes  found  on  sale 
in  Bliode  Island  during  1918.  Of  the  samples  examined  74  per  cent  equaled  or 
exceeded  the  guaranty,  while  16  per  cent  fell  bdow  the  guaranty  by  leas  than 
03»  and  10  per  cent  by  0.3  er  more. 

AOBICULTUSAL  BOTAVT. 


Csrtokincala  of  the  pollcB  moHier  eeDa  4Rf  certain  dieotjiadona,  a  H.  Faib 
(Jfaak  M.  T.  Bat.  Gwrd.,  €  {191$},  pp.  tSSSU,  pis.  S,  fig.  l).-^Tbe  andior  re- 
views the  litentore  of  the  subject,  dealing  wttfa  oeU  division  in  plants  and 
aiiiwMiM  and  disenasing  dieorlcR  and  terminology  regarding  cell  divlaloii,  par- 
tleolarljr  qnadilpartltlnn  In  cryptogaflw  and  hlghar  ] 


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518  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RfiCX)RD«  lVol.4« 

The  greater  part  of  the  work  here  reported  was  done  upon  the  pollen 
mother  cells  of  Nieotiana  iabacum.  In  addition  to  this,  comparative  obeerra- 
tions  were  made  on  a  number  of  other  plants.  These  observations  are  dis- 
cussed at  some  length  as  regards  the  various  changes  or  r^a tions  noted  and 
their  probable  significance. 

The  existence  of  a  form  of  division  by  farrowing  in  certain  cells  of  higher         j 
plants  suggests  the  possibility  of  ultimately  harmonizing  the  usual  dlvisloD         I 
by  cell  plates  in  these  forma  with  the  division  by  so-called  constriction  In  the         ' 
higher  animala     Both  lower  iflants  and  lower  animals  show  types  of  cdl 
division  more  or  less  Intermediate  between  these  two  extremes.     Observed 
facts  emphasize  the  contention  that  botanists  have  no  right  to  consider  the 
protoplast  alone  as  the  cell,  the  growing  and  dividing  cell  of  the  higher  plants 
rather  constituting  a  unit  comprising  both  protoplast  and  cell  wall. 

The  relations  of  the  spindle  fibers  to  cell*plate  formation  and  to  the  midd 
favor  the  idea  that  the  cell  plate  Is  primarily  of  nuclear  origin. 

Cell  division  by  furrowing  in  Mairnolia,  O.  H.  Farr  {Amer.  Jow.  BoU,  6 
(1918),  No.  7,  pp.  S79^95,  pi*.  S). — Following  up  the  work  noted  above,  the 
author  reports  a  study  based  upon  cultivated  varieties  of  Magnolia  grown  at 
Cinchona  Station,  Jamaica,  making  use  of  the  methods  employed  in  the  former 
investigation. 

While  in  Nieotiana  neither  a  cell  plate  nor  a  furrow  can  be  observed  to  fonn 
between  the  first  and  second  nuclear  divisions,  in  Magnolia  the  formation  of 
both  these  structures  is  initiated,  though  neither  is  completed  before  the  honMe- 
otyplc  karyokinesls.  The  changes  observed  are  described  in  detail  with  discus- 
sion and  suggestions.  Evidence  pointed  out  is  thought  to  indicate  that  the 
nuclear  membranes  are  Important  factors  In  the  process  of  furrowing. 

Some  factors  affecting  inulase  formation  in  Aspergrillus  n\ger,  V.  R 
YouNO  {Plant  World,  21  {1918),  No8  i,  pp.  75-87;  5,  pp.  ii|-iM).-Jrhe 
author's  study  of  the  effect  of  age  and  carbohydrate  nutriUon  on  the  enzym  con- 
tent of  a  fungus  has  been  confined  almost  entirely  to  Inulase  as  produced  in 
A,  niger.  This  organism  produces  Inulase  In  appreciable  quantities  under  all 
conditions  here  employed,  the  quantitative  rate  of  increase  culminating  at  the 
period  of  sporulation  and  rapidly  declining  thereafter  to  zero.  Though  this 
enzym  is  formed  when  other  carbohydrates  are  used  as  the  sole  source  of 
carbon,  it  is  produced  most  abundantly  in  the  presence  of  inulin,  soluble  starch 
being  next  to  inulin  in  this  respect,  and  glucose  being  least  efficient 

Substances  closely  related  as  to  chemical  structure  appear  to  be  more  efficient 
in  stimulating  enzym  formation  than  are  those  not  closely  related.  The  Increase 
or  decrease  in  the  production  of  inulase  caused  by  changing  the  amount  of 
inulin  in  the  culture  medium  is  by  no  means  proportional  to  such  variation. 
Inulase  production  did  not  appear  to  be  affected  by  glucose  in  the  presence  of 
inulin,  nor  did  it  appear  to  be  in  any  way  a  starvation  phenomenon. 

The  biology  of  Oldlum  lactis,  G.  Linossieb  {Compt,  Rend,  8oc.  BioL 
iParis],  80  {1911),  No.  9,  pp.  429-^85) .—Two  groups  of  studies  are  briefly 
noted.  The  author  has  drawn  the  conclusion  that  (excepting  for  the  increase  of 
some  mineral  substances  which  appear  to  act  as  catalyzers,  exerting  when  pres- 
ent in  very  small  proportion  their  maximum  effect  in  the  presence  of  different 
nutrients  which  can  be  completely  utilized)  the  growth  of  O.  laetU  is  propoi^ 
tional  to  the  amount  of  nutrient  supplied  thereto  up  to  a  certain  point.  Beyond 
this,  the  rate  of  increase  of  utilization  dlminiahes  in  comparison  with  the  amount 
of  nutrient  supplied  until  a  maximum  point  of  utiliaation  la  reached.  Beycmd 
such  a  maximum  point,  injurious  effects  were  observed  whidi  were  particu- 
larly noticeable  in  case  of  nitrogenous  materials,  this  tACt  recalling  the  tf  acts 
of  excess  nitrogenona  alimentation  in  case  of  anlmalai 


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1M»1  AGRICULTURAL  BOTANY.  519 

Tbe  response  of  Pilebolus  to  light,  R.  Pabb  {Ann.  Dot,  [I^ondon],  S2 
U918),  No.  126t  pp.  in-205,  figs.  4). — ^Tbe  author  gives  an  account  of  a  aeries 
of  studies  attempting  to  supply  in  work  with  Pilobolus  the  alleged  lack  of  ac- 
curate determination  of  the  quantity  and  quality  of  the  light  employed  in  such 
work,  so  as  to  ascertain  the  relation  between  light  and  heliotropic  response. 

Pilobolus  responds  to  light  from  all  portions  of  the  visible  spectrum,  the 
presentation  time  gradually  decreasing  from  red  to  violet  and  varying  inversely 
as  the  square  root  of  wave  frequency  but  not  directly  as  the  value  of  the  energy 
from  different  portions  of  the  spectrum.  The  product  of  the  square  root  of  wave 
frequency  by  the  presentation  time  decreases  as  does  energy  value  within  the 
qpectmm,  and  It  is  approximately  constant  for  a  given  source  of  light  The  re- 
lation of  special  energy  to  the  presentation  time  may  be  expressed  approxi- 
mately by  the  Weber-Fechner  or  the  Trdndle  formula  if  wave  frequency  be 
made  a  function  of  the  constant 

The  stzucture  of  the  integumentary  sTstem  of  the  barley  grain  in  rela- 
tion to  localized  water  absorption  and  semipermeability,  B.  J.  Gollins  (Ann, 
BoL  {London},  St  {1918),  No.  127,  pp.  SSI-ilk,  fiffi-  i^).--It  is  claimed  that  the 
general  surface  of  the  barley  grain  admits  only  a  small  part  of  the  water  ab- 
sorbed by  the  seed.  Special  areas  readily  admitting  water  occur  in  the  germi- 
nal portion  of  the  grain,  and  here  is  thought  to  be  located  the  structure  con- 
cerned in  the  selective  permeability  expressed  in  comparatively  free  admission 
of  water  along  with  practical  exclusion  of  mineral  acids  and  most  salts.  Such 
solutes  as  acetic  acid  and  iodln,  recorded  as  passing  freely  into  the  grain, 
really  pass  through  the  restricted  area  near  the  germinal  portion.  Nitric  acid 
enters  as  the  result  of  selective  action,  neither  destroying  the  enveloping  mem- 
brane nor  impairing  the  efficiency  of  the  selective  structure.  Perfect  imper- 
meability to  any  solute  was  not  observed.  The  initial  concentrating  effect  of 
barley  upon  dilute  sulphuric  acid  gradually  decreases  until  the  acid  is  below  . 
its  initial  concentration.  Arrest  of  penetration  of  silver  nitrate  and  of  sodium 
chlorid  occurs  at  the  outer  cuticularized  wall  of  the  tegmen.  This  membrane 
behaves  as  does  ordinary  cuticle  in  regard  to  penetration  by  water  and  solutes. 

The  initial  uptake  of  water  suE4>lies  the  need  of  the  embryo,  the  grain  cover- 
ings insuring  sufficient  conduction  of  water  to  where  it  can  be  readily  absorbed 
by  the  embryo.  The  subsequent  distribution  of  liquid  in  the  endosperm  is  pre- 
dsely  the  path  of  enzym  disintegration  in  the  endosperm  during  the  germination 
of  the  embryo.  It  is  suggested  that  the  uptake  and  distribution  of  water  in 
germination  prepares  for  and  perhaps  accon3q;>li8hes  the  distribution  of  enayms 
which  are  active  in  the  solution  of  reserves. 

The  lAtidf erous  system  of  Hevea  brasiliensis  and  its  protective  function, 
A.  Shabpues  {Ann.  BoL  [Ljondonh  S2  {1918),  No.  126,  pp.  247-251). —In  order 
to  settle  the  question  of  whether  scraping  the  bark  of  Hevea  with  the  view 
of  stimulating  increased  flow  of  latex  renders  the  trees  more  susceptible  to 
insect  and  fungus  attack,  the  author  experimented  with  80  well-grown  trees 
five  years  old. 

The  results  are  said  to  show  that  the  removal  of  the  outer  corky  layers  in- 
creases susceptibility  to  insect  and  fungus  attack,  particularly  if  the  green 
cork  cambium  is  removed  or  broken.  This  may  be. connected  with  the  con- 
tinued soaking  of  the  tissues  and  the  slowing  up  of  the  normal  activities  dur- 
ing a  period  of  wet  weather  and  the  consequent  lowering  of  resistance.  It  is 
stated  that  scraping  away  the  scaly  bark  on  old  trees  to  Insure  a  clean  yield 
of  latex  can  be  done  without  injury  if  care  is  employed.  The  question  as  to 
whether  latex  is  a  secondary  and  waste,  or  primary  and  necessary,  product 
Is  regarded  ns  not  yet  settled. 


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520  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECX)SD.  IVoL40 

Effect  of  bog  and  swamp  waters  on  swelling  in  plants  and  in'  bioconolds, 
D.  T.  MacDouoal  (Plant  World,  21  (1918),  No.  4,  PP-  88-B9,  fig.  1).— This 
work  was  undertaken  primarily  to  determine  the  principal  factors  in  plant 
growth,  bnt  extended  to  a  general  consideration  of  swelling  in  protoplasm  as 
affected  by  its  own  composition  and  by  yarious  solutions.  It  was  based  upon 
the  assumption  (and  its  experimental  Justification)  that  the  materials  whidi 
make  up  the  protoplasm  of  a  plant,  if  combined  in  the  form  of  an  elastic  gel, 
would  show  for  the  resulting  mass  water  relations  similar  to  those  of  the  plant 
A  mixture  of  80  to  90  parts  of  agar  and  20  to  10  parts  of  albumin,  gelatin,  or 
albuminous  derivatiyes,  impregnated  with  the  nutrient  salts  in  proportions 
decreasing  to  the  yanishlng  point,  stimulates  the  swelling  action  of  the  proto- 
plasm of  stems  and  roots  of  the  yarious  plants  tested.  Various  factors  may 
influence  the  amount  and  nature  of  the  swelling,  which  may  therefore  ofTer 
suggestions  as  to  the  character  of  the  solutions  in  which  it  occurs. 

The  general  method  of  preparing  the  biocoUoids  has  been  described  In  previ- 
ous papers  (B.  S.  R.,  87,  p.  821 ;  88,  p.  729).  Bog  and  swamp  waters  of  typical 
constitution  were  employed  in  tests  with  disks  of  Opuntia  discata,  which  was 
also  tested,  in  nutrient  and  in  simple  solutions.  It  is  stated  that  liying  matter 
swells  in  solutions  in  the  same  manner  as  do  biocoUoids  consisting  of  salted 
mixtures  of  varying  proportions  of  agar  and  protein  or  albuminous  derivatives. 
The  swelling  of  biocoUoids  and  that  of  living  and  dried  sections  of  plants  in 
distilled  water,  bog  wat^,  and  a  calcium  solution  of  the  same  concentration 
as  the  bog  water,  are  said  to  be  practically  equal.  Swamp  water  was  found 
to  affect  absorption  and  swelling  as  does  an  equivalent  solution  of  calcium 
sulphate.  Swelling  and  absorption  are  retarded  by  swamp  water  in  salted 
biocoUoids  and  in  sections  of  plants  having  a  large  proportion  of  pentosans 
and  a  low  protein  content  BiocoUoids  having  a  high  protein  and  salt  content 
.  on  the  other  hand,  show  an  enhanced  absorption  in  swamp  water.  The  infer- 
ence is  that  plants  of  slmUar  constitution  would  carry  on  absorption  readily  and 
thrive  In  swamp  waters. 

A  new  three-salt  nutrient  solution  for  plant  culture,  B.  B.  Livingsto!! 
and  W.  B.  Tottinqham  (Amer.  Jour.  Bot.,  6  (1918),  No.  7,  pp.  SS7-848) .—TbQ 
authors  have  taken  up  the  problem  which  has  been  made  the  subject  of  a  pre- 
liminary and  a  fuller  report  by  Shive  (B.  S.  R.,  04,  p.  833 ;  86,  p.  328),  employ- 
ing a  second  of  the  six  logically  possible  combinations  of  salts  containing  the 
essential  ions  Ca,  K,  Mg,  NOk»  SO4,  and  PO4,  in  the  form  of  potassium  nitrate, 
magnesium  sulphate,  and  monocaldum  phosphate.  This  preliminary  investi- 
gation involyed,  however,  only  12  sets  of  salt  proportions  as  opposed  to  the  36 
sets  employed  by  Shive,  the  total  concentration  being  also  in  this  work  about 
1.75  atmospheres.  Wheat  of  the  same  variety  and  technique  of  the  same  sort 
as  employed  by  Shiye  were  used  in  this  work,  the  culture  period  extending  from 
May  15  to  June  2. 

The  data  obtained,  as  presented  and  discussed,  are  considered  as  showing 
the  optimum  solutions  here  employed  to  be  as  good  as,  or  better  than,  the  solu- 
tion found  by  Shive  to  be  optimal,  though  both  are  said  to  give  some  evidences 
of  magnesium  poisoning  in  case  of  wheat  plants.  It  is  thought  that  some  evi- 
dences of  poisoning  may  be  expected  whenever  maximum  dry-weight  values  are 
obtained  with  young  wheat  plants,  if  the  transpiration  rate  is  not  too  low. 

The  progress  of  knowledge  of  the  relations  between  nutrient  solutions  and 
plant  growth  is  thought  to  suggest  strongly  that,  after  all,  the  physiological 
properties  of  a  solution  are  not  determined  simply  by  atomic,  ionic,  or  molecular 
proportions. 

Organic  plant  poisons.— II,  Phenols,  W.  B.  Bsbncbxet  (Aim.  Bot.  [Loi*- 
don\,  82  (1918),  No.  126,  pp.  259-278,  figs.  18).— -The  author  has  carried  for- 

uigitizea  Dy  vjiOOQlC 


I 


WW  FIELD  CROPS.  521 

ward  the  work  previoasly  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  224),  testing  in  the  pressent 
scries  the  comparative  direct  action  of  phenols  on  plants. 

Oonsiderable  similarity  was  noted  in  the  effects  of  various  phenols  upon 
barley  and  pea  plants  in  water  cultures.  Phenol  at  M/lOO  was  quickly  fatal 
tn  roots,  although  peas  in  orcinol  or  resorclnol  continued  growth  for  a  few 
«1iy8,  apparently  at  the  expense  of  the  stored  material  in  the  seeds.  Marked 
lUfferences  were  noted  in  the  action  of  different  phenols  at  M/IOOX^  and 
M/IOOXA,  but  at  lower  concentrations  no  injurious  effects  were  observed  for 
any  of  the  poisons  employed.  The  occurrence  of  root  recovery  sometimes  fol- 
lowed by  comparatively  good  growth  In  strong  solutions  suggests  a  temporary 
(suspension  of  the  plant's  activities,  or  else  a  lowering  (by  oxidation)  of  the 
concentration  of  the  solution.  None  of  the  few  apparent  indications  of  stimu- 
lation by  the  poisons  employed  was  confirmed  by  determinations  of  the  dry 
\vei8^ts. 

In  case  of  plants  killed  by  high  concentrations  of  the  phenols,  molds  soon 
Appeared,  usually  on  dead  roots  and  on  the  solutions.  Phenol  In  strong  con- 
centration prevented  mold  formation  nearly  to  the  end  of  the  experiments, 
cresols  preventing  mold  formations  altogether.  No  molds  grew  in  th^absence  of 
root  injury. 

Studies  on  the  embryo  sao  and  fertlliaation  in  (Enothera,  M.  Ishikawa 
[Ann.  Bot.  iLand(mh  S2  {WIS),  No.  126,  pp.  279S17,  pU.  5,  flgs.  12).— Tim 
tuthor,  reporting  a  study  of  gametophytic  behavior  and  fertilization  phenomena 
In  (B,  nutans  and  (E.  pycnocarpa  and  in  their  hybrids,  states  that  the  embrj^o 
sac  arises  either  from  the  mlcropylar  or  from  the  chalazal  member  of  the  tetrad, 
lioth  sometimes  simultaneously  developing  Into  complete  embryo  sacs.  The 
embryo  sac  is  tetranucleate,  this  being  regarded  as  a  diagnostic  character  (pro- 
duced possibly  by  mutation)  of  the  Onagraceie.  Self-sterility  in  some  hybrids 
Is  regarded  as  due  to  deficient  growth  of  the  pollen  tube. 

Abortiveness  as  related  to  position  in  the  legume,  B.  D.  Halstbd  (Proe. 
Soc  Prmn.  Agr,  8ci.,  S8  {1911),  pp.  $8-72). — From  studies  designed  to  locate 
definitely  in  the  seed  pod  the  best  seed  for  crop  production,  the  author  reports 
details  in  regard  to  five  legumes.  He  states  that  aborts  are  associated  primarily 
with  basal  position  in  all  the  subjects  studied  except  the  Canada  field  pea,  in 
wMch  the  failures  were  most  numerous  in  the  seeds  from  the  tip  and  next  in 
those  firom  the  basal  portion. 

Studies  in  the  classification  and  nomenelatare  of  the  bacteria. — ^VH,  The 
subgitmps  and  genera  of  the  Chlamydobacteriales,  R.  K.  Buchanan  (Jour. 
Bact.,  S  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  $01-^06) .—The  present  contribution  (E.  S.  R.,  39. 
p.  828)  deals  with  the  new  order  Chlamydobacteriales  and  the  family  Chlamy- 
dobacterlaceie  thereunder,  including  five  genera. 

A  promising  chemical  photometer  for  plant  physiological  research,  C.  S. 
RiDGWAT  {Plant  World,  21  {1918),  No.  9,  pp.  2S4-240) .— This  has  already  been 
noted  from  another  source  (E.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  524). 

FIELD  CB0P8. 

Tong^  crops,  T.  A.  Kiemelbach  {Nebraska  8ta.  B«l.  169  {1918),  pp.  36, 
figs.  8). — ^Forage  crops  adapted  to  Nebraska  conditions  are  briefly  described 
and  the  cultural  practices  deemed  best  for  their  production  outlined.  The  crops 
dealt  with  Include  grasses  and  legumes  for  permanent  pastures  and  meadows, 
annual  pasture  and  bay  crops,  aolling  <;rops,  silage  crops,  and  root  crt^m  for 
stock  feed* 

A  brief  preliminary  report  Is  presented  on  a  series  of  tests  with  forage  crops 
begun  In  1014,  Indading  data  on  the  comparative  yields  of  perennial,  biennial, 

uigitizea  Dy  vjx^v^^lC 


522  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  IV<A40 

and  annual  forage  crops,  a  comparison  of  three  methods  of  planting  annual 
forage  crops,  rate  of  seeding  tests  with  Black  Amber  sorghum  and  Sudan  grass 
for  forage,  Tariety  tests  with  millet  for  forage,  and  observations  on  the  effect  of 
the  number  of  cuttings  on  the  yield  of  alfalfa  liay.  With  the  biennial  and 
perennial  grasses  and  legumes  the  yields  ranged  from  2.5  tons  per  acre  for 
sweet  clover  to  5.6  tons  for  common  alfalfa,  while  with  the  annual  crops  the 
yields  varied  from  2.8  tons  for  Broom  Com  millet  to  5.8  tons  for  Black  Amber 
sorghum,  all  yields  being  reduced  to  a  moisture  content  of  12  per  cent  Black 
Amber  sorghum,  Sudan  grass,  Kafir  com,  and  dent  com  all  produced  maximom 
yields  when  drilled  in  at  the  highest  seeding  rate.  Common  miUet  with  an 
average  of  4  tons  per  acre  outyielded  all  other  sorts.  Alfalfa  cut  2,  3,  and  5 
times  produced  average  yields  of  3.47,  5.57,  and  3.7  tons  of  hay  per  acre,  respec- 
tively, for  the  three  years  1915-17,  inclusive.  It  is  stated  that  there  was  a 
marked  weakening  of  the  plants  and  thinning  of  the  stand  where  the  crop  was 
cut  too  frequently. 

[Beport  of  field  crops  tv'ork  in  AntiguAy  1916-17],  F.  Watts  {Imp.  Dept. 
Agr.  WeBt  Indies,  Rpi.  Agr.  Dept.  Antigua,  1916-11,  pp.  5-11,  15-15,  53-^7).- 
This  reports  a  continuation  of  work  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  335). 
Variety  tests  with  sweet  potatoes,  cassava,  eddoes,  tannlas,  and  yams;  trials 
of  com  and  cotton  selections;  and  field  plat  tests  of  rutabagas  and  mangel 
wurssels  are  briefly  described.  Similar  work  is  r^>orted  for  the  ezperim^it 
station  at  Barbuda. 

[Culture  experiments  on  moor  soils],  C.  J.  Chbisteivsen  (Tidstkr.  PUm- 
teavl,  25  (1918),  No.  2,  pp.  Sil-356) .—The  experiments  here  r^;)orted  were 
conducted  under  State  auspices  at  Heming,  Denmark,  from  1912  to  1917.  Tlie 
layer  of  peat  on  the  soil  used  had  an  average  thickness  of  less  than  1  ft  As 
based  on  the  analyses  of  a  series  of  samples  the  dry  matter  in  tlie  upper  2  ft 
of  soil  contained  from  L5  to  2.4  per  cent  calcium  oxid,  2.19  to  2.91  per  cent 
nitrogen,  and  0.143  to  0.202  per  cent  phosphoric  acid,  while  the  upper  foot 
showed  a  potash  content  of  0.027  per  cent  in  the  dry  matter.  The  soil  was  well 
mixed  with  sand,  fairly  well  drained  to  about  one  meter  in  depth,  and  practically 
neutral  in  reaction.  The  general  rotation  followed  included,  in  the  order  given, 
oats  and  vetch  or  6-rowed  barley,  rye,  root  crops,  spring  rye,  carrots,  oats, 
clover,  and  grass  two  years.  The  annual  fertilizer  application  per  hectare  given 
grain  and  grass  consisted  of  40  kg.  (85.0  lbs.  per  acre)  of  phosphoric  acid  in 
Thomas  slag  or  superphosphate,  80  kg.  of  potash  in  37  per  cent  potash  salt, 
and  30  kg.  of  nitrogen  in  nitrate  of  soda.  The  root  crops  received  annually  in 
the  same  substances  from  60  to  80  kg.  of  phosphoric  acid,  160  kg.  of  potash, 
and  in  the  greater  number  of  seasons,  also  30  kg.  of  nitrogen. 

Sowing  rye  about  September  1  gave  much  better  results  than  sowing  at  a 
later  date.  Rye  sown  October  15  to  November  1  failed,  as  a  rule,  to  survive 
the  winter.  Frost  during  blossoming  time  greatly  reduced  the  yield  in  1913 
and  1916,  while  in  1915  it  prevented  absolutely  the  formation  of  grain,  although 
the  yield  of  straw  remained  about  normal.  Winter  rye  gave  a  normal  yield 
only  one  year  out  of  four.  Spring  rye  sown  about  April  3  proved  to  be  a  much 
safer  crop,  being,  on  account  of  its  later  blooming  period,  less  subject  to  late 
spring  frost  and  producing  even  in  1915  about  one-third  of  a  normal  yield  of 
grain.    The  variety  of  spring  rye  grown  was  Petkus. 

Among  six  varieties  of  oats,  Gray  ranked  first  in  average  yield  for  five  years 
with  3,001  kg.  of  grain  and  5,003  kg.  of  straw  per  hectare  (63.7  bu.  and  2J23 
tons  per  acre,  respectively).  Golden  Rain  oats,  ranking  next,  produced  2,644 
kg.  of  grain  per  hectare,  but  as  the  hull  content  of  the  two  varieti^  was  34.9 
per  cent  and  26.9  per  cent,  respectively,  the  yields  of  grain  without  the  holla 
were  about  the  same. 


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191»I  FTBLD  CROPS.  523 

Two  varieties  of  barley,  Hanncben,  a  2-rowed,  and  Abed  July,  a  6-rowed  sort, 
were  grown  in  comparison  with  oats.  The  grain  yields  of  these  varieties,  when 
the  high  hull  content  of  Gray  oats  Is  considered,  were  in  all  instances  greater 
than  the  grain  yields  of  oats  varieties. 

The  largest  5-year  average  yield  of  roots,  23.86  tons  per  acre,  was  secured 
from  kohl-rabi  as  compared  with  fodder  beets,  turnips,  carrots,  and  potatoes. 
The  varieties  grown  were  Olsgaard  Bangbolro  and  Pajbjerg  3. 
•  [Beport  of  field  crops  work  In  Assam],  A.  A.  MEGorrr  and  J.  W.  MgKat 
(Ann,  Rpt,  Agr.  Expts.  AsBam,  1917,  pp.  S-H,  27~S8t  71-80,  SS-91;  Rpt.  Agr, 
Dept.  Assam,  1918,  pp.  6,  7). — In  a  continuation  of  work  previously  noted 
(E.  S.  R.,  38,  pp.  230,  836),  the  results  of  variety  and  selection  trials  with 
sugar  cane,  ri|:e,  and  potatoes  are  reported,  together  with  observations  on  cul- 
tural and  soil  fertility  experiments  with  rice  and  sugar  cane  and  field  tests 
with  miscellaneous  crops  as  conducted  at  several  experimental  centers  in  the 
Assam  Valley  for  the  years  ended  June  30,  1917  and  1918,  respectively. 

iBeport  of  field  crops  work  in  Bihar  and  Orissa,  India,  1917]  (Rpt.  Agr. 
Activ.  Govt.  Bihar  and  Orissa,  1917,  pp.  tl-tS,  46-^2,  56-SO,  62-72,  76-80).— 
This  reports  the  results  of  variety,  fertilizer,  and  cultural  tests  with  rice,  wheat, 
barley,  corn,  sugar  cane,  and  miscellaneous  forage  crops  at  several  experimental 
farms  in  the  region. 

[Keport  of  field  crops  work  in  Burma],  T.  Coupeb  (Rpt.  Dept.  Agr.  Burma, 
1917,  pp.  2-4). — ^Thls  briefly  describes  the  progress  of  work,  along  the  same 
general  lines  as  previously  noted  (E.  8.  R.,  88,  p.  336),  for  the  year  ended  June 
SO,  1917. 

[Beport  of  field  crops  work  in  the  Central  Provinces  and  Berar,  India, 
1916  and  1917],  J.  H.  Ritchie,  D.  Clouston,  G.  Evans,  and  R.  G.  Allan 
(Dept.  Agr.  [India],  Cent.  Prav.  and  Berar,  Rpt.  Agr.  8tas.,  West.  Circle,  1916, 
pp.  6-22;  1917,  pp.  1-17;  South.  Circle,  1916,  pp.  S-20,  25-33.  39-49;  1917,  pp. 
2^12,  17-S4,  37-49,  57S1;  North.  Circle,  1916,  pp.  3-12,  17-38;  1917,  pp.  3-25, 
35-42;  Rpt.  Expt.  Farm,  Agr.  Col,  Nagpur,  1916,  pp.  2-12;  1917,  pp.  2-12).— 
These  reports  note  the  results  obtained  in  variety,  cultural,  and  fertilizer  tests 
with  sugar  cane,  rice,  wheat,  cotton,  gram,  and  miscellaneous  field  crops  con- 
ducted on  numerous  experimental  farms  in  Central  India.  Considerable  tabu- 
lated data  are  presented  in  connection  with  experimental  work,  together  with 
statistics  on  crop  yields,  crop  values,  cost  of  production,  etc. 

[Beport  of  field  crops  work  at  the  Alibag  Agricultural  Station,  Kolaba 
Bistrict,  &dia,  1915-16],  V.  G.  Gokhale  {Dept.  Agr.  Bombay,  Ann,  Rpt. 
Expt.  Work  Alihag  Agr.  Sta.  1915-16,  pp.  3-22,  24-29).— This  reports  the  re- 
sults of  fertilizer,  cultural,  and  seed  selection  tests  with  rice  and  rotation  and 
field  tests  with  miscellaneous  crops. 

Administration  report  of  the  Government  economic  botanist  for  1916-17, 
P.  B.  Paknell  {Rpt.  Dept.  Agr,  Madras,  1916-17,  pp.  59,  60). — Notes  are  given 
on  the  breeding  of  rice,  a  survey  of  available  rice  varieties,  and  work  in  the 
breeding  of  cotton  resistant  to  drought 

Aerricultural  research  [with  field  crops]  in  Australia  {Advisory  Council 
8ci.  and  Indus.,  Aust.,  Bui.  7  {1918),  pp.  10-95,  108-161,  pi.  1,  figs.  5).— The 
following  papers  were  read  and  discussed  before  a  conference  of  scientific 
workers  in  agriculture  held  at  Melbourne  in  November,  1917:  Wheat  Breeding 
in  Its  Incidence  to  Production,  by  H.  Pye;  Oat  and  Barley  Breeding,  by  J.  T. 
Pridham;  Maize  Breeding,  by  H.  Wenholz;  The  Application  of  Statistical 
Methods  to  the  Selection  of  Wheat  for  Prolificacy,  by  W.  H.  Green ;  Production 
of  Cereals  for  Arid  Districts,  by  A.  E.  V.  Richardson ;  Immunity  and  Inheri- 
tance in  Plants,  by  D.  McAlplne;  The  Acclimatization  of  Plants,  by  G.  L,  Sut- 
U4878'— 'No.  6—19 3 


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624  BXPEBIICEKT  STATIOK  BBGOBD.  [▼•1.40 

ton ;  The  Tobacco  InduBtry  in  AtutnaiA,  by  T.  ▲.  J.  Smitb ;  Native  Grasses  and 
Fodder  Plants  of  Australia,  by  E.  Breakwell;  Tbe  Possibility  of  CnltiTatiiig 
Fiber  Plants  In  Australia,  by  T.  Hogg;  Hie  Australian  Sugar  Industry,  by 
H.  T.  Basterby;  and  Crops  for  the  Production  of  Power-alcohol,  by  W.  B. 
GHmwade. 

[Beport  of  field  crops  work  in  Hew  South  Wales],  EL  Boss,  J.  T.  Pbidham, 
and  E.  Bbeakwell  (Rpt.  Dept.  Agr.  N.  8.  Wdlei,  1917,  pp.  tS-tl,  59-^5).— In  a 
continuation  of  work  preTiously  noted  (B.  8.  B.,  88,  p.  735),  this  rqK>rt8  tbe 
results  of  variety  and  fertiliser  tests  with  wheat,  com,  and  potatoes;  plant 
breeding  work  with  wheat,  oats,  barley,  and  rye;  and  field  tests  with  miacel- 
laneous  forage  plants  at  various  experimental  centers  for  the  year  aided  June 
30, 1917. 

[Beport  of  field  crops  work  in  South  Aastralla],  W.  J.  Spattobd  (Sp(.  MUl 
Affr.  So.  Aust.,  1917,  pp,  26-37). — ^Thls  notes  the  progress  of  variety,  cultural, 
and  fertilizer  tests  with  miscellaneous  cereal  and  forage  crops,  in  continuation 
of  similar  work  previously  noted  (£.  S.  B.,  38,  pi  433). 

[Pield  crops  work  in  the  Union  of  South  Africa],  W.  H.  ScHEunns,  H.  S. 
Du  ToiT,  and  M.  Van  Nieksbk  (Union  So.  Africa  Dept,  Agr.  Rptg.^  1915-16,  pp. 
eS-67,  121-lt9,  137-140;  1916-17,  pp.  71-76,  191-141,  i4^i55),— Field  crops 
work  for  the  years  ended  March  31, 1916  and  1917,  for  the  divisions  of  tobacco, 
cotton,  and  dry-land  farming  is  outlined,  and  considerable  tabulated  data  are 
presented  on  acreage  and  crop  yields.  The  annual  reports  of  the  chief  grain 
inspector  are  also  given. 

The  exploitation  of  plants  (London  and  Toronto:  J.  M.  Dent  A  Sons,  Ltd., 
1917,  pp.  VII+170).—Th\a  work,  edited  by  F.  W.  OUver,  comprises  a  series  of 
public  lectures  delivered  at  University  College,  London,  in  an  effort  to  bring 
before  botanists  and  other  interested  persons  information  relating  to  the  pre- 
vailing methods  of  plant  exploitation  and  to  the  field  awaiting  developm^it  in 
this  respect  In  addition  to  an  introduction  by  the  editor,  the  subjects  dealt 
with  include  the  following:  Plant  Food  and  Soil  Problems,  by  W.  B.  Bottomley; 
Waste  Lands,  by  F.  W.  Oliver ;  Timber  Production  in  Britain,  by  E.  J.  Salisbury ; 
Tropical  Exploitation,  with  Special  Beference  to  Bubber,  by  J.  0.  Willis  j  The 
Cotton  Plant,  Its  Dependent  Industries,  and  Natural  Science,  by  W.  L.  Balls; 
Vegetable  Dyes,  by  S.  M.  Baker;  Tea  Making,  by  S.  E.  Chandler;  The  Plant  as 
Healer,  by  E.  N.  Thomas ;  and  Pants  as  a  Source  of  National  Power— Coal,  by 
M.  C.  Stopes. 

Observations  on  some  hybridization  and  plant  selection  experiments, 
H.  M.  Gmeun  (CuUura,  30  (1918),  No.  353,  pp.  1-19,  pis.  4).— The  author  reports 
the  progress  of  plant  breeding  work,  noting  the  observations  made  during  1916 
on  the  spontaneous  crossing  of  wheat  and  spelt  (B.  S.  B.,  88,  p.  636)  and  of 
beans,  and  on  plant  selection  work  with  rye. 

MendeUan  inheritance  in  wheat  and  barley  crosses,  with  probable  error 
studies  on  class  frequencies,  A.  Kbzeb  and  B.  Botack  (Colorado  Bta.  BmL 
249  (1918),  pp.  5-139,  pU.  9,  ftgi.  10).— The  authors  describe  work  begun  In 
1911  in  which  crosses  were  made  between  different  varieties  of  wheat,  wheat 
and  emmer,  and  between  varieties  of  barley  In  a  study  of  Mendelian  inheri- 
tance of  characters.  The  behavior  of  the  Fi  progeny  and  the  segregations  in 
the  Fi  generation  are  described,  and  observations  made  upon  certain  progenies 
continued  into  the  Fa  generation  recorded.  Considerable  data  are  presented 
which  have  been  subjected  to  a  theoretical  analysis  showing  the  probable  error 
of  Mendelian  class  frequencies  and  the  conformity  of  the  material  thereto. 

Stating  that  if  the  characters  of  an  organism  are  the  developmental  results 
of  certain  factors  inherited  according  to  the  Mendelian  law,  their  occurrence 
in  numerous  samples  should  be  such  as  to  conform  to  the  binomial  frequency 


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^•w  Fnsu)  GRCffS.  525 

diBtnbiittoii«  tbe  avtbors  Attempt  to  apply  racb  a  test  to  their  results.  For 
ooQYenieDce  tlie  prot>ab]e  error  of  the  binomial  dlstrlbotlon  has  been  calculated 
and  tables  ot  its  value  for  certain  classes  and  for  populations  up  to  500  have 
been  ivepared.  "  It  Is  recognized  that  if  pure  chance  controls  the  recombina- 
tions of  factors  in  the  combining  gametes,  then,  in  a  large  number  of  cases,  the 
differences  between  observed  and  theoretical  results  should  be  divided  about 
equally  between  values  less  than  and  greater  than  the  probable  error  of  the 
binomial  frequency  distribution  of  those  dlfferenoea** 

Alti^gether  the  test  has  been  applied  to  the  occurrences  In  1365  different 
cases,  of  which  806  were  found  to  be  within  the  probable  error  limits  and  960 
without  The  results  obtained  with  the  different  crops  and  with  the  different 
MendeUan  ratios  are  regarded  as  quite  satisfactory,  and  although  they  are  not 
deemed  conclusive  It  is  thought  that  "  they  do  show  that  for  practical  purposes, 
the  MendeUan  law  of  Inheritance  is  an  exceedingly  useful  tool  in  practical  plant 
breeding."  The  final  settlement  of  the  main  problem  is  believed  to  await  the 
discovery  by  biochemists  of  the  real  mechanism  of  Inheritance  and  development 

The  text  is  supplemented  by  several  colored  plates  and  photographs  showing 
the  parental  stock  and  hybrid  progeny. 

On  a  case  of  permanent  variation  in  the  glume  lengths  of  extracted 
parental  types  and  the  inheritance  of  purple  color  in  the  cross  Triticum 
polonicumXT.  eloboni,  A.  St.  G.  Capobn  (Jour,  Genetics,  7  U918),  No.  4,  pp. 
t59-t80,  pfo.  3,  figs.  4).— This  paper  discusses  investigations  initiated  by  Biff  en 
in  1913  and  carried  forward  by  the  author,  beginning  with  the  analysis  of 
the  Fs  figures.  The  par^it  strains  are  fully  described  and  an  accurate  method 
for  measuring  and  tabulating  glume  lengths  explained.  In  the  Fi  generation. a 
marked  change  in  the  average  glume  length  of  homozygous  "  longs,"  as  compared 
with  the  average  of  the  parent,  T.  polonioum,  was  observed^  which,  under  equal 
conditions,  is  said  to  persist  through  into  the  Ft  generation. 

▲  study  has  also  been  made  of  the  purple  pericarp  color,  including  observa- 
tions <m  the  manner  and  extent  of  its  distribution  in  the  tissues,  its  develop- 
ment and  detection  In  minute  quantities,  and  its  inheritance  with  regard  to  the 
latter  point  A  distinguishing  feature  is  that  segregations  analogous  to  the  Fi 
segregation  have  not  been  observed  in  the  Ft  generation.  Streaking,  a  character 
which  appeared  suddenly  in  the  Fs  generation,  is  said  to  bear  some  resemblance 
to  particoloring  in  maize,  and  is  discussed.  Cultur.e8  have  been  stabilized  with 
respect  to  color  and  glume  length. 

Qrain  production  and  the  bread  situation  in  Switzerland,  J.  Wiaz  (Die 
Getreideproduktion  und  Brotversorgung  der  Schweiz,  Zurich:  Art,  Inst.  Orell 
FuMsU,  1917,  2.  ed.,  enl.,  pp.  16S,  pU.  45).->This  is  a  revised  edition  of  a  work 
dealing  in  a  detailed  manner  with  the  grain  production  and  the  bread  situ- 
ation of  Switzerland  from  the  Middle  Ages  to  the  present  time,  also  with  meas- 
ures deemed  essential  to  the  maintenance  and  increase  of  domestic  grain  pro- 
duction and  with  the  regulation  of  the  bread  supplies  through  associations  and 
societies. 

Biitiah  grasses  and  their  employment  in  agriculture,  S.  F.  Abmstbono 
(Cambridge  [Sng.}:  Univ.  Press,  1917,  pp.  VIII+199,  figs.  177;  rev.  in  Soi. 
Prog.  [Londoni\,  IZ  (1918),  No.  48,  p.  697,  698;  Physiok  Abs.,  S  (1918),  No.  2,  p. 
1S5}. — This  volume,  designed  primarily  for  the  use  of  agricultural  students, 
deals  with  the  identification  and  utilization  of  the  species  of  grasses  found  in 
the  British  Isles,  with  special  reference  to  those  species  which  are  most  abun- 
dant or  of  greatest  economic  importance. 

The  wctk  embraces  two  parts,  a  botanical  section  and  an  agricultural  section. 
The  first  section  includes  chapters  on  the  morphology  and  biology  of  grasses 
and  the  distribution  of  British  grasses;  artificial  keys  based  respectively  on 


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526  EXPERIMBNT  STATIOK  BEOOBD.  [ToLM 

foliage  diaracteristlcs,  InfloreBcences  and  floral  characters,  and  upon  "seeds**; 
and  a  botanical  description  of  species.  The  agricultural  section  gives  chapters 
on  the  agricultural  value  and  characteristics  of  21  s[^ecies  of  grasses  sown  on 
the  farm,  the  valuation  and  purchase  of  grass  seeds,  the  spedflcatlon  and  con- 
pounding  of  grass-seed  mixtures,  and  the  general  treatment  of  grassland  and 
the  effects  of  various  fertilizers  upon  the  different  spedes.  A  list  of  81  HpecieB 
of  local,  rare,  or  introduced  foreign  grasses  not  otherwise  described  and  a 
bibliography  of  35  titles  are  appended. 

Alfalfa,  L.  F.  Grabeb  (MadUon,  Wis.:  Author,  1918,  pp.  76,  fig$.  SO),— A  hand- 
book on  alfalfa  growing  designed  primarily  for  the  farmer  and  student  It  is 
based  largely  upon  Information  obtained  by  the  author  from  over  S,000  reports 
of  successes  and  failures  with  alfalfa  from  members  of  the  Alfalfa  Order  of 
the  Wisconsin  Agricultural  Experiment  Association,  and  upon  tJie  results 
obtained  from  more  than  000  experimental  plats  of  various  strains  and  varieties 
of  alfalfa  grown  under  widely  varying  conditions  and  methods  at  the  Wisconsia 
Experiment  Station. 

[Castor  beans  in  Bhodesia],  J.  A.  T.  Waltebs  (RhodeHa  MunitUmB  amd  Re- 
sources Com.  Rpt.  1918,  pp.  70-75). — ^The  castor  bean  is  regarded  as  indigenous 
to  Southern  Rhodesia,  and  isolated  specimens  growing  without  cultivation  have 
given  high  yields  and  have  proved  to  be  resistant  to  insect  attack.  When 
grown  under  cultivation,  however,  the  yield  of  seed  has  been  considerably 
lowered  and  susceptibility  to  Insect  attack  materially  increased. 

[Bed  clover  experiments  in  Holland,  1916  to  1017),  H.  M.  Gmkuiv  (CsJ- 
fttra,  SO  (1918),  No.  55^,  pp.  61-79)  .—This  is  a  detailed  report  of  experiments 
made  with  selected  strains  of  red  clover  on  several  experiment  farms.  Tabu- 
lated data  are  presented  showing  the  yields  of  the  different  sorts,  giving  their 
green  and  dry  weights. 

Maize  culture,  H.  Wenholz,  Q.  P.  DABNEix-SKrrR,  and  W.  B.  Guknet  {Dept. 
Agr.  N.  S.  Wales,  Farmers*  Bui  116  (1918),  pp.  4«,  Aff^.  W).— A  detailed  de- 
scription of  the  field  practices  and  cultural  methods  employed  in  growing  the 
crop  in  New  South  Wales,  together  with  notes  on  the  diseases  and  insect 
enemies  of  com  found  in  the  region. 

Selection  of  disease-free  seed  com,  Q.  N.  Hoffeb  and  J.  R.  Hoisebt  { Indiana 
8ta.  Bui.  t24  (1918),  pp.  16,  figs.  21). — ^As  a  result  of  work  done  in  cooperatl^^n 
with  the  Office  of  Cereal  Investlgaions  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 
it  is  stated  that  the  same  organism  which  causes  scab  in  wheat  also  appears  to 
produce  rot  of  the  stalks,  ears,  and  ear-shanks  of  com.  The  use  of  infected  seed 
was  found  to  result  in  missing  hills,  slow-growing  stalks,  barren  stalks,  down* 
stalks,  nubbins,  and  early  blighting  of  plants  in  the  field.  The  use  of  the  ear- 
to-row  method  for  studying  the  quality  and  value  of  seed  ears  is  recommended, 
and  the  selection  of  seed  ears  from  disease-free  stalks  is  explained.  Careful 
observation  of  germinating  seedlings  is  said  to  reveal  the  presence  of  infected 
seed  ears,  and  a  type  of  germinator  deemed  best  for  this  method  of  testing  is 
described  and  illustrated. 

Cotton,  O.  C.  Stine,  O.  E.  Baker  et  al.  (U.  8.  Depi,  Agr„  Atlas  Amer.  Affr^ 
pt.  5,  Sect.  A,  1918,  pp.  28,  figs.  i04).— This  number  of  the  atlas  comprises  a  dis- 
cussion of  the  principal  commercial  types  of  cotton ;  the  geography,  economics, 
methods,  and  history  of  cotton  production;  and  marketing  and  distribution, 
supplemented  by  numerous  maps  and  charts.  A  selected  list  of  pablicaticms 
relating  to  the  various  phases  of  the  subject  is  Included. 

The  quest  of  the  long  staple  cotton,  W.  I.  Buixabo  {Cumf>ridffe,  Mass.: 
Univ.  Press,  1917,  pp.  SI,  pi.  i).— -This  presents  a  brief  historical  and  descriptive 
account  of  long  staple  types  of  cotton,  including  Egyptian,  Sea  Island,  and 


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1»1»]  VljSLD  OBOPS.  627 

Axiioiia-Bgyiitlan,  togetber  with  notes  on  tbe  production  of  long  staple  cotton 
In  California,  Brazil,  and  Peru. 

Biiaf  In  bahalf  of  the  Lonlstsna  Farmers'  Association,  G.  B.  Oilices 
{Bhreveport,  La.:  La.  Parmer^  A»$oc.,  1918,  pp.  i5).-- The  total  cost  of  pro- 
duction of  cotton  In  Louisiana  In  1918  for  a  40-acre  unit,  including  land  rent, 
mule  rant,  feed,  man  labor,  fertlllser,  seed,  etc.,  is  estimated  at  $2,007  and 
the  net  cost  of  production  at  82  cts,  per  pound. 

A  stody  of  hybrids  in  Xgyptian  cotton,  T.  H.  KsAaivcT  and  W.  G.  Wklls 
{Awier.  Nat.,  52  (191$),  No.  622-^23,  pp.  491-^06,  flgi.  5).— Investigations  begun 
In  1914  at  Sacaton,  Arlx.,  dealing  with  the  conditions  under  which  mutants 
occur  In  Egyptian  cotton,  are  described.  Simple  and  back-crossed  hybrids 
have  betti  made  between  Pima  and  Gila  (B.  S.  R.,  81,  p.  525),  and  three  genera- 
tions of  the  hybrid  progenies,  and  of  progenies  from  selfed  seed  of  the  parent 
stocks,  have  been  grown. 

No  evidence  of  the  appearance  of  new  characters  has  been  olMerved  In  any 
of  the  progenies,  but  since  mutants  In  Egyptlf^  cotton  are  comparatively  rare, 
it  is  deemed  desirable  to  examine  much  larger  populations  before  drawing 
definite  conclusions.  It  is  stated  that  the  principal  interest  attaching  to  the 
data  thus  far  obtained  has  to  do  with  the  behavior  of  hybrids  between 
varieties  belonging  to  the  same  general  type  as  compared  with  that  of  hybrids 
between  different  species  of  Gossyplum,  which  have  hitherto  been  the  chief 
subject  of  genetic  studies  with  cotton. 

"The  varieties  used  in  this  investigation  are  distinguished  chiefly  by  slae 
and  shape  characters^  althoui^  a  few  of  the  characters  in  ^Ich  they  differ 
significantly  have  been  found  to  behave  as  allelomorphs  in  hybrids  between 
less  nearly  related  forms  of  Gossyplum.  The  Pima  X  Gila  hybrids,  however, 
showed  no  evidence  of  segregation  in  definite  ratios  In  respect  to  any  of  the 
characters  measured.  There  was  little  or  no  evidence  of  dominance  In  the 
Fi,  and  the  Ft  distributions  were  practicaUy  without  exception  unlmodal.  The 
means  of  the  simple  hybrid  were  in  most  cases  intermediate  betWeen  those  of 
the  parents.  The  result  of  twice  back-crossing  the  simple  hybrid  upon  either 
parent  was  to  obliterate  the  expression  of  the  characters  of  the  other  parent. 

**  It  could  not  be  demonstrated  that  genetic  correlation  or  coherence  of  char- 
acters occurs  In  these  hybrids.  Apparently  all  characters  which  are  not  cor- 
related physically  or  physiologically  are  transmitted  independently.  The*  second 
and  third  generations  of  the  hybrids,  as  compared  with  the  parents  after  two 
and  three  generations  of  selfing,  were  not  more  variable  than  Gila,  and  were 
only  a  little  more  variable  than  Pima.  This  fact  Is  of  practical  importance  in 
cotton  breeding,  since  it  points  to  the  possibility  of  obtaining  relatively  stable 
and  uniform  recombinations  of  the  desirable  characters  of  varieties  belonging 
to  the  same  general  type,  although  breeders  have  found  this  to  be  well  nigh 
ImiMMSlble  in  wider  crosses  such  as  those  of  Bgyptlan  (or  Sea  Idand)  with 
iq[>land  cotton." 

Votes  on  fiber  prodaoed  from  some  of  the  most  us^ul  indigenous  and 
sKotic  plants  in  the  Cape  Province,  J.  Lkighton  {So.  African  Jour,  Bd.,  H 
iJ918),  No.  10,  pp.  44$,  4fi).— ^he  author  presents  brief  notes  on  the  relative 
▼aloes  of  the  fibers  produced  by  the  more  Important  indigenous^  and  exotic 
plants  in  the  region. 

Inyestiffationa  on  hops  (Hnmnlns  Iupnlns).-~XI,  Can  different  clones  be 
ebaxaeteziaed  by  the  number  of  marginal  teeth  in  the  leavesP  J.  Sohmiut 
{Compt.  Rend.  Lab.  CarUherg,  14  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  2S,  /T^f.  8).— This  is  a  fur- 
ther contributien  to  the  author's  investigations  with  h^s  (B.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  284), 
and  comprises  a  study  of  differences  observed  la  the  number  of  marginal  teeth 


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528  BXPEBIICBNT  STAXION  RBOOBD.  CT*L40 

found  on  the  middle  lobe  of  the  leaf  to  determine  whether  Tariatioiis  were  doe 
to  genotyplc  differences  or  were  merely  of  a  phamotyplc  nature.  The  material 
studied  included  plants  derived  from  the  same  clone  and  observed  tiuouf^ 
three  successiTe  years,  plants  from  the  same  clone  grown  the  same  years  but 
under  different  environmental  conditions,  plants  from  different  dones,  and 
plants  obtained  through  hybridization.  Statistical  methods  were  apptted  to  an 
Interpretation  of  the  results,  and  the  data  presented  in  tabular  form  and  fol^ 
discussed.  The  conclusion  is  reached  that  although  the  number  of  teeth  in  the 
margin  of  the  leaves  of  the  hop  plant  was  largdy  affected  by  envlrcmmental 
conditions,  there  were  nevertheless  marked  clonal  differences  which  are  btiieved 
to  be  entirely  independent  of  external  influences. 

Studies  of  selections  of  two  cultiTated  eats,  L.  Danikl  and  El  MibGm  {Aim. 
Sci,  Nat.  Bot,  9.  aer.,  tO  {1911),  No.  1-6,  pp.  tSB^OS,  flpM.  6;  afr«.  im  InterlM. 
Inst.  Agr.  [Rome^,  Intemat.  Rev.  Set.  and  Pract.  Agr.,  9  {1918} ,  No.  7,  pp.  80$- 
808), — The  authors  describe  work,  conducted  over  a  period  of  four  years  with  a 
white  and  a  black  variety  of  oat^  in  which  they  made  observations  of  the  inherit- 
ance of  certain  grain  diaracteristlcs.  Four  types  of  grain  were  recognized  with 
respect  to  their  location  in  the  spikelet  and  w»«  designated  as  single,  external, 
internal,  and  intermediate.  The  yield  of  grain  and  straw  from  the  different 
types,  the  proportion  per  1,000  grains  of  the  different  types  obtained  in  the  two 
varieties  and  in  the  progeny  of  selected  seed,  the  weight  of  the  different  types, 
and  the  proportion  by  weight  of  grain  and  of  glumes  comprised  tbe  pobits 
studied.  It  was  concluded  that,  at  least  in  the  case  of  these  two  varieties,  the 
morphological  differences  in  the  grains  are  not  transmitted  to  their  offspring. 

An  account  of  an  experiment  to  determine  the  heredity  of  early  and  late 
ripening  in  an  oat  cross,  A.  St.  G.  Capobn  {Jour.  C^eneHes,  7  {1918),  No.  4,  pp. 
247-257,  fig.  1). — ^Statistical  data  are  presented  on  the  exact  maturation  values 
of  an  entire  Ft  generation  as  established  by  the  Ft  prog^iy  of  a  cross  between 
early  and  late  ripening  oats.  Oonclusions  are  reached  similar  to  those  arrived 
at  by  Hoshlno  in  his  work  with  rice  (B.  S.  R.,  85,  p.  329). 

Mesdag,  a  weak*strawed,  large-grained  type,  was  used  as  the  early  parent  and 
Hopetown,  a  small-grained,  profusely  tiUering  type,  as  the  late  parent  A  total 
of  106  Ft  heads  were  rubbed  out  and  planted  the  same  day,  a  row  of  each  of 
the  parents  also  being  sown  in  proximity  to  the  rest  of  the  crop.  Each  row 
contained  24  grains.  The  Mesdag  row  began  ripening  August  10  and  finidied 
August  24,  while  the  Hopetown  row  began  ripening  September  4. 

No  row  was  as  late  as  the  late  parent  nor  as  early  as  the  early  parm^ 
although  two  rows  extended  only  two  and  three  days,  respectively,  beyond  the 
Mesdag  period.  Starting  early,  22  other  rows  ripened  over  the  period  between 
the  parental  times  and  finished  the  first  day  of  the  Hopetown  harvest  It  is 
concluded  that  early  and  late  ripoiing  are  Mendelian  characters^  but  that  tbey 
are  dependent  upon  more  than  one  factor,  possibly  three.  Ft  plants,  apparently 
homozygous  for  one  of  these,  were  definitely  early  in  the  sense  that  their  Ft 
progeny  all  attained  complete  ripeness  before  any  ihdiVlduals  of  the  late  parent 
had  matured.  Homozygosis  in  all  three  factors  was  apparently  required  to 
produce  the  two  perfectly  early  row&  The  diversity  in  the  time  of  ripening  of 
the  other  22  early  rlpeners  is  thought  to  support  the  infexenoe  that  althou^  one 
factor  is  here  constant  and  homozygous,  thus  imparting  a  common  measore 
of  earliness,  the  other  two,  in  various  heterozygous  and  homoaygous  combina- 
tions, are  responsible  for  the  different  incidences  of  the  gr^test  intensity  of 
this  earliness. 

*"  There  can  be  little  doubt,  too^  tiiat  the  extent  of  the  tillering  has  nradi  to 
do  with  the  rate  of  ripening.  The  tillering  power  of  late  fonns  is  always  good ; 
that  of  early,  very  poor.    Owing  to  the  concentration  of  growth  among  early 


uigiiizea  Dy  ' 


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1910]  FIELD  CROPS.  529 

plants  Into  one  or  two  panicles  only,  these  are  generally  bigger  and  bear  better 
grain  than  those  of  late  plants;  bnt  this  advantage  does  not  compensate  for 
the  diminished  yield  due  to  the  small  number  of  heads.  There  is  thus  an  iney- 
itable  sacrifice  of  crop  when  it  is  attempted  to  render  a  late  kind  early.  The 
only  hope,  apparently,  lies  in  incressing  the  output,  per  indlTldual  panicle,  of 
an  already  early  yariety.  This  can  best  be  done  by  extracting  it  again  from  a 
fair-sized  Ft  generation  ef  a  cross  with  a  type  which,  quite  apart  from  any 
ability  to  tiller  profusely,  has  above  all  larger  panicles  and  larger  grain  of 
better  quaUty/' 

The  olona,  Hawaii's  unexcelled  fiber  plant,  V.  MacCaxtgrct  (Science,  n.  ter., 
48  (1918),  No.  Itse,  pp.  2Se-^8).—Oion&  (Touchardia  laiifolia),  said  to  be 
the  strongest  and  most  durable  fiber  known,  is  described,  and  its  distribution 
and  utilization  in  Hawaii  are  discussed. 

[Proceedings  of  the  Potato  Association  of  America]  (Proo.  Potato  Assoc. 
Amer.,  4  (1917),  pp.  US,  flff9.  6). — ^This  reports  the  proceedings  of  the  fourth 
annual  meeting  of  the  association,  already  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  800). 

Approred  methods  of  transplanting  rice  [in  Italy]  (CHor.  Risicolt,  8  (1918), 
No.  5,  pp.  65-79,  figs.  10). — ^Thls  gives  a  rather  detailed  description  of  the 
methods  employed  in  transplanting  rice  under  irrigation,  including  the  prepa- 
ration and  care  of  the  nursery  seed  bed. 

Hotee  on  the  production  of  dry  land  rice,  Q.  E.  Gooubs  (Agr.  Bui.  Fed. 
Malay  States,  6  (1918),  No.  7-^,  pp.  S21^$t7)  .—Field  practices  and  cultural 
methods  employed  in  growing  dry-land  rice  in  the  Federated  Malay  States  are 
described,  approximately  15,000  acres  being  under  this  system  of  cultivation. 
Two  forms  of  the  system  are  said  to  obtain — "  ladang  "  or  hill  cultivation  and 
^tenggala"  or  plow  cultivation.  The  former  method  involves  the  utilization 
of  virgin  forest  land  cleared  of  trees,  while  in  the  latter  method  the  broad 
alluvial  tracts  occurring  along  the  river  banks  are  utilized. 

Caltore  experiments  with  rye,  B.  W.  Ljttng  (Sveriges  Vtsddesfdr.  Tidskr., 
t8  (1918),  No.  S,  pp.  97-118,  figs.  5).— This  paper  reviews  the  results  of  culture 
experiments  with  a  number  of  varieties  of  rye,  conducted  at  different  places 
in  Sweden  and  at  various  times  from  1906  to  1017,  inclusive. 

The  results  of  five  experiments  carried  on  from  1005  to  1011  showed  that 
the  best  average  yields  of  grain  and  straw  were  secured  from  seedings  made 
August  16,  as  compared  with  one  earlier  and  three  later  dates,  ranging  from 
August  6  to  September  26.  The  average  yield  of  grain  for  the  years  1907  to 
1017  at  Svai5f  was  in  favor  of  Svalttf  Stjftm  rye,  which  produced  4,831  kg.  per 
hectare  (60  bu.  per  acre).  A  strain  of  Stjftrn  rye,  No.  0302,  yielded  4,298  kg. ; 
a  strain  of  Schlanstedt  rye.  No.  0451.  4,146  kg. ;  a  strain  of  Prof.  Heinrich,  No. 
0280,  4,058  kg. ;  and  Petkus,  taken  as  the  standard  variety,  4.050  kg.  per  hec- 
tare. Sval5f  Stjftm  rye  also  led  In  yield  in  similar  experiments  conducted  at 
live  otiter,  points.  Sval5f  Stjftm  rye  strain.  No.  0302,  which  also  entered  the 
tests  at  three  of  these  places  ranked  second  in  every  Instance.  Sval5f  Improved 
Wasa  rye,  compared  with  several  varieties  from  1910  to  1917  in  six  localities, 
gave  an  average  yield  higher  than  that  of  Petkus,  but  lower  than  the  average 
yield  of  8val5f  Stjftm  rye. 

Studies  on  the  contamination  of  the  pollen  of  rye  with  the  help  of  ''  indi- 
cator plants'^  in  Sweden,  N.  He&ibest-Nilsson  (Ztschr.  Pflanzenzucht,  5 
{1917),  No.  t,  pp.  89-lH,  figs.  10;  ahs.  in  Intemat.  Inst.  Agr.  XRome],  Intemat. 
Rev.  Sci.  and  Pract.  Agr.,  9  (1918),  No.  2,  pp.  170-172,  fig.  1).— -In  work  with  rye 
at  the  Seed  Selection  Station  of  Weibullsholm,  near  Landskrona,  Sweden,  the 
author  isolated  descendants  of  selected  plants  in  fields  of  wheat  or  fodder 
grasses.  This  practice  led  to  a  study  of  the  manner  and  of  the  extent  to 
which  pollen  from  one  plant  or  from  a  group  of  plants  when  carried  by  the 

uigiTizea  Dy  vjjOOQIC 


630  EXPERIMENT  STAXlOIiir  RECORD.  [Y^LIO 

wind  may  reach  the  flowers  of  other  plants,  <*Ten  at  a  considerable  digtanfp.. 
These  observations  were  made  by  means  of  (1)  the  determination  of  the  per- 
centage of  fertilized  flowers  in  almost  completely  self-sterile  plants,  (2)  hj 
the  direct  collection  of  pollen  on  gla3s  slides  covered  with  liquid  paraffin  and 
placed  at  various  distances  from  the  rye  plat  with  the  paraffined  surface  turned 
In  the  direction  of  the  prevailing  wind,  and  (3)  by  the  use  of  so-called  indi- 
cator plants. 

The  number  of  fertilized  flowers  in  normal  rye  was  found  to  average  5  per 
cent,  while  higher  averages,  exceeding  10  per  cent,  are  regarded  as  due  to 
cross-pollination.  Single  plants  separated  by  a  distance  of  30  meters  (about 
82.8  yds.)  were  regarded  as  practically  Isolated,  while  groups  of  plants  covering 
areas  of  about  0.5  square  meter  (approximately  5.4  sq.  ft)  and  separated  by  a 
distance  of  30  meters  were  found  to  be  exposed  to  a  contamination  of  10  per 
cent.^ 

In  1913  the  author  isolated  a  strain  of  Brattingsborg  rye,  distingalshed  by 
the  persistence  of  chlorophyll  in  the  stem,  leaves,  and  glumes,  even  when  fairly 
ripe.  This  nonripening  character  was  found  to  be  recessive,  the  Fa  individuals 
being  distributed  according  to  the  ratio  3 : 1.  Since  this  green  type  was  quite 
rare  (less  than  one  per  million)  and  recessive,  it  was  deemed  to  be  particu- 
larly well  suited  for  use  as  an  indicator  of  cross-pollination.  On  applying 
this  method  it  was  found  that  10  per  cent  of  the  isolated  rye  plants  were  sub- 
ject to  contamination  when  grown  at  a  distance  of  50  meters  from  rye  plats 
measuring  from  1  to  2  square  meters. 

That  the  danger  of  contamination  increased  with  an  increase  in  the  size  of 
plat  was  demonstrated  by  observations  made  on  isolated  plants  located  50,  230, 
350,  and  400  meters  from  a  plat  measuring  3,500  square  meters,  the  ampunt 
of  contamination  being  54.4,  46.3,  29.7,  and  19  per  cent,  respectively.  Ck>ntaml- 
nation  by  this  plat  in  a  group  of  20  indicators  00  meters  distant  was  373  per 
cent,  indicating  a  marked  protective  action  of  the  poUen  of  the  20  plants. 
Differences  in  the  amount  of  contamination  observed  in  individual  plants  of 
this  group  ranged  from  9.6  to  Q&  per  cent  and  were  thought  to  be  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  plants  did  not  all  flower  at  the  same  time,  the  late-flowering  plants 
being  exposed  to  a  greater  volume  of  pollen.  By  the  use  of  indicators  it  was 
also  observed  that  muslin  bags  were  ineffective  as  a  protection  against  cross- 
pollination,  an  average  contamination  of  83.3  per  cent  being  obtained  in  the 
four  indicator  plants  Isolated  by  this  means. 

See  also  a  previous  note  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  336). 

Svalof  Improved  Wasa  rye,  £.  W.  Ljuno  {Sverige*  Utsade^for.  Tidskr.,  Z8 
(1918),  No.  2,  pp.  71-81),— A  detailed  description  of  this  new  variety  ia  given, 
and  the  results  of  several  comparative  tests  in  progress  during  a  varying  num- 
ber of  seasons  in  different  localities  are  reported  in  tables. 

It  is  pointed  out  that  in  southern  and  middle  Sweden,  where  the  conditions 
for  rye  culture  are  of  the  best.  Improved  Wasa  rye  is  not  so  productive  as 
Svalofs  Stjiim  or  even  Petkus,  but  that  in  V&rmland  and  other  sections  where 
these  conditions  are  not  so  favorable  and  where  hardiness  is  of  greater  im- 
portance this  new  variety  proved  to  be  the  best  of  all  sorts  tested.  In  experi- 
ments with  nine  varieties  conducted  at  SvalSf  from  1911  to  1917  it  ranked  first 
in  weight  per  hectoliter,  with  74  kg.  (57.4  lbs.  per  bushel),  but  hi  weight  per 
1,000  kernels  it  ranked  fifth.  In  strength  of  straw  the  variety  stood  above  the 
average,  the  degree  of  strength  being  designated  as  6.1  on  a  scale  of  10. 

Spartina  and  coast  erosion,  I.  M.  Bopeb  {Roy.  BoU  Oard,  Kev>,  Buh  Hitc^ 
Infonn.,  No,  1  {1918),  pp.  2d-5i,  fig.  i).— The  author  describes  experimental 
work  with  £f.  tovmBe^idi  in  North  Somerset  (England)  in  an  effort  to  establish 
the  gross  on  the  extensive  mud  flats  of  the  River  Severn  as  a  means  of  pro- 


uigiiizea  Dy 


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1*191  FUBLD  GB0P3.  581 

tecUon  against  erosion  from  the  high  spring  tides  and  winter  storms.  The 
plant  is  said  to  give  considerable  promise  for  the  future. 

Climatic  control  of  the  moxphology  and  physiology  of  beets,  H.  B.  Shaw 
(Sugar  {Chicago},  19  {1911),  Na9. 10,  pp.  $87-^91,  fig*.  10;  11,  pp.  431^434,  flgn. 
10;  It,  pp.  47^486,  fig:  27;  20  (1918),  No9.  1,  pp.  2S-27,  flg».  3;  2,  pp.  68-10, 
fig*'  8;  3,  pp.  109-112,  fig9.  2;  4>  PP-  150-154,  fio*-  -t) —Observations  by  the 
author  during  several  years'  work  in  breeding  sugar  beets  are  said  to  have  re- 
vealed numerous  apparent  vagaries  in  their  morphological  development,  many 
of  which  proved  detrimental  to  the  production  of  seed. 

A  strong  correlation  between  climatic  conditions  and  morphological  develop- 
ment was  noted  and  was  seemingly  substantiated  by  available  data.  Bztensive 
experimental  work  was  planned  to  test  the  effect  of  environmental  factors 
upon  the  morphology  and  physiology  of  beets,  with  special  reference  to  dimate, 
e^>ecially  temperature  and  moisture.  Field  ex];>eriments  were  begun  at  Ogden, 
Utah,  in  1912,  in  which  4  series  of  plats  were  planted  at  successive  intervals  of 
about  3  weeks,  so  that  the  earlier  stages  in  the  development  of  the  crown  bud 
rudiments  might  be  exposed  to  progressively  higher  temperature  conditions 
with  all  their  accompanying  meterological  factors. 

Different  methods  of  planting  were  also  adopted  in  order  to  modify  the  effects 
of  these  factors  and  their  -relations  to  the  bud  development  In  the  first  row 
of  each  series  the  crowns  of  the  mother  beets  were  covered  with  soil  to  protect 
them  from  late  frosts  and  to  protect  the  young  buds  from  the  intense  heat  and 
actinism  of  the  midday  sun  in  semiarid  regions.  In  the  second  row  the  devel- 
oped buds  were  removed  to  Insure  the  activity  of  the  hitherto  dormant  bud 
rudiments.  The  crowns  of  the  beets  in  the  third  and  fourth  rows  were  exposed 
to  afford  comparisons  with  those  in  the  first  and  second  rows,  respectively. 
The  effect  of  shade  was  ascertained  by  placing  a  canopy  over  certain  portions 
of  the  beets.  An  additional  series  was  made  up  of  selected  beets  from  which  all 
visible  buds  and  leaves  were  removed  after  robust  rosettes  of  leaves  had  formed 
on  their  crowns,  thus  leaving  only  bud  rudiments  that  otherwise  would  have 
remained  dormant,  but  which,  due  to  the  stimulus  of  relatively  high  mean  tem- 
peratures of  both  air  and  soil  and  of  a  well-developed  root  system,  were  aroused 
into  active  growth.    The  meteorological  apparatus  employed  is  fully  described. 

During  1913  experiments  were  conducted  at  Jerome,  Idaho,  with  beets  placed 
in  cold  storage  to  induce  a  rest  period,  siloed  beets  at  Ogden  being  used  as  con- 
trols. Additional  tests  with  siloed  beets  were  made  at  Brooklyn,  N.  T.,  in  1916 
and  1917. 

The  methods  of  procedure  of  all  the  experimental  work  are  enumerated  in 
detail,  the  meteorological  and  other  data  are  recorded  in  tabular  form,  and  the 
results  are  discussed  at  some  length. 

"  The  experiments  described  have  shown  a  close  correlation  between  climatic 
eondltlons  and  the  morphological  development  of  beets,  whether  wild  or  in 
cultivation.  It  would  appear  that  climatic  factors  c^ieratlng  on  the  growing 
point  of  the  bud  rudiments  of  beets,  according  as  they  cause  a  prolonged  re- 
straint of  the  physiological  operations  of  those  growing  points  or  a  stimulation, 
determine  the  bud  rudiments  either  reproductively  or  vegetatively.  Any  inter- 
mediate stage  between  normal  reproductivity  and  complete  vegetativeness  may 
be  Induced,  according  to  the  degree  and  duration  of  the  restraint.  It  would  also 
appear  that  oUier  factors  inducing  a  similar  restraint  of  the  activities  of  the 
growing  point  will  produce  identical  results.  Among  such  factors  are  drought, 
lack  of  nutriment,  and  Inhibitory  pathological  or  physiological  conditions. 

"  Based  t4H>n  these  data,  the  following  hypothesis  is  advanced :  A  relatively 
prolonged  period  of  restrained  growth  in  the  growing  points  of  bud  rudiments 


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532  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECOBD.  [YoL^O 

of  beets  Is  necessary  to  determine  the  deyelopment  reprodnctiyely.  The  absenoe 
of  such  a  period  of  restrained  metabolism  resolts  in  a  TeKetative  determinatlOD. 
To  redace  the  intensity  or  duration  of  restrained  physiological  activity  will  result, 
according  to  degree,  in  a  determination  intermediate  between  normal  repro- 
ductivity  and  complete  vegetatiyeness.  When  determination  has  been  effected 
a  relative  stimulation  like  that  induced  by  the  rise  in  temperature  accompany- 
ing  the  march  of  the  season  must  follow  to  complete  the  full  developmoit  of  tin 
determined  morphological  phase.  With  this  hypothesis  it  is  found  possible  to 
account  for  the  occurrence  of  every  phase  in  the  morphology  of  both  the  wild 
and  the  cultivated  beet 

*'  In  the  case  of  the  cultivated  beet  it  is  essential  in  many  localities  that  some 
portion  of  the  period  of  restrained  growth  should  take  place  during  the  winter 
storage,  in  order  to  duplicate  to  some  extent  the  enweure  of  the  wild  beet 
seedlihg  to  the  winter  temperatures  of  its  natural  balntat  .  .  . 

**  The  physiological  changes  induced  in  the  growing  point  to  determine  one  or 
another  form  of  development  are  not  known.  It  is  known  that  grape  sugar  if 
present  in  and  about  the  growing  x>oint  of  the  crown  buds  of  beets  and  stardi 
is  absent  when  conditions  are  favorable  for  reproductive  determination,  and 
that  the  reverse  is  true  when  conditions  favor  vegetative  detanminatios. 
Oxidase  activities  are  much  greater  in  the  aerial  parts  of  beets  whose  growtli 
has  been  restrained  by  pathological  or  other  conditions  than  in  those  whose 
growth  has  been  relatively  stimulated.  It  is  probable  that  the  biochemical 
processes  of  the  cells  of  the  punctum  vegetatlonls  are  more  numerous  and  more 
complex  where  reproductivity  is  being  determined  than  where  vegetative 
growth  is  to  ensue.*' 

The  botany  of  the  sugar  cane,  J.  M.  Gbierts  iPlantkunde  van  het  StiikerHet, 
[Pa«oeroean],  Java:  Proefstat.  JavamtikerinduB,  [1916^,  pp.  XIV-^-lSl,  pb.  4, 
figs.  104).— Tbia  hook  is  designed  primarily  for  the  use  of  sugar  cane  planters 
and  deals  in  a  rather  popular  but  comprehensive  manner  with  the  external 
and  Internal  structure  of  sugar  cane,  the  life  processes  of  the  plant,  the  propa- 
gation of  cane,  variability,  heredity,  hybridization,  etc. 

Kew  varieties  of  sugar  cane,  R.  O.  McGonnie  (Rev,  Agr,  Puerto  Bieo,  1 
(1918),  No.  1-S,  pp.  ii^-i7).— Tabulated  data  are  presented,  showing  the  yields 
of  25  varieties  of  sugar  cane  grown  in  Porto  Rico  during  1915, 1916,  and  1917. 

Thick  V.  thin  canes  for  planting,  A.  H.  Roserveld  {IfUemat.  Sugar  Jour., 
20  {1918),  No.  2S5,  pp.  308-^6). — IShln  reports  the  results  of  experimentB 
undertaken  at  the  Tucum&n  Experiment  Station  in  1911  to  determine  whether 
thin  canes  transmitted  a  tendency  to  that  type  of  growth  or  whether  the  diar- 
acter  was  simply  the  result  of  some  unfavorable  condition  of  growth  during  the 
year.  The  average  yields  of  cane  from  two  plantings  of  thick  and  thin  canes 
and  two  stubble  crops  amounted  to  28,619  and  28,267  kg.  per  hectare  (about 
12.78  and  12.57  tons  per  acre),  respectively.  It  is  concluded  that,  provided  the 
stalks  planted  are  healthy,  the  thickness  of  the  cane  is  of  little  importance. 

Fertilizer  experiments  with  sugar  cane,  J.  Misasol  t  Jison  (PhiHjkpine 
Jour,  fifci..  Bed.  A,  IS  (1918),  No.  S,  pp.  1S5-H3,  figs.  f).>-This  describes  soine 
rather  limited  fertilizer  experiments  with  sugar  cane  begun  in  1916  and  made 
on  a  clay  loam  soil  near  Los  Bafios,  P.  I. 

The  highest  yields  were  obtained  from  applications  of  sulphate  of  ammonia 
in  combination  with  sulphate  of  potash  or  with  double  superphosphate,  amount- 
ing to  95.77  and  95.28  tons  of  cane  per  hectare  (88.8  and  88.6  tons  per  acre),  re- 
spectively. A  complete  fertilizer  containing  sulphate  of  potash,  nitrate  of  soda, 
and  double  superphosphate  showed  the  highest  purity  of  juice,  90.16  per  cent, 
with  sulphate  of  potash  next  in  order  with  89.52  per  cent  purity. 


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i««i  imsLb  CKOM.  688 

Tk«  iiaa  of  snlplutta  at  ammonia  as  a  fertilizer  for  sugar  cane,  J.  T.  CtULvr- 
TXT  {Suffar  {New  York},  tO  (1918),  No9,  5,  pp.  ITr-lSO,  flgs,  S;  6,  pp.  t2B-^B25, 
1ig%.  2;  7,  pp.  f07,  268;  8,  pp.  Slt^H). — ^The  author  presents  a  rather  general 
review  of  fertilizer  practices,  with  particular  reference  to  the  use  of  sulphate 
of  ammonia,  in  the  principal  sugar-cane  producing  countries,  including  Porto 
Rico,  British  West  Indies,  British  Guiana,  Cuba,  Louisiana  and  other  southern 
States,  Java,  and  Hawaii. 

It  is  concluded  that  nitrogen  is  the  most  important  element  in  the  fertiliza- 
tlon  of  sugar  cane,  and  that  wherever  mixed  fertilizers  are  used  sulphate  of  am- 
monia is  the  usual  source  of  nitrogen,  except  where  nitrogen  from  other  sources 
Is  more  plentiful  or  cheaper.  It  was  also  observed  that  where  nitrogenous 
dressings  were  used  sulphate  of  ammonia  was  preferred  in  practically  all  sugar- 
growing  sections. 

The  sugar  situation,  O.  L.  Spbnceb  {JaoksonvUle,  Fla.:  The  Drew  Fre9$, 
1918,  pp.  50+7/,  figs,  5S).— This  is  a  comprehensive  discussion  of  the  factors 
contributing  to  the  shortage  of  sugar,  with  suggestions  as  to  remedial  meas- 
ures and  with  particular  reference  to  the  encouragement  of  cane  sugar  and  sirup 
production  in  southeastern  United  States. 

A  study  of  Swedish  sunflower  seed  in  1917,  S.  Rhodin  {Meddel.  Central- 
(Hul.  P6r961c9v,  Jordftruksamrddet,  No.  170  {1918),  pp.  U;  K.  Landtbr.  Akad. 
Handl  och  Tidikr.,  51  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  817-^28). —This  article  discusses  the 
tanparature  and  moisture  requirements  of  sunflower  culture  and  their  relation 
to  the  climatic  conditions  of  various  localities  in  Sweden,  where  sunflowers 
were  grown  experimentally  to  test  their  value  as  a  source  of  oil.  Samples 
of  seed  from  16  localities  were  studied  as  to  their  maturity,  germination,  weight, 
tut  content,  and  moisture  content,  and  the  results  are  reported  in  tabular  form. 

It  was  found  that  a  high  moisture  content  of  the  seed  tends  to  give  low  germ- 
hiation.  These  samples  proved  to  be  of  a  higher  moisture  content  than  that 
reported  for  seed  produced  in  Hungary.  The  fat  content  of  the  16  samples,  on 
the  basis  of  10  per  cent  of  moisture,  ranged  from  12.67  to  26.09  per  cent.  At- 
tention is  called  to  the  fact  that  in  Hungary  a  fat  content  of  20.68  per  cent  with 
10  per  cent  of  moisture  is  considered  the  minimum  for  profitable  oil  extrac- 
tion, and  that  on  the  average  in  that  country  the  seed  vrith  10  per  cent  of 
'UKAsture  contains  about  27.82  per  cent  of  oil.  Of  the  samples  grown  in  these 
experiments  five  were  well  above  the  Hungarian  minimum. 

Stocks  of  leaf  tobacco  {Bur.  of  the  Census  {U.  fif.]  BuL  1S6  {1918),  pp.  Uf 
fig.  i).-— Statistical  data  are  presented  and  discussed  showing  the  stocics  of 
leaf  tobacco  held  semiannually  from  October  1,  1912,  to  October  1,  1916,  and 
quarterly  since  then,  also  statistics  assembled  for  the  different  phases  of  the 
Industry  "regarding  the  production,  consumption,  imports,  and  exports  of  to- 
bacco, the  prices  obtained  for  the  staple  by  the  growers,  the  quantities  of  the 
several  products  manufactured  therefrom,  and  the  revenue  on  tobacco  collected 
by  the  Government  of  the  United  States." 

Wheat  growing  in  Saskatchewan,  J.  Bkacken  {Vniv.  Baskatchewon,  OoL 
Agr.  Field  Hu$b.  BuL  1  {1917},  pp.  106,  piL  1,  figs.  65).— This  publication  presents 
a  comprehensive  sununary  of  experimental  work  with  wheat  conducted  at  the 
University  of  Saskatchewan,  indnding  variety  tests  and  observations  on  cul* 
toral,  rotation,  and  fertility  practices.  Oonsiderable  statistical  and  oth&c 
information  concerning  the  production,  botany,  milling,  grading,  and  marketing 
of  wheat  is  also  given. 

[Coltnral  and  fertiUcer  tests  vith  wheat  in  Ai^gentlna],  A.  O.  ToNNKLin 
(Ififi.  Agr.  Nae.  [Buenos  Aires},  D*r.  Oen.  Ensenenea  e  MtTett.  Agr.  [Pub.]  Ne. 
18  {1918),  pp.  4S,  figs.  4). --The  author  reports  rather  extensive  cultural  and 
fertilizer  tests  with  wheat  conducted  during  the  period  1911  to  1916,  Inclusive, 

uigiTizea  Dy  vjiv_7v_7v  i\^ 


534  BXPSBIMBNT  STATIOK  BECOSD.  [ToL40 

the  results  bc^  presented  in  tabular  form,  illustrated  graphlcaUy,  and  fully 
discussed.  The  experiments  embraced  a  comparison  of  bare-faUow  cultivation 
with  the  growing  of  leguminous  crops  for  forage  and  for  green  manure  and 
with  various  applications  of  commercial  fertilizers  both  with  and  without  the 
legumes.  In  every  case  the  dilferent  treatments  gave  increased  yi^ds  over 
bare  fallow. 

Tests  of  foreign  varieties  of  winter  wheat,  1914-1916,  B.  Linphaid 
{TidMskr,  Planteavl,  25  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  240-^655).— A  comparison  was  made  at 
Tystofte  and  Abed  from  1914  to  1916  of  the  varieties  Small  Tystofte  2,  Queen 
Wilhelmina  2,  Victor,  Gropwell,  Red  King,  Barly  Bed,  and  Iduna.  In  additioo 
two  varieties,  Little  Joss  and  Burgoyne  Fife,  were  tested  at  Tystofte  only.  The 
experiment  included  the  growth  of  two  crops.  The  yields  of  grain  and  straw  of 
the  different  varieties,  together  with  the  protein  content  of  the  grain,  are  gives 
in  tables,  and  a  brief  description  of  each  variety  is  presented. 

In  average  yield  of  grain  at  Tystofte  and  Abed,  Small  Tystofte  ranked  first 
with  4,420  kg.  per  hectare  (65.56  bu.  per  acre)  being  followed  by  Queen  Wil- 
helmina 2,  Victor,  and  Gropwell  with  4,320,  4,230,  and  4,110  kg.  of  grain  per 
hectare,  respectively.  Of  the  two  varieties  grown  only  at  Tystofte,  Little  Joss 
yielded  4,520  kg.  of  grain  per  hectare,  while  Burgoyne  Fife,  considered  as  a 
hardy  spring  variety  rather  than  a  winter  wheat,  yielded  3,550  kg.,  this  yield 
being  the  lowest  of  all  the  varieties  under  test. 

There  was  little  injury  from  rust  during  the  experiments,  Red  King  being 
the  only  variety  suffering  perceptibly.  The  highest  av^ age  yield  of  straw, 
7,700  kg.  per  hectare  (6,006  lbs.  per  acre),  was  secured  from  Gropwell  with 
Small. Tystofte  ranking  next.  Little  Joss,  Red  King,  and  Iduna  also  gave  per- 
ceptibly higher  yields  of  straw.  Burgoyne  Fife  stood  last  in  straw  yield  and 
was  found  to  be  the  only  variety  in  these  experiments  showing  dearly  a 
tendency  to  lodge. 

The  highest  yields  of  nitrogen,  84.7  and  83.9  kg.  per  hectare,  were  produced 
by  Little  Joss  and  Small  Tystofte  2. 

Svalofs  Pansar  wheat,  A.  Ikkkman  {Sveriges  UUHdesfor.  Tidskr.,  28  {1918U 
No.  S,  fip.  117-120).— Th\E  new  variety  is  bri^iy  described  and  the  Ksults  ot 
comparative  tests  are  presented  in  tables. 

At  SvalOf  Pansar  wheat  gave  fOr  the  years  1907  to  1916  an  average  yield 
of  4,970  kg.  per  hectare  (73.7  bu.  per  a^re)  as  compared  with  3,440  kg.  pro- 
duced by  the  common  unimproved  wheat  of  the  region.  In  tests  conducted  in 
three  other  localities  Pansar  wheat  outyielded  four  other  improved  varieties. 
In  a  series  of  local  tests  in  five  different  regions  Pansar  and  Fylgla  wheat 
ranked  first  in  average  yield  among  six  improved  sorts. 

Svalttfs  Sol  wheat,  1  and  0,  JL  Ikkkhan  (Sveriges  Vtmdesfor.  Tidtkr.,  28 
{1918},  No.  S,  pp.  121''124). — In  experiments  conducted  for  four  years  In 
Ostergdtland  Sol  wheat  2  gave  an  average  yield  of  4,235  kg.  of  grain  oer 
hectare  (63  bu.  per  acre),  this  being  7.2  per  c^it  more  than  Sol  wheat  1 
and  0.8  per  cent  more  than  Thule  wheat  2.  The  average  results  of  cooperative 
experiments  carried  on  in  two  localities  from  1912  to  1017  showed  that  Sol 
wheat  1,  as  compared  with  Bore,  Iduna,  Squarehead,  and  Thule  wheat  1  in 
most  instances  led  in  yield.  Results  secured  at  SvalOf  indicated  that  Sol 
wheat  1  although  giving  good  yields  was  not  equal  In  production  to  Pansar 
wheat  1,  Fylgia,  and  Sol  wheat  2,  Pansar  wheat  1  outyidding  all.  Nineteen 
cooperative  experiments  made  in  1916  and  1917  with  Sol  wheat  1  and  2  In 
QMeland  resulted  in  an  average  yietd  of  2,475  and  2,500  kg.  per  hectare, 
respectively.  From  these  experiments  as  a  wliole  the  general  con<du8lon  is 
drawn  that  Sol  wheat  2  is  at  least  as  hardy  as  Sol  wheat  1,  ripens  more 
uniformly,  and-  has  a  stnmger  straw. 


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1919)  FIELD  CBOPS.  635 

Basdaxi  wheats,  K.  A.  Fliaxbbebois  {Mat.  Izuch.  BiteH,  Fmizvod,  8il  Roisli, 
n  (1917),  pp.  62)  .—Tabulated  statistics  derive  largely  from  Rnsslan  sources 
are  presented  and  discussed,  showing  the  nitrogen  content  of  Russian  wheats, 
the  yi^s,  the  Tariety  distribution  in  the  different  ^Prorinces,  and  the  flour, 
bread,  and  other  wheat  products  produced  by  ProTinces.  Similar  data  for 
other  countries  are  also  presented. 

A  bibliography  dealing  with  the  subject  and  comprising  212  titles  is  ap- 
pended. 

Treatment  of  seed  wheaf  with  formalin,  H.  Gabican  and  O.  L.  Hatrawat 
(Kentucky  8ia.  Circ.  22  (1918),  pp.  21-27,  flg».  f ). — Both  germination  and  field 
tests  with  wheat  treated  in  different  ways  with  formalin  for  the  prevention  of 
stinking  smut  are  briefly  described. 

The  average  germination  of  all  untreated  seed  was  95  per  cent  and  of  all 
treated  lots  88.6  per  cent  The  number  of  heads  harvested  was  generally  less 
in  treated  than  in  untreated  lots,  the  average  yield  of  sound  heads  from 
treated  seed  amounting  to  257  as  compared  with  274  from  the  untreated  seed. 
The  percentage  of  infected  heads,  however,  ranged  from  0  to  8.1  per  cent  for 
treated  seed,  and  from  11  to  85  per  cent  for  untreated  seed.  Sprinkled  seeds 
ga?e  somewhat  better  results  than  dipped  seeds,  the  average  yield  of  heads 
being  335  and  223,  respectively.  Sprinkled  seed  also  averaged  0.75  infected 
head  per  lot  as  compared  with  one  infected  head  per  lot  for  the  dipped  seed. 

On  the  basis  of  the  results  obtained,  It  is  recommended  that  for  the  pre- 
▼entiOD  of  stinking  smut  seed  wheat  be  sprinkled  with  a  solution  of  0.5  pt.  of 
formalin  in  30  gal.  of  water,  left  in  a  heap  for  2  hours,  then  spread  out  to 
dry  before  planting. 

Agricultural  seed  inspected  In  1917,  O.  P«  Smith  (Maryland  8ta,  Bui.  220 
(1918),  pp.  lSSS).—Th\s  reports  the  results  of  purity  and  germination  tests  of 
more  than  1375  ofllcial  samples  of  seeds  collected  during  1917. 

Seed  Reporter  (U.  S,  Dept.  Am'.,  Seed  Rpir.,  2  (1919),  No$.  8,  pp.  8,  flgs.  5; 
9,  pp.  8,  fiff8.  6). — ^The  principal  feature  of  the  flrst  of  these  two  numbers  is  the 
ftnal  red  clover,  alslke  clover,  sweet  clover,  alfalfa,  and  timothy  seed  shippers* 
report,  together  with  maps  of  the  United  States  showing  the  counties  reported 
as  normally  producing  either  a  surplus,  a  sufficient,  or  an  insufficient  quantity  of 
these  seeds  as  compared  with  their  planting  requirements. 

Tabulated  statistics  are  also  presented  dealing  with  the  retail  catalogue 
prices  of  vegetable  seeds  for  1917,  1918,  and  1919;  a  partial  report  of  field 
seed  stocks  and  receipts  for  the  United  States  for  January  1,  1919 ;  wholesale 
field  seed  selling  prices  about  January  27,  1919 ;  stocks,  shipments,  prices,  etc., 
of  soy  beans  and  cowpeas ;  a  preliminary  report  of  the  shippers'  stocks,  ship- 
ment, prices,  etc.,  of  millet  and  sorghum  seed;  estimated  red  clover  seed 
consumption  in  the  United  States,  and  ifle  seed  stocks  and  receipts  January  1, 
1919 ;  and  a  brief  note  on  the  seed-potato  situation. 

The  second  number  contains  tabulated  statistics  on  vegetables  and  field  seed 
stocks  and  receipts  for  the  United  States  as  of  January  1,  1919,  together  with 
tentative  seed  production  and  consumption  maps  Intended  to  show  In  a  graphic 
form  the  most  important  areas  of  production  and  consumption  in  a  normal  year 
of  Golden  (formerly  German)  and  common  millet  seed,  and  Amber  and  Orange 
sorgo  seed.  A  final  tabulated  report  is  also  given  from  shippers'  reports  as  to 
soy  beans,  cowpeas,  velvet  beans,  millet,  and  sorghums  as  of  January  15,  1919. 

Information  relative  to  wholesale  and  retail  field  seed  selling  prices,  Febru- 
ary 20, 1919 ;  a  preliminary  report  on  the  acreage  of  commercial  vegetable  seed ; 
and  summarized  data  as  to  seed  stocks,  etc.,  in  Canada  and  Great  Britain  are 
also  noted* 


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5S6  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [YoL40 

The  usual  statistics  relative  to  the  Imports  of  forage  plant  seeds  permitted 
entry  into  the  United  States  are  included  in  each  of  the  two  numbers. 

Alfalfa  dodder  in  Colorado,  W.  W.  Bobbins  and  G.  E.  JSoounoN  (Colando 
Sta,  Bui.  248  {X918),  pp.  IS.flgM,  8).— This  pest,  said  to  have  originated  largel? 
from  three  widely  separated  localities  in  the  State,  is  described  and  its  distri- 
bution, spread,  and  methods  of  eradication  indicated.  All  the  alfalfa-growing 
sections  of  Colorado  were  found  to  be  more  or  less  contaminated.  CmMOuUt 
plani/loraf  C.  arventis,  and  C.  indecora  have  been  identified  as  attacking  alfalfa. 
Dodder  is.  said  to  be  disseminated  through  impure  seed,  irrigation  water,  h<y, 
and  manure. 

The  exclusive  use  of  cleaned  and  dodder-free  alfalfa  seed  is  urged*  O.  jilom- 
/lora  and  C.  arvenais  being  removable  by  the  use  of  power-drivoi  mills,  hand 
mills,  or  sieves.  For  small  infested  areas,  cutting  and  burning  the  plantBy  fol- 
lowed by  hoeing  to  a  depth  of  from  2  to  3  in.  every  few  days  for  several  weels, 
is  recommended.  Whei:e  extentive  areas  are  involved,  however,  it  is  suggested 
that  the  crop  be  cut  for  hay  before  the  dodder  seeds,  or  if  seed  has  already  ma- 
tured, that  it  be  cut  and  burned,  the  area  then  being  plowed  and  \Legt  in  culti- 
vated crops  for  several  seasons. 

Weed-control  experiments  in  1917,  L.  M.  Kvadsheiic  (Tid^Bkr,  Norake 
Landbr.,  25  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  231-242) .—The  experimental  results  of  different 
methods  of  weed  control  are  given  in  tables  and  briefly  discussed. 

The  use  of  the  weeder  on  oats  before  the  plants  were  above  ground  gave  a 
profitable  increase  in  yield  of  grain  and  straw.  In  other  tests  sulphuric  add, 
iron  sulphate,  and  cyanamid  were  used  for  the  control  of  weeds  in  fields  of  oats, 
wheat,  barley,  potatoes,  turnips,  and  kohl-rabi.  The  sulphuric  add  was  applied 
in  3.6  to  4  per  cent  solutions  and  the  cyanamid  was  used  as  a  dust  qpray.  In  all 
instances  the  use  of  these  substances  controlled  weed  growth  to  such  an  extent 
that  the  resulting  increases  in  yields  proved  profitable.  It  is  pointed  out  that 
especially  with  oats  the  cyanamid  also  had  a  perc^tible  fertilising  eifect 

The  weeds  of  western  Pennsylvania,  T.  E.  KmcH  {TriUia,  No.  4  {1914-lS), 
pp.  11-24). — ^The  author  presents  a  check  list  of  weeds  occurring  in  31  counticB 
in  western  Pennsylvania,  but  limited  to  those  specimens  actually  on  record  f6r 
Allegheny  County  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Carnegie  Museum  (Pittsburgh). 

HOSTICVLITJBE. 

Food  gardening  for  beginners  and  experts,  H.  V.  Davis  {London:  O.  Bell  <§ 
SouB,  Ltd,,  1918,  2.  ed.,  rev.  and  enL,  pp.  Vlll+lSSt  figs.  12). — ^A  small  treatise 
on  vegetable  growing  in  which  the  subject  matter  is  presented  under  the  follow- 
ing headings :  An  intensive  cropping  rotation  to  produce  food  essentials,  an  ad- 
ditional rotation  to  produce  some  add^lonal  food,  various  gardening  matters, 
and  how  to  use  the  food  grown  in  the  garden. 

The  food-producing  garden,  H.  A.  Day  {London:  Methuen  d  Co.,  Ltd.,  1918, 
pp.  /X-f  98). — A  popular  treatise  on  vegetable  and  ornamental  gardening  in  the 
open  and  under  glass,  including  also  chapters  on  keeping  poultry,  rabbits,  bees, 
pigs,  etc. 

The  market  gardener:  Economic  production  of  vegetables  for  the  market 
{Maraicher:  Production  Economique  des  Legumes  pour  la  Vente.  Paris:  Libr. 
Larou8$e  11918],  pp.  4^,  figs.  26). — A  small  treatise  on  market  garden  practices, 
with  spedal  reference  to  French  conditions,  . 

The  inheritance  of  seed  coat  color  in  garden  beans,  J.  K.  Shaw  and  J.  B. 
NoBTON  {Massachusetts  Sta.  Bui.  186  {1918),  pp.  59-104). — ^The  work  here  re- 
corded was  continued  over  a  period  of  eight  years.  Twenty-one  varieties  of 
garden  beans  were  used  in  making  over  120  different  crosses,  involving  more 


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m«  HOBXIOXJLTURB.  587 

than  40»000  plants.  Tbe  data  secured  are  presented  in  tabular  form  and  cer- 
tain bjpothesea  are  advanced  to  account  for  tbe  facta  obaenred.  A  bibli- 
ograpby  of  cited  literature  is  appended. 

Tbia  work  sbows,  as  in  other  InTestlgations,  tbat  tbe  inberitance  of  seed 
coat  color  in  beans  is  very  complicated  and  difficult  to  explain  fully  and  satis- 
factorily. In  a  general  way  tbe.  crosses  of  pigmented  and  white  beans  show 
a  8: 1  ratio  but  there  are  certain  wide  departures.  Certain  correlations  occur 
between  seed  and  flower.  All  white  or  eyed  beans  are  accompanied  by  white 
flowers;  all  black  or  black  mottled  beans,  by  dark  pink  flowers.  Mottled  beans 
other  than  hla^s.  mottled  beans  and  those  of  various  yellow  and  brown  colors 
are  usually  accompanied  by  light  pink  flowers. 

Tbe  Inheritance  of  mottling,  it  is  suggested,  may  be  explained  by  the  double 
factor  hypothesis  of  Emerson,^  which  theory  supposes  tbat  mottling  is  brought 
about  by  two  fitctors,  7  and  Z,  which  are  coupled  in  the  case  of  true-breeding 
BMttled  varieties,  but  may  be  separately  borne  by  distinct  varieties,  and  in 
sodi  caaes  are  Inherited  independently.  Individuals  from  such  crosses  bearing 
both  7  and  Z  are  mottled  and  always  heterozygous,  while  those  bearing  either 
one  are  not  mottled.  Crosses  of  two  mottled  varieties  gave  only  mottled  progeny. 
Grosses  of  mottled  and  self-colored  varieties  yielded  mottled  beans  in  Ft  and 
the  parent  types  in  a  3: 1  ratio  in  Ft.  Crosses  of  mottled  and  white  varieties 
gave  mottled  beans  in  Fi  and  usually  mottled,  self-colored,  and  white  in  a 
9:8:4  proportion  in  F». 

"In  most  cases  crosses  of  two  self-colored  varieties  have  given  only  self- 
colored  ixt>geny.  The  principal  exceptional  variety  is  Blue  Pod  Butter,  which, 
when  croflsed  with  most  self-colored  varieties,  yields  mottled  progeny  none  of 
whX^  breed  true  to  the  mottled  character.  White  varieties  may  carry  the 
character  for  mottling,  which  can  show  itself  only  after  crossing  with  a  pig- 
mented sort  Creaseback  is  peculiar  in  that  it  seems  to  carry  factors  for 
mottling  and  an  additional  factor  causing  a  blackening  which  nearly  or  quite 
obscures  the  mottled  pattern. 

"There  are  two  types  of  mottling — ^the  dark,  seen  in  Red  Valentine  and 
Refugee  and  many  others,  and  the  light,  seen  in  varieties  of  the  Horticultural 
dass.  The  former  behaves  toward  the  latter  as  a  simple  dominant  Ap- 
parently the  factor  for  the  dark  mottling  Is  associated  with  one  of  the  mottling 
factors.  White  beans  may  yield  light  mottled  beans,  but  none  have  yielded 
dark  mottled  beans. 

"  There  is  evidently  needed  to  produce  a  totally  pigmented  bean  a  factor  for 
total  pigmentation.  If  it  is  absent  when  the  factor  for  pigmentation  is  present 
we  have  an  eyed  bean.  Bye  size  is  evidently  governed  by  one  or  more  factors, 
but  these  investigations  do  not  afford  definite  data  regarding  their  relations. 

"Pigment  patterns  and  pigment  colors  are  controlled  by  distinct  factors. 
According  to  tbe  hypothesis  presented  in  this  paper,  any  color  shown  In  a  bean 
seed  la,  in  most  cases,  dep^adent  on  three  or  more  factors.  The  basic  factor  for 
pigmentation  may  be  modified  into  either  one  of  two  series,  one  including  the 
various  yellows,  browns,  and  black ;  and  the  other,  different  shades  of  red.  The 
third  factor,  called  a  determiner,  finally  determines  what  the  color  is  to  be. 
Bi  some  cases  the  determiners  bring  about  the  color  through  causing  an  alka- 
line or  acid  condition.  Possibly  in  some  cases  the  color  is  determined  by  the 
degree  of  acidity  or  alkalinity. 

"The  two  modifiers  discovered  are  apparently  associated  with  one  of  the 
mottling  factors,  but  the  determiners  are  free  and  Independent,  though  standing 
often  In  an  eplstatic  or  bypositatic  relation  to  one  another.'* 

iAmer.  Breeders*  AfiSOC  (Proc],  0  (1909),  pp.  868-876. 

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588  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vol.  40 


Washington  asparasrns:  Information  and  raggostionB  for  growers  of  near      i 
I>edigreed  rust-resistant  strains,  J.  B.  Norton  {U,  £f.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bur.  Plant      \ 
Tndui,,  1919 f  pp.  8). — ^This  circular  gives  the  history  of  and  descriptlTe  notes      i 
on  raising  rust-resistant  strainilB  of  asparagus,  developed  by  the  Bureau  of 
Plant  Industry  in  cooperation  with  the  Massachusetts  Experiment  Station  and 
other  cooperators  throughout  the  country  during  the  last  13  years  (E.  S.  IL, 
28,  pp.  688,  589),  together  with  suggestions  for  the  treatment  and  handling  of       1 
the  new  strains  from  various  cultural  and  market  standpoints  and  advice  to       ■ 
seed  growers  and  others  who  expect  to  continue  developing  these  strains.  ] 

Asparagus,  F.  J.  Stmow  (Univ,  Ky,,  CoL  Agr.,  Ext,  Div.  Circ.  68  (1919),  pp. 
H,  flg%.  ^). — ^A  popular  treatise  on  the  culture  and  harvesting  and  preparation 
of  asparagus  for  market 

Hybridization  of  eggplants,  A.  M.  Batul  {PhiUppiiM  Agr.,  7  {1918),  No.  5, 
pp.  6^71).— Data  are  giv«i  on  the  Pi  progeny  of  crosses  between  the  purplish 
native  elongated  eggplant  of  the  Philippines  and  the  New  York  Improved 
variety  as  the  female  parent.  The  Fi  plants  were  very  much  more  vigorous, 
strong,  and  healthy  than  either  parent.  The  hybrid  fruits  leaned  more  toward 
the  female  parent  in  weight,  diameter,  and  shape,  while  the  color  of  the  fruits 
and  of  the  portion  beneath  the  calyx  resembled  more  the  male  parent. 

Acreage  totals  and  values  of  California  fruits  for  1918  (Biefi.  Rpt.  CaL 
State  Com.  Hort.,  8  (1917-18),  p.  5). — ^Tabular  data  are  given  of  orchard  frulta 
and  nuts,  showing  the  acreage  in  bearing  and  nonbearing  trees  and  the  value 
for  1917  and  1918.  The  acreage  and  value  of  different  classes  of  grapes  are 
also  given. 

The  testing  of  a  new  tree  crop  for  hardiness,  D.  FAiacnnj)  {Jour.  Heredity, 
9  {1918),  No,  8,  pp.  868^71,  figs.  4).— The  experience  of  the  U.  S.  Department 
of  Agriculture  in  testing  Introduced  trees  for  hardiness  has  shown  that  much 
is  to  be  gained  by  giving  the  young  trees  adequate  protection  during  tbeir 
babyhood,  when  they  are  naturally  less  hardy  than  at  a  more  advanced  age. 

Experiment  on  the  culture  of  grapes  in  cordon,  O.  Godet  {Ann,  Agr.  8ui99e, 
19  {1918),  No.  B,  pp.  M5-207).— The  results  are  given  of  experimental  trials 
of  Ohasselas  grapes  grafted  on  different  American  stock  plants  and  grown  in 
cordon. 

New  direct  bearers,  I-II,  M.  de  Arana  y  Fbawco  {Prog.  Agr.  y  Pecuario,  f^ 
(1918),  No8.  1078,  pp.  4iB,  41S;  1019,  pp.  i25,  426).— This  paper  gives  the  re- 
sults of  te8l:s  conducted  at  the  Zamora  Agricultural  Station  at  Zamora.  Spain, 
of  the  more  imi)ortant  European-American  grape  hybrids  now  being  grown  In 
Europe  on  their  own  roots. 

Crossing  Investigations  with  grapes,  H.  Rasmuson  {Ztschr.  Induktive 
Abstam.  u.  Yererbungnlehre,  17  {1916),  No.  1-2,  pp.  1-52,  figs,  29), — A  fall  re- 
port of  the  author's  work,  the  principal  results  of  which  have  been  previously 
noted  (E.  S.  R.,  36,  p.  537).  It  is  pointed  out  that  although  the  work  was  not 
continued  long  enough  to  warrant  definite  conclusions,  the  evidence  obtained 
indicates  that  phylloxera-resistant  vines  may  be  obtained  through  judicious 
crossing. 

Fertilizer  experiments  in  vineyards,  G.  Dusserbb  {Ann,  Agr,  8uU*e,  19 
{1918),  No,  2,  pp.  192-195). — ^The  results  are  given  of  fertilizer  experiments 
conducted  for  a  number  of  years  under  the  direction  of  the  Agricultural  Chem- 
istry Station  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland. 

As  compared  with  the  former  practice  of  trenching  and  burying  organic 
manure  in  the  soil,  tillage  with  the  use  of  commercial  fertilizers  gave  some- 
what larger  yields,  required  less  hand  labor,  and  was  cheaper  as  to  the  cost 
of  application  of  fertilizer.    As  applied  on  the  crarfacQ  Qf  the  soil,  nitrate  of 


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1«W1  HOETICULTXTBft.  689 

aoda  8KTe  much  better  results  as  a  carrier  of  nitrogen  tban  lime  nitrogen.  In 
one  set  of  ezp^lments  the  best  results  were  secured  by  alternating  a  dressing 
of  organic  manure  one  year  with  a  dressing  of  a  complete  commercial  fertil- 
iser the  following  year.  Better  results  were  secured  when  a  complete  fertil- 
iser was  used  than  when  one  of  the  elements  was  omitted. 

A  study  of  the  effects  of  freeses  on  citrus  in  CaUf omia,  H.  J.  Webbbb  et  al. 
(CmHfamia  8ta.  Bui.  SOt  (1919),  pp.  $49-^21,  fig^.  tS).—K  bulletin  of  Inforraa- 
tioo  for  citrus  growers  summarizing  the  results  of  general  field  studies  and 
observations,  as  well  as  special  studies  conducted  following  the  great  freese 
of  January  5-7,  1918.  The  subject  matter  is  presented  in  three  papers,  as 
follows: 

A  9im4v  of  the  freeze  of  191S  in  California,  by  0.  S.  Milliken,  A.  R.  Tylor, 
W.  W.  Bonus,  and  H.  J.  Webber  (pp.  249-298). —This  paper  is  essentially  a 
record  of  the  freese  of  1913,  based  on  a  survey  made  in  a  number  of  dliferent 
districts  by  many  different  observers.  Information  is  given  relative  to  the 
effects  of  the  freeee  upon  citrus  trees,  foliage,  wood  and  bark,  on  the  external 
an^earance  of  fruit,  on  the  internal  condition,  and  on  the  quality  and  uses  of 
the  fmit;  method  of  determining  the  extent  of  fruit  injury;  relative  hardiness 
of  trees  and  fruit  of  different  species  and  varieties  of  citrus ;  natural  factors 
Influakdng  the  temperature,  such  as  elevation,  protective  hills,  canyons,  bodies 
of  water,  and  location  of  fruit  on  the  tree;  artificial  methods  of  protecting 
groves,  such  as  windbreaks,  irrigation,  spraying,  wrapping  the  trees,  lath 
houses,  burlap  or  cloth  coverings;  and  protection  by  artificial  heating.  Ck)n- 
slderations  are  also  given  factors  influencing  resistance  of  trees  to  cold  Injury, 
treatDMint  of  frosen  trees,  and  afterefliects  of  the  freeze  on  the  trees  and  fruit 
Methods  employed  in  separating  good  fruit  from  frozen  fruit  are  described. 

Changes  thai  take  place  in  frozen  oranges  and  lemons,  by  B.  E.  Thomas, 
H.  D.  Young,  and  O.  O.  Smith  (pp.  299-S14).— The  work  here  reported  was  car- 
ried out  at  the  citrus  substation  following  the  freeze  of  1913,  with  the  view  of 
determining  the  nature  and  rate  of  change  that  takes  place  in  frozen  fruit. 
Special  consideration  was  given  to  a  comparison  of  the  specific  gravity,  average 
weight,  and  percentage  and  total  amount  of  sugar  and  add  in  frozen  and  sound 
fruit.  See  also  previous  notes  (B.  S.  R.,  84,  p.  865;  36,  p.  416).  The  results 
are  here  presented  in  tabular  form  and  discussed. 

Generally  speaking,  the  specific  gravity  of  frozen  citrus  fruits  was  found  to 
be  lower  than  that  of  unfrozen  fruits.  Although  there  is  a  certain  overlapping 
of  the  two  classes,  the  division  is  sufficiently  complete  to  make  It  commer- 
daliy  practical  to  separate  frozen  fruit  by  the  spedfic  gravity  test.  In  lemons 
the  dianges  in  spedfic  gravity  are  more  rapid  than  in  oranges.  The  specific 
gravity  of  sound  fruit  increases  under  storage  and  the  spedfic  gravity  of  frozen 
firult  decreases.  A  month  is  generally  long  enough  to  make  a  recognizable 
diflierence,  but  better  separations  can  be  obtained  after  six  weeks  or  two 
months. 

The  excessive  loss  of  moisture  in  dtrus  fruits  caused  by  freezing  is  due  to  a 
diange  in  the  walls  of  the  cells  from  semipermeable  membranes  to  a  porous 
substance  tbat  freely  allows  the  liquid  to  evaporate  from  the  interior  without 
decreasiBg  its  volume.  Frosted  dtrus  fruits  that  remain  on  the  tree  continue 
to  Increase  in  size,  this  development  being  a  thickening  of  the  rind. 

The  total  amount  of  sugars  decreases  in  flrozen  fruit,  although  no  change  was 

found  in  the  relative  amounts  of  the  different  sugars  present.    The  percentage 

of  add  In  t3ie  Juice  of  frozen  dtrus  fruits  decreases  slightly  as  compared  with 

the  onftrozen.    The  weight  of  add  per  fruit  in  unfrozen  fruit  remains  nearly 

114878*— No.  6—19 4 


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540  BXPEBIMBNT  STATION  BEOOBD.  [Vol.  40 

constant,  while  in  that  whidi  la  froaen  It  contlniiea  to  daereaae  uBtll  pnctlc^ 
none  remains. 

A  tft  of  the  egMenoif  o/  oroftanl  ketUimg,  by  A.  D.  Bhaniel,  L.  B.  Seott;  and 
G.  S.  Pomeroy  (pp.  816-821).— The  teat  here  reported  waa  oondiicted  ooep- 
eratlTely  by  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Acricaltore  with  the  anbatatlen.  WdUew- 
Ing  the  f reeae  of  1918,  performanoe  recorda  were  kept  of  eomparable  platB  of 
trees  in  heated  and  nnheated  lemon  gr(nrea»  beginning  with  the  flrat  pick  after 
the  frost  and  continuing  for  one  year.  In  two  of  the  plata  obaorratloiia 
continued  for  two  years. 

The  data  here  presented  indicate  that  under  the  conditlona  of  tiie 
district,  where  an  unusual  number  of  groves  were  protected  by  heaters,  ordMud 
heating  was  highly  profitable.  The  estbnated  average  returns  per  acre  tnm 
three  series  of  plats  was  |1,787.02  for  the  heated  plats  and  929i.45  for  tke 
unheated  plats.  The  average  cost  of  heating  per  acre  of  heated  plats  In  tke 
experiments  was  |101.dO.  In  the  second  year'a  data  the  heated  and  the  va- 
heated  plat  also  showed  copaldecable  difference  in  production. 

Propagation  and  culture  of  the  date  palm^  B.  DauicMOifD  (C7.  S,  De§t,  Agr., 
Farmer^  BuL  1016  (1919),  pp.  U,  fig^.  iO).— This  discusses  the  propagatkA  of 
the  date  palm,  nursery  bed  practicea,  transplanting  oflMhoots  to  penMnent 
positions,  winter  protection  for  young  date  pahna,  irrigating  the  date  garden, 
fertilizing  the  date  garden,  soils  suitable  for  date  gardena,  choice  of  location 
of  date  gardens,  pruning  date  palms,  fruit  production  in  relation  to  offlalMMit 
production,  and  pollination  of  date  palma 

Investigations  with  pecans,  G.  D.  Matthsws  (Ulew.  Bpt.  Camr.  Agr.  N»  C. 
1917'-18,  p.  87).— A  brief  progress  r^wrt  on  investigations  with  pecans  bdng 
conducted  at  the  Truck,  Goastal  Plain,  and  Piedmont  Stationa  of  the  North 
Garollna  Department  of  Agriculture. 

The  work  of  variety  testing  has  shown  the  marked  adafptabilily  of  certain 
varieties  to  North  Garollna  conditions,  while  others  are  proving  undesirable. 
Performance  records  of  individual  trees  kept  at  the  several  stations  have  shown 
that  trees  of  the  same  variety  under  identical  conditions  are  uniformly  heavy 
ylelders,  while  others  are  very  poor  producers.  Some  trees  produce  uniformly 
large  nuts  and  others  uniformly  small  nuts.  These  results  have  been  used  ma 
the  basis  for  bud  selection  work. 

Correct  cultural  practices,  such  as  tillage  and  the  use  of  cover  crops,  have 
given  good  results  in  the  increased  size  of  trees  as  well  as  in  the  increased  alae 
and  number  of  nuts  produced  when  compared  to  trees  grown  in  sod. 

Investigations  dealing  with  the  methods  of  budding  and  grafting  emidoyed  in 
top-working  pecan  trees  have  led  to  the  opinion  that  top-working  should  be  < 
fined,  as  a  general  rule,  to  trees  not  over  8  to  10  years  old  to  be  entirely 
cessful.    A  combination  of  both  grafting  and  budding  has  given  the  moat  i 
factory  results. 

On  hybridisation  of  some  species  of  Salix,  S.  Ikkno  {Jour.  Geneflct,  8 
{1918),  No,  i,  pp.  SS^8,  pU.  f,  fiff,  i).'-A  fuller  report  of  an  investigation  pre- 
viously noted  (B.  S.  R.,  87,  p.  432). 

A  number  of  allelomorphlc  characters  were  segregated,  but  in  everj  caae  the 
proportion  of  Individuals  bearing  each  antagonistic  character  failed  to  follow 
the  usual  Mendelian  ratios.  It  is  suggested  that  a  great  number  of  factors  are 
concerned  in  the  development  of  each  character,  hence  a  complex  segregatloii 
takes  place  in  Fa. 

Chrysanthemums  for  greenhouse  and  garden,  D.  B.  Ga^NB  {London:  W.  H. 
d  L,  ColUngridgBf  1918,  S.  ed.,  pp.  128,  pU.  IS,  fig%.  (?i).-— The  introductory  ^is|»- 
ters  of  this  work  deal  with  the  history  and  classification  of  greenhouse  and 
border  varieties  of  chrysanthemums.    The  succeeding  chaptera  discuss  various 


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1«1»]  FOBEBTBY.  641 

typeB  of  dirjsaiitlieiiiiinig  and  thetr  gpedal  cnltnral  regiilrenieiits,  manures  and 
fertlllsera,  the  exhibition  of  blooms  and  plants,  and  pests  and  diseases.  The 
woric  condndes  with  several  selections  of  rartetles  for  varions  purposes. 

Studies  of  inheritance  in  the  Japanese  OonTolvnlns,  B.  Mitas^wa  (Jour. 
Oeneftet,  S  {191S),  No.  1,  pp.  S^-SB,  pL  1,  fig.  1).— Bedprocal  crosses  were  made 
between  yellow-leaved  white-flowered  plants  and  green-leaved  dark-red-flowered 
plaiitB  of  the  Japanese  morning-glory.  Data  are  given  f6r  four  generations  on 
Uie  transmission  of  leaf  and  flower  colors. 

The  green  color  of  leaves  was  dominant  to  yellow  with  a  ratio  of  8 : 1  In  Ft. 
A  ftictor  producing  **hDkurin*'  (marginal  white)  was  present  In  the  white- 
flowered  parent    It  was  dominant  to  full  color,  segregating  8: 1  in  Ft. 

With  the  factor  for  green  leaf-color  denoted  by  G  and  that  for  dark-red 
flowers  by  D,  and  with  one*parent  denoted  by  OODD  and  the  other  by  oadd, 
there  is  an  Interrelation  between  the  factors  O  and  D.  In  the  presence  of  D 
tlie  production  of  the  dark-red  color  takes  place  when  G  Is  present  In  homosy* 
gous  condition,  and  that  of  red  (magenta  or  scarlet)  color  when  O  is  present  in 
heterasygous  condition  or  altogether  absent  The  Fi  crosses  iGgDd)  will 
always  bear  flowers  of  magenta  red. 

Dahlias  and  their  colture,  M.  A.  Hows  (Jour.  Hort.  8oe.  N.  F.,  f  U919),  No. 
SO,  pp.  285S01,  pi.  i,  fl09.  5).— In  this  paper  the  author  bri^iy  discusses  the 
origin,  relationships,  and  classee  of  dahlias,  gives  specific  cultural  directions, 
and  ivesents  a  list  of  some  sixty  varieties  recommended  for  garden  decoration 
and  general  effective  results. 

Hew  species  of  Bhododendron,  B.  Bauovb  {Notes  Roy.  Bot.  Gurd.  Edinb.^ 
19  {1917),  No.  47-46,  pp.  79^166).— Forty  new  Qiecies  of  Rhododendron  are  here 
described. 

Hote  on  the  origin  of  a  mutation  in  the  sweet  pea,  R.  G.  PuRNErr  (Joiir. 
GemeiiC9^  8  {1918).  No.  i,  pp.  tTI-^l,  fig.  i).— The  mutation  here  discussed  Is  a 
''cretin  **  or  monstrous  form,  of  which  the  chief  characteristic  is  the  straight 
stigma  protruding  through  the  deft  keel.  The  standard  and  wings  are  gener- 
ally smaller  than  in  the  normal  flower  and  fall  to  expand  fuUy.  The 
author  presents  the  data  secured  In  connection  with  the  aiq;)earance  of  this 
form  of  sweet  pea  in  some  pedigree  cultures,  and  arrives  at  the  conclusion 
that  tlie  cretin  always  behaves  as  a  simple  recessive,  and  that  the  original 
plant  ar«0e,  not  through  the  union  of  two  germ  cells  which  had  lost  the  normal 
factor,  but  through  some  radical  alteration  In  the  zygote  after  union  between 
two  normal  gametes  had  already  taken  place. 

FOSJBSTBT. 

Be^cmal  spread  ef  moisture  in  the  wood  of  trees.— I,  Deciduous-leaved 
tres0  during  the  period  late  autumn  to  early  spring,  W.  G.  Ceaib  {Notes  Roy. 
Bot.  G^rd.  EdinK  11  (1918),  No.  51,  pp.  18,  pU.  10).— The  study  here  reported 
was  conducted  with  Acer  pseudaplatomus  trees  grown  under  similar  conditions 
in  the  Royal  Botanic  Garden.  Determinations  were  made  of  the  moisture  con- 
tent of  different  parts  of  the  trunk  of  felled  trees  In  October,  December,  Janu- 
ary, and  March.  The  results  are  presented  in  a  series  of  graphs  and  colored 
Illustrations  and  further  discussed. 

Smiiming  up  the  evidence  secured,  it  appears  that  with  the  cessation  of  foliar 
activity  for  the  season  the  tree  immediately  commences  its  preparations  for 
the  next  season.  As  a  result  of  the  water  moving  inward  from  the  outer  aones, 
beginning  at  the  base  of  the  trunk  there  is  created  an  area  of  maximum  moisture 
content  in  a  transverse  plane  at  the  center  of  the  trunk.  This  Inward  current 
»nd  the  consequent  plane  of  maximum  moisture  content  at  the  center  gradually 


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542  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BBOOBO.  [TeLM 


extends,  as  the  lealleflB  mttaum  progrcMee,  npwuda  in  tlie  tnaalk  to  the  1 
region.  However,  before  ibis  is  readied  and  tlie  eenter  <tf  the  tnmk  at  tlie  top 
of  the  bole  has  become  a  storage  region  of  maTlianm  moisture  content  a  radial 
movement  has  begun  at  the  bottom  <jt  the  trunk  whidi  likevrlse  progresses  v^ 
ward,  and  through  It  the  region  of  maximum  moistare  content  passes  almost 
to  the  outside  of  the  trunk,  leaving  the  center  as  the  driest  region  during  the 
latter  part  of  the  leafless  season.  The  movements  upwards  and  radial,  both 
inwards  and  outwards,  are  going  on  synchronously  at  different  levels  in  the 
trunk. 

Partial  tests  with  some  other  trees  indicate  that  with  but  dight  modiUcatlons 
the  observation  on  A.  pseud&platanus  may  be  regarded  as  applicable  to  most, 
if  not  all,  broad-leaved  deciduous  trees  in  the  same  region. 

Notes  on  North  American  treeB.-^IV,  G.  8.  SAteaifT  {Bet.  Chuf.,  67  il9tif}. 
No,  S,  pp,  20^^49), — ^In  continuation  of  previous  papers  (B.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  248), 
notes  are  given  on  the  distribution  and  characteristics  of  several  species  of 
North  American  trees. 

Botanical  identiiicationB  of  British  Guiana  trees  and  plants,  Ij.  S.  HoHUi- 
KBBK  (Jour.  Bd.  Agr.  Brit.  Ouiana,  11  {191S)y  No9,  5,  pp.  9B-i09;  k,  pp.  ITS- 
185). — This  comprises  a  descriptive  list  of  trees  and  plants  of  British  Guiana 
which  have  been  botanically  identified  at  Kew  from  specimens  collected  by 
O.  W.  Anderson. 

SynopsiB  of  the  genus  Ochroma,  with  descriptions  of  new  species,  W.  W. 
RowLEB  {Jour.  Wa8h.  Acad.  Sci.,  9  (1919),  No.  S,  pp.  ISl^lfFT). — ^In  view  of  the 
increasing  importance  of  balsa  wood  for  making  life  rafts,  lif^  beats,  and  in- 
sulating material,  a  survey  was  made  in  Central  America  in  1918  to  determine 
the  amount  of  timber  available  and  to  investigate  as  to  the  quality  of  the  wood 
and  the  kinds  that  grow  in  different  regions.  This  paper  comprises  a  brief 
report  of  the  taxonomic  results  of  the  survey. 

Investigation  of  the  oil  palm  and  its  products,  W.  H.  Johnson  {Ani^  Rp0. 
Agr.  Dept.  South  Provs.,  Nigeria,  1917,  pp.  8-10,  11-19). ^A  variety  test  of  oil 
palms  conducted  at  the  agricultural  stations  is  briefly  noted,  and  data  are 
given  on  oil  extraction  and  wine  tapping  tests. 

Forests  and  forest  planting  (Bois  et  Boisement.  Pari9:  lAbr.  LaromsM 
[1918],  pp.  S2,  flp%.  IS). — A  forest  planting  pamphlet  dealing  especially  with 
conditions  in  France  and  with  afPorestation  of  Slopes,  waste  lands,  and  bottonuL 

Becreation  uses  on  the  National  Forests,  F.  A.  Wattoh  {U.  8.  Dept.  Agr^ 
Forest  Serv.,  1918,  pp.  iS,  figs.  U).—A  descriptive  account  of  the  National 
Forests,  with  special  reference  to  their  facilities  for  providing  various  forms 
of  recreation  for  the  public. 

Fifth  biennial  report  of  the  State  forester,  J.  O.  Van  Hook  (Bien.  Rpt, 
State  Forester,  Mont.,  5  {1917-18),  pp.  102,  figs.  5).— This  report  includes  a 
general  report  on  fire  protection  and  other  work  conducted  during  the  two  yesu^ 
1917-18 ;  a  reproduction  of  Farmers*  Bulletin  742  of  the  tJ.  8.  Department  of 
Agriculture  on  The  White  Pine  Blister  Rust,  by  P.  Spaulding  (B.  S.  R.,  36.  pi 
551) ;  a  report  by  E.  E.  Hubert  on  A  Type  of  Winter-killing,  Known  as  the 
Red  Belt  Injury  of  Forest  Trees,  Occurring  in  the  Vicinity  of  Helena,  Iflont^ 
and  a  special  paper  on  the  Economic  Use  of  the  Forests  of  Montana,  by  J.  F. 
Preston  (pp.  44-99).  The  subject  matter  of  this  paper  is  presented  under  tiie 
following  general  headings:  Forest  wealth  of  the  State,  production  of  Uuteet 
products,  principal  lumber  trees  of  the  State,  consumption  of  forest  products. 
economic  importance  of  the  lumber  industry,  what  the  State  should  do  tor  tiie 
forest  industry  of  Montana,  and  recommendations  of  legislative  measoren  for 
improving  the  industry. 


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Itlt]  DI8EASB8  OF  TtJOSTTB.  648 

BI«BBlal  report  of  th«  Vorostry  GommlMdou  for  tho  two  flaoal  yoara  ondod 
Anput  31,  1918  (B4m.  Rpi.  Pcreifry  0am.  N.  H.,  1917^18,  pp.  S-irt,  pl«.  18, 
fig,  i).— A  delftlled  reimt  of  the  mctlvltleB  of  the  eommiBSioii,  Induding  fire 
protoettTe  and  white  pine  blMer  rust  work,  claselflcatioii  and  deecription  of 
pobllc  foreets,  reforestation  and  Improremttit  operations  on  waste  and  cot-over 
land  and  on  the  State  forests,  organisation  of  sawmill  nnits  for  overseas 
senriee.  and  mlsceUaneons  operatlona  Recommendations  are  given  for  farther 
dertiopment  of  forestry  in  the  State,  and  the  present  forest  laws  are  appoided 
to  the  r^wrt 

Pulpwood  oonavmptten  and  woed*pulp  produotiAn  in  1917,  F.  EL  Smith 
(17.  8.  Dept.  Agr.  BmL  768  {1919)y  pp.  19,  fig.  i).-^A  statistical  report  on  pulp- 
wood  oonaomption  and  wood-pulp  production  in  the  United  Stotes  in  1917, 
fnclodlng  comparative  data  for  certain  previous  years.  The  data  given  show 
the  consumption  of  wood  by  species,  States,  and  by  processes  of  manuflictur& 
Imports  and  exports  of  pulpwood,  woed-polp,  and  paper  are  included. 

A  total  consumption  in  1917  of  5,480,076  cords  of  pulpwood  was  reported  by 
an  establishments,  an  increase  of  251,517  cords,  or  5  per  cent,  over  the  esti- 
amted  total  consumption  in  19ia  The  production  of  wood  pulp  totaled  8,509.- 
989  tona— an  increase  of  74,988  tons,  or  2  per  cent,  over  1918. 

mSEASES  OF  PLAHTS. 

Handbook  of  plant  disease  and  pest  control,  R.  EL  Smith,  R  O.  Bssig,  and 
G.  P.  Qmay  {CaHfanUa  Sta.  Oirc.  tOt  (1918),  pp.  5tf).— LUts  are  given  of  the 
more  common  diseases  and  animal  pests  to  which  economic  plants  are  subject, 
with  aufiisestions  for  their  control.  Sections  are  Included  on  formulas  for  the 
preparation  of  insecticideB  and  fungicides. 

HIatologtfal  studies  on  potato  leaf  roll,  B.  F.  Abtschwaokb  (Jour,  Agr.  R0' 
$ear€^  [U.  8.h  iS  (1918),  No.  10,  pp.  569-670,  pU.  12).— The  results  are  given 
of  ooopontiTe  investigations  carried  on  by  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry, 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  the  experiment  staUon  at  Cornell  Uni- 
versity on  the  histology  of  potato  leaf  roll  as  a  means  for  the  identification  of 
the  disease. 

Anatomical  studies  of  both  Buropean  and  American  leaf  roll  failed  to  show 
a  distinct  correlation  with  the  external  symptoms  exhibited  by  the  plant. 
Typical  leaf  roll  plants  which  early  show  external  symptoms  often  fail  to 
exhibit  extensive  necrotic  conditions,  while  plants  affected  with  troubles 
apparently  other  than  leaf  roll  often  show  pathological  changes  in  phloem  and 
cortex.  There  is  believed  to  be  reason  to  suspect  that  the  development  of 
necrotic  tissues  is  not  confined  to  plants  affected  with  leaf  roll  but  that  it  is 
common  to  the  so^aiUed  d^eneratlon  troubles  and  perhaps  to  others  also. 

The  pathological  changes  observed  in  connection  with  leaf  roll  are  described 
at  considerable  length.  The  rolling  of  the  leaves  and  the  characteristic  xero- 
phytlc  appearance  of  the  plant  is  satd  to  be  the  resultant  of  many  interre- 
lated changes  and  processes.  Such  changes  could  not  be  produced  by  simple 
anatomical  disturbances,  nor  can  the  results  be  e^lained  on  a  merely 
mechanical  basia 

Wart  of  potatoes:  A  disease  new  to  the  TTnlted  States,  L.  O.  Kunkkl  {U.  B. 
De^.  Agr.,  Bur.  Plant  Indut.,  1919,  pp.  14,  flgg.  4).— A  description  is  given  of 
die  wart  disease  of  potatoes,  due  to  ChrywpMyciis  endobiotioa,  which  was  first 
reported  in  this  country  in  September,  1918,  by  J.  Q.  Sanders,  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania D^^rtmoit  of  Agriculture.  The  nmterial  upon  which  the  report  was 
baaed  was  received  from  Highland,  Luzerne  County,  Pa.     A  survey  of  the 


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544  EXPEBIHBNT  STATION  BEGOBD.  [Vol.  40 

region  showed  tbe  dioeaae  In  27  cities  and  vUlaces  of  lAiBeme^  SchuylkUI,  and 
Carbon  Counties,  Pa.  With  the  exoqition  of  three  points  of  Infectkm,  all  the 
localities  lie  within  a  rather  restricted  area.  The  disease  Is  supposed  to  have 
been  brought  from  Burope  in  cargoes  of  potatoes  received  before  191Z.  The 
nature  an4  seriousness  of  the  disease  are  described  and  the  proposed  meas- 
ures for  its  control  are  indicated. 

Turther  data  on  the  sasesptlbility'  of  mtaceoiis  plants  to  oltnis  osBker, 
H.  A.  Lkb  iJow.  Affr.  Be$eareh  [U.  8^.  16  {1918),  No.  if,  pp.  Mi-€«0,  pte.  4).- 
An  account  is  given  from  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture,  of  tnocnlatlon  tests  with  P$mtdQmima»  eiiri  on  24  spedea  r^re- 
sentiDg  20  genera  of  the  family  Rutaceft,  which  show  that  10  of  the  species  are 
susceptible  to  a  greater  or  less  degree  From  this  it  appears  that  dtms  canker 
is  not  limited  to  the  genus  Citrus,  but  has  a  wide  range  of  hostB  Among  the 
Rutacese.  The  inyestigations  upon  which  this  report  is  based  were  carried  on 
mainly  at  the  Lamao  Bzperiment  Station  of  the  Philippine  Bureau  of  Agricul- 
ture. 

Pecan  rosette  in  relation  to  soil  deficiencies,  &  M.  MgMctbah  (17.  &  Dept. 
Agr.  Buk  756  {1919),  pp.  11,  fi09.  4).— Previous  investigations  (E.  S.  R^  32,  pi 
241)  have  shown  that  the  pecan  rosette  is  not  associated  with  any  definite  para> 
site  but  is  rather  the  result  of  physical,  chemical,  or  biological  causes.  With 
this  in  mind,  the  author  made  a  survey  of  a  large  number  of  pecan  orchards  on 
various  types  of  soil  and  under  varying  conditions  of  cultivation  and  fertiliza- 
tion. 

While  somewhat  contradictory  results  were  noted,  at  least  90  per  cent  of  the 
disease  was  observed  under  conditions  which  indicated  a  deficiency  of  hnmos^ 
plant  food  material^  and  moisture.  Some  experiments  were  undertake  with 
mineral  fertilizers,  but  where  these  were  applied  to  young  orchards  located  on 
poor  soils  the  resetted  trees  generally  became  worse  und^  the  treatment.  In 
the  fall  of  1915,  experiments  were  begun  on  three  tracts  of  about  13  acres  of 
pecans  located  in  southern  Georgia.  One  plat  in  ea^  tract  r^pelved  stable 
manure  alone  at  the  rate  of  20  tons  per  acre,  a  second  plat  stable  manure  at 
the  same  rate  with  1  ton  of  cottonseed  meal,  and  a  third  plat  cottonseed  meal 
alone  at  the  rate  of  1  ton  per  acre. 

The  results  of  the  applications  are  given  in  tabular  form  for  the  seasons  of 
1915  and  1917,  from  .which  it  appears  that  the  application  of  organic  fertillserB 
has  greatly  improved  the  condition  of  the  trees  so  far  as  the  rosette  Is  oon- 
cemed.  T.tme  applied  to  a  lot  of  trees  was  without  effect  In  reducing  rooette 
Bxperimeutal  and  other  evidence  is  considered  to  indicate  that  pecan  rosette 
is  a  result  of  a  deficiency  of  humus,  fertility,  and  moisture  supply. 

Brown  canker  of  roses  caused  by  Biaporthe  umbrina,  A.  B.  Jamcras  {Jour, 
Apr-  Retewreh  lU,  £f.],  15  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  693-^00,  pte.  S,  fig%.  ^).— Tlie 
author,  of  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  gives 
a  description  of  a  canker  of  roses  due  to.D.  wnbrivia  n.  sp.,  which  is  said  to  be 
viridely  distributed,  being  known  to  occur  in  the  District  of  Columbia,.  Yirslnla, 
West  Virginia,  Georgia,  and  Connecticut 

The  causal  organism  produces  cankers  on  the  rose  stems,  the  diseased  areas 
being  raw  umber  in  color,  sometimes  surrounded  by  a  purple  border.  Both  the 
pycnldial  and  perithedal  stages  of  the  fungus  have  been  produced  in  cottorea, 
and  the  disease  has  been  produced  on  roses  with  both  the  pycnosporic  and 
a8Coq;>oric  stages. 

For  the  control  of  the  disease,  the  author  suggests  the  use  of  only  healthy 
stock  for  planting,  the  removal  and  burning  of  diseased  canes  ihrom  affected 
gardens,  and  the  application  of  a  fungldde  In  the  fall,  again  in  the  aprinc 


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Itlt]  IWHRAfllW  OF  FLAJfTS.  545 


tbm  ftnt  ^ymntOBM  appear,  and  daring  the  growliiff  season  when  tbe 
fttngoa  Is  acttTSi 

needling'  dlseeses  of  aeniien,  a  HABtisr,  T.  a  Mwrr.!.,  and  A.  8.  Bhoads 
(/our.  A§r.  Re9e&feh  [17.  B.},  16  {19X8h  Vo.  19,  pp.  591-Mi,  pi.  1>.— According 
to  thB  autboia,  damptng-gg  of  conif erons  seedlings  is  an  Important  factor  in 
tka  propagatlOB  of  tiiese  trees,  and  tiie  ftoet  tliat  a  number  of  damplng-off 
parasites  are  able  to  eanse  practleaHy  Identical  symptoms  bas  led  to  a  study 
both  oi  damptng-Qg  and  of  otber  disessgs  which  may  attack  seedlings  of  the 
ssaM  age.  Tiie  present  paper,  a  contrlbutloo  from  tibe  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry, 
U.  8.  Department  of  Agrienltnre^  glres  an  acoount  of  the  diseases  which  the 
audiera  found  attacking  seedUags  up  to  the  age  of  approximatoly  two  months. 

Cariieimm  mpnm.  Pffikimm  deUwysmiia.  and  other  oomycetes;iPiMaKiim  moiii- 
M^lorme^  F.  MnlfiooMfsi.  F,  eoiaN4,  and  otiier  species  of  Fusarlum ;  Triehoderma 
VP.;  and  BotrytU  ekierm  liaTe  beoi  isolatad  from  damped-off  conifers  and  are 
beilefved  to  cause  the  disease.  Artlllclal  inoculation  on  pines  in  autocUiTed 
soila  showed  that  the  ilrst  three  species  were  q^edally  virulent  parasites,  and 
sli  eroept  Triehoderma  spp.  gave  more  or  less  indication  of  parasitic  ability 
In  inoculation  ezperimenta 

For  C.  vagvw^  12  coniferous  hosto  are  listed.  One  strain  of  the  organism 
was  mstntoined  in  artificial  cultures  for  eight  years  without  perc^tible  loss 
of  Timlence.  Harked  dUTerences  in  virulence  between  different  strains  were 
observed,  but  this  Is  considered  to  bear  little  relation  to  the  host  from  which 
the  strain  was  isolated.  There  was  no  Indication  observed  that  passage  through 
seedlings  and  reisolation  resulted  in  any  increase  in  virulaice.  C  vagum  was 
found  especially  virulent  in  Inoculations  on  sandy  soils  treated  with  sulphuric 
add  followed  by  lime.  With  the  possible  exertion  of  P.  delMtryanum,  C.  i>agum 
Is  considered  the  most  important  single  damping-off  parasite  on  conifers.  Oer- 
tsin  species  of  Fusarlum  are  also  believed  to  be  Important,  while  the  remainder 
of  Hie  organisms  mentioned  above  are  rather  unimportant 

Llata  are  given  of  other  species  of  fungi  which  are  observed  In  connection 
with  damping-off  of  seedlings,  but  most  of  them  were  either  weakly  parasitic 
or  present  as  saprophytes. 

A  large  amount  of  the  damage  done  by  C.  voffum  and  P.  debaiyanum  is 
caused  by  the  killing  of  the  seed  or  seedlingB  before  they  appear  above  ground, 
such  losses  being  often  attributed  to  poor  seed.  Strains  of  Fusarlum  are 
less  Inclined  to  attack  seedlings  in  this  manner.  Excessive  heat,  drought, 
or  bending  ov«r  may  cause  damage  closely  resembling  damping-off,  but  this  type 
of  Injury  may  usually  be  distinguished  from  the  parasitic  attack. 

PuraaltlBm.  morphology,  and  cytologj  of  Crooartinm  ribicola,  R.  H.  Coixet 
{Jour.  A9r,  Renearek  [U.  /ST.],  16  (1918),  No.  It,  pp.  619-680,  pU,  It,  fig.  i).— 
Beanlta  are  given  of  studies  on  the  parasitism,  morphology,  and  cytology  of 
C.  rihieoU,  the  investigations  having  been  carried  on  in  the  Bureau  of  Plant 
Indnaitry,  17.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Considerable  unpublished  data  are 
reported  on  the  motphology  and  cytology  of  C  ribicola,  and  the  interrelations 
of  the  parasite  and  ito  hosts,  Piwu9  itrol>ut  and  Ribefi  spp.,  are  described. 

The  mycelium  of  the  fungus  is  said  to  be  more  abundant  in  P.  Birobus  than 
In  species  of  Bibes,  and  in  the  former  host  the  hyps  force  the  cortex  and  phloSm 
ctila  apart,  thus  causing  a  swelling  of  the  infected  bark.  The  destructive 
effect  on  the  pine  host  resulting  from  the  attack  of  C  ribicola  is  said  to  vary. 
In  young  trees  death  may  result  auickly,  while  in  older  ones  the  attack  is  In 
the  nature  of  a  primary  injury  which  may  prepare  the  way  for  the  drying 
out  of  the  infected  bark  and  the  entrance  of  secondary  fungi  and  insects  which 
conplete  the  destruction  initiated  by  the  fungus  attack.    The  effect  on  Ribes 


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546  EXPEBIMENT  STATION  BBCOBD.  [V«LI0 

varies  with  the  specie  attacked,  and  may  ,re0iilt  la  eariy  defoUatton  and  ii 
Gonsequent  poor  crop,  but  In  general  it  is  not  serious  cm  this  host 

New  reaearchea  on  the  variabiUty  of  plantation  Para  mbfoer,  B.  J.  BAtoa 
{Jour,  8oc.  Chem.  Indus.,  S0  {1917),  No.  9S,  pp.  ItlJ^ltiS) .--^n  conneetkm 
with  a  large  body  of  obserratlons  and  deductions  on  other  phases  of  rabbo^ 
curing  tecbnlQue,  the  author  states  that  the  formatlim  of  plgnent,  wUch  is 
known  as  spot  disease  of  rubber,  requires  the  presence  of  moisture  and  air  «r 
oxygen  for  the  development  of  the  spores.  The  dev^dopment  of  the  organisais 
on  a  slow-curing  cri^pe  rubber  has  ilttle  or  no  effect  en  Its  mlcaniahig  eapadtjr 
in  resptet  to  its  rate  of  curing,  since  thin  erftpe  contains  none  of  the  viiicattlsa- 
tion  accelerator  present  in  slab  cr^pe.  Such  development  of  microorgsnlsms  In 
slab  cr^pe  causes  a  marked  retardation  In  the  rate  of  cure,  due  supposedly  to  tbe 
utilization  or  alteration  of  the  accelerator  by  the  organisms.  During  the  de- 
velopment of  9pot  disease,  a  loss  in  gaseous  form  occurs  of  some  constituent  at 
present  unknown.  The  antiseptic  effect  of  smoke  (that  from  coc<mut  husks,  for 
example,  containing  creosote  products)  retardSr  while  high  temperature  accel- 
erates, the  rate  of  curing. 

ECONOMIC  ZOOLOOT— EHTOXOLOOT. 

The  rodents  of  Iowa,  D.  Stonbb  {Iou>a  OeoL  Survey  Bui.  5  {1918),  pp.  i72, 
figs.  S6).— An  accoimt  of  31  species  of  rodents  occurring  in  Iowa,  of  which  Uie 
pocket  gopher  {Qeomya  hursarius  hurgarius)  is  the  most  destructive,  being 
responsible  for  an  annual  loss  estimated  at  a  half  million  dollars^  Keys  for  the 
separation  of  the  genera  and  species,  a  list  of  40  references  to  the  literature, 
and  a  subject  index  are  included. 

The  rat. — ^Beference  tables  and  data  for  the  albino  rat  (Mus  norvegicoi 
albinus)  and  the  Norway  rat  (M.  norvegicus),  H.  H.  Donaldson  (if em.  Wittat 
Jnsi.  Anat.  and  Biol,  No.  6  {1915)  pp.  V+278,  figs.  S^).— The  introductory  part 
of  this  work  treats  of  the  rat  as  a  laboratory  animal.  Indicates  the  methods  of 
gathering  the  data  here  presented,  and  also  gives  examples  of  the  use  of  the 
tables.  An  outline  of  the  classification  and  early  records  and  migrations  of  the 
common  rats  are  also  included.  Part  1  (pp.  19-186)  deals  with  the  biology, 
heredity,  anatomy,  physiology,  and  growth  of  the  domesticated  albino  rat ;  and 
part  2  (pp.  189-213),  with  the  life  history,  distinguishing  characters,  and  growth 
of  the  wild  Norway  rat. 

A  53-page  list  of  references  to  the  literature  and  a  subject  index  are  included. 

The  rat  and  infantile  paralysis. — ^A  theory,  M.  W.  Bichabdson  {Afner, 
Jour.  Pub.  Health,  8  {1918),  No.  8,  pp.  564-579,  ftg9.  iiS).— The  data  presented 
in  this  second  contribution  (E.  S.  R.,  36,  p.  354),  which  are  based  particularly 
upon  observations  made  during  the  epidemic  in  New  Tork  City  in  1916,  hate 
led  to  the  following  conclusions  : 

"Although  the  virus  of  infantile  paralysis  has  been  demonstrated  in  the 
secretions  and  excretions  of  persons  sick  with  the  disease  and  healthy  third 
persons  who  have  or  have  not  been  in  contact  with  patients,  and  although  such 
secretions  and  excretions  may  in  animal  experiment  remain  active  for  many 
months,  the  epidemiological  facts  are  strongly  against  the  theory  that  infantile 
paralysis  is  spread  from  person  to  person  by  direct  or  indirect  contact.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  epidemiology  of  infantile  paralysis  corre^K>nd8  so  remarkably 
with  that  of  bubonic  plague,  a  disease  known  to  be  due  to  the  rat  and  flea,  that 
it  can  be  stated  with  great  probability  that  human  infantile  paralysis  is  due  to 
a  precedent  and  underlying  infection  of  rodents. 

"  As  with  bubonic  plague,  final  proof  as  to  the  rOle  of  the  rat  and  flea  in 
infantile  paralysis  must  rest  In  elaborate  laboratory  investigation." 


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lUO)  ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ^ENTOMOLOGY.  547 

Btiocription  nf  a  new  aeudde  sparrow  from  norida,  A.  H.  Hownx  {Auk, 
S6  <1919),  No,  i,  pp.  fitf,  87). 

[Gkatilbutioiia  on  eoonomic  i&seota]  {gt$ohr.  Angew,  EM,,  4  {1917},  No.  1, 
pp.  iS8»  fIffM,  i7).-— The  papers  here  presented  include  the  following:  The  Fight 
against  the  May  Beetle  and  White  Grub,  with  Particular  Ctonalderatlon  of  Their 
Bird  Enemies,  by  K.  Looe  (pp.  1-15) ;  The  Wheat  Bulb  Fly  {Hylem/gia  ooatih 
tote).  Present  Year  Obsenraticnis  in  Ponimem,  by  R.  Klelne  (pp.  16-24) ;  The 
Temporatare  of  the  Bee  Hive  during  Winter,  by  B.  Zander  (pp.  26-410) ;  Bffect 
of  Heat  upon  the  Body  Louse,  by  B.  Martini  (pp.  84-70) ;  The  RMatton  of 
Ants  to  Man  and  Their  Agricultural  Importance,  by  H.  Stits  (pp.  71-128), 
which  includes  a  bibliography  of  eight  pages;  The  Use  of  Hydrocyanic  Add 
Gas  against  the  Mediterranean  Flour  Moth,  by  H.  W.  Frlcldkinger  (k>.  12^ 
140) ;  The  Winter  Moth  Problem  {ChekniUoftia  bnmaia),  by  K.  Escherich 
(pp.  141-145) ;  The  Woolly  Apple  Aphis  PioblenB  (pp.  145,  146) ;  Gombatlng 
Bark  Beetles  {Ani9amdr%9  dispar)  in  Fruit  Orchards  with  Carbon  Bisulphid 
pp.  147, 148) ;  etc. 

On  tlw  insect  visitors  to  the  blossoms  of  wild  blaekberry  and  wild  spirea.— - 

^  A  study  In  seasonal  distribution,  M.  W.  Bi^ckican  {Syraeyue  Unit,  [Fuh9.'\, 

18  {1918),  No,  4f  PP'  119-144,  fkf'  1).— This  report  Is  based  upon  collectioud 

made  in  large  part  during  July  and  August  in  1013,  1914,  1015,  and  1017,  in 

the  CatskiUs  and  the  western  Adirondacks. 

A  revised  check  list  of  the  British  terrestrial  Isopoda  (wood  Uee),  with 
notes,  W.  E.  Golunob  {Jour.  ZooL  Research,  3  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  31^43).— in 
this  reTlslon  of  an  earlier  check  list  ^  the  author  recognizes  85  species  and  50 
varieties. 

The  pear  thrlps  (Tmiiothrips  Incensequens)  and  its  control  in  British 
Columbia,  A.  B.  Cawoov  and  R.  G.  Tbehebne  {Canada  Dept.  Agr.,  EnL 
Branch  Bui.  IS  {1918),  pp.  61,  figs.  S2).— This  is  a  report  of  extended  studies 
ot  this  pest,  formerly  known,  as  Buthrip$  pyri.  In  British  0>lumbia,  a  brief 
account  of  which  by  the  authors  has  been  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p. 
250).  Studies  of  this  species  in  California  by  Moulton  (E.  S.  R.,  21,  p.  755) 
and  by  Foster  and  Jones  (E.  S.  R.,  24,  p.  465)  have  also  been  previously  noted. 

"  The  emergence  from  the  soil  continues  up  to  the  middle  of  April,  the  maxi- 
mum number  appearing  from  April  1  to  14.  This  practically  coincides  with  the 
time  of  the  bursting  of  .the  buds  of  the  various  fruit  trees  on  Vancouver  Island. 
The  buds  have  barely  opened  when  the  adults  enter  and  feed  on  the  young, 
d^cate  tissue  of  the  developing  parts  within.  Almost  as  soon  as  the  leaves 
and  blossom  pedicels  appear  the  adults  begin  to  lay  their  eggs.  The  first  eggs 
are  generally  laid  about  the  middle  of  April  and  the  last  about  the  middle  of 
May.  The  period  of  maximum  oviposition  usually  extends  from  April  24  to 
May  7.  Eggs  are  laid  in  largest  numbers  dn  the  petioles  and  midribs  of  the 
leaves,  on  the  outer  surface  of  the  calyxes  of  the  young  fruit,  as  well  as  on 
the  fruit  stems.  They  require  about  5  to  17  days  to  hatch,  and  it  is  probable 
that  the  great  majority  hatch  in  about  14  days  under  the  conditions  prevailing 
on  Vancouver  Island. 

"Prunes,  plums,  and  cherries,  which  are  more  tardy  In  their  development 
than  apples  and  pears  by  almost  a  week,  are  attacked  later  by  migrating  indi- 
viduals. The  damage,  which  is  effected  on  the  buds  of  these  first,  is  propor- 
tlonally  greater  than  what  obtains  on  apples  and  pears.  It  is  well  to  bear  in 
mind  that  the  most  serious  damage  to  the  trees  is  associated  with  the  buds 
Juat  after  bursting  and  before  blossoming. 

«  Scot  Nat,  1917,  pp.  111-110. 


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548  BXPEUHKETT  STATION  BBOOBD.  (▼•L4» 

**  The  ^BTwm  make  their  flret  vpearanoe  at  the  beginning  of  ICay  and  are  to 
be  ftmnd  on  the  trees  until  the  middle  of  June.  In  great  abondaaee  they  occur 
iBslde  the  calyx  cup  of  the  blooioms^  lacerating  Its  tender  ttarae  and  fecdtng 
OB  the  nectar.  They  are  aleo  to  be  found  on  the  back  of  the  leaves,  shnded 
ftom  the  sun,  buiily  sucking  the  leaf  juices.  When  at  rest,  they  are  generally 
to  be  found  ranged  along  each  side  of  the  midrib  and  diief  veins.  ¥nieBi  tbe 
larvK  attack  the  young  fruit  in  numbers  they  cause  a  *  mssetting'  of  tiie  skin 
which  is  known  as  '  thrips  scab.'  They  appear  in  maximum  numbers  tnuMk  May 
20  to  June  5.  The  indiyiduals  remain  on  the  trees  for  about  three  weeks  before 
they  are  fully  fed.** 

Gontrol  work  in  1916  and  191T  shows  that  It  can  be  readily  controlled  thxoogh 
spraying  twice  b^ore  blossoming  and  once  after.  *'  Usually  the  first  sppUcatJoo 
Is  made  on  a  bright,  warm  day  in  spring  after  tbe  buds  have  Just  began  to 
burst  The  second  may  be  made  in  tlie  week  preceding  the  period  of  msximwm 
bloom.  The  third  spray  is  directed  against  the  larvtt  in  the  calyx  cups  and  on 
the  leaves  Just  after  the  fall  of  the  petals.  It  has  been  demonstrated  that  for 
the  first  aK^Ucation  the  best  results  attend  the  use  oi  miscible  oil  No.  2  la  ooin- 
bination  with  nicotin  sulphate.  Whale-oil  soap^  also  combined  with  nleotln 
sulphate,  is  the  most  suitable  and  economical  for  the  second  and  third  spraysi 
Lime-sulphur  has  been  shown  to  possess  very  poor  penetrative  and  spreading 
qualities,  hence  its  potency  as  a  controlling  ag^t  for  thrips  Is  morely  confined 
to  those  insects  with  which  it  comes  into  direct  contact.  Therefore  it  sbonld 
only  be  used  to  replace  the  second  and  third  application  of  whaleH>il  soap  In 
cases  of  light  infestation  and  where  It  has  been  found  necessary  to  undertako 
control  measures  for  '  scab.' 

"  On  no  account  must  it  be  Inferred  that  the  first  application  of  miscible  oil 
can  be  diq[>ensed  with.  Miscible  oil,  by  reason  of  its  greater  powers  of  pene- 
trating the  young  buds,  has  been  found  to  be  the  best  remedial  agent  In  the 
first  ^praying.  The  use  of  whale-oil  soap  at  this  time,  whilst  often  satisfttftory. 
Is  less  efTectlve  than  the  oiL" 

Control  of  the  onion  thrips,  F.  H.  CHrrriNDEN  (17.  8.  Dept  Agr^  FanmenT 
BuL  1007  ,(1919),  pp.  16,  fiff9,  11), — ^A  summary  of  information  on  the  (Milon 
thrips,  including  its  distribution,  life  history  and  habits,  and  methods  of 
controL 

Kerosene-soap  emulsion  and  fish-oil  soaps  applied  as  sprays  afford  aome 
relief,  but  nicotin  sulphate  (40  per  cent)  used  at  the  rate  of  |  pint  to  50  gaL 
of  water,  plus  4  lbs.  of  soap,  )§  considered  the  best  direct  remedy.  The 
author  recommends  that  spraying  be  begun  as  soon  as  the  adult  thrips  can  be 
seen  in  any  numbers  or  the  characteristic  whitening  of  the  leaves  is  in  evi- 
dence, and  that  the  sprays  be  applied  under  a  pressure  of  at  least  100  Iba 
Early  cabbage  and  cauliflower  should  not  be  planted  next  to  onion  fields,  for 
they  serve  as  host  plants  for  the  thrips.  Fields  Miould  be  cleaned  up  SBfler 
onion,  cabbage,  and  related  crops  are  harvested,  as  the  thrips  continue  to 
breed  on  any  living  portion  of  these  plants  and  on  almost  any  kind  of  weeds 
that  remains  in  the  field.  After  harvest  the  fields  should  be  plowed  as  de^y 
as  possible  and  harrowed  and  again  in  the  spring  if  onions  are  to  be  grown 
anywhere  in  the  vicinity.  The  seed  should  be  planted  as  early  as  possible  and 
quick-acting  fertilizers  applied. 

The  possible  spread  of  Influenaa  through  the  bedboff,  G.  A.  FamxcAM 
(ITed.  Aeo.  [N.  F.],  95  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  i^-id).— The  similarity  of  Influensa  to 
sporadic  typhus,  an  insect-transmitted  affection  which  has  occurred  for  many 
years  in  New  York  City  where  it  is  known  as  Brill  disease.  Is  pointed  out. 

In  countries  where  sporadic  typhus  is  common,  it  is  frequently  confounded 
with  influensa  in  adulte  and  with  measles  in  children  because  of  the  respira- 


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^•^•l  KCX)NOMIO  ZOOUOQY — EITIOMOUOGY.  549 

lory  dUtortMUioes  common  in  all  three  dlmasea  A  comparison  of  the  toxemia 
obaenred  in  the  influensa  epidemic  with  the  toxemia  observed  in  severe  typhus 
Indicates  that  inflneoza«  like  typhus^  is  essentiaUy  a  blood  infection  and  not 
a  primary  respiratory  infection.  The  toxemia  observed  in  the  last  inflnenza 
e|»ldeinic  was  so  severe  that  in  many  cases  it  caused  death  on  the  second  or 
third  day  after  the  onset  Attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  there  are 
localities  In  certain  countries  where  influenza  is  endemic,  as  was  found  to  be 
the  case  in  Bossia  in  1800  when  invesUgated  by  the  French  Minister  of  Public 
InfltmctioD. 

It  is  pointed  oat  that  the  bedbug  is  quite  universally  distributed,  and  that 
InflnenM  may  be  tiansmitted  by  it  is  contended  by  the  author. 

A  list  of  2d  references  to  the  literature  is  appended. 

The  periodical  doada  or  seventeen  year  locust,  fi.  N.  CSobt  {Md.  Col,  Agr. 
Est.  Berv.  BuL  U  (^918),  pf.  11,  flga.  10).— -A  brief  pc^ular  account  of  the 
periodical  cicada  which  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  it  is  due  to  occur  in 
the  spring  of  191». 

Late  donnaat  v.  delajed  dormant  or  flnreen  tip  treatment  for  the  control 
of  apple  aphida,  W.  S.  Bsoan  {Ma99ackuM€tt9  8ta.  Bui.  184  (1918),  pp.  47-^7).— 
Tiie  results  of  comparative  tests  by  the  author,  here  reported,  have  been 
snmmarised  as  follows : 

**  The  delayed  dormant  period  is  usually  indicative  of  the  complete  hatching 
of  apple  aphid  eggsi    At  this  time  the  buds  have  expanded  from  0.25  to  0.5  in. 

"  Lime-sulphur  solution  at  full  dormant  season  strength  is  less  than  10  per 
cent  effective  against  the  living  aphids  when  applied  at  the  delayed  dormant 
period.  Lime-sulphur  applied  at  the  late  dormant  period,  before  the  buds  split 
open  and  just  before  the  hatching  of  the  aphid  eggs,  appears  to  be  highly 
effective,  under  favorable  conditions^  in  destroying  the  eggs,  but  the  elements 
of  thoroughness  of  application  and  unfavorable  meteorological  conditions 
present  such  uncertainty  as  to  results  that  this  treatment  can  hardly  be  recom- 
mended as  an  effective  control.  If  lime-sulphur  is  to  be  used  as  a  control  for 
San  Jos6  scale  and  no  special  treatment  for  apple  aphids  is  to  be  made  later, 
best  results  against  aphids,  if  present,  are  likely  to  be  obtained  by  a  late 
donnant-aeason  application  Just  before  the  eggs  hatch.  Treatment  at  this 
time  should  also  be  thoroughly  effective  against  the  scale. 

^'The  application  of  the  lime-sulphur  (1:8)  and  nicotln  sulphate  (1:800) 
combination  applied  at  the  delayed  dormant  period  gives  practically  a  perfect 
control  for  apple  ai^ds,  and  makes  unnecessary  a  separate  earlier  application 
of  Ume-sulphur  for  San  Jo86  scale.  The  percentage  of  efficiency  will  depend 
mstnly  upon  thoroughness  of  application.  The  ordinary  dormant-season  treat- 
ment of  apple  orchards  with  miscible  oil  against  San  Jos6  scale,  if  applied 
thorough  at  the  delayed  dormant  period,  should  result  in  practically  a  per- 
fect control  of  apple  aphids  also. 

'*  Delayed  dormant  applications  of  full  dormant-season  strength  lime-sulphur, 
lime-sulphur  and  nicotln  sulphate  combined,  and  miscible  oils,  if  perfect,  can 
be  made  without  material  injury  to  apple  foliage.  Even  when  the  foliage  is 
coosideraMy  more  advanced,  little  severe  injury  usually  results.  This  fact,  if 
taken  into  account,  might  make  unnecessary  separate  applications  for  early 
and  late  budding  varieties.  As  the  foliage  becomes  more  advanced,  however, 
tbe  success  of  the  treatment  involves  greater  difficulty,  since  the  aphids  are 
▼ery  difficult  to  reach  when  they  have  the  spreading  leaves  for  protection. 

''The  action  of  lime-sulphur  in  destroying  both  the  aphid  eggs  and  living 
insects  appears  to  be  mainly  mechanical,  by  sticking  them  to  the  twigs.  The 
action  of  nicotln  sulphate  in  killing  the  living  aphids  is  slow,  requiring  from 
about  half  an  hour  to  24  hours  or  more  for  different  individualsL     Death 


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550  ixpBRiHsirr  statiok  bbcobd.  \yt4o 

appears  to  be  dne  to  panOysia.  Mlacible  oils  are  practlcaUy  laatantaneoas 
In  tbeir  Ufiing  action  agalnat  the  living  aphlda.  Tlie  action  la  prolMUiiy  ot  a 
chemical  nature/' 

A  list  of  11  refwenoes  to  the  literature  ia  included. 

The  present  conditions  of  lac  enltiTation  in  the  plains  of  India,  C  3. 
MiBMA.  (Affr,  Jour,  Ind4a,  X$  (1918),  No,  S,  pp.  4mh-4JS,  pL  1).— A  dlscnssion  of 
the  present  status  of  the  lac  (Coeeus  laeoa)  Industry. 

Trench  ferer.— 'A  report  of  eUnioal  observations  and  researcli.  aa  to  tiie 
etiology,  pathology,  prophylaxia,  and  treatment  of  trench  fever  among 
troops,  W.  Btaic  kt  al.  {Jour.  Amer,  Mod.  A$90C.,  11  (1918),  No9,  1,  pp.  Bl-SS; 
t,  pp.  lia-llS;  S,  pp.  188-19S).--niiB  Is  a  detolled  report  of  Invesdgatloiia  of 
trench  fever  at  Hampetead,  Bngland,  In  which  the  clothes  or  body  louse  was 
shown  to  be  the  active  agent  in  its  transmission.  A  summary  of  the  evidoice 
obtained  from  the  experimental  work  is  as  f<41ows: 

*'  The  whole  blood  ftom  febrile  trench  fever  cases,  up  to  the  flfty-flrst  day  of 
disease,  when  Injected  intravenously,  Is  capable  of  reproducing  the  disease. 
The  Incubation  period  in  such  infections  varies  greatly — from  5  to  20  days.  Hie 
virus  as  contained  in  the  circulating  blood  is  destroyed  by  the  addition  of  dis- 
tilled water  in  large  quantities. 

**  The  bites  alone  of  infective  lice  do  not  produce  trench  fever.  The  excreta 
of  Infective  lice  when  applied  to  a  broken  surfiace  of  skin  do  readily  produce 
trench  fever.  The  incubation  period  of  such  infections  is  remarkably  constant, 
and  averages  8  days.  The  excreta  passed  by  lice  and  fed  on  tr^ich  fever  pa- 
tients are  not  infective  till  tlie  expiration  of  not  less  than  7  days  from  the  com- 
mencement of  the  feeding  on  trench  fever  blood,  thus  indicating  a  developmental 
cycle  in  the  louse  or  a  period  during  which  the  organism  multiplies. 

**  Once  lice  are  Infective,  they  remain  so  till  at  least  the  twenty-third  day  from 
the  date  of  their  infection.  The  virus  of  trench  fever  as  contained  In  infected 
louse  excreta  is  capable  of  withstanding  drying  at  room  temperature,  exposure 
to  sunlight,  keeping  for  not  less  than  16  days,  and  heating  to  56*  0.  [132.8"*  F.l 
for  20  minutes.  A  temperature  of  80*  for  10  minutes  destroys  the  virus,  whldi 
is  therefore  not  a  spore-bearing  organism.  The  bodies  of  infected  lice  when 
crushed  on  the  broken  skin  are  capable  of  producing  trench  fever.  When  lice 
become  so  infective  remains  to  be  determined. 

"Active  trench  fever  blood  equivalent  to  the  content  of  11  lice  does  not  pro- 
duce trench  fever  when  rubbed  into  the  broken  sktn.  Infection  probaly  does 
not  take  place  by  the  mouth  or  by  inhalation.  The  excreta  of  lice  are  not  nor^ 
mally  capable  of  producing  trench  fever.  Trench  f^ver  Infected  lice  do  not 
transmit  the  disease  to  their  offspring.  Some  attacks  of  trench  fever  may  be 
afebrile  throughout. 

**  The  percentage  of  Individuals  naturally  immune  to  trench  fever  Is  exceed- 
ingly small.  Old  age  is  no  bar  to  infectlbn.  Such  immunity  as  results  from  an 
attack  of  trench  fever  is  not  permanent,  and  may  persist  only  for  so  long  as  the 
individual  shows  evidence  of  the  disease.  Even  as  late  as  the  seventy-ninth  day 
of  disease  a  patient's  blood  may  remain  infective  and  be  capable  of  infecting 
lice  fed  on  such  a  patient  while  febrile.  The  different  varieties  of  trench  fever 
result  from  differences  in  the  persons  infected  rather  than  in  the  source  of  in- 
fection." 

The  transmission  of  relapsing  fever  by  the  body  louse,  J.  Koch  {Deul, 
Med.  WchMchr.,  iS  {1917)1  p.  1066;  abs,  lf»  Rov.  Bad.,  8  {1918),  No.  S,  p.  85).— 
During  the  course  of  investigations  of  the  transmission  of  the  spiro<diete  of  re- 
current fever  by  PediculuM  v€8timenti  the  author  found  spirochetes  in  the  lice 
from  16  individuals,  or  in  26  per  cent  of  those  examined.    The  large  number  of 


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1M9]  ECOirOMIO  ZOOIiOGT — ^BinrOMOLOGT.  651 

sptrochetes  present  and  their  peculiar  arrangement  and  gnmplng  led  him  to 
beliere  that  multiplication  takes  place  In  the  lice,  and  that  the  latter  are  not 
mere  transmitters  but  tme  hosts  of  8p9r9eJhmtm  recurrenB, 

Ck>Temment  import  on  laundry  machinery.—- Its  adaptability  to  varioos  r^ 
quirements  of  disinfection  and  disinsection,  W.  D.  Pnacas,  R.  H.  Hutchisoiv, 
and  A.  MoBCOwnz  {Reprint  from  Nat,  Laundry  Jour.,  81  (1919),  No.^1,  pp. 
^14)- — ^Thls  is  a  report  of  a  series  of  experiments  conducted  by  agents  of  the 
Bureau  of  Entomology  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  with  a  view 
to  determining  whether  the  regular  processes  used  in  the  laundry  establish* 
ments  of  the  Army  are  sufficient  to  insure  control  of  the  body  louse,  with  con- 
sideration in  6ach  case  of  the  question  of  shrinkage  of  woolens.  The  results 
of  the  experiments,  here  reported  in  detail,  led  to  the  following  recommenda* 
tlons: 

"  In  the  washer  run  a  current  of  live  steam  IS  minutes,  reroMng  cylinder 
every  5  minutes  and  discharging  water  of  condensation  every  5  minutes.  Re* 
move  the  garments  and  shake  until  almost  dry.  rthis  requires  only  a  few 
shakes.  Submerge  in  water  at  166^  F.  for  20  minutes  without  motion,  except 
A  few  revolutions  every  5  minutes.  Wash  15  minutes  at  181^  in  heavy  suds 
and  light  load.  Rinse  8  times,  8  minutes  each,  at  181®.  Extract  Run  in 
tumbler  15  minutes,  at  a  minimum  of  140®.  We  advise  live  steam  or  very  hot 
soaking  only  In  cases  where  there  is  no  heated  tumbler  available,  or  where 
the  garments  are  suspected  of  bdng  contaminated  with  very  resistant  spore- 
bearing  bacteria.  In  other  words,  we  recommend  the  usual  laundry  methods 
for  the  disinfection  and  disinsection,  because  of  their  added  value  of  cleansing. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  ordinary  processes  of  the  laundry  will  kill  all 
lice  and  their  eggs,  and  probably  all  insect  life.. 

"  We  have  proved  that  woolens  can  be  treated  with  temperatures  which  will 
kill  lice  and  bacteria  without  undue  shrinkage— that  is,  181®.  Washing  in 
heavy  suds,  with  motion;  106®  soaking,  without  motion;  live  steam,  without 
motion,  except  occasionally  to  remove  water  of  condensation;  dry  tumbling 
of  wet  garments,  do  not  cause  undue  shrinkage  of  woolens. 

'*The  overseas  mobile  laundry  unit  is  a  completely  satisfactory  delouslng 
and  sterilizing  unit  for  all  garments  and  bedding.  The  same  is  even  more  true 
of  the  cantonment  laundries  because  of  their  very  nature,  which  permits  of 
added  facilities  for  finishing  the  garments.*' 

The  birch  case  bearer  (Coleophora  fuscedinella)  in  Sweden,  1915-1917, 
N.  A.  Kbhntb  (Meddel.  Centralansi,  Fdrsdktv.  JordbrukBomrddet^  No.  IHl 
(iPi7),  pp.  28,  flff9.  tO;  K.  Landtbr,  Ahad.  Handl.  oeh  Tid$kr.,  SS  {1917),  No. 
7-8,  pp.  SSl-eeo,  fl^9.  20;  ah9.  in  Intemat.  Inst.  Affr.  IRomeh  Intemat.  Rev. 
8ci,  and  Pract.  Agr,,  9  {1918),  No.  5,  p.  tf48).— This  elachistld  caused  consider- 
able damage  to  birch  trees  in  1915  and  1916  by  attacking  the  buds  and  foliage, 
and  injury  was  also  caused  to  pear,  apple,  8orl>u$  awmparia,  oaks,  etc.  The 
I>est  rapidly  decreased  in  numbers  in  1917,  due  largely  to  its  natural  enemies, 
a  list  of  which  is  given. 

A  list  of  15  references  to  the  literature  is  included. 

Olethreutes  variegana,  a  microlepldopteran  injurious  to  fruit  trees  tek 
Italy,  A.  Sarba  {Boi.  Lab.  Zool.  Gen.  e  Agr.  R.  Scuola  Sup.  Affr.  Portici.  12 
il918),  pp.  175-187;  ab8.  in  Intemat.  Intt.  Affr.  \Rome\,  Intemat.  Rev.  8ei.  and 
Prad.  AffT.,  9  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  645,  646). -~A  report  of  monrtiological  and  bio* 
logical  studies  of  a  lepidopteran  which  attacks  commoA  medlar,  almond,  ma- 
lialeb,  plum,  apricot,  and  apple  trees  in  the  districts  of  Santeramo  Colle  {Apulia) 
and  Matera  (Basillcata),  Italy.  It  occurs  In  central  and  southern  Europe, 
Livonia,  Finland,  Sweden,  and  Asia  Minor.  Studies  of  its  parasites  have  shown 
five  species  to  act  as  important  checks. 


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654  EXPBRIMEirr  STATIOlf  BEOOBD.  (T<A.« 

nlzes  MO  spedes  of  Bphecotdea  wMcli  oecnr  In  NebnJBlau  Tbem  wasps  are  of 
economic  importance  In  that  the  adults  proylslon  their  nests  with  other  Insects, 
most  of  which  are  more  or  less  destmctive. 

On  BraconidflB  parasitie  on  IHatr»a  saocharaUs  In  Demerara,  R.  E.  Tnuvn 
(Buh  BfU.  Research,  9  (1918),  No,  1,  pp.  Sh  839).— The  author  reports  faavliu; 
reared  three  hymenopterons  parasites  from  the  sugar  cane  borer  in  Demerara, 
namely,  Ipobraeen  prenadenHM  Ashm.,  previously  iecorded\  and  /.  aaocha/rmiU 
and  ificrotfiis  dio^nns,  here  described  as  new. 

Key  to  American  insect  galls,  B.  P.  Fklt  {N,  T.  State  Mu9.  BuL  tOO  {1911), 
pp.  SIO,  pU.  IS,  figt.  B50).— The  main  part  of  this  work  (m>.  15-214)  consiflls 
of  a  key  to  the  families  and  species  of  plants  by  means  of  which  galls  can  be 
Identified.  In  the  case  of  host  plants  infested  by  num^ous  gall  insects,  addi- 
tional diyislons  are  made  according  to  the  locaticm  on  the  plant  and  the  stme- 
tnre  of  the  galls.  Drawings  of  the  galls  are  given  in  the  text,  and  photogra^is 
of  galls  are  reproduced  on  appended  plates. 

In  a  tabulation  of  the  hosts  and  galls  (pp.  215-228)  1,441  species  ate  listed, 
682  being  gall  midges  and  445  gaH  wasps.  A  tabulated  aynopsls  of  American 
gall  makers  (pp.  229-231)  and  an  annotated  bibliography  (pp.  232-241)  ar^ 
ranged  chronologically  fbllow.    A  complete  index  is  included. 

Dwarfing  effect  of  attacks  of  mites  of  the  genus  Srloph yea  npon  Norway 
maples,  H.  E.  Endebs  {Proc,  Ind,  Acad,  6ci,,  1917,  pp.  79-^^  figs.  4). — ^Thc 
author  discusses  the  peculiar  dwarfed  and  somewhat  blighted  condition  of  a 
portion  of  the  branches  of  Norway  maple  trees  in  the  vicinity  of  Hershey,  E^, 
as  observed  during  August,  1917. 

The  cercaria  of  the  Japanese  blood  flul^e,  Schistosoma  Japonicom,  W.  W. 
Cost  {Univ.  Cat,  Pubs.  Zool,  18  {1919),  No.  17,  pp.  48S^(n,  figs,  d).— This  Is  a 
report  of  studies  of  the  larval  stages  of  B,  japonioum  obtained  from  livli^? 
specimens  of  the  Katayama  snail  {Blanfordia  nosephora)  from  Kyoto,  Japan. 

The  developmental  cycle  of  Trombidium  akamushi  according  to  the  recent 
researches  of  the  Japanese  investigators,  Miyashima  and  Okumnra,  Q.  Tbo- 
DOBO  (Redia,  IS  (1918),  No.  1-2,  pp.  105-^lU;  ab9.  in  Rev.  Appl.  Au.,  Ser.  B. 
6  (1918),  No.  10,  pp.  187,  188).— This  relates  to  the  article  previously  note^l 
(B.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  870). 

FOODS— HUHAN  NITTBITIOH. 

The  newer  knowledge  of  nutrition,  E.  V.  Mc€k>LLUK  {New  York:  The  MaC" 
mUlan  Co.,  1918,  pp.  IX +199,  pU,  11,  figs.  16).— A  scries  of  lectures,  most  of 
which  have  been  noted  from  other  sources,  delivered  by  the  author  at  the 
Harvard  Medical  .School,  and  with  subjects  as  follows:  The  biological  method 
for  the  analysis  of  a  foodstuff ;  experimental  scurvy  and  the  dietary  properties 
of  vegetables;  the  vegetarian  diet;  the  foods  of  animal  origin;  the  diseases 
referable  to  faulty  diet,  or  the  so-called  "deficiency  diseases";  the  nursing 
mother  as  a  factor  of  safety  in  the  nutrition  of  the  suckling;  and  practical 
considerations  which  should  guide  in  the  planning  of  the  diet 

Physiological  chemistry,  F.  G.  Hopkins  (Ann.  Rpts.  Prog,  Chem.  ILondon], 
H  {1917),  pp.  171-196). —In  this  section  of  the  Annual  Reports  on  the  Prog- 
ress of  Chemistry  for  1917  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  109)  the  following  subjects  are  dis- 
cussed :  The  alkaline  reserve  of  the  body,  some  aspects  of  nutrition,  the  growth 
process — endogenous  catalysts,  chemistry  of  bacterial  growth,  the  pancreas  and 
diabetes,  guanidin  and  tetany,  and  formation  of  pigment  in  the  skin. 

A  national  laboratory  for  the  study  of  nutrition  (Brit.  Med.  Jour.,  No. 
S019  (1918),  pp.  520,  621;  abs.  in  Science,  n.  ser.,  48  (1918),  No.  1252,  pp.  650, 

^Ann.  and  Mas.  Nat.  HUt.  8.  iier..  20  (1917),  No.  117.  p.  244. 

uigiiizea  Dy  vjjOOQIC 


10191  FOODS — ^HXJMAN  NUTBITION,  555 

05i).— This  dlacuBses  tbe  resolution  adopted  by  the  Inter-allied  Scientific  Food 
Commiaalon  urging  the  allied  governments  to  establish  national  laboratories  for 
the  study  of  human  nutrition. 

The  interrelations  of  animals  and  plants  and  their  influence  upon  the  food 
supply  of  man,  R.  W.  Hboneb  (8ci.  Mo.^  6  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  4^7-47^). —This 
article  dtes  many  illustrations  of  the  interrelations  of  animals  and  plants  with 
special  reference  to  their  influence  on  the  food  supply  of  man.  The  author  con- 
dudes  that  there  should  be  an  increasing  realisation  of  how  d^[)endent  we  are 
upon  wild  animals  and  plants  for  our  food  supplies,  and  bow  important  it  is 
that  Btei^  should  be  talcen  for  their  consenratlon. 

The  food  value  of  fresh- water  flsh,  Ouknauz  {Vie  Agr.  et  Burale,  7  (1917), 
No.  SS,  pp.  155,  i5(?).— This  is  a  brief  discussion  of  tbe  food  value  and  digesti- 
bility of  several  kinds  of  fresh-water  fish. 

A  bacteriologic  study  of  sardines,  M.  M.  Obst  {Jour.  Infect.  Diseases,  24 
{J919),  No.  2,  pp.  158-169,  figs.  5).— This  arUde  deals  with  the  bacteriological 
results  obtained  during  the  studies  of  Weber  and  Wilson  previously  noted 
(B.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  411). 

The  swelling  of  processed  cans  of  sardines  is  considered  to  be  caused  by  an 
anaerobic  spore-forming  organism  which  is  probably  identical  with  BaciUus 
walfischraHSchbrand.  This  organism  was  isolated  from  factory  dirt,  from  gills 
of  the  herring,  from  feed  (schizopods  and  copepods)  found  in  the  stomach  and 
intestines  of  the  fish  where  it  had  produced  gas,  and  from  the  thoracic  and 
digestive  portions  of  the  schizopods  and  copepods  as  talsen  from  the  water. 
Another  organism,  Bacillus  B.,  also  found  in  the  feed,  especially  in  the  cope- 
pods, proved  to  be  pathogenic  in  peritoneal  inoculation  (guinea  pig)  and  to 
produce  gas  in  protein  medium  containing  blood.  This  organism  is  killed  at 
65''  C.  (149**  F.)  in  20  minutes. 

It  is  considered  that  the  fish,  while  massed  together  in  boats  during  trans- 
portation from  the  weirs  to  the  cannery,  develop  enough  heat  to  permit  rapid 
growth  of  these  organisms  with  the  production  of  gas.  As  the  digestive  tract 
of  the  herring  was  usually  found  sterile  when  no  feed  was  present,  it  is  thought 
that  the  danger  of  spoilage  from  these  organisms  would  be  partially  reduced  by 
holding  the  fish  in  pounds  until  free  from  feed  and  would  be  prevented  by 
removal  of  heads,  gills,  and  viscera.  Both  organisms  appear  to  be  killed  by 
heating  to  240°  F.  for  8  minutes  if  no  fish  are  allowed  to  overlap,  but  B. 
toalfischrauschbrond  in  sealed  cans  will  survive  1^  hours  in  a  boiling  tank  if  a 
portion  of  the  can  is  exposed. 

BeptUes  as  food,  A  M.  Rebsk  {8ci.  Mo.,  5  {1911),  No.  6,  pp.  545^50) .—TOhe 
author  calls  attention  to  the  possibilities  of  utilizing  to  a  greater  extent  as 
food  certain  reptiles,  such  as  different  varieties  of  turtles,  lizards,  alligators, . 
and  crocodiles. 

Belation  between  the  weight  of  the  bones  and  meat  of  beef  cattle,  D»> 
CHAMBBE  {Compi.  Rctid.  Acad.  Agr.  France,  4  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  25-28)  .—TabieB 
are  given  showing  the  proportions  of  bone,  meat,  fat,  and  refuse  in  a  large  num- 
ber of  beef  quarters.  The  average  ratio  of  bone  to  meat  was  found  to  be 
19.18 :  100,  this  figure  being  influenced  greatly  by  the  fattening  of  the  animals. 
In  fat  samples  the  ratio  of  bone  to  meat  was  16: 100,  in  samples  in  ordinary 
condition  20 :  100,  while  in  those  of  Inferior  grade  the  ratio  was  22 :  100. 

Influence  of  the  principal  constituents  of  sweetened  condensed  milk  upon 
its  nutritive  and  therapeutic  effects,  P.  LAssASLitaE  {Compt,  Rend.  Soc.  Biol. 
{Paris},  81  (1918),  No.  U,  pp.  IS^-'if 67) .—TUa  is  a  study  of  the  nutritive  value 
of  unsweetened  and  sweetened  condensed  milk,  sterilized  milk,  and  milk  powder 
as  determined  by  feeding  experiments  with  infants  of  the  same  age.  The 
114878*— No.  6—19 6 


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656  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BBCOBD.  [Vol.40 

results  indicate  that  sweetened  condensed  milk  is  superior  to  tbe  other  Tarietiefl 
of  milk  employed,  both  in  its  effect  upon  growth  in  normal  infants  and  in  Its 
therapeutic  effect  in  gastrointestinal  troubles. 

A  diffuse  bacterial  alteration  of  bread,  R.  Peboiti  and  J.  Ooicanduoci  {AM 
R,  Accad.  Lined,  Rend,  CI,  8ci,  Fi9.,  Mat,  e  Nat,,  5.  «er.,  27  (1918),  /,  Vo.  7,  pp. 
258-261). —An  investigation  of  ropy  bread  is  reported,  leading  to  the  conclusion 
that  the  causative  organism  is  similar  to  BaeiUuM  mesenterieus  vulgatua,  per- 
haps identical  with  Bttcterium  mesentericus,  and  somewhat  different  from 
Bacterium  panis.  As  the  vehicle  of  the  infection  appears  to  be  infected  yeast, 
the  authors  recommend  tbe  careful  control  of  the  preparation  of  the  yeast 
and  the  sterilization  of  all  the  utensils  employed  in  tiie  bread  making. 

The  digestibility  of  bread  and  the  best  utilisation  of  wheat,  G.  BEnmABD 
(Compt.  Rend,  Acad.  6ci,  [Paris},  1S5  {1917),  No.  14,  pp.  45*-44<^).— The 
author,  on  the  basis  of  data  obtained  from  the  investigations  of  Snyder  and 
others  on  the  digestibility  and  nutritive  value  of  bread,  has  calculated  coeffi- 
cients of  digestibility  for  protein  and  energy  of  bread  made  from  flour  of 
72,  85,  and  100  per  cent  extraction.  The  coefficients  were  obtained  by  multi- 
plying the  loss  of  material  and  of  energy  which  each  flour  underwent  during 
the  passage  through  the  body  by  the  extraction  figures  of  the  flour.  Tlie  fol- 
lowing coefllcients  were  obtained:  Bread  from  flour  milled  at  72  per  cent, 
protein  64.33,  energy  66.27;  from  flour  milled  at  85  per  cent,  protein  68.28, 
energy  74.19 ;  and  from  flour  milled  at  100  per  cent,  protein  76.84,  energy  82.59. 

The  author  considers  this  an  argument  in  favor  of  highly  milled  flour  for 
human  consumption. 

Experiments  on  the  milling  of  wheat  substitutes,  Baliand  (Compt.  Rend, 
Acad.  Prance,  4  (1918),  No.  20,  pp.  614-S17). — ^Tables  are  given  of  the  per- 
centage of  flour,  bran,  grits,  and  waste  in  the  milled  products  of  beans,  com, 
African  millet,  barley,  and  buckwheat  and  of  the  composition  of  the  differoit 
products. 

Barley  flour  in  the  making  of  bread,  C.  V.  Oabota  (Vie  Apr.  et  Rurale,  7 
(1917),  No.  37,  pp.  195-197).— This  is  a  brief  report  of  a  study  of  the  use  of 
rye  and  barley  in  bread  making.  Analyses  are  given  of  wheat,  rye.  and  barley 
flours  and  of  breads  made  from  wheat  alone,  from  wheat  and  barley,  and  from 
wheat,  barley,  and  rye. 

The  conclusion  is  drawn  that  barley  or  rye  flour  can  be  substituted  for  50 
per  cent  of  the  wheat  flour  without  diminishing  the  nutritive  value,  good  ap- 
pearance, or  taste  of  the  bread.  Owing  to  the  insufficient  supply  of  rye  In 
France,  the  proportions  recommended  are  60  per  cent  of  wheat,  8  per  cent  of 
rye,  and  42  per  cent  of  barley  flour. 

Potato  bread,  E.  Matjrel  (Vie  Agr,  et  Rurale,  8  (1918),  No,  8,*pp,  18^-134).-^ 
The  results  are  reported  of  observations  upon  bread  made  from  wheat  flour 
milled  to  85  per  cent  and  cooked  potato  pulp,  the  latter  in  increasing  amounts 
of  from  10  to  50  per  cent. 

All  these  breads  were  found  to  be  well  risen  and  elastic,  to  remain  fresh  f6r 
a  long  time,  and  to  have  a  pleasing  odor  and  taste.  The  author  suggests  that 
the  slightly  decreased  nutritive  value  may  be  compensated  by  the  introduction 
of  a  small  amount  of  bean  flour.  Tbe  use  of  potatoes  In  bread  making  is  con- 
sidered to  be  practical  in  large  public  bakeries  and  also  in  the  home  bakery. 

The  use  of  potatoes  in  bread  making,  A.  Abnal  (Vie  Apr,  et  Rurale,  8 
(1918),  No.  21,  pp.  S64-S66). — In  the  method  described  raw  potatoes  are  grated 
and  added  to  the  flour  In  the  proportion  of  20  kg.  of  potatoes  to  80  kg.  of  flour. 
The  bread  obtained  is  snid  to  be  very  white  and  not  to  differ  from  ordinary  bread 
in  taste  or  appearance. 


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19191  FOODS — HUMAN  NUTBITIOir.  557 

Alleged  poisoning  hy  potatoeSy  F.  W.  Habbib  and  T.  Oockbubn  (Amer, 
Jour.  Pharm.,  90  {1918),  No,  10,  pp.  72Z^726). — ^A  food  poisoning  outbreak  in 
Glasgow  in  1917  is  reported  which  is  considered  to  have  been  caused  by  pota- 
toes. As  samples  of  the  potatoes  used  showed  evidence  of  sprouting,  their  con- 
tent of  solanin  was  determined  and  found  to  be  from  five  to  six  times  the 
amount  which  is  found  in  normal,  unsprouted  potatoes.  This  is  in  accord  with 
the  results  obtained  by  Meyer  (E.  S.  R.,  7,  p.  749)  with  sprouted  potatoes.  A 
similar  epidemic  In  Germany  in  1899  is  cited  which  was  also  attributed  to 
potatoes  containing  excessive  amounts  of  solanin. 

In  view  of  these  facts  the  authors  emphasize  the  necessity  for  caution  in  the 
use  of  potatoes  which  have  begun  to  sprout. 

Production  of  popped  rice  in  China,  T.  Samkons  {V.  8»  Dept,  Com.,  Own, 
RpU,,  No.  12  {1918),  p.  182), — ^A  reprint  from  an  article  published  in  the 
North  China  Daily  News,  describing  the  process  of  popping  rice.  The  annual 
production  is  estimated  at  about  50  tons.  Usually  the  rice  is  colored  either 
red  or  yellow  and  is  made  up  Into  various  confectiona  The  uncolored  variety 
Is  often  used  as  a  breakfast  dish  or  porridge. 

The  digestibility  of  soy  bean  meal  by  man,  J.  F.  Lyman  and  W.  G.  Bowbbs 
{Ohio  Jour,  Sci.,  18  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  279-284) .—Two  a^ay  experiments  with 
toy-bean  meal  fed  as  a  part  of  an  ordinary  mixed  diet  are  recorded.  In  the  first 
experiment  the  soy-bean  meal  was  mixed  with  wheat  flour  and  made  into  a 
yeast-raised  bread;  in  the  second  the  soy-bean  meal  was  prepared  as  a  por- 
ridge by  cooking  for  5  hours  in  a  double  bolter. 

The  digestibility  coefficients  obtained  in  the  two  experiments  were  as  follows : 
Protein,  91.3  and  90.9  per  cent,  and  carbohydrate  96.9  and  96  per  cent,  respec- 
tively. The  carbohydrates,  in  addition  to  having  a  higher  digestibility  than 
the  carbohydrates  of  the  common  white  bean,  were  found  also  to  be  less  prone 
to  intestinal  fermentation. 

Sabstitates  for  native  beans  in  the  food  of  the  French  Army,  Baixano 
(Ctnnpt.  Rend,  Acad,  Agr,  France,  4  {1918),  No,  26,  pp.  740^7U). — ^Analyses 
of  foreign  legumes,  including  beans  from  various  countries,  peas,  chick-peas, 
dolicfaos,  and  voandzeia,  are  reported  and  discussed. 

The  uses  of  the  peanut  on  the  home  table,  J.  R.  Abms  {Fla.  State  Col.  for 
Women,  Dept,  Home  Econ.  Bui.  17  {1917),  pp.  1^).— The  food  value  of  the  pea- 
nnt  is  compared  with  that  of  other  staple  foods,  and  recipes  for  its  greater 
utilization  are  given. 

The  Hawaiian  taro  as  food,  V.  MacOatjghey  {Hawaii.  Forester  and  Agr,,  H 
{1917),  No.  9,  pp.  265-268). — ^The  author  states  that  taro  has  a  much  lower 
moisture  content  than  either  Irish  or  sweet  potatoes,  a  higher  fat  content  a 
lower  protein  content,  and  more  than  twice  as  much  starch  as  the  Irish  potato 
and  nearly  50  per  cent  more  than  sweet  potatoes.  An  analysis  is  reported,  and 
the  uses  of  taro  are  discussed. 

A  study  of  Dioscorea  with  starch  determinations  and  cooking  tests,  L.  S. 
CrjEMENTE  {Philippine  Agr.  and  Forester,  6  {1918),  No.  8,  pp.  280-246).— y:h{B 
imper  records  the  results  of  starch  determinations  of  varieties  of  yams  used 
as  food  before,  during,  and  after  maturity,  and  includes  the  complete  analyses 
of  t2  representative  varieties  at  maturity.  It  also  discusses  the  comparative 
cooking  and  table  qualities. 

Possibilities  of  golaman  dagat  as  a  substitute  for  gelatin  in  food,  A.  H. 
WKIX8  {Philippine  Jour.  Bci.,  Sect.  A,  11  {1916),  No.  6,  pp ^ 267-27 1).—Thia  sea- 
weed, which  grows  throughout  the  Philippine  Archipelago,  is  used  in  two  ways 
IS  food.  Washed  free  from  salt  water  it  is  boiled  and  eaten  as  a  salad,  and 
the  sun-bleached,  dried  material  is  marketed  as  a  cheap  substitute  for  gelatin. 


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558  EXPERIMEKT  STATION  KBGOIUX  [▼oL40 

Gelatin,  however,  contains  about  17.9  per  cent  of  nitrogen  widle  golamaB  dagat 
contains  less  than  1  per  cent.  It  is  eqnally  low  In  all  other  nutritiipe  sabstance^L 
and  can  be  used  as  a  substitute  for  gelatin  only  when  the  physical  properties 
of  gelatin  are  important.  Owing  to  its  low  crushing  pressure  it  is  imsaltable  for 
'  use  in  bacteriological  work. 

Eggr  substitates  and  so-called  egg  saTers,  G.  H.  LaWaix  {Penn.  Depi,  A$r. 
BuL  SH  il91S),  pp.  7-18), — Descriptions  and  analyses  of  42  egs  snbstltiites 
and  so-called  egg  savers  are  given.  Their  composition  was  found  in  no  way  t» 
resemble  that  of  egg,  most  of  them  b^ng  composed  diiefly  of  comstardi  or 
other  starches,  artificially  colored. 

Analytical  data  in  regard  to  Argentine  honey»  A.  O.  Ratpasexi  (iifiw  Sot 
Qulin,  Argentina,  6  {191%),  No.  27,  pp.  429-441).— FhjtAcBX  and  chonlcal  ai^ 
alysee  of  90  samples  of  honey  are  reported  and  discussed. 

Adulteration,  of  yerbft  mat6,  G.  D.  Gibola  (An.  8oe.  Rural  Argentina^  SI 
{1917),  No.  9,  pp.  $92-705;  52  {1918),  Nos.  f,  pp.  29-59;  2,  pp.  102-110,  /t#i. 
28). — ^Thls  article  includes  a  summary  of  information  in  regard  to  the  dnrac- 
teristlcs  of  yerba  mat6  and  other  plants  which  can  be  used  as  substitutes  or 
adulterants,  and  a  review  of  chemical  and  histological  Investigations  for  the 
purpose  of  detecting  adulteration. 

The  author  concludes  that  at  present  there  does  not  exist  a  complete  method 
of  easy  and  rapid  application  for  determining  the  purity  of  yerba  mat^  that 
consequently  the  consumer  should  be  protected  by  legislation  controlling  the 
substances  to  be  used  as  substitutes,  and  that  such  mixtures  or  substitutes 
should  be  plainly  labeled.  A  strict  supervision  of  the  preparation  of  yeriw  mat6 
is  also  recommended. 

Jelly  making  with  sugar  savers,  L.  W.  Adaics  and  E.  Lofun  (Jour,  Home 
Boon.,  10  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  50S-S10). — From  the  results  of  experim^ita.  the 
authors  conclude  that  honey,  glucose,  corn  sirup,  sorghum,  or  com  sugar  may 
be  used  in  jelly  to  replace  part  or  all  of  the  sugar.  The  substitution  which  is 
recommended,  however,  is  50  per  cent  Although  thp  sweetening  powers  of  the 
various  sirups  vary,  all  of  them  are  said  to  produce  acceptable  jellies. 

Kitchen  tests  for  pectin  in  jelly  making,  M.  C.  Denton  (Jour.  Home  Beon^ 
10  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  520,  621).— The  author  discusses  a  pectin  test  in  which 
one-half  teaspoon  of  sugar  and  one^f ourth  teaspoon  of  Epsom  salts  are.  added  to 
one  teaspoon  of  the  fruit  juice  and  stirred  until  dissolved.  If  the  juice  Is  a 
good  jellying  juice  the  mixture  will  set  into  a  jelly  within  five  minutes.  The 
test  has  proved  more  or  less  satisfactory  with  apple,  crab  apple,  plum,  quintet 
and  cranberry  juices. 

The  effect  of  heat  on  the  spores  of  Bacillus  botuUnua. — ^I,  Its  bearing  oa 
home  canning  methods,  G.  S.  Buskb  {Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.,  72  {1919),  No> 
2,  pp.  88-92). — ^Experiments  to  determine  the  effect  of  heat  on  the  spores  of 
B.  botuUnus  are  reported,  from  which  the  following  conclusions  are  drawn : 

Free  spores  of  B.  botulinus  grown  In  either  broth  or  brain  cultures  are  highly 
resistant  to  heat,  particularly  those  grown  in  brain  cultures.  Exposure  of  the 
spores  to  a  temperature  of  100*  0.  or  more  inhibits  the  development  of  the 
spores,  so  that  the  Incubation  time  is  very  much  increased,  but  resistant  spores 
will  survive  in  boiling  liquid  for  three  hours  or  more. 

In  applying  the  results  to  the  various  canning  methods,  the  author  concludes 
that  the  methods  of  canning  by  boiling  the  fruit  or  vegetables  In  an  <H>en  kettle 
and  sealing  in  clean  .jars,  by  the  cold-pack  (one-period)  method,  and  by  tnc- 
tional  sterilization  on  three  successive  days  can  not  be  relied  upon  to  destroy 
the  more  resistant  strains  of  B.  hotuHnus,  and  that  consequently  pressure  can- 
ning with  a  comparatively  long  sterilization  period  is  the  only  method  of  sterili- 
zation that  at  present  can  be  considered  safe. 


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i*l»l  >60DS — ^HUJiiAN  ihJTBltlOlt.  6S& 

The  use  of  sound  fruit  and  clean  methods  of  handling  are  considered  to  be 
the  most  important  factors  In  canning  to  prevent  spores  of  B.  botulinua  from  en- 
tering the  Jars.  The  illness  caused  by  spoilage  from  B,  botuHnus  Is  said  to  be 
due  to  the  toxin  that  the  organism  produces  after  several  weeks'  or  months' 
growth  in  a  sealed  jar.  As  this  toxin  Is  entirely  destroyed  by  boiling  for  five 
minoteB,  it  is  recommended  that  canned  goods  that  are  in  the  least  suspicious 
should  be  boiled  for  five  minutes  before  being  eaten. 

[Food  and  drug  topics],  B.  F.  Ladd  and  A.  K.  Johnson  {North  Dakota  Sta, 
Spec.  Bul^  5  il9J8),  No.  7,  pp.  17/-i7e).— These  pages  include  a  review  by 
F.  W.  Christensen  of  the  article  by  McCoHum,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  K.,  40, 
p.  463),  a  reprint  of  an  article  on  **foodless"  food  substitutes,  and  several 
analyses  of  spirits  of  camphor. 

[Food  and  drug  inspection],  F.  A.  Jackson  et  al.  {Ann.  Rpt.  Bd.  Food  and 
Drug  Comrs.  R.  1.,  9  {1917},  pp.  41). — ^This  is  the  usual  report  of  the  board  of 
food  and  drug  commissioners  for  the  year  ended  December  31,  1917.  The 
results  of  the  inspection  of  dairies  and  the  examination  of  samples  of  food 
and  drug  products  are  reported,  as  well  as  the  standards  of  purity  adopted 
for  certain  food  products. 

Klectric  cooking  appliances,  R.  G.  Kloeffleb  {Kans.  State  Agr,  Col.  Bui.,  1 
{1917}^  No.  20,  pp.  71,  fi08.  27). — A  discussion  of  the  history  and  advantages  of 
dectric  cooking.  Various  lamp  socket  devices  and  electric  ranges  are  illus- 
trated and  their  efficiency  and  cost  considered. 

The  author  concludes  that,  while  with  all  of  these  satisfactory  results  are 
obtained,  electricity  at  present  is  an  expensive  form  of  fuel.  He  states  that, 
with  the  rates  prevailing  at  the  time  of  his  investigation  (electricity  at  3  cts. 
per  kilowatt  hour,  artificial  gas  at  $1  per  1,000  cu.  ft.,  and  coal  at  $8  per  ton), 
"cooking  by  electricity  costs  approximately  100  per  cent  more  than  by  gas  or 
by  coal." 

One  Irandred  points  in  food  economy,  J.  G.  Raicsat  {London:  O.  Bell  an^l 
SonSy  Ltd.,  1918,  5.  ed.,  pp.  72).— A  simple  treatise  on  foods  written  at  the  re- 
Ooest  of  the  British  director  general  of  food  economy  (minister  of  foods). 

Food  primer  for  the  home,  L.  H.  Gillbtt  {New  York:  N.  Y.  Assoc,  for  Im- 
proving the  Condition  of  the  Poor  [1918],  pp.  19,  figs.  9).— The  purpose  of  this 
book  is  to  reduce  the  food  problem  to  simple  terms.  It  is  essentially  a  reprint 
of  material  which  has  appeared  in  chart  form. 

Bibliography  of  food  economy  for  the  housewife,  L.  M.  Clatwobthy  and 
L.  W.  Hunt  {State  Col.  Wash.,  Lib.  But.  5  {1918),  pp.  59,  fig.  i).— A  bibUog- 
raphy  for  the  use  of  librarians,  extension  and  social  workers,  teachers,  and 
lecturers  in  collecting  printed  information  on  food  conservation. 

The  balanced  ration  [food  chart],  H.  N.  Lawbie  {Portland,  Oreg.:  Author, 
1918,  pp.  2,  figs.  4). — ^This  consists  of  a  series  of  charts  computed  and  compiled 
from  various  sources,  showing  the  food  requirement  of  different  individuals 
under  different  conditions,  the  fuel  value  of  100  common  foods,  and  a  graphic 
method  of  menu  building.    I>e8criptive  material  is  also  included. 

Basic  quantity  food  tables  to  be  used  in  determining  the  daily  issue  of 
food  to  the  kitchen  {New  York:  Dept.  Pub.  Charities,  1917,  pp.  120). — ^Food 
tables  designed  to  serve  as  a  quick  means  of  determining  the  quantity  of 
various  foods  necessary  for  serving  various  classes  in  institutions  are  presented. 
Among  the  groups  are  officers  and  other  employees,  hospital  patients,  inmates 
of  homes  for  the  aged,  tubercular  patients,  feeble-minded  inmates  and  patients. 
diildien  in  hospitals,  lodgers  at  the  municipal  lodging  house,  etc. 

Conservation  of  food  by  substitution  with  suggestive  menus  {East  Lan- 
Hng,  Mich.:  Est.  Div.,  Mich.  Agr.  Col.  [1918],  pp.  96).— These  menus  were  pre- 


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660  EXPERiMEisrr  station  recobd.  £y«i.4o 

par^  with  reference  to  emergency  food  conditions,  and  include  a  family  of 
two  adults  and  two  families  with  three  children  each. 

Food  requirements  and  the  menu,  P.  MacDonald  and  M.  S.  Prmus 
(Penn.  State  Col  Ext  Ciro.  05  {1917),  pp.  24).— A  discussion  of  the  food  le^ 
Quirements  and  suggestions  for  menu  planning  are  included  in  this  bolletin. 

Moderate  cost  menus  and  recipes  from  Florida  food  materials,  N.  Ebnnm- 
SON  (Fto.  State  Col  for  Women,  Dept.  Home  Econ,  Bui.  15  {1917},  pp.  25).- 
Menus  composed  exclusively  of  Florida  food  materials  are  given  with  recipe& 

The  Chinese  cookbook,  S.  W.  Chan  {New  York:  Frederick  A.  8tokc9  Co^ 
1917,  pp.  XII I +201,  pU.  2,  ftg8,  5). — ^Thls  contains  recipes  for  the  preparatka 
of  various  Chinese  dishes. 

Handbook  of  the  [Young  Women's  Christian]  Association  cafeteria,  R 
Gkabt  {Neto  York:  Nat.  Bd.  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  1917,  pp,  99,  pU.  2,  fig:  14).— Details 
are  given  pertaining  to  the  equipment  and  operation  of  a  cafeteria. 

[Diet  in  the]  home  for  incurables,  Toronto  {Amer.  Med.,  n.  ser.,  15  {1918h 
No.  6,  p.  S59). — Information  pertaining  to  the  food  used  in  this  home.  A  diet 
list  is  included. 

[Diet  in  the]  house  of  industry,  Toronto  {Amer.  Med^  n.  ser.,  IS  {191S),  JSo. 
$,  pp.  359,  S60). — ^A  dietary  for  one  week  with  extra  diet  for  the  sidL  is  out- 
lined.    The  cost  of  food  is  said  to  range  from  7  to  10  cts.  per  capita. 

Infant  feeding,  G.  G.  Gbulbe  {Philadelphia:  W.  B.  Saunders  Co.,  1917,  S.  ed., 
pp.  S26,  pl8.  22,  figs.  i5).— Part  I  of  this  book  deals  with  the  fundamental  prin- 
ciples of  infant  nutrition;  Part  II,  the  breast-fed  infant;  Part  III,  artifidal 
feeding ;  while  Part  IV  discusses  infant  nuti'ition  under  abnormal  or  pathologle 
conditions. 

The  care  and  feeding  of  children,  L.  E.  Holt  {New  York  and  London:  D. 
Appleton  d  Co.,  1918,  9.  ed.,  rev.  and  enl^  pp.  219,  figs.  2). — Part  I  of  this  book 
deals  with  the  care  of  children ;  Part  II  with  infant  feeding ;  Part  III  with  the 
diet  of  older  children;  and  Part  lY  contains  miscellaneous  information  relat- 
ing to  the  above  subjects. 

Army  rations:  A  comparative  study,  W.  H.  Newcomb  {Amer.  Med.,  n.  ser^ 
IS  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  569-^74). — A  brief  summary  and  discussion  of  the  aimy 
rations  of  various  countries. 

Feeding  of  troops  {Off.  Intemat.  Hyg.  Puh.  {Paris],  BuL  Mens.,  1$ 
{1918),  No.  5,  pp.  510-571;  Rev.  Hyg.  et  Pol  SanU.,  40  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  579- 
4f 94). —This  report  of  the  third  session  in  March,  1918,  of  the  Commission  on 
Sanitation  of  the  Allied  Ck>untries  discusses  principally  the  army  rations  of  the 
different  countries  represented. 

The  reform  in  army  rations  and  national  economy,  F.  Rho  {Ann.  Ig. 
[Rom^},  27  {1917),  No.  8.  pp.  ^77-4^).— This  is  a  discussion  of  protein  re 
quirements,  with  particular  reference  to  the  food  habits  of  Italy.  It  is  the 
opinion  of  the  author  that  the  increase  of  the  meat  ration  of  the  Italian  Army 
from  200  gm.  per  day  in  peace  to  375  gm.  in  war  was  a  mistake,  and  that  from 
the  point  of  view  of  national  economy  and  of  health  the  amount  should  have 
been  decreased. 

Feeding  the  Italian  Army,  S.  Baqlioni  {Ann.  Ig^  [Aome],  21  {1917) t  No.  S, 
pp.  487-^02). — The  author  discusses  changes  in  the  Italian  Army  ration  as  a 
result  of  the  report  noted  above,  the  most  important  being  the  reduction  of  the 
meat  ration  from  375  to  250  gm.,  the  Increase  in  the  amount  of  Italian  paste 
from  150  to  200  gm.,  and  the  addition  of  200  gm.  of  fresh  vegetables  and  40  gm. 
of  cheese  per  day.  Tables  are  given  of  the  nutritive  value  of  some  of  the  food- 
stuffs employed,  the  nutritive  and  commercial  value  of  the  old  and  new  ratioo^ 
and  the  economical  gain  in  the  new  ration. 


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1»1»1  FOODS — ^HUMAN  NUTRITION.  561 

The  r«fonn  in  the  ration  of  the  Italian  Kavy  occasional  by  ttie  war,  C.  M. 
Bklli  (Ann,  Iff,  [Romel,  27  (1917),  No.  8,  pp.  50S-609;  abs.  in  Off.  Intet-nat.  Hyg. 
Pnb.  iParish  Bui.  Ifeiw.,  9  (iW7),  No.  5,  pp.  60*-^()8).— This  Is  a  report  of  a 
dietary  study  made  in  1916  of  the  ration  of  the  Italian  Navy  and  of  recom- 
mended modlficatioDB. 

The  results  of  the  study  showed  that  the  ration  furnished  more  than  3,000 
calories  of  energy,  slightly  more  than  90  gm.  of  protein,  from  20  to  35  gm.  of 
fat,  and  from  000  to  540  gm.  of  carbohydrate  per  day.  In  comparison  with 
the  established  ration,  the  freely  chosen  diet  of  a  number  of  groups  of  marines 
receiving  a  money  allotment  for  food  gave  an  average  of  from  2,700  to  2,800 
calories,  about  90  gm.  of  protein  of  which  the  proportion  of  meat  was  lower  than 
In  the  prescribed  ration,  from  25  to  28  gm.  of  fat,  .and  from  500  to  600  gm.  of 
cartM>hydrate.  In  general  a  largely  vegetarian  diet  predominated  in  the 
groups  making  their  own  selection  of  food,  which  Is  considered  by  the  author 
to  be  more  in  keeping  with  the  food  customs  of  Italy  than  was  the  prescribed 
ration. 

In  conclusion,  the  recommendation  is  made  that  to  do  away  with  the  excessive 
uniformity  of  the  menu  a  ration  be  adopted  furnishing  2,600  calories  to  include 
the  morning  and  noon  meals  and  the  bread  of  the  evening  meal,  and  that  the 
remaining  200  calories  considered  necessary  should  be  made  up  from  various 
vegetables  prepared  in  different  ways. 

The  effects  of  a  prolonged  reduced  diet  on  25  college  men  {Proe.  Nat.  Acad, 
ScL,  4  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  149-169). —ThiB  is  a  detailed  report  of  investigations 
previously  noted  frovi  another  source  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  269).  Three  papers 
are  presented,  I,  Influence  on  Basal  Metabolism  and  Nitrogen  Excretion,  by 
F.  G.  Benedict  and  P.  Roth  (pp.  149-152) ;  II,  Bearing  on  Neuro-muscular 
Processes  and  Mental  Condition,  by  W.  R.  Miles  (pp.  152-156) ;  and  III,  In- 
fluence on  Efficiency  During  Muscular  Work,  by  H.  M.  Smith  (pp.  157-159). 

A  review  of  the  food  situation,  N.  Ahaudbu  (BuU  Soc.  Sci.  Hyg.  Aliment, 
€  (1918),  No.  7,  pp.  451-468).— The  aboUtlon  of  meatless  day,  the  milk  crisis, 
tlie  food  situation  in  Russia,  and  the  rationing  at  the  front  are  discussed  in 
this  article. 

Germany's  food:  Can  it  lastP  edited  by  S.  R.  Wells  {London:  Univ.  London 
PresM^  1915,  pp.  XXXI-\-2S2).—ThlB  book,  which  includes  an  introduction  by 
A.  D.  Waller,  Is  a  translation  of  the  Grerman  treatise  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R., 
38,  p.  462). 

Scandinavian  living  costs,  E.  W.  Thompson  (27.  S.  Kept.  Com.,  Com.  Rpts. 
No.  228  (1918),  pp.  1112,  li/^).— -Tables  are  given  showing  the  variations  in 
cost  in  1914  and  1918  of  a  standard  household  budget  In  Norway,  Sweden,  and 
Denmark. 

Beport  of  the  special  commissioner  appointed  by  the  Qovemment  to  in- 
quire into  the  cost  of  living  in  the  Union  [of  South  Africa],  O.  OwEN-SiirrH 
(Cape  Toum,  South  Africa:  Govt.,  1916,  pp.  81). — Statistics  are  given  which 
show  the  percentage  Increase  In  the  cost  of  living  in  seven  towns  of  the  Union 
of  South  Africa,  based  on  the  cost  of  commodities  In  1914  prior  to  the  outbreak 
of  the  war  and  their  cost  in  May  to  July,  1916. 

Practioal  dietetics  with  reference  to  diet  in  health  and  disease,  A.  F. 
Pattcb  {Mount  Vernon,  N.  Y.:  Author,  1917, 11.  cd.,  rev.  and  enl,  pp.  XXV +502, 
Hg$.  7). — ^A  revised  edition  of  the  work  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  25,  p.  170). 

The  influence  of  correct  food  quantities  upon  human  life,  T.  C.  Steabns 
{Jersetf  City,  N.  J.:  The  Bteam$  d  Gordon  Co.,  1917,  pp.  114,  pU.  5).— The 
autlior  aims  to  present  the  essential  facts  concerning  food,  especially  with 


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562  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vol.  40 

reference  to  the  effect  of  too  Uttle  or  too  much  food  apon  normal  devdopmcnt, 

health,  and  longevity. 

The  influence  of  protein  f eedinir  on  the  concentration  of  amino  acids  and 
their  nitroerenous  metabolites  in  the  tissues,  H.  H.  Mitchsll  {Jour.  Biol 
Chem.,  36  {1918) ^  No.  S,  pp.  501-620).— A  detailed  and  critical  review  of  the  ex- 
perimental evidence  on  the  question  of  the  effect  of  protein  feeding  on  the 
concentration  of  amino  adds  in  the  tissues  is  given,  followed  by  a  report  of 
experiments  conducted  to  determine  whether  or  not  an  increase  in  the  amino 
acid  concentration  of  the  tissues  occurs  during  protein  digestion  and  to  obtain 
information  as  to  the  rate  of  amino  acid  catabolism  by  investigating  the 
changes  in  concentration  in  the  tissues  of  the  nitrogenous  metabolites  of  tlic 
amino  acids — ammonia  and  urea. 

Albino  rats  were  used  in  the  investigation,  the  plan  of  which  was  to  make 
analyses  of  animals  killed  after  a  fast  of  24  to  48  hours,  and  for  comparison, 
of 'Other  animals  killed  at  varying  periods  after  the  ingestion  of  a  high  protein 
diet.    The  results  obtained  led  to  the  following  conclusions : 

"  The  concentration  of  amino  acids,  ammonia,  and  urea  in  the  tissues  of  rats 
is  comparable  to  that  of  the  tissues  of  other  mammals  thus  far  Investigated. 
In  the  young  growing  rats  the  concentration  of  amino  acid  and  of  ammonia 
in  the  tissues  is  considerable  higher  than  in  the  older  animal.  In  adult  rats, 
protein  feeding  has  only  an  inconsiderable  effect  upon  the  amino  add  concen- 
tration of  the  tissues,  while  increasing  distinctly  the  urea  content.  In  young 
growing  rats,  on  the  contrary,  protein  feeding  increases  considerably  the  amino 
acid  and  urea  content  of  the  tissues  and,  less  certainly,  the  ammonia  content 
The  ammonia  and  urea  content  of  the  livers  of  rats,  both  fasting  and  fed,  is 
in  general  higher  than  that  of  the  muscles.** 

The  author  discusses  the  possible  significance  of  these  facts  on  the  problem 
of  the  cell  stimulants  concerned  In  the  specific  dynamic  effects  of  amino  adds. 

The  relation  of  carbohydrates  to  protein  synthesis,  N.  W.  Jannet  {N,  Y. 
Med.  Jour.,  107  {1918),  Nos.  18,  pp.  824-8t8;  19,  pp.  879-884).— A  collecUon  and 
discussion  of  data  supporting  the  view  that  protein  may  be  formed  from  car- 
bohydrate metabolites  by  their  union  with  nitrogen,  compounds  such  as  am- 
monia. The  evidence  which,  according  to  the  author,  substantiates  this  theory- 
Is  presented  under  the  following  headings :  Data  from  carbohydrate  and  nitro- 
gen metabolism,  data  from  intermediary  metabolism,  data  from  muscle  meta- 
bolism, and  general  considerations. 

Comparative  study  of  the  influence  of  carbohydrates  and  fats  on  the  nutri- 
tive value  of  food  proteins,  F.  Maignon  {Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  8ci.  {Parisl,  167 
{1918),  No.  4,  pp.  172-175;  ahs.  in  Chem.  Ah9.,  12  {1918),  No.  23,  p.  2602).— Omi- 
tinning  the  investigations  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  463),  a  study  is 
reported  of  the  influence  of  varying  amounts  of  starch  and  fat  on  the  toxicity 
and  nutritive  value  of  egg  albumin  for  white  rats. 

The  results  reported  indicate  that  nutritive  equilibrium  as  shown  by  con- 
stant weight  can  be  attained  by  the  albumin-fat  and  albumin-starch  mixtures, 
but  with  an  unequal  facility.  Each  of  the  albumin-fat  mixtures  (from  0.25 
to  2  parts  of  fat  to  1  of  albumin)  maintained  a  fixed  weight  for  more  than  50 
days.  With  the  albumin-starch  mixtures  only  that  containing  equal  amounts 
of  albumin  and  starch  maintained  a  fixed  weight  for  more  than  50  days.  With 
both  starch-albumin  and  fat-albumin  mixtures  equal  amounts  proved  most 
economical  from  the  point  of  view  of  minimum  of  calories,  but  nutritive  equilib- 
rium was  obtained  with  89.5  calories  of  the  fat-albumin  mixture  as  against 
50.75  calories  of  the  starch-albumin,  showing  that  the  albumin  is  better 
utilized  with  fat  than  with  starch.    The  minimum  albumin  necessary  to  maln- 


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»1«1  FOODS — HUMAN  NUTRITIOK.  668 

tain  constant  weight  when  fed  with  fat  was  about  one-half  that  required  when 
fed  with  starch. 

The  author  considers  that  these  results  show  that  fats  play  an  important 
rdle  in  the  utilization  of  protein,  a  rOle  which  carbohydrates  are  powerless  to 
fill. 

Supplementary  relationships  between  the  proteins  of  certain  seeds,  B.  V. 

McCoixmc,  N.  SimmondSp  and  H.  T.  Passonb  {Jour,  Biol.  Chem.,  57  {1919), 

No.  1,  pp.  155-178,  figs.  7). — ^The  present  paper,  which  is  a  continuation  of 

studies  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  C9),  reports  the  results  of  a  study 

of  the  relative  values  of  various  mixtures  of  proteins  from  two  seeds,  one 

furnishing  }  and  the  other  |  of  the  total  protein  of  the  food  mixture.    The 

protein  was  fed  at  the  plane  of  intake  of  9  per  cent  of  the  dry  food  mixture. 

Observations  were  made  of  growth  and  of  the  variations  from  the  normal  in 

the  usual  functions  of  the  adult  animal,  such  as  reproduction  and  nourishment 

of  the  young.    Individual  diiferences  in  vitality  were  compensated  by  the  use 

of  data  from  a  group  of  four  or  five  animals  fed  at  the  same  time  and  with  the 

same  rations. 

The  results  show  that  in  general  the  proteins  of  the  two  seeds  failed  to 
supplement  each  other  to  any  raurlced  extent.  The  best  growth  curves  resulted 
from  a  mixture  of  ^  flaxseed  oil  meal  and  f  rye,  and  from  i  peas  and  }  millet. 
Reproduction  records  were  in  nearly  all  cases  better  than  when  the  protein 
was  furnished  by  a  single  seed,  but  the  second  generation  was  unable  to  grow 
to  maturity  and  reproduce. 

The  minimum  of  sugar  and  the  hitherto  unconsidered  origin  of  carbo- 
hydrates, H.  BiEBBY  and  P.  Fobties  {Compt.  Rend.  8oc.  Biol.  [Parfol,  81 
(1918),  No.  11,  pp.  574-576) .—The  authors  discuss  the  question  of  the  isodynamic 
substitution  of  fats  for  carbohydrates,  and  offer  experimental  evidence  to 
prove  that  there  exists  a  sugar  minimum  as  well  as  a  nitrogen  minimum.  This 
minimum  varies  with  the  nature  of  the  proteins,  fats,  and  carbohydrates  of 
the  ration,  a  certain  equilibrium  being  necessary  among  these  three  factors. 

Vitamin  stadles. — ^I,  Observations  on  the  catalase  activity  of  tissues  In 
avian  polyneuritis,  R.  A.  Dutches  {Jour.  Biol.  Chem.,  SB  {1918),  No.  1,  pp. 
63-72,  figs.  2). — Data  on  work  done  by  the  author,  with  the  assistance  of  F.  A. 
Ck)lhitz,  at  the  Minnesota  Experiment  Station  are  presented,  which  show  that 
the  catalase  content  of  tissues  was  lowered  to  the  extent  of  44.4  per  cent  in 
aAlan  polyneuritis.  Polsmeuritic  pigeons  which  had  been  given  a  water-alcohol 
extract  of  wheat  embryo  containing  water-soluble  B  possessed  tissues  approxi- 
mately normal  in  catalase  content.  Body  temperatures  of  about  41.5"*  C. 
(106.7^  F.)  in  normal  pigeons  were  found  to  be  lowered  appreciably  in  avian 
polyneuritl& 

Thci«e  results  would  seem  to  indicate  that  polyneuritis  is  accompanied  by  in- 
complete or  partial  oxidation,  with  the  accumulation  in  the  tissues  of  products 
of  incomplete  oxidation.  It  is  considered  probable  that  water-soluble  vitamins 
function  directly  or  indirectly  in  the  stimulation  of  oxidative  processes,  thereby 
clearing  the  tissues  of  toxic  materials. 

It  is  pointed  out  that  the  order  in  which  the  tissues  group  themselves  as  to 
catalase  content  is  practically  the  same  as  the  order  of  the  tissues  when  grouped 
according  to  their  metabolic  activity  and  also  as  the  order  of  their  content  of 
water-solublo  vitamin. 

Vitamin  studies,  II,  III  {Jour.  Biol.  Chem.,  S6  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  5-J7-555).— 
Two  papers  are  presented  in  continuation  of  the  worlc  noted  above. 

II.  Does  water-soluble  ritamin  function  as  a  catalase  activator?  R.  A, 
Dutcher  and  F.  A.  C!ollatz  (pp.  547-550). — This  is  a  reix>rt  of  experiments  to 


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664  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  fVoLM 

detennine  whether  the  stimulating  action  of  water-aolnble  B  on  catalaae  pro- 
duction is  direct  or  indirect  Liver  extracts  of  polyneuritic  pigeons  were  tested 
for  catalase  with  and  without  the  addition  of  three  different  Titamin  extracts. 
None  of  the  vitamin  extracts  showed  any  activity  toward  hydrogen  peroxid, 
nor  did  the  addition  of  the  vitamin  extract  produce  an  increase  in  the  amoimc 
of  the  oxygen  liberated  from  hydrogen  peroxid  by  the  liver  extract.  Tttt 
authors  conclude  that  the  results  indicate  that  "  water-soluble  B  does  not  act 
as  a  direct  activator  of  catalase,  but  instead  probably  (on  account  of  Id 
physiological  properties)  stimulates  the  organism  to  greater  production  d 
catalase." 

III.  Observations  on  the  curative  properties  of  honey,  nectar,  and  com  poUa 
in  avian  polyneuritis,  R.  A.  Dutcher  (pp.  551-555). — From  feeding  expert menti 
with  polyneuritib  pigeons,  it  is  concluded  that  honey  contains  a  small  but  neglt 
gible  amount  of  water-soluble  B,  that  there  is  very  little  evidence  of  the  pres- 
ence of  water-soluble  B  in  the  dilute  unevaporated  nectar,  and  that  com  poUeu 
is  relatively  rich  in  this  vitamin. 

The  author  concludes  that  the  small  amount  of  water-soluble  B  in  honey  may 
have  its  origin  In  the  pollen  of  flowering  plants. 

The  vitamins  in  green  foods,  T.  B.  Osbobne,  L.  B.  BIendel  et  ax.  {Jour. 
Biol  Chem.,  57  (1919),  No,  i,  pp.  187-200,  pis.  5).— The  occurrence  of  fat- 
soluble  and  water-soluble  vitamins  in  certain  green  plants  was  studied  by  means 
of  feeding  experiments  with  rats.  To  determine  the  content  of  each  of  the 
vitamins,  the  product  tested  was  fed  in  combination  with  a  diet  rich  in  the 
other  vitamin.  The  substances  tested  consisted  of  the  leaves  and  stems  of 
splnacli,  the  sound  inner  leaves  of  cabbage,  and  the  entire  plaiit  of  young 
alfalfa,  clover,  and  timothy  air-dried  at  from  50  to  60*  0.  and  finely  ground. 

The  results  obtained  indicate  that  10  per  cent  of  spinach  supplied  somewhat 
less  than  enough  of  the  water-soluble  vitamin  but  an  abundance  of  the  fftt- 
solnblc  vitamin  for  normal  growth  in  the  rat.  Fifteen  per  cent  of  the  cabbage 
is  apparently  equivalent  to  about  10  per  cent  of  spinach  in  respect  to  water- 
soluble  vitamin.  Preliminary  experiments  with  the  remaining  plants  indicate 
that  the  water-soluble  vitamin  content  of  clover  and  timothy  is  comparable  with 
cabbage,  while  that  of  alfalfa  is  somewhat  higher.  The  content  in  fkt- 
soluble  vitamin  is  apparently  very  high. 

The  authors  point  out  that  from  the  limited  data  now  available  the  green 
vegetables  appear  to  supply  an  important  addition  to  the  diet  of  man,  because 
the  staples,  such  as  cereals,  meats,  potatoes,  fats,  and  surgar  furnish  too  small 
an  amount  of  either  of  these  vitamins  to  meet  fully  the  requirements  of  an 
adequate  dietary. 

The  ''  vitamins  "  or  **  accessory  factors  "  in  relation  to  dietary  problems 
arising  from  the  war,  A.  B.  Macaixt7m  (Amer.  Med.,  n.  ser.,  IS  {1918),  No.  5, 
pp.  428-432). — ^This  is  a  brief  review  of  the  literature  on  the  occurrence,  func- 
tion, and  stability  of  the  vitamins. 

BatiLons  In  relation  to  disease  in  Mesopotamia,  W.  H.  Wuxoox  (Lancet 
[London],  1917,  II,  No.  18,  p.  fi77).-^he  scale  of  the  ration  of  British  and  In- 
dian troops  before  and  after  revision  is  considered. 

Each  ration  scale  was  found  to  furnish  a  very  satisfactory  British  ration. 
In  the  ration  scale  of  July  4,  1916,  the  Indian  ration  showed  a  defidenor  of 
protein  and  fat  and  a  large  excess  (100  per  cent)  of  carbohydrate.  The 
revised  ration  scale  showed  if  "atta"  (an  Indian  flour  containing  tbp 
aleurone  layer  and  the  wheat  germ)  were  supplied,  an  adequate  amount  of 
protein  and  fat  was  furnished,  but  still  a  large  excess  (70  per  cent)  of  caiiK>- 


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1»1»]  FOODS — HUMAN  NUTBITION.  565 

hydrate.  If  rice  were  substituted  for  atta  there  was  a  defidency  of  protein 
and  fat  and  a  large  excess  of  carbohydrate  (100  per  cent). 

Anemia  and  debility  occurred  In  both  British  and  Indian  troops  during  the 
summer  when,  owing  to  transport  difficulties  and  great  heat,  the  supply  of 
fresh  food  was  short  Scui'vy  was  limited  to  Indian  troops,  but  was  prevalent 
from  May  to  September  when  there  was  a  scarcity  of  foods  having  antiscor- 
butic value. 

It  was  found  that  the  most  valuable  antiscorbutics  were  fresh  sour  limes 
and  raw  potatoes.  The  author  states  that  raw  potato  can  be  made  Into  a 
palatable  salad  by  being  cut  up  Into  small  pieces  and  mixed  with  onion  anri 
vinegar  and  In  this  way  can  be  used  with  great  success  In  the  early  treatment 
of  scurvy.  Beri-beri  Was  found  in  British  troops  during  December,  1915,  and 
January,  1910.  It  was  believed  to  be  due  to  the  excessive  refinement  of  the 
British  flour,  "Marmite/*  a  yeast  extract  preparation  extremely  rich  In  anti- 
beri-berl  vitamins  was  used  as  a  protective  against  beri-beri.  Atta,  used  in 
place  of  the  British  flour,  was  also  found  to  have  a  high  protective  value. 

Influence  of  high  temperatures  and  dilute  alkalis  on  the  antineuritio 
properties  of  foods,  A.  L.  Danixxs  and  N.  L.  MoOluso  (Ji>ur.  Biol.  Chem.,  37 
{1919)  y  No,  1,  pp.  201-213,  flga.  5). — Studies  are  reported  of  the  effect  upon  the 
antineuritlc  properties  of  cabbage  and  of  soy  and  navy  beans  of  cooking  In 
fresh  boiling  water,  in  boiling  water  to  which  a  small  amount  of  sodium 
bicarbonate  had  been  added,  and  in  an  autoclave  at  120**  G.  The  extracted 
water-soluble  material  was  fed  to  young  rats  in  abundant  proportions  in  a 
diet  adequate  except  for  the  factor  under  question.  The  Resulting  growth 
curves  Indicate  that  In  no  case  was  there  any  appreciable  destruction  of  the 
vitamin. 

In  explaining  the  difference  in  results  obtained  with  dilute  alkali  from  those 
of  McCollum  and  Slnunonds  (E.  S.  R.,  S8,  p.  612),  the  authors  suggest  the 
probabili^  that  the  rations  employed  in  the  earlier  investigation  contained 
only,  a  minimum  amount  of  the  antineuritlc  vitamin.  In  this  case  a  slight 
destruction  would  be  more  evident  than  when  an  excess  of  the  vitamin  was 
employed. 

The  results  obtained  by  heating  the  vegetable  to  120**  were  not  in  accord 
with  those  reported  by  Chick  and  Hume  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  481).  On  the  con- 
trary, the  authors  consider  It  Improbable  that  In  the  commercial  canning  of 
foods  the  vitamin  is  destroyed  to  such  an  extent  that  too  little  will  be  in- 
cluded in  the  diet  when  the  usual  amount  of  canned  food  is  eaten. 

The  appearance  of  the  antiscorbutic  substance  in  the  course  of  the  germi- 
nation of  grains,  E.  Weill,  G.  Mouriquand,  and  Miss  P£bonnbt  (CompU 
Hend.  Soc.  Biol.  IParia},  81  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  607-610).— Feeding  experiments 
with  rabbits  are  reported,  the  results  of  which,  contrary  to  those  of  Furst 
(£.  S.  B.,  27,  p.  567),  indicate  that  sprouted  grains  (oats  or  barley)  possess 
no  antiscorbutic  property,  although  the  animals  survived  longer  on  a  ration 
of  sprouted  than  of  unsprouted  grains. 

On  the  deficiency  theory  of  the  origin  of  beri-beri  in  the  light  of  clinical 
and  experimental  observations  of  the  disease,  with  an  account  of  a  series 
of  40  cases,  F.  M.  R.  Walsbk  {Quart.  Jout.  Med.  {London},  11  {1918),  No.  44, 
pp.  320-^38). — This  article  is  primarily  a  discussion  of  the  deficiency  theory 
of  the  origin  of  beri-beri,  based  upon  case  reports  from  the  general  hospitals 
of  Alexandria  and  upon  the  experlmtntal  work  of  various  authors. 

The  conclusion  is  drawn  that  both  in  man  and  poultry  there  are  two  factors  in 
the  production  of  the  disease,  (1)  the  absence  of  an  accessory  food  factor  or  vita- 


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666  feXPEWMENl?  StAtlOl^  RECORD.  lVoL4d 

min,  which  is  of  the  natnre  of  an  enzym,  and  (2)  the  use  of  certain  foods 
which  are  the  direct  and  immediate  cause  of  the  disease.  It  is  thought  ttiat 
carbohydrates  constitute  the  second  factor,  undergoing  in  the  absence  of  the 
Yitamin  an  aberrant  hydrolysis,  with  the  production  of  toxic  by-  or  end- 
products,  thus  producing  beri-beri. 

The  author  points  out  that  the  physical  chemistry  of  the  vitamins  and  meta- 
bolism in  beri-beri  must  be  Investigated  more  completely  before  the  pathogene- 
sis of  the  disease  can  be  fully  understood. 

A  bibliography  of  26  titles  is  appended. 

The  relation  of  the  intestinal  flora  to  the  scurvy  of  guinea  pi^s  and  of 
infants,  J.  G.  Torret  and  A.  F.  Hess  {Proc  Soc,  Expt.  Biol,  and  Med.,  15 
(1918),  No.  5,  pp.  71-78). — From  results  obtained  in  a  study  of  the  intestinal 
flora  of  normal  and  scorbutic  guinea  pigs  and  the  fecal  flora  of  scorbutic  in- 
fants, the  authors  conclude  that  scurvy,  both  of  guinea  pigs  and  infants,  is  not 
associated  with  an  overgrowth  of  putref&ctive  bacteria  in  the  Intestinal  tract 

The  effect  of  the  maternal  Ingestion  of  desiccated  placenta  upon  the  rate 
of  growth  of  breast-fed  Infants,  F.  S.  Hammett  (Jour.  Biol.  Chem.,  S6  {1918), 
No.  5,  pp.  569-57S,  fig.  1). — ^The  maternal  ingestion  of  desiccated  placenta,  pre- 
pared as  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  873),  was  found  to  produce  an  in- 
crease in  the  rate  of  growth  and  in  the  growth  capacity  of  breast-fed  infants 
above  that  normally  occurring.  This  is  considered  to  be  due  to  the  presence 
in  the  placenta  of  some  as  yet  unidentified  growth-promoting  substance. 

Action  of  enzyms  on  human  placenta,  V.  J.  Harding  and  E.  G.  Yoitnq 
{Jour.  Biol.  Chem.,  86  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  575-580).— A  short  study  is  reporteJ 
of  the  action  of  the  digestive  enzyms  in  vitro  upon  the  placenta  preparation 
previously  noted  by  Hammett  and  McNeile  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  873)  and  of  the 
digestibility  of  the  preparation  as  determined  by  feeding  experiments  with 
dogs.  The  placenta  was  readily  attacked  by  pepsin,  trypsin,  and  erepsin,  and 
hydrolized  by  weak  acids  and  alkalis.  Its  digestibility  was  found  to  be  about 
the  same  as  that  of  lean  meat. 

A  metabolism  study  of  a  case  of  leukemia  during  radium  treatment,  A. 
Knudson  and  T.  Erdo8.( Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  116  {1911),  No.  H,  pp. 
508-501,  figs.  2). — ^This  investigation  was  made  in  conjunction  with  a  clinical 
study  of  a  class  of  myelogenous  leukemia  treated  by  surface  application  of 
radium.  The  diet,  while  not  carefully  regulated,  was  practically  purin-free 
throughout  the  investigation. 

A  study  of  the  metabolic  output  of  the  patient  showed,  according  to  the  data 
given,  that  the  excretions  of  total  nitrogen,  urea,  ammonia,  and  phosphates 
were  enormously  increased  immediately  after  the  action  of  radium,  the  phos- 
phates increasing  as  high  as  400  per  cent  at  times  over  the  excretion  at  the 
beginning  of  treatment.  The  uric  acid  output  was  only  slightly  increased.  It 
would  seem  that  surface  applications  of  radium  over  the  spleen  accelerate  the 
disintegration  of  nudein  and  tissue,  which  results  in  the  above  increases.  The 
uric  acid,  which  would  naturally  be  expected  to  be  formed  by  the  disintegration, 
is  probably  further  broken  up. 

AHIHAL  PBOBVCTION. 

Growth  and  form,  D'A,  W.  Thompson  {Cambridge  {Eng.l:  Vniv.  Press,  1911, 
pp.  XVI-\rl98,  figs.  408).— The  purpose  of  this  volume  is  to  point  out  how  readily 
simple  dynamical  considerations  provide  adequate  interpretations  of  the  growth 
and  conformation  of  animals  and  plants.  It  was  written  *'  as  an  easy  introduc- 
tion to  the  study  of  organic  form,  by  methods  which  are  the  commonplaces 
of  physical  science,  which  are  by  no  means  novel  in  their  application  to  natural 

uigitizea  Dy  k^jkjkjwik^ 


Itltl  ANIMAL  PRODUCTIOH.  567 

history,  but  which  n«rerthele88  naturalists  are  little  accustomed  to  employ.  It 
Is  not  the  biologist  with  an  inkling  of  mathematics,  but  the  skilled  and  learned 
mathematician  who  must  ultimately  deal  with  such  probleftis  as  are  merely 
sketched  and  adumbrated  here.** 

The  topics  treated  include  rate  of  growth,  the  form  and  structure  of  cells, 
the  dynamics  of  tissue  formation,  the  use  of  the  logarithmic  spiral  to  describe 
the  sbapc  of  horns  and  tusks,  the  shape  of  birds*  eggs,  the  mechanical  efficiency 
of  the  skeleton  and  the  application  of  the  theory  of  the  transformation  of  co- 
ordinates to  the  comparison  of  related  forms.  The  last-named  device  consists 
of  drawing  an  outline  of  the  form  selected  as  a  type  in  rectangular  coordinates, 
and  then  finding  what  defbrmations  in  the  coordinates  are  necessary  in  order 
to  produce  the  form  that  is  compared.  In  a  wide  yarlety  of  cases  a  linear  trans- 
fiwmation  is  all  that  is  necessary,  a  very  simple  matter  mathematically  but 
somewhat  complicated  in  practice  since  only  empirical  methods  are  as  yet 
ayailable. 

Effect  of  limited  food  supply  on  the  irrowth  of  yoong  beef  animals,  P.  F. 
TaowBRiDGB,  C.  R.  MouLTON,  and  L.  D.  Haioh  (MiSBOuri  8ta,  Research  Bui,  28 
U918),  pp.  9-199,  flffB.  2(r).— The  inyestigations  described  here  are  a  part  of 
the  elaborate  "  use  of  food  *'  project  of  the  Missouri  Experiment  Station.  The 
object  as  formulated  in  the  outline  prepared  by  H.  J.  Waters  was  "  to  determine 
(1)  if  an  immature  animal  can  use  its  stored  fat  to  protect  growth  when 
sparsely  nourished,  and  to  what  extent  the  body  fat  may  be  relied  upon  to  sup- 
plement a  limited  ration  to  insure  the  continuation  of  the  process  of  growth ; 
(2>  what  changes  occur  in  the  composition  of  the  body  of  immature  animals 
when  held  for  a  considerable  time  on  a  so-called  maintenance  ration,  and  also 
what  changes  occur  when  such  animals  are  kept  on  a  ration  above  maintenance, 
but  not  in  sufficient  quantity  to  supply  the  maximum  growth  of  which  the 
animal  is  capable.'*  The  work  has  a  bearing  in  the  common  practice  among 
farmers  of  bringing  young  cattle  through  the  winter  with  almost  no  gain  in 
weight,  the  animals  making  a  marked  skeletal  growth  but  becoming  emaciated 
and  unthrifty. 

J,  M.  Evvard  was  responsible  for  the  selection,  management,  and  measure- 
ment of  the  animals,  and  the  authors  for  the  accuracy  of  the  slaughtering  data 
and  the  analytical  results. 

In  Ckrtober,  1907,  a  number  of  related  steers  dropped  the  preceding  spring 
were  assembled  and  fed  liberally,  and  from  these  a  group  of  seven,  as  uniform 
as  possible,  was  selected  for  the  actual  experiment.  Six  were  to  be  fed  in  a 
desi^mated  manner,  3  for  6  months  and  8  for  12,  then  slaughtered  and  a  complete 
chemical  analysis  of  the  carcass  made.  The  seventh  was  to  be  killed  at  the 
beginning  of  the  experiment,  the  chemical  composition  of  its  carcass  serving 
as  the  aFisumed  initial  percentage  composition  of  the  lot.  Since  the  experiment 
was  to  be  primarily  a  study  of  the  use  of  body  ftit,  the  thinnest  steer  was 
selected  as  the  check  animal  so  that  an  initial  difference  between  it  and  one  of 
the  otlicr  animals  would  not  be  attributed  to  the  after-treatment  which  the 
latter  received.  The  two  fattest  and  most  thrifty  steers  (Nos.  593  and  599) 
were  selected  to  be  fed  so  as  to  gain  a  half  pound  a  day.  It  was  hoped  that  these 
two  would  have  a  natural  growth  rate  in  excess  of  a  half  pound  and  so  would 
draw  on  their  reserve  fat  to  satisfy  the  persistent  growth  requirements  of  the 
skeleton.  The  next  fattest  pair  (Nos.  507  and  595)  were  to  be  fed  so  as  to 
maintain  uniform  body  weight,  and  the  remaining  pair  (Nos.  591  and  592) 
so  as 'to  lose  a  half  pound  a  day.  Since  the  animals  were  all  young  it  was 
thought  that  those  with  less  apparent  growth  capacity  could  better  withstand 
the  rigors  of  undernourishment. 


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568 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  BBCORD. 


(VOL  40 


The  cbeck  steer  was  slaughtered  and  the  feeding  experiment  started  Pebra- 
ary  25,  1906,  when  the  animals  were  from  9  to  12  months  old.  The  feed  was 
the  same  for  eacl^group,  the  amoants  being  varied.  Com  chc^  and  linseed  meal 
(8:1)  was  given  twice  dally,  while  cut  alfalfa  hay  to  the  extent  of  40  p^  cent 
of  the  gi  din  ration  was  fed  each  evening.  One  animal  of  each  group  (Noa  591, 
597,  and  593)  was  slaughtered  September  1.  In  November  a  digestion  experi- 
ment was  conducted  with  the  remaining  animals.  It  was  found  that  the  steers 
in  the  higher  planes  of  nutrition  made  more  efficient  use  of  all  the  organic 
nutrients.  The  second  submaintenance  steer  was  killed  January  18,  1909,  and 
the  second  maintenance  steer  February  22,  1909.  The  remaining  supermalnte- 
nance  steer  was  sold  at  this  time  as  he  was  notloeably  fatter  than  a  year  befMe 
and  a  gain  of  a  half  pound  a  day  had  obviously  been  in  excess  of  his  normal 
growth.  Some  of  the  data  derived  from  these  animals  have  been  discussed  by 
the  authors  in  another  connection  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  660). 

Measurements  of  22  body  dimensions  were  made  monthly  on  the  animals  so  as 
to  get  a  record  of  changes  in  the  skeletal  framework.  An  accurate  outline  of 
the  contour  at  the  heart,  paunch,  and  flank  girths  was  secured  at  intervals  by 
means  of  a  specially  devised  aluminum  chain  of  adjustable  links  provided  with 
set  screws. 

Tables  give  complete  data  for  each  animal  as  to  feed  consumed  every  10  days 
and  Its  chemical  composition,  the  body  weights  every  10  days,  the  body  dimen- 
sions every  month,  and  the  weight  and  chemical  composition  of  each  of  the 
organs  and  parts  of  the  body  at  the  time  of  slaughter. 

Some  answer  to  the  questions  raised  by  the  statement  of  purpose  of  the  experi- 
ment is  given  in  the  following  selection  of  the  author's  data : 


Calculated  changa  in  chemioal  compoMtUm  of  steers  under  different  malnfo- 

nance  conditUms. 


Steer. 

in  life 
weight 

Feed- 
ing 
period. 

Entire  animal. 

Adipose 

Leanfleah. 

Skeleton. 

Hois- 
tore. 

Fat. 

Pro- 
tein. 

Moto- 
turei 

Fat. 

tote. 

Fat. 

Moi*. 

tore. 

Fat 

Ajh. 

No.  S02 

Lb. 

-o.«o 

-  .46 

-  .02 

+    E 
+  .53 

Days, 
327 
188 
362 
188 
188 

-16.4 
+10.3 
-  1.6 
+136 

-26. 1 
-206 
-  1.3 
+10.5 

+    .1 
+  3.1 

5-, 

-1.0 
-    6 
+2.7 
+1.0 

-19.2 
-17.6 
-«.l 
+  6.8 

-Si 

-128 
+  7.5 
-  5.6 
+  6.9 

4^ 

-5.6 
-3.5 
-2.2 
+    5 

+ia'8 
+  l.l 
+  16 
+    .2 
+  1.4 

J?. 

+1.6 
+1.6 
+2.9 
+2.2 

4?5S 

No.  601 

No.  606 

No.  597 

+  .21 
+2.04 
+  .S7 

No.  503..-. 

+1  53 

From  the  data  of  steer  5d3  it  is  concluded  that  his  normal  rate  of  growth  was 
not  in  excess  of  his  actual  Increase  in  weight. 

*'  When  large  amounts  of  fat  are  used  by  the  animal  as  a  source  of  ea&rgy 
to  supplement  a  limited  food  supply  some  of  this  fat  is  r^laced  by  water. 
.  .  .  When  young  beef  animals  in  good  condition  are  put  on  a  ration  in- 
sufficient to  provide  for  a  normal  growth  there  is  a  very  persistent  tendency 
to  grow  in  spite  of  the  feed  restrictions.  Much  of  the  surplus  fbt  will  be  used 
for  energy,  and  growth  of  both  lean  flesh  and  skeleton  will  continue.  Later, 
with  continued  feed  restrictions,  the  animals  will  draw  on  both  the  reeldual  fat 
supply  of  the  soft  parts  and  also  on  the  protein  of  the  soft  parts  to  maintain 
existence  and  to  promote  a  normal  growth  of  the  skeleton,  which  even  Indndes 
the  storing  of  fat  in  the  skeleton.  As  the  fat  supply  of  the  soft  parts  becomes 
more  seriously  depleted,  and  when  the  animal  has  drawn  heavily  on  the  protein 
structure  of  the  soft  parts  in  order  to  preserve  existence,  the  animal  is  able  to 


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a 


AlHMAL  PRODUOnOK. 


669 


IT  OD  the  fat  supply  of  the  skeleton  until  that  structure  Is  almost  entirely 
>ed  of  Its  storage  of  fat." 

tU  lamb  feediner,  H.  J.  Graiclich  (Nebraska  8ia.  BhI.  110  {19iS)y  pp.  28).—- 
results  of  a  67-day  lamb  feeding  experiment  begining  August  21,  1916,  and 
rfving  8  lots  of  4a  lambs  each,  are  reported  In  this  bulletin.  The  objects 
e  to  compare  dry  lot  (hand  feeding),  cornfleid,  and  self-feeder  systems  of 
ting,  to  study  the  desirability  of  clipping  fall-fed  lambs,  and  to  test  the  pos- 
llty  of  limiting  the  com  in  a  com  and  alfalfa  ration.  The  treatment,  feed 
mm^tion,  gains  and  profits  are  summarized  in  the  following  table: 

Results  of  lamb  feeding  experiments. 


Traatment. 

Dally  feed  oonsumption  per 
head. 

Aver- 

dlSly 

gain 

per 

head. 

Feed 
cost 

pound 
of  gain. 

Froflt 

Com. 

Linseed 
meal. 

Alfalfa 
hay. 

Prairie 
hay. 

h^. 

Dry  lot 

Lba. 
1.33 
1.31 
.65 
1.23 
1.31 
11.15 
•.65 
1.39 

.89 

11.16 

«.25 

.30 

Lb9. 

1.72 
1.70 
2.07 

Lb. 

"a  48* 

.60 

1.60 

Lb. 
0.331 
.387 
.238 
.369 
.304 
.288 
.273 
.    .358 

Ctt. 

7.45 

6.29 

7.43 

9.62 

9.50 

8.60 

3.55 

5.80 

$1.65 

BirlotCcIiDDCd) 

1  63 

»5.:7..^:...: 

1  84 

Mtete.....: 

1  02 

fldf  feeder  (clipped) 

84 

Bape  pasture 

.83 

1  77 

SiSSSi^v:*':*;::;':''' 

1.27 

2  46 

1  Last  three  weeks  of  experiment  only.    Grain  fed  in  self  feeder. 
*  Last  three  weeks  of  experiment  only.    Hand  fed. 

8  Shown  by  the  table,  although  the  clipped  made  slightly  larger  and  cheaper 
ly  gains,  tbe  discrimination  on  the  market  against  shom  lambs  resulted  in 
profit  per  head  than  where  unshorn.  It  is  concluded  that  the  fall  clipping 
UDbs  is  not  Justified  unless  the  price  of  wool  will  more  than  offset  the  dis- 
Bination  which  the  shom  lambs  encounter  when  marketed, 
nth  respect  to  limiting  the  com  ration  in  fall  feeding,  it  was  found  that 
ba  receiTing  a  full  feed  of  corn  (lot  1)  made  a  greater  profit  per  lamb  of 
Is.,  due  to  increased  finish,  than  those  receiving  a  half  feed  of  com  (lot  8). 
» consumption  of  alfalfa  did  not  increase  in  direct  proportion  to  the  reduc- 
1  in  the  consumption  of  com. 

Tie  use  of  the  self-feeder,  either  with  clipped  or  undipped  lambs,  did  not 
re  economical  in  comparison  with  the  straight  com  and  alfalfa  ration. 
le  did  not  prove  to  be  a  satisfactory  ration  for  fattening  lambs, 
lue  grass  pasture  suppleyiented  with  a  limited  amount  of  com  and  linseed 
1  at  the  close  of  the  test  (lot  7)  gave  a  very  satisfactory  gain,  although  the 
I  was  mostly  growth  and  the  lambs  at  the  finish  did  not  carry  flesh  to  permit 
a  to  sell  well.  The  blue  grass  produced  by  far  the  most  economical  gains  of 
ration. 

Drnfleld  feeding  of  lambs  (lot  8)  gave  a  large  daily  gain,  reduced  the  cost  of 
I  in  comparison  with  dry-lot  feeding  of  com  and  alfalfa  (lot  1)  by  1.65  cts. 
pound,  and  increased  the  profit  by  81  eta  per  pound.  These  lambs  carried 
most  flesh  of  any  lot  in  the  experiment  and  sold  at  the  highest  value  per 
Id  on  the  market. 

he  three  lots  (6,  7,  and  8)  fed  green  feed  showed  in  this  test  relatively  high 
J  gains,  and.  at  the  same  time,  with  the  exception  of  the  rape-fed  lambs,  a 
r  cheap  gain  and  as  a  result  a  relatively  high  net  profit  per  heads  The  blue 
a  and  cornfield  lots  showed  the  two  highest  profits  of  any  in  the  test 


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570  EXPERIMENT  STATION  REOOBD.  [V«LI 

The  feed  prices  used  in  the  above  computations  w»e  old  com  75  cts.  and  oq 
corn  ill  the  field  65  cts.  per  bnshel,  linseed  meal  $40,  alfalfa  hay  IS,  and  pnid 
hay  $7  per  ton,  and  grass  and  rape  pastore  each  0.5  ct  per  lamb  daily.  A  tdl 
at  the  end  of  the  buUetia  shows  the  cost  of  100  lbs.  of  gain  under  tvjIii 
prices. 

Profits  and  factors  influencing  profits  on  160  poultry  farms  in  Kew  Jen^ 
F.  Afp,  a.  6.  Waller,  and  H.  R.  Lewis  {New  Jersey  Stas,  BuL  S29  {19tS),  ^ 
64,  pU,  4,  figs.  19), — Results  are  presented  of  a  survey  for  the  12  months  esd^j 
October  31,  1016,  of  150  New  Jersey  farms  that  derived  98  p^  o^t  uf  ti^j 
total  receipts  from  poultry.  Of  the  records  secured,  116  were  from  the  Ti^ 
land  region  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  22  from  the  vicinity  of  Lakevo^ 
near  the  east  coast,  and  12  in  a  strip  of  land  along  the  Delaware  River  dosri 
the  New  York  boundary.  Vinelnnd  and  Lake  wood  have  excellent  transrari 
tion  facilities  to  Philadelphia,  New  York,  and  the  seaside  resorts.  In  bo| 
places  the  soil  is  light  and  sandy  and  well  drained.  "  The  soil  is  probabty  fi 
largest  single  factor  that  allows  successful  intensive  poultry  farming  beic 
The  methods,  buildings,  breed  of  chickens,  and  rations  used  were  found  to  1 
practically  the  same  In  all  three  areas.  None  of  the  operators  were  teaaal 
At  the  beginning  of  the  j'ear  07.8  per  cent  of  the  laying  birds  were  White  iiC 
horns.    The  system  of  management  was  markedly  uniform  from  farm  to  farm. 

The  average  labor  income  was  $730,  almost  |1  per  hen,  but  was  negatiTe  < 
27  farms.  The  average  capital  per  farm  was  $7,243,  the  average  return  on  t\ 
investment  being  15.1  per  cent.  The  average  building  investment  was  $L5I  p 
bird.  The  average  receipts  per  farm  were  $2,818.  Eggs  furnished  ^100,  m 
crops,  mainly  fruit,  $62.  The  other  receipts  were  from  sale  of  co«*erel8.  bra 
era,  and  old  fowls.  The  average  receipts  per  bird  were  $3.82.  The  fanns  ^1 
the  largest  capital  gave  the  largest  profit 

The  average  size  of  flocks  was  737  fowls,  of  which  17  were  cockerels.  Lab 
income  and  economy  of  operation  increased  uniformly  with  increased  siie 
flocks.  The  operators  having  the  longer  esperience  with  poultry  possessed  t 
larger  flocks  and  received  larger  profits. 

The  average  production  per  hen  was  109  eggs  a  year.  Labor  Income  1 
creased  throughout  with  increased  production.  Flocks  of  hen.n  averaging  k 
than  80  eggs  per  year  gave  negative  labor  income. 

Flocks  in  which  50  to  70  per  cent  of  the  laying  stock  were  pullets  prodv 
noticeably  higher  labor  incomes  tbnn  flocks  in  which  this  percentage  was  bi^ 
or  lower. 

Poultry  ranges  occupied  3.2  acres  per  farm,  or  over  27  per  cent  of  the  nl 
farm  area.  The  size  of  the  area  per  flock  did  not  appear  to  affect  ttM^  t^  f« 
duction  or  the  number  of  deaths. 

In  the  authors'  opinion  the  chief  factors  of  success  on  these  famis  were, 
the  order  of  their  importance,  size  of  flock,  egg  production  per  boi,  expenrt 
of  operator,  and  the  proportion  of  pullets  to  yearlings.  Poultrymen  having  floi 
whose  size  and  production  were  both  above  the  average  made  an  average  M 
Income  of  $2,002.  Those  with  flocks  as  good  or  better  than  the  average  la  m 
one  of  these  items  received  $659,  while  those  whose  flocks  were  below  RW^ 
in  both  made  only  $106.  The  lowest  labor  income  in  each  class  was  +$3l 
—$617,  and  —$1,018.  respectively. 

A  special  study  of  costs  was  made  on  the  100  farms  where  only  ]«il 
products  were  sold.  Since  the  raising  of  young  stock  Is  always  a  pert  of  I 
poultry  business,  the  cost  of  maintaining  the  farm  flock  was  hvliided  in  I 
cost  of  commercial  egg  production.  The  cost  of  producing;  a  ctuaBen  ef5gs  i 
29:3  cts.  and  the  profit  was  4.6  cts.  The  man  labor  required  for  100  birds  dari 
the  year  was  1.77  months  and  the  feed  8,297  lbs.    During  the  pullet  year  a  h 


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1W«1  ANIMAL  PRODUCTION.  571 

WMB  found  to  depredate  In  value  from  |;i.r,3  t»)  $1.11,  or  20  per  cent.    In  the 
second  year  It  depreciated  50  per  cent,  its  meat  valne  when  sold  being  55  cts. 

An  accnrate  method  for  determining  which  hens  are  laying,  R.  H.  Wattk 
{Maryland  8ia.  Bui  m  (1918) ,  pp,  66-73,  figs,  5).— The  method  describca 
coDslBts  of  examining  the  hens  early  in  the  moming  to  sec  whother  an  unlaid 
egg  can  be  felt  between  the  pelvic  bones.  The  method  was  called  to  the  au- 
thor's attention  by  a  Maryland  poultry  breeder,  and  diiTers  in  detail  from  a 
similar  method  in  use  at  the  Utah  Experiment  Station  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  .278), 
with  which  comparison  is  made.  After  the  birds  became  used  to  the  treatment 
it  waa  found  that  an  experienced  man  could  examine  10  birds  n  minute  when 
the  hitter  were  confined  in  a  small  dark  compartment.  At  the  Maryland  Sta- 
tion, apparently,  the  test  is  expected  to  be  used  chiefly  as  a  system  of  culling. 

The  test  proved  very  accurate  with  a  flock  of  White  Leghorn  hens,  although 
in  3  of  the  18  days  of  observation,  one  less  egg  was  gathered  than  was  ex- 
pected. The  test  also  seemed  practical  with  Barred  Plymouth  Rocks  and  White 
Wyandottes. 

Inspection  of  commercial  feedstnffs,  P.  H.  Smffh  {Massachusetts  8ta.' 
Control  Ser,  Bui.  10  {1918),  pp,  S-21,  1J4).— Report  Is  made  of  feeding-stuff  in- 
spection in  Massachusetts  for  the  year  ended  August  81,  1918.  Complete  proxl- 
laate  analyses  are  given,  except  in  the  case  of  animal  by-products.  The  products 
analyzed  include  cottonseed  meal,  cottonseed  feed,  Unseed  meal,  com  germ 
meal,  coconut  oil  meal,  peanut  oil  cake  feed,  gluten  meal  and  feed,  distillers* 
grains,  brewers*  grains,  yeast  and  vinegar  grains,  wheat  middlings,  red  dog 
flour,  shorts,  wheat  bran,  durum  wheat  middlings  and  bran,  velvet  bean  feed, 
lye  feed,  rye  middlings,  com  meal,  barley  meal,  ground  oats,  hominy  feed, 
iiarlej  feed,  dried  beet  pulp,  oat  feed,  various  stock  feeds,  molasses  feeds,  and 
calf  meal,  cut  clover,  alfalfti  meal  and  proprietary  mashes  and  meals  for  poul- 
try, meat  scrap,  bone  meal,  and  flsh  scrap. 

Commercial  feeding  stuffs,  A.  J.  Patten  et  al.  {Michigan  Sia,  Bui,  282 
{19i8\,  pp.  S-68), — Proximate  analyses  are  presented  of  919  samples  of  feeds 
collected  during  1918.  These  include  cottonseed  meal,  cottonseed  feed,  Unseed 
meal,  distillers'  grains  (corn),  brewers*  grains,  yeast  and  vinegar  grains,  corn 
gluten  feed,  com  gluten  meal,  hominy  feed,  com  oil  cake  meal,  corn  feed  meal, 
alfalfa  meals,  wheat  bran,  wheat  middlings,  barley  feed  and  screenings,  rye 
feed,  oat  hulls,  pea  bran,  velvet  bean  meal,  buckwheat  bran,  dried  beet  pulp, 
tankage  and  various  proprietary  stock  feeds,  calf  meals,  and  poultry  feeds. 

It  is  stated  that  8.3  per  cent  of  samples  were  below  guaranty  In  protein, 
T.5  per  cent  below  in  fat,  and  12.8  per  cent.above  in  crade  fiber.  This  Is  nearly 
00  per  cent  better  than  the  results  of  191^,  the  year  In  which  the  Inspection 
work  was  taken  over  by  the  experiment  station. 

Commercial  feeding  staffs,  1917^18,  F.  D.  Fulles  {Texas  Sta,  Bui.  2S4 
(1918),  pp.  S-416), — ^A  detailed  report  is  given  of  analyses  completed  during 
the  year  by  the  feed  control  service  of  the  station,  arranged  alphabetically  by 
towns  and  showing  the  names  of  manufacturers  or  importers  registered  in  each 
town.  Proximate  analysea  are  given  of  the  following  feeding  stuffs:  Alfalfa 
meal,  barley  chop,  coconut  cake,  coconut  meal,  cold  pressefl  cottonseed,  com 
bran,  com  chop,  corn  feed  meal,  cracked  cottonseed  feed,  dried  beet  pulp,  ear 
com  chop,  flaked  velvet  bean  feed,  ground  cottonseed  feed,  ground  oats,  ground 
peanut  hay,  whole  pressed  peanuts,  hominy  feed,  Kaflr  corn  chop,  mllo  maize 
dK^,  mllo  maize  head  chop,  cottonseed  cake  (ordinary  and  prime),  cottonseed 
meal  (ordinary  and  prime),  peanut  meal,  rice  bran,  rice  polish,  rye  middlings, 
wheat  brun,  brown,  gray,  and  white  shorts  with  and  without  screenings,  and 
various  proprietary  and  mixed  feeds. 
114878'*— No.  6—19 6 


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572  EXPEBIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  IVoi4« 

The  report  Is  preceded  by  the  text  of  the  Texas  Feed  Ck>ntrol  Law,  a  state- 
ment of  standards  and  deflnitions  of  feed  products  adopted  as  legal  by  the  sta- 
tion, rulings  made  under  the  law  by  the  station  authorities  and  rulings  <rf  the 
United  States  Food  Administration  affecting  feeding  stuffs. 

BAIRT  FASKINCh-BAIBTIirO. 


I 


i 


The  relation  of  the  quality  of  proteiBS  to  milk  production,  HI,  IV,  E.  R 
Habt  and  G.  C.  Humphuct  {Jour.  Biol.  Chem.,  $1  {1917),  No.  2,  pp.  4^466,  | 
figs.  7;  35  (1918),  No.  2,  pp.  367-^83,  flgM.  5).— In  these  two  contributions  frwu  - 
the  Wisconsin  Experiment  Station  the  authors  report  experiments  during  1916 
and  1917  on  the  availability  for  milk  production  of  proteins  derived  from  oom- 
binations  of  legume  hays  and  nitrogenous  supplements,  in  continuation  of  their 
previous  studies  (E.  S.  R.,  ^,  p.  671)  on  corn  stover  combinations. 

In  both  years  the  plan  was  to  feed  each  supplement  for  a  period  of  four 
weeks  and  then  change  immediately  to  another  one.  The  basal  ration  was 
kept  constant  in  relation  to  its  source  and  proportion  of  nutrients  in  the  dilfer- 
ent  periods  of  each  year.  The  concentrate  for  each  period  was  mixed  wltli 
starch  in  such  a  proportion  that  the  plane  of  nitrogen  intake  (nutritive  ratio) 
and  the  net  available  energy  from  the  total  ration  would  be  uniform  throu^ioat 
the  several  periods  of  a  particular  year.  The  nutritive  ratios  were  wide  so  as 
to  secure  zero  or  slightly  negative  nitrogen  balances  and  thereby  diminate 
the  disturbing  factor  of  tissue  building.  €>ows  of  good  milking  capacity  and 
not  pregnant  were  selected.  Beginning  a  week  after  a  change  of  concentrate, 
urine  and  feces  were  collected  for  daily  nitrogen  analysis.  We^ly  analysis 
was  also  made  of  a  seven-day  composite  sample  of  milk  from  each  anlmaL 
The  measure  of  a  ration*s  efficiency  that  was  adopted  Is  the  percentage  of  the 
absorbed  nitrogen  not  eliminated  in  the  urine,  a  measure  that  is  h^d  to  correct 
sufficiently  for  slight  storage  of  nitrogen  or  slight  use  of  tissue  proteins.  The 
experiments  were  carried  out  during  the  winter  montha  Complete  analytical 
data  are  given  in  the  authors*  tables  for  each  animal  separately. 

In  the  1916  experiment  reported  in  Study  III  the  experimental  subjects  were 
three  Jersey  cows  (one  a  grade),  giving  respectively  about  34,  15,  and  28  lbs. 
of  milk  daily.  The  ration  was  16  per  cent  red  clover  hay,  56  per  cent  com 
silage,  12  per  cent  com  meal,  and  16  per  cent  a  mixture  of  supplement  and 
starch,  with  a  nutritive  ratio  of  1:8.5.  Proteins  constituted  about  12  per 
cent  of  the  dry  matter  consumed.  Fifty  lbs.  of  the  ration  furnished  2.2  lbs. 
of  digestible  protein  and  from  19.94  to  20.13  therm&  About  40  per  cent  of 
the  digestible  protein  was  derived  from  the  supplemental  concentrates.  In  the 
1917  experiment  reported  in  the  fourth  study,  two  grade  Guernseys  and  a  pure- 
bred Jersey  were  used.  The  daily  milk  yields  at  ttie  start  were  22,  28,  and  24 
lbs.,  respectively,  for  the  cows  numbered  1,  2,  and  8.  The  ration  was  14  per 
cent  alfalfa  hay,  56  per  cent  com  silage,  12  per  cent  com  meal,  and  18  per  cent 
a  mixture  of  starch  and  supplement.  The  nutritive  ratio  was  fixed  at  1:8.4. 
On  the  dry  basis  total  protein  constituted  10  per  cent  Fifty  lbs.  of  the  ration 
furnished  2.32  lbs.  digestible  protein,  about  37  per  cent  of  which  came  from  the 
supplements,  and  the  available  energy  varied  from  20.59  to  20.76  tiierms. 

In  the  clover  hay  experiment  many  of  the  twelve  weekly  nitrogen  balances 
tabled  for  each  supplement  were  positive.  When  gluten  feed  was  given,  five 
balances  were  positive  and  one  was  xero.  WiQi  linseed  meal  11  were  positive, 
with  distillers*  grains  10,  and  with  cottonseed  meal  9.  This  result  is  in  marked 
contrast  to  the  condition  found  in  the  corn  stover  experiment.  Gluten  feed  in 
conjunction  with  clover  hay  caused  no  sudden  increase  in  urinary  nitrogen  audi 


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1919) 


DAIBT  FARMING — ^DAIRYINQ. 


573 


SB  was  found  in  the  glnten-stoyer  trials.    In  the  alfalfa  ezpeHmaits  the  bal- 
ances were  all  negative. 

The  efficiency  of  each  ration  combination  for  the  two  years  is  shown  in  the 
subjoined  table.   Gow  No.  2  of  each  year  is  the  i^me  animal. 

Ahsarbed  nitropen  utilized  for  milk  production  by  cows  fed  clover  or  alfalfa 
hay  with  various  grain  supplements. 


Cl07«rhft7(me). 

AlfiUbluyaOlT). 

SooTM  of  supplemeDtal  proMn. 

Cow 
No.l. 

Cow 
No.  2. 

Cow 
.No.  3. 

Cow 
No.l. 

Cow 

No.  3. 

Cow 
No.  3. 

QlnteQfeMl 

Percent. 
66 
60 
60 
66 

Percnu. 
40 
50 
66 
63 

Percent. 
73 
70 
75 
71 

Percent. 
40 
40 
61 
86 

Percent. 
43 
47 
53 
42 

Percent. 
43 

X^iiff^''*'!  'Dnl. , 

30 

Distillm'eraiiis 

60 

ag 

The  earlier  studies  showed  that  glnten  feed  was  markedly  inferior  for  milk 
production  to  linseed  meal  or  distillers*  grains  as  supplements  to  the  proteins  of 
com  stover.  The  above  records  are  held  to  show  that  gluten  feed  as  a  supple- 
ment to  clover  or  alfalfa  hay  Is  substantially  equal  to  tbe  other  grains.  The 
lower  efficiency  of  cottonseed  meal  when  fed  with  alfalfa  hay  is  noted,  but  no 
explanation  Is  offered.  The  higher  efficiency  throughout  of  distillers'  grain 
than  gluten  feed  is  thought  to  be  due  to  the  fact  that  the  former  contains  pro- 
teins from  the  corn  embryo.  It  is  suggested  that  an  equally  efTectlve  protein 
mixture  could  be  secured  by  adding  10  to  15  per  cent  of  germ  oil  meal  to  gluten 
feed. 

Throughout  both  experiments  the  animals  maintained  thoir  body  weight, 
but  there  was  a  slight  decrease  of  milk  flow.  The  percentage  composition  of 
the  milk  remained  about  constant.  At  the  end  of  the  clover  experiments  the 
cows  were  fed  for  three  weeks  on  the  linseed  meal  ration  to  which  casein  had 
been  added,  so  as  to  make  a  nutritive  ratio  of  1 : 5.  This  high  protein  feeding 
stimulated  milk  yield  and  caused  an  actual  Increase  in  solids  secreted.  "  The 
peculiar  stimulating  effect  of  liberal  protein  feeding  on  mammary  activity  was 
strikingly  shown  in  these  records.  The  maintenance  of  milk  flow  desired  by 
every  dairyman  is  very  probably  secured  by  his  customary  high  protein  feeding, 
but  at  what  expense  is  not  so  clear." 

The  results  of  these  experiments  "again  emphasize  the  limitations  of  any 
classification  of  natural  foods  in  respect  to  the  efficiency  of  their  proteins  based 
on  the  determination  of  such  nutritive  worth  in  a  single  food  material  or  a 
single  food  mixture." 

Feeding  trials  of  Velvet-bean  feed,  palm-kernel  meal,  and  various  grain 
mixtures  for  dairy  cows,  J.  J.  Hoopeb  and  J.  W.  Nutteb  {Kentucky  8ta,  Circ. 
tS  (1918),  pp.  Sl-38,  pi  1,  fig.  1). — ^Brief  reports  are  given  of  six  tests  of  the 
value  for  milk  production  of  grain  mixtures  containing  either  velvet-bean  meal 
or  palm-kernel  meal.  The  palm-kernel  experiments  were  conducted  before 
Great  Britain  restricted  the  export  of  palm  kernels  from  Africa  and  when  it 
appeared  certain  that  large  quantities  would  be  available  In  this  country  for 
feeding  purposes.  Analysis  of  the  palm-kernel  meal  used  showed  the  following 
percentage  composition :  Protein  18.75,  fat  2.4,  fiber  16.63,  nitrogen-free  extract 
48.28,  ash  4.67,  and  water  9.39.  The  palm-kernel  meal  did  not  prove  very 
palatable. 


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574  EXPBRIBCENT  STATION  REOOSD.  r?oL4i 

The  cows  used  were  from  tlie  gtation  herd.  In  each  experiment  a  group  of 
cows  were  given  a  test  ration  and  a  check  ration  alternately  every  two  weefea 
The  check  rations  were  the  common  dairy  rations  ofKentncky — com  meal  and 
wheat  hran,  with  or  without  <y>ttonseed  meal  as  a  aopplement  The  test  mix- 
tures, in  which  velvet-bean'  meal  replaced  part  or  all  of  the  bran,  were  cheaper 
by  from  60  cts.  to  %2M  per  ton  than  the  check  grain  mixtures.  The  experi- 
ments were  as  follows : 

(1)  Com  meal,  wheat  bran,  and  velvet-bean  feed  (2:1:1)  v,  com  meal  sad 
wheat  bran  (1:1).  The  average  daily  milk  yield  per  cow  during  the  feeding 
of  these  rations  were,  respectively,  26.94  and  20.72  lbs.  Eight  cows  were  used 
for  seven  months,  beginning  May  20,  1917.  They  had  scanty  blue-grass  pastQK 
during  the  summer  and  com  silage  and  soy-bean  hay  in  the  winter. 

(2).  0>ra-mea1  and  velvet-bean  feed  (1:1)  r.  com  meal  and  bran  (1:1). 
The  respective  milk  yields  per  day  were  16.04  and  16.94  lbs.  Tiiree  cows  men 
tested  for  eight  weeks  in  January  and  February,  1918.  Soy-t»ean  hay  and  com 
silage  were  the  roughages  fed. 

(3)  0>m-meal  and  velvet-bean  feed  (1:1)  v.  com  meal,  wheat  bran,  and 
cottonseed  meal  (4:3:1).  The  respective  milk  yields  pq^  day  were  22.12  and 
22.48  lbs.  The  daily  roughage  was  38  lbs.  com  silage  and  6  lbs.  barley  straw 
wetted  with  molasses  and  water. 

(4)  0)m  meal,  wheat  bran,  and  palm-kernel  meal  (2:1:1)  v.  com  meal 
and  bran  (1:1).  The  respective  dally  milk  yields  were  22.71  and  22.41  lb& 
Seven  cows  were  fed  24  weeks,  beginning  June  24,  1917.  Tlie  roughage  was  30 
lbs.  of  com  silage  and  8  lbs.  of  soy-bean  hay. 

(5)  Ck>rn  meal,  wheat  bran,  cottonseed  meal,  and  palm-kernel  meal  (4:1: 
1:2)  V,  com  meal,  bran,  and  cottonseed  meal  (4:3:1).  The  respective  daily 
milk  yields  were  20.75  and  20.94  lbs.  Four  cows  were  fed  12  weeks,  beginning 
Febmary  10,  1918.  The  roughage  was  30  lbs.  of  silage,  6  lbs.  of  barley  straw, 
and  1  lb.  of  molasses. 

(6)  Rolled  barley,  crdshed  oats,  and  velvet-bean  feed  (2:1:1)  f.  com  meal 
and  wheat  bran  (1:1).  The  respective  daily  milk  yields  were  17.49  and  16.61 
lbs.  Eight  cows  were  used  for  30  weeks,  beginning  August  5,  1917.  During 
the  winter  10  Ib&  of  soy-bean  hay  and  2Q  lbs.  of  com  silage  were  fed  daily. 
The  barley,  oats,  and  vefvet-bean  mixture  is  stated  to  have  been  one  of  the 
most  satisfactory  rations  used  at  the  station.  At  the  beginning  of  the  experi- 
ment oats  and  barley  were  low  priced.  During  the  winter  the  price  of  both 
went  up,  while  that  of  bran  dropped,  so  that  the  check  ration  became  cheaper 
than  the  test  ration. 

No  insistence  is  placed  on  the  difference  between  the  milk  yields  in  any  of 
these  experiments.  It  is  held  that  all  the  test  rations  should  prove  satisfac- 
tory for  milk  production. 

Grain  rations  for  dairy  stock,  J.  B.  Lindset  (MassachMettM  8ta,  Control 
Ser,  Bui.  10  (1918),  pp.  21t,  iB5).— Eight  combinations  of  grains  suitable  for 
dairy  animals  are  given  here,  as  well  as  a  ration  for  pigs.  They  are  designed 
particularly  for  use  during  a  wheat  shortage  when  barley  and  oat  residues  are 
available. 

Profits  from  milk  cows  on  general  corn-belt  farms,  O.  R.  JoRivsoif  and 
R.  M.  Gbebn  (MUsouri  Sta.  Bvl  159  (1918),  pp.  20,  ftgi.  5).~This  bulletin  deals 
with  the  type  of  dairying  practiced  on  small  general  farms  where  only  a  few ' 
cows  are  kept  and  much  of  the  product  is  consumed  by  the  operator's  family. 
It  is  based  on  41  yearly  records  of  some  34  farms  scattered  througrhout  the 
State  of  Missouri.  The  four  years  1912  to  1915  are  represented.  On  these 
farms  the  raising  of  com,  wheat,  and  hogs  was  the  most  important  enterprise; 


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1919] 


DAIBY  FARMING — ^DAIBTIlfrO. 


575 


The  dairy  herds  consisted  mainly  of  cows  skiving  from  3,000  to  4,000  lbs.  of 
Qdlk  per  year.  Tlie  average  coat  of  keeping  one  of  these  cows  for  a  year  was 
found  to  be  946.91,  of  which  56^  per  cent  was  cost  of  feed,  80.1  per  cent  cost 
of  human  labor,  1.1  per  cent  cost  of  horse  labor,  and  13.6  per  cent  miscellaneous 
coats  (mainly  interest  on  investment,  breeding  fees,  and  building  charge).  The 
average  total  feed  cost  was  $25.88,  the  percentage  in  different  feeds  being 
com  28.1,  hay  19,  pasture  80.8,  other  concentrates  11.9,  and  other  rougiiage  15.7. 
It  is  pointed  out  that  tlie  percentage  of  feed  cost  represented  by  pasture  and 
roustogea  other  than  hay  is  high  compared  to  typical  Missouri  dairy  farms, 
where  these  items  constitute  only  20  to  85  per  cent  of  the  feed  cost  In  88 
farm  records  the  value  of  dairy  products  per  cow  was  $47.22,  of  which  9  per 
ceat  represents  cream  sales,  28.2  per  cent  butter  sales,  and  67.8  per  cent  the 
value  on  a  butter  basis  of  the  products  consumed  on  the  farm. 

It  is  the  practioe  on  these  farms  to  keep  calves  until  they  are  at  least  year- 
lings before  selling  them.  The  cost  of  a  year's  keep,  based  on  records  of  128 
calves,  averaged  $14.10,  of  which  $12.50  was  for  feed.  Man  labor  per  calf 
averaged  11.1  hours  and  horse  labor  1.58  hours.  Sale  prices  or  inventory  values 
of  294  such  calves  on  68  Missouri  farms  in  1914  and  1915  ayeraged  $28  per  head. 
Ushig  tlds  average,  the  profit  from  raising  a  calf  was  $18.90.  Assuming  that 
82  per  cent  of  the  oows  produced  calves,  a  figure  based  on  a  record  of  615  cows 
on  117  farms,  adding  the  milk  profit,  and  deducting  labor  costs  on  the  assump- 
tion that  the  labor  involved  no  additional  cash  outlay,  the  profit  attributable 
to  a  cow  is  computed  at  $28.32.  This  represents  a  profit  for  the  average  herd 
of  $110.45,  an  amount  which  covered  25.4  per  cent  of  the  average  family  living 
expenses  on  400  Missouri  ftirms  in  1914  and  1915. 

A  special  study  was  made  of  the  influence  of  the  use  of  pasture  on  costs  and 
IHTofitB  per  cow  on  tliese  farma  The  results  are  summarized  in  the*  following 
table: 

Influence  of  use  of  pasture  on  costs  antk  profits. 


FCfoentaceoffeed 
eost  in  pasture. 

Number 

offftmi 

records. 

Cow» 

Value  of 
concen- 
trates 
fed  per 
cow. 

Value  of 
rough- 
ness 
fed  per 
oow. 

■ill 

Han 

Ubor 

per  cow. 

Horse 

labor 

per  cow. 

Value  of 
milk 
Prod- 
ucts per 
oow. 

Profit 

or  loss 

per  cow. 

Lentluuias 

ssto-aa 

16 
18 

la 

3.0 
8.9 
4.8 
8.9 

814.70 
7.00 
4.83 
8.88 

813.73 
9.96 
4.11 
8.82 

86.82 
8.23 
9.26 
7.68 

Hour«. 
122.8 
104.0 
81.8 
101.9 

Aoarf. 
10.1 
4.8 
3.2 
0.4 

852.45 
47.42 
39.60 
47.22 

-85.34 
-h  2.53 
4*  3.50 

4B  tad  over 

A'wreji 

-h  1.31 

1  Exeludlng  calf. 


**  The  data  show,  as  might  be  expected,  that  the  more  extensive  use  of  pas- 
ture is  attended  by  a  decrease  in  production,  but  in  spite  of  this  decrease,  the 
practice  of  using  pasture  extensively  with  this  class  of  stock  is  economical  t>e- 
cause  tbe  inherit  ability  of  tliis  stock  for  milk  production  is  not  such  as  to 
make  it  respond  readily  to  the  stimulus  of  intensive  feeding.** 

In  conclusion,  the  authors  point  out  tliat  aside  from  the  production  of  the 
marketable  calf,  any  profit  from  this  type  of  dairying  will  be  due  to  the  utilisa- 
tion of  pasture  land,  the  use  of  roughness  that  would  otherwise  be  wasted,  and 
the  utUlsation  without  extra  cost  of  labor  already  available  on  the  farm. 

The  part  of  milk  contests  in  improving  the  mUk  supply  of  Portland,  Oreg., 
B.  a  Gallawat  and  P.  S.  Lucas  {Oregon  8ta.  Bui.  ise  {1918),  pp.  24,  f^fs. 
7).— This  bulletin  describes  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  proper  sanitary  con- 


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576  .EXPERIMBNT  STATION  B£CX)RD.  lVoL4o 

trol  of  the  milk  supply  of  Portland,  Oreg.,  and  outlines  the  history  of  contnd 
methods  since  municipal  inq[>ection  was  introduced  in  a  limited  way  in  1909. 
Various  schemes,  including  the  scoring  of  dairies  and  milk  plants,  were  tried 
and  then  discarded,  but  finally  in  1914  a  system  of  milk  contests  was  Inango- 
rated,  which  has  resulted  in  noticeable  improvement  and  has  proTed  satisftic- 
tory  to  the  customer  and  the  progressive  dealer. 

These  contests  are  held  every  three  or  four  months,  the  method  being  ex- 
plained in  detaiL  On  the  opening  date  two  bottles  of  milk  are  taken  from  eadi 
dealer  or  dairyman,  analyzed,  plated,  and  scored.  At  irregular  intervals  there- 
after and  without  previous  warning  Inspectors  collect  additional  samples  from 
milk  wagons,  which  are  treated  In  the  same  way.  At  the  end  of  each  contest  the 
ratings  of  each  dealer  are  published.  Publicity  is  the  chief  agent  used  Id 
eliminating  the  careless  handler  of  milk.  Public  interest  seems  to  be  v«7 
high,  as  it  was  found  necessary  to  stop  publishing  the  exact  numerical  rating  of 
a  dealer  and  give  only  the  class  to  which  he  belonged  because  customers  were 
changing  dealers  as  a  result  of  0^2  of  a  point  difference. 

Tables  showing  changes  in  ratings  and  bacterial  counts  are  given.  The  first 
year's  improvement  was  greater  than  that  of  succeeding  years,  but  the  diifnrence, 
it  is  held,  was  not  due  to  a  failing  interest  but  to  local  economic  conditions 
causing  increased  demand  for  milk  and  decreased  supply.  Infant  mortality  in 
Portland  has  undergone  great  reduction  since  the  control  of  milk  was  begun, 
and  in  1916  the  infant  death  rate  was  the  lowest  of  any  large  city. 

The  back-lot  dairies  have  not  been  reached  by  these  milk  contests.  They 
form  a  difficult  problem  inasmuch  as  10  per  cent  of  Portland's  milk  supply 
comes  from  them.  "  Many  suburban  families  keep  from  one  to  five  cows  and  sell 
the  surplus  milk  to  neighbors.  In  most  cases  children  handle  and  distribute  the 
product  They  use  little  or  no  equipment  such  as  the  modern  dairyman  finds 
necessary.  While  it  seems  to  be  recognized  that  the  city  is  not  the  proper  place 
for  a  dairy,  yet  these  small  milkmen  enjoy  both  the  patronage  and  protection  of 
the  suburban  population.  The  rules  and  regulations  enforced  on  the  bona  fide 
dairyman  in  Portland  do  not  apply  to  these  men." 

Calculation  of  the  nutritive  value  of  milk  from  routine  tests,  R.  S.  Smitu 
{Ann.  Rpt.  Intemai.  Assoc.  Dairy  and  Milk  Insp.,  6  (1917),  pp.  18S-189). — ^A 
method  is  proposed  for  determining  the  fuel  value  of  milk  of  varying  composi- 
tion when  the  analysis  is  limited  to  the  tests  for  butter  fat  and  for  total  solids 
as  determined  in  routine  analysis. 

Jack  cheese,  H.  S.  Baibd  {California  8ta.  Circ.  206  {1919),  pp.  11,  figs.  5).— 
Brief  directions  are  given  for  the  manufacture  of  Jack  cheese,  a  stirred  curd 
cheese  which  originated  in  Monterey  County,  Cal.,  about  1892.  The  production 
of  Jack  cheese  is  stated  to  be  practicable  on  farms  because  it  requires  a  com- 
paratively small  investment  for  equipment  A  good  grade  of  milk  must  be  used, 
however,  as  there  is  little  opportunity  during  the  manufacturing  process  for  a 
lactic  starter  to  overcome  undesirable  bacteria.  Since  the  war  Jack  cheese 
made  from  partially  skimmed  milk  had  proved  to  be  a  satisfactory  substitute  f6r 
grating  cheese,  previously  imported  from  Europe. 

Homogenized  cream  used  In  cheese  making,  A.  T.  Ghaxboiv  {Depi.  Agr. 
iProv.  Quebec],  Rpt.  Dir.  Off.  Lab.,  1917,  pp.  8-11). ---Experiments  on  a  small 
scale  (two  vats)  at  the  St.  Hyacinthe  Dairy  School,  Quebec,  showed  that 
homogenized  cream  diluted  with  skim  milk  can  be  converted  into  a  satisfactory  * 
cheese.  In  one  vat  containing  a  cream  and  skim-milk  mixture  testing  1.88  per 
cent  fbt,  about  5  per  cent  of  the  fat  was  lost.  In  the  other  vat,  where  the  mix- 
ture tested  3.7  per  cent,  the  fat  loss  was  nearly  10  per  cent.  Fat  tests  made  on 
the  whey,  the  drippings  at  the  block,  and  the  drippings  at  the  press  riiowed  that 


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1»1»]  VETBBINASY  WBDICINE.  577 

90  p»  cent  or  more  of  tlie  loss  occurred  in  the  wbey.  The  experiments  were 
designed  to  assist  porveiyors  of  liomogenlsed  cream  wtio,  owing  to  the  fluctuating 
demand  for  ice  4:ream,  frequently  have  on  hand  a  considerable  quantity  of  their 
product  for  wliich  th^re  is  no  recognised  market 

VSTEBIHAST  ICEBICIVE. 

Physiology  and  bioehemistzy  in  modsdm  nedicina,  J.  J.  R.  MACi.iBon  cr  al. 
{8U  LouU,  Mo.:  C.  V.  MoMby  Co.,  1918,  pp.  XXXII +9M,  pte.  11,  fiffM.  Bm.— 
This  volume  is  designed  to  be  supplementary  to  the  regular  textbooks  of 
physiology  and  functiooal  pathology,  particular  emphasis  being  pia<:ed  on  the 
application  of  physiology  to  the  practice  of  medicine.  It  contains  sections  on 
the  physicochemical  basis  of  physiological  processes,  the  circulating  fluids,  cir- 
culation of  the  blood,  respiration,  digestion,  excretion  of  urine,  metabolism, 
the  oidocrine  organs  or  ductless  glands,  and  the  central  newous  system.  The 
section  on  the  excretion  of  urine  and  certain  duipters  in  the  sections  on  the  cir- 
culating fluids  and  respiration  are  contribiited  by  R.  G.  Pearce.  A  brief  bibli- 
ograidiy  is  given  at  the  end  of  each  section. 

Applied  bacteriology.— Studies  and  reviews  of  some  present-day  problems 
for  the  laboratory  worker,  the  clinician,  and  the  administrator,  edited  by 
C  EL  BsowNiNO  {London:  H.  Frowde  and  Hodder  d  Stoughton,  1918,  pp.  Xy/-f 
291;  rev.  in  Nature  [London],  102  (1918),  No.  2654,  P.  iO^).— An  account  of  re- 
search work  on  bacteriological  subjects. 

Meat  inspection  problema,  with  special  reference  to  the  developments  of 
recent  years,  W.  J.  Howabth  {London:  BaHMre,  Tindall  d  Cox,  1918,  pp. 
YIlI-\-HS,  ft09.  2).— The  several  chapters  of  this  work  deal  with  the  develop- 
ment of  meat  inspection,  general  administrative  problems,  the  tuberculosis 
problem  as  affecting  cattle,  the  tuberculosis  problem  as  affecting  pigs,  and  im- 
ported meat  The  lymphatic  glands,  the  iniq^ectlon  and  manner  of  packing  im- 
ported offal  and  boneless  meat,  a  note  on  examples  of  special  regulations,  and 
the  sale  of  sterilized  unsound  meat  are  discussed  in  appendixes. 

The  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  as  a  war  auxiliary,  J.  R.  Mohleb  {Jour. 
Amer.  Vet.  Med.  Asmoc.,  54  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  96-107). 

State  veterinary  service,  D.  F.  Lucksy  {Ann,  Rpt.  Mistouri  Bd.  Agr.,  50 
{1918),  pp.  126-lS8).—ThiB  report  deals  particularly  with  control  work  with 
tuberculosis  and  hog  cholera. 

Maintaining  animal  health  on  farms,  J.  R.  Mohleb  {Breedet'g  Qaz.,  75 
\l919).  No.  4,  PP  I6S,  164). 

Vitamins  and  nutrition,  P.  A.  Fish  {Jour.  Amer.  Vet.  Med.  A$800.,  54 
(1918),  No.  1,  pp.  i7-nte).— The  author  discusses  the  distribution  and  functions 
of  vitamins,  and  points  out  that  they  constitute  a  factor  which  must  be  con- 
sidered in  animal  as  well  as  in  human  nutrition. 

A  sospected  case  of  stock  poisoning  by  wild  onion  (Allium  canadense), 
F.  J.  PiPAL  (Proc.  Ind.  Acad.  8ei.,  1917,  pp.  139-143,  fig.  i).— Symptoms  of 
poisoning  developed  in  apparently  healthy  cows  within  12  hours  after  they  were 
taken  from  a  pasture  where  feed  was  scant  and  turned  into  a  woods  pasture 
where  they  found  and  grazed  heavily  on  wild  onion. 

Contributions  to  the  biochemistry  of  pathogenic  anaerobes. — ^V,  The  bio- 
ehemistry  of  Vibrion  septique,  0.  O.  L.  Wolf  {Jour.  Path,  and  Bact.,  22 
{1918),  No.  2,  pp.  115-128). --Iji  continuation  of  investigations  previously  noted 
(E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  887),  a  study  is  reported  of  the  behavior  of  V.  $eptique  on 
tryptic  broth,  milk,  tryptic  broth  with  rabbit  kidney,  glucose  peptone,  and 
cooked  meat    The  results  are  summarized  as  follows: 


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578  £XP£BI1££NT  STATIOSr  EBOOBD.  tVoLiO 

"  y.  Meptique  U  easentlally  an  organism  whose  actlvitiefl  are  directed  to  an 
attack  CD  carbohydrates.  It  grows  freely  in  ao-caUed  carbohydrate-free  media, 
producing  considerable  quantities  of  gas,  but  the  addition  of  a  carbohydrate 
accelerates  metabolism.  The  add  production  is  not  at  all  so  marked  as  with 
Bacillus  wdchii.  As  a  gas  former  in  carbohydrate-containing  media,  it  comes 
within  the  range  that  was  found  with  B.  u>eichU,  but  the  process  takes  much 
longer  to  reach  a  maximum. 

*'A  certain  amount  of  proteolysis  takes  place  whidi  is  of  ttie  same  ord^  as 
that  obtained  with  B.  toelohii,  but  it  is  in  no  way  commensurate  with  the  attack 
which  the  V,  aepiique  makes  upon  carbohydrates." 

The  results  obtained  with  tryptic  broth  to  which  fresh  rabbit  kidney  had 
been  added  confirm  the  work  of  other  authors  that  the  addition  of  a  small 
amount  of  animal  tissue  to  a  medium  which  by  itself  does  not  actively  promote 
growth  undoubtedly  has  a  decided  effect  in  stimulating  the  growth  of  1^ 
organism. 

Immunity  and  tissue  transplantation. — IV,  Hia  influence  of  Immune 
serum  upon  the  reactions  about  transplanted  tissues,  M.  S.  Fleishkb  {Jowr. 
Med.  Research,  S9  (1918),  No,  1,  pp.  1-14). — ^^  continuation  of  investigations 
previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  886),  experiments  are  reported  in  whidi  the 
influence  of  immune  serum  upon  regeneration  and  leucocytic  and  connective 
tissue  reaction  was  studied. 

Pieces  of  guinea  pig  kidney  were  transphinted  into  the  subcutaneous  tissue 
of  the  abdomen  of  guinea  pigs  and  rabbits  passively  inmiunized  with  serum 
obtained  from  rabbits  immunized  against  guinea  pig  kidney.  For  purposes  of 
comparison  similar  pieces  of  guinea  pig  tissue  were  soaked  in  rabbit  anti- 
serum and  others  in  normal  serum  and  later  transplanted  into  guinea  pigs 
and  rabbits. 

It  was  found  that  in  passively  immunized  animals  the  same  reactions  occur 
about  homoiotransplants  as  in  normal  animals.  This  is  also  true  of  betero- 
transplants,  with  the  possible  exception  of  a  slower  clearing  of  the  leucocytes 
from  the  peripheral  portion  of  the  tissue.  In  the  case  of  tissue  soaked  in 
immune  serum  before  transplantation  there  is  probably  a  slight  and  brief 
slowing  of  connective  tissue  reaction  and  regeneration  in  homoiotransplants. 
In  heterotransplants  there  is  interference  with  regeneration  and  a  slower  inva- 
sion by  the  leucocytes. 

It  is  pointed  out  that  "the  results  of  these  experiments  suggest  that  sub- 
stances in  the  body  fluids  of  immunized  animals  have  but  little  influence  on  . 
the  regeneration  of  transplanted  tissue,  and  that  the  slowing  of  leucocytic 
invasion  is  in  large  part  due  to  an  action  of  the  serum.  The  results  further 
suggest  that  the  more  marked  leucocytic  reaction  seen  about  tran^lants  in 
either  immune  het^ologous  animals  or  immune  homologous  animals  is  a  direct 
and  independent  manifestation  of  the  immunity  to  the  tissue.  If  these  conclu- 
sions be  correct,  it  appears  that,  in  immunity  to  tissue  transplantation,  tissue 
reactions  and  especially  the  reactions  of  leucocytes  play  a  more  important  part 
than  do  the  reactions  called  forth  or  produced  by  the  body  ifuida" 

Heterolysins,  A.  Sobdelli  and  6.  FiscHiai  {Rev.  Inst.  Baet.  lArgentma],  1 
(1918),  No.  5,  pp.  229-284.  fiff.  1;  An.  8oc.  Quim.  Argentina,  €  {1918),  Nos.  tS,  pp. 
230-249;  27,  pp.  44^450;  28,  pp.  52^^45). —By  injecting  the  kidney  of  guinea- 
pigs  and  dogs,  heterolysins  for  sheep  and  goats  were  obtained  in  rabblta,  rats, 
and  cows,  but  not  in  pigeons  and  dogs.  No  difference  was  observed  between 
the  isolysins  of  the  sheep  and  goats  and  the  heterolysins  obtained  by  the 
injections  of  the  kidney  of  the  dog  upon  their  fixation  power  in  contact  with 
sheep  and  goat  corpuscles  or  with  the  kidney  of  the  dog  or  guinea  pig. 


I 

I 


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1M»]  VETEBIKABY  MSDIdHE.  679 

By  the  action  of  alcohol  and  ether  on  thb  kidney  of  the  goinea  pig  and  the 
dog,  and  also  on  the  corpnadea  of  the  aheep  and  goat,  two  fractlonB  may  be 
separated,  one  soluble  In  alcohol-^ther  which  retains  the  fixation  power  for  the 
original  organs  and  corposdea  and  the  otlier  insoluble  in  alcobol-eCber  which 
has  lost  this  fixation  property.  The  former  alone  contains  the  heterolysin. 
Immunization  with  these  fractions  showed  that  the  insoluble  portion  can  pro- 
duce hemolysins  althpugh  it  has  no  fixation  power  in  vitro,  and  thflt  the  soluble 
fraction,  although  it  has  the  power  to  fix  hemdysins  in  vitroi  is  unable  to 
produce  them.    A  mixture  of  both  fractions  is  inactiva 

Dissociation  experiments  showed  that  no  remarkable  difference  of  attraction 
exists  between  the  heterolysins  of  guinea  pig  kidney  and  of  sheep  and  goat  cor- 
puscles toward  both  the  heterolysins  of  dog's  kidney  and  the  isolysins  of  she^ 
and  goats. 

Castellani's  absorption  test,  W.  Bbouohton-Alcook  {Jour.  Ray.  Army  Med, 
'Corps,  SI  U918),  No.  ^,  pp.  £P6-^dd).r~A  method  of  conducting  the  Oastellanl 
absorption  test,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  288),  is  described,  the  tech- 
nique of  which  includes  the  utilization  of  a  practically  defined  amount  of  micro- 
organisms and  a  practically  defined  agglutinin  content  of  a  serum.  The  method 
la  described  in  detail,  and  the  principles  involved  are  illustrated  by  a  typical 
example. 

Bdle  of  ensyms  in  the  production  of  natural  immunity,  M.  Bkun  (Compf. 
Rend,  8oc.  Biol.  [ParUh  81  (1918),  2io.  12,  pp.  62iS~«iS5).-~The  author  considers 
that  the  normal  reactions  of  oxidation  in  the  body  play  an  important  i*01e  in 
the  production  of  natural  immunity  by  protecting  the  organism  against  the 
intoxication  which  an  accumulation  of  toxic  bases  would  cause.  The  oxidiza- 
bility of  these  toxins  presupposes  a  preliminary  splitting  of  the  toxo-proteins 
by  either  organic  .or  microbial  enzynis,  and  consequently  the  conclusion  is 
drawn  that  the  enzyms  which  are  responsible  for  the  normal  reactions  of 
hydrolysis  and  oxidation  of  proteins  must  play  an  important  rdle  in  natural 
immunity. 

Bdle  of  enzyms  in  the  production  of  acquired  immunity  and  of  anaphy- 
laxis, M.  Beun  (Compi.  Rend.  8oc.  BioL  [Porte],  81  {1918),  No.  12,  pp.  626- 
628). — ^The  theory  is  proposed  and  discussed  that  acquired  immunity  is  a  func- 
tion of  an  increase  in  the  activity  of  various  enzyms  and,  above  all,  of  the  pro- 
duction of  new  specific  enayms  which  can  act  more  rapidly  and  completely. 
Similarly,  anaphylaxis  is  considered  to  be  an  intoxication  brought  about  by  an 
accumulation  of  toxic  bases  which  the  oxidases  are  unable  to  destroy  except 
when  augmented  by  an  oxidizing  agent,  such  as  potassium  permanganate.  The 
"toxogenin"  of  Bichet  or  the  "  sensibllisin  "  of  Besredka  would  thus  be  the 
enzyms  capable  in  vivo  and  in  vitro  of  producing  toxic  basea— the  "  apotoxin  *' 
of  Bichet. 

Blow  intravenous  injection  of  antiserum  to  prevent  acute  anaphylactic 
shock,  J.  H.  Lewis  {Jour.  Amer.  Med.  A9900.,  72  {1919),  No.  5,  pp.  S29,  SSO).^ 
Experiments  are  reported  in  which  acute  anaphylactic  shock  has  beeii  pre- 
vttited  in  sensitized  animals  by  giving  otherwise  fatal  doses  of  diluted  anUgen 
Intravenously  at  very  slpw  rates. 

Studies  on  anaphylatoxlns,  Q.  FiscHxa  and  L.  Kawtob  {Rev.  Inst.  Bact. 
[Argentina^,  1  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  Jpl^480;  aft«.  in  Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  78 
{1919),  No.  S,  p.  832).— Anaphylaxis  experiments  are  reported  and  summarlzcl 
as  follows:  i     ♦  -.^    # 

Bacterial  anaphylatoxin  prepared  with  guinea  pig  or  rat  serum  is  **^«  *®^ 
guinea  pigs  but  not  for  rats  and  rabbits.  Bacterial  Anaphyi^toxin  prepared  with 
serum  from  rabbits,  horses,  or  dogs  Is  not  toxic  for  guinea  pigs  po^  ^^^  ^^J  01 


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580  EXPERiiCEifrr  statiozt  bbcoed.  [Yol^o 

the  species  from  whidi  the  aenun  was  obtained.  This  is  oonstdered  to  refute 
the  theory  of  Friedberger  ref^wctins  the  generalization  of  the  GOQoe|»tioii  of 
anaphylatoxlns. 

The  preUjBinary  injection  of  a  sublethal  doee  of  the  toxin  of  Bordet  does  not 
protect  guinea  pigs  from  a  subsequent  injection  of  a  lethal  dose  of  the  same 
toxin  or  of  the  bacterial  anapbylatoxln  prepared  from  guinea-pig  svum.  The 
preliminary  injection  of  a  sublethal  doee  of  the  anaphylato^Mu  does  not  protect 
against  a  subsequent  lethal  dose  of  the  anaphylatoxin  or  of  the  Bordet  toxin. 

The  preliminary  injection  of  the  serum  of  rabbits,  dogs,  horses,  or  guinea 
pigs  does  not  protect  the  guinea  pig  against  the  subsequent  injection  of  a  lethal 
dose  of  the  Bordet  toxin. 

Prophylaxis  of  serum  sickBess  with  bovine  seruniy  J.  Pknna,  B.  Kbaus. 
and  J.  BoNOSiNo  Cuenga  (Rev.  Inst.  Bact.  {Argentina},  1  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  ^OS- 
420;  ah9.  in  Jour.  Amer,  Med.  Asmc^  72  (1919) t  No.  S,  p.  252). -/The  literatnrs 
on  serum  sickness  is  reviewed  and  observations  reported,  from  which  the  follow- 
ing conclusions  are  drawn : 

Normal  bovine  serum,  heated  twice  to  56*  C.  for  half  an  hour,  as  well  as  that 
containing  diphtheritic  or  tetanus  antitoxin,  only  rarely  produces  s^um  sick- 
ness. If  used  after  normal  or  antitetanic  horse  serum,  it  does  not  diminish 
the  allergic  properties  of  the  latter.  If  used  before  horse  serum,  it  acts  as  a 
pn^hylactic  agent,  reducing  considerably  the  frequency  and  intensity  of  serum 
sidmess.  A  mixture  of  the  two  serums  in  equal  amounts  produces  serum  sick- 
ness, but  with  a  mixture  of  }  bovine  serum  and  i  horse  serum  the  frequency  of 
serum  sickness  diminishes. 

Studies  in  regard  to  the  production  of  antitoxic  serum,  A.  Sowwet.tj  {Rev. 
Inst.  Bact.  {Arffentinah  1  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  ^27-^^,  figs.  S;  abs.  in  Jour.  Amer. 
Med.  Assoc.,  72  {1919),  No.  S,  p.  252).— Continuing  the  studies  noted  above,  fur- 
ther  work  is  reported  on  the  rapid  immunisation  with  diphtheria  toxin  neu- 
tralized with  antitoxin,  in  which  excellent  results  were  obtained  with  both 
young  and  old  horses.  The  process  was  also  found  to  increase  the  antitoxic 
value  of  the  serum  of  horses  immunized  for  a  long  time  with  pure  toxin. 

Active  immunity  to  tetanus  was  obtained  in  horses  by  means  of  the  same 
method  of  neutral  mixtures  of  tetanic  toxin  and  serum,  and  also  by  the  method 
of  Ldwen^tein  and  von  Eisler,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  B.,  34,  p.  580). 

Studies  in  regard  to  the  production  of  antitoxic  sera.-— I,  Production  of 
antitoxic  sera  by  the  use  of  .toxins  and  antitoxins  in  old  horses,  R.  Ksaub 
and  A.  Sobdi^  (Rev.  Inst.  Bact.  {Argentinah  1  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  19S-20S).-- 
Experimental  evidence  is  givei  indicating  that  old  horses  (over  10  years  of 
age)  seem  to  be  better  producers  of  serum  than  young  ones.  By  injecting 
neutral  mixtures  of  toxin-antitoxin  twice  a  week  in  increasing  doses,  an  anti- 
diphtheritic  serum  of  high  power  (300,  400,  and  500  units)  may  be  produced  in 
20  days. 

Oxhydridase,  an  oxldo-reducing  diastase.  Its  antitoxic  rdle,  J.  B.  AinEums 
and  J.  Aix>T  {Compt.  Rend.  8oo.  Biol  [Paris],  81  {1918),  No.  14,  pp.  788-785}.— 
This  is  a  summary  of  the  results  of  Investigations,  some  of  which  have  been 
previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  802),  upon  an  oxido-hydrogenating  diastase 
to  which  the  name  oxhydridase  has  been  given.  This  soluble  ferment  is  said 
to  exist  in  animals  and  vegetables  and  also  in  certain  secretions,  particularly 
milk.  Its  action  of  oxido-reduction  takes  place  within  certain  temperature 
limits,  the  maximum  action  being  at  about  60''  G.  The  enzym,  contrary  to  true 
oxidases,  acts  preferably  in  the  absence  of  air,  and  ia  consequently  considered 
to  be  a  defensive  antitoxic  agent  adapted  to  the  anaerobic  life  witliin  the 
tissues. 


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19191  VETRBIKARY  Mm>ICIN&.  581 

The  ftctioii  of  miztnres  of  salts  on  laetie  fermentatioii,  C.  Richet  and  H. 
Cakdot  iCompt.  jeend.  Soc.  Biol  [Parte],  81  {1918),  Nt^.  i4>  PP.  75i-755).— The 
combined  antlaeptlc  action  of  mixtures  of  salts  was  studied  by  means  of  their 
effect  upon  lactic  fermentation,  as  determined  by  tbe  amount  of  lactic  acid 
formed  at  tbe  end  of  a  certain  time.  It  was  found  that  the  action  of  a  mixture 
of  antiseptics  is  that  of  the  most  active  substance  employed,  the  addition  of 
other  antiseptics  having  no  effect.  The  consequent  futility  of  the  use  of 
miztures^of  antiseptics  is  pointed  out 

Bcmarks  on  the  reoent  eomxnunioatlon  of  Belin.  PhArmacodynamlcs  of 
alkaline  chlorates,  J.  E.  ABmuova  (Oompe.  Rend.  Soc,  Biol.  [Parte],  81  (1918), 
yo.  14,  pp.  78$,  789).— The  author  disagrees  with  the  theory  of  BeUn  (E.  S.  II., 
88,  p.  585)  that  the  action  of  certain  organic  and  inorganic  oxidiEing  agents 
upon  toxins  or  microorganisms  is  one  of  direct  oxidation,  and  proposes  the 
theory  that  the  fayorable  action  is  due  to  an  appreciable  diminution  of  the 
number  of  leucocytes,  with  a  modification  of  the  leucocytic  structure  consist- 
ing of  an  Increase  in  the  polynuclear  cells,  followed  on  the  third  day  by  the 
appearance  of  large  yaculated  mononuclear  cells. 

The  theory  and  practice  of  alcohol  disinfection,  J.  OHBiSTiANsiav  {Hoppe- 
Sevier's  Ztschr.  Phyeiol.  Chem.,  102  {1918),  No.  5-^,  pp.  275-305,  ftps.  6;  abs. 
tm  Jour.  Chem.  Soo.  {London},  lU  {1918),  No.  674,  I,  p.  564).— The  disinfecting 
action  of  alcohols  as  influenced  by  their  surface  tension,  hydration,  and  pre- 
cipitating effect  upon  proteins  is  discussed.  From  theoretical  considerations 
and  experimental  evidence,  the  author  recommends  propyl  alcohol  as  a  satis- 
factory skin  and  wound  disinfectant 

A  note  on  the  value  of  brilliant  green  as  an  antiseptic,  G.  H.  S.  Webb 
{Jour.  Roy.  Army  Med.  Corps,  SI  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  515-917).— Observations  on 
the  use  of  brilliant  green  as  an  antiseptic  for  the  dressing  of  wounds  are 
reported. 

The  brilliant  green  is  dissolved  in  N  saline  solution  in  the  strength  of  1  in 
1,000  and  can  be  used  as  a  surface  dressing  for  wounds,  in  the  saline  pack, 
or  after  the  method  of  Carrel.  In  the  experience  of  the  author  it  has  proved 
to  be  an  active,  eflldent,  and  nonirritant  antiseptic,  acting  as  well  in  the 
presence  of  serum  as  in  its  absence.  The  fact  that  it  stains  dead  tissue  green 
is  considered  to  be  of  advantage  in  aiding  the  surgeon  in  determining  what  to 
excise. 

A  multiple-pipette  holder  for  the  distribution  of  serum  for  the  comple- 
ment-flxation  test,  F.  H.  Retnoids  {Jour.  Agr.  Research  [U.  8.},  15  {1916), 
No.  11,  pp.  615-618,  figs.  9). —The  author,  at  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  has  devised  a  multlple-plpette  holder  based 
upon  the  principle  of  the  multiple  pipette  of  Buck,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R., 
85,  p.  680). 

The  device  consists  of  a  brass  tube  connected  by  means  of  a  tube  set  at  right 
angles  with  12  brass  collaterals.  These  are  lined  with  rubber  tubing  of 
sufficient  length  to  project  about  )  in.,  the  free  end  being  everted  over  the 
opening  of  the  tube.  To  these  tubes  are  fitted  pipettes  made  of  selected  4-mm. 
glass  tubing  and  graduated  for  the  proper  amount  of  serum.  The  bottles  con- 
taining the  serum  are  placed  in  trays  holding  144  bottles,  12  wide  and  deep. 
Tbe  test  tube  racks  are  constructed  to  hold  a  double  row  of  12  tubes  each, 
which  are  numbered  to  correspond  with  the  pipettes  and  bottles.  The  serums 
are  drawn  above  the  etched  graduations,  allowed  to  recede  until  the  gradua- 
tions are  reached,  and  then  transferred  to  the  12  test  tubes  bearing  the  same 
numbers  as  the  bottlea    The  used  pipettes  are  then  replaced  by  fresh. 


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582  EZPEBIMENT  STATION  BEGOBD.  [Vol,  49 

Actual  tests  with  the  apparmtns  showed  that  1^000  spedBoeiis  can  be  removed 
oonyeniently  from  the  bottles  and  placed  tn  test  tabes  In  about  half  an  hour. 
Other  advantages  claimed  for  the  holder  are  that  no  eye  strain  attends  the 
operation  of  the  device,  the  pii^ettes  are  sufficiently  small  to  enter  the  botttes 
without  agitation  of  the  contents,  and  only  one  <^>efator  and  two  assistants  are 
required  where  previously  many  were  necessary. 

Anthrax  vaccination,  H.  J.  Rossklix)  (itev.  Intt,  Boot,  [Argemtina},  1  U9I8h 
No,  4,  pp.  449-452). — ^The  vaccine  described  consists  of  a  uniform  suapeasloo 
of  spores  of  anthrax  bacilli.  The  necessity  is  emphasised  of  ttie  use  of  spores 
instead  of  active  bacilli,  of  the  use  of  an  anulslfying  liquid  of  q[Mcial  composi- 
tion, and  of  the  standardlzatipn  of  every  vaccine  and  its  final  adjustment  to 
contain  an  equal  number  of  spores  for  each  cubic  centimeter.  The  questiOQ 
of  single  or  double  vaccination  is  discussed,  and  the  double  vaccination  is 
recommended  only  for  horses.  For  effective  prophylaxis  of  the  disease,  the 
author  states  that  it  is  of  the  greatest  Importance  to  prohibit  the  sale  to  tiie 
public  of  all  vaccines  which  in  practice  cause  an  appreciable  mortality. 

Studies  on  anthrax  vaocina:  Necessity  of  an  official  eontrol,  R.  Ksjlus  and 
P.  Bkltbami  {Rev.  Inst.  Bad.  [Arg€mtima\,  1  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  1^5-146).— Ob- 
servations on  the  use  of  anthrax  vaccine  are  discussed  and  tlie  following  sug- 
gestions made : 

The  double  vaccination  of  Pasteur  with  vaccines  I  and  II  is  preferable  to  the 
single  vaccination.  The  vaccine  shoul4  always  be  fresh,  preferably  not  more 
than  a  month  old.  The  use  of  old  vaccines  is  considered  questionable  on  ac- 
count of  their  attenuation  on  standing.  Bach  series  of  vaccines  should  be 
tested  quantitatively,  and  their  preparation  and  sale  should  be  under  govern- 
ment control. 

Studies  on  anthrax  vacciiie.^11,  Fate  of  anthrax  bacilli  in  normal  and  im- 
munised sheep,  R.  Kbaus  and  P.  BaLTaAMX  {Rev,  Intt.  Boot.  [Arycntttio],  i 
{1918),  No,  S,  pp.  S2S-5S2).--Thla  la  a  continuation  of  the  invesUgation  noted 
above.  Experiments  are  cited  which  indicate  that  virulent  or  attenuated  an- 
thrax bacilli  when  injected  into  healthy  and  immune  animals  either  perish 
in  the  organism  or  become  so  attenuated  that  strains  cultivated  from  them 
are  avirulent  for  rabbits,  guinea  pigs,  and  mice. 

The  authors  consider  that  the  existing  theories,  such  as  the  antiblastic  and 
aggressin  theories,  do  not  take  into  consideration  the  attenuation  of  the  virus, 
which  in  their  opinion  is  the  chief  cause  of  the  active  and  passive  Immunity. 

The  treatment  of  anthrax  with  normal  (beeQ  serum,  G.  H.  Hyicaiv  and 
T.  Leary  {Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  178  {1918),  No.  10,  pp.  318-^23,  figs. 
2), — ^This  is  a  review  of  the  literature  on  the  local  treatment  of  external 
anthrax  and  on  the  use  of  immune  serum  and  normal  ox  serum,  together  with 
a  discussion  of  the  method  of  action  of  the  various  serums. 

The  authors  conclude  that  q)eciflc  antlanthrax  serum  owes  Its  efficacy  in  a 
small  measure  to  specific  Immune  substances,  but  principally  to  a  nonspecific 
protein  reaction  obtainable  by  the  use  of  other  protein  substances,  of  which 
heated  normal  beef  senun  is  considered  to  be  the  least  objectionable.  A  case 
report  is  given  of  a  successful  treatment  of  human  anthrax  by  normal  beef 
serum. 

The  treatment  of  anthrax  in  nun  with  normal  bovine  serum,  J.  Penka 
{Rev.  Inst.  Bact.  [Argentina},  1  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  115-1S2;  abs.  in  Abs.  Bad., 
2  {1918),  No.  4,  p.  256).— The  treatment  of  anthrax  with  normal  bovine  senmi 
is  said  to  have  given  results  superior  to  those  obtained  by  any  other  method 
of  treatment  The  serum  is  given  subcutaneously  in  doses  of  from  30  to  50  cc., 
repeating  the  injections  every  12,  24,  or  36  hours  if  necessary,  although  it  is 


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1919]  VETERINABT  MElHCnrB.  583 

seldom  that  more  than  two  or  three  doeea  are  required.  In  severe  cases  in- 
trayenous  Injection  is  considered  preferable.  It  Is  said  that  the  senun,  if 
heated  twice  to  56"  O.,  seldom  produces  serum  sickness.  The  author  is  of  the 
opinion  that  normal  bovine  serum  may  also  be  efficient  in  the  treatment  of 
other  infectious  diseases,  such  as  the  iflague,  cefebrospinal  meningitis,  etc. 

Tartar  emetic  in  the  treatment  of  denrenffadera,  J.  Itusbb  ((Too.  iC^tf. 
Caracas,  25  il9iS),  No.  6,  pp.  6»,  6S;  ab§.  in  Vei.  Jour.,  74  {1918),  No.  517,  pp. 
266,  267;  Trop.  Ve$,  BuL,  6  {191S),  No,  S,  pp.  1S4,  155).— In  the  treatment  of 
the  trypanosomiasis  known  in  Venesoela  as  derrengadera  (mal-de-caderas), 
1  to  1.5  gm.  of  emetic  dissolved  in  100  cc  of  chlorld  solution  at  4: 1,000  and 
injected  Intravenously  at  intervals  of  6  days  resulted  in  the  cure  of  all  the 
animals  treated. 

Favna  herpeticus  or  mouse  faTus.--Po8sibUity  of  production  of  favus  in 
man  from  Australian  wheat»  R.  E.  Buchanan  {Jour.  Amer.  Med.  A<«oc.,  73 
(1919),  No.  2,  pp.  97-i4H9).— This  is  a  report  of  studies  by  the  Hygienic  Labora- 
tory of  the  U.  S.  Public  Health  Service*  made  with  a  view  to  determining  whether 
or  not  there  is  danger  that  men  engaged  in  this  country  in  the  handling  and 
milling  of  Australian  wheat  may  become  infected  with  the  dermatophyte 
AchorUm  quinokeauuin.  The  conduaiODS  drawn  from  the  studies  are  as 
fi^lows: 

*'  There  exists  in  many  parts  of  Burope  and  in  Australia  and  probably  in  the 
United  States  and  in  other  parts  of  the  world  a  disease,  mouse  f^vus,  the  cause 
of  a  highly  fatal  infection  among  mice  and  not  infrequently  transmitted  to  man, 
producing  a  herpetifbrm  favus  of  the  smootii  skin.  The  disease  in  man  usually 
yields  readily  to  treatment. 

**  Samples  of  mouse  skins  and  of  wheat  from  Australia  failed  to  show  evi- 
dence of  ftaLvus.  That  the  disease  is  prevalent  among  the  field  mice  that  have 
attacked  the  Australian  wheat  stores  seems  to  be  established  through  the  ac- 
counts of  Paul  and  of  Lawrence.  It  is  not  improbable  that  cases  of  favus 
herpeticus  may  arise  occasionally  among  men  who  liandle  the  imported  Aus- 
tralian wheat  or  in  animals,  particularly  rodents,  that  feed  on  the  grain  or  on 
certain  of  the  mill  by-products.  ^ 

'*  It  is  not  probable  that  the  danger  firom  the  disease  is  great  enough,  or 
Jie  disease  itsdlf  serious  enough,  to  warrant  interference  with  the  importation 
of  the  wheat  from  Australia." 

Prompt  macrosoopic  agglutination  in  the  diagnosis  of  glanders,  O.  R. 
PovnzKT  {Jour.  Inmunol.,  S  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  46S-479).--A  method  is  de- 
scril>ed  by  means  of  which  it  is  stated  that  a  prompt,  clear-cut  macroscopic 
agglutination  for  the  diagnosis  of  glanders  can  be  obtained  in  two  hours.  For 
success  in  the  reaction,  it  is  necessary  to  use  a  strain  of  BaciUu9  maUei  which 
has  proved  to  be  constant  and  of  native  ags^utinability,  to  prepare  very  care- 
fully the  medium  in  which  it  is  grown,  and  to  neutralize  all  the  glassware  used 
in  connection  with  the  cultures. 

The  medium  which  has  given  the  most  satisfactory  results  is  potato-glycerln- 
Teal  agar  that  is  2Ji  per  cent  acid  to  phenolphthaleln.  Slants  of  this  medium 
are  Inoculated  with  48-hour  cultures  of  the  organism.  After  48  hours'  incuba- 
tion at  87''  C,  the  growth  is  washed  off  with  0.86  per  cent  salt  solution  and 
killed  by  heating  at  80*  for  2  hours.  A  little  caibolic  add  is  added  to  this  stock 
saspension,  which  can  be  kept  in  the  ioe  box  fbr  two  months  or  more  if  handled 
with  aseptic  precautions. 

The  tests  are  carried  out  with  a  fresh  dilution  of  the  stock  suspension  made 
by  adding  0.86  per  cent  saline  solution.  A  primary  dilution  of  the  serum 
(1 :  40)  is  made,  and  used  in  varying  quantities  with  8  cc  of  the  bacterial  sus- 


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584  EXPERIMENl'  STATIOK  REGOBD.  lVoL4i 

pension  to  make  a  final  serum  dilution  of  1:600»  1:800,  1:1,000,  1:1,200, 
1 : 1,600,  and  1 : 2,000.  Known  negative  and  poflltive  aenims  and  tiie  bacterttl 
suspension  without  serum  are  used  as  controla.  The  tubes  are  placed  in  n 
water  bath  at  from  37  to  42'  for  2  hours. 

It  Is  said  that  with  this  technique  a  reaction  up  to  1,000  or  more  may  be  ob- 
tained in  from  10  to  20  minutes,  while  a  positive  reaction  always  appears  In  2 
hours.  If  the  reaction  Is  above  1 : 1,000  the  horse  should  be  k€t»t  under  investi- 
gation. A  comparative  study  of  the  agglutination,  complement-fixation,  and 
malleln  tests  from  data  obtained  from  the  diagnosis  of  123  horses  which  proved 
on  autopsy  to  have  glanders,  showed  a  percentage  value  of  85.8  in  the  agglu- 
tination test,  24.4  in  the  complement-fixation  test,  and  12.2  in  the  malign  test 
Three  cases  were  Identified  by  the  agglutination  test  alone,  4  by  the  complement- 
fixation  test,  and  15  by  the  malleln  test. 

The  author  points  out  that  no  one  test  can  be  depended  upon  alone,  as  each 
one  has  its  peculiar  value  in  certain  stages  of  the  disease,  but  tliat  if  all  three 
tests  are  used  very  few  cases  of  glanders  can  escape  detection.  It  is  urged  that 
for  the  successful  eradication  of  glanders  all  stables  should  be  under  the  super- 
vision of  the  city  health  department,  and  that  records  of  the  three  tests  shonM 
be  kept  and  some  mark  of  identification  devised  for  every  horse  by  which  all 
records  can  be  compared. 

The  antigen  for  the  complement  fixation  test  for  smallpox,  O.  OASAGHAin)! 
(Ann.  Inst.  Pasteur,  32  (1918),  No.  10,  pp.  4(W-4W).— The  preparation  of  the 
antigen  for  the  complement-fixation  test  for  smallpox  is  discussed. 

The  method  proposed  consisted  of  collecting  the  fresh  vaccine  without  the  use 
of  glycerin,  grinding  it  without  kaolin  or  silica,  and  centrifuging  it  in  the  pres- 
ence of  physiological  serum  to  obtain  a  slightly  opalescent  liquid.  If  to  the 
filtrate  containing  the  virus  alone  sterile  leucocytes  be  added,  the  antigm  is 
said  to  give  very  constant  results. 

Chemical  chants  in  tuberculous  tissues,  G.  T.  Caiawkll  (Jow.  Infe^. 
Difica8€8.  24  {1919),  N(k  2,  pp.  81-115).— This  article  contains  a  review  of  the 
literature  on  the  chemical  analyses  of  normal  and  pathologic,  particularly  tu- 
berculous, tissues  of  men  and  of  animals,  and  a  report  of  analyses  by  the  author 
of  bovine  lymph  gland  and  liver  tnberdes  and  of  fresh  normal  lymph  glands 
and  liver. 

Bromocresol  purple  and  litmus  as  indicators  for  the  classUlcatloii  cf 
tubercle  bacilli,  L.  Fbqthinghaic  (Jour.  Med.  Research,  S9  (1918),  No.  2,  pp. 
153-156). — ^Preliminary  exfineriments  are  reported  in  which  the  Smith  glycerin 
bouillon  curves  with  human  and  bovine  tubercle  bacilli  were  studied  by  means 
of  the  color  changes  in  bromocresol  purple  and  in  litmus. 

'It  was  found  that  in  general  vHth  the  use  of  bromocresol  as  an  Indicator 
both  human  and  bovine  cultures  first  turn  the  bouillon  more  violet  or  blue,  the 
color  remaining  fixed  with  liovine  cultures  and  turning  yellow  with  human  cul- 
tures. With  litmus  both  types  turn  the  bouillon  more  or  less  blue  at  first  and 
the  bovine  cultures  remain  bluish,  while  in  the  human  cultures  the  boaHlon  la 
turned  yellow. 

The  author  concludes  that  both  indicators  may  prove  valuable  in  diiferentiat- 
ing  types  of  tubercle  badlU. 

The  slcrnificance  of  tuberculosis  in  infants  and  children  with  measures  for 
their  protection,  A.  F.  Hkss  (Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Ammoc.,  72  (1919)^  No,  2,  ^. 
83'-88). — Statistics  are  given  of  the  absolute  number  of  deaths  from  tuberc«i- 
losis  at  different  ages  In  New  York  and  other  cities,  which  show  that  the  high- 
est mortality  Is  during  the  first  year  of  life,  following  which  there  is  a  quiescent 


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3919]  VETEBINABT  B£SDIOINB«  ^85 

phase.  Tbe  second  active  phase  seems  to  be  govern^  by  the  onset  of  paberty, 
appearing  at  the  age  of  12  years  in  girls  and  16  years  in  boys. 

The  great  loss  in  infancy  is  considered  to  be  due  in  part  to  the  fftct  tbat 
Infants  receive  an  exceptionally  large  amount  of  the  infective  agent  The 
author  states  that  bovine  infection  "  is  a  factor  which  must  be  considered  in 
accounting  for  the  high  mortality  of  this  period,  alttKiugh  it  should  not  be 
appraised  as  a  preponderating  influence."  The  second  active  phase  is  thought 
to  be  due  to  an  "  autogenous  reinfection  "  from  some  latent  focus  rather  than 
to  a  fresh  infection  from  some  tuberculous  individual. 

Abortion  in  cattle:  Some  of  the  causes  and  preventiTes,  G.  M.  Potteb  {Ann. 
Rpt,  Conn.  Bd.  Agr.,  49  (i?17),  pp.  4^5). — ^Thls  is  a  general  discussion. 

Conceniinir  hemoglobinemla  or  piroplasmosis  of  cattle  in  Sweden,  A.  U. 
Beboman  and  H.  Waxbebq  {Ztschr.  InfeMiOMkrank,  u,  Hyg.  Hauttiere,  18 
(1917),  p.  S58;  ab9.  in  Centbl  BakU  [etc.],  i.  AhU  Ref„  ei  (1918),  No.  1&-16,  p. 
SS4). — ^It  is  pointed  out  that  this  disease  occurs  throughout  Sweden,  particu- 
larly in  sections  of  the  country  where  brush  is  abundant.  Transmission  takes 
place  through  Ixodes  HoimM,  and  the  mortality  averages  about  20  per  cent 

A  preliminary  note  on  infectious  keratitis,  J.  A.  Allen  (Jour.  Amer.  Vet. 
Med.  A$toc.,  54  (1919),  No.  i^^pp.  StTf-^lS,  flff.  i ).—"  Previous  investigators 
bave  been  unable  to  reproduce  infectious  bovine  keratitis  in  experimental 
animals  by  the  instillation  of  pure  cultures  of  the  predominating  organism  or 
by  the  transference  of  the  exudate.  In  this  investigation  tbe  disease  has  been 
successfully  transmitted  by  passing  an  infected  swab  over  the  conjunctiva  of 
of  healthy  animals. 

**A  diplobaciUus  having  several  of  the  prominent  characteristics  of  the 
bacillus  of  Morax-Axenfeld,  which  is  associated  with  human  conjunctivitis,  has 
been  isolated.  The  disease  has  not  yet  been  artificially  produced  by  the  instil- 
lation of  this  organism.  This  may  result  [from]  several  causes,  or  possibly  from 
the  attenuation  on  artificial  media.  An  abrasion  of  tOie  eye  is  not  an  essential 
factor  in  the  production  of  the  disease.  Flies  may  play  an  important  rOle  in 
the  dissemination  of  the  affection." 

Hotes  and  experiments  on  SarcocystiB  tenella,  II,  J.  W.  Scott  (Jour.  Para- 
iitology,  5  U918),  No.  2,  pp.  45-60). --In  this  second  paper  (E.  S.  R.,  34,  p.  384) 
the  author  deals  with  seasonal  infection,  summarizing  the  data  as  follows : 

"  There  is  a  well-defined  seasonal  Infection  of  8.  tenella  In  the  region  of  the 
Laramie  Plains,  [Wyo.].  It  is  not  known  whether  this  is  true  or  not  of  other 
regions.  Young  stages  of  this  parasite  bave  been  found  in  the  muscles  of  both 
sheep  and  lambs  throughout  summer  afid  early  autumn,  but  not  during  the 
winter  and  spring.  Reinfection  occurs  in  successive  seasons,  and  old  sheep  are 
apparently  as  susceptible  to  infection  as  are  young  lambs.  The  theory  of  in- 
fection in  utero  is  untenable.  Seasonal,  seff-reinfectlon  is  improbable,  though 
not  entirely  excluded,  and  the  evidence  indicates  the  original  de  novo  of  succes- 
sive infections. 

"  If  a  second  host  is  required,  which  seems  probable,  it  is  very  likely  that 
this  host  is  an  insect,  and  that  the  definitive  (sexual)  stage  of  the  parasite 
will  be  found  here.  If  a  second  host  is  not  necessary,  the  sexual  stage  probably 
takes  place  in  the  Intestine  of  the  sheep,  and  in  some  unknown  way  the  life 
cycle  falls  under  the  influence  of  seasonal  control.  In  old  ewes  the  larger  sar- 
cocysts  are  not  nearly  so  abundant  as  the  smaller  ones.  That  some  of  the  older 
sarcocysts  do  not  grow  to  a  large  size  is  probably  the  most  satisfactory  ex- 
planation of  this  fact*' 

A  Ust  of  ten  references  to  the  literature  is  given. 


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586  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  lVoL40 

Hoers  and  the  tent  caterpillar,  F.  M.  Hates  (Jour,  Amer.  Vet.  Med,  Auoc^ 
54  (1918),  No.  1.  pp.  59--61y  pU,  ^).— iQvestleations  made  of  the  loss  of  some  90 
hoga  in  two  weeks  on  two  ranches  in  a  small  valley  of  25  square  miles  in  Cali- 
fornia showed  it  to  be  due  to  feeding  on  cocoons  <tf  the  forest  tent  caterplUar, 
large  quantities  of  which  were  found  on  plants  along  ravines  and  on  the  leava 
of  the  oak  trees.  Upon  post-mortem  examination  an  indigestible  mass  was  n- 
moved  from  the  intestines  in  one  continnons  string.  A  dissection  of  the  mate- 
rial showed  it  to  be  composed  of  fine,  wool-like  fiber  enmeshing  bits  of  grass, 
barley  hulls,  and  small  fragments  of  a  dark-brown  material.  Invaginations  and 
volvulus  appear  to  be  the  immediate  cause  of  death.  Treatment  consists  in 
removal  from  the  range  until  the  adults  have  emerged. 

Cultivation  of  the  causative  organism  of  epiaootic  lymphangitis  in  aeries 
and  its  development  in  the  horse,  L.  Ntoas  and  A.  Boqitet  {Ann.  I  Mi.  Piu- 
teur,  S2  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  tl5-241,  fig9.  S;  ab3.  in  Trop.  Vet.  Bui.,  6  {1918),  So, 
5,  pp.  175-178,  figs.  3). — ^A  detailed  report  of  the  studies  noted  from  another 
source  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  789). 

Some  notes  on  the  treatment  of  equine  ascariaais  and  ozyurlasia,  M.  C 
Haix,  B.  H.  Wilson,  and  M.  Wigdob  {Jour.  Amer.  Vet.  Med.  Assoc.,  54  {1918^ 
No.  1,  pp.  56,  57). — ^The  authors  confirm  the  view  that  equine  oxyuriasis  is 
readily  amenable  to  anthelmintic  treatment,  while  equine  ascariasis  is  not 
readily  amenable  to  anthelmintic  treatment  by  therapeutic  doses  of  safe  an- 
thelmintics. 

The  anthelmintic  treatment  of  equine  intestinal  strongylidoeis,  M.  C. 
Haix,  R.  H.  Wilson,  and  M.  Wiqdob  {Jour.  Amer.  Vet.  Med.  Assoc.,  54  {1918), 
No.  1,  pp.  47^5). — "Contrary  to  what  has  been  supposed,  the  removal  of 
strongyles  from  the  large  intestine  of  the  horse  presents  no  great  difficulties. 
The  remedy  of  choice  is  oil  of  chenopodium,  which  disphiys  an  eflloacy  of  95  to 
100  per  cent  when  given  to  horses  fasted  36  hours  and  given  in  doses  of  16  to 
18  mils,  in  one  dose  or  in  divided  doses,  accompanied  by  a  quart  or  a  liter  of 
linseed  oil  or  followe<l  one  or  two  hours  later  by  this  amount  of  linseed  oiL 
The  small  worms,  Cylicostomum,  are  more  readily  removed  than  the  large,  red 
palisade  worms,  Strongylus,  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  Strongylus  attaches 
to  the  mucosa  and  Cylicostomum  does  not 

"Turpentine  appears  to  be  the  second  choice  of  the  remedies  tested.  In 
the  doses  used,  iron  sulphate  and  tartar  emetic  gave  very  poor  results  and 
promised  little  of  value  in  the  treatment  of  strongylidosia" 

The  etiology  and  treatment  of  granular  dermatitis,  R  Van  Sacbqhem 
{Bui.  Soc.  Path.  Exot.,  11  {1918),  No.  7.  pp.  575-578;  abs,  in  Trop.  Vet.  BuL.  G 
{1918),  No.  S,  pp.  171-175). — Further  experiments  confirm  the  author's  view 
that  files  are  the  vectors  of  Habronema  larvae,  the  cause  of  summer  sores,  as 
previously  expressed,^  and  proved  that  the  parasites  found  in  the  verminous 
nodules  is  an  aberrant  larva  of  H^  musca.  This  substantiates  the  view  of 
Rnilliet  and  Henry." 

"  Horses  affected  with  granular  dermatitis  often  showed  conjunctivitis,  and 
this  was  found  to  be  set  up  by  the  presence  of  small  verminous  nodules  located 
especially  on  the  membrana  nictitana.*' 

A  curative  treatment  regarded  by  the  author  as  specific  consists  in  the  careful 
disinfection  of  the  sore  and  then  the  application  of  a  powder  consistlnip  of 
plaster  of  Paris  100,  alum  20,  naphthalin  10,  and  quinin  10  parts,  or  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  any  other  bitter  powder.    This  powder  effectively  protects  the  sore 

>  Bui.  Soc.  Path.  Bxot.,  10  (1917),  No.  8,  pp.  726-729. 
•Bnl.  Soc  Path.  Bxot.,  8  (1915),  No.  9,  pp.  695-704. 


( 


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1919]  BUBAL  BNonsnsEBiNa.  587 

against  flies.  Is  very  adheslTe,  rapidly  dries  up  the  sore,  and  the  bitter  ingredi- 
ent prevents  the  animal  ftom  biting' itself.  It  prevents  farther  infestation  with 
larve,  and  those  already  present  become  encysted  and  are  eliminated  without 
eaasing  any  damage.  AH  the  sores  treated  in  this  way  become  rapidly  cica- 
trized. Care  should  be  taken  to  renew  the  plaster  as  long  as  the  slightest  breach 
In  continuity  of  the  surface  remaina 

Votes  on  two  species  of  nematodes  [Gongylonema  ingluvicola  Bansom 
1904  and  Caplllaria  strumosa  (Beibisch,  1803)]  parasitic  in  the  crop  of 
chickens,  L.  D.  Whabton  {Jour.  ParaHtoloffy,  5  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  25-28,  fign. 
2). — ^The  author  has  found  two  species  of  nematodes  to  occur  in  the  walls  of 
the  crops  of  the  chickens  examined  In  the  Philippines.  The  larger  of  the  two, 
which  was  found  in  about  40  per  cent  of  all  the  chickens  examined,  was  Identi- 
fied as  G.  inglwAcola,  while  the  second  or  more  slender  species,  which  was 
found  in  about  SO  per  cent  of  the  chickens,  was  identified  as  0.  9irv,mo$a. 

Experiments  in  avian  toxicology,  B.  A.  Gaixaqheb  {Jour.  Amer.  Vet.  Med, 
Assoc.,  54  {1919),  No.  4,  pp.  SS7-S56) .—This  is  a  report  of  experiments  under- 
taken with  a  view  to  determining  the  toxic  doses  for  fowls  of  the  more  com- 
monly used  medicinal  agents  and  of  poisonous  substances  to  which  fowls  not 
infrequently  have  access. 

"  In  general,  fowls  may  be  considered  as  having  approximately  the  same  sus- 
ceptibility to  toxic  substances  as  medium-sized  dogs.  They  are  more  resistant 
to  such  substances  as  calomel,  strychnin,  and  tartar  emetic,  and  less  resistant 
to.  carbolic  acid,  salicylic  acid,  and  potassium  cyanid. 

"  In  treating  outbreaks  of  disease  in  fowls  it  is  of  great  advantage  to  employ 
the  drinking  water  as  a  vehicle  for  medicinal  agents.  It  is  shown  that  fowls 
are  not  visibly  affected  by  drinking  solutions  of  bichlorid  of  mercury  1 : 6,000, 
carbolic  acid  1 : 1,000,  permanganate  of  potash  1 :  500,  and  crude  catechu  1 :  509 
for  a  period  of  18  to  21  days. 

"  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  crop  not  only  serves  as  a  reservoir  for  food, 
but  that  absorption  through  its  wall  is  very  rapid,  symptoms  appearing  in  from 
two  to  five  minutes  after  the  administration  of  such  substances  as  ammonium 
chlorid  in  solution,  potassium  cyanid,  and  strychnin  sulphate." 

Biaeases  transmitted  by  ticks,  their  classification,  treatment,  and  prophy- 
laxis, J.  LiQNii^aEs  {Rev.  ZooUc,  6  {1918),  No.  61,  pp.  72-84). — A  paper  pre- 
sented at  the  Tenth  International  Veterinary  Ck>ngress  in  1914  (E.  S.  R.,  34, 
p.  575). 

Babesiosis  and  the  Babesia  parasite  in  Netherlands,  A.  VauBuitG  {Tijdschr. 
Diergeneesk.,  45  {1918),  No.  19,  pp.  5S5-549,  pU.  4;  20,  pp.  568-578,  pis.  5).— In 
the  course  of  this  discussion  of  Babesia  bovis  an  account  Is  given  of  Ixodes 
ricinui,  which  is  the  active  agent  In  its  transmission  In  Holland. 

BTTKAL  ENODTEEBINa. 

Preliminary  report  on  the  improvement  of  marshlands  in  western  Oregon, 
W.  Liu  Powebs  {Oregon  8ta.  Bui.  157  {1919),  pp.  S2,  figs.  24)>'-lt  is  pointed  out 
that  there  are  150,000  acres  of  marshland  in  western  Oregon,  including  the 
tide,  overflow,  and  peat  lands,  for  which  drainage  and  improvement  is  feasible 
and  desirable  from  an  agricultural,  engineering,  and  economic  standpoint. 

Drainage  district  procedure  under  the  State  drainage  law  is  outlined,  and 

the  design  and  construction  of  dikes,  tide  boxes,  outlet  ditches,  and  pumping 

plants  are  briefly  described.    The  design,  installation,  and  early  operation  of  a 

tile  system  on  the  diked  tideland  on  the  substatiou  n^r  Astoria  is  also  recorded. 

114878*— No.  6—19- — 7 


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588  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BBCORD.  rvoL4d 

Preliminary  results  from  experimental  sectiona  of  the  tile  aysteon  indicate 
that  tile  placed  4  ft.  deep  with  lines  5  rods  apart  will  aoillclently  oontrol  the 
excess  water  and  water  table  and  provide  suitable  drainaipe  for  staple  firid 
crops  on  tldelands.  Where  outlets  limit  the  depth  of  laterals  to  8  ft  tile  lines 
may  be  put  4  rods  apart 

"  For  truck  crops  or  valuable  onion  lands  like  the  beaver-dam  soils,  spacing 
8  rods  apart  Is  desirable,  yet  a  depth  of  4  ft  should  be  maintained  with  this 
closer  spacing  on  accotmt  of  shrinkage.  SUt  loam  having  some  variation  in 
topography,  like  the  overflew  and  bank  land,  may  require  only  a  random  or 
natural  system  of  Interior  tile  to  take  care  of  water  in  depressions. 

''Experiments  indicate  that  near  the  north  Oregon  coast  tide  boxes  should 
have  a  capacity  of  1  sq.  ft  for  each  12  acres.  On  the  lower  Columbia  sup- 
plementaiy  pumping  plants  which  have  a  capacity  to  handle  0.25  to  0.2  in.  an 
acre  of  rainfall  in  24  hours  are  satisfactory.  Measurements  of  outflow  indi- 
cate that  tile  may  need  a  capacity  to  handle  1  in.  an  acre  in  24  hours  near  the 
north  coast  of  Oregon ;  0.75  in.  an  acre  near  the  south  coast ;  and  04K8|  to  0.5 
in.  an  acre  In  the  Willamette  Valley.  The  tile  drainage  system  described  has 
disposed  of  excess  water  and  reduced  tlie  water  table,  frequently  running  full 
for  several  days  at  a  time  in  heavy  weather. 

"  Ck>st  of  the  tile  system  as  designed  will  average  about  |25  an  acre.  The 
first  crop,  5  tons  field-pea  hay  to  the  acre,  was  double  the  yield  on  the  portion 
not  yet  tiled.  This  crop  was  worth  $25  a  ton  at  local  prices,  so  the  cost  of 
tiling  was  repaid  in  the  first  crop.  Tiling  will  double  the  productive  value  of 
the  greater  part  of  the  marshlands  In  western  Oregon.  .  .  . 

"The  reclamation  of  marshlands  consists  of  three  operations:  (1)  Pro- 
tecting works;  (2)  field  or  farm  drainage;  and  (8)  subjugation  of  wild  growth, 
breaking,  and  establishment  of  Improved  crops.  These  latter  operations  are 
described." 

The  zeolite  process  of  water  softening. — ComparatiTe  analysis  of  commer- 
cial zeolitesy  R.  Hulbert  {North  Dakota  8ta,  Spec,  Bui  5  (1918,)  No.  7, 
pp.  iW-i7(?).— Ck)ntinulng  previous  work  (B.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  087),  this  paper  dis- 
cusses the  important  features  of  this  process  and  presents  the  results  of 
analyses  and  laboratory  tests  as  a  basis  for  comparing  the  composition  and 
exchange  values  of  three  commercial  zeolites.  The  zeolites  used  for  wtttet 
softening  are  natural  or  artificial,  hydrous,  alumlno,  or  ferro-silicates,  contain- 
ing the  associated  bases  sodium  or  potassium.  They  possess  the  inroperty  of 
exchanging  these  associated  bases  for  others,  such  as  caldum,  magnesinm, 
iron,  etc. 

As  advantages  of  the  zeolite  process  It  is  stated  that  zeolite  softeners  can 
deliver  a  water  of  zero  hardness,  and  are  of  simple  design  and  hence  very  easy 
to  operate.  The  process  does  away  with  the  addition  of  any  chemicals  or 
reagents,  and  no  precipitate  or  sludge  Is  formed  at  any  stage  of  the  process. 

The  limitations  of  the  zeolite  process  are  as  follows:  (1)  Extremely  hard 
waters,  whose  total  hardness  exceeds  1,000  parts  per  million,  are  not  eco- 
nomically softened  by  the  zeolites  at  present  available;  (2)  the  initial  cost 
of  commercial  zeolite  softeners  Is  high ;  (8)  owing  to  the  porous  nature  of  the 
zeolite  grains  only  a  clear  raw  water,  free  from  suspended  matter,  can  be  used. 

Machinery  for  cutting  firewood,  H.  R.  Toixet  (U,  8,  Dept.  Affr>,  Farmerf 
Bui  1023  (1919),  pp.  16,  figs.  5).— This  describes  different  types.of  vrood-sawing 
rigs,  points  out  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  each,  gives  inforraatlon 
as  to  first  cost  and  cost  of  operation,  and  offers  suggestions  as  to  how  th^ 
may  be  operated  most  efficiently. 


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1M91  £XP££IM:^HT  station  BECOfiD.  689 

EUHAL  ECOHOmOS. 

The  eTolntlon  la  fMxnifxg,  E.  O.  Noubse  {YiOe  Rev.,  8  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  00^ 
105).-^£idB  rteum^  of  reoent  agricultural  developments  Includes  discussions 
of  aclentiflc,  capitalistic,  and  commercialized  tendencies  and  of  the  two  types 
of  agricaltoral  organization,  corporate  and  cooperative.  The  author  commends 
€flpeciaJil7  the  latter  as  affording  managerial*  marketing,  and  credit,  as  well  as 
flocial  advantages  to  the  ordinary  farmer. 

The  future  of  our  acrlcultore,  H.  W.  Wox.vf  (lAmdon:  P.  8.  King  d  Son, 
Ltd^  19J8,  pp,  VII+60S), — ^In  suggesting  remedies  for  Bngland's  lack  of  a 
natioaal  agricultural  policy  and  failure  in  the  matter  of  home  production  of 
the  food  suH>ly,  the  author  studies*  In  detail,  practices  carried  on  abroad, 
especially  In  Germany  and  France,  in  order  to  make  comparisons.  He  writes 
that  protection  has  not  proved  practical  from  the  agricultural  standpoint, 
either  at  home  or  abroad.  He  urges  Britons  to  abandon  wheat  growing  as  un- 
profitable, to  Increase  the  acreage  of  green  crops,  and  to  develop  the  dairying 
and  poultry  raising  industries. 

Detailed  discussions  of  the  subject  matter  are  included  in  cliapters  on  edu- 
cation, organization,  working  credit  for  farmers,  labor,  small  holdings,  a  full 
reward  for  the  tiller,  and  reclamation  of  waste  lands — these  being  the 
desiderata  for  the  agricultural  revival,  ''a  maximum  agricultural  output  in 
time  of  peace  and  a  fully  assured  supply  of  foodstuffs  in  time  of  war  ** — and 
the  safe  establishment  of  a  national  agricultural  policy. 

[Bdla  of  acrriculture],  F.  A.  Ooo  (In  Economic  Development  of  Modem  Eu- 
rope. Nev>  York:  T?^  MaomiUan  Co.,  1917,  pp.  S-j^,  117-1S2,  158^11,  S1&' 
S40). — In  these  portions  of  this  book  the  author  Includes  Introductory  chapters 
on  the  land  and  people,  and  agrarian  foundations;  discussions  of  the  develop- 
ments in  E^nglish  agriculture  from  1750  to  1825  and  of  the  later  English  rural 
decline ;  and  a  historical  survey  of  agrrtculture  in  France,  Germany,  and  Russia. 

Com  Production  Act,  1917,  with  explanatory  memorandum,  G.  G.  Black. 
{London:  The  Land  Union,  1917,  pp.  80). — The  explanatory  notes  included  in 
this  Tolume,  with  the  text  of  the  act,  are  designed  to  aid  farmers,  landowners, 
and  others  concerned  with  carrying  out  its  provlslona 

[Prevention  of  waste  in  agriculture],  H.  J.  Bpoonkb  (In  Wealth  frotn 
Waeie,  London:  Qeorge  Routledge  d  Sons,  Ltd,,  1918,  pp.  143-193). — In  these 
chapters  on  the  coming  agricultural  revolution,  utUlzation  of  waste  land, 
reclamation  of  waste  land,  and  waste  due  to  neglect  of  afforestation,  the  author 
urges  the  preparation  of  young  men  for  agricultural  careers,  greater  use  of 
farm  machinery,  cultivation  of  unused  and  poor  lands,  prevention  of  waste 
from  erosion  and  overflow,  and  the  drainage  of  swamps,  and  recommends  the 
planting  of  timber  trees. 

Panning  on  factory  lines,  T.  WmBXSLxr  {London:  C.  Arthur  Pearson,  Ltd., 
1917,  pp.  864^  pis.  8,  figs.  10).— Th^  author  discusses  an  extremely  intensive 
method  of  farm  management  advocated  by  him  for  several  years  and  described 
as  a  "continuous  cropping  systeuL^  This  system  aims  at  the  elimination  of 
costly  hand  labor  and  of  idle  land  and  labor,  and  it  is  said  to  incur  far  less  risk 
from  unfavorable  weather  ccHiditions  than  the  prevailing  system  of  cultiva- 
tion. A  practical  demonstration  of  the  method  made  in  Ireland  forms  the  basis 
for  the  discussion  and  fbr  the  recommendations  offered. 

Briefly,  the  continuous  creeping  system  involves  a  modification  of  standard 
crop  rotations  as  follows :  The  winter  cereals  are  sown  in  late  summer  or  early 
autumn  in  12-in.  rows  or  in  double  rows  18  in.  apart,  with  6  in.  between  rows, 
and  are  grazed  in  the  fall  and  spring  to  delay  harvest.    They  are  intercropped 


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590  EXPERIMENT  STATION  SBOOBD.  CT«L4» 

with  winter  tonge  for  sheep.  The  winter  forage  is  followed  by  spring  oeresl% 
which,  in  turn,  are  intercropped  with  tares.  In  the  third  year  the  tares,  which 
are  intercropped  with  winter  forage,  are  graced  in  ttie  fall  and  in  the  spring. 
and  are  cnt  for  hay  or  silage  during  the  summer.  The  winter  forage  prorldes 
feed  from  October  to  March,  when  it  is  followed  by  spring  cereals  seeded  with 
grass  and  sainfoin.  The  first  crop  of  grass  and  sainfoin  is  used  for  hay,  and 
the  aftermath  for  silage.  The  following  year  the  area  is  pastured,  and  the  | 
rotation  begun  again.  Modifications  of  this  scheme  to  proylde  for  the  growing 
of  potatoes  and  root  crops  are  outlined.  A  discussion  of  intensive  methods  of  | 
milk  and  beef  production  from  the  consumption  of  the  crops  grown  is  incdnded.        1 

Continuous  crox»plng  and  tillage  dairy  farming  for  small  farmers,  T.  Wm- 
BEBLEY  {London:  C.  Arthur  Pearson^  Ltd.,  1917,  pp.  186,  Ag9,  P). — Stating  that 
next  to  intensive  market  gardening  milk  production  is  most  profitable  for  the 
small  farmer,  the  author  outlines  a  system  of  farm  management  deemed  ap- 
plicable to  a  holding  of  20  acres  and  based  upon  his  continuous  cropping 
system  described  above. 

Aerriculture  in  Berkshire,  J.  Orb  {Oxford,  Eng.:  Clarendon  Press,  191%,  pp. 
X-\-20S,  pl8.  19,  flgB.  ii).— This  is  a  study  of  Berkshire,  Enghind,  similar  to 
that  of  Oxfordshire,  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  291). 

Production  of  food  in  Scotland,  E.  Wason  et  ai»  {8ooi.  Dept.  Committee 
on  Food  Prod.  Rpt.,  3  {1917),  pp.  8).— The  committee  here  reports  the  action 
taken  by  local  organizations  in  regard  to  previous  recommendations  (E.  S.  IL, 
87,  p.  890),  and  makes  new  ones  regarding  the  increase  of  arable  land,  the 
extermination  of  pests,  and  labor  and  wage  adjustments. 

[The  economic  effects  of  the  war  upon  agrricultural  production],  G.  Renasd 
(In  Les  R4p€rcu93ion8  6oonomiqu€9  de  la  Ouerra  Actuelle  9ttr  lo  France,  Aur 
gust  1,  1914-May  15,  1917.  Paris:  Libr.  F4lUt  Alcan,  1917,  pp.  W9-^nP).— The 
author,  in  these  pages,  traces  the  reactions  of  the  state  of  war  upon  crop  pro- 
duction and  live-stock  raising  in  France.  Figures  are  given  for  the  period 
191^1916,  showing  decreases.  He  recounts  efforts  to  organize  farm  labor 
bureaus,  the  cooperation  of  military  authorities  in  meeting  the  farm  labor 
need,  and  the  availability  of  colonial  and  other  imported  labor.  He  also  dis- 
cusses the  Impulse  given  by  war  conditions  to  motor  cultivation,  use  of  fer- 
tilizers, conversion  of  Idle  land,  and  gardening,  and  in  the  last  chapter  noted 
he  deals  with  the  classes  found  in  rural  populations  and  the  means  of  restoring 
and  Improving  the  equipment  and  the  living  conditions,  particularly  of  the 
peasants. 

'  The  economic  future  of  Macedonia,  H.  Hitiee  {Bui.  Soe.  Enoour.  Induf. 
Nat.  [Paris'l,  117  {1918),  II,  No.  5,  pp.  27i-275).— General  notes  on  the  existing 
agricultural  status  of  the  country  and  the  possibility  of  its  becoming  a  market 
for  French  products  are  here  recorded. 

Foodstuff  production  in  Mauritius,  H.  Robebt  {Dept.  Agr.  Mauritius,  Statis. 
Ser.,  Bui.  S  {1918)  [English  Ed.'\,  pp.  10,  pi.  i).— This  bulletin  contains  sta- 
tistics on  the  production,  consumption,  and  Importation  of  grain  and  the  rela- 
tion between  values  of  rice  and  sugar  in  the  colony  since  1898.  The  data  lnd^ 
cate  also  the  purchasing  power  of  sugar  in  terms  of  rice,  a  factor  which  fur- 
nishes an  index  to  the  serious  economic  depression  of  the  community.  This 
condition  is  represented  graphically  in  an  annexed  diagram. 

The  r61e  of  our  colonies  after  the  war,  E.  Dx7  Vivieb  de  Siveel  {Le  B&le  de 
Nos  Colonies  dans  VApr^s-Ouerre.  Paris:  Augustin  CkaUamel,  1916,  pp.  M>.— 
This  discussion  of  the  future  of  French  colonial  development  includes  tJiat  of 
the  value  of  raw  materials  imported  from  the  colonies  and  of  the  organization 
of  public  utilities,  native  labor,  agriculture,  transportation,  and  financial  aya- 


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1»1»]  BURAL  SGOKOMIGS.  591 

terns,  which  it  is  thongfat  will  insure  to  France  realization  of  the  possibilities 
of  assistance  from  her  colonial  possessions. 

A  selected  list  of  references  on  the  reconstruction  and  reeducation  of  dis- 
abled soldiers  and  sailors  {BoMton  Pnb.  Libr,  Brief  Reading  Liets,  No.  5  {1918), 
pp.  2£). — ^Thls  list  contains  a  few  references  on  the  subject  of  agricultural  re- 
education and  the  return  of  disabled  soldiers  and  sailors  to  the  land. 

[Farms  for  returning:  soldiers]  (C7.  8,  Dept.  Int.,  Ann.  Rpt.  SeQ.,  1918,  pp. 
12^1). — This  presents  recommendations  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  for 
Government  improvement  of  arid,  swamp,  and  cut-over  timber  lands,  with  the 
end  in  view  of  making  them  available  to  returning  soldiers. 

Varm  allotments  and  farm  laborers'  allotments  in  the  Durham  State  land 
settlement  {Berkeley,  Cal.:  State  Land  Settlement  Bd.,  1918,  pp.  7,  pi.  1,  figs. 
4). — ^Information  similar  to  that  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  389)  is  given 
for  areas  later  thrown  open  to  inspection. 

[Meeting  farm  labor  demands]  {U.  S.  Dept.  Labor,  Ann.  Rpt.  Sec.,  6  {1918), 
M.  209-214). — ^These  iwges  contain  reports  of  the  efforts  of  the  U.  S.  Depart- 
moit  of  Labor  toward  meeting  agricultural  labor  requirements  in  the  grain 
belt  and  outside  and  in  cooperation  with  the  Canadian  Government,  sending 
wheat  harvesters  into  Manitoba  and  Saskatchewan  in  exchange  for  extra 
workers  f6r  the  potato  crop  and  lumbering  operations  in  Aroostook  Ck>unty,  Me. 
Reports  of  the  work  of  the  Boy's  Working  Reserve  and  Farm  Service  Division 
are  also  given. 

Wages.  Board  Chiaette  {Wages  Bd.  Gaz.,  1  {1918),  Nos.  1,  pp.  1-16;  2,  pp. 
n-tS:  S,  pp.  29-4i;  ^  pp.  ^-^tf;  e,  pp.  69-84;  7,  pp.  85-^).— The  first  of  these 
papers  contains  a  summary  of  the  first  eight  months'  work  of  the  Wages  Board 
of  Great  Britain.  The  others  are  given  to  minutes  of  the  meetings  of  tlie 
AgricDltaral  Wages  Board,  agricultural  club  notes»  official  notices,  current 
scale  of  minimuin-wage  rate  in  force,  etc 

Hew  York  State  Boys'^ Working  Beserve,  H.  D.  Satsb  {V.  7.  State  Food 
Com.  Ore.  1  {1918),  pp.  8).— The  purpose  of  this  circular  is  to  show  the  co- 
operation of  the  county  Htm  bureaus,  the  State  Department  of  Education  and 
the  public  school  system,  and  the  State  Public  Employment  Bureau  in  the 
BoyiEf  Worldng  Reserve  organization  and  to  outline  the  method  of  procedure 
In  nfltng  the  latter. 

Children  in  agrlenlturei,  R.  MclNrns  {Nat.  CfhUd  Labor  Committee  Pamphlet 
284  (1918),  pp.  16,  figs.  11).— Tids  pamphlet  reports  child  labor  investigatious 
made  by  the  National  Child  Labor  Gommlttee  in  the  beet  raising  localities  of 
Colorado  in  1915,  in  seven  rural  counties  of  Kentucky,  in  **  shade-gtown " 
tobacco  fields  of  Connecticut  in  August,  1917,  and  in  Oklahoma.'  In  these 
districts  nonattendance  at  school  and  retardation  in  studies  are  general  and 
largely  due  to  demands  of  fttrm  work  and  house  work.  The  author  points 
ant  tile  economic  ftillacy  of  the  faulty  organization  of  the  schools,  which  is  in 
many  instances  an  explanation  of  the  situation. 

[Cooperalife  pirodaetion],  B.  P.  Habbis  kt  al.  (In  Cooperation  the  Hope  of 
the  Coneumer.  New  York:  The  MacmUlan  Co.,  1918,  pp.  t57-AK9).— The  author 
derotes  this  diapter  to  the  discussion  of  principles  underlying  growers'  and 
flhlppers*  organizations  and  tlie  advantages  of  cooperation  among  producers 
In  insuring  to  costomers  uniform  quality  and  standard  grading,  achieving  a 
wider  distrlbutloa  of  products^  etc 

Ooeiperatleii  In  the  Hew  World,  L.  SMrrn-GoiDOif  {Better  BuHneee,  9  {1917}^ 
Vo.  S,  pp.  leS^rrS;  S  il918),  No$.  S,  pp.  204-221;  4.  pp.  S21-SS6;  4  (1918),  No. 
i*  9P-  i-»iP).*-nie  autlior  coatinuea  the  account  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  80, 


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592  EXPEBIMBKT  STATION  BBCOBD.  (TM-IO 

p.  689),  taking  op  grain  and  livestock  cooperatiTe  enterprises  In  the  North 
and  fruit  and  nut  growers'  associations  on  the  Pacific  coast 

The  largest  oooperatiTe  sodety  for  farmers  iCountry  Ufe  {LoikUmh  U 
(1918),  No.  11S9,  pp.  575.  57tf).— This  article  gives  the  history,  orgmnlxatlou, 
and  benefits  of  the  Eastern  Oounties  Farmers'  Ckx>peratlYe  Associmtion  of 
Suffolk,  England,  with  statistics  showing  the  membership,  acreage  r^[Hreeented, 
capital,  sales,  and  net  profit  during  12  years,  1906  to  1917. 

The  spread  of  cooperation  in  the  Ponjab,  O.  F.  STBiCKi.4in>  (Affr,  Jour. 
India,  IS  (1918),  Noe,  £,  pp,  260-rfl;  4,  PP^  671-S84) —This  article  Is  deroted  to 
the  discussion  of  early  types  of  organization,  leglahition  In  eacoaragement  of 
agricultural  cooperation,  attitude  of  ofildals  and  public,  flnanctal  control,  and 
thus  of  the  evolution  and  prevailing  type  of  the  Punjab  societies. 

The  Australian  Farmers'  Federal  Organization  (Land  IBvdmeyl,  8  (19X6 1, 
No.  405y  pp.  £,  S).—ln  this  account  are  published  the  resolutions  ad<^>ted  at  the 
conference  of  October  8,  1918,  with  notes  of  local  meetings  of  the  organization. 

Journal  of  proceedings  of  the  National  Grange  of  the  Fatrona  of  Hns- 
bandry,  fifty-second  anntMtl  session,  Syracoae,  N.  Y^  1918  (Jour.  Proc  Not. 
Oranffe,  Patrofu  Husb.,  62  (1918),  pp.  192). — The  r^Mrts  and  resolutionB  em- 
bodied in  these  proceedings  indicate  the  policy  of  the  Grange  In  regard  to  farm 
loans,  the  Farm  Service  Labor  Bureau,  agricultural  reconstructloQ,  taxation, 
and  related  topica 

Third  annual  report  of  the  New  Jersey  State  Department  of  Acrrienltiire 
(N.  J.  Dept.  Agr.  Buk  17  (1918),  pp.  7S-162,  fiffB.  15).— In  this  bnlletin  are  in- 
cluded a  report  of  the  specialist  in  farm  management  regarding  his  work  on 
State  Institution  farms,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  89) ;  a  report  on 
projects  concerned  with  organizing  and  assisting  farmers'  cooperatiTe  and 
business  associations  as  to  city  distribution,  transportaticm,  etc.;  a  summary 
of  market  conditions  by  counties ;  a  list  of  fanners'  buying  and  selling  agencies; 
and  a  report  of  the  statistical  servioe  on  the  valae  and  accuracy  of  crop 
estimates. 

Ctovemment  marketing  of  Australian  wheat,  A.  M.  Sakolbkx  (Amer.  Boom, 
Rev.,  8  (1918\,  No.  4,  pp.  855-855).— 7his  r4K>rts  the  methods  of  securing  a 
minimum  price  to  the  wheat  growers  of  Australia  by  the  issuance  of  negotiable 
scrip  certificates  on  which  Australian  banks  advanced  about  00  cts.  per  bushd 
to  the  farmers.  The  author  states  that  the  success  of  thdB  soiciallstlc  plan 
would  no  doubt  be  complete  were  it  not  for  transportation  and  shipping  diffi- 
culties. He  suggests  that  the  producer  will  grow  other  oropa  rather  than 
submit  to  the  pooling  arrangement  in  the  face  of  an  enormous  surplus. 

The  farmers'  elevator  movement  in  Ohio,  H.  B.  Bbdican  (Ohk>  Sta.  Bui, 
HSl  (1918),  pp.  IS^-ieO,  Aae.  5).— This  study,  made  in  cooperation  with  the  de- 
partment of  rural  economics,  Ohio  State  University,  to  ascertain  the  nature  and 
extent  of  the  1  armers'  elevator  movement  in  Ohio,  was  conducted  by  means  of 
personal  visits  and  the  use  of  a  questionnaire.  The  author  gives,  in  this  report 
of  the  work,  first  a  historical  sketch  of  the  nx>vement,  illustrating  the  location 
of  farmers'  elevators  established  in  Ohio  in  1910  or  earlier  and  in  1914  or 
earlier,  and  those  operating  in  May,  1918. 

The  inquiry  shows  that  the  elevator  companies  are  either  corporatioDS  in 
which  most  of  the  stock  is  owned  by  farmers  who  are  interested  as  a  buainen 
venture  or  in  marketing  their  own  grain  advantageously,  or  else  they  are  coop> 
eratlve  companies  marked  by  restricted  dwnerahlp  of  capital  stock,  limited 
voting  privilege,  and  distribution  of  a  patronage  dividend.  Thirty^nine  of  f3ie 
82  companies  replying  to  the  investigation  indicated  Aat  they  limited  the  waxat 
ber  of  shares  to  from  one  to  five.   Four  of  the  same  number  reported  the  numh^ 


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1U9]  BUBAL  BC0N0HI09.  593 

ot  shaies  not  limited.  The  one-man-one-vote  plan  was  followed  in  46  of  the 
62  companies.  Fifty-five  of  the  86  farmers'  companies  reporting  on  this  ques- 
tion showed  that  pxovision  had  been  made  for  distribution  of  patronage  diyi- 
dends.  Tables  are  also  given  showing  the  authorized  capitalization,  number 
of  members,  bushel  capacity,  and  number  of  bins  reported  by  farmers*  elevator 
companies. 

The  discussion  of  business  practices  followed  includes  that  of  methods  of 
baying  grain,  outlets,  accounting,  buying  and  selling  of  farm  products  and 
supplies,  ax^  management  £lxtracts  of  the  Ohio  cooperative  and  corporation 
law  of  1910  and  sn^ested  steps  in  organizing  a  farmers*  company  are  given. 

Obligations  and  opportunities  of  mutual  insurance  companies  in  the  con- 
servation of  property,  V.  N.  V^ixniEN  (Proc.  N.  Dak,  Farmers^  Mutual  Im, 
AsMOc,  10  (1918),  pp.  iJ-SS), — ^In  this  address  the  speaker  discusses  the  prob- 
lems of  overinsurance,  improvement  of  physical  risks  through  inspection  sys- 
tems, classification  of  farm  risks,  and  the  recognition  of  fire-fighting  apparatus, 
etc.,  in  their  relation  to  fire  prevention  and  conservation  of  property. 

A  rural  social  survey  of  Oran^  Township,  Blackhawk  County,  lows,  0.  H. 
Tow  TuwoLN  KT  AL.  (louHi  8ta.  BuL  184  (1918),  pp.  S97-450,  ph  1,  figs,  20).— 
From  the  data  collected  in  this  survey,  a  map  has  been  prepared  of  this  town- 
stilp  to  show  the  size  and  location  of  farms;  relative  positions  of  roads,  rail- 
roads, houses,  churches,  and  schools;  and  the  name  of  the  tenant  or  operator 
and  the  owner  of  the  famm.  The  early  history  of  the  county  and  township  is 
also  bri^y  given. 

Statistics  from  the  lfil5  census  of  Iowa  Indicate  that  the  density  of  popula- 
tion for  the  township  is  23.56  persons  per  square  mile.  Practically  all  of  the 
ovmer  operators^  tenants,  and  wives  were  bom  in  the  United  Statea 

Findings  in  regard  to  economic  eonditions,  landlords,  and  land  holdings  in 
tlie  township,  comparative  ages  of  land  holders  and  t«iants,  length  of  time  each 
daas  has  been  farming,  and  length  of  time  on  the  farm  each  now  occupies  are 
tabulated,  and  notes  are  given  on  investigations  into  the  extent  of  hired  labor, 
period  and  shift  of  ownership*  rise  in  land  values*  and  change  in  ownership  and 
or^snixationa 

Tables  are  compiled  to  show  the  extent  of  education  of  farmers  and  their 
wives  and  of  hired  help,  the  number  of  papers  and  magazines  in  the  homes, 
dnireh  membership  and  churdti  denomination  of  owners  and  tenants  and  their 
wives*  and  church  membership  of  parents  and  children.  The  one  church  in  the 
township  is  well  attended  and  influential.  The  homes  and  home  surroundings* 
health,  recreation*  and  social  life  in  this  community  are 'deemed  exceptionally 
good. 

The  author  cites  the  answers  of  128  of  the  142  farmers  in  this  township  to 
five  questions  intended  to  bring  out  the  farmer's  opinion  on  the  cause  and 
ranedy  of  the  probleBS  of  keying  young  people  on  the  farm. 

Boial  sanitation*  L.  L,  Lxjmsdbn  (Pub.  Health  8erv»  U.  8.,  Pub,  Health  BuL 
94  il91S)f  pp,  SS€,  pl9,  S69  Affs.  £0).— This  is  a  report  on  investigative  and  e<iu- 
cational  work  carried  on  in  1614,  1015,  and  1916  in  15  counties,  widely  sepa- 
rated throughout  the  United  States*  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  existing 
conditions,  proving  out  the  best  methods  of  correction  of  insanitary  conditions, 
and  the  extent  to  which  average  rural  citizens  will  correct  evils  that  are 
pointed  out  to  them. 

Salient  facts  brovgh  out  in  the  report  are  that  of  51,544  farm  homes  sur- 
veyed only  1.22  per  cent  were  considered  to  be  sanitarily  equipped,  that  in  the 
▼ast  majority  of  families  visited  the  responsible  members  of  the  household 
were  uninformed  on  questions  asked  as  to  home  sanitation,  and  that  in  only 


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594  EXPEBIMBNT  8TATI0K  BBOOBD.  CV^^'ftO 

0.17  per  cent  of  the  farm  homes  yislted  did  the  inyestigators  fail  to  meet  witli 
a  reasonably  cordial  reception. 

Charts  are  given  to  show  the  reduction  in  typhoid  fever  cases  in  the  conntieB 
surveyed,  also  tabulations  of  findings  in  regard  to  water  supply,  number  of 
rooms  in  houses  in  rural  districts,  typhoid  fever  prevalance,  and  other  deCails 
of  findings  in  the  communities  surveyed.  In  the  summary  are  included  tbree 
tables  on  the  extent  of  work,  findings  on  the  original  survey,  and  sanitary  im- 
provements resulting  immediately  from  the  survey. 

The  conclusions  reached  by  the  Investigators  are  that  rural  sanitation  Is 
needed  and  feasible,  and  that  the  cost  of  the  work  necessary  to  secure  advance- 
ment in  rural  sanitation  is  many  times  less  than  the  cost  of  illness  and  physical 
inefficiency. 

In  the  appendixes  are  reproduced  certain  sanitary  ordinances  adopted,  reso- 
lutions in  regard  to  surveys,  and  a  story  used  in  educational  work.  A  biblio- 
graphy of  available  reprints  and  bulletins  on  the  subject  of  sanitation  issued 
by  the  Public  Health  Service  is  appended. 

^Sources  of  agricultural  statiBtics,  M.  O.  Lact  (lAbr,  Jour,,  43  U918),  Jk*o. 
12,  pp.  859^66). — This  article  reviews  briefly  census  reports  on  agriculture 
and  other  publications  of  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  the  Census,  monthly  crop  reports* 
several  price  reporting  publications,  statistics  compiled  by  the  Bureau  of  Mar- 
kets of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  the  Geography  of  the  World's 
Agriculture  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  895)  as  sources  of  agricultuml  statistics  for  the 
United  States,  also  publications  of  the  International  Institute  of  Agricultore^ 
Experiment  Station  Record,  and  others  as  sources  of  similar  data  for  foreign 
countries. 

A  bibliography  of  the  sources  and  compilations  of  agricultural  statistics  and 
prices  for  the  United  States  and  foreign  countries  is  appended. 

Monthly  Crop  Beporter  {U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Mo,  Crop  Rp^r.,  S  (1919),  No,  2,  p^. 
9-24). — ^Besides  presenting  the  usual  information  regarding  the  estimated  farm 
value  of  important  products  January  16  and  February  1,  average  prices  re- 
ceived by  producers  of  the  United  States,  and  range  of  prices  of  agricultural 
products  at  important  markets,  this  number  is  devoted  largely  to  statistics  of 
live  stock  in  the  United  States  and  other  countries. 

Tables  are  also  given  showing  the  relative  rank  in  value  of  the  different 
crops  in  the  United  States;  data  relating  to  sugar  beets  and  beet  sugar  in 
Nebraska,  191^1918;  wild  hay  crop  by  States,  1917  and  1918;  and  percentage 
of  white,  yellow,  and  mixed  com  in  the  crops  of  1917  and  1918,  by  States.  There 
are  included  special  articles  on  the  Canadian  crops  of  1918;  cereal  crops  of 
Spain,  1918;  milk  production  in  the  United  States;  tomatoes  produced  in  the 
United  States  for  canning,  soups,  etc^  in  1917  and  1918;  and  other  minor 
subjects. 

[A«rricaltural  statistics  of  the  Prairie  Provlnoes,  1916]  (Cetmw  of  Prairie 
Frov,  [Canada],  1916,  pp.  2SJh9S6). — ^In  this  report  there  ate  pabliiOied  in 
English  and  in  French,  data  rdatlng  to  land  occupied,  f^urm  holdings,  field  crops, 
domestic  animals,  dairy  products,  and  value  of  fCirm  property  in  BCanltoba, 
Saskatchewan,  and  Alberta,  taken  as  of  June  1,  1910. 

Acreage  and  live  stock  retarns  of  Bnfflaad  and  Wales  (BS,  Agr»  and  FM^ 
ories  {London},  Agr,  Statu.,  SS  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  ^i).— This  report  oontinaea 
data  previously  noted  (E.  S.  K,  89,  p.  595),  giving  in  mom  detail  compari- 
sons of  figures  for  1916  and  1918  with  those  of  1914^  and  for  the  period  1914- 
3916  with  the  period  191^1918. 

The  important  crops  of  Algeria  and  Tunis,  P.  Yksmkii:.  and  F.  LfioiTABOosr 
(In  Le$  FrinoipaleB  Ctaturoi  d^AlgMe  et  TtmMe.    P^arU:  DMgaHon  FntncaUe 


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1»19]  AGBIOULTUBAL  EDUCATION.  596 

dcs  ProducteurM  de  NUrate  de  Boude  du  OhiU,  1917,  4.  ed.,  rev^  pp.  8S,  flff$. 
10). — HiiB  pamphlet  deals  with  methods  of  cultlTatloii  of  ooreals,  le^mofi, 
vegetables,  forage  crops,  vineyards,  and  orchards  in  Algeria  and  Tunis,  with 
recommendations  as  to  the  time  and  method  of  purchase  and  the  use  of  fer- 
tilisers. 

Annual  report  on  the  Punjab  (Colonies  for  the  year  ended  September  80, 
1916  (iinfi.  Rpt.  Punjab  CoUmieM,  1916,  pp.  [ilB]+if).— This  is  an  annual  re- 
port on  colonization  operations  in  the  Punjab,  with  tables  compHed  to  show 
land  allotment,  areas  sown  to  crops,  and  other  details  of  land  settlement  and 
improvement  In  the  three  canal  colonies  for  the  year  191&-1& 

AOBIOVLTiniAL  EDTTCATIOH. 

Proceedings  of  the  twenty-second  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Asso- 
ciation of  Farmers'  Institate  Workers,  1917,  edited  by  W.  Webb  {Proc. 
Amer,  Asboc,  Farmerg'  Inst.  Workers,  tSt  (1917),  pp.  1S9,  pL  1,  figs.  7).— This 
is  a  detailed  report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  meeting  held  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  November  12, 18,  and  14,  1917.  In  addition  to  the  reports  of  officials  and 
committees  of  the  association  and  remarlcs  on  institute  work  in  the  different 
States,  it  includes  the  following  papers  and  addresses:  Address  of  Welcome, 
by  G.  Vrooman;  Response  to  Address  of  Welcome,  by  W.  Webb;  Farmers' 
Institutes  in  the  United  States  in  1917,  by  J.  M.  Stedman;  An  Account  of 
What  New  England  Has  Been  Doing  in  the  Food  Omservation  and  Production 
Campaign,  by  W.  Wheeler;  Report  on  Farmers'  Institute  Organization  and 
Worlc  for  the  Province  of  British  Ck>lumbla,  by  W.  B.  Scott ;  R^iort  on  Movable 
Schools  of  Agriculture  U&der  War  CJonditlons,  by  D.  J.  Crosby ;  Some  Timely 
Topics  of  Interest  to  Farmers'  Institute  Worlcers,  by  A.  O.  True;  Canada's 
Part  in  the  War,  by  G.  0.  Creelman;  The  Duty  of  the  Fanner  to  the  Com- 
munity, by  A.  R..  liann;  ¥^at  Farmers'  Institutes  May  Do  tor  Food  Con- 
servation, by  F.  L.  Kelly;  Saving  tlie  Children,  by  Mrs.  Max  West;  Conserva- 
tion of  Fabrics  and  Housdiold  BIquipment,  by  A.  P.  Norton;  Federal  Farm 
Loans,  by  H.  Quick;  and  Junior  Farmers'  Institute  Work,  by  O.  H.  Benson; 
and  Liming,  by  W.  Frear. 

Bibliography  of  the  eollege.-— L  The  institution  {Mas:  Agr.  C&L,  Bemicent. 
Pub.  No.  2,  pt.  i,  iP17,  pp.  69).— This  iB  the  second  of  a  series  of  publications 
Issued  in  commemoration  of  the  completion  of  the  first  60  years  of  instruction 
at  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College,  1887-1917.  It  is  a  bibliography  of  * 
material  relating  to  tlie  history  of  the  institution,  including  anniversary, 
tMiccalaureate,  eommencemoit,  and  miscellaneous  addresses;  and  literature 
on  the  subjects  of  the  various  departments,  divisions,  etc,  of  the  college,  the 
experiment  stations,  the  extension  service,  and  the  graduate  school. 

Statlsties  of  vocational  schools  and  of  vocational  teaehsr-tralnln^  eenters 
for  the  year  ended  June  dO,  191S  (Fed.  Bd.  Vaeat.  Bd.^  Voca$,  Swmmary,  1 
(1918)^  No.  7,  pp.  i-^).~This  brief  summary  of  returns  made  to  the  Federal 
Board  fbr  Vocational  Bducatlon  by  the  State  boards  contains  data  for  1,741 
vchools  which  conducted  vocational  courses  during  the  year. 

Teaaier-training  courses  fcr  teadien  of  vocational  agriculture  were  given 
In  40  educational  institutions,  for  teachers  of  trade  or  industrial  subjects  In 
46  institutions,  and  for  teachers  of  home  economics  in  60  institutions.  Teacher* 
training  centers  were  reported  tnm  all  but  6  States.  l%ere  were  6,257 
teachers  of  vocational  courses  in  the  1,741  schools  reporting;  of  whom  886  were 
teadiers  of  agricultural  subjects^  8,276  were  teachers  of  trade  or  industrial 
subjects^  Indudlag  827  part-time  school-teadier%  and  1«066  were  teachers  of 


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696  EXPEBIHEKT  STATIOH  BBOOBD.  [YoLM 

home  economics  subjecta  The  iDStitutloDS  offlering  teacher-training  eooraea 
reported  524  teachers  of  such  co>ar8e0»  Including  116  for  agricultural,  06  for 
trade  or  industrial,  268  for  home  economics  teacher-training,  and  GO  teacbers 
not  classified  according  to  courses  given. 

An  aggregate  enrollment  of  164,186  pupils  was  reported,  this  including  in 
agricultural  schools  15,187,  in  all-day  home  economics  schools  8,333,  and  in 
evening  home  economics  schools  22,860.  Of  the  15487  agricultural  pupils  1,286 
were  girls,  but  only  29  of  the  30,698  home  economics  pupils  were  boys.  In 
courses  for  training  teachers  of  vocational  agricultore  1,534  pupils  were  en- 
rolled, and  In  home  economics  8319. 

Schools  applying  for  aid  during  the  year  numbered  1310,  of  which  1,415 
were  approved.  Of  the  89  teacher-training  centers  applying  for  aid  83  were 
approved. 

There  were  139  State  directors  and  supervisors,  paid  in  the  aggregate 
$241,061.71,  of  which  $40342.28  was  reimbursed  out  of  Federal  funds. 

Statement  of  plans  and  policies  of  Illinois  Board  for  Vocational  Bducation 
(Bd.  Vooat.  E4.  /U.  BtO.  1  {1918),  pp.  €9)— In  this  bulletin  are  presented  the 
plans  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1913.  prepared  by  the  Illinois  Board  for 
Vocational  Bducation  and  approved  by  the  Federal  Board  for  Vocational  Edu- 
cation, for  the  promotion  of  vocational  education  under  the  Smith-Hughes  Act. 
The  texts  of  the  Smith-Hughes  Act  and  that  of  the  State  of  nUnois  accepting 
its  provisions  are  included.  Curricula  for  full-time  vocational  agricultural  and 
home  economics  schools  and  for  teacher  training  in  agriculture  are  also  sug- 
gested. 

[Information  desired  in  application  for  approval  of  plans  for  instmetion 
in  Tocational  agricolture  and  home  eoonomics  and  teaohar  training  in  voea> 
tional  agriculture  and  hom«  eoonomics]  (Bd.  Fooo^  Bd.  HL  BuU^  1918,  Not. 
3,  pp.  10;  4,  pp.  11;  6,  pp.  7;  7,  pp.  7).— Tliese  balletihs  are  intmded  to  indicate 
what  informatioa  should  be  furnished  to  the  Illinois  Board  of  Vocational  Educa- 
tion as  regards  details  of  courses,  daily  schedules  for  teadierai  the  use  of  funds, 
equipment,  qualifications  of  teachers,  students*  agreement,  etc 

State-aided  voeatiooal  education  in  Massaohnsetts  {Atm.  Bpt.  Bd.  Bd, 
lMa»M.h  81  {1916-11),  pp.  107'152;  28hn5;  BuL  Bd.  Bd.  JfsM.,  No.  4  {1918h 
pp.  8P).— An  explanation  is  given  of  the  provisloos  of  the  Smith-Hughes  Act, 
together  with  statements  of  funds  available,  an  outline  of  plans,  and  statistics 
of  State-aided  vocational  education  in  Massachusetts. 

The  98  vocational  schools  in  operation  during  the  year  included  9  homemaldng 
day  schools,  with  a  total  enrollment  of  683  students,  4  county  agricultural 
schools,  and  23  agricultural  departments.  The  total  expenditure  of  the  oountf 
agricultural  schools  was  $193,166,  and  of  the  agricultural  departments  $88323. 
The  total  earnings  of  vocational  agricultural  students  from  farm  and  other  work 
during  the  periods  covered  by  their  school  attendance  and  their  farm  projects 
have  increased  from  $11400  in  1912,  by  a  total  of  70  pupils,  to  $120309,  by  a 
total  of  618  pupils. 

Flans  for  vocatioaal  education  in  Minnesota  under  the  proviaiona  of  the 
Federal  law  known  as  the  Smith-Hughes  Act,  E.  M.  Phillips  {SL  Paul, 
Minn,:  DepU  Bd..  1917,  pp.  2^).— This  bulletin  contains  the  texts  of  the  Smith- 
Hughes  Act  and  of  the  State  legislative  acts  accepting  its  provisions.  It  also 
outlines  the  requirements  with  reference  to  administratloB  and  supervisioB, 
kinds  of  schools,  plant  and  equipment,  courses  of  study,  methods  of  Instructioo, 
and  qualifications  of  teachers  for  the  approval  of  in^ruction  and  the  training 
of  teachers  under  this  act 


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19191  ▲OBICXTLTITBAJL  EDUCATION.  597 

Planfl  for  ▼ocattomJ  educatioa  in  Nebraska  ([Lincoln*  NelHr.^:  State  Bd. 
VocaL  E4.  il9JSh  9P'  d^).--Thl8  bulledB  contains  a  statement  of  the  plans 
for  the  administration  and  superrlslon  of  vocational  education  in  Nebraska 
onder  the  Smith-Hughes  Act  The  text  of  the  State  act  accepting  the  prori- 
slons  of  the  Smith-Hughes  Act,  an  outline  of  a  four-year  course  in  vocational 
home  economics,  and  a  statement  of  the  r^uiremenits  for  teachers  in  that  sub- 
ject ore  appended. 

Hev«da  plan  for  vooational  education  under  the  Smlth-Huarhes  Act, 
1918-18  {State  DepU  Bd.  Nev.  Buk  2  {1918),  pp.  55).— This  buUeUn  consists 
of  four  parts  dealing,  respectively,  with  the  guiding  standards  and  policies 
agreed  on  between  the  Federal  and  the  Nevada  State  boards  for  vocational 
education,  texts  of  the  Smith-Hughes  and  the  State  vocational  acts,  rulings  of 
the  State  board  and  information  relating  thereto,  and  applications  for  aid  and 
approval  thereof. 

It  Is  provided  that  all  resident  and  itinerant  teacher  training  under  the  act 
will  be  done  by  the  University  of  Nevada.  Suggested  one-,  two-,  and  four-year 
courses  in, vocational  agriculture  and  home  economics  are  outlined. 

Flazis  for  vocational  education  in  New  Mexico  under  the  provisions  of  the 
Sinit]i-Hn«hes  Act»  R.  a  Milubb  {State  Depi.  Ed.  N.  Mew.,  Vocat.  BuL  1 
{1917),  pp.  22).— The  text  of  the  State  legislative  act  accepting  the  provisions 
of  the  Smith-Hughes  Act  for  the  promotion  of  vocational  education  is  given, 
and  the  plans  for  administering  this  act  in  New  Mexico  are  outlined.  In  ac- 
Gordance  with  these,  the  State. Agricultural  College  is  to  establish  a  separate 
professional  department  to  provide  training  for  teachers  of  vocational  agri- 
cultural subjects. 

A  suggested  four-year  course  in  vocational  home  economics  is  outlined.  The 
rules  and  regulations  governing  the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  the 
Federal  and  State  aided  vocational  schools  or  departments  adopted  by  the 
State  board  are  appended. 

VocatiQiial  tralnlnir  of  girls  In  the  State  of  New  York,  A  G.  Hedqks  {UfUv. 
SteUe  N.  7.  Bui.  01$  (191$),  pp.  H,  pie.  i2).>-The  author  discusses  prevoca- 
tional  work  for  girls  in  large  cities,  homemaking  courses,  the  Manhattan  Trade 
School  fdr  Girls,  household  arts  in  grammar  schools  and  high  st^ools,  the 
training  of  teachers,  and  the  teaching  of  home  economics.  She  concludes  that 
the  existing  prlvUegss  in  school  life  can  be  supplemented  fbr  wageeaming  by 
training  in  special  manual  dexterity,  which  would  then  be  guided  by  young  and 
well-informed  minds  in  the  retiuirements  of  everyday  living  on  its  material  and 
on  its  human  side. 

Federal  aid  for  vooational  eduxMction  in  North  Carolina  under  the.  Spilth- 
Hughes  Law  {BuL  State  Bd.  Voeai.  Ed.  N.  C,  No.  1  {1917),  pp.  i^).--This  bul- 
letin contains  the  plans  for  Che  promotion  of  vocational  education  in  North 
Carolina  under  the  Smith-Hughes  Act,  information  as  to  the  various  purposes 
for  which  Federal  funds  are  available,  the  amounts  available  for  each  purpose^ 
and  the  required  conditions  for  securing  the  funds  for  the  respective  purposes, 
sDd  the  text  of  the  State  act  accopting  the  provisions  of  the  Federal  act. 

The  State  act  creates  a  State  Board  fbr  Vocational  Education,  consisting  of 
the  State  superintendent  of  .public  instruction,  the  president  of  the  North  Caro- 
lina CoUess  of  AgrlcaJture  and  Engineering,  and  the  director  of  the  agricul- 
tural exteoston  servlos  of  tba  Stata  Arrangements  have  been  made  for  the 
sopervisian  of  agricultnzal  instruction  and  teacher  training  for  the  white  race 
by  the  head  of  the  department  of  vocational  education  of  the  College  of  Agrl- 
enlture,  aaiisted  by  the  associate  professor  of  the  depattm^t 


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698  EZPEBIMENT  STATION  BEOOBD.  [ToL^e 

A  manual  of  TOicational  education  for  fho  uao  of  Vorth  Dakota  aehools  d»- 
airin^r  to  receiTe  Federal  aid  under  the  BadHhSjighm  Act  {BUmmrot,  H. 
Dak.:  State  Dept,  Bd.,  1918,  pp.  £4).— onUs  manual  seta  forth  the  profTialanfl  of 
the  plan  for  vocational  education  in  North  Dakota  under  the  Smith-Hushes 
Act,  with  tables  showing  the  annual  Federal  grants  under  the  act 

The  training  of  teachers  of  yocational  agriculture  and  home  economics  Is  to 
be  carried  on  in  the  North  Dakota  Agricultural  College. 

Vocational  educational  plans  of  the  Oklahoma  State  Board  of  Vocattonal 
Education  {Okla,  State  Bd.  Vocat.  Ed.  BuL  1  {1918)',  pp.  59). --The  plans 
for  vocational  education  in  Oklahoma  for  1918-19  under  the  Smith-Hughes  Act 
are  outlined. 

The  Oklahoma  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  at  Stillwater  has  been 
approved  for  teacher  training  in  agriculture  and  home  economics  for  white 
persons  and  the  Agricultural  and  Normal  University  at  Langston  for 
colored  persons.  The  University  of  Oklahoma  at  Norman  has  also  been 
approved  for  teacher  training  in  home  economics  for  white  students.  Sug- 
gested four-year  aiul  two-year  courses  in  vocational  agriculture  ate  out- 
lined and  described;  also  suggested  one-,  two-,  and  four^year  courses  In  voca- 
tional home  economics  and  four-year,  teacher  training  courses  In  vocational 
agriculture  and  home  economics.  Lists  of  suggested  equipment  for  agriculture 
and  home  economics  and  of  agricultural  and  home  economics  books  for  use  in 
high  schools  are  included. 

Federal  aid  for  vocational  home  eeonomlos  in  Texas  under  the  Smith- 
Hughes  Law,  W.  r.  DouGHTT  and  N.  B.  Csioleb  (Dept.  Bd.  Tew,  BuL  75  (19t8u 
pp.  15). — ^The  authors  outline  briefly  the  conditions  governing  FMeral  aid  Mr 
vocational  home  economics  instruction  in  Texas  under  Ihe  Smith-Hug^bes  Act, 
explain  the  method  of  applying  for  such  aid,  and  give  sudi  extracts  tmm  the 
law  as  affect  vocational  home  economics. 

Vocational  education  under  the  Smith-Hughes  Law  (Salt  Lake  Otty,  Utah: 
State  Dept.  Puh,  Inetr.,  1918,  pp.  l^).— An  outline  is  given  of  tlie  phm  of  or 
ganization  and  administration  in  Utah,  setting  forth  the  purposes  fdr  which 
the  Smith-Hughes  funds  for  vocational  education  are  to  be  used. 

The  work  of  teacher  training  in  vocational  agriculture  and  home  economics 
is  being  undertaken  by  the  school  of  education  of  the  State  University  in  con- 
junction with  the  State  Agricultural  College.  Suggestive  four-year  eourses  for 
teachers  of  agriculture  and  home  economics  are  outlined,  accompanied  hy  a 
description  of  the  courses  in  education.  An  outline  is  also  given  of  a  suggestive 
four-year  course  in  vocational  home  economics  for  high  school& 

The  Chicago  plan  of  high  sehool  hoys  in  airil^olture,  D.  O.  Hatsb  (CM- 
eago:  Bd.  Bd.,  1917,  pp.  55,  pU.  tf).— This  is  a  report  on  the  food  producdoii 
campaign  of  the  Chicago  high  school  boys  in  1917.  The  evolution  of  the  plan 
is  described,  including  the  policy  with  reference  to  the  granting  of  sdiool 
credit  for  farm  and  gardening  work,  placemoit  and  aids,  and  follow-iip  woric 
in  connection  with  the  boys  going  out  individually  all  over  the  country,  ete^ 
and  an  outline  of  a  plan  and  Its  dev^opmoit  for  miUtkry  summer  farm  camp 
schools  for  boys  and  girls  located  In  agricultural  centers,  and  oflerlng  mHltaiy 
training,  agricultural  instruction,  and  practical  work  on  the  tunoL 

It  is  reported  that  700  boys  were  placed  In  every  Und  of  Urm  wwk  kumn 
to  fbrm  hands  In  29  States  and  8  Provinces  in  Canada.  Of  tliese  boys  60S 
proved  satlstectory  workers,  ea<di  working  on  an  average  of  97J5  days  of 
an  average  length  of  11.5  hours  ea<^,  and  rectiving  an  average  wage  with 
board  and  washing  of  $25  a  month.  The  total  munber  of  days  of  work  i^ 
ported  was  61,000,  and  the  toUl  amount  of  wages  earned  ♦42,58Ma 


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»1»]  .  laSCELLANBOUS.  599 

In  reviewing  the  seaaon's  work  it  was  found  that  high  school  boys,  when  care- 
fully selected,  derelop  rapidly  into  good  farm  workers;  their  trained  minds 
tDd  respoDsiYe  hands  are  turned  to  good  advantage  on  farms.  In  contrasting 
tbe  camp  plan  with  that  of  the  individual  farm  proposition  wherein  the  boy 
not  only  gets  an  all-round  farm  training  but  also  a  substantial  sum  for  his 
season's  work,  the  Chicago  education  authorities  are  inclined  to  advocate 
tbe  latter. 

Agricaltnre  for  the  common  sehools  of  the  counties  of  northwestern  In- 
diana, 1018-10,  J.  S.  BoBDNEB  {{South  Bend.,  Ind,1:  Author,  pp.  £i).— This 
contains  outlines  of  lessons  arranged  in  monthly  sequence,  consisting  of  class 
and  practical  work  in  animal  husbandry,  including  poultry.  The  outlines  have 
been  prepared  for  both  teachers  and  pupils,  and  are  to  be  used  in  connection 
with  Benson  and  Betts'  text  on  agriculture  (E.  S.  R.,  36,  p.  394). 

niustrated  lecture  on  soy  beans,  W.  J.  Morse  and  H.  B.  Hendrick  {U,  S. 
DepU  Agr,,  Sttite^  Relat,  Serv.  Syllabus  S5  {1919),  pp.  ifi).— This  syllabus,  p'x- 
paied  by  cooperation  between  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  and  this  Service, 
is  designed  to  aid  farmers'  institute  and  other  extension  lecturers  in  presenting 
this  subject  before  popular  audiences.  It  deals  with  the  value  of  soy  beans  for 
stock  feed  and  for  other  purposes,  requirements  for  successful  production, 
varieties  of  soy  beans,  their  place  in  the  cropping  system,  and  harvesting  and 
storing.  A  comparison  of  soy  beans  and  cowpeas  is  made.  A  list  of  50  lan- 
tern slides  to  illustrate  the  lecture  is  appended. 

HISCELLANEOITS. 

Annual  Beport  of  California  Station,  1018  {California  Sta.  Rpt.  1918,  pp. 
W9,  pi.  1), — This  contains  the  organization  list  and  a  report  of  the  director, 
the  latter  consisting  mainly  of  an  enumeration  of  the  various  station  projects. 
An  historical  article  by  E.  J.  Wickson  (pp.  35-101),  entitled  Beginnings  of  Agrl- 
coltnral  Education  and.  Research  in  California,  traces  the  development  of  agrl- 
cultnral  education  at  the  University  of  California  and  the  various  lines  of  in- 
vestigation at  the  station.  A  list  of  publications  of  the  station  from  1877  to  1918, 
with  a  general  index  thereto,  both  prepared  by  F.  W.  Woll,  are  appended. 

Thirty-sixth  Annual  Beport  of  New  York  State  Station,  1017  {New  York 
State  Sta.  Rpt.  1917,  pp.  VIII-\-7S4,  pis.  66,  figs.  54).— This  contains  the  organi- 
sation list ;  a  financial  statement  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1917 ;  a  list 
of  the  periodicals  received  by  the  station ;  and  reprints  of  Bulletins  429-433, 
435-430,  and  442-445,  Technical  Bulletins  57-63,  and  popular  editions  of  Bulle- 
tins 429,  432,  433,  436,  437,  439,  442,  and  443,  all  of  which  have  been  previously 
^ noted,  and  of  Circular  52,  Orchards:  Location  and  Care,  by  U.  P.  Hedrlck ;  53, 
Culture  of  Field  Beans,  by  J.  W.  Wellington ;  54,  Milking  Machines ;  and  55,  The 
Rose  Leaf  Hopper,  by  F.  H.  Lathrop. 

A  day  at  the  Utah  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  M.  C.  Mebrill,  O.  VV. 
IsBAKLsoN,  and  B.  Alder  {Utah  Sta.  Circ.  S9  {1918),  pp.  S-57,  figs.  108).— This 
includes  brief  biographical  notes  of  the  various  directors  of  the  station,  a  large 
number  of  illustrations  with  descriptive  text  depicting  various  phases  of  the 
station's  work,  and  a  list  of  the  bulletins  and  circulars  issued  since  its  estal>- 
Ushment 


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NOTES. 


California  XTniTersity. — ^H.  S.  Dadisman  has  been  appointed  aaslatant  pro- 
fessor of  agricultural  education  In  connection  with  work  under  the  Smitli- 
Hughes  Act  Walter  Packard,  assistant  professor  of  agricultural  extenstoo,  la 
giving  instruction  as  to  opportunities  for  land  settlement  to  students  in  the 
American  Army  University  at  Beaune,  France. 

Ilorlda  Station. — ^Philip  A.  Macy  has  been  appointed  assistant  chemlfrt-,  be- 
ginning April  21. 

Georgia  College. — ^The  attendance  at  the  college  for  the  year  has  shown  an 
increase  of  67  per  cent 

A  one-year  specialized  course  in  dairying  has  been  Instituted  to  meet  the 
needs  of  cities  and  towns  for  trained  milk  inspectors,  and  to  provide  managers 
of  dairy  plants. 

The  college  Is  endeavoring  to  assist  in  the  vocational  rehabilitation  of  men 
disabled  in  military  and  naval  service.  A  considerable  number  of  these  men 
are  already  being  given  training,  and  provision  is  being  made  for  acoommodat- 
ing  a  large  body  of  them  during  the  summer  vacation. 

Idaho  Station. — J.  E.  Nordby  has  been  appointed  assistant  animal  had>and- 
man,  and  will  have  charge  of  the  experimental  work. 

gansfts  CoUegew — ^The  sixth  annual  short  course  for  millers,  bakers,  and 
chemists  was  given  by  the  department  of  milling  industry,  beginning  May  5,  a 
four-week  course  being  offered  instead  of  the  previous  two-week  course.  The 
course  consisted  chiefly  of  practice  in  experimental  and  commercial  milling, 
laboratory  baking  tests,  and  various  chemical  determinations. 

Minnesota  University. — ^The  legislature  has  appropriated  more  liberally  for 
the  university  than  ever  before.  Among  the  provisions  authorized  for  the  en- 
suing biennium  are  $1,865,000  for  maintenance,  |365,000  from  the  one-mill  tax, 
;>;30,000  for  the  division  of  agricultural  extension,  $505,000  for  the  building  fund 
for  next  year,  and  $560,000  for  the  year  following  (this  last  item  being  the  flrst 
of  the  $5,600,000  10-year  fund),  and  $32,000  for  reimbursement  on  the  Students' 
Army  Training  Corps  buildings.  The  maintenance  fund  represents  a  consider- 
able increase,  and  will  provide  for  comprehensive  salary  increases,  averaging 
about  15  per  cent 

KeTa4a  Station.— R.  W.  Wells  has  been  detailed  by  the  Bureau  ot  Ento- 
mology of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  to  carry  on  the  project  on  biting 
files  of  cattle  in  cooperation  with  the  station. 

Kew  Hampshire  College. — ^The  appropriations  from  the  recent  State  legisla- 
ture provided  an  increase  of  approximately  $100,000,  or  50  per  cent,  over  what 
the  college  has  ever  received  before.  Among  the  Items  in  the  budget,  which 
totaled  for  the  ensuing  biennium  $315,000,  are  $10,000  for  the  c<Histruction  of 
beef  cattle  and  sheep  bams,  $5,000  for  the  purchase  of  live  stock,  and  $20;268 
for  extension  work  in  agriculture  and  home  economics.  It  is  stated  that  the 
increased  legislative  support  came  after  a  thorough  investigation  of  the  work 
and  needs  of  the  institution,  first  by  both  the  college  and  appropriations  com- 
mittees, and  finally  by  the  legislature  as  a  whole. 

Tennessee  Station. — Dr.   William   G.   Shaw,   veterinarian   since  1915,  died 
April  23.    He  was  a  graduate  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  for  five 
years  a  veterinary  inspector  for  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture^ 
600 


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EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD, 

Editor:  B.  W.  ALLEN,  Ph.  D.,  Chiefs  Office  of  Bxperiment  BtaiioM, 
Associate  Bdltor:  H.  L.  Knight. 


KDITOBIAL  DCPASTMENTS. 

AgricQlttiral  Chemistry  and  Agrotechny — Sybh.  L.  Smith. 

Meteoroli^y.  Soils,  and  5'ertmzers{J^-j^Lu^OT. 

Agricultural  Botany.  Bacteriology,  and  Plant  Pathology  ^'  ^^^^  ^^  ^' 

Field  Crops — ^J.  D.  Luckctt. 

Horticulture  and  Forestry-*-E.  J.  Olasson. 

Elconomlc  Zoology  and  Bntomology — W.  A.  Hookes,  D.  V.  M. 

1C.  F.  Lanowokthy,  Ph.  D.,  D.  Sc. 
Sybh.  L.  SiirrH. 
Euzabsth  B.  Boweb. 

Animal  Husbandry,  Dairying,  and  Dairy  Farming  |^  j.^^^^ 

Veterinary  Medicine {^'^^  lI'sS^h. 
Rural  Engineering— R.  W.  Tsululnqkb.^ 

(E.  IklnorTT. 
M.  Lenobb  FuifT. 
LouiSB  Mabbut. 

Afflcultoral  B<lncatlon{^^'^  g^,^^^^ 

Indexes — Am£ua  B.  Deans. 


CONTENTS  OF  VOL.  40,  No.  7. 


Editorial  notes:  Fat^ 

The  organization  of  agricultural  research  In  India 601 

Recent  work  ip  agricultural  science 607 

Notes 605 

SUBJECT  LIST  OF  ABSTRACTS. 

AQBKOULTUBAI.  CBBMI8TBT— AOBOTECHNT. 

Physical  and  chemical  data  of  nitrogen  compounds,  compiled  hy  Todd 607 

Leguinlna  in  peas,  Haromarsten 607 

Alfkiifa  saponin. — Alfalfa  imrestlgntion.  VII,  Jacobson 607 

The  protein  extract  of  ragweed  pollen,  Heyl 607 

The  forms  of  nitrogen  in  protein-free  milk,  Kennedy 608 

Olycerids  of  butter  fat,  II,  Amberger .* 608 

A  study  of  the  chemistry  of  grain  sorghums 608 

Continuation  of  the  chemical  investigation  of  the  amylases,  Sherman 608 


*  On  leave  of  absence  for  military  service. 
U6338*— No.  7—19 1 


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n  OONTBNTSL  I  Vol  40 

Page. 

Studies  on  amylolytic  activity  of  human  aallya,  Myera  and  Deneobaufi^—  609 

The  preparation  of  sodium  p-hydroxyphenylarsonate,  Gonant 609 

The  classification  of  mimetic  crystals,  Wherry  and  Adams 609 

The  permanent  marking  of  glass  vessels,  Bocic 609 

An  all-glass  nitrogen  apparatus.  Alien  and  DaWsson^ 609 

Arsenious  oxld  as  a  standard  substance  in  iodimetry,  Ohapin 609 

The  lodotannic  reagent,  Tsakalotos  and  Dalmas 610 

Estimation  of  silica  and  sand,  Lloyd 610 

Estimation  of  silica  and  sand,  Dyer 610 

The  gravimetric  and  volumetric  determination  of  sine,  Jamieson 610 

The  determination  of  nitrous  add  and  nitrites,  Laird  and  Sinqwon 610 

On  amino  adds,  Dakin , 611 

The  quantitative  determination  of  hippuric  add,  Fllippl-1 611 

Estimation  of  addity  in  barley  by  titration  in  stages,  Beichard 611 

Detection  of  milk  in  pastry,  Grossfeld 612 

The  estimation  of  cacao  shell,  Knapp  and  McLellan 612 

Detection  of  adulterations  in  maple  products,  Jones 612 

Simplified  preparation  of  alkaline  copper  solution,  Justin-Mueller 613 

The  determination  of  fructose  in  the  presence  of  aldoses,  Lenart 613 

The  determination  of  lactose  in  milk,  Porcher  and  Bonis 613 

Determination  of  saccharin  in  compressed  tablets,  Boni8..^u. 613 

Action  of  10  per  cent  thymol-chloroform  on  urine,  Halverson  and  Schuls..  613 

Production  of  fats  and  oils  in  United  States,  Bail^  and  Beater 614 

The  production  of  oil  from  fruit  seeds,  Schfitze 614 

Oxygen  concentration  and  reduction  of  methylene  blue  by  mllk«  Harvey^  614 

The  preservation  of  rice  bran  as  press  cake,  Marcarelli 614 

Carbon  dioxid  formation  In  thickened  fodder-beet  Juice,  Glaassen 615 

Utilization  of  breweries  for  dehydration,  Grempe 615 

Fruit  drying,  Stalder 615 

Araucaria  araucana  (A.  imbricata)  and  its  resins,  AngU 615 

METEOBOLOOT. 

Subjects  for  research  in  meteorology 615 

Past  and  present  climates  of  our  leading  crop  plants,  Oowles 616 

Some  recent  contributions  to  the  physics  of  the  air,  Humphreys 616 

Seasonal  predpitation , 616 

The  dustfall  of  March  9, 1918,  Winchell  and  MUler 616 

The  dustfalls  of  March,  1918,  WincheU  and  Miler :. 616 

Monthly  Weather  Beview 617 

Meteorological  summary,  1917 617 


Soil  inoculation  with  Asotobacter,  Bmerson 617 

The  partial  sterilization  of  soils,  TruflCaut ;_.  619 

Absorbent  power  of  dry  and  moist  soils  for  chlorin,  Berthelot  and  Trmnnoy.  619 

The  chlorin  index  as  a  measure  of  richness  in  humus,  Lapicque  and  Barb6.  619 

The  composition  of  the  soil  air 619 

Layer  formation  in  soil  suspensions,  Ehrenberg,  Hahn,  and  Noltel 620 

The  Nile  silt 620 

A  study  of  the  indigo  soils  of  Bihar,  Davis ^ 620 

Nitrification  and  bacterial  contents  of  5  add  soils,  Noyes  and  Conner 620 

Manure  supplies  under  present  conditions  in  Rhodesia,  Flack 621 

The  effect  of  unbalanced  fertilizers,  Schneidewind ezi 

The  use  of  ammonium  nitrate  as  a  fertilizer,  Bussell 622 

Conversion  6t  quicklime  in  soil,  Hager r ffiS2 

Inspection  of  commerdal  fertilizers,  1918,  Haigh 622 

FIELD  CHOPS. 

Field  crops,  Wilson  and  Warburton « 622 

Practical  guide  to  tropical  agriculture. — I,  General  prindples,  Fauch^re—  622 

Determining  yields  of  plats  of  grain  by  rod-row  method,  Arny  and  Garber.  623 

The  practical  value  of  line  selection  with  field  crops,  Koch 623 


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1»1*1                                                      CX)NTENTS.  m 

Page. 

Influence  of  crop  plants  on  thoae  which  follow,  I,  Hartwell  and  Damon 623 

Report  of  agronomy  department,  Beeson 624 

[Work  with  field  crops  in  South  Carolina],  Blackwell  and  Currin 624 

Work  of  the  Wisconsin  Agricultural  Experiment  Association,  Albertz 624 

Besults  of  cooperative  experiments  in  agriculture,  Zavitz 624 

Guide  to  experiments  for  1918,  Gilchrist 624 

[Yielding  capacity  of  different  field  crops],  LJung 624 

[Culture  experiments  with  root  crops],  Krosby 625 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  in  Madras,  1916-17,  and  1917-18] 625 

The  principal  forage  crops  of  Brazil,  da  Silva  Neves 625 

Concerning  cereals  [in  Argentina],  Tonnelier 625 

Statistical  notes  on  cereals 625 

[Spring  and  fall  applications  of  fertilizers  on  grass  lands],  Bolin 626 

[Fertilizer  experiments  with  rice  and  cassava],  de  Jong  and  van  Rossem..  626 

[Experiments  with  barley],  Vik 626 

A  study  of  the  seeds  of  Brasslca  occurring  in  Japan,  Kondo 626 

Composition  of  Indo-China  castor  beans,  Prudhomme 627 

Red  clover  seed  and  its  Impurities,  Dymond 627 

Improved  technique  for  corn  pollination,  Weatherwax 627 

Variation  and  varieties  of  Zea  mays,  Weatherwax 627 

Production  of  maize  as  affected  by  intercropping  with  legumes,  Bautista 627 

Manurial  experiments  with  Sea  Island  cotton  in  St.  Vincent,  Harland., 627 

The  maintenance  of  the  quality  of  Egyptian  cotton,  Dudgeon 628 

Egyptian  commercial  cottons.  Dudgeon 628 

An  old  treatise  on  hemp,  Boomgaard 628 

The  waste  pulp  from  New  Zealand  hemp 629 

Some  methods  suitable  for  the  study  of  root  development,  Howard 629 

Origin  and  early  habitat  of  common  and  of  bearded  oats,  Schulz 629 

Inheritance  of  tight  and  loose  paleae  In  Avena  nuda  crosses,  Gaporn 629 

A  description  of  some  varieties  of  oats  cultivated  In  Argentina,  Girola 630 

The  water  requirement  of  different  oat  varieties,  von  Seelhorst 630 

Oats  in  Wyoming,  Parsons 030 

[Potato  experiments  at  Wisley,  1917] 630 

Five  years'  results  with  old  and  new  varieties  of  potatoes,  Vik 631 

Position  of  the  flower  stalk  as  a  help  in  potato  identification,  Krantz 631 

The  inheritance  Of  characters  in  rice,  Parnell  et  al 631 

Xenia  in  Oryza  sativa,  Tamaguchi 632 

An  Inhibitor  in  rice,  Mendiola 632 

Burma  rice,  McKerral 632 

The  origin  and  early  habitat  of  rye,  Schulz 632 

Oil  yield  of  different  strains  of  Sesamum  (liilga),  Samonte ^  632 

Field  tAts  of  soy  beans,  Layosa  y  Makalindong 632 

Sugar  beet  production  in  Utah,  Harris  and  Butt 633 

Sugar-cane  experiments  for  1916-1918,  d' Albuquerque  and  Bovell 633 

Sagar-cane  experiments  in  [British  Guiana],  Harrison  and  Ward 688 

The  production  of  new  varieties  of  sugar  cane,  Qonz&leE  RIos 634 

Sugar  cane  experiments,  1916-1918*  de  Verteuil 684 

Some  normal  and  anomalous  mutations  in  sugar  cane,  Fawcett 634 

Planting  tests  with  Java  and  Creole  sugar  cane,  Cross 634 

Methods  for  preventing  the  decomposition  of  frosted  sugar  cane.  Cross 634 

[Work  with  sugar  cane  in  Hawaii,  1918],  Agee 634 

An  acreage  census  of  [sugar]  cane  varieties,  Agee «  634 

[Experimental  work  with  sugar  cane],  Easterby 634 

Production  of  sugar  cane  varieties  in  Java  in  1917,  van  Harreveld^: 635 

The  sugar  cane  in  India,  Barber 635 

Sugar  and  the  sugar  cane  in  the  Qurdaspur  District,  Barnes , 636 

The  classification  of  Indian  sugar  canes,  Barber 635 

Experimehts  in  planting  sugar  cane  sets  with  a  single  eye-bud,  Kulkami..  635 

Selection  experiments  with  Deli  tol^cco,  II,  Honing 635 

Recent  work  in  Australia  on  the  improvement  of  wheat,  Guthrie 635 

Two  important  varieties  of  winter  wheat,  Gaines 636 

Hybridization  studies  with  winter  wheat,  Kajanus 636 

Concerning  a  cross  between  two  types  of  spring  wheat,  Kajanus 636 

Spring  wheats  in  Wyoming,  Parsons « 636 

The  production  of  wheat  in  the  Tropics,  Humphries 637 


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TV  CONTENTS.  !▼•!  ^ 

PaccL 

Sblpment  of  buTk  wheat  via  Panama  Canal,  Blrchard  and  Alcock €31 

The  storaii^e  of  English  wheat,  Saxby €537 

Some  cultivated  yams  from  Africa  and  elsewhere.  Burkill C37 

[Report  of  the  Official  Seed  Teaming  Station  of  England  and  Wales] CCTT 

Injurious  weed  seeds  in  feeding  stuffs,  Sifton 637 

Weeds  of  the  wheat  fields  of  the  Pampa,  Williamson ©37 

Weed  seeds  and  impurities  in  Imported  seeds,  Brealcwell ^8 

Buried  weed  seeds,  Brenchley 

Cooperative  experiments  in  weed  eradication,  1912-1917,  Uowltt 

HOKTIC  ULTUKB. 

Allotment  gardening. — A  complete  guide,  Thomas 638 

The  control  of  garden  Insects  and  diseases.  Parks  and  Stover 63S 

Asparagus  gmwlng  in  New  Jersey,  DeBaun 638 

A  variety  test  of  cabbage,  Myers  and  Gardner 63S 

The  pollination  of  fruit  in  relation  to  commercial  fruit  growing.  Hooper..  638 

[Progress  report  of  fruit-bud  studies), -Rolfs 1 638 

Using  the  spray  gun  in  orchards,  Lewis 639 

Pruning  apple  trees,  Ellenwood  and  Green 639 

New  everbearing  istni wherries,  Van  Fleet 639 

Keeping  quality  of  strawl)errie8  and  temperature  when  picked.  Stevens 639 

Commercial  gnipe  growing,  Thayer  and  Green : 640 

The  direct  bearers  at  Mcmtpellier,  Ravaz  and  Antoniadia 640 

The  herl>aceous  garden.  Martineau 640 

Selecting  ornamental  shrubbery,  Bontrager 640 

Decorative  materials  in  the  prickly  pears  and  their  allies,  Griffiths 640 

Attractive*  farmsteads,  Cady 640 

FORESTRY. 

Report  of  the  forestry  commission  for  1918,  Dalrymple  Hay  et  al 640 

Progress  report  of  Forest  Research  Institute  for  1917-18.  Osmaston 640 

A  combined  map  and  panorama  for  lookout  stations,  Pritz 640 

Use  of  airplanes  in  forest  patrol  work,  Graves 641 

Forest  trees  and  ornamental  shrubs  grown  at  Government  forcMst  nursery.  641 

Sugar  as  a  coagulant  for  Hevea  latex.  Anstead • —  641 

Farm  woodland  development  under  the  Smith-Iiever  Act,  Tillotson 641 

The  use  of  wood  for  fuel 641 

Pulp  and  paper  investigations  of  Forest  Products  LatK>ratory,  Edwardes.-  641 

Pulp  mills  of  the  United  States,  Surface  and  Smltlr 641 

DISEASES  or  PLANT& 

Effect  of  ecological  factors  on  Puccinim  graminiM,  Stakmao  and  Lerlne 641 

New  biologic  forms  of  Puccinia  gruminU,  Stakman  et  al * 6^2 

Wind  dissemination  of  spores  of  bunt  of  wheat,  Heald  and  OeorRe 642 

Production  of  an  anthrncnose-resistant  White  Marrow  bean,  Burkholder..  643 

Report  of  the  btitany  division.  Barre 64S 

A  preliminary  note  on  a  bacterial  disease  of  foxtail,  Rosen 643 

Pink  root  of  onions,  Taubenhaus 643 

Potato  scab  organism  at  various  hydrogen  loo  concentrations,  Gillespie 644 

A  new  disease  of  the  Irish  potato.  Carpenter 644 

Blossom  drop  of  tomatoes.  Rolfs 644 

Dissemination  of  Beptoria  lycoperHci  by  Insects  and  pickers,  Martin 644 

Lightning  injury  to  herbaceous  plants,  Jones  and  Gilbert 645 

Lightning  Injury  to  grapevines,  Reddlck 645 

Lightning  Injury  to  citrus  trees  in  Florida,  Stevens 645 

Common  diseases  of  ornamental  plants.  Cook 645 

Common  diseases  of  shade  and  ornamental  trees.  Cook 645 

Exclusion  legislation  and  fruit  tree  production,  Stewart 6i5 

Notes  on  Perldermiums  from  Ohio.  Pierce 645 

Host  relationships  of  msts  which  attack  conifers,  Rhoads  et  al 645 

Factors  affecting  viability  of  uredlniospores  of  Cronartium  ribicolaf  Duff-«  645 


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A»191                                                       OONTESOTS-  V 

BOONOMIO  KOOLOGT — ^BNTOICOLOOT. 

Page. 

Wild  animals  of  North  America,  Nelson . 648 

Wild  life  in  our  National  Parks,  Nelson - 646 

The  fur-bearini:  animals,  Kretzschmar 646 

Some  observations  on  rats  and  their  control,  Mackie 646 

The  migration  of  North  American  birds,  Vll.  Oberholser ,,,.. . 646 

A  second  bird  survey  at  Washington,  D.  O.,  Oberholser .  .     646 

Birds  observed  near  Minco.  central  Oklahoma,  Wetmore 646 

The  game  birds  of  California,  Grinnell,  Bryant,  and  Storer 646 

Costa's  hummingbird. — Its  type  locality,  early  history,  and  name.  Palmer..  646 

The  Wisconsin  NafMieozapus,  Jackson .... 646 

Tlie  status  of  the  genus  Orchilus  Calianis,  Oberholser _  646 

Mutanda  omithotogica,  Oberholser 646 

Tenth  annual  report  of  the  State  ornithologist,  Forbush . .,.  .  647 

Parasitism  of  nestiing  birds  by  fly  larvse,  Plath 647 

A  mnscid  larva  which  sucks  the  blood  of  nestling  birds,  Plath 647 

Records  of  som^.  new  British  diplopods  and  pauropods,  Bagnall.. 647 

The  psychic  life'  of  insects,  Bouvier ,    ■,,.,,.■  647 

Report  of  the  entomology  division.  Conradi 647 

Report  of  State  entomologist  and  plant  pathologist  of  Virginia,  Schoene 64S 

Forty-ei^th  annual  report  of  Entomological  Society  of  Ontario,  1917..^..  648 

Report  of  the  provincial  entomologist,  Maheuz .  .   , ,. ..^  648 

Summary  of  entomological  information  during  1018,  Ballou 648 

[Economic  insects  in  Chile],  Camacho . .,^ 648 

Insect  and  fungus  pests  in  England  and  Wales  in  1917 — ., 648 

Destruction  of  agricultural  pests,  Bevan 648 

Report  of  the  work  of  the  division  of  entomology,  d'Bmmerez  de  Charmoy.  648 

f  Economic  insects  in  South  Africa] 648 

Work  of  the  division  of  entomology,  Illlngworth 648 

Manual  of  vegetable-garden  insects,  CroAy  and  Leonard 649 

(Castor  insects  in  Ceylon] 649 

Insects  and  infections  at  the  front,  Mesnil  and  Rouband 649 

Dermaptera  and  Orthoptera  of  Plummers  Island,  McAlee  and  Caudel 649 

Schistoceroa  tartarica  taken  at  sea,  Howard 649 

Notes  on  some  Trinidad  thrips  of  economic  importance,  Williams 649 

The  citrus  thrips,  Morrill 649' 

Some  important  orchard  plant  lice,  Headlee 649 

Notes  on  the  biology  of  8ohi9onoiU9  Heboldii,  Cushman 649 

Some  grass  root  aphids,  Gillette 649 

The  Aphididie  of  I^hore,  Bnshambar  Das 650 

New  economic  pests  of  red  clover,  Burrill 6f50 

Thrips  Injuring  peaches,  Pettit ,.._  650 

Hemolysin  (aphldolysin)  in  plant  lice,  Dewits 650 

The  grape  mealy  bug  {P9€u4oco€CU9  bakeri),  Notigaret 650 

Observations  on  the  insect  parasites  of  some  Coccid»,  II,  Imms 651 

Three  new  lachnids  with  comparative  notes  on  three  others,  Wilson 651 

Some  scale  Insect  pests  of  coffee  in  India,  Coleman  and  Kunhi  Kannan 651 

The  black  scale  of  the  olive,  Camacho 651 

Carbon  tetrachlorid  vapor  as  a  delousing  agent,  Foster 651 

Cattle  lice  and  their  control,  Lamson,  Jr 651 

The  hog  louse  iHwmatopiwu$  «ife),  Watts ^ 652 

The  pebrine  disease  of  silkworms  In  India,  Hutchinson 652 

PebHne,  Hutchlnscm 652 

Injury  caused  by  the  pine  twig  borer  at  Verrleres.  Wv^ue  de  Vilmorin —  652 

The  oriental  peach  moth :  A  Japanese  Insect  recently  introduced,  Wood-_  652 

A  revision  of  the  North  American  Gracilarildie,  Ely 652 

A  new  Coleophora  injurious  to  apple  in  Cnlifornla,  Helnrich 652 

Olrt^hreutes  variegana,  injurious  to  fruit  trees  in  Italy,  Snrrn 658 

Two  new  instances  of  polyembryony  among  Encyrtidse,  Howard 653 

A  contribution  to  the  biology  of  North  American  Diptera.  Greene j 658 

The  identity  of  the  wheat  midge  in  Ontario,  Ross 653 

The  rose  midge  In  Ontario,  Ross 653 

The  lake  mosquito,  MantorUa  titillans,  and  its  host  plant,  Dunn 653 

An  improvised  method  for  oiling  slug^sh  streams  continuously,  Kirwan..  653 

Dohmiphora  venusta  in  Swiracenia  fiapa,  Jones 653 


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71  COlSrrBNTS.  IVol  40 

Notes  on  North  American  Tacbinidfe,  Smith 633 

Three  new  tachinid  parasites  of  Eleodes,  Walton 65S 

The  apple  maggot  In  British  Ck>lumbia,  Downes 654 

Control  of  t;he  apple  maggot,  Caesar  and  Boss 654 

Elumerus  strigatuSt  the  lunate  onion  fly  in  New  Jersey,  Weiss  and  Nicolay-  €54 

A  new  species  of  lon^om  beetle  infesting  cowpeas  from  Mexico,  Fisher.-  654 

A  one-year  life  cycle  for  Saperda  Candida  reared  in  an  apple,  Becker 654 

The  passion  vine  longicom  l>eetle  {Monohammus  fistulator),  Froggatt 654 

The  mango  tree  borer  {Batocera  rubra) 655 

A  new  genus  (Perlssarthron)  of  Elaterida,  Hyslop 655 

The  elaterid  genus  Oistus  of  Candeze,  Hyslop 655 

Notes  and  descriptions  of  some  orchid  weevils,  Barber 655 

How  to  control  billbugs,  Satterthwait 655 

The  flower  and  the  bee,  Lovell 655 

Negative  results  from  attempted  queen-bee  mating,  France 655 

Nesting  habits  of  Bombus  and  Osmia,  Homer ^ 655 

The  Argentine  ant  and  how  to  control'  it,  Thomas ^ 655 

Notes  on  the  larvae  of  some  Cephlda,  Middleton 655 

The  American  species  of  the  genus  Cephus,  Rohwer ^5 

Two  new  chalclds  from  the  seeds  of  Amelanchier,  Cushman 656 

Oryssus  is  parasitic,  Burke 656 

A  much  described  ichneumonid  and  Its  systematic  position,  Cushman 6.16 

A  contribution  on  the  control  of  Pieris  brasHctB,  Jegen 656 

Spider  mite  attacks  on  china,  tea,  etc,  Kerbosch 6t6 

The  spinose  ear  tick  {Omithodoros  mefftiini),  Bedford 656 

VOODS — ^HUMAN  NUTRITION. 

The  palate  of  civilized  man  and  its  influence  on  agriculture,  Fairchild ^6 

Horse  flesh  and  its  examination,  Amberger 656 

Shrinkage  of  meat  in  cooking 656 

Mussels  and  their  preparation,  Buttenberg  and  von  Noel 657 

Report  of  the  Royal  Society  on  the  digestibility  of  breads 657 

Ohio  spring  wheat  retains  gluten  properties,  Corbould 658 

The  djall  bras  {Cow  laeryma  join),  van  den  Broek - 658 

A  bacteriological  examination  of  green  vegetables,  Kurk s^  658 

Coffee  substitutes,  Rothenfusser 658 

Investigation  and  examination  of  chicory.  Seel  and  Hils 658 

Use  of  seeds  of  Robinin  pseudacacia  as  food,  Hanlkirsch 658 

Investigation  of  phosphate  baking  powders,  Beythien  and  Pannwits 658 

Tasty  meals  made  from  waste 658 

Gas,  coal,.oil,  gasoline,  and  electricity  for  cooking.  Van  Meter  et  al 6^ 

Food  Surveys 650 

The  weekly  food  purchase  of  a  family : 659 

Measurement  of  the  cost  of  living  and  wages,  Ogbum 659 

A  manual  of  household  accounts,  Crandell 659 

A  practical  dietary  computer,  Pope 659 

Food  saving  and  sharing 659 

The  limiting  factors  in  the  food  supply  of  the  nation  at  war,  Taylor 659 

The  food  supply  of  the  United  Kingdom,  1916 659 

Food  situation  in  Germany  January  81, 1918,  Maylander 660 

Food  situation  in  Germany  during  the  summer  of  1918,  Maylander 660 

The  food  requirements  of  a  "  normal "  working-class  family,  Thompson 660 

Biological  values  of  wheat  and  almond  nitrogen,  Morgan  and  H^nz : 660 

The  constancy  of  the  protein  quotient,  Hanson 660 

Nutrition  and  growth  of  newborn  infants,  Ramsey  and  Alley 661 

Studies  of  infant  feeding. — ^X,  Absorption  of  fats,  Bosworth  et  al 661 

Is  the  amount  of  calcium  usually  given  injurious  to  infants?  Holt  et  al 661 

Methods  used  in  a  class  for  undernourished  children.  Smith : 661 

The  nursing  mother  as  a  factor  of  safety,  McCoilum  and  Simmonds 661 

Beri-beri  at  United  States  Army  base  hospital,  San  Juan,  Rlddell  et  ai 662 

ANIMAL  PKODUCTION. 

Variation,  correlation,  and  inheritance  of  fertility  in  mammals,  Harris 662 

The  fixation  of  mammalian  chromosomes,  Hance 662 

The  influence  of  isolated  ovaries  on  body  growth,  Stotsenburg 662 


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1»1»1  CONTENTS.  Vn 

Pago. 

Intrauterine  absorptton  of  ova,  Meyer 663 

The  ovulation  period  in  rats,  Long  and  Quisno^ . 663 

Ovulation  In  mice.  Long  and  Smith ^ 663 

The  ovarian  cycle  in  mice,  Smith 663 

Oestnw  and  ovulation  in  swine,  Corner  and  Amsbaugh 663 

The  corpus  luteum  of  pregnancy,  as  it  is  in  swine.  Corner , 663 

Studies  on  physiology  of  reproduction  in  birds,  VIII,  Riddle  and  Anderson.  664 

Sex  studies. — ^X,  Corpus  luteum  in  ovary  of  fowl.  Pearl  and  Boring 664 

Lutear  cells  and  hen-feathering,  Boring  and  Morgan 665 

Post-mortem  melanin  formation  In  white  ringdoves.  Riddle  and  La  Mer 665 

Commercial  feeding  stulfs  and  registrations  for  1918,  Cathcart 665 

Fodder  substitutes :  How  wild  vegetation  is  utilized  in  other  countries 665 

Comparison  of  roughages  for  fattening  steers  in  the  South,  Ward  et  al 665 

The  "  optimum  age  "  for  fattening  off  Irish  bullocks,  Wilson 667 

Heather  and  moor  burning  for  grouse  and  sheep,  Wallace 667 

Grazing  peanuts  with  hogs  v.  marketing  a  crop  of  peanuts.  Temple  ton 667 

Com  by-products,  Palmo  Mldds,  and  mixed  feeds.  Skinner  and  Starr 66& 

The  dietetic  value  of  wheat  bran»  Linton  and  Petrle 670 

Feeding  for  egg  production :  Animal  v.  vegetable  protein,  -Moore 670 

Rearing  chickens.  Card  and  KIrkpatrick 670 

Effects  of  subnormal  temperature  on  the  chick  embryo,  Lamson,  Jr 671 

A  brief  study  of  the  mating  habits  of  fowls.  Philips 671 

Fifth  Irish  egg-laying  competition.  Murphy ,.  , 671 

Sixth  Irish  egg-laying  competition 671 

A  peculiar  ^g  abnormality,  Weimer 672 

DAISY  FABMINQ — ^DAIBYIITa 

Feeding  dairy  cattle,  Fitzpatrick 672 

Variations  and  mode  of  secretion  of  milk  solids*  Gowen 672 

Cow-testing  associations 673 

It^port  of  the  educational  scoring  of  Connecticut  dairy  products,  Judidns..  673 

Milk  supply  of  Paris  in  1017,  Lucas J 674 

Studies  In  processing  milk,  JudUns  and  Downs : 675 

The  manufacture  of  small  cheese  with  improvised  apparatus 675 

Neofchatel  cheese,  Balrd 675 

Experiments  in  Ice  cream  making,  Baer 675 

VETKKINABT   MEDJCIIli:. 

Pathological  technique,  Mallory  and  Wright 676 

Annual  report  of  the  phlef  veterinary  officer  for  1917,  Stockman 676 

Report  on  Punjab  Veterinary  College,  etc^  for  1917-18,  Pease  et  al 676 

The  function  of  fats  in  Immune  processes,  11,  Warden 676 

Differentiation  of  Streptococcus  hemolytics,  Avery  and  CuUen 677- 

Horse  or  sheep  blood  dextrose  agar  plates,  Zelssler 677 

Preparation  of  culture  media  suitable  for  use  in  vaccines,  Korris «.^  677 

Dried  bacterial  antigen,  Harvey 678 

Specific  antisera  for  infections  of  unknown  cause,  Rous  et  al 678 

A  method  of  wound  treatment  by  living  cultures,  Donaldson  and  Joyce 678 

Character  and  properties  of  the  *'  Reading  "  baclUiifl»  Donaldson 679 

Association  of  bacteria  in  Cryptococcu9  farcimino9us  infection,  Carpano —  680 

Foot-and-mouth  disease  in  Mauritius,  Auchinleck  and  Lionnet 680 

Use  of  polyvalent  extracts  for  serodiagnosls  of  glanders,  Pfeiler 680 

Value  of  local  reactions  for  the  diagnosis  of  tuberculosis,  Ang^cL-- 680 

Method  of  B.  A.  I.  for  testing  potency  of  tuberculin,  Schroeder  and  Brett-.  680 

Tuberculosis  eradication,  Kieman 081 

Tuberculosis  and  our  live  stock  Industry,  Kieman ^1 

Connection  of  milksickness  with  white  snakeroot,  Sackett 681 

Tick  control  work,  Sohns l-— 582 

The  spinose  ear  tick  and  methods  of  treating  Infested  animals,  imes ^ 

Parasitic  mange ^ 

Report  of  an  experiment  on  hog  cholera,  Lewis  and  McBlroy ^b 

A  new  disease  of  pigs,  Slvori  and  Marchisotti ^® 

Salt  poisoning  In  swine,  Kemkamp ^ 

The  control  of  lice  on  horses,  Hall ' ^®* 


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Vin  OOITTENTS.  CVol  4» 

The  OYlposltlon  habit  of  (ku/traphUiu  nawtUs,  Cameron 684 

Note  on  effect  of  cold  on  degree  of  parasitic  infestation,  Wlgdor 684 

The  domestic  cat  a  host  of  the  dog  tapeworm,  Ackert  and  Grant 685 

Colon-typhoid  intermediates  as  causative  agents,  I,  Hadiej  et  al 685 

BUXAL  ECONOMIOS. 

After-the-war  agricnltnral  problems,  Macaigne 686 

Agriculture  after  the  war,  Vacher , 686 

The  condition  of  French  agriculture  after  the  war,  Beckerich. '  686 

How  to  pay  for  the  war,  Smltfa. 


YUlage  life  after  the  war 687 

Land  settlement  for  soldiers  and  sailors : 687 

A  county  scheme  f6r  the  settlement  for  ex-service  men  on  the  land 687 

Better  business,  better  farming,  better  living,  0*Donnell 687 

The  agricultural  ladder,  Spillman ,  687 

Minimum  wages  ftor  agricultural  workers 687 

The  Indoeares  in  England :  An  economic  reconstruction,  Bradley 688 

The  size  of  Maya  farms.  Cook 688 

Central  storage  of  harvests,  Portevin 688 

[Collectivism  in  agriculture]. 


Deep  furrows,  Moorhouse -^ «—«__•  688 

Cooperation  in  agricultural  organization  in  Belgium,  Wathelet 689 

Cooperation  in  Danish  agriculture,  Paber 689 

An  agricultural  federation,  Hammond 689 

Directory  of  agricultural  and  similar  organizations  of  Massachusetts 689 

The  offidal  organizations  for  aiding  agriculture,  Dlffloth 689 

Report  of  Idaho  department  of  fiarm  markets,  1917-18 689 

Report  of  the  activities  of  the  office  of  farm  markets. 


Report  of  Kansas  State  Board  of  Agriculture  for  December,  1917 ,  690 

[Report  of  Porto  Rico  commissioner  of  agriculture  and  labor] 690 

Farm  land  and  farming  in  [New  Brunswick] 690 

AGSICULTtTBAL  tDUCATtOlX. 

Administrative  organization  of  the  college  of  agriculture,  Jarvis 690 

Agricultural  instruction,  Dalencourt 690 

Agricultural  education :  Some  problems  in  State  supervision 600 

Problems  of  administering  the  Federal  Act  for  Vocational  Education 692 

State  Board  for  Vocational  Education 692 

Vocational  education  in  West  Virginia  under  the  Smith-Hughes  Law 692 

Plans  concerning  the  Wisconsin  system  of  vocational  training 692 

Evening  vocational  courses  for  girls  and  women --.,  692 

Qenetics  laboratory  manual,  Babcock  and  Collins 683 

Poultry  laboratory  manual  and  note  book,  Lewis 693 

Lessons  in  cookery. — Book  I,  Food  economy,  Stewart 693 

Home  and  community  hygiene,  Broadhurst 694 

inscKLLAmsons. 

Thirty-first  Annual  Report  of  New  York  Cornell  Station,  1918 694 

Twenty-seventh  Annual  Report  of  Oklahoma  Station,  1918 694 

Thirty-first  Annual  Report  of  South  Carolina  Station,  1918 694 

Monthly  bulletin  of  the  Ohio  Experiment  Station 694 

Monthly  bulletin  of  the  Western  Washington  Substation 694 


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LIST  OF  EXPERIMENT  STATION  AND  DEPARTMENT 
PUBLICATIONS  REVIEWED. 


8iaiioti$  in  the  United  States. 

Alal>ama  Ck>llege  Station :  P^se. 

BuL  20e,  I>ec..  1918 067 

Clrc  89.  Dec.  1918 655 

California  Station : 

Clrc  20T.  Feb..  1919 675 

Gonnectlcnt  Storrs  Station : 

BuL  96,  June.  1918 670 

BuL  97,  Nov^  1918 661 

BuL  98,  Jan..  1918 678 

Bui.  99.  Aug.,  1918 675 

Indiana  Station: 

BuL  219,  Sept.  1918 668 

Iowa  Station : 

Research  Bui.  46.  Feb.,  1918.      617 

Missouri  Station : 

BuL  160.  Jan.,  1919 622 

New  Jersey  Stations: 

BuL  827.  May  1. 1918 665 

BuL  828,  Feb.  15. 1918 649 

Clrc.  97,  Mar.  1, 1918 W5 

Glra.  98,  Mar.  1, 1918 645 

Ore.  99.  Sept.  1, 1918 638 

New  York  Cornell  StaUon: 

Thirty-first  An.  Rpt  1918 694 

Ohio  Station: 

Mo.  BuL,  ToL  4,  No.  2« ..     639. 

640,658,694 

(Mdahoma  Station: 
V    Twenty-seventh     An.     Rpt 

1018 608,617,624, 

638,644,675,688,694 

PennsylTanla  Station: 

BuL  154,  Jan..  1919 638 

Bhode  Island  Station: 

BuL  174.  May.  1918 685 

BuL  179,  June.  1918 623 

South  Gttrollna  Station: 

Thirty-first  An.  Rpt  1919..     624, 
648.647,672.694 

Teonessee  Station: 

BuL  120,  July,  1918 652 

Utah  Station: 

Clrc.  84,  Dec.,  1918 638 

Washington  Station : 

BuL  151.  Dec,  1918 642 

Popular  BuL  116.  Jan.,  1019^      636 
West  Wash,  Sta.  Mo.  BuL, 
vol.  6.  No.  11,  Feb.,  1919,.      694 

Wyoming  Station: 

BuL  118.  Dec.,  1918 630 


BuL  119,  Dec..  1918. 


U.  8.  Department  of  AgricuJture. 

BuL  758,  The  Use  of  Wood  for   *•*«•. 
Fuel 641 

Bui.  762,  A  Comparison  of  Rough- 
ages for  Fattening  Steers  in 
the  South,  W.  F.  Ward.  D.  T. 
Gray,  and  E.  B.  Lloyd 665 

BuL  769,  The  Production  and 
Ck>nservation  of  Fats  and  Oils 
in  the  United  States,  H.  S. 
Bailey  and  B.  E.  Reuter 614 

Farmers*  BuL  980.  The  Splnose 
Ear  Tick  and  Methods  of 
Treating  Infested  Animals,  M. 
Imes 682 

Farmers*  BuL  1008,  How  to  Gon- 
trol  Billbugs  Destructive  to 
Cereal  and  Forage  Crops,  A.  F. 
Satterthwalt 655 

Bureau  of  Markets : 

Food  Surveys,  vol.  2 — 

No.  17,  Feb.  20.  1919 650 

No.  18.  Feb.  25. 1919 659 

No.  19,  Feb.  26, 1919 659 

Weather  Bureau : 

Nat.  Weather  and  Crop  BuL 
2,  1919 616 

Mo.  Wenther  Rev..  voL  46— 

No.  11.  Nov..  1918 616, 617 

No.  12.  Dec..  1918 615, 

616,617 

Scientific  Contributions:^ 

The  Preparation  of  Sodium 
fr-hydroxypheny  la  rsonate, 

J.  B.  Conant 609 

The  Classification  of  Mimet- 
ic Crystals.  E.  T.  Wherry 
and  El  Q.  Adams *  609 

Arsenlous  Oxld  as  a  Stand- 
ard Substance  in  lodime- 
try,  a  M.  Chapin 609 

The  Gravimetric  and  Volu- 
metric Determination  of 
Zinc  Precipitated  as  Zinc 
Mercury  Thlocyanate,  G. 
S.  Jamieson 610 


*  Printed  in  scientiflc  and  technical  publicationa  ootaide  the  Department. 


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LIST  OF  PUBLICATIONS. 


[Vol  40 


17.  8.  Department  of  Agriculture — Con. 

Scientific  Contribution*— Con.        p*k«. 
Some  Recent  Ck)ntributions 
to  the  Physics  of  the  Air, 

W.  J.  Humphreys 616 

The  Dustfall  of  March  9, 
1918,  A.  N.  Winchell  and 

E.  R.  Miller 616 

Field  Crops,  A.  D.  Wilson 

and  C.  W.  Warburton 622 

New  Everbearing  Straw- 
berries, W.  Van  Fleet 639 

Keeping  Quality  of  Straw- 
berries in  Relation  to 
Their  Temperature  When 
Picked,  N.  E.  Stevens 639 

Decorative  Materials  in  the 
Prickly  Pears  and  Their 
Allies,  D.  Griffiths 640 

A  Combined  Map  and  Pano- 
rama for  Orientation  from 
Lookout  Stations,  E. 
Fritz 640 

Use  of  Airplanes  in  Forest 
Patrol  Work,  H.  S. 
Graves 641 

The  Possibilities  of  Farm 
Woodland  Development 
under  the  Smith-Lever 
Act,  C.  R.  Tlllotson 641 

Pulp  and  Paper  Investiga- 
tions of  the  Forest  Prod- 
ucts Laboratory  in  1918, 
V.  P.  Edwardes 641 

Pulp  Mills  of  the  United 
States,  H.  E.  Surface  and 

F.  H.  Smith 641 

Effect  of  Certain  Ecological 

Factors  on  the  Morphology 
of  the  Uredinlospores  of 

/  PuccifUa  graminis,  E.  C. 
Stakman  and  M.  N.  Le- 
vine 641 

New  Biologic  Forms  of  Puo- 
cinia  graminU,  E.  C.  Stak- 
man, M.  N.  Levine,  and  J. 

G.  Leach 642 

The  Growth  of  the  Potato 

Scab  Organism  at  Various 
Hydrogen  Ion  Concentrar 
tions  as  Related  to  the 
Comparative  Freedom  of 

'  Acid  Soils  from  the  Potato 
Scab,  L.  J.  Gillespie 644 

A  New  Disease  of  the  Irish 
Potato,  C.  W.  Carpenter.,      644 

Lightning  Injury  to  Herba- 
ceous Plants,  L.  R.  Jones 
and  W.  W.  Gilbert 645 

Notes  on  Peridermiums  from 
Ohio,  R.  G.  Pierce 645 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture--CoBL 

Scientific  Contributions— Con.       ^t^ 

Host    Relationships   of   the  {. 

North    American     Rusts,  | 

Other  Than  Gynmosporan- 
giums,  Wliich  Attack  Coni- 
fers, A.  S.  Rhoads,  G.  G. 
Hedgcock,  B.  Bethel,*  and 
C.  Hartley 645 

Wild  Animals  of  North 
America,  B.  W.  Nelson 646 

Wild  Life  in  Our  National 
Parks,  B.  W.  Nelson 646 

The  Migration  of  North 
American  Birds,  YII,  H. 
C.  Oberholser 646 

A  Second  Bird  Survey  at 
Washington,  D.  C^  H.  C. 
Oberholser 646 

Birds  Observed  near  Minco, 
Central  Oklahoma,  A. 
Wetmore 646 

Costa's  Hummingbird. — ^Its 
Type  LocaUty,  Early  His- 
tory, and  Name,  T.  S, 
Palmer 646 

The  Wisconsin  Napaeoiapufl^ 
H.  H.  T.  Jadcson 646 

The  Status  of  the  Genus 
Ordillus  Cabanis,  H.  a 
Oberholser 646 

Mutanda  Omithologica,  V, 
H.  C.  Oberholser 646 

First  List  of  the  Dennaptera 
and  Orthoptera  of  Plum- 
mers  Island,  Md.,  and  Vi- 
cinity, W.  L.  McAtee  and 
A.  N.  Caudell 649 

Schistoceroa  tartarioa  Taken 
at  Sea,  L.  O.  Howard 649 

Notes  on  the  Biology  of 
SchizonotUB  Heboldii,  R. 
A.  Cushman 619 

The  Grape  Mealy  Bug 
{PseudococcuB  hakeri),  R. 
L.  Nougaret .^,. 650 

The  Oriental  Pea<^  Moth: 
A  Japanese  Fruit  Insect 
Recently  Introduced  into 
the  United  States.  W.  B. 
Wood 652 

A  New  Coleophora  Injurious 
to  Apple  in  California,  C 
Heinrich 652 

Two  New  Instances  of  Poly- 
embryony  among  the  En- 
cyrtidffi,  L.  O.  Howard 65S 

A  Contribution  to  the  Bi- 
ology of  North  American 
Diptera,  C.  T.  Greene 653 


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1919] 


LIST  OF  PUBLICATIONS. 


XI 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture— Con, 

Sdentiflc  Ck>ntribQtioii»--Con.       P^st. 

Notes  on  North  American 
Tachlnldie,  Including  the 
Description  of  One  New 
Genus,  H.  E.  Smith 658 

Three  New  Tachinld  Para- 
sites of  Eleodes,  W.  R. 
Walton 658 

A  New  Species  of  Longhom 
Beetle  Infesting  Cowi>ea8 
from  Mexico,  W.  S. 
Fisher 654 

A  New  QenuB  (Perissar* 
thron)  of  Elateridae  and  a 
Revision  of  the  American 
ElaterldA  of  the  Genus 
PyrophoruSt  with  Descrip- 
tions of  New  Species,  J. 
A.  H7sl<^ 655 

The  Elaterid  Genus  Oistus 
of  Gandeze,  J.  A.  Hyslop..     655 

Notes  and  Descriptions  of 
Some  Orchid  Weevils,  BL 
S.  Barber 666 

Notes  on  the  Larvae  of  Some 
Gephidft,  W.  Middleton 665 

The  American  Species  of 
the  Genus  Gephus,  S.  A. 
Rohwer 666 


U,  8.  Department  of  AffrUfuUure-Oon. 

Scientific  Contribution»— Gon.       Page. 

Two  New  Ghalcids  from  the 
Seeds  of  Amelanchler,  R. 
A.  Oushman 666 

Oryssus  is  Parasitic,  H.  E. 
Burke 656 

A  Much  Described  Ichneu- 
monld  and  Its  Systematic 
Position,  R.  A.  Gushman..      656 

The  Palate  of  Givilized  Man 
and  Its  Influence  on  Agri- 
culture, D.  Fairchlld 656 

The  Method  of  the  Bureau 
of  Animal  Industry  for 
Testing  the  Potency  of 
Tuberculin,  B.  C.  Schroe- 
der  and  G.  W.  Brett 680 

Tuberculosis  Eradication,  J. 
A.  Kleman 681 

Tuberculosis  and  Our  Live 
Stock  Industry,  J.  A.'Kier- 
nan 681 

The  Size  of  Maya  Farms,  O. 
F.  Cook 688 

Cooperative  Agricultural  Ex-     ^ 
tension  .  Work  under  the 
Smith-Lever    Act,    A.    C. 
True.- 602 


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EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 

You  40.  May,  1919.  No.  7. 


The  organization  of  research  and  the  functions  of  administration 
in  connection  with  it  have  been  fertile  subjects  of  discussion  aknost 
from  the  beginning  of  our  system  of  experiment  stations.  They  are 
important  subjects,  and  while  with  a  generation's  experience  a  num- 
ber of  fundiamental  truths  have  come  to  be  generally  accepted  there 
is  not  unanimity  of  opinion  as  expressed  in  practice. 

It  appears  that  interest  in  the  relations  between  administration 
and  research  in  agriculture  is  by  no  means  confined  to  workers  in 
this  country.  Not' long  ago  an  illuminating  contribution  was  made 
to  the  subject  in  an  article  printed  in  the  Agricultural  Journal  of 
India.  This  article  is  by  Professor  H.  M.  Leake,  government  eco- 
nomic botanist  and  principal  of  the  Agricultural  CJollege  of  Cawn- 
pore.  It  was  prepared  primarily  with  reference  to  administrative 
conditions  in  India,  which  are  evidently  quite  different  i'n  some  re- 
spects from  those  found  in  this  country,  with  a  larger  measure  of 
control  and  responsibility  vested  in  the  official  representatives  of  the 
Government.  None  the  less  the  discussion  is  written  from  a  broad 
academic  standpoint  and  with  a  frankness,  appreciation,  and  clear 
insight  into  the  elements  and  essentials  of  research  which  makes  it 
of  wide  application. 

It  appears  that  a  reorganization  of  scientific  effort  in  India  is 
ander  contemplation  which  would  centralize  the  research  of  various 
fonns  under  independent  departments  of  chemistry,  botany,  and  the 
like*  This  would  associate  in  one  service  all  men  engaged  in  work 
of  the  same  branch  of  science,  which  it  is  thought  by  its  advocates 
would  give  rise  to  an  esprit  de  corps  at  present  lacking  among  the 
scientific  workers  in  India.  The  writer,  however,  argues  rather  for 
evolution  from  the  present  system,  and  maintains  that  sound  evolu- 
tion "  requires  a  clear  appreciation  of  what  it  is  essential  to  provide 
and  what  .to  avoid.''  He  attempts  in  his  article  to  help  to  a  true 
appreciation  of  these  essentials,  and  so  to  pave  the  way  for  "  a  pro- 
portioned organization  "  giving  the  fullest  scope  for  the  development 

of  research. 

601 


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602  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEGOBD.  IVol  40 

The  subject  is  taken  up  in  a  philosophical  way  from  the  stand- 
point of  human  qualities  and  human  relations.  Being  himself  a 
government  investigator  as  well  as  an  administrative  officer.  Pro- 
fessor Leake  sees  the  question  from  the  investigator's  point  of  viei^, 
but  with  a  recognition  of  the  administrative  aspect  gained  under  the 
government  system,  where  he  says  the  very  conditions  of  activity 
lead  to  the  negation  of  such  freedom  as  is  generally  conceded  to  be 
desirable  in  research. 

Starting  out  with  the  thesis  that  organization  is  merely  a  means 
to  an  end  and  not  an  end  in  itself,  as  too  often  appears  to  be  con- 
sidered the  case,  he  frankly  indicates  that  it  may  be  an  end  for 
personal  ambition.  No  man  is  essential,  however,  and  no  line  of  en- 
deavor is  the  essential  cog  in  the  work  of  the  world.  Organization 
is  an  important  cog,  but  it  is  not  considered  to  be  the  most  essential 
one  in  human  progress. 

In  explanation  of  his  postulates,  Professor  Leake  takes  the  position 
that  man  is  inherently  selfish  in  that  he  lacks  the  capacity  to  place 
himself  in  other  men's  positions.  Research  is  classed  as  perhaps  the 
most  purely  constructive  of  any  form  of  endeavor,  but  he  does  not 
admit  that  the  one  who  practices  it  is  "  in  any  sense  a  man  apart." 
As  to  the  conditions  under  which  research  work  is  commonly  con- 
ducted, the  average  individual  is  not  free  from  the  ordinary  rules  of 
life,  and  is  controlled  in  his  endeavor  by  this  fact  and  by  the  necessity 
of  making  provision  for  himself  and  dependents.  Only  rarely  has 
he  the  means  to  pursue  his  aims  independently.  Hence  human 
endeavor  to  reach  its  practical  result  requires  the  combination  of 
two  factors,  one  which  may  be  termed  organization  and  the  other 
"  initiative,"  usually  centered  in  different  individuals.  "  It  is  a  case 
of  partnership  which  will  develop  the  fullest  results  only  when 
carried  out  under  full  mutual  recognition  of  the  fact."  But  it  is 
rare,  he  contends,  to  find  two  persons  so  free  from  selfishness,  **  suffi- 
ciently selfless,"  as  to  enter  into  each  other's  point  of  view  to  the 
extent  necessary  to  develop  that  full  mutual  recognition.  ^Each 
strives  to  emphasize  the  importance  of  his  own  contribution  to  the 
common  stock,  and  it  is  that  strife  that  leads  to  the  abortive  schemes 
and  stultified  careers"  which  are  depicted  as  the  result.  *  This  he 
explains  is  a  natural  consequence  of  ambition,  a  highly  desirable 
trait.  ''  But  ambition  stultifies  itself  if  it  is  overweening  and  placed 
in  a  position  to  force  its  own  demands,"  as  it  frequently  is  between 
organizer  and  initiator. 

Professor  Leake  accepts  the  premise  that  in  India  research  of  any 
sort,  and  agricultural  research  in  particular,  if  prosecuted  at  all  is 
likely  to  remain  for  some  time  to  come  a  function  of  the  government. 
Hence  the  discussion  narrows  down  to  the  special  aspect  in  which  the 
organization  is  represented  by  Government 

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1»191  EDITOEIAL.  603 

Crovemment  enterprises,  he  maintains,  differ  from  business  enter- 
prises in  that  in  the  former  power  and  organization  are  united  in  one 
head  without  the  restraint  on  their  use  which  prevail  in  business 
interests.  Appeal  in  practice  is  to  the  administrator.  The  con- 
ditions which  obtain  in  government  service  give  to  the  administrator 
all  the  advantages  but  none  of  the  restraints  that  regulate  the  rela- 
tions of  organizer  and  initiator  under  other  conditions  as  in  business. 
These  conditions  are  highly  favorable  to  the  "development  of  the 
essentially  selfish  character  of  ^human  nature." 

Men  capable  of  supplying  the  initiative  enter  the  government 
service  in  his  country,  he  believes,  because  of  the  prospect  of  steady, 
continuous  employment  and  regularity  of  pay  and  pension,  reasons 
which  appeal  especially  to  the  unambitious,  "  to  the  man  whose  chief 
desire  is  to  live  in  contented  ease."  Since  the  system  does  not  place 
a  premium  on  eflSciency,  Professor  Leake  holds  that  such  a  govern- 
ment agency  can  never  attain  the  efficiency  of  private  enterprise. 

Defining  the  nature  of  research  with  much  clarity,  he  points  out  the 
difference  between  it  and  the  product  of  the  engineer  or  the  cabinet 
maker,  which  can  be  blocked  out  with  accuracy  in  advance  and  is 
tested  by  the  way  it  serves  its  purpose.  The  designer  or  builder  in 
either  case  is  judged  by  the  results.  With  research  it  is  never  possible 
to  set  ont  to  attain  a  definite  object  with  the  same  certainty  of  success, 
and  the  investigator  can  not  be  judged  entirely  by  the  simple  test  of 
achievement,  which  is  the  only  test  of  eflfciency  the  inexpert  can 
apply. 

Research  is  characterized,  in  fact,  as  a  lottery  in  which  the  prizes 
are  enormous,  but  in  which  there  are  a  number  of  blanks.  Goveri)- 
ment  is  in  a  position  to  take  this  chance  and  it  can  take  a  liberal  view 
in  the  demand  for  tan^ble  results,  i.  e.,  it  is  less  disposed  than  com- 
mercial bodies  to  exact  them  or  discontinue  the  effort 

Under  government  auspices,  however,  there  is  held  to  be  the  danger 
that  attention  will  be  concentrated  on  the  administrative  aspects,  and 
to  assume  that  if  the  administrative  side  is  arranged  for  all  will  be 
welL  The  essential  condition  for  successful  research  is  freedom, 
freedom  to  select  the  -line  of  work  to  suit  the  individual  tempera- 
ment and  freedom  to  develop  that  line  of  work  in  accordance  with 
individual  dictates.  The  first  point  of  weakness  inherent  in  govern- 
ment management  of  research  is  failure  to  appreciate  that  research 
is  essentially  individualistic,  and  that  the  men  who  undertake  it  are 
not  and  can  not  be  standardized.  The  choice  must  be  made  between 
selecting  a  man  and  leaving  him  to  develop  the  line  of  individuality 
which  best  suits  him,  and  selecting  one  whose  special  leanings  ap- 
pear to  render  him  most  likely  to  succeed  in  a  particular  investi- 
gation. Too  often  appointments,  it  is  held,  are  made  for  a  particu- 
lar purpose,  but  the  man  is  selected  without  relation  to  special  apti- 


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604  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BBOOBD.  lTol40 

tude  £or  the  piece  of  work  involved.    This,  of  oourse,  is  likely  to 
occur  when  combination  purpose  men  are  appointed,  for  instance,    i 
primarily  to  fill  a  place  in  the  college  but  with  the  expectation  of   j 
working  for  the  station  also. 

The  limits  of  the  legitimate  sphere  of  organizati<m  are  held  to  be 
to  provide  a  general  outline  of  the  problem  to  be  attacked,  the 
facilities  required,  for  the  work,  and  the  opening  for  the  develop- 
ment of  the  results  obtained.  But  the  very  conditions  of  govern- 
ment activities  are  against  this  limitation.  The  administrative  func- 
tion tends  to  go  beyond  its  legitimate  sphere,  in  the  direction  of 
defining  the  problems  in  too  great  detail  and  iji  drawing  up  complex 
schemes  for  the  development  of  the  results  before  they  are  obtained. 
"  This  phenomenon  is  merely  administration  unsuccessfully  attempt^ 
ing  to  justify  its  own  existence." 

Any  scheme  for  the  employment  or  development  of  research  must 
have  regard  to  the  essential  requirements  both  of  the  research  and 
the  administrative  aspects,  and  undue  prominence  must  not  be  gi7^ 
to  those  of  either.  This  is  defined  as  implying  on  the  aTtministratJTe 
side  the  direction  of  the  work  into  certain  diannela  while  avoiding 
too  minute  a  definition  of  these,  and  provision  of  the  means  to  obtain 
the  best  practical  developments  from  the  results  obtained.  From 
the  research  point  of  view  it  is  necessary  to  provide  for  the  selection 
of  investigators  with  a  view  to  the  particular  work  required,  and 
freedom  for  development  of  initiative  along  the  lines  of  individual 
leaning.  On  the  latter  point  there  may  be  some  difference  of  opinion 
if  this  is  construed  too  narrowly. 

^^Any  department,  however  small,  involves  a  certain  amount  of 
administrative  work,  •  •  •  and  full  organization  requires  that  pro- 
vision shall  be  made  for  this  without  interfering  with  the  efficient 
of  the  purely  constructive  system.  This  is  the  crux  of  aU  such  ad- 
ministrative problems  and  the  point  wUere  lies  the  chief  danger  of  the 
selfish  basis  of  human  nature  asserting  itself.  All  departments  must 
work  through  a  head  who  represents  that  department  in  the  dealings 
with  government."  Professor  Leake  holds  that  the  selection  of  sadi 
a  head  from  the  departmental  (professional)  staff  ^will  lead  to  the 
emphasis  of  the  purely  constructional  aspect  of  administration."  He 
avoids  the  term  director,  since  the  duties  of  the  office  are  to  assist 
the  members  of  th^  professional  staff  by  freeing  them  from  the  rou- 
tine administrative  duties  and  by  acting  as  intermediary  between 
them  and  Government ;  hence  the  position  he  has  in  mind  is  that  of 
secretary  rather  than  that  of  director. 

The  specific  proposal  to  organize  research  on  the  basis  of  the  com- 
monly recognized  divisions  of  science,  with  departments  of  botany, 
chemistry,  etc.,  is  analyzed  in  the  light  of  these  consideration& 


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1019]  £DnX)BIAl«.  605 

Professor  Leake  holds  that  it  is  not  in  the  interests  of  most  effective 
work  for  agriculture  or  of  a  proper  esprit  de  corps  for  the  whole 
institution.  Many  of  the  advantages  claimed  would  vanish  in  actual 
practice,  since  the  botanists,  for  example,  would  have  to  be  split  up 
and  assigned  to  local  problems  which  would  involve  their  isolation. 
Such  a  centralization  of  departmentalized  research  he  considers  un- 
suited  to  the  needs  of  a  large  section  of  agricultural  investigation. 

Agricultural  research  is  mainly  applied,  and  as  agricultural  prac^ 
tice  is  so  largely  a  question  of  handling  plants  in  relation  to  soil  and 
climate  a  large  proportion  of  the  problems  of  agricultural  research 
deal  with  interrelations,  and  consequently  require  local  knowledge. 
Again,  in  agricultural  research  probably  more  than  in  any  other 
class  ^Hhe  lines  of  investigation  cut  across  the  commonly  accepted 
divisions  of  science.'^  Hence  '^  in  agriculture  probably  more  than  any 
other  subject  do  problems  arise  which  involve  combined  attack  from 
more  than  one  direction.  Such  a  combined  attack  involves  coopera- 
tion, and  every  effort  to  develop  such  cooperation  should  therefore 
be  made.  The  desirability  for  such  cooperation  is,  I  think,  recog- 
nized and  much  has  been  written  and  said  about  it 

^^Cooperation  is  essentially  a  growth  from  within  by  consent  of 
the  concerned  parties;  it  can  not  from  its  very  nature  be  the  result 
of  an  external  graft."  This  is  recognized  in  cooperative  movements, 
in  which  great  care  is  taken  to  prevent  any  trace  of  external  influ- 
ence creeping  in;  "and  yet  between  individuals  cooperation  is  ex- 
pected to  develop  from  mere  chance  association."  While  official  pro- 
vision alone  will  not  bring  about  cooperation,  it  can  help  greatly  in 
avoiding  "  conditions  inimical  to  its  devlopment" 

Despite  some  obvious  differences  in  conditions  in  India  and  this 
country,  many  of  Professor  Leake's  propositions  will  be  found  both 
pertinent  and  timely.  Here,  as  elsewhere,  research  organized  on  a 
large  and  broad  scale  is  a  comparatively  new  thing.  For  the  most 
part  it  has  been  conducted  in  connection  with  educational  institu- 
tions. The  traditions  of  "academic  freedom"  of  the  individual 
teacher  as  regards  the  subject  matter  of  his  instruction  and  the  ad- 
ministrative methods  developed  in  the  handling  of  bodies  of  more  or 
less  immature  students  have  undoubtedly  had  much  to  do  with  the 
ideas  and  practices  prevailing  in  the  organization  and  administration 
of  research  in  the  modem  world. 

Li  very  many  lines  of  scientific  research,  including  agriculture,  it 
is  now  evident  that  there  is  little  hope  of  the  solution  of  certain 
classes  of  problems  except  by  the  cooperative  effort  of  a  number  of 
11633S'— No.  7—19 2 


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606  BXPESIMEKT  8TATI0H  BEOOBD.  [T«I40 

investigators.  ThB  problem  is  to  institute  methods  of  administration 
suited  to  the  complex  organization  required  and  create  adminislrators 
who  will  use  such  methods  successfully.  The  administrator  as  a  co- 
ordinator, helper,  and  inspirer,  rather  than  as  a  dictator  and  com- 
pelling force,  is  the  desideratum.  He  most  be  a  man  of  broad  knowl- 
edge and  vision,  human  sympathy,  and  great  adaptability  in  his  deal- 
ings with  conditions  and  personnel.  His  great  interest  must  be  in 
his  associates  and  the  work  which  they  have  to  do  rather  than  in 
personal  advancement,  or  the  applause  of  even  a  select  circle  of 
admirers.  Some  of  the  reasons  for  this  are  well  shown  in  Professor 
Leake's  suggestive  and  stimulating  discussion. 


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RECENT  WORK  IN  AGRICULTURAL  SQENCE. 


AQBIUULTOJiAL  CHEHI8IKT— AOXOTEtiiUi  x. 

Physical  and  chemical  data  of  nitrogen  compounds,  compiled  by  G.  W.  Todd 
(London:  Min.  Munitions,  Munitions  Invent.  Dept.,  1918,  pp.  49,  pis.  47), — 
This  publication  contains  a  summary  of  physical  and  chemical  data  of  nitrogen 
and  some  of  its  compounds,  particularly  nitric  acid  and  ammonia.  Data  are 
also  given  of  the  equilibria  which  form  the  basis  of  the  more  important  methods 
for  the  technical  preparation  and  purification  ef  hydrogen.  In  the  presentation 
of  data  the  graphic  form  Is  used  as  far  as  possible. 

Iiegumlns  in  peas,  O.  Hahhabsten  (Eoppe-8eyler*s  Ztschr.  PhysioU  Chem^ 
102  (1918),  No.  S-4,  pp.  85-104;  abs.  in  Jour.  Chem.  8oc.  [London^,  114  (1918), 
No.  675,  /,  pp.  509,  510). — ^The  author  points  out  that  the  legumln  prepared 
from  peas  by  extraction  with  salt  solution  and  subsequent  removal  of  the  salt 
by  dialysis,  as  described  by  Osborne  and  Campbell  (E.  S.  R.,  10,  p.  214),  differs 
from  the  insoluble  legumln  obtained  from  peas  by  extraction  with  water  or 
dilute  alkali  and  subsequent  precipitation  with  dilute  acetic  add.  To  the 
former  he  applies  the  name  a-legumln  and  to  the  latter  &-legumin.  Slight  differ- 
ences in  these  properties  are  described,  which  indicate  that  b-legumin  Is  not 
formed  from  o^legumln  by  the  action  of  acid,  alkali,  or  water,  but  is  a  distinct 
protein. 

Alfalfa  saponin.— Alfalfa  inveatiffation,  VH,  G.  A.  Jacobson  (Jour.  Amer. 
Chem.  Boo.,  41  (1919),  No.  4,  pp.  640-648). ^In  continuation  of  the  previously 
rq[K>rted  (E.  S.  R.,  84,  p.  710)  alfalfa  investigations  at  the  Nevada  Experiment 
Station,  the  author  reports  the  results  of.  a  study  of  alfalfa  saponin  obtained 
from  dry  alfalfa  hay  by  extraction  with  alcohoL 

The  pore  sa];>onin,  the  yield  of  which  was  about  1  per  cent  of  the  original 
alfalfa,  was  similar  to  other  saponins  in  its  physical  and  chemical  properties 
but  differed  somewhat  in  its  toxicological  properties,  as  it  was  not  toxic  when 
Ingested  by  animals  or  fish,  and  did  not  hemolyze  blood.  The  empirical  formula 
was  found  to  be  GstHCTNOi*  On  hydrolysis  a  sapogenln  was  formed  having  the 
formula  GuHuNOm,  together  with  a  glucose  derivative.  It  Is  pointed  out  that 
wJIbUb,  saponin  and  solanin  are  the  only  saponins  known  to  contain  nitrogen, 
finH  that  they  form  the  connecting  Unks  between  the  true  saponins  and  the 
alkaloids.  The  water  scAutlon  of  the  saponin  had  a  very  high  surface  tension, 
minute  quantities  in  water  producing  decided  foaming  under  agitation. 

The  pvotein  extract  of  ragweed  pollen,  F.  W.  Hiti.  (Jour.  Amer.  Chem. 
BoCf  41  (1919),  No.  4,  pp.  670-68B).—ln  continuation  of  the  investigations  on 
mgweed  pollen  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  612),  a  study  is  reported  of  the 
nitrogen  distribution  In  the  pollen. 

The  pollen  was  percolated  with  ether  and  with  cold  95  per  cent  alcohol,  and 
then  extracted  with  water,  saline  solution,  and  dilute  alkali.  From  the  water 
extracts  an  albumin  coagulating  at  low  temperatures  (45-50*  0.)  and  proteoses 
were  obtained,  the  former  to  the  extent  of  about  1.2  per  cent  and  the  latter  3 

607 


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608  BXPBBIMBNT  STATION  BBOOBO.  CTolM 

per  cent  The  chief  protein  was  a  glutelln  extracted  with  dilute  alkalla.  Pre- 
cipitation of  the  water  extract  by  lialf  saturation  with  ammoniom  sulphate  gmve 
a  product  consisting  of  76  per  cent  albumin  and  25  per  cent  proteose,  iwhlcfa 
possessed  anaphylactogenlc  properties.  After  saturation  of  the  aqueous  extract 
with  ammonium  sulphate  and  removal  of  the  ammonium  sulphate,  adenin, 
guanosin  (?),  hlstidin,  arginin,  lyirin,  and  agmantin  were  identified. 

It  is  suggested  that  the  presence  of  agmantin  maj  have  some  bearing  <m  fhe 
hay-fever  problem  because  of  the  possibility  of  a  similarity  which  it  may  possess 
with  /9-iminazolylethylamin,  known  to  produce  asphyxia  with  anaphalactic  Bboc^ 
in  guinea  pigs. 

The  forms  of  nitrogen  in  proteln-ftee  milk,  0.  Kbmiidx  {Jour,  JLmer, 
Chem.  8oc.,  41  (1919),  No,  S,  pp.  S8&S9S) .—-ViYe  samples  of  protein-free  milk 
prepared  from  milk  obtained  at  different  times  from  the  same  herd  were  need 
for  determination  of  amino  and  amid  nitrogen  before  and  after  add  hydrolysis^ 
of  the  nitrogen  distribution  after  acid  hydrolysis,  and  of  the  amount  of  nitrogen 
removed  from  an  aqueous  solution  of  the  nitrogen-free  milk  by  the  predpitants 
acid  mercuric  nitrate,  phosphotungstic  acid,  and  trichlpracetlc  add.  . 

The  results  obtained  show  that  protein-free  milk,  when  pr^Mired  und^  care- 
fully controlled  conditions^  is  variable  In  composition.  The  amid  nitrogen  vsiried 
from  7.12  per  cent  of  the  total  nitrogen  to  20.62  per  cent,  the  nitrogoi  precipi- 
tated by  the  phosphotungstic  acid  from  7.06  to  14.08  per  cent,  and  the  nitrogen 
in  the  filtrate  from  the  bases  from  52.19  to  64.88  per  cent  Amino  nitrogen  de- 
terminations before  and  after  add  hydrolysis  and  the  nitrogen  distrlbatlon 
indicate  that  either  unpredpitated  protein  or  peptide  of  considerable  size  are 
present  in  protdn-free  milk. 

By  predpitation  with  add  mercuric  nitrate  or  phosphotungstic  add,  a  little 
less  than  one-half  of  the  nitrogenous  compound  was  removed.  Only  nonamlno 
nitrogen  was  removed  by  phosphotungstic  add.  An  Increase  in  the  amino  nitro- 
gen after  tryptic  digestion  gave  further  proof  that  conjugated  amino  groups  are 
present  in  the  protdn-free  milk. 

Glycerids  of  butter  fat,  H,  C.  Ambergeb  {ZUchr.  Uniersw:K  Kahr,  u^ 
0€nu8smtl,,  S5  {19i8),  No.  9-10,  pp.  SlS-^1)  .—TblB  is  a  continuation  of  in- 
vestigations previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  81,  p.  804). 

Fractional  crystallization  of  the  alcohol-soluble  portion  of  hydrogenated  bntter 
fat,  according  to  the  method  of  B9mer  et  al.  (B.  S.  R.,  82,  p.  801),  showed  that 
the  original  ftit  contained  the  glycerids,  butyrodloleln,  butyropalmitoleln,  and 
oleodlpalmltin.  Only  a  small  amount  (2.4  per  cent)  of  triolein  was  found.  In 
addition  to  the  above,  the  author  has  isolated  from  butter  ftit  a  glycerid  of 
melting  point  67.9*  O.,  yielding  mixed  adds  melting  at  66.5*. 

A  study  of  the  chemistry  of  grain  sorghumuB  (Oklahoma  8ta.  Rpt,  1918^  pp. 
28,  B9).— This  Is  in  continuation  of  work  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  88,  11. 
410).  An  examination  of  yellow  mile  maize,  white  mllo  maize,  feterita,  and 
darso  for  tannin  gave  negative  results,  except  in  the  case  of  darso  in  whidi  traces 
of  tannin  were  found.  Glucose  was  found  to  be  the  only  reducing  sugar  present 
in  the  Juice  of  the  above  sorghum.  Prdiminary  studies  of  the  inorganic  and 
organic  phosphorus  of  the  grain  sorghum  Indicated  that  the  phosphoUptns  of 
the  sorghums  do  not  contain  a  sugar.  A  study  of  the  Inorganic  constitumts  of 
the  grain  sorghums  at  three  stages  of  growth  showed  Qiat  the  ash  of  these  sub- 
stances contained  a  considerable  amount  of  manganese. 

Continuation  of  the  chemical  investigation  of  the  amylases,  H.  OL  Shsb- 
ukrr  {Carnegie  Inst.  Washington  Tear  Book,  17  (1918),  pp.  88f-f8^) .— This  is 
a  general  report  of  the  results  of  Investigations  which  have  been  previously  noted 
in  detail  from  another  source  (B.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  604). 


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Itltl  AQBIOULTURAL  OHBHISTRT— AGBOTBCHKY.  609 

Studies  on  the  aaqrlolytlo  aetlyitr  of  hmnan  «ea1lTa  with  a  now  molhod» 
Y.  a  Mtebb  and  A.  6.  DiLLBrBAtTOH  iPtoo,  8oe.  Sstpi.  BM,  and  Med.,  16 
U918),  No.  2,  w.  i8-00).— The  technique  of  the  method  is  as  follows: 

A  specimen  of  mixed  salira  is  filtered,  and  a  smaU  portion  accurately  diluted 
(1:100)  with  distflled  water  and  another  portion  with  0.3  per  cent  sodinm 
dtilorid  as  an  activating  solntion.  After  thocongh  mixing*  1  cc  of  the  minted 
saUra  is  pipetted  into  a  test  tnbe  and  the  tube  heated  for  five  minutes  In  a 
water  bath  at  40*  O.  One  oc.  of  1  per  cent  soluble  starch  solution  is  then 
added,  the  mixture  incubated  for  80  minutes,  8  cc.  of  saturated  picric  add 
solution  and  1  cc  of  20  per  cent  sodium  carbonate  added,  and  the  tube  placed 
in  boiling  water  for  firom  15  to  20  minutes.  Aftmr  cooling  the  material  is 
dHQted  with  distilled  water  in  an  accurately  graduated  cylinder  until  the  in- 
tensity of  the  color  approximates  that  of  the  standard  (glucose  in  plctlc  acid 
treated  with  sodium  carbonate  and  heated),  and  Is  then  compared  witb.  the 
standard  in  tbe  colorimeter.  After  correcting  for  the  reducing  power  of  the 
soluble  starch,  the  actiTlty  is  recorded  in  terms  of  the  percentage  of  starch 
ooQTerted  into  reducing  sugar. 

With  this  method  it  has  been  found  possible  to  obtain  a  demonstrable 
amylolytic  activity  at  a  dilution  of  1 :  400  when  water  was  used  as  the  diluent 
and  at  a  dilution  of  1 : 2,000  with  8  per  cent  sodium  chlorid.  For  purposes  of 
comparlscm,  a  dilution  of  1: 100  is  thought  to  be  the  most  suitable  with  dis- 
tilled water  as  the  diluent 

For  normal  individuals  tbe  method  has  been  found  to  give  an  activity  be- 
tween 80  and  46  when  water  was  used  aa  the  dttuent  and  between  46  and  60 
witti  sodium  chlorid.  Figures  obtained  on  the  same  individuals  at  the  same 
dme  of  day  agreed  very  closely.  A  considerable  decline  in  activity  of  the  saliva 
was  noted  9m  a  result  of  glandular  fatigue  produced  by  the  continuous  secretioB 
of  saliva  during  paraffin  Viewing. 

The  preparation  of  sodium  p-hjrdrosTphenylaisonate,  J.  B.  Qovhm  {Jour, 
Am€r.  Chmn.  8oo^  41  {1919).  No.  S,  pp.  ^Sl^-^SS). 

ThB  elasBllleatioii  of  mimetle  crystals,  B.  T.  Whkut  and  B.  Q.  Adaics 
{Jour.  Woih.  Ajoad.  8eL,  9  {1919),  No.  6,  pp.  16^167). 

The  permanent  marking  of  glass  vessels,  J.  O.  Bock  {Jour.  Amer.  Chem. 
8oc  41  {1919)^  No.  S,  P9.  85»-^6i).— The  method  described  constats  essentially 
ia  fusing  certain  glass  colors  into  the  glMS  by  means  of  an  ordinary  burner. 
-The  eolor  is  mixed  as  thick  as  practicable  with  an  oil  composed  of  4  parts  of 
eopaiba  balsam,  1  part  dove  oil,  and  1  part  lavender  oil,  and  applied  with  an 
ordinary  steel  pen  or  fine  brush.  The  heating  is  applied  carefully  until  the 
mwrklngii  glow.  It  is  said  that  the  marking  thus  obtained  can  not  be  removed 
by  mechanical  or  the  usual  chemical  means. 

An  all-glass  nitrogen  apparatus,  B.  R.  Aijxn  and  B.  S.  Davisson  (Ami, 
M4990UH  Bot.  Gurd.,  6  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  45-48,  pL  i).— An  aU-glsss  nitrogen 
ajwaratus  devised  parCUrularly  for  use  in  nitrogen  determinations  in  studies  of 
plant  metabolism  is  described  and  illustrated.  Tbe  special  features  of  the 
apparatus  are  the  elimination  of  rubber  stoppers  and  connection,  effldent  scruh- 
bing  of  the  entrained  alkali  from  the  steam,  and  the  use  of  Pyrex  glass  which 
does  not  yield  an  appreciable  amount  of  alkali  to  steam  or  boiling  solutions. 

Azsenious  OKid  as  a  standard  substance  in  iodimetry,  R.  M.  Ohapii?  {Jour. 
Amur.  Ohem.  Boo.,  41  {1919),  No.  S,  pp.  55i-^58).— The  author  at  the  Bureau 
of  Animal  Industry  of  tbe  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  reports  an  investiga- 
tion to  establish  the  reliability  of  properly  purified  arsenious  oxld  as  a  standard 
to  replaoe  iodln  in  iodimetry. 

It  was  found  tbat,  by  employing  weight  burets  with  appropriate  precautions^ 
titratlcms  against  iodin  of  arsenious  oxld  prepared  by  the  method  previously 

uigitizea  Dy  vji\^\^^iv^ 


610  BXPHKIMKHT  SZATIOK  BBCX>SII.  [Tollt 

noted  (B.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  607)  gtive  resalto  the  a^era^e  of  wlildi  agreed  wttli  the 
theoretical  yalne  very  closely.  Anentooa  oxid  la  thengiit  to  be  the  moie 
reliable  standard  sabstance  for  practical  ii8& 

Precautiona  In  the  preparation  and  use  of  atandavd  iodin  solatioiw  are  em- 
phasiaed. 

The  iodotannio  rea^rent,  D.  E.  Tsakauitos  and  D.  Daucas  (B«I.  8oo.  CMa. 
France,  4,  ser.,  tS  {1918),  No,  9,  pp.  S91-^;  Qb9.  k^  J<mr.  Chem.  Boa  {Lorn- 
4onh  m  (1918),  No.  674,  II,  P-  m:  AnaUfst,  U  (1919),  No.  $H,  pp.  S6.  M).— 
The  reagent  described  consists  of  a  mixture  of  1  cc  of  N/10  lodin  aolvtkm  with 
1  ce.  of  a  1  per  cent  tannin  solution  and  is  used  to  determine  the  alkalinity  of 
very  dilute  allcaline  solutiona    The  technique  is  as  f  oUowa : 

To  the  2  cc  of  f I;^sbly  prepared  reagent  In  a  porcelain  diah  the  allmline 
solution  is  added  with  stirring  until  a  definite  red  color  appears.  The  solution 
is  then  added  yerj  gradually,  and  after  each  addition  a  drop  of  the  mixture 
is  tested  on  starch  paper.  The  aid-point  is  reached  when  a  blue  color  is  no 
longer  formed  on  the  test  paper.  By  means  of  a  taUe,  the  derlTatlon  of  which 
is  described  in  detail,  the  alkalinity  of  the  solution  may  be  calculated,  knowing 
the  Tolume  used. 

It  is  said  that  exact  results  may  be  obtained  by  the  use  of  tUs  reagent  with 
alkaline  solutions  as  dilute  as  N/10,000  to  N/40,000. 

Estimation  of  siUca  and  sand,  F.  J.  Lu)Ti>  (AnolvH,  44  (1919),  No.  514,  fP' 
21,  28). — ^A  method  of  differentiating  between  soil  sand  and  the  natural  ailiea  of 
feeding  stuffs  is  described.  This  consists  in  determining  the  total  ailiceoug 
matter  in  the  usual  way  by  ashing  the  material  and  removing  the  otber  ash 
constituents  by  digestion  with  hydrochloric  add,  incinerating,  and  weighing  the 
residue  or  total  silica.  The  residue  is  then  digested  wth  10  per  cent  sodium 
hydroxid,  washed  with  hydrochloric  add,  filtered,  and  incinerated,  the  final 
residue  representing  the  sand  as  distinguished  from  natural  silica. 

The  author  has  found  08  per  cent  of  the  total  silioeous  matt»  of  soil  to  remain 
undissolved  by  successive  acid  and  alkali  treatment  as  above,  while  of  the  total 
siliceous  matter  of  straw  86  per  cent  is  dissolved,  indicating  that  the  method 
distinguishes  fairly  well  betwe^  plant  silica  and  the  sand  of  soiL 

Estimation  of  siUca  and  sand,  B.  Dm  (Analu^t,  4f  (1919),  No.  £14,  p. 
28). — The  author  supplements  the  above  note  by  describing  a  similar  method 
employed  for  a  quantitative  discrimination  between  sand  and  natural  silica  In 
Indian  rioe  bran.  A  10  per  cent  solution  of  sodium  carbonate  was  employed 
instead  of  sodium  hydroxid. 

This  method  of  treatment  is  said  to  dissolve  91  per  cent  of  the  natural  slUca 
of  the  rice  husks  and  only  about  6  per  cent  of  sand.    The  percentage  of  sand  Is 

then  calculated  from  the  following  formula :  Percentage  of  sand  =  — ^ll 

0*00      y 

where  A  equals  total  siliceous  matter  Insoluble  in  add  and  B  equals  the  silioeoas 
matter  not  redissolved  by  the  treatment  of  sodium  carbonate. 

The  gravimetric  and  volumetric  determination  of  sine  precipitated  as  xtna 
mercury  thiocyanate;  G.  S.  Jahibson  (Jowr.  Amer.  Ohem.  fifoo.,  40  (1918)^  No, 
1,  pp.  10S6-10S9). 

The  determination  of  nitrous  add  and  nitrites,  J.  S.  Laibd  and  T.  O.  Snc»- 
809  (Jour»  Amer.  Ohem.  Boo.,  41  (1919),  No.  4,  pp.  624^81).— -An  Investigation 
of  the  volumetric  methods  described  in  the  literature  for  the  determination  of 
nitrous  add  or  nitrites  is  reported,  and  a  modified  method  is  described  whidi  is 
said  to  give  more  satisfactory  results. 

The  method  consists  essentially  of  oxidation  in  add  solution  with  excess 
permanganate,  reduction  of  the  excess  permanganate  with  excess  ftaroos  sol- 


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Itl9]  AGBI0X7I/FUBAL  OKBlOaXBY— AaBOKBOHNT.  611 

phate,  sodium  oxalate,  or  hydrogen  perozld,  and  titration  of  tiie  esoeas  aC 
reducing  agent  with  permanganate^  It  is  aaid  that  the  titration  ia  not  inter- 
fered with  by  moderate  amounts  of  chlorid  or  small  amounts  of  bromid. 

Silver  nitrite  is  not  considered  a  satisfactory  material  for  use  as  a  standard 
in  nitrite  determinations.  The  authors  recommend  a  sodium  nitrite  solution 
BtandardlJBed  with  potassium  permanganate  aecording  to  the  method  described 
aboye,  or  graTimetricaUy  by  the  reduction  of  sUver  bromate  to  silvw  bromid 
according  to  the  method  of  Busrold  (EL  S.  R.,  88,  p.  204). 

On  amino  acids,  H.  D.  Dakin  (Bioehem.  Jour,,  12  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  190- 
417). -^The  author  discusses  a  new  method  of  extraction  of  amino  adds  by 
partially  miadble  solvents,  and  describes  the  isolatioh  by  means  of  this  method 
of  a  new  amino  acid  and  a  new  peptid. 

The  method  consists  essentially  of  the  separation,  by  the  use  of  butyl  alcohol 
as  a  solvent,  of  the  hydrolysis  products  of  a  protein  into  the  following  groiqts: 
(1)  Uonamino  acids^  both  aliphatic  and  aromatic,  insoluble  in  alcohol  but  ex- 
tracted by  butyl  alcohol;  (2)  prolin,  soluble  in  alcohol  and  extracted  by  butyl 
Alcohol;  <8)  peptid  anhydrida  (diketopiperasins)  extracted  by  butyl  alcohol, 
bat  separated  from  (2)  by  sparing  solubility  in  alcohol  or  water ;  (4)  dicar- 
boxylic  adds,  not  extracted  by  butyl  alcohol ;  and  (5)  diamine  acids,  not  ex- 
tracted by  butyl  alcohol,  but  separable  from  (4)  by  phoephotungstLc  acid  and 
other  meana 

The  method  Is  considered  to  be  of  particular  value  in  that  the  groups  are 
composed  of  chemically  ilmllar  individuals;  each  group  can  readily  be  obtained 
in  solid  form,  aliauot  parts  of  which  may  be  used  in  the  search  for  individual 
adds;  no  Indications  of  any  racemisation  have  been  observed;  and  materially 
hither  yields  of  many  amino  adds  may  be  obtained  from  proteins  than  by 
existing  methods,  thus  permitting  a  more  nearly  quantitative  analysis  of  the 
protdns  themselvea  The  possibilities  are  pointed  out  of  other  purposes  to 
whidi  this  method  of  extraction  by  partially  misdble  solvents  may  be  applied, 
such  as  the  selective  extraction  of  sensitive  substances  from  tissue  extracts, 
the  quantitative  extraction  of  tryptophan  flrom  the  products  of  tryptlc  digestion 
of  caselnogen,  and  the  study  of  the  products  of  the  hydrolysis  of  proteins  by 
ensyms. 

The  technique  of  the  method  as  applied  to  the  separation  of  the  hydrolysis 
products  of  caselnogen  is  described  In  detail,  and  experimental  proof  Is  given 
of  the  structure  of  the. new  compounds  obtained,  /s-hydroxyglutamic  add, 
00OH.CH  (N£U).OH(OH).OHs.CX)OH  and  a  new  peptid,  iSQleucylvalin  an- 
hydrld. 

The  quantltatlTe  determination  of  hippario  add,  B.  Fujppi  {Arch.  Far- 
maool  8per.  e  Soi.  Aff,,  26  (1918),  No.  8,  pp.  f 45-256). —Various  methods  of  de- 
termining hlppuric  add  in  urine  are  reviewed  and  a  new  method  is  described. 
This  consists  essentlslly  of  a  preliminary  separation  of  benaoic  add  and  other 
hnporltles  from  the  concentrated  urine  by  warming  at  from  00  to  66*  O.  fbr 
two  hours  with  a  miztiire  of  two  parts  of  bensene  and  ime  part  of  alcohol-free 
ether,  oxidation  of  the  purified  urine  with  manganese  dioxid  and  sulphuric 
add,  distillation  of  the  benaoic  add  formed  from  the  hlppmric  add,  and  extrac- 
tion with  successive  small  portions  of  ether. 

The  method  is  said  to  be  rapid  and  oomiAete. 

Xstimation  of  addltj  in  iMttley  by  titration  in  stages,  A.  Rcicraxd  {Ztwhr. 
OeMffi.  Bfwtw.,  41  il918),  Nos.  8,  pp.  67-^0,  fig.  1;  9,  pp.  05-^8;  1^,  pp.  75-77; 
lit  pp.  88,  84;  12,  pp.  89,  90;  ab».  in  Jour.  Ingt.  BrmMng,  24  (1918),  No.  6,  pp. , 
tlB-^l), — ^A  study  Is  reported  of  the  addity  in  barleys  as  determined  by  titra- 
tion of  an  alcoholic  extract  of  the  ground  barley  with  allcall,  first  with  litmus 


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612  BXPBRIICBNT  STATIOK  BBCORD.  [Tol^d 

and  then  with  phenolphthaleln  as  indicators,  the  former  representing  acidity 
due  to  free  acids  and  acid  salts  and  the  latter,  total  acidity. 

In  applying  the  method  of  double  titration  to  the  study  of  the  preexisting 
acidity  of  harley,  it  was  observed  that  iMirleys  not  folly  matored  by  storage 
showed  a  high»  total  than  litmns  acidity,  while  for  those  wliich  had  nndorgone 
afterripening  the  litmus  acidity  was  practically  tb»  same  as  the  total  acidity, 
indicating  a  disappearance  of  amino  adds  during  the  process  of  afterripening. 
It  is  suggested  that  practical  identity  of  the  Utmus  and  total  acidity,  when 
determined  on  mashes  pr^()ared  by  alcoholic  extraction,  is  a  mark  of  complete 
ripeness  in  a  barley  and  therefore  of  its  fitness  for  malting. 

Bxperiments  were  also  'conducted  with  a  view  to  finding  a  quantitative 
measure  of  the  en^ymic  strength  of  barley  in  the  acidity  developed  by  ouymic 
processes  when  the  ground  barley  is  digested  with  water  for  15  hours  at  from 
18  to  19*  O.  The  acidity  developed  during  digestion  was  found  to  be  diiefly  due 
to  the  formation  of  substances  whi^  react  add  toward  phenolphthaleln  but  not 
toward  litmus.  The  results  appear  to  indicate  that  this  increase  of  acidity 
during  digestion  may  vary  froQi  year  to  year.  For  barleys  of  tbe  same  year, 
it  is  in  general  greater  for  those  of  high  than  for  those  of  low  gorminatiog 
power. 

Detection  of  milk  in  pastry,  J.  Gbobsfbld  {Zttchr.  Untenueh.  Nahr.  «. 
OetMiSBnUk,  S6  {1918),  No.  It,  pp.  457-471),— The  method  used  depend  on  tb» 
conversion  of  lactose  into  mudc  add.  The  lactose  is  removed  from  the  sample 
by  extraction  with  water.  The  filtrate  is  evaporated  to  a  thin  sirup  with  the 
addition  of  6  cc  of  glacial  acetic  add.  TiAs  sirup  is  treated  with  90  per 
cent  alcohol,  filtered,  and  the  filtrate  evaporated  to  dryness.  If  a  large  quantity 
.of  sucrose  is  present,  this  is  removed  by  disserving  the  dried  residue  in  alcohol 
and  adding  an  equal  value  of  ether.  After  standing  24  hours  the  sugars  are 
collected  and  again  treated  with  alcohol  and  ether.  The  predpitated  lactose 
is  heated  with  nitric  add  and  the  solution  filtered.  Mudc  add  will  crystalUae 
out,  usually  within  24  hours.  About  80  par  cent  of  the  lactose  present  will  be 
converted  into  mudc  add. 

The  caldum  content  of  pastry  may  also  afford  some  indication  as  to  whether 
milk  has  been  used  in  its  preparation.  Pastry  made  without  milk  may  contain 
0:2  per  coit  of  caldum  oxid  calculated  on  the  dry  substance. 

The  estimation  of  cacao  tihM,  A.  W.  Krakp  and  B.  O.  HcLaEUAN  (Ana^gt, 
44  (1919),  No.  6I4,  pp.  2-BB).'-^ThiB  is  a  critical  discussion  of  the  various  proc- 
esses suggested  for  the  estimation  of  cacao  shell,  with  an  explanation  of  factors 
influencing  the  different  methods  or  the  limitations  of  their  accuracy.  Tables 
are  given  of  the  results  obtained  in  the  determination  of  crude  fiber,  nitrogen, 
pentosans,  and  ash. 

The  conclusion  is  drawn  that  the  diief  diflicultles  in  the  way  of  an  accurate 
determinati<m  of  cacao  shell  are  "  the  natural  variation  in  cacao  shell  due  to 
botanic  variety  and  the  distinctive  treatment  which  the  bean  reodves  in  eadi 
country  and  that  cacao  shell  is  not  a  definite  chemical  substance,  and  hence 
the  estimation  can  only  be  of  a  purely  empirical  character.*'  The  only  method 
employed  by  itself  whidi  is  capable  of  giving  results  of  any  value  is  considered 
to  be  the  estimation  of  the  crude  fiber. 

Detection  of  adulterations  in  maple  produets,  O.  H.  Jonss  {Proo.  Vt.  Maple 
Sugar  Makere  A»M>a,  Z4  (1917),  pp.  25-90).-— K  brief  description  is  givoi  of  the 
methods  in  use  for  detecting  adulteration  in  maj^e  sugar  and  idrup.  A  table 
is  included  of  the  percentage  of  total  ash,  insoluble  ash,  and  malic  add  in 
various  sugars. 


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19191  AGBIOTTLTURAIi  OHBMiaTBT — ^ikGBOTECHKY.  618 

BImplifted  prepaxation  of  the  ftlkaline  eopp«r  solutioB  for  the  detection 
and  determination  of  woLgtOBf  B.  JvarxN-MxTBLLiai  (Jimr.  Pharm,  et  Ohim^  7. 
««f%  19  il$l$).  No.  1,  pp.  i8-«9).— a%e  autbor  states  tbat  by  adding  20  oc.  of 
a  10  per  cent  cower  sulphate  sdlntion  slowly  to  100  cc.  of  a  88.09  per  cent 
solntlon  of  aodlnm  hydroxid  (density  1417)  a  stable  solatton  can  be  made  with- 
oat  the  nse  of  organic  salts,  such  as  tartrates,  and  tbat  the  solution  can  be  used 
saccessfnlly  in  place  of  the  more  complicated  Fehling's  solution. 

The  determination  of  fmotese  In  the  presence  of  aldoses,  G.  Lbnabt 
iZt9Chr.  Ver.  Deut.  JBuokerM^.,  1918,  No.  752,  I  J,  pp.  SSS^W.-^ln  connec- 
tion with  the  investigation  previoosly  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  907),  a  study  is 
reported  of  the  influence  of  varioas  catalyaers,  such  as  metallic  salts,  iodln, 
and  sulphur,  on  the  oxidation  of  glucose,  fructose,  sucrose,  and  raffinose  by 
bromin.  Pree^tated  sulphur  was  fbund  to  be  the  most  active  catalyzer.  For 
samples  of  fructose  containing  polyoses,  hydrolysis  before  brominatlon  is 
recommended.  The  oxidation  of  decxtrin  with  bromin  was  found  to  be  incom- 
plete even  after  seven  days. 

The  determination  of  lactose  in  milk  heated  after  addition  of  sodium  bi- 
carbonate, O.  PoacHXB  and  A.  Boris  (Ami.  FalHf.,  11  (1918),  No.  119-180,  pp. 
295-899,  pj.  i).-— The  authors  recall  the  results  obtained  by  Jensen  and  Piatt- 
ner  (B.  S.  R.,  17,  p.  289)  <m  the  action  of  heat  upon  cow's  milk,  and  r^ort 
stanllar  experiments,  including  the  effect  of  heat  upon  milk  to  which  various 
amounts  of  sodium  bicarbonate  had  been  added. 

Determinations  of  lactose  were  made  by  the  polarimetric  and  reduction 
methods.  Pasteurised  milk  underwent  no  change  in  color.  Heated  in  the 
autoclave  at  120*  CL,  milk  without  bicarbonate  turned  brown  in  from  40  to  00 
mtaiutes.  Milk  with  bicarbonate  turned  brown  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of 
bicarbonate  and  the  time  of  heating.  Samples  containing  2  gm.  of  bicarbonate 
per  liter  became  a  rich  coffee  color  in  one  hour. 

The  reducing  power  of  lactose  is  less  affected  than  the  rotatory  power.  .  The 
authors  are  of  the  opinion  that  the  diminution  of  rotatory  power  is  due  not 
so  much  to  changes  taking  place  in  the  casein  as  suggested  by  Jensen  as  to  an 
alteration  in  the  lactose,  and  advise  caution  in  the  use  of  the  polarimeter  for 
the  determtuathm  of  lactose  in  sterilised  milk. 

The  relation  between  the  oocjgen  oencentration  and  rate  of  reduction  of 
methylene  bhte  by  milk,  B.  N.  HAjmsr  iJowr.  Oen.  Ph^HoL,  1  (1919),  No.  4, 
pp.  J^5-419,  fig*  i).— The  rate  of  reduction  of  methyl^e  blue  by  milk  and 
aeetaldehyde  Is  shown  to  be  proportional  to  the  concentration  of  oxygen  in 
the  milk,  and  it  is  suggested  that  ttdsfUct  may  be  made  the  basis  of  a  method  for 
determining  oxygen  in  gaseous  mixtures.  The  gas  to  be  tested  may  be  shaken 
with  a  milk-acetaldehyde-methylene  blue  mixture  and  the  end-point  determined 
by  comparison  with  a  similar  tube  of  milk  containing  no  methylene  blue.  A 
control  determination  of  the  time  necessary  for  decolorisation  of  milk-acetal- 
ddiyde-methylene  blue  mixture  shaken  with  air  must  be  made  under  the  same 
conditions. 

It  la  stated  that  tba  rate  of  decolorisation  of  ^methylene  blue  by  milk  can 
be  increased  by  raising  the  temperature  or  increasing  the  concentration  of  the 
reducing  enzym  by  evaporating  the  milk  in  vacuo  to  from  one-third  to  one- 
fourth  its  volume.  The  addition  of  2  per  cent  of  sodium  fluorid  to  milk  will 
prevent  the  growth  of  bacteria  without  affecting  its  reducing  powers  during 
a  period  of  two  months. 

Determination  of  saccharin  in  compressed  tablets^  A.  Boms  (Ann,  FaUif., 
11  (1918),  No.  121-122,  pp.  869-872).'— Ab  a  supplement  to  the  methods  of  de- 
termining saccharin,  previously  noted  (B.  S.  B.«  87,  p.  804),  the  author  outlines 


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614  XXPBRIICBKT  8TATI0K  BBOOBD.  tTol4» 

tho  methods  In  use  in  the  special  case  of  saccharin  tableta.  theae  are  com- 
posed of  saccharin,  sodinm  saoeharinate^  or  a  mixture  of  the  two,  genecally 
with  the  addition  of  sodinm  bicarboaatfr  Bfrerrescence  on  dissolTlng  in  water 
indicates  the  presence  of  firee  saccharin  reacting  as  an  add  with  tbe  blcazho- 
nate.  Al)sence  of  effervescence  indicates  that  tlie  saccharin  is  In  the  ftam  of 
a  saccharinate. 

The  procedure  In  each  case  Is  described  in  detail. 

A  study  of  the  action  of  10  per  oent  tfajmolrchloroforai  preaervatlve  on 
the  ehloiin  content' of  urine,  J.  O.  Halvkbson  and  J.  A.  Schuu  {Jow.  Amer. 
Chem.  fifoc,  41  (1919),  No.  5,  pp-  440--449). — Bxperlments  are  reported  from  ttie 
Ohio  Experiment  Station  indicating  that  tlkymol  ddoroform  has  no  appredabie 
effect  on  tlie  dilorin  content  of  cow  urine  kept  at  near  tlie  f reeaing  point  for 
long  periods  of  time,  or  on  swine  urine  kept  at  laboratory  temperature  for 
shorter  periods  of  time  (4  to  21  days). 

The  production  and  conaerratlon  of  fata  and  oils  in  the  United  Btatesy 
H.  S.  Bahjet  and  B.  E.  Rxurrat  (U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.  BuL  7tf9  (1919),  9p,  48).— 
This  bulletin,  which  is  a  contribution  from  the  Oil,  SYit,  and  Wax  LAboratory 
of  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry,  U.  S.  I>q»artment  of  Agriculture,  and  the  EVita  and 
Oils  Division  of  the  U.  S.  Food  Administration,  contains  statistics  of  the  domes- 
tic production  of  fats  and  oils  and  their  importation  into  and  exportation  from 
the  United  States  in  the  years  1912,  1914,  1916,  and  1917,  and  the  monthly 
production  of  fats  and  oils  and  their  derivatives  in  the  United  States  troni 
January  to  June,  1918. 

The  increasing  use  of  vegetable  oils  Is  shown  by  the  data  presented.  While 
in  prewar  years  the  fat  exported  was  over  three  times  that  imported,  in  1917 
the  imports  were  larger  than  the  exports,  the  annual  importation  increaaing 
about  200,000,000  lbs.  This  increase  has  been  largely  in  vegetable  oils.  In 
1917  the  importation  of  soy-bean  oil  was  over  ten  times  as  great,  and  tliat  of 
peanut  oil  nearly  four  times  as  great,  as  in  1912.  In  domestic  production  a 
similar  increase  is  shown.  Induding  butter.  In  1912  the  quantity  of  animal 
fats  produced  was  approximate  twice  as  great  as  that  of  vegetable  oils,  vriiile 
in  1917  the  production  of  vegetable  oils  was  over  two-tliirds  that  of  animal 
fat  Among  the  vegetable  oils,  cottonseed  stands  at  the  head  of  domestic 
production,  with  linseed  oil  next  In  importance.  The  quantities  of  coconut, 
com,  peanut,  and  soy-bean  oil  have  increased  very  rapidly  in  the  laat  five  years. 

The  statistical  data  are  followed  by  a  brief  outline  of  tiie  general  processes  in 
use  in  this  country  for  the  production  of  fats  and  oils,  and  more  detailed  de- 
scriptions of  the  available  supply  and  methods  of  production  of  the  inqwrtant 
vegetable  oils,  including  cottonseed,  olive,  peanut,  coconut,  palm  kernel,  palm, 
'  com,  soy  bean,  linseed,  and  castor  oil ;  animal  fats  and  oils,  including  lard, 
tallow,  and  fish  oil ;  and  refuse  fats,  trade  wastes,  and  fat  and  oil  derivatives. 
The  possibilities  are  considered  of  increafling  tiie  supplies  of  these  products  by 
developing  new  sources,  improving  present  methods  of  manufacture,  substitut- 
ing the  more  abundant  oils  for  those  which  are  scarce,  and  conserving  for  the 
purposes  to  which  they  are  practically  adapted  those  oUs  which  can  not  easily 
be  replaced  by  others. 

The  production  of  oil  from  fruit  seeds,  P.  ScHt^ns  {Die  Qmohmwug  wm 
8pei8e6len  au$  Obitkemen.  Keuttadt^n-der-Hardi:  D.  Mekdmger,  idlT,  pp^ 
^).— This  is  a  summary  of  Information-  on  the  possibilities  of  utilising  as  a 
source  of  oil  fruit  seeds  and  kernels,  nuts,  and  seeds  of  coniferous  trees  and  of 
cultivated  plants,  such  as  the  sunflower. 

The  preservation  of  rice  bran  as  press  cake,  B.  Mabcabsllz  (Oior.  RMcoU^ 
7  (1917),  Nos/ 11-12,  pp.  161-155;  IS,  pp.  l$4^m;  15-16,  pp.  19&-t01). —Tbm 
problem  of  preventing  spoilage  in  rice  bran  is  discussed  and  the  condnalon 

uigitizea  Dy  VJjOO^i\^ 


1»M]  HBTlOfiOLOaT.  615 


drawn  as  the  re^t  of  experimental  evidence  that  the  meet  ntlsfEietory  method 
l8  the  mannftactnre  of  preas  eake.  AdmIjb9M  are  glren  of  the  rice  bran  before 
and  after  converaton  into  preas  eake. 

ConoeminflT  carbon  dioxid  formation  in  thickened  fodder-beet  Jnioe.*— A 
oontribotion  to  the  so-called  frothy  fennentation»  H.  Olaassbn  {ZUohr,  Ver, 
Demi.  ZueHDerindw.,  1918,  No.  746,  11,  pp.  106^109). -^In  oonnectton  with  the 
drying  of  fodder  beets,  the  Jniee  obtained  from  the  press  cake  has  been  utiUsed 
In  the  mannftictare  of  a  table  almp.  From  irtMerrations  of  the  b^iavlor  on 
boiling  of  the  press  juice  of  fodder  beets  whl^  had  previously  saflered  some* 
what  from  frost,  ttie  author  condndes  that  the  so-called  frothy  fermentation 
of  masBecoites  and  simps  is  dne^  in  most  cases,  to  a  reaction  betweoi  invert 
sugar  (or  other  decomposition  prodoets  formed  from  the  sogar  on  heating) 
and  amino  adda  The  presence  of  oxygen  is  considered  necessary  for  the 
reaction,  but  the  formation  of  crystals  is  thought  to-  be  without  marked  in- 
fluence on  the  process.  The  extent  of  the  fermentation  is  thoufi^t  to  depoid 
chiefly  upon  the  variety,  properties,  and  amounts  of  the  amlds  and  amino  adds 
present  in  the  Juice  and  upon  the  kinds  and  amount  of  decomposition  products 
of  tlie  sugar. 

irtlliBation  of  breweries  for  dehydration,  P.  M.  Gbbicfs  {ZUchr,  Gfetasi. 
Bruuw.,  41  {19m,  Nos.  n,  pp.  169-171;  96,  pp.  i75-i77).--The  practicabUity 
Is  pointed  out  of  utilising  the  equipment  of  breweries  for  the  drying  of  fruits 
and  vegetables,  and  suggestions  are  glTen  for  the  sdection  and  preparation  of 
the  food  materials  to  be  dried  and  the  metAod  and  time  required  for  drying 
diiTerent  substances. 

Trait  djyinjr*  6.  Staukkb  {Dm  ObstddrreH.  Aarmu:  BhnU  Win,  1917,  pp.  98, 
fiQ$.  M^).— l%ls  handbook  includes  a  brief  discussion  of  the  importance  of 
fruit  drying,  instructions  as  to  the  choice  of  fruit  and  its  prq^ratlon  for 
drying,  and  descrlpttons  with  Uhistrations  of  various  drying  machines. 

Araucaria  arancana  (A.  imbrlcata)  and  its  resins.— Its  relattons  to  other 
conifers,  J.  Angle  {BoU  Acad.  Nao,  (Hen.  C&rdoba,  tS  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  i-Af, 
pis.  9,  fi09.  i9).--Thls  is  a  study  of  A.  aimuoama  from  the  point  of  view  of  the 
commerdai  exploitation  of  the  gum  resins  obtained  from  it  It  consists  of  a 
brief  account  of  the  geographical  distribution  and  botanical  diaracteristics  of 
the  tree,  a  dassiflcation  of  coniferous  trees*  and  a  description  of  methods  of 
tapping  the  trees,  followed  by  a  discussion  of  the  analytical  methods  employed 
and  results  obtained  in  the  separation  of  the  gum  resins  of  A.  o/rawiuma  into  its 
ooDslituents. 

By  agitation  with  ani1in«  resins  were  obtained  to  the  extent  of  72.8  per  cent 
of  the  original  gum  resins;  agitation  with  hot  water,  gums  16.d5  per  cent; 
residue  from  the  above  operations,  waste  material^  5.96  per  cent;  fractional 
distillation  at  from  99.5  to  100.5*,  water  5.6  per  cent 

The  resins  are  thought  to  be  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  varnishes  and 
the  gums  as  a  material  for  gluing  cartons  and  bozesi 

ICETEOBOLOOT. 

Subjects  for  research  In  meteorology  (17.  S.  Mo.  Weather  Rev.,  46  (1918), 
2fo.  19,  pp.  566,  5<^7).— Among  the  50  subjects  listed,  2  relate  to  agricultural 
meteorology,  namely^  correlation  of  weather  and  crops,  induding  mathematical 
correlation  of  monthly  mean  temperature  and  total  monthly  predpltation  with 
crop  yield ;  and  effect  of  temperature,  rainfall,  and  sunshine  on  plant  devdop- 
meot,  including  Intensive  and  direct  comparison  between  weather  factors  and 
plant  growth. 


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616  EXPBBIMSKT  8TATI0K  BSOOBD.  [Toltf 

Past  and  present  cUmatiw  of  our  leadlaor  cro9  plantSp  H.  O.  Oowzjbb  (U.  B. 
Mo,  Weather  Bev.,  46  {1918),  No.  11,  p.  AU).— A  papv  prannted  at  the  BaMt 
more  meeting,  1918,  of  the  Association  of  American  Geographen  is  snmimiriied 
as  follows: 

**  Most  crop  plants  have  oriilnatad  in  what  are  now  tropical  or  subtropical 
reigioDS ;  tropical  America,  Malaysia,  and  the  Levant  The  potato  alone  of  the 
major  crops  came  from  a  cool  region*  Many  of  the  crc^ie  are  now  grown  enly 
ontside  the  Tropics,  while  others  aro  still  raised  In  thietr  original  aone.  It  is 
generally  agreed  that  mutation,  or  perhaps  aocllmstlsatlon,  rather  than  change 
of  dimate,  is  reiqxNaslhle  for  the  change  of  habitat  of  most  of  our  cxt^  planta, 
while  the  rest  have  not  moved.  An  Interesting  phase  of  plant  origin  is  that  fxa 
many  the  place  of  origin  is  by  far  not  the  best  habitat  for  that  plant  A  coldr 
resistant  plant  is  as  likely  to  originate  (though  not  as  lik^  to  sorvlTe)  in  a 
warm  as  in  a  cold  regions" 

Some  recent  oontrlbutionB  to  the  physics  of  the  air,  W.  J.  Hidcphibxb 
{Soienoe,  n.  ser.,  49  (1919),  No9.  it59,  pp.  165-1S9;  1B60,  pp.  18B-18S,  fig^  6; 
ab$.  I»  U.  8.  Mo.  Weaiher  Bep.,  46  {1918),  No.  It,  pp.  l»65-^66).--This  < 
of  extracts  from  the  vice-presidential  address,  physics  section,  of  the  . 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  at  the  Baltimore  meeting,  lAlS,  re- 
viewing the  present  status  of  knowledge  and  research  with  reference  to  the 
t^nperature  of  the  free  air,  isothermal  state  of  the  uppor  air,  storm  efEects  en 
temperature  gradients,  the  law  of  wind  increase  with  elevation*  barometric 
fluctuations,  and  atmospheric  electrical  phenomena* 

Seasonal  precipitation  (17.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Nat.  Weather  and  Crop  BuL,  No.  $ 
{1919),  p.  ft,  fig.  i).— A  chart  is  given  which  ihows  the  percoitage  of  the 
normal  precipitation  of  the  United  States  whidi  occurred  from  September  1, 
1918,  to  February  28, 1919. 

"  The  total  precipitation  for  this  period  was  above  normal  throughout  nearly 
all  of  the  Qulf  States,  and  also  over  the  Great  Plains  region,  the  central  Bocky 
Mountain  districts,  and  the  central  Plateau  and  Pacific  Ckwst  States,  sase- 
where  it  was  mostly  below  normal,  particularly  along  the  Atlantic  seaboard, 
in  portions  of  the  Ohio  Valley,  the  far  Southwest,  and  far  Northwest  In  the 
central. Plains  region  and  some  of  the  central  Gulf  districts  the  totals  were 
more  than  one  and  one-half  times  the  normal,  but  In  some  sections  of  the 
Southwest  and  Northwest  but  littie  more  than  half  the  usual  amount  for  this 
period  was  received." 

The  dustfall  of  March  9,  1918,  A.  N.  Winohsll  and  B.  R.  liiuu&a  (Afner. 
Jowr,  8ai.,  4-  9er.,  48  {1918),  No.  f74.  pp.  699-899,  fig9.  8;  SO.  Amer.  Sup.,  67 
{1919),  No.  t258,  pp.  884,  886,  fige.  «).— A  study  on  this  dustfall,  made  at  Madi- 
son, Wia,  is  reported,  from  which  the  authors  conclude  that  "  a  sln^e  storm 
may  transport  a  million  tons  of  rock  material  a  thousand  miles  or  more,"  thus 
emphasizing  the  importance  of  the  wind  as  a  geological  agent  In  their  <q;>In]on 
"  it  is  an  open  question  whether  the  total  woi^  done  by  the  air  in  transporting 
rock  material  is  not  of  the  same  order  of  magnitude  as  the  wortc  of  the  same 
kind  accomplished  by  water. 

"It  is  clear  that  arid  regions  will  constantly  lose  rock  material  by  wind 
action  and  that  the  dust  will  be  held  by  moist  areas  v^ch  are  covBred  by 
vegetation.  .  .  .  The  soil  of  any  region  is  probably  derived  in  considerable 
part  from  material  transported  by  the  wind.  Diatoms  and  all  sorts  of  plant  and 
animal  llf^  of  microscopic  sise  as  well  as  fragments  of  larger  organisms  may 
be  transported  long  distances  by  the  wind." 

The  duatfalls  of  Maroii,  1918,  A.  N.  Wzrobsix  and  BL  R.  MiLxmi  (17.  8, 
Mo.  Weather  Bev.,  46  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  608^08,  fig:  A). -/nils  article  supple- 


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1910]  SOILS— FBBTILIZBR8.  617 

menta  that  noted  above  and  deals  espedaUy  with  the  origin  of  the  dnat ;  the 
translocating  agents ;  regtona  of  deposition ;  and  quantity,  appearanoe,  and  com- 
position of  the  dost  Soggeetlooa  are  also  made  as  to  the  kind  of  obsisrvatlons 
on  sndi  storms  that  dtonld  be  recorded. 

Xonthly  Weather  Bevlew  (U.  B.  Ma.  Weather  Bev.,  46  {IBIS),  Na$.  It,  pp. 
4P7-^,  pto.  9,  figa.  12;  It,  pp.  649-408,  pU.  S6,  ftg$.  8).— In  addition  to  weather 
forecasts,  rlyer  and  flood  obsenratlons,  halo  phenomena,  and  selsmologlcal  re- 
ports for  November  and  December,  1918;-  lists  of  additions  to  the  Weathw 
Bureau  Library  and  of  recent  papers  on  meteorology  and  seismology ;  notes  on 
the  weather  of  the  months;  solar  and  sky  radiation  measurements  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  during  NoTomber  and  December,  1918;  condensed  dlmatological 
summaries;  and  the  usual  dlmatological  tables  and  charts,  these  numbers 
contain  the  following  articles: 

No.  11. — Somie  Characteristics  of  the  Marvin  PyrheUometer,  by  P.  D.  Foote 
(Abs.) ;  The  Dnstf^lls  of  March,  1918  (lllus.),  by  A.  N.  WlncheU  and  R  R. 
Killer  (see  p.  ei6) ;  Smoke  from  MUmesota  Forest  Fires  (lllus.),  by  H. 
layman;  Bftects  of  Hurricanes  on  the  Upper-air  Ourrents,  by  W.  H.  Pickering; 
Ocean  Tenq^eratures  in  Long-range  Forecasting,  by  (X  F.  Brooks;  Ocean  Tem- 
peratures and  Seasonal  Weather  in  Southern  California,  by  W.  B.  Bitter  and 
Q.  F.  McEwen  (extracts)  ;  King  Island  Weather :  Seasonal  Abnormalities  in 
Southern  Australia,  by  O.  Richardson  (r^rinted) ;  The  Marine  Observer's 
Handbook  (Abs.) ;  Definitions  of  "Mean,"  '*  Average,"  and  "Normal,"  by 
C  F.  Brooks  (compilation) ;  Frost  and  the  Growing  Season,  by  W.  G.  Beed 
(Abs.)  (B.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  209)  ;  Hourly  Duration  of  Precipitation  at  Philadel- 
phia (lllus.),  by  G.  W.  Mindling;  Rainy  Days  and  RalnfaU  ProbablUty  in  the 
United  States,  by  R.  DeO.  Ward  (Abs.) ;  The  Ancirat  Piedm<Hit  Route  of 
Northern  Mesopotamia,  by  B.  d  Semple  (Abs.) ;  and  Past  and  Present  Climates 
of  Our  Leading  Crop  Phints,  by  H.  0. 0>w]es  (Abs.)  (see  p.  616). 

No.  US.— Halo  Observations  at  York,  N.  T.,  by  M.  N.  Stewftrt;  Lunar  Rainbow 
at  Tatoosh  Island,  Wash.,  by  R.  C.  Mize;  Wind  Aloft  at  Houston,  Tex.,  De- 
cember 18,  1918  (iUus.),  by  L  R.  TannehlU;  How  Meterological  Instruction 
may  be  Furthered  by  R.  DeC.  Ward;  (Collegiate  Instruction  in  Meteorology 
(iUus.),  by  C.  F.  Brooks ;  A  Signal  Corps  School  of  Bieteorology,  by  O.  L.  Fassig ; 
New  Meteorological  Books;  Some  Recent  Contributions  to  the  Physics  of  the  Air, 
by  W.  J.  Humphreys  (extracts)  (see  p.  616) ;  Subjects  for  Research  in  Meteor- 
ology (see  p.  615) ;  Notes  on  Hurricanes  of  1918  (lllus.),  by  a  A.  Donnel;  Tropi- 
cal Cyclone  of  S^tember  14r-17,  1918,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  Just  West  of  Mex- 
ico (IUus.),  by  F.  G.  Tingley;  The  Cold  Winter  of  1917-18  (Ulua),  by  P.  C. 
Day ;  and  Bffects  of  €k>ld  Weather,  Winter  of  1917-18,  oq  Vegetation,  by  J.  W. 
Smith. 

Keteorologioal  sommary,  1917  (Oklahoma  Bta.  Rpt,  1918,  p.  5^).— This  is 
a  condensed  tabular  summary  of  observations  at  Stillwater,  Okla.^  on  tempera- 
tare,  precipitation,  cloudiness,  and  wind  for  ea^  mcmth  and  for  the  year. 

SOILS— FEBHUZEBS. 

Sou  inoculation  with  Azotobacter,  P.  Emjcbson  {lotoa  Sta.  Research  Buk 
45  (1918),  pp.  25-^4,  figs.  7).— Investigations  with  eight  forms  of  Azotobacter 
are  described,  embracing  laboratory  and  greenhouse  pot  tests  together  with  ob- 
servations on  the  acid  extract,  amino,  nonprotein,  and  polypeptid  nitrogen 
content  of  the  pot  soils. 

The  laboratory  experiments  comprised  a  study  of  the  effect  of  transfers 
made  every  other  day  on  the  nitrogen  fixing  power  of  the  organisms,  of  the 
effect  of  transfers  made  once  each  week  in  sand  cultures  variously  modified, 

uigitizea  Dy  vjx^v^v  iv^ 


618  BXPERiMBirr  statioh  sboobd.  nr<d4» 


and  of  the  effect  of  growing  four  of  the  strains  on  both  agar  and  sand  tn 
large  flasks  with  and  without  the  presence  of  growing  plants.  The  organisms  used  j{ 
included  four  large  celled  nitrogen-fixliig  strains  of  bacteria  giving  aB.  of  the 
staining  reactions  of  the  Asotobacter  type  and  isolated  from  tlie  humus  plats  at 
the  Iowa  Bxperiment  Station,  and  pure  cultures  of  A.  vinelandH,  A.  cArooooe- 
oum.  A,  beijerinchU,  and  A,  chrooooooum  {HOM),  A  nitrogen-free  medium  was 
used  throughout  As  a  result  of  the  laboratory  tests,  it  was  concluded  that 
transfers  made  on  a  nitrogen-free  dextrose  agar  more  often  tfmn  once  a  week 
were  detrimental  to  the  nitrogen  fixing  power  of  the  organisms  studied ;  that 
transfers  made  once  each  week  into  a  pure  sand  medi^im  containing  some  car- 
bonaceous material  were  beneficial  to  the  nitrogen  fixing  power  of  Azotdbacter 
in  general,  but  were  detrimental  to  A.  beijerincMi;  that  the  nitrogm  fixing 
power  of  A,  vinelandU  was  markedly  stimulated  when  the  organism  was 
grown  in  large  fiasks  for  five  weeks  in  the  presence  of  red  clover  and  oats  on 
both  agar  and  sand,  and  in  the  presence  of  algse  when  grown  on  agar  but  not 
on  sand ;  that  the  nitrogen  fixing  power  of  A.  chroococctMi  was  also  markedly 
stimulated  when  the  organism  was  grown  on  agar  for  five  weeks  in  the  pres- 
ence of  oats  and  red  clover  but  to  a  less  extent  when  grown  with  these  plants 
in  sand,  while  the  greatest  stimulation  for  this  organism  was  produced  in  the 
presence  of  algse  in  either  sand  or  agar ;  and  that  the  nitrogen  fixing  power  of 
A.  beiferinokU  was  stimulated  by  the  presenoe  of  red  clover  when  the  organism 
was  grown  on  either  sand  or  agar,  and  by  oats  when  grown  In  sand,  while  algs 
in  either  agar  or  sand  appeared  to  have  a  depressing  efl^ect  on  this  organism. 

In  the  pot  experiments  the  eight  types  used  in  the  laboratory  tests  were 
inoculated  into  Miami  silt  loam  soil  said  to  be  free  from  Azotobacter  or  similar 
form!.  Ground  oat  straw  or  ground  clover  hay  was  added  to  the  soil  at  the 
rate  of  five  tons  per  acre,  and  the  nitrogen  fixing  ability  of  the  different  organ- 
isms both  in  fallo\^  soils  and  in  the  presence  of  growing  oat  plants  determined. 
The  length  of  the  growing  period  of  the  oats  was  determined  by  the  appearance 
of  the  seed-bearing  spike  when  the  crop  was  harvested,  the  soil  sampled,  and 
immediately  reseeded.  The  experiments  were  continued  through  three  growing 
periods,  with  results  as  follows: 

When  three  crops  of  oats  were  grown  continuously  on  this  soil  the  nitrogen 
content  of  the  soil  increased  during  the  first  period,  decreased  during  the 
second,  and  increased  slightly  during  the  third,  while  the  nitrogen  fixing  powers 
of  the  bacteria  and  the  crop  responses  paralleled  the  total  nitrogen  content  of 
the  soil.<  The  nitrogen  fixing  powers  of  A.  heijerinckH  and  A.  vinelandH  were 
stimulated  to  a  greater  extent  by  decaying  oat  straw  than  by  clover  hay,  es- 
pecially during  the  earlier  stages  of  decomposition,  while  some  other  types  of 
Asotobacter  appeared  to  be  stimulated  to  a  greater  extent  by  the  presence  of 
decaying  clover  hay.  The  nitrogen  fixing  power  of  all  the  organisms  eventually 
became  greater  In  fallow  than  in  cropped  soils,  whUe  all  the  organisms  were 
also  eventually  Influenced  in  their  activities  in  the  same  manner  and  by  the 
same  materials.  It  is  concluded  that  soils  may  be  profltably  inoculated  with 
Asotobacter  and  similar  forms,  the  best  results  in  these  tests  having  been  se- 
cured with  A,  heijerinekii  or  A.  vinelandiL  The  conditions  essential  for  maxi- 
mum nitrogen  fixation  are  said  to  be  good  environmental  factors  such  as  tillage, 
drainage,  etc.,  the  presence  of  rapidly  decaying  organic  matter  containing 
small  amounts  of  nitrogen,  and  freedom  from  growing  plants. 

Those  soils  inoculated  with  pure  cultures  of  A.  cTiroococcwn,  A.  heijerinckH, 
and  A.  vinelandU  in  the  greenhouse  tests  were  further  examined  for  add 
extract,  amino,  nonprotein,  and  polypeptid  nitrogen  in  order  to  ascertain 
whether  bacterial  action  had  any  effect  on  the  accumulation  or  disappearance 
of  nitrogen  in  these  forms.    The  methods  employed  in  making  the  various 


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i»i»]  MUA—vssmiAaB8.  619 

determinationB  are  indicated.  It  is  stated  that  these  nitrogen  compounds 
dianged  into  other  forms  with  the  advance  of  decomposition  much  more 
rapidly  than  the  total  nitrogen  decreased,  and  that  oat  straw  and  clover  hay 
added  as  manure  had  little  effect  on  this  change.  The  amounts  of  nonprotein 
and  amino  add  nitrogen  fixed  by  bacterial  cultures  in  solution  were  negligible, 
while  bacterial  inoculation  had  apparently  no  effect  upon  the  amounts  of  non- 
protein, amino,  or  polypetid  nitrogen  in  the  soil.  These  forms  of  nitrogen 
showed  no  tendency  to  accumulate  in  the  soil  under  conditions  approximating 
those  In  the  field. 

A  bibliography  of  68  titles  is  appended. 

The  partial  sterilisation  of  soils,  G.  TamnrAirr  {Campt.  Rend.  Acad,  Agr. 
Framoe,  4  {1918),  No.  38,  pp.  10S(^10$8,  lOiB-10^;  Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci. 
IParUh  167  (1918),  ITo.  12,  pp.  iSS-4S€;  aba.  in  Chem.  Aha.,  IS  (1919),  No.  2,  pp. 
ISS,  1S4). — CTomparatlye  tests  in  pots  and  in  the  field  of  carbon  bisulphid,  pure 
calcium  sulphid  and  calcium  sulphid  containing  zinc  sul^hid,  naphthalene, 
anthracene,  toluene,  benzene,  and  heavy  oils,  are  reported. 

Treatment  of  the  soil  with  carbon  bisulphid  increased  the  yields  of  cabbage  and 
onloiis  and  appeared  to  prevent  disease  and  insect  attacks.  Pure  calcium  sulphid 
also  Increased  the  yields  of  various  plants,  but  calcium  sulphid  containing  10 
per  cent  of  sine  sulphid  gave  smaller  yields  than  were  obtained  with  the  pure 
compound.  The  other  substances  named  increased  the  yields  of  cabbage,  but  the 
beneficial  effect  was  less  pronounced  In  case  of  godetlas,  crude  anthracene  in 
the  amoiuts  used  even  acting  unfavorably.  Mixtures  of  calcium  sulphid  and 
the  aromatic  hydrocarbons  named  were  beneficial.  The  general  conclusion  is 
that  partial  sterilization  hinders  the  development  of  animal  and  vegetable 
parasites,  and  also  promotes  the  utilization  of  the  reserve  plant  food  of  the 
SOIL 

On  the  absorbent  power  of  dry  and  moist  soils  for  chlorin  gas,  D.  Berthe- 
LOT  and  R.  Tbannot  {Compi.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  [Parial,  168  {1919),  No.  2,  pp. 
Itl-ltS;  aha.  in  Rev.  Sci.  [Paria'i,  57  {1919),  No.  2,  p.  63).— It  is  s]^own  that 
white  sand  has  small  capacity  for  the  absorption  of  chlorin.  Yellow  ferru- 
ginous sand  has  a  higher  absorptive  capacity  than  white  sand,  but  is  still  much 
inferior  in  this  respect  to  humus.  Increasing  the  moisture  improves  somewhat 
the  absorbent  power  of  sand.  The  absorbent  power  of  humus  apparently  has 
no  relation  to  its  lime  content  The  absorbent  power  of  moist  humus  is  from 
two  to  two  and  one-half  times  that  of  dry  humua 

The  chlorin  index  as  a  comparative  measure  of  the  richness  of  soils  in 
humiiay  B.  Laficque  and  E.  BasbA  {Campt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  [Paria'i,  168 
{1919),  No.  2,  pp.  118-121;  abs.  in  Rev.  Sci.  [ParU],  57  {1919),  No.  2,  p.  fi5).— 

The  authors  conclude  from  Investigations  reported  that  the  loss  of  active 
chlorin  by  sodium  hypochlorite  in  reaction  with  soils  is  a  measure  of  -the 
ozidlaability  and  an  indication  of  the  humus  content  of  the  soils.  The  oxidlz- 
able  matter  as  measured  in  this  way  was  found  to  decrease  progressively  with 
the  depth  of  the  soil.  Forest  soils  showed  from  three  to  four  times  the  amount 
present  in  neighboring  bare  soil  and  peat  ten  times  the  amount  in  cultivated 

soil. 

The  authors  believe  that  the  method  offers  a  quick  means  of  classifying  soils 
with  reference  to  their  probable  humus  content 

The  composition  of  the  soil  air  {Rev.  Sci.  IParia'i,  67  {1919),  No.'  3,  pp.  83, 
84). — ^Thla  is  a  brief  note  based  upon  various  investigations,  particularly  those 
ot  RuaseU  and  Appleyard  (E.  S.  R.,  33,  p.  618). 

It  is  shown  that  to  a  d^th  of  0.15  meter  (5.9  in.)  the  soil  air  is  very  similar 
to  that  of  the  atmosiAere,  except  that  it  contains  a  little  more  carbon  dioxid. 
There  are  much  greater  variations  in  composition  of  the  air  of  the  soil  than 


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620  BXPEBIMBNT  BTATIOir  BEOOBD.  (TolM 

that  of  atmosphere.  Oxygen  decrcaseB  during  the  period  of  active  nItrlflcatiOD ; 
that  Is,  during  the  warmer  seaaon  of  the  year.  There  are  times  at  which  the 
soli  air  may  be  entirely  derived  of  azygen.  Varlatkms  In  atmoq;riierlc  pres- 
sure, velocity  of  the  wind,  and  temperature,  as  well  as  of  the  crop*  appear  to 
have  some  effect  on  the  composition  of  the  soil  air. 

Layer  formation  In  soil  suspensions,  P.  Bhsenbeso,  IL  Hahh,  and  O.  Nolb 
{ZerUbl.  Agr.  Chem,,  47  (1918),  2fo.  6,  pp.  i^^i^?).— Observations  made  upon 
the  formation  of  layers  In  suEQ^enslohs  of  day  and  heavy  arable  aoUs  led  to  the 
conclusion  that  the  size,  form,  wel^t,  and  electrical  charge  of  the  soil  par- 
ticles were  the  principal  factors  Involved*  Layer  formation  Is  said  to  have 
occurred  only  where  definite  groups  of  particles  were  present  which  differed 
In  the  velocity  with  which  they  settled  out  of  suiqienslon.  Neither  temperature 
nor  light  appeared  to  have  any  significant  Influence  upon  the  phenomenon. 

The  Nile  sUt  (Jtev.  Sci.  {ParU},  57  [1919),  No.  8.  p.  87).— It  Is  stated  that 
the  deposit  of  sUt  amounts  to  15  tons  per  hectare  (6  tons  per  acre)  annually, 
containing  sufficient  fertlUalng  constituents  to  compensate  for  the  ronoval  of 
such  constituents  In  the  cropa  The  proportion  of  phosphoric  add  la  2  parts 
per  thousand,  of  potash  6  to  7  parts,  and  of  lime  S.d  per  cent  Recent  studies 
have  shown  also  that  the  silt  is  rich  in  active  microorganisms,  which  contribute 
largely  to  the  beneficial  effect  of  the  silt  The  silt  may  therefore  be  consldoed 
a  living  fertilizer. 

A  study  of  the  indigo  soils  of  Bihar,  W.  A.  Davis  (A^.  Resean^  Ingt.  PiM 
Indigo  Pub.,  1  (1918),  pp.  76;  ab9.  in  Nature  [Lofttfon],  IW  {1918),  No.  tSSO, 
pp.  27,  B8). — From  observations  of  soil  conditions  as  determined  by  chemical 
analysis,  the  author  concludes  that  the  yield  of  indigo  varies  directly  with  the 
amount  of  available  phosphoric  add  present  in  the  soil  and  subsoil,  and  that 
soil  improvement  through  the  use  of  superphosphate  is  the  most  important 
factor  in  the  successful  production  of  natural  indigo. 

The  rOle  of  bacteria  in  relation  to  jAoi^^hates  in  the  soil  is  briefly  described 
by  G.  M.  Hutchinson. 

Nitrates,  nitrification,  and  bacterial  contents  of  five  typical  add  soils  as 
affected  by  lime,  fertilizer,  crops,  and  moisture,  H.  A.  Notss  and  8.  D.  Ooii- 
NEB  (Jour.  Agr.  Research  [U.  £f.],  16  {1919),  No.  2,  pp.  27-^,  pis.  9,  fige,  2).^ 
In  the  Investigations  at  the  Indiana  Szperiment  Station,  here  reported,  con- 
trolled greenhouse  experiments  were  conducted  on  five  typical  add  soils  in 
order  to  ascertain  the  variations  in  bacterial  numbers,  nitrates,  and  nitrifiea- 
tion  under  different  conditions  and  treatment  ''In  part  of  the  experiments 
the  soils  were  fertilized  with  caldum  carbonate,  add  phosphate,  and  complete 
fertilizer,  cropped  to  wheat  and  clover  and  kept  at  optimum  moisture  content 
while  in  another  series  the  soils  were  unfertilized,  uncropped,  and  kept  one- 
fourth,  one-half,  and  fully  saturated  with  water. 

"  The  results  reported  Include  crop  yields,  soil-addlty  determinations,  nitrates 
in  the  soil  when  sampled  and  after  incubation  with  ammonium  sulphate,  and 
also  the  numbers  of  aerobic,  anaerobic,  and  carbon-dloxld  surviving  micro- 
organisms present  in  the  sella 

"All  the  untreated  soils  were  quite  add  and  contained  nitrates  when  sampled, 
showing  that  nitrification  takes  place  in  add  soils.  The  amounts  of  nitrates 
present  and  the  nitrifying  power  of  the  untreated  add  soils  varied  with  the 
organic  matter  and  total  nitrogen  rather  than  with  the  soil  addlly.  CSaldum- 
carbonate  additions  markedly  increased  the  nitrification  of  all  five  sqUsl  Fer- 
tilization tended  to  Increase  nitrification,  but  not  so  much  as  caldum  carbonate 
did.  Regardless  of  treatments  the  presence  of  growing  dover  kept  down 
nitrate  contents  of  the  soilSw    The  degree  of  saturation  of  the  soils  affected  the 


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1M»]  SOILS — ^FKBTIMZKKS.  621 

nitrates  present  As  a  tvtle,  more  nltraies  were  found  in  soil  kept  one-half 
antnrated  with  water  than  In  soil  kept  one-fourth  saturated.  The  soils  that 
bad  been  kept  fally  saturated  wiOi  water  f6r  the  10  months  contained  no 
nttrates  and  formed  no  nitrates  when  incubated  with  ammonium  sulphate. 
The  relation  of  nitrates  present  in  the  uncropped  soils  before  incubation  to  the 
nitrates  present  after  incubation  shows  that  the  nitrate  contents  of  these  add 
flollB  tend  to  reach  an  equlUbrlum,  above  which  no  increase  Is  obtained  without 
additional  treatment 

**  The  bacterial  flora  of  each  soil  was  dlfTerent  from  that  of  every  other  soil. 
No  bacteria  developed  into  colonies  visible  to  the  eye  as  long  as  plates  were 
incubated  in  an  atmoeqphere  of  flowing  cait>on-dloxid  gas.  Oaldum-carbonate 
additions  increased  the  bacterial  contents  of  the  soils.  This  Increase  was 
largely  in  the  aerobic  organisms.  Small  increases  in  bacterial  content  resulted 
from  the  use  of  fertilizer. 

''The  degree  of  saturation  at  which  the  soil  was  kept  changed  the  propor- 
tions between  the  aerobic,  anaerobic,  a^d  carbon-dloxld-BUrvlvlng  bacteria. 
Cultures  from  samples  that  had  been  kept  one-fourth  saturated  with  water 
contained  the  largest  proportions  of  organisms  forming  mold-like  colonies. 
Under  optimum  moisture  conditions  both  without  and  with  lime  and  fertilizer 
treatments  the  nitrates  after  incubation  varied  directly  with  the  aerobic 
counts. 

**  In  general,  the  greater  aerobic  bacterial  content  and  the  nitrifying  power 
of  the  soil  the  larger  the  crop  yields.'* 

The  results  of  the  investigations  indicate  in  general  the  value  of  a  system 
of  soil  improvement  which  includes  the  addition  of  lime,  phosphate,  and  organic 
matter,  and  suggests  the  importance  of  both  chemical  and  biological  examina- 
tions of  the  soil  in  soil  fertility  investigations. 

A  list  of  26  references  to  literature  on  the  subject  is  given. 

Kanure  supplies  under  present  conditions  [in  Bhodesia],  B.  T.  Flack 
{Rhodesia  Agr.  Jour.,  1$  (1918),  Jfo.  6,  pp.  $16-528), — ^Analyses  and  other  data 
are  given  regarding  the  supplies  of  kraal  manure,  cave  guanos,  roclt  rabbit 
manure,  wood  ashes,  corncob  ashes,  tobacco  waste,  mineral  phosphates,  bone 
manures,  and  limestones  available  In  Rhodesia. 

The  effect  of  unbalanced  fertilizers,  especially  unbalanced  potash  fertili- 
zers, W.  ScHNKmEwiNU  iIUu8.  Landto,  Ztg.,  37  (1917),  pp.  49S,  494;  Zentbk 
Agr.  Chem,,  47  (1918),  No,  -M,  pp.  109-111;  aha.  in  Chem.  Abs.,  13  {1919),  No. 
2,  p.  1S7). — In  plat  experiments  on  soil  which  had  not  received  any  phosphoric 
acid  for  14  years,  it  was  observed  that  the  best  results  were  obtained  with  a 
combination  of  potash,  nitrogen,  and  phosphoric  add,  and  that  potash  and  nitro- 
gen increased  the  yields  more  than  potash  alone.  On  soil  that  had  received 
no  nitrogen  for  14  years  the  yields  were  considerably  greater  with  potash, 
phosphoric  add,  and  nitrogen  than  with  potash  and  phosphoric  acid  only, 
although  the  potash  and  phosphoric  acid  combination  produced  noteworthy  in- 
creases of  yield. 

The  condusion  was  reached  that  potash  salts  increase  the  availability  of  soil 
nitrogen  and  phosphoric  add  to  only  a  limited  extent,  of  no  practical  signifi- 
cance. The  effect  of  unbalanced  potash  fertilizers  Is,  therefore,  solely  that  of 
the  potash.  No  great  significance  can  be  attached  to  the  effect  of  lime  fertiliza- 
tion on  the  formation  of  nitrates  in  the  soil  because  most  cultivated  soils  con- 
tain all  the  lime  required; 

The  crops  used  in  the  experiments  were  sugar  beets,  potatoes,  wheat,  and 
barley. 

116338*— No.  7—19 3 


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622  EXFERIMJBKT  STATION  BEOOBD.  (Vol  40 

The  use  of  ammonium  nitrate  as  a  f ertiliaer^  B.  J.  Bussbx  (Jour.  BA,  Agr^ 
{London},  25  {1919),  No.  11,  pp.  iM2-i^59).— BzperimentB  on  potatoes,  man- 
golds, and  wheat,  at  Rothamsted  and  other  places,  to  determine  the  fertUisiiig 
value  of  ammonium  nitrate  are  reported. 

The  results  of  these  experiments  agree  in  showing  that  ammonium  nitrate  is 
a  very  useful  fertilizer.  It  was  more  efEecttve  than  ammonium  sulphate  on 
mangolds  and  equally  effective  on  wheat  It  appeared  to  be  somewhat  inferior 
to  ammonium  sulphate  for  potatoes.  It  has  the  gena*al  advantage  of  b^ng 
a  very  concentrated  material.  The  fertilizing  value  of  this  material  is  reoelviiig 
particular  attention  in  England,  because  with  the  cessation  of  hostilities  large 
quantities  of  it  are  being  released  for  agricultural  purposes^ 

Conversion  of  quicklime  in  soil,  G.  Haoeb  {Jour,  Landio.,  65  {1917),  pp. 
245^11;  ab9.  in  Jour.  Chem,  8oc.  ILondon},  lU  {1918),  No.  667,  I,  p.  W; 
Chem.  Abs.;  IS  {1919),  No.  2,  p.  156). — It  was  observed  that  of  quicklime  added 
to  the  soil  only  a  small  proportion  reappeared  as  calcium  carbonate.  The  re- 
mainder is  adsorbed  by  the  soil,  and  tbe  presence  of  free  calcium  hydrozid  can 
not  be  detected  after  even  a  very  short  period  of  digestion. 

'*  The  power  of  a  soil  for  adsorption  appears  to  be  related  to  its  content  of 
clay  and  the  presence  of  unsaturated  compounds,  and  under  normal  conditions 
an  equilibrium  between  the  absorptive  and  adsorptive  power  of  the  soil  carbon 
dioxid  and  the  soil  compounds,  respectively,  is  soon  reached.  The  action  of  cal- 
cium carbonate  is  stated  to  be  less  rapid  than  that  of  calcium  ozld,  and  some 
months  may  elapse  before  an  equilibrium  is  obtained." 

The  influence  of  calcium  oxid  on  the  physical  character  of  the  soil  is  also 
discussed. 

Inspection  of  commercial  fertilizers,  1818»  L.  D.  Haigh  {Missouri  8ta.  BuL 
160  {1919),  pp.  SSI). — ^This  reports  the  results  of  the  actual  and  guarantied 
analysis  of  253  samples  of  fertilizers  and  fertilizing  material  collected  in  Mis- 
souri during  1918,  together  with  observations  on  the  relative  value  of  42  samples 
of  limestone  and  similar  material  for  correcting  soil  acidity.  A  list  of  tlie 
brands  and  guarantied  analyses  of  fertilizers  registered,  and  offered  for  sale 
in  the  State  in  1919  is  also  included. 

FIELD  CHOPS, 

Field  crops,  A.  D.  Wilson  and  C.  W.  Wabbubton  {St.  PatU,  Minn.:  Webb 
Pub.  Co.,  1918,  rev.  ed.,  pp.  616,  pi.  1,  figs,  166),— This  book,  an  earlier  edition 
of  which  has  been  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  28,  p.  493),  deals  with  the  peculiarities  of 
each  of  the  various  classes  and  varieties  of  farm  crops,  the  handling  of  the 
soil,  selection  of  seed,  general  crop  management,  the  theory  and  practice  of 
crop  rotation,  and  weeds  and  their  eradication.  "A  thorough  revision  has  bera 
made  of  all  those  parte  of  the  text  where  experience  has  suggested  improvement 
or  changes  of  stetlstics,  or  conditions  have  made  it  necessary.  It  is  now  be- 
lieved that  it  contoins  the  latest  available  information  and  practice  with  refer- 
ence to  the  Bubjecte  treated." 

Practical  guide  to  tropical  agriculture. — ^I,  General  principles,  A.  FAUCHfcBS 
{Guide  Pratique  d^ Agriculture  Tropicale. — I,  Principes  04n^au9.  Paris: 
Augustin  Challamel,  1918,  pp.  159). — This  treatise  has  to  do  primarily  with  the 
development  of  agriculture  in  the  French  colonial  possessions.  The  present 
volume  deals  with  factors  of  agricultural  production,  including  the  soil,  climate, 
capitel,  personnel,  and  agricultural  equipment ;  the  preparation  of  the  land  for 
cultivation,,  including  clearing,  draining,  and  plowing,  and  the  construction  of 
r<>ads  and  buildings;  and  the  continuance  of  cultivation,  embracing  the  main- 


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1W«1  FJBU)  GBOPS.  628 

tenanoe  of  0OII  fertility,  protection  against  floods,  the  rational  utilisation  of 
water  in  arid  regions,  and  the  proper  use  of  fertilizer  materials. 

Field  technique  in  determining  yields  of  plats  of  grain  by  .the  rod-row 
method,  A.  O.  Abnt  and  R.  J.  Gasbes  (Jour.  Amer,  800.  Affrtm.,  11  (1919),  No. 
i»  Pfi-  ^^^7,  fiff9,  2). — ^This  paper,  a  contribution  from  the  Minnesota  Bzperi- 
meat  Station,  describes  obsenrations  made  as  to  the  precision  secured  in  de- 
termining yields  by  the  removal  of  9,  5,  and  4  rod  rows  from  tenth-acre  plats 
as  compared  with  harresting  and  threshing  the  entire  plats,  and  on  the  com- 
paratlTe  labor  requirements  of  the  two  methods.  The  data  were  obtained  from 
triplicated  and  Tarionsly  treated  fertiliser  plats  sown  to  wheat  and  oats  on 
UnlTeraity  Farm,  to  wheat  on  the  Morris  substation,  and  to  oats  on  the  Duluth 
substation. 

In  a  comparison  of  yields  to  determine  the  value  of  fertilizer  treatments, 
it  is  stated  that  increases  over  the  mean  of  the  checks  of  15.7  per  cent  for 
triplicate  tentli-acre  plats,  9.49  per  cent  for  9  rod  rows,  12.73  per  cent  for  5 
rod  rows,  and  14.44  per  cent  for  4  rod  rows  removed  from  3  similarly  treated 
tenth-acre  plats  are  probably  significant.  On  the  Duluth  substation,  however. 
Increases  over  the  checks  of  82.4  per  cent  for  tenth-acre  plats  and  12.34,  ld.50, 
and  18JS1  ner  cent,  respectively,  for  9,  5,  and  4  rod  rows  appeared  to  be  necessary 
if  the  diif erences  were  to  be  attributed  to  tlie  fertilizer  treatments.  Variations 
In  the  results  secured  with  the  methods  on  the  different  experimental  fields  are 
noted,  and  the  conclusion  reached  that  the  removal  of  9  rod  rows  from  tenth- 
acre  plats  gave  practically  as  accurate  an  Indication  of  the  value  of  the  different 
fertiliser  treatments  as  harvesting  the  entire  plat  The  amount  of  man  labor 
required  by  the  two  methods  was  found  to  be  about  the  same. 

The  practical  value  of  Une  selection  with  field  crops,  L.  Koch  (Teysmanmia, 
t9  (1918),  N09,  /,  pp.  1-^6;  «,  pp.  96-127;  S,  pp.  165-191). —The  author  de- 
scribes observations  made  with  selections  of  peanuts,  rice,  corn,  and  soy  beans, 
the  results  of  which  have  been  subjected  to  a  statistical  analysis  in  an  attempt 
to  demonstrate  the  value  of  this  practice  in  the  improvement  of  these  crops. 

The  Influence  of  crop  plants  on  those  which  follow,  I,  B.  L.  Habtwell  and 
S.  C.  Damon  (Rhode  Island  Sia.  Bui.  175  (1918),  pp.  90,  pi.  i,  fig.  1).— This 
bulletin  describes  field  work  begun  in  1907  and  previously  mentioned  (E.  S.  R., 
40,  p.  135)  in  which  observations  have  been  made  of  the  effect  of  different 
crops  upon  the  following  crop.  The  general  plan  of  the  experiment  was  to  grow 
without  farm  manures  upon  contiguous  2/15th  acre  plats,  onions,  potatoes, 
mangels,  rutabagas,  cabbage,  buckwheat,  com,  millet,  oats,  timothy  and  redtop, 
redtop,  timothy,  squash,  alsil^e  clover,  and  red  clover,  respectively,  for  two 
sacceeelve  years,  and  one  of  these  crops  every  third  year  over  the  entire  area. 
Fertilizer  chemicals  were  applied  to  all  plats  alike  in  amounts  Intended  to 
supply  an  average  of  tiie  nutrient  needs  of  the  different  crops,  information  re- 
garding which  was  obtained  from  soil  tests  made  in  pots  in  the  greenhouse 
and  iB  sections  of  drain  pipe  sunk  in  the  paths  between  the  field  plata  Onions 
occupied  the  entire  area  in  1910,  buckwheat  in  1918,  and  alsike  clover  in  1916 
and  again  in  1917.    The  results  obtained  may  be  summarized  as  follows: 

Arranging  the  preceding  crops  in  the  order  of  increasing  yields  of  onions, 
from  13  to  17  bu.  were  produced  following  cabbage,  mangels,  rutabagas,  and 
buckwheat ;  35  and  87  bu.,  respectively,  following  potatoes  and  rye ;  from  131 
to  178  bu.  following  com,  millet,  onions,  oats,  and  red  clover;  from  240  to  314 
bu.  following  squasl),  timothy,  and  alsike  clover;  and  406  and  412  bu.,  re- 
spectively, after  mixed  timothy  and  redtc^,  and  rMtop  alone. 

Following  the  same  arrangement  with  regard  to  buckwheat,  yields  of  from 
4  to  10  bu.  were  produced  after  millet,  grasses,  com,  and  the  clovers;  13  and 


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624  EXPEBIMBin?  8TATI0K  BBCOBD.  [Tol40 

15  bu.,  recrpectiyely,  after  trackwlteat  and  oats;  from  20  to  28  Ira.  after  caMiage^ 
beets,  onions*  rye,  agnashes,  and  potatoes;  and  84  bu.  after  toralps. 

The  lowest  yields  of  alslke  clovtt  for  the  2  years  ranged  from  2JS8  to  2j6 
tons  per  acre  after  the  doyers  and  carrots  (formerly  mixed  timothy  and  red- 
top)  and  the  highest  yields  from  4^6  to  4.88  tons  following  rye,  redtop,  and 
2  years*  failure  of  sqnashes.  Yields  ranging  from  8.81  to  SJ&d  tons  wore  ob- 
tained after  the  other  crops. 

Observations  of  miscellaneoas  instances  of  effects  of  crops  on  those  planted 
the  next  year  in  a  crosswise  direction  are  noted,  which  are  thouf^t  to  Indicate 
that  these  ettects  were  less  pronoonced  in  nentrallxed  soils.  The  amount  of 
nntrients  removed  by  the  amps  was  determined  in  many  instances,  but  it  was 
observed  that  the  crops  which  removed  the  largest  amount  of  the  scarcest  nn- 
trients were  not  always  the  ones  which  exerted  the  most  depressing  effect  on  a 
succeeding  crop. 

Beport  of  asrronomy  department^  M.  A.  Bbbboit  {Oklahoma  Sta,  RpL  1918f 
pp.  Hr4tft). — ^This  describes  the  oontlnnation  of  work  with  field  crops  for  the 
year  ended  June  80,  1918,  along  the  same  general  lines  as  previously  noted 
(B.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  82),  indndlng  results  of  variety  tests  with  oats,  cotton,  wheat, 
cowpeas,  peanuts,  and  grain  and  forage  sorghums;  plant  breeding  work  with 
cotton,  Bermuda  grass,  grain  sorghums,  and  peanuts ;  rate  and  date  of  seeding 
tests  and  hay  harvesting  experiments  with  Sudan  grass;  fertilizer,  rotation, 
and  cultural  tests  with  cereals,  alfalfa,  cowpeas,  and  Kafir  com ;  and  depth  of 
plowing  tests  with  Kafir  com,  cotton,  and  oats.  Several  lines  of  investigation 
dealing  with  increased  production  and  tibe  maintenance  of  soil  fertility,  which 
received  special  stimulation  as  war  work,  are  also  briefly  outlined. 

[Work  with  field  crops  in  South  Carolina],  C.  P.  Blagkwklc  and  B.  B. 
GuBBiN  {South  Carolina  Sta.  Rpt.  1918,  pp.  l^-^O,  S8-^9,  iO,  ^M)*— This  briefly 
notes  variety,  fertilizer,  and  breeding  tests  with  cotton,  com,  and  peanuts. 

The  best  cotton  varieties  tested  both  at  Glemson  Oollege  and  at  the  Pee  Dee 
substation  were  more  profitable  by  $100  per  acre  than  the  poorest  varieties. 

Observations  on  the  effect  of  pollen  from  barren  stalks  of  com  on  the  amount 
of  barrenness  in  the  progeny  indicated  a  ratio  of  one  barren  "to  2M  fruitftil 
plants.  An  appar^it  correlation  was  also  noted  between  barrenness  and  such 
characters  as  color,  size  and  shape  of  plant,  length  of  life,  etc 

Work  of  the  Wisconsin  Agricultural  Sxperiment  Association^  H.  W. 
AuBEBTz  {Mctdison:  Wis.  Bwpt.  Assoc,  1919,  pp.  t8,  figs.  fi).-~nils  briefly  out- 
lines the  organization  and  scope  of  the  association.  Pedigreed  field  crops,  in- 
cluding corn,  barley,  winter  and  spring  wheat,  oats,  rye,  soy  beans,  and  Add 
peas  grown  by  the  members,  are  described  and  the  history  and  adaptation  of 
the  crops  noted. 

Besults  of  cooperative  experiments  in  agriculture,  0.  A.  Zivm  {Ontario 
Dept.  Agr.  Bui.  260  {1918),  pp.  9-24).— ThlB  reports  the  continuation  of  work 
during  1917  along  the  same  general  lines  as  previoufliy  noted  <B.  8.  B^  89, 
p.  787).    It  is  stated  that  fully  1,000  more  tests  were  undertaken  than  in  1918. 

Guide  to  experiments  for  1918  [In  Korthumberland  County,  England], 
D.  A.  GiLCHBTST  {County  Northumb.  Bd.  Com.  BiiL  27  {1918),  pp.  ^78).— Iliifl 
presents  an  outline  for  a  continuation  of  work  with  field  crops  along  tiie  same 
lines  as  those  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  482),  together  with  a  general 
summary  of  earlier  results. 

[Yielding  capacity  of  different  field  crops],  B.  W.  Ljtmo  {Svefiffos  Utsi- 
desfor.  Tidskr.,  28  {1918),  No.  I  pp.  158-181,  fi§s.  8).— This  article  representi 
a  paper  read  before  the  Swedish  Seed  Association,  in  which  the  results  of  ex- 
periments conducted  for  a  series  of  years  with  various  field  crops  at  several 
of  the  more  important  Swedish  experiment  stations  are  summarized  and  com- 

/  uigiiizea  Dy  vj]iv/\^^i\^ 


191A]        r  FIBU)  GB0F8,  625 

pared  to  show  tbe  r^atiye  yielding  capacity  of  the  different  crops.  A  tabulated 
annunary  of  yields  of  wheat  and  rye  at  five  Danish  experiment  stations  is  also 
presented. 

It  is  shown  tliat  in  southern  Sweden  on  <da7  soils  wheat  produced  yields  per- 
ceptibly higher  than  those  of  rye.  The  difference  in  yielding  capaclt7>  greatest 
on  the  fiBrtile  soil  In  SkAne,  decreased  northwards  so  that  in  middle  Sweden 
the  yielding  capacity  of  the  two  crops  was  practically  the  same.  Results  se- 
cured In  Denmark  on  lighter  and  somewhat  sandy  soils  showed  that  In  some  In- 
stances wheat  and  In  others  rye  produced  the  heavier,  yields.  Among  spring- 
sown  crops  barley,  at  least  under  relatively  favorable  conditions^  as  compared 
with  oats  gave  the  higher  yield  of  hulled  grain.  Spring  wheat  ranked  clearly 
below  barley  in  yielding  power,  and  appeared  capable  of  competing  with  oats 
only  under  the  most  favorable  conditions.  Of  the  different  root  crops  beets 
ranked  highest  in  yield  on  good  soils  in  southern  Sweden,  but  on  the  heavier 
and  somewhat  colder  soils  rutabagas  followed  quite  closely.  In  middle  Sweden 
rutabagas  stood  first,  and  beets  were  hardly  able  to  compete  successfully  with' 
turnips.  Potatoes  approached  rutabagas  in  yielding  capacity  and  surj^assed 
turnips  and  carrots.  Bed  clover  gave  relativ^y  high  ylelds»  while  timothy 
stood  comparatively  low  In  production. 

[Culture  experiments  with  root  crops],  P.  Kbosby  (Ber.  Narge*  Landkr. 
HdUkoles  Virka.,  1916^17,  pp.  7-^S,  pl$.  S^  fig.  I).— The  results  of  cooperative 
e]q[)erlments  with  rutabagas,  field  beets,  carrots,  turnips,  and  potatoes  are  re- 
ported in  tables  and  discussed. 

In  the  conclusions  drawn,  it  is  stated  that  under  favorable  conditions  of 
growth  root  crops  produce  a  greater  quantity  of  feed  than  is  secured  from 
other  crops  grown  In  the  regions  concerned.  The  results  indicated  that  root 
crope  are  capable  of  responding  profitably  to  heavier  fertilization  of  the  soil 
and  better  cultivation  than  they  usually  receive.  This  seemed  specially  true  in 
the  case  of  the  slow-growing  crops.  In  general  the  largest  yields  were  ob- 
tained from  potatoes,  which  also  suffered  least  from  drought  It  was  observed 
that  beets  and  rutabagas,  as  compared  with  potatoes,  required  somewhat  higher 
temperatures  during  the  growing  period  and  also  were  in  need  of  more  moist- 
ure. Rutabagas  also  preferred  a  little  heavier  solL  In  yield  these  two  crops 
stood  a  little  under  the  potato,  but  in  the  production  of  fodder  units  a  Uttle 
above  it  Beets  gave  satisfactory  yields  only  with  careful  cultivation  and  in 
the  southernmost  sections  having  a  favorable  climate  and  a  fertile  solL 

[Beport  of  field  crops  work  in  Madras,  191&-17  and  1917-18]  (Rpt. 
Depi.  Agr.  Madras,  X91S-17,  pp.  5-JO,  S1-S6,  66-69;  1917-18,  pp.  7-lS,  18,  20-25, 
8(^-83,  9S-94). — ^This  describes  cultural,  fertilizer,  and  variety  tests  with  sugar 
cane,  rice,  cotton,  miscellaneous  grain  and  forage  crops,  peanuts,  and  indigo 
at  numerous  experimental  centers.  The  annual  reports  of  the  Government 
sugar  cane  expert  and  of  the  Qovemment  seed  potato  farm  at  Nanjanad  are 
appended. 

The  principal  forage  crops  of  Braidl,  A.  da  Silva  Neves  (Ann.  I.  Conf,  Nao. 
Peouaria  IRio  de  Janeiro^,  1917,  pp.  77-91,  pU,  7).— In  connection  with  a  re- 
port on  the  First  National  Cattle  Ckmf^rence,  some  of  the  principal  grasses 
and  legumes  used  for  forage  are  briefiy  described  and  illustrated. 

Concerning  cereals  [in  Argentina],  A.  C.  Tonnelixb  {Uin.  Agr.  Ufac 
IBuenoM  Aires},  Dir,  Oen.  Ehueilanza  e  Invest.  Agr.  IPub.},  No.  74  (1917),  pp. 
77,  figs,  ip).— Agronomic  data  are  presented  relative  to  varieties  of  wheat, 
barley,  and  rye  grown  during  1914  and  1915. 

Statistical  notes  on  cereals  (Iniemat.  Inst.  Agr.  [Rtmiel,  Bur.  Statis., 
Statis.  Votes  on  CereaU,  8  (1918),  pp.  108,  fig.  1).— Statistical  informaUon  Is 
presented  dealing  with  yield,  trade,  consumption,  prices,  and  rates  of  ocean 


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626  EXPSRIMEKT  STATIOK  BECOBD.   .  (Vol  40 

freight  for  wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  and  com  througfaont  tbe  world  up  to  Octo- 
ber 31, 1918. 

[Spring  and  fall  applications  of  fertUiaers  on  ffrasslanda],  P.  Bcuh 
{Meddel.  CeninOoMt.  Foridkw.  JordbrukMomrddet,  No.  148  (1917),  pp.  8).— Ten 
cooperative  experiments  were  conducted  In  1915  and  1916*  to  determine  tlie 
relative  value  of  spring  and  fall  applications  of  fertilizers  on  grasslands.  All 
series  of  plats  received  200  kg.  of  superphosphate  and  100  kg.  of  potash  salt 
per  hectare  and  one  series  received  in  addition  200  kg.  and  another  100  kg.  of 
nitrate  of  soda  per  hectare  (89  lbs.  per  acre).  The  applications  were  made 
from  April  18  to  May  1  and  from  October  26  to  November  80. 

The  tabulated  results  show  that  in  ea<A  of  the  10  tests  ttie  complete  fertlllaer 
ai^lications  made  in  the  spring  produced  a  greater  increase  in  yield  than  the 
corresponding  applications  made  in  the  fall.  This  was  specially  true  when 
the  herbage  consisted  largely  of  grass,  but  spring  application  was  also  at  least 
as  effective  as  fall  application  when  the  stand  included  a  large  proportion  of 
clover  and  the  fertilizers  used  consisted  of  an  adequate  quantity  of  only  8upe^ 
phosphate  and  potash  salt 

[Fertilizer  ootperiments  with  rice  and  cassava],  A.  W.  K.  db  Jono  and  GL 
VAN  BossBM  (Dept.  Landb.^  Nijv.  en  Handel  {Dutch  Bast  Indie9\^  Meded.  Agr. 
Ohem,  Lab.,  No  18  (1918),  pp.  56,  ftffs.  5).— This  reports  the  continuation  of 
experimental  work  with  different  fertilizing  materials  for  rice  for  1917,  aloos 
the  same  lines  as  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.^  89,  p.  587),  together  with  tests  of 
sodium  nitrate  and  ammonium  sulphate  for  cassava.  The  results  obtained 
with  rice  were  practically  the  same  as  those  obtained  in  1910.  Sodium  nitrate 
appeared  to  be  superior  to  ammonium  sulphate  for  cassava. 

[Experiments  with  barley],  E.  Vxk  (Aarsber.  Norges  Landbr.  HSUMa 
Akervekstforsok,  28  (1918-11),  pp.  65-91,  fig.  Jf).— The  results  of  variety  tests 
with  barley  in  progress  for  a  number  of  years  are  reported  and  discussed  with 
special  reference  to  the  value  of  Asplund  barley,  a  new  variety.  In  nearly  ail 
cases  under  the  different  conditions  of  growth  Asplund  surpassed  in  yield,  the 
greater  yields  being  specially  outstanding  on  well  fertilized  barley  solL  This 
variety  is  reported  as  having  exceptionally  stiff  straw  and  as  yielding  folly 
with  the  best  varieties  under  conditions  of  drought  The  quantity  of  straw  pro- 
duced was  about  the  average  for  six-rowed  sorts.  The  growing  period  was 
found  to  be  a  little  longer  than  that  of  the  common  Norwegian  six-rowed  barley. 
The  new  variety  is  described  as  having  somewhat  small  kernels,  but  that  other- 
wise the  grain  quality  is  up  to  the  six-rowed  standard.  The  grain  is  heavy, 
has  a  thin  hull,  and  appears  to  be  richer  in  fat  and  starch  but  poorer  in  prot^ 
than  the  other  varieties  studied. 

Of  the  older  varieties  Finnegut  and  Bj^^meby  ranked  next  to  Ai^lund  in  the 
yield  of  grain,  although  their  yields  were  lower  by  about  200  kg.  per  hectare 
(8.7  bu.  per  acre).  Maskin,  as  compared  with  MJ(te,  both  new  varieties  devel- 
oped by  the  plant  breeding  station  at  Hedemarken,  gave  the  larger  yield  of 
grain,  being  on  a  par  with  Finnegut  Maskin  proved  to  be  an  early  variety  with 
strong  straw. 

Svalttf  Guld  and  Befsum,  two-rowed  varieties,  were  equal  in  average  yield, 
and  while  SvalOf  Quid  did  not  seem  to  be  exacting  in  its  requirements  it  was 
surpassed  in  yield  under  the  more  favorable  conditions  of  growth.  Refsnm 
ripened  about  a  week  earlier,  but  stood  under  SvalOf  Guld  in  quality  of  grain. 
As  compared  with  Asplund,  both  varieties  yielded  about  870  kg.  per  hectare  {^ 
bu.  per  acre)  less. 

A  study  of  the  seeds  of  the  Brassica  occurring  in  Japan:  A  scheme  for  the 
determination  of  the  different  sorts,  M.  Kondo  {Ber.  Ohara  Inst.  Landw. 
Fortch.,  1  (1917),  No.  2,  pp.  12S-1S0,  flg$.  12).— The  author  describes  observa- 

uigitizea  Dy  vjv/v^v  iv^ 


1M»1  FIELD  CHOPS.  627 

tlons  made  upon  a  number  of  yarieties  6f  Braaalca,  fnchidlns;  B.  oampe9trU  var. 
ehinenHa,  B,  campesirU  var.  rapifera,  B.  japonioa,  B,  nigra,  B.  funcea,  B, 
oleraeea  eapUata,  B.  oleracea  boiiytU,  and  B.  oleracca  oaulecarpa.  DIflterencea 
with  regard  to  form,  size,  weight,  and  color  of  the  seeds,  the  atmctnre  of  the  seed 
coat,  and  the  fqrm  of  the  seedling  plant  are  noted,  and  a  key  for  dlstlngalshing 
between  the  different  sorts  is  presented  based  npon  these  characteristics. 

Composition  of  Indo-China  castor  beans,  B.  Psvd&omiob  {Agron.  Colon., 
S  {1918),  No.  19,  pp.  2S-1S7). — ^Analyses  of  foor  samples  of  castor  beans  from 
Indo-Ghlna  and  eight  samples  fh)m  British  India  are  noted  in  which  the  oil 
content  of  the  whole  seeds  ranged  from  40.4  to  51.1  per  cent  In  the  former,  and 
from  42J2  to  52.8  per  cent  In  the  latter. 

Bed  clover  seed  and  its  imparities,  J.  R.  Dtmohd  (Canada  Dept.  Agr.,  Seed 
Brmtoh  Pamphlet  B-t  {1918},  pp.  20,  figs.  £2).^*a?he<x)mmon  weed  seeds  fomid 
in  Canadian  red  clover  seed  are  briefly  described  and  illnstrated.  Notes  on 
leaning  red  dover  seed,  varieties  of  red  clover,  growing  the  crop,  and  weed 
eradication  are  Included. 

Improved  technique  for  eom  pollination,  P.  Wkathebwaz  {Ptoc  Ind, 
Aead.  8ei.,  1917,  pp.  lOS-KH,  fig9.  2).— A  device  Is  described  for  protecting  com 
slUcs  from  adventitious  pollen,  consisting  of  a  idieet  of  typewriter  paper  folded 
In  such  a  manner  as  to  form  a  long,  flat  envelope  open  at  both  ends  and  ren- 
dered waterproof  by  treatment  with  paraffin.  The  envelope  is  slipped  over 
tlie  ear,  made  tight  by  means  of  a  cotton  plug,  and  the  top  folded  over  and 
fastened  with  a  paper  dip.  When  the  silks  appear,  die  clip  Is  removed,  the 
desired  pollen  Introduced,  and  the  clip  replaced.  Collecting  the  pollen  in 
ordinary  paper  bags  gave  the  best  results. 

The  method  is  said  to  be  capable  of  adaptation  for  use  with  other  plants. 

Variation  and  varieties  of  Zea  masrs,  P.  Weathebwaz  {Proo,  Ind.  Acad. 
8oi.^  1917,  f^.  99-lOS). — The  author  brl^y  indicates  the  range  of  variability  in 
com  and  discusses  critically  some  of  the  technical  names  applied  to  the  so- 
.  called  varieties  of  com.  It  is  concluded  that  the  best  tazonomlc  treatment 
would  be  to  consider  Zea  as  a  monotypic  genus,  discarding  all  other  names 
than  Z.  mays,  and  that  reference  to  the  numerous  variations  should  be  made 
to  the  characteristics  directly  and  not  to  any  arbitrary  variety  possessing  that 
characteristic  in  varying  combination  with  other  properties; 

The  production  of  grain  and  stalks  hy  maisM  as  affected  hj  intercropping 
with  legumes,  B.  R.  BAtmsTA  {PMUppine  Agr.,  7  {1918),  No.  B,  pp.  ^6-4^).— 
The  intercropping  of  com  with  mungo,  cowpeas,  or  soy  beans  In  both  the  rainy 
and  dry  season  is  said  to  have  had  little  if  any  beneficial  effect  upon  the 
production  of  either  grain  or  fodder  in  tests  conducted  at  Los  Baftos  during 
1916  and  1917,  although  the  value  of  the  legume  crop  usually  more  than  com- 
pensated for  any  decrease  in  com  production.  Cowpeas  appeared  to  give  the 
best  results  with  respect. to  soil  renovation  and  weed  controL 

Mannrial  eKpeifments  with  Sea  Idand  cotton  in  St.  Vineant  in  1917-19, 
8.  C.  Hakland  {West  Indian  BnL,  17  {1918),  No.  B,  ^p.  89-79,  pte.  5).— -This  re- 
ports the  continuation  of  work  previously  noted  <B.  8.  R.,  89,  p.  687),  in  which 
tiie  efllects  of  different  manurfal  treatments  on  8ea  Island  cotton  have  been 
studied  by  means  of  flowering  and  boiling  records  in  addition  to  the  effect 
ott  yield.  Weather  conditlOBs  for  the  season  1917-18  are  said  to  have  been  quite 
favorable. 

All  fertUised  plats  showed  increased  yields  over  tiie  unfertilised  plats,  the 
greatest  increase  being  obtained  with  potash.  The  complete  fertiliser  also  gave 
good  results,  but  the  addition  of  phoqihate  to  potash  toided  to  lower  the 
yield.    It  is  stated  that  the  fertilisers  had  no  effect  on  the  time  of  maturity 


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628  BXPESIMBHT  STATION  BBOOBD.  (Yol^O 

or  on  tbe  percentage  ot  tiolls  to  flowen.  Oooalderably  larger  yieMm  were  ob- 
tained from  two  plantB  per  hill  than  from  one  plant,  while  no  effect  on  the 
percentage  of  boUs  to  flowers  from  spacing  was  obswred.  Further  study  of 
the  effects  of  ^pacing  on  Sea  Island  cotton  is  eiqphasiaed. 

The  author  concludes  that  "  it  has  been  shown  clearly  that,  under  the  con- 
ditions under  which  the  ezperimoits  were  carried  out,  there  is  a  striking 
uniformity  in  the  time  at  which  flowering  begins,  reaches  its  maximum,  and 
dedines  to  sero.  If  the  sowing  date  be  known,  we  can  state  with  certainty 
when  most  flowers  and  boUs  will  be  produced  and  when  the  crop  will  be 
finished.  We  can  not  predict  what  the  else  of  the  crop  wiU  be  furthw  than 
by  stating  its  probable  maximum.  The  siie  of  the  crep  depends  on 
weather  conditions,  and  on  tbe  incidence  of  fungoid  disease.  Thus,  in  the 
West  Indies,  or  indeed  in  any  country  where  cotton  depends  for  its  water 
supply  on  rainfiill  and  not  on  irrigation,  the  value  of  flowering  records  is 
very  much  less  than  in  Egypt  The  Egyptian  boiling  eurve  is  of  less  ampli- 
tude than  the  flowering  curve,  chiefly  through  shedding.  The  percentage  of 
shedding  is  said  to  be  practically  constant  at  40  per  cent  In  nonirrigated 
countries  the  bolUng  curve  represents  the  bolls  left  after  shedding  and  dlsesse 
have  takoa  their  toll,  and  we  have  seen  that  the  peromtage  of  bolls  to 
flowers  fluctuates  greatly  from  season  to  season. 

"  For  manurial  and  apmcbkg  experiments  in  the  West  Indies,  it  is  probablj 
suffldant  to  take  b<^ing  records  only,  at  weekly  intervala  .  .  .  For  the 
comparison  of  dliCerent  varieties  in  regard  to  yielding  capacity,  both  flowering 
and  boiling  records  are  almost  osoontlal  It  is  certain  that  considerable  dif- 
ferences exist  in  Sea  Island  cotton  in  respect  to  the  liability  to  shed  boUa 
These  differences  could  be  brought  out  adeguately  only  by  a  careful  study  of 
the  flowering  and  boiling  records.*' 

The  maintenaaoe  of  the  quality  of  Egyptian  cotton,  O.  O.  Dudoboit  {BuL 
Imp.  itut.  180.  KemHngUmh  IS  iX9X8),  No.  I,  pp.  itf0-i70).— The  author  dis- 
cusses the  importance  and  the  factors  involved  in  the  maintenance  of  valuable 
strains  of  cotton  in  Egypt  The  necessity  for  cooperati<m  among  growers  and 
ginners,  with  Qovemment  assistance  if  necessary,  in  maintaining  the  purity  of 
desirable  types  is  emphasised.  He  concludes  that  **  the  period  of  life  of  an 
Egyptian  commercial  variety  is  not  long,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  character- 
istic qualities  whidi  constitute  its  value  are  usually  rapidly  broken  down  by 
cross-fertilization  in  the  fleld  and  by  careless  mixture  of  seed  in  the  ginneriea 

*'  The  origin  of  all  Egyptian  commercial  varieties  appears  to  have  been  a 
single  plant  in  each  case.  These  plants  mi^  be  assumed  to  have  been  '  mutant' 
strains,  the  nature  of  which,  so  long  as  they  are  each  inbred,  is  to  breed  true 
to  the  parent  type.  The  theory  of  the  ooBun»clal  varieties  being  ever^plittiDg 
hybrids  is  therefore  apparently  untenable.  The  assumption  of  the  mutatiooal 
origin  of  Egyptian  conmnercial  varieties  is  supported  by  what  has  been  foond 
to  occur  In  experimental  breeding  from  Egyptian  seed  in  Arlaona." 

Egyptian  commereial  cottons,  G.  O.  I>qncDBOil  {MkL  Apr.  Bgffpt,  Took.  omA 
BcL  Borv.  Bpoc.  Bui,  19XB,  pp.  11). --This  cmnprises  a  brief  discussion  on  the 
advisability  of  making  provisions  for  maintaining  the  purity  of  the  different 
strains  of  Egyptian  cotton  in  Egypt  through  Government  siq>ervision,  tosether 
with  notes  on  the  origin  of  commercial  varieties  and  on  the  means  of  preserv- 
ing their  individuality. 

An  old  treatise  on  hemp,  W.  H.  BooMOAAnn  (ChiUmra,  SO  U918h  No,  S59- 
960,  pp.  £5iB-^fi,  /!#.  i).— -The  author  presents  an  early  account  of  hemp  (Gss- 
nahio  oativa)  including  a  description  of  the  plant  and  the  priparation  of  tbe 
fiber  and  its  uses. 


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10181  FISLD  CROPS.  69.9 

Tbe  waste  palp  from  Hew  Zealand  hemp  (Bui.  Imp.  In$t.  IBo.  KenHngton}, 
1$  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  lS4-lSS),—An  examination  ot  the  pulp  remaining  after 
tbe  preparation  of  the  fiber  from  New  Zealand  hemp  iPhomUum  tenaw)  indi- 
cated that  it  was  of  little  value  as  a  paper-making  material  but  had  consider- 
able manurial  valne.  As  compared  with  fresh*  stable  manure*  the  pulp  con- 
tained about  twice  as  much  nitrogen,  iipproxlmately  the  same  amount  of  phos- 
phoric acid,  and  from  five  to  six  times  as  much  potash.  Tbe  water  soluble  ash 
is  said  to  compare  favorably  with  commercial  potash  except  for  the  presence 
of  relatively  large  amounts  of  sodium  carbonate. 

Some  methods  suitable  for  the  study  of  root  development,  ▲.  and  G.  L.  G. 
HowAico  iAffT'  Jour,  India,  Indian  8oL  Cong.  2\ro.,  1918,  pp.  SQ-$9),—lii  con- 
tinuation of  work  previously  noted  (B.  &  B.,  89*  p.  280),  the  authors  describe 
farther  observations  on  the  root  development  of  Java  indigo  and  on  methods 
for  studying  root  growth.  In  order  to  observe  root  development  in  soil  aeration 
experiments,  the  use  of  pits  from  3  to  6  ft  square  and  from  2  to  2.5  ft  deep  is 
recommended  in  preference  to  ordinary  pot  cultures. 

At  Pusa  heavy  pruning  of  tbe  first  crop  of  Indigo*  leaving  a  few  leaves,  is  said 
to  have  resulted  in  far  less  damage  to  the  roots  and  nodules  and  in  a  much 
more  rapid  developinent  of  the  second  crop  than  completely  cutting  back  the 
first  growth  as  Is  the  universal  practice  in  the  cultivation  of  Indigo  In  Bihar. 

Orlgrin  and  early  habitat  of  common  and  of  bearded  oats  (Avena  diftuaa 
and  A.  orientalis),  A.  ScHUU  (Bpr.  Deut.  Boi.  Qe%eU.,  SB  (1918),  No,  4,  pp. 
t2^-t$2 ) . — Assuming  that  the  cultivated  forms  of  oats  were  derived  from 
A.  fatua,  the  author  briefly  discusses  the  probability  of  the  latter  form  having 
occurred  in  western  Europe  at  tbe  beginning  of  the  iron  age  either  in  limited 
cultivation  or  as  a  weed.  A,  orientaUt  la  regarded  as  representing  a  distinct 
group,  originating  in  eastern  Europe  or  central  Asia  and  omly  recently  intro- 
duced into  western  Europe. 

The  inheritance  of  tight  and  loose  palem  in  Avena  nuda  crosses,  A.  St.  C. 
Capobn  (Jour.  QeneticB,  1  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  229-246,  figs.  6).— Orosses  of  A. 
nudOf  with  different  varieties  of  ordinary  oats,  including  Thousand  I>ollar, 
LIgowo,  and  Nubischer  Schwarzer*  in  a  study  of  the  inheritance  of  tight  and 
loose  palesB  led  to  the  following  conclusions,  based  largely  on  observatiozis  of 
the  Fs  and  F«  generations : 

Complete  sclerosis  of  all  the  outer  pales  was  found  in  the  "  pure  tight "  or 
common  varieties  with  ^pikelets  from  two  to  four  flowered.  In  A.  nuda  all,  or 
nearly  all,  of  the  palen  were  membranous,  a  few  tight  grains  occurring  «p  to 
a  proportion  of  over  40  per  ofint,  although  '*pure  tight"  forms  were  never 
observed.    The  q>lkelets  were  from  !3  to  10  flowered. 

The  range  of  variation  in  the  F&  plants  was  quite  marked,  pure  tight,  pure 
loooe*  and  several  intermediate  kinds  of  pales  being  noted.  Segregation  in  the 
Fi  generation  indicated  that  the  iaberitance  of  tbe  pure  tight  character  de- 
pended upon  a  single  factor.  The  number  of  the  Ft  type  appearing  in  the  Ft 
generation  appeared  to  exceed  expectation^  owing  to  the  fact  that  they  em- 
braced tight^containing  uMda  forms  which  separated  out  only  with  further 
breeding^  such  forms  never,  giving  pure  tights.  Much  diversity  existed  among 
the  Fs  individuals  incapable  of  yielding  any  pure  tights.  These  nuda  forms 
ai^^eared  to  result  from  secondary  factors,  for  according  to  their  type  and  the 
manner  of  their  breeding  empirical  groupings  could  be  made  among  them. 
Tbi^  axe  said  to  reqnire  more  extensive  study«  In  extracted  pure  tights  the 
number  of  grains  per  spikelet  never  exceeded  four*  no  cross-over  of  the  larige 
nuda  number  being  olNierved.  There  was  no  eTidence  of  repulsion  between 
grey  or  brown  color  and  pure  tight  paleso. 


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680  BxpEsiMXirr  statiok  becobd.  [yoi4a 

A  description  of  some  ▼arieties  of  oats  eultlTated  in  Argentina,  C  D. 
Gnox^  (An.  8oc,  Rwral  Argentina,  52  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  Ul-W,  1109.  6)- 
Avena  sativa  varieties  ampwria,  coUnnea,  and  oom4n  are  bri^ly  described  and 
iUnstrated. 

New  experiments  concerning  the  water  requirement  of  dUferent  oat 
varieties,  G.  von  Seelhobst  (Jour.  Landw.,  69  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  Itl-ltJ).— 
In  connection  with  work  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  26,  p.  128),  the  author 
describes  observations  made  during  1916  and  1917  at  GOttingm  upon  the  water 
requirements  of  Lflneberger  Klay,  Lodiows,  Strubes,  Cmtlnger,  and  Petkuser 
oats  grown  on  soils  with  a  moisture  content  of  60,  68,  76,  and  89  per  cent. 

In  general  it  was  found  that  the  degree  of  soil  moisture  had  a  much  greater 
influence  upon  yield  than  the  variety.  Marked  increases  in  the  yldds  of  all 
varieties  followed  Increases  in  the  moisture  content  of  the  soil,  while  the  water 
requirements  of  the  different  varieties  decreased  with  moisture  contents  of  6S 
and  76  per  cent,  respectively,  and  increased  with  89  per  cent  moisture  content 

Oats  in  Wyoming,  T.  S.  Pabsonb  {Wyoming  8ia.  BuL  118  (1918),  pp.  5-f7, 
fig.  i).— This  bulletin  describes  work  with  oats  grown  under  irrigation  for  the 
period  of  1911  to  1915,  inclusive,  embracing  variety  trials,  date  and  rate  of 
seeding  tests,  comparisons  of  home-grown  and  imported  seeds,  and  observatiODs 
on  crop  rotation  and  the  use  of  barnyard  manure  for  oats.  Leading  oat  varie- 
ties are  briefly  described  and  suggestions  made  for  growing  the  crop,  Including 
notes  on  seed  treatment  for  smut  and  on  the  eradication  of  wild  oats. 

It  is  stated  that  oats  have  given  better  results  under  all  conditions  than  any  of 
the  other  grains  grown  at  the  station.  Large  varieties  such  as  Swedish  Select 
are  deemed  best  for  irrigated  land,  while  the  small  sorts  such  as  Kherson  have 
produced  fair  yields  on  dry  land  and  have  also  yielded  w^  under  infgatlon. 
Fall  as  compared  with  spring  plowing  showed  little  difference  in  yield  pro- 
vided the  seed  bed  was  packed  before  seeding.  Rolling  after  seeding  did  not 
give  so  good  results  as  leaving  the  ground  in  ridgea  Little  difPerence  was  ob- 
served between  home-grown  and  imported  seeds  provided  the  latter  came  from 
localities  having  somewhat  similar  conditions.  Barly  seedings  gave  no  ad- 
vantage over  late  seedings  and  required  a  greater  numl>er  of  days  to  reach 
maturity  in  every  case.  Early  varieties  matured  in  from  109  to  115  days  aft» 
seeding,  and  late  varieties  from  118  to  131  days.  Oats  required  more  water 
than  other  grains,  receiving  on  the  average  2  ft  of  water  including  rainfall 
Barnyard  manure  was  found  to  be  beneficial  to  the  oat  crop,  either  when 
plowed  under  or  when  used  as  a  top  dressing  on  plowed  ground  and  disked  in 
before  seeding.  It  is  recommended  that  oats  follow  a  cultivated  orop,  but 
that  they  should  not  be  disked  in  the  stubble. 

[Potato  experiments  at  Wisley,  1917]  {Jour.  Roy.  Hori.  6oo.,  4S  {1918), 
No.  1,  pp.  lH-'lt9). — ^Extensive  variety  tests  with  wart-resistant  strains  of 
potatoes,  and  cultural  experiments  including  observations  upon  the  tfect  of 
cutting  seed  tubers,  the  influence  of  various  dressings  on  the  cut  surfaces,  a 
comparison  of  greened  and  not-greened  seed  tubers  with  varying  numb^s  of 
sprouts  V.  tubers  taken  direct  from  storage,  the  effect  of  planting  potatoes  at 
different  distances,  and  date  of  planting  tests,  made  at  tlie  gardens  of  the  Royal 
Horticultural  Society  in  Surrey  County,  England,  are  described. 

The  Abundance  and  Great  Scot  types  of  potatoes  are  said  to  have  ezMMted 
marked  resistance  to  wart  disease. 

Although  cutting  the  seed  tubers  resulted  in  a  reduced  yield  per  plant  a  much 
greater  return  was  secured  from  a  given  weight  of  seed,  and  the  practice  is 
deemed  expedient  where  seed  is  scarce  or  expensive.  Qypsum  gave  the  best  re- 
sults in  checking  the  loss  of  moisture  from  the  cut  surfaces  of  seed  tnbera 


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iM»]  inBhD  CBOPS.     >  631 

Sprouting  seed  tubers  before  planting  Is  said  to  have  resulted  In  an  average  in- 
crease  in  yield  for  all  varieties  of  2  tons  per  acre.  Sprouting  in  full  light 
showed  only  a  slight  advantage  over  sprouting  in  the  dark.  It  is  recommended 
that  two  sprouts  be  left  on  each  tuber.  The  use  of  2  and  8  oe.  tubers 
for  seed  resulted  in  considerably  higher  yields  than  the  use  of  1  oe.  tubers. 
In  the  spacing  tests  the  largest  yields  were  obtained  from  the  closest  spadngs. 
Plantings  made  the  latter  part  of  April  gave  the  best  results. 

Tlve  years^  results  with  old  and  new  ▼ariettas  of  potatoes,  K.  Yix  (Aariber. 
NoTffeB  Landhr.  H&i9kole9  Akervekatforiok,  t8  (ISie^lJ),  pp.  SS^4,  P^-  B).— 
The  results  of  cooperative  tests  in  progress  for  five  years  are  set  forth  in 
tables  and  summarized. 

Of  three  new  table  varieties,  Sagerud,  Abundance,  and  HJelvik,  Sagerud  gave 
the  best  results  in  yield  of  tubers  and  of  dry  matter,  but  was  somewhat  subject 
to  disease  and,  owing  to  lack  in  appearance  of  the  tubers,  did  not  prove  to  be 
a  g!Ood  market  variety.  Abundance  stood  next  to  Sagerud  in  yield  and  showed 
about  the  same  table  quality,  but  was  found  to  be  a  more  desirable  market 
variety  on  account  of  the  better  appearance  of  its  tubers.  HJelvik  ^iras  observed 
to  be  about  like  Abundance,  with  the  exception  that  It  is  a  medium  late  variety 
.  while  Abundance  and  Sagerud  are  medium  early  sorts. 

Among  the  older  varieties  Louis  Botha  led  in  productiveness,  yidding  nearly 
as  large  a  quantity  of  tubers  as  was  secured  from  Sagerud  but  considerably 
leas  dry  matter.  It  Is  pointed  out  that  the  market  value  of  a  variety  Is  based 
largely  on  the  yield,  and  that  since  the  tubers  of  Louis  Botha  are  of  good  form 
and  appearance  and  have  good  keeping  quality  the  variety  meets  market  re- 
quirements to  a  very  favorable  extent 

BCarius,  a  variety  giving  good  yields  and  having  a  high  dry-matter  content 
and  agreeable  flavor,  is  recommended  for  home  consumption.  Skaun,  Orahm, 
and  Up-to-date  ranked  in  value  a  little  behind  the  varieties  mentioned,  especially 
in  dry-matter  content,  but  Orahm  and  Up-to-date,  with  satisfactory  yields  and 
well  formed  clean  tubers,  were  profitable  market  varieites.  Of  the  limited 
number  of  early  varieties  tested  Dukker,  the  earliest,  gave  the  largest  yield 
but  New  Matador  excelled  in  appearance. 

In  the  test  of  varieties  generally  grown  for  factory  purposes  (General  Oronje  and 
Prof.  Wohltmann  ranked  highest  in  productiveness,  and  these  two  varieti^,  to- 
gether with  Louis  Botha,  are  also  considered  satisfactory  for  feeding  purposes. 
Roeenring,  which  produced  the  largest  and  most  rot-resistant  tubers  and  also 
gave  the  largest  yield,  ranked  under  Louis  Botha  in  the  production  of  dry 
matter. 

The  positian  of  the  flower  stalk  as  a  help  in  potato  identification,  B.  A. 
KaiLNTE  {Potato  Mag.,  1  (1918),  No.  6,  p.  IS,  flg%.  5).— This  paper,  a  contribution 
from  the  Minnesota  Experiment  Station,  briefly  outlines  differences  observed  in 
the  position  of  the  flower  stalk  in  the  Green  Mountain,  Rural  New  Yorker, 
Early  Ohio,  and  other  varieties  which  the  author  has  found  to  be  of  value  in 
identifying  potatoes  in  the  field.  He  maintains,  that  the  position  of  the  flower 
stalk  is  a  distinctive  character  which  has  not  been  made  use  of  in  descriptions 
of  potato  varieties. 

Tb»  inheritanee  of  characters  in  rice,  I,  F.  R  Pabnell,  G.  N.  Ranoaswami 
Attangab,  and  K.  Ramiah  (if em.  Dept.  Affr.  India,  Bot,  Ser.,  9  {1911).  No.  2, 
pp.  75^106,  pU.  7).— The  authors  report  rather  extensive  observations  begun  in 
1013  on  the  inheritance  of  certain  characters  in  rice.  About  100  varieties 
grown  on  the  Government  Farm  at  Ckylmbatore  (India)  were  employed,  a  few 
type  plants  of  each  variety,  together  with  any  variations  found,  being  selected 
and  0elf-fertllified« 


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632  BXPKRIMBKT  STATIOXr  BBOOBB.  (Vol  40 

A  large  proportion  of  their  prog^iy  grown  in  ljdl4  proved  to  be  lieCero^rsoos, 
giving  Mendelian  ratios  for  various  diaracters,  and  these  characters  were  in 
turn  studied  in  succeeding  generaUona.  In  addition  a  few  definite  crosses  were 
made  between  pure  strains. 

Observations  on  the  amount  of  natural  cross-fertilization  in  a  number  of 
varieties  showed  a  range  of  from  0.1  per  cent  for  Dodda  Biru  Bhatta  to  2JB 
per  cent  for  Sadai  Samba,  attributed  to  variations  in  the  time  of  dehiscence  of 
the  anthera  The  characters  studied  included  sise  of  outer  glumes ;  golden  ooi«r 
of  inner  glumes  and  internode;  dark  furrows  of  inner  glumes;  piebald  patten 
of  golden  coloring  and  dark  furrows  of  inner  glumes ;  purple  pigmentatiop; 
dark  purple  coloring  of  pulvinus  and  auricle ;  full  purple  self-<3olor  of  leaf  sbeatli; 
purple  lining  of  internode*  purple  glumes^  purple  stigma,  and  purple  axil; 
ripening  black  character  of  inner  glumes ;  and  red  color  in  rice.  Tabular  state- 
ments are  presented  showing  the  frequencies  and  ratios  of  the  different  cluu>- 
acters,  and  the  data  are  fully  discussed. 

Xenia  In  Oryza  sativa,  Y.  Yamaqucbx  {Bot.  Mag.  ITokyoh  SB  {1918),  Vo. 
^77,  pp.  65-^0  }• — This  forms  a  preliminary  r^;»ort  on  some  observationa  mad« 
with  grain  from  the  Fa  progeny  of  a  cross  between  common  rice  and  so-called 
'*Klebrei8."  By  means  of  certain  microchemical  reactions,  tiie  heterozygous 
and  homozygous  kernels  were  readily  recognised  in  an  appcurently  homogeneoai 
lot  of  seed. 

An  inhibitor  in  rice»  N.  B.  MxenoMX  {PMUfivfne  Agr^  7  {1918),  No.  S,  p. 
65).— ^he  author  suggests  that  the  failure  of  the  so-called  pink  a  kernel,  ob- 
tained from  a  white  variety  of  rice  and  described  by  Jacobson  (B.  S.  IL,  32, 
p.  230),  to  produce  red  kernels  in  the  Fi  generation  may  have  been  due  either 
to  the  effect  of  environment  or  to  the  presence  of  an  "  Inhibitor  "  In  the  original 
kemeL 

Bunnii  rloe,  A.  McKtokat.  {Tram.  S.  Intemat.  Oang.  Trap.  Agr.  1914,  voL  %, 
pp.  9S-102). — ^This  paper  deals  with  the  methods  of  cultivation  and  the  nature 
of  the  rice  crop  grown  in  Burma. 

The  origin  and  early  habitat  of  rye^  A.  Sghuu  {Bar.  Deut.  Bot.  OessUL,  S$ 
{1918),  No.  1,  pp.  dd-47).— Evidence  obtained  from  various  sources  Is  held  to 
Indicate  that  rye  originated  from  Seoale  anatoUoum,  that  it  was  under  cultiva- 
tion in  Turkestan  when  the  bronae  period  prevailed  throughout  Europe^  and 
that  it  was  Introduced  into  Europe  during  the  transition  between  the  bronse 
and  iron  ages.  German  ryes  are  si^uixwed  to  have  beoi  obtained  from  the  Slavs 
during  the  last  century  before  Christ  and  to  have  spread  throughout  Germany 
from  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Baltic. 

Oil  yields  of  diilerent  strains  of  Besanuun  Qiliffa)  as  affected  by  tb^  season 
of  the  year  and  the  method  of  oulture,  <X  O.  SAHonrs  {PhiUppime  Agr.  amd 
Farestar,  6  {1918),  No.  10,  pp.  29t^299).-—nMa  rsports  the  resnlta  of  observa* 
tionA  made  during  1917  on  the  effect  of  cultural  methods  and  seasonal  condi- 
tions upon  the  oil  content  of  different  strains  of  Sesamum. 

The  date  of  harvesting  the  different  varieties  was  found  to  vary  f^om  78  to 
140  days  from  the  time  of  planting.  The  crop  is  said  to  be  essentially  a  dry 
season  crop,  the  earliest  maturing  strains  giving  the  highest  yields  of  oH. 
Spacing  the  plants  50  by  80  on.  (about  20  by  12  in.)  is  recommended  for  the 
larger  strain& 

Sield  tests  of  soy  beans,  P.  I^^yosa  t  Makaunpono  {Ph4Uppi»e  Agr.  amd 
Forwtar,  6  {1918),  No.  10,  pp.  278-^1). ^-Tha-anthm  describes  the  continnatlan 
during  1917  and  1938  of  work  with  soy  beans>  begun  by  G.  F.  Grageda,  in  an 
effort  to  multiply  desirable  strains  selected  by  the  latter,  tp  determine  their 
commercial  value,  *and  to  ascertain  those  sorts  best  suited  for  the  raixiy  and 
for  the  dry  seasons,  respectively. 


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1»1*1  FIBtiD  CROPS.  638 

Selections  fk^m  Kedtlde  Wtt  grown  during  the  rainy  season  and  strains 
from  Ami  grown  during  tftd  dry  aeaaon  bave  prodnced  the  highest  yields. 
Seed  obtained  from  a  rainy  season  cnlttore  of  Keditcie  Wit  and  grown  during 
tlie  dry  season  resnlted  In  a  lower  yield  than  that  obtained  during  the  rainy 
season.    Methods  of  growing  the  crop  in  the  Philippines  are  described. 

BagKT  beet  production  in  TTtah,  F.  8.  Habbis  and  N.  I.  Btrrr  (Utah  8ta. 
Ciftk  S4  {1918),  pp.  5-M,  flff9.  16).— CnltartLl  methods  and  fleM  practioes  em- 
ployed in  growing  and  harvesting  the  crop  in  the  State  are  described,  and 
insect  pests  and  diseases  affecting  sugar  beets  in  Utflh  briefly  discussed.  Oer* 
tain  economic  phases  of  the  industry  in  relation  to  the  community  are  also  in- 
dicated. 

Beport  on  the  sugar-cane  experiments  for  the  season,  1916-1918,  J.  P. 
i/ALBUi;eumBqvK  and  J.  R.  Bovell  {BarlMdo^  Dept.  Apr,,  Rpt.  Sugar-Cane  Bwpit., 
1916-1918,  pp.  SS).— Fertiliser  and  variety  tests  with  sugar  cane  in  Barbados 
are  reported  on  as  heretofore  (E.  8.  B.,  89,  p.  742). 

Tlie  results  of  the  fertilizer  experiments  were  again  rendered  valueless  by 
the  presence  on  the  fertiliaer  plats  of  large  numbers  of  the  root  borer  (Dia- 
prepes  abbreviai^M)  and  the  brown  hard-back  {PhtfiaJus  tmithi)  which  at* 
tacked  the  cai^s  to  a  considerable  extent 

Tabulated  data  are  presented  showing  the  yields  of  the  principal  plant  and 
first  and  second  ratoon  canes'  grown  on  numerous  plantations  throughout  the 
island  as  compared  with  White  Traniq;)arent,  the  standard  variety.  Addi- 
tional Information  is  given  relative  to  selected  varieties,  artificial  and  natural 
hybrids,  and  seedling  canes  tested  during  the  period  indicated. 

The  leading  plant  canes  were  Ba.  6062  and  B.  H.  10  (12),  with  average 
yields  on  the  blade  soils  of  2&51  and  28.2  tons  of  cane  per  acre,  respectively, 
as  compared  with  24.15  tons  from  White  Transparent  On  the  red  soils  the 
reflective  ^elds  were  82.09;  81,  and  16.97  tens.  The  highest  yielding  varieties  of 
the  first  ratoon  canes  were  B.  6806,  with  an  average  yield  ef  25.16  tons  of 
cane  per  acre  on  blade  soil,  and  Ba.  6062  with  2a5  tons  on  red  solL  White 
Transparent  produced  14.7  and  18.74  tons  of  cane  per  acre  on  black  and  red 
soils,  respectively.  B.  6460  was  the  highest  yitiding  second  ratoon  cane  grown 
<m  red  soil,  with  au  average  of  20.18  tons  per  acre,  as  compared  with  15.77 
tons  from  White  Transparent 

Bn«ar  cane  manurlal  ezperimsnts  in  [Brttftsh  Chilana],  J.  B.  Habbisor  and 
a.  Wabd  {Jwir.  Bd.  Agr.  Brit.  Oniotio,  U  (1918),  No.  4*  PP-  i8^i^).— This  re* 
ports  the  results  of  work  done  during  1917,  similar  to  that  previously  noted 
(B.  a  R.,  40.  p.  241). 

The  average  yidd  of  18  varieties  of  sugar  cane  receiving  no  nitrogen  and 
applleatUms  of  sulphate  of  ammonia  at  the  rate  of  40  and  60  lbs.  of  nitrogen 
per  acre  amounted  to  22.4,  80.2,  and  80  tons  of  cane  per  acre»  respectively. 
Applications  of  superphosphate  resulted  in  an  average  increase  of  X7  tons  of 
cane  per  acre  withont  nitrogen  and  of  1.1  tons  with  nitrogen.  The  use  of  rice 
straw  at  the  rate  of  25,000  lbs.  per  acre  as  a  mulch  for  sugar  cane  resulted 
in  an  average  yield  for  three  varieties  of  84.6  tons  of  cane  par  acre  as  com- 
pared with  81.6  tons  without  the  mulch.  Without  rice  straw  these  same  va- 
rieties gave  average  yields  of  24.4  tons  of  cane  per  acre  without  nitrogen,  24.2 
tons  with  potash  alone,  28  tons  with  nitrogen  alone,  29.8  tons  with  potash  and. 
40  lbs.  of  nitrogen,  and  88*  tons  with  potash  and '80  Ibe.  of  nitrogen.  With 
applications  of  rice  straw  the  respective  yields  of  the  variously  treated  plats 
amounted  to  26^9,  28.8,  80JS,  84.8,  and  89.7  tons  per  acre.  Applications  of  150 
lbs.  of  sulphate  of  potasi)  per  acre,  made  singly  and  in  combination  with 
different  amounts  of  sulphate  of  ammonia  and  nitrate  of  soda,  resulted  in 


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634  BXPERIMBITT  STAXIOir  BEOORB.  [Y«I4» 

average  yields  of  26^5  tons  of  cane  per  acre  for  potaali  alone  as  con^ared  with 
^  26J2  tons  for  the  untreated  check.  The  highest  Tieid,  47  tons  per  acre,  wu 
*  obtained  with  potash  and  GOO  lbs.  of  sulphate  of  ammonia.  These  resnltB  aie 
held  to  Indicate  that  the  sapply  of  immediately  availahle  potash  in  the  sofl 
is  somewhat  depleted,  and  that  the  nitrogenous  fertUisos  as  well  as  the  avail* 
able  soil  nitrogen  can  not  exert  their  fall  effect  without  the  aid  of  potash. 

The  production  of  sefw  varieties  of  sugar  cane,  P.  GohsXlbz  Rloe  (JBeo.  A§r, 
Puerto  Rico,  2  (1918),  No*  1,  pp.  29-98,  /lg9.  8).— This  Is  a  r(8um6  of  work  d|^ 
by  H.  B.  GowgiU  at  the  Porto  Rioo  Insular  Bzperiment  Station  in  dev^oplng 
new  varieties  of  sugar  cane,  -chiefly  through  hybridlzatimi. 

Sugar  cane  experiments,  1910-1918,  J.  de  Vebtsuil  {Buk  Depi,  Agr,  TrM- 
dad  and  Tohago,  11  (1918),  No.  S,  pp.  lSS-H2).^The  usual  statistical  data  en 
the  yields  of  both  plant  and  ratoon  canes  grown  In  variety  tests  are  presented 
in  a  continuation  of  work  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  30,  p.  830). 

The  leading  varieties  with  respect  to  the  amount  of  sucrose  in  the  juke 
were  B  196,  T  202,  and  B  208,  with  4.54,  4.06,  and  3.90  tons  per  acre,  respec^ 
tively.  The  yields  of  plant  cane  for  these  varieties  amounted  to  44.41,  35^ 
and  82.72  tons,  respectively. 

Some  normal  and  anomalous  mutations  in  sugar  cane,  Q.  L.  ^wcanrr  (Rev. 
Tndus.  V  Agr.  Tucumdn,  8  (1917),  No.  1-2,  pp.  SS-40,  figs.  2). --The  author  pre- 
sents a  general  discussion  of  variations  in  different  types  of  sugar  cane,  wit^ 
particular  reference  to  the  coloring  of  the  stalks  and  to  fasdation. 

Planting  tests  with  Java  and  Creole  sugar  cane,  W.  E.  Gbobs  (Rev.  Indmi. 
y  Agr.  Tuoumdn,  9  (1918),  No.  S-4,  pp.  48-50,  fig.  i).— Field  tests  made  at 
Tucnm&n,  Argentina,  during  1918  resulted  in  an  average  yield  of  cane  of 
36,584  kg.  per  hectare  (about  15.88  tons  per  acre)  from  Java  36  grown  from 
seed  cane  cut  Just  previous  to  planting,  as  compared  with  only  17411  kg.  per 
hectare  from  that  grown  from  cane  cut  9  days  before  planting.  Under  similar 
conditions,  Creole  produced  21^00  and  22383  kg.  per  hectare,  reapectivdy. 

Methods  for  preventing  the  decomposition  of  frosted  sugar  cane,  W.  B. 
Oboss  (Rev.  Indus,  y  Agr.  Tu^sum&n,  9  (1918),  No.  S-4,  pp.  51-68,  figs.  2).—ViaA 
tests  made  with  several  varieties  of  cane  at  Tucum&n,  Argeutlna,  during  1918 
are  described,  in  which  a  comparison  was  made  of  cane  left  standing  in  the 
row  with  that  placed  in  windrows  or  topped  for  the  prevention  of  frost  injury, 
as  suggested  by  work  done  at  the  Louisiana  Bzperiment  Station  (E.  S.  R.,  7, 
p.  492).  The  results  are  said  to  indicate  that  these  practices  were  not  only 
useless  but  led  to  a  much  more  rapid  deterioration  than  that  observed  in 
standing  cane. 

[Work  with  sugar  cane  in  Hawaii;  1918],  H.  P.  Aoeb  (HautaU.  Sugar 
Plantert^  Assoc.,  Rpt.  Bmpt.  8ta.  Committee,  1918,  pp.  f 5-^9). —This  reports  the 
continuation  of  work  along  t2ie  same  general  lines  as  previously  indicated 
(B.  S.  R.,  30,  p.  741). 

An  acreage  census  of  [sugar]  cane  varieties  for  the  crops  of  1918,  1919» 
and  1990,  H.  P.  Agxb  (SawaH.  Sugar  Planters^  Assoc  Ore.  82  (1918),  pp. 
58).— Tabulated  statistics  are  presented  showing  the  different  varieties  of 
sugar  cane  and  the  area  devoted  to  each  for  the  crops  indicated  on  the  Islands 
of  Hawaii,  Kauai,  Maui,  and  Oahu.  Tellow  Caledonia,  occupying  about  106^/000 
acres,  is  said  to  be  by  fftr  the  leading  variety  in  point  of  area. 

[Bzperimental  work  with  sugar  cane],  H.  T.  Bastbbbt  (Ami.  Rpt,  Bur. 
Sugar  Bxpt.  Stas.  {Queensland],  18  (1918),  pp.  5i).—This  reports  the  continua- 
tion of  work  conducted  during  the  year  ended  October,  1918,  along  the  same 
general  lines  as  that  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  87,  p.  540). 


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19183  FIBU)  CBOPS.  685 

Statistics  on  the  distzibutioii  and  prodaotlon  of  m^mt  cuie  ▼mxtotios  In 
JTnvm  in  1917,  J.  tan  Haukvsld  (Arch,  SMcerinOMM.  NederUmd.  IfMe,  t$ 
il918).  No.  48,  pp.  tOS9-tlt2,  fig9.  2;  Meded.  Proef$tat.  Javara%ikerindu$., 
Ijan^bouwk.  Ser.,  No,  IS  {1918h  PP-  84,  fig%.  £).-'Taibiilated  data  are  preaentod 
similar  to  those  preriously  noted  (B.  8.  B^  40,  p.  87). 

The  throe  leadii^  w&x  oaiie  vartetisBb  347  B,  100  PO  J,  and  BK  28,  occupied 
41,  28,  and  6  per  cent  of  the  total  aJEsa,  reqtectiTely.  The  average  yields  of 
raw  sugar  from  these  varieties  amounted  to  199^1,  142^,  and  171  pikols  per 
hectare^  reapectiyely,  as  compared  with  187,2  plkols  (about  M  tons  per  acre) 
from  all  other  varieties. 

The  sagar  cane  in  India,  C.  A.  Bauvb  (TrwM.  8.  /nlemol.  dmg,  Trop.  Apr. 
1914,  VOL  £,  pp,  ii8-i<a)*— The  antluMr  discusses  the  characteristics  of  the 
native  canes  of  India. 

Sogar  and  the  sugar  cane  in  the  Gnrdaspor  District,  J.  H.  Babrks  {Apr. 
Research  Imi,  JP%9a  Buk  89  (1918),  pp.  100,  pU.  7,  fig.  i).~Thl8  publication 
comprises  a  detailed  account  of  sngar-cane  growing  and  oi  sugar  production  in 
the  Gurdaspur  District  of  India.  The  cbemical  composition  of  tbe  different 
varieties  grown  In  tbe  region  has  been  determined  for  the  seasons  of  1011-1012 
to  1915-1910.  The  sugar  trade  in  the  district  and  the  improvemoit  of  the 
existing  industry  are  fuUy  discussed.  CoiVBiderahle  statistical  matter  supple* 
ments  the  text 

The  classtflcation  of  Indian  sugar  canes,  0.  A.  Babbeb  {Tran9.  S.  Intem&t. 
C<mp.  Trap.  Apr.  1914,  vok  f,  pp.  1S1--145). —^The  autiior  outlines  the  methods 
employed  in  the  identification  of  sugar-cane  varieties  in  India,  and  briefly 
notes  the  characteristics  of  the  three  classes  of  Indian  sugar  canes  thus  far 
identified. 

Experiments  in  planting  sugar-cane  sets  with  a  single  eye-bud,  and  pot 
sxpeoriments  with  other  seeds  placed  in  diAerent  positions  while  planting, 
M.  Lu  Km^KASNX  {Apr.  Jour.  India,  Indian  Boi.  Cong.  No.,  1918,  pp.  188-128,  pU 
1,  fig.  1). — ^Preliminary  observations  on  the  effect  of  planting  different  kinds 
of  seeds  in  various  positions  in  the  soil  are  briefly  noted. 

Sugar-cane  sets  with  a  single  eye-bud  sown  with  the  bud  turned  upward 
are  said  to  have  shown  a  germination  of  above  80  per  cent,  tbe  plants  germi- 
nating simultaneously  and  germination  occurring  one  week  earlier  than  with 
ordinary  sets  sown  in  tbe  usual  way.  The  cane  is  also  said  to  be  less  liable 
to  lodge  and  to  facilitate  cultivation  between  the  rows.  Due  to  the  high  rate  of 
germination  obtained  with  this  method,  the  tillers  are  removed  and  only  the 
mother  canes  allowed  to  develop. 

In  tbe  other  crops  studied  the  eaiiiest  germination  was  obtained  when  the 
seed  was  planted  as  follows:  Cotton  with  the  apexes  turned  upward,  jowar 
{Andrapogon  wrghmim)  and  wheat  with  the  apexes  turned  sideways,  sann  (Cro- 
Maria  fmnoea)  with  the  apexes  turned  downward,  and  gram  {Cioer  arietiwitm) 
with  tbe  apexes  turned  either  sideways  or  upward. 

Selection  experiments  with  Deli  tobacco,  H,  J.  ▲.  Honhvo  {Meded.  DeU- 
Proef9taL  Medan,  2.  ser..  No.  2  [1918'1,  pp.  Mf  pi.  i).— This  reports  the  con- 
tinuation during  1917  of  vrork  along  the  same  general  lines  as  previously 
noted  (B.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  741). 

Boecnt  work  in  Australia  on  the  improvement  of  wheat,  F.  B.  Guthux 
(TranM.  8.  Internet.  Cong.  Trop.  Apr.  1914,  vol.  2,  pp.  2(M7).~Thi8  presents  a 
review  of  work  done  since  1910  la  the  improvement  of  wheat  through  ejection, 
hybridization,  etc.,  in  the  different  States  of  tbe  Commonwealth.  Notes  on  the 
possible  extension  of  wheat  production  ip  AustrftUa  are  appended. 


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636  EXFBBIlCBirr  STATlOlfr  BEOOBD.  [Vol  40 

Two  importftiit  varictiM  of  winter  wheat*  B.  F.  Gainbs  {"Wa^himgicn  SU. 
Popular  BuL  116  {1919),  pp.  7,  fiff,  i).— -As  an  average  of  11  years,*  IS^lHid  128 
winter  wbeat  has  produced  48.8  and  Red  Rnsalan  88.8  bn.  per  acre.  The  flrst 
named  variety  Is  said  to  test  1.8  Iba  heavier,  te  have  a  higher  maiket  value; 
to  mature  5  days  earlier,  and  to  shatter  leas  than  the  latter.  Tests  made 
during  1916  and  1917  Indicated  that  Hybrid  128  Is  mvdi  better  adapted  to 
early  seeding  and  controls  wild  oats  fully  as  well  as  Red  Russian.  It  is 
estimated  that  the  average  difference  between  the  two  sorts,  in  yield  and 
price  together,  would  amount  to  |12«82  per  acre  amtaally,  based  on  Ctovemment 
prices  in  19ia 

Hybridisation  studies  wi&  winter  wheat,  B.  KAJAinrs  (Bof.  JfoMter,  Va 
5  (1918),  pp.  09iM94t).— The  author  presents  a  prrtlmtnary  note  on  22  artl- 
fldal  crosses  with  17  so-called  pure  lines  representing  different  types  of  wheat, 
observations  having  been  made  up  to  the  fifth  generation  on  the  form,  inter- 
nodal  length,  awning,  hairiness  and  color  of  splice,  number  of  sptk^ets,  form 
and  keeling  of  outer  i^umes,  toner  glumes,  number  and  color  of  seed,  internal 
structure  of  the  stem,  and  the  color  of  the  leaf  auricles. 

It  is  concluded  that  the  results  Justifjr  a  groui^ng  of  the  different  forms 
of  wheat  into  an  emmer  series,  including  ^icoeeum,  4urum,  polonioicm,  and 
turffidMm,  and  a  spelt  series  Intiuding  tpsito,  wUffore,  and  compaohnm. 

Concerning  a  cross  between  two  types  of  sprinir  wheat,  B.  Kajanvs  {But 
Notiser,  No,  5  {1918),  pp.  246r447), — ^The  author  describes  a  cross  between  an 
awned  type  of  wheat,  designated  as  Masuolo  and  employed  as  the  male  parent; 
possessing  smooth,  yellow  spikes,  red  grain,  and  markedly  red  auricles  at  the 
base  of  the  leaves,  and  an  unayned  variety  from  SvalQf  known  as  Pearl  and 
characterized  by  smooth,  yellow  spikes,  red  grain,  and  white  to  reddish  letf 
auricles.  In  the  F*  generation  awnhng  behaved  as  a  recessive  unit  character 
and  the  red  color  of  the  leaf  auricle  as  a  d<Nninant  unit  charact^,  resultliig 
in  a  8 : 1  ratio  in  each  case. 

Spring  wheats  in  Wjomlnff,  T.  8.  Pabsohs  {Wyoming  fifta.  Bill.  119  {1918), 
pp.  29-^0 J  flgi.  IB ). --This  bulletin  describes  work  with  spring  wheat  grown 
under  irrigation  for  the  period  of  1911  to  1915,  inclusive,  embracing  variety 
tests,  comparisons  of  home  grown  and  Imported  seed,  and  observations  on  tiie 
effect  of  barnyard  manure.  The  principal  varieties  grown  In  the  tests  are 
briefly  described  and  notes  presented  on  spring  wheat  i^oduction  in  the  States 
including  Information  regarding  seed  treatment  for  smut  prevention. 

Marquis,  Kubanka,  Minnesota  168,  and  Minnesota  169  are  said  to  have  been 
the  highest  yielding  varieties,  while  Douglas,  John  Brown,  Regenerated  De- 
fiance, and  Oolorado  No.  50  were  the  earliest  maturing  sorta  The  average  yield 
for  all  home  grown  varieties  was  4^1  bu.  per  acre,  and  for  all  imported  varieties 
89.9  bu.,  while  the  number  of  days  from  seeding  to  harvest  was  practically  the 
same.  Little  difference  was  observed  between  home  grown  and  imported  seed 
of  the  same  variety  providing  the  imported  seed  wsa  n<Mrthem  grown. 

The  use  of  barnyard  manure  for  4  years  resulted  in  an  average  yield  of  61  bo. 
per  acre  for  all  varieties  on  the  experiment  station  fturm  as  compared  with  27.7 
bu.  in  1911.  Equally  good  results  were  obtained  whether  the  manure  was 
plowed  under  or  applied  as  a  top-dressing  to  plowed  land  and  disked  is. 

Based  on  one  year's  resuKs,  thorough  preparatKm  of  the  seedbed  and  late 
seeding  appeared  to  give  better  results  than  early  seeding.  Wheat  sown  May  7 
required  83  days  less  to  mature  than  tint  sown  April  5.  From  May  1  to  10  Is 
deemed  the  best  time  to  sow  airing  wheat  under  local  conditions.  It  is  recom- 
mended that  the  first  irrigation  be  deferred  as  long  as  possible. 

Grain  distributed  from  the  station,  which  is  located  at  an  altitude  of  7^200 
ft,  is  said  to  have  given  good  results  at  lower  altitudes. 


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1»191  FDBLD  CROPS.  637 

The  production  of  wheat  In  the  Tropics,  A.  B.  Huhphbies  (Tram,  8. 
Intemat.  Ctmff-  Trop,  Agr.  19l4,  vol,  «,  pp,  1-J9).— Wheat  prodtictlon  at  the 
higher  altitudes  In  the  Tropics  is  discussed  with  i^)ecial  reference  to  the  progress 
made  in  growing  the  crop  in  Rhodesia,  British  East  Africa,  and  tropical  Aus- 
trala,  where  It  is  said  to  he  exotic,  and  In  India  and  the  Sudan,  where  it  Is 
described  as  indigenous. 

Report  of  trial  shipment  of  bulk  wheat  from  Vancouver  via  the  Panama 
Canal  to  the  XTnlted  Klngrdom,  F.  J.  BncHASD  and  A.  W.  Alcock  {Dept  Trade 
and  Com,  [Canada^  Grain  Research  Lab.  Bui  1  {1918),  pp.  19,  fl09.  19). — This 
describes  observations  made  upon  temperature  changes  occurring  in  a  bulk 
shipment  of  wheat  and  on  the  final  condition  of  the  grain  in  a  trial  trip  made 
during  the  ftill  of  1917. 

It  was  condudM  from  the  results  obtained  that  if  certain  precautions  are 
taken  wheat  may  be  carried  to  EJurope  from  Vancouver  via  the  Panama  Canal 
without  damage.  It  is  stated  that  only  quite  sound  wheat,  with  a  moisture 
content  not  exceeding  14.5  per  cent,  should  be  shipped  by  this  route.  The  tem- 
peratures became  dangerously  high  only  in  those  portions  of  the  ship  close  to 
the  engine  room,  stokehold,  and  propeller-shaft  tunnel,  and  well  ventilated  or 
extended  air  spaces  are  deemed  essential  for  the  proper  protection  of  the  grain 
cargo.  Except  near  the  stokehold  bulkhead  the  only  damage  observed  in  this 
shipment  was  from  "  sweating,"  and  the  necessity  of  keeping  the  cargo  dry  dur- 
ing loading  and  the  prevention  of  the  subsequent  entrance  of  water  into  the 
holds  is  emphasized.  The  length  of  the  voyage  was  regarded  as  an  undesirable 
feature,  and  it  Is  suggested  thlit  the  use  of  slow  ships  be  avoided. 

The  storage  of  English  wheat,  F.  W.  Saxbt  {Jour.  Bath  and  West  and 
South.  Counties  Soc.,  5.  ser,,  12  {1917-18),  pp.  tO-26)  .—The  author  discusses 
briefly  methods  of  storing  the  wheat  obtained  in  England  through  increased 
production.  Owing  to  its  high  moisture  content  (from  15  to  19  per  cent)  the 
storage  of  English  wheat  is  said  to  offer  a  rather  serious  problem  to  both  the 
farmer  and  miller. 

Some  cultivated  yams  from  Africa  and  elsewhere,  I.  H.  Bubkill  {Oardent^ 
Bui.  Straits  Setil.,  2  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  86-92,  pis.  S,  flffs.  1?).— Some  unfamiliar 
cultivated  yams  are  briefly  described  and  illustrated,  including  Dioscorea  cay- 
enensis,  D.  helophylloides,  D.  dumetorum,  and  different  varieties  of  D.  penta- 
phylUt. 

[Bei>ort  of  the  Ofllclal  Seed  Testing  Station  of  England  and  Wales] 
{Jour.  Bd.  Agr.  [London],  25  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  641-668,  fig.  1). — This  com- 
prises the  first  annual  report  of  the  station,  dealing  with  purity  and  fj:ermina- 
tion  tests  of  7,744  samples  of  seed  received  during  the  year  ended  July  31,  1918. 

Injurious  weed  seeds  In  feeding  stufPis,  H.  B.  Sifton  {Agr.  Oat.  Canada,  5 
{1918),  No.  10,  pp.  951-957,  figs.  11). ^A  microscopic  examination  of  ground 
feeding  stuffs  which  proved  to  be  unpalatable  or  actually  injurious  to  cattle, 
are  said  to  have  revealed  the  presence  of  certain  undesirable  weed  seeds  In 
the  feed.  Among  the  common  weeds  identified  were  Brassica  arvensis,  Erysi- 
mum chelranthoides,  Thlaspi  arvense.  Sisymbrium  altissimum,  Agrostemma 
githago,  and  Saponaria  vaccaria.  The  various  kinds  of  mustard  are  deemed 
most  troublesome. 

Objectionable  weed  seeds  and  their  harmful  effects  are  briefly  described.  The 
Judicious  use  of  a  1/14-in.  perforated  zinc  screen  is  suggested  as  a  satisfactory 
means  for  removing  most  of  these  seeds. 

Weeds  of  the  wheat  fields  of  the  Pampa,  J.  WnxiAMSOW  {Min.  A^gr.  Nac. 
[Buenos  Aires],  Dir.  Gen,  Ensedanza  e  Invest.  Agr.  [Pub.l  No.  79  {191S),  pp. 
24,  figs.  i-»).— Some  of  the  more  prevalent  weeds  found  in  the  wheat  fields  of 
116338*— No.  7—19 4 


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688  EXPEBIMBHT  STATIOV  RECOBD.  [Vol  40 

Argentina  are  briefly  described  and  measures  for  their  control  indicated.  Tbe 
plants  dealt  with  include  different  type*  of  Gb^nopodiom,  Russian  thistle,  black 
oats,  and  Polygonum  oonvoHvuUn, 

Weed  seeds  and  imparities  in  imported  seeds  [in  New  South  Wales],  & 
BsEAKWELL  (AffT.  Guz.  N.  B.  Woles,  29  {191S),  No.  9,  pp.  6SS-SS8).—A  tabular 
statement  is  presented  showing  the  percentage  of  weed  seeds  and  other  impuri- 
ties in  the  poorest  samples  of  seeds  of  barley,  carrots,  cress,  clover,  alfalfa,  flax, 
and  meadow  foxtail  examined  during  the  year  ended  June,  1918,  together  witt 
a  list  of  all  the  weeds  and  Impurities  present  in  1,000  samples  of  agricultural 
seed. 

Buried  weed  seeds,  W.  B.  Bbenchlbt  {Jour.  Am'.  8oL  IBnglandh  9  (1918), 
No.  i,  pp.  i-^i).— This  paper  gives  a  more  detailed  account  of  work  alreaity 
noted  from  another  source  <B.  S.  B.,  39,  p.  289). 

Summary  of  cooperative  experiments  in  weed  eradication,  1912^1917, 
J.  B.  HowiTT  {Ann.  Rpt.  Ontario  Af/r,  and  Bwpt,  Union,  99  {1917)  pp.  lO^-lJ^).-- 
This  reports  further  progress  with  wwk  previoudj  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  39,  pi  744). 

HOETICITLTVSE. 

Allotment  gardening.-— A  complete  guide,  H.  H.  Thomas  {London  and  New 
York:  CasseU  d  Co.,  Ltd.,  1918,  pp.  VIII +151,  flffs.  i^).--A  popular  garden 
guide,  dealing  espedally  with  British  conditions. 

The  control  of  garden  insects  and  diseases,  T.  H.  Parks  and  W.  G.  Stotb 
{Agr.  Col.  Ext.  Bid.  [Ohio  State  Univ.},  14  (1918-19),  No.  9,  pp.  SB,  figs.  2).— 
This  comprises  a  calendar  for  the  control  of  the  important  insect  pests  and 
diseases  of  the  garden,  including*  spraying  formulas  and  directions  for  seed  dis- 
infection and  fumigation.  As  far  as  practical,  ingredients  fo(  spray  materials 
are  expressed  in  small  quantities  suitable  for  garden  purposes. 

Asparagus  growing  in  Kew  Jersey,  R.  W.  DeBaun  {New  Jereey  Sta%.  Circ 
99  {1918),  pp.  S-22,  figs.  15). — ^A  practical  treatise  on  asparagus  culture,  dis- 
cussing the  preparation  of  the  soil,  planting  <^;>eration8,  cultural  details,  ferti- 
lizers, the  control  of  Insect  enemies  and  disease,  and  harvesting  and  marketing 
the  crop. 

A  variety  test  of  cabbage,  G.  B.  Mtxbs  and  J.  S.  Gabdnxb  {Pennsylvania 
8ta.  Bui.  154  {1919),  pp.  SSO,  fi^s.  11). — In  continuation  of  previous  reports 
(B.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  41),  a  performance  record  is  given  of  recently  tested  varieties 
of  eight  different  groups  of  cabbage.  In  all  61  early  and  28  late  varieties  are 
considered  with  refefence  to  the  source  of  the  seed,  number  of  years  tested, 
productiveness,  earllness,  quality,  and  other  characteristics. 

The  pollination  of  fruit  in  relation  to  conunercial  fruit  growing,  G.  H. 
HooFEB  {Brit.  Bee  Jour.,  46  {1918),  N08.  1463,  pp.  IS,  14:  1465,  pp.  28,  29; 
i4«7,  p.  4S;  1470,  p.  78;  1471,  pp.  79,  80;  147S,  pp.  97,  98;  ab$.  in  Intemat.  Inst. 
Agr.  [Rome],  livtemat.  Rev.  8ci.  and  Pract.  Agr.,  9  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  1S2&' 
1S30). — ^A  report  of  the  author's  investigations  relating  to  the  pollination  of 
fruit  trees,  including  lists  of  fertile  and  self  sterile  varieties  of  apples,  pears, 
plums,  and  cherries,  as  well  as  lists  of  the  different  varieties  which  should  be 
planted  together.  The  author's  observations  indicate  that  most  of  the  cross- 
pollination,  especially  in  the  case  of  apples,  is  done  by  insects,  particularly  hive 
and  bumblebees. 

[Progress  report  of  fruit  bud  studies],  F.  M.  RoifS  {Oklahoma  Sta.  Rpi. 
1918,  pp.  ^5--f 5). —Studies  in  fruit  bud  development  were  somewhat  inter* 
fered  with  during  the  year  by  the  prevalence  of  plum  "  black  spot "  {Bacteriwn 
pruni)  on  the  peach,  plum,  apricot,  cherry,  and  almond  treea  A  few  of  the 
peach  varieties  were  completely  defoliated  by  this  organism.    Bfforts  to  control 


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19191  HORTIOULTUBB.  639 

It  by  Hertllisliig  tlie  soil  wltb  barnyard  manure  hare  proved  unsatisfactory  and 
the  deimrtment  planned  to  apply  commercial  fertilizers  to  all  infected  trees. 

Apple  blotch  (PhifUostiota  wUtaria)  was  also  prevalent  in  1917  and  experi- 
m«its  were  conducted  to  determine  the  best  mixture  as  well  as  the  most  de- 
sirable time  to  apply  the  mixture  for  controlling  this  organism.  In  all  the  ex- 
periments lime-sulphur  1.5  gal.  to  50  gal.  of  water  plus  1.5  lbs.  of  arsenate  of 
lead  to  control  codling  moth  was  used  for  the  first  spray  application.  Subse- 
quent aps^ications  consisted  of  Bordeaux — arsenate  of  lead,  lime-sulphur  solu- 
tion and  arsenate  of  lead,  and  sulphur  and  arsenate  of  lead  dust  in  the  various 
plats.  The  trees  were  sprayed  four  times  during  the  season.  Apple  blotch 
was  fairly  well  controlled  by  the  Bordeaux,  whereas  neither  lime-sulphur  nor 
sulphur  dust  were  effective  in  controlling  it.  In  one  plat  of  Arkansas  Black 
apples  the  Bordeaux  was  omitted  for  the  fourth  application  and  arsenate  of 
lead  applied  alone^  Prior  to  the  fourth  application  the  fruit  and  foliage  on  all 
the  trees  developed  satisfactorily.  In  f6ur  days  after  the  application  of  arsenate 
of  lead  all  the  leaves  and  fully  60  per  cent  of  the  fruit  fell.  The  remaining 
fruit  soon  became  soft  and  the  seeds  turned  black. 

Using  the  spray  gun  in  orchards,  I.  P.  Lewis  (Mo.  Bui,  Ohio  8ta,,  4  {1919), 
No.  £,  pp.  59-61,  flffs.  £). — ^The  spray  gun  here  described  first  came  into  use  in 
1916,  and  is  specially  adapted  for  power-spray  outfits.  It  is  made  almost  en- 
tirely of  brass  and  consists  in  the  main  of  a  tube  18  to  90  in.  in  length,  on  the 
end  of  which  is  a  large  disk-type  nozzle.  The  control  is  invested  in  a  long 
rod  running  inside  the  spray  rod  proper,  connecting  with  the  inner  mechanism 
of  the  nozzle  at  one  end  and  terminating  in  a  hand  grip  of  some  character  at 
the  other.  By  turning  the  grip  the  operator  can  vary  the  spray  at  will.  In 
the  spring  of  1918  the  station  conducted  a  comparative  test  to  determine  the 
advantages  of  the  spray  gun,  if  any,  over  the  pole  method  of  spraying. 

Under  the  conditions  of  the  experiment,  one  man  with  a  spray  gun  could 
qpray  23  trees  thoroughly  with  160  gaL  of  solution  in  60  minutes,  whereas  with 
the  pole  method  two  men  were  able  to  spray  only  16  trees  with  the  same  amount 
of  solution  in  the  same  time.  Other  advantages  of  the  spray  gun  were  the  ease 
in  adjusting  the  spray  to  various  distances,  the  readiness  with  which  the  spray 
was  shut  off  in  going  from  tree  to  tree,  its  light  weight,  and  immunity  from 
catching  in  the  branches.  It  is  pointed  out  that  the  spray  gun  gives  the  best 
service  on  a  power-driven  pump.  It  should  be  connected  with  a  spraying  ap- 
paratus by,  at  least,  one-half  inch  hose  and  proportionally  large  enough  connec- 
tions used  that  there  will  be  the  least  possible  stoppage  and  friction  between  the 
pump  and  the  gun. 

Pruning  apple  trees,  O.  W.  Bixbnwood  and  W.  J.  Qbeen  {Mo.  Bui.  Oh4o 
SUl,  4  {1919),  No.  2,  pp.  4t-48,  fi09.  8).— A  popular  discussion  of  methods  em- 
I^oyed  in  pruning  young  trees  and  bearing  orchards. 

New  everbearinff  strawberries,  W.  Van  Flxet  {Jour,  Heredity,  10  {1919), 
No.  1,  pp.  H~16,  Hifs.  2). — ^Some  new  everbearing  strawberries  developed  at  the 
Bell  experiment  plat,  Glendale,  Md.,  as  the  result  of  a  cross  between  Fragaria 
ehiloenHs  and  F.  vesca  are  illustrated  and  described. 

Keeping  quality  of  strawberries  in  relation  to  their  temperature  when 
picked,  N.  £.  Stevens  {Phytopathology,  9  {1919),  No.  4.  PP-  i7i-i77).— Data 
are  given  on  observations  made  in  four  New  England  States  during  1918  which 
indicate  that  strawberries  picked  early  in  the  morning  while  cool  generally 
ke^  better,  even  though  wet,  than  similar  berries  picked  later  after  they  have 
beui  warmed  by  the  sun.  A  list  is  given  of  cited  literature  dealing  with  straw- 
berry diseases  and  the  influence  of  temperature  on  the  keeping  qualities  of 
strawberriesr 


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640  EXPERIBCBKT  STATION  RECORD.  CTiil40 

Commercial  gnpe  growing,  P.  Thatkb  and  W.  J.  OBOOf  (Mo.  BmL  OUo 
8ta,,  4  (1919),  No.  2,  pp.  SS-41,  flffs.  5).— -A  descriptive  list  of  grapes  leoom- 
mended  for  planting  in  southern  and  central  Ohio,  inclnding  also  cnltnral  sug- 
gestions. 

The  direct  bearers  at  the  National  School  of  Agricaltnre  at  Xontpellicr, 
L.  Rayaz  and  AifToniADis  {Prog.  Agr.  et  Vit.  {Ed.  VE^t-Centre),  40  il919h  ^9- 
10,  pp.  £17-^25).— A  tabular  record  is  given  of  a  large  number  of  direct  bearing 
grapes  that  have  been  tested  for  several  years  at  the  MontpelUer  agricoltonl 
school. 

The  herbaceous  garden,  A.  MAsmrcAU  {London:  WiUiam9  d  Vorgaie^  19il, 
3.  ed.,  rev.,  pp.  XX +298,  pl9.  36,  /lg$.  11).— A  popular  treatise,  part  1  of  which 
discusses  the  designing  and  development  of  various  types  of  hertmoeoas  gtr- 
dens.  Part  2  contains  alphabetical  lists  of  plants  suitable  for  growing  hi 
herbaceous  borders,  together  with  lists  of  annuals,  blue  flowers  in  pare  tones, 
and  of  delphiniums  and  phloxes  tested  at  Wlsley. 

Selecting  ornamental  shrubbery,  W.  E.  Bontsaoeb  {Mo.  BuL  Ohio  8ta^  4 
{1919),  No.  2,  pp.  55-58,  fig.  1). — ^Notes  on  types  of  ornamentals  suitable  for  the 
flower  garden,  farmstead,  and  lawn. 

DecoratiTe  materials  in  the  prickly  pears  and  tbeir  allies,  D.  Gbhttths 
{Jour.  Intemai.  Oard.  Club,  3  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  5-19,  pi.  1,  flgs.  7).— The  anthiv 
presents  an  annotated  list  of  the  species  of  Opuntia  with  the  view  of  showing 
the  wealth  of  material  available  for  the  use  of  the  gardener  situated  in  reglooB 
not  suited  to  the  conventional  shrubs  and  herbs  of  more  humid  dimates. 

AttractiTe  farmsteads,  L.  Oadt  {Univ.  Minn.,  CoL  Agr.,  Ext.  BuL  65  {1919), 
pp.  12,  figs.  5). — ^This  bulletin  contains  practical  suggestions  on  the  arrange- 
ment of  buildings,  fences,  roads,  and  walks,  as  well  as  on  the  use  of  trees, 
shrubs,  and  plants  on  the  farm.  A  list  is  given  of  hardy  shruiw  and  perennials 
suggested  for  use. 

FOBESTBT. 

Beport  of  the  forestry  commission  for  the  year  ended  June  30,  1918,  .R. 
Dalbtmplb  Hat  bt  al.  {Rpt.  Forestry  Com.  N.  S.  WaleSf  1918,  pp.  32).— A  re- 
port on  the  administration  and  management  of  the  State  forests  in  New  Soatb 
Wales  for  the  year  ended  June  dO,  1918,  including  data  on  the  alterations  in 
forest  areas,  silvicultural  operations,  surveys,  forest  protection,  revenues  and 
expenditures,  yields  in  major  and  minor  forest  products,  timber  and  fbrage,  etc 

Outlines  are  also  given  on  investigational  work,  including  tables  showing  the 
results  of  dry  distillation  and  me<dianical  tests  of  various  timl)er  trees.  Pre- 
liminary tests  were  made  of  a  number  of  timbers  as  possible  substitutes  for 
lignum  vitse,  which  is  used  for  "  stern  tube  bushes  **  in  ship  construction.  The 
following  were  found  to  be  the  most  satisftictory :  Supple  Ja<^  {VeniHago^vkni' 
naUs),  Ironwood  {Casuarina  cambagei),  and  belah  {Acacia  e9oel$a). 

Progress  report  of  the  Forest  Research  Institute  for  the  year  1917-15. 
B.  B.  OsicASTON  {Rpt.  Forest  Research  Inst.  {Dehra  Dun},  IBll-^lS,  pp.  £4).— 
The  usual  progress  report  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  548)  relative  to  investigatioos  deal- 
ing with  silviculture,  forest  working  plans,  forest  botany,  forest  economy,  fSorest 
zoology,  and  forest  chemistry.  Appended  to  the  report  are  a  list  of  forest  pub* 
lications  Issued  since  the  establishment  of  the  Forest  Research  Institute  and 
financial  statements  for  the  year. 

A  combined  map  and  panorama  for  orientation  from  lookout  stations,  R 
Fbitz  {Geogr.  Rev.,  6  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  501-503,  pt  1,  figs.  S).— The  author  il- 
lustrates and  describes  a  device  combining  a  map  and  panorama  that  has 
recently  come  into  wide  use  in  forest  protection  organizations  as  an  adjunct 


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1»1»]  DISEASSS  OF  PLAJTTS.  641 

to  lookout  atatloiui  In  locating  forest  fires.    The  special  alidade  used  In  drawing . 
tlie  panorama  section  is  also  described. 

Use  of  airplanes  in  forest  patrol  work,  H.  S.  Gbavxs  {Aviation  and  Aero- 
mamt.  Engin.,  6  {1919),  No,  12,  pp.  754,  755).— A  short  discussion  relative  to  the 
possibilities  of  adapting  airplanes  to  assist  in  fire  detection  and  control. 

BeseriptiTe  list  of  forest  trees  and  ornamental  shrubs  g^rown  at  the  Oor- 
ernmant  forest  nursery,  Salisbury  [Bhodesia]  {Rhodesia  Agr,  Jour,,  16 
{1919),  No,  1,  pp.  45-5S), — ^The  data  presented  in  this  list  include  common 
and  botanical  names  and  brief  remarks  on  the  distinguishing  characteristics 
of  the  various  trees  and  8hrub& 

Sugar  as  a  coagulant  for  Hevea  latex,  R.  D.  Anstbad  {Plantert^  Chron.,  IS 
il918).  No,  SB,  pp.  522,  52S;  Agr,  Jour,  India,  14  {1919),  No.  1,  pp,  111-m),— 
A  brief  review  of  the  literature  dealing  with  the  use  of  sugar  as  a  coagulant 
for  Hevea  latex. 

The  possibilities  of  farm  woodland  development  under  the  Smith-Lever 
Act,  C.  R.  TiLLOTSON  {Amer.  Foresirv,  25  {1919),  No,  SOI,  pp,  785-787,  /Ii)f«. 
4). — In  this  paper  the  author  calls  attention  to  the  importance  of  the  farm 
woodlands  as  sources  of  fire  wood,  posts,  poles,  etc,  and  indicates  how  farm 
woodland  production  can  be  stimulated  by  the  use  of  extension  agencies 
developed  under  the  Smith-Lever  Act 

The  use  of  wood  for  fuel  {U.  8,  Dept,  Agr,  Bui,  75S  {1919),  pp,  40,  pU,  6, 
flgs.^2). — ^This  is  largely  a  compilation  of  information  from  many  sources  pre- 
pared with  special  reference  to  aiding  in  the  conservation  of  the  Nation's  coal 
solely.  It  discusses  the  present  use  and  supply  of  fuel  wood,  what  to  use  for 
wood  fuel,  producing  and  marketing  wood  fuel,  how  to  use  wood  fuel,  efficiency 
of  wood  fuel,  the  production  of  wood  fuel  for  the  future,  and  methods  of 
promoting  its  use.  Appended  to  the  bulletin  are  recent  publications  on  wood 
fuel  and  a  general  bibliography  on  the  subject. . 

Pulp  and  paper  Investigatiens  of  the  Forest  Products  Laboratory  in  1918, 
V.  P.  Edwabdes  {Paper  Trade  Jour.,  68  {1919),  No,  6,  pp.  12S,  124). ^A  descrip- 
tive account  of  the  pulp  and  paper  investigations,  conducted  largely  to  de- 
termine the  various  uses  to  which  paper  could  be  put  for  war  purposes. 

Pulp  mills  of  the  United  States,  H.  B.  Subfacx  and  F.  H.  Smfth  {Paper 
Trade  Jour.,  68  {1919),  No.  6,  pp.  109,  111,  US,  116,  121,  figs.  4).— Statistical 
data  and  maps  prepared  under  the  direction  of  the  Forest  Service  of  the  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture  are  given,  showing  the  locations  and  relative  capaci- 
ties of  the  ground  wood,  sulphite,  sulphate,  and  soda  pulp  mills  in  the  country. 

DISEASES  OF  PLANTS. 

Sffect  of  certain  ecological  factors  on  the  morphology  of  the  uredinlospores 
of  Pucdnia  graminis,  S.  O.  Stakican  and  M.  N.  Levine  {Jour.  Agr.  Research 
IV.  flf.],  16  {1919),  No.  2,  pp.  -^77).— In  studies  carried  on  cooperatively  be- 
tween the  Minnesota  Experiment  Station  and  the  U.  S.  D^artment  of  Agri- 
culture with  several  biologic  races  of  P.  gratninis,  the  authors  investigated  the 
quantity  of  inoculum  to  be  used,  optimum  length  of  incubation,  condition  of 
uredinlospores  necessary  to  insure  uniform  measurements,  number  of  measure- 
ments to  be  made  of  a  given  strain,  and  method  of  computation  employed,  as 
affecting  the  morphology  of  the  uredinlospores. 

The  amount  of  spore  material  used  for  inoculation  was  found  to  have  no  per- 
ceptible effect  on  the  result  of  infection  or  size  of  spores,  except  in  so  far  as  a 
more  extensive  area  of  and  a  greater  certainty  for  successful  infection  may 
be  secured.    The  optimum  length  of  the  Incubation  period  in  the  moist  chamber 


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642  BTPEftlMBKT  STATIOK  BBCOBD.  tTifltf 

was  48  hoars.  Biologic  forms  were  found  to  be  constant  not  only  para«itlcall7 
but  also  morphologically,  the  morphologic  stability  being  exhibited  in  the  coD' 
stancy  of  size,  shape,  and  color  in  the  nredinlospores  of  the  partlcolar  foon. 
An  exception  is  noted  in  the  case  of  stem  rust  of  oats,  the  shape  and  slae  ef 
urediniospores  of  which  are  very  plastic 

Common  hosts  which  were  found  congenial  to  different  biologic  torma  lacked 
ability  to  unify  them,  as  they  were  unable  to  exert  any  influoice  on  spore 
morphology.  Uncongenial  hosts  almost  invariably  tended  to  decrease  the  siie 
of  the  uredinia  and  spores. 

In  computing  data  and  comparing  results,  the  authors  claim  that  it  is  neees- 
sary  to  take  into  consideration  the  ecological  conditions  under  whicdi  the  rust 
had  been  cultured.  Adverse  environmental  conditions  unfavorable  for  the  host 
are  also  unfavorable  for  the  parasite,  affecting  the  virulence  and  spore  sixe  (tf 
the  latter.  The  optimum  atmospheric  temperature  for  the  development  of  the 
rusts  studied  appeared  to  range  between  66.5  and  70**  F.  Sufficioacy  of  water 
and  plentiful  light  were  found  indispensable  for  the  best  growth  of  the  rust 

The  age  of  the  host  seedlings,  provided  they  were  healthy  at  the  time  of 
inoculation,  had  no  effect  on  the  size  of  the  uredinio6p<N*e8  or  the  viruloice  of 
infection.  The  length  of  association  of  a  rust  with  its  host,  after  the  fiist 
uredinia  have  burst  the  epidermis  until  teliospores  are  formed,  did  not  Impair 
the  viability  of  the  urediniospores  nor  exhibit  any  marked  and  consistent  elfect 
on  their  size. 

New  biologic  forms  of  Fucdnla  graminls,  E.  G.  Stakmar,  M.  N.  IxvutE, 
and  J.  G.  Leach  {Jour.  Apr.  Research  iU.  fif.],  16  {1919),  No.  S,  pp.  103-105).— 
In  a  preliminary  report  on  a  study  of  new  biologic  forms  of  P.  ffranUniM  oa 
wheat,  carried  on  cooperatively  between  the  Minnesota  Experiment  Station  and 
the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  the  authors  state  that  while  a  considerable 
range  of  parasitism  had  been  reported  previously,  no  forms  had  been  found 
able  to  infect  White  Spring  emroer  and  the  durum  variety  Mindum,  as  well  as 
several  other  varieties,  mostly  duruma  By  testing  many  species  and  varieties 
it  was  thought  that  probably  forms  of  rust  could  be  found  that  would  be 
capable  of  attacking  varieties  resistant  to  all  the  known  forms  of  stem  rust 
This  supposition  has  been  verified,  and  a  form  has  been  found  which  infects 
White  Spring  emmer  and  Mindum  normally.  This  work  has  been  continued, 
and  during  the  summer  of  1018  biologic  forms  were  found,  some  of  which  are 
virulent  on  many  varieties  of  wheat,  while  others  are  weak  and  can  attack 
only  a  few  varieties  successfully. 

The  wind  dissemination  of  the  spores  of  bunt  or  stinking  smut  of  wheat, 
F.  D.  Heald  and  D.  0.  Geobok  {Washington  8ta,  Bui.  151  {1918),  pp.  S-SS,  figs. 
2). — ^The  authors  present  some  of  the  data  on  which  a  previous  popular  bulletin 
was  based  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  4d). 

As  a  result  of  several  years'  study,  it  is  concluded  that  in  southeastern  Wash- 
ington and  adjacent  regions  the  principal  infection  of  wheat  by  smut  is  throui^ 
wind-borne  spores  liberated  at  thrashing  time.  Positive  evidence  of  the  abun- 
dant and  wide  dissemination  of  smut  spores  has  be«i  obtained  by  microscopical 
studies  of  washings  from  leaves  and  by  the  use  of  spore  traps  exposed  at  con- 
siderable distances  from  wheat  fields.  It  is  stated  that  during  the  thrashing 
season  there  is  a  smut  shower  or  spore  fall  in  the  vicinity  of  Pullman,  Wash., 
which  begins  in  August,  the  exact  time  of  the  maximum  depending  in  part  on 
the  location,  on  the  period  at  which  the  thrashing  operations  are  most  numerous, 
and  also  upon  climatic  factors.  The  dry  conditions  whl<A  prevail  during  the 
thrashing  season,  together  with  frequent  winds  of  high  vdodty  and  with  a 
cropping  system  which  includes  summer  fallow  and  wintn*  wheat,  have  com- 
bined to  make  wheat  smut  especially  severe  in  the  Palouse  country.    A  great 


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i»l»)  DISSA3BS  OF  VLAJSTTB.  643 

unoont  of  winter  wbeat  1b  seeded  In  slimmer  ftillow,  which  receives  a  coontless 
nmiber  of  wlnd-bome  spores.  The  maxtannm  amount  of  seeding  generally 
follows  the  period  of  maximum  spore  fall,  and  during  this  time  both  tempera- 
ture and  moisture  conditions  are  specially  favorable  for  smut 

The  production  of  aa  anthraenose-resistant  White  Marrow  bean,  W.  H. 
BuBKHOUWE  iPhytopathology,  8  {1918) ,  No,  7,  pp.  SSS-^SB). — ^Following  the  dis* 
coyery  of  the  resistance  to  antiiracnose  of  the  Red  Kidney  bean  (B.  S.  R.,  84, 
p.  d44),  the  author  undertook  the  production  of  an  anthracnose-reslstant  bean 
by  croeslng  the  White  Marrow  with  Wells  Red  Kidney  bean. 

The  hybrid  plants  displayed  a  ylning  character  as  early  as  the  White  Marrow, 
but  showed  the  pink  coloration  in  the  flower  similar  to  the  Red  Kidney. 
Twenty-one  plants  were  obtained  which  yielded  an  average  of  24.62  seeds  to  a 
plant  These  were  grown  and  the  observations  on  the  F*  generation  were 
secured.  The  plants  were  grown  in  pots  and  inoculated  with  spores  from  two 
strains  of  CoUetotrichum  Undemuihianum,  striking  differences  being  observed 
in  the  number  of  infections.  The  segregation  of  the  different  forms  resulting 
and  their  resistance  are  described. 

Further  wortE  was  carried  on  which  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  a  definite 
resistant  strain  of  the  White  Marrow  bean,  and  in  addition  to  this  variety  three 
others  that  are  considered  less  Important .  commercially  have  been  produced. 
These  are  named  the  Yineless  Marrow,  the  Red  Marrow,  and  the  White  Kidney. 
A  resistant  strain  of  each  has  been  obtained. 

Beport  of  the  botany  division,  H.  W.  Babbb  (South  Carolina  8ia.  Rpt.  1918, 
pp.  fi-£^). — ^According  to  the  author,  as  a  war  measure,  a  large  number  of 
samples  of  cotton  seed  were  investigated  to  determine  the  presence  of  cotton 
anthracnose,  and  in  this  way  the  planting  of  infected  seed  was  prevented  and 
at  the  same  time  numerous  lots  of  disease-free  seed  were  located.  In  the  course 
of  the  investigations  on  the  cotton  anthracnose,  it  was  found  that  the  disease 
affects  cotton  quite  differently  In  different  sections  of  the  South,  and  a  coopera- 
tive arrangement  has  been  made  which  will  include  the  investigation  of  the 
disease  in  Louisiana,  Mlasissippi,  and  other  Southern  States.'  A  number  of 
strains  of  the  organism  have  been  isolated,  and  attempts  are  being  made  to 
detmnlne  whether  or  not  there  is  a  difference  in  the  virulence  of  the  strains 
collected  from  diiVerent  parts  of  the  country. 

In  continuation  of  the  investigation  of  the  angular  leaf  spot  of  cotton 
(E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  47),  It  has  been  found  that  this  disease  can  be  controlled  by 
treating  the  seed  with  sulphuric  add  before  planting. 

A  preliminary  note  on  a  bacterial  disease  of  foxtail,  H.  H.  Rossir  (£fo<eNce, 
«.  aer.,  49  {1919),  No.  1M4,  p.  291).— Th^  author  reports  having  observed  in  the 
vicinity  of  FayetteviUe,  Ark.,  a  disease  of  foxtail  which  is  ^laracterized  by 
dark  brown  spots  and  streaks  occurring  on  the  leaves,  flowering  stalks,  and 
glomes.  From  infected  material  an  organism  has  been  Isolated  which  both  by 
spraying  and  needle  smearing  has  been  successfully  used  to  inoculate  wheat, 
oats,  rye,  barley,  com,  Sudan  grass,  sorghum,  and  millet  Judging  from  the 
appearance  of  Infected  plants  in  the  greenhouse^  the  author  brieves  that  all  of 
the  cereals  mentioned,  as  well  as  various  grasses,  may  be  seriously  attacked.  It 
Is  cwisldered  probable  that  the  organinn  is  the  same  as  that  described  by 
Manns  as  Pseuaomonas  avewB  (E.  S.  R.,  22,  p.  458). 

Pink  root  of  onions,  J.  J.  Taubknhaus  {Soienoe,  n.  ter.,  49  (1919),  No.  1961, 
pp.  nil,  £i8).— In  a  previous  publication  (E.  8.  R.,  87,  p.  841)  the  author  called 
attention  to  a  disease  of  onions  characterised  by  pink  roots.  Subsequent  in- 
vestigations have  shown  that  the  disease  is  apparently  due  to  an  undescribed 
organism  for  which  the  name  F«MoKiim  moM  is  proposed. 


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644  EXPEBIMBNT  STATIOK  BSOOBD.  I^fllM 

As  a  result  of  laboratory  and  field  eiperiments,  it  has  been  determtned  that 
the  disease  can  be  carried  with  infected  sets  or  from  year  to  year  in  the  aoiL 
Steam  sterilization  or  sterilisation  with  formalddiyde  will  kill  the  organism  in 
the  soil.  In  addition  to  onions,  garlic  and  shallot  are  snbject  to  attack,  bvt 
the  organism  does  not  seem  to  attack  any  other  liilaceoos  plants.  It  has  been 
found  that  by  the  liberal  use  of  f^rtilizera  growth  may  be  so  stimulated  that 
new  roots  are  produced  more  rapidly  than  the  disease  can  destroy  them. 

The  growth  of  the  potato  scab  orsaaism  at  ▼arious  hydrofrsn  ion  eonoentra- 
tions  as  related  to  the  comparative  freedom  of  add  soils  from  tho  potato  scab, 
L.  J.  GiLucsm  {Phvtopatholow,  S  (1918),  No.  6,  pp.  257-969,  fig.  i).~In  onler  to 
ascertain  a  reason  for  the  freedom  from  scab  in  potatoes  grown  on  acid  soils^ 
the  author  carried  on  experiments  to  determine  wliat  intensity  of  acidity  is 
inimical  to  the  growth  of  Actinomyces  chromogemus  in  cultare  media.  A  nnm- 
ber  of  strains  of  the  organism  were  studied  in  relation  to  Tarions  hydi-ogep 
ion  exponents,  different  media  being  employed. 

In  media  at  an  exponent  of  5.2  growth  was  slower  and  generally  less  vigorous 
than  at  less  acid  exponents.  Under  some  conditions  individual  strains  were 
somewhat  more  sensitive  to  acidity,  but  the  differences  did  not  lead  to  any 
consistent  distinctions  among  the  strains.  Sometimes  the  strains  succeeded 
in  growing  well  in  a  medium  which  had  initially  an  exponent  of  5.2  or  even 
4.8,  but  the  growth  was  accompanied  by  a  marked  decrease  of  addity.  From 
his  investigations  the  author  concludes  that  the  acidity  of  the  Caribou  loam 
soil,  which  is  known  to  be  generally  immune  from  the  common  scab  of  the 
potato,  is  often  of  sufficient  intensity  to  exert  in  the  soil  an  injurious  action 
on  the  causal  organism. 

A  new  disease  of  the  Irish  potato,  G.  W.  Cabpentee  {Phytopatholoffy,  8 
(1918),  No.  6,  pp.  286-288,  pi.  i).— A  disease  of  the  Irish  potato  occurrinir  in 
Hawaii  and  considered  new  to  pathologists  is  described.  The  disease,  wlilch 
appeara  to  be  due  to  mites,  is  characterised  by  the  bronsing  and  twisting  of 
the  young  terminal  and  axillary  leaves.  Later  the  leaves  and  shoots  become 
abnormal  and  soon  dry  up  and  die.  The  author  states  that  with  averge  rainfall 
in  potato  sections  mites  do  not  appear  troublesome,  but  in  the  dry  periods 
losses  estimated  at  as  much  as  50  per  cent  have  been  reported.  Spraying  with 
lime-sulphur  or  dusting  with  dry  sulphur  has  been  found  an  efltetive  means 
of  control. 

Blossom  drop  of  tomatoes,  F.  M.  BoiiFS  {Oklahoma  Sta.  Rpt,  1918,  pp.  i$^ 
45).— A  progress  report  is  given  on  investigations  carried  out  to  determine  the 
cause  of  blossom  drop  of  tomatoes  in  Oklahoma  and  methods  for  its  control. 
In  the  period  covered  by  the  raport,  cultivation,  irrigation,  mulching,  staking, 
and  pruning  were  tested. 

The  application  of  water  produced  more  vigorous  vegetative  growth,  the  tndt 
from  this  plat  being  smoother  and  better  in  appearance  though  the  yield  was 
not  increased  over  that  of  the  check  plats.  In  culture  and  pruning  experiments 
the  use  of  a  V-shaped  trellis  seemed  to  give  somewhat  larger  yields,  although 
the  fruit  of  plants  which  were  staked  and  pruned  was  earlier  and  larger.  Tlie 
development  of  individual  blossom  dustera  was  noticeably  stimulated  by  pran- 
ing.  Tests  of  varieties  were  made,  but  no  apparent  differences  in  36  Tarieties 
were  noted,  the  yields  from  all  being  very  low. 

Dissemination  of  Septoria  lycopersici*  by  insects  and  piekers,  W.  H.  Habtxh 
{Phytopathology,  8  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  565-^8).— In  connection  with  experiments 
conducted  in  the  summer  of  1917  for  the  control  of  the  tomato  leaf  spot,  studlei 
were  made  to  determine  the  possibility  of  dissemination  by  insects  and  pickers. 
The  author  reports  that  in  New  Jersey  the  tomato  is  visited  by  Oolorado  potato 


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iM»]  DISEASES  or  FtJLim.  645 

beetles  iLeptinotar$a  deoemUneata),  flee  beeUes  (BfiUrim  owmmeris),  tomato 
worme  {Protoparce  oaroUna),  and  plant  lice  (AphU  pseudobroiHow).  Studies 
were  made  of  the  beetles  and  tomato  worms,  whidi  show  oonduslTely  that 
the  spores  ot  8.  lycaper$ici  and  Altemaria  soUmi  are  carried  not  only  on  the 
bodies  of  insects  but  in  the  digestiTe  tracts  as  well,  and  that  the  excreted 
qMNres  are  viable.  In  connection  with  the  possibility  of  pickers  disseminating 
the  spores,  it  was  found  that  tbey  carry  large  numbers  of  spores  on  their  hands 
and  garments,  and  on  this  account  it  is  recommended  that  picking  should  be 
delayed  after  a  rain  or  heavy  dew  until  the  plants  are  dry. 

lightning  injury  to  herbaceous  plants,  L.  R.  Jones  and  W.  W.  Gnjnarr 
{Phytopathology,  8  (1918),  No.  6,  pp.  rfO-HSB,  ftps,  d).— -Following  the  pubUca- 
tion  of  notes  of  lightning  injury  to  various  crops  (B.  S.  R.,  88,  pp.  149,  250). 
the  authors  have  collected  and  compiled  data  relating  to  lightning  injury  to 
potatoes,  cotton,  tobacco,  cucumbers,  and  tomatoes. 

IJerhtning  injury  to  grapevines,  D.  Rcddick  {Phytopathology,  8  {1918),  No. 
6,  p.  298). — ^A  brief  description  is  given  of  an  unquestioned  case  of  lightning 
injury  to  grapevines. 

Liirlitning  injury  to  citrus  trees  in  Florida,  H.  B.  Stevkns  {Phytopathology, 
8  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  28S-285,  fig.  i).— The  author  describes  the  injury  due  to 
lightning  in  citrus  groves  within  Che  State. 

Common  diseases  of  ornamental  plants,  M.  T.  Cook  {New  Jersey  8ta^.  Circ. 
97  {1918),  pp.  S3,  figs.  10). — ^Brlef  discussions  are  given  of  the  more  common  dis- 
eases of  ornamental  plants,  with  directions  for  their  treatment 

Common  diseases  of  shade  and  ornamental  trees,  M.  T.  Cook  {New  Jersey 
Btas.  Circ.  98  {1918),  pp.  S-t7,  figs,  11). — ^After  a  brief  discussion  of  the  care  of 
shade  and  ornamental  trees,  the  more  common  diseases  to  which  the  roots, 
stems,  and  foliage  are  subject  are  described  and  suggestions  are  given  for 
their  control  so  far  as  definite  means  are  known. 

Exclusion  legislation  and  fruit  tree  production,  V.  B.  Stewabt  {Phyto- 
pathology, 8  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  S60-S6i). — ^The  author  calls  attention  to  some  of 
the  objections  to  proposed  legislation  and  regulations  for  the  importation  of 
nursery  stock. 

Hotes  on  Feridermiums  from  Ohio,  R.  O.  Pierce  {Phytopathology,  8  {1918), 
No.  6,  pp.  299-994). — ^Attention  is  called  to  the  occurrence  of  P.  cameum  on 
the  Austrian,  Corsican,  and  western  yellow  pine  and  on  pitch  pine,  and  to  the 
desirability  of  nurserymen  seeing  to  it  that  alternate  host  plants  of  this  and 
other  species  are  removed  from  the  vicinity  of  forest  nurseries. 

Host  relationships  of  tbe  North  American  rusts,  other  than  Gymnospo- 
rangliims,  which  attack  conifers,  A.  S.  Rhoaus,  G.  G.  Hedgcock,  £.  Bethel, 
and  C.  Habtlbt  {Phytopathology,  8  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  509-^52).— The  authors 
have  attempted  to  assemble  in  concise  form  all  available  information  on  the 
rusts  of  conifers  other  than  Gymnosporanglums.  In  addition  a  bibliography  of 
148  titles,  covering  some  important  publications  of  North  American  authors 
dealing  with  the  description,  life  history,  and  genetic  relationships  of  this 
group  of  rusts,  has  been  appended. 

Some  factors  affecting  viability  of  the  urediniospores  of  Cronartium  ribi- 
oola,  G.  H.  Duff  {Phytopathology,  8  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  289-292,  fig.  1).—A  series 
€f  experiments  on  the  viability  of  urediniospores  of  Cronartium  under  various 
eooditions  is  reported  by  the  author.  The  experiments  were  planned  to  deter- 
mine the  possibility  of  the  urediniospores  passing  the  winter  in  a  living  condi- 
tion on  old  leaves  ready  to  cause  infection  of  Ribes  in  spring,  to  make  a  general 
study  of  the  viability  of  the  urediniospores,  and  to  test  the  possible  toxic 
action  of  sunlight  upon  these  spores. 


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646  BXPSBIHENT  STATIOK  BBCOBD.  [Vol  40 

In  testing  tbe  possibility  of  the  qpores  everwinterlBg,  Mm  of  spores  woe 
placed  In  special  refrigerators  and  examined  from  time  to  time,  from  wbidi  it 
appears  that  uredlniospores  probably  do  not  sunrive  a  winter  period  of  rix 
months,  even  under  the  most  favorable  drenmstancesL  The  viability  of  tbs 
uredlniospores  appears  to  be  very  low,  less  than  50  per  cent  being  capable  of 
germination  three  days  after  collection.  The  investigation  cm  the  actioo  sf 
sunlight  showed  no  toxic  effects  on  the  uredlniospores  as  a  result  of  ejposnrs 
for  a  few  hours. 

ECOHOHIC  ZOOLOOT— ENTOHOLOOT. 

Wild  animals  of  North  America,  E.  W.  Nelson  {WiuhinQton:  Nat.  Oeogr, 
Soc,  1918,  pp.  S81-612,  pi.  1,  figs.  194). — ^^his  work  combines  tbe  text  and  illus- 
trations of  papers  by  the  author  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  36,  p.  354;  39,  p. 
759). 

Wild  life  in  our  National  Parks,  [E.  W.]  Nelson  (Forest  and  Stream,  97 
(1917),  No.  10,  pp.  46^,  465,  497,  figs.  ft). — ^The  author  reports  experiments  in  re- 
stocking ranges  which  have  been  made  on  a  sufDclent  scale  to  demonstrate  that 
this  is  practicable. 

The  fur-bearing  animals,  O.  Kbetzschicab  {Les  Animatix  d  Fourrures, 
CMlonr9ur'Sa6ne,  France:  Emile  Bertrand,  1918,  pp.  XII+376,  figs.  55).— The 
author  describes  the  various  q;)ecie8,  their  value,  use  of  the  pelt,  etc.  Informa- 
tion for  the  use  of  the  pelterer  and  furrier  is  included  in  the  two  condoding 
chapters. 

Some  observations  on  rats  and  their  control,  D.  B.  Mackie  {Philippine  Bur. 
Agr.  Circ.  57  {1918),  pp.  8).— A  popular  discussion,  in  which  it  is  pointed  out 
that  practically  95  per  cent  of  all  damage  to  crops  In  the  Philippines  is  charge- 
able to  depredations  of  one  species,  the  spiny  rat  {Epemis  mindanensis) . 

The  migration  of  North  American  birds,  VH,  H.  G.  Obkbholseb  {Bird 
Lore,  20  {1918),  No.  (?,  p.  J^15,  pi.  1). 

A  second  bird  survey  at  Washington,  D.  C,  H.  C.  Obebholseb  {WUson  BuL, 
SO  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  54-48).— This  is  a  report  of  a  second  survey  (£.  S.  R.,  39, 
p.  154)  in  which  17  parties  were  engaged. 

Birds  observed  near  Minco,  central  Oklahoma,  A.  Wetmobe  {WUson  BuL^ 
SO  {1918),  Nos.  1,  pp.  2-10;  2,  pp.  56-61). 

The  game  birds  of  California,  J.  Geinnell,  H.  G.  Bryant,  and  T.  I.  Stobeb 
{Berkeley:  Univ,  Cat,  1918,  pp.  X+642,  pis.  16,  figs.  94).— In  this  contribution 
from  the  Museum  of  Vertebrate  Zoology  of  the  University  of  Galifornia  chap- 
ters on  the  decrease  of  game  birds  In  Galifornia  and  Its  causes,  IndlMluction  of 
exotic  game  birds,  propagation,  natural  enemies,  legislation,  etc,  are  foltowed 
by  keys  to  the  species  and  general  accounts  which  include  technical  descrip- 
tions, general  distribution,  distribution  within  the  State,  habits,  etc.  Of  the 
16  colored  plates  12  are  by  L.  A.  Feurtes  and  4  by  A.  Brooks. 

A  bibliography  of  22  pages   and   a   complete   index  are   included. 

Costa's  hummingbird — ^Its  type  locality,  early  history,  and  name,  T.  S. 
Palmer  {Condor,  20  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  lH-116). 

The  Wisconsin  Napaeozapus,  H.  H.  T.  Jackson  (Proc.  Biol.  8oc.  Wash.^  S2 
{1919),  pp.  9,  10).— A  new  subspecies,  Napaeozapus  insignis  frutectanus,  is  de- 
scribed. 

The  status  of  the  genus  Orchilus  Cabanis,  H.  G.  Obebholseb  (Fi'oc.  BioL 
Soc.  Wash.,  SI  {1918),  pp.  208,  204). 

Xutanda  ornithologica,  V,  H.  G.  Obebholseb  (Proc  Biol  Soc  Wash^  S2 
{1919),  pp.  7,  8). 


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l*l»l  EOOKOMIO  200L0GY— SNTOMOLOGT.  647 

Tentli  annual  report  of  the  State  omltholoirist,  E.  H.  Fobbush  {Affr-  of 
Mass.,  1917,  pi.  1,  pp.  IS^lOl,  pU.  5).— Under  the  heading  of  field  work  of  the 
year  1917  a  brief  report  is  given  on  the  status  of  the  heath  hen,  food  of  night 
herons,  sea  bird  colonies,  the  starling,  including  a  new  means  of  breaking  up 
its  roosting  places  and  its  destruction  of  gipqr  and  brown-tail  moth  caterpillars, 
pheasants,  and  the  destruction  of  birds  by  the  elements  in  the  spring  of  1917, 
with  a  list  of  the  species  found  dead. 

Parasitiam  of  nestling  birds  by  fly  larvn,  O.  B.  Plath  {0<mdor,  21  {1919), 
No.  1,  pp.  S0^8). — Studies  made  by  the  author  in  the  vicinity  of  Berkeley, 
GaL,  have  shown  nestling  birds  of  many  species  to  be  parasitized  by  the  maggots 
of  ProtooaUiphora  azurea  and  that  the  lanre  of  this  parasite  are  dependent 
upon  blood  in  order  to  mature.  The  observations  indicate  that  the  maggots 
attach  to  the  nestlings  at  night  and  suck  their  blood,  and  rest  In  the  lower 
parts  of  the  nest  during  the  day. 

The  chalddid  parasite  Noionia  trevicomU  was  reared  from  the  pupie  of  P. 
Qxurea,  from  15  to  25  being  obtained  from  each  pupa.  Small  grubs  from 
infested  birds'  nests,  which  fed  upon  the  pups  of  P.  azurea,  eating  shell  and 
all,  when  reared  to  maturity  were  found  to  represent  several  species  of  moths, 
including  Tinea  occidentella.  Tinea  sp.,  an  oecophorid,  probably  Endrosia 
lacieeiia,  etc. 

In  investigations  conducted  by  the  author  during  a  period  of  11  weeks,  68 
nests  representing  six  species  of  birds  were  examined  of  which  39  were  in- 
fested by  bloodsucking  fly  larvie.  The  author's  observations  of  the  effect  of 
this  parasitism  on  birds  are  said  to  warrant  the  conclusions  that  from  5  to  10 
per  cent  of  the  parasitized  nestlings  die  from  loss  of  blood ;  that  some  of  the 
parasitized  nestlings  which  do  become  full-fledged  are  so  weakened  by  the  loss 
of  blood  that  they  fall  an  easy  prey  to  rapacious  animals;  and  that  the  larvae 
of  P.  chrysarrhiBa  are  probably  more 'deadly  to  nestling  birds  than  those  of  P. 
azurea.  The  latter  conclusion  is  said  to  be  borne  out  by  a  case  of  parasitism 
recorded  by  Henshaw,*  in  which  the  mortality  averaged  about  90  per  cent 
instead  of  only  5  to  10  per  cent  Accounts  of  parasitism  of  birds  by  P.  azurea 
by  Goutant  (B.  S.  R.,  84,  p.  859)  and  by  Arnold  (B.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  851)  and  by 
P.  ehrytorrhma  by  Miller  (E.  S.  R..  21,  p.  856),  have  been  previously  noted. 

A  muscid  larva  of  the  San  Praneisco  Bay  region  which  sucks  the  blood  of 
nestling  birds,  O.  E.  Plath  {Univ.  Cal.  Pube.  Zool,  19  (1919),  No.  6,  pp.  191- 
200). — A  detailed  account  is  noted  above. 

Becords  of  some  new  British  diplopods  and  pauropods,  with  a  preliminary 
check  list  of  the  British  Xyriapoda,  R.  S.  Baonaix  {Jour.  Zool.  Research,  S 
(1918),  No.  2-^,  pp.  87"9S). — Included  tn  this  paper  is  a  check  list  of  92  forms 
of  British  Myriapoda. 

The  psychic  life  of  Insects,  B.  L.  Bouvisb  (La  Vie  Psyehique  dea  Insectee. 
Paris:  Ernest  Flatnmorion,  1918,  pp.  SOO,  fios.  16). — A  small  handbook. 

Report  of  the  entomology  division,  A.  F.  Oonbadi  (South  Carolina  8ta.  Rpt. 
1918^  pp.  27'SS):^A  brief  statement  of  the  work  of  the  year,  particularly  of 
investigations  of  a  species  of  wireworm. 

Blsventh  report  of  the  State  entomologist  and  plant  pathologist  of  Vir- 
ginia, 1916-17,  W.  J.  ScHOEivx  (Rpt.  State  Ent.  and  Plant  Path.  Va.,  11 
(1916^17),  pp.  68,  figs.  It). — ^Included  in  tliis  report  of  the  work  of  the  years 
1916  and  1917  are  papers  by  F.  D.  Fromme  and  W.  J.  Schoene  on  Dusting  and 
Spraying  fbr  Apple  Scab  and  Ck>dling  Moth  (pp.  22-26) ;  by  M.  T.  Smulyan  on 
Observations  during  1916  of  the  Aphids  Most  Oommon  on  Apple  (pp.  27-89), 
in  continuation  of  those  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  85,  p.  462) ;  and  by  L.  B. 

»Aak,  26  (190S),  pp.  8T,  88. 

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648  aXPEElMBNT  STAXIOK  BBOOBD.  tTol40 

Smith  on  Spinach  Blight  and  Its  Tranamiaflton  by  InaectB  (pp.  40-68),  noted 
from  another  source  (B.  S.  R.,  S9,  p.  550). 

Charts  are  given  in  the  paper  by  Smulyan  which  show  the  occnrmce  or 
absence  of  the  various  forms  of  the  oat  or  grain  aphis  (ApMa  avenw),  the 
rosy  aphis  {A,  sarin),  and  the  apple  aphis  on  apple  trees  at  Biacksbuig.  Va. 

Forty-eighth  annual  report  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Ontario,  1917 
(Ann.  Rpt,  Ent.  Soc,  Ontario,  48  (1917),  pp.  1$8,  fig:  IKS).— Among  the  mwe  tan- 
portant  papers  here  presented  are  the  following:  R^^mrts  on  Insects  for  the 
Year,  by  A.  Gibson  et  al.  (pp.  18-30) ;  Further  Notes  on  the  Imported  Onioa 
Maggot  {Hylemyia  antiqwi)  and  Its  Control,  by  A.  Gibson  (pp.  30-^)  (E.  S. 
R.,  36,  p.  657) ;  The  Entomological  Service  of  Quebec,  by  G.  Maheuz  (pp^ 
33-36) ;  Some  Important  Insects  of  the  Season,  by  L.  Caesar  (pp.  36-44); 
The  Apple  and  Thorn  Skeletoniser  {Hemerophiia  pariana),  by  B.  P.  F^t  (pp. 
44-47)  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  60) ;  Some  Notodontian  Larvse,  by  J.  A.  Corcoran  (ppi 
47-40) ;  The  Problem  of  Mosquito  Control,  by  T.  J.  Headlee  (pp.  49-60) ;  The 
Black  Cherry  Aphis  [Myzus  cercui],  by  W.  A.  Ross  (pp.  59-68) ;  Transcanadian 
Spiders,  by  J.  H.  Emerton  (pp.  76-78) ;  A  Further  Report  on  the  Value  of 
Dusting  17.  Spraying  to  Control  Fruit  Tree  Insects  and  Fungus  IMseases,  by 
L.  Caesar  (pp.  79-85) ;  A  Few  Notes  on  the  Ecology  of  Insects,  by  W.  Lochhead 
(pp.  85-91) ;  The  Effect  of  Stable  and  Horn  Fly  Attacks  on  Milk  Production, 
by  A.  W.  Baker  (pp.  91-93) ;  Notes  on  Two  Unusual  Garden  Pests  in  Nova 
Scotia  IQortyna  micacea  and  Ceramioa  pMa],  by  W.  H.  Brittain  (pp.  94-89); 
and  The  Entomological  Record,  1917,  by  A.  Gibson  (pp.  99-127). 

Report  of  the  provincial  entomologist,  G.  Mahsux  {Rpt.  if  in.  Agr,  Prov. 
Quebec,  1918,  pp.  8^90).— This  report  refers  briefly  to  several  of  the  more  ixa- 
portant  insect  pests  of  the  year. 

Summary  of  entomological  information  during  1918,  H.  A.  Ballot;  (Agr. 
News  [Barbados],  11  {1918),  Nos.  434,  pp.  <5^4.  S95;  49S,  p.  410).— The  occur- 
rence of  and  work  with  the  more  important  insects  of  the  year  is  summarised. 

[Economic  insects  in  Chile],  C.  Camacho  {El  CKape  del  Cerego  and  Bl 
Ousano  del  Poroto  {Pegomya  chileMis),  Santiago,  Chile:  6erv.  Pol  8amt. 
Vejetal,  1917,  pp.  8,  figs.  5;  1918  pp.  7,  figs.  S). — Brief  accounts  are  given  of  the 
pear  slug  and  the  bean  maggot  {P.  chUensis)  and  the  injury  which  they  cause 
in  Chila 

Report  on  the  occurrence  of  insect  and  fungus  pests  on  plants  in  England 
and  Wales  in  the  year  1917  (Bd.  Agr.  and  Fisheries  ILondon],  Misc.  Pub.  tl 
{1918),  pp.  $ft).—A  brief  account  is  given  of  the  nM>re  important  insect  pests. 

Destruction  of  agricultural  pests,  W,  Bbvan  {Ann,  Rpt.  Dir.  Agr.  Cyprus^ 
1917-18,  pp.  11-14).— The  Mediterranean  fruit  fly,  Zygaena  ampelopkaga, 
Ceddomyia  ceratoniae,  and  the  codling  moth,  were  among  the  more  important 
insects  combated  during  the  year  ended  March  81,  1918. 

Report  of  the  work  of  the  division  of  entomology,  D.  o'Eumsbez  db 
CUABMOT  {Ann.  Rpt.  Dept.  Agr.  Mauritius,  1916,  pp.  9,  10).— A  brief  report  of 
the  occurrence  and  work  with  the  more  important  insects  of  the  year. 

[Economic  insects  in  South  Africa]  (Union  8o.  Africa,  Dept.  Agr.  Buls^ 
1918,  Nos.  9,  pp.  19,  figs.  10;  10,  pp.  20,  figs.  7;  11,  pp.  7,  figs. .().— -These  bulletins 
relate  to  The  Bagrada  Bug  (Bagrada  hUaris),  by  D.  Gunn;  European  Foul 
Brood,  by  C.  P.  Lounsbury ;  and  The  White-lined  Grapevine  ^hinx  Moth  {Sip- 
potion  celerio),  by  D.  Gunn,  respectively. 

Work  of  the  division  of  entomology,  J.  F.  iLunQWOBTH  (Ann.  Rpt.  Bur. 
Sugar  Expt.  Stas.  [Queensland],  18  (1918),  pp.  iK4-£9).*>nils  report  of  the 
work  of  the  year  includes  control  work  with  Lepidiota  frenehi  which  is  becom- 
ing a  serious  pest  of  sugar  cane  at  Meringa.  A  report  of  work  with  L.  frenehi 
by  Jarvis  has  been  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  864). 


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Iftl9)  ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ^EKTOICOLOGT.  649 

Xannal  of  ▼egretable-garden  Insects,  C.  R.  Obosbt  and  M.  D.  Iaonabd  {New 
York:  The  MacmiUan  Co.,  1918,  pp.  XV+SSl,  figs.  $$$),— The  arrangement  of 
this  work  is  by  chapters  on  the  Insects  injnrtons  to  the  principal  vegetable  crops, 
inclnding  cabbage  and  related  crops ;  peas  and  beans ;  beet  and  spinach ;  cucum- 
ber, squash,  and  melon ;  potato ;  tomato ;  eggplant ;  carrot,  celery,  parsnip,  and 
related  crops;  asparagus;  corn;  sweet  potato;  and  onion,  respectively.  Chap- 
ters on  insects  injurious  to  minor  vegetable  cr<^,  cutworms  and  army  worms, 
blister  beetles,  flea-beetles,  unclassified  pests,  and  Insects  and  insecticides 
fbllow. 

[Castor  insects  In  Ceylon]  (Trop.  Agr.  [Ceykm],  61  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  298^ 
SW>,  pi.  1). — ^Three  insect  enemies  of  castor  In  Ceylon  are  briefly  considered, 
namely,  the  castor  seed  caterpillar  {Dichocroc^  pwnctif oralis) ,  the  castor  semi- 
looper  caterpillar  (Ophiusa  melieene)^  and  the  '^ green  fly"  (Empoasca 
fiavescens). 

Insects  and  infections  at  the  front,  F.  Mesnil  and  B.  RoxmAun  (Oompt. 
Rend.  8oc.  Biol.  [ParW^,  81  (1918),  No.  tO,  pp.  108k-1088) .—K  discussion  of  the 
relation  of  insects  to  disease  transmission. 

First  list  of  the  Dermaptera  and  Orthoptera  of  Phimmers  Island,  Xd.,  and 
▼Idnity,  W.  L.  McAtee  and  A.  N.  Oaudell  (Proc.  Ent.  8oc.  Wash.,  19  (1917), 
Nos.  1-4,  pp.  100-122,  fig.  /).— An  annotated  list  of  105  species,  of  whidi  73 
were  taken  on  Plummers  Island,  Md.    A  bibliography  of  23  titles  is  included. 

Schistocerca  tartarica  taken  at  sea,  L.  O.  Howard  (Froc.  Bnt.  800,  Wash., 
19  (1917),  No.  1-4,  p.  T7).— ^his  locust  was  taken  by  Capt.  B.  Morthensen  of 
the  Norwegian  bark  Robert  Scrafton  1,200  nautical  miles  from  the  African 
coast. 

Notes  on  some  Trinidad  thrips  of  economic  importance,  O.  B.  Williams 
(Bui.  Dept.  Agr.  Trinidad  and  Tobago,  17  (1918),  No.  3,  pp.  148-146,  pis.  4).-^ 
The  species  here  noted  are  Fra$M4nothrip9  vespiformis,  P.  tenuicomls,  HeUo- 
thrips  hmmorrhoidalis,  Selenothrips  (HeUothrips)  ruhrocinotus,  Corynothrips 
sienopterus,  Prankliniella  insuiaris,  Phgsothrips  ceanthius,  and  Sedulothrips 
insolens. 

The  dtros  thrips,  A.  W.  Mobbill  (Arig.  Col.  Agr.  B9t.  8erv.  Cvrc.  28  (1918), 
pp.  5,  figs.  S). — A  popular  summary  of  Information. 

Some  important  orchard  plant  lice,  T.  J.  Headlbb  (New  Jersey  8ias.  Bui. 
S28  (1918),  pp.  5-457,  figs.  7).— This  bulletin  relates  to  three  species  of  plant 
lice,  namely,  the  apple  aphis,  the  rosy  apple  aphis  (Aphis  sorbi),  and  the 
European  grain  aphis,  all  of  which  attack  the  foliage  and  fruit  of  the  apple  and  are 
capable  under  favorable  conditions  of  destroying  a  large  percentage  of  the  crop. 
These  three  species  winter  over  on  the  water  sprouts,  twigs,  and  smaller 
branches  of  the  apple  as  small  shining  black  oval  eggs  Just  large  enough  to 
be  seen  with  the  naked  eye.  The  clover  aphis  (A.  bakeri)  has  not  appeared 
in  the  State. 

E«xperiments  show  that  the  most  practical  method  of  control  consists  of  the 
ai^llcation  of  winter  strength  lime-sulphur,  to  which  40  per  c«it  nicotin  has 
been  added  at  the  rate  of  1 :  500,  during  the  green  bud  stage.  At  this  time  the 
maximum  number  of  lice  will  be  hatched  and  will- be  killed  by  the  nicotin,  and 
the  unhatched  eg|[s  will  be  in  their  most  sensitive  state  and  will  be  destroyed 
by  the  mixture. 

Hotes  on  the  biology  of  Schisonotos  sldboldii,  R.  A.  Gubhican  (Proo.  Bnt. 
8oe.  Wash.,  19  (1917),  No.  1-4*  PP-  i28,  129,  pi.  1).— The  author  has  found  05 
per  cent  of  the  pupe  of  MeUuoma  inierruptum  on  alder  at  North  Bast,  Pa.,  to 
be  parasitized  by  8.  sieboldii. 

Borne  grass  root  aphids,  C.  P.  Qillettb  (Bnt.  News,  29  (1918),  No.  8,  pp. 
281-284f  pl'  !)• — ^Descriptions  and  notes  are  given  on  two  species  of  Forda,  the 


uigiiizea  Dy 


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650  SXPBBIICENT  8TAXI0K  BEOOBD.  [Tol4d 

winged  migrants  of  which  have  been  reared  at  the  Ootorado  Bzperimeat  Sta- 
tion for  several  years  past,  namely,  Forda  farmioaria  from  MeUoa  hulbosOf 
Poa  praiefuis,  PMem^  alpinum,  and  BlymmM  sp^  and  F.  oUvaoea  from  Hor- 
deum  sp. 

The  Aphldidie  of  Lahore,  Bashambab  Das  (Mem.  Indian  M%8„  6  U918),  No. 
4,  pp.  l$&-rtJ^  fiff9.  4;  o^«.  in  Bkv,  Appl.  Ent.,  8er.  A,  6  {1918),  No.  11,  p.  47^).— 
This  Is  a  monograph  of  the  Aphldld«  of  Lahore,  In  which  38  forms  are  recog- 
nized of  which  18  species  are  described  as  new.  Four  genera  are  erected, 
namely,  Stephensonla  for  a  new  species;  Brevlcoryne  for  Aphis  braooiotp^  A, 
chenopodii,  and  another  species;  Brachynngnls  for  three  new  species;  and  ShlT^ 
aphis  for  a  new  spedes.  A  host  plant  list  arranged  In  ali^abetlcal  order,  with 
the  dates  of  occarr^ce  of  the  aphlds  thereon.  Is  ai^iended  (pp.  268-274).  Tht 
plates  have  not  been  issued  with  the  text  but  are  to  appear  later. 

The  work  Is  edited,  with  notes  and  an  Introduction,  by  P.  van  der  Goot 

New  economic  pests  of  red  olover,  A.  C.  BmBnx  {Jour.  Boon.  Ent^  11 
{1918),  No.  5,  pp.  4^1-424,  pi.  D.'-A  brief  account  Is  first  given  of  the  third 
successive  outbreak  of  the  red  clover  aphis  {Aphis  bakeri),  which  occurred  in 
Idaho  in  1016.  An  account  of  this  pest  by  the  author  has  been  previously 
noted  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  360).  The  natural  enemies  of  the  aphis  mentioned  in- 
clude several  oocclnellids,  a  hymenopterous  parasite  recently  described  by 
Howard  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  766)  as  Aphelinus  lapislipni,  the  western  dark  Triph- 
leps  {T.  tristicolor),  etc. 

Thiips  injuring  peaches,  R.  H.  Pbttit  {Jour,  Econ.  Ent.,  11  {1918),  No.  5, 
PP*  ^^  4^1  fiff'  1)» — ^The  author  records  the  injury  to  peaches  in  the  vicinity 
of  Benton  Harbor,  Mich.,  by  the  flower  thrips  {Euthripa  iritici)  during  the  last 
five  or  six  years.  The  injury  consisted  of  shallow,  gummed  scars  on  the  fruit, 
little  more  than  skin  deep — an  injury  that  does  not  interfere  with  thetiuallty  to 
any  extent,  but  which  places  what  would  otherwise  be  a  fancy  peach  In  tiie 
second  class  or  lower  because  of  its  appearance.  The  damage  appears  to  be  d<me 
before  the  pits  begin  to  harden,  and  since  this  takes  plactf  before  thinning  begins 
it  is  possible  to  eliminate  many  of  the  blemished  fruits  during  thinning.  The 
author  has  since  observed  similarly  blemished  fruit  in  various  stores  in  other 
parts  of  the  State  where  peaches  were  offered  for  sale. 

Hemolysin  (aphidolysin)  in  plant  lice,  J.  Dswrrs  {ZooL  Ant.,  50  {1918),  No. 
2,  pp.  SS-S6). — ^In  further  investigations  of  the  cabbage  aphis  {Breviooryne 
lAphisl  hraasUxB^  it  was  found  that  desiccated  plant  lice  retain  the  hemolytic 
action  for  a  period  of  five  months  and  that  this  action  Is  not  destroyed  by  boil- 
ing for  15  minutes.  The  desiccated  ateoholic  precipitate  from  the  aphid  extract 
dissolved  in  sodium  bicarbonate,  both  boiled  and  not  boiled,  retained  Its  hemo- 
lytic action. 

The  errape  mealy  bug  (Fseudoooocoa  bakeri),  R.  L.  Nouoabbt  (ifo.  BuL  CuL 
Com.  Hort.,  7  {1918),  No.  9,  pp.  611-^14,  figs.  5).— This  is  a  brief  account  of  in- 
vestigations, by  the  Bureau  of  Entomology  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, of  P.  bakeri,  a  mealy  bug  commonly  found  on  grapes  in  Fresno  and  Kings 
Counties  and  to  a  lesser  extent  in  Tulare  Ck)unty,  Cal.  It  is  not  partlculariy 
adapted  to  the  grape  but  thrives  well  on  a  number  of  plants.  Including  citrus 
trees,  pear,  walnut,  some  ornamental  plants  grown  In  the  opeii  air  as  well  as  in 
hothouses,  certain  species  of  bulbs,  and  on  roots  when  exposed  above  ground. 
The  damage  consists  in  a  depreciation  of  the  market  value  of  the  grapes  due  to 
the  filthy  condition  of  the  bunches  in  which  the  Insect  is  present  But  little  or 
no  injury  is  caused  to  the  vine  itself  nor  does  the  dev^opment  of  the  grapes 
appear  to  be  affected. 

»Zool.  Am..  48  (1917),  pp.  889-306. 

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1919]  1(00N0MIC  JEOQLOGY — ^BHTOHOIiOOY.  651 

ObMrvmtions  on  the  inacet  pftfMdtes  of  aonie  CooeidM.— H,  On  ohaleld 
paraaitOB  of  Lecaninm  cftpnM,  A.  D.  luus  {Quturt.  Jour,  MieroB.  SoL  {London}, 
«.  ser.,  6S  {1918},  No^  261,  pp.  999^-974,  ftg$,  55).— This  second  paper  (B.  S.  R., 
87,  p.  99)  deals  with  two  important  chaidd  parasites  of  L,  oaprom,  namely, 
BUntoihrim  bfitowtUoa  and  ApAycut  mtkM09Um/^tm9,  A  bibliography  of  28 
titles  is  Included. 

Three  new  laehnids  with  comparative  notes  on  three  others,  H.  F.  Wilson 
{BfU.  New,  SO  (1919),  ^o.  1,  pp.  i-7,  pla.  B).SiHifMa  pini  collected  on  Pinu9 
virgitUana  at  Plnmmers  Idand,  Md. ;  Euktohntu  ihnnberffU  on  twigs  of  Scia- 
dapity  vtrtidOaia  and  P.  ihwnbergH  in  Tokyo,  Japan;  and  iMcHmM  /uniperi- 
vora  on  Junipenu  virgin4ana  on  Plnmmers  Island,  Md.,  are  described  as  new. 
The  genus  Unilaehmie  is  erected  for  Laohnu9  porvus  of  Wilson. 

Some  scale  Insect  pests  of  ooflee  in  South  India,  L.  O.  Ck>UBicAN  and  K. 
KuNHi  Kannan  (Dept.  Agr,  Mytore,  Ent.  Ser.  Bui  4  {1918),  pp.  67,  pU.  5,  jig: 
11). — The  greater  part  of  this  work  deals  with  the  "  green  bug,*'  a  term  which 
stands  for  a  number  of  distinct  species  of  soft  scales,  Induding  the  Oeylon  form 
(Coeoiw  vUridit)  and  the  Idysore  form,  first  discoTered  in  1918  and  described 
by  the  Junior  author  in  1917  as  representing  a  new  species,  C,  oolemofU. 

It  is  pointed  out  that  the  green  bug,  which  is  variable  in  its  behavior,  was 
almost  certainly  Introduced  into  the  coffee  estates  In  Mysore  from  Bangalore. 
It  is  spread  by  wind,  fallen  leaves,  birds,  ants,  etc.  There  are  two  fungi  which 
are  very  effective  checks  in  its  multiplication  in  Mysore,  provided  the  monsoons 
are  regular  and  normal,  namely,  the  white  fungus  {Cephal09poHum  leoaMi) 
and  the  gray  or  bla<±  fungus  {Bmpuia  leoanH),  When  and  where  the  mon- 
soons are  deficient  so  that  the  fungi  do  not  operate  or  operate  but  feebly,  it  is 
recommended  that  spraying  and  brushing  be  employed,  fish-oil  resin  soap  used 
at  the  rate  of  1  lb.  to  2  gal.  of  water  being  the  best  insecticide.  All  nests  of 
attending  ants  should  be  systematically  destroyed  and  fungi  should  be  spread 
over  the  estate  immediately  after  their  appearance  by  tybig  up  branches  con- 
taining them  to  trees  which  do  not  show  them. 

The  other  coccids  considered  include  the  hemispherical  scale  and  green  mealy 
scale  or  mealy  bug  {PuMnaria  p9idii). 

The  black  scale  of  the  olive,  C.  Oamacho  {La  OoeMnUUi  Negra  del  Olivo 
SaUseiia  olem  {Leoanium  olea)»  SanUago,  Chile:  Berv.  Pol.  8anU.  Veietal, 
1917,  pp.  t,  pL  1). — ^A  brief  description  is  given  of  this  scale  and  means  for  its 
control  in  Chile,  where  it  is  an  important  enemy  of  the  olive. 

Preliminary  report  on  carbon  tetraehlorid  vapor  as  a  delouslng  agent, 
M.  EL  FosTKE  {Pub.  Medlih  RpU.  [V.  8.h  99  (1918),  No.  43,  pp.  1829-1897).-^ 
In  the  search  fbr  a  practical  method  of  destroying  lice  which  can  be  ai^lied 
with  a  simple  apparatus  and  will  not  injure  woolen  fhbrics,  the  author  experi- 
mented with  cartx>n  tetraehlorid. 

The  pure  vapor  was  found  to  kill  unprotected  lice  In  15  minutes  but  failed  to 
destroy  them  in  10  minutes.  It  was  much  more  toxic  than  either  gasoline  or 
diloroform.  For  100  cu.  in.  of  space  occupied  by  clothing  1.82  cc.  Of  carbon 
tetraehlorid,  or  80.5  cc.  to  the  cubic  toot,  with  2  hours'  exposure,  was  found  to 
be  required  to  destroy  the  lice.    The  ova  were  not  killed  at  this  strength. 

It  is  pointed  out  that  there  is  no  intention  of  substituting  carbon  tetraehlorid 
for  heat  and  cyanid  gas  treatments,  where  these  are  available,  since  they  are 
much  more  economical  where  large  quantities  of  clothing  are  to  be  deloused  at 
one  time  in  one  place 

Cattle  lice  and  their  control,  O.  H.  Lavsoit,  jk.  (ConneoUcui  Storrs  8ta. 
BuL  97  {1918),  pp.  S9S''4Uf  flff^-  9).— Three  species  of  lice  are  here  considered, 
two  of  whi<di,  the  short-nosed  cattle  louse  (Hwmatopinue  eurystemu*)  and  the 


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652  EXPBRIBCBKT  STATION  RECORD..  [Tol4« 

long-noaed  cattle  loose  {H.  vituU)  are  sacking  lice,  and  the  third,  the  litae  red 
cattle  louse  {TricKodedet  toaUirU),  feeds  upon  the  skin  and  hair. 

It  is  pointed  out  that'  the  largest  number  of  lice  occurs  during  the  winter 
months,  and  treatment  should  begin  soon  after  the  cows  are  brought  in  from  the 
pasture  in  the  fall  and  rQ)eated  in  12  or  IS  days  and  then  every  month  there- 
after. The  application  of  raw  linseed  oil  with  a  brush  at  the  time  of  grooming 
was  found  to  be  very  effectiYe  and  not  to  bum  or  injure  the  skin.  In  addition, 
the  treatment  is  quite  inexpensive,  isosting  but  a  few  cents  per  animal  f6r  eadi 
application.  Other  control  measures  which  have  proved  less  satisfactory,  in- 
dudlng  a  test  of  fumigation  with  a  tobacco  preparation,  are  also  discussed. 

The  hog  louse  (HaBmatopinas  sols),  H.  R.  Watts  (TeiMieMoe  Bio,  BuL  Iff 
{1918) J  pp.  S-16,  fiffB.  7). — This  is  a  preliminary  report  and  a  popular  accouat 
of  the  results  of  investigations  of  the  life  history  and  habits  of  S,  Miit  at  the 
station. 

The  eggs  of  this  louse  are  laid  only  on  hogs,  ^ued  to  the  base  of  the  hairs 
and  chiefly  on  the  lower  half  of  the  body.  Maturity  is  reached  and  the  female 
begins  to  oviposit  in  from  11  to  13  days  after  hatdiing,  from  8  to  4  eggs  being 
deposited  per  day.  The  eggs  hatch  in  from  13  to  20  days,  the  majority  od  the 
fifteenth,  sixteenth,  and  seventeenth  days.  The  longevity  of  the  louse  averages 
about  80  days,  but  a  few  have  been  found  to  live  more  than  40  days.  The  life 
cycle  is  normally  20  to  40  days,  varying  from  24  to  63.  There  are  from  6  to  15 
generations  a  year,  the  usual  number  being  from  0  to  12. 

In  the  treatment  of  hogs  for  lice,  the  application  of  a  thin  oil  Is  considered 
to  be  the  best  remedy,  though  any  oil  or  any  mixture  containing  considerable 
oil  will  kill  both  lice  and  eggs.  "Thick  heavy  greases  or  pasty  materials 
should  not  be  used,  as  they  do  not  spread  over  the  skin  well  enough  to  be  very 
effective,  and  are  not  economical.  Medicated  oils,  disinfectants,  and  various 
proprietary  materials  are  no  better  than  the  common  oils  for  killing  hog  lice, 
but  may  be  Just  as  good  if  they  contain  considerable  oil  and  no  substances  that 
are  injurious  to  the  animals.*' 

The  pebrine  disease  of  sUkworms  in  India,  O.  M.  Hutchinson  (A^.  Re- 
search IfUt.  Pusa  Bui  75  {1917),  pp.  5,  pis.  £).— -This  is  an  interim  report  on 
the  author's  investigations  of  the  Pasteur  method  in  the  elimination  of  pe- 
brine, in  which  he  describes  and  recommends  the  trial  of  a  modification  of  this 
method,  that  he  has  devised  and  found  successful  on  a  small  scale  at  Pusa. 

Pebrine,  C.  M.  Hutchinson  {Awn.  Rpt.  Bd.  Sci.  Advice  /fulia,  191&'ll,  pp. 
Sl-SS). — ^A  brief  discussion  of  work  with  this  disease  of  silkworms  in  India. 

Injury  caused  by  the  pine  twig  borer  (Bvetria  buoliana)  at  Verrierea, 
P.  Lftv£QUB  DE  ViLMORiN  {BuL  800.  Path.  Veg.  France,  4  {1917),  No.  t,  pp.  88- 
85;  abs.  in  Intemat.  Inst.  Apr.  IBctnel,  Intemat.  Rev.  8cL  and  Pract.  Agr^ 
9  {1918),  No.  8,  pp.  1014,  1015).— A  brief  account  of  this  pest  at  YenltfeB. 
where  for  many  years  it  has  been  a  source  of  injury  to  pine.  Several  ich- 
neumon parasites,  first  observed  in  1917,  may  prove  of  value  In  its  controL 

The  oriental  peach  moth:  A  Japanese  fruit  insect  recently  introduced  Into 
the  United  States,  W.  B.  Wood  {Mo.  Buk  Cat.  Com.  Hort.,  7  {1918),  No.  9,  pp. 
62S-5Z9,  figs.  9).— This  is  a  brief  account  of  Laspeyresia  molesta,  a  detailed 
account  of  which  has  been  previously  noted  (E.  S.  JR.,  39,  p.  250). 

A  revision  of  the  North  American  Qradlariidae  from  the  standpolAt  of 
.venation,  C.  R.  Elt  (Proc.  Snt,  Soo.  Wash.^  19  {1917},  No.  i-4,  pp.  $9-77,  AH- 
tO). — ^This  Is  a  revision  of  a  family  of  much  economic  inqwrtance. 

A  new  Coleophora  injurious  to  apple  In  California,  G.  Heinbich  (Proc 
EM.  Soo.  Wash.,  19  {1917),  No.  1-4,  pp.  1S6,  iM).— A  new  species  injurlom  to 
apple  in  California,  previously  noted  (B.  &  B.»  88,  pi  802),  is  described  as 
Coleophora  volckek 


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1919]  ECOKOHIC  ZOOLOGY — ^BNTOMOLOGY.  658 

01«thr«atM  variegrMia,  a  mlcrolepidopt«raa  l&Jurioiis  to  fmlt  tr«M  In 
ItalXf  A.  Samba  (Bol.  Lab.  Zool,  Oen,  e  Apr.  R.  Bcuola  Sup.  Agr.  Partici,  1% 
il918),  pp.  175-1S7;  abs.  in  Intemat.  Inst.  Agr.  [Romel,  Intemai.  Rev.  8ci.  tmd 
Pract.  Agr.,  9  U918),  No.  5,  pp.  64S,  $46). — A  report  of  morphological  and  bio- 
logical studies  of  a  lepidopteran  which  attacks  common  medlar,  almond* 
mahaleb,  plum,  apricot,  and  apple  trees  in  the  districts  of  Santerama  OoUe 
(Apulia)  and  Matera  (BasiUcata),  Italy.  It  occurs  In  central  and  southern 
Europe,  LlYonia,  Finland,  Sweden,  and  Asia  Minor.  Studies  of  its  parasites 
have  shown  flye  species  to  act  as  important  checks. 

A  parasite  identified  as  belonging  to  the  genus  Oopidosoma  is  said  to  be  a 
polyembryonic  form. 

Two  new  instances  of  polyembrjrony  among  the  BncyrtidaB,  L.  O.  Howabd 
(Science,  n.  ser.,  i9  U919),  No.  1264,  PP-  49,  44).— The  author  refers  to  obser- 
Yatlons  in  Italy  in  which  it  is  shown  that  Bncyrtue  variioomis,  a  parasite  of 
AnarBim  HneateUa,  and  Copido$ama  sp.,  reared  from  the  larva  of  Olethreutet 
variegana,  are  polyembryonlc  forms. 

A  oontribntion  to  the  biology  of  North  American  Diptera,  G.  T.  Gikbehk 
iProc.  Ent.  Soc.  Wash.,  19  {1917),  No.  1-4,  PP-  146-161,  flgs-  W).— Notes  are 
presented  on  a  numb€fr  of  dlpterans  reared  by  the  author,  all  of  which  hiber- 
nate in  the  larval  stage.  Of  these  the  larvn  of  Mpdas  clavatus  and  DasfflUs 
thwradca  are  predacious  on  coleopterous  lanre,  and  the  larva  of  Dasyllis  is 
a  secondary  wood  borer  in  addition  to  being  predatory. 

The  Identity  of  the  wheat  midge  in  Ontario,  W.  A.  Ross  (Canad.  Efnt.,  $1 
{1919),  No.  1,  p.  16,  figs.  «).— A  study  of  the  wheat  midge  or  "red  weevil," 
whicdi  reappeared  in  Ontario  in  fairly  large  numbers  In  1917  and  In  lesser 
Bombers  in  1918,  led  to  the  discovery  that  the  species  concerned  is  Thecod4- 
pioeis  moseUana. 

The  rose  niid|r«  In  Ontario,  W.  A.  Ross  {Agr.  Qaz.  Canada,  6  (1919),  No.  $, 
pp.  1S7,  138,  fig.  1). — ^A  brief  account  of  the  rose  midge,  which  was  first  dis- 
covered In  Ontario  in  1914  in  a  large  rose  garden  near  London. 

The  lake  mosqnito,  Xansonia  titillans,  and  its  host  plant,  Pistia  stra'tiotes, 
In  the  Canal  Zone,  Panama,  L.  H.  Dunn  (Ent.  News,  29  (1918),  Nos.  7,  pp. 
tM-999:  8,  pp.  288-995). — ^An  extended  account  of  M.  titiUans,  termed  the  lake 
mosquito  on  account  of  Its  abundance  in  the  lake  regions.  Since  the  formation 
of  Gatun  Lake  this  mosquito  has  increased  in  abundance  simultaneously  with 
the  spread  of  water  lettuce  (P.  stratiot^s),  which  acts  as  a  host  plant  by  fur- 
niiAiing  the  larvte  and  pupie  with  their  necessary  air  supply. 

An  Improvised  method  for  oiling  sluggish  streams  continuously  for  the 
prevention  of  mosquito  breeding,  B.  E.  Ktswan  {U.  S.  Naval  Med.  Bui.  Sup. 
7  (1918),  pp.  57,  68). — A  brief  account  of  the  method  used  by  the  author  Is  given. 

Dohmiphora  Tenusta  In  Sarraoenia  flava,  F.  M.  Jones  (Ent.  News,  29 
(1918),  No.  8,  pp.  299^02,  pi.  i).— A  report  of  studies  of  the  life  history  and 
morphology  of  this  phorid,  which  develops  tn  the  Insect  remains  in  the  pitcher 
plant. 

Notes  on  North  American  Tachlnldn,  including  the  description  of  one  new 
genns,  H.  B.  Sierra  (Proe.  Eni.  See.  Wash.,  19  (1917),  No.  1-4,  pp.  122-126).— 
Included  in  these  notes  are  descriptions  of  a  new  gonus  nnd  species,  under  the 
name  SpUcchmetosctna  caHfomica,  from  Claremont,  Cftl. 

Three  new  taehlnld  parasites  of  Eleodes,  W.  R.  Walton  (Proc.  Ent,  Soe. 
Wash.,  19  (1917),  No.  1-4,  pp.  22-26,  figs.  8).—Bleodiphaga  caffregi  n.  g.  and 
B.  sp.  from  Eleodes  emtricata  at  Marwell,  N.  Mex.,  and  B.  obsoleta  at  Prescott, 
Arts. ;  B.  pollinasa  n.  sp.,  reaiM  from  E.  hispilahrus  at  Maxwell,  N.  Mex. ;  and 
Biomifia  Oeodivora  n.  sp.,  from  B.  trioostata  at  Holdredge,  Nebr.,  are  described. 
UeSSS*— No.7— 19 6 

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654  fiXFERiiCEirr  station  bbcx)B0.  [voiio 

The  i^ple  maggot  In  Britlah  OolomliU,  W.  Downbb  {Oamad.  Ettt^  SI  {191$), 
No.  If  pp.  t-^). — ^The  author  records  the  collection  of  two  qwdmois  of  the 
apple  maggot  at  Royal  Oak,  near  Victoria,  B.  C,  in  August,  1917,  prevloos  to 
which  there  had  been  only  two  authentic  records  of  its  capture  on  the  Padfle 
slope.  A  search  fxar  its  host  resulted  in  finding  it  to  Infest  the  snowberry 
{ByinphwrioarpoM  raoefno9U9),  a  very  common  shrub  all  oyer  the  drier  parts  of 
the  coast  and  interior  of  British  Oolumbia.  The  adult*  fly  has  since  been 
taken  by  the  author  in  the  Ticinlty  of  Victoria  and  all  over  Saanich  Peninsnlt 
wherever  the  snowberry  grows.  A  parasite  reared  from  the  pupe  has  been 
identified  as  a  new  species  of  Opius. 

It  is  pointed  out  that  the  apple  maggot  was  reported  hy  Meander  In  1911 
(E.  S.  R.,  20,  p.  767)  as  destructive  along  the  eastern  border  of  the  State  of 
Washington. 

Control  of  the  apple  maggot,  L.  Oabsab  and  W.  A.  Ross  (Cofuul.  H<trK,  V 
il919),  No.  2,  pp.  rr,  08).— The  results  of  field  tests  conducted  in  various  parts 
of  Ontario,  extending  over  a  period  of  five  consecutive  years  and  corroborated 
hy  laboratory  tests,  led  the  authors  to  conclude  that  the  apple  maggot  esn  be 
successfully  controlled  in  apple  orchards  by  spraying. 

"The  first  application  should  be  given  just  before  or  as  the  adults  beiin 
to  emerge,  which  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  Province  is  about  the  last 
week  in  June,  and  in  the  parts  with  a  somewliat  colder  climate  such  as  Gueilidi, 
Stratford,  and  the  district  all  along  Lake  Ontario  about  the  first  we^  of  July, 
and  in  the  Mil  colder  parts  such  as  Ottawa  and  the  St.  Lawrence  River 
Valley  about  th6  second  week  in  July. 

"  The  second  application  should  be  made  when  the  first  has  begun  to  dis- 
appear, or  usually  in  from  two  to  three  weeks.  In-  wet  seasons  like  the 
summer  of  1915,  a  third  application  about  ten  days  after  the' second  will  be 
necessary.  Two  years  should  almost  completely  destroy  the  Insect  in  any 
orchard  provided  that  infested  orchards  are  not  situated  close  by.  In  such 
case  every  effort  should  be  made  to  have  these  treated  also.  In  all  orcharde 
every  tree,  whether  bearing  fruit  or  not,  should  be  sprayed,  because  tiie  adults 
often  frequent  such  trees  until  egg  laying  begins." 

Comparative  tests  show  that  the  results  were  equally  good  where  the  arsenate 
of  lead  was  used  alone  as  where  combined  with  molasses.  The  authors  recom- 
mend the  use  of  2  to  3  lbs.  of  the  paste  form  of  arsenate  of  lead  or  1  to  L6 
lbs.  of  the  powder  form  to  40  gals,  of  water. 

Eumerus  strlgatus,  the  lunate  onion  fly  in  New  Jersey,  H.  B.  Weiss  and 
A.  S.  NiooLAT  {Ent.  New9^  SO  (1919),  No.  1,  p.  i»7).—The  authors  record  the 
collection  of  this  European  species  in  a  greenhouse  at  Rutherford,  N.  J.,  on 
February  6,  1D18. 

A  new  specif  of  longhom  heetle  Infesting  eowpeaa  from  Xesleo,  W.  S. 
FiSHia  {Proc.  Ent.  8oc.  Wosii.,  19  {1917),  No.  1^  pp.  178,  i7^).— Under  the 
name  Lepturges  spermophaffua  the  author  describes  a  new  longicom  beetle 
which  is  said  to  be  the  second  longicom  recorded  as  Infesting  l^ominoos 
plants. 

A  one-year  life  cycle  for  Saperda  eaadida  reared  in  an  apple»  G.  Q.  I^bckb 
{Ent.  Neu)8,  30  {1919),  No.  1,  p.  t4).—ln  this  note,  which  s^^lements  BuUetta 
146  of  the  Arkansas  Experiment  Station  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  98,  p.  068) » 
the  author  records  having  reared  the  round-headed  apple-tree  borer  through 
all  of  its  stages  in  the  fruit  of  apple  during  a  period  of  one  year. 

The  passion  vine  longicom  heetle  (Xonohaaunas  flstnlatoir),  W.  W.  Fses- 
OATT  (Agr.  Qaz.  N.  8.  Wales,  SO  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  yt'S9,  fig*.  4).— A  brief  ac- 
count of  this  beetle,  which  is  a  serious  pest  of  the  cultivated  passion  vine  in 
the  Somersby  district,  near  Oosford,  New  South  ^alea. 

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»19]  BCONOMIO  Z0OL0OY-— BirrOMOXX>OY.  666 

The  mango  tree  borer  CBatocera  rabra)  (Dept,  Agr.  Mauritius,  Leaflet  10 
{1918) p  pp,  S,  flfft.  5).— A  brief  account  of  this  borer,  which  is  responsible  for 
canadderable  dama^  to  seyeral  species  of  trees  in  Mauritius,  Including  the 
Bols  N<^r,  the  banyan,  the  "  Qolden  Apple,"  and  the  kapok  tree. 

▲  new  genus  (Perissarthron)  of  Blateridn  and  a  roTlsion  of  the  American 
Bl»terldA  of  the  genus  Pyrophorus,  with  descriptions  of  new  spedes,  J.  A. 
Htslop  iProc.  Ent  8oo.  Wash.,  IB  {1917),  No.  1-^,  pp.  1^12,  pi.  i,  Ags.  17).— 
Four  Bpedes  of  Pyrophorus  are  recognized  from  the  United  States,  of  which 
two  are  described  as  new. 

The  elaterid  genus  Oistus  of  Candeee,  J;  A.  Htslop  {Proc.  Bnt.  Soe.  WasK^ 
19  (1917),  No.  i-4,  pp.  12&'l$8).'-'Vnaet  the  name  Oistus  edmonstoni  the 
author  describes  a  new  species  collected  on  the  cone  of  Douglas  fir  at  Ashland, 
Oreg. 

Kotes  and  descriptions  of  some  orchid  weevils,  H.  S.  Babbeb  {Proe.  Ent. 
8oc.  Wash.,  19  {1917),  No.  1-4,  pp.  12-22,  pL  1). — Seven  species  are  here  de- 
scribed of  which  three  are  new  to  science,  namely,  Acpthopeus  gilvonotatus, 
probably  from  the  Philippine  Islands,  from  orchids  in  greenhouses  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  and  in  Bergen  County,  N.  J. ;  Eucactophagus  weissi,  probably  from 
tropical  America,  taken  in  orchid  houses  at  Summit,  N.  J. ;  and  E.  hiooeUatus 
received  from  the  Canal  Zone,  Panama. 

How  to  control  blllbugs  destructive  to  cereal  and  forage  crops,  A  F.  Sat- 
nEBTHWArr  (U.  £f.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers*  BuL  IOCS  {1919),  pp.  29,  figs.  2^).— This 
la  a  popular  summary  of  information  on  eleven  species  of  blllbugs  of  economic 
importance  and  their  control,  namely,  the  blue  grass  billbug  {Sphencphorus 
parvuius),  com  billbug  {8.  zew),  clay-colored  billbug  (S.  (tqualis),  maize  bill- 
bug  (£f.  maidis),  *'  curlew  bug  "  {8.  callosus),  tule  billbug  {8.  discolor),  cat-tail 
bUlbug  {8.  periknax),  destructive  billbug  {8.  destructor),  X-marked  billbug  {8. 
venatus).  Phoenix  billbug  {8.  phoeniciensis) ,  and  little  billbug  {8.  minimus.). 

In  the  discussion  of  control  measures,  it  is  pointed  out  that  serious  injury  to 
cultivated  crops  by  blllbugs  may  be  easily  prevented  by  the  following  simple 
beneficial  cultural  practices:  Clean  cultivation,  f^U  plowing,  planting  of  crops 
which  are  Immune  to  bUlbug  injury,  proper  rotation  of  crops,  improved  drainage 
of  damp  lands,  and  community  action  In  adopting  control  measures. 

The  flower  and  the  bee,  J.  H.  Lovzll  {New  York:  Charles  Scritmer's  8ons, 
1918,  pp.  XVII -^286,  pi.  1,  figs.  119).— This  is  a  discussion  of  Insects  as  related 
to  pollination. 

Negative  results  from  attempted  queen  bee  mating  In  a  double  tent  In- 
closure,  L.  V.  Fbajvce  {Soience,  n.  ser.,  49  {1919),  No.  1255,  p.  72).— A  brief 
•  statement  of  an  experiment  at  the  Minnesota  Experiment  Station,  in  which 
negative  results  were  obtained. 

Heetiiig  habits  of  Bombus  and  Osmla,  P.  F.  Hoheb  {Trans.  Utah  Acad,  fifoi, 
1  {199S-1917),  pp.  i6-^0). --Observations  at  Logan,  Utah,  of  the  nest  of  Bombus 
marieowlt  one  of  the  most  common  of  the  western  bumblebees,  show  that  it  not 
only  uses  the  pupal  cases  as  storage  cells  but  in  addition  builds  both  brood  cells 
and  pollen  tubes  of  wax. 

'  The  Argentine  ant  and  how  to  control  It,  F.  L.  Thomas  {Alabama  Col.  8ta. 
Cira,  89  {1918) j  pp.  55-58). -^A  brief  popular  summary  of  Information. 

Kotes  on  the  larvw  of  some  Gephldas,  W.  MmDLBioiT  {Proc.  Bnt.  8oc.  WMh., 
19  {1917),  No.  1-4,  PP'  174^179,  figs.  ^2).— This  is  the  first  of  a  series  of  papers 
which  will  deal  with  descriptions,  notes,  and  keys  of  North  American  sawfly 
larvK; 

The  American  species  of  the  genus  Gephus,  S.  A.  Rohwkk  {Proc.  Ent.  8oo. 
Wash.,  19  {1917),  No.  1-4,  pp.  1S9-141).—A  study  of  a  Uirge  series  of  spedmens 


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666  BXPEBIMElirr  station  BBOOBD.  IVol^O 

of  Cephus  reared  from  the  stems  of  various  grass-like  plants  led  to  tlie  retogr 
nidon  of  C.  pygmaeus  <Linn«08)  and  C  cinctuM  of  Norton. 

Two  new  chaldds  from  the  seeds  of  Amelannhier,  R.  A.  Gu0hman  (JVocl 
Ent.  8oc,  Wash,,  19  (1911),  No,  i«4»  PP*  79-86,  flg»,  6).— JfeffMli^sNM  •meiaa 
chieris  taken  at  Pickens  and  French  Greek,  W.  Va.,  and  North  Ekst,  Pa^  and 
8yntamaspi9  amelanchieris  at  Pidcens,  W.  Ya.,  and  North  ESast,  Pa.«  are  de- 
scribed as  new  to  science. 

Oryssus  is  parasitic,  H.  E.  Bubke  (Proc  EfU,  8oa.  Wa9K,  19  (1917),  J^sl 
1~4>  PP-  87-89). — Observations  made  daring  the  past  two  years  by  agents  of 
the  Pacific  Slope  Forest  Insect  Station  definitely  prove  that  Oryssns  is  parasitic 
on  several  species  of  the  genus  Buprestis,  and  probably  also  on  other 
Buprestids. 

A  much  described  idmeumonid  and  its  systematic  position,  R.  A.  Cubh- 
MAN  {Proc,  Ent.  Soc.  WomK  19  {1917),  No.  1-4,  pp.  10£-ie5).— This  paper  re- 
lates to  Diacritus  tmiUebris  (Gresson). 

A  contribution  on  the  control  of  Fiexis  brasaion,  G.  Jbobit  (Loiufio.  J€ihrb, 
Schweiz,  S2  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  52&-^60).'— The  data  here  reported  relats  to 
studies  of  the  hibernating  pupfe  of  the  cabbage  butterfly,  the  biology  of  some 
of  its  ichneumonid  parasites,  the  ovipoeition  and  life  cycle  of  the  first  genera- 
tion, parasitism  of  and  pupation  of  larvie  of  the  first  generation,  and  cmitrot 
measures. 

Spider  mite  attacks  on  china  (Peruvian  bark),  tea,  etc,  M.  Kerbosch  and 
G.  BEaiNAitD  (Dept.  Landb.,  Nijv.  en  Handel  IDutch  EaH  Indies},  Meded.  Proef- 
8tdi.  Thee,  No.  60  {1918),  pp.  16,  pl9.  7;  Dept.  Landb.,  Nijv.  en  Hand^  [Dicfdl 
East  Indies],  Meded.  Kina  Proefstat.,  No.  4  {1918),  pp.  16,  pis.  7).-— The  spider 
mites  here  considered  are  the  red  mite  {Tetrantfchiu  bimacuUUus)  of  cassava, 
cinchona,  etc.;  and  the  red  mite  (T.  bioculatus),  the  orange  mite  {BrevipaipuM 
obovatus),  and  the  yellow  mite  {Tarsonymus  transluoens)  of  tea. 

The  spinose  ear  tick  (Oralthodoros  me^nini),  Q.  A.  H.  Bedford  (I7itlofi 
8o.  Africa,  Dept.  Affr.  Local  8er.  No.  18  [1918],  pp.  6).— This  tick,  first  re- 
ported from  South  Africa  by  the  author  in  1912  (E.  S.  R.,  29,  p.  476),  has  be- 
come extremely  common  and  widely  distributed  throughout  Gape  Province^ 
Orange  Free  State,  and  Bechuanaland.  It  is  also  found  in  Natal,  but  does  not 
appear  to  be  common  there. 

A  description  is  given  of  the  several  stages  of  the  species,  an  account  of  its 
life  history,  and  measures  for  eradication. 

FOODS— HTTMAH  NTJTBITIOH. 

The  palate  of  civilized  man  and  its  influence  on  agiicnltare,  D.  Fabcbiud 
{Jour.  FrankUn  Inst.,  185  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  199^16,  ftffs.  ^).— The  autbor  dis- 
cusses the  food  likes  and  dislikes  of  various  peoples  throughout  the  world,  and 
shows  how  an  eccentric  palate  on  the  part  of  the  American  people  mlg^t  hinder 
the  development  of  agriculture  in  the  future. 

Horse  flesh  and  its  examination,  G.  Ambeboke  {Ztschr,  Untersuch.  Nahr.  tu 
Oenussmtk,  S6  {1918),  No.  5-6,  pp.  81-^).— This  paper  records  the  results  of 
analyses  of  cuts  from  8  different  horses,  with  reference  to  the  value  of  horse 
flesh  as  food.  The  water,  txkt,  ash,  organic  material  not  fkt,  and  the  ''propor- 
tionate number  "  for  various  parts  of  the  animals  were  determined. 

Shrinkage  of  meat  in  oooking  (iPood  and  Cookery  and  Catering  World 
[London],  22  {1918),  No.  259,  p.  14).— S^tistics  are  given  showing  the  losses 
incurred  by  cooking  some  of  the  common  cuts  of  meats,  together  with  compari- 
sons of  the  loss  when  cooked  by  electricity  and  gas. 


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1919]  VOODB — ^HUMAN  KUTBITION.  657 

**  It  has  bem  observed  that  a  considerable  saving  In  meat  la  effected  If  those 
responsible  for  the  cooking,  whether  for  private  establishments  or  for  trade 
porpoees,  Insist  upon  the  Joints  being  rather  under  than  overcooked.  The  most 
pt^ular  joints  would  then  show  a  wastage  In  cooking  of  <mly  the  average  of 
about  85  per  cent,  but  overcooked  meat,  which  is  sometimes  half  burnt  up, 
allows  a  very  much  greater  wastage." 

Kuaaels  and  their  preparation,  P.  BmrBNBBBO  and  L.  von  Noel  (Ztsehr, 
UniersMch,  Nahr.  «.  Genustmtl,  96  {1918),  No.  l-t,  pp.  1-15).— This  article  In- 
<dudes  a  description  of  the  mussel  (Mytilu9  edulU),  Its  cultivation,  and  Its  use 
as  food. 

Unlike  the  oyster,  this  shellfish  Is  seldom  eaten  uncooked.  Data  showing 
the  effect  of  heat  on  the  mussel  and  the  soluble  material  extracted  during 
boiling  are  given.  The  mussel  fiesh  can  be  preserved  by  smoking,  salting, 
drylniT,  and  powdering,  and  It  can  be  made  into  a  paste  and  also  a  variety 
of  sausage.  The  authors  state  that  because  of  Its  palatabllity,  Its  hlgH  content 
of  albumin,  and  Its  dieapness  It  Is  used  In  the  preparation  of  an  extract  similar 
to  meat  extracta  They  refer  to  the  fact  that  the  mussels,  like  oysters, 
when  grown  and  marketed  under  Insanitary  conditions  become  unsuitable  for 
food.  Some  regulations  per&lnlng  to  the  cultivation  and  marketing  of  mus- 
ses are  briefly  noted. 

Xeport  by  the  Voed  (War)  Committee  of  the  Boyal  Society  on  the  di- 
gestibility of  breads  {London:  Food  {War)  Committee,  Roy.  Soc,  1918,  pp.  S6, 
pi.  1). — ^Thls  report  Includes  a  comparison  of  the  digestibility  of  breads  made 
from  wheat  flour  at  80  and  90  per  cent  extraction ;  a  study  of  the  digestibility 
of  bread  made  from  flour  of  which  four-fifths  was  wheat  at  80  per  cent  ex- 
traction and  one-fifth  was  maize ;  and  studies  of.  the  dietetic  effect  and  of  the 
palatabllity  of  bread  made  from  wheat  fiour  of  90  per  cent  extraction,  either 
alone  or  diluted  with  cereals  other  than  wheat,  upon  groups  of  people  of 
varying  ages  and  occupations. 

The  results  obtained  in  feeding  experiments  on  individuals  led  to  the  fol- 
lowing conclusions:  Breads  made  from  90  per  cent  fiour  are  not  so  completely 
atHtsed  as  those  made  from  80  per  cent  fiour,  since  when  used  as  part  of  an 
ordinary  mixed  diet  the  coefficient  of  digestibility  of  the  entire  diet  was  94.5 
per  cent  in  comparison  with  98.4  per  cent  when  breads  made  of  the  80  per  cent 
extraction  were  used.  The  coefficient  of  digestibility  fbr  the  nltrogoious  con- 
stituents of  the  diet  in  the  case  of  the  former  Is  87.3  per  cent  and  the  latter 
89.4  per  cent 

The  observations  Indicate  that  bread  made  of  fiour  of  90  per  cent  extraction 
has  no  ill  effects  upon  health  and  will  mean  a  gain  in  food  value  for  every  100 
lbs.  of  wheat  of  13,000  total  calories  and  1.56  lbs.  of  protein. 

"Bread  made  ftom  fiour  containing  80  per  cent  wheaten  fiour  and  20  per 
cent  coarsely  dressed  maize  fiour  proved  to  be  as  digestible  as  bread  made  from 
the  same  wheaten  fiour  without  admixture.  Bread  containing  20  per  cent 
maize  was  well  digested  by  children  even  when  eaten  in  proportionately  large 
quantities.*' 

It  was  found  that  breod  made  from  fiour  containing  80  per  cent  of  wheat 
flour  of  90  per  cent  extraction  with  an  admixture  of  20  t^er  cent  other  cereals, 
namely,  10  per  cent  barley  and  the  remainder  maize  and  rice,  or  rice  alone, 
was  palatable  and  caused  no  digestive  trouble. 

Details  pertaining  to  these  observations  are  given  In  the  following  appen- 
dixes: The  Mining  and  Baking  Processes;  Nature  of  the  Wheat  and  Maize 
Flours  Employed ;  and  Flour  Used  and  Method  of  Baking,  by  A.  E.  Humphries. 


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658  BXPERiACEi^rr  station  BBGOBD.  CToI^D 

Ohio  Bpiiag  wheat  retains  erluten  propertiaB:  Adaptability  of  gtain  abovn 
by  milling  and  baking  tests,  M.  K.  Oobbould  (Mo.  Buk  Ohio  Sta^  4  (1P19>, 
No.  2,  p.  49^1,  fig.  Jf).— From  a  study  of  the  physical  characteristics*  milling 
record,  and  balUng  tests  which  are  summarized  of  Ohio  grown  Marquis  and 
Blue  Ribbon  wheats  in  comparison  with  such  wheats  grown  Id  Wiaconsiii,  die 
conclusion  is  reached  that  when  grown  in  Ohio  this  wheat  does  not  loae  its 
natural  characteristics  or  baking  strength  and  that,  therefore,  locally-grewn 
wheat  would  prove  satisfactory  for  seed  purposes. 

The  djali  boas  (Coix  lacryma  Jobi),  P.  W.  van  nmx  Bsobk  (T^yamumtia,  19 
{1918),  No.  1,  pp.  59-^1).— This  article  describes  a  variety  of  Job's  tears,  tiie 
seeds  of  wldch  may  be  steamed  like  rice  or  made  into  a  porridge,  or  ground 
into  meal  and  used  as  flour  in  the  making  of  bread  and  cake. 

A  bacteriological  examination  of  green  vegetables,  F.  W.  Kin»  iAmtr. 
Jour.  Pub.  Health,  8  (1918),  No.  9,  pp.  $$0,  661). --Jn  this  study  attenUoo  wis 
principally  directed  toward  estimating  the  presence  of  the  coil-typhoid  groiqi, 
streptococci,  and  auffiroblc  organisms  on  green  vegetables,  such  as  lettuce^ 
celery,  watercress,  etc. 

Bacillus  coU  was  found  on  22  out  of  29  samples,  streptococci  on  8,  B.  oioaos 
on  6,  and  mold  spores  on  13,  while  28  samples  contained  organisms  forming  gas 
in  lactose  broth.  The  observations,  in  the  author's  opioion,  do  not  seem  to 
indicate  that  the  general  sanitary  conditions  of  the  store  influenced  the  bacterial 
count 

Coffee  substitutes,  S.  Bothsnfussxb  (Ztschr.  UtUersueh.  Nahr.  u.  OenmttnUL, 
S6  {1918),  No.  9-4,  pp.  5^9).— The  author  discusses  the  following  coffee  ssb- 
stitutes :  "  Gesundaheltskaffee,"  '*  Nahrsalzkaffee,"  and  "  HomOopathiadier- 
kaffee." 

Investigation  and  examination  of  the  coffee  substitute,  chicory,  SL  Sxb. 
and  K.  Hils  {ZUchr.  Unteriuch.  Nahr,  u.  O^nuumtl,  S5  {1918),  No.  12,  pp. 
476-479). — ^This  article  records  the  results  of  studies  of  material  used  for 
coffee  substitutes  under  the  name  of  chicory,  with  a  view  to  detecting  adultera- 
tion. In  an  examination  of  five  samples  of  soKailled  chicory,  two  were  found  to 
be  pure  chicory  and  the  other  three  were  adulterated  with  sand,  starch,  turnips^ 
and  various  other  impurities. 

The  use  of  the  seeds  of  Sobinla  pseudacada  (the  black  locost)  as  food, 
W.  Haivikibsgh  {Ztachr.  Untertuoh.  Nahr.  u.  Oenuatmtl.,  36  {1918),  No.  S-^,  pfi 
110-115). — ^The  author  drank  a  concoction  made  from  20  gm.  of  the  roasted 
seeds  and  200  cc.  of  water  and  felt  no  physiological  effect.  The  lofusioii  resem- 
bled coffee  somewhat  in  taste  and  he  believes  might  be,  therefore,  used  as  a 
coffee  substitute.  The  seeds  contain  13.8  per  cent  of  fat,  which  is  composed  of 
glycerids  of  stearic,  erucic,  oleic,  linoleic,  and  linolenic  adda 

Investigation  and  examination  of  phosphate  baking  powders,  A.  Bkt- 
THiEN  and  P.  PAJTNwrrz  {Ztschr.  Vntersueh.  Nahr.  u.  Oenmutntl.,  S6  {1918), 
No.  7-8,  pp.  145-152). — ^This  paper  calls  attention  to  the  &ct  that  in  Germany 
calcium  carbonate  is  being  used  in  baking  powders  as  a  substitute  for  starch, 
and  describes  methods  for  the  analyses  of  phosphate  baking  powders  when  this 
is  the  case. 

Tasty  meals  made  from  waste  {Gonad.  Food  Bui.  [Ottauya},  No.  21  {1918), 
p.  IS). — This  article  includes  recipes  for  the  preparation  of  meat  dishes  from 
parts  of  animals  seldom  used. 

Belative  cost  of  natural  gas,  soft  coal,  coal  oil,  grsMoline,  and  electricity 
for  cooking,  A.  R.  Van  Mktee,  E.  V.  Wbtte,  and  S.  S.  Wyeb  {ColwtUnu, 
Ohio:  Ohio  State  Univ.,  1917,  pp.  6,  fig.  i).— Details  pertaining  to  a  series  of 
tests  to  determine  the  relative  cost  of  natural  gas,  soft  coal,  coal  oil,  gasoline, 


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1919]  F00D6 — KUHAN   NUTBITION.  669 

and  electricity  for  cooking  are  given.  For  preparing  a  dinner  for  six  people  the 
coat  was  found  to  be  6.1  times  as  much  with  coal  oil  as  with  natural  gas.  The 
corresponding  valuea  with  soft  coal,  gasoline,  and  electricity  were  2.8,  5,  and 
6^  respectively. 

Food  Surveys  (U.  8,  Depi,  Agr,,  Food  Surveys,  t  {1919) ,  No$,  17,  pp.  16,  M, 
1;  18,  pp.  8;  19,  pp.  8,  figs.  7).— These  numbers  deal,  respectively,  with  stocks 
of  food8tu£Fs  in  the  hands  of  retail  dealers  July  1,  1918 ;  commercial  stocks  of 
Sraln,  flour,  and  miacellaneous  food  products  in  the  United  States  on  February 
1«  1919 ;  and  commercial  8to<As  of  wheat,  com,  oats,  barley,  apd  rye,  and  their 
principal  products,  on  January  1,  1919. 

The  weekly  food  purchase  of  a  family  {London:  OrowtKer  d  Goodman,  Ltd., 
1917,  p.  i). — ^Figures  are  given  which  sho^  the  amounts  of  <Ufferent  foods  to 
be  purchased  by  different  sized  famiUes  in  order  to  obtain  8,000  calories  per 
man  per  day. 

Keasurement  of  the  cost  of  living  and  wages,  W.  F.  Ogbusiv  {Ann.  Amer. 
Acad.  Polit  and  8oc.  8oi.,  81  {1919),  No.  170,  pp.  110-122). ^In  investigations  of 
the  increased  cost  of  living  it  was  found  that  food  in  October,  1918,  had  in- 
creased 75  per  cent  over  the  average  price  of  1914-15.  From  000  dietaries  col- 
lected by  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Labor,  which  cost  on  the  average  $607  per 
year  for  families  averaging  3.6  equivalent  males,  the  food  per  adult  man  was 
said  to  furnish  3,155  calories  per  day  with  no  allowance  for   waste. 

A  manual  of  household  accounts,  J.  G.  and  M.  F.  Obandxll  {Boston:  Whit- 
comb  d  Barrows,  1917,  pp.  158). — ^The  authors  aim  to  describe  a  system  of 
household  accounts  which  takes  into  consideration  all  of  the  principles  of 
modern  accounting  and  is  believed  to  be  adaptable  to  the  accounts  of  any 
family  or  individual.  Blank  forms  for  keeping  household  accounts  are  also 
included. 

A  practical  dietary  computer,  A.  E.  Pops  {New  York:  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons, 
1917,  pp.  JV-^-nO). — ^This  *' computer"  has  been  prepared  more  especially  f6r 
nurses  and  others  whose  knowledge  of  dietetics  is  not  very  extensive.  It  con- 
tains tables  showing  the  composition  and  caloric  value  of  foods,  and  the  car- 
bohydrate equivalents.  The  fuel  value  of  a  large  number  of  recipes  is  com- 
puted. It  has  been  the  author's  purpose  to  make  these  tables  practicable  and 
easy  to  use. 

Food  saving  and  sharing  {Garden  City,  N,  Y.:  Doubleday,  Page  d  Co.,  1918, 
pp.  VI +102,  figs.  IS). — ^This  book  has  been  prepared,  under  the  direction  of  the 
U.  S.  Food  Administration,  in  cooperation  with  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
and  Bureau  of  Education,  in  response  to  a  request  from  the  National  Educa- 
tion Association  for  use  in  public  schools  as  a  means  of  promoting  among 
children  the  program  of  food  conservation. 

The  limiting  factors  in  the  food  supply  of  the  nation  at  war,  A.  B.  Tatlob 
{Univ.  Penn.,  Univ.  Lectures,  5  {1918),  pp.  S47-S66) .--^he  author  states  that 
prior  to  the  war  our  imports  of  foodstuffs  covered  the  needs  of  15,000,000' 
people,  while  at  the  time  of  writing  In  addition  to  feeding  ourselves  we  had  to 
feed  at  a  conservative  estimate  25,000,000  of  the  allies.  He  calls  attention  to 
the  fact  that  during  the  year  1917,  despite  the  deflection  of  labor,  scarcity  of 
fertilizer,  and  reduction  in  machinery  the  farmers  increased  the  acreage  of 
the  eight  principal  crops  14,000,000  acres.  Nevertheless,  he  believed  that  in- 
crease in  production  would  not  be  able  to  meet  the  situation  and  that  decrease 
in  consumption  must  be  invoked.  The  kind  and  extent  of  the  repression  of 
consumption  is  discussed. 

The  food  supply  of  the  United  Kingdom,  1916  {London:  Food  {War)  Com- 
nUttee,  Roy.  Soc.,  1917,  pp.  11). — Supplementing  the  data  previously  noted  (B. 


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660  BXPfiRiMEirr  statiok  bbgobd.  [voi4a 

S.  R.,  87,  p.  800),  the  actual  quantities  of  the  chief  foods  consumed  during  the 
year  1916  are  given  and  compared  with  the  prewar  consumption. 

Vood  situation  In  Oennany  November  1,  1917,  to  Jamiaxy  81,  1918,  A. 
Matlandee  [Mo,  Rev.,  U.  8,  Bur,  Labor  Statu.,  6  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  JtSSS).— 
This  article  has  been  compiled  from  translations  and  digests  of  data  which 
appeared  in  various  German  daily  papers.  It  contains  information  concerning 
the  quality  and  quantity  of  the  individual  foods  then  available. 

Pood  situation  In  Oennany  duringr  the  sominer  of  1918,  A.  Matlandd 
{Mo.  Rev.,  V.  8.  Mur.  Labor  Statu.,  7  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  S-28).—A  conUnuation 
of  the  above. 

The  food  requirements  of  a  ^  normal  **  working-class  family,  H.  Thompson 
iSd.  Prog.  [London},  1^  {1918),  No.  49,  pp.  79-85).— The  author  in  attempting 
to  solve  this  problem  estimates  the  food  requirement  of  a  **  normal  '*  family  to 
have  a  "  man  value  *'  of  4.5,  and  discusses  three  instances  in  whi<A  the  fbod 
actually  consumed  by  families  of  the  laboring  class  had  a  man  value  of 
approximately  4.5.  One  study  was  made  in  1903,  another  in  1904,  and  the  thint^ 
in  1917.  Bread  and  meat  constituted  about  00  per  cent  of  the  total  energy  in 
all  cases.  Three  other  estimates  are  also  given  illustrating  a  different  way  in 
which  the  food  requirements  of  the  family  in  question  can  be  approximately 
determined. 

Biological  values  of  wheat  and  almond  nitrogen,  A.  F.  Moboait  and  A.  11 
Hbins  {Jour.  BioL  Chem.,  S7  {1919),  No.  t,  pp.  i»i5-2SS).— The  biologicftl 
values  of  wheat  gluten  and  almond  meal  w^re  determined  by  the  usual  minimum 
nitrogen  feeding  method  and  calculated  according  to  the  formulas  proposed 
by  Thomas  (E.  S.  R.,  23,  p.  68).  Two  relatively  protein-free  basal  rations  were 
employed,  the  first  rich  in  total  carbohydrates  but  poor  in  cellulose,  and  the 
second  of  the  same  total  carbohydrate  content  but  rich  in  cellulose. 

When  as  much  as  0.102  gm.  of  gluten  per  kilogram  of  body  weight  was  fM,  a 
positive  nitrogen  balance  was  obtained,  but  when  the  intake  fell  to  0.077  gm. 
per  kilogram  the  positive  balance  was  not  maintained,  and  at  0.068  gm.  per 
kilogram  became  negative.  A  satisfactory  positive  nitrogen  balance  was  not 
obtained  with  the  largest  amount  of  almond  meal  used,  0.071  gm.  per  kilogram 
of  body  weight 

The  average  biological  value  for  the  gluten  nitrogen  was  70.5  and  for  the 
almond  meal  nitrogen  94.  The  values  of  both  protein  foods  varied  considerably 
in  the  two  diets.  This  difference  is  thought  to  be  due  partly  to  the  variations 
in  the  value  of  the  basal  diets  as  a  aum)lemental  source  of  nitrogen  rather  than 
due  wholly  to  the  changes  in  percentage  absorbed  on  account  of  different  pro- 
portions of  crude  fiber  in  the  basal  ration.  This  is  considered  to  emphasise 
further  the  limitations  pointed  out  by  Hart  and  Humphrey  <E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  573) 
of  any  classification  of  natural  foods. in  respect  to  the  efficiency  of  their  pro- 
teins based  on  experiments  involving  a  single  food  material  or  a  single  food 
mixture. 

The  constancy  of  the  protein  quotient  during  intensive  digestion  and  pro- 
longed starvation,  S.  Hanson  {Jow.  Immunol.,  S  {1918),  No.  t,  pp.  67-74)  •— 
This  work  is  a  continuation  of  former  experiments.  Its  object  is  to  determine 
the  influence  on  the  protein  quotient  of  a  disturbance  of  metal)olism  when  such 
a  disturbance  is  produced  by  periods  of  digestion  alternating  with  prolonged 
periods  of  starvation. 

From  results  of  experiments  on  rabbits,  it  was  found  that  the  protein  quotioit 
remained  normal  during  these  periods.  In  the  opinion  of  the  author,  it  is 
probable  that  a  mechanism  similar  to  that  which  maintains  a  constant  and 
normal  percentage  of  glucose  in  the  blood,  even  during  an  extended  period  of 
fasting,  may  serve  to  adjust  the  constancy  of  the  protein  quotient. 


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1919]  FOODS — ^HX7MAK  KUTRITIOIT.  661 

Obsenratlons  on  the  nutrition  and  growth  of  newborn  infants,  W.  R  Ram- 
SKT  and  A.  G.  Aixkt  (Amer,  Jour.  Di$ea9e$  Children,  16  U918),  No.  6,  pp.  409- 
412). — The  following  observations  were  made  at  the  University  of  Minnesota 
hiMpital: 

Of  900  newborn  Infants  the  average  weights  were  for  males  8,391  gm. 
(7.47  lb&)  and  females  8,276  gm.  (7.22  lbs.).  The  average  quotient  was  found 
to  vary  in  individnal  cases  from  48  to  75  calories  per  kilogram  of  body  weight, 
f6r  the  first  10  days  at  least.  In  all  cases  where  the  infants  received  100  calo- 
ries per  kilogram  they  were  found  to  be  overfed.  The  average  initial  loss  of. 
weight  was  fonnd  to  be  240  gm.  and  the  average  time  the  loss  continued  was  8 
day&  The  average  daily  gain  in  weight  after  the  third  day  was  about  20  gm. 
per  day.  About  one-fourth  of  the  infants  regained  their  birth  weight  before 
leaving  the  hospital  on  the  tenth  day. 

These  figures  are  compared  with  those  generally  regarded  as  authentic. 

Studies  of  Infant  feeding.— JC,  The  digestion  and  absorption  of  fats.— I, 
Oaldum  in  its  relation  to  the  absorption  of  fatty  acids,  A.  W.  Bosworth, 
H.  I.  BowDCTCH,  and  L.  A.  Gibun  (Amer.  Jour,  DUeanes  Children,  15  (1918), 
No.  6,  pp.  397-407). — Investigations  have  led  the  authors  to  believe  that  many 
of  the  troubles  encountered  with  bottle-fed  infants  receiving  cow*s  milk  are 
due  to  the  ill  effects  produced  by  the  calcium.  They  believe  that  notwith- 
standing the  high  calcium  content  of  cow's  milk  the  calcium  metabolism  of 
bottle-fed  infants  is  seldom  greater  and  often  less  than  that  found  in  breast-fed 
infants,  much  of  the  calcium  being  eliminated  as  insoluble  calcium  soaps.  They 
refer  to  a  method  of  reconstructing  cow's  milk  which  permits  the  removal  of 
much  of  the  calcium,  and  advocate  the  use  of  this  **  decalcified  "  milk  in  place  of 
the  usual  simple  dilutions. 

Is  the  amount  of  calcium  usually  given  in  dilutions  of  cow's  milk  inju- 
rious to  infants P  L.  E.  Holt,  A.  M.  Ooxtbtnct,  and  H.  L.  Fales  {Amer.  Jour, 
lyueases  Children,  16  {1918),  No.  i,  pp.  52-56).— The  authors  find  that  of  a 
group  of  32  bottle-fed  children  from  2  to  15  months  of  age,  29  had  a  fat  reten- 
tion of  89  per  cent  or  more  of  the  intake — 18  having  over  90  and  10  over  95  per 
cent — ^while  only  2  retained  less  than  80  per  cent.  In  their  opinion,  this  seems 
to  indicate  that  there  is  no  serious  loss  of  fat  when  the  usual  simple  dilutions 
of  caw's  milk  are  fed.  They  conclude  that  unless  the  harm  caused  by  a  fairly 
high  calcium  intake  can  be  definitely  demonstrated  it  would  seem  safer  to 
allow  an  excess  of  calcium  In  the  intake  rather  than  to  run  the  risk  of  providing 
less  than  is  needed  for  the  normal  growth  of  the  bones. 

Keiliods  used  in  a  class  for  undernourished  children,  C.  H.  Smith  {Amer, 
Jour.  Diseases  Childreti,  15  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  S73S96,  figs.  10).— Thia  article 
outlines  the  methods  used  in  a  nutrition  class  which  was  started  November  1, 
191d,  in  the  outpatient  department  of  the  Bellevue  Hospital,  as  an  experiment 
to  determine  how  much  could  be  done  to  improve  the  nutrition  of  under- 
nourished children  when  handled  in  large  numbers.  It  was  found  that  57  per 
cent  of  the  children  enrolled  in  this  class  gained  at  1.7  times  the  average  rate 
for  their  ages,  and  22  per  cent  at  about  the  average  rate.  Of  the  remaining 
21  per  cent,  the  author  claims  there  were  one  or  more  easily  ascertained  reasons 
for  failure  in  every  case. 

The  nursing  mother  as  a  factor  of  safety  in  the  nutrition  of  the  young, 
B.  V.  McOlltjm  and  N.  Simmonds  {Amer.  Jour.  Physiol.,  46  {1918),  No.  S,  pp. 
215-301,  pis.  5).— The  authors  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  extent  to  which 
the  maternal  orgaqism,  through  the  secretion  of  the  mammary  gland,  can  serve 
as  a  factor  of  safety  for  the  sucSling  Is  still  very  little  understood.  They  be- 
lieve that  the  lactating  mother,  like  the  growing  animal,  is  unable  to  effect 


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662  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECOfiD.  IYq140 

chemical  transformations  of  one  food  complex  into  another,  and  Umt  she  can 
utilize  food  iMTOteins  for  milk  production  only  to  the  extent  that  they  yield 
amino  adds  in  proportion  suitable  for  rearrangement  into  milk  protein.  The 
results  of  experimental  studies  led  them  to  the  conclusion  that  the  niizsiiig 
mother  *'  is  a  very  important  ftictor  of  safety  for  her  young  in  that  her  mammary 
tissues  can  remove  from  the  blood  all  elements  necessary  for  the  production  of 
milk,  approximating  more  nearly  the  normal  in  quality  than  was  the  food  from 
which  it  was  produced.  She  can  pass  these  on  into  the  milk  in  decidedly  more 
favorable  relationships  than  they  exist  in  her  food.  This  the  mammary  gland 
can  do  when  nourished  by  blood  which  contains  certain  inorganic  elements  in 
such  relationships  as  render  the  circulatory  fluids  of  the  body  a  pabulmu  from 
which  the  tissues  of  th^  young  can  ^ot  secure  satisfactory  supplies  to  permit 
the  cells  to  grow,  even  though  the  organic  portion  of  the  diet  is  satisfactoiy/' 

Beri-beri  at  United  States  Army  base  hospital,  San  Juan,  Porto  Bico,  J.  D. 
RiDDSLL,  C.  H.  Smith,  and  P.  6.  Ioara^videz  {Jour,  Amer,  Med.  Amoc.,,  72 
{1919),  No,  8,  pp.  569,  570). — ^Laboratory  Investigations  and  clinical  manifesta- 
tions of  60  cases  of  beri-beri  are  reported  which  are  said  to  be  the  first  to  be 
diagnosed  as  such  in  the  island  of  Porto  Rico. 

A  report  of  the  diet  of  the  regiment  from  which  the  majority  of  cases  came 
showed  that  polished  rice  was  a  staple  article  of  food,  being  served  on  an  aver 
age  of  two  meals  a  day.  While  the  rations  were  well  balanced,  there  was  a 
deficiency  in  fresh  vegetables,  potatoes  and  beans  being  the  only  ones  sored 
in  large  quantities.  Canned  meats  and  canned  vegetables  were  extensively 
used.  The  beri-beri  patients  had  consumed  all  the  rice  of  the  daily  ration  but 
had  eaten  sparingly,  if  at  all,  of  the  meat.  All  patients  began  to  Improve  when 
placed  on  a  high  protein  diet 

ANIMAL  PSODirCTION. 

Variation,  correlation,  and  inheritance  of  fertility  in  the  mammals,  J.  A 
Habsis  (Amer.  Nat,  50  {1916),  No.  598,  pp.  626-6S6)  .—The  data  on  fertlUty  in 
mammals  (except  man)  as  found  in  the  literature  are  submitted  by  the  author 
to  a  statistical  analysis,  correlation  coefficients  being  computed  where  the  avail- 
able material  permits.  The  subjects  considered  are  the  relationship  between 
order  of  birth  and  litter  size,  weight  of  dam  and  Ikter  size,  average  weight  of 
young  and  litter  size,  and  correlations  between  mothers  and  daughters  with 
respect  to  fertility. 

The  fixation  of  mammalian  chromosomes,  R.  T.  Hance  {Anat.  Rcc,  It 
{1917),  No.  S,  pp.  S71-S87,  figs.  20). — Improved  methods  of  cytological  technique 
•  show  that  the  chromosome  count  in  the  pig  is  over  40,  whereas  the  prevloosly 
reported  number  is  18.  The  accepted  counts  in  other  mammals  are  deemed 
probably  too  low,  due  to  the  clumping  effect  of  delays  in  fixation  and  other 
faulty  cytological  methods.  Variations  in  chromosome  counts  published  by 
different  observers  for  the  same  species  can,  it  is  thought,  also  be  explained  on 
these  grounds.  The  above  results  are  by-products  of  an  elaborate  investigation 
reported  by  the  author  on  methods  of  fixation  of  mammalian  tissue. 

Observations  on  the  influence  of  isolated  ovaries  on  the  body  growth  of 
the  albino  rat  (Mus  norveglcus  albinus),  J.  M.  Stotsenbxtbg  {Anat.  Rec,  It 
{1917),  No.  t,  pp.  t59-t6S,  figs.  t). — Previous  work  of  the  author  and  his  asso- 
ciates at  the  Wistar  Institute  has  shown  that  removal  of  both  ovaries  from  a 
young  rat  was  followed  by  an  acceleration  of  growth  as  measured  by  Ixidy 
weight  The  present  paper  shows  that  ovaries  isolated  from  the  uterus  by  an 
operation,  but  left  in  place,  have  the  same  control  over  growth  as  normal 
ovaries. 


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1010]  ANIMAL  PRODUCmON.  663 

Intrauterine  absorptlQn  of  ova,  A.  W.  Msm  {Jkna$.  Ree^  12  il917)f  No.  f, 
pp.  tSSStn,  flffi.  7).— From  blBtological  examination  and  other  cooaiderationa  It 
la  concluded  tliat  the  small  dead  embryoa  found  among  the  Uve  onee  when  a 
guinea  pig's  uterus  Is  opened  up  are  absorbed  by  the  uterus  and  not  aborted. 
Similar  embryos  are  found  in  sheep  and  rabbits. 

The  ovulation  period  in  rata,  J.  A.  Long  and  J.  B.  Quisno  {Sdenoe;  n.  «er.. 
44  {1916),  No.  1144,  pp.  796,  79tf).— Eighty  nonpregnant  and  nonsuckllng  female 
rats  Isolated  from  males  were  killed  at  timed  intervals  during  101  days  after 
giving  birth  to  a  litter,  and  their  ovaries  and  oviducts  cut  into  serial  sections. 

The  15  Individuals  killed  during  the  first  few  days  after  parturition  were 
Qaed  to  study  the  rate  of  progress  of  unfertiUaed  eggs  through  the  oviduct 
and  the  changes  in  the  corpora  lutea,  so  that  correctlona  could  be  made  for 
time  elapsed  since  ovulation  in  the  case  of  animals  killed  at  longer  periods. 
Of  the  remaining  65  females,  S4  revealed  ova  in  the  oviducts  and  14  showed 
evidence  of  recent  ovulation  from  the  condition  of  the  corpora  lutea.  These 
animals  taM  into  groups  having  the  following  average  intervals  betweoi 
parturition  and  the  most  recent  ovulation:  Bleven,  20,  30.25,  88.5,  50,  58,  69, 
80,  89,  and  99  days.  The  17  rats  not  presenting  evidence  of  recent  ovulation 
were  all  killed  between  the  periods  enumerated.  It  is  concluded  that  ovulation 
occurs  on  the  average  every  10  days. 

Ovulation  in  mice,  J.  A.  Long  and  H.  P.  Smith  {Science,  n.  «er.,  ^  {1916), 
No.  1144,  pp.  796,  7P7).— From  the  study  of  62  female  mice  by  the  methods  of 
Long  and  Quisno  (see  above),  it  is  concluded  that  the  normal  ovulation  period 
recurs  at  about  17.5  to  18  days. 

The  ovarian  cycle  in  mice,  H.  P.  Smith  {Anat  Rec,,  11  {1917),  No.  6,  pp. 
40I-41O). — In  continuation  of  the  above  work  of  Long  and  Smith,  a  special 
study  was  made  of  the  variability  of  the  time  of  occurrence  of  the  second  post 
partum  ovulation  in  nonpregnant  mice. 

Nine  females  killed  from  18>  to  20.5  days  after  parturition  showed  eggs  in 
the  oviduct  From  data  which  the  author  presents  as  to  the  rate  of  progress 
of  unfertilized  eggs  in  the  oviduct,  it  is  computed  that  the  time  between  this 
ovulation  and  parturition  varied  from  16.5  to  19  days,  the  average  being  Just 
short  of  18  days.  The  average  Interval  between  this  and  the  first  post  partum 
ovulation  was  therefore  a  few  hours  less  than  17  days.  In  11  other  individuals 
killed  from  the  eighteenth  to  the  twentieth  day  and  in  4  on  the  twenty-first  and 
twenty-second  days  no  indication  of  recent  ovulation  was  found.  While  some 
of  these  might  have  ovulated  if  they  had  been  permitted  to  live  a  short  time 
longer,  most  of  them  undoubtedly  skipped  this  oestrous  period.  One  individual 
killed  on  the  ninth  day  showed  ova  that  it  is  estimated  had  been  extruded 
from  the  ovary  6.5  days  after  parturition.  Sixteen  other  females  killed  from 
6  to  17.5  days  afterwards  showed  no  indications  of  ovulation. 

Oestrus  and  ovulation  in  swine,  G.  W.  Ck»ii7EB  and  A.  E.  Amsbauqh  {Anat. 
Rec.,  12  {1917),  No.  2,  pp.  287-292) .—The  preliminary  report  of  these  investiga- 
tiona  has  already  been  noted  (K  S.  R.,  37,  p.  867)  in  some  detail. 

The  corpus  luteum  of  pregnancy,  as  it  is  in  swine,  G.  W.  Ck>aNEB  {Carneffie 
Inst.  Washington  Pub.  222  {1915),  pp.  69-94*  PU.  6).— In  this  investigation  the 
ovaries  of  128  pregnant  sows  were  examinedt  the  purpose  being  to  provide  an 
account  of  the  histology  of  the  corpus  luteum  at  different  stages  of  pregnancy. 
In  the  material  studied,  which  was  from  a  slaughterhouse,  from  1  to  10  corpora 
lutea  were  found  in  each  ovary,  the  most  common  total  for  both  ovaries  being  8. 
The  most  frequent  number  of  fetuses  was  6. 

The  corpora  lutea  are  from  8  to  10  mm.  in  diameter  and  are  very  prominent, 
nearly  all  their  bulk  projecting  from  the  surface  of  the  ovary.  The  fresh 
organ  is  a  light  pinkish  gray  which  only  changes  to  yellow  in  late  stages. 


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664  EXPERIMEKT  STAfllOK  BECOBD.  [▼ol40 


DegHiotitlng  corpora  lutea  produced  at  the  preceding  oTnlatioiis  are  also 
present  Theae  consist  mainly  of  dense  connective  tissue,  bat  occasionally 
they  can  not  be  distinguished  from  the  recent  ones  by  the  naked  eye.  All  the 
corpora  lutea  of  the  same  pregnancy  In  both  OTarles  are  alike  In  cytologlcal 
structure. 

The  cbrpus  luteum  was  found  not  to  be  the  simple  parenchyma  of  lutein  cells, 
supported  by  a  framework  of  connective  tissue,  figured  In  the  manuate,  for  I. 
other  types  of  cells  were  present,  particularly  toward  the  end  of  pregnancy.  \{ 
One  is  thought  to  be  the  '^  theca  lutein  cells  '*  of  other  observers.  The  author 
Is  inclined  to  believe  that  the  true  lutein  cells  are  developed  entirely  from 
the  granulosa  and  not  from  the  theca  interna.  In  the  early  stages  lutein  ceDs 
show  a  canalicular  apparatus  in  the  outer  protoplasm. 

The  corpus  luteum  of  pregnancy  Is  distinguished  from  that  of  ovulation  by 
a  more  regular  and  uniform  appearance  and  a  lesser  Infiltration  of  fat.  Dur- 
ing pregnancy  the  Graafian  follicles  do  not  undergo  the  process  of  ripening  and 
change  in  the  theca  interna  that  is  preparatory  to  rupture. 

In  a  series  of  117  uteri  there  were  28  cases  In  which  one  horn  contained  an 
embryo  more  than  the  number  of  corpora  lutea  in  the  corresponding  ovary, 
18  in  which  a  horn  contained  2  more,  and  2  In  which  the  excess  was  3.  It  Is 
concluded  from  these  facts  that  extra-uterine  migration  of  the  ovum  is  a  nor- 
mal and  frequent  occurrence  In  swine. 

Studies  on  the  physiology  of  reproduction  in  birds.— Vm,  The  efTects  of 
quinin  on  the  production  of  egg  yolk  and  egg  albumin,  O.  Riddtje  and  C.  E. 
Anderson  {Amer,  Jour,  PhyHol,,  ^1  {191S),  No.  1,  pp.  92-102). — Eleven  female 
ringdoves,  both  the  blond  and  white  varieties  {Streptopelia  risoria  and  £f. 
alba)  and  crossbreds,  were  given  daily  doses  of  from  0.25  to  0.5  grain 
of  qulnln  sulphate  for  periods  varjring  from  three  to  ten  weeks.  The  eggs  and 
their  included  yolks  during  the  feeding  period  weighed  less  than  those  pro- 
duced before  or  afterwards.  A  lessened  secretion  of  albumin  is  indicated,  as 
the  decrease  in  weight  of  yolk  was  not  suiBclent  to  account  for  all  of  the 
decrease  in  weight  of  the  egg.  After  cessation  of  quinin  feeding  the  yolk 
recovered  its  normal  weight  very  slowly,  while  the  weight  of  the  albumin  rose 
quickly,  and  even  for  a  short  time  seemed  to  be  above  normal. 

Twelve  yolks  from  the  quinin  period  were  burnfed  in  a  bomb  calorimeter 
and  the  energy  per  gram  of  moist  weight  was  found  to  be  the  same  as  in 
eggs  laid  under  normal  conditions,  whence  it  is  concluded  that  the  ratio  of 
lipoids  to  proteins  in  the  yolk  is  unchanged  by  the  quinin  feeding.  The  author 
believes  that  qulnln  restricts  protein  metabolism,  and  Interprets  his  results  on 
this  basis. 

The  earlier  numbers  of  this  series  of  papers  have  already  been  noted  (E.  S.  R., 
87,  p.  772). 

Sex  studies. — ^X,  The  corpus  luteum  in  the  ovary  of  the  domestic  fowl, 
R.  Peabl  and  A.'M.  Bobing  [Amer.  Jour.  Anat.,  2S  (1918),  No,  1,  pp.  1-18,  pU. 
9,  figs.  «).— CJontinulng  the  series  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  177).  a 
histological  study  was  made  of  the  ovaries  of  several  domestic  fowls  and  of  a 
guinea  hen.    Preparations  of  cow  ovaries  were  used  for  comparison. 

In  the  bird  ovaries  certain  cells  of  the  theca  interna  of  any  follicle  that  had 
discharged  its  ovum  or  had  become  atretic  while  retaining  an  ovum  were  found 
to  take  on  the  appearance  and  chemical  reactions  of  the  lutear  cells  of  late 
involution  stages  of  the  corpus  luteum  of  the  cow.  These  cells  eventually  fill 
up  the  cavity  of  the  follicle.  They  contain  a  yellow  fatty  substance  that 
stains  readily  with  Sudan  III,  and  in  addition  develop  characteristic  yellow 
granules  which.  Judging  ftom  their  reaction  to  histological  reagents,  are  neither 
fats  nor  proteins. 


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1919]  ANIMAL  PRODUCnON.  665 

IiQtear  cells  and  hen-featheiing,  A.  M.  Bobinq  and  T.  H.  Mobgan  (Jour, 
Gen.,  PhwMol,  1  (1918),  No.  U  l»p.  lt7-lSi,  fiffs.  4).~-In  a  publication  already . 
briefly  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  ii.  65),  Morgan  stated  that  a  hen-feathered  Sebright 
Bantam  cock  when  castrated  develops  typical  male  feathers,  just  as  Goodale 
(£«.  S.  Rm  38,  p.  170)  found  spayed  hens  to  do.  In  the  present  pablication  a  re- 
port is  made  of  a  histological  examination  of  the  testes  of  a  Sebright  cock. 

Groups  of  cells  were  found  in  the  connective  tissue  between  the  seminal 
tuboles  that  were  identical  In  appearance  with  the  lutear  cells  found  by  Pearl 
and  Boring,  as  noted  above,  in  ovaries  of  hens.  It  is  suggested  that  the  secre- 
tion of  these  cells  in  both  the  cock  and  the  hen  suppresses  the  development 
of  male  plumage.  Cells  of  this  sort  were  not  found  by  Boring  and  Pearl 
(E.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  177)  in  the  testes  of  ordinary  adult  males,  although  a  few 
were  noted  by  Reeves  (E.  S.  R.,  34,  p.  264). 

Post-mortem  melanin  pigment  formation  in  pigmentless  retinas  and  cho- 
roids of  white  ringdoves,  O.  Riddle  and  V.  K.  La  Msb  {Amer.  Jour,  PhyMohf 
47  {1918),  No.  i,  pp.  10^123).— The  author  finds  that  melanin  (black)  pig- 
ment can  be  caused  to  appear  in  the  retinas  and  choroids  of  tlead  embryos 
of  the  white  ringdove  (either  pure-bred  or  extracted  from  crosses  with  the 
blond  ringdove)  by  providing  abundant  oxygen.  Ordinarily  these  areas  would 
remain  pigmentless  or  nearly  so  throughout  life.  High  temperature  but  not 
killing  by  mercuric  chlorid  prevents  pigment  formation. 

These  results  are  held  to  confirm  the  senior  author's  theory  of  melanin  forma- 
tion (B.  S.  R.,  21,  p.  374)  and  to  render  doubtful  the  current  views  of 
geneticists  as  to  the  inheritance  of  color.  *'  One  needs  to  supply  no  new 
hereditary  unit  nor  extirpate  an  inhibitor  to  obtain  an  abundant  supply  of 
melanin  pigment** 

CTommercial  feeding  stuffs  and  registrations  for  1918,  0.  S.  Oathcabt 
{New  Jersey  Stas.  Bui  327  {1918),  pp.  4-79).— Report  is  made  on  932  samples 
of  feeding  stuffs  collected  under  the  State  law  in  1918.  The  moisture,  pro- 
tein, fat,  and  fiber  content  of  the  following  products  are  given :  Alfalfa  meal« 
brewers*  dried  grains,  distillers*  dried  grains,  yeast  dried  grains,  malt  sprouts, 
buckwheat  feed,  buckwheat  middlings,  buckwheat  offal,  coconut  meal,  copra 
cake  meal,  cottonseed  feed,  cottonseed  meal,  corn  bran,  com  feed  meal,  com 
i^nten  feed,  com  gluten  meal,  com  and  cob  meal,  hominy  feed,  com  and  oats, 
dried  beet  pulp,  linseed  meal,  oat  hulls,  peanut  oil  meal,  rye  bran,  rye  mid- 
dlings, wheat  bran,  wheat  feeding  flour,  wheat  feed,  wheat  middlings,  wheat 
and  rye  middlings,  various  mixed  feeds,  calf  meals,  and  poultry  feeds.  The 
moisture,  protein,  fat,  and  phosphoric  acid  content  of  fish  scrap,  meat  scrap, 
and  digester  tankage  is  given. 

Fodder  substitutes:  How  wild  vegetation  is  utilized  In  other  countries 
{Jour,  Bd.  Affr.  ILondon],  25  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  448-452). — ^A  summary  is  given 
of  research  in  Germany  and  the  Scandinavian,  countries  on  the  use  of  heather, 
bracken,  seaweed  (especially  Laminaria),  reeds  (Arundo),  leaf  fodder  luid 
twigs,  acorns,  horse-chestnuts,  potato  tops,  hazel  catkins,  and  pine  and  fir 
needles  as  feed  substitutes  for  domestic  animals. 

A  eomparlson  of  roughages  for  fattening  steers  in  the  South,  W.  F.  Ward, 
D.  T.  Geay,  and  B.  R.  Lloyd  {V.  8.  Dept.  Agr.  Bui.  762  {1919),  pp.  S6,  fig-  1).— 
Steer  feeding  experiments  using  roughages  readily  available  in  the  South  with 
cottonseed  meal  as  the  sole  concentrate  are  reported  here.  Four  winters*  work 
is  represented,  the  first  (1913^14)  in  cooperation  with  the  Alabama  College 
Experiment  Station,  the  last  of  a  series  (E.  S.  R.,  31,  p.  664),  and  the  others 
in  cooperation  with  the  Mississippi  Experiment  Station.  There  were  two  ex- 
periments, each  repeated  a  second  year  with  slight  variations. 


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666 


EXPERHONT  STATION  RECOBD. 


CT<d40 


In  the  first  experiment  the  roughage  consisted  of  cottonseed  hulls,  com  slUge, 
and  a  combination  of  these.  The  steers  used  were  mostly  grades  of  the  Tariow 
beef  breeds  2i  to  8}  years  old.  Cottonseed  meal  was  fed  in  equal  quantities  t» 
all  lots  in  a  particular  year.  The  steers  receiyed  all  the  roughage  twice  daily 
that  they  would  clean  up  in  an  hour's  time.  In  1913-14  the  prices  charged  per  ton 
for  feeds  were:  Cottonseed  meal  $27.50,  cottonseed  hulls  |9.50,  com  silage  I3.2& 
In  1914-16  in  Mississippi  the  prices  diarged  were  less,  being  cottonseed  meal 
^.GO,  hulls  $6.00,  and  silage  $8.    The  results  are  giyen  in  the  following  taMe: 


Steer  feeding  experiments  in  Alabama  and  Mississippi  with  cottonseed  JUtfli 
and  com  silage  as  roughages. 

Year  and 
lot. 

Dnraticii 
of test. 

Number 
of  steers. 

ATwase  da^  toed  oan9amp> 

AjerMe 
dally 
gain. 

Dressfaig 

peroentr 

age. 

FM 

initial 
weight. 

Cotton- 
seed 
meaL 

Cotton- 
seed 
hulls. 

Com 
sna«e. 

1913-14. 
1 

^'«4 
84 
84 

148 
143 
143 

20 
20 
20 

25 
26 
26 

PontMb. 
887 
847 
819 

814 
812 
814 

Pounds. 
6.25 
6.25 
6.25 

&90 
&90 
5.90 

Pounds. 
28.46 

Pounds. 

*  "ii'lo" 

17.77 

'     '4i*89' 
27.96 

Pounds. 
2.48 
2.51 
2.58 

1.88 
LU 
1.67 

Cads. 
&9 

2 

6b2 

3 

1&76 
21.12 

7.9 

1914-15. 
1 

56.8 

68.4 

58.0 

1617 

2 

ILl 

3 

11.68 

19 

In  1914-15  the  daily  gains  were  noticeably  smaller  than  those  of  the  pre- 
ceding year.  "  This  is  due  chiefly  to  slightly  inferior  steers,  poor  silage,  less 
desirable  feeding  conditions,  and  a  longer  feeding  period  in  the  1914-15  trial 
.  .  .  Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  prices  of  feeds  were  less  and  the  steen 
were  sold  at  a  greater  margin  in  the  1914-15  trlab),  the  three  lots  of  steers  fed 
the  previous  year  in  Alabama  made  considerably  more  profit.  The  high  cost  of 
gain.s  in  1914-15  had  offset  the  advantages  of  cheap  feeds  and  more  favorable 
marketing."  In  the  second  year  the  silage  fed  lots  shrank  a  little  more  in 
transit  than  Lot  1. 

The  second  experiment  dealt  with  farm  grown  roughages  and  was  carried 
on  for  two  seasons.  Each  lot  received  cottonseed  meal  (in  a  fixed  amoant) 
and  sorghum  silage  with  or  without  com  stover  or  oat  straw.  The  prices 
charged  per  ton  in  1915-16  were  cottonseed  meal  $32,  sorghum  silage  $3,  corn 
stover  $5,  and  oat  straw  $6.  The  prices  In  1916-17  were  the  same  except  that 
cottonseed  meal  was  $33.  Twenty  steers  were  used  in  each  lot  in  each  year. 
They  were  grades  of  various  beef  breeds  and  ranged  In  age  from  2  to  4  yeara 
The  results  may  be  summarized  as  follows: 


Steer  feeding  experiments  in  Mississippi  toith  home-groum  roughages. 

Daration 
of  test. 

Average 
initial 
weight. 

Average  daily  toed  oonsumption. 

Average 
daily 

Dressing 

pefoent* 

age. 

Feed 

Year  and 
lot. 

Cotton- 
seed. 

meal. 

SocdiuiQ 

Com 
Stover. 

Oat 
stmw. 

Mtla. 

1915-16. 
1 

Dafs. 
127 
137 
127 

120 
120 
120 

Pounds. 
787 
788 
790 

8M 
856 
866 

Pounds. 
6il 
6l1 
11 

6.8 

5.5 
&5 

Pounds. 
42.4 
38.6 
3a6 

4a9 

87.6 
87.4 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 
2.14 
1.95 
l.W 

L85 

i.m 

1.81 

6a  81 

66l98 
68LS9 

67.81 
58.19 

67.74 

n« 

2 

2.5 

t.» 

3 

1.0 

&4r 

1916-17. 
1 

&49 

2 

2.9 

818 

8 

12 

841 

uigitizea  oy* 


Google 


19191 


AKIMAL  PBODUOnOK* 


667 


''These  rations  Indicate  that  while  steers  being  fed  silage  will  eat  a  little 
dry  roughage  If  placed  before  th«n,  the  amount  Is  small  if  the  silage  is  palat- 
able, and  becomes  an  almost  negligible  factor  during  the  latter  part  of  the 
fSeedlng  period.  The  steers  which  ate  some  roughage  did  not  eat  so  much 
silage.  .  .  .  The  use  of  a  small  amount  of  dry  roughage  fed  with  good  sorghum 
silage  failed  to  cause  the  steers  to  make  larger  gains ;  in  fact,  it  had  just  the 
opixwlte  effect  The  steers  receiving  silage  alone  consumed  a  larger  amount 
dally  and  made  larger  daily  gains." 

In  X915-ld,  a  fourth  lot  of  steers  was  fed  a  ration  of  cottonseed  cake,  cowpea 
hay,  oat  straw,  and  com  stoyer,  but  it  did  not  prove  satisfactory.  The  animals 
were  not  well  finished  and  brought  a  low  price  on  the  market. 

The  "  optimnm  age "  for  fatteningr  off  Irish  bullocks,  J.  Wilson  (Dept, 
AffT'  «»M*  Tech.  Instr.  Ireland  Jour,,  18  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  5-^,  flff.  1).— The  author 
has  computed  the  prewar  costs  of  producing  a  pound  of  beef  on  steers  carried 
for  different  periods,  and  finds  for  winter  fattening  a  fairly  marked  minimum 
cost  at  the  age  of  24  months.  In  the  case  of  grass-fattened  steers  there  is  not 
much  change  between  16  and  30  months  but  after  that  a  marked  rise. 

Heather  and  moor  burning  for  grouse  and  sheep,  Ri  Waixacb  {Edinburgh: 
Oliver  and  Boyd,  1917,  pp.  VIII -^-88,  pU.  16,  fiffM.  5). —The  thesis  developed  In 
this  small  volume  is  that  a  system  of  moorland  management  designed  to  produce 
the  best  grazing  conditions  for  sheep  by  burning  a  portion  of  the  heather  each 
season  results  likewise  in  the  best  set  of  living  conditions  for  grouse.  The 
matter  concerns  a  century-old  controversy,  for  an  act  of  Parliament  in  the  reign 
of  George  III  put  a  series  of  abritary  restrictions  upon  heather  burning  in  the 
interest  of  grouse  preservation. 

Grazing  peanuts  with  hogs  ▼.  marketingr  a  crop  of  jMsnuts,  O.  S.  Temvim- 
TON  (Alabama  Col.  Sta.  Bui.  26$  (1918),  pp.  i4^-i50).— It  is  stated  that  the 
acreage  of  peanuts  in  Alabama  has  greatly  increased  in  recent  years,  but  that 
shortage  of  labor  often  makes  harvesting  difficult  and  occasionally  rainy 
weather  renders  the  crop  unfit  for  market.  The  2  years'  experiment  reported 
in  this  bulletin  was  conducted  to  see  whether  grazing  with  hogs  would  be  a 
profitable  method  of  harvesting  and  marketing  a  field  of  peanuts. 

An  acre  field  was  used  the  first  year  and  every  third  row  harvested  to 
secure  a  measure  of  the  yield.  Hogs  were  then  turned  in.  In  the  second  year 
the  crop  was  harvested  on  a  half-acre  block  in  a  1.5  acre  field  and  the  remaining 
acre  grazed.  *  Seven  high-grade  Duroc-Jersey  and  Berkshire  pigs  were  used  each 
year.  How  profitable  grazing  was  found  to  be  is  indicated  in  the  following 
tabulation : 

Comparison  of  grazing  peanuts  with  hogs  and  marketing  the  crop. 


Year. 

initSj 
weight 
of  hogs. 

Average 
daily 

Pork  pro- 
duced 
per  acre. 

Value  of 
pork. 

Peanut 

cropper 

acre. 

Peanut 
hay  crop 
per  acre. 

Vahieor 
crops. 

Cost  of 
harvest- 
ing. 

Profit 

from 

graring. 

1917 

1W8 

Lbt. 

63.5 
72.0 

Lb». 

l.«7 

i.ao 

Lb9. 

668.2 
416.0 

$100.23 
62.40 

1,107 
846 

Lbt. 
1,320 
732 

176.32 
56.25 

$12.28 
7.47 

136.19 
18.62 

Averaging  both  years  it  is  found  that  only  2.06  lbs.  of  peanuts  plus  the  forage 
secured  from  the  vines  and  weeds  were  required  to  produce  a  pound  of  pork. 

As  to  carrying  capacity  it  was  found  that  the  first  year  an  acre  yielding  89.5 
bu.  furnished  grazing  for  the  seven  pigs  for  57  daya  In  the  second  year,  an 
acre  yielding  80.2  bu.  was  consumed  in  87  days. 


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668 


BXPBRIMENT  STATION  BEOOBD. 


ITolM 


Veedlng  trials  with  corn  lyj-produeta,  Palmo  Midds,  and  oomnerdal 
mixed  hog  feeds,  1917-18,  J.  H.  Skuvnbb  and  O.  G.  Stabe  (Indiana  8ia.  BmL 
219  (1918),  pp.  S^6,  fig*.  IS).— Three  feeding  trials  designed  primariljr  to  test 
substitutes  for  com  in  hog  rations  are  reported  in  this  bulletin.  Tbe  lint 
began  August  10.  1917,  lasted  sixty  days,  and  invoived  9  lots  of  10  hogs  eadL 
The  second  began  November  6,  1917,  lasted  sixty-five  days,  and  involved  9  loti 
of  7  and  1  lot  of  6  hogs.  The  third  began  March  26,  1918,  lasted  sixty  dtya. 
and  included  8  lots  of  7  hogs  and  1  lot  of  6.  The  products  tested  wane  tiiree 
com  feed  meals,  hominy  feed,  starch  com  gem%  meal,  hominy  com  germ  meal 
wheat  middlings,  Palmo  Midds  <a  by-product  resulting  from  the  use  of  what 
middlings  to  absorb  palm  oil  in  the  manufacture  of  tin  plate),  and  two  eon- 
merdal  hog  feeds.  These  were  combined  in  various  ways  with  ground  com 
and  tankage.  Proximate  analyses  of  the  particular  lots  of  feed  used  except 
tankage  are  reported.  With  one  exception,  the  feeds  of  all  lots  were  given  Id 
self  feeders.  In  some  cases  the  bogs  had  complete  free  choice,  in  others  the 
product  tested  was  mixed  in  a  definite  proportion  with  either  ground  com  or  the 
tankage.  In  each  trial  a  check  lot  was  fed  ground  com  and  tankage  (free 
choice).    The  authors  divide  their  report  into  five  parts,  as  follows: 

1.  Com  feed  meaU  v,  ground  com. — ^Three  lots  in  the  first  trial  and  two  la 
the  second  received  com  feed  meal  and  tankage.  With  one  exception  tiie  daily 
gains  were  higher  than  in  the  check  lots.  No  marked  differences  were  found 
in  the  feeding  value  of  the  three  samples  of  com  meal  feed. 

2.  Hominy  feeds  v,  ground  com. — ^The  use  of  hominy  feed  for  flattening  hogs 
was  the  subject  of  seven  feeding  tests  at  the  station  from  1908  to  1911  (E.  S.  R., 
27,  p.  671).  Since  then  the  process  of  manufacturing  hominy  feed  has  changed 
somewhat  and  in  many  factories  com  oil  is  extracted  from  the  germs.  A  tot  in 
the  first  trial  and  a  lot  in  the  second  were  given  hominy  feed  and  tankage  (free 
choice).  These  made  somewhat  smaller  gains  than  the  check  lota  It  is  con- 
cluded that  the  feeding  value  of  hominy  feed  has  declined  since  1911.  In  the 
earlier  trials  hominy  feed  was  found  to  be  about  15  per  cent  more  efficient  than 
com  meaL 

3.  Com  germ  meals, — ^In  three  trials  14  lots  received  com  germ  meals.  The 
difference  between  the  feeding  stuff  officially  named  com  germ  meal,  whidi  Is 
a  by-product  of  the  manufacture  of  starch,  glucose,  and  simps,  and  hominy 
com  germ  meal  derived  from  the  manufacture  of  com  flour,  com  meal,  and 
hominy  grits  Is  emphasized.  For  purposes  of  distinction  the  former  is  referred 
to  as  starch  corn  germ  meal  The  method  of  manufacturing  each  is  briefly  out- 
lined. Both  were  used  in  these  experiments.  The  rations  given  and  the  result! 
are  summarized  in  the  following  table: 


Com  germ  m^al  as  substitute  for 

or  supplem>eni  to  com  in  rations  for  hogs. 

Kind  of  coin 
germ  meaL 

Aver- 

l^tial 
weight. 

ATerago  dathr  feed 
ooDsuznptioii. 

Feed  used  per  pound 

A^«w 

Ituaaodiot. 

Corn 
germ 
meal. 

Oronnd 
com. 

Tank- 
age. 

Com 
germ 
meaL 

Ground 
com. 

Tnk- 
•SP- 

gala. 

Triidl: 

9 

Lb9, 

«.3 
99.9 
99.3 

ioa2 

90.7 

'  *i'49* 
6.39 

.93 
3.31 

7.11 

0l41 

4.19 

.56 

3.27 

£te. 
S.96 

Lte. 

asir 

JUe. 

4. 

Starch 

.31 

7 

HointDT 



U9S 

fiw 

Starch 

6.44  1 

1     1.7P 

...f.??J 

*  iai* 

L6S 

e. 

do 

•« 

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1919] 


ANIMAL  PRODUCTION. 


669 


Com  germ  meal  as  substitute  for  or  supplement  to  com  in  rations  for  hogs — 

Continued. 


germ  meal. 

ATer. 

Inl^al 
weight. 

oonsnmptian. 

Feed  used  per  pound 
of  gain. 

ATei^ 

TiiBluidlot. 

Com 
germ 
meaL 

Ground 
oom. 

Tank- 
age. 

Com 
germ 
meal. 

Qroiind 
oom. 

Tank- 
age. 

dtffy 
gain. 

Trial  2: 

9 

Lba. 
129.1 
183.5 
131.7 
190.7 
131.0 
131.0 
131.0 

9&6 
0S.4 
98.1 
10Ql3 
95.0 

Lte. 

'"iae' 

0.54 
2.79 
1.99 
6.88 
.31 

1.40 
1.08 
1.47 

9.09 

Lb9. 

aso 

Lbi. 

5.30 
3.71 
1.48 
4.64 
.10 

"".ii" 

.87 
.79 
.75 

4.83 

Lb$. 

a368 

1.89 

4. 

Staicb 

.08 

7 

Ho'^^iDy. .....  . 

1.33 

SI 

Starch 

ZT9 
&.96 
2.39 
ia79 

7.06 
7.00 
6.24 
5.08 
5.95 

'  ■  .85" 

1.45 
.54 
.47 
.36 
.49 

8.71 
4.33 
1.54 
S.04 

8.65 
4.05 
8.89 
8.60 
3.03 

.750 
.310 
.390 
.360 
.350 

.75 

61 

do 

L35 

10« 

Hominy 

1.48 

1  • 

Starch- 

9114 

Trials: 

ft. 

1.98 

1 1 

Starch 

LTS 

21 

do 

1.00 

9« 

do 

1.86 

3« 

Hominy. 

1.07 

>  Com  germ  meal  and  gromid  com  fed  mixed  together  In  self-feeder. 
*  Com  germ  meal  and  tankage  fed  mixed  together  In  seU-feeder. 

>  Com  germ  meal  and  tankage  fed  mixed  as  a  slop. 

From  tlie  results  of  the  fourth  and  seventh  lots  of  both  the  first  and  second 
trials  it  appears  that  hogs  do  not  make  suitable  gains  when  com  germ  meal  is 
fed  as  a  sole  ration,  although  a  number  of  feeders  follow  this  practice  and  firms 
sefling  these  products  advocate  It  The  dry  starch  com  germ  meal  proved  so 
unpalatable  that  the  animals  would  scarcely  eat  a  maintenance  ration.  When 
the  hogs  had  free  choice  of  starch  com  germ  meal  and  ground  com  (trial  1, 
lot  5),  they  made  practically  all  their  gains  on  com.  When  compelled  to  eat 
tiie  starch  meal  because  it  was  mixed  with  com  1:1  and  1:3  (trial  2,  lots  5 
and  6)  they  made  nearly  twice  the  gain  on  the  more  liberal  com  ration.  On 
the  other  hand,  hominy  com  germ  meal  and  com  mixed  3 : 1  (trial  2,  lot  10) 
was  relished,  and  caused  an  increase  of  0.25  lb.  in  daily  gain  per  head  over 
tlie  lot  receiving  hominy  com  germ  meal  alone  (trial  2,  lot  7),  but  not  as  rapid 
or  as  economical  gains  as  the  check  lot  (lot  9). 

The  results  of  lot  6  of  trial  1  show  that  starch  coni  germ  meal  is  not  a  satis- 
factory substitute  for  com  when  supplemented  with  tankage.  Five  lots  were 
fed  with  rations  in  which  the  com  germ  meals  were  used  as  partial  substitutes 
for  tankage  with  ground  com  as  the  basal  ration.  liOt  1  of  the  second  trial 
made  very  rapid  gains,  but  produced  pork  at  a  considerably  greater  expenditure 
of  feed  ttian  the  check-lot  In  the  third  trial  when  mixtures  of  starch  com 
germ  meal  and  tankage  either  dry  or  in  slop  were  fed  (lots  1,  2,  and  9)  daily 
gains  and  economy  of  production  are  in  each  case  less  than  in  lot  6,  which  re- 
ceived tankage  as  sole  supplement  In  lot  3,  trial  3,  hominy  com  germ  meal 
satisfactorily  furnished  75  per  cent  of  the  supplement. 

4.  Palmo  Midds,—A  lot  of  hogs  in  the  third  trial  fed  Palmo  Midds  in  addition 
to  the  basal  ration  of  ground  com  and  tankage,  gained  15.7  per  cent  more 
rapidly  than  a  lot  fed  standard  wheat  middlings  in  addition  to  the  basal  ration, 
and  required  9.5  per  cent  more  feed  per  pound  of  gain.  The  percentage  of  crade 
f^t  in  tiie  Paltto  Midds  was  over  twice  that  of  the  middlings. 

6.  Commercial  mimed  hog  feeds,^^wo  commercial  mixed  hog  feeds  did  not 
inrodnce  pork  as  rapidly  or  as  economically  as  a  ration  consisting  of  ground 
com  and  tankage. 

116338"— No.  7—19 6 


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670  EXPERIHBNT  STATION  RECORD.  (TolM 

The  dietetic  value  of  wheat  bran»  R.  O.  Linton  and  W.  S.  Psnix  {Vet 
Jour.,  IS  {1911),  No.  504,  PP-  185-199,  pis.  2). —The  coDtentlon  of  some  vet- 
erinarlans  that  the  consumption  of  \rtieat  bran  by  horses  results  in  Taiioos 
physiological  disturbances  is  discussed  and  concluded  to  be  largely  baseless. 

Practical  experiments  conducted  by  the  cleansing  department  of  the  City  of 
Edinburgh  Corporation  are  dted  to  show  that  a  ration  where  the  energy  for 
work  is  furnished  by  bran  and  oats  is  as  satisfactory  as  one  in  which  this 
energy  is  furnished  by  beans,  maize,  and  oats.  The  authors  hold  that  the  pur- 
chase of  feed  for  work  horses  on  the  **food  unit"  basis  is  misleading;  the 
thermic  or  dynamic  value  must  be  considered.  They  conclude  that  **  the  chief 
use  of  bran  for  horses  would  be  for  those  unthrifty,  weedy  colts  which  hare 
mainly  subsisted  on  fibrous  dead  grasses  deficient  in  vitamins,  and  excellent 
results  may  be  looked  for  if  the  bran  is  fresh  and  is  fed  in  conjunction  with  a 
leguminous  straw  or  inorganic  caldum." 

Feeding  for  egg  production:  Animal  ▼.  vegetable  protein,  P.  Moobe  {Jowr, 
Amer.  Assoc.  Instr.  and  Invest.  Poultry  Eusb.,  4  {1918),  Nos.  5,  pp.  58-40;  €, 
pp.  4T,  48). — ^The  first  year's  results  of  a  long  term  experiment  at  the  Idaho 
Experiment  Station  are  presented,  together  with  a  summary  of  another  ex- 
periment already  published   (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  271). 

Four  pens  of  25  White  Leghorn  pullets  were  started  November  1,  1915.  Two 
of  the  pens  were  fed  a  scratch  feed  of  peas,  wheat,  and  com,  and  a  mash  of 
bran,  shorts,  com  meal,  wheat  meal,  pea  meal,  and  linseed  meal.  Peas  were 
omitted  from  the  scratch  in  the  other  two  pens,  while  pea  meal  and  linseed 
meal  were  replaced  by  beef  scrap  in  the  mash.  The  feeds  were  so  adjusted 
that  the  rations  of  one  of  the  meat-fed  and  one  of  the  exclusively  grain-fed 
pens  had  a  nutritive  ratio  of  1 : 4.2.  The  nutritive  ratio  in  the  case  of  the 
other  two  pens  was  1 :  5.6.  The  egg  records  are  not  given,  but  it  is  stated  that 
the  narrow  ration  meat-fed  pen  produced  during  the  year  55.8  per  cent  more 
eggs  than  the  pen  receiving  the  narrow  grain  ration,  51.1  per  cent  more  than 
the  one  receiving  the  wide  grain  ration,  and  85^2  per  cent  more  than  that  re- 
ceiving the  wide  meat  ration.  Similar  results  are  shown  where  egg  weights 
are  considered. 

Bearing  chickens,  L.  E.  Cakd  and  W.  F.  Kibkpatbick  {Con/necUoiU  Siom 
Sta.  Bui.  96  {1918),  pp.  555-594,  fkf-  d).--This  bulletin  is  divided  into  two 
parts,  each  dealing  with  separate  topics. 

X.  Normal  rate  of  growth  in  White  Leghorns  and  Rhode  Island  Reds  (pp.  86C1^- 
S72). — With  the  object  of  determining  the  feed  requirements  of  growing  White 
Leghorn  and  Rhode  Island  Bed  chicks  and  of  providing  a  growth  standard  for 
these  breeds  whereby  the  poultryman  can  discover  whether  he  is  getting  satla- 
factory  growth  in  his  own  fiock,  the  authors  have  made  weekly  weighings  and 
kept  complete  feed  records  of  four  lots  of  chicks  of  each  breed  from  the  date 
of  entering  the  brooder  to  the  age  of  24  weeks.  The  observations  were  made 
during  the  years  1915  to  1917  and  the  hatching  dates  varied  from  April  21  to 
May  17.  **  In  most  cases  enough  eggs  were  incubated  to  bring  off  a  hatch  of 
800  strong  chicks.  No  obviously  weak  or  puny  dilcks  were  placed  \n  tbe 
brooders.  A  policy  of  rigid  culling  was  followed  throughout  the  aeries  of  ez> 
periments,  the.  whole  idea  being  to  handle  the  flocks  just  as  they  would  natur- 
ally be  handled  under  good  commercial  management  This  culling,  of  ooutae, 
helped  to  swell  the  mortality  figures  and  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  diiler- 
entiate  between  chicks  that  were  killed  and  those  whidi  died  from  natsrftl 
causes."  The  number  of  Leghorns  started  totaled  1,028»  and  the  number  of 
Rhode  Island  Reds  865.    The  weighing  was  done  in  groups  early  in  the  moming 


I 


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Ml»)  AKIMAL  PBODUCnON.  671 

as  the  birds  came  oot  of  the  house,  so  as  to  secure  minlmQm  excitement  of  the 
birds  and  ^as  neaiiy  miiform  crop  contents  as  possible.  Complete  data  are 
foniished  in  a  series  of  tables  both  for  each  lot  separately  and  the  average  by 
breeds. 

IL  Ch4ck  rearing  methods  employed  at  the  Storra  Affrioultural  Experiment 
Station  (pp.  373-^98). — Information  is  provided  as  to  methods  of  brooding, 
Deeding,  and  caring  fbr  chicks  imtil  they  are  pot  in  the  laying  pena 

The  eifeets  of  sabnormal  temperatore  upon  the  chick  embryo  in  inenba- 
tten,  G.  H.  LiAif SON,  jb.  {Jour,  Amer.  Amsoo.  Inatr.  and  Inveat.  Poultry  Huab.^ 
4  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  55,  S6). — ^Experiments  conducted  during  the  years  1910- 
1917  at  the  Connecticut  Storrs  Station  are  sxmmiarized  as  follows:  ** Chick 
embryos  from  strong  stock  will  stand  from  4  to  5  hours'  exposure  at  a  temper- 
ature of  50"  F.  after  the  first  24  hours  of  incubation,  and  from  this  point  on 
the  time  may  be  increased  up  to  16  hours  for  the  tenth  to  twelfth  day  of  incu- 
bation, but  after  the  seventeenth  day  continued  exposure  to  a  temperature  of 
00**  F.  for  more  than  6  hours  caused  death  to  the  embryos  before  the  normal 
time  for  exclusion.*'  * 

In  another  experiment  to  determine  the  value  of  the  ordinary  practice  of 
daily  cooling  during  incubation  8,799  eggs  were  used.  It  is  stated  that  in  the 
case  of  incubators  which  were  cooled  07  per  cent  of  the  fertile  eggs  hatched, 
whereas  in  those  incubators  not  cooled  70  per  cent  hatched.  The  experimental 
methods  used  were  designed  to  make  the  two  lots  exactly  comparable.  Recordfi 
were  kept  of  the  mortality  of  260  chicks  froom  each  group  of  eggs.  Twenty 
from  the  cooled  eggs  died  in  a  month  and  14  from  the  uncooled  eggs. 

''The  only  advantage  that  the  writer  can  see  in  the  process  of  cooling  is 
that  in  those  cases  where  the  temperature  has  been  considerably  above  what 
is  considered  a  normal  temperature,  the  operator  might  help  to  reduce  this 
Ush  tonperature  more  quickly  than  he  would  by  the  natural  regulation  of  the 
tncnbator  temperature." 

A  brief  study  of  the  mating  habits  of  fowls  with  a  test  of  the  value  of  a 
^kngle  mating,  A.  G.  Philips  {Jour.  Amer.  Aaaoc.  Inatr.  and  Inveat.  Poultry 
J7«m5^  4  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  SO,  SI). — ^A  small  scale  experiment  by  one  of  the 
author's  students,  T.  W.  Townsley,  provides  among  other  things  some  data  as 
to  the  number  of  fertile  eggs  laid  by  hens  following  a  single  copulation.  Fer- 
tility varied  from  76  to  100  Tpeac  cent  from  the  second  to  the  eighth  day.  Be- 
ginninir  with  the  ninth  day  there  was  a  distinct  drop.  No  fertile  eggs  were 
secured  after  the  fifteenth  day. 

Wifth  Irish  egg-laLjing  competition,  L.  Mubpht  {Dept.  Agr.  and  Tech.  Inatr, 
Iretamd  Jour.,  18  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  M-48).— Continuing  the  reports  on  the  egg- 
laying  contests  <B.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  172)  held  annually  at  the  Munster  Institute, 
Cork,  Ireland,  this  paper  gives  the  details  of  the  fifth,  which  was  held  from 
October  1,  1916,  to  August  81,  1917.  Monthly  egg  records  are  given  for  in- 
dividual hens  and  the  number  of.  times  each  was  broody. 

Sixth  Irish  egg-laying  competition  {Dept.  Agr.  and  Tech.  Inatr.  Ireland 
Jew.,  19  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  «5-£5).— Continuing  the  work  noted  above,  corre* 
aponding  details  are  given  of  the  sixth  egg-laying  contest,  held  at  the  Munster 
Institute  from  October  1, 1917,  to  August  81, 1918. 

The  importance  of  keeping  male  birds  used  as  breeders  until  their  offspring 
liaTe  been  tested  is  emphasized  by  the  fact  that  two  sires  of  some  of  the  most 
aaccesafnl  pullets  in  the  competition  had  been  previously  disposed  of.  It  is 
stated  tliat  in  the  yellow-slianked  breeds,  good  layers  show  a  pronounced  loss 
of  pigment  in  shanks,  skin,  beak,  and  lobes. 


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672  BXPBRIMEirr  STATIOK  RECORD.  [Vol  40 

A  pecfuliar  tgg  abnormality,  B.  R.  Weimeb  {Jour.  Amer.  Amoc  fngtr.  ^md 
invest.  Poultry  Husb,,  4  {1918),  No.  10,  pp.  78,  79,  pi.  i).— A  large  soft-shelled 
egg  mach  constricted  in  the  middle  is  described  and  fignred.  Only  one  lobe 
contained  a  yollE.    Literature  references  to  doable  eggs  are  given. 

DAISY  FABMIVCk-DAIBTIHO. 

Feeding  dairy  cattle,  W.  W.  Fitzpatbick  {South  CaroUna  8ta,  Rpt,  1918^  p, 
t5), — A  preliminary  report  of  a  study  to  determine  the  relative  economy  of 
velvet  bean  meal,  coconut  meal,  wheat  bran,  and  molasses  feed  as  partial  sob- 
stltutes  for  cottonseed  meal  in  feeding  dairy  cow&  Four  lots  of  five  cows  each 
were  used,  each  group  receiving  one  of  the  feeds  under  comparison  for  one 
month*  Velvet  bean  meal  was  found  to  be  the  most  economical  under  tiie 
conditions  of  the  experiment,  with  wheat  bran  a  dose  second.  The  other  two 
were  of  about  the  same  value. 

Variations  and  mode  of  secretion  of  milk  solids,  J.  W.  Gowsn  {Jour.  Afr. 
Research  {U.  8.],  16  {1919),  No.  S,  pp.  79-102).—''  The  investigatioo  reported  in 
this  paper  is  an  attempt  to  analyze  the  varlatlcms  and  associations  of  tibe  con- 
stituents of  Holsteln-Friesian  milk  [so  as]  to  furnish  definite  mathematical 
evidence  bearing  on  the  problem  of  the  kind  of  mechanism  liberating  these 
constituents  to  form  the  fluid  known  as  milk.**  The  paper  is  one  of  a  aoiei 
of  milk  studies  being  published  by  the  Maine  Experiment  Station.  The  mate- 
rial consists  mainly  of  the  335  semiofficial  (yearly)  Holstein  Advanced  B^ls- 
try  ^  records  in  which  data  on  solids-not-fat  are  provided.  The  other  data  ex- 
tracted from  these  records  are  age  at  beginning  of  lactation,  pounds  of  mUk  per 
year,  percentage  of  butter  fat  and  weight  of  butter  fat.  The  means,  standard 
deviations,  coefficients  of  variation,  and  the  mutual  correlations  of  these  vail- 
ables  have  been  computed  for  this  group  of  cows  and  are  presented  in  tables 
One  of  the  solids-not-fat  observations  was  sufficiently  different  frcMn  the  others 
to  make  the  author  suspect  an  error.  He  accordingly  presents  his  aolids-not-Ait 
data  with  and  without  this  record.  The  figures  quoted  here  include  the  aber- 
rant observationa  No  noteworthy  differences  were  found  between  the  two 
sets  of  computations. 

The  correlations  between  age  at  test  and  percentage  of  butter  fat  (--O.0546± 
0.0181)  and  between  weight  of  milk  and  percentage  of  soUds-not-fat  (— 0.0663± 
0.0367)  were  so  small  in  comparison  with  their  probable  errors  that  they  are 
not  considered  significant.  It  is  therefore  concluded  that  '*the  quantitr  of 
milk  produced  for  one  year  is  independent  of  the  concentration  of  the  aoUds-not- 
fat.  This,  from  a  genetic  viewpoint,  means  that  the  hereditary  factors  for 
high  or  low  milk  production  are  separate  and  distinct  from  those  causing  a  high 
percentage  of  solida-not-fat."  On  the  other  hand,  the  correlations  between 
weight  of  milk  and  percentage  of  butter  fat  (— 0j0077±a0156)  and  between  age 
at  test  and  percentage  of  solids-not-fat  (— 0.2191db0.0351)  are  regarded  as 
significant.  "  The  data  above  presented  give  us  a  criterion  to  Judge  the  value 
of  any  hypothesis  for  the  origin  of  the  milk  solids  from  a  commmon  mother 
substance.  .  .  .  The  correlation  of  the  sollds-not-ftit  and  £at  might  lead 
one  to  suppose  such  a  common  origin  for  some  component  of  sudi  solids  and 
the  fat  This  can  not  be  the  case,  however,  as  the  correlation  of  f^t  and  of 
solids-not-fat  with  amount  of  milk  and  age  precludes  that  possibility,  for  if 
uadi  a  common  origin  occurred,  the  ftit  and  solids-not-£at  would  necessarily  be 
correlated  to  these  other  variables  by  comparable  amounta    The  milk  eom- 

^  Advanced  Reg.  HoUtein-Friesian  Asosc  Amer.,  vols.  18-28  (1007-1917). 


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1919)  DAIRY  FARMING — ^DAIBYINa.  678 

ponents  are  not  correlated  equally  with  either  milk  quantity  or  with  a?e ;  oon- 
■equeDtly,   the  hypothesis  of  a   common   origin  is  not   tenable.** 

The  amounts  of  milk,  butter  fat,  and  sollds-not-fat  are  all  highly  correlated. 
The  partial  correlation  between  pounds  of  butter  fat  and  pounds  of  solids-not-fat 
for  constant  volume  of  milk  was  found  to  be  +0.4964±0.0278.  "  This  correla- 
tion, together  with  those  above,  furnishes  the  data  necessary  to  establish  the 
eonclusion  that  some  of  the  factors  responsible  for  high  concentration  of  butter 
fat  are  also  responsible  for  high  concentration  of  some  of  the  sollds-not-fat  in 
cow's  milk." 

Data  are  presented  for  a  herd  of  9  cows  showing  that  for  each  animal  the 
fat  percentage  is  higher  at  the  evening  milking  after  an  11-hour  interval 
than  in  the  morning  after  13  hours'  rest  for  the  mammary  gland.  There  was 
a  very  slight  average,  but  not  consistent,  increase  in  solids-not-fat  in  evening 
mlik  over  morning  milk.  These  facts  are  held  to  show  that  milk  is  a  true  secre- 
ti<m  and  is  not  produced  by  a  breakdown  of  the  gland  cells,  because  on  a  cell 
disintegration  theory  "  the  cell  must  contain  a  fixed  quantity  of  solids-not-fat, 
while  the  butter  fat  varies  so  that  in  the.  longer  interval  beween  milklngs  the 
cell  accumulates  less  fat  than  in  the  short  time." 

The  author  has  collected  from  the  literature  and  assembled  in  tables  the 
available  data  on  percentage  of  total  solids,  fat,  and  sollds-not-fat,  and  the 
ratio  of  the  latter  two  for  29  breeds  of  cattle  and  9  species  of  mammals. 

Cow-testing  associations  {Dept,  Agr,  and  Tech.  Instr.  Ireland  Jour.,  19 
{1918),  No.  i,  pp.  98-101). — Statistical  data  are  given  as  to  the  number  of  cow- 
testing  associations  in  Ireland  and  the  number  of  cows  in  each,  together  with 
the  best  and  poorest  production  records  in  several  associations. 

Beport  for  three  years  of  the  educational  scoring  of  Connecticut  dairy  prod- 
acts,  H.  F.  JuDKiNs  (Connecticut  Storrs  8ta.  Bui.  98  (1918) y  pp.  417-446). — 
A  miinmary  is  given  here  of  the  results  of  the  first  12  educational  noncompetitive 
scoring  exhibitions  of  dairy  products  that  have  been  conducted  at  the  Storrs 
Station  quarterly,  beginning  in  May,  1915.  There  have  been  60  different  ex- 
hibitors and  a  total  of  121  milk  samples  and  40  butter  samples.  The  milk  was 
scored  for  bacteria,  acid,  flavor,  fat,  sollds-not-fat,  sediment,  and  package,  the 
score  card  of  the  Dairy  Division  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  de- 
signed for  milk  shows,  being  used  with  some  modifications. 

Improvement  was  generally  shown  by  exhibitors  in  subsequent  scorings. 
The  average  milk  score  of  the  first  exhibits  of  58  dairies  was  75.56  and  the 
average  of  subsequent  exhibits  of  24  of  them  was  85.01.  Nineteen  concerns 
seoding  butter  for  the  first  time  scored  89.89;  10  exhibiting  more  than  once 
scored  91.76  on  their  later  samples. 

••  This  study  brought  out  the  fact  that  milk  is  nearly  always  high  or  low  in 
bacteria  count.  Only  15  out  of  119  samples  scored  between  20  and  30  points  on 
bficterla,  while  31  were  below  20  and  73  above  80.  This  means  73  samples  con- 
tained an  average  of  7,108  bacteria  per  cubic  centimeter,  while  31  contained 
068,038  per  cubic  centimeter,  only  15  samples  falling  between  these  extremes 
and  containing  an  average  of  49,303  bacteria  per  cubic  centimeter." 

Most  of  the  bulletin  deals  with  the  relation  of  score  to  the  treatment  of  the 
milk  as  revealed  by  the  exhibitors'  answers  to  questions  on  the  entry  blanks. 
liilk  that  is  sold  in  cans  to  contractors  (26  samples)  scored  73.28  points  on  an 
average,  milk  retailed  in  bottles  (77  samples)  scored  84.46,  and  milk  disposed 
of  In  both  ways  (9  samples)  76.25  points.  Milk  drawn  while  cows  were  being 
fed  scored  1.2  points  less  in  flavor  than  milk  produced  when  no  feed  was  given 
at  milking  time,  an  important  difference,  since  there  is  seldom  more  than  a 
5-polnt  range  in  flavor  score  in  market  milk. 


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674 


BXPERIHBNT  STATION  BBOOBIX 


nroi4d 


Tbe  Inflnence  of  madiine  mllkliig,  type  of  milk  pall,  cod  ■terfUaitlCQ  of 
QteQSlls  on  the  score  Is  Indicated  In  the  followlni^  table : 

Relation  of  bacteria  and  tedimet^t  in  esfUbiHon  tnUk  to  the  MteneOe  Meed  Is 


UtensUs  used  in  milking. 

Nmnliar 

of 
auqkks. 

Bftcterift 

80oro(85 

points 

posslbto). 

BMtariftcomit. 

6«dl».l 

ATwage. 

Lowwt. 

HU^Mt. 

pSSb). 

Anfltmnlm 

121 

06 

25 

14 

183 

»27 

2S.82 
28.38 
27.81 
12.57 
24.00 
32.98 

81,800 
37,000 
47,000 
488,073 
08,000 
12,027 

7.71 

f>'**tn-in(ratti  mi] . . 

&U 

Open-moothpaiL 

7.81 

ilfllHM  miifjiiint   .      . , 

720 

979^800 
88,735 

7.  a 

nt^^Ilflffi  mmiAtfA  ajji^  scakM  . 

'  flamplmr  "**l¥f*1  **r  mfhtw  otcIiii1b<1 

The  data  on  machine  milking  came  from  nine  farms  using  four  different 
types  of  machines.  Only  one  of  the  14  .samples  had  a  perfect  score  for  bactaiit 
and  7  had  zero  score.  The  sediment  test  of  this  milk  ranged  from  4  to  9l7 
points.  The  author  was  not  able  to  find  data  in  the  literature  on  sediment  in 
machine-drawn  milk.  The  poor  showing  of  machine  milking  indicates  failure 
on  the  part  of  the  producer  to  appreciate  the  necessity  of  proper  cleaning  of 
the  machine,  as  he  presumably  took  special  care  with  the  sanq^les  sent  Ua 
exhibition. 

The  difference  between  the  small  mouth  and  open  pail  was  not  as  marked 
as  was  expected.  Most  of  the  samples  of  milk  from  both  types  of  pail  had  been 
strained,  thereby  reducing  inequality  in  sediment  "  There  is  no  question  but 
that  the  small-mouth  pail  if  properly  used  will  prevent  some  of  the  dirt  from 
the  body  of  the  animal  from  falling  into  the  milk  pail.  After  watching  several 
men  using  this  type  of  pail  it  has  been  noted  that  instead  of  holding  the  pail 
so  the  covered  portion  slants  away  from  the  milker  it  is  held  so  it  slants 
toward  the  milker." 

Brief  statistics  are  given  of  the  kinds  of  flavor  encountered,  the  kinds  of  sedi- 
ment identified,  the  methods  of  cleaning  the  cows,  whether  the  milker  washed 
his  hands,  methods  of  straining,  methods  of  cooling,  the  relation  between  bac- 
teria, fiavor,  and  sediment,  examples  of  good  and  poor  rations  fed,  and  the 
seasonal  changes  in  percentage  of  fat  and  solids-not-fat.  For  one  of  the 
exhibits  (14  samples)  tables  are  given  showing  the  individual  scores  of  three 
judges  for  flavor  of  the  separate  samples  and  a  comparison  of  the  visible  dirt 
and  sediment  scores. 

The  butter  results  are  dealt  with  very  briefly.  A  list  of  defects  is  given  and 
the  moisture  and  salt  content  of  33  samples. 

ICilk  supply  of  Paris  in  1917,  J.  E.  Lucas  {Indue.  Lait.  iParU},  4S  {1918), 
No.  4,  pp.  49-61,  fig,  1).— The  author  extends  his  statistical  studies  of  the  milk 
suiiply  of  Paris  (E.  S.  O.,  36,  p.  273)  through  the  year  1917.  Details  are  given 
of  the  amount  transported  various  distances,  the  railroads  used,  the  number 
of  cows  and  dairies  furnishing  milk,  the  number  of  persons  engaged  in  the 
Industry,  and  the  prices  charged. 

Only  16.5  per  cent  of  the  supply  came  from  the  City  of  Paris  and  tbe  De- 
partments of  the  Seine  and  Seine-et-Oise.  About  44  per  cent  was  transported 
between  GO  and  100  km.  (31  and  62  miles).  All  Departments  showed  a  de- 
crease in  the  number  of  cows  over  the  1912  figures,  and  the  milk  supply  was 
over  120,000,000  liters  (31,200,000  gal.)  lower  than  in  191S. 


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M3#]  DAIRT  FARJCnrG — ^DAIBTINO.  675 

StodiM  in  pvoecMing  ]nUk»  H.  F.  Judkins  and  P.  A.  Dowha  (Oonnejotieut 
8tarr9  8ta.  Bui.  99  (1918),  pp.  44^470).— The  vartow  studies  induded  in  tliis 
IniUetin  deal  chiefly  with  dartAcation,  imsteurization,  and  cooling  after  pas- 
tenrisatioD,  with  imrticular  reference  to  bacterial  count  and  the  cream  line. 

The  dariflcation  of  both  raw  and  pasteurized  milk  was  found  to  cause  an 
ai^wrent  Increase  in  the  bacteria  count  The  clarification  of  raw  milk  produced 
an  average  reduction  in  the  cream  line  of  0l43  per  cent,  while  in  the  case  of 
pasteurised  milk  the  reduction  was  0.9  per  cent  The  reduction  in  both  cases 
Is  so  slight  that  it  would  be  impossible  to  detect  it  in  the  ordinary  milk  bottle. 

Very  little  difference  was  found  between  the  vat  and  the  In-bottle  methods  of 
pasteurization  in  regard  to  bacterial  ^clency.  The  average  efficiency  for  the 
vat  is  99.95  per  cent  and  for  in-bottle  pasteuriaatlon  99.96  per  cent.  The  re- 
duction in  cream  line  of  vat  pasteurized  milk  when  cooled  in  the  vat  was  2.9 
per  cent  and  when  cooled  over  the  cooler  1.6  per  cent  Both  reductions  are  so 
small  that  they  would  scarcely  be  noticed  on  bottled  milk.  In  the  case  of  in* 
bottle  pasteurisation  there  was  no  apparent  reduction  in  the  cream  hne. 
The  higher  the  temperature  to  which  the  milk  was  heated  the  greater  was  the 
reduction  in  cream  line.  In  vat  pasteurization  this  reduction  was  found  to  take 
place  mostly  during  the  holding  and  cooling  process. 

The  time  and  water  required  for  cooling  were  sUghtly  lower  in  the  case  of 
the  vat  cooling.  The  latter  is  also  considered  preferable  because  less  equip* 
meet  is  needed.  The  air  blast  method  of  cooling  in-bottle  pasteurized  milk  is 
regarded  as  very  satisfactory.  The  vat  and  the  in-bottle  methods  of  cooling 
were  both  found  ideal  as  far  as  the  bacteria  count  is  concerned.  The  cooler 
meUiod  showed  an  average  increase  of  8,064  bacteria  per  cubic  centimeter  in 
milk  passing  over  it 

The  pumping  and  bottling  of  pasteurized  milk  with  equipment  cleaned  in  the 
ordinary  manner  is  considered  a  great  source  of  recontamination.  In  the  tests 
an  increase  of  11,756  bacteria  per  citbic  centimeter  was  due  to  the  pump  and 
pipe  line  while  the  bottler  added  35,888  per  cubic  centimeter  more.  Milk  pas- 
teurized in  the  bottle  showed  a  bacteria  content  of  852  per  cubic  centimeter, 
while  the  same  milk  pasteurized  in  the  vat  showed  489  per  cubic  centimeter. 
This  same  milk  bottled  showed  an  increase  of  47,594  bacteria  per  cubic  cen- 
timeter, a  large  perc^tage  of  which  were  liqueflers.  The  use  of  chlorid  of 
Umc  solution  in  flushing  out  all  equipment  before  processing  milk  was  found 
to  do  away  with  practically  all  recontamination  of  milk  after  pasteurishig. 

The  manufacture  of  small  cheese  with  improvised  apparatus  {Jour.  Bd.  Agr, 
[XiOfMloa],  £5  (1918),  No.  Sf  pp.  269-tn,  fig.  i).— A  procedure  in  making  cheese 
on  the  farm  is  outlined  involving  the  use  of  no  material  not  commonly  available 
on  dairy  farms  except  a  thermometer,  rennet,  and  cheese  molds. 

VanfehAtel  cheese,  H.  8.  Baibd  (CaUfomia  8ia.  Oiro.  tfn  (1919),  pp.  4,  fig9. 
2). — ^Brief  directions  are  given  for  the  manufacture  of  Neufch&tel  cheese.  It 
la  said  that  it  can  be  made  satlsfiictorily  from  cow's  milk,  but  goat's  milk  is 
preferable.  Its  manufacture  affords  an  outlet  for  surplus  milk,  as  the  necessary 
apparatus  for  making  the  cheese  on  a  small  scale  is  not  expensive. 

Experiments  in  ioe  cream  making,  A.  C.  Baxb  (Oklahoma  Sta.  Rpt.  1918, 
p.  SI). — ^In  a  study  of  two  types  of  emulsifying  machines  for  ice  cream  mixes, 
a  centrifugal  emulsifler  gave  uniformly  better  results  than  a  steam  emulsi- 
fler.  It  was  found  that  the  steam  emulsifler  adds  from  10  to  15  per  cent  of 
wator,  due  to  condensation  of  steam  which  is  turned  directly  Into  the  cream. 
This  reduces  the  percentage  of  total  solids  in  the  mix  as  well  as  the  butter  fat 
Milk  solids  can  be  added  In  the  fbrm  of  milk  powder  or  condensed  milk. 

The  emulslfled  milk  and  emulsified  mixes  made  from  butter  and  skim  milk  or 
lmtter»  slcim  milk  powder,  and  water  are  found  to  produce  excellent  ice  cream 


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676  EXPRRIMENT  STATION  BBOOBD.  (VoliO 

under  the  proper  conditions.  It  is  necessary  to  use  good  flavored,  sweet  totter 
and  fresh  nonnincid  powder.  . 

The  use  of  2  per  cent  additional  milk  solids  in  the  form  of  skim  milk  powder 
added  at  the  rate  of  1  Ih.  of  such  milk  powder  to  10  gaL  of  ice  cream  ooix  Ibh- 
proved  the  ice  cream,  produced  5  per  cent  additional  swell,  and  retarded  oys- 
tallization  of  the  ice  cream. 

The  emulsification  of  ice  cream  mixes  prevented  to  a  great  extent  the  chum- 
lag  of  the  mix  during  the  process  of  freezing.  None  of  the  emulsified  mixes, 
^ther  from  the  centrifugal  or  from  the  steam  emulsiflers,  churned  as  easily 
in  the  freezer  under  similar  conditions  as  mixes  not  emulsified. 

VSTEKINAKY  KEBICINK 

Pathological  technique,  F.  B.  Mallobt  and  J.  H.  Wbiobt  (PhUadclphia  and 
London:  W,  B.  Baunderg  Co.,  7.  ed.,  rev.  and  enZ.,  1918^  pp.  5S5,  pl«.  t,  figL 
1S4). — ^This  is  the  seventh  revised  and  enlarged  edition  of  the  work  prevloQslj 
noted  (E.  S.  R.,  26,  p.  276).  The  subject  matter  has  been  rearranged,  and 
several  new  procedures  have  been  introduced. 

Annual  rei>ort  of  the  chief  veterinary  officer  for  the  year  1917,  &  Stock- 
MAN  {Bd.  Agr.  and  FishericM  ILondanh  Ann.  Rpt.  Chief  Vei.  Off.,  1917,  pp.  7).— 
This,  the  usual  annual  report  (B.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  387),  deals  with  tlie  occurreoce 
of  hog  cholera,  glanders,  anthrax,  sheep  scab,  and  parasitic  mange  of  horsea 

Annual  report  on  the  Punjab  Veterinary  College,  civil  veterinary  depart- 
ment, Punjab,  and  the  Ctovemment  Cattle  Parm,  Hissar,  tot  the  year 
1917-18,  H.  T.  Pease,  J.  Faxmkb,  and  R.  Bbanpobd  {Ann.  Rpt.  Pw^jab  YeL 
Col  and  Civ.  Vet.  Dept,  1917-18,  pp.  Ill +i+ 18+ XV II). --The  usual  annual 
report  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  482). 

The  function  of  fats  in  immune  processes. — ^n,  Pneumoooccns  and  strepto- 
ooccus  immunity,  G.  C.  Waxden  {Jour.  Infect.  Diseases,  24  {1919),  No.  S»  pp. 
28S-296). — This  paper,  which  is  a  continuation  of  earlier  worii  (E.  S.  R,  40, 
p.  880),  deals  with  the  quantity  of  antibody  produced  in  rabbits  from  inocula- 
tions with  the  pneumococcus  and  streptococcus  fat  antigens  and  the  amount  of 
protection  afforded  against  the  organisms. 

To  test  the  hypothesis  that  the  antibodies  derived  from  active  immunisation 
with  bacteria  might  depend  on  the  protein  fraction  of  the  antigen  for  enduring 
and  protective  qualities  and  on  the  fat  fraction  for  specificity,  experimenti 
upon  rabbits  were  conducted  in  which  the  specific  fat  antigen  of  the  pneumococ- 
cus was  grafted  with  the  protein  derived  from  defatted  typhoid  bacilli.  The  pro- 
tective value  of  the  pneumococcus  antigen  was  in  no  way  increased.  This  is 
thought  to  indicate  that  protein  immunization  and  [q)eciflc  cell  immunizatioD 
may  be  two  quite  distinct  processes.  "  With  the  protein  immune  process  occar 
the  fact<Nrs  of  sensitization,  toxicity,  specificity  for  type  only  and  not  for  spedes, 
while  with  fat  immunization  there  is  no  sensitizaton  and  no  toxicity  but  marked 
species  specificity." 

Further  experiments  with  the  pneumococcus  fat  antigen  are  reported  in 
which  (1)  the  sodium  salts  of  the  fatty  acids  of  the  antigen  were  replaced  by 
lithium  salts  and  (2)  the  cholesterol  esters  were  used  in  place  of  the  fat  The 
antibody  induced  by  the  cholesterol  colloidal  antigen  was  found  to  afford 
greater  protection  to  the  rabbits  than  those  consisting  of  the  sodium  and  Uthioin 
esters.  It  is  thought  that  the  more  stable  in  physicochemical  characters  the 
antigenic  fats,  the  more  stable  and  protective  the  antibody  engmdeied. 

Tests  with  fkts  of  combined  strains  of  streptococci  obtained  as  in  the  csat 
of  the  pneumococcus  antigen  (B.  8.  R.,  89,  p.  80). are  rcfiorted  which  show  that 


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1»1»]  YBTEBINABY  MEDICINE.  677 

antibodies  against  the  streptococcus  are  produced  in  the  injected  animals. 
Other  experiments  are  reported  showing  the  availability  of  subcutaneous  inocu* 
lations  of  fat  antigens  for  the  production  of  immonity  in  man  and  the  power  ot 
an  immune  serum  to  precipitate  with  the  individual  components  of  a  fat 
antigen  complex. 

In  conclusion,  the  author  states  tliat  "  the  facts  brought  out  in  the  work  on 
the  functions  of  antigenic  fats  in  immunity  lead  one  to  believe  that  such  anti- 
gens are  destined  to  play  an  important  part  not  only  in  active  immunization  of 
animals  and  man  as  a  prophylactic  measure  but  also  in  the  treatment  of  infec- 
tions. They  have  to  commend  them  their  purity,  the  dosage  by  weight,  the 
absence  of  toxicity,  and  the  ease  and  safety  of  either  subcutaneous  or  intra* 
Tenons  administration." 

The  use  of  the  final  hydrogen-ion  concentration  in  differentiation  of 
Streptococcas  hemolytlcus  of  human  and  bovine  types,  O.  T.  Aveby  and 
G.  E.  CuiXEN  {Jour.  Expt.  Med.,  »9  (1919),  No.  2,  pp.  215-234,  figs.  £).>-Studics 
are  reported  which  show  that  there  is  a  di&tinct  and  constant  difference  in 
the  final  H-lon  concentration  of  Streptococcus  hemolyticus  from  human  and 
bovine  sources  under  like  conditions  of  growth.  Of  124  strains  of  8.  hemolytious 
from  known  human  origin,  116  reached  a  final  Il-ion  concentration  of  from 
pH  5  to  5.3.  Only  8  reached  a  pH  more  add  than  5  and  none  more  acid  than 
pH  4.&  Of  45  strains  of  8.  hemolyticus  from  bovine  sources,  including  26 
strains  iaqlated  from  milk  and  the  udder  of  cows  and  19  from  cream  cheese,  40 
reached  a  final  H-lon  concentration  of  pH  4.3  to  4.5.  Of  the  remaining  5  which 
reached  a  pH  of  5  to  6.2,  2  were  of  known  human  type,  and  3  of  uncertain 
diagnosis.  In  the  application  of  this  method  to  the  determination  of  the  type 
of  8.  hemolyticus  the  following  procedure  has  been  adopted : 

The  strain  to  be  tested  is  grown  in  test  tubes  containing  5  cc  of  1  per  cent 
dextrose  broth.  After  the  maximum  growth  has  been  reached,  generally  within 
24  to  48  hours  but  depending  upon  the  size  of  the  inoculum  and  tlie  suitability 
of  the  medium,  the  culture  fluid  is  diluted  with  10  per  cent  of  distilled  water, 
and  1  drop  of  0.1  per  cent  alcoholic  solution  of  methyl  red  is  added.  A  faint 
salmon-pink  color  indicates  the  human  type  and  a  decided  red  the  bovine  type 
of  streptococcus.  This  color  difference  is  said  to  be  so  marked  as  to  make  a 
comparison  with  standard  solutions  unnecessary. 

Horse  blood  or  sheep  blood  dextrose  a^rar  plates  as  substitutes  for  honutn 
blood  dextrose  a^ar  plates  for  the  culture  of  pathogenic  anaerobes,  J.  Zkibs- 
LBB  {Deut.  Med.  Wchmschr.,  U  {1918),  No.  34,  p.  P^g).— The  author  has  found 
that  horse  blood  or  sheep  blood  can  be  used  in  place  of  human  blood  in  the 
dextrose-blood-agar  medium  employed  for  the  culture  of  pathogenic  anaerobes. 
The  organisms  show  the  same  characteristics  as  on  the  media  usually  employed. 

A  preliminary  note  on  the  preparation  of  culture  media  suitable  for  the 
growth  of  oriTftulsms  used  in  Taocines,  D.  Noaais  {Indian  Jour.  Med.  Research^ 
6  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  174-189). — ^Various  types  of  cultiure  media  have  been  pre- 
pared with  a  view  to  the  determination  of  their  nutritive  value  as  regards  the 
growth  of  Bacillus  typhosus  for  vaccine  purposes. 

Of  the  various  meat  media  at  present  in  use,  those  prepared  by  means  of  a 
tryptic  digestion  appear  to  be  more  nutritive  than  an  ordinary  beef  p^tone 
medium  or  than  those  prepared  by  acid  hydrolysis.  The  addition  of  nutrose  or 
casein  appeared  to  have  no  influence  on  growth  except  with  a  particularly  non- 
nutritive  medium.  The  addition,  however,  of  a  comparatively  small  amount  of 
hydrolyzed  nutrose  to  a  poor  medium  greatly  increased  its  nutritive  po\ver. 
Media  obtained  by  the  tryptic  hydrolysis  of  nutrose,  peanut  press  cake,  and 
casein  gave  material  equal  in  nutritive  value  to  that  obtained  from  meat    Oon* 


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678  BXPEBIHENT  8TATI0K  RECOBD.  [Tol40 

centration  of  the  Batotrate  appeared  wltbln  limits  to  be  of  greater  importaiioe 
than  time  of  hydrolysis  in  determining  the  nntritlTe  value  of  the  media. 

Bried  bacterial  antigen,  W.  F.  Hasvst  (Indiam  Jour.  Med,  Beseareh,  9 
(1918),  No,  2,  pp.  i57-i4iS).--The  advantages  in  the  use  of  a  dried  bacterial       j! 
antigen  are  pointed  out,  and  experimental  data  are  given  indicattng  that  such 
an  antigen  is  easily  tolerated  and  is  as  capable  of  stimnlating  the  production  of 
antibodies  as  the  more  commonly  used  suspension. 

The  antigen  is  prepared  by  inoculating  the  surface  of  agar  slopes  with  a 
24-hour  culture  of  the  organism  to  be  employed,  incubating  until  a  good  growth 
has  been  maintained,  transferring  the  growth  to  a  sterile  wat6h  glass,  and  dry- 
ing to  constant  weight  in  a  desiccator  over  sulphuric  acid  at  room  temperature. 
When  used,  a  weighed  amount  of  the  antigen  is  allowed  to  stand  overnight 
with  a  small  amount  of  sterile  salt  solution  and  is  then  ground  to  a  homo- 
geneous suspension,  taken  up  in  a  sterile  syringe,  and  administered  intra- 
venously, intraperitoneally,  or  subcutaneously  in  calculated  amount& 

It  is  stated  that  such  an  antigen  conserves  its  power  of  production  of  agglu- 
tinins for  a  long  period. 

Ezperlmenta  on  the  production  of  spedfle  antisera  for  infectiona  of  un- 
known cause,  I,  II,  P.  Rous,  O.  H.  Robebtson,  and  J.  Oliveb  {Jour.  Expi, 
Med,,  29  {1919),  No.  S,  pp.  289^20,  figs,  5). — ^Two  papers  are  presented. 

I.  Type  experimenU  with  known  antigens — a  bacterial  hemotoxin  {megather^ 
ioPi^»in),  the  pneumoooccus,  and  poliamyelitic  viru$, — ^The  purpose  of  this  investi- 
gation was  to  determine  whether  sera  obtained  by  the  immunization  of  animals 
with  infected  tissue  of  another  species  can  be  rendered  available  by. absorption 
for  therapeutic  use  in  the  last  mentioned  species.  In  order  to  test  this  possi- 
bility, type  experiments  were  carried  out  with  immune  sera  effective  against 
known  antigens  of  three  different  varieties:  (1)  Sera  resulting  from  the  injec- 
tion of  rabbits  and  a  goat  with  normal  guinea  pig  tissues  and  a  bacterial  hemo- 
toxin produced  by  BaciUuM  megat}^eriwn  which  hemolyses  guinea  pig  cells, 
(2)  antirabbit  dog  sera  containing  antibodies  protective  against  pneumococcus 
infection,  and  (8)  the  serum  of  a  monkey  recovered  from  poliomyelitis  and  re- 
peatedly injected  with  human  red  cells  and  extract  of  placental  tissue.  By 
means  of  selective  absorption,  the  sera  of  the  first  were  used  successfully  to 
protect  guinea  pigs  from  lethal  doses  of  the  megatherlolysin,  of  the  second  to 
protect  mice  against  pneumococcus  Infection,  and  of  the  third  to  protect  monkeys 
against  poliomyelitic  virus. 

The  results  are  thought  to  indicate  some  usefulness  for  the  absorption  metbod 
in  the  study  of  immunity  to  infections  of  unknown  cause. 

II.  The  production  of  a  serum  effective  against  the  agent  causing  a  chicken 
sarcoma, — ^This  paper  deals  with  the  application  of  the  method  noted  above  to 
the  treatment  of  a  sarcoma  of  the  fowl  caused  by  a  filterable  agent  Cteese  were 
repeatedly  injected  with  the  finely  ground  sarcoma  and  with  blood  from  fowls 
dying  with  it,  and  their  sera  acquired  the  power  to  prevent  the  tumor-producing 
agent  from  causing  growths. 

The  authors  point  out  that,  as  serum  immunity  to  chicken  sarcoma  is  weak 
at  best,  more  striking  results  may  be  anticipated  from  the  method  of  selective 
absorption  in  case  of  some  other  infections  of  unknown  cause,  and  that  by  its 
means  more  sera  of  therapeutic  usefulness  may  become  available.  It  is  stated, 
however,  that  much  remains  to  be  settled  as  regards  the  dangers  of  exhausted 
sera  and  the  limitations  of  the  method. 

A  method  of  wound  treatment  by  the  introduction  of  living  cultures  of  a 
spore-bearing  anaerobe  of  the  proteolytic  group,  R.  Donaldson  and  J.  L. 
JoTCB  (Lancet  ILondonh  1917,  II,  No.  IB,  pp.  »lHSt,  figs.  5).— This  is  a  pre- 


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1»19]  VETEBINABY  MXDIOINB.  679 

llmliHily  commiiiilcatlon  In  regard  to  a  new  method  of  wound  treatment 
evolved  from  obeerrationa  of  tlie  lalt-pack  method. 

OInical  and  bacteriological  studies  of  wounds  treated  by  the  salt-pack 
Biethod  led  to  the  diacoyeiy  of  the  constant  presence,  in  wounds  which  re^N>nd 
ta  this  method  and  from  which  a  fool  odor  is  always  emitted,  of  a  nonpatho- 
sendc  spore-bearing  anaerobe  b^onglng  to  the  proteolytic  group  of  organisms. 
In  wounds  which  under  the  salt-pack  method  do  not  progress  favorably  and 
emit  no  odor,  this  bacillus  is  invariably  absent.  A  brief  outline  is  given  of 
tile  moririiiological  and  cultural  characteristics  of  the  organism  which  has  been 
named  the  Reading  bacillus. 

The  theory  is  advanced  that  under  suitable  anaerobic  conditions  provided  by 
•alt-pack  or  sphagnum  moss  dressings,  the  bacillus  acts  in  virtue  of  its  proteo* 
lytic  power  <m  the  devitalized  and  necrotic  tissues  of  septic  wounds  and  possibly 
on  the  toz-albumins  contained  therein.  Case  reports  are  given  in  which 
wounds  which  have  been  previously  treated  unsuccessfully  by  various  methods  ^ 
liaTe  healed  rapidly  when  sown  with  living  cultures  of  the  bacillus.  As  the 
organism  is  probably  present  in  the  larger  number  of  infected  wounds,  it  is 
oftoi  neceesary  only  to  open  thoroughly  the  wound,  irrigate  it  with  sterile 
water  or  saline,  and  fill  it  completely  with  the  salt  or  sphagnum  dressing. 
!Ete  development  after  two  or  three  days  of  the  characteristic  foul  odor  is 
an  Indication  of  the  presence  in  the  wound  of  the  Reading  bacillus.  If  no  odor 
develcqps,  the  wound  should  then  be  sown  with  cultures  of  the  bacillus.  The 
dreaalng  is  left  on  without  change  for  at  least  six  or  seven  daya 

CBhazaeter  and  properties  of  the  <' Beading''  bacillus,  on  which  a  new 
matiiod  of  treatment  of  wounds  has  been  based,  R.  Donaldson  {Jour.  Path, 
and  Bact^  n  U918),  No.  2,  pp.  129-151,  pi  1,  Ho-  i).— This  is  a  summary  of  the 
research  work  on  which  was  based  the  new  method  of  treatment  of  septic  gun- 
shot wounds  noted  above.  In  addition  to  the  morphological  and  cultural  char- 
acteristics previously  noted,  the  following  properties  of  the  Reading  bacillus 
are  reported: 

The  spores  were  found  to  possess  a  high  degree  of  resistance  to  heat  and  to 
drying.  It  is  thought  that  this  property  may  bo  utiliaed  in  providing  the 
vehicle  for  the  transmission  of  spores  by  growing  the  bacillus  in  broth  contain- 
ing moaSf  which  can  then  be  dried  and  used  as  the  packing  for  wounds. 

Tlie  badllns  did  not  grow  readily  in  media  containing  more  than  5  per  cent 
of  salt»  which  is  thought  to  indicate  that  high  concentrations  of  salt  in  the 
wound  are  not  only  unnecessary  but  detrimental  to  the  growth  of  the  bacillus. 
The  limiting  concentrations  of  certain  antiseptics  on  the  growth  of  the  bacillus 
in  broth  solution  were  found  to  be  phenol  and  mercuric  o^d  1  per  c^it  of  a  1 
in  20  solution,  eusol  6  per  cent,  and  Dakin's  solution  22  per  cent.  The  growth 
in  any  given  concentration  i>f  acriilavine  appeared  to  depend  on  the  number  of 
organisms  sown. 

The  bacillus  was  found  to  be  absolutely  nonpathogenic  to  animals.  It  is 
stated  that  its  introduction  in  pure  culture  in  human' beings  and  in  horses  and 
mules  has  never  been  followed  by  any  pathogenic  effect  but,  on  the  contrary, 
has  Invariably  led  to  a  rapid  cleansing  of  the  wounda 

Bzperimental  evidence  on  its  growth  in  the  presence  of  other  organisms  and 
In  cooked  meat  medium  and  its  action  on  toxins  confirm  the  conclusions  pre- 
viously drawn  that  the  success  of  the  method  does  not  depend  on  inhibition 
by  the  Reading  bacillus  of  the  growth  of  pathogenic  organisms  in  the  wound, 
but  that  it  acts  by  virtue  of  its  proteodastic  enzyms  as  an  organic  catalyst 
which  hydrolyxes  the  substrate  of  dead  protein  and  probably  also  the  toxic 
dsgradatioii  products  of  other  organisms. 


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680  EXPEBIMEKT  STATION  BBOOBD.  [TollA 

An  appendix  contains  a  description  of  metikods  devised  1^  the  autlior  for 
tube  and  plate  cultores  where  larye  numbers  of  anaerobic  cultures  have  to  be 
investigated  at  one  time. 

'  The  association  of  bacteria  in  CrTptococcns  farcimdnosos  infeotion,  K 
Oaspano  {Ann.  Iff,  {Rome},  28  {1918),  No,  6,  pp.  i7S^£79) .—In  cases  which  he 
has  studied,  the  author  has  found  C,  faroiminosuB  lesions  to  be  invaded  bj 
BUtphytoooocua  pyoffenes  and  streptococci  of  Btrepiococcus  adenUis  egui  type. 
This  mixed  infection  is  a  true  staphylo-strepto-cryptococclc  lymphangitis. 

Foot*azid-mouth  disease  (aphthous  fever)  in  ICanrltiiis,  Q.  G.  Avcbxnimck 
and  F.  E.  Lionnet  {Dept.  Agr.  MauriiiuM,  Qen,  8er.,  BtU.  11  {1918),  BngUih  Kd,. 
pp.  10,  pi.  1). — ^A  summary  of  information  on  tills  disease*  and  a  discossion  of 
the  outbreak  in  Mauritius  which  took  place  <m  September  21,  1916,  and  lasted 
until  April  19,  1917.  A  total  of  2^42  animals  were  affected  before  tiie  dlseaae 
was  eradicated  and  67  deaths  resulted,  many  of  which  were  suckling  animala 
It  is  thought  to  have  been  introduced  with  imported  cattle. 

The  value  of  the  use  of  polyvalent  extracts  for  the  serodlagnosis  off 
glanders  by  means  of  complement  deviation.  Positive  results  with  the  ooa- 
glutinatlon  and  K.  H.  reaction  with  negative  deviation:,  W.  Pysnjea  {Tier- 
Arztl.  Rundschau,  64  {1918),  No.  49,  pp.  STf,  55^).— €ases  are  cited  in  which 
horses  giving  positive  results  for  glanders  with  the  conglutination  and  K.  H. 
reactions  with  the  use  of  polyvalent  sera  (fil  S.  R.,  85,  p.  180)  and  negatm 
results  in  the  complement-deviation  test  with  monovalent  sera  proved  on  au- 
topsy to  be  glandered.    The  advisability  of  using  polyvalent  sera  is  emphasized. 

Experimental  contribution  to  the  value  of  local  reactions  for  the  diagnosis 
of  tuberculosis,  G.  Angexici  {Clin.  Vet.  [ifitoii],  Ra94.  PoL  8anU.  e  Ig^  41 
{1918),  No.  5-^,  pp.  115-14S), —Th%  results  obtained  with  various  methods  in 
use  for  the  diagnosis  of  tuberculosis  are  reported  and  compared  with  the  post- 
mortem flndinga  Three  series  of  studies  were  made,  (1)  a  study  of  the  com- 
parative value  of  the  conjunctival,  intrapalpebral,  and  intradermic  resctlons, 
<2)  the  influence  of  lecithin  on  the  tuberculin  reaction,  and  (3)  the  use  of  blood 
serum  for  local  diagnosis. 

In  the  SOS  cows  examined  in  the  first  study  the  conjunctival  reaction  wss 
positive  in  19  cases,  of  which  17  gave  positive  results  on  necropsy.  In  31  other 
cases  the  conjunctival  reaction  was  negative  or  doubtful,  while  the  reports  on 
necropsy  were  positive.  In  some  of  these  cases  the  conjunctival  reaction  re- 
mftined  negative  or  doubtful  in  a  second  or  third  trial,  while  in  others  the 
reaction  became  positive.  In  about  16  cases  in  which  the  first  conjunctival  test 
was  negative  and  the  latter  positive,  and  in  others  in  which  the  reaction  re- 
mained negative,  the  intrapalpebral  reaction  was  positive,  as  was  the  result  on 
necropsy.  In  one  case,  proved  positive  on  necropsy,  a  doubtful  intrapalpebral 
reaction  and  a  positive  conjunctival  reaction  were  obtained.  In  another,  a 
positive  intrapalpebral  and  two  doubtful  conjunctival  tests  were  obtained  with 
negative  results  on  necropsy.  Satisfactory  results  were  not  obtained  with  the 
intradermal  test 

The  use  of  lecithin  with  tuberculin  was  found  to  attenuate  sbmewhat  the  local 
symptoms  as  well  as  the  diagnostic  reaction  of  the  tuberculin.  Normal  or  tuber- 
culous blood  serum  was  used  in  81  cases  in  either  the  ocmjunctlval  or  subcu- 
taneous palpebral  test  with  varying  results,  the  endopalp^ral  injection  of 
tuberculous  serum  apparently  being  the  most  reactive. 

She  method  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industrjr  for  testlDg  the  potency  of 
tuberculin,  B.  G.  ScHBOEDis  and  G.  W.  Bbbtt  {Jour.  Amer,  Vet.  Med.  Auoe,, 
44  {1919),  No.  4»  pp.  S57S61).—The  potency  test  for  tuberculin  adopted  by  the 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture*  as  the 


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1«1«1  VBTERINABT  MEmCIim.  681 

result  of  experimental  work  tn  which  various  species  of  animals  are  nsed,  is 
based  on  the  toxicity  of  tnbercnlln  for  tubercnlons  animals  and  is  a  modification 
of  tbe  standardization  test  originally  defined  and  used  by  Koch. 

Guinea  pigs,  practically  alike  in  slse,  age,  and  weight,  are  infected  with 
tabercalosis  through  the  subcataneons  injection  of  tubercnloos  material  pre- 
pared by  making  a  suspension  in  sterile,  distilled  water  of  fresh,  tuberculous 
guinea  pig  tissue.  This  is  filtered  through  ordinary  filter  paper,  and  the  filtrate 
used  in  amounts  depending  upon  its  concentration  of  tubercle  baCilll  as  deter- 
mined microscopically.  Material  of  this  nature  is  considered  preferable  to  sus- 
pensions made  with  pure  cultures,  as  a  more  even  distribution  of  tubercle  bacilli 
is  obtained  and  the  dangers  of  anaphylaxis  from  foreign  proteins  are  eliminated. 

In  about  three  weeks  after  the  guinea  pigs  have  been  Infected,  Inoculation 
tests  with  a  standard  tuberculin  are  made  to  determine  the  degree  of  sensitive- 
ness to  tuberculin.  The  animals  are  considered  ready  for  the  practical  tests  on 
the  day  when  one  cattle  dose  of  standard  tuberculin  per  500  gm.  weight  causes 
death  within  24  hours.  The  average  length  of  time  required  to  produce  this 
degree  of  sensitiveness  is  about  29  days. 

It  is  necessary  that  any  sample  of  tuberculin,  in  order  to  possess  a  reliable 
degree  of  potency,  should  kill  within  24  hours  at  least  half  of  the  group  of 
six  sensitized  guinea  pigs  injected  with  it,  and  that  normal  guinea  pigs 
injected  with  it  should  be  alive  and  well  at  the  end  of  24  hours.  All  animals 
that  die  must  show  on  autopsy  the  characteristic  lesions  found  when  tuber- 
culous animals  die  as  the  result  of  an  injection  of  tuberculin.  The  normal 
guinea  pigs  are  kept  under  observation  a  sufficient  length  of  time  for  tuber- 
culosis to  develop  in  case  the  tuberculin  happens  to  be  contaminated  with  living 
tubercle  bacilli. 

The  authors  state  that  a  superpotent  tuberculin  (provided  it  does  not  injure 
healthy  guinea  pigs  injected  with  it)  is  greatly  to  be  preferred  to  a  tuberculin 
of  subnormal  potency. 

Tnbercnlosla  eradication,  J.  A.  Kikknan  (Atner.  Jour,  Vet,  Med,,  H  (1919), 
No.  S,  pp.  109-111). — A  paper  presented  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  U.  S. 
live  Stock  Sanitary  Association,  held  in  Chicago  in  December,  1918. 

Tuberculosis  and  our  live-stock  industry,  J.  A.  Kiebnaii  {Jour.  Amer.  Vet, 
Med.  Assoc,,  54  {1918),  No.  t,  pp.  107-126)' 

The  connection  of  milkslckness  with  the  poisonous  qualities  of  white 
snakeroot  (Eupatorium  urtlctsfolium),  W.  G.  Sackett  {Jour.  Infect.  Diseases, 
24  {1919),  No.  9,  pp.  Wi-«59).— "Both  the  fresh,  green  B.  urticcBfolium  and  the 
dried  leaf  powder  contain  an  active  Ingredient  which  is  poisonous  for  rabbits. 
The  active  poisonous  principle  is  present  in  plants  grown  in  the  greenhouse, 
as  well  as  under  natural  out-of-door  conditions."  The  active  constituent  is  solu- 
ble in  95  per  cent  alcohol,  and  in  a  mixture  of  ether-chloroform  and  ammonia, 
and  in  each  case  Its  solution  yields  a  solid  extract  on  evaporation  which  Is 
poisonous  for  rabbits  but  not  for  guinea  pigs.  The  active  ingredient  is  not 
yielded  by  extraction  with'  physiologic  salt  solution.  It  is  present  in  the 
leaves,  but  not  or  only  sparingly  so.  In  the  stems  and  roots  of  dried  plants. 

'*  There  is  no  indication  of  anaphylaxis.  So  far  as  is  shown  by  these  experi- 
ments, neither  the  leaf  powder  nor  the  different  extracts  are  poisonous  for 
guinea  pigs.  The  viscera  and  meat,  from  rabbits  which  had  died  from  Eupa- 
torium poisoning,  when  fed  to  a  cat  were  without  harmful  action. 

^  No  difference  in  poisonous  properties  could  be  noted  between  plants  from  a 
•  milksick '  and  •  nonmilksick  *  area.  The  fatal  dose  of  the  leaf  powder  differs 
with  the  different  animals,  ranging  from  4  to  17  gm. ;  whereas,  the  ether- 
chloroform-ammonia  extract  from  16  gm.  given  in  three  doses  24  hours  apart 
invariably  caused  death  in  4  to  6  days. 

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682  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BSOOBD.  (Vol  40 

"Babbits  suffering  with  Bupatorlum  poisoning  nsoally  manifest  the  lint 
symptoms  on  the  tiilrd  or  fourth  day  (ether-dUoroform-ammonia  extract).  They 
refuse  to  eat,  sit  humped  up,  eyes  half  dosed,  and  often  keep  the  body  swaylog 
from  side  to  side ;  the  refiq;>lration  is  usually  shallow,  rapid,  and  Jerky ;  on  the 
following  day  (fourth  or  fifth)  a  flacdd  paralysis  of  the  head,  neck,  axid  front 
legs  ordinarily  devdc^Mi;  this  is  followed  by  complete  prostration  and  death  In 
24  to  86  hours. 

"The  prindpal  pathologic  changes  occur  in  the  kidney,  liver,  and  heart, 
where  fatty  degeneration  and  hyperemia  are  very  marked.  Poured  agar  platM 
made  from  the  heart  blood,  liver,  and  kidneys  were  invariably  sterile. 

"It  is  not  Intended  to  claim  that  all  cases  of  disease  with  the  symptoms  of 
trembles  or  milksickness  are  due  to  the  ingestion  of  the  toxic  substance  presat 
in  Bupatorium  leaves.  Jordan  and  Harris  have  shown  (E.  S.  R.,  21,  p.  783) 
that  a  disease  with  similar,  if  not  identical  symptoms,  occurs  in  a  region  in 
New  Mexico  where  Eupatorium  is  not  present" 

Tick  control  work,  J.  G.  F.  Sohns  {Dept.  Landh^  Nijv,  en  Eomdel  [JhUek 
Bast  Indies},  Veeartsenijk.  Meded.,  No.  £6  {1918),  pp.  15,  pis,  2).— A  discussion 
of  control  work  with  ticks  in  Dutch  East  Indies,  including  plans  for  dipplnf 
vats. 

The  spinose  ear  tick  and  methods  of  treating  infested  animals,  M.  Imb 
(U.  S:  DepL  Affr.,  Farmers'  Bui,  980  (1918),  pp.  8,  figs.  4).— A  brief  summaiy 
of  information  on  the  life  history  and  habits  of  Omithodinris  megnSni  is  tint 
given,  followed  by  recommendations  as  to  treatment,  based  upon  investigatioiis 
conduded  by  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  of  this  D^;Mirtment. 

The  investigations  have  shown  that  dipping  in  any  of  the  known  dips  la 
not  effective  in  killing  the  ticks  or  causing  them  to  leave  the  ears.  The  rem- 
edies commonly  recommended,  such  as  bland  oils,  crude  petroleum,  various 
dips,  etc.,  are  not  effedive  and  they  are  of  use  only  as  vehldes  for  other 
remedies.  Kerosene  and  gasoline,  which  have  been  used  by  live  stock  growls 
in  Infested  areas  for  a  number  of  years  in  treating  animals  for  ear  tidu,  will 
kill  the  ticks,  but  they  cause  blistering  of  the  tender  skin  lining  the  ear  pas- 
sages and  may  produce  deafness,  especially  in  horses  or  dogs.  As  both  kerosea^ 
and  gasoline  evaporate  rapidly,  they  offer  no  protection  against  immediate 
reinfestation.  Chloroform,  dther  undiluted  or  mixed  with  bland  oils,  used 
in  the  ears  is  effective  but  affords  no  protedion  against  reinfestation. 

An  effective  remedy  against  ear  ticks  has  been  formulated  by  the  Bureau 
of  Animal  Industry  and  thoroughly  tested  during  field  investigationa  This 
consists  of  a  mixture  of  two  parts  by  volume  of  ordinary  conmierdal  pine 
tar  and  one  part  by  volume  of  cottonseed  oil.  "In  mixing  the  ingredients 
add  the  cottonseed  oil  to  the  pine  tar  and  stir  until  a  uniformly  smooth  mix- 
ture  is  obtained.  When  the  weather  is  cold  the  pine  tar  and  cottonseed  oH 
should  be  warmed  so  they  will  mix  readily  and  flow  freely,  but  they  should 
not  be  heated  more  than  is  necessary.  The  mixture  will  remain  uniform  for 
a  long  time  without  separation  or  deterioration.  It  is  relatively  inexpenslTe, 
easy  to  prepare,  and  when  properly  applied  it  kills  the  ticks  but  does  not  in- 
jure the  animals.    It  may  be  used  on  any  spedes  of  domesticated  animals." 

"Cottonseed  oil  is  a  fairly  good  solvent  for  earwax,  and  the  mixture  poie- 
trates  ordinary  loose  masses  of  earwax  and  ticks,  but  it  will  not  penetrate 
the  hard  masses.  It  not  only  kills  all  ear  ticks  with  which  it  comes  in  contact 
but  being  of  a  sticky  consistence  it  remains  in  the  ears  and  protects  the  ani- 
mals against  reinfestation  for  about  80  days.**  When  properly  used  one  appli- 
cation of  the  pine-tar-cottonseed-oil  mixture  is  usually  suffident  to  kill  all  ticki 
in  the  ears  of  the  animal  at  the  time  of  treatment 


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l»il»]  VETERINARY  MEDICINE.  683 

A  detailed  report  of  studies  of  the  biology  of  tbls  tick,  by  Hooker,  Blsbopp, 
and  Wood,  has  been  previoiisly  noted  (E.  S.  B.,  27,  p.  866). 

Parasitic  maiifir^  {Vet.  Bev^  B  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  4eiS-^6tf).— This  Is  a  review 
of  the  more  recent  literature  on  the  subject  See  also  a  previous  note 
(£3.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  683). 

Beport  of  an  ezperimeiit  on  hog  cholera,  L.  L.  Lewis  and  O.  H.  MgBuot 
{Oklahoma  Sta,  Rpt,  1918,  pp.  61,  5^).— To  determine  the  length  of  time  that 
blood  will  retain  Its  virulence  when  Injected  Into  hogs  for  the  purpose  of 
hyperlmmunlzlng  them  against  cholera,  two  tests  were  made,  one  in  which 
the  blood  was  drawn  from  the  hyperimmune  hogs  18  hours  and  the  other  24 
hours  after  hyperimmunlzation.  For  each  test  four  healthy  hogs  were  in- 
jected with  from  5  to  20  cc.  of  the  blood  and  were  placed  under  observation 
for  about  30  days,  at  the  end  of  which  time  each  of  the  eight  hogs  used  was 
given  0.5  cc.  of  hog  cholera  virus.  This  was  followed  at  intervals  of  a  few 
days  by  Increasing  doses  of  the  virus  up  to  5  cc.  at  the  end  of  a  month. 

In  only  one  case  of  the  hogs  used  was  there  any  clinical  evidence  of  in- 
fection and  this  was  of  a  very  light  type,  thus  indicating  that  the  virulence  of 
blood  used  in  hyperimmunlzation  Is  lost  in  from  18  to  24  days  and  possibly 
in  less  time. 

The  authors  are  of  the  opinion  that  the  Immunity  received  by  these  hogs 
should  be  attributed  to  the  attenuation  of  the  virus  in  the  hyperlmmunlsed 
bogs  and  not  to  an  antitoxin. 

A  new  disease  of  pigs.— -Pyemia  due  to  the  Bridr6-Sivori  bacillus,  F. 
81VOBI  and  A.  C.  Mabchisotti  {Rev.  8oc.  Med.  Vet.  {Buenos  Aires],  S  {1918), 
No.  8,  pp.  249-^7,  figs.  10;  abs.  in  Vet.  Rev.,  2  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  459,  468).— 
This  Is  a  discussion  of  an  enasootic  affection  of  suckling  pigs  (one  to  four 
months'  old)  which  occurs  during  the  spring  and  summer  in  the  Provinces  of 
Buenos  Aires  and  Cordoba,  Argentina.  A  high  percentage  of  the  animals  is 
affected,  one  breeder  having  lost  500  of  a  herd  of  700  pigs  in  the  course  of 
three  montha 

Swellings  of  various  sizes  first  appear  In  different  parts  of  the  body,  accom- 
panied by  persistent  lameness.  Sometimes  there  is  slight  paraplegia,  or  loss 
of  locomotory  power,  with  incoordination  and  a  swaying  gait  This  may  be- 
come so  pronounced  that  the  animal  can  not  keep  its  feet  and  in  such  cases  a 
fatal  termination  is  very  frequent.  In  other  cases  the  respiratory  system  is 
affected,  with  dyspnoea,  cough,  and  symptoms  of  suffocation  appearing,  gener- 
ally in  the  later  stages  of  the  disease.  There  is  a  progressive  and  rapid  emacia- 
tion, which  in  a  short  time  assumes  a  grave  character. 

**  On  post-mortem  examination  the  authors  found  abscesses,  varying  in  size,  in 
different  parts  of  the  body,  containing  a  yellowish-green,  thick,  Inodorous  pua 
The  abscesses  were  circumscribed  by  a  dense,  whitish  fibrous  capsule  from  a 
few  mUlimeters  to  2  to  4  cm.  [0.8  to  1.6  in.]  in  thickness.  Joints  contained  the 
same  kind  of  pus,  and  were  surrounded  by  an  abundant  formation  of  fibrous 
tissues  in  which  were  purulent  or  caseous  masses,  either  independent  or  two 
or  three  Joined  by  fistulous  tracts.  In  one  case  there  were  abscesses  in  the 
frontal  and  parotidean  regions.  A  very  marked  and  generalized  congestion  of 
the  lymph  glands  was  observed.'* 

The  tinctorial  and  cultural  characteristics  of  the  organism  Isolated  from 
sbscesses  are  described  by  the  authors  who  Identify  it  with  the  organism 
described  by  Pacella  and  Ck>rtelezzl^  as  the  causal  agent  of  caseous  abscesses 
in  boTines,  the  Brldr6-Sfvori  badllua 

«R«v.  Facolt  Agron.  y  Tet.,  2,  ser.,  8  (1011).  pp.  90-112. 

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684  .    EXPERIMENT  STATION  BBCORD.  I  Vol  40 

Salt  poisoningr  in  swine,  H.  G.  H.  Keenkamp  (Camea  Vei,,  9  (1919),  Nik  1, 
pp.  58-^0). — ^A  brief  account  in  which  cases  of  salt  poiscmlng  among  pigs  an      j 
reported.    The  author  coDdudes  that  a  very  small  amount  of  salt  will  produce      i 
symptoms  of  poisoning  and  death  In  pigs,  although  pigs  recelying  a  smaE      .i 
amount  of  salt  from  day  to  day  appear  to  develop  a  tolerance  to  it. 

The  control  of  lice  on  horses,  with  especial  reference  to  winter  eonditiona, 
M.  G.  Haix  {Vet,  Jour,,  U  (1918),  Nos.  517,  pp.  W-tSS;  S18,  pp.  tlS-mh-  \ 
**  The  best  control  measure  for  lice  on  horses  is  eradicative  dipping  in  sunmier.  |: 
There  are  numerous  aqueous  solutions  tliat  are  satisfactory,  the  ones  in  most 
common  use  being  the  coal-tar  dips.  These  preparations  are  eiCective,  unio- 
Jurlous,  comparatively  cheap,  and  readily  obtainable.  Their  use  in  winter  Is 
feasible  at  times,  but  is  limited  by  the  danger  of  chilling  and  consequent  pro- 
duction of  pneumonia.  Eradication  dipping  calls  for  two  dippings  at  a  20ila7 
interval. 

"Of  the  volatile  substances  that  may  be  used  fbr  lice  control  In  winter, 
methyl  alcohol  seems  to  be  the  most  satisfactory  of  the  things  tested,  as  it  la 
effective,  is  not  too  expensive,  and  does  not  injure  the  hair  or  coat  It  la 
inflammable  and  somewhat  unpleasant  to  handle.  It  can  not  be  d^>ended  on  to 
kill  eggs,  so  two  treatments  at  a  20-day  interval  are  indicated. 

••  Of  the  fatty  or  oily  substances  that  may  be  used  for  lice  control  in  winter, 
horse  fat  appears  to  be  a  fairly  cheap  and  satisfactory  representative:  It 
should  be  melted  and  applied,  and  the  excess  promptly  scraped  off  with  a 
sweat  scraper.  After  treatment  the  horses  should  be  thoroughly  groomed 
daily  to  remove  the  fat  which  flows  to  the  tip  of  the  hairs.  The  treatment  has 
the  disadvantage  of  greasing  the  clothing,  stalls,  harness,  and  other  things  with 
which  it  comes  in  contact.  Gontrary  to  what  one  might  expect,  horses  so 
treated  will  be  colder  In  very  cold  weather  than  horses  not  treated. 

'*  It  is  nonirritant,  but  if  it  is  left  on  and  the  horses  are  not  groomed  for 
several  days.  It  has  a  depilatory  action.  It  appears  to  be  injurious  to  eggs, 
but  some  eggs  will  hatch  after  this  treatment  so  that  eradication  would  call 
for  a  second  treatment  at  a  20-day  interval.  Most  oils,  whether  fixed  or 
volatile,  are  depilatory  for  horses,  and  the  volatile  oils  are  commonly  irritant 
as  well,  producing  dermatitis. 

••Powders  do  not  appear  to  be  very  satisfactory  substances  fbr  the  control 
of  lice  on  horses.  They  are  not  specially  effective  on  man,  where  conditionB 
are  better  and  where  many  tests  of  various  preparations  have  be»i  made.  They 
apparently  exert  no  effect  on  the  eggs  and  can  only  be  regarded  as  palliatiTe, 
killing  a  few  lice  and  temporarily  stupefying  or  disturbing  others. 

"  Fumigation  with  sulphur  dloxld  appears  to  be  a  dependable  measure  for  the 
control  of  lice  on  horses,  but  it  has  only  limited  application.  It  appears  to  be 
a  useful  measure  In  the  Army,  where  it  is  intended  primarily  as  a  treatment  for 
scabies." 

The  ovlposition  habit  of  Qastrophilns  nasaUs,  A.  B.  Gahebon  {Science, 
n.  »er.,  49  {1919),  No,  125S,  p.  W).— The  author  finds  that  G,  nasaUt  never 
strikes  at  the  lips  of  the  horse  but  always  at  the  hairs  of  the  skin  between 
the  mandibles  and  sometimes  on  the  hairs  of  the  cheek,  and  has  not  been 
observed  to  oviposit  on  the  lips.  Its  eggs  are  said  to  l)e  distinct  from  those  of 
G^.  intestinalU,  both  In  respect  to  shape  and  attachment  to  the  hair.  They  are 
not  adapted  for  the  penetration  of  the  host's  skin,  and  are  almost  invariably 
deposited  on  the  hairs  of  the  throat.  The  author's  observations  differ  from 
those  of  Townsend,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  962). 

A  note  on  the  effect  of  cold  on  the  degree  of  parasitic  infestation,  M.  Wio- 
ooB  {Jour.  Amer,  Vet.  Med,  Assoc.,  54  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  251-254).— Dxuring  the 
course  of  anthelmintic  investigations  with  dogs,  it  was  fbund  that  freesing  tem- 


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1919]  VETERIKABT  HBDICIKB.  685 

peratnres  of  seTeral  days'  duration  tend  to  dimlnisli  the  degree  of  parasitic 
Infestation.  "It  tlierefore  seems  feasible  that  manure  or  feces  might  be  dis- 
infected against  most  parasitic  ova,  especially  hookworm  ova,  by  being  kept  at 
very  low  temperatures  for  seTeral  days,  without  destroying  the  value  of  the 
manure  as  fertilizer,  were  this  procedure  practicable." 

The  domestic  cat  a  host  of  the  dog  tapeworm,  Tamia  plsiformis,  J.  B. 
AcKEBT  and  A.  A.  Gbant  {Trans.  Kans.  Aoad.  Soi,,  28  {1916-17),  pp.  257-*IS59).— 
Tbe  authors  found  that  T.  piiiformia  may  develop  in  the  young  cat,  and  that 
e^asinatlon  of  Cyaticercus  pisiformia  occurs  in  the  duodenum  of  the  domestic 
kitten. 

Tlie  colon-typhoid  intermediates  as  causative  agents  of  disease  in  birds.— 
I»  The  paratyphoid  bacteria,  P.  [B.]  Hadixt  et  al,  {Rhode  Island  8ta.  BuL 
174  (1918),  pp.  /y +210).— This  bulletin  is  divided  into  four  parts,  part  1  (pp. 
4r^7),  consisting  of  a  historical  r^sum^;  part  2  (pp.  48-lOT),  the  results  of 
experimental  work;  part  3  (pp.  16^207),  a  general  discussion  of  the  subject 
and  a  complete  summary  of  the  data  presented;  and  part  4  (pp.  207-216),  of 
a  Uet  of  117  titles  of  the  Uterature  cited. 

Among  the  typhoid-like  and  cholera-like  diseases  of  birds  there  are  found 
six  main  disease  types:  Fowl  cholera,  due  to  B.  avigeptUms  of^the  Pasteurella 
group ;  fowl  typhoid,  due  to  B,  gaXUnarum  B.  Klein,  of  the  actual  paratyphoid 
group;  paracolon  infections,  due  to  paracolon  bacteria  in  the  strict  sense;  bac* 
terial  white  diarrhea  due  to  Bacterium  puUorum  A;  infections  in  adult  stock 
with  B,  ptUlorum  B ;  and  an  infection  with  intermediate  strains  whose  position  is 
not  wholly  clear.  The  bacteria  rtiated  to  these  disease  types  respectively  can 
be  dlfferoitiated,  morphologically,  only  in  the'  case  of  B.  avi$epticu9.  In  the 
otber  types  morphological  differences  afford  only  an  uncertain  means  of  separa- 
tlcm.  Biochemically,  however,  these  types  can  be  distinguished  from  one 
another  by  the  nature  of  their  reaction  in  carbohydrate  media.  . 

The  agglutination  reactions  were  found  definitely  to  support  the  biochemical 
test  with  reference  to  the  main  types  studied,  but  in  addition  th^  showed 
evidence  of  an|;igenlc  relation  between  types  whidi  differed  markedly  in  their 
biochemic  characters. 

The  results  presented  show  that  the  type  of  Infection  referred  to  as  fowl 
typhoid  has  beed  recognized  for  many  years  and  that  the  rules  of  priority 
would  establish  the  causative  agent  as  B.  ffoUinarumf  first  described  by  Klein 
in  1889.  Organisms  from  avian  infections  described  by  other  writers  also  clearly 
belong  in  the  same  group  or  among  the  paracolons. 

"  It  is  indicated  that  the  chief  difference  In  pathogenicity  between  the  fowl 
cholera  and  the  fowl  typhoid  types  is  that,  while  the  former  are  highly  viru- 
lent and  nontoxic,  the  latter  are  highly  toxic  and  only  slightly  virulent  In 
the  second  place  while  the  toxic  strains  differ  greatly  In  their  toxicity,  and 
become  rapidly  attenuated,  the  virulent  strains  show  little  variation  in*viruo 
lence  and  maintain  it  for  years  to  a  marked  degree. 

**  It  is  concluded  that  the  *  hemorrhagic  septicemia  group '  of  bacteria  is  a 
heterogeneous  assortment  of  organisms  some  of  which  are  true  paratjrphoids, 
some  true  paracolons,  some  true  Pasteurella  types;  and  some  whl^  belong 
outside  of  any  of  these  groups;  and  that  the  term  should  never  be  employed 
in  such  a  sense  as  to  imply  systematic  relationships  of  the  organisms  included. 
They  may  be  related  in  no  way  except  the  common  ability  to  call  forth  a  type 
of  disease  in  which  hemorrhagic  symptoms  may  be  prominent ;  and  this  ability 
is  by  no  means  limited  to  the  Pasteurella  group.  It  is  concluded  that  the  true 
septicemia  type  of  bacteria  (Pasteurella)  are  not  In  any  sense  pleomorphic." 
116338*— No.  7—19 1 


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688  EXPERIMENT  STATION  SECORD.  IVoliO 

Three  epidemics  of  adult  fowls  are  reported,  of  which  the  apparent  camatiTe 
agent  was  B.  puUorum,  In  erne  of  these  typical  leukemia  was  the  most  obTlou 
and  characteristic  symptom. 

**  In  relation  to  the  significance  of  the  Cowl  tyi^oid  bacillus  as  a  pathogenle 
entity,  it  is  suggested  that  in  many  instances  in  wliich  this  or  related  para- 
typhoid or  paracolon  strains  are  isolated  these  organisms  are  not  the  original 
cause  of  the  disease,  but  this  is  to  be  sought  in  a  filterable  yirus.  ThiB  may 
be  the  explanation  of  all  instances  in  which  marked  leukemia  is  associated 
with  apparent  fowl  typhoid  infections. 

**It  is  thus  suggested  in  certain  diseases  among  poultry  that  paratyphoid 
and  paracolon  bacteria  may  sometimes  have  the  same  relation  to  the  malady 
that  the  hog  cholera  bacteria  have  to  hog  cholera ;  they  are  the  agents  of  a 
secondary  infectioni  but  in  some  instances  may  perpetuate  an  independent  in- 
fection after  their  pathogenicity  has  be^i  sufficiently  increased  through  sac- 
oessive  passagea" 

Bir&AL  ECONOMICS. 

After-the-war  afirricultoral  problems,  A.  Macaigne  (In  Notre  France 
d^Apr^s-Ouerre,  Paris:  Pierre  Roger  d  Co.,  1917,  pp,  195-208), — ^The  author 
devotes  this  chapter  to  urging  permanent  organized  Crov^nment  aid  in  re- 
cruiting and  distributing  Agricultural  labor  in  France,  for  an  Industrialiied 
agriculture,  for  increased  use  of  fertilizer,  and  for  motor  power  for  coltl- 
▼ation.  He  urges  that  consolidation  be  encouraged,  without  being  compelled, 
and  that  centralized  storage  and  marketing  systems  be  established. 

Agriculture  after  the  war,  M.*  Vagheb  (In  La  R4organi$ation  de  la  France, 
Paris:  lAbr,  F4lix  Alcan,  1917  pp.  15^179).— This  paper,  published  with  a 
series  of  lectures  delivered  before  the  School  of  Advanced  Social  Studies  from 
November,  1915,  to  January,  1016,  is  devoted  to  reviewing  the  question  of 
rural  needs  of  reorganization  of  agricultural  labor,  the  use  of  machinor,  care- 
ful selection  in  stock  raising,  and  agricultural  legislation  and  teaching. 

The  condition,  of  French  agriculture  after  the  war,  A.  BsqEXBicH  {Jour, 
Economistes  [Paris] ,  6  ser,,  51  {1916),  No,  1,  pp.  S7-57). — ^Tlie  author  dtes 
figures  from  agricultural  statistics  published  in  the  office  of  the  minister  of 
agriculture  and  from  other  sources,  which  indicate  that  the  movement  of 
prices  of  agricultural  products  has  been  consistently  upward  since  1900.  This 
tendency  he  attributes  to  temporary  causes,  such  as  poor  harvests  and  de- 
creased acreage,  and  to  permanent  ones,  namely,  increased  consumption  and 
demand,  especially  on  the  part  of  the  working  classes,  the  higher  price  of 
labor,  and  increased  cost  of  production.  He  shows,  also,  that  there  was  an 
emigration  of  the  laboring  classes  from  rural  districts  in  prewar  years  and 
tiiat  the  evolution  of  farming  even  then  was  in  the  direction  of  combination  of 
smaill  farms. 

He  urges  the  use  of  machinery  to  alleviate  the  loss  of  man  power  to  rural 
populations  and  the  maintenance  of  a  higher  scale  of  agricultural  wages.  He 
predicts  the  solution  of  the  agricultural  problem  in  modification  of  systems  of 
cultivation,  the  establishment  of  agricultural  societies,  and  the  increase  of  the 
lal»or  supply  by  immigration  and  interior  colonization. 

How  to  pay  for  the  war:  By  developing  the  latent  resources  of  the  Empire, 
H.  H.  Smith  {London:  John  Bale,  Sons  d  Danielsson,  Ltd.,  1918,  pp.  XJJF/+ 
186,  figs,  6), — ^The  author  urges  the  devetopment  and  expansion  of  English 
trade  in  the  Tropics,  India,  and  Latin  America,  advocating  special  agricaltural 
education  for  these  regions  and  recommending  policies  of  finance  and  of  han- 
dling native  labor.  One  section  is  devoted  to  the  question  of  trade  relatioos 
between  Russia  and  English-speaking  peoples. 


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1919)  KURAL  ECONOMICS.  687 

A  bibliography  of  magaKlne  articles  relating  to  the  Tropics  Is  Included. 

VlUair^  life  after  the  war  (London:  Headley  Bros,,  Ltd,  [19171,  pp.  7+ 
118} , — This  coDBists  of  official  reports  of  two  conferences  held  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Rural  Organization  Council  in  1917.  The  first  considered  ques- 
tions of  small  holdings,  particularly  for  ex-service  men,  wages,  credit  to  all 
classes,  cooperation,  housing,  recreation,  and  Tillage  social  plans,  and  the 
second  took  up  questions  of  rural  disfigurement,  education,  recreation,  handi- 
crafts, and  Tillage  settlements  for  disabled  serrice  men. 

Iiend  settlement  for  soldiers  and  sailors  (Scot.  Jour.  Agr.,  1  (1918),  No,  4, 
pp.  Jt30-iS4). — ^This  article  describes  the  areas  in  several  parishes  of  Scotland 
which  haTe  been  made  aTailable  for  experimental  small-holding  colonies,  pur- 
chased under  the  Small  Holding  Colonies  Act  of  1916. 

Proposal  for  the  establishment  on  a  voluntary  basis  of  a  county  scheme 
for  tl&e  settlement  for  ez-serTice  men  on  the  land  {London:  Cent,  Land 
A990C.^  191By  pp.  8). — ^A  scheme  is  proposed  whereby  the  landowners  might  toI- 
vntarily  meet  the  claims  of  ex-serrice  men  for  the  opportunity  of  becoming 
established  on  the  land.  County  councils  and  parish  committees  would  be  the 
means  of  putting  the  landowners  and  soldiers  in  touch  with  each  other. 

Better  businesB,  better  farming,  better  living — ^hints  from  a  practical 
farmer  to  the  settlers  on  the  projects  of  the  United  States  Beclamation 
flarvice,  I.  D.  O'Donnell  {Washkiffton:  U,  8,  Reclam.  Serv.,  1918,  pp.  157.  figs. 
16). — Suggestions  for  planning  the  farmstead  and  general  recommendations  as 
to  the  methods  and  systems  of  farming  deemed  best  for  irrigated  lands  in  the 
reclaimed  areas  of  the  United  States  are  presented.  The  keeping  of  farm 
accounts  is  also  dealt  with  in  some  detail. 

The  agricultural  ladder,  W.  J.  Spillman  (Fed,  Bd,  Vocat,  Ed„  Vocat,  Sum- 
mary^  1  (1919),  No,  fl,  pp,  19-21), — ^Thls  is  a  study  reported  in  an  address  be- 
fore the  Joint  session  of  the  American  Association  for  Agricultural  Legislation 
and  the  American  Economic  Association,  January,  1919,  of  the  rate  at  which 
men  become  farm  owners,  and  includes  some  data  preTlously  noted  (B.  S.  R., 
40,  p.  92). 

It  shows  that  a  group  consisting  of  owners  who  had  passed  through  the  three 
stages,  namely,  unpaid  laborer  on  the  home  farm,  hired  hian,  and  tenant,  to 
that  of  owner,  constituted  20  per  cent  of  the  2,112  farm  owners  in  the  States 
of  Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  and  Minnesota,  according  to  data  collected 
in  1917.  A  second  group  of  those  who  had  gone  from  unpaid  laborer  to  hired 
hand,  then  to  owner,  constituted  18  per  cent  of  the  whole,  those  who  had  skipped 
the  hired-man  stage  82  per  cent,  and  those  progressing  direct  from  unpaid 
laborer  on  the  home  farm  to  owner  84  per  cent. 

A  second  phase  of  the  InTestigation  shows  that  "  Just  two-thirds  of  these  men 
obtained  their  farms  by  purchase.  .  .  .  Twenty-four  and  one-half  per  ccfht  of 
the  whole  number  obtained  their  farms  by  inheritance,  7  per  cent  by  marriage, 
and  1.5  per  cent  by  homesteadlng." 

From  a  study  of  the  aTerage  length  of  the  hired-man  and  tenant  stages  In 
four  decades  before  1917,  It  Is  apparent  that  "we  are  approaching  a  period 
when  the  length  of  both  these  stages  will  become  approximately  fixed  unless 
conditions  change  materially,  which,  of  course,  they  may  do.** 

The  speaker  concludes  by  advocating  the  making  of  new  farms  aTailable  at  a 
rate  no  greater  than  that  at  which  our  population  is  increasing,  and  recom- 
mends advancement  to  farm  ownership  from  the  hired-man  stage  through 
tmancy  if  the  man  can  show  knowledge  of  farming  sufllcient  to  success. 

-■««i«i«M«  wa^es  for  agricultural  workers  (Soot,  Jour,  Agr.,  1  (1918),  No. 
4,  pp.  4$4^441),^A  report  of  an  InTestigation  of  the  question  of  scale  of 
wages  and  efforts  to  establish  a  minimum  wage  in  Scotland.  » 


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688  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  rv«l40 

The  inelosores  In  England:  An  eeonomlo  reeonstmctlon,  H.  Bkadukt  {Co- 
lumbia Univ,  Studies  HiaU^  Boon,,  and  Pub,  Law,  SO  {1918),  No,  2,  pp.  lit,  fig- 
1). — ^In  this  study  the  author  defends  the  thesis  that  the  indosnre  moTeraent 
in  England  was  due  to  a  necessity  of  restoring  fertility  to  the  land  and  not  to 
a  rise  In  the  price  of  wool,  and  that  the  decline  of  the  manorial  common-field 
system  resulted  from  the  impossibility  of  maintaining  the  prodnctlTe  ci^iadty 
of  the  land  at  a  high  enough  standard  to  provide  a  living  for  tillers. 

The  size  of  Maya  farms,  O.  F.  Cook  {Jour.  Wash.  Acad.  8oL^  9  {1919),  No. 
1,  pp.  11-H). — Discussing  similarities  between  customs  of  assignmait  of  land 
in  the  ancient  civilizations  of  Peru  and  Mexico,  the  author  points  out  the  mis- 
conception which'  led  to  the  translation  by  D.  O.  Brinton  in  The  Maya  Oiroiii- 
cles  of  a  sentence  from  Landa's  Reladon  de  las  Cosas  de  Yucatan,  p.  190,  to 
indicate  that  a  plat  of  ground  20  ft.  square  was  assigned  to  a  family.  He  shows 
that  Landa*s  account  gives  the  area  of  Maya  farms  as  3.07  acres,  while  the 
figures  that  Brinton  would  substitute  establish  their  size  at  2.38  acres.  This 
confirms  rather  than  contradicts  the  earlier  report,  since  they  "  may  rdate  to 
dlfleroit  districts  where  the  sticks  used  in  measuring  the  fields  were  not  of  the 
same  length." 

Central  stora^^e  of  harvests,  M.  H.  Pobtevin  {Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  A^. 
France,  ^  {1918),  No.  88,  pp.  10S9-1048)  .—There  Is  here  presented  a  plan  for 
central  cooperative  storage  and  marketing.  This  urges  the  economy  of  build- 
ing silos,  granaries,  and  sheds  at  convenient  points  in  four  districts  to  be 
created  in  the  devastated  territory  of  northeastern  France,  from  which  points 
harvests  of  each  district  migh(  be  handled. 

[Collectivism  in  agriculture]  (In  State  Socialism,  Pro  and  Con,  edited  by 
W.  E.  Waixing  and  H.  W.  T«ATi>T.gB.  New  York:  Henry  Holt  d  Co.,  1917,  pp.  iS^ 
59,  69-242). — ^The  editors  have  brought  together, « In  the  chapter  on  agricul- 
tural banks,  an  extract  from  the  report  to  the  British  Board  of  Agriculture  oo 
Agricultural  Credit  and  Cooperation  in  Germany,  by  J.  B.  CahiU  (E.  S.  IL, 
80,  p.  2d5),  a  discussion  of  personal  (short-term)  credit,  and  parts  of  popular 
and  official  publications  relating  to  the  Federal  farm  loan  system  in  tMs  countiy. 
Under  the  subject  of  Agriculture  and  the  Conservation  of  Natural  Resources 
Is  contained  a  chapter  on  land  reclamation,  the  Information  rdating  to  the 
United  States  being  compiled  from  reports  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
and  of  the  Reclamation  Service,  that  for  France,  India,  and  Egypt  being  takoi 
from  Geological  Survey  publications  and  other  official  sources.  This  section 
includes,  also,  notes  on  land  tenure  and  colonisation  and  State>alded  land 
settlement  in  the  United  States  and  several  foreign  countries;  a  chapter  on 
agricultural  collectivism,  which  is  concerned  with  (^vemment  operation  of 
creameries,  elevators,  and  cold  storage  plants,  particularly  in  Canada;  a 
discussion  of  cooperation  and  governmental  aid  for  the  advancement  of  agri- 
cultural science  in  Germany ;  and  selections  from  official  sources  setting  forth 
in  detail  the  organization,  expenditures,  and  activities  of  the  U.  S.  Department 
of  Agriculture.  Compilations  of  data  from  similar  sources  are  given  relating 
to  State  administration  and  control  of  forests,  roads,  fisheries,  and  water  power. 
Deep  furrows,  H.  Moobhousb  {Toronto,  Canada:  George  /.  UeLeod,  lAd. 
[1918h  pp.  299). — ^This  is  a  story  of  the  organization  of  the  Grain  Growers' 
Grain  Company  and  of  affiliated  organizations,  showing  the  way  in  which  the 
farmers  of  western  Canada  have  achieved  success  in  cooperation. 

Syndical  and  mutual  association  and  cooperation  in  a^riealtaral  organi- 
zation in  Belgium,  J.  Wathelet  {Egypte  Contempora4ne,  No.  il  {1918),  pp* 
485-60S).— This  article  is  a  description  of  Belgian  associations,  agricultural 
and  other,  official  and  voluntary.  The  organization,  function,  and  Importance 
to  Belgian  agriculture  of  the  voluntary  agricultural  soctetlea,  cUasified  as  pco- 


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19101  BUBAL  BOOl^OMICS.  689 

fesBional  unions,  eooperatlve  associations,  and  mutual  insnrance  sodetles,  ar^ 
coDAldered  in  some  detail 

Oooperatiim  in  Danish  agriculture,  H.  Fabeb  (London  and  Neto  York: 
Lof^gmana,  Green  d  Co.,  1918,  pp.  XX/I+i76).— The  editor  endeavors  to  adapt 
to  tbe  needs  of>  British  agriculturists  the  description  of  certain  phases  of  the 
Danish  cooperative  system  presented  from  the  Danish  viewpoint  in  Andelsbe- 
wegelsen  I  Danmaric,  by  H.  Hertel.  The  activities  described  are  the  cooperative 
distributive  societies,  dairy  societies,  slaughterhouses,  the  Danish  Ck>operatlve 
Bk  Export  Society,  butter  export  societies,  breeding  societies,  control  societies, 
societies  for  purchase  and  sale,  credit  associations,  the  Danish  Cooperative  Bank 
and  cooperative  village  bankSi  insurance  societies,  various  cooperative  under- 
takings, and  the  central  cooperative  committee. 

AjKiendis  1  is  concerned  with  the  number  and  turnover  in  1015  of  Danish 
eooperatlve  societies  connected  with  the  central  cooperative  committee.  In 
Appendix  2  are  included  tables  compiled  and  condensed  from  official  statistics 
and  expressed  in  Bnglish  weights  and  measures  to  show  development  in  Den- 
mark in  matters  of  rural  tenure,  cultivation  of  crops,  live  stock,  and  import 
and  export  of  agricultural  produce. 

An  affrlcoltural  federation,  O.  Havmonu  {Proc.  N.  T.  State  Fruit  Qrowert? 
Aeeoc,,  17  {1918},  pp.  lOl-^lOS) .—The  speaker  urges  the  organisation  of  farmers 
for  representation  in  investigations  and  adjustments  of  agricultural  problems, 
exemplifying  with  the  case  of  the  New  York  Federation  of  Agriculture  organised 
to  meet  these  needs. 

Directory  of  the  agricultural  and  similar  organisations  of  Massachusetts 
{{Boetan^:  State  Bd.  Agr.,  1918,  pp.  17).— This  publication  includes  the  per- 
sonnel of  the'State  board  of  agriculture  and'of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural 
OoUege,  with  the  roU  of  agricultural  societies,  farmers'  cooperative  exchanges, 
farm  bureaus,  county  agricultural  sdiools,  and  miscellaneous  agricultural  or- 
ganizations in  the  State. 

The  official  organizations  for  aiding  agriculture,  P.  Ditfloth  {Vie  Agr.  et 
Burale,  8  {1918),  No.  51,  pp.  497-439) .--A  brief  summary  of  the  function  of 
certain  French  official  bodies  for  agricultural  aid.  The  objects  included  the  in- 
creasing of  cultivated  areas,  encouraging  the  use  of  motor  power  in  cultivation, 
and  noAintaining  a  central  office  for  distributing  chemical  fertilizers,  an  agricul- 
tural labor  bureau,  an  office  of  agricultural  Information,  and  bureaus  for  agri- 
cultural  improvement  and  engineering  and  for  the  extension  of  agricultural 
credit. 

Third  and  fourth  annual  report  of  the  State  of  Idaho  department  of  farm 
marksts,  1917-1018  (Dept.  Farm  Markets  Idaho  Ann.  Rpt.,  3-4  {1917-18),  pp. 
76), — ^This  records  further  activities  along  the  lines  previously  noted  (B.  S.  IL, 
8S,  p.  203),  with  notes  on  the  resources  and  development  of  Idaho  by  counties; 
statistical  tables  of  data  regarding  acreage,  yields,  sales  of  principal  crops,  and 
number  of  live  stock  for  1017  and  1018,  compiled  from  reports  of  county  asses- 
sors ;  and  the  text  of  laws  governing  the  farm  markets  department  as  amended 
and  passed  by  the  fourteenth  session  of  the  Idaho  Legislature,  1017. 

TLepoTt  of  the  activities  of  the  office  of  farm  markets  {Wash,  State  Ojf. 
Farm  Markets  Bui.  2  {1918),  pp.  34,  figs.  J7).— This  gives  an  account  of  mar- 
keting activities  from  July  1, 1017,  to  November  1,  1018,  including  a  survey  of 
farmers*  cooperative  organizations  in  the  State,  standardization  and  grading, 
dissemination  of  marketing  information,  and  adjustment  of  disputes  between 
buyers  and  sellers  of  farm  produce,  also  statistics  and  graphical  presentations 
of  monthly  cold-storage  holdings  of  certain  food  commodities  from  November, 
1916,  to  October,  1018,  inclusive. 


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690  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECOBD.  [TolM 

Beport  of  the  Kansas  Btata  Board  of  A£:ricalturo  for  tke  quarter  ending 
December,  1917  {Quart.  Rpt  Karf.  Bd.  Agr.,  S6  {1911),  No,  144,  PP-  M).— This 
number  is  devoted  to  "tables  giving  the  State's  population  by  counties  tod 
cities;  acres,  yields,  and  values  of  agricultural  products,  and  numbers  and 
value  of  live  stock,  for  the  year  1917,  togetliejr  with  other  tables  showing  yields 
and  values  of  numerous  productions  for  20  years.'* 

[Beports  of  the  Porto  Bico  oommissioner  of  acrricultnre  and  labor  and  of 
the  food  commission]  {War  Dept  [U,  iSf.],  Ann.  Rpt.  Governor  P.  R.^  IS  {1918), 
pp.  621-749). — In  this  section  of  the  governor's  report  are  published  notes  on 
tha  work  of  the  forest  service  and  of  the  insular  experiment  station  during  the 
year  ended  June  30,  1918,  various  labor  data,  and  a  survey  of  the  woric  of 
increasing  the  food  production,  marketlhg,  and  price  control  in  Porto  Bico^ 
including  statistics  of  the  acreage  of  food  crops,  live  stock,  imports  from  the 
United  States  and  foreign  countries,  and  Alports  of  foodstuffs  from  the  island, 
together  with  the  text  of  resolutions  reguhiting  the  sale  of  food  adopted  by  the 
food  commission. 

Farm  land  and  farming  [in  New  Brunswick]  (In  Tlie  Province  of  New 
Brunetoick:  Its  Natural  Resources  Developed  and  Undeveloped,  1918.  Ottawa: 
Dept.  Int.,  1918,  pp.  J-^IS,  fig.  i).— A  compilation  of  general  informatUm,  re- 
vised by  the  Dominion  Experimental  Farms  Branch  of  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, regarding  field  crops,  dairy  f&.rming,  cheese  factories,  live  stock,  and 
fruit  farming. 

AOBICXriTUEAL  EDUCATION. 

Administrative  organization  of  the  college  of  a^ricalture,  G.  D.  Jabtu 
(17.  S.  Bur.  Ed.,  Higher  Bd.  Circ.  8  {1918),  pp.  16,  fig.  i).— This  paper  presents 
the  results  of  a  study  of  the  administrative  organization  of  the  American  col- 
leges of  agriculture,  which  was  undertaken  in  response  to  a  request  from  the 
committee  on  college  organization  and  policy  of  the  Association  of  American 
Agricultural  Colleges  and  Experiment  Stations.  It  includes  a  set  of  recom- 
mendations on  different  subjects,  together  with  brief  explanatory  statemeatB, 
suggesting  a  normal  rather  than  an  arbitrary  standard. 

Agricultural  instruction,  F.  Dalengoubt  {UEnseignement  Agricole.  Fort 
au  Prince,  Haiti:  Author,  1918,  pp.  86). — ^The  author  suggests  a  program  for  the 
development  of  agriculture  in  Haiti.  He  urges  that  theoretical  and  practical 
agricultural  instruction  be  made  obligatory  in  the  elementary  and  secondary 
schools  and  that  a  professor  of  elementary  agriculture  be  placed  in  each  rural 
and  urban  school.  In  his  opinion  the  elementary  schools  should  be  so  reorgan- 
ized as  to  adapt  their  instruction  to  local  conditions,  and  each  school  should 
have  a  garden.  The  schools  for  girls  should  Include  also  instruction  in  home 
economics.  It  is  proposed  that  the  Farm  of  Thor  be  attached  to  the  secondary 
School  of  Applied  Science,  in  which  purely  theoretical  Instruction  in  agriculture 
is  given.  The  Plantations  of  Haiti  at  Bayeux  could  render  in  the  north  the 
same  service  as  the  Farm  of  Thor  in  the  east,  viz,  as  a  demonstration  of 
experiments  interesting  to  Haitian  agriculture  and  commerce  and  as  a  center  of 
truly  practical  agricultural  instruction.  Agricultural  instruction  in  the  army 
by  means  of  evening  schools  is  also  recommended.  Attention  is  called  to  the 
agricultural  possibilities  of  Haiti,  in  the  realization  of  which  the  d^;Mirtments 
of  public  instruction  and  agriculture  should  cooperate.  The  r61e  of  the  clergy 
and  the  use  of  moving  pictures  in  the  promotion  of  agriculture  are  discussed. 
It  is  suggested  that  a  central  bureau  for  popular  agricultural  education  be 
established  in  the  department  of  agriculture. 

Agricultural  education:  Some  problems  in  State  supervision  (Fed.  Bd. 
Vocat.  Ed.  Bui.  26  {1918),  pp.  3i).— This  bulletin  consists  of  three  parts. 

uigitizea  Dy  vji\^\^^lC 


K»19]  ▲OBIOULTTJRAL  EDUCATION.  691 

I.  State  9upervi9ion  of  vocational  agricultural  education,  by  L.  S.  Hawkins 
(pp.  7-17). — ^ThiB  is  a  discussion  of  the  essential  factors  In  the  success  of  a 
State  program  of  vocational  education  with  emphasis  on  supervision  and 
teacher  training  as  the  two  most  important  factors;  the  qualifications  and  duties 
of  supervisors;  supervision  a  function  of  the  State  board;  the  maximum 
amount  of  Federal  funds  to  be  used ;  and  the  duties  and  relationships  of  the 
State  supervisor  of  agricultural  education. 

The  Federal  Board  has  authorized  State  boards  to  use  teacher  training  funds 
for  the  supervision  and-  training  of  teachers  in  service,  under  conditions  ap- 
proved by  the  Federal  Board,  and  provided  that  not  more  than  25  per  cent  of 
the  maximum  for  teacher  training  in  the  trades  and  industries,  home  economics, 
Of  agriculture — ^may  be  used  for  the  maintenance  of  supervision  in  that  line, 
including  salaries  of  supervisors,  clerical  service,  travel,  communication,  print- 
ing, and  supplies.  The  duties  of  the  State  supervisor  of  agricultural  education 
are  described  as  twofold,  viz,  rendering  assistance  to  teachers  who  are  already 
in  service  and  at  the  same  time  checking  up  their  work. 

II.  Relationship  between  teacher-training  departments  under  the  provisions 
of  the  Vocational  Education  Act  and  State  supervisors  of  agriculture  for  the 
State  boards  for  vocational  education,  by  G.  A.  Works*  (pp.  18-23). — ^Two  plans 
of  organization  are  compared.  In  one  the  supervision  and  teacher  training 
are  both  under  the  direction  of  one  person,  while  in  the  other  tlie  responsibility 
is  divided.  The  advantages  of  the  latter  plan  are  pointed  out,  and  suggestions 
are  made  as  to  the  proper  organization  of  th^  work.  This  is  at  present 
the  more  common  of  the  two  methods  of  organization  and  it  is  thought  will 
ultimately  show  greater  strength  as  measured  by  results  accomplished  in  the 
teaching  of  vocational  agriculture.  The  cooperative  work  of  the  department 
of  rural  education  and  the  State  supervisor  in  the  State  of  New  York  is  noted 
as  an  illustration  of  helpful  co<H;>eration. 

IIL  Sectional  conferences  and  periods  of  professional  improvement  work  for 
teachers  of  agriculture  in  high  schools,  by  R.  W.  Stimson  (pp.  24-31).— The 
qualifications  and  alms  of  the  successful  vocational  agricultural  teacher  are 
outlined.  In  considering  the  professional  improvement  of  teachers  which,  it 
Is  suggested,  may  be  obtained  through  work  with  farmers  and  the  farm  man- 
agement specialist  of  the  agricultural  college,  through  the  supervision  of  boys' 
and  girls'  club  work,  and  through  experimental  work  and  extension,  attention 
is  called  to  a  sort  of  project  method  adopted  in  Massachusetts  of  teaching  teach- 
ers how  to  teach  agriculture  after  they  have  been  appointed.  In  this  plan,  the 
teacher  trainer  goes  from  school  to  school  and  from  man  to  man  and  helps  each 
instructor  on  the  spot.  The  plan  also  provides  for  seminar  courses  during  part 
of  the  winter  and  part  of  the  summer  at  the  agricultural  college  to  be  conducted 
by  the  agricultural  teacher  trainer.  The  minimum  requirement  of  professional 
improvement,  which  has  from  the  begioning  been  a  fundamental  feature  of  the 
Massachusetts  plan  for  vocational  agricultural  education  is  two  weeks  a  year. 
every  instructor  in  the  agricultural  educational  service  being  required  to  attend 
a  winter  and  a  summer  conference  of  about  one  week  each.  Such  attendance 
is  credited  to  each  man  as  professional  improvement  work.  Massachusetts 
has  also  inaugurated  a  scheme  of  sectional  or  itinerant  conferences.  The 
second  conference,  which  was  held  in  the  summer  of  1917,  opened  in  the 
northeastern  county  of  Essex  and  terminated  on  Gape  Ck)d.  The  conference 
last  summer  was  held  with  headquarters  at  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural 
Ck>llege  and  covered  visits  to  schools  and  departments  of  the  west^entral  part 
of  the  State.  The  author  considers  of  fundamental  importance  also  the  Joint 
conferences  of  vocational  agricultural  directors  and  instructors,  agricultural 
college,  research,  and  extension  men  and  agricultural  county  agents,  which 

uigiTizea  Dy  vjjOOQIC 


692  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  lVol40 

for  the  past  sU  years  have  been  held  in  winter,. preferably  Christmas  we^ 
at  the  Massadiusetts  Agricultural  Ollege.  At  these  confer^ices  poUdes  to 
govern  vocational  instruction  and  extension  work  during  the  succeeding  ynr 
have  been  agreed  upon,  thus  making  possible  unity  of  aim,  consistency  In 
methods,  and  division  of  labor.  Such  conferences  tend  to  prevent  overiapping 
and  overlooking  and  minister  to  economy  and  efficiency. 

Problems  of  administering  the  Federal  Act  for  Vocational  Education  {Not 
Soe,  Vocat.  Ed,  Bui.  26  {1918) ,  pp.  89).— This  bulletin  contains  the  addresBeB 
delivered  at  the  eleventh  annual  convention  of  the  National  Society  for  Vo- 
cational Education  held*  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  February  21-23,  1918,  indudbig 
the  following:  Administrative  problems  confronting  the  Federal  Board  for 
Vocational  Education:  A  National  Program  of  Vocational  Edui»tion  under 
the  Smith-Hughes  Act,  by  J,  P.  Munroe;  Cooperative  Agricultural  Extension 
Work  under  the  Smith-Lever  Act,  by  A.  O.  True ;  and  Training  Teachers  of 
Agriculture,  by  L.  S.  Hawkins.  Training  Teachers  of  Agriculture  under  tbft 
Smith-Hughes  Act:  Instruction  for  Teachers  of  Agriculture  under  the  Smitlh 
Hughes*  Vocational  Education  Law,  by  6.  M.  Wilson;  Teaching  Experieooe 
through  the  Apprenticeship  System,  by  G.  A.  Works;  State  SuperviaioD  and 
Teacher  Training  Ck>mbined,  by  A.  K.  Getman;  State  Supervision,  by  Z.  IC. 
Smith;  and  Improvement  of  Teachers  and  Schools,  by  L.  H.  Dennis.  Home 
Economics  under  the  Smith-Hughes  Act:  Types  of  Schools  and  Glasses  for 
which  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  will  ask  Reimbursement  under  the  Smltfa- 
Hughes  Act,  by  Anne  C.  Perry;  Preparation  of  Teachers  fdr  Schools  and 
Classes  in  Home  Economics,  by  Mary  S.  Woolman ;  Cooperative  Training  ol 
Teachers,  by  Anna  Kloss;  and  Training  Teachers  for  Part-time  and  ^oiUig 
Schools  in  Manufacturing  Centers,  by  Louisa  I.  Pryor. 

State  Board  for  Vocational  Education  {State  Bd,  Vocat,  Ed,  [TfMJb.], 
Vooat,  BuU  1  {1918),  pp.  29,  fig.  1).— This  is  an  outline  of  the  plan  of  adminis- 
tration and  supervision  of  vocational  education  in  Washington,  under  the 
Smith-Hughes  Act  It  has  been  arranged  to  have  the  special  teacher  training 
in  vocational  agriculture  conducted  at  the  State  college  and  that  in  horns 
making  at  the  State  college  and  the  State  university.  Outlines  of  teadier- 
training  courses  in  vocational  agriculture  and  home  economics  which  have 
been  approved  by  the  State  board  for  1017-18  and  1918-19  are  given. 

Vocational  education  In  West  Virginia  under  the  Smith-Hughes  Law 
{Charlegion,  W.  Va.:  Dept  of  BohooU  11917},  pp.  12).— This  bulletin  contains 
rules  and  regulations  arid  general  suggestions  for  the  guidance  of  educatioDSl 
leaders  in  preparing  courses  of  study,  providing  proper  equipment,  and  formv- 
lating  general  plans  for  vocational  classes,  departments,  and  schools  in  West 
Virginia  under  the  Smith-Hughes  Act. 

Plans  concerning  the  Wisconsin  system  of  vocational  training  presented 
to  the  Federal  Board  of  Vocational  Education  {Wis.  State  Bd.  Vocat.  Bd.  BuL 
2  {1918),  pp.  55). — ^The  plan  for  the  administration  and  supervision  of  voca- 
tional education  in  Wisconsin  under  the  Smith-Hughes  Act  is  outlined.  The 
University  of  Wisconsin  has  been  designated  as  the  training  place  for  the 
teaching  of  vocational  home-making,  and  the  River  Falls  Normal  School  as  the 
training  place  for  the  teachers,  directors,  and  supervisors  of  vocational  agri- 
culture. 

Evening  vocational  courses  for  girls  and  women  {Nat.  Soc.  Prom.  Indat. 
Ed.  BhI  2S  {1917),  pp.  75).— The  aim  of  this  repori,  which  has  been  prepared 
by  a  special  committee  of  the  society  consisting  of  persons  directly  in  tooch 
with  such  problems,  is  to  define  the  purpose  and  outline  plans  of  instruction  and 
administration  of  vocational  sch(X>ls  for  girls  and  women.    The  discussion  is 


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19191  AGBICXJLTTTRAL  EDUCATION.  698 

confiDed  primarily  to  industrial  and  home-making  courses  which  correlate  with 
the  day's  occupation.  Chapters  are  devoted  to  a  general  statement  of  certain 
aspects  common  to  evening  classes,  trade  extension  courses,  and  vocational 
liome  making  courses.  Appendixes  deal  with  evening  household  arts  and  rec^ 
reational  courses,  giving  a  large  variety  of  suggestions  as  to  aims  and  methods 
adapted  to  such  courses,  and  record  forms. 

The  fact  is  emphasized  that  vocational  courses  for  women  in  the  evening 
schools  may  be  and  should  be  more  than  the  generally  accepted  unrelated 
courses  in  cooking  and  sewing.  Possible  correlations  and  adjustments  of  even- 
ing school  work  to  economic  conditions  are  indicated.  The  existing  con- 
fusion as  to  essential  differences  between  trade  extension  courses  and 
household  arts  courses  and  as  to  the  relationship  of  household  arts 
training  to  wage-earning  callings  for  women  and  girls  is  considered.  The  fun- 
damental unlikenesses,  in  some  cases  sharp  differences,  of  aims  between  house- 
hold arts  as  a  part  of  general  education  and  vocational  home  making  as  an 
important  but  diflScult  division  of  vocational  education  are  recognized  in  the 
bulletin. 

Genetics  laboratory  manual,  E.  B.  Baboock  and  J.  L.  Collins  (New  York: 
McOraw-HiU  Book  Co.,  1918,  pp,  XI+56,  flffs.  7).— The  work  of  the  laboratory 
course  outlined  in  this  manual  consists  of  breeding  experiments  with  the 
vinegar  fly,  a  study  of  variation  in  plants,  work  with  material  illustrating  the 
Mendelian  principles,  and  a  study  of  some  features  of  plant  and  animal  breed- 
ing. In  order  that  the  same  materials  may  not  be  used  two  years  in  succes- 
sion and  for  the  purpose  of  meeting  as  many  conditions  as  possible,  three  alter- 
native exercises  are  suggested  under  most  of  the  numt>ers.  The  work  outlined, 
therefore,  is  sufficient  for  three  half-year  courses  consisting  of  one  three-hour 
period  a  week  for  15  or  16  weeks,  and  by  slight  modification  and  amplifica- 
tion the  exercises  can  be  adapted  to  a  course  calling  for  two  or  three  periods 
each  week. 

The  manual  is  intended  in  particular  to  supplement  the  textbook  entitled, 
Genetics  in  Relation  to  Agriculture,  by  E.  B.  Babcock  and  R.  E.  Clausen  (E.  S. 
K.,  89,  p.  671). 

Poultry  laboratory  manual  and  note  book,  H.  R.  Lewis  (Philadelphia  and 
London:  J.  B.  Lippincoti  Co.,  1918,  pp.  m,  figs.  4).-— This  manual  is  intended 
for  use  in  the  high  school  or  college.  The  sequence  and  distribution  of  the  44 
exercises  outlined  are  specially  planned  to  accompany  the  author's  text.  Pro- 
ductive Poultry  Husbandry  (E.  S.  R.,  31,  p.  270).  They  deal  with  the  geo- 
graphical distribution  of  America's  poultry-  industry;  locating  and  planning  the 
poultry  farm  layout ;  distributing  the  poultryman's  capital ;  fowl  nomenclature ; 
factors  determining  the  classification  of  fowls ;  selecting  the  foundation  stock ; 
poultry  house  construction ;  feeding  stuffs  and  rations ;  breeding  and  marketing 
poultry;  caponizing;  candling,  grading,  and  preserving  eggs;  advertising; 
poultry  records  and  accounts;  preparing  poultry  for  exhibition;  Judging 
poultry ;  diseases  and  medicines ;  and  trips  to  successful  poultry  farms,  whole- 
sale and  retail  poultry  and  egg  markets,  and  to  a  standard-bred  poultry  show. 
Iiessons  in  cookery. — Book  I,  Food  economy,  F.  E.  Stewabt  {Chicago:  Rand 
McNaUy  d  Co,,  1918,  pp.  VII!-\-250,  pl«.  4,  flga.  22).-^hl3  volume,  which  is 
designed  primarily  for  the  high  school  student  of  home  economics,  covers  a 
semester's  work/ containing  40  cooking  lessons  planned  according  to  foods  in 
season  from  September  to  February  and  based  roughly  on  economic  values. 
The  lessons,  consisting  of  work  with  menus  and  recipes,  are  grouped  according 
to  their  economic  and  food  values  and  to  illustrate  some  economic  or  dietetic 
principle.    The  book  Is  divided  into  iblx  parts,  dealing  respectively  with  the 


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694  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BBCOBD.  [▼dl40 

claasiflcation  of  foods,  effects  of  heat,  moisture,  and  mechanical  action  on  the 
cooking  of  foods,  and  general  information;  preservation  of  foods;  complete 
dishes;  cooking  of  the  cheaper  meat  cuts;  use  of  meat  substitutes;  and  home- 
made bread  as  a  means  of  reducing  the  high  cost  of  living.  Mnch  chart  work  li 
given  but  only  a  minimum  of  experimental  work.  The  book,  which  la  to  be 
the  first  of  a  series  of  four,  each  a  unit  in  itself,  is  also  published  in  the  form 
of  a  loose-leaf  "filler"  suitable  for  class  use. 

Home  and  community  hygiene,  J.  Bboadhubst  {Philadelphia  and  Londm^ 
J.  B.  Uppinoott  Co.,  1918,  pp.  XIII +428,  pis.  4,  figs,  iitf).— This  text,  dealiJig 
with  the  principles  of  personal  hygiene  ana  public  sanitation  and  their  practical 
applications  in  an  elementary  way,  is  intended  for  nurses,  teachers,  and 
mothers.  The  subject  is  approached  from  the  practical  standpoint  of  the  home- 
maker.  Problems  are  suggested  at  the  end  of  each  chapter,  and  a  glossary  to 
aid  the  beginner  and  a  list  of  general  refareiMses  are  included.  An  appendix 
deals  with  disinfection,  household  pests,  pasteurization  of  mllk«  plate  counti^ 
garbage  disposal,  and  training  for  public  health  officials  and  workera 

HISCELLAVEOUS. 

Thirty-fiirst  Annual  Beport  of  New  York  Cornell  Station,  1018  {lUew  York 
Cornell  Sta,  Rpi.  1918,  pp.  CIII,  fig.  i).— This  contains  the  organization  list, 
reports  of  the  director  of  the  station  and  heads  of  departments,  and  a  financial 
statement  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1918. 

Twenty-seventh  Annual  Beport  of  Oklahoma  Station,  1918  {OfOahfrna 
Sta.  Rpi.  1918,  pp.  56). — This  contains  the  organization  list,  reports  by  tlie 
director  and  heads  of  departments,  a  meteorological  summary,  and  a  financial 
statement  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1918.  The  experlm^tal  work 
reported  is  for  the  most  part  abstracted  elsewhere  in  this  issue.  An  appendix 
lists  the  annual  reports,  bulletins,  and  circulars  issued  by  the  station  since  its 
establishment 

Thirty-first  Annual  Beport  of  South  Carolina  Station,  1918  {South  Caro- 
lina Sta.  Rpt.  1918,  pp.  44). — ^Thls  contains  the  organization  list,  a  report  of 
the  director  on  the  work  of  the  station,  a  financial  statement  for  the  fiscal 
year  ended  June  30,  1918,  and  departmental  reports,  the  experimental  features 
of  which  are  for  the  most  part  abstracted  elsewhere  in  this  issue. 

Monthly  Bulletin  of  the  Ohio  Experiment  Station  {Mo.  BuL  Ohio  Sta.,  4 
{1919),  No.  2,  pp.  S5-6S,  pi.  1,  figs.  i5).— This  contains  several  articles  ab- 
stracted elsewhere  in  this  issue,  together  with  one  entitled  Tree  Memorials  for 
Fallen  Heroes,  by  E.  Secrest,  and  notes. 

Monthly  bulletin  of  the  Western  Washington  Substation  {Washington 
Sta.,  West.  Wash.  Sta.  Mo.  Bui,  6  {1918),  No,  11,  pp.  154-168,  figs.  5). —ThU con- 
tains brief  articles  on  the  following  subjects:  E^xperiences  with  Sheep,  by 
W.  A.  LInklater;  Fruit  Varieties  for  Western  Washington,  by  J.  L.  Stahl; 
Sprays  and  Spray  Materials,  by  A.  Frank ;  and  Operation  of  the  Room  Brooder, 
by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  O.  R.  Shoup,  which  includes  plans  of  an  adjustable  chick  feed- 
Ing  hopper. 


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NOTES. 


Arizona  ITniv^rsity. — ^A  five-week  summer  course  In  range  stock  manage- 
ment is  being  arranged.  It  is  expected  that  four  weeks  of  tlie  course  will  be 
spent  in  an  observation  tiip  through  range  counties. 

California  University  and  Station. — ^The  most  Important  annual  budget  of 
recent  years  for  the  university  has  just  been  approved  by  tiie  board  of  regents. 
Salaries  of  the  staff  were  materially  increased,  following  an  appropriation  by 
the  recent  legislature  of  $75,000  for  special  increases  In  salaries,  together  with 
normal  salary  increases  approximating  $30,000.  These  increases  were  dis- 
tributed among  318  members  of  the  faculty.  A  new  salary  scale  was  adopted 
under  which  the  pay  of  instructors  may  commence  at  $1,300  with  an  upper 
limit  of  $2,000.  The  average  salaries  paid  assistant  professors  were  raised 
from  $1,800  to  $2,400;  those  of  associate  professors  from  $2,400  to  $3,000; 
and  those  of  full  professors  from  $3,000  to  $3,000.  Many  members  of  the  teach- 
ing staff  will  be  paid  above  the  minimum  levels,  and  though  a  few  remain 
lower  it  is  proposed  that  the  salaries  be  brought  eventually  to  the  minimum 
level  or  higher.  It  is  stated  that  while  the  new  salary  levels  do  not  wholly 
meet  the  problem  of  the  Increased  cost  of  living  or  the  competitive  salaries 
offered  in  other  fields  of  activity,  yet,  In  general,  the  increases  tend  to  improve 
conditions  and  to  make  possible  the  retention  of  many  who  were  considering 
the  necessity  of  leaving  the  teaching  profession. 

Provision  has  been  made  in  the  College  of  Agriculture  for  a  director  of  resi- 
dent instruction,  a  director  of  the  experiment  station,  and  a  director  of  agricul- 
tural extension,  each  to  be  nominated  annually  by  the  dean  of  the  college. 
These  positions  have  been  filled,  beginning  July  1,  by  the  appointments  of  Walter 
Mulford  as  director  of  resident  instruction,  Dr.  H.  J.  Webber  as  director  of  the 
station,  and  B.  H.  Crocheron  as  director  of  agricultural  extension.  These  three 
officers  will  constitute  a  standing  committee  on  administration,  with  Director 
Mulford  as  chairman.  He  will  also  serve  as  acting  dean  in  the  absence  of  the 
dean  of  the  college. 

Other  changes  in  title  and  rank  Include  J.  T.  Barrett,  professor  of  plant 
pathology,  acting  director  of  the  Citrus  Substation,  and  acting  dean  of  the 
Graduate  School  of  Tropical  Agriculture  at  Riverside;  L.  D.  Batchelor,  pro- 
fessor of  orchard  management  In  the  Citrus  substation  and  Graduate  School  of 
Tropical  Agriculture ;  and  R.  L.  Adams,  professor  of  farm  management.  R.  E. 
Clausen,  assistant  professor  of  genetics,  and  R.  S.  Valle,  assistant  professor  of 
orchard  management  In  the  Citrus  substation,  have  recently  returned  from  Army 
service.  Mrs.  A.  A.  Welgart  has  been  appointed  Instructor  In  agricultural 
extension. 

Connecticut  Stations.— The  State  appropriations  for  the  stations  were  appre- 
ciably increased  by  the  last  legislature.  For  the  ensuing  blennlum  the  State 
Station  will  receive  $45,000,  an  Increase  of  $7,500,  and  the  Storrs  Station 
$25,000,  an  Increase  of  $10,000. 

Hawaii  Federal  Station. — R.  A.  Goff,  who  has  been  in  charge  of  the  Glen- 
wood  substation,  has  been  appointed  director  of  extension  for  the  Island  of 
Hawaii,  effective  April  1.  Dr.  Wallace  Macfarlane,  formerly  chemist  at  the 
Oklahoma  Station,  was  appointed  April  9  In  charge  of  the  divisions  of  chemistry 
and  agronomy  in  connection  with  the  soil  fertility  Investigations.  F.  G.  Krauss, 
superintendent  of  the  extension  division,  has  been  placed  In  charge  of  the 
Haleakala  homestead  demonstration  farm  In  addition  to  his  other  duties. 

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696  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECOBD.  CTolM 

The  Territorial  legislature,  at  its  recoit  session,  appropriated  96,000  for 
buildings  and  other  permanent  improTements.  An  appropriation  of  925^000  was 
also  made  for  an  experiment  station  at  Waimea,  Island  of  Hawaii*  but  this 
is  to  be  operated  solely  under  Territorial  auspices. 

Idaho  tTniversity. — ^B.  F.  Sheehan,  assistant  professor  of  farm  crops  at  the 
Oregon  Agricultural  Ck>llege  and  assistant  in  farm  crops  work  at  the  station, 
has  been  appointed  extension  agronomist  and  State  seed  conunissioner,  efEectire 
June  1.  He  will  work  with  the  county  agents  of  the  State  in  grain  standardi- 
zation and  crop  problems,  as  well  as  carry  on  seed  inspection  and  testing 

Indiana  tJnlTersity  and  Station. — ^The  management  of  the  Tarious  outljing 
university  and  station  farms  has  been  vested  by  the  board  of  trustees  In  t 
farm  director,  who  is  immediately  responsible  to  the  director  of  the  station. 
H.  J.  Reed,  assistant  to  the  director,  has  been  appointed  to  the  position. 

The  new  bam  which  Is  being  built  by  the  university  for  live  stock  work  it 
rapidly  nearlng  completion. 

Ck>operative  arrangements  have  been  completed  between  the  station  and  the 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  for  soil  survey  work. 

Miss  Beatrice  E.  Habermann  has  been  appointed  librarian  for  the  station. 

Iowa  College. — ^The  appropriations  for  the  ensuing  biennlum  were  mate- 
rially increased  by  the  last  legislature.  The  total  granted  is  $2,958,000,  of 
which  $1,754,000  Is  for  the  support  of  college  work,  $768,000  for  the  support  of 
Industrial  service  work,  $141,000  for  equipment  and  improvements,  and  $300,000 
for  a  library  building. 

J.  B.  Davidson,  professor  of  farm  mechanics  of-  the  University  of  Galiforaia, 
returns  to  the  college  July  1  as  head  of  the  department  of  agricultural  engi- 
neering. 

Kentucky  tJniveraity. — Dr.  W.  W.  Dimock,  professor  of  veterinary  pathol- 
ogy and  bacteriology  at  the  Iowa  College,  has  been  appointed  professor  of 
veterinary  surgery  in  the  animal  industry  division. 

Minnesota  University  and  Station. — F.  W.  Peck  has  been  granted  leave  of 
absence  until  January  1,  1020,  to  take  up  cost  accounting  work  in  the  Office 
of  Farm  Management  of  the  XJ.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  William  Boss 
has  been  appointed  professor  of  farm  engineering,  chief  of  the  division  of  farm 
engineering,  and  chairman  of  the  agricultural  engineering  group.  E.  V.  Floyd, 
head  of  the  department  of  physics  at  the  Kansas  College,  has  been  appointed 
associate  professor  of  agricultural  physics,  and  Dr.  L.  S.  Palmer,  assistant 
professor  of  dairy  chemistry  at  the  University  of  Missouri  and  dairy  chemist 
at  the  station,  has  been  appointed  associate  professor  of  agricultural  blocfaem- 
i&try  and  dairy  chemist  of  the  station.  Both  these  appointments  are  effectire 
July  1. 

Oher  appointments  include  Q.  A.  Lundquist  as  assistant  professor  of  rnnl 
sociology;  Norman  J.  Radder  as  assistant  editor  and  assistant  professor  0( 
rural  Journalism ;  Forest  W.  McGinnis  as  assistant  professor  of  agronomy  and 
assistant  agronomist ;  H.  H.  Knight  as  assistant  entomologist  in  charge  of  insect 
collections;  Capt.  Norrls  K.  Games,  recently  returned  from  overseas  service, 
as  instructor  in  animal  husbandry ;  Miss  Julia  Olive  Newton  as  assistant  State 
leader  of  home  demonstration  work ;  Martin  J.  McGowan  as  extension  specialist 
In  publicity  work;  and  George  E.  Holm  as  assistant  agricultural  blochemlat, 
to  be  assigned  to  studies  of  protein  chemistry  in  the  station. 

Mississippi  Station. — C.  B.  Anders,  assistant  In  animal  industry  at  tbe 
Louisiana  Stations,  has  been  appointed  assistant  agronomist 

Missouri  University  and  Station. — It  has  been  decided  that  the  lands  ac- 
quired under  the  Morrill  land  grant  should  be  put  on  the  market  and  sold, 


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1919]  KOTEB.  697 

esceptlDg  such  lands  as  may  be  deemed  eesentlal  for  Instmctlon  in  forestry  and 
such  as  may  be  of  special  value  on  aocoont  of  their  mineral  deposits.  A  oom- 
mittee  consisting  of  O.  M.  Bamett,  Frederick  Dunlap,  and  M.  F.  Miller  bas  been 
appointed  to  prepare  and  report  to  the  board  of  curators  as  to  the  plan  of 
procedure* 

R.  R.  Hudelson  has  been  appointed  associate  professor  of  soils,  beginning 
May  !•  John  Carter  has  been  anwinted  field  assistant  in  farm  crops,  beginning 
April  1. 

Heliraska  University  and  Station. — ^Professor  lAwrence  Bruner,  after  80 
years'  service  in  the  university,  has  been  relieved  of  active  charge  of  the  de- 
partment of  entomology.  Myron  H.  Swenk  has  been  placed  in  charge  of  all 
entomological  work  in  the  State  which  comes  under  the  board  of  regents;  this 
including  the  department  of  entomology,  the  station  activities,  and  the  work 
in  connection  with  the  office  of  State  entomologist 

Hew  Jersey  College  and  Stations. — ^At  the  last  session  of  the  legislature  an 
appropriation  was  granted  of  $76,000  for  the  erection  of  a  horticultural  build- 
ing. The  legislature  also  granted  certain  increases  hi  the  appropriations  for 
general  maintenance  and  demonstration  work.  A  law  was  passed  providing  for 
the  collecting  and  testing  of  samples  of  commercial  legume-inoculating  cultures 
of  bacteria.  This  law  carries  an  appropriation  of  $2,000  for  conducting  the 
work,  but  the  appropriation  will  not  be  available  until  next  year. 

The  station  policy  has  recently  been  adopted  of  inviting  the  various  State 
agricultural  associations  to  appoint  committees  for  consultation  in  planning  and 
carrying  on  experimental  work.  A  number  of  these  associations  have  already 
selected  committees  for  this  purpose. 

Considerable  new  experimental  work  has  been  taken  up  this  spring.  This 
includes  experiments  on  growing  vegetables  on  the  muck  soils  of  northern  New 
Jersey,  additional  studies  on  cranberries  in  southern  New  Jersey,  fertiliser 
tests  on  tomatoes  in  Burlington  County,  and  fertilizer,  disease  control,  and 
seed  tests  with  potatoes  in  central  and  southern  New  Jersey.  The  studies  on 
artificial  oyster  propagation  have  also  been  resumed,  this  work  being  in 
charge  of  Thurlow  C.  Nelson,  Ph.  D.,  who  is  stationed  at  the  oyster  laboratory 
at  Tuckerion. 

A  collection  of  garden  tools  and  equipment  valued  at  $1,500  has  been  pre- 
sented to  the  college  by  the  National  War  Garden  Commission.  This  equip- 
ment has  been  In  use  at  Camp  Dix,  N.  J. 

Dr.  B.  H.  A.  Qroth,  who  has  been  for  several  months  past  completing  the 
plant  breeding  work  begun  by  the  late  Dr.  B.  D.  Halsted,  has  aco^ted  a  posi- 
tion as  superintendent  of  a  large  sugar  plantation  in  Santo  Domingo.  B.  J. 
Owen  has  accepted  a  position  as  instructor  in  agriculture  at  the  Leonardo  high 
schooL  William  C.  Skelly,  assistant  in  pig  club  work  at  the  Ohio  State  Univer- 
sity, has  been  appointed  assistant  in  animal  husbandry.  Robert  Poultney  has 
been  appointed  assistant  extension  specialist  in  dairying,  Mrs.  Catharine  Griebel 
as  assistant  State  home  demonstration  leader,  and  Linus  Q.  Jones  as  research 
fellow  in  plant  physiology. 

Cornell  tlniverslty. — ^An  entomological  expedition  to  South  America  is  pro- 
jected under  the  auspices  of  the  university  for  the  twofold  purpose  of  securing 
entomological  specimens  and  forming  closer  relations  with  South  American  in- 
stitutions of  learning.  Next  September  J.  C.  Bradl^  is  expected  to  visit  Brazil, 
Argentina,  and  Chile,  and  in  the  spring  of  1920  he  will  be  Joined  in  Peru  by  C.  R. 
Crosby  and  Dr.  W.  T.  M.  Forbes  for  a  trip  on  the  upper  Amazon  River  to  Peral. 

E.  O.  Fippin,  extension  professor  of  soil  technology,  has  been  granted  a  year's 
leave  of  absence,  beginning  July  1,  to  become  director  of  the  agricultural  bureau 


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698  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BBGOBD.  rv<A4« 

of  the  National  Lime  Association,  with  headquarters  at  Washington,  D.  0. 
G.  O.  Vincent  has  been  appointed  extension  instructor  in  pomology. 

Ohio  State  University. — ^A  two-day  short  course  on  seed  testing  was  lidd 
June  11  and  12,  to  afford  oi)portunity  for  dealers  and  buyers  to  become  familiar 
with  the  new  pure  seed  law,  which  requires  the  labeling  of  farm  seeds  sold 
after  September  1. 

Pennsylvania  College  and  Station. — Resignations  have  been  accepted  of  & 
L.  Anthony,  associate  professor  of  dairy  husbandry,  eflective  May  15,  0.  H. 
Hadley,  assistant  professor  of  economic  entomology,  effectiye  May  1,  L.  S.  Kleln- 
schmidt,  assistant  professor  of  poultry  husbandry,  effective  June  1,  and  L.  D. 
Jesseman,  instructor  in  pomology,  effective  June  1.  J.  F.  Adams,  assistant  pro- 
fessor of  plant  pathology,  has  returned  from  Army  service,  and  Fred  Halts, 
instructor  in  animal  husbandry,'  from  Y.  *M.  C.  A.  service  in  Prance.  A.  T. 
Kearney  has  been  appointed  assistant  professor  of  rural  organization  extension, 
effective  April  1.  Other  appointments,  effective  May  1,  Include  Andrew  A.  Bo^ 
land,  previously  in  charge  of  dairy  husbandry  extension,  as  professor  of  dairy 
husbandry,  R.  D.  Anthony  as  professor  of  pomology,  and  H.  E.  Hodgkiss  as 
professor  of  entomology  extension. 

Tennessee  Tlniversity. — Dean  H.  A.  Morgan  has  been  appointed  president, 
beginning  July  1. 

Plans  have  been  approved  for  the  new  main  building  to  cost  about  $400,000, 
and  the  agricultural  building  to  cost  $257,000. 

A  course  in  farm  mechanics  has  been  added  to  the  curriculum. 

Utah  Station. — O.  W.  Israelsen,  in  charge  of  irrigation  and  drainage  in?esti- 
gatlons,  has  been  appointed  agent  in  charge  of  the  cooperative  irrigation  investi- 
gations with  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Washington  College  and  Station.— A  State  Irrigation  substation  is  being 
established  with  State  funds  at  Prosser,  where  a  tract  of  210  acres  of  land  is 
being  placed  under  irrigation.  This  substation  will  specialize  In  the  problems 
met  In  diversified  farming  under  Irrigation  conditions  throughout  the  State.  R. 
P.  Bean  has  been  appointed  superintendent 

The  organization  of  a  new  department  of  f^rm  management  of  the  college 
and  station  has  been  approved  by  the  board  of  regents.  George  Severance,  vice- 
dean  of  the  college  of  agriculture.  Is  to  head  the  new  department 

Studies  In  cooperation  with  the  Bureau  of  Entomology  of  the  U.  S.  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  are  being  conducted  In  methods  of  control  of  the  codling 
moth.  B.  J.  Newcomer  is  in  charge  for  the  Bureau  of  Entomology  and  has 
established  a  laboratory  at  Taklma,  while  Dr.  A.  L.  Melander  and  Anthony 
Spuler,  In  charge  for  the  station,  are  carrying  on  the  work  In  the  Wenatchee 
and  other  fruit  sections.  Miss  Flora  A.  Friese  and  Frank  W.  Carlson  bare 
been  appointed  assistants  in  entomology  in  cooperation  with  the  Bureau  of  En- 
tomology, the  former  for  studies  of  cranberry  insects  and  the  latter  for  wire- 
worm  studies. 

Advisory  Board  of  American  Plant  Pathologists. — Following  a  question- 
naire sent  out  to  members  of  the  American  Phytopathologlcal  Society,  a  con- 
tinuance of  the  temporary  organization  known  as  the  War  Emergency  Board 
was  decided  upon.  A  permanent  committee  representing  the  society  and  known 
as  the  Advisory  Board  of  American  Plant  Pathologists  was  authorized.  This 
committee  is  to  consist  of  six  members  appointed  by  the  council  of  the  society 
and  representing  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  the  Northeast,  South, 
Northwest,  and  Pacific  Coast  sections  of  the  United  States,  and  Canada  tor 
8-year  terms.  Appointments  for  1019  are  as  follows :  Chairman,  G.  R.  Lyman, 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture ;  secretary,  C.  R.  Orton  of  Pennsylvania;  H.  W. 


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1919]  HOTE&  699 

Barre  of  Sontb  Carolina;  H.  S.  Jackson  of  Indiana;  H.  P.  Bans  of  Oregon; 
and  P.  JL  Murphy  of  Prince  Edward  Island. 

The  duties  of  the  board  inclnde  the  representation  of  the  society  before  the 
National  Research  Oonncil;  the  preparation  and  distribution  to  members  an- 
nually of  a  list  of  active  phytopathological  projects  in  this  country;  the  ar- 
rangement of  conferences  of  groups  of  workers,  both  in  phytopathology  and 
related  lines;  and  the  promotion  of  international  relations  in  phytopathology. 
It  is  expected  to  render  service  particularly  in  promoting  cooperation  among 
workers,  notably  in  the  testing  over  a  wide  field  of  results  obtained  in  individual 
research. 

Canadian  Phytopatholosrical  Society. — A  Canadian  branch  of  the  American 
Phytopathological  Society  has  been  organized  to  bring  together  plant  patholo- 
gists in  Canada.  The  officers  selected  for  the  ensuing  year  are  as  follows :  Presi- 
dent, J.  E.  Howitt,  Ontario  Agricultural  College;  vice-president,  W.  A.  Mc- 
Oubbin,  Dominion  Department  of  Agriculture;  secretary-treasurer,  Dr.  R.  SL 
Stone,  Ontario  Agricultural  College;  and  councillors,  P.  A.  Murphy,  Dominion 
Department  of  Agriculture,  and  W.  P.  Fraser,  MacDonald  College. 

Bevival  of  Belgium  League  of  Family  Education.— With  a  view  to  assist^ 
ing  in  restoring  the  morale  of  people  whose  life  has  been  fundamentally  dis- 
turbed by  the  trials  and  hardships  of  war,  an  attempt  is  being  made  in  Bel- 
gium to  revive  and  develop  the  League  of  Family  Education.  This  association 
waa  founded  by  a  group  of  Belgian  parents  In  1899.  Its  fundamental  purpose 
is  to  encourage  the  education  of  children  within  the  home  in  good  morals, 
correct  physical  habits,  and  practical  efforts  for  the  benefit  of  the  family  and 
society.  It  fully  recognizes  the  great  value  of  the  education  given  by  the  school 
and  the  church,  but  holds  that  this  can  not  take  the  place  of  the  instruction 
which  parents  and  other  members  of  the  family  should  give  to  children  as  they 
grow  up  in  the  home. 

Before  the  war  this  association  had  a  considerable  development,  organised 
numerous  conferences  and  courses  for  Instruction  of  parents,  and  published 
monographs  and  a  monthly  Journal.  It  organized  three  international  mm- 
grcsaofl  and  a  fourth  was  about  to  convene  in  this  country  *when  the  war  broke 
oat.  It  is  now  resuming  its  activities  and  by  means  of  local,  regional,  and 
provincial  committees  is  extending  its  influence  throughout  Belgium. 

To  provide  a  central  seat  of  its  activities  this  league  *'  has  decided  to  estab- 
lish an  Institute  of  Family  Education  as  a  memorial  to  lasting  peace  and  as  a 
starting  point  of  a  new  era  of  intense  moral  progress.  This  institute  will  con- 
cern itself  with  the  study,  publication,  and  dissemination  of  the  best  educa- 
tional methods  for  the  family.**  At  the  institute  will  be  located  a  library,  a 
museum,  an  auditorium  for  conferences,  and  the  central  working  force  of  the 
league. 

Additional  information  about  this  enterprise  may  be  obtained  from  Mr.  Paul 
DeVuyst,  22  Avenue  de  I'Yser,  Brussels,  a  leader  in  government  enterprises 
for  the  benefit  of  the  rural  people  of  Belgium  and  at  present  Director-Qen^ral 
in  the  Ministry  of  Agriculture. 

New  Publications. — Bulletin  Agricole  de  VInstitut  Scientiflque  de  Saigon  is 
being  published  monthly  as  the  organ  of  this  institute.  Under  a  decree  of  No- 
vember 11,  1918,  the  agricultural  and  commercial  services  of  Cochin  China  were 
divided  into  two  sections,  an  economic  section  attached  to  the  Direction  des 
Affaires  at  Hanoi  and  a  scientific  section  attached  to  the  institute  at  Saigon. 
The  latter  includes  as  its  principal  constituent  parts  the  Garden  of  Botany 
and  Zoology  and  the  laboratory  of  agricultural  chemistry,  both  at  Saigon ;  the 
experimental  station  at  Qlaray  and  the  arboretum  at  Trang-BOm ;  and  the  rice- 


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700  EXPERIMEKT  STATION  BECOBD.  [Vol  40 

Cloture  service  and  rice  statioii  at  Gantho.  Tbe  publication  will  Include  oiigloal 
articles  from  the  staff  of  tbe  instltatet  official  notices,  popolar  articles  from 
▼arioos  sources*  etc.  The  initial  number  reports  results  of  tests  of  tractors  Id 
rice  growing,  analyses  of  manioc,  red  and  white  sweet  potatoes,  yams,  and  tan, 
an  article  on  Coffea  exoeUa  and  its  culture,  etc 

Revi9ta  de  AffrieuUura  de  Puerto  Rico  is  being  published  by  the  Insular  De- 
partment of  Agriculture  and  Labor.  The  initial  number  consists  mostly  of  brief 
popular  articles  by  members  of  the  staffis  of  the  Insular  and  Federal  Ex- 
periment Stations. 

The  Agricultural  Station  at  Guadeloupe,  established  in  April,  1918,  has  re- 
cently published  its  initial  bulletin.  This  is  entitled  Advice  to  Sugar  Cose 
Growers  of  Quadeloupet  by  J.  Sydney  Dash,  director  of  the  station. 

Bivista  di  Biologia  is  being  issued  bimonthly  at  Rome.  Its  scope  Is  an- 
nounced as  including  general  biology,  genetics,  cytology,  protozoology,  mo^ 
phology  and  comparative  physiology  of  plants  and  animals,  practical  apfdica- 
tiona  of  botany  (forestry,  vegetable  pathology,  etc.)  and  zoology  (agricultaral 
entomology,  parasitology,  sootechny,  etc),  experimental  and  comparative  pa- 
thology, eugenics,  social  hygiene,  biological  methods,  and  international  progress 
in  biology. 

The  Kitasato  Archives  of  Experimental  Medicine  is  being  published  semi- 
annually by  the  Kltasato  Institute  for  Infectious  Diseases  of  Tokyo,  Japan, 
largely  for  the  purpose  of  making  the  results  of  Japanese  research  available  to 
the  world.  Articles  are  to  be  published  in  BngliA,  French,  or  Qerman.  The 
initial  number  contains  a  paper  entitled  An  Investigation  of  the  Therapy  of 
Tuberculosis,  by  K.  Shida,  and  another  dealing  with  the  etiology,  immunity  to 
infection,  prophylaxis,  and  aerum  therapy  in  Weil's  Disease  {Spiroehetoms 
ietero-hfBmorrhaifica),  by  R.  Onada  et  aL 

Beginning  with  the  May  issue,  The  MUk  Trade  Journal  has  been  renamed 
The  Milk  Magazine,  with  Dr.  B.  V.  McCollum  announced  as  the  chief  contribut- 
luL  editor. 

It  is  announced  that  the  Oenera  Insectorum,  which  was  being  published  at 
Brussels  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  is  to  be  continued.  Several  parts  aboot 
to  be  published  in  1914  are  expected  to  be  issued  this  year.  The  supply  of  the 
parts  previously  published  was  preserved  and  ia  available  for  distribution. 

Miscellaneous. — A  women's  organization  known  as  the  Federation  of 
Women's  Institutes  of  Oanada  was  organized  at  Winnipeg,  Manitoba,  last  Feb- 
ruary. This  organization  is  Dominion-wide  in  scope,  and  constitutes  a  federa- 
ation  of  Provincial  women's  rural  organizations  including  women's  institutes, 
homemaking  dubs,  and  home  economics  societies.  A  Federal  conference  is  to 
be  held  annually,  that  for  1919  being  scheduled  for  Toronto. 

A  Scottish  Station  for  Testing  and  Registration  of  Agricultural  Plants  has 
been  opened  on  a  farm  of  about  200  acres  accessible  to  Edinburgh. 


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EXPERIMENT  STATION   RECORD. 

Editor:  E.  W.  ALLEN,  Ph.  D.,  Chief,  Office  of  Experiment  Statioru. 
AflBodate  Editor:  H.  L.  Kniqht. 

EDITOBIAL  DEPARTMENTS. 

Agricultural  Chemistry  and  Agrotechny — Sybil  L.  Smith. 
Meteorology,  Soils,  and  Fertilizen {J^jH JBbal.^ 

Agricultural  Botany,  Bacteriology,  and  Plant  Pathology  {^-  f  ;  |j^®'  ^^  ^* 

Field  dope— J.  D.  Luckbtt. 

Horticulture  and  Fores^— E.  J.  Glasson. 

Economic  Zoology  and  Entomology— W.  A.  Hooker.  D.  V.  M. 

{0.  F.  Lanowortht,  Ph.  D.,  D.  8c.^ 
Sybil  L.  Smith. 
Elizabeth  B.  Bower. 
Animal  Husbandry,  Dairying,  and  Dairy  Fanning — F.  J.  Kellby. 

Veterin«yMedidneff„^?°§;;S^. 

Rani  Engineering— R.  W.  Trullinobb.> 

Agricultunl  Education  {^2^^-  Spethmann. 
Indexes — ^Amelia  B.  Deans. 


CONTENTS  OF  VOL.  40,  No.  8. 


Editmal  notes:  Paie. 

Science  and  prophecy 701 

Elements  of  progress  ip.  research 702 

Long-continued  projects 705 

Recent  work  in  agricultural  science 709 

Notes 798 

SUBJECT  LIST  OF  ABSTRACTS. 

AORIGUI/rURAL   CHEMISTRY — ^AOROTECHl^Y. 

Organic  chemistry  for  advanced  students,  I-III,  Cohen 709 

An  introducti<m  to  chemical  German,  Greenfield 709 

New  laboratory  apparatus,  Vigreux 709 

Solubility  of  slag  in  weak  organic  adds,  Sirot  and  Joret 709 

Note  on  electrolytic  preparation  of  Dakin's  solution,  Cullen  and  Hubbard 709 

Note  on  stabilization  of  Dakin's  solution,  Cullen  and  Hubbard 710 

The  solubility  of  casein  in  dilute  salt  solutions,  Ryd 710 

The  chemical  composition  of  Agave  americana^  Zeilner 710 

Distiibution  and  characters  of  some  odorous  prindplee  of  plants,  Power 710 

Fai»  cymene. — I,  Nitration,  mononitro<^mene,  Andrews 710 

Intermediates  used  in  photosensitizsing  ayes,  I,  Mikeska  et  al 710 

Litennediatee  used  in  photosensitbing  dyes,  II,  Lund  and  Wise 711 

»      -                              -  -                    -  ■     - 
»  On  leave  of  absence  for  military  senrice. 

X 


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n  OOlSrTBKTS.  [VOL  40 

PafBL 

Synthesis  of  photosensitizing  dyes,  pinaveidol  and  pinacyanol,  Wise  et  al 711 

Determination  of  total  nitrogen  including  nitric,  Daviason  and  Panons 711 

A  method  for  the  rapid  reduction  of  potaasium  pladnic  chlorid,  Horsch 711 

The  ^vimetric  ana  volumetric  determination  of  mercury,  Jamieson 712 

Colormietric  determination  of  organic  substances,  Heidennain 712 

The  detemdnation  of  zinc  and  copper  in  gelatin.  Jamiescm 712 

The  diemical  investigation  of  spoiled  meat,  Falk,  Baumann,  and  McGuire 712 

Ammoida  test  for  meat  spoilage,  Falk  and  McGuire 713 

Determination  of  blood  sugar  by  modified  picric  add  method,  Benedict 713 

Simplification  of  method  for  plasma  chlorids.  Van  Slyke  and  Donleavy 714 

Laboratory  manual  of  Pfister  and  Vogel  Leather  Ckunpany,  compiled  by  Le>i. .  714 

The  American  Leather  Ghemists'  Association,  1918 714 

Means  to  prevent  rancidity  of  vegetable  margarin,  Jacobsen 714 

Grain  as  a  soiurce  of  fat,  Lmdner 714 

Dry  sugar-beet  ^wder  and  its  utilization  to  partly  replace  refined  sugar 715 

Orange  vinegar  instead  of  apple  product  in  citrus  regions 715 

MBTEOBOLOOY.^ 

Influence  of  velocity  of  wind  on  lower  layers  of  atmosphere,  Brazier 715 

Nocturnal  cooling  of  air  and  soil  in  relation  to  humidity,  Defant 715 

[Observations  on  aerology] 715 

A  simple  nonabeorbing  atmometer  moimting,  Johnston.- 715 

The  measurenient  of  rainfall  and  snow,  Horton 715 

Some  practice  uses  of  rainfall  records,  Hastings 715 

dimatological  data  for  the  United  States  by  sections 716 

Meteorological  observations  at  Berkeley  from  1887  to  1917,  Vamey 716 

The  weather  of  the  year  1917,  CJonnor 716 

On  warm  and  cold  sununers,  HeUmaim 716 

Phonological  observations  during  1917  and  1918,  Bos 716 

The  influence  of  the  weather  on  the  yield  of  wheat.  Howard 716 

The  Australian  environment  (especiaUyas  controlled  by  rainfall).  Taylor 716 

The  progressive  desiccation  oi  Africa:  The  cause  and  remedy,  Scnwarz 717 

SOILS — ^fsbulizbrs. 

Soil  erosion  in  Iowa,  Eastman  and  Glass 717 

Recent  investigations  on  soil  aeration,  Howard  and  Hole 718 

Vegetation  on  swamps  as  an  indicator  of  quality  of  peat  soil,  Dunnewald 718 

A  study  of  soil  solutions  by  means  of  a  semipermeable  membrane,  Schuster. . .  718 

[Report  on  soil  work  in  Washington] 719 

The  * '  idkali  "  content  of  soils  as  related  to  crop  growth,  Shutt  and  Smith 719 

The  translocation  of  calcium  in  a  soil,  Wilson 719 

An  electrical  method  of  determining  the  lime  requirement  of  soils,  Lynde 799 

The  effect  of  heat  on  the  lime  requirements  of  soils,  Noyes 729 

Studies  on  proteolytic  activities  of  soil  microorganisms,  Wakaman 721 

Effect  of  prolonged  growing  of  alfalfa  on  nitrogen  of  soil,  Swansen 722 

Influence  of  salts  on  nitric-nitro^n  in  soil,  Greaves  et  al 722 

Stable  manure  and  nitrification  in  the  soil,  Berthel  and  Bengtsson 723 

Decomposition  and  preservation  of  liquid  manure,  Blanck 723 

Fertilizer  experiments  on  DeKalb  soil.  White 723 

[Work  with  fertilizers  on  the  Canada  Experimental  Farms,  1916] 724 

Can  Ohio  farmers  afford  to  buy  completeiertiUzere?    Thome 724 

Decomposition  of  cyanamid  and  dicyanodiamid  in  the  soil,  Gowie 724 

A  geoloeic  reconnaissance  for  phosphate  and  coal,  Schults 725 

Rational  preparation  of  superphosphates,  Aita 725 

Conversion  of  insoluble  pabephates,  Johnston 725 

Potash  in  1917,  Gale  and  Hicks 725 

Potash,  Bradley 726 

Chemical  analyses  of  marine  algae*  Sauvageau 725 

Sulphates  of  potash  and  of  potash  and  mi^esia,  Schneidewiod 725 

Waste  lime  from  acetylene  manufacture 725 

Magnesium  and  sulj^ur  nutrition  of  plants 72S 

Contribution  to  the  amcultuzal  study  of  iron,  Monnier  and  Kuczynski 726 

Report  on  commercial  iertilizens,  191B,  Jenkins  aiul  Bailey 726 

Commercial  fertilizers  in  1 917-18,  Fraps 726 


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10191                                                         CONTENTS.  HI 

AGRICULTURAL  BOTANY. 

Page. 

Botanical  activity  in  the  District  of  Ck>lumbia  and  vidnity,  Bicker 726 

Cytolpey  of  myxomycetes  with  special  reference  to  mitocnondria,  Cowdry 726 

PhyBdoIogical  predetermination:  i.  Soaking  seeds,  Kidd  and  West 727 

The  sulphur  requirement  of  the  red  clover  plantt  Tottingham 727 

PloductB  of  diastatic  degradation  of  inulin,  Wolff  and  Geslin 727 

Wound  periderm  in  certain  cacti,  Coutant 728 

Significance  of  false  witches'  brooms  in  ericaceous  plants,  Dufrenoy 728 

Hybrid  sunflowers,  Cockerell 728 

The  evolution  of  maize,  Weatherwax 728 

Chenopoditun  ntUtallix,  a  food  plant  of  the  Astecs,  Safford 728 

FIELD  CRors. 

Beport  of  field  crops  work  in  Alabama],  Cauthen  et  al 728 

Sxperiments  at  Substation  No.  3^  Anp:]eton,  Tex.,  1909-1916,  Winters 728 

Report  of  work  with  field  crops  in  Washington] 730 

Report  of  work  with  field  crops  la  Michigan],  Housholder 731 

Report  of  field  crops  work  in  Minnesota,  1917] 731 

Report  of  field  crops  work  at  Crookston  substation,  19171,  Selvig 732 

Report  of  field  crops  work  at  Grand  Rapids  substation,  19171,  Betgh 734 

Report  of  work  with  field  crops  on  the  Canada  Experimental  Farms,  1916] ...  735 

h>nng  small  gndns  in  Indiamt,  Wiancko  and  Cromer 736 

¥ann  practices  in  grain  &urming  in  North  Dakota,  Hennis  and  Willaid 735 

Pea  and  oat  hav  for  northern  Ohio,  Thatcher 736 

InoculatioA  of  legumes,  Emerson 736 

Spacing  of  rows  in  com  and  its  efTect  upon  grain  yield,  Conner 736 

Grain  sorghum  improvement,  Conner  and  Kaiper 737 

Fvm  practice  in  ^wing  sugar  beets  in  California,  Stunmers  et  al 737 

Sweet  potato  growing.  Mill  er 738 

The  spring  wheat  situation  in  Ohio,  Williams 738 

The  survival  of  weed  seeds,  Brenchley 738 

Whitetop  and  its  control,  Pipal 738 

HORTICULTURX. 

Repc^  of  the  horticultural  department],  Greene 733 

Investigations  with  fruits  and  vegetables] 74O 

Report  of  horticultural  investigations] •. 74O 

Sleport  from  the  division  of  horticulture  for  1917,  Macoun  et  al 741 

Experiments  with  fertilizers  on  greenhouse  crops,  White 741 

The  pollination  of  ^eenhouse  tomatoes,  W^hite ,   741 

Early  tomato  growing  in  New  Jersey,  DeBaun *   742 

Soring  spraying  program  for  1919,  Fnak 742 

[Report  of  the]  fruit  breeding  farm,  Zimibra  Heights,  Haralson 742 

Growing  fruit  for -home  use,  Gould  and  Dorrow 742 

Somo  ami  treatments  for  mature  apple  orchards,  Pickett 742 

Disease  resistance  of  apj^es 742 

ftune  the  cherry  trees,  Roberts 742 

Twining  raspberries  and  blackberries,  Stahl 743 

FORESTRY. 

Forest  research  and  the  war,  Clapp 743 

Reconstruction  and  the  conservation  of  American  forests,  Toumey 743 

Forestry  and  reconstruction  in  New  York,  Baker 743 

Need  for  a  unified  forest  research  piomm,  Toumey '. .  743 

Somo  remarks  on  State  forest  policy,. liosmer 743 

Some  reflections  upon  Canadian  forestry  problems,  Howe 743 

Plantingin  relatii^jto  the  future  of  National  Forests,  Johnson 743 

What  the  NationalForests  mean  to  the  water  user,  Dana 743 

Ihe  National  Forests. — The  last  free  hunting  grounds.  Leopold 748 

Ihe  organization  of  finance  in  forestry  indust^,  KirUand 74S 

Ptivate  forestry,  Graves 744 

Forestry  as  a  rural  community  project,  Hosmer 744 

Marketing  timber  from  ^m  woodlands,  Besley 744 

«-"— *h  report  of  State  forester  of  Califorma,  191^-1918,  Homans 744 


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IV  CONTENTS.  [Vol.  40 

Fifteenth  annual  report  of  the  State  forester  [of  MaBaachiuettB],  Rane 744 

Preliminary  report  of  some  forest  experiments  in  Pennsylvania,  Illick 741 

The  mechanical  theory  of  diameter  growth  in  trees,  Jaccard 744 

Tamarack  for  fence  posts,  Crumley 744 

The  structure  and  use  of  the  Panuod  pine  forests  of  Brazil,  Whitford 745 

Philippine  bamboos,  Brown  and  Fiscner 745 

Philippine  forest  products  as  sources  of  paper  pulp.  Brown  and  Fischer 745 

DISEASES   OF  PLANTS. 

The  biochemistry  of  resistance  to  disease  in  plants 745 

[Report  of]  division  of  plant  pathology 745 

Spraying  for  fungus  diseases:  How  to  prepare  Bordeaux,  McAlpine -. 746 

Copper  stearate,  Lees 746 

Diseases  of  grains  and  forage  crops,  Cook  and  He}.var 747 

Oat  smut  control,  Van  Pelt .' 747 

Fungoid  and  insect  pests  and  their  control,  I,  Mosley 747 

The  Khizoctonia  disease  of  asparagus,  Barker  and  Gimingham 747 

Onion  diseases  found  in  Ohio,  Van  Pelt 747 

Potato  diseases  in  New  Jersey,  Cook 747 

Potato  spraying,  Pickering 747 

Potato  spraying  for  farmers,  Salmon 748 

Diseases  of  tomatoes.  Cook  and  Martin 748 

Dampinff-off  and  collar  rot  of  tomatoes,  Spinks 748 

Fungus  diseases  [of  fruit  trees],  Davey 748 

Silver  leaf  disease,  Hayward 748 

Black  spot  of  pear,  Veall ' 748 

Notes  on  the  fruit  blossom  bacillus,  Grove 749 

Black  spot  and  leaf  curl.  Laidlaw  and  Brittlebanki 749 

Control  of  brown  rot,  Collard 749 

Plum  diseases,  Soursac 749 

How  to  combat  fungus  diseajBes,  de  Castella 750 

Calcium  carbid  for  grape  Oldium  and  downy  mildew,  Laymond 750 

Rational  protection  for  grapevines  against  downy  mildew,  Audebert 750 

Positive  control  of  grape  downy  mildew,  Cadorot 750 

Grape  downy  mildew  control  durmg  1918,  Cadorot 750 

Precipitation  and  crape  downy  mildew  in  1917,  Chaptal 760 

Eelworm  disease  (blackhead)  of  bananas,  Nowell 750 

Bud  rot  disease  of  coconuts,  Ashby 750 

Diseases  of  coconuts  in  Jamaica,  Nowell 751 

The  minimum  Bordeaux  application  for  the  control  of  Hemileia,  Africa 751 

The  diseases  of  roses,  Massey 781 

ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — BNTOMOLOOT. 

Annual  report  of  governor  of  Alaska  on  Alaska  game  law,  1918,  Riggs,  jr 751 

A  convenient  method  of  handling  large  numbera  of  insects,  Oushman 752 

The  development  of  a  portable  insectary,  Young 752 

Observations  on  the  mode  of  action  of  contact  insecticides,  Moore 752 

Study  of  effect  of  storage,  heat,  and  moiisturo  on  pyrethrum,  Abbott 752 

Report  of  entomologist,  Hinds 752 

[Report  on]  entomology,  Troop 752 

TReport  onj  division  of  zoology  and  entomology 75$ 

Notes  from  Tasmania,  Littler 753 

Insects  attacking  the  potato  crop  in  Connecticut,  Britton 753 

Some  new  enemies  of  greenhouse  and  ornamental  plants  in  New  Jersey,  Weiss . .  753 

Insects  of  swamp  rose  mallow  in  New  Jersey,  Weiss  and  Dickerson 754 

Medical  entomology  a  vital  factor  in  the  prosecution  of  the  war.  Pierce 754 

Two  new  species  of  the  blattid  genus  Arenivaga,  Caudell 754 

Three  species  of  Anasa  injurious  in  the  North,  Parshley 754 

The  **17-year  locust"  in  1919 754 

Life  history  and  early  stages  of  Calophya  ntpnpennu,  Weiss  and  Nicolay 754 

The  identity  of  Avkis  drcezandiB,  Baker 754 

"PreptaiDf  for  apple  aphid  outbreak,  Gossard 754 

Eradication  of  poultry  lice,  Wells 754 

A  note  on  the  economic  importance  of  Samia  eecropiaj  AinsUe 754 

The  bee  moth  or  wax  worm,  Paddock 755 


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1»1»1                                                       CONTENTS.  V 

Pact. 

The  fltrawbeny  leaf  roller  {AncyKs  eompiana)^  Webster 755 

Comparison  of  Lepidoptera  infestdng  peach  and  apple  in  Maryland,  Garman. . .  756 

The  lotufl  borer,  Chittenden 756 

The  California  pistol  case  bearer  (Coleophora  $acrame7Ua)^  Davidson 757 

On  the  lepidopterous  genus  Opost^a  and  its  larval  affinities,  Heiniich 757 

A  new  genus  of  Lepidoptera  allied  to  Leucoptera,  Heiniich 757 

Three  new  species  of  Diptera,  Greene 757 

Difltrict  of  Columbia  Diptera:  Tabanidse,  McAtee  and  Walton 757 

Notes  on  gadflies  in  the  Florida  Evei^lades,  Mosier  and  Snyder 757 

Collecting  the  larvse  of  Tabanus  and  Chrysops,  Marchand 757 

The  dipterous  fojnily  Cyrtidsoin  North  America,  Cole 757 

AnasirtfhafratatiUus,  a  severe  menace  to  southern  United  States,  Rust 758 

The  fhnt  flv  of  Amntina  {Aruutrephafraterculus),  Rust : 758 

Note  on  habit  of  Fegomyia  a^nis  and  other  anthomyid  genera,  Greene 758 

Some  miiscoid  synonymy,  with  one  new  genus,  Townsend 758 

Notes  on  Zeugophora  scuUllaris  in  New  Jersey,  Weiss  and  Nicolay 758 

The  tobacco  beetle:  An  important  pest  in  tobacco  products,  Runner 758 

A  new  species  of  Agrilus  from  Flonda,  Fisher 759 

The  case  of  the  genera  Rhina  and  Magdalis,  Pierce 759 

A  new  host  plant  of  the  boll  weevil,  McGregor 759 

An  ey^ess  arone  honeybee,  Nelson 759 

Report  of  the  apiarist,  Slayden 759 

A  note  on  the  muscular  coat  of  the  ventriculus  of  the  honeybee,  White 760 

The  correct  names  for  some  of  our  common  ichneumonid  parasites,  Cushman. .  760 

Synopsis  of  the  species  belonging  to  the  chalddoid  genus  Rileya,  Gahan 760 

lliree  new  dialadoid  egg  parasites,  Gahan 760 

A  note  on  Chalcis  abtesx^  Kohwer '. .  760 

The  genus  Ephialtes  first  proposed  by  Schrank,  Cushman  and  Rohwer 760 

Propechyneuron  Girault,  Gahan 760 

Description  of  a  new  h^rmenopterous  parasite,  Gahan 761 

Notes  on  cocoon  spinning  habit»of  two  species  of  braconids,  Cushman 761 

Notes  on  and  descriptions  of  sawflies  belonging  to  Hemichroini,  Rohwer 761 

The  North  American  species  of  the  sawfly  genus  Laurentia,  Rohwer 761 

New  sawflies  <rf  the  suofamily  Diprionin®,  Rohwer 761 

FOODS — HUMAN  NUTRITION. 

The  milling  and  baking  qualities  of  Wisconsin-grown  wheats,  Leith 761 

The  "strength"  of  wheat  flour 761 

The  baking  qualities  of  flour 762 

Cereals  in  the  diet,  Henry 762 

The  dietary  properties  of  the  pea  ( Vida  sativa) ,  McOollum  et  al 762 

Antiscorbutic  prepay  of  vegetables. — I,  Tomatoes,  Givens  and  McClugage. . .  762 

Out  local  foods,  their  production  and  use,  Freeman  and  Williams 763 

Composition  and  nutritive  value  of  subtropical  fruits,  Jaffa  and  Albro 763 

Investigation  of  fruit  juices,  Harteland  Soiling 763 

The  bacteriology  of  canned  foods,  Weinzirl 764 

Food  Surveys 765 

Handbook  of  food  statistics  in  relation  to  the  war,  Pearl  and  Matchett 765 

Rise  in  prices  during  the  war. — Food  and  other  commodities 765 

Expressing  numeri(^ly  growth-promoting  value  of  proteins,  Osborne  et  al 765 

Occurrence  of  creatin  and  creatinin  in  the  blood.  III,  Feigl 765 

Creatinuria  and  acidosis,  Denis  and  Minot 765 

Normal  mechanism  for  control  of  oxidation  in  the  body,  Bui;ge  and  Neill 766 

Acetone  B-hydroxylbutyric  and  acetoacetic  acids  and  blood  catalase,  Buige. . .  766 

Contributions  to  the  physiology  of  the  stomach,  XL VII,  Ivy 766 

Contributions  to  the  physiology  of  the  stomach,  XLVIII,  Ivy 766 

The  physiological  basis  of  thirst,  Cannon 767 

Impvtance  oi  calcium  for  nourishment  of  plants,  animals,  and  man,  Loew 767 

Studies  on  cholesterol,  IV,  Luden 767 

ANIMAL  PRODUCTION. 

Ifilk  as  the  sole  diet  of  ruminants,  McCandlish 767 

Effect  of  rust  on  [the  feeding  value  of]  wheat  straw,  Shutt 768 

[Chemical  analyses  of]  brans  and  shorts,  Shutt 768 


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VI  CONTENTS.  IT«1.40 


Cull  beans  for  fatttenipg  steen ,  Brown 768 

Cattle  [feeding  experiment  in  Nova  Scotia],  Blair 768 

Ifineral  requirements  of  sheep,  Fraps 769 

Relation  of  breed  and  age  of  service  to  prolificacy 770 

Self-balanced  rations  by  individual  pigs,  Ashby 770 

Studies  with  individual  pigs 771 

Pasture  and  forase  crops  tor  pork  production 771 

Feeing  value  offield  peas  v.  barley 771 

The  organic  phosphorus  compounds  in  cottonseed  meal  and  other  feeds 772 

rbifluence  offeed  on  melting  point  of  lardL  Templeton 772 

The  home  butchering  and  cunng  of  pork,  Hunter 772 


Effect  of  date  of  hatching  upon  egg  production,  Buss ^ 772 

P^eeding  values  ol  skim  milk  andmeat  scraps  for  egg  pfroduction],  Philips —  773 

DAIRT  FABMIKO — ^DAIRTINO. 

Study  of  relative  reliability  of  official  tests  oi  dairy  cows,  Yapp 773 

Ten  vital  questions  regarding  test  work 774 

The  Wisconsin  Kegister  of  Production,  Turner 774 

Water  requirements  for  milk  production,  McCandlish  and  Gaessler 774 

Importance  of  salt  in  rations,  Joffe 775 

Cost  of  raising  [French  Canadian]  heifers,  Langelier 775 

Liactose,  fat,  and  protein  in  milk  of  various  animals,  Folin  et  al 775 

Studies  on  the  cli^fication  of  milk,  II,  Hammer  and  Hauser 775 

Uniformity  of  heating  in  final  package  method,  Hammer  and  Hauser 776 

Cold  stonge  of  cottage  [and  other  softlcheese,  Ellenbeiver 777 

The  manufacture  and  composition  of  Bulgarian  cheese,  Nicolon 777 

A  study  of  bacteria  in  ice  cream  during  storage,  EUenbeiger 777 

Sugar-saving  substitutes  in  ice  cream,  Frandsen  et  al 777 

VETERINARY  MBDICIKE 

Outlines  of  comparative  anatomy  of  vertebrates,  Kingsley 777 

Common  diseases  of  farm  animals,  Craig 778 

The  control  of  animal  diseases,  Mohler 778 

Erroneous  impressions  of  certain  Federal  activities,  Mohler 778 

Begulations  governing  entrance  to  the  veterinary-inspector  examination. 778 

Report  of  veterinarian,  Cary ' 778 

Ninth  report  ol  State  veterinarian  of  California,  1918,  Keane 778 

Seventh  report  of  Kansas  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Commissicxier,  1917-18,  Mercer.  778 

Report  of  the  New  York  State  Veterinwry  Cofle^  for  the  year  1916-17 778 

The  importance  of  sodium  chlorid  in  agglutination,  Tftgawa 778 

Antiseptics 779 

The  bacteriological  testing  of  disinfectants 780 

The  disinfecting  power  of  Sagrotan,  Dengler 78D 

Treatment  of  bums  by  paraffin,  Hiell 780 

The  treatment  of  ulcerous  lymphangitis.  Van  Saceghen 780 

Studies  on  paratyphoid-enteritidis  group. — ^VI,  Krumwiede,  jr . ,  et  al 780 

The  rat-bite  fever  spirochete,  with  study  of  strains,  Kusama  et  al 781 

Rocky  Mountain  spotted  fever  in  the  domestic  rabbit,  Foot 781 

Notes  on  use  of  tartar  emetic  in  treatment  of  trypanosomiasis,  Hornby. 781 

Experimental  reproduction  of  tuberculosis  in  dogs,  Sarti 782 

Methods  of  detecting  tuberculosis  in  cattle,  Lintner 782 

Contagious  abortion  of  cattle  and  the  uterine  douche  treatment.  Ridge 782 

Hemoglobinuria  of  bo  vines  in  cisalpine  Italy,  Cominotti  and  di  Donuzio 782 

Strongylus  of  cattle,  sheei>,  goats,  etc 782 

An  outbreak  of  hemozrhagic  septicemia  among  sheep,  Hoskins 782 

Contagious  agalaxy  in  goats  and  sheep,  P6russet 782 

Seroimmunization  of  sheep  and  goats  with  contagious  agalaxy,  Bianchini 783 

Report  as  to  preventing  infection  by  anthrax  in  hair,  Middlebrook  et  al 783 

Common  diseiases  of  pigs  and  their  diagnosis,  Peacey 783 

Swine  diseases,  Crai^ 783 

Bacterial  infections  in  swine  and  hog  cholera,  McFarland  and  Proescher 783 

(Hog  cholera  studies] 784 

Endocardial  lesions  during  pneumococcus  infection.in  horses,  Wadsworth. 784 

A  trypanosomiasiB  ol  the  horse  in  Mcurocco,  Velu 784 


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19191  CONTENTS.  VH 

*  SURAL  EKGINEERINO. 

Page, 

Rural  water  suppliee  and  their  purification,  Houston 785 

Publicationfl  of  U.  S.  Geological  Survejr  relating  to  ground  water,  Meinzer 785 

Ground  witter  in  Animas  JPLayaa,  Hachita,  and  San  Luia  Basins,  Schwennesen .  785 

Surface  water  supply  of  Fadnc  slope  basins  in  California,  1915 785 

Practical  infonnation  t>n  measurement  of  irrigation  water,  Israelsen 785 

IrrigatioQ  under  the  provisions  of  the  Cai^y  Act,  Ervin 786 

Freezing  and  thawing  effect  on  concrete,  McDaniel 786 

How  lime  affects  strength  of  cement  mortar,  Fuller 786 

Effect  of  salt  in  warm  climate  on  reinforced  concrete ,  Foes,  jr 787 

Reinforced  draintile  tested,  Schlick 787 

Mixtures  and  mixing  for  diaintile 787 

Hydrated  lime  in  road  concrete 788 

Public  Roads 788 

Land  clearing,  Housholder « 788 

The  farm  tractor.  Ait  kenhead 7  88 

HaystackeiB,  McOlure 788 

Simple  water  systems,  Robey 789 

BURAJi  BCONOMICS. 

Address  of  Secretary  of  Agriculttue  before  Readjustment  Congress 789 

Sunmuury  of  reports  of  faim  advisors  of  California  for  1918,  Crocheron 789 

Fanning  plans  for  1919,  Ousley 789 

Method  d  testing  forms  in  South  for  efficiency  in  management,  Goodrich 789 

American  Association  for  A^cultiual  Legislation :  Description  and  aims 789 

Wanted:  A  national  policy  in  agiculture,  Davenport 790 

National  Dolicy  in  agriculture.  Earl  of  Selbome 790 

Report  ot  the  Agricultural  Policy  Subcommittee,  Haviland 790 

Our  daily  bread,  Radford 790 

War-time  farming,  Wibberley 790 

Report  on  openings  in  agriculture  for  disabled  sailors  and  soldiers .  *. 790 

Urban  and  nual  development  in  Canada 790 

piand  settlement  schemes] 790 

New  measures  for  the  development  of  a^cultural  production,  K&ppeli . . .  ^ . . .  790 

Organization  of  the  a^cultural  laborer  in  northern  Italy 790 

The  economic  conditions  in  Serbia,  1914-1918 791 

Moroccan  economics  and  agriculture,  Bernard 791 

M^  problems  in  agricultural  production  in  South  Africa,  Wolfe 791 

Economic  developments  in  the  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan,  Hewins 791 

Distribution  of  agricultural  products  and  produce  exclumges,  Brand 791 

The  farm  market 792 

Monthly  Crop  Reporter 792 

[Field  crop  and  live  stock  report  of  Canada  for  1916],  Grisdale 792 

Sugar  industry  [in  Cuba] 792 

Amcultural  statistics  ot  Argentina,  1916-17,  Lahitte 792 

Thiee  centuries  of  prices  of  wheat,  flour,  and  Inread,  Kirkland 792 

Annual  ap;ricultural  statistics  of  France,  1916 793 

Crop  statistics  for  Switzerland  in  1917 793 

Statistics  on  the  production  of  cereals  and  legumes,  1918 793 

Area,  crops,  live  stock,  etc.,  in  certain  native  States,  Shirras 793 

AGRICULTURAL  EDUCATION. 

Second  annual  report  of  the  Federal  Board  for  Vocational  Education 793 

Couises  in  agriculture  in  high  schools  of  Illinois,  Nolan  and  Hanna 794 

Six  months'  directed  or  supervised  practice  in  agriculture,  Nolan 795 

Elementary  agriculture  and  horticulture 795 

Knowing  insects  through  stories,  Bralliar 796 

Projects  in  fiinn  mechanics,  Funkhouser 795 

Food  and  the  war 795 

Economy  in  food,  Wellman 796 

The  businees  of  the  household,  Taber  et  al 796 

Mathematics  for  collegiate  students  of  agriculture,  Kenyon  and  Lovitt 796 


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Vm  OONTfiNTS.  [?oL40 

MIBCSLLANBOUB. 

Thirty-first  Anniial  Report  of  Alabaina  CollegeStation,  1918 7% 

Nature  and  progrees  of  the  work  of  the  station,  Nelson 796 

Thirty-finrt  Annual  Report  of  Indiana  Station,  1918 796 

Special  report  of  the  Upper  Peninsula  Experiment  Station,  Housholder 796 

Twenty-sixth  Annual  Report  of  Minnesota  Station,  1918 797 

Report  of  the  director  for  1918,  Limnan — '. 797 

Twenty-eighth  Annual  Report  of  Washington  Station,  1918 797 

Report  of  uie  Canada  Experimental  Farms,  1917 797 

Quarterly  bulletin  of  the  Michigan  Exp^inent  Station 797 

Monthly  Bulletin  of  the  Ohio  Expeiinent  Station 797 

Monthly  bulletin  of  the  Western  Washington  Substation 797 


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LIST  OF  EXPERIMENT  STATION  AND  DEPARTMENT 
PUBLICATIONS  REVIEWED. 


StatioTU  in  the  United  States, 

Alabama  College  Statbn:  Page. 

Thirty-fizBt  An.  Rpt,  1918 728, 

752,  772,  778,  796 

ArkaDBttB  Station: 

Bui.  158,  Dec.,  1918 726, 

742,  772,  796 

California  Station; 

Circ.  208,  Feb.,  1919 789 

Connecticut  State  Station: 

Bu|.  208,  Oct.,  1918 753 

Bui.  209,  Dec.,  1918 726 

Idaho  Station: 

Circ.  7,  Mar.,  1919 736 

Illinois  Station: 

Bui.  216,  Feb.,  1919 773 

Circ.  233,  Mar.,  1919 742 

Indiana  Statbn: 

Bui.  225,  Jan.,  1919 736 

Circ.  85,  Dec.,  1918 738 

Circ.  89.  Jan.,  1919 788 

Thirty-firBt  An.  Rpt.  1918 738, 

762,  773,  783,  796 

Iowa  Station: 

Bui.  179,  Nov.,  1918 755 

Bui.  179  (abridged),  Apr. ,  1918      755 

Bui.  183,  Jan.,  1919 717 

Research  Bui.  47,  Mar.,  1918. .      775 
Reeearch  Bui.  48,  Aug.,  1918. .      767 

Maryland  Station: 

Bui.  222,  Sept.,  1918 741, 756 

Bui.  223,  Oct.,  1918 756 

'  Michigan  Station: 

Spec.  Bui.  90,  Oct.,  1918 731, 

788  796 
Quart.  Bui.,  vol.   1,   No.   2, 
Nov. ,  1918 768,  789,  797 

Minnesota  Station: 

TwentyHBixth  An.  Rpt.  1918. .     715, 

731,  732,  734,  740,  742,  745,  761, 

771,  784,  797 

New  Jersey  Stations: 

Bui.  330,  Aug.  15,  1918 797 

Circ.  100,  Jan.  1, 1918 753 

Circ.  101,  Nov.  1, 1918 772 

Circ.  102,  Nov.  7, 1918 747 

Circ.  103,  Feb.  1, 1919 742 

Circ.  104,  Dec.  1918 748 

•  Circ.  106,  Jan.  1, 1919 747 

New  York  Cornell  Station: 

Memoir  17,  Dec.,  1918 719 

Memoir  18,  Jan.,  1919 777 

Ohio  Station: 

Mo.  Bui.,  vol.  4,  No.  3,  Mar., 

1919 724, 

736,  738,  744,  747,  754,  772,  797 


Stations  in  the  United  States— Contmaed. 

Pennsylvania  Station:  P><9- 

Bui.  155,  Feb.,  1919 723 

Texas  Station: 

Bui.  229,  May,  1918 728 

Bui.  230,  June,  1918 736 

Bui.  231,  June,  1918 755 

Bui.  232,  Aug.,  1918 769 

Bui.  233,  Sept.,  1918 726 

Bui.  236,  Nov.,  1918 736 

Utah  Station: 

Circ.  36,  Jan.,  1919 786 

Washington  Station: 

Bul.  153  (Twenty-eighth  An. 

Rpt.  1918),  Jan.,  1919 719, 

730,  740,  746,  763,  762,  770, 

771,  797 

West.  Wash.  Sta.  Mo.  Bul., 

vol.  6,  No.  12,  Mar.,  1919. . .  742, 

743,  754,  797 

Wisconsin  Station: 

Bul.  298,  Mar.,  1919 742 

Reeearch  Bul.  43,  Jan.,  1919. .  761 

U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Bul.    737,   The   Tobacco   Beetle: 
An  Important  Pest  in  Tobacco 

Products,  G.  A.  Runner 768 

Bul.  767,  Farm  Ftectices  in  Grain 
Farming  in  North  Dakota,  C. 
M.  Hennis  and  R.  E.  Willard. . .  736 
Bul.  760,  Farm  Practices  in  Grow- 
ing Sugar  Beets  in  Three  Cali- 
fornia Districts,  T.  H.Summers, 
L.  A.  Moorhouse,  R.  S.  Wash- 
bum,  and  C.  O.  Townsend 737 

Bul.  771,  A  Study  of  the  Effect  of 
Storage,  Heat,  and  Moisture  on 

Pyrethrum,  W.  S.  Abbott 752 

Farmers'  Bul.  999,  Sweet  Potato 

Growing,  F.  E.  Miller 738 

Farmers'  Bul.  1001,  Growing  Fruit 
for  Home  Use,  H.  P.  GoiSd  and 

G.  M.  Darrow 742 

Farmers'  Bul.  1009,  Hay  Stackers, 

H .  B.  McClure 788 

Office  of  the  Secretary: 

Circ.  124j  Irrigation  Under  the 
Provisions  of  the  Carey  Act, 

G.  Ervin 786 

Circ,  127,  The  "17-year  Lo- 

cU8t"inl919 754 

Circ.  128,  R^:ulations  Govern- 
ing Entrance  to  the  Veter- 
inary-Inspector Examina- 
tion       778 

IX 


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vm 


OONTfilTTB. 


lYol.40 


mSCBLLANKOnS. 


^/tHentofAgriadtun—Cfm. 


Thirty-fint  Anzraal  Report  of  Alabama  Golle^^ 
Nature  and  progrees  of  the  work  of  the  stati' 
Thirty-firpt  Annual  Report  of  Indiana  Sta'     ^ 
Spedal  repent  of  the  Upper  Peninsula  £' 
l^enty-dxth  Annual  Report  ol  liinnp 
Bepart  of  the  director  for  1918,  LLjhp 
Twenty-eighth  Annual  Report  of  W 
Report  of  the  Canada  Experiment 
Quarterly  bulletin  of  the  Michi'        . 
Monthly  BuUetin  of  the  Ohio ' 
Monthly  bulletin  of  the  Wee 


I 


;.*/- 


'    iramor 
'.[^titr,  vol.  5, 


I'^aal 


Forests 
^^''W^ater  User, 

K:i^\ 

\>^,yoV  2- 
^.'^^ito.  12.1919.... 
/^I.  Mar.  13, 1919 

;'j?;iixc  Roads: 
jSasds,  vol.  1,  No.  9, 

^..J91» 

bureau: 


^ 


789 


751 


792 


743 


765 
766 


788 


^'wi'y  Weather  Review  Sup. 

^i&r.l5, 1919 715 

i^iiX.  Data,  vol.  5— 

'^0. 11,  Nov. ,  1918 716 

No.  12,  Dec.,  1918 716 

^^0c  ContributionB:* 

^^^^e  Distribution  and  Charac- 
ters of  Some  of  the  Odoious 
Principles  of  Plants,  F.  B. 

Power 710 

P4ra  Cymene.— I,  Nitration, 
Mononitrocymene,  C.  E.  An- 
drews   

Intermediates  Used  in  the 
Preparation  of  Photo-sensi- 
tizing Dyes.— I,  Quinolin 
Bases,  L.  A.  Mikeska.  J.  K. 
Stewart,  and  L.  E.  "Wiae 

I^^naediates  Used  in  the 
Preparation  of  Photo-sensi- 
tizang  Dyes.—II,  Quater- 
nary HalJds,  C.  H.  Lund 
and  L.E.  Wise 

oyntheeifl  of  Photosensitizing 
^yes,  Pinaverdol  and  Pina- 
^nol,  L.  E.  Wlae,  E.  Q. 
A^5?^  J.  K.  Stewart,  and 
C.H.iund '.... 

*iie  Gravimetric  and  Volu- 
Jietric  Determination  of 
Mercury  Precipitated  as 
Mercury  Thiocyanate,  G.  8. 
Jamieson 712 


710 


710 


711 


711 


jic  Cdntributions— Contd. 

/he  Determination  of  Zinc  and 

Copper  in  Gelatin,  G.  8. 

Jamieson 

A  Sketch  of  Botanical  Acti%ity 

in  the  District  of  Columbia 

and  Vicinity,  P.  L.  Ricker. 
Cheno-po^wii  TiuftaRtx,  a  Food 

Plant  of  the  Aztecs,  W.  B. 

Safford 

Forest  Research  and  the  War, 

E.  H.  Clanp 

Planting  in  Relation  to  the  Fu- 
ture  of   National   ForestB, 

F.  R.  Johnson 

A  Convenient  Method  of  Han- 

dlin^  Large  Numbers  o( 
Individuals  in  Life  Histoory 
Studies  of  Insects,  R.  A. 
Cushman 

The  Development  of  a  Port- 
able Ineectary,  A.  W.Young. 

Medical  Entomology  a  Vitiil 
Factor  in  the  Prosecution  of 
the  War,  W.D.Pierce 

Two  New  Species  of  the  Blat- 
tid  Genus  Areidvaga,  A.  N. 
Oaudell 

The  Identity  of  Jpftii  ora- 
AHKJu,  A.  0.  Baker 

Eradication  of  Poultry  lice, 
R.  W.Wells 

A  Note  on  the  Economic  Im- 
portance of  Soama  OKTOfAn, 
O.N.  AinsKe 

The  Lotus  Borer,  F.  H.  Chit- 
tenden  

The  California  Pistol  Case 
Bearer  (CoUophom  mcrtt 
menta),W.  M.  Davidson.... 

On  the  Lepidopterous  Genus 
Opostega  and  Its  Larval  Af- 
finities. C.  Heinrich 

A  New  Genus  of  Lepidoptera 
Allied  to  Leucoptera,  C. 
Heinrich 

Three  New  Species  of  Diptera, 
C.T.Greene 

District  of  Columbia  Diptera: 
Tabanid»,  W.  L.  McAtee 
and  W.  R.  Walton 

Notes  on  Gadflies  in  the  Flori- 
da Everglades,  C.  A.  Hosier 
andT.  E.  Snyder 

The  Dipterous  Family  Cyr- 
tidse  in  North  America, 
F.R.Cole 

A  Note  on  the  Habit  of  P^ 
gomuia  afinis  and  Other 
Antho'nyid  Gsnera,  C.  T. 
Greene 

Some  Muscoid  Synonvmy, 
with  One  New  Genus,  C.  H. 
T.  Townsend 


Pap. 

712 

726 

728 
743 

743 

752 
752 

754 

754 
754 
754 

754 
756 

757 

757 

75: 
757 

757 
757 

757 

758 
758 


^  Printed  in  scientific  and  technical  publication  outside  the  Department 


uigitizea  Dy  ^ 


UST  OF  PUBUCATIONS. 


'Nr« — Con. 


<^,, 


% 


^x 


nna 

lerce. 

,ae  Boll 

regor 

Honeybee, 


■Page. 
759 
759 
759 
759 


^'  .  Muscular  Coat 

"^^  jutriculus  of  the 

W  .^hite 760 

>  orrect  Names  for  Some 

Our   Common    Ichneu- 

^  Jionid  Parasites,  R.  A.  Cush- 

man 760 

A  Synopsis  of  the  Species  Be- 
longing to  the  Chalddoid 

GenusKileya.  A.  B.  Gahan.      760 
Three   New   Chalcidoid   Egg 

Parasites,  A.  B.  Gahan 760 

A  Note  on  Chaldi  abiesK,  S.  A. 

Rohwer 760 

The   Genus   Ephiaites   Firet 

Proposed  by  Schrank;  R.  A. 

Oushman  and  S.  A.  Bohwer.      760 
PtopachyneuronGirault,  A.  B. 

Cfahan 760 

Description  of  a  New  Hymen- 

opterous    Parasite,    A.    B. 

Gahan 761 


U,  S.  Department  of  Agriculhar&— Con. 

Scientific  Contributions — Contd.       Pa^e. 

Notes  on  the  Cocoon  Spinning 
Habits  of  Two  Species  of 
Braconids,  R.  A.  Cushman.      761 

Notes  on  and  Descriptions  of 
Sawflies  Belonging  to  the 
Tenthredlnid  Tribe  Hemi- 
chroini,  S.  A.  Rohwer 761 

The  North  American  Species 
of  the  Sawfly  Genus  Lauren- 
tia,  S.  A.  Rohwer 761 

New  Sawflies  of  the  Subfamily 
DiprioninsB,  S.  A.  Rohwer. .      761 

The  Control  of  Animal  Dis- 
eases, J.  R.  Mohler 778 

Erroneous  Impressions  of  Cer- 
tain Federal  Activities,  J.  R. 
Mohler 778 

Methods  of  Detecting  Tuber- 
culosis in  Cattle,  J.  J. 
lintner 782 

Notes  on  Stomach  Worms, 
Etc.,  B.  H.  Ransom 782 

Farming  Plans  for  1919,  C. 
Ousley '. 789 

The  Distribution  of  Acricul- 
tural  Products  and  the  Func- 
tion of  Produce  Exchanges, 
C.  J.  Brand 791 


ILLUSTRATION. 


Page. 


FiQ.  1.— Diagram  of  life  history  of  the  strawberry  leaf  roller,  showing 

the  proper  times  during  the  season  for  spraying 755 


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EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 

Vol.  40.  June,  1919.  No.  8. 


It  has  been  said  that  the  role  of  science  is  prophecy.  In  the  sense 
of  revealing  natural  law  and  its  manifestations,  this  is  another  way 
of  saying  that  the  role  of  science  is  to  enable  prediction  regarding 
the  operations  of  natural  phenomena  under  definite  conditions.  For 
science  enables  the  relation  between  cause  and  effect  to  be  traced, 
determines  the  response  to  specific  influences  and  conditions;  and 
since  the  knowledge  it  establishes  is  exact  and  unvarying  it  becomes 
possible  to  prophesy  with  certainty  what  will  take  place  when  certain 
conditions  meet.  The  statement  therefore  expresses  broadly  the  final 
function  and  attribute  of  science. 

But  beyond  this,  science  is  at  once  the  source  of  exact  knowledge 
and  the  means  by  which  it  is  advanced.  It  supplies  a  background  in 
accumulated  information,  and  it  permits  a  glance  into  the  unknown 
which  enables  further  advances  to  be  made.  It  thus  broadens  the 
vision  of  problems  and  their  nature,  stimulates  speculation,  and  sug- 
gests courses  of  action  which  may  be  productive.  These  are  essentials 
of  prophecy  in  respect  to  natural  manifestations,  without  which  there 
could  be  no  progress  in  science. 

Progress  is  the  keynote  of  science.  Science  is  never  complete ;  it  is 
in  continual  process  of  being  added  to.  An  answer  suggests  further 
questions  and  may  reveal  a  possible  means  of  solution.  Science  is 
therefore  constantly  searching,  building  new  theories,  advancing  its 
boundaries  step  by  step,  making  prophecy  more  sure.  Investigation 
which  is  not  thus  characterized  falls  short  of  its  purpose. 

Science  not  only  contributes  substantial  facts  but  it  discloses  more 
clearly  the  real  nature  of  complex  problems,  making  their  solution 
more  feasible;  and  it  propounds  new  ones  which  are  practicable  of 
productive  study.  To  propound  problems  and  to  analyze  and  define 
their  character  are  important  functions  of  science.  These  are  first 
steps  in  the  direction  of  progress,  for  they  provide  a  starting  point 
and  a  clearly  defined  purpose. 

In  agriculture  it  has  acquired  long  years  of  research  to  lay  bare 
the  real  underlying  questions  and  suggest  how  they  might  be 
approached.    The  starting  point  was  naturally  provided  mainly  by 

701 


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702  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEGOBD.  [V©L« 

general  science,  but  it  required  special  insight  to  develop  out  of  the 
traditions  and  practices  of  this  ancient  art  the  scientific  aspects  of 
the  underlying  problems;  to  show,  for  example,  what  factors  were 
actually  involved  in  the  growing  of  crops  and  the  feeding  of  plants. 
The  conditions  prevailing  in  successful  practice  had  to  be  studied, 
data  accumulated  extensively  under  a  variety  of  circumstances,  and 
the  results  of  certain  definite  combinations  recorded.  Gradually  a 
background  of  fact  was  accumulated  which  although  imperfectly 
understood  gave  an  insight  into  the  situation  and  served  as  a  basis 
for  specific  investigation. 

The  ultimate  solution  of  an  agricultural  question  may  prove  to  be 
a  relatively  easy  task  after  the  real  nature  of  the  question  is  under- 
stood. This  was  the  case  with  the  problemis  of  cheese  making  and 
curing,  for  example,  after  the  actual  factors  involved  had  been  made 
clear  and  separated  so  they  could  be  studied.  For  many  years  there 
was  great  confusion  in  discovering  and  developing  the  laws  of 
heredity,  but  Mendel  taught  that  success  depended  in  fixing  atten- 
tion, not  on  the  organism  as  a  whole  but  upon  one  after  another  of 
its  various  attributes  or  characters.  Thus  disintegrated,  the  problem 
of  inheritance  became  simplified  and  susceptible  of  solution  by  the 
ordinary  methods  of  experiment. 

The  understanding  of  what  is  fundamentally  involved  in  a  com- 
plex question  of  practice  is  still  a  necessary  first  step.  It  is  the  role 
of  science  in  agriculture  to  disclose  this  in  order  that  the  solution 
may  be  unfolded  and  prophecy  made  possible. 

There  has  been  material  progress  in  this  direction,  which  has  led  to 
differentiation  of  large  questions  and  getting  down  to  significant 
features  in  their  study.  But  the  project  lists  of  the  stations  still  in- 
clude many  which  are  faulty  in  their  breadth  and  complexity.  The 
subjects  are  viewed  as  entities  rather  than  as  complexes.  They  relate 
to  an  ill-defined  field  or  a  line  of  work  instead  of  a  restricted  topic  to 
be  studied  in  its  nature  and  influence.  As  matters  have  developed 
they  have  proved  to  be  over  ambitious  in  their  scope,  and  they  some- 
times result  in  considerable  unproductive  effort  before  a  differenti- 
ation is  made  into  features  which  are  capable  of  productive  study. 
Questions  of  soil,  of  the  relation  of  cropping  to  fertility,  of  feeding 
and  nutrition,  for  example,  are  found  to  be  extremely  complex  as  to 
their  real  nature,  and  can  not  be  worked  out  successfully  in  their 
entirety  as  single  investigations. 

There  is  a  distinction  between  what  it  might  be  desirable  to  do  in 
the  interests  of  science  and  practice  and  what  it  is  feltsible  to  accom- 
plish at  the  present  state  of  knowledge  of  problems  and  technique. 
Questions  are  frequently  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  stations 


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1»W  EDITORIAL.  703 

which  it  is  not  practicable  to  solve  at  present,  either  because  there  is 
not  sufficient  background  to  enable  the  problem  to  be  understood  or 
the  methods  and  technique  are  deficient.  Investigation  can  not  suc- 
cessfully progress  much  faster  than  the  methods  and  means  of  study 
advance,  and  often  not  more  rapidly  than  investigation  in  the  domain 
of  general  science  clears  the  field  and  enables  hypothesis  and  theory 
to  be  advanced. 

Our  station  investigation  affords  instances  of  attempts  to  push 
inquiry  beyond  the  point  where  general  science  has  prepared  the 
way.  While  the  original  investigator  will  develop  new  facts  and 
new  lines  of  reasoning  or  of  attack,  he  will  necessarily  rely  quite 
largely  upon  adapting  existing  knowledge  and  means  to  his  ends. 
The  pioneer  must  blaze  his  own  way  and  build  his  own  path,  but  if 
he  attempts  to  get  too  far  in  advance  the  complications  of  agricul- 
tural problems  are  such  that  he  meets  obstacles  involving  not  only 
his  particular  branch  of  science  but  others.  Hence,  short  cuts  are 
rarely  feasible.  Ih  the  effort  to  bridge  too  wide  a  gap  between  what 
is  known  and  what  is  unknown,  facts  and  methods  are  assumed  that 
have  not  been  proved  and  lead  to  delay  and  confusion. 

A  result  of  selecting  projects  which  have  proved  complex  or  im- 
practicable is  reflected  in  the  length  of  time  certain  of  these  have 
been  carried  without  material  modification.  The  program  of  the 
Adams  fund  sheds  some  light  on  this  and  on  tendencies  in  project 
making.  This  fund,  of  course,  does  not  embrace  the  full  research 
program  of  the  stations,  but  it  fairly  represents  the  more  advanced 
effort. 

The  total  number  of  active  projects  under  the  Adams  fund  at 
present  is  five  hundred  and  thirty-six.  This  shows  a  remarkable 
activity  in  setting  up  projects  accredited  to  a  fund  subject  to  pro- 
visions and  formalities  not  applied  to  other  station  funds.  It  reflects 
a  desire  which  has  been  apparent  in  many  station  workers  to  be 
associated  with  that  fund,  doubtless  because  of  the  standard  it  has 
come  to  represent.  It  is  regarded  as  a  sort  of  hall-mark  of  quality ; 
and  to  come  under  its  stamp  many  projects  are  included  which 
receive  only  a  small  part  of  their  support  from  that  source.  This 
will  be  obvious  from  the  fact  that  the  total  number  gives  an  average 
of  over  eleven  projects  to  a  station,  the  range  being  from  four  to 
nineteen;  ten  stations  have  fifteen  or  more  projects  assigned  to  the 
Adams  fund. 

The  source  of  support  is,  of  course,  immaterial  to  the  investigation, 
provided  it  is  adequate,  but  with  limited  resources  to  supplement  this 
research  fund  there  is  danger  that  it  may  be  overloaded,  to  the 
evident  detriment  of  the  work.    There  have  been  such  instances. 


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.  I 


704  EXPERiMEirr  station  becx)bd.  vrtnu 

In  some  cases  the  expense  of  projects  was  clearly  underestimated  at 
the  start,  and  in  others  provision  has  had  to  be  made  for  assistance 
from  other  departments  not  originally  contemplated,  as  diemistry 
or  bacteriology'  for  example,  which  makes  added  demands  on  the 
fund.  Again,  the  ambition  of  workers  to  have  connection  with  this 
fund  has  led,  it  is  feared,  to  increasing  the  project  list  beyond  what 
can  be  carried  advantageously. 

These  conditions  may  be  responsible  in  part  for  the  length  of  time 
a  considerable  number  of  these  projects  have  been  under  way.  There 
are  other  factors,  of  course,  and  the  fact  that  a  project  has  been  in 
operation  a  long  time  should  not  necessarily  subject  it  to  criticism. 
Often  the  reason  is  easily  found  in  the  nature  of  the  project,  frequent 
change  in  leadership,  and  the  like. 

Of  the  five  hundred  and  thirty-six  projects  listed  under  the  Adams 
fund,  nearly  one-third  are  now  in  their  tenth  season  or  over,  and  a 
considerable  additional  number  are  still  carried,  although  tempora- 
rily suspended.  .  Eighty-seven,  or  more  than  one-sixth  of  the  total 
number,  date  back  to  the  beginning  of  that  fund,  and  hence  are  in 
their  twelfth  or  thirteenth  year. 

In  the  sense  that  this  points  to  a  large  measure  of  permanence  of 
effort,  the  attacking  of  difficult  questions  not  quickly  solved,  and  per- 
sistence in  the  attempt  to  secure  lasting  results,  the  condition  is  highly 
conmiendable  and  represents  a  marked  improvement  over  earlier 
years.  But  the  profitableness  of  long-continued  effort  is  measured 
by  the  degree  of  success  and  the  extent  to  which  the  progress  warrants 
it.  If  it  represents  adherence  to  a  theme  or  a  plan  which  has  proved 
impracticable  or  incompetent,  long  continuance  may  indicate  bad 
judgment.  If  it  drifts  from  year  to  year  without  change  of  outlook 
or  plan,  it  is  either  unproductive  or  does  not  take  advantage  of  the 
progress  and  its  teachings.  It  has  either  become  stereotyped  or  it 
has  proved  too  ambitious  an  undertaking  and  lacks  the  directive 
force  to  bring  it  to  successful  issue.  In  either  case  it  has  become  a 
matter  for  administrative  attention. 

A  common  reason  for  questionable  longevity  of  projects  is  believed 
to  lie  in  a  lack  of  definiteness  in  conceiving  the  project  or  of  ooncMi- 
tration  upon  significant  parts ;  in  the  attempt  to  study  as  a  whole  sub- 
jects which  are  so  comprehensive  and  involved  that  they  are  imprac- 
ticable as  units  of  investigation.  Even  though  a  subject  may  be  outr 
lined  in  quite  general  terms  at  the  beginning,  it  is  reasonable  to  ex- 
pect that  the  situation  will  be  clarified  as  the  work  advances.  With 
the  nature  of  the  problem  better  understood  the  means  of  organizing 
the  inquiry  will  become  more  evident.  The  phase  may  change  from 
time  to  time,  but  if  the  study  is  systematic,  although  on  a  broad  topic, 


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IMO]  BDITOBIAU  705 

one  aspect  after  another  will  be  taken  xxp  In  aeoordanee  with  the 
development  of  the  plan.  This  makes  the  project  thoroughly  alive 
and  prc^iiessive. 

A  considerable  number  of  these  long-time  projects  are  quite  broad 
in  character.  There  has  been  a  frequent  tendency,  particularly  at 
the  outset,  to  outline  work  in  quite  general  terms,  in  the  apparent 
desire  to  avoid  restriction  or  the  imposing  of  limitations.  Some- 
times this  may  be  due  to  a  lack  of  clarity,  and  hence  to  preference 
for  wide  latitude  and  range,  manifestly  a  reason  not  to  be  en* 
couraged.  The  diflSculty  of  administrative  control  or  of  holding  the 
work  within  definite  bounds  under  broad  project  outlines  is  a  large 
one. 

It  will  be  recognized  that  there  are  many  subjects,  like  studies  in 
breeding  with  plants  and  animals,  the  physiology  of  nutrition,  the 
effects  of  soil  treatment,  the  working  out  of  intricate  questions  of 
disease,  etc.,  which  necessarily  require  long  and  persistent  study  and 
can  not  be  hurried.  They  may  or  may  not  be  ultimately  rewarded 
with  success.  There  are  others  which  require  the  systematic  accu* 
mulation  of  data  under  a  variety  of  conditions  and  over  long 
periods.  But  in  neither  case  does  this  warrant  limitation  to  rou- 
tine effort  or  neglect  of  technical  features  which  will  be  ultimately 
essential 

There  are  instances  of  failure  to  keep  up  with  the  project — of 
allowing  data  to  accumulate  without  study  as  to  where  the  results 
are  leading,  and  of  postponing  chemical  examinations  or  other 
laboratory  studies  until  they  are  several  seasons  in  arrears.  In  such 
cases  progress  of  investigation  is  not  guided  by  the  light  which  the 
results  cast  For  the  time  being  the  element  of  inquiry  is  lacking, 
and  the  investigation  is  mainly  in  the  prospective  sense.  The  prod- 
uct of  the  undertaking  consists  in  the  accumulation  of  certain  data, 
the  unanalyzed  evidence.  At  best  these  data  are  simply  records,  not 
established  facts  or  even  theories,  because  the  breath  of  life  has  not 
been  infused  into  them  by  interpretation  and  speculation.  Such  a 
condition  represents  the  difference  between  routine  and  constructive 
effort. 

The  process  of  investigation  is  progressive  in  insight,  in  approach, 
and  in  method.  It  develops  with  the  opening  up  of  the  subject  by  the 
results  secured  and  those  of  other  contemporary  investigation.  If 
the  work  is  not  progressive  in  this  sense  it  is  not  a  searching  inquiry 
and  critical  study,  but  a  methodical  and  more  or  less  mechanical 
accumulation  of  data.  If  it  does  not  advance  step  by  step  in  the 
effort  not  only  to  contribute  to  the  evidence  but  to  perfect  the  attack, 
12065S*— 19 2 


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706  BXPBBIMEKT  STAHOK  BEOOBD.  [VoL40 

it  misses  the  essential  feature  of  research  and  proceeds  on  a  mistaken 
estimate  of  the  necessarily  inherent  value  of  data  covering  long 
periods.  Experimental  data  are  of  value  to  and  a  part  of  investiga- 
tion as  they  are  applied  to  it.  Already  we  have  a  broad  background 
for  investigation  in  most  common  subjects  in  agriculture.  It  is  not 
necessary  to  spend  time  exclusively  or  mainly  in  taking  data  which 
may  serve  at  some  future  time  as  the  basis  for  research.  The  problem 
and  the  specific  question  are  already  at  hand  if  we  can  discern  them. 

To  cite  a  familiar  example,  it  has  long  been  known  that  land  can 
be  cropped  continuously  for  a  long  time,  often  with  surprising 
returns,  and  that  fertility  or  productive  capacity  may  be  maintained 
and  even  impi'oved  by  combinations  of  cropping  systems,  fertilizers, 
and  soil  treatment.  "Whether  or  not  this  is  fundamentally  true  is  no 
longer  a  question  for  lengthy  experiment;  the  general  truth  is  now 
matter  for  demonstration.  The  economic  phase  may  need  some  devel- 
opment and  local  adaptation,  but  the  underlying  question  for  re- 
search lies  beyond  this  points  It  concerns  the  reasons,  the  changes  in 
conditions  and  relationships  which  are  brought  about,  the  reciprocal 
relations  of  various  classes  of  factors  which  are  in  operation,  the 
means  of  maintaining  the  proper  balance  in  these  factors,  and  matters 
of  this  sort.  These  are  not  solved  by  growiiig  and  harvesting  crops  in 
rotation  through  a  long  period,  even  if  the  greatest  possible  care  is 
observed,  or  by  the  chemical  analysis  of  the  crops  and  of  the  soils 
at  intervals  of  several  years,  or  even  by  sampling  the  plats  occa- 
sionally for  the  usual  bacteriological  examination.  Rotation  and  fer- 
tilizer experiments  of  themselves  seem  at  present  to  be  contributing 
relatively  little  that  is  new  regarding  the  theory  of  plant  feeding,  soil 
fertility,  and  soil  management  It  is  where  such  series  of  experiments 
are  being  utilized  to  study  certain  definite  questions  of  limited  range 
that  they  are  productive  of  new  light. 

It  is  the  purpose  and  use  which  give  life  to  the  taking  of  data  and 
make  their  acquisition  profitable.  Correlation  studies,  for  example, 
proceed  through  long  periods  and  result  in  volumes  of  data,  but  un- 
less they  are  interpreted  in  relation  to  some  problem  they  do  not 
directly  advance  knowledge,  and  a  point  is  soon  reached  where  their 
accumulation  lacks  the  elements  of  research. 

There  is  frequent  reluctance  to  discontinue  or  abandon  a  line  of 
study  once  taken  up,  even  though  it  has  not  progressed  satisfactorily. 
This  reluctance  is  not  necessarily  confined  to  the  leader  but  is  shar^ 
by  the  station  administra;tion.  Outlines  of  new  projects  are  scruti- 
nized critically,  and  often  passed  upon  by  a  project  conmiittee,  but 
after  the  projects  are  added  to  the  program  there  seems  a  considerable 
disposition  to  allow  them  to  take  their  course  and  not  to  question 
too  closely  their  progress  or  the  advisability  of  their  continuance. 


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1919]  EDrroBiAii.  707 

This  attitude  has  much  to  commend  it  It  hesitates  to  acknowledge 
defeat,  and  it  recognizes  the  detrimental  effects  of  frequent  change 
and  the  disposition  of  some  to  give  up  too  easily.  It  reflects  confi- 
dence in  the  worker.  But  this  attitude  should  not  stand  in  the  way 
of  a  critical  examination  as  to  progress  and  the  feasibility  or  com- 
petency of  the  undertaking.  It  should  lead  to  modification  or  re- 
alignment which  has  become  more  logical  or  more  promising  of  suc- 
cess; and  it  would  be  unfortunate  if  it  stood  in  the  way  of  a  simpli- 
fication of  the  inquiry  by  a  narrower,  limitation  of  its  range. 

There  is  reluctance  also  on  the  part  of  some  investigators  to  termi- 
nate a  project  after  it  has  been  practically  concluded.  They  hesi- 
tate to  state  the  results  and  close  out  the  investigation  for  the  pres- 
ent, on  the  ground  that  some  new  data  may  later  come  to  light  or 
some  suggestion  which  will  lead  to  further  inquiry.  No  one  would 
urge  undue  haste  in  publication  or  the  dropping  of  lines  of  inquiry 
which  were  contributing  new  light  or  strength,  but  science  is  never 
complete  and  publication  merely  expresses  the  "  time  of  day  "  in  a 
given  line  of  investigation. 

With  every  regard  for  the  time  element  in  research  and  the  de- 
sirability of  thoroughness  and  deliberation,  certain  individual  tend- 
encies are  sometimes  encountered  which  need  to  be  kept  under  ob- 
servation. Unless  this  is  done  projects  are  likely  to  be  carried  from 
year  to  year  after  they  have  ceased  to  make*  progress  and  to  all  in- 
tents and  purposes  have  reached  their  end  as  research  inquiries. 
They  thus  become  not  only  an  element  of  expense  but  a  tax  on  the 
investigator's  time,  serving  to  dissipate  his  energies  and  attention. 
The  diflSculties  of  "sugaring  off"  are  among  those  which  the  ad- 
ministrative officer  sometimes  has  to  meet,  and  in  these  the  personal 
equation  often  figures  prominently. 

Intensive  and  concentrated  effort  is  the  price  of  success  in  agricul- 
tural research.  To  be  productive  it  requires  close  application,  with 
critical  attention  to  the  accuracy  and  the  meaning  of  the  results.  It  is 
an  intensive,  diligent  application  of  the  powers  of  inquiry.  Intermit- 
tent, fragmentary  effort  arrives  late,  if  at  all.  It  is  uneconomical  of 
the  station's  funds,  and  its  encouragement  breeds  a  habit  which  is  det- 
rimental to  highest  efficiency. 

Not  a  few  of  the  long-continued  projects  would  probably  have  been 
further  advanced  or  nearer  conclusion  if  they  had  been  energetically 
and  systematically  pushed  forward.  Various  causes  have  contributed 
to  prevent  an  aggressive,  sustained  attack  upon  them.  In  the  past  it 
has  often  been  due  to  a  multiplicity  of  duties.  Sometimes  it  is  a  re- 
sult of  trying  to  carry  too  many  lines  of  work,  leading  to  a  diversion 
of  effort  and  attention.  The  relatively  small  progress  from  season  to 
season  has  its  effect  upon  the  worker's  zeal  and  enthusiasm* 


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708  BXPEBIMENT  8TATI0K  BEOOB0.  [YoL40,19191 

It  should  be  possible  to  detennine  aftmr  a  reasonable  time  whether 
a  project  is  making  definite  advancement,  such  as  might  be  antici- 
pated, or  if  it  is  encountering  difficulties  to  ascertain  whether  tfaeBe 
lie  in  a  lack  of  close  application  or  a  diversity  of  duties  or  are  in- 
herent in  the  problem  itself.  The  leader  is  the  soul  of  researdi  and 
he  deserves  the  sympathetic  counsel  of  the  station  administration. 

This  leads  to  the  question  of  the  personnel  for  research.  The  sta 
tions  have  suffered  many  changes  and  interruptions  in  the  past  two 
years.  They  have  lost  many  men  temporarily,  and  others  have  been 
tempted  into  positions  offering  larger  remuneration.  The  stations 
have  had  to  meet  competition  from  within  and  without  the  colleges. 
There  has  been  much  difficulty  in  filling  the  vacant  places  and  this 
difficulty  seems  to  be  on  the  increase.  Recently  less  mature  or  ade- 
quately prepared  men  have  been  advanced  or  brought  in  from  the 
outside  and  placed  in  charge  of  divisions  or  lines  of  station  work. 
There  is  danger  that  the  standards  may  be  lowered,  and  at  a  time 
when  they  need  to  be  fully  maintained  because  of  the  increasin^y 
complex  and  difficult  nature  of  the  problems  the  stations  now  have 
before  them. 

The  vision  which  enables  the  setting  of  practicable  tasks  and  the 
formulation  of  theory  is  a  large  factor  in  broadening  the  field  of  in- 
vestigation and  making  j)rogress  possible.  It  is  a  great  asset  of  the 
investigator,  and  it  is  one  of  the  advantages  of  the  study  of  science 
and  its  accomplishments  in  the  making  of  an  investigator. 

It  is  important  to  avoid  losing  sight  of  the  fact  that  pft>ductive  in- 
vestigation calls  for  a  type  of  training  which  instills  tlie  idea  of  the 
essentials  of.  research  and  its  methods,  as  well  as  provides  a  store  of 
knowledge  as  a  foundation  for  it.  The  former  is  not  less  important 
than  the  latter  to  give  originality,  initiative,  judgment,  and  authority. 
Unless  these  can  be  insured  agricultural  investigation  can  not  measure 
up  to  ezpectationS|  and  science  will  not  fulfill  its  role  of  prophecy. 


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RECENT  WORK  IN  AGRICUL1TJRAL  SCIENCE. 


AOSICULTUBAL  CHEHISTBT— AOKOTECHHT. 

Or^anie  chemistry  for  advanced  stadeats.— I,  Beactions.  H,  Struetare. 
m;  SyntheaiSy  J.  B.  Ck>HSN  {New  Ywrk:  Lonffmam,  Qreen  d  Co.,  1918,  S.  ed^ 
pU.  X.  pp.  F///+5tftf,  figs.  4;  «,  pp.  F//+455,  fiffs.  65;  S,  pp.  F//+578).— In  the 
second  edition  of  this  work,  which  is  intended  to  famish  a  general  survey  of 
the  fundamental  principles  which  underlie  the  modem  developments  of  orgatnic 
chemistry,  the  former  two  volumes  have  been  rearranged  in  three  parts  in 
order  to  group  together  allied  subjects.  The  subject  matter  has  been  revised 
and  brought  up  to  date. 

An  introductidm  to  chemical  Oerman,  EL  V.  Gbebitfisld  {Boston:  D,  O. 
Heath  d  Co.,  1918,  pp.  XZ///+5&t).--This  book  consists  of  a  series  of  selectlous 
from  German  chemical  literature  with  accompanying  notes  and  vocabulary, 
prefaced  by  an  introductory  chapter  in  which  the  peculiarities  in  German  par- 
ticipial construction  and  word  conqK>8ition  are  explained  and  a  list  of  COO  words 
recurring  constantly  in  German  chemical  literature  is  given. 

New  laboratory  apparatus,  H.  Viobsux  {Ann.  FalHf.,  11  {1918),  No.  IBl-- 
IfSB,  pp.  S8&-W7,  figt.  5), — Three  forms  of  apparatus  are  described  and  illus- 
trated by  diagrams:  j(l)  A  distilling  apparatus  for  ammonia  determinations  in 
which  large  surfaces  for  condensation  of  moisture  are  provided  by  a  tube  and 
condenser  set  with  glass  points,  (2)  a  glass  safety  valve  which  has  the  advan- 
tage of  being  demountable,  and  (3)  a  new  condenser  by  means  of  which  di»- 
tiUation  can  be  carried  on  rapidly  without  resulting  loss. 

Solnbility  of  slaff  in  weak  organic  adds,  M.  SmoT  and  G.  Jobet  {Awn.  Chim. 
Analyt.,  i.  ser.,  1  {1919),  No.  S,  pp.  80-85). — ^Determinations  are  reported  of  the 
solubility  of  the  different  constituents  of  slag— phosphoric  acid,  carbonates, 
iron,  magnesium,  and  sulphui^— in  very  dilute  organic  acids,  such  as  are  secreted 
by  the  roots  of  plants.  The  results,  which  are  reported  in  tabular  form,  show 
that  all  of  these  constituents  as  they  exist  in  the  slag  are  more  or  less  readily 
soluble  in  the  dilute  organic  acids  employed,  and  that  to  a  certain  extent  slag 
can  serve  as  a  composite  fertilizer. 

Note  on  the  electrolytic  preparation  of  dilate  sodium  hypochlorite  solu- 
tions (Dakin's  solution),  G.  B.  Ouixen  and  R.  S.  Hubbaed  {Jour.  Biol.  Chem., 
n  {1919),  No.  i,  pp.  519-52S,  fig:  5).— The  strength  of  electrolytically  prepared 
solutions  of  sodium  hypochlorite  is  shown  to  depend  upon  temperature  and  salt 
concentration.  The  recommendation  is  made  that  from  experimental  runs 
curves. showing  the  influence  of  these  factors  be  constmcted  for  each  cell. 
From  the  initial  temperature  of  the  solutions,  the  time  required  for  a  solution 
of  given  concentration  may  then  be  determined.  Ordinary  3  per  cent  sodium 
chlorid  (or  sea  water)  is  said  to  be  satisfactory,  but  if  necessary  to  operate 
with  relatively  warm  solution  the  salt  concentrations  should  be  increased.  The 
solution  should  be  stabilized  as  soon  as  it  comes  from  the  cell  by  one  of  the 
methods  noted  above. 

709 


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710  BXPBKtMfiKT  STAHOH  BECX)BD.  [Y<d.40 

Kote  on  the  stabilization  of  dilate  sodimn  hypodilorite  aolationB  CDakin's 
solution),  G.  E.  GuLLEN  and  R.  S.  Hubbard  (Jour.  Biok  Chem^  S7  (idiP),  No.  j, 
pp.  511-511),— Jl  study  is  reported  of  the  influence  of  various  substances  on  the 
rate  of  decomposition  of  dilute  sodium  hypochlorite  solutions  with  a  view  to 
determining  a  sllnple  method  of  stabilizing  the  electrolytically  prepared  aola- 
tions  for  use  as  DaUn's  solution. 

It  was  found  that  0.5  per  cent  sodium  hypochlorite  prepared  by  the  elec- 
trolysis of  sodium  chlorid  may  be  conveniently  stabilized  for  use  as  Dakin'ta 
solution  by  the  addition  of  0.5  per  cent  borax,  of  from  0.5  to  1  per  cent  of 
carbonate  mixtures  of  pH  10  to  9.5,  or  by  the  addition  of  0.2  gm.  of  sodium 
hydroxid  per  liter.  The  use  of  borax  is  said  to  combine  a  maximum  of  con- 
venience  and  safety. 

The  solubility  of  casein  in  dilute  salt  solutions  and  its  dependence  on  the 
H-ion  concentration,  S.  Rtd  {Ark.  Kemi.  Min.  och  Geol.,  7  {1917),  No.  i,  j^ 
1-15,  figs.  4). — ^The  solubility  of  casein  in  dilute  solutions  of  common  salt  was 
determined  by  the  use  of  an  apparatus  in  which  the  exact  strength  of  Uie  salt 
is  determined  by  titration  of  sodium  hydroxid  and  hydrochloric  acid«  and  in 
which  the  mixture  of  casein  and  salt  solution  is  thoroughly  stirred  by  means 
of  a  paddle  operated  by  a  small  motor. 

The  solubility  of  the  casein  was  found  to  depend  upon  the  H4on  concen- 
tration of  the  solution.  Opalescence  began  to  appear  at  a  constant  H-ion 
concentration  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  isoelectric  zone. 

The  chemical  composition  of  A^ave  americana,  with  remarks  on  the  ehem- 
istr7  of  succulent  ▼epetables  in  general,  J.  Zellnkb  {Hoppe-Seyler'M  Zt$t^. 
Physiol  Chem.,  10$  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  2-10).— The  author  reports  the  chemical 
composition  of  A.  americana  to  be  as  follows :  Petroleum  ether  extract  1.03  per 
cent,  ether  extract  0.74,  water  extract  60.75,  and  insoluble  matter  47.48  per 
cent.  The  water  extract  consisted  of  amorphous  carbohydrates  (calculated  as 
OsHioOs)  12  per  cent,  sugar  (calculated  as  glucose)  12.68,  malic  add  (esti- 
mated) 8,  free  acid  (in  H-ions)  0.02$,  ash  extract  7.54,  and  other  unid^tifled 
substances  10  per  cent  The  insoluble  matter  consisted  of  crude  cellulose  17.85 
per  cent,  pentosan  7.44,  methyl  pentosan  1.01,  pectin,  hemicellulose,  oxalates^ 
etc.  (by  difference)  18,  mineral  matter  4.82,  and  crude  proteins  (including  the 
so-called  soluble  nitrogen-containing  matter)  8.25  per  cent 

It  is  pointed  out  that  the  composition  of  the  agave  differs  flrom  that  of  ordlr 
nary  green  foliage  leaves,  in  addition  to  its  higher  water  content,  in  having 
a  higher  content  of  water-soluble  material,  of  calcium  malate,  and  of  sugar,  a 
considerable  amount  of  pectin-like  matter,  a'  low  content  of  nitrogen-containing 
substances,  and  a  deficiency  in  iron.  These  differences  are  considered  for  the 
most  part  to  be  characteristic  of  succulent  leaves. 

The  possibility  is  suggested  of  extracting  the  Juice  of  the  leaves  and  evap- 
orating it  in  vacuo,  the  resulting  product  being  a  sweet,  slightly  acid  marmalade 
suitable  for  human  consumption. 

The  distribution  and  eharaeters  of  some  of  the  odorous  principles  of  plants, 
F.  B.  PowBB  {Jour.  Indus,  and  Engin.  Chem.,  11  {1919),  No.  4,  pp.  S4i-^2).— 
The  botanical  classification  has  been  employed  in  the  discussion  of  the  distri- 
bution of  the  odorous  principles  of  plants,  points  of  chemical  interest  connected 
with  them,  and  th^r  important  uses.  The  value  of  essential  oils  in  commerce 
is  noted  briefiy. 

Para  cymene.— I,  Kitration,  mononitrocTmene,  CL  B.  Andbsws  {Jour,  Inima, 
and  Engin.  Chem.,  10  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  46S-456). 

Intermediates  used  in  the  preparation  of  photosen  ri  tJ  frt  n  g  dyes. — ^I,  Qnino- 
lin  bases,  L.  A.  Mikeska,  J.  K.  Stewabt,  and  L.  B.  Wisk  {Jour.  Indus,  and 
Bngin.  Chem.,  11  {1919),  No.  5,  pp.  456-468). 


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19191  AGBIGTTIiTTTSAL  CHEMISTBY — ^AGROTEGHNY.  711 

Intermediates  used  in  the  preparation  of  photogeniri tiring  dyes.— 11, 
QnatenuuT  halids,  G.  H.  Lttnd  and  L.  E.  Wise  (Jour.  Indu$.  and  Engin.  Chem,, 
11  (1919),  No.  S,  pp.  458-4^0). 

Synthesis  of  photosensitizing  dyes,  pinaverdol  and  pinacyanol,  L.  B.  Wise, 
H  Q.  Adams,  J.  K.  Stkwast,  and  G.  H.  Lund  {Jour.  Indiu.  and  Bngin.  Chem^ 
11  {1919),  No.  5,  pp.  460-463,  figs.  4)- 

The  determination  of  total  nitrogen  including  nitric  nitrogen,  B.  S.  Davis- 
BON  and  J.  T.  Pabsons  {Jour.  Indus,  and  Ens/in.  Chem.,  11  {1919),  No.  4*  PP' 
S06-S11,  fig.  1). — ^The  authors,  at  the  Ohio  Experiment  Statiofaj  report  an  Inyestl- 
gation  of  the  suitability  for  studies  in  soil  biology  of  various  methods  of  deter- 
mining total  nitrogen,  including  nitric  nitrogen,  and  descrbe  a  new  method 
which  is  considered  to  be  easy  of  manipulation  and  extremely  accurate. 

The  procedures  designated  as  official  were  found  to  be  unsuitable  for  use  in 
soil  biology  investigations  where  large  volumes  of  solutions  must  be  employed, 
and  the  Ulsch  method  was  found  inaccurate  in  the  presence  of  much  organic 
matter.  The  method  found  most  satisfactory  involves  a  combination  of  the 
method  described  by  Allen  ^  for  nitric  nitrogen  with  the  method  of  Mitscher- 
lich,  Herz,  and  Merres  (E.  S.  R.,  21,  p.  206)  for  total  nitrogen,  including 
nitrates.    The  technique  is  as  follows : 

The  solution  (200  cc.  of  soil  extract)  is  placed  in  a  500  cc.  Kjeldahl  flask 
and  sufficient  50  per  cent  NaOH  added  to  make  the  solution  N/10  in  NaOH. 
To  the  solution  are  added  4  drops  of  oil  and  1  gm.  of  Devarda*s  alloy  (60 
mesh,  made  free  from  ammonia  by  heating  to  about  200*  G.  for  30  minutes), 
and  the  flask  Is  connected  with  a  digestion  tower  containing  a  column  of  glass 
beads  and  35  cc.  of  HsSOa  (4:1).  The  solution  is  heated  to  boiling  in  mini- 
mum time  and  kept  boiling  gently  for  20  minutes,  during  which  time  the  acid 
in  the  tower  Just  about  reaches  the  boiling  temperature.  The  flame  is  then 
removed  and  the  acid  is  allowed  to  suck  back  into  the  flask.  After  boiling  the 
solution  a  few  minutes  longer,  the  flame  is  removed  and  the  tower  is  washed 
four  times  with  25  cc.  of  distilled  water,  which  Is  allowed  to- suck  back  into 
the  flask.  The  solution  is  then  evaporated  to  charring,  5  gm.  of  KiSO«  added, 
and  the  digestion  continued  for  about  an  hour  after  becoming  bluish.  After 
digestion  a  considerable  excess  of  strong  NaOH  containing  KsS  or  NasS  is 
added  and  the  ammonia  distilled. 

It  is  suggested  that  the  difficulty  with  foaming  in  fertilizers  containing  con- 
siderable insoluble  organic  matter  may  be  avoided  by  heating  the  sample  to 
boiling  with  50  cc.  of  water,  flltering  through  a  small  nitrogen-free  filter  Into 
the  Kjeldahl  flask,  and  washing  the  residue  and  beaker  several  times  with  hot 
water.  After  reduction  of  the  soluble  nitrates  as  described,  the  fllter  paper 
with  residue  is  added  to  the  flask,  together  with  5  to  7  gm.  of  KbSO«,  and  the 
mass  digested. 

The  results  obtained  by  the  use  of  this  method  are  said  to  be  extremely 
accurate,  as  loss  of  gaseous  nitrogen  is  prevented  and  the  amount  of  Inter- 
fering substances  reduced  by  the  use  of  dilute  alkali  and  loss  of  ammonia  is 
guarded  against  by  means  of  the  absorption  device. 

A  method  for  the  rapid  reduction  of  potassium  platinic  chlorid,  Hobsch 
(Campt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  [Parisl,  168  (1919),  No.  5,  pp.  167-169) .—The  method 
consists  essentially  of  the  reduction  of  the  iwtassium  platinic  chlorid  to  metallic 
platinum  by  means  of  alcohol  at  boiling  temperature  in  a  platinum  crucible. 
The  reduction  takes  place  only  in  the  presence  of  platinum  and  with  dilute 
solutions  of  the  salt.    Formaldehyde  reduces  the  salt  more  slowly  and  forms 

^  Jour.  Indui.  and  Bngln.  Chem.,  7  (1916),  Mo.  6,  pp.  521-629. 

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712  BZPBBIMBKT  SIAXIOV  BBOOKD.  [ToL40 

a  len  even  d^^osit  of  platinum.  Allyl  alcohol  canaes  no  reduction.  The  method 
as  described  is  said  to  be  rapid  and  complete. 

The  gravimetric  and  Tolmnetrie  determination  of  mercorj  preolpitated  as 
merooxy  thiocyanate,  Q.  S.  Jahixson  {Jour.  Indus,  and  Bngln.  Ohem^  11 
{1919),  Vo.  4,  pp.  B96,  t97). 

Golorlmetric  determination  of  organlo  sabatancesy  H.  HmmiHAiH  iJ<mr. 
Indus,  and  Bngin.  Chem.,  11  (1919),  No.  4f  PP-  ^97-4^,  fig.  i),— A  method  is  de- 
scribed for  the  colorimetric  determination  of  organic  sobstances  which  is  an  ap- 
plication of  the  author's  method  for  the  volumetric  detemdnation  of  organic 
substances.*  This  is  based  on  the  fact  that  organic  compounds  can  be  oxidised 
by  a  mixture  of  a  dilute  solution  of  potassium  bichromate  and  sulphuric  add 
with  the  production  of  different  shades  of  color  from  pure  green  to  orange^  de- 
pending upon  the  amount  of  the  organic  substance  present 

The  standards  are  pr^ared  by  boiling  for  five  minutes  with  a  reflux  con- 
denser a  mixture  of  25  cc.  of  N/6  bichromate  solution,  80  cc.  of  concentrated 
sulphuric  add*  and  varying  amounts  (from  2.5  to  26  oc)  of  the  pure  compound 
which  is  to  be  determined  in  the  substance  tested.  The  solutions  after  cool- 
ing are  transferred  to  cylindrical  bottles  and  made  up  to  80  cc 

For  the  determination  of  the  substance  26  cc.  of  a  solution  of  the  substance 
to  be  tested,  the  concentration  of  which  must  not  exceed  that  of  the  N/6  solu- 
tion, is  treated  as  above  with  25  cc  of  the  N/5  bichromate  solution  and  80  cc  of 
sulphuric  add,  made  up  to  a  volume  of  80  cc,  and  compared  with  the  standards. 
It  is  said  that  substances  to  be  tested  may  be  dissolved  in  alkalis,  ammonia, 
and  sulphuric  and  acetic  adds,  but  that  hydrochloric  and  nitric  adds  interfere 
with  the  test 

Suggested  uses  of  the  method  are  the  determination  of  cart>ohydrate8  In 
waste  liquors  of  glucose  plants,  of  glycerol  in  soap  lyes,  of  tartrates  in  baUng 
powders,  and  of  alcohol  id  vinegars. 

The  determination  of  ainc  and  copper  in  frelatln,  G.  S.  Jamibson  (Jour. 
Indus,  and  Bngin.  Chem.,  11  (1919),  No.  4,  pp.  525-^5).— The  author,  at  the 
Bureau  of  Chemistry  of  the  U.  8.  Department  of  Agriculture,  describes  a  method 
for  determining  line  and  copper  in  gelatin.  This  depends  upon  the  hydrolysis 
of  the  gelatin  with  hydrochloric  add,  predpitation  of  the  sine  and  oopper  with 
ammonium  sulphid,  and  subsequent  s^aratlon  of  the  two  metals  by  solution 
of  the  sulphids  in  nitric  add  and  repredpitation  of  copper  with  hydrogen 
sulphid  and  of  sine  from  the  filtrate  with  ammonium  sulphid.  Both  are  con- 
verted into  oxids  and  determined  gravlmetrically. 

The  technique  is  described  in  full  and  it  is  stated  that  in  order  to  obtain 
satisfactory  results  the  directions  must  be  followed  in  every  detail 

The  chemical  investigation  of  spoiled  meat,  K.  G.  Fai;k,  B.  J.  Bauvann, 
and  G.  McGuna  (Jour.  Biok  Chem.,  57  (1919),  No.  4,  pp.  525^4$,  figs.  P).— The 
experiments  reported  here  were  conducted  for  the  most  part  on  samples  of 
meat  or  meat  broth  inoculated  with  organisms  isolated  from  meat  thought  to 
be  responsible  for  actual  cases  of  poisoning.  The  general  method  employed 
was  to  study  the  chemical  changes  produced  by  the  organism  in  the  following 
components:  Total  nitrogen,  nonprotein  nitrogen,  ammonia  nitrogen,  total 
creatinin  nitrogen  (creatin  plus  creatinin),  and  purin  nitrogen.  Most  of  the 
organisms  were  of  the  colon-typhoid  group,  but  for  comparison  Streptoooccus 
hrevis  and  the  spore-forming  Bacillus  suhtiUs  were  used.  The  methods  em- 
ployed for  each  determination  are  described  in  detail  and  the  results  obtained 
reported  in  tabular  form. 

>  Joar.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  15  (1898).  No.  2,  pp.  71-77. 


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1»1»)  AGBIOULTURAIi  OHEMISTBY — AQBOTEOSNY.  718 

The  resalts  show  marked  dUtoences  as  weU  as  siiiillarttlee  In  fhe  action  of 
tjbe  dlABrent  strains,  indicatini:  that  bacteria  exert  certain  selectiye  actions  on 
definite  substances  or  groups  of  substances.  The  one  common  factor  was  the 
hicreafle  In  the  ammonia  content,  the  significance  of  which  Is  discussed  in 
the  following  paper. 

Ammonia  test  for  meat  spoilage^  K.  O.  Fauc  and  O.  MoGuhb  {Jour,  Biok 
CAem^,  S7  {1919),  No,  4,  pp,  647-^50) ,— The  marked  Increase  in  ammonia  con- 
tent of  meat  decomposing  at  room  temperature,  as  noted  in  the  above  iUTesti- 
gation,  suggested  the  possibility  of  using  this  factor  as  a  chemical  test  for 
indicating  spoilage  of  meat  This  paper  presents  a  discussion  of  the  results 
obtained  in  anmionla  determinations  by  the  aeration  method  and  the  permutite 
method  of  Folin  and  Bell  (B.  S.  R.,  87,  p.  811)  on  samples  of  meat  (beef)  un- 
dergoing decomposition  at  room  and  at  low  temperatures. 

At  ordinary  temperatures  bacterial  growth  was  rapid,  especially  at  the  higher 
temperatures,  and  the  meat  was  soon  unfit  fOr  use,  in  some  cases  after  24 
bours.  At  low  temperatures,  there  was  considerable  growth  of  mold  with  little 
bacterial  growth,  but  after  trimming  off  the  mold  the  meat  was  still  suitable 
for  use  after  standing  for  three  or  four  weeks  at  a  temperature  varying  be- 
tween 0  and  5*  O.,  and  for  a  much  longer  time  with  still  lower  temperatures. 

The  aounonla  content  of  the  two  forms  of  spoiled  meat  differed  greatly.  The 
fresh  meat  (beef  within  24  hours  of  slaughter  and  chilled)  contained  between 
0.06  and  0.1  mg.  of  ammonia  nitrogen  per  gram  of  meat  Meat  decomposed  at 
room  temperature  (15-25*)  became  unsuitable  for  food  when  the  ammonia 
nitrogen  content  reached  from  0.8  to  0.4  mg.  per  gram  of  meat.  At  low  tem- 
peratures the  ammonia  content  was  much  higher  before  the  meat  was  unsuit- 
able to  eat,  varying  from  1  to  8  mg. 

In  interpreting  these  resultSi  especially  in  connection  with  the  work  of  Hoag- 
Umd  and  others  (B.  S.  R.,  86,  p.  759)  who  considered  the  increase  in  amino 
nitrogen  to  be  the  best  measure  of  extent  of  autolysis  in  cold-stored  meats,  the 
authors  point  out  that  at  room  temperature  bacterial  growth  "  is  comparatively 
rapid  and  the  meat  becomes  unfit  for  food  even  with  a  low  ammonia  content 
At  low  temperatures,  bacterial  growth  ia  slow,  but  autolysis  proceeds  so  that  the 
cleavage  products,  such  as  ammonia  and  compounds  rich  in  amino  nitrogen. 
Increase  greatly  without  the  formation  of  those  products  whose  odor,  appear- 
ance, and  general  flavor  make  the  food  unsuitable  for  use.  If  the  meat  is  kept 
cold  first,  autolysis  proceeding,  and  then  is  brought  to  room  temperature,  de- 
composition would  be  much  more  rapid  because  of  the  simpler  products  formed 
by  autolysis,  which  would  serve  as  nutriment  for  bacteria  and  greatly  increase 
tbeir  growth.  This  may  be  one  reason,  in  addition  to  the  physical  effects  of 
the  breakdown  of  cell  walls  by  freezing,  for  the  more  rapid  decomposition  of 
neat  which  has  been  in  cold  storage  for  some  time." 

Hote  on  the  determination  of  blood  sugrar  by  the  modified  picric  acid 
method,  S.  R.  Benedict  {Jour.  Biol  Cfiem.,  S7  {1919) ,  No.  4,  pp.  SOS,  504),— The 
author  refers  to  the  statement  of  Rohde  and  Sweeney,  previously  noted  (E.  S. 
B.,  40,  p.  116),  in  regard  to  the  failure  of  certain  samples  of  the  picrate-picric 
add  solution  to  precipitate  proteins  or  chromogenic  substances  in  the  blood,  and 
states  that  a  study  of  the  question  has  shown  that  for  proper  precipitation  of  the 
blood  the  solution  must  have  an  acidity  as  high  as  N/20  or  N/25,  as  determined 
by  titration  of  a  portion  of  the  solution  with  alkali,  using  phenolphthalein  as 
indicator.  Titration  of  the  final  solution  is  said  to  be  necessary  only  when  a 
portion  fails  to  precipitate  the  blood  properly.  Such  a  solution  may  be  cor- 
rected by  the  addition  of  a  quantity  of  glacial  acetic  acid  sufficient  to  bring  the 
addity  between  N/20  and  N/25.    An  excess  of  acid  should  be  avoided. 


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714  BXPBBIMBNT  STATION  BEOOBD.  |TaL40 

A  simplification  of  the  McLean- Van  Slyke  method  for  determination  of 
plasma  chlorids,  D.  D.  Van  Slyke  and  J.  J.  Donleavy  (Jour,  Biol.  Ohen^  57 
{1919),  No.  4,  pp.  551-555 ).-^The  authors  describe  a  simplification  of  the  orig- 
inal McLean  and  Van  Slyke  method  for  the  determination  of  plasma  chlorids. 
This  consists  essentially  In  adding  picric  add  to  tt&e  standard  sliver  nitrate, 
the  technique  then  Involving  only  one  filtration  and  the  measurement  of  an 
aliqnot  part  of  the  filtrate  for  titration.  The  method  Is  said  to  be  practically 
identical  with  the  one  described  by  Rappleye  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  807),  the  only 
difference  being  the  use  of  iodid  Instead  of  sulphocyanate  for  titrating  excess 
silver. 

The  necessity  is  pointed  out  of  exceptional  accuracy  In  the  estimation  of 
plasma  chlorlds  and  the  calibration  of  all  glass  measuring  apparatus  required 
for  the  determination. 

Laboratory  nianual  of  Pfister  and  Vogel  Leather  Company  laboratories, 
compiled  by  L.  E.  Levi  {Milwaukee,  Wis,:  Pfister  d  Vogel  Leather  Co,,  1918,  pp. 
9S). — ^Thls  manual  contains  laboratory  directions  for  the  preparation  of  stand- 
ard solutions  and  for  the  analysis  of  leather  and  various  tanning  materials, 
oils,  soap,  urine,  various  adds,  drugs,  and  dyes.  The  manual  also  contains  a 
reprint  of  the  official  methods  of  the  American  Leather  Chemists'  Association, 
and  tables  of  equivalents  of  standard  solutions,  chemical  factors,  and  a  com- 
parison of  Centigrade  and  Fahrenheit  scales. 

The  American  Leather  Chemists'  Association,  1918  {Amer.  Leather  Chem. 
Assoc.  [By-laws,  etc.},  1918,  pp.  48). — ^Thls  Is  the  customary  annual,  previously 
noted  (E.  S.  R.,  82,  p.  314),  containing  the  by-laws  of  the  assodatlon;  official 
methods  for  the  analysis  of  vegetable  materials  containing  tannin  and  of  vege- 
table tanned  leather,  and  for  sampling  tanning  materials;  and  provisional 
methods  for  the  analysis  of  one-bath  chrome  liquors,  chrome  leather,  sulpho- 
nated  oils,  moellons,  hard  greases,  and  lactic  add. 

Researches  on  and  means  to  prevent  randdity  of  vegr^table  margarin, 
H.  C.  Jacobsen  {Ondergoehingen  Betreffende  het  Ransig  Worden  van  Planten- 
l)oter  en  de  Middelen  ter  Bestrijding.  Oss:  Lab.  ^Ant.  Jurgens*  Margarine- 
fahrieken,'*  1918,  pp.  72;  ahs.  in  Folia  Microbiol.  [Delftl,  5  {1918),  No.  2,  pp. 
94-102;  Chem.  Weekbl,  15  {1918),  No.  24,  pp.  757,  758).— The  investigations  of 
Jensen  (E.  S.  R.,  14,  p.  289)  on  the  causes  of  rancidity  of  butter  and  those  of 
Fischer  and  Gruenert  (E.  S.  R.,  26,  p.  778)  on  the  action  of  preservatives  on 
butter  and  margarin  are  reviewed,  and  similar  Investigations  on  vegetable  mar- 
garin are  reported. 

The  bacteriological  studies  reported  Indicate  that  the  randdity  of  v^etablc 
margarin  Is  due  to  the  development  In  the  presence  of  moisture  of  ceriain  kinds 
of  molds,  particularly  Penioillium  glancum  and  the  yeastlike  mold  Clado- 
sporium  butyri.  A  study  of  the  effect  of  different  preservatives  on  the  growth 
of  these  organisms  In  margarin  showed  that  if  salt  alone  Is  used  from  2.5  to  3 
per  cent  Is  necessary,  according  to  the  percentage  of  water  In  the  margarin. 
Two  per  cent  of  salt  was  found  sufficient  with  the  addition  of  0.075  per  cent 
benzoic  acid,  0.2  per  cent  sodium  benzoate,  a  mixture  of  0.05  per  cent  benzoic 
add  and  0.05  per  cent  sodium  benzoate,  or  a  mixture  of  0.4  per  cent  borax  and 
0.2  per  cent  boric  acid. 

The  author  concludes  that  rancidity  of  vegetable  margarin  can  not  be  pre- 
vented without  the  use  of  preservatives. 

Grain  as  a  source  of  fat,  P.  Lindneb  {Umschau,  22  {1918),  No.  49,  pp.  €34- 
6S6,  figs.  6). — ^The  possibility  Is  suggested  of  utilizing  the  aleurone  cells  of 
griilns,  such  as  barley,  wheat,  and  oats,  as  a  source  of  oil  by  digesting  the  cells 
with  dilute  hydrochloric  add  and  extracting  the  oil  with  ether  in  a  Soxhlet 
extraction  apparatus. 


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1919]  METEOBOLOGT.  #  715 

Ihry  Biiffar^beet  -powder  and  its  possible  utilization  in  Minnesota  to  partlj 
replace  refined  sagnr  {Minnesota  Sia,  Rpt.  1918,  pp,  4S,  44), — Sugar  beets  were 
pared,  washed,  sliced,  dried,  and  the  dried  product  ground  to  a  coarse  powder, 
analysis  of  which  showed  a  sucrose  content  of  approximately  60  per  cent  and  a 
raffifiose  content  of  approximately  8.5  per  cent.  The  sugar-beet  powder  was 
used  in  making  different  types  of  products  carrying  sufficiently  high  seasoning 
to  veil  the  flavor  of  the  beet  but  in  no  case  was  it  possible  to  secure  a  palatable 
product  without  the  use  of  some  other  sweetening  agent.  Similar  tests  with 
sugar-beet  sirup  prepared  by  the  method  outlined  by  Townsend  and  Gore  (B.  S. 
R.,  87,  p.  511)  indicate  that  the  sugar-beet  sirup  can  be  used  to  much  better 
advantage  than  the  sugar-beet  powder  in  replacing  cane  sugar. 

Oranffe  Yinegax  instead  of  apple  product  in  citrus  regions  {Cal.  Citrogr., 
S  (1918),  No.  11,  p.  257,  /iff.  1). — ^A  process  for  the  manufacture  of  orange  vine- 
gar in  barrel  quantities  is  described  which  is  said  to  produce  vinegars  equal  to 
the  best  grades  of  dder  vinegar. 

METEOROLOOT. 

Influence  of  the  velocity  of  the  wind  on  the  vertical  distribution  and  varia- 
tions of  meteorological  elements  in  the  lower  layers  of  the  atmosphere,  C.  E. 
Brazhs  (Compi.  Rend,  Acad.  8ci.  [Paris},  168  {1919),  No.  S,  pp.  179-182;  ahs. 
in  Rev.  Sci.  {Paris},  57  (1919),  No.  S,  p.  Pi ) .—Observations  on  the  Eiffel 
tower  show  that  beiow  SOO  ft.  the  average  distribution  of  the  meteoro- 
logical elem^its  depends  upon  the  velocity  of  the  wind.  The  barometric  pressure 
is  inversely  proportional  to  the  velocity  of  the  wind.  Temperature  approaches 
the  adiabatic  distribution  more  closely  the  quieter  the  air.  At  about  200  ft. 
the  amplitude  of  daily  variation  of  temperature  is  Independent  of  the  wind 
velocity. 

N'octumal  cooling  of  the  lower  layers  of  the  air  and  the  surface  of  the  soil 
In  reUtion  to  the  humidity  of  the  air,  A.  Dkfant  {Met.  Ztschr.,  S5  {1918), 
No,  9-10,  pp.  224-245,  figs.  ^).— Observations  bearing  on  this  subject  are  crlU- 
cally  discussed,  and  are  shown  to  indicate  that  the  higher  the  humidity  of  t  ^e 
air  the  less  is  the  nocturnal  cooUng,  and  that  the  warmer  and  the  drier  the  a 
at  sunset  the  greater  is  the  nocturnal  cooling. 

[Observations  on  aerology]   {U.  8.  Mo. 'Weather  Rev.,  Sup.    14    ^^^^  '  ^vr 
JS2,  pis.  8,  figs.  2).— This  supplement  contains  the  following  articles'.  ^^        ^^^ 
Data  at  Broken  Arrow,  Okla.,  Drexel,  Nebr.,  EUendale,  N.   I>alc.,    and        ^ 
Center,  Ind.,  Aerological  Stations,  July  to  September,  1918,   Inclvislve,     ^^^^^ 
R.  Gregg;  Broken  Arrow  Aerological  Station,  by   J.  A.  RelUle  ;    an 
Center  Aerological  Station,  by  H.  W.  Ball.  T>T/int  V^orlfi'^ 

A  simple  nonabsorbing  atmometer  mountingr,  B.  S.  Johnstott  V'vhe  S^^''® 
21  (1918),  No.'  10,  pp.  257-260,  fig.  i).-A  simple  ^^^^^^^^^J^^^^.^^s  Vs  Re- 
mounting to  prevent  the  absorption  of  rain  by  porous  cup  at:x«ome 

scribed.  „  ,  r^^-^      ig-eio  B5n0l«^* 

The  measurement  of  rainfall  and  snow,  R.  B.  Hoirrow  ^J^^^'^  desctVbes 
Water  Works  Assoc.,  SS  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  I4^7i,  fiff^-  ^^If'^-^rs  and  accx^tacy 
methods  of  measuring  rainfall  and  snow  and  discusses  ^ne  er  ^^    ^^^  ^^^^  «. 

of  such  measurements,  particularly  with  reference  to  tne  11^ 

secured  by  waterworks  engineers.  TTASTmos  (J^o^-r-.    ISTe^P  ^""^^X 

Some  practical  uses  of  rainfall  records,  I..  M.  ^^f ^''".^^      ^  ^    _-rc\vV8  attVcW 
Water  Works  Assoc,  SS  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  '^^'l^-  f^^^^^^^  ^^^^  ^^ 

discusses  the  use  of  rainfall  records  in  New   Engiana  ui 
construction  and  numagement  of  waterworks. 


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716  •   BZPEBIMBKT  STATIOK  BBOOBa  nu.40 

Climatologleal  data  for  th»  XTaited  BUtm  bj  saetknui  (IT.  S.  Depi.  A^n 
Weather  Bur.  OUnuU.  Data,  5  {1918),  Ka:  11,  9P>  104,  pi^  S,  tg:  t;  if,  pp.  Mil. 
pte-  4*  fio*'  M). — Theae  TOlumes  oonUin  brief  suminar&M  imd  detailed  tabnlu 
BtatemBnts  of  dimatological  data  for  each  State  for  NoTember  and  DeoendMi; 
1918,  respective. 

Thirtj-year  gynopBis:  Meteorologieal  observatioiui  made  at  Beckelej  fnaa 
July  1,  1887,  to  June  30,  1917,  B.  M.  Vabnkt  (I7fi<9.  Col  FvU.  Geopr.,  2 
(1919),  No.  1,  pp.  19,  flo9.  7).— This  eynopeiB  was  made  in  accordance  with  tbe 
custom  of  summarisinx  the  climatic  data  of  Berkeley,  OaL,  at  flve-year  inter- 
vals, and  contains  the  same  kind  of  data  presented  in  the  same  way  as  in 
previous  reports  (B.  S.  B.,  81,  p.  816). 

The  weather  of  the  year  1917,  A.  J.  Ck>iTN<»  (Static.  Tear  Book  Prov. 
Quebec,  1918,  pp.  99-109,  fige.  9). — Observations  on  temperature,  precipitation, 
and  sunshine  at  various  stations  in  the  Province  of  Quebec  are  summarised 
in  tables.  The  method,  described  in  a  previous  report  (B.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  716),  of 
combining  temperature  data  with  rainfall  data  to  produce  a  weather  index  ixx 
each  month  and  each  station  is  applied  to  the  data  here  recorded  in  a  seciea 
of  maps  giving  the  value  of  such  indexes  for  Quebec  and  the  adjacent  portloiis 
of  neighboring  provinces.  A  modification  of  the  method  of  preparing  socb 
indexes  for  the  month  of  September  is  explained. 

On  warm  and  cold  summers,  G.  Hkll^ann  (Abe.  <»  8ci.  Ahe.,  Sect.  A—Phye., 
22  (1919),  No.  254,  p.  57). — ^*'A  new  method  of  climatologies  1  classiflcation  of 
summers  is  developed  and  applied  to  the  long  series  of  observations  at  Berlin. 
In  the  last  90  years  in  which  extremes  of  temperature  have  been  determined 
by  maximum  and  minimum  thermometers,  the  hottest  summers  were  those  of 
1884,  1868,  1911,  and  the  coldest  were  those  of  1840.  1844,  1871,  1913,  1916l 
The  conditions  favorable  for  hot  summers  are  very  similar  to  those  favorable 
for  cold  winters." 

Phenological  observationB  during  1917  and  1918,  H.  Bos  {Culiura,  SO 
(1918),  No.  S64,  PP'  505-^570).— The  usual  observations,  mainly  on  forest  and 
fruit  trees  and  shrubs,  at  21  places  in  Holland  are  recorded  and  bri^y  dis- 
cussed. 

The  influence  of  the  weather  on  the  yield  of  wheat,  A.  Howaso  (Agr.  Jour. 
India,  11  (1916),  No.  4,  PP-  S51-359).— It  is  shown  that  the  major  cUmatic  tuc- 
tors  affecting  the  yield  of  wheat  in  India  are  the  amount  and  distribution  of 
rainfall,  especially  the  latter.  Next  in  importance  to  rainfall  is  the  soU  tem- 
perature, it  being  especially  important  that  the  soil  and  subsoil  shall  have  cooled 
down  sufficiently  before  wheat  is  seeded. 

The  Australian  environment  (especially  as  controlled  by  xainf  all),  O.  Tat- 
LOB  (Advisory  Oounctt  8oi.  and  Indue.,  Auei.,  Mem.  1  (1918),  pp.  188,  pit.  18, 
ftge.  167). — ^This  is  a  detailed  account  of  '*  a  regional  study  of  the  topography, 
drainage,  vegetation,  and  settlement,  and  of  the  character  and  origin  of  the 
rains  "  of  Australia.  It  is  the  third  of  a  series  of  memoirs  dealing  with  the 
climatic  control  of  settlement  in  Australia. 

An  effort  is  first  made  to  explain  the  solar  control  of  the  march  of  the  tropi- 
cal rain  belt  and  the  structure  of  the  monsoon  in  Australia.  The  normal  or 
average  conditions  in  the  various  regions  are  then  shown,  as  an  aid  to  the  fore- 
caster, the  regions  where  forecasting  is  simple  being  distinguished  from  those 
where  it  is  more  difficult  As  a  result,  a  '*  rain  reliability  '*  map  is  given  which 
shows  where  the  rainfall  is  dependable  and  where  erratic,  and  is  of  special 
agricultural  as  well  as  meteorological  value.  Rainfall  uniformity  is  also  charted, 
which  shows  where  continuous  rainy  months  are  to  be  expected.  The  distribu- 
tion of  vegetation  is  dealt  with  at  length.    '*  It  is  the  chief  response  of  nature 


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"^•J  BOnil — ^FEBTILIZBBS.  717 

to  ralnfftll,  and  Is  TCfy  dosdy  boond  19  wiOi  tlie  wason  and  abtmdanee  of  the 
rain." 

The  results  of  a  study  of  the  InteractloD  between  rahifall  and  man  are  em- 
bodied In  a  **  dimosraph  **  cbart,  whidi  shows  "  at  a  glance  how  the  seasonal 
changes  In  molstore  affect  the  comfort  and  health  of  the  people  In  the  region 
concerned.**  By  a  similar  graphical  means,  the  "  hythergraidi,*'  the  dlstrlbn- 
tioo  of  plant  life  and  conditions  nnder  whldi  certain  crops  are  likely  to  sacceed, 
are  indicated.  Australia  is  divided  into  16  mnjor  rainfall  regions,  of  iidili^  the 
physiography  and  the  origin,  distribution,  and  effects  of  rains  are  discussed  in 
detail  with  the  aid  of  numerous  maps  and  diagrams. 

Discussing  gmeralized  conditions  for  Australia  as  a  whole,  it  is  pointed  out 
that  **  the  best  known  feature  of  Australian  meteorology  Is  the  arid  center  and 
Its  oicircling  belts  of  progresaiTely  wetter  country.  This  arid  area  is,  however, 
eccentric — so  much  so  that  its  western  margin  reaches  the  ocean  at  Shark's 
Bay  in  western  Australia.  The  arid  region  Is,  of  course,  due  to  presence  of 
constant  southeast  trade  winds,  which  blow  to  the  north  of  the  belt  of  high 
pressures.  Where  these  blow  tnm  sea  to  land,  as  in  the  east,  there  is  a  fkirly 
uniform  rainfall ;  where  they  blow  from  land  to  sea,  as  in  the  west,  there  is 
practically  a  desert  The  central  region  is  also  traversed  by  these  southeasters, 
and  88  the  moisture  has  already  been  largely  deposited  on  the  eastern  high- 
lands, there  is  no  supply  for  the  center.  Moreover,  the  wind  has  a  southerly 
component,  and  so  Is  gradually  approaddng  warmer  regions,  and  this  again 
decreases  the  duinces  of  rain.  .  .  . 

"  The  absence  of  forests  in  northern  Australia  is  seen  to  be  associated  wiUi 
the  Uick  of  uniform  rain  in  that  region,  though  the  totals  amount  to  very 
considerable  figures.** 

Of  the  two  main  climatic  factors,  heat  and  moisture,  the  latter  aiq[)ears  to  be 
dominant  as  regards  vegetation  In  Australia.  Classif!ying  the  v^etation  areas 
with  respect  to  rainfall  and  temperature,  it  is  found  that  "  the  agreement  with 
the  former  is  extremely  dose,  but  the  vegetation  zones  lie  across  the  isotherms 
and  have  little  relation  to  them.**  Oonditions  under  which  wheat,  rice,  cotton, 
tea,  and  coffee  are  Bkely  to  succeed  are  indicated  by  means  of  the 
••  hythergraphs.** 

The  pi'ogressive  desiccation  of  Africa:  The  cause  and  the  remedy,  B.  H.  U 
Schwabs  {8o.  African  Jour.  8ci.,  15  (1918),  No.  S,  pp.  139-190,  figs.  8).— The 
author  explains  the  patent  tact  that  Africa  is  drying  up  as  due  to  the  progres- 
sive encroadmient  of  the  coastal  streams  upon  the  interior  elevated  drainage 
area  of  the  continent.    The  remedy  proposed  Is  to  build  a  series  of  barrages 
which  wHl  prevent  the  Inland  drainage  waters  from  bring  carried  away  use- 
lessly to  the  sea.    The  drainage  systems  involved  and  the  ^acttcatjUity  of  the 
lirotective  measures  proposed  are  discussed  In  detalL 

mTTA^wKKTrTTypim. 

Baa  tKfmUm  In  Jowm,  B.  B.  tiumtJkm  ud  J.  8.  Ox.mmb  (low.  Bf.  BmL  1M 
{1919),  9p.  S45-S91,  fl.l,M^  m.-tbe  nature  <rf  «»"  "'*^^^^_^e 
cflecta  with  reveet  to  eondltfama  In  Iowa  are  dtoowM*.  •^^*^^!;___a  ft,t 
i^tetlTe  to  the  control  and  prerentloa  of  croafam  wltl»  i«ticui»r   rvsaxa 
nwtboda  niooeaMftilly  emploTed  In  dUCetent  porta  ot  the  »^^  recommmded 

It  Is  Mated  tlM*  no  one  metlfcd  of  pteventioD  «r  «»»*T.  ^^  remedial  onca. 
for  an  oooditfoiia,  and  tl»t  preientlTC  meaaoree  •"  J^^  «»rti»   a«m  with 
For  medlnm-ateed  and  lane  gvlUes  a  carefoUy  «^***^r«ad  to  Iw  tb*  least 
sarflwe  inlet  known  as  the  CSbristoirtier  or  Wdteyd^m^  „pUc«t»le  to  Iowa 
eogtenalTe  metbod  of  oonttol  and  also  the  most  g^n^*^*^  " 


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718  EXPEBIMBKT  STATION  RECOBD.  rVol.40 

conditions.  Proyision  for  a  surface  Inlet  for  the  removal  of  water  from  above 
the  dam  and  a  proper  foundation  are  deemed  essential  to  the  success  of  any 
type  of  dam. 

The  estimated  cost  of  installing  the  various  control  methods  outlined  is  pre- 
sented in  each  case. 

Becent  investigations  on  soil  aeration^  A.  Howasd  and  B.  S.  Hotz  (Apr. 
Jour.  India,  IS  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  416-440,  pU.  6,  figs.  7;  ab9.  in  CXem.  A&a.,  IS 
(1919),  No.  1,  p.  51). — ^This  article  reviews  investigations  by  the  authors  and 
others  showing  the  importance  of  soil  aeration  in  crop  production  and  forestiy. 
'  Vegetation  on  swamps  and  marshes  as  an  indicator  of  the  quality  of  peat 
soil  for  cultivation,  T.  J.  Dunnewaid  (Jour.  Amer.  Sac.  Affron.,  9  {1917),  No. 
7,  pp.  SS2^24). — ^This  paper,  a  contribution  from  the  Wisconsin  Experiment 
Station,  briefly  describes  field  observations  made  on  scattered  marshes  and 
swamps  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  State,  supplemented  by  a  laboratory 
examination  of  representative  samples  of  peat  bearing  different  classes  of 
vegetation,  in  an  effort  to  determine  whether  chemical  conditions  fiivorabie 
01  unfavorable  to  cultivated  crops  obtain  in  different  areas  of  peat  and  whether 
the  vegetation  parallels  such  conditions. 

The  field  studies  Indicated  that  spruce  and  tamarack  peat  areas  were  the 
wettest,  having  the  water  table  practically  at  the  surface  of  the  soil,  and  pos- 
sessed a  covering  of  from  12  to  18  in.  of  iqpongy  moss.  The  depth  of  the  peat, 
distance  from  shore,  and  extent  of  decomposition  of  the  peat  appeared  to  have 
little  effect  on  the  kind  of  surface  growth.  While  the  rawest  samples  of  peat 
occurred  In  the  spruce  and  tamarack  areas,  it  is  stated  that  as  often  the 
peat  was  as  well  decomposed  on  these  areas  as  under  elm,  birch,  ash,  or  grass. 

The  laboratory  analysis  indicated  that  peat  bearing  black  spruce  and 
tamarack  had  approximately  20  per  cent  less  mineral  matter,  a  much  greater 
degree  of  acidity  (Truog  method),  and  somewhat  less  nitrogen  than  that  from 
areas  bearing  various  mixtures  of  ash,  birch,  balsam,  poplar,  elm,  cedar,  tama- 
rack, willow,  pine,  or  grass.  As  a  result  of  these  observations,  the  author  cos- 
eludes  that  "  while  the  greater  acidity  present  In  the  spruce  and  tamarack  peats 
may  be  due  to  more  continued  flooded  conditions  on  those  swamps,  and  while 
drainage  experience  shows  that  this  acidity  often  disappears  largely  after  the 
drainage  and  cultivation  of  the  peat,  we  believe  the  data  support  the  farmer's 
statement  that  such  trees  as  ash,  elm,  birch,  and  white  pine  on  peat  Indicate 
a  better  quality  of  the  material  than  that  where  only  black  spruce,  tanuirack. 
sphagnum  moss,  blueberries,  and  cassandra  grow." 

A  study  of  soil  solutions  by  means  of  a  semipermeable  membrane  sup- 
ported on  a  porous  clay  plate,  G.  h.  Schuster  {Jour.  Amer.  Soc  Agron.,  9 
{1917),  No.  7,  pp.  SSS'S40,  pi  1,  fig:  5).— This  paper,  a  contribution  from  Ohio 
State  University,  describes  experim^ital  work  undertaken  in  an  effort  to  deter- 
mine the  concentration  of  the  soil  solution  in  terms  of  a  given  sugar  solution  by 
means  of  a  copper  ferrocyanld  membrane  supported  on  a  porous  clay  plate. 
The  preparation  of  the  membrane  and  its  use  in  these  studies  are  described. 

Samples  of  sandy  loam,  muck,  and  clay  soils  were  taken  from  the  surface  6 
in.  and  placed  in  cylinders  in  as  nearly  a  natural  condition  as  possible,  and  the 
strength  of  the  soil  solution  measured  against  that  of  a  5  per  cent  sugar  sola- 
tion  in  the  case  of  the  sandy  loam  and  day,  and  a  2  per  c^it  solution  In  the  case 
of  the  muck.  The  experiments  were  conducted  in  duplicate  and  frequent  read- 
ings made  on  graduated  pipettes  of  the  rise  in  \he  sugar  solution.  Althongl^ 
the  data  are  regarded  as  rather  limited  they  are  held  to  indicate  that  *'the 
concentration  of  the  soil  solution  (measured  in  terms  of  osmotic  pressure) 
In  sandy  loam  and  day  appears  to  be  below  that  of  a  5  per  cent  sugar  solutioo 
and  that  of  muck  below  that  of  a  2  per  cent  solution." 


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^^^^^  SOILS — ^FEBTIUZBBS.  719 

Plcport  on  soU  work  in  Waaliinfirton]  (Wfishington  Sta,  B«2. 155  {1919),  pp. 
10^  11,  trtSt,  fig9,  «).— This  describes  the  progress  In  sqU  fertiUty  Inyestiga- 
tjons  for  the  year  ended  June  30,  1918. 

The  distribution  to  farmers  of  legume  inoculating  material  In  sand  is 
said  to  have  given  good  results  in  the  field,  but  to  have  caused  some  damage  to 
drUls,  so  that  cultures  are  now  furnished  on  agar  media.  ^ 

The  application  of  straw  appeared  to  have  a  depressing  effect  upon  nitri- 
fication. This  was  overcome  in  about  one  year's  time,  when  a  beneficial  residual 
efiTeet  was  noted. 

Observations  covering  a  period  of  six  years  on  Palouse  soil  are  held  to  in- 
dicate that  the  total  supply  of  moisture  for  the  growing  plant  was  not  affected 
by  variations  in  the  tillage  of  the  summer  fallow,  although  its  distribution 
iu  the  soU  was  affected.  Moisture  held  in  the  surface  foot  of  soil  during  the 
warm  portion  of  the  year  had  a  favorable  effect  upon  nitrification.  Wheat 
yields  varied  almost  in  direct  proportion  to  the  nitrate  content  of  the  soiL 

Moisture  and  nitrate  determinations  made  on  tillage  plats  at  the  Lind  Dry 
Land  substation  indicated  that  various  tillage  methods  affected  the  nitrate 
content  of  the  soil  even  mora  than  the  moisture  content 

Data  are  presented  showing  the  Increase  in  nitrogen  and  carbon  content  of ) 
different  soils  grown  to  alfalfa  for  various  lengths  of  time  as  compared  with  \ 
soils  under  clean  cultivation.  The  maximum  increase  of  both  nitrogen  and  ) 
carbon  occurred  on  Palouse  soils  grown  to  alfalfa  for  12  years  and  amounted/ 
to  4,150  and  71,500  lbs.  per  acre,  respectively,  to  a  depth  of  4  ft  J 

Tlie  **  alkali  "  content  of  soils  as  related  to  crop  growth,  F.  T.  Shxjtt  and 
E.  A.  Smith  {Proc.  and  Trans.  Roy,  Soc.  Canada,  S.  «er.,  12  (1918),  Sect.  Ill, 
pp.  83-S7,  figs.  5). — ^This  comprises  a  preliminary  report  on  work  that  is  to  be 
continued  over  a  number  of  seasons  In  order  to  obtain  evidence  as  to  the  limits 
of  tolerance  of  alkmli  of  various  farm  crops  and  to  ascertain  the  extent  and 
manner  of  distribution  of  alkali  by  Irrigation,  both  with  and  without  drainage. 
It  is  proposed  eventually  to  establish  standards  of  safe  limits  of  alkali  for 
Canadian  conditions  similar  to  those  employed  In  this  country. 

The  present  paper  deals  with  observations  made  on  five  series  of  soils  grown 
to  western  rye  grass,  native  prairie  grass,  oats,  wheat,  and  onions,  respectively, 
each  series  Including  areas  of  good,  poor,  and  no  crop  growth.    Tabulated  data 
showing  the  nature  and  total  amount  of  the  saline  content  of  the  different  soil 
groups  for  depths  of  0  to  0.5,  0.5  to  1.5,  1.5  to  3,  and  3  to  5  ft,  are  depicted 
graphically  for  each  crop  area,  and  are  briefly  discussed. 

The  translocation  of  calcium  in  a  soil,  B.  D.  Wimow   {New  Torfc   Comctt 
Sta.  Mem.  17  {1918),  pp.  299S24,  figs.  5).— Pot  experiments  are  descr«>ed  in 
which  an  effort  has  been  made  to  ascertain  the  nature  and  extent  ol  tlie  move- 
ment of  calcium  in  Dunkirk  clayey  silt  loam  soil.     The  soil  In  the  pots  was 
divided  into  three  layers  by  means  of  wire  netting,  the  treated  layer  containing 
3  kg.  of  soil,  and  the  two  remaining  layers  5  kg.  each.    The  ^^^^^f'^^^^f^^l 
prised  three  series  of  experiments,  embracing  observations  on  tneeire«o 

different  quantities  of  calcium  oxid  and  calcium  ca'"^°^^®^°^  ^     7^.^^„A 
limestone  passed  through  a  lOO-mesh  sieve  and  held  on  a  ^"^^^".^^^^^^^ 
precipitated  calcium  carbonate)   applied  to  either  tHe  s^J™^  ?!     eaul^ealent 
iayer  and  leached  for  six  months  or  one  year  with  ^^^^^^^J J^^aS^^^^^^ 
to  a  yearly  rainfall  of  36  in.;  the  effect  of  9,000  lbs.  P^^.^'^^ons  de^^ 
bonate  applied  to  the  surface  layer  as  ground  "^^f^^J^^d  with  distilled  water 
fineness  and  as  precipitated  calcium  carbonate  and  ^^^^  ^  cropped    <oats^ 

for  one  year;  and  a  <^^^^''^l^^ ^ ^^^^^^^  oxid  and  levelled 

and  nncropped  soU  treated  with  3.000  lbs.  per  ^^"^^fl^^^ae  in  quadnii>llcate. 
with  distilled  water  for  five  months.    All  tests  were  maae  u*  ^  ***f  xc»i;e. 


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720  EXPEHIKBNT  STATION  BEGOBD.  [YoLM 

At  the  end  of  tbe  experiments  the  different  soil  Isyers  were  sampled  and  the 
amount  of  caldnm  occurring  In  the  two  untreated  layers  detennlned.  The 
data  are  presented  in  tabular  form  and  have  been  subjected  to  a  statistical 
Interpretation.    The  results  may  be  summarized  as  fallows : 

Neither  small  nor  large  amounts  of  calcium  applied  to  the  surface  layer  of 
a  cfayey  silt  loam  soil  In  the  form  of  burned  limestone,  ground  limestone,  or 
precipitated  calcium  carbonate  moved  downward  in  the  soil  to  any  appreciable 
extent  when  the  soQ  was  leached  in  pots  for  one  year  with  distilled  water. 
Similar  applications  of  calcium  made  to  the  bottom  layer  of  soil  failed  to  show 
any  upward  diffusion.  The  fineness  of  division  of  ground  limestone  did  not 
influence  the  movement  of  calcium  through  the  soil,  there  being  no  apparent 
difference  between  that  ground  to  pass  a  200-mesh  sieve  and  that  held  on  a  32-me8h 
sieve.  Precipitated  calcium  carbonate  gave  similar  results.  Oats  grown  on  soil 
treated  with  calcium  oxid  did  not  bring  about  a  descent  of  calcium  to  the  un- 
treated soil  layers. 

(Continuing  further,  the  author  states  that  "  it  seems  logical  to  believe  that  a 
soil  deficient  in  calcium  will  absorb  this  constituent  from  the  drainage  water 
as  it  percolates  through  the  soil.  No  doubt  this  occurs,  but  the  amount  held  by 
the  soil  is  evidently  so  small  that  it  can  not  be  detected  by  a  chemical  analysis. 
Conclusions  drawn  from  small  differences  of  calcium  found  in  soil  upon  analysis 
are  hardly  trustworthy,  as  it  is  often  difficult  to  obtain  concordant  results  from 
the  same  sample  of  soil.  When  small  differences  are  calculated  to  pounds  of 
calcium  in  an  acre-foot  of  soil,  as  is  often  done,  the  real  value  of  such  results 
is  questionable.*' 

On  an  electrical  method  of  determining  the  Ume  requirement  of  soils,  0.  J. 
Lynde  (Proc.  and  Trans.  Roy.  8oc.  Canada,  S.  ser.,  12  {1928) »  Bed.  Ill,  pp. 
21-26). — Observations  on  the  lime  requirements  of  a  number  of  field  soils  re- 
ceiving different  manure  and  fertilizer  treatments  are  described  in  which  a 
comparison  was  made  of  the  results  found  by  the  Rothamsted  method  (E.  S.  B., 
83,  p.  622)  and  by  the  so-called  electrical  method.  By  means  of  a  Kohlrausdi 
bridge  determinations  were  made  of  the  electrical  resistance  of  solutions  formed 
by  shaking  10  gm.  of  each  soil  with  150  cc  of  distilled  water  of  the  original 
Ca  (HCOt)a  solution,  and  of  the  solution  formed  in  the  Rothamsted  tests  by 
shaking  10  gm.  of  each  soil  with  150  cc  of  Ga(HCOt)a  solution. 

From  these  data  was  calculated  the  resistance  the  Ca(HC(^)a  solution  must 
exhibit  after  being  shaken  with  the  soil  in  order  to  give  the  resistance  observed 
in  the  soil  and  Oa(HCOt)a  solution,  assuming  that  the  resistance  of  the  sofl 
solution  remained  constant  If  the  calculated  resistance  r  was  greater  than  the 
original  resistance  n  of  the  Ca(H00i)a  solution  it  was  thought  to  indicate 
that  CaCOa  had  been  absorbed  by  the  soil  and  that  the  soil  was  acid.  On  the 
other  hand  if  r  was  less  than  n  it  was  thought  to  indicate  that  something 
had  been  dissolved  from  the  soil,  and  since  there  was  an  excess  of  COi  in  the 
solution  it  was  deemed  likely  that  the  substance  was  a  carbonate  and  that  the 
soil  was  alkaline.  The  ratio  of  r  to  n  is  believed  to  give  a  measure  of  tbe 
alkalinity  or  acidity  of  the  soil.  In  these  tests  it  was  noted  that  a  ratio  of 
0.986  or  less  indicated  an  alkaline  soil  and  that  the  lower  the  ratio  the  greater 
the  alkalinity,  while  a  ratio  of  1^284  or  above  indicated  an  add  soil  and  the 
higher  the  ratio  the  greater  the  acidity. 

Soil  solutions  were  found  to  have  the  same  electrical  resistance  when  dondy 
as  when  cleared  by  centrifuging. 

The  effect  of  heat  on  the  lime  requirements  of  soils,  H.  A.  Notes  (Jour. 
Amer.  800.  Agron.,  11  {1919)  ^  No.  $,  pp.  70,  7i)^-^rhis  paper,  a  contribution 
from  the  Indiana  Experiment  Station,  describes  ol)servations  made  on  a  residual 


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"^*^  eouA—TEBnuzEBS.  721 

sllty  clay  loam  soil  underlain  with  limestone  rock  to  ascertain  whether  evapo- 
ration on  the  steam  bath  occasions  changes  that  affect  the  acidity  as  determined 
by  the  Veitch  method  (B.  S.  R.,  16,  p.  14).  Sou  samples  were  taken  at  different 
depths  and  in  different  places  in  the  field,  air  dried,  and  all  material  except  that 
of  a  stony  nature  reduced  to  pass  through  a  1-mm.  sieva  The  samples  were 
then  tested  by  the  Hopkins  potassium  nitrate  method  and  by  the  Yeitch  method, 
using  no  lime  water,  with  and  without  eyaporation  on  the  steam  bath. 

The  results  are  held  to  show  that  "  there  are  reactions  taking  place  in  the 
soil  at  the  steam  bath  temperature  that  do  not  take  place  when  the  soil  and 
water  mixture  is  not  heated.  The  Yeitch  determination  gives  the  reactions 
bet^^n  soil,  water,  and  calcium  hydroxld  at  steam  bath  temperature,  and  does 
not  represent  the  lime  requirement  of  the  soil  at  ordinary  temperature." 

Studies  on  proteolytic  activities  of  soil  microorganisms,  with  special  ref- 
erence to  fungri,  S.  A.  Waksman  {Jour.  Bad.,  S  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  475-492,  flg$. 
t;  abs,  ffi  Chem.  Aha.,  IS  {1919),  No.  5,  p.  489). — AsperffiUuM  niger,  A.  ochraceut^ 
A.  fuscus,  A.  clavatus,  Oitromyoea  glaber,  PenioiUium  chrysogenum,  Aotinomyeea 
peniciUoide$  n.  sp.,  A.  violaceus^ruber,  A.  diaataticus,  and  Bacterium  tn/gcoideM 
were  grown  on  Caapek's  solution  and  in  media  in  which  peptone  or  casein 
replaced  sodium  nitrate  or  both  the  nitrate  and  cane  sugar.  Cultures  were 
also  made  in  which  the  nitrate  was  replaced  by  1,  5, 10,  and  25  gm.  of  asparagin 
per  liter  of  Czapek's  solution. 

It  was  f oundi  that  "  different  organisms  behave  differently  in  their  power  to 
attack  proteins  and  in  the  production  of  amino  nitrogen  and  ammonia.  Most 
of  the  molds  which  grow  very  rapidly,  as  manifested  by  the  increase  in  weight 
of  their  mycelium,  allow  a  smaU  amount  of  amino  nitrogen  to  accumulate  in  the 
medium,  while  the  amount  of  ammonia  accumulated  increases  with  the  period 
of  incubation.  Certain  molds,  particularly  the  slower  growing  ones,  the 
actinomyces  studied,  and  B.  mycoides  favor  a  large  accumulation  of  amino 
nitrogen  in  the  medium  and  a  comparatively  smaller  accumulation  of  am- 
monia. The  growth  of  A.  niger  upon  a  solution  containing  peptone  shows  that 
the  amino  nitrogen  produced  in  the  medium  is  used  up  by  the  organism,  so 
that  no  great  accumulation  takes  place.  Ammonia,  on  the  other  hand,  which 
seems  to  be  a  waste  product  of  the  metabolism  of  the  organism,  accumulates 
readily  in  the  medium,  particularly  when  the  organism  stops  growing  and 
begins  to  autolize.  The  presence  of  available  carbohydrates  checks  the  accu- 
mulation of  ammonia  in  the  medium,  due  to  the  tact  that  in  their  presence  the 
organism  uses  only  as  much  of  the  protein  molecule  as  it  needs  for  its  nitrogen 
metabolism,  and  only  a  small  quantity  of  ammonia  will  accumulate.  The  process 
of  ammonification,  in  the  presence  of  available  carbohydrates,  is  found  to  be 
an  antocatalytlc  chemical  reaction.  In  the  absence  of  available  carbohydrates 
the  observed  data  deviated  from  the  data  calculated  by  the  use  of  the  curve 
of  antocatalysis. 

"The  study  of  ammonification  is  of  doubtful  importance  in  revealing  to  us, 
the  proteolytic  activities  of  microorganisms,  since  the  quantity  of  ammonia 
accumulated  in  the  medium  depends  on  a  great  number  of  controlling  factors ; 
it  has  not  been  proven  as  yet  that  ammonia  is  an  end  product  of  protein 
metabolism. 

"Asparagin  nitrogen  is  rapidly  converted  into  ammonia  nitrogen,  after  the 
organism  has  made  its  maximum  growth ;  but,  where  the  amoimt  of  asparagin 
nitrogen  is  small,  particularly  in  the  presence  of  a  comparatively  large  excess 
of  available  carbohydrates,  no  ammonia  or  only  a  very  small  quantity  of  it 
win  accumulate  in  the  medium,'* 
120653'— 19 3 


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722  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEOOBD.  (Yot.40 

The  effect  of  prolonged  growing  of  alfalfa  on  the  nitrogen  content  of  tiie 
floil,  C.  O.  S  WAR  SON  {Jour.  Amer.  Soc.  Agron.,  9  (1917),  No.  7,  pp.  SOSSU).-' 
This  paper,  a  contribution  from  the  Kansas  Experiment  Station,  forms  a 
partial  report  on  work  still  in  progress,  the  essential  features  of  which  hSTC 
already  been  noted  from  another  source  (E.  S.  R.»  40,  p.  319).  Summariziog 
briefly,  it  may  be  stated  that  the  observations  show  that  on  the  whole  the  grow- 
ing of  alfalfa  has  not  added  to  the  amount  of  nitrogen  present  in  the  soil  except 
in  a  few  instances  in  the  semiarid  portion  of  the  State,  and  that  all  that  the 
alfalfa  accomplished  was  to  prevent  further  losses  of  nitrogen,  that  Ls,  to  maio- 
tain  an  equilibrium. 

Inflnence  of  salts  on  the  nitric-nitrogen  accnmulation  in  the  soil,  J.  E. 
Gbeaves,  E.  G.  Castes,  and  H.  G.  Goldthobps  {Jour,  Agr,  Research  [17.  £f.],  U 
{1919),  No.  4,  pp.  107-1S5,  flgs.  5).— -In  these  investigations,  made  at  the  Utah 
Experiment  Station,  "  the  soil  used  was  a  sandy  loam  very  high  in  acid-solable 
constituents,  but  the  water-soluble  constituents  were  not  excessive.  The  caldum 
and  magnesium  contents  were  very  high  and  mainly  in  the  form  of  the  carbon- 
ate. The  soil  was  well  supplied  with  phosphorus  and  potassium,  and  there  was 
a  fairly  large  quantity  of  iron  present  In  fact,  all  of  the  elements  of  plant 
food  were  present  in  abundance,  with  the  exception  of  nitrogen,  which  was  low. 
The  soil  was  very  productive,  and  previous  work  had  shown  the  anunonifying 
and  nitrifying  powers  of  the  soil  to  be  about  the  average  for  the  soils  of  the 
arid  regions.  The  nitrogen-fixing  powers  of  the  soil  were  above  the  average,  and 
previous  work  had  shown  it  to  have  an  intensely  interesting  bacterial  flora.** 

To  100-gm.  portions  of  the  soil  (air-dried  in  the  dark)  2  gm.  of  dried  blood 
and  the  salts  to  be  tested  were  added,  the  moisture  content  made  up  to  20  pei 
cent,  and  the  whole  incubated  at  28  to  80®  G.  for  21  days.  At  the  end  of 
this  time  the  nitric  nitrogen  was  determined.  The  salts  tested  included  the 
chlorids,  nitrates,  sulphates,  and  carbonates  of  sodium,  potassium,  calcium, 
magnesium,  manganese,  and  iron.  The  proportion  of  salts  used  varied  from 
nothing  to  several  thousand  parts  per  million  of  solL 

Summarizing  the  results  the  authors  conclude  that  the  toxicity  of  the  salts 
as  regards  nitrification  is  determined  by  the  specific  salt  and  not  by  the  electro- 
negative ion,  and  that  "  with  the  exceptions  of  the  manganous  chlorid  and  sul- 
phate and  the  chlorids  of  iron  and  sodium,  the  salts  tested  all  become  toxic  at  a 
lower  concentration  to  the  nitrifiers  than  to  the  ammoniflers.  The  quantity  of 
a  salt  which  can  be  applied  to  a  soil  without  decreasing  the  nitric-nitrogen  ac- 
cnmulation in  the  soil  varies  with  the  salt,  and  for  the  soil  under  Investigation 
It  is  In  the  order  of  decreasing  toxicity  of  the  salts  m»  follows :  Sodium  sul- 
phate, sodium  carbonate,  calcium  carbonate,  potassium  sulphate,  potassium  car- 
bonate, ferric  nitrate,  sodium  nitrate,  magnesium  sulphate,  ferric  snlphate,  cal- 
cium nitrate,  potassium  nitrate,  potassium  chlorid,  magnesium  nitrate,  man- 
ganous carbonate,  manganous  chlorid,  manganous  sulphate,  ferric  carbonate, 
.magnesium  chlorid,  manganous  nitrate,  ferric  chlorid,  magnesium  carbonate, 
sodiimi  chlorid,  calcium  chlorid,  and  calcium  sulphate.  It  is  not  necessarily 
those  compounds  which  become  toxic  in  the  lowest  concentrations  which  are 
most  toxic  in  higher  concentrations,  as  the  toxicity  of  some  salts  Increases  more 
rapidly  than  the  toxicity  of  others." 

Osmotic  pressure  appeared  to  play  only  a  minor  part  in  retarding  bacterial 
activity. 

"The  common  soil  'alkalis,*  calcium  chlorid,  sodium  sulphate,  sodium  car- 
bonate, and  the  less  common  one,  calcium  nitrate,  are  very  toxic  to  the  nitrify- 
ing organisms,  and  If  present  in  soil  to  any  great  extent  will  greatly  reduce 
the  nitric-nitrogen  accumulation  in  such  a  soil.'*  All  of  the  salts  except  sodium 
sulphate,  sodium  carbonate,  calcium  carbonate,  potassium  sulphate,  potassium 


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1919]  SOn^^ — ^FEBTIUZEBS.  723 

carfooiiate»  and  Iron  nitrate,  in  some  of  the  concentrations  tested,  acted  as 
Btlmiilants,  the  extent  of  the  [Stimulation  and  quantity  of  salt  necessary  for 
maximum  stimulation  varying  with  the  specific  compound.  "Naming  them  in 
the  order  of  increasing  efficiency,  they  are:  Sodium  nitrate,  magnesium  sul- 
phate, ferric  sulphate,  calcium  nitrate,  potassium  nitrate,  potassium  chlorid, 
magnesium  nitrate,  manganous  carbonate,  manganous  chlorid,  manganous  sul- 
phate, ferric  cartxHiate,  magnesium  chlorid,  manganous  nitrate,  ferric  chlorid, 
magnesium  carbonate,  sodium  chlorid,  calcium  chlorid,  and  calcium  sulphate. 
The  last  two  increased  the  nitric-nitrogen  accumulation  of  the  soil  67  and  d7 
per  cent,  respectively.  Those  compounds  which  are  the  strongest  plant  stimu- 
lants are  also  the  most  active  in  increasing  the  nitric-nitrogen  accumulation  of 
the  soil.  .  .  .  Many  of  the  nitrates  caused  large  Josses  of  nitric  nitrogen 
from  the  soil ;  this  is  due  to  the  stimulation  of  other  species  which  transform 
the  nitric  nitrogen  into  protein  nitrogen  and  not  to  denitrification.  Magnesium 
nitrate,  ferric  nitrate,  calcium  nitrate,  and  manganous  nitrate  are  very  active 
stimulants  of  the  nitrogen-fixing  organisms.  In  some  cases  these  compounds 
Increased  nitrogen  fixation  many  times  over  that  in  the  normal  soil." 

In  general  it  is  concluded  that  "  the  ammonifying  powers  of  a  soil  containing 
alkalis  are  a  better  index  of  its  crop-producing  powers  than  are.  the  nitrifying 
powers." 

A  list  of  references  to  literature  cited, is  given. 

Stable  manure  and  nitrification  in  the  soil,  O.  Bebthkl  and  N.  Bengtssok 
(JT.  Landtbr.  Akad.  Handk  och  Tidakr.,  57  {1918),  pp.  SoS-^ei;  abs,  in  CJtem. 
i6«.,  13  {1919),  No.  5,  pp.  490).— In  the  experiments  here  reported,  it  was 
found  that  calcium  carbonate  in  ordinary  amounts  appeared  to  have  no  influ- 
ence upon  nitrification.  Applied  in  amounts  much  larger  than  are  used  in 
practice,  it  exerted  an  inhibitive  influence. 

Decomposition  and  preservation  of  liquid  manure,  B.  Blanck  {LandiO. 
Vert.  Stat.,  91  {1918),  pp.  253-269,  271-290,  309^4^;  abs.  in  Jour.  Soc.  Chem. 
Indus.,  37  {1918),  No.  17,  p.  522A;  Chem.  Abs.,  13  {1919),  No.  1,  p.  53).— It  was 
found  in  the  experiments  here  reported  that  the  treatment  of  liquid  manure 
with  sulphuric  acid  prevented  loss  of  nitrogen  by  fixation  up  to  a  certain  limit 
of  the  ammonia  formed.  Formaldehyde  preserved  the  liquid  manure,  but  its 
use  is  not  recommended  because  of  its  injurious  effect  on  plant  growth. 

Fertilizer  experiments  on  DeKalb  soil.  Yields  of  dover,  com,  and  Ken- 
tucky blue  gmsB,  J.  W.  White  {Pennsylvania  8ta.  Bui.  155  {1919),  pp.  3-«0, 
figs.  8). --Continuing  work  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  30,  p.  22),  this  bulletin 
presents  the  results  obtained  during  1918  with  com  and  Kentucky  blue  grass 
on  DeKalb  soil  under  various  fertilizer  treatments.  Results  obtained  in  1917 
and  with  clover  hay  are  included  for  purpose  of  comparison. 

Based  on  the  net  value  per  acre  of  com  and  stover,  the  greatest  return  in 
the  fertilizer   and   manure  experiment,  $56.16,   was   secured   from   the  plat 
receiving  limestone,  acid  phosphate,  and  potash,  followed  by  that  receiving  lime- 
stone, acid  phosphate,  and  manure  with  a  return  of  $53.36,  and  the  Umestone 
and  complete  fertilizer  plat  with  $51.40.    Manure  reinforced  with  45  lbs.  of 
phosphoric  acid  in  add  phosphate  produced  a  net  return  of  $13.53  in  excess  of 
that  reinforced  with  180  lbs.  of  phosphoric  add  in  rock  phosphate.     In  tlie 
phosphoric-acid  series  the  increased  yields  and  value,  of  the  corn  crop  was  in 
the  order  of  increased  appUcations  of  add  phosphate,  the  highest  net  return, 
$51.28,  following  the  use  of  Umestone  and  600  lbs.  of  add  phosphate.    The 
same  amount  of  acid  phosphate  used  with  limestone,  nitrogen,  and  poUsh  pro- 
duced a  net  return  of  $40.99. 


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724  BXFEBIMEKT  STATION  BBGOBD.  [TqL40 

Applications  of  limestone  and  a  complete  fertilizer  on  the  permanent  pasture 
plats  with  Kentucky  blue  grass  resulted  in  the  highest  net  retom  amoontlDg 
to  $30.12. 

A  comparison  of  the  results  obtained  on  Hagerstown  soil  rec^Ting  slmilir 
fertilizer  treatment  is  held  to  emphasize  the  depleted  condition  of  DeKalb  soils, 
but  also  indicates  that  under  proper  management  and  fbyorable  weather 
conditions  the  latter  are  capable  of  producing  yields  equal  to  or  surpassing 
those  secured  on  rich  limestone  soila. 

[Work  with  fertilizers  on  the  Canada  Experimental  Tarms,  1916]  (Canada 
Expt.  FartM  Rpts.  1917,  pp.  24^  28-29,  SI,  P8).— The  fertiUzer  investigatioDS 
embraced  obserrations  on  the  nitrogen  content  of  rain  and  snow;  tests  of 
different  quantities  and  of  varying  compositions  of  fertilizers  and  of  diiVerent 
nitrogen  and  phosphoric  acid  carriers ;  experiments  with  seaweed,  lime,  and  fish 
scrap;  a  comparison  of  clover  and  manure  as  a  source  of  humus;  and  tests 
with  commercial  fertilizers  as  a  partial  substitute  for  barnyard  manure. 

Based  qn  the  results  obtained  during  a  10-year  period,  it  is  estimated  tfast 
6.583  lbs.  of  nitrogen  per  acre  available  for  plant  growth  are  obtained  annuaUy 
from  rain  and  snow.  The  average  results  secured  from  more  than  40  experi- 
ments indicated  that  ground  seaweed  alone  produced  appreciable  increases  in 
yield  and  when  supplemented  with  a  phosphatic  fertilizer  a  considerable  in- 
crease over  the  imfertillzed  checks.  At  tiie  Gap  Rouge  Experiment  Station 
(Quebec)  observations  for  2  years  with  potatoes  and  oats  showed  100  lbs. 
each  of  sodium  nitrate,  a  2 : 2.5  mixture  of  acid  phosphate  and  basic  slag,  and 
muriate  of  potash,  to  be  equivalent  to  930,  736,  and  1,920  lbs.  of  ground  seaweed, 
respectively. 

Can  Ohio  farmers  afford  to  buy  complete  fertilizenP  O,  E.  Thobnb  {Mo. 
Bid.  Ohio  8ta.,  4  {1919),  No,  S,  pp.  95,  dtf).— Indicating  the  estimated  cost  and 
the  total  and  net  returns  per  acre  of  different  fertilizers  applied  to  crops 
grown  in  rotation  at  Germantown  (Montgomery  Ck>.)  and  Oarpenter  (Mdgs 
Oo.)  for  four  years,  together  with  results  obtained  at  Wooster  over  a  period 
of  21  years,  it  is  deemed  best  under  present. conditions  **to  limit  the  purchase 
of  fertilizers  to  acid  phosphate  and  depend  upon  the  manure  heap  for  nitrogen 
and  potash." 

Decomposition  of  cyanamid  and  dicyanodiamld  in  the  soil,  Q.  A.  CSown 
{Jour.  Affr.  Soi.  {Englandh  9  (1919),  No.  2,  pp.  11S-1S6,  figs.  6).— The  chemlstiy 
of  the  process  of  decomposition  of  cyanamid  and  dicyanodiamid  in  the  son 
and  of  the  production  of  ammonia  and  nitrate  from  these  compounds  is  briefly 
discussed,  and  vegetation  experiments  with  the  compounds  at  Rottiamsted  and 
Wobum  are  reviewed.  The  author  reports  pot  experiments  to  determine  the 
effect  of  the  compounds  on  mustard,  barley,  and  rye,  as  well  as  studies  of 
their  effect  on  soil  bacteria,  especially  nitrifying  organisms.  The  results  are 
summarized  as  follows: 

"Cyanamid  readily  breaks  down  in  the  soil,  yielding  ammonia,  whidb  thai 
nitrifies  in  the  usual  way.  ^he  conversion  of  cyanamid  nitrogen  into  nitrate 
is  practically  quantitative,  and  Its  effectiveness  as  a  fertilizer  is  approximately 
equal  to  that  of  ammonium  sulphate. 

"  Dicyanodiamid  has  given  no  evldeice  of  nitrification  in  the  sou  even  after 
several  months.  On  the  contrary,  it  is  actually  toxic  to  plants,  although  in 
small  amounts  it  causes  no  appreciable  injury.  It  does  not  affect  germlDStion 
at  any  of  the  concentrations  used.  Dicyanodiamid  is  also  toxic  to  the  nitrify- 
ing organisms  and  stops  the  normal  oxidation  of  ammonia  in  soils  coixtaining 
ammonium  sulphate.  It  likewise  inhibits  the  transformation  into  nitrate  of 
the  ammonia  produced  from  cyanamid  in  the  soil  and  causes  an  jiccomula- 


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191»1  BOILS— FERTHJZBBS.  726 

tioo  of  ammonia  imder  fheae  conditloDa.  It  doea  not  aenalbly  retard  the 
formation  of  ammonia  from  cyanamid.  Dlcyanodlamid  does  not  appear  to 
affect  so  drastically  the  other  organisms  of  the  soil,  especially  those  concerned 
in  the  decomposition  of  protein.  It  exerts  little  influence  npon  tbe  numbers 
developing  on  gelatin  plates  or  the  rate  and  extent  of  the  decomposition  of 
dried  blood." 

A  Ideologic  reconnaissance  for  phosphate  and  coal  in  sontheastem  Idaho 
and  western  Wyoming,  A.  B.  Scbtji.ts  {U,  8,  Gfeol.  Survey  Bui.  680  (1918), 
pp.  84,  pte.  2,  figs.  8;  ifhs.  in  IJ.  B,  Oeoh  Survey  PresM  Bui.  JtOl  (1919),  p.  i).— 
This  bulletin  describes  extenslye  phosphate  deposits  in  the  region  of  the  Big- 
hole  Mountains  in  Teton  County,  Idaho,  and  in  other  districts  in  this  part 
of  Idaho  and  adjacent  areas  of  Wyoming.  The  phosphate  areas  are  mapped  la 
detail,  and  the  quality  of  phosphate  is  described. 

Analyses  reported  indicate  the  presence  of  some  high-grade  ore  containing 
approximately  the  equivalent  of  70  per  cent  trlcalclum  phosphate. 

Rational  preparation  of  snperphoiphates,  A.  Aita  {Ann.  Ohim.  Appl. 
IBomel,  10  (1918),  No.  &^,  pp.  45-lOS,  flgM.  8;  abi.  in  Chem.  Ab9.,  IS  (1919), 
No,  6,  fip.  49i-^4P9).— -This  is  an  account  of  a  somewhat  detailed  study  of  the 
relation  of  the  technical  process  of  manufacturing  superphosphates  to  the 
chemical  and  mechanical  character  of  the  product 

Ckmversion  of  insoluble  phosphates,  A.  McA.  Johnston  (Jawr.  Chem.  Metal- 
Uarg.  ond  MUl  See.  So.  Africa,  18  (1917),  No.  6,  pp.  140,  HI;  ab%.  in  Chem.  AU., 
IS  U919),  No.  1,  p.  59).— Tests  of  a  fusion  process  similar  to  that  of  Welters 
are  reported.  By  fuslug  25  gm.  of  21  per  cent  Saldanha  Bay  phosphate  with 
17.5  gm.  of  NaHS04,  11  gm.  calcium  carbonate,  and  1.6  gm.  of  powdered  coke, 
there  was  obtained  a  product  containing  18.8  per  cent  of  phosphoric  add,  12^4 
per  cent  of  which  was  soluble  in  2  per  cent  citric  add. 

Potash  in  1917,  H.  S.  Gau  and  W.  B.  Hick^  (U.  S.  Oeol  Survey,  Min.  Re- 
eourcee  U.  £f.,  1917,  pi.  2,  pp.  iy'\-S97^1,  fig.  i).— This  is  a  detailed  report 
npon  the  production  of  potash  in  the  United  States  and  elsewhere  during  1917, 
with  a  full  bibliography  of  the  subject 

Potash,  W.  W;  BiLiDLST  (Cal.  State  Min.  Bur.  BuL  8S  (1918),  pp.  109-111).-^ 
The  total  output  of  potash  materials  In  California  In  1917  is  given  as  129,022 
tons,  induding  refined  muriate  and  sulphate,  kelp  ash  and  dried  kelp,  and 
cemeDtrmill  dust  It  is  stated  that  the  larger  part  of  the  output  is  used  by 
fertiliser  manufacturers.  The  crude  salts  from  Searles  Lake  are  stated  to 
contain  approximately  60  per  cent  of  potassium  chlorid  and  80  per  cent  of 
borax,  with  smaller  amounts  of  other  constituents. 

Chemical  analyses  of  maxlne  alg»,  G.  Sauvaqxau  (Rev.  04n.  Sci.,  t9  (1918), 
No.  19,  pp.  541-^51;  rev.  in  Nature  {London^,  lOt  (1919),  No.  t57S,  pp.  m, 
495). — ^The  unsatisfactory  state  of  knowledge  regarding  the  exact  chemical 
composition  of  different  kinds  of  seaweed  is  discussed.  More  exact  separation 
and  identiflcatlon  of  the  spedes  analyzed  and  determinations  of  their  age  and 
conditions  of  growth  are  espedally  urged. 

Sulphate  of  potash  and  sulphate  of  potash  and  magnesia  as  potato  fer- 
tilizers, ScHNKnnEWiNB  (Landw.  Wchneehr.  Saohien,  19  (1917),  No.  5;  Zentbl. 
Agr.  Chem.,  47  (1918),  No.  %^,  pp.  67.  88;  ahs.  in  Chem.  Ah$.,  It  (1918),  No.  2S, 
p.  £d50). — ^"As  the  result  of  8-year  experiments  these  salts  are  recommended  for 
glMTing  fertilizers  for  potatoes  in  preference  to  those  containing  chlorln." 

Waste  Ume  from  acetylene  manufacture  (Jour.  Bd.  Agr.  {London},  2S 
(1919),  No.  10,  pp.  ltOS-1205).—TeatB  made  in  pqts  and  field  plats  of  the  fer- 
tilising value  of  this  material  at  Oxford  and  Leeds  Universities  and  at  Botham- 
slad  art  cfporteOi 


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726  BXPEBIMENT  8TATIOK  BBOOBD.  tVoLM 

The  retralts  indicated  that  the  carbld  waste  was  practically  as  effective  n 
calcium  carbonate,  whether  applied  one  month  before  sowing  or  at  the  time 
of  sowing,  and  that  when  it  is  thoroughly  disintegrated  it  may  be  applied  In 
fairly  large  quantities  without  injurious  effects.  The  main  difficulty  attending 
the  use  of  the  material  is  due  to  its  wet  condition. 

Macrnesium  and  solphor  nutrition  of  plants  { Arkansas  8ia.  BuL  158  {1919), 
pp.  24,  25), — Observations  made  in  the  greenhouse  with  soy  beans  grown  oo 
Orangeburg  fine  sandy  loam  soil  to  study  the  effect  of  magnesium  cwnpoonds 
on  the  oil  content  of  the  seed  are  briefly  described. 

Additions  of  magnesium  carbonate  and  oxid  are  said  to  have  resulted  in  an 
Increase  of  about  18  per  cent  in  the  air-dry  weight  of  the  plant,  and  a  slight 
increase  in  the  yield  of  seed,  while  the  fat  content  of  the  latter  increased 
about  10  per  cent  with  the  carbonate  and  8  per  cent  with  the  oxid.  The  in- 
creased production  of  fat  amounted  to  28  and  20  per  cent,  reqiectiTely. 
Magnesium  in  plant  parts  other  than  the  seed  showed  an  increase  of  about  50 
per  cent,  while  the  calcium  content  decreased.  This  is  thought  to  support  the 
view  that  any  influence  magnesium  absorption  may  exert  unpon  the  composi- 
tion of  the  seed  is  associated  with  chlorophyl  formation  and  carbon  dioxid 
assimilation. 

Contribution  to  the  agricultural  study  of  iron,  A.  Monnbb  and  L 
KuczTNSKi  {Arch.  8ci.  Phy$.  et  NaL  lOeneva},  45  (1918),  pp.  66-S8;  abi.  tii 
Chem,  Ab8.,  IS  (1919),  No,  i,  p.  62).— A  study  of  the  solubiUty  of  the  iron  in 
soils  and  of  the  changes  which  ferrous  and  ferric  compounds  undergo  hi  the 
soil  is  reported. 

The  results  Indicate  that  the  iron  normally  present  in  soils  is  insoluble.  This 
explains  the  marked  effect  of  adding  small  amounts  of  iron  compounds  to  tlie 
solL  This  effect  is  produced,  however,  only  when  the  iron  compound  is  placed 
near  the  roots.  Otherwise  it  is  rendered  insoluble  before  it  can  be  absorbed  by 
the  plant  Potassium  ferrocyanid  was  found  to  be  toxic  even  in  very  small 
amounts  in  the  soil.  It  underwent  a  double  decompositon,  a  part  of  the  potash 
being  absorbed  by  the  soil  and  potassium  ferricyanld  passing  into  the  filtrate. 

Beport  on  commercial  fertilizers,  1918,  B.  H.  Jbivkins  and  E.  M.  BAnxr 
{Connecticut  State  8ta.  Bui.  209  {1918),  pp.  125-170) .—This  reports  the  results 
of  the  actual  and  guarantied  analyses  of  466  official  samples  of  commercial 
fertilizers  and  fertilizing  materials  collected  during  1918.  A  number  of  mis- 
cellaneous materials  and  waste  products  from  different  sources  were  also 
analyzed  as  usual. 

Commercial  fertilizers  in  1917-18,  O.  S.  Fraps  (Temat  8ta.  Bui.  255  (1918), 
pp.  5-25). — ^Thls  reports  the  results  of  the  actual  and  guarantied  analysis  of 
official  samples  of  commercial  fertilizers  and  fertilizing  materials  coUected  dur- 
ing the  year  ended  September  1,  1918.  A  list  of  the  brands  registered  for  sale 
in  the  State  during  the  season  is  also  included. 

AOBICULTirSAL  BOTAHT. 

A  sketch  of  botanical  activity  in  the  District  of  Columbia  and  vicinity, 
P.  L.  RicKKB  (Jour.  W<i8h.  Acad.  8ci.,  8  (1918),  No9.  14,  pp.  487-498;  15,  pp. 
516-521). — ^The  first  section  of  this  contribution  deato  with  the  persons  who 
have  been  active  in  connection  with  different  phases  of  botany  in  the  District 
of  Columbia.    The  second  gives  a  list  of  related  publications. 

The  cytology  of  the  myxomycetes  with  special  reference  to  mitochondfiaf 
N.  H.  Oowwrr  {Biol.  Bui.  Mar.  Biol.  Lab.  Woods  Hole,  55  {1918),  No.  2,  pp. 
fl-94,  pi*-  5). — ^The  author  reports  a  search  for  mitochondria  in  10  slime  molds 


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"^^  '  AGRICULTUKAL  BOTANY.  727 

which  are  named,  stating  that  these  bodies  were  present  in  all  the  forms  ex- 
amined and  appeared  to  be  Identical  in  all  respects  with  those  in  the  higher 
plants  and  in  the  whole  animal  series  from  the  protozoa  to  man.  He  calls 
attention,  however,  to  their  apparent  absence  or  radical  differentiation  in  some 
of  the  lower  plants.  Mitochondria  are  said  to  occur  invariably  In  the  Plasmodia, 
as  well  as  in  all  stages  of  spore  formation  and  probably  In  all  stages  of  the  life 
cycle.  So  far  as  known,  they  take  no  active  part  in  the  formation  of  the 
sporangium  wall,  the  complicated  spore  capsule  and  capillita,  the  hypothallus, 
the  pigment,  and  the  lime  deposits  of  the  myxomycetes. 

Physiologrical  predetermination:  The  influence  of  the  physiological  condi- 
tion of  the  seed  upon  the  course  of  subsequent  growth  and  upon  the  yield. — 
I,  The  effects  of  soaking  seeds  in  water,  F.  Kidd  and  O.  West  {Ann.  Appl. 
Biol.,  5  (1918),  No.  i,  pp.  1-10,  pis.  2).— The  authors  have  investigated  the  prob- 
lem as  to  the  limits  of  variation  in  growth  and  yield  which  may  be  determined 
by  the  influence  of  environmental  conditions  during  the  seed  stage  (both  before 
and  during  germination  and  later),  employing  for  this  purpose  seeds  of  various 
common  plants.  A  preliminary  account  is  given  of  the  results  of  this  work  so 
far  as  obtained. 

It  is  stated  that  soaking  seed  in  distilled  water  may  affect  subsequent  growth 
of  the  plant  in  ways  impossible  to  forecast  from  germination  tests.  These 
effects  are  very  specific,  showing  considerable  differences  even  with  closely 
allied  plants.  Beans  effectively  illustrate  these  points.  Soaking  seeds  of 
Pha9eolus  vulgaris  for  6  hours  decreased  the  top  dry  weight  26  per  cent.  Soak- 
ing the  seeds  for  24  hours  gave  rapid  and  vigorous  germination,  but  12  days 
after  sowing,  the  plants  from  seeds  so  treated  were  much  smaller  than  the 
cont]\>ls.  Soaking  Vicia  faha  seeds  proved  increasingly  beneficial  up  to  8  days 
as  regards  both  germination  and  growth. 

The  sulphur  requirement  of  the  red  clover  plant,  W.  E.  Tottingham  (Jour, 
Biol.  Chem.,  S6  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  429-438,  pi.  i).— This  paper  deals  with  the 
response  of  the  common  red  clover  plant  to  different  forms  and  planes  of  sul- 
phur supply  under  conditions  of  better  control  than  can  be  obtained  in  the 
ordinary  soil  culture.  A  Knop  solution  was  employed  with  a  total  salt  con- 
centration of  0.2  per  cent  by  volume.  The  methods  were  the  same  as  those 
previously  employed  by  the  author  (B.  S.  R.,  31,  p.  425),  except  that  the  seeds 
were  germinated  in  pure  sand  until  the  seedlings  were  large  enough  for  fixing 
in  the  culture  vessels. 

It  was  found  that,  under  the  experimental  conditions  employed,  from  0.1  to 
0.01  of  the  usual  amount  of  magnesium  sulphate  of  Knop*s  solution  was  as  effi- 
cient as  the  full  amount  for  the  growth  of  red  clover  when  the  remainder  of 
the  magnesium  sulphate  was  replaced  by  magnesium  nitrate.  The  addition  of 
sodium  sulphate  and  calcium  sulphate  to  the  sulphur*free  modification  of 
Knop*8  solution,  in  amounts  equivalent  to  the  sulphur  of  the  unmodified  solu- 
tion, produced  a  greater  yield  of  dry  tops  than  did  the  latter  solution,  calcium 
sulphate  being  very  efiicient  in  this  respect.  It  appears  that  the  sulphur  of  this 
salt  functioned  in  the  molecular  combination  in  which  it  was  supplied.  The 
data  obtained  indicated  that  deficiency  of  sulphur  supply  restricts  growth  by 
limiting  the  synthesis  of  protein. 

The  products  of  the  dlastatic  degradation  of  inulin  in  chicory  root,  J. 
WouF  and  B.  Geslin  {Ann.  Inst.  Pasteur,  32  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  71-96,  fig.  Jt).— 
The  authors,  reporting  more  fully  than  formerly  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  502),  state 
that  in  sap  of  chicory  roots  pure  inulin  was  not  fermented  by  the  sacchar- 
omycetes  employed,  nor  was  it  attacked  by  sucrase  or  other  diastase  secreted 
by  various  yeasts  tested.    The  degradation  products  of  inulin  are  fermented  by 


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728  EXPEBIHElirr  station  BBOOBD.  IYoI.44> 

these  yeastflw  The  same  products  are  attacked  by  the  hydrolyzlng  dlawtnwpa  of 
the  yeasts,  which  yl^d  diastases  as  oi^iose^  to  iBuUda  Yeasts  attaddng  sac- 
charose also  attack  inulld&  Yeasts  not  attacking  sucrase  attack  neither  Innlids 
nor  saccharose. 

Wound  periderm  in  eertain  cacti,  M.  W.  Gotttaitt  {BuL  Ttnrey  Bot.  Cimh, 
4S  {1918),  No.  9,  pp.  SSS-^6J^  pU  1,  figs.  5).— A  study  U  described  of  the  results 
at  different  stages  after  wounding  Opu$Uia  veHcolor  and  O.  discatOf  considered 
as  typical  of  the  cactus  flora  near  Tucson,  Ariz.  It  is  stated  that  the  best 
analogy  to  the  natural  cork-building  process  la  obtained  aa  the  result  of  wound- 
ing.  The  essential  facts  here  noted  are  the  lignificatlon  of  the  old  outer  cor- 
tical cells,  the  production  of  both  thin-walled  and  thick-walled  cells  by  thi 
activity  of  the  wound  phellogen,  and  the  formation  of  the  second  interior  meria- 
tematic  layer  forming  the  new  vascular  bundles  near  the  wound  surface. 

The  biological  signiflcance  of  f  alae  witches'  brooms  in  ericaceous  plants, 
J.  DuFBBivoT  {Jour.  Wash.  Acad.  SeL,  8  (1918),  No.  16,  pp.  527-^592).— necoi^ag 
biological  data  in  the  study  of  f^lse  witches'  brooms  in  Arcachon,  France,  oo 
leaves  of  Vaodnium  myrtiUiu  and  Arhntus  unedo  infected  by  Glceosporium,  tbe 
author  concludes  that  false  witches'  brooms  should  not  be  interpreted  as  syn- 
biotic  organs.  T^elr  power  of  assimilation  is  low  or  inhibited,  their  life  is 
shorter  than  that  of  healthy  plants,  and  such  morphological  variations  as  are 
noticeable  are  neither  very  marked  nor  progressive. 

Hybrid  sunflowers,  T.  D.  A.  Oogkebell  {Nature  ILondon],  102  U918),  No. 
2550,  pp.  26,  26). -—Grosses  made  at  Boulder,  Oolo.,  between  varieties  of  HeH- 
anthus  annuua  give  fertile  plants  in  case  of  certain  crosses,  others  showing  a 
marked  defldency  of  pollen.  The  annual  species  of  HeUanthus  are  fertile 
among  themselves,  their  hybrids  nearly  sterile.  H.  aniwus  has  beoi  (soased 
with  H.  argophyUus,  JET.  petiolarU,  and  H.  cucumerifoUua.  The  rare  crossings' 
of  the  annual  species  with  the  perennial  give  ofB^rlng  closely  resembling  one 
or  the  other  of  the  parents. 

The  evolution  of  maize,  P.  Weathebwax  {BiU.  Torrey  Bot.  Cluh,  45  {191S), 
No.  8,  pp.  609-^42,  figt.  56).— The  results  of  a  study  of  maize  and  some  of  Us 
relatives  are  said  to  show  that,  considering  the  vestigial  organs,  Zea,  Euchlaena, 
and  Tripsacum  are  practically  identical  in  structural  plan,  the  present  aspect 
of  each  being  due  to  the  suppression  of  some  parts  whidi  were  present  in  a 
primitive  ancestor  having  perfect  flowers  borne  in  one  type  of  inflorescence. 
The  ear  is  the  homologue  of  the  central  spike  of  the  tasseL  The  view  that 
maize  is  of  hybrid  origin  is  considered  as  having  little  real  support  and  as  not 
being  in  harmony  with  the  signiflcant  fiicts  of  morphology.  It  is  considtfed 
probable  that  Zea,  Buchlsna,  and  Tripsacum  have  descended  ind^iendeatiy 
from  a  common  ancestral  form  now  extinct 

Chenopodium  nuttallifle,  a  food  plant  of  the  Aztecs,  W.  B.  Satvowd  {Jour. 
Wash.  Acad.  Boi.,  8  {1918),  No.  16,  pp.  621-627,  figs.  5).— A  deacripUon  is  given 
of  C.  nuttaUkB  n.  sp.,  a  plant  used  as  a  vegetable  by  the  Aztecs. 

FIELD  CBOPS. 

[Bcfport  of  field  crops  work  in  Alabama],  B.  F.  Qaitthsn,  M.  J.  Fuhcexsb, 
and  W.  A.  Gabdnsb  (Alabama  Col.  Bta.  Rpt.  1918,  pp.  iff-eS).— This  briefly  notef 
results  of  variety  testing  with  oats,  wheat,  barley,  and  rye;  a  test  of  fall  «. 
q)ring  planting  of  oats;  and  fertilizer  experiments  with  com  and  cotton.  Tlie 
development  of  soluble  manganese  in  acid  soils  and  observations  on  the  presence 
and  destruction  of  certain  so-called  organic  toxins  in  the  soil  are  also  noted. 

Experiments  at  Substation  No.  3,  Angleton,  Tex.,  1909-1916,  N.  & 
VTBBS  {TexM  Bta.  Bui.  229  {1918),  pp.  7-^8,  pi.  1,  flffM.  9).— This  bnlMa 


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1919]  FIELD  CROPS.  729 

comprlsea  a  progreas  report  of  work  with  field  crops  during  lOlS,  1914,  and  1916. 
The  sabstation,  situated  In  Brazoria  Goonlj  at  an  elevation  of  25  ft.  above  sea 
level,  was  established  in  1909.  It  Is  stated  that  the  greatest  problem  was  to 
secure  adequate  drainage  during  the  seasons  of  heavy  rainfalL  The  growing 
season  Is  said  to  be  characterized  by  climatic  conditions  favoring  high  crop 
production.  The  average  precipitation  for  the  period  of  1914-1916,  inclusive, 
was  47.56  In.  The  average  date  of  the  last  killing  frost  In  the  spring  was  March 
27,  and  of  the  first  In  the  fall  November  24.  The  results  of  the  experimental 
work  to  date  may  be  summarized  as  follows : 

Ck>tton  seed  produced  and  kept  In  dry  parts  of  the  State  proved  superior  to 
that  produced  In  humid  sections.  Ck>tton  yielded  SO  per  cent  more  In  rotation 
with  com,  oats,  and  cowpeas  than  under  continuous  cropping,  the  fourth  year 
of  the  test 

Thomas,  Fentress  Strawberry,  Hasting  Prolific,  Virginia  White  Dent,  Mexi- 
can June,  .Surcropper,  Munson,  Ferguson  Yellow  Dent,  Chlsholm,  Improved 
Southern  Snowflake,  Mosby  Prolific,  and  Yellow  Creole  com  averaged  best  In 
the  order  named.  Cowpeas  planted  late  In  the  life  of  the  corn  resulted  In 
about  11  per  cent  more  com  than  where  they  were  planted  early.  Where  com 
and  cowpeas  were  grown  together,  the  yields  of  com  decreased  as  the  yields 
of  cowpeas  Increased,  and  vice  versa.  Where  com  and  velvet  beans  were  grown 
together,   higher  yields  of  com  were  obtained   with  late   maturing  beans. 

Hundred-Bushel,  Fulghum,  and  Texas  Bed  Bust  Proof  were  the  leading  oat 
varieties  In  the  order  named.  Abruzzi  rye  has  never  failed  to  mature  grain, 
but  all  other  small  grains  have  been  complete  failures. 

New  Era,  Brabham,  and  Blue  Qoose  cowpeas  have  produced  the  most  grain, 
and  Iron,  Grolt,  and  WhlppoorwlU  the  most  hay.  Cowpeas  grown  In  rotation 
have  so  far  shown  no  particular  advajitage  over  those  grown  continuously. 
The  Yokohama  is  said  to  be  the  earliest  maturing  variety  of  velvet  bean, 
requiring  about  150  days,  and  Osceola,  requiring  about  225  days,  Is  the  latest 
maturing.  Blloxl  soy  beans  produced  well  when  protected  from  rabbits  and 
blister  beetles.  Mung  beans  were  found  to  be  especially  valuable  as  a  summer 
poultry  pasture  crop,  while  both  Kulthl  and  Moth  beans  produced  good  hay  but 
did  not  mature  seed.    The  Mexican  Pinto  or  "  Frljole  "  has  been  a  failure. 

Spanish  peanuts  have  given  the  highest  average  yields  of  cured  nuts  per  acre, 
while  Tennessee  Beds  have  produced  the  most  forage  without  nuts.  The 
results  are  held  to  indicate  an  Increase  In  yield  of  nuts  as  the  seeding  rate 
Increases. 

Japan,  bur,  and  crimson  clover  are  said  to  do  well  under  certain  conditions, 
while  alfalfa  and  red  clover  have  failed  up  to  the  present  time.  Hairy  vetch 
does  well  when  protected  from  rabbits. 

Japanese  cane  has  yielded  as  high  as  87,818  lbs.  of  green  forage  per  acre. 
A  temperature  of  28*  F.  did  not  Injure  the  cane  standing  in  the  field,  although 
It  was  severely  damaged  by  a  drop  to  25"".  Deep  plowing  produced  16  per  cent 
more  cane  than  shallow  plowing  the  first  year,  and  7  per  cent  more  the  second 
year  without  replowing  or  replanting.  It  Is  not  regarded  as  good  practice  to 
harvest  Japanese  cane  early,  as  It  Is  said  to  store  most  of  its  sugar  after  reach- 
ing maximum  growth  In  October.  It  Is  recommended  that  bur  clover  be  grown 
during  the  winter  on  Japanese  cane  land. 

Sweet  sorghum  showed  the  highest  yield  of  forage  from  the  thickest  plant- 
ing In  cultivated  rows,  while  there  was  little  difference  In  yield  between  dif- 
f^ent  seeding  rates  in  close  drills.  It  is  stated  that  Sudan  grass  may  be  used 
successfully  as  a  catch  pasture  crop  after  oats.  Seeding  io  18  In.  rows  has 
given  a  higher  average  yield  of  forage  than  seeding  either  in  8  ft.  rows  or 
Close  drills.    Sudan  grass  is  also  deemed  valuable  as  a  summer  pasture  crop. 


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730  EXPERIlifENT  STATION  REOORD.  lToL40 

Rhodes  grass  Is  regarded  as  a  good  perennial  pasture  and  hay  crop,  being  able 
to  endure  a  temperature  of  18*  F.  without  serious  loss. 

Work  being  done  with  garden  vegetables,  especially  for  home  consomptioQ, 
is  briefly  noted.  A  method  and  seeding  rate  test  with  dasheens  resulted  in 
yields  in  3-ft.  rows  of  229  bu.  per  acre  from  whole  tubers  and  corms  planted 
2  ft  apart,  and  191,  150,  and  130  bu.  re^)ectively,  from  cut  tubers  planted  1, 2, 
and  S  ft  apart 

[Beport  of  work  with  field  crops  in  Washin^on]  (WasMnffton  £fto.  BmL 
15S  (1919),  pp.  U,  15, 17-^2,  S8,  S9,  fig.  i).— This  describes  the  progress  of  wort 
along  the  same  general  lines  as  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  32)  for  tbe 
year  ended  June  30,  1918. 

Winter  wheat  varieties  grown  on  land  kept  In  a  high  state  of  fertility 
showed  an  average  nitrogen  content  under  cultivation  of  2.86  per  cent  and  witli- 
out  cultivation  of  2.87  per  cent  and  spring  wheat  varieties  2.77  and  2.73  per 
cent,  respectively.  The  same  varieties  grown  in  the  usual  manner  and  withoat 
cultivation  averaged  2.47  per  cent  for  winter  wheat  and  2.56  per  cent  for  q»ring 
wheat 

Cooperative  tests  with  land  plaster  on  alftilfti  are  said  to  have  resulted  in 
an  Increase  of  over  200  per  cent  for  the  treated  plats. 

The  results  of  the  variety  testing  work  to  date  have  led  to  the  foUowtng 
conclusions:  Hybrid  128  is  deemed  to  be  the  best  winter  wheat  under  condi- 
tions prevailing  at  Pullman,  and  Bluestem  is  the  best  spring  wheat  variety 
except  in  arid  sections  of  the  State  where  Baart  has  given  better  resalta. 
Banner  oats  has  outyielded  all  other  sorts  in  eastern  Washington,  with 
Abundance  a  close  second.  White  Bonanza  oats  have  proved  best  for  portions 
of  western  Washington.  The  coast  barleys  are  deemed  best,  and  are  said  to 
yield  more  in  pounds  per  acre  than  any  other  grain  crop.  Winter  barleys  were 
not  generally  winter  hardy  and  produced  on  the  average  18  bu.  per  acre  less 
than  spring  barleys.  Bangalia  field  peas  have  produced  the  highest  yield,  but 
due  to  market  discrimination  and  later  maturity  Bluebell  is  reconmiended  for 
use  where  the  seed  is  to  be  sold  or  for  planting  with  late  maturing  varieties 
of  oats  for  hay.  Mexican  Red  beans  have  been  found  best  for  the  Palouse  coun- 
try and  Yakima  Pinks  for  the  warmer  irrigated  sections.  Minnesota  No.  2  rye 
is  said  to  be  the  best  winter  variety  and  Beardless  the  best  spring  sort  Min- 
nesota No.  25  flax  outyielded  the  best  of  four  other  varieties  tested  by  45.7 
per  cent  for  a  2-year  average.  It  is  stated  that  chick  peas,  sorghums,  and 
soy  bean  can  not  be  recommended,  except  in  restricted  districts  of  long  season 
and  high  temperature. 

The  best  seeding  rate  for  com  varied  with  the  season,  ranging  from  two  to 
five  stalks  per  hill,  with  three  stalks  giving  the  best  results  on  the  average. 
Late  August  and  early  September  seeding  of  winter  wheat  gave  the  best  re- 
sults in  1917.  As  an  average  of  two  years*  results,  the  decrease  in  yield  was 
found  to  be  in  proportion  to  the  increase  In  the  amount  of  smut  produced. 
Wheat  seeded  in  ordinary  drill  rows  yielded  more  than  that  seeded  in  rows 
from  12  to  18  in.  apart,  while  cultivation  materially  benefited  winter  wheat 
but  reduced  the  yield  of  spring  wheat.  Over  a  period  of  18  years,  manure 
applied  as  a  top-dressing  on  summer  fallow  wheat  has  given  better  resulta 
than  plowing  under  the  same  amount  of  manure  for  summer  fallow.  Bariy 
plowed  well  tilled  summer  fallow  is  deemed  best 

Turnips  and  rutabagas  produced  the  largest  tonnage  per  acre  of  root  crops, 
while  winter  wheat  produced  the  largest  amount  of  green  forage  for  sllaga 
Preliminary  tests  are  held  to  indicate  that  red  clover  seed  can  be  profitablx 
produced  when  proper  spacing  methods  and  time  of  cutting  have  been  de- 
termined. 


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1919]  FIELD  OBOFS.  731 

Crop  rotation  tests  covering  a  period  of  18  years  and  Including  clover, 
straight  wheat  and  summer  fallow,  and  continuous  wheat  without  manure  and 
with  10  tons  of  manure  per  acre  annually  led  to  the  following  conclusions: 
Gontinuoas  wheat  without  manure  has  shown  a  marked  and  regular  decline 
in  yield.  Applications  of  10  tons  of  manure  per  acre  annually  have  maintained 
the  yield  of  wheat  grown  continuously  at  practically  the  same  level  as  that 
of  the  well  tilled  summer  fallow  plats.  In  rotations  including  clover  and 
eliminating  summer  fallow  the  wheat  yield  was  maintained  at  nearly  the  same 
level  as  that  secured  on  well  tilled  summer  fallow. 

Early  Baart  spring  wheat  with  a  yield  of  13.8  bu.  per  acre  was  the  leading 
▼ariety  grown  on  the  Adams  substation.  The  best  spring  sown  varieties  of 
rye,  barley,  and  oats  produced  10.5,  16.2,  and  19.5  bu.  per  acre,  respectively, 
lu  general,  relatively  heavy  early  seedings  at  a  depth  sufficient  to  prevent  the 
drying  out  of  the  seed  gave  the  best  results  with  spring  wheat 

Among  the  forage  crops  tested,  corn  produced  7.1  bu.  of  grain  and  1,500 
lbs.  of  stover  per  acre ;  and  broom  com  and  Russian  sunflower  each  4,000  lbs.  of 
stover.  Field  peas  are  said  to  be  most  promising  for  forage.  The  yields 
of  seed  for  the  leading  varieties  ranged  from  6.6  bu.  per  acre  for  Canadian  to 
&9  bu.  for  Bangalia.    Alfalfa  and  sweet  clover  offered  little  encouragement 

On  the  Waterville  substation  the  best  yielding  winter  wheat  was  a  strain 
of  Turkey  Red  with  S2.5  bu.  per  acre,  and  of  spring  wheat  Bluestem  (Wash- 
ington No.  362)  with  28.7  bu. 

The  leading  varieties  of  field  peas  ranged  from  18  bu.  per  acre  for  Qrey  Winter 
to  16.9  bu.  for  Kaiser. 

[Beport  of  work  with  field  crops  in  Michigan],  B.  W.  Hottbholdeb  {Michi- 
ffan  8ta.  Spec.  Bui  90  {1918),  pp.  8-lS,  figs.  7).— This  notes  the  progress  of 
work  on  the  Upper  Peninsula  substation  for  -the  year  ended  June  80,  1918, 
including  variety  and  cultural  tests  with  barley,  oats,  and  root  and  silage 
crops. 

Rutabagas  grown  on  rough,  new  land  produced  on  the  average  19.46  tons 
per  acre.  Ck)m  yielded  2.21  tons  of  inferior  silage,  as  compared  with  10.28 
tons  per  acre  of  excellent  material  from  oats  and  peas. 

[Beport  of  field  crops  work  in  Minnesota,  1917]  {Minnesota  Sta.  Rpt,  1918, 
pp.  45-48,  62 f  6S), — ^This  describes  variety,  cultural,  and  breeding  tests  with 
cereals,  forage  crops,  and  miscellaneous  field  crops,  and  work  with  potatoes 
for  the  year  ended  June  30,  1918,  in  continuation  of  similar  work  previously 
noted  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  335). 

In  a  comparison  of  primary,  secondary,  and  double  oat  kernels  for  seed, 
data  secured  over  a  4-year  period  are  said  to  indicate  that,  "  double  oats  are 
as  valuable  for  seed  purposes  as  primaries.  No  difference  was  found  in  the 
value  of  the  seed  crop  from  secondary  and  primary  kernels.  Secondary  kernel 
oats  averaged  5.9  per  cent  higher  in  value  than  primary  kernels,"  Wild  oats 
possessed  a  considerably  lower  percentage  of  kernels  than  cultivated  oats. 
Good  seed  oats  sown  at  the  rate  of  64  lbs.  per  acre  gave  as  satisfactory  yields  as 
larger  amounts  up  to  112  lbs.  per  acre. 

listed  winter  wheat  produced  3  bu.  per  acre  more  than  that  sown  in  the 
usual  manner.  Winter  wheat  sown  September  1  gave  the  best  results,  with 
that  sown  September  8  next  in  order,  followed  by  continually  decreasing  yields 
from  later  seedings  up  to  October  10  with  a  minimum  yield  of  25.6  bu.  A 
seeding  rate  of  90  lbs.  per  acre  gave  better  yields  of  winter  wheat  than  any 
amouit  from  75  to  105  lbs. 

Marquis  wheat,  Victory  oats  introduced  from  Canada,  and  Minnesota  No. 
184  barley,  respectively,  were  the  highest  yielding  sorts  In  variety  tests. 


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732  EXPERIMENT.  STATION  BEOOBD.  [Tot.  40 

Medium  red  clover  alone,  mlxturef  of  medluin  red  clover  and  timotiiy,  and 
of  timothy,  and  medium  red  and  alslke  clovers  are  said  to  have  given  the 
heaviest  yields  per  acre  in  tests  of  various  seedings  of  grasses  and  legumea 
A  large  tonnage  also  resulted  from  a  mixture  of  meadow  fescue  and  medium 
red  and  alsike  clover& 

It  is  stated  that  studies  of  high  inrotein  content  in  com  seem  to  show  that 
a  high  protein  strain  can  be  immediately  isolated  by  self-fertilisation. 

Yields  of  potatoes  amounting  to  806,  822»  850,  and  266  bu.  per  acre,  re- 
spectively, were  scecured  from  whole  seed  tubers  weighing  2,  8,  and  4  oa^  and 
from  1-oas.  cut  piecea  The  average  number  of  stalks  per  hill  was  8,  8.82,  478. 
and  1.5,  respectively.  One-ounce  seed  pieces  from  the  stem,  middle,  and  seed 
ends  resulted  in  yields  of  258,  276,  and  294  bu.  per  aore,  respectively.  Plant- 
ing 1-oz.  seed  pieces  of  Oreen  Mountain  in  hills  18  in.  apart  and  rows  8  ft 
apart  resulted  in  an  average  of  1.646  stalks  per  hill  and  266  bu.  per  acre^  as 
compared  with  240  bu.  from  the  same  sized  seed  pieces  with  the  stalki 
thinned  to  1  per  hilL  Oreen  Mountain  seed  planted  two  weeks  later,  owing  to 
wet  weather,  k^^oduced  about  100  bu.  per  acre  less.  In  the  later  plantings 
1-,  2-,  and  8-oz.  cut  seed  pieces  produced  188,  228,  and  214  bu.  per  acre,  respets 
tively.  These  results  are  believed  to  corroborate  the  opinion  that  the  sixe  of 
the  seed  piece  that  can  be  profitably  used  depends  directly  upon  the  fertility 
and  condition  of  the  soil,  together  with  the  price  of  the  seed. 

Early  Ohio  seed  potatoes  grown  on  various  types  of  soil  and  in  different 
parts  of  the  State  were  planted  at  University  Farm  and  on  the  Duluth,  Grand 
Rapids,  and  Orookston  substations.  The  tubers  produced  on  University  Fann 
are  said  to  have  averaged  larger  than  those  grown  on  the  substation  faims, 
and  also  exhibited  large  papills,  small  knobs,  and  numerous  scab  injuries. 
The  Duluth  tubers  had  indistinct  papilloe  and  ezc^tionally  smooth  skin.  Tbe 
tubers  grown  at  Orookston  were  the  least  mature,  had  a  redder  skin,  and  a 
marked  tendency  to  be  elongated  and  tapering  toward  the  proximal  end.  The 
Grand  Rapids  tubers  possessed  a  more  flaky  skin  than  the  othors  and  were 
sUghtly  infected  with  Rhizoctonia.  The  Duluth  and  Grand  Rapids  tubers 
retained  the  shape  of  the  parental  stock  much  better  than  the  others. 

Potato  varieties  exchanged  with  the  substations  mentioned  above  are  said 
to  have  shown  a  marked  degree  of  rejuvenation  in  one  season,  although  oe^ 
tain  varieties  required  a  longer  period.     Seed  potatoes  from  plants  sprayed 

Potato  varieties  exchanged  with  the  substations  mentioned  above  are  said 
the  following  season. 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  at  the  Orookston  substation,  1917],  O.  G.  Sklvig 
(Minnesota  Sia.  Rpt  1918,  pp.  75-78,  79-81).— Th\a  describes  the  progress  of 
work  along  the  same  general  lines  as  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  S36), 
embracing  variety,  cultural,  rotation,  and  fertilizer  tests  with  various  fftrm 
crops  for  the  year  ended  June  80,  1918.  The  precipitation  during  1917  is  said 
to  have  been  the  lowest  recorded  during  the  37  years  that  observations  have 
been  taken  at  Orookston,  amounting  to  9.44  in.,  as  compared  with  an  average 
precipitation  of  more  than  22  in.  The  crop  season  was  also  85  days  less  tban 
the  average. 

The  highest  yielding  varieties  of  wheat,  barley,  and  oats,  refig;)ectively,  were 
Pentad  with  27.7  bu.  per  acre,  Hannchen  with  83.3  bu.,  and  Minnesota  No. 
533  with  66.4  bu.,  as  compared  with  average  check  yields  of  18.8,  24.4,  and  27i 
bu.  per  acre,  respectively.  Minnesota  No.  2  rye  produced  19.1  bu.  per  acre  and 
all  other  varieties  an  average  of  18.8  bu.  North  Dakota  Na  155  wilt-resistant 
fiax  was  highest  with  a  yield  of  108  bu.  per  acre.  Canadian  White  field  peas 
were  first  with  12  bu. 


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1019] 


FDfiliD  CROPS. 


733 


Among  the  f6rage  crops  tested  the  highest  yields  were  secured  from  Kursk 
miUet,  Amber  cane,  Sudan  grass,  Manchn  soy  beans,  and  a  so-called  black 
yellow  soy  bean,  amounting  to  4340,  4,600,  8,400,  2,800,  and  2,480  lbs.  per  acre^ 
respectlTely.  The  com  yarieties  did  not  mature  seed  but  a  large  number  of 
tfaem  are  said  to  have  produced  good  silage. 

In  nursery  Increase  tests.  Victory  oats  produced  at  the  rate  of  57.3  bu.  per 
acre,  Na  028  barley  88.2  bu..  Disco  No.  82  O  alfalfa  2,026  lbs.  in  one  cutting* 
and  Disco  No.  78,  1,025  lbs. 

Single  cuttings  of  different  grasses  resulted  in  the  following  yields:  Tail 
meadow  oats  grass  8,940  lbs.  per  acre,  dender  wheat  grass  3,700  lbs.,  orchard 
grass  8,380  lbs.,  timothy  8,300  lbs.,  and  Kentucky  blue  grass  3,100  lbs.  The 
highest  yielding  combination  of  grasses  in  1917  comprised  (1)  brome  grass  10 
IbSL,  tall  meadow  oat  grass  8  IbSw,  white  clover  2  lbs.,  and  alfalfft  4  lbs.,  with  a 
yield  of  0,100  lbs.  per  acre;  (2)  timothy  0  lbs.  orchard  grass  0  lbs.,  and  alfalfii 
4  lbs.,  with  5,200  lbs. ;  and  (8)  brome  grass  10  lb&,  alfalfa  8  lbs.,  and  meadow 
fescue  0  lbs.,  with  4,100  lbs. 

Winter  wheat  seeded  on  stubble  and  on  plowed  land  winterkilled,  while  that 
seeded  on  com  land  with  every  sixth  row  of  com  left  standing  produced  12.5 
bu.  per  acre,  and  with  all  the  com  left  standing,  80.7  bu.  Straw  failed  to  supply 
the  necessary  protection.  Seedings  made  August  15  and  September  1  resulted  in 
higher  yields  than  later  seedings.  Winter  wheat  production  on  the  substation 
is  deemed  unprofitable. 

Ck>ntradictory  results  were  secured  in  a  comparison  of  tractor  with  horse 
plowing  and  disking.  Disking  the  stubble  after  harvesting  proved  bene&clal. 
Early  August  plowing  for  com  resulted  in  a  yield  of  2,925  lbs.  of  fodder  per  acre 
as  compared  with  1,100  lbs.  following  spring  plowing. 

Under  various  cropping  systems  the  wheat  yields  were  as  follows :  CSontlnu- 
ous  cropping  15.9  bu.  per  acre;  continuous  cropping  with  clover  10.0  bu.;  and 
8-,  4-,  5-,  and  7-year  rotations  25.8,  23.7,  25.5,  and  20.9  bu.,  respectively.  Oats 
produced  78.8,  05.2,  and  71.9  bu.  per  acre  in  4-,  5-,  and  7-year  rotations,  re- 
spectively. Barley  produced  89.5  bu.  in  a  8-year  rotation  and  89.0  bu.  in  a 
7-year  rotation. 

The  results  obtained  to  date  in  the  fertilizer  tests  in  the  3-  and  4-year  rota- 
tions may  be  summarized  as  follows : 

Be$vli8  with  fefiiUzera  In  the  S-vear  rotation. 


TleMsperacn. 

TmtnMnt. 

Com. 

Barloy. 

dOTV. 

1917 

Thrw- 
ayenge. 

1917 

Thrw- 

year 

aTerace. 

1917 

Two- 

year 

average. 

K^4.|l^Tlg -  -  - 

Xte. 

2,100 
2,840 
^560 

Lb$. 
2,049 
8  178 

89.6 
44.0 
46.4 

Bu. 
41.0 
43.0 
42.6 

Lbi, 
2,090 

Xte. 
2,113 

PotMittim  solgateftDd  add  phosidbate. . 

1,850 

1,983 

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734 


EXPEBIMENT  STATIOlf  BEGOBD. 
Results  toith  fertilizers  in  the  k-vear  rotation. 


[yoL40 


Yields  per  aoe. 

TraatmeDt. 

Com. 

Oats. 

Wheat. 

Oover. 

1017 

averago. 

1017 

Three- 

year 

average. 

1917 

1917 

TlFO- 

wmfL 

Nothing 

£te. 
2,446 
3,260 
4,173 
8,306 

Xte. 
2,394 
2,128 
1,993 
5^472 

Bu, 

77.8 
73.8 
75.8 
79.6 

B%, 

46.8 
45.0 
46.1 
40.8 

Bu. 

20.6 
28. 7 
24.3 

as.2 

IJbt. 

1,786 

%m 

2,«0 
2,766 

3,000 

Manure 

%^ 

Acid  phosphate 

%^ 

Acid  phosphate  and  manure.. 

%^ 

Plats  grown  to  barley  In  1917,  after  receiving  various  treatments  in  1916  Is 
an  effort  to  eradicate  quack  grass,  produced  net  returns  ranging  from  ^  pa 
acre  where  buckwheat  was  plowed  under  In  full  bloom,  reseeded,  and  plowed 
under  after  frost,  to  $84  after  hemp.  One  plat  seeded  to  winter  lye  after 
millet  gave  a  net  return  of  $38.48. 

Average  yields  of  rutabagas,  stock  carrots,  sugar  beets,  and  mang^ 
amounted  to  259.8  bu.,  142.5  bu.,  9  tons,  and  13.4  tons  per  acre,  respectively. 

Early  Ohio  potatoes  were  first  in  yield  of  the  early  sorts,  followed  by  Irlsli 
Ck>bbler  and  Triumph.  Whole  seed  treated  with  formalin  gave  the  hl^Mst 
yield,  154  bu.  per  acre,  In  a  test  of  different  treatments  for  the  control  of  tuber 
diseases,  although  65  per  cent  of  the  tubers  were  scab  specked  and  1.5  per 
cent  were  unmarketable  because  of  scab  and  black  scurf.  Seed  treated  with 
corrosive  sublimate  produced  128  bu.  per  acre  and  exhibited  only  traces  of 
scab  and  black  scurf.  A  5 : 5 :  50  Bordeaux  mixture  used  twice  produced  101 
bu.,  as  compared  with  89  bu.  for  the  check.  Bordeaux  mixture  applied  3  times 
in  comparison  with  self -boiled  lime-sulphur  and  commercial  lime-sulphur  re- 
sulted in  yields  of  117.1,  110.1,  and  106.6  bu.  per  acre,  respectively,  as  com- 
pared with  100.3  bu.  for  the  check.  Paris  green  applied  both  as  a  liquid  and 
as  a  dust  spray  proved  most  effective  against  potato  beetle,  while  homemade 
arsenate  of  lead  was  the  most  economical  spray  used. 

Seeding  Early  Ohio  potatoes  at  the  rate  of  18  bu.  per  acre  resulted  in  a 
yield  of  184  bu.,  as  compared  with  203.5  bu.  from  a  16-bu.  rate. 

In  fertilizer  tests  with  potatoes  the  highest  average  yield  for  a  4-jeftr 
period,  142.9  bu.  per  acre,  was  secured  from  plats  receiving  potassium  sulphate 
and  acid  phosphate,  as  compared  with  128.1  bu.  for  the  check.  Potassium  sal- 
phate  alone  resulted  in  an  average  yield  of  121.8  bu.  Manure  used  in  combi- 
.  nation  with  either  rock  or  acid  phosphate  failed  to  give  any  appreciable  effect 
As  an  average  of  3  years,  different  phosphate  treatments  used  In  a  4-year 
rotation  have  given  the  following  results:  Rock  phosphate  91.2  bu.  per  acre, 
manure  99.5  bu.,  and  add  phosphate  104.18  bu.,  as  compared  with  81.53  bo. 
from  the  check.    It  is  stated  that  manure  has  given  the  most  economical  gains. 

The  3-ycar  rotation  in  the  fertilizer  series  produced  144  bu.  of  potatoes  per 
acre  as  compared  with  107.4  bu.  from  the  4-year  rotation.  In  tlie  agronomy 
series  the  7-year  rotation  was  best  with  98.6  bu.  per  acre,  while  the  3-yetr 
rotation  produced  only  71  bu.,  said  to  be  due  largely  to  the  early  summer 
drought  and  the  poor  physical  condition  of  the  plat 

[Beport  of  field  crops  work  at  the  Grand  Bapids  substation,  1917],  0.  L 
Beboh  {Minnesota  Sta.  Rpt,  1918,  pp.  89,  90,  91).— This  briefly  describes  the 
progress  of  work  along  lines  similar  to  those  previously  noted  (E.  S.  Bn  ^ 


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1919]  FIELD  GR093.  735 

p.  337)  for  the  year  ended  June  30,  1918.  The  weather  conditions  are  aald 
to  liave  been  unfavorable,  and  all  crops  except  potatoes  showed  yields  below 
the  average. 

The  maximum  yields  per  acre  secured  of  different  field  crops  were  as  follows : 
Oats  30.6  bu.,  spring  wheat  11.9  bu.,  barley  19.12  bu.,  winter  rye  32.1  bu., 
winter  wheat  12.1  bu.,  potatoes  303.2  bu.»  rutabagas  15.6  tons,  clover  and 
timothy  meadows  1.2  tons,  alfalfa  1.14  tons,  oats  and  peas  for  hay  2.12  tons, 
millet  1.02  tons,  and  Bromm  inermia  1.2  tons. 

An  application  of  10  tons  of  manure  per  acre  resulted  In  an  increase  of  57.2 
bjJL  of  potatoes  over  the  untreated  check. 

[BeiK)rt  of  work  with  field  crops  on  the  Canada  Bxperimental  Farms, 
1916]  {Canada  Expt.  Farms  Rpts.  1917,  pp.  15,  16,  18,  19,  26,  27,  29S1,  S8,  S9, 
4S-47,  50-5$,  54-64,  67-69,  73,  7^,  79,  80,  85-87,  90,  97-99,  102,  IW,  109,  112-114, 
116,  111,  125,  124, 127, 128,  131, 132,  133, 135, 136, 139, 142-144,  H6,  i47).— This, 
much  more  briefly  than  heretofore,  describes  the  progress  of  work  conducted 
alonf:  the  same  general  lines  as  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  634),  em- 
bracing variety,  fertilizer,  rotation,  and  cultural  tests  with  wheat,  oats,  barley, 
rye,  field  peas,  buckwheat,  com  for  silage,  turnips,  mangels,  carrots,  sugar 
beets,  flax,  potatoes,  alfalfa,  vetches,  clovers,  grasses  and  tobacco ;  plant  breed- 
ing work  with  alfalfa,  red  clover,  grasses,  and  root  crops ;  and  observations  on 
the  effect  upon  the  yield  of  mangels  of  the  use  of  seed  obtained  from  different 
sources.  It  is  stated  tliat  the  results  of  the  various  lines  of  investigation  will 
be  dealt  with  in  more  detail  as  the  experimental  work  is  completed. 

Spring  small  grains  in  Indiana,  A.  T.  Wiancko  and  G.  O.  Obokeb  {Indiana 
Bia.  BuL  225  {1919),  pp.  5-20,  flga.  4).— Based  on  results  obtained  in  variety 
tests  with  spring-sown  oats,  barley,  and  wheat,  and  on  observations  of  spring 
rye  and  emmer  it  is  stated  that  the  growing  of  spring  small  grain  can  not  be 
recommended  under  normal  seasonal  conditions  except  in  the  northern  portion 
of  the  State,  where  profitable  production  is  dependent  upon  early  seeding,  good 
soil  and  cultural  conditions,  cool  weather,  careful  selection  of  varieties,  and 
proper  grading  of  seed.  No  Important  advantage  was  noted  from  the  use  of  im- 
ported seed. 

Oats  are  said  to  comprise  about  09  per  cent  of  the  total  area  devoted  to 
spring-sown  small-grain  crops  In  Indiana.  Medium  maturing  varieties,  in- 
cluding Great  Dakota,  Big  Four,  Silver  Mine,  White  Bedford,  and  Schance,  have 
given  the  best  results,  while  Daubeney  and  Sixty  Day  are  regarded  as  the  best 
early  sorts.  The  necessity  for  seed  treatment  for  loose  smut  is  emphasized  and 
directions  given  for  both  the  wet  and  the  dry  methods  of  formaldehyde  treat- 
ment. 

It  is  suggested  that  the  production  of  spring  barley  might  profitably  be  in- 
creased on  mellow  soils  in  northern  Indiana.  Silver  King,  Canadian  No.  21, 
and  Hannchen  have  proved  best,  with  Success  Beardless  the  best  early  variety. 

Marquis  and  Regenerated  Red  Fife  are  said  to  be  the  most  promising 
spring-wheat  varieties,  although  the  crop  is  not  deemed  comparable  to  oats, 
barley,  winter  wheat,  or  winter  rye. 

The  average  yields  of  spring  wheat,  spring  barley,  and  oats  for  the  9  years, 
1910-1918,  of  spring  emmer  for  5  years,  and  of  spring  rye  for  3  years  amounted 
to  13.7,  28.7,  52.6,  23,  and  29.1  bu.  per  acre,  respectively,  as  compared  with  29.2 
bu.  for  winter  wheat  and  38.7  bu.  for  winter  rye  for  the  9-year  period. 

Farm  practices  in  grain  farming  in  North  Dakota,  G.  M.  Hennis  and  R.  E. 
WiLiABD  (17.  8.  Dept.  Agr,  Bui  757  {1919),  pp.  35,  AffS-  i7).— Based  on  data 
secured  in  cooperation  with  the  North  Dakota  Agricultural  Ck)llege  from  more 
than  350  records  of  grain  production  in  34  counties  in  the  State  for  1912,  1913, 


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736  EXFEBIMEKT  STATION  BECOBD.  proL40 

and  1914,  the  authors  present  Information  relatlye  to  dates  of  operations,  time 
available  for  field  work,  farm  organization,  equipment,  man  and  horse  labor, 
use  of  machinery,  amount  of  seed  required  for  Tariona  crops,  thrashing,  yields, 
etc.,  together  with  a  comparison  of  the  costs  of  Tarious  items  for  5  years  be- 
fore the  war  and  their  cost  In  1017  on  a  representatiye  fbrm.  The  results  of  the 
study  may  be  summarized  as  follows: 

Wheat  occupied  39  per  cent  of  the  crop  acreage  of  the  fbrms  studied,  oats  17 
per  cent,  and  barley  14  per  cent,  while  flax,  com,  rye,  and  potatoes  were  of  less 
importance.  The  average  yield  of  wheat  was  13.2  bu.  pear  acre,  as  compared 
with  12.7  bu.  for  the  State  as  a  whole.  The  equivalent  of  one  disking  and  two 
harrowings,  in  general,  appeared  to  give  better  results  than  either  more  or  lea 
working,  while  under  certain  conditions  the  disking  was  omitted  and  the  same 
results  secured  by  harrowing  three  times.  Summer  fallowing  as  a  rule  did  not 
prove  profitable  except  on  very  weedy  land,  and  comparatively  few  farmers  fal- 
lowed this  practice.  No  significant  difference  in  yields  was  observed  between 
spring  and  fall  plowing,  but  the  latter  is  said  to  be  more  advantageous,  in  that  it 
gives  a  better  distribution  of  labor  and  makes  possible  earlier  qpring  seeding. 
The  practice  known  as  "  stubbling  in,**  whereby  the  grain  is  sown  after  disking 
the  land  without  plowing,  was  found  to  be  almost  Invariably  unprofitable,  tend- 
ing to  lower  yields  and  to  encourage  the  spread  of  weeds  and  other  pesta  Ap- 
proximately 6.4  hours  of  man  lal>or  and  19.4  hours  of  horse  lalx>r  were  re- 
quired per  acre  in  the  production  of  wheat,  while  oata,  barley,  and  flax  re- 
quired a  little  more  work  per  acre  than  wheat,  different  parts  of  the  State 
varying  widely  in  this  respect.  Thrashing  from  the  stack  cost  a  little  more  than 
thrashing  from  the  shock  but  possessed  certain  advantages  in  labor  distribu- 
tion and  the  saving  of  grain. 

The  maintenance  of  work  stock  cost  $145  per  head  in  1917,  as  compared  with 
an  average  cost  of  $105  for  the  five  years  1911-1916,  the  difference  being  at- 
tributed to  the  advance  In  the  price  of  feed.  The  initial  cost  of  fkrm  machinery 
used  on  these  farms  was  40  per  cent  more  in  1917  than  the  average  for  the  five- 
year  period,  while  seed  wheat  cost  $2.28  per  bushel  in  1917,  as  compared  witb 
$1.23  for  the  preceding  five  years. 

Pea  and  oat  hay  for  northern  Ohio,  L.  B.  Tbatchkb  {Mo.  B«I.  Ohio  £ff<i.,  4 
{1919),  No,  5,  pp.  86-88). — Growing  a  mixture  of  field  peas  and  oats  for  hay 
as  a  supplementary  forage  crop  in  the  spring  is  described.  Golden  Vine,  Pms- 
sian  Blue,  or  Canada  Beauty  field  peas,  and  medium  or  late  varieties  of  oats 
such  as  Siberian,  Wideawake,  Welcome,  or  Improved  American,  are  said  to  be 
best  suited  for  this  purpose.  For  the  7  years,  1909-1915,  the  maximum  ave^ 
age  yield  was  obtained  from  a  seeding  rate  of  1  bu.  of  peas  and  2  bu.  of  oats 
per  acre,  amounting  to  6,578  lbs.  of  hay.  A  mixture  of  1.5  bu.  each  of  peas  and 
oats,  however,  is  deemed  more  satisfactory. 

Inoculation  of  lecromes,  P.  EincssoN  {Idaho  8ta.  Oiro.  7  {1919),  pp.  8,  figi* 
4). — ^A  popular  account  of  the  purpose  and  nature  of  inoculation. 

Spacing  of  rows  in  com  and  its  effect  upon  grain  yield,  A.  B.  Oonnb 
{TexoM  8ta.  Bui.  280  {1918),  pp.  S-20,  fig:  8).— Bxperimental  work  with  con 
planted  in  rove's  36  in.  apart  with  the  stalks  86  in.  apart  in  the  row  and  In  rows 
6  ft.  apart  with  the  stalks  18  in.  apart  in  the  row,  thus  providing  for  43^0 
stalks  per  acre  in  each  case,  is  described.  The  tests  embraced  284  plats,  located 
at  seven  different  points  in  the  State  said  to  represent  diffiermit  soil  and 
climatic  conditions  existing  in  the  corn-growing  regions  of  Texas  and  have 
extended  over  periods  of  from  two  to  five  years  at  each  point  The  results 
obtained  at  each  experimental  center  are  presented  In  tabular  f6rm  and  briefly 
discussed.    Limited  observationB  were  also  made  on  the  effect  upon  yield  of 


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1919]  FIBLD  CROPS.  737 

alternating  corn  planted  in  two  rows  S  ft  apart  with  two  fallow  rows  3  ft 
apart,  bat  the  results  secured  from  this  distribution  are  not  deemed  compar- 
able to  thoee  mentioned  above. 

Am  an  average  for  all  tests  com  grown  in  rows  e^eed  3  ft  apart  produced 
2L96  bu.  per  acre  as  compared  with  20.1  bu.  for  that  grown  in  rows  spaced 
6  ft  apart«  Better  stands  are  also  said  to  have  resulted  from  the  closer 
spacing.  It  is  concluded  that  the  regular  distribution  of  com  plants  on  the 
land  as  secured  with  the  3  ft  spacing  favors  a«  large  or  larger  grain  ylelda 
than  the  irregular  distribution  following  the  6  ft  spacing,  although  the  hitter 
may  prove  to  be  more  profitable  in  that  it  is  better  suited  to  the  introduction 
of  Intertilled  legume  crops,  allows  cheaper  cultivation  where  the  land  is  weedy, 
and  under  certain  conditions  provides  for  better  pr^aration 'of  the  land  for 
small  grains.  Whether  or  not  wide  spacing  is  more  profitable  than  regular 
spacing  is  said  to  depend  upon  local  conditions  in  individual  cases,  the  results 
of  these  experiments  demonstrating  that  the  mere  widening  of  the  rows  will 
not  increase  grain  yields,  and  that  the  practice  should  not  be  followed  except 
in  cases  where  other  advantages  obtain. 

Grain  soighom  improvement,  A.  B.  Ck>NNKa  and  R.  B.  Kabpbr  (Tecot  Bia^ 
Bml.  2S6  {191S)f  pp.  5-12,  figi.  wf ).— This  bulletin  describes  in  a  p(q;>ular  manner 
methods  whereby  the  farmer  may  develop  improved  strains  of  Kafir  corn,  milo 
maize,  and  feterita.  Directions  are  given  for  the  selection  of  a  foundation 
stock  and  the  procedure  outlined  for  further  improvement  through  mass  selec- 
tion, individual  plant  selection,  or  a  combination  of  the  two  methoda  In  the 
last-named  system  isolated  plantings  are  made  from  the  heaviest  yielding  heads 
In  the  performance  test  and  the  remainder  of  the  seed  secured  in  the  per^ 
formance  test  used  for  field  planting.  By  continuing  this  process  it  is  stated 
that  within  four  years  a  high-producing  strain  of  grain  sorghum  will  have  been 
secured,  while,  at  the  same  time,  selected  seed  superior  to  the  common  field 
run  seed  will  have  been  available  during  the  intervening  years. 

Farm  practice  in  growing  sugar  beets  in  three  California  districts,  T.  H. 
SuMMKBa,  I/.  A.  MooBHOXJBB,  R.  S.  Washbubn,  and  O.  O.  Townsbnd  (17.  8, 
Dept.  Affr.  Bal.  760  {1919),  pp.  48,  fkf9.  27).— This  bulletin  deals  with  the  farm 
practices  involved  in  producing  sugar  beets  and  the  requirements  of  the  cn^ 
with  respect  to  labor,  seed,  water,  etc.,  on  81  farms  south  of  Los  Angeles  in  Los 
Angeles  and  Orange  Ck>untle8,  45  at  Oxnard  in  Ventura  County,  and  39  at 
Salinas  in  Monterey  Ck>unty.  The  Salinas  records  apply  to  the  1916  crop  only, 
while  the  other  records  are  for  both  the  1915  and  1916  crops.  Actual  costs  are 
presented  tor  purposes  of  comparison  only. 

The  tillable  area  devoted  to  sugar  beets  amounted  to  68  per  cent  in  the  Los 
Angeles  district,  34  per  cent  at  Oxnard,  and  62  per  cent  at  Salinas.  No 
definite  cropping  system  was  followed,  sugar  beets  being  grown  continuously 
for  as  long  as  10  years  in  some  Instances.  Beans  and  barley  comprise  the 
other  important  crops  of  this  region.  All  available  farm  manure  is  applied  to 
the  beet  land,  but  so  little  manure  is  produced  that  only  a  small  portion  of 
the  beets  are  manured  each  year.  The  average  yields  for  the  different  dis- 
tricts werc^  Los  Angeles,  14.52  tons  per  acre;  Oxnard,  9.53  tons;  and  Salinas* 
15.50  tons.  The  average  cost  per  acre  was  $67.11,  $54.88,  and  $66.45.  It  is 
stated  that  in  general  as  the  acreage  Increased  the  cost  per  acre  decreased, 
while  with  an  increase  in  yield  the  cost  per  acre  increased  but  the  cost  per 
ton  decreased.  Labor  constituted  50  per  cent  of  the  total  cost  of  production 
and  the  use  of  the  land  35  per  cent  The  beet  tops  were  fed  on  most  of  the 
i^rms  in  the  Los  Angeles  and  Oxnard  areas,  while  In  the  Salinas  area  66 
per  cent  of  the  growers  plowed  them  under.  The  value  of  this  by-product  is 
1J0653'— 19 4 


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738  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEOORD.  [Y<d.40 

said  to  depend  upon  the  metbod  of  utilization,  being  greatest  when  tlie  tops 
were  used  as  feed. 

Sweet  potato  growing,  F.  E.  Mnxca  {U.  8.  Dept.  Agr^  Fwmer^  Bnl  M 
{1919),  pp.  SO,  figs.  t2), — ^Field  practices  and  cultural  methods  enq;>k^ed  in 
growing  the  crop  are  described.  Information  is  also  presented  on  harresUng, 
storing,  and  marketing  the  product,  and  on  10  of  the  principal  conunerdil 
varieties  of  sweet  potatoes. 

The  spring  wheat  sitnation  in  Ohio,  O.  G.  Wiluam s  {Mo,  BuL  Ohio  SU^  4 
(1919),  No.  S,  pp.  67-^9). — Spring  wheat  production  in  the  State  is  briefly  de- 
scribed, the  crop  being  rated  as  rather  uncertain  for  the  greater  part  of  Otaia 
An  average  yield  of  17.9  bu.  per  acre  was  secured  from  Blue  Ribbon  at  Wooster 
for  the  6  years,  1912-1917,  while  Marquis  has  also  given  good  results.  Early 
seeding,  from  March  20  to  April  10,  at  a  rate  of  from  5  to  6  pk.  per  acre  it 
recommended. 

The  sui:vlTal  of  weed  seeds,  W.  E.  Bbenchlet  (Gfortf.  Chron.,  5.  aer,,  C| 
{1918),  No.  1664t  P*  i95 ).--Bxperiment8  recently  carried  out  at  Rothamsted  are 
said  to  have  shown  that  seeds  of  certain  weeds  common  on  cultivated  soils 
may  survive  for  00  years. 

Whitetop  and  its  control,  F.  J.  Pipat.  (Indiana  8ta.  Circ.  8S  (1918),  pp.  It, 
figs.  8), — ^Whlte  top  (Brigeron  annmus),  said  to  be  the  most  common  and  nozimis 
weed  of  Indiana  meadows  and,  in  certain  seasons,  a  serious  pest  of  grain 
fl^ds,  especially  oats,  is  briefly  described,  Its  methods  of  propagation  and 
spread  indicated,  and  preventive  and  control  measures  outlined. 

Meadows  and  other  places  where  the  plants  are  allowed  to  mature  seed 
form  the  chief  source  of  infestation,  while  Impure  grass  and  clover  seed  may 
be  responsible  for  Its  appearance  on  clean  lands.  Preventive  measures  com- 
prise the  use  of  clean  seed  on  well  prepared  land,  breaking  badly  infested 
meadows,  plowing  Instead  of  disking  for  oats,  and  thorough  preparation  of 
com  land  for  wheat,  while  the  most  practicable  methods  of  control  are  said 
to  Include  clipping,  grazing  with  sheep,  early  cutting  of  infested  hay,  and 
mowing  pastures,  roadsides,  fence  rows,  and  waste  places  at  least  two  or 
three  times  during  the  season.  Spraying  with  iron  sulphate  or  salt  solution  was 
found  to  be  effective,  but,  owing  to  the  expense  involved,  is  recommended  only 
where  other  methods  are  deemed  inadvisable. 

The  utilization  of  the  young  rosettes  as  pot  herbs  in  some  localities  is  noted. 

HOBTICXTITITBE. 

[Beport  of  the  horticultural  depcurtment],  L.  Ouebrs  (Indiana  8ta.  Rpl. 
1918,  pp.  40-53,  fiffs.  S). — ^The  long-continued  orchard  tnanagement  Invesdgi- 
tlons  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  64f )  have  shown  that  soil  moisture  may  be  properly 
conserved  in  a  young  orchard  either  by  thorou^  tillage  with  cover  crop  or 
by  an  adequate  mulch.  The  mulch  system  is  well  adapted  to  orchards  located 
on  hilly  lands  which  would  erode  badly  if  cultivated.  The  growth  of  the  trees 
is  benefited  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  of  mulch  applied.  A  li^t  muldi 
where  the  hay  crop  is  less  than  three-fourths  ton  per  acre  does  little  good, 
and  the  use  of  straw  or  other  additional  material  is  necessary  to  secure  as 
good  results  as  with  tillage. 

The  amount  of  fruit  thus  far  produced  under  the  various  systems  of  manage- 
ment has  gone  hand  in  hand  with  growth.  Aside  from  soil  moisture,  the 
growth  made  by  the  trees  has  shown  little  or  no  consistent  response  to  any  of 
the  other  factors  investigated.  For  example,  the  straw-mulch  plat,  which  is 
showing  an  accumulation  of  organic  matter,  has  made  an  excelloit  tree  growth. 


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19193  HORTICULTURB*  789 

bot  the  clean  culture  coyer  crop  plat,  which  has  made  an  equally  good  tree 
growth,  has  lost  in  organic  matter. 

Variations  in  soil  temperature  under  different  systems  of  management  showed 
no  direct  relation  to  tree  growth.  The  influence  of  the  bacterial  population  of 
the  soil  upon  tree  growth  has  been  difficult  to  determine,  but  there  is  an  indi- 
cation that,  the  field  efficiency  (ratio  between  the  nitrates  present  in  the  field 
and  the  nitrifying  power  of  the  soil)  does  bear  a  relation  to  tree  growth. 

The  results  of  pruning  experiments  are  still  inconclusive  as  regards  tree 
growth  when  measured  by  circumference  increase.  Some  new  experiments 
liave  been  planned  with  the  idea  of  removing  several  trees  from  time  to  time 
to  determine  the  actual  plant  tissue  laid  down  in  new  wood  under  different 
systems  of  pruning.  In  the  work  at  Laurel  lightly  pruned  trees  have  pro- 
duced more  fruit,  and  fruit  of  a  higher  color,  than  heavily  pruned  trees,  al- 
though the  average  size  of  the  fruit  was  slightly  smaller.  The  pruning  work 
at  Bedford  continues  to  show  that  heavy  cutting  back  of  the  annual  growth 
results  in  smaller  gains  in  trunk  girth  than  are  made  by  trees  not  so  cut  back. 

The  cover-crop  experiments  conducted  at  the  station  have  shown,  as  a  whole, 
that  the  most  important  consideration  in  choosing  a  cover  crop  Is  to  select  one 
■which  can  be  depended  upon  to  produce  a  large  annual  yield  of  cover  material 
in  the  locality  in  which  it  is  exi^ected  to  be  grown.  The  trees  have  reacted 
very  favorably  where  the  ranker  growing  cover  crops  were  used,  and  in  all 
cases  the  trees  of  the  bare  check  plats  made  the  least  growth.  The  various 
cover  crops  under  investigation  had  marked  effects  on  the  bacterial  content 
of  the  soil  and  on  the  nitrates  present  in  the  soil  during  the  growing  periods 
of  the  trees.  In  the  fall  and  winter  the  number  of  bacteria  in  soil  carrying  a 
cover  crop  is  greater  than  where  no  cover  crop  is  present.  Nitrification  is 
greatest  on  the  plats  where  cover  crops. are  grown,  and  starts  much  quicker  on 
those  plats  where  green  rye  is  turned  under  than  on  the  others.  The  effects 
of  the  cover  crop  in  general  are  to  increase  the  bacterial  activities  of  the  soil 
rather  than  to  increase  the  soil  organic  matter. 

In  order  to  throw  more  light  on  some  of  the  problems  of  soil  aeration  and 
the  relation  of  decomposition  of  organic  materials  to  plant  nutrition  suggested 
by  the  orchard  soil  management  investigations,  controlled  greenhouse  experi- 
ments in  Wagner  pote  were  conducted  with  peppers,  lettuce,  and  string  beans. 
The  results  of  the  carbon  dioxid  treatment  with  the  different  plante  are  noted. 
They  indicate,  in  brief,  that  the  effects  of  carbon  dioxid  appeared  to  be  to 
Increase  the  available  plant  food  in  the  soil,  thereby  increasing  soil  acidity; 
to  prevent  normal  root  development  of  the  plants;  and  to  allow  1  gm.  of  dry 
matter  to  be  produced  on  much  less  moisture  than  is  normally  the  case.  As 
applied  to  orchard  soil  management  it  appears  that  the  addition  of  organic 
matter.  Instead  of  Increasing  soil  moisture,  allows  larger  crops  to  be  grown 
on  less  moisture  than  otherwise  would  be  the  case,  this  being  due  to  the  carbon 
dioxid  present  and  the  measured  bacterial  activities  of  the  soil. 

Incubation  tests  have  shown  that  those  plate  having  the  more  compact  con- 
ditions of  soil  contain  the  largest  percentege  of  carbon  dioxid  surviving  or- 
ganisma  Extensive  teste  were  made  to  determine  the  best  media  for  the 
ealtivatlon  of  soil  micro-organisms.  The  resulte  of  these  teste  indicate  that 
bacteria  multiply  excessively  In  neutral  or  alkaline  soils  conteining  decompos- 
able organic  matter  that  is  of  a  carbohydrate  nature. 

Work  was  undertaken  with  a  number  of  greenhouse  crops  to  determine  the 
effect  of  variation  in  the  quality  and  abundance  of  plant  food  in  the  soil  on  the 
composition  of  the  plant  and  ite  fruit  The  experiment  is  essentially  a  com- 
parison of  manure,  with  and  without  chemical  fertilizers,  and  fertilizers  in 


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740  EXPERIMENT  STATION   RECORD.  [YoLM 

different  proportions.  The  results  secared  with  the  lettuce  plant  hare  shown 
that  the  nitrogen  content  of  the  plant  can  be  varied  widely  by  Tarious  fer- 
tilizer treatments.  When  nitrogen,  phosphorus,  and  potassium  in  equal  parts 
were  compared  with  manure  containing  three  times  the  nitrogen  in  the  fer- 
tilizer, it  was  found  that  soils  will  respond  to  applications  of  manure  up  to 
25  tons  of  dry  manure  per  acre  applied  three  times  per  year,  while  ooe-third 
the  nitrogen  in  15  tons  of  dry  manure  applied  with  equal  phosphorus  and 
potash  prevents  the  development  of  normal  plants.  The  various  combinations 
used  have  shown  that  in  greenhouse  forcing,  manure  is  undoubtedly  the  most 
satisfactory  fertilizer.  I^eaf  mold  containing  equal  quantities  of  organic  mat- 
ter is  not  so  available  and  shows  no  results  until  the  second  year.  A  conibiDa- 
tion  of  complete  fertilizers  with  less  manure  may  be  as  satisfactory  as  manure 
alone,  and  a  fertilizer  made  up  of  dried  blood,  dicalcium  phosphate,  and 
potassium  chlorid  will  produce  good  crop  increases. 

[luTestigatioiis  with  fruits  and  vesretables]  (Minnesota  8ia,  Apf.  1918,  fp, 
60-62,  6S,  64) » — Brief  statements  of  progress  made  In  various  lines  of  work  are 
given. 

In  the  fruit  sterility  studies,  all  the  plums  which  have  been  self-poUinat€d 
have  been  found  to  be  self -sterile.  The  Investigation  has  shown  that  there  are ' 
three  distinct  periods  of  dropping  in  the  plum.  The  first  flowers  to  drop  have 
aborted  pistils.  The  nert  drop  occurs  three  or  four  weeks  after  bloom  through 
lack  of  fertilization.  The  so-called  "  June  drop  "  occurs  about  three  weeks  later 
as  a  result  of  embryo  abortion. 

Considerable  attention  has  been  given  to  devising  a  methott  of  determining 
the  relative  hardiness  of  fruit  seedlings.  The  results  of  these  studies  show  that 
the  winter  injury  to  the  tenderest  tissues  of  the  plant  serves  as  an  accurate 
index  of  hardiness.  The  results  of  the  tests  of  trial  plats  at  Deerwood,  Grand 
Rapids,  and  Oloquet  show  that  in  the  raspberry  only  a  very  few  of  the  varie- 
ties in  the  nursery  trade  are  sutBciently  hardy  to  stand  the  winter  in  the  north- 
ern section  of  the  State  uncovered,  and  only  a  few  of  them  are  hardy  when 
covered.  Tests  are  being  made  of  seedlings  from  seed  obtained  from  Canada. 
The  present  status  of  general  varieties  of  fruit  under  observation  is  briefly 
noted. 

In  the  work  with  vegetables,  distinctive  strains  of  beans,  varying  in  size  and 
shape,  productiveness,  color,  and  brittleness  of  pod,  have  been  isolated  from 
the  Refugee  bean  "  1,000  to  1 "  and  are  being  propagated  for  stocks  of  seed. 
Improved  strains  of  the  Alaska  pea  have  also  been  developed.  A  number  of 
selected  strains  of  Hubbard  squash  are  being  tested.  First  generation  tomato 
crolsses  again  proved  more  productive  than  their  parental  mean  and  often 
more  productive  than  the  highest  yielding  parent. 

[Report  of  horticultural  Investigrations]  {Washinfftan  8ta.  BuL  15S  {1919), 
pp.  2t-^4), — ^Brief  statements  of  progress  made  In  various  lines  of  work  are 
given. 

In  a  sterility  test  of  Jonathan  and  Rome  Beauty  apples,  both  varieties  *'  set 
a  few  fruits  without  cross-pollination,  when  pollinated  by  the  normal  fall  of 
pollen  and  distribution  of  pollen  and  by  the  work  of  bees."  The  fruits  set  on 
these  trees  contained  very  few  seeds  and  a  large  proportion  of  seedless  aK>teB. 
Jonathan  in  the  open  orchard  averaged  7  seeds  per  apple  and  Rome  Beauty 
10  seeds  per  apple.  There  was  no  appreciable  difference  in  the  size  or  appear- 
ance of  the  self-pollinated  fruits  and  those  produced  In  the  open  orchard* 

In  the  breeding  work  with  blackberries  and  raspberries,  no  plants  thus  tai 
fruited  are  worthy  of  introduction  as  a  new  variety.  Seedlings  of  Evergreen 
blackberry  were  the  only  ones  that  came  true  to  type.    A  study  of  soil  moisture 


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1919]  HOBTICTJIiTUBB.  741 

in  relation  to  the  keeping  quality  of  apples  clearly  indicates  that  so  long  as 
moisture  conditions  are  such  as  to  produce  normal  firuitt  the  keeping  quality 
of  the  fruit  is  not  noticeably  modified  by  that  fftctor. 

Experiments  with  orchard  cover  crops  were  continued.  It  was  concluded 
that  in  the  rainfUl  section  the  late  plowing  under  of  the  growing  cover  crop  in 
the  spring  resulted  in  the  production  of  humus  at  the  expense  of  the  fruit  crop ; 
hence  only  very  limited  value  can  be  derived  from  cover  cr«^4n  the  orchards 
of  eastern  Washington.  Nitrate  of  soda  has  given  promising  results  in  the 
renovation  of  prune  orchards  in  Clarke  County.  A  list  is  given  of  potato 
varieties  for  different  sections  of  Washington.  A  study  of  frost  injury  to 
tmder  plants  and  fruit  tree  blossoms  has  shown  the  amount  of  frost  injury 
to  be  in  many  cases  inversely  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  new  growth 
devel<qped  by  the  plant  Blossoms  produced  by  the  more  vigorous  plants  are 
more  easily  killed  than  those  produced  by  less  vigorous  plants. 

Baport  from  the  division  of  hortiealture  for  the  year  ended  March  31, 
1917,  W.  T.  Maooun  kt  au  (Cemada  Bxpt.  Farmi  RpU,  1917,  pp.  15,  16,  19,  22, 
35^8,  69,  70,  74,  75,  80,  81,  «7,  90,  91,  106,  105,  109,  lU,  117,  118,  121,  124,  128, 
192,  168,  166,  166, 169,  14O,  144,  W,  i^«).— A  brief  progress  report  on  horticul- 
tural work  at  the  Central  Farm,  together  with  notes  on  tests  of  fruits,  vege- 
tables, and  ornamentals,  at  the  branch  farms  and  stations. 

Xxperiments  with  fertilisers  on  greenhouse  crops,  T.  H.  White  {Maryland 
Sta.  Bui,  222  {1918),  pp.  75-91,  fig.  i).— A  number  of  experiments  designed  to 
determine  the  value  of  various  organic  and  inorganic  materials  as  fertilisers 
for  roses,  carnations,  and  chrysanthemums  are  reported,  together  with  sug- 
gestions for  using  fertllisBers. 

The  author  concludes  from  the  studies  as  a  whole  that  the  best  general 
fertilizer  for  greenhouse  crops  is  cow  manure.  When  cow  manure  is  mixed 
with  the  soil  so  that  it  is  sufficiently  rich  none  of  the  other  manures  or  fer- 
tilizers seem  to  have  any  other  effect  than  to  make  the  foliage  darker  green  in 
color.  Dried  sheep,  cattle,  or  hog  manure  Induced  the  growth  of  more  and 
Ipnger  shoots  on  carnations  than  the  chemical  fertilizers,  but  dried  horse 
manure  did  not  seem  to  have  much  direct  manurial  value. 

Baw  bone  meal  or  phosphate  rock  with  dried  blood  were  good  fertilizers  for 
rosesL  A  mulch  of  stable  manure  pUiced  around  rose  plants  induced  a  new 
growth  of  shoots  when  chemical  fertilizers  failed  to  do  so.  Blther  organic  or 
inorganic  fertilizers  in  solution  gave  good  results  with  carnations.  Nitrate  of 
soda  applied  at  the  rate  of  S  oz.  to  20  sq.  ft.  of  bench  space  once  a  month, 
beginning  BVbruary  1,  was  a  good  fertilizer  for  carnations.  Dried  blood,  raw 
bone  meal,  and  nitrate  of  soda  gave  as  good  results  with  chrysanthemums  as 
the  commercial  brands  of  chemical  fertilizers  or  the  dried  animal  manures  As 
measored  by  the  growth  of  chrysanthemums,  leaching  proved  to  be  a  good 
practice  on  solid  beds  of  soil  that  had  not  been  changed  for  several  years. 
Bnoui^  water  should  be  applied  to  cover  the  bed  at  least  2  in.  deep.  If  none  of 
it  soaked  into  the  sou. 

The  pollination  of  greenhouse  tomatoes,  T.  H.  WRrnc  {Maryland  Sta.  Bui, 
292  (1918),  pp.  96-101,  fifft.  2). — Four  crops  of  tomatoes  were  grown  in  these 
studies,  J.  W.  Reichard  and  A.  White  assisting  in  the  work.  Natural  pollina- 
tion was  compared  with  hand  pollination,  10  varieties  being  used. 

Generally  speaking,  hand  pollinations  made  a  large  increase  in  the  quantity 
^nd  size  of  the  fruit  The  Chalk  Jewel  variety  was  least  benefited  by  hand 
pollination  and  did  not  bear  heavily  under  either  method.  The  Hubert  Marvel 
and  Sterling  Castle  varieties  set  fruit  nearly  as  well  with  natural  as  with 
hand  pollination.    Reichard  suggests  that  this  is  due  to  the  tSLCt  that  these 


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742  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [ToLM 

varieties  have  short  styles  with  which  the  pollen  can  come  readily  into  contact 
.  Varieties  with  protruding  styles,  such  as  Ck^relees,  Farquhar  Bouatlfol,  Early 
Freedom,  and  Comet  were  greatly  benefited  by  hand  pollinatioD.  One  test  was 
made  of  the  jarring  method  of  pollination  and  resulted  In  a  yery  fair  crop. 

Early  tomato  ffrowinft  in  New  Jersey,  R.  W.  DbBauii  (New  Jersey  Stoi. 
arc,  lOS  (1919),  pp.  S-SO,  fig9,  25).— Practical  directions  are  given  for  starting 
the  plants  under  glass  and  their  culture  in  the  fields.  The  principles  discussed 
apply  in  a  large  degree  to  the  growing  of  other  vegetable  crops  and  reference  is 
made  to  such  from  time  to  time. 

Spring  spraying  program  for  1919,  A.  Fka.nk  (WoMhinffUm  8ta.,  We»U 
Wash,  8ta.  Mo.  Bui,  6  {1919),  No.  12,  pp.  1S1-184).—A  list  is  given  of  some  of 
the  common  orchard  diseases  and  insects  with  the  methods  for  their  control 
where  known. 

[Beport  of  the]  fruit  breeding  farm,  Znmbra  Heiiphts,  C.  Hasalson  (iftii- 
nesota  Sta.  Rpt.  1918,  pp.  9Jh98). — ^A  brief  statement  of  progress  made  in  breed- 
ing hardy  fruits,  including  a  report  of  the  committee  (E.  W.  Randall  and  C.  L. 
Smith)   examining  the  fruit-breeding  farm. 

In  addition  to  the  further  test  of  promising  seedlings,  a  number  of  new 
strawberries  and  apples  have  been  sent  to  the  trial  stations.  The  Shiro  X 
Wyant  plum,  on  account  of  its  hardiness  as  well  as  Its  fruit  characteristiGB, 
promises  to  be  one  of  the  best  of  the  seedling  plums  yet  developed.  Additional 
crosses  have  been  made  in  the  plum,  rtLBpberrj,  strawberry*  apple,  blackberry, 
and  dewberry. 

Growing  fruit  for  home  use,  H.  P.  GtOULd  and  G.  M.  Dabbow  {V.  8.  Dept, 
Agr.,  Farmers*  Bui.  1001  {1919),  pp.  S9,  figs,  26). —A  practical  treatise  oo  the 
culture  of  orchard  and  small  fruits  in  the  home  fruit  garden,  including  lists  of 
varieties  recommended  for  the  different  parts  of  the  country. 

Some  soil  treatments  for  mature  apple  orchards,  B.  S.  Pickett  {IlUnois  Sta. 
Circ,  2SS  {1919),  pp.  8-6,  fig.  1). — Practical  suggestions  are  given  for  cultivat- 
ing, mulching,  and  fertilizing  bearing  aj^le  orcharda 

Disease  resistance  of  apples  {Arkansas  Sta.  Bui.  158  {1918),  p.  49). —A  bri^ 
statement  of  progress  made  in  a  study  of  disease  resistance  among  apples. 

Data  already  gathered  indicate  that  there  is  a  wide  range  of  variation  in  tbe 
Busceptibility  of  the  different  varieties  to  different  diseases.  For  example,  tbe 
Jonathan  tree  is  very  susceptible  to  fire  blight  and  resistant  to  blister  canker, 
while  the  Ben  Davis  is  very  susceptible  to  blister  canker  and  resistant  to  fire 
blight 

Prune  the  cherry  trees,  R.  H.  R<»ebts  {Wisconsin  Sta.  BuL  298  {1919),  pp. 
SO,  figs.  21). — Observations  made  on  Early  Richmond  and  Montmorency  trees 
during  the  last  three  years  confirm  the  experiences  of  the  most  successfol 
growers  of  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  who  find,  contrary  to  the  frequent  advice 
that  the  cherry  tree  should  be  pruned  little  if  any,  that  the  sour  cherry  tree 
thrives  best  when  regularly  and  often  heavily  pruned.  Some  of  the  results 
of  the  station*s  observations  are  here  presented  in  tabular  form  and  directions 
are  given  for  training  and  pruning  sour  cherry  trees. 

The  study  as  a  whole  indicates  that  the  top  of  the  tree  should  be  heavily 
pruned  at  planting  In  order  to  secure  a  good  growth  the  first  season.  A 
"  modified-leader  "  tree  has  a  stronger  head,  is  more  spreading,  and  is  lower  than 
an  "  open  center  "  tree.  Early  bearing  usually  takes  place  at  the  expense  of 
fruit  spur  formation.  The  growth  of  young  trees  should  be  encouraged  bj 
pruning  and  otherwise  with  the  view  of  developing  a  large  spur  fruiting  system. 
Spur  blossom  buds  are  hardier  than  the  blossom  buds  along  the  short  branchea 
Annual  pruning  should  be  done  to  avoid  heavy  cutting  at  any  one  time. 


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^•^®^  FORESTRY.  748 

Tralsinff  raspberries  and  blackberries,  J.  L.  S^ahl  {Waahingtfm  Sta,,  West. 
Wm»h,  Sta.  Mo.  BuL,  6  {1919),  No.  It,  pp.  178-181). ^Beveml  methods  of  training 
raq;)berrie8,  blackberries,  and  loganberries  are  described. 

FOBESTBT. 

Forest  research  and  the  war,  E.  H.  Glapp  {Jour.  Forestry,  It  {1919),  No.  S, 
pp.  ft€0-2Tt). — ^A  brief  review  of  those  research  actlTities  of  the  Forest  Service 
of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  that  were  conducted  with  special 
reference  to  meeting  war-time  needs. 

Beconstmetion  and  the  conservation  of  American  forests,  J.  W.  Toumey 
{N.  Y.  Forestry,  1919,  April,  pp.  19-28).— -This  paper  draws  lessods  from  the 
war  relative  to  the  need  of  the  forest  in  uational  defense,  and  makes  a  plea 
for  a  wiser  utilization  a^  conservation  of  American  foresta 

Foiestiy  and  reconstruction  in  New  York,  H.  P.  Bakes  {N.  7.  Forestry, 
1919^  April,  pp.  10-18). — In  this  paper  the  author  suggests  ways  in  which  for^ 
esters  and  forestry  may  assist  in  solving  reconstruction  problems  In  New 
York  State. 

Heed  for  a  unified  forest  research  program,  J.  W.  Toumet  {Jour.  Forestry, 
11  {1919),  No.  S,  pp.  if8i-M9).~The  author  briefly  reviews  methods  of  con- 
doctlng  forest  research  in  some  foreign  countries,  and  makes  an  appeal  for  an 
organization  much  similar  to  the  State  agricultural  experiment  stations  to 
cooperate  with  and  give  directions  to  forest  research  now  l)eing  carried  on  by 
the  Forest  Service  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  State  agencies, 
private  agencies,  and  educational  institutions. 

Some  remarks  on  State  forest  policy,  R.  S.  Hosmer  {Jour.  Forestry,  17 
{1919),  No.  2,  pp.  168-172).— The  author  discusses  the  importance  of  having  a 
definite  enunciation  of  forest  policies  in  State  work. 

Some  reflectiona  upon  Canadian  forestry  problems,  C.  D.  Howe  {Jour.  For- 
estry,  17  {1919),  No.  S,  pp.  290-296).— The  author  briefly  discusses  some  funda- 
mental problems  which  should  be  solved,  with  a  view  to  developing  silvicul- 
tural  systems  to  insure  the  continuous  productivity  of  Canadian  forests. 

Planting  in  relation  to  the  future  of  National  Forests,  F.  R.  Johnson  {Jour. 
Forestry,  17  {1919),  No.  2,  pp.  17S-177)  .-^he  author  points  out  that  the  greatly 
increased  use  of  the  grazing  lands  of  the  National  Forests  as  a  result  of  the 
war  should  not  be  continued  indefinitely,  inasmuch  as  these  lands  have  been 
included  in  the  forests  as  more  valuable  for  forestry  than  for  agriculture  and 
grazing.  A  vigorous  planting  policy  upon  nontimber  land  within  the  forest  is 
adopted.  ^ 

What  the  National  Forests  mean  to  the  water  user,  S.  T.  Dana  {U.  8.  Depi. 
Apr.,  Forest  Service,  1919,  pp.  52,  pi  1,  figs.  35). — In  this  paper  the  author  calls 
attention  to  the  importance  of  forest  cover  in  preventing  the  rapid  run-off  of 
water  and  thereby  regulating  stream  flow  and  water  power,  and  gives  an  ac- 
count of  the  activities  of  the  National  Forest  administration  undertaken  with 
the  idea  of  insuring  the  fullest  protection  and  utilization  of  the  water  supply 
of  the  National  Forests. 

The  National  Forests. — The  last  free  hunting  grounds  of  the  Nation,  A. 
I^opoLD  {Jour.  Forestry,  17  {1919),  No.  2,  pp.  150-155).— The  author  presents 
certain  conclusions  bearing  on  the  present  game  policy  of  the  Forest  Service 
of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  with  special  reference  to  a  predicted 
much  greater  future  demand  for  hunting  on  the  National  Forests. 

The  organisation  of  finance  in  forest  industry,  B.  P.  Kirkland  (Jour.  For* 
estry^  17  {1919),  No.  5»  pp.  256-244).— The  author  calls  attention  to  the  necessity 


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744  EZPERIMBKT  STATION  RECORD.  [VoLM 

of  Improvement  in  organization  of  financial  credit  for  the  development  of  forest 
indufltries*  and  considers  the  proper  constitution  of  a  forest  loan  board  and  its 
methods  of  operation. 

Private  forestry,  H.  8.  GaAvas  (U.  8.  Det4.  Affr.,  Off.  See.  Giro.  129  {191$), 
pp.  11;  Jour,  Forestry,  11  {1919),  No.  «,  pp.  ii5-lW.)— A  paper  on  this  sob- 
Ject  presented  before  the  New  England^ Forestry  Conference  at  Boston,  Masa, 
February  24,  ldl9. 

An  appeal  for  a  constructive  reforestation  policy  on  private  timber- 
lands,  which  now  supply  97  per  cent  of  the  timber  and  other  wood  prodncU 
used  in  the  United  States  and  include  four-fifths  of  the  standing  timber  of  titf 
country.  The  author  briefly  indicates  several  princiifles  which  mast  be  ood- 
sidered  both  by  the  public  and  private  holder  in  developing  an  'effective  pm- 
Ktam  of  forestry  on  private  lands. 

Forestry  as  a  rural  community  project,  R.  S.  Hosi^pa  {N.  Y.  PoreMiry,  1919, 
April,  pp.  5-9).— This  paper  presents  suggeiftions  relative  to  the  cooperadTe 
action  of  woodlot  owners  in  regard  to  marketing  their  products  and  also  tbe 
development  of  community  forests. 

Marketing  timber  from  farm  woodlands,  F.  W.  Beslbt  {Jour.  Foregtry,  /7 
{1919),  No.  2,  pp.  1S5-14S). — ^A  brief  review  of  various  methods  now  employal  in 
marketing  timber  from  farm  woodlands.  The  author  presents  the  plan  of 
cooperation  between  the  Maryland  Forestry  D^wrtment  and  ttie  farmers  of  tbe 
State  for  marketing  timber  and  other  forest  products,  as  a  working  basis  for 
those  who  have  had  difilculty  In  getting  small  woodland  owners  to  practlCB 
forestry. 

Seventh  biennial  report  of  the  State  forester  of  the  State  of  Oalifonis, 
1916-1918,  G.  M.  HoMANS  {Bien.  Rpt.  State  Forewter  CaL,  7  {19X1-19), 
109,  pfo.  IS,  fig.  i).— In  addition  to  a  review  of  the  1918  forest  fire  season 
protective  measures,  practical  suggestions  are  given  on  forest  planting  la  die 
arid  regions  of  southern  California,  including  a  Ust  of  species  recommended  for 
planting  together  with  descriptions  of  the  more  important  tree  species  in  dif- 
ferent sections  of  the  State  Information  is  also  given  relative  to  the  wood 
utilization  service  and  educational  work  of  the  State  Board  of  Forestry. 

Fifteenth  annual  report  of  the  State  forester  [of  Maasachnsetts],  F.  W. 
Rank  {Ann.  Rpt.  State  Forester  Mom.,  16  {1918),  pp.  64,  pis.  4).-^Thls  ie  tbe 
usual  annual  report  relative  to  the  administration  and  management  of  the 
State  nurseries  and  forests  in  Idassachusetts,  including  accounts  of  general 
reforestation  activities  in  the  State  and  moth  and  fire  control  work,  together 
with  recommendations  relative  to  needed  legislation. 

Preliminary  report  of  some  forest  experiments  in  Pennsylvania,  J.  S. 
ILUCK  {Jour.  Forestry,  11  {1919),  No.  S,  pp.  991-^11,  fig.  i).--The  author  briefly 
outlines  the  eiperimental  work  conducted  on  the  State  forests  in  Pennsylvania, 
and  presents  some  data  on  results  secured  with  exotic  tree  spedea.  Some  eiperi- 
ments  in  forest  conversion  are  also  outlined,  and  discussed  with  reference  to 
their  present  status. 

Critical  observations  conoemin^  the  mechanical  theory  of  diameter  growth 
in  trees,  P.  Jaccabo  {Bui.  Soc.  Vaud.  Sci.  Nat.,  51  {1911),  No.  191,  pp.  Ttl- 
298). — In  tills  paper  the  author  presents  further  observations  on  the  causes  of 
diameter  growth  in  trees  in  support  of  his  previous  conclusions  and  in  reeponse 
to  various  objections  to  these  conclusions  (E.  S.  R.,  34,  p.  6S6). 

Tamarack  for  fence  posts,  J.  J.  Cauicusr  <Afo.  BuL  Ohio  Sta.,  4  {1919),  Ne» 
S,  pp.  83-85).— 'To  determine  the  value  of  tamarack  for  fence  poets,  the  statios 
made  a  thorough  examination  of  the  individual  posts  of  a  number  of  fences  in 
those  sections  where  tamarack  has  been  used  for  this  purpose  in  the  past 


S^-'i 


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lUO]  DISEASES  OF  PLANTS.  745 

In  14  repreBentatlve  fences,  wlt^  an  average  age  of  11  yeara,  an  average  of 
65  ptf  cent  of  tlie  posts  were  still  sound  as  compared  with  an  average  of  65.2 
per  cent  sound  oak  posts  of  about  the  same  age.  In  fences  where  neatness  is 
man  desired  than  durability  tamarack  is  straight  and  holds  the  staples  well. 
Wlieie  durability  is  theiirincipal  requirement,  posts  of  locust,  catalpa,  or  cedars 
are  recommended. 

Tlie  stmctore  and  use  of  the  ParanA  pine  forests  of  Brasil,  H.  N.  Whittobd 
iJamr.  Forestry,  11  {19X9),  No.  2,  pp.  15^-168).— A  brief  descriptive  account  of 
tliese  forests  and  their  present  use  as  a  source  of  forest  products. 

Philippine  bamboos,  W.  H.  Bbown  and  A.  F.  Fischer  (iPhiUppine}  Bur. 
Forestry  Bui.  16  {1918),  pp.  82,  pis.  88). — ^The  various  species  are  described,  and 
growth  data  are  given  on  bamboo  plantations  established  by  the  Philippine 
Bnrean  of  Forestry. 

Plkilippine  forest  products  as  sources  of  paper  pulp,  W.  H.  Bbown  and  A.  F. 
FiscHB  {IFhiHppim}  Bur.  Forestry  Bui  16  {1918),  pp.  18,  pi.  i).— This  buUetin 
calls  attoktion  to  a  bamboo  {ScMzostachyum  lumampao)  and  two  grasses 
{Imperata  exaltata)  and  talahlb  {Saccharum  spontaneum),  which  offer  imme- 
diate pro^^ects  for  paper  pulp.  Information  is  given  relative  to  experiments 
conducted  to  determine  the  value  of  these  materials,  together  with  suggestions 
on  utilization  of  a  number  of  other  trees  and  plants  for  paper  making. 


DISEASES  OF  PLANTS. 


X-' 


nie  blochemlstrj  of  resistance  to  disease  in  plants  {Minnesota  Sta.  Rpt. 
y'  1918,  pp.  40,  4i).— In  the  study  of  the  biochemistry  of  disease  resistance  in 
f  I^ants,  the  physiological  effect  of  hydrocyanic  acid  upon  plants,  the  funda- 
mental nutrition  of  B<^erotinia  spp.,  the  enzyms  of  S.  chterea,  and  the  bio- 
chemistry of  resistance  to  cereal  rusts  have  been  investigated. 

In  the  investigation  of  the  nutrition  of  Sclerotlnia,  a  thorough  study  is  being 
made  of  the  source  of  carbon  and  nitrogen,  the  mineral  requirements,  etc., 
of  the  fungus,  and  considerable  progress  is  reported  to  have  been  made  on  the 
study  of  the  source  of  carbon  and  the  reaction  of  the  medium.  Oxalic  and 
dtrie  acids  have  been  proved  to  be  frequent  products  of  the  ^owth  of  the 
fongns,  the  character  of  the  medium  determining  the  amount  of  the  acids- 
present. 

In  the  study  of  the  enzyms  of  8.  cinerea,  pectase  has  so  far  been  found  to 
be  tbe  most  comnum  one. 

In  the  investigation  of  tbe  biochemistry  of  resistance  to  cereal  rusts,  at- 
tempfts  to  grow  FueokUa  iframinis  in  the  absence  of  living  host  cells  have  given 
negative  results.  The  hydrogen-ion  concentration  and  the  specific  electrical 
condnctivity  of  the  juices  from  both  resistant  and  susceptible  wheats  under 
different  conditions  were  determined.  The  hydrogen-ion  concentration  was 
found  remarkably  uniform,  and  the  results  to  date  are  considered  to  show  that 
it  is  extremdy  doubtful  whether  the  hydrogen-ion  concentration  per  se  is 
involved  in  the  phenomena  of  resistance.  The  specific  electrical  conductivity 
of  tbe  juice  paralleled  rather  closely  the  ash  content 

Some  experiments  were  conducted  on  the  germination  and  growth  of  spores 
of  FttfOfium  Uni  In  the  sterile  Juices  of  resistant  and  nonresistant  flax  plants. 
The  fungus  spores  were  found  to  germinate  less  readily  and  to  grow  less 
vigorously  in  the  juices  of  resistant  plants. 

IBQKnrt  of]  division  of  plant  pathology  {Washington  Sta.  BuL  158  {1919), 
pp.  t5-4n).'^A.  progress  report  is  given  on  some  of  the  investigations  carried  on 
during  the  year  ended  June  30, 1918w 


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746  EXPEBIHBKT  STATION  BBCORD.  [VoLM 

In  th^  whait-smut  inyeatigations  it  was  f^nd  that  normal  grains  from  par- 
tially smutted  heads  do  not  transmit  the  disease.  Sprinkling  the  seed  artth 
strong  copper  sulphate  solutions  greatly  reduced  Infection  from  smut  in  tbe 
soil.  Barly  plantings  (August)  were  practically  free  from  smut  and  give  good 
yi^ds.  Smut  loss  can  not  be  accurately  estimated  by  bead  count.  R^lowlaft 
which  had  been  suggested  as  a  means  of  reducing  smut,  increased  rather  tbaa 
reduced  the  yield.  The  use  of  exhaust  fans  on  thrashing  mschlneit,  if  propeily 
installed,  was  found  to  lessen  the  danger  of  explosions,  to  improve  the  quality 
of  the  wheat,  and  to  prevent  much  of  the  smut  dust  from  passing  out  through 
the  stacker. 

Continued  studies  were  made  of  Rhlzoctonia  diseases,  and  it  was  found  that 
the  blight  of  tomato  is  caused  by  Rhizoctonia  and  that  the  disease  may  be 
transmitted  from  the  potato  to  the  tomato.  The  treatment  <^  seed-potato 
tubers  with  mercuric  chiorid,  while  not  Increasing  the  yield  of  table  stock,  la 
recommended  for  use  in  the  production  of  extra  fancy  or  seed  stock  ttee  from 
sclerotia.  Seed  selection,  it  Is  claimed,  is  more  valuable  for  the  prevention  ot 
loss  from  Rhisoctonia  than  seed  treatment. 

In  continuation  of  investigations  of  fire  blight,  leaf  invasions  of  BadOmi 
amylovarus  were  produced  by  inoculation,  and  twig  blight  was  caused  bj 
migration  of  the  organisms  downward  through  the  leaf  petioles. 

Powdery  scab  of  potatoes  Is  considered  comparatively  harmless  in  Wsab- 
Ington,  and  Investigations  have  indicated  that  q[>lndling  sprouts  of  potatoes 
may  result  from  poor  conditions  of  storage. 

Brief  notes  are  given  on  the  identification  of  a  number  of  miscdllaneoiis 


Spraying  for  fungrus  diseases:  How  to  prepare  Bordeaux,  D.  McAlpini 
(Fruit  World  Austral^  19  (1918),  No.  9,  pp.  £2^  iS&f).-~In  addition  to  givhig 
directions  for  the  preparation  of  fungicides,  the  author  states  that  no  amount 
of  poor  or  aipslaked  lime  could  produce  good  Bordeaux  mixture,  failures  being 
often  attributable  to  the  use  of  such  a  defective  ingredient  A  sin[q[>le  copper 
sulphate  solution  (2  lbs.  copper  sulphate  to  60  gal.  water)  with  4  lbs.  soft  soap 
nmkes  a  cheap  and  valuable  fungicide  for  dry  districts,  but  it  may  scorch  the 
leaves  if  applied  after  the  buds  open.  Spraying  should  commence  when  the 
buds  are  Just  on  the  point  of  bursting.  Properly  prepared  Bordeaux  will  not 
injure  apples  even  when  in  full  bloom,  and  the  operation  should  be  deferred 
until  the  blooms  are  at  least  partially  open. 

Copper  stearate,  A.  H.  Lees  {Univ,  Bristol,  Ann.  Rpt,  Agr.  tmd  Eort.  Resear^^ 
8ta.,  1917,  pp.  S9-4^). — ^Paraffin  emulsion  having  given  satisftictory  results  as 
regards  the  wetting  of  difficult  surfaces  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  750),  the  author  made 
an  attempt  to  combine  soap  with  Burgundy  mixture  (Bordeaux  being  consid- 
ered  unsuitable  for  that  purpose)  made  In  the  ordinary  way. 

It  was  found  that  interaction  occurred,,  resulting  in  a  curdy  precipitate  and 
rendering  the  soap  inactive.  The  addition  of  ammonia  to  copper  sulphate  gave 
a  stable  mixture,  but  required  a  considerable  amount  of  ammonia,  which  gradr 
ually  evaporated,  leaving  the  copper  sulphate  to  react  with  the  soap.  The  sor 
f^ce  was  thus  finally  covered  with  a  soap  which  is  called  copper  stearate.  liesi 
ammonia  was  required  if  a  certain  amount  of  caustic  soda  was  added  at  the 
same  time  as  the  carbonate  and  soap,  but  the  resulting  mixture  caused  defolia- 
tion and  was  otherwise  somewhat  unsatisfactory.  Later  it  was  found  that  If 
the  mixing  took  place  in  the  reverse  way,  copper  sulphate  solution  being  added 
to  soap  solution,  a  more  satisfactory  result  could  be  obtained  so  long  as  the  soap 
was  in  excess  and  the  solutions  sufficiently  dilute.  Tl^e  mixture  when  msde  as- 
sumes a  characteristic  opaque  light  blue  color,  which  proved  to  be  due  to  an 


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19191  DISEASES  OF  PLANTS.  747 

exceedingly  fine  precipitate  of  a  copper-soap  compound,  the  particles  of  which 
ippeared  to  be  in  a  state  of  emulsion  in  the  soap  solution.  Slight  differences 
in  composition  gave  considerable  variation  in  the  appearance,  behavior,  and 
»fiFeets  of  the  compound. 

Since  the  mixture  contains  soap  in  excess,  it  is  possib4e  to  increase  the  wetting 
powers  greatly  by  combining  with  it  a  2  per  cent  paraffin  emulsion,  the  con»- 
t>ined  mixture  adhering  readily  to  resistant  surfaces  like  the  summer  stage  of 
the  American  gooseberry  mildew.  Without  the  paraffin  emulsion  the  copper 
Btearate  mixture  spreads  well  on  the  foliage,  and  when  dry  l^ves  an  almost 
Imperceptible  film  of  exceedingly  fine,  dose  particles,  which  may  be  regarded 
for  practical  fungicidal  purposes  as  continuous.  Such  a  sprayed  surface  has  a 
farther  advantage  in  that  it  resists  wetting  completely,  water  running  off  in 
drops  instead  of  spreading.  This  may  be  due  to  a  slight  decomposition  of  the 
copper  stearate  into  stearic  acid  or  may  be  a  property  of  the  stearate  itself. 

A  preliminary  test  appeared  to  show  that  copper  stearate  may  be  sufficiently 
dissolved  by  root  hairs  to  cause  copper  poisoning,  this  fact  leading  to  the  con- 
clusion that  it  may  be  employed  as  a  fungicide. 

Diseases  of  crrains  and  forage  crops,  M.  T.  Cook  and  J.  P.  Heltab  {New 
Jersey  Bias,  Circ.  102  {1918),  pp.  16,  ftga,  5). — Popular  notes  are  given  on  the 
more  common  diseases  to  which  cereals  and  forage  crops  are  subject. 

Oat  smut  control,  W.  Van  Pelt  {Mo.  Bui.  Ohio  fifta.,  4  {1919),  No.  5,  pp.  9t-- 
95), — ^Directions  are  given  for  the  treatment  of  oats  for  the  prevention  of  smut, 
the  so-called  dry  application,  which  consists  of  spraying  the  seed  with  a  strong 
solution  of  formaldehyde,  being  compared  with  sprinkling  the  seed  with  a  solu- 
tion of  1  pint  formaldehyde  to  40  gal.  water.  The  results  obtained  by  the  dif- 
ferent methods  Indicate  that  formaldehyde  solutions  (1  pint  to  40  gal.)  are  gen- 
erally absolutely  safe  and  effective,  while  the  so-called  dry  treatment  Is  unsafe 
on  acconnt  of  injury  to  germination. 

Fnnsroid  and  insect  pests  and  their  control — ^I,  Vegetable  and  pulse  crops, 
F.  O.  MosLEY  {Reading,  [Eng.l:  Author,  1918,  pp.  26,  figs.  55).— Brief  accounts 
are  given  of  the  life  history.  Injurious  effects,  and  control  measures  in  con- 
nection with  animal  pests,  slime  molds,  and  fungi  attacking  vegetables  and 
legumes. 

Farther  experiments  on  the  Bhizoctonia  disease  of  asparagus,  B.  T.  P. 
Baskkb  and  C.  T.  GiiiiNOHAic  {Vniv.  Bristol,  Ann.  Rpt.  Agr.  and  Hort,  Re- 
search Sia.,  1917,  pp.  28-92,  fig.  1). — ^The  results  of  studies  subsequent  to  those 
previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  G48)  and  employing  the  same  general  pro- 
cedure are  said  to  confirm  the  conclusions  previously  reached,  and  to  afford 
ground  for  the  hope  that  an  effective  method  for  dealing  with  pathogenic  soil 
fungi  may  at  last  be  evolved.  The  time  of  applications  of  the  fungicides  is 
thouc^t  to  be  an  important  factor  in  this  work,  as  the  fungus  appears  to 
winter  in  the  soil  in  a  resting  condition.  The  treatment  was  applied  about  the 
middle  of  April.  It  Is  thought  possible  that  a  later  application  might  have 
proved  more  effective. 

Onion  diseases  found  in  Ohio,  W.  Van  Pelt  {Mo.  Bui  Ohio  Sta.,  4  {1919),' 
No.  S,  pp.  70-76,  figs.  6). — ^Descriptions  and  suggestions  for  control  are  given  for 
the  principal  diseases  occurring  In  Ohio  on  onions. 

Potato  diseases  in  New  Jersey,  M.  T.  Cook  {New  Jersey  8tas.  Circ.  105 
{1919),  pp.  58,  figs.  19). — ^The  author  describes  potato  diseases  known  to  occur 
in  New  Jersey  and  offers  suggestions  for  their  control. 

Potato  spraying,  S.  Pickering  {Gard.  Chron.,  S.  ser.,  6i  {1918),  No.  1657,  p. 
15i ).—CJomparatlve  tests  with  Burgundy,  Bordeaux,  and  Bordorlte  mixtures  at 
Wobum  are  said  to  have  shown  that  of  these  mixtures  Bordorlte  possessed 


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748  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEGORD.  (VoLM 

adfaesiyeDess  superior  to  tbat  of  Burgundy  in  all  cases  and  to  that  of  Bordeaux 
in  most  cases.  Bordeaux  was  somewhat  superior  in  every  case  but  one  to 
Burgundy  mixture.  In  every  case  the  ultimate  deposit  was  in  the  form  of  a 
carbonate  of  copper.  In  case  of  Burgundy  the  copper  was  dq;KMlted  InitlaUr 
as  carbonate  and  in  the4>ther  two  mixtures  as  basic  sulphate,  which  was  oon- 
verted  Into  carbonate,  such  conversion  implying  supposedly  a  much  finer  and 
a  more  adherent  deposit  The  superiority  of  Bordeaux  over  Burgundy  in  tbii 
respect  Is,  however,  reduced  by  the  presence  of  particles  of  ^cess  lime,  whidi, 
owing  to  their  •size,  are  easily  removed  from  the  leaf  surfaces,  carrying  with 
them  some  of  the  copper  and  reducing  its  adhesiveness  nearly  to  the  levd  of 
that  of  Burgundy. 

Potato  spraying  for  farmers,  B.  S.  Salmon  {Jour,  Bd.  Agr.  [L(mdom\,  24 
ildll).  No.  S,  pp.  265-^4,  pis.  ^).~Thls  article.  Intended  for  practical  potato 
growers,  contains  an  account  of  spraying  experiments  carried  out  on  the  farm 
at  Wye  College  for  several  seasons  demonstrating  the  benefit  to  be  derived 
from  the  proper  preparation  and  timely  use  of  Bordeaux  and  Burgundy  mix- 
tures for  potato  late  blight  {Phytophihora  infestans).  These  sprays  are  coBr 
sldered  superior  to  dust  sprays  in  seasons  of  severe  blight  attack. 

Diseases  of  tomatoes,  M.  T.  Cook  and  W.  H.  Mabtin  {New  Jersey  8toi.  Cina 
104  USiS],  pp.  15,  figs.  6). — Descriptions  are  given  of  some  of  the  more  commoo 
tomato  diseases,  and  so  far  as  definite  means  are  known,  control  measures 
are  suggested. 

Damplng-ofl  and  collar  rot  of  tomatoes,  G.  T.  Spinks  {Univ.  Bristol,  Afm. 
Rpt.  Agr.  and  Hort.  Research  8ta,,  1917,  pp.  25-^  )• — ^A  damplng-off  and  collar 
rot  of  tomatoes  grown  under  glass  has  recently  received  serious  attention,  as 
a  result  of  which  it  Is  stated  that  the  two  diseases  differ  only  as  regards  the 
age  at  which  the  plants  are  Infected.  There  is  thus  only  one  disease  in  ques- 
tion, and  most  of  the  observations  apply  to  attacked  plants  of  all  ages. 

The  causal  organism  Is  evidently  a  Phytophthora,  though  no  form  of  froetl- 
flcation  has  been  found  except  sporangia,  the  organism  not  having  been 
grown  In  pure  culture.  The  Infection  is  thought  to  persist  year  by  year  In  the 
soil  unless  removed  by  sterilization,  though  the  possibility  of  Its  transmissioa 
by  means  of  water  Is  not  excluded  by  the  results  of  observations  noted. 

Fungus  diseases  [of  fruit  trees],  H.  W.  Davxt  {Jour.  Depi.  Agr.  Victoria,  1€ 
{1918),  No.  2,  pp.  lO^r-lOl). — ^These  notes  discuss  apple  black  spot  or  scab,  stone 
fruit  shot-hole,  peach  curl,  root  rot  (Armillaria),  citrus  collar  rot,  and 
chlorosis,  with  a  discussion  of  fungicides  appropriate  to  these  diseases  and 
the  preparation  and  use  of  Bordeaux  mixture  and  iron  sulphate. 

Silver  leaf  disease,  P.  S.  Hatwabd  (Gfard.  Chron.,  B.  ser.,  64  {1918),  No. 
1659,  p.  148). — Cases  of  silver  leaf  of  fruit  trees  are  noted  as  having  arises 
apparently  as  a  result  of  traumatism  or  of  imperfect  union  between  stock  and 
graft  and  as  having  extended  both  upward  and  downward.  No  organism  was 
found  in  this  connection.  The  course  of  the  disease  was  marked  by  silverio; 
of  the  foliage,  partial  development  of  the  fruit,  deflci^icy  of  growth,  and 
death  of  the  branches  and  finally  the  tree.  Poor  drainage  and  addlty  of  the 
soil  may  be  involved. 

Black  spot  of  pear,  J.  O.  Vkaix  {Jour.  Agr.  INeto  Zeal.},  16  {1918),  No.  5,  99^ 
288-290,  fig.  1). — Oivlng  the  results  of  orchard  experi^ice,  the  author  states 
that  after  a  bad  attack  in  1915,  owing  to  neglect  of  spraying,  the  use  in  1916 
of  a  winter  10 :  10 :  40  Bordeaux  application  and  of  a  4 : 4 :  40  strength  aft^ 
the  fruit  had  set  improved  the  pear  crop  considerably.  Tests  In  1917  of  a 
winter  8:6:40  Bordeaux,  a  pink  spray  at  6:4:50,  and  a  strength  of  3:4:40 
with  the  first  arsenate  spray  gave  some  good  fruit  in  ^pite  of  the  general  fallore 


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IMO]  DISEASES  OFFIiAlTTS.  749 

Kf   that   year.     The  resalts  of  this   season's   work   are   regarded   as   very 
Hicouraging. 

It  Is  considered  Important  to  spray  thoroughly,  at  hlg^  pressure  (aboTe  210 
[bs.  per  square  Inch),  and  precisely  at  the  time  required  for  each  variety. 

Hotes  on  tbe  fruit  blossom  bacillus,  O.  Qbove  (Univ.  Bristol,  Ann.  Rpt  Agr, 
tnd  Hart.  Research  8ta.y  1917,  pp.  21^24), — ^The  bacillus  causing  a  serious  dis> 
Base  affecting  particularly  pear  blossoms  and  fruit  spurs  of  pear  trees  was 
investisated  in  a  series  of  experiments  carried  on  during  1917  at  the  station 
to  ascertain  whether  it  was  sufRciently  common  in  the  soil  to  Justify  the 
presumption  that  the  disease  Is  carried  by  insects  from  the  soil  to  the  plants. 

It  appears  that  the  organism  is  fairly  common  in  the  soil  in  April,  but  not 
earlier,  adhering  to  the  roots  of  various  plants  which  are  mentioned,  although 
tests  as  to  its  eifect  upon  the  growth  of  some  of  these  gave  inconclusive 
results.  The  characters  of  this  organism  are  said  to  correspond  very  dos^y 
to  tliose  of  the  fruit  blossom  bacillus. 

Black  spot  and  leaf  carl,  W.  Laidlaw  and  G.  C.  Bbittlebark  {Fruit  World 
AM9traL^  19  (1918),  No.  9,  pp.  21k-^ll,  figs.  i0).~Te8ts  with  c<9per  acetate 
against  peach  leaf  curl  {Bxoascus  deformans)  showed  good  results  so  far  as 
carried.  Burgundy  gave  better  results  at  6 : 8 :  40  strength  than  did  Bordeaux 
mixture.    The  spray  should  be  applied  when  the  buds  are  in  the  pink  stage. 

Black  qiot  of  apple  due  to  Venturia  incequiUis  appeared  to  be  influenced  more 
by  the  time  of  spraying  than  by  the  fungicide  employed,  although  lime-sulphur 
gave  better  results  than  did  Bordeaux  mixture.  .  The  application  should  be 
made  when  the  central  blooms  of  the  cluster  are  fully  open. 

Control  of  brown  rot,  J.  W.  Coixabd  {Jour.  Agr.  {New  ZeaU},  16  {1918),  No. 
5,  pp.  27S-28St  figs.  2). — ^A  provisional  account  of  studies  looking  to  protection 
against  peach  brown  rot  {Monilia  fructigena)  in  the  northern  districts  of  New 
Zealand  after  the  severe  attack  of  1916-17  states  that,  while  valuable  infor- 
mation has  been  gained,  no  definite  course  of  treatment  can  yet  be  recom- 
mended as  reliable  under  adverse  conditions.  Intense  attacks  appear  to  be 
due  primarily  to  weather  conditions,  secondarily  to  soil  and  situation,  and 
thirdly  to  variety,  though  the  softer  peaches  are  not  more  susceptible,  as  was 
formerly  heAA. 

Tentative  conclusions  offered  are  to  the  effect  that  Bordeaux  mixture  at 
2: 8: 50  as  a  summer  spray  is  too  strong  for  peaches,  and  any  beneficial  effects 
are  as  yet  undecided.  Lime-sulphur  and  atomic  sulphur  caused  more  or  less 
leaf  marking  on  all  varietiea  Soil  dressings  of  iron  sulphate  at  the  rate  of 
1  and  2  lbs.  per  tree  were  made  without  appreciable  effect.  The  need  for 
careful  and  Judicious  thinning  of  the  fruit  is  indicated  by  tl^e  large  per- 
centage of  infection  at  points  where  fruits  are  in  contact.  Destruction  of  all 
afEected  fruits  Is  regarded  as  essential,  and  all  prunings  should  also  be 
destroyed.    Further  work  Is  expected  to  lead  to  more  definite  conclusions. 

Plmn  diseases,  h.  Soxtbsac  {Prog.  Agr.  et  Vit.  {Ed.  VEst-Centrc),  59  (1918), 
No.  8,  pp.  180-185). — Physiological  diseases  noted  Include  court-nou6,  chlorosis, 
asphyxiation  (due  to  soil  conditions),  gummosis,  and  injuries  due  to  hail  and 
other  causea  Gryptogamlc  diseases  include  root  rot  {ArmiUaria  mellea,  Agari- 
cus  meUeus,  Dematophora  necatrix,  Rosellinia  necatrix),  trunk  and  branch 
rots  {Polyporus  fulvus),  mosses  and  lichens  in  moist  situations,  rust  {Puccinia 
pruni  spinosig.  Poly  stigma  rubrum),  plum  pockets  {Exoascus  pruni),  spotting 

{FuMdadium  pruni),  brown  rot  or  gray  rot  {Monilia  oinerea,  {Stromatkiia) 

dnerea),  and  cracking  (of  doubtful  causation). 
For  cryptogamic  diseases  of  plum  a  treatment  with  Bordeaux  mixture  after 

the  appearance  of  the  foliage  in  spring  is  considered  as  being  generally  safe, 


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750  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  tVoL4« 

practically  assurtng  a  good,  clean  crop  of  fruit  and  leaving  the  foliage  and  trees 
in  good  condition. 

How  to  combat  fonffua  diaeasea,  F.  rac  Gastklla.  (FruU  Worid  AustroL,  19 
{1918),  No,  9,  p.  £id).— Thia  note  gives  the  aabatance  of  an  address  by  tbe 
author  to  the  fmit  growers  at  Ardmona,  August,  1918,  dealing  with  grape 
downy  mildew,  gray  rot,  and  black  rot,  and  with  the  employment  of  the  pre- 
ventive i^rays  Bordeaux  and  Burgundy  mixture  and  admixtures  to  increase 
their  adhesiveness. 

Calcium  carbid  for  grape  ddium  and  down j  mildew,  J.  B.  Latxond  (Prof. 
Agr,  et  Vit  {Ed,  VEsi-Centre),  S8  {1917),  No.  37,  pp.  269, 1^70).— The  author  re^ 
ports  the  employment  in  connection  with  severe  Oldium  and  downy  mildew 
attack  of  calcium  carbid,  applied  abundantly  in  the  form  of  a  fine  powder  to 
the  surfaces  and  followed  by  a  very  fine  spray  of  water.  The  effects  of  the 
acetylene  gas  were  very  striking  as  regards  control  of  the  diseajses  on  botii 
fdiage  and  fruit. 

Rational  protection  for  grapevines  aflrainst  downj  mildew,  O.  AiJimBT 
{Prog.  Agr.  et  Vit.  {Ed.  VEst  Centre),  59  {1918),  No.  19,  pp.  445-449).— Obevnr 
tions  are  said  to  confirm  the  view  that  spraying  should  conform  to  age  and 
consequent  growth  of  vines  in  order  to  avoid  the  exposure  of  areas  to  infectioa 
by  continued  growth  and  by  removal  of  the  fungicide  due  to  predpitation. 
Suggested  e^rayings  to  the  number  of  six  are  tabulated  to  agree,  as  regards 
the  first  four,  in  case  of  black  rot  and  of  severe  or  moderate  mildew  infectkm, 
with  the  appearance  of  certain  numbers  of  leaves,  the  last  of  these  being  em- 
ployed about  August  20. 

Positive  control  of  grape  downy  mildew,  A.  Gadobkt  (Prog.  Agr.  et  VH, 
{Ed.  VEst'Centre),  S8  {1917),  No.  55,  pp.  229,  WO.)— An  example  is  given  show- 
ing the  absolute  control  of  grape  downy  mildew  obtained  by  the  employment 
before,  during,  and  after  rain  of  Bordeaux  mixture  at  a  2.5  per  cent  cof^Kr 
strength  with  an  equal  proportion  of  lime. 

0rape  downj  mildew  control  during  1918,  A.  Cadobkt  {Prog.  Agr.  et  VU. 
{Ed.  VE8t'Centre),  39  {1918),  No.  17,  pp.  392,  ^5).— Attempts  at  combating 
grape  downy  mildew  are  said  to  have  been  absolutely  effective  with  certain 
hybrids  when  employing  the  blue  basic  copper  spray,  particularly  during  or 
after  a  very  misty  or  rainy  period.  Both  copper  sulphate  and  lime  should  be 
present  in  a  strength  not  less  than  3  per  cent,  and  the  vines  should  present  a 
distinct  blue  color  from  June  10  to  July  16.  This  mixture  is  supposed  to  owe 
its  efificiency  not  only  to  the  copper  compound  but  also  to  the  lime  and  to  the 
adherence  of  the  reserve  copper. 

Precipitation  and  grape  downy  mildew  in  1917,  L.  Graftal  {Prog.  Agr.  d 
Vit.  {Ed.  VEst'Centre),  38  {1917),  No.  43,  pp.  4iM^^).— I>ata  presented  with 
discussion  are  considered  to  show  a  distinct  relation  between  precipitation  and 
other  factors  (particularly  in  1902  and  1917)  and  the  prevalence  of  grape 
downy  mildew. 

Eelworm  disease  (blackhead)  of  bananas,  W.  No  well  {Agr.  New9  [Bar 
badosj,  17  {1918),  No.  4^2,  p.  206).— The  author  notes  briefly  information  col- 
lected regarding  a  serious  condition  affecting  the  coarse  banana  known  in 
Grenada  as  bluggoe  and  ascribed  to  a  nematode,  possibly  Tylenchut  timiUt, 
concerning  which  further  information  is  being  sought  The  trouble  may  appear 
in  plants  of  any  age  as  a  drying  of  the  outer  leaves  and  later  of  the  fruit  bunch, 
the  development  of  which  is  quickly  arrested.  Bulbs  and  roots  of  young  sudcen 
from  diseased  parent  plants  may  carry  the  infection.  The  nematode  appears  to 
be  widely  distributed,  attacking  ^ven  vigorous  plants. 

Bud  rot  disease  of  coconuts,  S.  F.  Ashbt  {Jomr.  Jamaica  Agr.  8oc.,  22 
{1918),  No.  8,  pp.  331-^33).— Ooconut  bud  rot,  previously  referred  to  (B.  S.  R.. 

uigitizea  Dy  '^^..jkjkjwik^ 


mO]  ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ^BKTOMOLOGY,  751 

W  p.  840),  is  mid  to  exist  in  two  forms,  each  of  which  kills  the  trees  with 
(Qsiially)  a  soft  stinking  rot  in  the  heart  of  the  cabbage.  In  one  type  the 
dropping  of  the  yonng  nnts  is  followed  by  the  breaking  down  of  the  limbs, 
though  the  host  may  not  be  killed  for  some  weeks  or  months.  In  the  other  type, 
BOW  widespread  in  St.  Thomas  and  Portland  where  it  has  gradually  Increased 
ihice  the  hurricane  of  1817,  the  first  disease  indication  is  a  drooping  of  the 
heart  leaf,  which  soon  dries  up,  the  tree  being  in  a  dying  condition  from  the 
first  aiqpearance  of  the  trouble.  This  type  is  due  to  a  fungus,  the  progress  of 
which  is  described.  Destruction  of  the  whole  tree  by  fire  as  soon  as  the  disease 
is  discovered  is  recommended,  as  the  infection  is  spread  by  means  of  wind, 
insects,  and  birds,  attacking  trees  of  all  ages,  but  more  particularly  those  on 
deep,  rich,  alluvial  soils  in  .wet  districts  where  rapid  growth,  sappy  wood,  and 
eariy  bearing  are  more  noticeable. 

IMseaMS  of  coconuts  in  Jamaica,  W.  Nowell  (Affr.  News  {BarhadOM},  17 
{1918) t  No.  i27,  pp.  286,  287). — ^Thls  contains  a  brief  account  of  the  coconut  bud 
rot  diseases  discussed  by  Ashby,  as  above  noted,  also  of  leaf  bitten  phenomena 
aald  to  exist  in  four  forms.  The  most  frequent  of  these  is  caused  by  the  pine- 
apple fungus  (Thi€laiHop8i9  paradoxa),  the  second  widely  spread  but  less'  fre- 
quent form  by  a  small  yeast,  the  third  by  a  downy  mildew  (Phytophthora  sp.), 
and  the  fourth  by  the  rhinoceros  beetle  {Strategus  sp.).  These  forms  are 
briefly  described. 

The  minimnm  Bordeaux  application  for  the  control  of  Hemileia,  B.  M. 
AiMCA  {PhUipptne  Agr.  and  Forester,  6  (1918),  No.  9,  pp.  251-271)  .—The  prin- 
cipal obstacle  to  coffee  production  in  the  Philippines  for  some  years  having 
been  found  to  be  leaf  rust  {H.  vastairia)  an  investigation  has  been  made  of  this 
disease,  the  results  of  which  are  tabulated  and  discussed. 

A  stock  solution  of  3 : 5 :  50  Bordeaux  was  used  at  25,  60,  and  75  per  cent  of 
Its  fhll  strength.  The  75  per  cent  solution  employed  every  three  weeks  gave 
fkir  results,  as  did  the  50  per  cent  strength  employed  every  two  weeks.  Weaker 
Mrtutions  or  longer  intervals  gave  slight  protection  and  were  employed  at  a 
kMB.  It  was  shown  that  for  the  best  results  spraying  should  begin  before  the 
infection  Is  perceptible.  GaracoltUo  coifee  on  the  college  farm  was  Infected 
earlier  than  was  native  coffee  at  San  Antonio.  A  net  profit  from  spraying  was 
obtained  on  two  lots  of  coifee  at  Los  Bafios. 

The  diseases  of  rosea,  L.  M.  M asset  {Trans.  Mass.  Hort.  Soo.,  1918,  pt.  1,  pp. 
%i-10U  pl9,  2). — ^This  somewhat  general  account  of  rose  diseases  deals  also  with 
experimentation  on  their  control. 

Black  spot  {Diplocarpon  rosw)  was  effectively  controlled  by  the  use  of  lime- 
mlphur  1:50,  Bordeaux  mixture  5:5:50,  or  a  dust  mixture  consisting  of  90 
parts  finely  ground  sulphur  and  10  parts  lead  arsenate,  the  last  mentioned  being 
preferred  on  account  of  its  ease  of  application  and  of  its  causing  less  discolora- 
tion than  the  others.  In  connection  with  powdery  mildew  {Sphofrotheca  pan- 
sots),  the  dust  mixture  proved  superior  in  fungicidal  value  and  less  objection- 
able as  regards  the  resulting  appearance  of  the  plants  than  Bordeaux  mixture 
or  lime-salphur.  Grown  canker  {Cplindrocladium  seoparium)  is  said  to  be 
uder  experimentation  as  regards  proper  control  measures.  Grown  gall  (Boo- 
ftrtem  tumefaoiens)  is  said  to  live  for  years  in  soil  once  infected,  supposedly 
attacking  the  plants  as  a  wound  parasite. 

ECONOMIC  ZOOLOOT— ENTOMOLOOT. 

Annual  report  of  the  governor  of  Alaska  on  the  Alaska  game  law,  1918, 
T.  Rises,  JB.  {U.  8.  Depi.  Agr.,  Dur.  Biol.  Survey,  1919,  pp.  i^).— This  is  the 
usual  annual  report  on  the  administration  of  the  Alaska  game  law,  in  which 


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752  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RBGOBD.  [ToLM 

information  is  given  on  the  statns  of  game,  particularly  big  game,  and  reeon- 
meodations  as  to  a  revision  of  the  game  laws  are  mresented.  lists  of  bmitlDg 
licenses  and  general  game  shipping  licenses  issued  for  the  year  ended  June  80, 
1918,  are  appended. 

A  convenient  method  of  haadliner  large  numbem  of  individuals  in  lilt 
history  studies  of  insects,  R.  A.  Oushman  {Proo.  Bnt.  Soe,  Wa9h^  ftO  {1918), 
No.  5,  pp.  m-lU,  ftg^  1). 

The  development  of  a  portable  insectary,  A.  W.  Touno  (Jotcr.  Axm.  BnL, 
11  (191Sh  No,  6,  pp.  47M79,  pi.  i).— This  article  gives  a  description,  spedfictr 
tions,  and  plan  of  a  field  insectary  made  use  of  in  gipsy  moth  investigatioiiB  ^ 
the  Bureau  of  Entomology  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Observations  on  the  mode  of  action  of  contact  insecticides,  W.  Hcon 
{Jour.  Econ.  Eni.,  11  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  44S-44S).—The  author's  ezperimenti 
here  reported  show  that  a  contact  insecticide  containing  oil  or  soap  may  pene- 
trate the  tracheae  of  the  insect,  "  thus  preventing  normal  oxidations  from  taking 
place  in  the  insect's  body  with  the  result  that  the  insect  dies' firom  their  mecbaa- 
ical  action  alone.  In  order  to  insure  death  in  this  manner  it  is  necessary  tbat 
all  the. tracheae  be  filled  with  the  epray.  The  vapor  of  the  insecticide  sucti  u 
nicotin  may  produce  death  by  chemical  action  without  materially  influencing 
the  intake  of  oxygen.  .  .  .  Field  experiments  with  sprays  containing  free 
nicotin  have  shown  that  the  efficacy  of  such  sprays  is  sometimes  increased  60 
per  cent  by  the  addition  of  soap.  .  •  .  The  clothes  louse  was  able  to  closs  its 
trache«  quickly  enough  to  keep  out  soap  solutions,  lubricating  oils,  xylene^  and 
in  seven  cases  out  of  twelve  even  ether  was  prevented  f  nMn  entering." 

A  study  of  the  effect  of  storacrc,  heat,  and  moistore  on  pyrethrum,  W.  S. 
Abbott  {U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.  Bui.  771  {1919),  pp.  6).— The  author  reports  upon 
dusting  and  dipping  tests  made  of  Pffrethrum  cinerariastolium  at  the  testing 
laboratory  of  the  Insecticide  and  Fungicide  Board  of  this  Department  at 
Vienna,  Va.,  the  results  of  which  are  summarised  as  follows : 

"  Whole  and  ground  flower  heads  kept  in  sealed  fruit  jars  for  160  wedn  were 
not  injured.  Ground  flower  heads  kept  in  tightly  closed  glass  containers  for  5) 
years  lost  practically  all  of  their  effectiveness.  Whole  flow^  heads  kept  in 
tightly  closed  glass  containers  for  5i  years  were  practically  unhurt  Whole 
flower  heads  exposed  in  an  open  dish  in  a  room  for  150  we^s  were  not  in- 
jured. Ground  flower  heads  were  not  injured  by  an  exposure  for  34  weeka 
in  an  open  dish  in  a  room.  Their  value  was  materially  reduced  by  an  ex- 
posure of  136  weeks  and  they  were  practically  worthless  at  the  end  of  150 
weeks.  Whole  and  ground  flower  heads  were  uninjured  by  an  exposure  to 
the  weather  of  12  weeks,  but  an  exposure  of  21  weeks  greatly  reduced  their 
efficiency.  Powdered  flower  heads  heated  at  120*  G.  for  18  hours  were  pn^ 
tically  uninjured,  but  a  temperature  of  130  to  140°.  for  the  same  length  of  time 
destroyed  practically  all  of  their  effectiveness.  Ground  flower  heads  wers 
slightly  injured  by  soaking  for  24  hours  in  cold  water,  and  materially  injured 
by  soaking  for  the  same  length  of  time  in  hot  water." 

Beport  of  entomologist,  W.  B.  Hinds  {Alabama  OoL  Sta.  Rpt.  1919,  pp.  ft- 
29). — ^A  brief  statement  of  the  status  of  the  work  on  the  Adams  fund  projeds 
on  the  rice  weevil,  the  use  of  arsenate  of  lead  against  the  boll  weevil,  and 
fumigation. 

[Beport  on]  entomology,  J.  Troop  {Indiana  Sta.  Rpt.  1918,  pp.  $0,  Sl).—Tbli 
is  a  brief  statement  of  the  work  of  the  year,  including  mlscellaneons  notes  od 
insect  depredations  in  which  mention  is  made  of  the  occurrence  of  a  plant  loose 
{Cfeoica  8(juamo$a)  which,  though  rarely  troublesome  in  the  State,  during  flie 
year  destroyed  whole  flelds  of  barley  as  well  as  doing  considerable  damage  to 


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1M»]  ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ^ENTOMOLOGY.  .  753 

rye  An  andetermined  membradd  which  attacks  the  stems  of  beans  below  the 
Borfiice  of  the  soU  by  first  making  a  cone-shaped  opening  in  the  soil  around  tho 
stem  was  a  source  of  damage  to  the  bean  crop. 

(Beport  on]  divifllon  of  zoology  and  entomology  {Wiishinfftim  Bta,  BuU  15$ 
{1919),  pp.  34-^8,  fig.  i).— This  is  a  brief  statement  of  the  work  of  the  year 
ended  June  30,  1918,  under  the  headings  of  cranberry  insects,  immunity  of 
San  Jo86  acale  to  sprays,  taxonomy  of  insects,  and  biological  survey  of  Wash- 
ington. 

It  la  stated  that  newly  introduced  insects  have  for  several  years  been  in* 
creasing  to  such  an  extent  as  to  threaten  the  cranberry  industry  of  southwest- 
em  Washington,  several  bogs  having  had  their  entire  crop  ruined.  A  prelimi- 
nary survey  made  during  1917  has  shown  the  main  damage  to  be  done  by  the 
black-head  fire  worm,  which  has  acquired  habits  remarkably  different  from  its 
behavior  in  the  East,  in  that  it  is  mainly  destructive  to  fruit.  Studies  con- 
ducted in  cooperation  with  the  Bureau  of  Entomology  of  the  U.  S.  Department 
of  Agriculture  have  shown  the  larvie  of  the  first  brood  to  be  most  abundant 
(luring  the  latter  part  of  May,  those  of  the  second  brood  the  middle  of  August, 
while,  unlike  the  eastern  form,  a  partial  third  brood  of  larvs  appears  during 
September.  Tests  of  sprays  show  it  necessary  to  use  a  spreader,  such  as  soap 
or  glue,  with  the  insecticide,  and  better  results  were  generally  obtained  with 
nicotin  spray  than  with  arsenicals.  Locally  a  native  weevil  {Qeoderces  in- 
wniptu*)  was  found  destructive,  and  the  cranberry  girdler  {Cramhus  hortueU 
lus)  was  widespread,  though  causing  rehitively  little  injury. 

In  immunity  work  with  the  San  Jos6  scale,  many  thousands  were  transferred 
to  potted  plants  at  Pullman  from  several  regions  in  the  State,  but  absolute 
failure  was  repeatedly  met  with  in  attempting  to  get  the  San  Jos6  scale  to 
thrive  at  Pullman,  either  outdoors  or  in  the  insectary.  More  successful  results 
were  Obtained  in  the  exchange  of  infested  trees  between  Clarkston  and  We- 
natchee.  Counts  of  many  thousands  of  scales  at  definite  intervals  subsequent 
to  spraying  at  Clarkston,  Walla  Walla,  Yakima,  and  Wenatchee  showed  a 
marked  degree  of  difference  in  resistance  to  the  polysulphid  sprays,  the  scales 
from  Wenatchee  being  relatively  highly  susceptible,  while  those  from  Clarkston 
showed  a  striking  resistance. 

In  tests  of  many  insecticides  in  connection  with  the  scale  resistance  work, 
the  highest  grade  of  miscible  oils  used  at  5  per  cent  strength  proved  much 
quicker  acting  and  more  efficient  than  the  customary  polysulphid  sprays. 
Samples  of  one  widely  used  brand  obtained  in  different  localities,  however, 
lacked  uniformity  to  an  astonishing  degree. 

Notes  from  Tasmania,  F.  M.  LrmjEB  (Jour.  Econ.  Ent.,  11  (1918),  No.  6,  pp. 
479-475). — ^These  notes  relate  to  several  insects  of  economic  importance  in 
Tasmania,  including  the  currant  clearwing  moth  (Aegeria  [Sesia]  Hpulifomiis), 
the  Rutherglen  fruit  bug  (Nysius  vinitor),  the  codling  moth,  the  common  ear- 
wig {Forflcula  auricularia) ,  and  the  harlequin  fruit  bug  {Dindumus  versU 
color). 

Insects  attacking  the  potato  crop  in  Connecticut,  W.  E.  Bbitton  (Connecti- 
cut State  Sta.  Bui.  ft08  (1918),  pp.  103-119,  pZ«.  8,  fig%.  (;).— This  is  a  popular 
summary  of  information  on  the  more  important  Insect  enemies  of  the  potato  in 
Connecticut  and  means  for  their  control. 

Some  new  Insect  enemies  of  greenhouse  and  ornamental  plants  In  New 
Jsrsej,  H.  B.  Weiss  (New  Jersey  Sta$.  Circ.  100  (1918),  pp.  3-19,  figs.  32).— 
Brief  accounts  are  given  of  a  number  of  insect  enemies  of  greenhouse  and 
ornamental  plants,  including  the  ash-leaf  bug  {Neohorus  anwenus),  the  rhodo- 
dendron lace  bug  (Lcptobyrsa  rhododendri) ^  the  azalea  lace  bug  (Stephanitis 
12065S"— 1 


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754  EXPERIMENT  STATIOlff  EEOOBD.  [Tol.40 

pyrUHdes),  the  boxwood  leaf  miner  (Monarthropalpw  huxi),  an  Imported 
willow  beetle  {Plagiodera  versioolora),  a  Baropean  pine  aawfly  (Diprvm 
Hmile),  an  orchid  plant  bng  (Tenthecoris  hioolw),  and  three  orchid  weevfli 
(AcytTwpeus  [RaridiusJ  orohivora,  Cholw  cattleyw,  and  rHarymeOMS  fani- 
marffo).  With  the  exception  of  L.  rhododendri  and  K.  amoemu,  all  of  the  In- 
■ects  mentioned  have  been  recently  found  in  New  Jersey. 

Ihaeetfl  of  the  swamp  rose  mallow  (Hibiscus  moseheatos)  in  Vew  Jersey, 
H.  B.  Weiss  and  E.  L.  Dickkbson  {Jour.  N.  T.  Ent.  8oc,,  t7  {1919),  No.  1,  pp. 
99-68,  pU,  S). — ^This  is  a  report  of  studies  of  insects  of  the  swamp  rose  mallow 
growing  In  nurseries  and  also  on  marshes  in  their  natural  enyironment  These 
include  the  buprestid  beetle  {RluBhoscelU  tenuU) ,  the  adult  of  which  feeds  od 
the  leaves  and  the  larva  bores  in  the  stem;  Conotrachelui  ftssunffuU,  wliidi 
develops  in  the  seed  pods;  ApUm  hihisci,  which  fbrms  galls  at  the  base  of  the 
leaf  petiole ;  Bruches  hibUd,  which  develops  in  the  seeds ;  OJuetocnema  ^tfodH- 
eoUis,  a  flea  beetle  which  infests  the  leaves;  Oelechia  hihUeeOa,  which  fMs 
on  the  leaves  or  in  the  seed  capsules;  Tarache  (Acontia)  delecta,  which  feeds 
on  the  leaves;  the  stalk  borer,  which  infests  tlte  stems;  and  VeolMtopier^ 
hihisHy  a  ceddomylid  which  forms  galls  on  the  stems.  A  number  of  other 
insects  of  lesser  importance  are  mentioned,  including  those  which  infest  the 
stems  and  leaves  and  those  found  in  the  blossoms. 

Medical  entomology  a  vital  factor  in  the  prosecution  of  the  war,  W.  D. 
Pierce  {Proc.  Ent.  8oc.  Wash.,  tO  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  91-104). 

Two  new  species  of  the  blattid  genus  Arenlvaga,  A.  N.  Cax71>ell  {Proe.  Bnt 
8oc.  Wash.,  to  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  UJ^lSl). 

Three  species  of  Anasa  injurious  in  the  Korth,  H.  lif .  Parshlet  {Jour.  Eeon. 
Ent.,  11  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  471,  472). — ^Thls  paper  includes  a  table  for  the  sepa- 
ration of  A.  armigera,  A.  tristis,  and  A.  repetita. 

The  "  17-year  locust "  In  1919  {U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  OH.  8ec.  Circ.  irt  '{1919), 
pp.  10,  fig.  i).— This  is  a  digest  of  information  from  Bureau  of  Entomology 
Bulletin  71,  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  19,  p.  452). 

The  life  history  and  early  stages  of  Calophya  nigrripennis,  H.  B.  Wetss  and 
A.  S.  NicoLAT  {Jour.  Econ.  Ent.,  11  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  467-471,  fig.  i).— This  Is 
a  brief  account  of  a  psyllid  which  lives  exclusively  on  Rhus  copallinum  from 
Connecticut  southward  to  Georgia  and  Florida.  Technical  descriptions  are 
given  of  its  life  stages,  including  four  nymphal  stages. 

The  identity  of  Aphis  drcesandis,  A.  C.  Bakes  {Proe.  Ent.  8oc,  Wash.,  99 
{1918),  No.  6,  pp.  ISO,  ISl).— The  author  concludes  that  A.  circezandis  Fitch  to 
a  synonym  of  A.  gossypii  Glover. 

Preparing  for  apple  aphid  outbreak,  H.  A.  Gossabb  {Mo.  Bui.  Ohio  8ta.,  4 
{1919),  No.  S,  pp.  89-91,  fig.  i).— This  is  a  brief  popular  account  relating  to  the 
three  species  of  aphlds  common  on  apples,  namely,  tlie  European  grain  aphis, 
apple  aphis,  and  rosy  aphis,  and  the  measures  which  may  be  taken  to  combat 
them. 

Eradication  of  poultry  lice,  R.  W.  Wells  {Washington  8ta.,  West.  Wash. 
8ta.  Mo.  Bui.,  6  {1919),  No.  12,  pp.  170-172,  figs.  4).— This  popular  account  calte 
attention  to  and  gives  directions  for  the  use  of  sodium  fluorid  as  a  control 
measure,  as  described  by  Blshopp  and  Wood  in  Farmers'  Bulletin  801,  previ- 
ously noted  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  357). 

A  note  on  the  economic  importance  of  Samia  cecropia,  0.  N.  Ainslie  {Proe. 
Ent.  8oc.  Wash.,  20  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  150-152) .—The  author  records  the  occa^ 
rence  of  this  moth  in  great  abundance  In  western  North  Dakota,  at  one  place 
visited  trees  having  been  more  or  less  Injured  fbr  several  years.  In  the  dty 
of  Dickinson,  N.  Dak.,  a  campaign  against  the  pest  was  waged  fbr  two  or  three 


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»101 


BC0170MIC  ZOOLOGY — ^ENTOMOLOGY. 


755 


BCi.ir8  prior  to  1917,  thousands  of  cocoons  having  been  collected  and  destroyed 
^ronj^h  rewards  offered  to  children.  It  is  estimated  that  20,000  viable  cocoons 
^er^e  destroyed  dnring  a  single  year. 

^nbe  bee  moth  or  wax  worm,  F.  6.  Paddock  {Texas  8ta.  BuL  2S1  {1918),  pp. 
-3S).— This  revision  of  Bnlletin  158  (E.  S.  R.,  29,  p.  859)  contains  additional 
ci.:rormation  obtained  from  experiments  in  the  practical  control  of  this  pest 

Xm  fumigation  work  experiments  were  made  ^ith  sulphur  and  carbon  blsnl- 
it^«L  'While  snlphnr  dloxld  Is  generally  effective  onder  proper  conditions,  it 
axa  not  be  recommended  in  preference  to  carbon  bisniphid.  Experiments  with 
lio  moths  show  them  to  be  very  susceptible  to  carbon  bisulphid,  being  overcome 
a  from  10  to  16  minutes  and  Jdlled  in  from  15  to  20  minutes  after  being  con- 
Ined.  when  an  average  dose  is  used.  All  fumigation  should  be  allowed  to 
lontinue  for  at  least  12  hours,  as  those  larvie  which  are  best  protected  by  webs 
md  refuse  will  not  be  killed  unless  plenty  of  time  is  given  for  the  gas  to  pene- 


Fia.  1. — Diagram  of  life  history  of  the  strawberry  leaf  roller,  showing  the  proper  times 
during  the  season  for  spraying. 

trate  the  material.  The  eggs  of  the  bee  moth  are  uninjured  by  fumes  of  carbon 
bisulphid,  while  the  larvae  usually  succumb  to  the  average  dose  in  a  compara- 
tively short  time,  and  the  pupte  are  quite  susceptible,  but  a  long  exposure  is 
necessary.  A  table  is  given  showing  the  quantity  of  liquid  carbon  bisulphid  re- 
quired for  effective  fumigation  of  ten  frame  supers  and  hive  bodies  containing 
Infested  material. 

The  strawberry  leaf  roller  (Ancylis  comptana),  R.  L.  Websteb  {lovoa  8ta. 
But.  179  {1918),  pp.  233-^56,  figs.  8;  abridged  ed.  {1918),  pp.  4.  flff**  4).— This 
tortricid  is  said  to  be  the  most  common  strawberry  insect  in  Iowa,  severe  losses 
frequently  being  caused  by  it.  Reference  Is  made  to  localities  in  Scott  County, 
where  strawberry  growing  was  practically  abandoned  due  to  it.  The  species 
is  particularly  abundant  and  causes  the  most  trouble  in  the  Mississippi  Valley, 
occurring  in  practically  every  State  between  the  Appalachian  and  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. In  North  America  it  is  apparently  restricted  to  a  very  few  food  plants, 
the  blackberry  and  raspberry  being  the  only  others  known. 

There  appear  to  be  three  generations  in  Iowa  (fig.  1) .  The  winter  is  passed  as 
nearly  mature  larvie.  At  Ames,  eggs  are  deposited  by  moths  of  the  overwintertng 
generation  as  early  as  April  28,  by  moths  of  the  second  generation  as  early  as  June 

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756  EXPEBIMENT  STATIOK  BBCOBD.  [Vot40 

24,  and  of  the  third  generation  as  early  as  August  8.  In  May  the  eggs  hatched  in 
from  9  to  13  days,  and  In  July  and  August  in  from  3  to  12  days.  The  larral 
stages  averaged  19.5  days,  and  the  pupal  stage  averaged  6.6  day&  The  lon- 
gevity of  the  female  moths,  which  may  deposit  as  many  as  136  eggs*  varies  from 
3  to  28  days,  with  an  average  of  10.2  days. 

Control  work  has  led  to  the  recommendation  tliat  lead  arsenate  paste  be  used 
at  the  rate  of  8 :  50.  This  may  be  applied  ^ectively  ttiree.  times  during  the 
season,  the  first  when  the  earliest  blossoms  appear,  or  about  May  1 ;  the  second 
after  the  crop  Is  oft,  or  about  July  1 ;  and  the  third  late  in  August  The  May 
application  is  the  most  important.  Mowing  over  the  strawberry  foliage  imme- 
diately after  the  crop  is  harvested  is  no  less  valuable  a  measure.  The  mowed 
leaves  should  be  raked  off  and  burned  as  soon  as  dry. 

A  preliminary  account  by  the  author  has  been  previously  noted  (£.  S.  R.,  38, 
p.  862) .    A  list  of  19  references  to  the  literature  is  included. 

A  comparison  of  several  species  of  Lepidoptera  infestiner  peach  and  apple 
in  Maryland,  with  additional  notes  on  the  oriental  peach  moth,  P.  Gaxmas 
(Maryland  Sia.  BuU  22S  (1918),  pp.  109--1^S,  fiffs.  ^^).— The  author  first  presents 
a  comparison  of  the  oriental  peach  moth  {Laspeyresia  molesta)  with  several 
native,  more  widely  distributed,  and  better  known  species,  namely,  L.  prurUvora, 
Enarmania  pyricolana,  the  codling  moth,  peach-twig  moth,  and  eye-spotted  bud 
moth.  General  notes  are  presented  on  these  six  species,  their  life  history  and 
habits  are  compared  in  tabular  form,  and  keys  to  the  larvs^  pupae,  and  adults 
are  given. 

The  second  part  of  the  bulletin  (pp.  109-113)  eonsists  of  notes  on  the  life 
history  of  the  oriental  peach  moth,  additional  to  the  Information  given  in  the 
bulletin  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  260).  The  notes  relate  to  egg  laying 
and  early  larval  habits,  pupation  habits  and  methods  of  passing  the  winter,  life 
history  of  the  different  stages,  and  number  of  broods.  There  are  three  full 
broods  and  a  fourth,  the  majority  of  which  hibernate. 

The  third  part  (pp.  114-119)  deals  with  the  amount  of  injury  caused  by  the 
oriental  peach  moth  to  peaches,  apples,  pears,  and  cherries,  and  includes  a 
table  showing  the  effect  of  various  Insecticides  on  the  egg  of  L.  molesia.  The 
injury  caused  to  the  apple  is  in  no  case  as  serious  as  that  of  the  apple  bud 
borer.  The  injury  to  pear  seems  to  be  of  little  importance,  while  the  fruit  and 
twig  injury  to  cherry  is  slight 

A  total  of  five  hymenopterous  parasites  and  thsee  dipterous  parasites  have 
been  reared  from  the  oriental  peach  moth  at  College  Park  and  in  addition  two 
secondary  parasites  from  the  pupa  of  Macrocentrus,  namely :  Primary  hymenop- 
terous parasites,  Trichogramma  minuta,  Macrocentrus  sp.,  AscogaMer  carpa- 
capsw,  and  an  undetermined  species  of  the  family  Bupelminie;  secondary 
hymenopterous  parasites,  Dibrachys  hoiicheanus  and  Euryiama  sp.;  and  dip- 
terous parasites,  NemorUla  phycitw,  Lcskiomima  tenera,  and  EuzeniUia  varia- 
hUis.  Wood  and  Selkregg  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  259)  have  reared  four  additional 
primary  parasites,  making  a  total  of  12  obtained  from  the  oriental  peach  moth. 

Observations  made  since  the  previous  report  lend  some  doubt  both  as  to  the 
advisability  of  using  arsenates  because  of  Injury  to  the  trees  and  because  of 
their  doubtful  effect  in  controlling  the  pest 

Tests  of  the  effect  of  various  insecticides  on  the  eggs  of  the  oriental  peadi 
moth  are  reported  in  tabular  form.  The  highest  percentage  was  that  of  black- 
leaf  40,  which  at  the  strength  of  1 :  800  destroyed  76  per  cent. 

The  lotus  borer,  F.  H.  Chittenden  (Jour,  Econ,  Ent.,  11  (1918)  ^  No,  6,  pp. 
459-4^7^  pi.  1). — ^The  author  here  brings  together  information  on  Pyraiuta 
penitalis,  which  so  closely  resembles  the  European  cornstalk  borer  (P.  nubU- 
ali9)  as  to  be  mistaken  for  it 


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1919]  EOONOMIO  ZOOIiOGY — ^ENTOMOLOGY.  767 

This  lepiaoptenn  shows  a  general  dlstribntlon  from  New  Jersey  westward 
to  Illinois  and  Kansas  and  sonthward  to  Texas.  In  addition  to  the  lotus 
(NelmmlM  lutea)t  npon  the  receptacle  of  which  it  feeds,  Polygonnm,  Apocynnm, 
and  Enpatorium  serre  as  food  plants.  Its  natural  enemies  include  Panzeria 
perUtalis  and  Zemelucha  {Porixon)  faoiaUt,  which  were  reared  by  the  author. 
Other  species  recorded  as  parasites  are  Emorista  vnlff<»ris,  HypoMtena  variabiUiy 
Phwroeera  carMtockiy  and  Broixm  xa$Uhogtiffmus,  As  a  control  measure,  the 
author  recommends  the  application  of  arsenlcals  In  the  destruction  of  the 
young  larm  before  they  penetrate  the  interior  of  the  buds,  seed  capsules^  or 
sterna 

The  California  pistol  case  bearer  (Coleophora  sacramenta),  W.  M.  Datidson 
(Jour,  Boon,  ErU.,  11  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  44&-452,  pt  i).— Data  are  presented  on 
the  biology  of  this  elachistld,  the  young  larvse  of  which  skeletonize  the  foliage 
of  plum,  prune,  cherry,  apricot,  and  apple,  particularly  cherry  and  plum,  In 
the  San  Francisco  Bay  region  of  California  from  June  to  September.  They 
feed  at  first  as  leaf  miners  and  from  June  to  September  skeletonize  the 
foliage ;  from  late  February  to  May  the  old  larvae  attack  leaf  buds,  fruit  buds, 
flowers,  foliage,  and  occasionally  the  young  fruit  There  Is  one  generation 
a  year.  The  adults  emerge  in  May  and  June,  and  deposit  eggs  on  the  leaves 
of  the  food  plants  which  hatch  after  a  period  of  26  days,  July  1  being  the 
maximum  date  of  hatching.  Pupation  occurs  in  April  and  May,  25  days 
being  required  for  transformation  to  adult. 

The  larva  is  commonly  parasitized  by  a  small  blackish  pteromalld  (Eury- 
iHnoia  flaricorpua) . 

On  the  lepldopterous  grenus  Opostega  and  its  larval  affinities,  G.  HxiinticH 
(Proc.  Ent.  8oo.  Wash.,  20  (1918),  No.  2,  pp.  27-^8,  figs.  S4). 

A  new  genus  of  Lepidoptera  allied  to  Leucoptera,  O.  Heinbich  (Proo.  Eni. 
8oc.  Wash.,  20  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  21,  22,  figs.  2). 

Three  new  species  of  Diptera,  G.  T.  Greene  {Proc.  Ent.  fifoc.  Wash.,  20 
{1918),  No.  4,  pp.  69-71).— Madiza  conicola,  the  larvse  of  which  feed  within  the 
cocoons  of  Abies  ooncolor  in  Oregon  and  California,  Chrysotoxum  coloradensis 
from  Colorado,  and  Myxosargus  nigricormis  from  the  District  of  Columbia- 
are  described  as  new. 

District  of  Columbia  Diptera:  Tabanidm,  W.  L.  McAteb  and  W.  R.  Walton 
{Proc.  Ent.  8oc.  Wash.,  20  {1918),  No.  9,  pp.  18&-206,  figs.  40). 

Kotes  on  gadflies  in  the  Florida  Evererlades,  C.  A.  Mosieb  and  T.  E.  Sntdeb 
{Proc.  Ent.  8oc.  Wash.,-20  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  115-126). 

Collecting  the  larvsB  of  Tabanus  and  Chrysops,  W.  Marghand  {Ent.  News, 
30  {1919),  No.  5,  pp.  1S1-1S7). --The  habits  of  these  larvse  are  described. 

The  dipterous  family  Cyrtidce  in  North  America,  F.  R.  Cole  {Trans.  Amer, 
Ent.  8oo.,  45  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  1-79,  pis.  15).— This  is  a  report  of  studies  of  the 
family  Cyrtidae,  formerly  known  as  Acroceridie,  which  extended  over  a  period 
of  two  years.  Ten  species  and  three  varieties  are  described  as  new.  Notes 
on  their  life  history  and  habits  are  included.  The  species  of  which  the  early 
stages  are  known  are  parasitic  in  the  egg  cases  or  the  bodies  of  spiders. 

A  bibliography  of  162  titles  is  appended. 

Anastrepha  fraterculus,  a  severe  menace  to  the  southern  tJnited  States, 
E.  W.  Rust  {Jour.  Econ.  Ent.,  11  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  457-4^).— This  is  a  report 
of  studies  made  during  the  past  two  years  by  the  entomologist  of  the  Tucumftn 
Experiment  Station,  Tucum&n,  Argentina,  in  the  northern  part  of  which  country 
A,  fraterculus  is  the  particular  scourge  of  the  fruit  grower.  Attention  is  called 
to  the  great  loss  that  would  result  in  the  southern  part  of  the  United  States 
should  it  once  gain  entrance.    The  name  South  American  fruit  fly  is  suggested 


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758  BZPBBIMENT  STATIOIT  BBOOBD.  [▼«L40 

for  it,  since  it  is  indlgenoas  to  and  well  distributed  oyer  the  wanner  portfooB  d 
South  and  Central  America  and  the  West  Indies^  where  it  is  regarded  as  oo^ 
less  destnictiye  than  the  Mediterranean  trait  fly.  Infestaticm  of  dtnu  frait 
by  it  has  increased  during  the  past  three  or  four  years  until  in  March,  April, 
and  May,  1918,  the  percentage  of  infested  oranges  was  nearly  50,  one  grower 
reporting  the  dropping  of  at  least  three-fourths  of  his  crop  of  grapefruit. 

A  number  of  fruits  known  to  be  infested  In  Argentlxia  are  added  to  the  list  of 
hosts  recorded  by  Pierce  in  the  manual  previously  noted  (B.  &  B^  38,  p.  154). 
But  little  is  known  as  yet  of  the  parasites  of  this  species,  only  a  small  number 
having  thus  far  been  encountered  in  rearing  thousands  of  specimens  of  A. 
fraterculua  from  all  sorts  of  fruit  hosts. 

The  fruit  fly  of  Argentina  (Anastrepha  fratereolus),  K  W.  Rust  {Rev. 
Indus,  y  Agr.  Tuouman,  9  (1918),  No.  3^  pp.  55-^).— SubBtantially  noted 
above. 

A  note  on  the  habit  of  Pegomyia  afiinia  and  other  anthomyid  genera,  C  T. 
Gbebns  {Proc  EnL  8oc.  Wash.;  20  (1918),  No.  7,  p.  160). 

Some  muBcoid  synonymy,  with  one  new  genus,  G.  H.  T.  Townsbzvd  (Proe. 
Ent  8oc.  Wash.,  20  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  19-^21). 

Notes  on  Zeugophora  scutellaris,  a  European  poplar  leaf  miner,  in*]few 
Jersey,  H.  B.  Weiss  and  A.  S.  Nioolay  (Ent.  News,  SO  (1919),  No.  5,  pp.  12Jh 
127,  fig.  1). — ^This  chrysomelid  was  first  observed  in  New  Jersey  in  a  nursery 
at  Arlington,  feeding  on-  the  foliage  of  poplar  (Populiu  deUoides).  The  species 
appears  to  be  widely  distributed  in  the  United  States,  having  been  collected  in 
New  Mexico,  niinols,  and  Indiana. 

The  tobacco  beetle:  An  important  pest  in  tobacco  products,  G.  A.  Buknb 
(U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.  Bui.  737  (1919),  pp.  77,  pis.  4,  Affs.  16) .—This  is  a  detailed 
report  of  extended  studies  of  the  cigarette  beetle,  a  Farmers'  Bulletin  relating 
to  which  has  been  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  61),  as  has  also  a  paper  on 
the  effect  of  Roentgen  rays  on  this  beetle  and  the  results  of  experiments  witti  a 
new  form  of  Roentgen  tube  (£.  S.  R.,  35,  p.  554). 

The  life  history  of  this  insect  is  briefly  summarized  by  the  author  as  follows: 
**  In  material  kept  constantly  warm,  breeding  is  continuous  and  there  may  be 
as  many  as  five  or  six  generations  in  a  year.  Under  usual  conditions  in  ware- 
houses in  the  latitude  of  Virginia  there  are  ordinarily  three  or  four  genera- 
tions a  year.  The  beetle  lives  in  its  food  substances  during  all  stages  of  its 
existence,  and  the  time  required  to  complete  its  life  cycle  d^)end8  mainly  upon 
temperature  and  may  be  as  short  as  45  days.  Normally,  in  summer,  the  time 
varies  from  45  to  70  days.  The  eggs  are  deposited  in  the  food  substance,  and 
under  usual  conditions  the  incubation  period  is  from  6  to  10  days,  the  larval 
period  from  80  to  50  days,  and  the  pupal  period  from  6  to  10  days.  Adults  live 
olrdinarily  from  3  to  6  weeks  after  emergence.  In  cold  climates  the  species  passes 
the  winter  mainly  in  the|  larva  stage.  It  thrives  best  in  localities  where  the 
temperature  and  humidity  are  high,  and,  in  substances,  in  which  the  lame  are 
protected  from  rapid  evaporation." 

Of  its  insect  enemies  the  predatory  beetle  Thaneroclerus  girodi  is  the  most 
important,  both  larva  and  adult  feeding  upon  the  cigarette  beetle.  This  beetle 
was  first  obs^ved  in  unusually  large  numbers  at  Key  West,  Fla.,  in  April,  1912. 
It  has  since  been  found  to  be  more  or  less  common  but  much  less  abundant  at 
Tampa,  St  Petersburg,  Jacksonville,  and  Tallahassee,  Fla.  Specimens  weie  also 
located  at  Richmond,  Va.,  in  a  package  of  smoking  tobacco  infested  with  the 
cigarette  beetle  which  had  been  returned  to  the  manufacturers  from  Galveston, 
Tex.  This  beetle  is  said  to  be  well  known  among  Chiban  dgarmako^s,  and  an 
undetermined  derid  beetle  in  the  Philippines  has  been  reported  by  Jones  to  hare 

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^•^•1  BCQKOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ^BKTOMOLOGT.  769 

■tmlli^r  habltB  (B.  S.  R.,  29,  p.  458).  Te<dMDical  descriptions  are  given  of  the 
fleveral  stages  of  this  predator  and  brief  notes  on  lU  life  history  and  habit& 

The  parasitic  enemies  mentioned  Include  Aplest&morpha  pratii,  one  of  the 
more  oonmion  species,  which  Is  found  in  Tarloos  localities  from  Richmond, 
Vflu,  seathward  to  Key  West,  Fla.  A,  iHHidinei  was  found  abundant  In  a  tobacco 
warehouse  at  Clarksvllle,  Tenn. 

The  technical  description  of  the  larva  of  the  cigarette  beetle  and  of  T.  girodi 
are  by  A.  G.  Having. 

The  remedial  measures  considered  at  length  consist  of  cold  storage,  high 
temperatures,  ultra-violet  rays,  trapping,  exposure  to  vacuum,  sealed  con- 
talners  for  manufactured  tobacco,  casing  cigar  tobacco  In  a  decoction  of 
tobacco  stems,  use  of  cold  water  In  caslnc  cigar  tobacco,  and  boric  acLd.  Fumi- 
gation with  hydrocyanic-acid  gas,  carbon  tetrachlorld,  carbon  disulphld,.  and 
formaldehyde  and  the  effect  of  the  Roentgen  or  X-rays  are  discussed  at  length. 

The  more  Important  means  of  control  of  this  beetie  have  been  summarized 
by  the  author  as  follows :  **  Scrupulous  cleanliness  In  the  factory,  wholesale 
or  retail  establishment.  Including  the  prompt  destruction  or  treatment  of  all 
refuse  material,  damaged  stock,  etc.,  In  which  the  beetles  may  breed.  In 
factories,  screening  or  otherwise  protecting  the  finished  product  from  infestation. 
Oonstmctlng  or  refitting  packing  or  storage  rooms,  especially  in  warm  localities, 
80  that  they  can  be  Quicldy  and  easily  cleaned,  and  with  a  view  to  the  ex- 
clusion of  beetles  which  may  be  present  in  other  parts  of  the  factory. 

"Among  the  destructive  agencies  which  may  be  employed  In  control  of  the 
insect  are  freealng  (treatment  by  cold  storage  or  exposure  to  low  temperatures 
In  oold  idimates) ;  high  temperatures  or  steam  (a  temperature  of  from  125 
to  140*  F.  continued  for  several  hours,  or  150*  for  a  short  time,  kills  all  stages 
of  the  beetle) ;  trapping  or  destruction  by  mechanical  means;  fumigation  with 
carbon  dlsulphid,  hydrocyanlc-add  gas,  or  other  fumlgants;  and  sterilization 
of  Infested  tobacco  by  means  of  exposure  to  Roentgen  or  X-ray& 

'*  The  modem  method  of  storing  leaf  tobacco  In  hogsheads  in  specially  con- 
strocted  buildings  or  sheds,  giving  practically  out-of-door  conditions  and  varia- 
tions  of  temperature,  furnishes  an  effective  means  in  cool  climates  of  reducing 
or  preventing  Injury  from  the  beetle  to  the  classes  of  leaf  tobacco  which  may 
be  stored  in  this  manner." 

An  annotated  bibliography  of  90  titles  is  Included. 

A  new  species  of  Agrilus  ftom  Vlorida^  W.  S.  F|bhkb  {Froo,  BfU,  Boc 
WoBh.,  90  {1918),  2io.  4,  pp.  67,  68)-—^^'*^^  dozieH  from  OahiesvlUe,  Fla.,  is 
described  as  new.  It  was  found  to  be  fairly  abundant  on  the  foliage  of  blue 
birch  iOBtrya  sp.)  about  the  first  of  April,  1917. 

Tbe  ease  of  the  genera  Bhina  and  Magdalls,  W.  D.  PoEBca  {Proc.  Bnt.  Boo. 
WOBh,,  20  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  72-78). 

A  new  host  plant  of  the  boll  weevil,  E.  A.  McQbegob  {Proc.  Ent.  Boo, 
Wa$h.,  to  {1918),  No.  4>  PP-  78,  7^).— Investigations  by  the  author  In  Sonora, 
Mez.,  have  shown  Anihonomus  prandU  thurberiw  to  Infest  heavily  a  wild  littoral 
species  of  cotton  {Qouppkm  davidwnU). 

An  eyeless  drone  honeybee,  J.  A.  Nklson  {Proc.  Ent.  Boc  Wash.,  20  {1918)  ^ 
No.  5,  pp.  105-108,  /lg$.  4)- 

Bepoxt  of  the  apiarist,  F.  W.  L.  Sladen  {Canada  Bxpt.  Farms  Rp$9.  1917, 
pp.  4i-44).— It  is  pointed  out  that  the  noteworthy  feature  of  1916  was  the 
unusoally  large  crop  of  honey  from  alsike  and  white  clover  produced  in  On- 
tario, Quebec,  and  Manitoba,  principally  due  to  the  wet  spring  followed  by 
fine,  warm  weather  when  the  plants  were  in  flower.  The  highest  yield  of 
honey  in  1916  was  obtained  at  the  Central  Bxperlmental  Farm,  Ottawa,  where 


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760  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECOBD.  (YoLiO 

8,269  lbs.  were  produced  by  85  colonies,  an  average  of  236  lbs..  Tallied  at  $81 
per  colony. 

Further  study  showed  Megachile  latimanus  to  be  by  ftur  the  most  useful 
species  in  pollinating  alfalfa  In  southern  Alberta  and  M.  perihirta  la  tbe  dry 
interior  of  British  Columbia.  The  honeybee  visits  the  flowers  without  tripping 
them,  and  the  action  of  bumblebees  is  uncertain. 

Of  two  experimental  shipments  of  bees  without  combs  received  from  Ala- 
bama, one  consisting  of  six  1-lb.  packages  was  14  days  en  route  and  only  17  es. 
of  bees  were  found  to  be  alive  on  arrivaL  The  other  shipment,  c(»slsting  of 
three  2-lb.  packages,  with  untested  queens,  arrived  in  good  condition  afler 
4  days*  journey  and  after  having  been  assisted  a  little  with  combs  and  brood 
from  other  colonies  produced  436  lbs.  of  honey  and  built  up  into  five  strong 
colonies  fit  for  wintering. 

Experimental  work  was  conducted  throughout  the  winter  with  28  colonies 
wintered  in  the  bee  cellar  in  the  new  apicnltnral  building  at  the  Central  Farm, 
the  objects  of  which  included  a  comparison  of  dliTerent  kinds  of  food  consomed 
by  bees  during  the  winter  and  the  discovery  of  the  source  or  sources  of  the 
hard,  granulated  honey,  associated  with  a  heavy  mortality  of  bees,  that  has 
been  found  in  some  winters  in  several  apiaries  in  the  Ottawa  valley.  In  four 
colonies  wintered  on  stores  collected  between  June  26  and  July  18  mainly  from 
alslke  and  white  clover,  the  bees  were  found  to  cover  an  average  of  5.1  csombs 
per  colony  on  April  17,  the  honey  having  granulated  but  little.  Three  colonies 
on  stores  gathered  between  July  24  and  August  8,  largely  from  white  sweet 
clover  {MelUotw  alba),  covered  an  average  of  only  S.2  combs,  much  of  tlie  h/ooes 
having  granulated  hard.  Three,  colonies  on  stores  collected  after  Augost  14. 
principally  from  goldenrod  (chiefly  SoUda^o  canaden9U)  and  buckwheat,  cov- 
ered an  average  of  8.8  combs  and  the  honey  was  not  granulated. 

Wintering,  bees  outdoors,  using  four  hives  packed  In  shavings  in  a  case  in  an 
Inclosure  sheltered  fi*om  wind  without  attention  during  the  winter,  continaes  to 
prove  successful  in  Ottawa,  the  average  results  of  the  last  four  years  showing 
that  the  bees  so  wintered  did  better  than  those  wintered  in  the  cellar.  An 
experiment  with  sealed  covers  Is  briefly  reported  upon. 

A  cage  containing  live  wax  moths  {QaUeria  melloneUa)  with  larvae,  piupe» 
and  probably  eggs  was  placed  in  the  honey  house  in  the  middle  of  March,  1917, 
and  exposed  to  a  temperature  as  low  as  9"*  F.  on  March  18  and  19.  All  the 
moths  were  apparoitly  killed  by  the  cold. 

A  note  on  the  muscular  coat  of  the  Tentrlculus  of  the  honeybee  (Apis 
mellifica),  O.  F.  White  (Proc,  Ent,  8oc.  Wash.,  BO  {1918),  No,  7,  ^.  ISB-ISt, 

fig.  i). 

The  correct  names  for  some  of  our  common  ichneumonid  parasites,  R.  A. 
CusHMAN  {Proe,  Ent,  8oc,  Wash,,  20  {1918),  No,  1,  pp,  9-12). 

A  synopsis  of  the  species  belonging  to  the  chalcidoid  genus  Bileya,  A.  B. 
Gahan  {Proc.  Ent.  8oc,  Wash,,  20  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  136-150). 

Three  new  chalcidoid  egg  parasites,  A.  B.  Oahan  {Proc,  Bnt.  800.  TTo^A, 
20  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  29-26). — Gonatocems  omatus,  Polynema  MnUairUt,  and 
Abhella  {Ittys)  perditrix,  reared  from  the  eggs  of  8tictoeepkaia  festHut  at 
Tempo,  Ariz.,  are  described  as  new. 

A  note  on  Ghalcis  abiess,  S.  A.  Rohweb  {Proc  EM,  8oe.  Wash^  20  {1918), 
No.  1,  p.  18). 

The  genus  Ephialtes  first  proposed  by  Schrank,  R,  A.  Oushicak  and  8.  A. 
RoHWKB  {Proc.  Bnt.  8oc.  Wash,,  20  {1918),  No.  9,  pp.  186-188). 

Propachyneuron  Oirault,  A.  B.  Oahait  {Proo.  EM.  80a,  Wash.,  20  {1918h 
No.  S,  p.  66), 


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19191  POODS — ^HITMAN   NUTRlTIOir.  761 

I>escriptlon  of  a  new  hsrmenopterous  parasite,  A.  B.  Oaran  (Proo.  Efn$. 
8oc.  Wash.,  20  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  18,  19). — Micr6brac(m  cephi,  reared  from  tne 
larra  of  Cephua  ductus  Infesting  stems  of  Agropyron  at  Bottlnean,  N.  Dak., 
and  also  reared  from  the  same  host  in  the  stems  of  Elymus  canadensis  in  Mani- 
toba, is  described  as  new. 

ISToteB  on  the  cocoon  spinning:  habits  of  two  species  of  braconlds,  R.  A. 
Orrs&MAN  {Proc.  Ent.  8oc.  Wash.,  29  (1918),  No.!,  pp.  lSS-136). 

ISTotes  on  and  descriptions  of  sawflies  belonging  to  the  tenthredinid  tribe 
Semichroini,  S.  A.  Rohwis  {Proc.  Eni.  Soo.  Wash.,  20  (1918),  No.  8,  pp.  161-- 

rrsy. 

The  North  American  species  of  the  sawfly  genus  Laurentia,  S.  A.  Rohweb 
{Proc.  Eni.  8oc.  Wash.,  20  {1918),  No.  7,  pp.  157-159). 

New  sawflies  of  the  subfamily  DiprioninoB,  S.  A.  Rohweb  {Proc.  Ent,  8oc, 
'Wash.,  20  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  79-PO).— Among  the  species  here  described  are 
Anffomonodenus  lihocedrH  n.  g.  and  n.  sp.,  reared  from  larvR  collected  feeding 
In  the  cones  of  lAbocedrus  decurrens  at  Siskiyou,  Oreg. ;  Neodiprion  dyari  n.  g. 
and  n.  sp.,  N.  virginiana  n.  sp.,  and  N.  aHftnis  n.  sp.,  from  larvte  collected  on  P. 
virginiana  at  Rosslyn,  Va.,  Kanawha  Station,  W.  Va.,  and  Palls  Church,  Va., 
respect! rely ;  and  N.  maura  n.  sp.,  from  larvie  collected  on  Jack  pine  (P.  hanh- 
9iana)  at  Boulder  Junction,  Wis. 

FOODS— HTTHAir  NTITRITIOir. 

The  milliner  and  baking  qualities  of  Wisconsin-grown  wheats,  B.  D.  Leith 
iWUconsin  8ta.  Research  Buk  4S  {1919),  pp.  S8,  figs.  4).— The  tests  reported  in 
tills  bulletin  were  carried  on  to  determine  whether  wheat  of  good  quality 
can  be  grown  in  Wiaconsin,  and  to  select  the  best  varieties  for  milling  and 
tmklng  quality  and  yield  to  the  acre. 

**  The  Q;>ring  wheats  were  so  low  in  yield  to  the  acre  that  with  the  exception 
iA  the  Marquis  they  were  not  continued  long  in  the  milling  and  baking  tests. 
Two  pure  lines  of  hard  winter  wheat.  Pedigree  No.  2  and  Pedigree  No.  408, 
sre  recommended  to  millers  and  farmers  for  their  excellent  quality  and  high 
yield  as  shown  in  these  tests.  .  .  . 

**  In  a  six-year  test,  Wisconsin  Pedigree  No.  2  was  fully  equal  to  the  Marquis 
grown  at  the  Madison  station  in  milling  and  baking  quality,  and  considerably 
superior  in  yield.  In  a  flve-year  test  Wisconsin  Pedigree  No.  2  compared  very 
fiLTorably  in  milling  and  baking  quality  with  the  average  of  the  northern  spring 
wheats  tested  by  the  same  laboratory. 

*' Wheat  does  not  deteriorate  when  grown  in  Wisconsin.  Kansas  No.  570, 
Wisconsin-grown,  compared  very  favorably  in  milling  and  baking  quality  with 
the  Kansas-grown  crop  after  having  been  grown  continuously  in  Wisconsin  for 
seven  years.  .... 

"As  far  as  baking  tests  show,  the  yellow  berry  can  not  be  considered  very 
detrimental.  In  one  test  the  loaf  baked  from  the  yellow  berries  equaled  those 
from  the  average  hard^winter  wheat  and  in  the  other  test  the  loaf  was  com- 
parable to  the  semihard  winters. 

**  Pure  lines  of  hard-winter  wheats  may  be  almost  identical  in  appearance  but 
have  widely  different  capacity  for  baking  quality.  This  heritable  character 
was  very  marked  in  No.  70  and  No.  71,  the  former  giving  a  baking  test  equal  to 
the  best  hard  winters  while  the  latter  ranked  with  the  semihard  winters  in 
slse  of  loaf.*' 

The  <'6trenirthV  of  wheat  flour  {Minnesota  Sta.  Rpt.  1918,  pp.  38,  S9).-^ 
A  brief  summary  is  given  of  the  results  obtained  in  studies  of  various  factors 
which  may  be  involved  In  flour  strength.    The  effect  of  colloidal  factors  has 


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762  SXPBRIMENT  8TATIOK  BBOOBD.  [Vol.  49 

been  prerloualy  noted  from  another  source  (K  S.  B.,  89,  p.  408).  Otbct  fincton 
noted  are  the  diastatic  enzyms  and  the  epeclflc  electrical  oonductivity  of 
aqueous  extract  of  flour.  The  latter  factor  is  considered  of  importance  In  a 
consideration  of  the  baking  quality  of  the  flour. 

The  bakiniT  quaUties  of  flour  (WasMngton  8ta.  BuL  15S  {1919),  pp.  12-14)-— 
Studies  are  reported  of  the  effect  upon  the  baking  quaUty  of  flour  of  the  addi- 
tion of  electrolytes,  the  substitution  of  a  part  of  the  wheat  flour  by  other 
cereal  flours,  and  the  physical  pr<q;ierties  of  gluten. 

The  patented  preparation  Arkady  Yeast  Food  showed  beneficial  eSeeta  with 
some  flours  but  not  with  others.  The  wheat  substitutes  studied  were  fionis 
made  from  oats,  barley,  rice,  yellow  and  white  com,  awles,  alfalfa,  and  soy 
beans.  A  particular  study  was  made  of  fleld  peas  and  soy-bean  cake,  owing 
to  their  higher  protein  and  lower  starch  content  than  most  cereals.  It  was 
found  that  the  volume  of  the  loaf  could  be  held  to  the  size  obtained  from  the 
use  of  wheat  flour  alone  if  not  more  than  10  per  cent  of  the  substitute  flour 
was  used.  With  larger  amounts  of  the  substitute,  the  volume  of  the  loaf  was 
in  general  inversely  proportional  to  the  amount  of  substitute.  The  flavor  of 
the  pea  flour  bread  was  said  to  be  very  good  and  its  color  an  unobjectimiable 
green.  Soy  bean  flour  bread  had  a  less  pleasant  taste  and  a  yellowish  oolor. 
Apple  flour  imparted  an  acrid  taste  and  brown  color  to  the  bread.  Bread  made 
with  alfalfa  flour  tasted  of  weeds  and  had  an  objectionable  color. 

The  physical  properties  of  gluten  were  thought  to  be  determined  to  a  large 
extent  by  differences  in  chemical  composition,  possibly  due  to  environmental 
factors. 

Cereals  in  the  diet,  M.  F.  Hsnxt  (ComeU  Beadtrng  Oimr$e  for  Fstm  Home, 
117  {1918),  pp.  27-52,  flffs.  4), — Cereals  as  sources  of  energy,  protein.  Inorganic 
elements  (lime,  phosphorus,  and  Iron),  and  body  regulating  substances  (cel- 
lulose and  vitamins)  aro  discussed. 

The  dietary  properties  of  the  pea  (Vida  sativa),  B.  V.  MoCoixaiff,  N.  Snc- 
icoNDs,  and  H.  T.  PaiEsors  {Jour,  Biol  Chem,,  S7  {1919),  Ifo.  t,  pp.  t^tSOl, 
figs.  8).— This  paper  contains  a  report  of  the  dietary  properties  of  the  common 
pea  and  the  supplementary  rolatlonships  between  the  proteins  of  the  pea  and 
casein,  zein,  and  lactalbumin,  respectively,  as  determined  by  the  usual  feeding 
experiments  with  young  rats. 

The  proteins  of  the  pea  wero  found  to  be  of  poor  quality  when  fed  as  the 
sole  source  of  nitrogen.  The  deficiencies  wero  supplemoited  by  cas^n  and  wxAn 
but  not  by  gelatin  or  lactalbumin.  This  is  thought  to  indicate  that  the  llmtting 
amino  acid  in  the  pea  is  neither  tryptophan,  lysin,  nor  cystin.  From  the  fiafl- 
ure  of  lactalbumin  as  a  supplement,  the  authors  conclude  that  it  is  a  poorly 
constituted  or  incomplete  protein,  and  that  the  excellent  results  obtained  with 
it  by  Osborne  and  Mendel  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  864)  wero  due  to  the  high  propor- 
tion of  nitrogen  derived  from  protein-free  mUk  which  served  to  supplonent 
the  lactalbumin  with  respect  to  some  as  yet  undetermined  cleavage  product. 

The  pea  was  found  to  be  fairly  rich  in  fat-soluble  A  and  to  have  a  shortage 
of  calcium,  sodium,  and  chlorin.  With  peas  as  a  sole  source  of  water-soluble 
B,  the  limiting  values  of  growth  wero  foimd  to  lie  someiwhero  between  5  and 
25  per  cent  of  the  food  mixturo.  Contrary  to  results  obtained  with  navy 
beans  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  168),  no  serious  Injury  appears  to  result  to  rats  from 
the  feeding  of  a  liberal  amount  of  peas  over  a  long  period  of  time. 

The  antiscorbutic  property  of  vegetables. — ^I,  An  experimental  study  of 
raw  and  dried  tomatoes,  M.  H.  Givers  and  H.  B.  MoC^uoAfflB  {Jowr.  BioiL 
Chem.,  37  {1919),  No.  2,  pp.  253-4669,  jflffi,  (»).~^rhis  Is  tiie  first  of  a  series  of 
studies  planned  to  determine  the  antiscorbutic  potency  of  difftor»it  foods,  the 


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191»] 


Y00D6 — ^HUMAN  ISTUTRITIOK. 


763 


effect  of  preiianUlon  and  preservation  on  these  foods,  etc.  In  the  present 
atndy,  raw  and  dried  tomatoes  were  used  as  the  antiscorbutic  agent.  The 
tomatoes  were  dried  in  a  special  apparatus  which  allows  of  temperature  con- 
trol within  5**  O.  or  less  at  all  times  by  means  of  a  series  of  electric  coils 
placed  between  the  sections  of  drawers  in  which  the  product  is  being  dried. 
The  volume  of  air  is  so  controlled  as  to  be  always  the  same.  The  details  of 
tlie  drier  are  illustrated  by  a  diagram. 

The  basal  ration  was  a  dried  product  containing  soy  bean  flour,  milk,  yeast, 
paper  pulp,  sodium  chlorid,  and  calcium  lactate.  This  was  proved  to  be  ade- 
quate for  the  rat  and  the  pigeon  but  to  produce  scurvy  in  the  guinea  pig.  A 
small  daily  addition  (10  gm.)  of  fresh  tomato  to  this  diet  was  sufficient  to 
prevent  and  to  cure  the  disease.  Raw  tomatoes  dried  in  a  blast  of  air  at 
either  a  low  temperature  (35  to  40**)  or  a  high  temperature  (55  to  60**)  were 
found  to  retain  a  significant  amount  of  their  antiscorbutic  potency,  as  a  daily 
supplonent  of  1  gm.  was  sufficient  to  protect  guinea  pigs  form  scurvy.  The  low- 
dried  tomatoes  were  still  effective  as  antiscorbutic  agents  80  days  and  the  high- 
dried  90  days  after  drying. 

The  authors  state  that  their  experiments  confirm  the  conclusions  of  Chick, 
Hume,  and  Skelton  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  272)  that  guinea  pig  scurvy  is  due  to  the 
deficiency  in  the  diet  of  a  specific  accessory  substance,  and  of  Cohen  and  Mendal 
(£.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  770)  that  roughage  is  not  the  determining  factor. 

Onr  local  food%  their  production  and  use,  W.  O.  Fbeeman  and  R.  O.  Wil- 
riAMS  {Trinidad:  Dept,  Agr.  Trinidad  and  Tobago,  191&,  pp.  1^4).— Directions 
for  planting  yams,  sweet  potatoes,  tannias,  dasheens,  eddoes,  cassava,  arti- 
chokes, beans,  pigeon  peas,  and  other  common  vegetables  are  given.  Sugges- 
tions for  the  use  and  recipes  for  the  preparation  of  these  vegetables  and  some 
of  the  local  fruits  are  included. 

Studies  on  the  composition  and  nutritive  value  of  some  subtropical  fruits, 
M.  E.  J^FFA  and  F.  W.  Aibbo  {Ann.  Rpt.  Cal  Avocado  Assoc,  1917,  pp.  85- 
91). — The  results  of  various  chemical  analyses  of  the  avocado,  sapote,  guava, 
feljoa,  and  several  cacti  are  tabulated  as  follows: 


OomposUian  of  various  subtropical  fruits. 


Kind  of  flnilt. 

Wftt«r. 

Protein. 

Fftt. 

Owbo- 
hydrate 
(fcydlf. 
feranoe). 

Fiber. 

Aflh. 

liMBOn  flniAVA             .................>..•.•■. 

Percent. 
84.00 
79.42 
72.64 
74.74 
84.88 
83.87 
86.02 
60.16 

Percent. 

0.76 
.88 
.64 
.87 
.82 

LOS 
.78 

2.08 

Percent. 
0.05 
.80 
.46 
.56 
.24 
.06 
.07 
20.10 

Percent. 

8.06 
11.65 
24.66 
21.75 

0.07 
11.16 
12.46 

7.40 

Percent. 
6.57 
6.68 
1.26 
1.62 
S.56 
3.45 
.26 

Percent. 
a67 

44 

RtTA'vr'hflrrT  niavft. ... -,^. ^tt-t 

SitlMltlMI.. 

m£^-::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 

.47 
.56 
.45 
.43 
1.26 

%::"""""!"":::"":i:.M.i.... 

Cbeti  f A  nialTi^) 

Avocado  (28  aniftfyses) 

Attention  is  called  to  the  high  percentage  of  oil  in  the  avocado,  the  digesti- 
bility of  which  has  been  found  to  be  equal  to  that  of  other  oils.  The  use  of 
avocado  pulp  as  a  butter  substitute  is  suggested  as  a  conservation  measure. 

Investigation  of  fruit  Juices,  F.  HXxnx  and  J.  S5llino  {Zischr.  Untersuch. 
Nahr.  u.  Genusgmtl,  S5  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  ^7-442).— Tables  are  given  showing 
the  composition  of  raspberry  juices  prepared  by  different  methods.  According 
to  the  figures  given,  the  freshly  pressed  juice  contains  a  larger  amount  of 
nitrogen  and  phosphoric  acid  than  the  fermented  Juices.     More  phosphoric 


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764  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEOOBD.  [yoL40 

acid  was  found  in  the  Juices  In  which  the  whole  fruit  had  been  fermented  ttmn 
when  the  juice  alone  had  been  fermented.  The  authors  suggest  that  this  is 
probably  due  to  the  fact  that  during  fermentation  small  amo>unts  of  plioB- 
phorus-containlng  compounds  In  the  pulp  pass  into  solution.  The  peree&lsge 
composition  of  the  ash  of  these  same  Juices  Is  also  tabulated. 

An  examination  of  apple  Juice  in  which  the  first,  second,  and  third  extrac- 
tions are  analyzed  separately  is  recorded.  The  data  show  that  the  mlnenl 
constituents  and  the  alkalinity  increase  with  succeeding  extractions. 

Twenty-four  samples  of  raspberry  Juice,  which  had  been  preserved  by  variWB 
chemicals  (for  1  liter  of  Juice  2.5  gm.  of  formic  acid,  1  gm.  of  salicylic  add, 
1.5  gm.  of  benzoic  acid,  or  0.5  gm.  of  hydrofluoric  add),  were  examined. 

It  was  found  that  salicylic  acid  was  the  most  satisfactory,  and  that  after 
one  year's  standing  the  Juice  retained  its  color  as  well  as  its  natural  flavor 
and  aroma.  Hydrofluoric  acid  ranked  next  in  value,  while  formic  acid  was 
found  the  least  satisfactory. 

The  bacteriology  of  canned  foods,  J.  Weinzisl  {Jour.  Med.  Research,  S9 
(1919),  No.  S,  pp.  5|9-4/5).— This  is  the  report  of  an  investigation  of  the 
organisms  which  may  be  present  in  canned  foods.  An  historical  survey  is 
given  of  the  literature  relative  to  the  bacteriology  of  the  canning  industry, 
In  summarizing  which  the  author  points  out  that,  although  the  results  are 
conflicting,  all  investigators  are  agreed  that  spoilage  is  due  to  the  action  of 
microorganisms.  Two  types  appear  to  be  prominent,  the  colon  group,  which 
causes  swelling  and'  decomposition  with  malodors,  and  the  B.  subiUii,  or 
spore-bearing  group,  which  is  difficult  to  kill  in  processing. 

In  the  present  investigation,  a  study  was  made  of  the  organisms  f6und  in 
spoiled  canned  foods,  in  experimental  packs  subjected  to  different  periods  of 
processing,  and  in  ordinary  commercial  packs.  Proper  media  and  condltioiis 
of  growth  were  selected  to  Isolate  molds  and  yeasts,  aerobic  and  anaerobic 
bacteria,  and  thermophlles.  In  connection  with  the  bacteriological  studies, 
an  examination  of  the  cans  was  conducted  to  determine  whether  apparently 
nonleaklng  cans  were  really  tightly  sealed  and  to  determine  the  exttfit  of 
swelling  in  cans  in  which  spoilage  had  occurred. 

Bacteriological  examinations  were  made  of  109  spoiled  or  suspected  samples, 
07  experimental  or  underprocessed  samples,  and  782  commercial  or  market 
samples.  The  organisms  Isolated  comprised  17  cultures  of  yeasts,  29  cultures  of 
molds  representing  7  genera,  and  392  cultures  of  bacteria  representing  38 
species.  The  most  prevalent  mold  was  Aspergillus  nidulans.  The  most  prer- 
alent  species  of  bacteria  were  B.  mesentericus,  B.  subtUis,  B.  thermomdifferwt, 
B,  vulgatus,  and  B,  cereus.  Members  of  the  paratyphold-enteritldis  group  were 
not  found,  nor  was  B.  botuUnus  ever  isolated. 

In  spoiled  and  in  underprocessed  canned  foods,  both  spore  and  nonspore- 
forming  bacteria  were  present,  the  spore-forming  usually  belonging  to  the 
B.  mesentericus  group  and  the  nonspore-forming  to  the  lactic-add-fonnln? 
group.  In  spoiled  sardines,  the  colon  group  was  the  prevailing  type,  the 
presence  of  which  causes  the  swelling  of  the  cans.  The  swelling  of  cans  of 
fruits  and  vegetables  is  thought  to  be  due  chiefly  to  the  presence  of  anaerobic 
bacteria  such  as  B.  toelchii. 

In  commercial  canned  goods  giving  no  evidence  of  spoilage,  microorganisms, 
almost  entirely  spore-forming,  were  found  in  23  per  cent  of  the  cases.  As  these 
may  develop  in  the  presence  of  air,  it  is  pointed  out  that  a  yacaom  is  esaentfail 
to  the  preservation  of  canned  foods  under  present  practice. 

Of  the  700  cans  tested  for  leakage,  04.1  per  cent  were  found  not  to  leek. 
The  presence  of  viable  spores  in  19.2  per  cent  of  the  nonleaklng  cans  Is  conse- 
quently attributed  to  understerilizatlon. 


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1910)  FOODS — ^HUMAN  NtTTBITION.  765 

Vood  Surveys  (17.  8.  Dept.  Affr.,  Food  Surveys,  t  (1919),  No$.  tO,  pp.  8,  fiff9. 
7/  21,  pp.  8,  figs,  5).— Tbe  first  of  these  numbers  consistB  of  a  special  report 
of  commercial  stocks  on  hand  January  1,  1919,  of  fats  and  oils,  cured  meats, 
and  salt  fish,  and  the  second  of  corresponding  data  for  dairy  and  related 
products,  sugar,  sirup,  honey,  and  candy. 

Reference  handbook  of  food  statistics  in  relation  to  the  war,  R.  Pbabc  and 
E2.  P.  Matchbtt  {Washington:  U.  8,  Food  Admin,,  1918,  pp.  1«4).— This  hand- 
book Is  published  by  the  United  States  Food  Administration.  The  statistics 
of  production,  export,  and  Import  of  the  principal  food  crops  in  all  the  countries 
of  the  world  are  given  for  the  years  1914-1917,  and  as  far  as  possible  for 
1918,  with  the  average  of  the  three  years  preceding  the  war. 

Kise  in  prices  during  the  war. — ^Food  and  other  commodities  (Nat,  Food 
Jour.  {London},  2  {1918),  No,  SO,  p.  i(J^).— Tables  showing  the  broad  move- 
ment of  prices  of  difiterent  articles,  the  eifect  of  control  In  the  prices  of  the  prin- 
cipal foods,  and  the  contrast  between  the  rise  in  food  prices  in  England  and 
other  countries  aife  given. 

A  method  of  expressing  numerically  the  growth-promoting  value  of  pro- 
teins, T.  B.  OsBOBNB,  li.  B.  Mbndel,  and  E.  L.  Febbt  (Jour.  Biol.  Chem.,  S7 
(1919),  No,  2,  pp.  i2S-2t9). — ^To  show  with  some  degree  of  accuracy  the  maxi- 
mum efiSciency  of  individual  proteins  or  mixtures  of  proteins  for  growth,  the 
authors  suggest  the  calculation  of  the  gains  In  body  weight  per  gram  of  protein 
eaten.  In  this  way  differences  in  food  intake  and  rate  of  growth  are  largely 
eliminated,  and  the  efficiency  of  combinations  of  proteins  can  be  expressed 
numerically  and  compared  with  that  of  single  proteins.  The  method  previously 
described  (E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  864)  is  considered,  however,  to  be  better  adapted 
to  the  use  of  the  dietitian  or  the  agriculturist  in  determining  the  relative 
value  of  proteins  for  growth. 

Tables  are  given  showing  the  relative  efficiency  of  lactalbumln  and  casein 
as  calculated  by  the  new  method  and  the  effect  of  restricted  food  intake  on 
gains  made  per  unit  of  food  eaten.  Recalculations  have  also  been  made  of 
data  obtained  in  the  earlier  study. 

It  is  pointed  out  that  economy  of  food  can  be  effected  only  by  supplying  the 
young  animal  with  as  much  as  it  will  eat,  and  economy  of  protein  only  by 
reducing  the  nutritive  ratio  below  that  at  which  the  normal  rate  of  growth 
can  be  maintained.  "Economy  in  nutrition  during  growth  depends  upon  a 
correct  adjustment  between  the  proportion  of  protein  and  the  total  energy  sup- 
*  plied.  Furthermore,  the  optimum  of  protein  is  determined  not  only  by  the 
absolute  amount  furnished  but  also  by  its  quality." 

The  occurrence  of  creatin  and  creatinin  in  the  blood  in  normal  and  patho- 
logical conditions.— m,  further  obserrations  of  normal  cases,  especially 
in  old  age,  J-  Fbiol  (Biochem.  Ztschr.,  87  (1918),  No.  1-2,  pp.  i-«2).— In  con- 
tinuation of  the  Investigations  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  274),  deter- 
minations are  reported  of  the  creatin  and  creatinin  content  of  the  blood  of 
adults  from  40  to  50,  50  to  60,  60  to  70,  and  70  to  80  years  of  age.  The  results 
are  compared  with  those  of  children  and  of  adults  under  40  years. 

Creatinnzia  and  aeidosia,  W.  Denis  and  A.  S.  Minot  (Jour.  Biol.  Chem.,  87 
(1919),  No.  2,  pp.  «|^h-«5«).— -Experiments  on  human  subjecte  along  the  same 
general  lines  as  those  used  by  Underbill  and  Baumann  on  rabbits  (E.  9.  r. 
ae,  p.  161)  were  conducted  to  determine  the  relation  between  acidosis  and 
creatin  excretion.  The  experimental  subjects  received  a  highly  add  diet  until 
creatin  excretion  was  established,  after  which  sodium  bicarbonate  was  admin- 
istered in  amounts  sufficient  to  keep  the  urine  alkaline  to  litmus.  Creatin  and 
creatinin  determinations  were  made  by  Folin's  micro  methods,  using  purified 
picric  acid. 


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766  EXPERIUCENT  STATION  RECORD.  |yoL40 

The  results  obtained  appear  to  demonstrate  no  definite  connection  between 
changes  In  acid-base  equilibrinm  and  creatln  excretion.  The  anthers  point 
oat  tliat  the  rations  used  in  the  above  experiments  and  those  reported  earQer 
(E.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  469)  contain  a  much  larger  amount  of  protein  than  the  so-called 
high  protein  diets  employed  by  Rose,  Dimmitt,  and  Bartlett  (B.  S«  R.,  39,  p. 
571),  with  which  creatin  excretion  was  not  obtained. 

Korznal  mechanism  for  the  control  of  oxidation  in  the  body,  W.  EL  Buia 
and  A.  J.  Null  {Amer.  Jour,  Physiol,  4$  (1918),  No.  «,  pp.  117-197,  figs.  5).— 
Continuing  previous  work  (B.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  364),  an  investigation  was  undertaken 
with  laboratory  animals  (dogs,  cats,  and  rabbits),  from  which  the  author  cock- 
cludes  that  "  ingestion  of  the  foodstuffs  increases  the  catalase  of  the  blood  and 
hence  of  the  tissues  parallel  with  the  increase  in  heat  production.  The  increase 
in  catalase  is  due  mainly  to  the  stimulating  effect  of  the  absorbed  foodstuffs 
on  the  liver.  The  ingestion  of  protein,  in  keeping  with  its  greater  stimulating 
effect  on  heat  production,  produces  a  greater  increase  in  catalase  than  fat  or 
^rbohydrate.  After  the  removal  of  the  liver  from  the  body  of  an  animal,  the 
liver  cells  continue  to  liberate  catalase  for  about  two  hours,  due  presumably  to 
the  stimulating  effect  of  the  dextrose  formed  from  the  glycogen." 

The  effect  of  aoetone  and  of  /S-hydrozylbutyric  and  acetoaoetle  adds  on 
the  blood  catalase,  W.  B.  Bubob  (Jour.  BioU  Chem.,  97  (lOlSC),  No.  S,  pp.  34$- 
347,  figs.  t). — In  continuation  of  the  investigations  on  catalase  noted  above, 
the  author  reports  experiments  indicating  that  the  Introduction  into  animals  of 
acetone  and  of  /9-hydroxylbutyric  and  acetoacetic  adds  results  in  an  increase  in 
the  catalase  in  the  blood,  and  that  this  Increase  is  due  to  a  stimulation  of  the 
liver  by  these  substances.  This  is  thought  to  offer  an  explanation  of  the  In- 
creased oxidation  In  diabetes. 

Contributions  to  the  physiology  of  the  stomach. — ^ZIiVH,  Qastrlc  seeretioa 
and  urine  ammonia,  A.  C.  Ivr  (Amer.  Jour.  PhyaioU,  46  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  340- 
361,  figs.  6). — ^The  author  concludes  that  "  gastric  secretion  and  urine  ammonia 
are  related  in  that  the  urine  ammonia  is  increased  by  the  absorption  in  the 
intestine  of  the  acid  product  of  gastric  secretion,  provided  that  this  acid  secre- 
tion Is  absorbed  before  neutralization  occurs,  i.  e.,  at  a  rdalively  fast  rate.*" 
For  earlier  work  see  a  previous  note  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  270). 

Contributionfl  to  the  physiology  of  the  stomach.— XL v  HI,  Studies  in  water 
drinking,  A.  C.  Ivr  (Amer.  Jour,  Physiol,  46  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  4St(^4J^,  figs. 
11), — From  observations  upon  laboratory  animals  (dogs)  and  man  the  author 
araws  the  following  conclusions : 

"  The  ingestion  of  water  with  the  meals  (400  to  800  cc)  Increases  the  amount 
and  the  free  and  total  acidity  of  the  gastric  juice.  The  Ingestion  of  water  with 
the  meals  decreases  th»  emptying  time  of  the  stomach,  due  to  tide  dilution  of 
the  stomach  contents.  Food  in  the  stomach  retards  the  evacuation  of  water. 
The  emptying  time  of  water  from  the  normal  human  stomach  varies,  consemi- 
tively,  tcom  400  cc.  to  100  cc.  in  15  minutes. 

'*  The  manner  of  the  discharge  of  water  from  the  dog*s  stomach  is,  according 
to  the  observations  upon  4  dogs,  rhythmic  and  could  very  possibly  correspond 
to  peristaltic  waves.  All  stomachs  do  not  respond  to  stimulation  by  water,  there 
being  a  marked  variation  in  different  individuals.  Those  stomachs  that  onpty 
water  slowly  (150  cc.  or  less  In  15  minutes  when  400  cc.  are  drunk)  respond 
much  more  than  those  that  empty  water  fast  From  the  observations  in  this 
study  water  can  not  be  substituted  for  the  Ewald  meaL 

"  The  latent  period  of  the  gastric  glands  of  man  wh^i  stimulated  by  water 
is  from  5  to  7  minutes.  It  was  impossible  to  demonstrate  a  fatigue  of  the  gastric 
glands  when  stimulated  by  water  or  by  gastrin  for  a  period  of  10  to  26  houra" 


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1910]  ANIMAL  FBODT7CnOK.  767 

The  pliysiological  basis  of  thirst,  W.  B.  Cannoh  (Proa  Roy.  8oc.  [LofUlOM]^ 
Ser,  B,  90  (1918),  No.  B  629,  pp.  t89--S01,  fig,  1).— The  author  explains  that 
thirst  is  doe  to  a  relative  drying  of  the  mucosa  of  the  moutli  and  i^arynx.  In 
the  cases  of  "true  thirst"  it  results  from  deficient  salivary  secretion.  The 
salivary  glands  require  water  for  their  action,  and  in  the  presence  of  a  general 
need  for  water  in  the  body  they  fail  to  maintain  the  normal  amount  and  quality 
of  secretion.  The  importance  of  this  failure  to  the  mechanism  of  the  water 
supply  of  the  body,  he  believes,  lies  in  the  strategic  position  of  these  glands  in 
relation  to  a  surface  which  tends  to  become  dry  by  the  passage  of  air  over  it 
Because  of  the  discomfort  which  thus  arises,  the  salivary  glands  become  a  deli- 
cate indicator  of  the  bodily  demand  for  fluid. 

Importance  of  ealdum  for  the  nourishment  of  plants,  animals,  and  man, 
O.  LOEW  {Naturto,  Zischr,  Font  «.  Landu)^  16  (1918),  No.  9-10,  pp.  S09-M6).-^ 
This  is  a  general  'discussion  of  the  subject,  with  numerous  references  to  related 
literature. 

Studies  on  cholesteroL — TV,  Szperiments  concerning  the  relation  ef  the 
diet,  the  blood  cholesterol,  and  the  ''  lymphoid  defense,"  G.  Lin>ER  {Jimr. 
Lab.  and  Clin.  Med.,  S  {1911),  No.  8,  pp.  Hl-lH.  fiO^^  fi).— The  author  has 
found  tliat  both  radium  and  Roentgen  rays  appear  to  increase  the  lymphocyte 
count  and  decrease  the  cholesterol  content  of  the  blood.  The  following  investi- 
gations were  undertaken  with  a  view  to  determining  the  possibility  of  activating 
the  **  lymphoid  defense  "  by  dietetic  measures.  The  author  was  her  own  sub- 
ject. As  preliminary  steps  she  determined  her  individual  cholesterol  standard 
and  the  effect  of  the  digestive  process  on  her  cholesterol  standard  during  the 
usual  mixed  diet  The  cholesterol  percentage  of  the  common  articles  of  food 
used  during  the  experiments  was  also  determined.  The  effects  of  Gruner's  diet 
(milk,  water,  lettuce,  toast,  and  Jam),  of  an  exclusive  meat  diet,  and  of  a 
vegetable  diet  on  her  blood  cholesterol  and  cytology  were  studied.  The  influence 
of  an  excess  of  carbohydrate  was  also  observed  by  means  of  a  diet  composed 
as  exclusively  as  possible  of  oats.  Since  no  cholesterol  appeared  to  be  con- 
tained in  oats  it  was  thought  that  this  diet  might  at  the  same  time  furnish 
data  concerning  the  synthesis  of  cholesterol  in  the  body.  No  conclusive  evidence 
of  the  latter  was  found. 

According  to  the  author's  data,  it  was  definitely  shown  that  the  chemical 
composition  of  the  blood  could  be  changed  by  dietetic  measures.  The  vegetable 
diet  decreased  the  blood  cholesteroL  It  was  reduced  by  one-third  in  2  days  on 
Gruner's  diet  and  increased  as  much  in  8  or  4  days  by  the  meat  and  oatmeal 
experiments. 

A  diet  which  increases  the  blood  cholesterol  weakens  the  lymphoid  defense, 
whereas  a  diet  which  decreases  the  blood  cholesterol  increases  the  lymphoid 
defense.  In  persons  predisposed  to  carcinoma  the  use  of  food  which  increases 
the  blood  cholesterol  may  possibly  result  in  the  development  of  carcinoma, 
whereas  dietetic  measures  calculated  to  reduce  the  blood  cholesterol  by  Increas- 
ing the  lymphoid  defense  may  t>e  of  value  in  treating  carcinoma. 

AHDEAL  FSODUCTIOH. 

Milk  as  the  sole  diet  of  ruminants,  A.  O.  McGandlxsh  (ioica  Sta^  Research 
Bui.  48  {1918),  pp.  3-ii).— Two  bull  calves,  one  a  grade  Jersey  castrated  at  the 
age  of  22  days  and  the  other  a  grade  Holsteln  not  castrated,  were  fed  on 
nothing  but  milk  and  common  salt  from  the  date  of  their  birth  until  their 
death,  which  occurred  apparently  at  the  age  of  about  30  and  25  weeks,  re- 
spectively.    The  digestible  crude  inrotein  and  total  digestible  nutrients  con- 


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768  EXPEBIMENT  STATION  BECORD.  rVi>L4» 

earned  were  in  ezceea  of  those  called  ftor  by  tlie  modified  Wolff-Lehmann  stand- 
ard. Body  weight,  height  at  withers,  depth  of  chest,  and  width  at  hips  were 
determined  every  30  days  and  these  data,  together  with  the  amount  of  feed 
'consumed  in  successive  lO-day  intervals,  are  published  in  tables.  The  average 
of  weights  and  measurements  of  66  normally  fed  heifers  are  presented  f6r 
comparison. 

At  the  end  of  6  months  the  Jersey  calf  had  Increased  his  body  weight  HI 
per  cent.  At  the  end  of  5  months  the  Hoi  stein  had  increased  his  91  per  cent, 
while  the  heifers  in  6  months  averaged  a  345  per  cent  increase.  During  the 
same  periods  the  percentage  increase  in  height  was  14  for  the  Jersey,  27  flor 
the  Holstein,  and  35  for  the  heifer  calves.  Increase  In  depth  was  19, 11,  and  S7 
per  cent,  respectively,  and  In  width  17,  21,  and  75.  Neither  of  the  experimental 
animals  throve  after  reaching  the  age  of  3  montha  They  suffered  from  fits  and 
large  patches  of  skin  became  devoid  of  hair. 

Autopsies  were  made  of  both  calves.  The  bones  of  the  Jersey  steer  ••  were 
very  flexible  as  if  insufficient  ash  were  present;  the  leg  bones  could  be  bent 
comparativMy  easily,  while  the  ribs  had  a  very  tliin  coating  of  hard  material 
with  a  soft  core.  None  of  the  bones  was  as  rigid  as  would  be  expected  In  an 
animal  of  similar  age.  There  was  one  atrophied  kidney  (perhaps  congenital) 
with  hypertrophy  of  the  other.  The  mesenteric  lymph  glands  were  modi 
enlarged  and  there  was  an  apparent  leukemia.  The  rumen  was  of  normal  stae. 
but  the  walls  were  evidently  atonic,  due  apparently  to  a  developmoit  of 
lymphoid  tissue.  The  omasum  was  smaller  than  would  be  expected,  though  the 
two  remaining  compartments  of  the  stomach  appeared  to  be  normal.  The  ocm- 
tents  of  the  rumen  resembled  thin  cottage  cheese  mixed  with  hair.**  In  the  case 
of  the  6-months  Holbein  bull,  the  bones  "appeared  to  be  in  fftlrly  good  con- 
dition, though  one  or  two  of  the  ribs  might  previously  have  been  broken  and 
healed.  The  mesenteric  lypmh  glands  were  enlarged  and  both  kidneys  were  in 
bad  condition  with  cysts.  All  the  stomach  compartments  were  of  about  normal 
size,  but  there  were  streaks  of  dark  brown  or  black  pigment  on  the  inner  wall 
of  the  abomasum.  The  contents  of  the  rumen  were  similar  to  those**  of  the 
Jersey  calf. 

EfEect  of  rust  on  [the  feeding  value  of]  wheat  straw,  F.  T.  SHrrrr  (Canada 
Bxpt,  Farms  Rpts,  1917 ,  p.  26). — Analyses  in  the  laboratory  of  the  Dominion 
chemist  show,  it  is  stated,  that  straw  from  rusted  wheat  has  a  higher  protein 
and  a  lower  crude  fiber  content  than  straw  from  rust-free  wheat  This  suggest 
tion  as  to  the  superior  feeding  quality  of  the  former  is  confirmed  by  the  obser- 
vations of  several  farmers  that  it  is  eaten  by  cattle  with  avidity.  If  not  too 
seriously  affected  with  rust;  it  is  counsumed  in  preference  to  fully  mature 
rust-free  straw.    The  analytical  data  are  not  published. 

[Chemical  analyses  of]  brans  and  shorts,  F.  T.  Shutt  {Canada  Bxpt,  Famu 
Rpt9,  1917,  p.  ^). —Brief  note  is  made  of  the  protein,  fat,  and  fiber  content  of 
Canadian  samples  of  bran  and  shorts. 

Cull  beans  for  fattening  steers,  O.  A.  Bbown  {Miehiffan  6ta.  Quart.  BuL, 
1  (1918),  No.  t,  p.  47). — Culls  resulting  from  damage  to  the  Michigan  bean  crop 
were  tested  out  as  feed  for  steers.  There  were  three  lots  of  six  steers  each. 
The  roughage  consisted  of  com  silage  and  clover  hay. 

The  lot  receiving  a  grain  ration  of  corn  meal  and  cull  bean  meal  in  the  ratio  of 
about  8 : 1  did  not  relish  the  bean  meal  and  made  only  1.94  lbs.  daily  gain  per 
steer.  Another  lot  given  corn  meal  and  cooked  bean  meal  in  a  ratio  of  about 
2 : 1  found  the  mixture  appetizing  and  made  an  average  dally  gain  of  2.12  lbs. 
The  check  lot  fed  corn  meal  and  cottonseed  meal  gained  2.S3  lbs.  daily. 

Cattle  [feeding  experiment  in  Nova  Scotia],  W.  S.  Bhkim  (Canada  BwpL 
Farms  RpU.  1917,  p.  72).— A  lot  of  12  steers  fed  swede  turnips  and  hay  during 


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1919]  ANIMAL  PRODXTCTIOlir.  769 

a  period  of  196  days  gained  on  an  average  2.1  lbs.  per  head  per  day,  while  a 
comparable  lot  receiving  corn  silage  and  hay  gained  2.24  lbs.  The  silage  ration 
of  the  second  lot  was  10  lbs.  less  per  day  than  the  swede  ration  of  the  first.  The 
second  lot  made  most  of  its  greater  gain  during  the  early  part  of  the  feeding 
period.  The  grain  ration  was  the  same  in  both  cases,  cmshed  oats,  bran,  cot- 
tonseed meal,  and  com  meal  (2:2:2:1). 

IQnentl  reqvlTements  of  sheep,  G.  S.  Fkaps  {Texas  8ta.  Bui.  2S2  {1918),  pp. 
6-tO,  Hg,  i). — ^For  each  component  of  the  ash  of  rations  fed  sheep  in  48  diges- 
tion experiments,  this  bulletin  furnishes  data  as  to  the  amount  fed  per  day,  the 
amount  not  recovered  in  the  feces,  and  for  10  of  the  experiments  the  amount 
found  in  the  urine.  Eighteen  of  the  digestion  trials  were  made  in  triplicate, 
and  29  in  dedicate,  while  1  ration  was  fed  to  a  single  animal  only.  The  digesti- 
bility of  the  organic  nutrients  and  total  ash  of  the  rations  of  43  of  the  expert- 
moits  (numbered  1-87,  24  a,  76,  78,  79,  81,  and  82)  have  been  given  in  three 
previous  bulletins  (E.  S.  R.,  87,  p.  865),  while  the  details  of  5  (numbered  88-92) 
are  nnpublished.  In  most  of  the  experiments,  the  ration  consisted  of  a  single  ' 
roQghage;  in  the  others,  of  alfalfa  plus  a  supfdement.  The  roughages  fed 
were  accuff  sorgo  fodder,  alfalfa  hay,  Bermuda  hay,  bur  clover  hay,  buffalo 
grass  hay,  com  fodder,  cowpea  hay,  Quam  grass  hay,  Johnson  grass  hay,  Kafir 
com  fodder,  millet,  oat  hay,  peanut  hay.  Para  grass  hay,  prairie  hay,  Rhodes 
grass  hay,  rice  hay,  rice  straw,  sorghum  and  cowpea  silage,  sorghum  hay,  Ta- 
bosa  grass  hay,  and  vetch  hay.  The  supplements  to  alfalfa  were  com  bran,  cold- 
pressed  cottonseed  cake,  cottonseed  meal,  a  mixture  of  cottonseed  meal  and 
hulls,  Kafir  com  chop,  Kafir  com  head  chop,  peanut  hulls,  rice  bran,  rice  hulls, 
and  rice  polish.  A  table  gives  the  percentages  of  silica  (insoluble  ash),  lime, 
magnesia,  phosphoric  acid,  and  potash  found  in  the  samples  used  of  all  these 
feeding  stuflS  except  Guam  grass  hay. 

The  author  points  out  that  the  rectum  is  a  recognised  path  of  excretion  from 
the  body  of  some  mineral  elements,  but  finds  it  convenient  to  speak  of  difference 
between  the  intake  and  the  fecal  content  as  the  amount  digested  and  also 
to  call  the  percentage  of  the  intake  that  is  "  digested  "  the  coefficient  of  digesti- 
bility. He  publishes  a  table  showing  the  digestibility  of  the  several  constituents 
of  the  ash  for  each  of  the  rations  except  that  no  mention  is  made  of  Guam  grasa 
This  omission  and  the  combination  of  certain  of  the  alfalfa  experiments  reduces 
the  number  of  items  in  the  table  to  44.  In  14  of  the  silica  entries,  10  of  the 
lime,  and  12  of  the  phosphoric  acid,  the  digestibility  was  zero,  that  is  the 
amount  in  the  feces  exceeded  the  amount  in  the  feed.  There  were  no  cases  of 
**  negative  digestion  "  of  magnesia  4 nd  potash.  The  averages  of  such  of  the  44 
determinations  of  the  coefficient  of  digestibility  as  were  not  zero  are  given  by 
the  author  as :  Silica  22.2^  lime  82.8,  magnesia  82.3,  phosphoric  acid  22.5,  and 
potash  83.2.  Grouping  the  determinations  by  the  amounts  ingested  shows,  in 
the  case  of  lime  and  phosphoric  acid  at  least,  that  the  coefficient  of  digestibility 
Increases  with  an  increase  in  the  amount  consumed,  negative  digestion  figures 
occurring  as  a  rale  only  when  this  amount  was  small.  This  condition  indicates 
that  f&lrly  constant  amounts  of  each  are  eliminated  daily  in  the  solid  excrem^it 
For  lime  the  daily  elimination  is  held  to  be  about  0.6  gm.  and  the  corrected 
digestibility' to  be  about  25  per  cent.  For  phosphoric  acid  the  elimination  is 
0.8  gm.  and  the  approximate  true  digestibility  is  50  per  cent.  The  data  also 
indicate  that  an  increased  digestion  of  1  gm.  of  lime  is  accompanied  by  an 
increased  retention  of  0.74  gm.  of  phosphoric  acid.  This  ratio  suggests  to  the 
author  the  formation  of  tricalclum  phosphate. 

Analyses  of  the  urine  collected  in  the  balance  experiments  (those  numbered 
from  76  to  02)  show  that  the  mineral  constituents  appear  in  the  urine  in  fairly 
120658'— 30 6 


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EXPEBIBCBNT  STATION  BECOBD. 


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constant  amounts  which  are  little,  If  at  all^  infinencedby  the  anxmnta  eaten  or 
the  amounts  digested.  From  these  data  it  appears  that  about  1.7  guL  of  phos- 
phoric acid,  2.8  gm.  of  lime,  and  1  gm.  of  magnesia  are  required  per  day  by 
sheep  weighing  about  100  lbs.  in  order  to  maintain  a  mineral  balance.  Abont 
0.2  gm.  of  potash  and  0.54  gm.  of  magnesia  per  day  were  stored  by  these  sheep. 

In  experiments  1-18  data  are  furnished  as  to  the  sulphur  trlozid  content  of 
feed  and  feces.  The  coefficients  of  digestibility  averaged  47.9.  Since  most  of  the 
sulphur  was  probably  in  combination  with  the  proton  of  the  rations,  the  co- 
efficients of  digestibility  of  the  tatter  are  given  for  comparison.  Their  average 
is  stated  as  48.4. 

Belation  of  breed  and  age  of  service  to  prolifleaoy  {WMhIngton  8ta.  Bid, 
158  {1919),  pp.  9, 10). — Statistics  collected  from  the  records  of  the  college  hail 
of  swine  from  1908  to  1916  are  published.  The  average  litter  siie  by  breed 
was  for  Tamworth  7.94,  PoUnd  China  7.15,  Duroc  Jersey  7.14,  and  Berkshire 
6.25.  The  number  of  litters  upon  which  the  averages  are  based  is  apparently 
16,  67,  66,  and  58,  respectively.  The  average  litter  size  by  age  of  sow  at  sarice 
was  found  to  be:  Yearlings  6.12,  2-year  olds  7.7,  8-year  olds  7.8,  and  4-year  olda 
7.9.    The  number  ot  records  were  16,  17,  10,  and  4,  respectiv^y. 

Self-balanced  rations  by  individual  pigs,  R.  G.  Ashbt  {Amer.  £foe.  Amlm, 
Prod.  Proc.  1916,  pp.  197-209,  flg9.  6).— This  paper  reports  the  first  year's  re- 
sults of  an  investigation  at  the  Minnesota  Experiment  Station  to  determine  the 
individual  differences  of  young  pigs  in  the  choice  of  feeds  and  the  influence  of 
the  rations  selected  on  the  economy  of  gain,  the  type  of  hog  produced,  and  tbe 
quality  of  the  product  Two  groups  of  5  pigs  each  were  fed  for  128  days,  ended 
November  15,  1915.  The  pigs  in  the  first  group  were  selected  from  a  litter  of 
Berkshire-Durocs  and  were  started  on  individual  feeding  at  the  age  of  108 
days.  The  second  comprised  a  litter  of  Poland-Durocs  and  were  started  when 
98  days  old.  Each  animal  was  k^t  in  an  individual  pen  with  access  to  a  sdf- 
feeder  in  which  shelled  com,  shorts,  and  tankage  (60  per  cent  protein)  were 
sui^lled  separately.  The  following  table  in  which  the  pigs  of  each  group  are 
arranged  in  the  order  of  increasing  economy  of  gain  summarizes  some  of  the 
results : 

Results  of  individual  selection  of  feeds  by  young  pigs. 


Pl«. 

Sex. 

Initial 
weight. 

Final 
weight. 

Gain 

Feeds  per  pound  of  galiL 

Com.' 

Shorts. 

Tankage. 

Com. 

Shorts. 

TtokipL 

6 

Barrow 

Zte. 
60.0 
64.0 
65.9 
46.0 
56.3 

Lbt. 

251.0 
267.6 
809.3 
288.0 
319.6 

Lbt. 

1.49 
1.67 
L91 
1.89 
2L06 

PerdL 
88.6 
86.2 
90l7 
87.4 
88.2 

PertL 
4.1 

ao 

11 
1.5 
2.1 

Petti. 
7.3 

ia8 

6.2 
11.1 

a7 

Lte. 
8.75 
3.48 
3.64 
S.32 
3.83 

Vb. 

a  17 

.12 

.13 

'  .06 

.08 

X8. 

asi 

7 

out 

41 

1 

Barrow 

.85 

2 

Gilt... 

13 

4 

Barrow... 

JB 

At.  groap  1 . . 
Barrow..... 

56.1 

287.1 

1.80 

88.3 

2.7 

ao 

3.48 

.11 

.as 

10 

35.3 
38.0 
35.0 
27.5 
37.3 

240.6 
213.3 
244.3 
166.6 
272.3 

1.60 
1.37 
1.64 
1.09 
L84 

88.0 
85.2 
85.8 
86.8 
88.7 

1.7 
2.7 
2.9 
2.1 
1.7 

10.3 
2.1 
11.3 
11.1 
9.6 

8.79 
8.38 
3.89 
8.43 
3.16 

.07 
.11 

:S 

.06 

.44 

12 

out • 

.48 

13 

do 

.45 

11 

Barrow 

44 

14 

out 

.34 

At.  group  2. . 

S4.6 

227.4 

1.51 

87.0 

2.2 

.  ia8 

3.42 

.09 

.48 

Other  data  given  include  the  proportion  of  each  feed  selected  by  3-week 
periods,  the  total  daily  consumption^  expressed  as  a  percentage  of  body  weight 
by  weekly  periods,  and  the  average  nutritive  ratio  and  the  maxlmuDi  and  mini- 


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ANIMAL  PRODUCTION. 


771 


mum  deviations  by  weeks.  The  ration  was  gradnally  widened  as  the  feeding 
period  progressed,  thus  confirming  a  statement  of  Lawes  and  Gilbert  made  in 
1854. 

At  the  close  of  the  test  Nos.  13  and  14  were  excessively  fat  and  appeared  soft. 
I^o.  4  finished  in  showyard  bloom.  The  carcasses  showed  the  pigs  to  be  very 
fat,  but  the  fat  was  well  distributed  throughout  the  lean.  The  hams  and  shoul- 
ders when  cured  proved  to  be  of  excellent  flavor.  The  sides  were  too  heavy 
for  prime  commercial  bacon. 

Studies  with  individual  pigs  {Minnesota  8ia.  Rpi.  1918,  pp,  61--5S), — ^A  con- 
tinuation* of  the  work  outlined  in  the  above  paper  during  1917  is  noted.  Sixteen 
pure-bred  pigs  were  fed.  A  tabulation  is  made  for  each  individual  of  this  and 
tlie  preceding  experiment  of  the  grain  consumption  per  100  lbs.  gain  and  his 
deviation  from  the  average  of  the  lot  to  which  he  belonged. 

Pasture  and  forage  crops  for  pork  production  (Minnesota  8ta.  Rpt.  1918, 
pp,  49-51). — Results  with  4  lots  of  pigs  on  alfalfa  and  rape  pastures  are  sum- 
marized as  follows : 

Qrowth  of  shotes  on  pastures  supplemented  with  com,  and  com  and  tankage. 


Supplement. 

Area 
actu- 
ally 
pas- 
tmvd. 

Pigs 
per 
acre. 

Dally 
gain 
per 
pl«. 

Weights  per  pig. 

Total 
gain 
per 
acre. 

time 
on 

fire. 

Grain 
required 

Pasture. 

Initial. 

Final. 

per 
pound 
of  gain. 

AlbUa 

3  per  cent  corn.. ....... 

Aeret. 

0.31 

.30 

.50 

.50 

26.4 
33.3 
30.0 
30.0 

Poundt. 

0.J» 
.06 
.74 

1.10 

Pounds. 
34.5 
32.1 
31.1 
30.0 

Pffundi. 
107.1 
123.6 
93.4 
123.2 

Pounds. 
1,470 
2,438 
1,860 
2,778 

137 

84 
84 

Pounds. 
3.31 

^5o..:; 

3.43 

»»pe. 

Do.... 

do 

Cam+taakase,  self-fed. 

3.20 
3.29 

In  contrast  unsatisfactory  results  are  cited  with  10  pigs  on  oats,  peas,  and 
rape.  The  animals  became  severely  rape  blistered  at  the  start,  and  gained 
only  821  lbs.  per  acre  In  98  days,  or  0.35  lb.  daily  per  pig. 

Results  from  4  cooperative  tests  of  pastures  for  swine  are  given.  The  pas- 
tures are  described  as  (1)  rye  and  rape  (poor),  (2)  clover  (good),  (3)  mixed, 
and  (4)  alfalfa  (good).  The  grain  fed  per  pound  of  gain  was  5.46,  4.03,  5.58, 
and  4.52  lbs.,  respectively,  and  the  margin  of  value  of  gain  (at  16  cts.  per 
pound,  over  total  feed  cost  was  $0.22,  $4.26,  $2.26,  and  $1.25,  respectively. 

In  2  exi)eriments  in  hogging-off  com  the  number  of  hogs  per  acre  was,  re- 
spectively, 25  and  24,  the  gains  per  acre  315  and  582.6  lbs.,  the  estimated  con- 
sumption of  com  per  pound  of  gain  10.52  and  5.83  lbs.,  and  the  tankage  fed 
per  acre  114  and  76  lbs.  It  is  stated  that  the  first  lot  remained  on  the  cornfield 
at  least  2  dsiya  too  long. 

Feeding  tests  with  fall  pigs,  10  to  a  lot,  4  lots  fed  105  days  and  3,  155  days 
from  weaning  to  market  are  also  noted.  One  was  hand  fed  by  the  Dietrich 
standard,  the  others  self  fed  on  com  mill  feed,  shorts,  and  tankage,  either  with 
or  without  additional  fe^d.  For  the  lots  fed  the  shorter  period  the  additional 
feeds,  in  the  order  of  their  apparent  fepcling  value  as  measured  by  dally  gain, 
were  (1)  shelled  corn  and  gluten  feed,  (2)  condemned  raisins,  (3)  none,  and 
(4)  com  gluten  feed.  For  the  longer  period,  the' order  was  (1)  alfalfa,  and 
(2)  none,  with  the  hand-fed  lot  intermediate. 

Feeding  value  of  field  peas  v.  barley  (Washington  8ta,  BuL  15S  (1919) , 
pp,  8,  9). — In  this  experiment  4  lots  of  shotes  of  Duroc- Jersey,  Poland  China, 
and  Berkshire  breeding  were  fed  49  days  in  January  and  February,  1918, 
under  weather  conditions  not  favorable  to  feeding  operations.    Ck)mparison  was 


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EXPERIMENT  STATIOIT  BBCX)BD. 


[y«L40 


made  between  field  peas  (split  or  cracked)  and  shorts  (2:1)  and  barley  and 
sborts  (2:1),  supplemented  either  with  tankage  (guarantied  60  per  cent  pro- 
tein) or  with  linseed  meal  in  amounts  to  make  the  supplement  10  per  cent  of 
the  ration.  Summary  of  the  results  follows,  the  lots  being  arranged  in  the  order 
of  economy  of  gain : 

Peas  V,  barley  far  IMshing  park. 


Feeds  compared. 

Number 

of 

piss. 

Avenge 
irelght. 

sain. 

Grain 

per 

pcnmdof 

sain. 

aee(Piitt- 
eS^ne). 

?sss 

Prnff+tenkam ....x. 

13 
18 
13 
18 

Poumit. 
107.3 
100.7 
107,8 
99.8 

PMHlA. 
77.4 
68.9 
64.9 

eo.6 

PMHlA. 
4.10 
4.26 
4.84 
4.77 

PcreeMT. 
10.8 
18.6 
18.8 
1L7 

8L7 

BArl^fy+tanfnm .....x  . 

8L0 

Feas+linseed  meal 

80l1 

Ptn-ley+lliMwed  m«il 

8LI 

It  Is  concluded  that  peas  had  a  better  feeding  value  than  barley  with  the 
supplements  used. 

The  nature  and  assimilability  of  the  organic  phosphorus  compounds  In 
cottonseed  meal  and  other  feeds  for  hogrs  {Arkansai  Sta,  BuL  1S8  (1918),  ^ 
23,  24).— As  a  practical  result  of  the  discovery  that  the  phytln  phosphorus  of 
feeding  stuffs  is  almost  entirely  converted  into  inorganic  forms  bf  the  animal 
body  (pigs)  before  utilization  (E.  S.  R.,  3d,  p.  675),  it  is  suggested  that  the 
feeding  of  ground  bone  or  phosphate  rock  Instead  of  expensive  organic  prodDCts 
of  plant  origin  is  sufficient  to  correct  phosphorus  deficiencies  in  an  otherwise 
satisfactory  ration. 

[Influence  of  feed  on  melting  point  of  lard],  O.  S.  Tbicfuroit  {AWwm 
Col  8ta,  Rpt  1918,  p,  30,  31),— The  melting  points  are  reported  of  the  lard 
obtained  In  a  hog-feedlng  project  involving  a  study  of  the  effect  of  some 
southern  feeds  on  the  lard.  Six  lots  of  8  hogs  were  started  on  tlie  experiment, 
but  one  lot  was  discarded  because  the  ration  used  consisting  of  com,  velvet 
bean  and  pod  meal,  and  tankage  (4:4:1)  proved  unpalatable.  The  lot  fed 
corn  and  tankage  (8:1)  dressed  out  in  a  satisfactory  manner,  and  the  lard  had 
a  melting  point  of  44.15*  C.  A  lot  fed  corn,  velvet  bean* and  pod  meal,  and 
peanut  meal  (3:3:2),  which  was  not  a  very  palatable  ration,  produced  lard 
melting  at  42.5°.  The  carcasses  of  the  three  lots  fed  varying  proiMrtlons  of 
corn  and  peanut  meal  were  graded  medium  soft.  The  melting  points  of  the 
lard  were,  respectively,  40.35,  40.2,  and  40.57*  C,  when  the  proportions  of 
corn  and  peanut  meal  were  1:1,  2:1,  and  3 : 1. 

The  home  butchering  and  curing  of  pork,  J.  M.  Hunter  (New  Jer$ey  Stiu, 
Circ,  101  {1918),  pp.  16,  figs.  9). — General  directions  are  given  for  the  home 
butchering  and  curing  of  pork,  with  special  attention  to  the  best  utilization  of 
all  parts  of  the  carcass.  Formulas  are  included  for  the  curing  agoits  used  In 
the  most  common  methods  of  preserving  pork  for  home  consumption — dry  salt 
cure,  pickled  pork,  and  brine  cure.  Special  directions  are  also  included  for  the 
preparation  of  sausage,  head  cheese,  and  scrapple. 

Effect  of  date  of  hatching^  upon  egg  production,  W.  J.  Buss  (Mo.  Bui.  OJUa 
Sta.,  4  U919),  No.  3,  pp.  79-82,  figs.  5).— Two  years'  egg  production  records  are 
presented  of  three  lots  of  Single  Comb  White  Leghorns,  the  first  hatched  Feb- 
ruary 22,  1916,  and  the  others  8  and  16  weeks  later,  respectively.  At  the 
beginning  each  lot  consisted  of  30  pullets.  While  laying  they  had  constant 
access  to  a  dry  mash  of  ground  corn«  bran,  and  meat  scrap  (2:1:2)  and  were 


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tAittY  IfA&Mim — ^bAiitlriird. 


m 


ted  shelled  com  and  wheat  (8:1)  twice  daily  to  the  extent  of  double  the  mash 
oonmmiption.    The  records  may  he  summarized  as  follows: 


Bifff  record  of  three  loU  of  White  LeghorM  hatched  at  different  periods  in  the 

spring. 


raoora 
began. 

PuUetyear. 

Second  year. 

Date 
hfttebed. 

W 

Avenge 
flock. 

Number 

of  eggs 

per  pullet. 

Feed  per 
doMn 

ffl! 

Average 
flock. 

Number 
ofwgs 
pernen. 

Peed  per 
dosen 
eggs. 

IMd. 
FM>.   38 
Apr.    20 
Jmie  13 

1916 
Aug.  10 
Nov.    2 
Dee.  28 

ao2 

886 

28. 0 
2S.4 
28.6 

166.8 
156.4 
144.0 

U9. 

6.01 
6.81 
6.06 

^%4 
364 
864 

26.7 
24.8 
26.5 

108.0 
119.5 
118.6 

Lb9. 
6.88 
6.60 
6.86 

A  table  is  published  expressing  the  egg  production  of  each  lot  by  4-week 
periods  during  the  first  year  as  percentages  of  the  maximum,  an  egg  a  day 
per  bird.  During  August,  September,  and  October,  this  percentage  in  the  case 
of  the  early  hatched  lot  varied  from  26  to  47,  but  from  Nbvember  1  to  Jan- 
uary 24  it  was  throughout  between  6  and  7.  During  the  latter  period  the  pul- 
lets went  through  a  molt  resembling  that  of  year-old  hens.  The  production 
of  the  April-hatched  lot  varied  from  18  to  40  per  cent  during  November,  De- 
cember, and  January,  and  showed  no  pronounced  slump  until  tlie  following  No- 
vember. In  all  three  lots  the  highest  production  of  any  period  occurred  at  the 
same  time,  between  March  22  and  April  18. 

The  author  concludes  that  there  is  practically  nothing  to  be  gained  by  hatch- 
ing Leghorn  eggs  as  early  as  February  22  in  the  latitude  of  Wooster,  Ohio, 
considering  the  high  price  which  the  same  e^^gs  would  bring  on  the  market, 
the  low  fertility,  the  long  period  the  chicks  must  be  kept  in  the  brooder,  and 
the  drop  in  production  of  the  resulting  pullets  during  the  winter  months. 

[Feedingr  values  of  skim  milk  and  meat  scraps  for  eggr  production],  A.  G. 
Phiups  {Indiana  Bta.  Rpt.  1918^  pp.  54-^6), — A  progress  report  shows  that 
pens  of  White  Plymouth  •  Rocks  and  Single  Comb  White  Leghorns  receiving 
animal  feed  in  addition  to  a  basal  ration  of  corn,  wheat,  oats,  bran,  and  shorts 
produced  in  the  pullet  year  over  twice  as  many  eggs  as  pens  receiving  the  basal 
rations  alone.  One  of  the  experiments  was  continued  a  second  year.  A  pen 
of  White  Leghorns  receiving  skim  milk  throughout  laid  135.9  eggs  per  bird 
tbe  first  year  and  119.6  eggs  the  second.  The  check  lot  receiving  no  animal 
feed  the  pullet  year  laid  61.4  eggs  per  bird,  but  in  the  second  year,  when  given 
Bkim  milk,  it  produced  an  average  of  150  eggs. 

SAI&T  rABMnrO--*DAI£TIHO. 

A  stndj  of  the  relative  reliability  of  official  tests  of  dairy  cows,  W.  W. 
Yapp  {JUinois  8ta.  Bui.  215  {1919),  pp.  5«5-^5P,  figs,  7).— The  purpose  of  this 
bulletin  is  mainly  to  compare  the  7-day  or  "  official "  advanced  registry  test  of 
Holstein  cows  with  the  year  or  "semiofficial"  test  In  confirmation  of  the 
common  impression  that  the  latter  gives  a  reliable  measure  of  a  year's  actual 
production,  the  author  cites  data  from  the  University  of  Illinois  herd  showing 
that  the  average  yearly  butter  fat  production  of  30  cows  as  determined  by  the 
semiofficial  method — monthly  butter  fat  percentage  estimated  f):om  2  days' 
milk — ^was  406.8±8.1  lbs.,  whereas  the  amount  as  determined  by  weekly  com- 
posite samples  was  415.5±8.1.  The  difference,  considering  the  probable  errors, 
la  not  regarded  as  significant 


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774  BXPEBIMEKT  STATIOK  ttfiCOtlD.  tVoL4d 

In  the  Holsteln-Frieslan  Advanced  Register  prior  to  May  1,  1915,  tbe  author 
finds  records  of  1,285  cows  that  completed  a  year's  test  during  the  same  lacta- 
tion in  which  they  satisfied  advanced  registry  requirements  for  a  7-day  test 
The  records  of  this  group  of  cows  are  submitted  to  statistical  study.  Tablet 
and  graphs  are  given  showing  the  relation  between  pounds  of  fat  and  percentage 
of  fat.  In  the  semiofllclal  records  there  is  a  steady  uniform  increase  in  fat 
percentage  with  Increased  fat  production.  In  the  7-day  records  there  is  a  simi- 
lar increase  in  percentage  between  the  8  and  the  24-lb.  records,  but  a  sharp 
and  abnormal  rise  in  percentage  occurs  for  tho  higher  records.  The  mean  fat 
percentage  of  the  7-day  tests  was  3.679±0.01  and  that  of  the  year  tests 
8.434±0.006.  Ck>nsldering  the  small  probable  errors,  this  difference  is  of  un- 
doubted significance.  The  7-day  percentage  records  were  also  distinctly  more 
variable  than  the  year  records,  the  standard  deviations  being,  respectively, 
0.526±0.007  and  0.317±0.004.  The  correlation  between  amounts  of  milk  pro- 
duced during  the  7-day  test  and  during  the  365  days  was  found  to  be  0.702±0.01, 
while  the  correlation  between  the  official  and  semiofficial  amounts  of  butter  fat 
was  0.703=!:0.01.  Although  these  correlations  are  high,  it  is  pointed  out  that 
they  are  not  high  enough  for  correlations  between  two  measurements  of  the 
same  thing.  Taking  all  the  data  into  account,  the  author  concludes  that  tlie 
7-day  test  is  not  a  satisfactory  index  of  a  cow's  annual  production  of  butter 
fat. 

Short  discussions  are  given  of  the  80-day  test  and  of  the  8-months-after- 
calving  7-day  test.  In  1,390  records  where  official  7-day  and  30-day  tests  were 
completed,  the  fat  percentage  was  higher  in  the  former  than  in  the  latter 
throughout  the  range  of  production,  the  divergence  being  somewhat  greater  in 
the  case  of  the  higher  records.  Only  209  records  were  available  for  the  pur- 
pose of  comparing  the  7-day  test  at  the  beginning  of  lactation  and  after  tbe 
lapse  of  8  months.  In  the  case  of  the  lower  records  the  late  test  had  a  higher 
percentage  of  fat  than  the  early  test,  but  the  condition  is  reversed  in  the  h\&ier 
records. 

Ten  vital  questions  regarding  test  wo  A  (Holstein-Friesian  World,  16 
(1919),  No.  7,  pp.  519^21,  552,  figs.  9).— The  editors  of  the  HoUteinrFria^m 
World  propounded  10  questions  concerning  the  value  of  the  7-day  tests  for  Hoi- 
stein  cattle  as  a  measure  of  productive  capacity  as  a  basis  for  breeding  opera- 
tions and  as  a  factor  in  the  advancement  of  the  breed.  Answers  are  here  sum- 
marized from  H.  H.  Wing,  H.  H.  Dean,  O.  Erf,  O.  Larsen,  G.  EL  True,  and  K.  B. 
Musser.  Considerable  i^epticlsm  is  shown  as  to  the  value  of  the  test  All  seem 
to  think  that  the  test  will  eventually  be  abandoned,  but  only  O.  H.  True  advocates 
its  immediate  discard. 

The  Wisconsin  Begister  of  Production,  G.  W.  Tubneb  {Hoard^B  Dairyman, 
57  {1919),  No.  IS,  pp.  646,  647,  fig.  i).— Report  is  made  of  the  first  year's  opera-' 
tion  of  the  Wisconsin  Register  of  Production,  a  scheme  for  giving  official  recog- 
nition to  high  producing  cows  in  Wisconsin  cow  test  assoclatons  devised  and 
carried  out  by  the  Wisconsin  Dairymen's  Association  in  cooperation  with  the 
University  of  Wisconsin.  The  sole  requirement  for  entry  is  a  record  of  365 
lbs.  of  butter  fat  in  a  year,  there  being  no  sliding  scale  for  age  or  breeding. 
During  the  year  the  cows  satisfying  the  requirement  numbered  271,  of  which 
81  were  registered  as  pure-bred  Holstelns,  Guernseys,  or  Jerseys,  and  15  are  de- 
scribed as  natives.  The  average  milk  production  was  9,181.6  lbs.,  and  the  avtf- 
age  butter  fat  record  407.48  lbs. 

Water  requirements  for  milk  production,  A.  C.  McGanbltsr  and  W.  0. 
Oaesslxb  {Jour.  Dairy  Sci.,  t  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  ^-8).— This  paper  reports  ex- 
periments at  the  Iowa  Experiment  Station  to  determine,  if  possible,  the  amount 
of  water  in  addition  to  that  in  the  feed  required  by  cows  for  milk  production 

uigiiizea  Dy  vjiv/\^^iv^ 


1919] 


DAIBY  FABMIKG — ^DAIBYIKa. 


776 


dnrlnsr  hot«  dry  summer  weather  when  soiling  crops  are  being  fed.  Water  was 
offered  twice  daily,  tlie  amount  drunk  being  determined  by  the  difference  in  the 
animal's  weight  before  and  afterwards.  Feed  was  weighed  and  the  moisture  in 
It  determined.    The  general  results  are  given  in  the  following  table : 

MUk  production  and  water  consumption  of  five  dairy  cows. 


Breed. 

of%l. 

Avenge 

Uve 
weight. 

MUkpjO- 
doced. 

Pat  pro- 
duced. 

Drinking 
water  per 

100  lbs. 

milk. 

Total 

water  per 

100  lbs. 

milk. 

Total 

TooiiS* 

dry  mat- 
ter oon- 
sumed. 

Jersey 

25 
15 
50 
50 

Lte. 
834 
•Ifr 

i.oao 

1,024 
1,224 

Lb9. 

972 
705 
462 
001 
875 

Lb9. 

44 
26 
10 
42 
84 

Lb9. 
320 
361 
286 
338 
424 

Lbt. 
512 
431 
453 
536 
678 

lb$. 
50S 

y_T_f-tLl 

661 

Do 

681 

OiMinaey. . , 

621 

Ho"ffMJn.    ; 

518 

Avenge 

1,014 

'"* 

350 

533 

545 

Comparable  data  from  the  South  Dakota  Station  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  374),  It  is 
stated,  show  that  the  requirement  for  each  100  lbs.  of  milk  is  432  lbs.  of  drinking 
water,  or  a  total  of  570  lbs.  from  feed  and  drink. 

Importance  of  salt  in  rations,  J.  Joffe  {Jour.  Dairy  Sci.,  1  {19 J8),  No.  6,  pp, 
487-497). — ^A  discussion  of  some  of  the  literature  dealing  with  the  need  of 
dairy  cows  for  sodium  chlorid,  together  with  speculations  as  to  the  state  of 
domestic  animals  in  prehistoric  times  and  the  rdle  of  electrolytes  in  animal 
physiology. 

Cost  of  raising  [French  Canadian]  heifers,  G.  A.  Langeueb  {Canada  Expt. 
Farms  Rpt9.  1917 ,  p.  93). — Three  heifers  of  the  French  Canadian  breed  raised 
at  the  experiment  station,  Cap  Rouge,  Quebec,  averaged  775  lbs.  in  weight  at  the 
end  of  26  months.  During  this  period  the  individual  feed  consumption  totaled 
1,028  lbs.  whole  milk,  7,921  lbs.  skim  milk,  774  lbs.  meal,  3,774  lbs.  hay,  6,133  lbs. 
roots,  5,933  lb&  silage,  and  278  lbs.  green  feed,  with  69  days  on  pasture. 

Iiactose,  fat,  and  protein  in  milk  of  various  animals,  O.  Folin,  W.  Denis, 
and  A.  S.  Minot  {Jour.  Biol.  Chem.,  57  {1919),  No.  5,  pp.  545-552).— Tables  are 
given  of  the  lactose,  fat,  and  protein  content  of  the  milk  of  rabbits,  cats,  guinea 
pigs,  pigs,  goats,  sheep,  dogs,  cows,  and  women.  The  lactose  was  determined  by 
the  methods  of  Folin  and  Denis,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  615),  and  fat 
by  the  Babcock  method  for  the  larger  animals  and  Bloor*s  nephelometric  method 
(£.  S.  R.,  32,  p.  312)  for  the  smaller  animals.  Protein  was  calculated  from  the 
nitrogen  figures  obtained  by  the  KJeldahl  method.  The  lactose  figures  varied 
from  1.8  per  cent  in  rabbits  to  8.5  in  mare's  milk,  fat  from  0.9  in  a  sample  of 
mare's  to  12.1  per  cent  in  rabbit's  milk,  and  the  protein  from  1.39  in  human  milk 
to  11.4  per  cent  in  rabbit's  milk. 

Studies  on  the  clarification  of  milk,  II,  B.  W.  Hammer  and  A.  J.  Hauseb 
{Iowa  Sta.  Research  Bui.  47  {1918),  pp.  79-97,  figs.  2).— In  the  earlier  studies 
on  clarification  (B.  S.  R.,  35,  p.  778)  a  De  Laval  clarlfier  was. used.  Since  the 
Sharpies  clarlfier  is  very  differently  constructed,  the  authors  thought  it  desirable 
to  carry  out  a  series  of  analogous  experiments  with  the  latter  machine.  These 
are  reported  on  here. 

The  same  apparent  increase  in  bacterial  count  was  noted,  due  presumably  to 
breaking  up  of  clumps.  The  clarlfier,  being  sterile,  was  not  a  source  of  contami- 
nation. Fifty-two  samples  of  milk  with  initial  bacterial  count  under  100,000  were 
run  through  the  clarlfier.  One  showed  no  change  in  count,  and  8  showed  a 
decrease  oi  from  2  to  43  per  cent    The  remaining  43  showed  increases,  25  be- 


uigitizea  Dy  ' 


^3'^ 


776  EXPBRIMENT  STATION  SBOOBD.  [ToLM 

tween  1  and  60  per  cent,  7  between  51  and  100  per  oent«  0  between  101  and  100 
per  cent,  3  between  151  and  200  per  cent,  whHe  2  increaaed  480  and  767  per  cent, 
respectively.    The  average  change  was  an  increase  of  6S  per  cent 

In  0  samples  containing  orlginaUy  from  100,000  to  500,000  bacteria  theie  was 
a  decrease  up  to  55  per  cent  in  7  cases  and  2  increasea,  1  of  27  per  cent  and  one 
of  44  per  cent  The  average  change  was  a  decrease  of  7  per  cent  In  82  samplei 
with  a  count  of  over  500,000  bacteria  there  was  a  decrease  up  to  SI  per  cent  in 
17  cases  and  an  increase  up  to  50  per  cent  in  15  cases.  The  average  change  wu 
a  decrease  of  1  per  cent 

In  63  comparisons  of  the  tissue-cell  content  of  clarified  and  unclarified  mlllE, 
clarification  caused  a  decrease  of  from  11  to  78  per  cent,  the  average  being  4L 
The  average  cell  content  of  the  unclarified  milk  was  808,778  and  that  of  tlie 
clarified  177,635  per  cubic  centimeter.  No  relationship  was  noticed  between  the 
percentage  of  cells  thrown  out  and  th^  original  cell  content,  the  percentage  of 
fat,  or  the  temperature  of  the  milk. 

Fourteen  samples  of  clarlfier  slime  were  studied  as  to  the  numbers  of  bacteria 
and  cells  contained.  The  bacterial  content  varied  from  7,800,000  to  5,210,000,000 
per  gram  and  the  cell  content  from  57,000,000  to  658,000,000  per  gram.  Slime 
with  a  high  bacterial  content  generally  came  from  milk  with  a  high  bacterial 
content. 

Clarified  imsteurized  milk  gave  a  higher  bacterial  content  than  unclarified 
pasteurized  milk  in  14  of  20  comparisons.  In  four  it  gave  a  lower  bacterial 
content,  while  in  .two  cases  there  was  no  difference. 

Clarified  and  unclarified  milk  showed  the  same  acidity  after  holding  in  three 
of  26  comparisons.  In  18  the  clarified  milk  showed  the  higher  acidity,  while  in 
10  the  clarified  milk  showed  the  lower  acidity. 

Clarification  slightly  reduced  the  creaming  ability,  as  determined  in  tubes  held 
in  ice  water,  of  both  raw  and  pasteurized  milk.  The  Infiuence  was  too  small 
to  be  of  practical  Importance  in  milk  allowed  to  cream  in  bottles. 

Differences  in  the  results  of  clarification  by  the  Sharpies  and  by  the  De  Laval 
methods  are  attributed  to  differences  in  milk  samples  used. 

Clarification  Is  held  to  be  a  legitimate  practice.  "  While  clarification  can  not 
be  expected  to  improve  the  keeping  quality  of  milk  or  to  make  it  safe  as  fiir  as 
possible  pathogens  are  concerned,  It  can  give  it  a  much  more  pleasing  appearance 
and  thus  result  in  an  increased  consumption.  The  elimination  of  body  cells  also 
is  desirable  from  an  esthetic  viewpoint,  although  within  certain  limits  they  are 
normal  constituents  of  milk,  and  It  would  be  extremely  difficult  to  prove  them 
harmful." 

Studies  on  the  uniformity  of  heating  in  the  final  package  method  of  pas- 
teurization, B.  W.  Hammeb  and  A.  J.  Hauseb  (Jour,  Dairy  8ci„  1  (1918),  No. 
^,  PP'  462-474). — ^This  paper  reports  experiments  at  the  Iowa  Experiment  Sta- 
tion involving  a  comparison  between  a  type  of  final  package  pasteurizer  in  which 
the  bottles  are  immersed  in  a  vat  of  water  and  a  type  in  which  they  are  not 
immersed.  In  the  latter  very  great  variations  in  bacterial  count  and  d^tb  of 
cream  line  of  different  bottles  of  the  same  run  were  found.  In  the  immersion 
type  only  slight  variations  were  founds  too  small  to  be  of  practical  significance. 

All  the  experiments  showed  fairly  close  agreement  between  the  effect  of  heat 
on  tlie  bacterial  count  of  a  bottle  and  on  its  cream  line.  It  is  suggested  that  by 
determining  the  amount  of  cream  thrown  up  by  a  number  of  bottles  pasteurised 
in  a  given  run  a  good  index  of  the  degree  of  uniformity  in  heating  could  be 
secured. 

Data  on  bacteria  and  cream  line  are  published  for  63  bottles  from  7  runs  with 
the  uonimniersion  type  and  144  bottles  from  29  runs  with  the  immerslot 
apparatus. 


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19191  TETEBINARY  MEDICIKE.  777 

Oold  Btontiro  of  eottoge  [and  other  soft]  cheese,  H.  B.  Bllenbebokb  {MUk 
Dealer,  7  {1918),  No.  It,  pp.  58,  59). — Unccnnpleted  experiments  conducted  by 
the  author  at  the  Vermont  Experiment  Station  indicate  the  feasibility  of  keeping 
cottage,  Neufchfttel,  and  cream  cheese  in  cold  storage  for  periods  of  at  least 
four  months.  The  cheese  was  mostly  stored  in  butter  tubs  and  held  at  a  tem- 
perature of  14  to  16"  F.  Some  of  the  stored  cheese  after  thawing  was  repacked 
In  amaU  retail  packages  and  submitted  to  competent  Judges  of  dairy  products* 
wlio  pronounced  It  ''flne,"  and  did  not  suspect  its  history.  A  study  is  being 
Bwde  of  the  influence  of  moisture  content,  salt,  acidity,  and  similar  factors  on 
the  keeping  qualities.  It  Is  boped  that  the  adoption  of  cold  storage  will  result 
in  a  uniform  supply  of  soft  cheese  throughout  the  year. 

1^6  manufacture  and  composition  of  Bulgarian  cheese,  M.  Nicolon  {Ztsehr, 
UfUer9ueh.  Nahr,  u.  Oenusanitl.,  S€  (1918),  No.  5-6,  pp.  STt-lOl) .—A.  description 
of  the  ivocess  of  manufacture  and  the  results  of  analysis  of  134  samples  of 
rhc«c  made  in  Bulgaria  are  given.  The  composition  is  very  variable,  fat 
ranging  from  20  to  40  per  cent,  protein  from  7.74  to  32.05  per  cent,  salt  from 
1.06  to  9.97  per  cent,  and  water  from  20  to  60  per  cent 

A  study  of  bacteria  In  ice  cream  during  storage,  H.  B.  Bllenbebgeb  {New 
York  CemeU  8ta.  Mem.  18  {1919),  pp.  SSl-^et,  figs.  2).--On  the  basis  of  his  in- 
yestlgations  the  author  states  that  agar  plates  give  higher  counts  than  gelatin 
plates,  the  use  of  litmus  in  both  cases  increasing  the  counts  somewhat,  and  that 
an  Incubation  temperature  of  20^-  C.  for  seven  days  proved  the  best  of  any 
tried  for  growing  bacteria  from  the  ice  cream  on  agar  plates.  The  greatest 
error  in  making  counts  of  bacteria  by  the  plate  method  seems  to  be  caused  by 
uneven  distribution  in  the  final  dilution  water. 

As  a  result  of  tlie  investigations  reported,  the  following  conclusions  were 
drawn: 

**  Of  the  ingredients  used  in  Ice  cream,  milk,  cream,  and  condensed  milk  are 
by  flar  the  most  prolific  sources  of  bacteria.  By  effective  pasteurization  of 
these  products  bef<Hre  they  cSiter  the  mix,  Ice  cream  can  be  made  having  a  low 
bacteria  content 

**Aside  from  utensil  contamination,  there  Is  usually  an  Increase  in  the  number 
of  bacteria,  as  shown  by  the  plate  count  in  ice  cream,  resulting  from  the 
fi-eeslng  process^    This  is  probably  due  to  the  breaking  up  of  clumps  of  organ- 


**  There  is  no  radical  change  in  the  total  number  of  bacteria  in  ice  cream 
during  storage.  There  seems,  however,  to  be  a  tendency  toward  a  slight  de- 
crease during  the  first  two  to  four  days,  with  a  more  noticeable  increase  and  a 
corresponding  decrease  again  between  the  fourth  and  the  twenty-first  day,  after 
which  time  there  is  a  very  gradual  falling  oft  In  numbers. 

"  The  groups  of  bacteria  in  Ice  cream  as  determined  by  litmus  gelatin  plates 
and  litmus  milk  tubes  do  not  change  noticeably  during  storage.  The  add 
formers  predominate  all  through  the  storage  period,  and  many  of  them  appear 
to  be  typical  of  the  Bacterium  lactis  acidi  group." 

Susai^savinff  substitutes  in  ice  cream,  J.  H.  Frandsen,  J.  W.  RovNia,  and 
J.  LinTHiT  {Jour.  Dairy  Soi„  t  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  82-40). —^reviovui^  noted 
from  another  source  (£.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  872). 

VETERIHABT  MEDICINE. 

Outlines  of  comparative  anatomy  of  vertebrates,  J.  S.  KiwasiXT  {PhUadeU 
phim:  P.  BlakUton's  Son  d  Co.,  {19171,  2.  ed.,  rev.,  pp.  X+-W5,  figs.  i06).--A 
revised  edition  of  the  work  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  28,  p.  608). 


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778  EXPERIMENT  STATION  REOORD.  (V«L40 

Common  diseases  of  farm  animals,  R.  A.  Geaig  {PhUadelphia  and  Umixm: 
J.  B.  Lippincoti  Co.,  1919,  9.  ed.,  rev,,  pp.  XII -{-SS^,  pi.  1,  figs.  /iB5).— A  reriaed 
edition  of  the  work  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  34,  p.  383). 

The  control  of  animal  diseases,  J.  R.  Mohueb  (Amer.  Jour.  Vet.  Med.,  H 
{1919),  No.  4,  PP'  155-161). 

Erroneous  impressions  of  certain  Federal  activities,  J.  R.  Mohueb  {Amtr. 
Jour.  Vet.  Med.,  14  (1919),  No.  5,  pp.  201-214). 

Regulations  erovemlnff  entrance  to  the  veterinary-inspector  «*'«"*<***»*^ 
(17.  8.  Dept.  Affr^  Off.  Sec.  Circ.  128  (1919),  pp.  ii ).~Thl8  presents  regaladiMM. 
which  became  effectlye  September  5,  1918,  promulgated  by  the  Secretazy  ef 
Agriculture  and  approved  by  the  U.  S.  Civil  Service  Commission  relative  to  the 
matriculation  examination  and  course  of  instruction  in  veterinary  adoioe  at 
veterinary  schools  and  colleges  required  to  educate  and  qualU^  persons  for  tiie 
civil  service  examination  for  the  position  of  veterinary  inspect!^. 

A  list  of  the  schools  and  colleges  at  present  accredited  and  qualified  to  supply 
the  graduates  eligible  to  enter  such  examinations  is  included. 

Report  of  veterinarian,  C.  A.  Cast  {Alabama  Col.  8ta.  RpU  1918,  pp.  3^ 
34). — ^This  is  a  brief  statement  of  the  results  of  work  carried  on  during  ttae 
year  to  determine  (1)  the  toxic  effect  of  red  bucbeye  (JBtcuHus  pavia)  whm 
ingested  by  pigs,  (2)  the  toxic  action  of  Helenium  tenuifoUum  on  horses  and 
dogs,  and  (8)  the  efficacy  of  anthelmintics  on  chickens. 

Ninth  biennial  report  of  the  State  veterinarian  of  California  for  the  two 
years  ended  June  30,  1918,  C.  Kbanb  {Bien.  Rpt.  State  Vet.  CaL,  9  {1917-13), 
pp.  27). — ^This  reports  particularly  on  the  tuberculin  testing  of  dairy  herds 
under  the  provisions  of  the  State  dairy  law,  tuberculosis  control,  .occorrence  of 
hog  cholera,  anthrax,  sheep  scabies,  blackleg,  glanders,  and  forage  poiscming. 
,  Seventh  biennial  report  of  the  Kansas  Live  Stock  Sanitary  Gommissi<ni«, 
1917-18,  J.  H.  Mercbb  {Bien.  Rpt.  Kans.  Live  Stock  Sanit.  Comr.,  7  <i9/7-i8), 
pp.  86,  figs.  5). — ^This  report  includes  discussions  of  hog  cholera  and  its  con- 
trol, bovine  tuberculosis,  the  accredited  herd  ptan,  hemorrhagic  septicemia, 
scabies  eradication,  contagious  abortion,  etc. 

Report  of  the  New  York  State  Veterinary  College  for  the  year  1916-17 
{Rpt.  N.  Y.  State  Vet.  Col.,  1916-17,  pp.  364,  Pl9.  33).— The  papers  here  pre- 
sented are  as  follows :  Researches  in  the  Diseases  of  Breeding  Cattle,  by  W.  L. 
Williams  and  W.  A.  Hagan  (pp.  02-189) ;  The  Etiology  and  Mode  of  Infection 
in  White  Scours  of  Calves,  by  W.  A.  Hagan  (pp.  140-161) ;  Formalin  in  the 
Treatment  of  Mastitis,  by  J.  N.  Frost  (pp.  162-165)  (B.  S.  R.,  87,  p,  ZH); 
Anaesthesia  and  Narcosis,  by  W.  £}.  Muldoon  (pp^  166-198)  ;  A  Survey  of  the 
Intestinal  Parasites  of  the  Dog,  by  F.  V.  Dederick  (pp.  199,  200) ;  Cktrbage 
Feeding  and  the  Care  of  Garbage  Fed  Swine,  by  R.  R.  Birch  (pp.  201-213) ; 
Orokinase  and  Ptyalin  in  the  Saliva  of  the  Horse,  by  C.  C.  Hayden  (pp.  214- 
284) ;  Tuberculosis  in  Equines,  by  E.  M.  Pickens  (pp.  235-254) ;  The  Pathologr 
of  Spavin,  by  S.  A.  Goldberg  (pp.  255-340)  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  686) ;  and  Parasites 
Affecting  Sheep,  by  C.  P.  Fitch  (pp.  341-^859)  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  188). 

The  importance  of  sodium  chlorid  In  agglutination,  K.  Taoawa  {Jour.  €oL 
Agr.  Imp.  Univ.  Tokyo,  3  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  259-336;  abs.  in  Vet.  Rev.,  3  (1919), 
No.  1,  pp.  66,  67). — ^Three  papers  are  presented. 

I.  The  influence  of  sodium  chlorid  on  agglutination  (pp.  259-289). — ^Various 
agglutination  experiments  are  i-eported  from  which  the  following  conclusions 
are  drawn:  A  certain  amount  of  salt  is  necessary  for  the  complete  action  of 
immune  agglutinins,  but  there  is  no  fixed  relation  between  the  amount  of  salt 
and  the  appearance  of  agglutination.  A  small  amount  of  salt  is  sutBdent  to 
start  the  agglutination. 


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1919)  VbtebinabY  medicine.  tTd 

The  action  of  the  so-called  normal  agglutinins  does  not  depend,  as  formerly 
thought,  on  spedflc  receptors,  but  globulins  ^and  albumins  appear  to  play  an 
important  rOle.  An  agglutination  similar  to  normal  agglutination  occurs  with 
other  proteins  as  well  as  with  serum.  From  absorption  experiments  it  appears 
that  normlil  agglutinin  has  no  essential  specificity,  and  that  salt  may  be  preaoit 
or  not. 

Agglutinin  can  bind  itself  to  the  bacillus,  but  only  feebly.  Immune  agglutinin 
caaaes  agglutination,  especially  if  the  immune  serum  is  diluted  with  sodium 
chlorid  solution  or  with  distilled  water.  Immune  agglutinin  appears  to  have  a 
greater  affinity  than  normal  agglutinin  for  agglutinogen.  The  presence  of  a 
definite  amount  of  salt  is  necessary  for  the  complete  combination  of  agglutinogen 
and  Immune  agglutinin. 

II.  The  firoagglutinoid-like  reaction  of  a  Mlution  of  hefMffloMn  (pp.  291-297).^ 
The  author  has  found  that  if  anthrax  bacilli  are  agglutinated  with  hemoglobin 
solution  from  normal  animals,  particularly  goats,  a  reaction  takes  place  similar 
to  the  proagglutinoid  reaction  with  immune  sera.  As  this  reaction  is  influenced 
by  the  amount  of  salt  present,  the  theory  is  advanced  that  for  the  complete 
production  of  the  phenomenon  the  quantity  of  molecules  present  as  emulsoids 
and  the  concentration  of  the  liquid  should  be  in  a  certain  proportion.  This 
balance  is  acquired  by  the  addition  of  salt,  which  alters  the  number  of  molecules 
IMreflent  as  emulsoid. 

III.  Further  studiet  on  the  influence  of  talt  on  agglutination  and  the  applioa- 
tian  to  the  »erodiagno$i9  of  glandere  (pp.  299-336).— The  results  are  summarized 
of  the  influence  of  salt  on  the  agglutination  tests  for  glanders  in  horses.  It  is 
reconunended  that  two  series  of  agglutination  tests  be  made — one  with  serum 
dilated  with  an  0.85  per  cent  solution  of  common  salt  and  the  other  with  a  0.08 
per  cent  solution.  It  is  said  that  if  the  horse  is  healthy  the  agglutination  figure 
with  the  0.08  per  cent  solution  is  the  higher,  but  if  the  horse  has  glanders  the 
results  obtained  are  the  same  as,  or  lower  than,  those  obtained  with  serum 
diluted  with  the  0.86  per  cent  salt  solution. 

Antiseptios  {Oompt.  Bend.  Soe.  Biol.  [Porte],  81  {1918),  No.  2S,  pp.  116&^ 
1S58,  flge.  3). — ^This  number  contains  the  following  papers  on  antiseptics  given 
at  the  third  session  of  the  Society  of  Biology  (France),  devoted  to  the  biology 
of  war :  A  Report  of  the  Actual  State  of  the  Question  of  Antiseptics,  by  P.  Camot 
(pp.  116&-1192) ;  lodhi  Chlorid,  by  B.  Foumeau  and  Donard  (pp.  1102-1106) ; 
Antiseptic  Properties  and  Method  of  Employment  of  lodin  Monochlorid,  by 
W.  Mestresat  and  T.  OasaUs  (pp.  1196-1100) ;  Technique  of  the  Study  of  the 
Penetration  of  Antiseptics  in  Solid  Media,  by  P.  Carnot  and  J.  Dumont  (pp.  1190, 
1200)  ;  Antiseptic  Dressing  on  the  Battle  Field,  H.  Vincent  (pp.  120(^1208),  with 
criticism  by  P.  Duval  (pp.  1208-1211)  ;  Chlorinated  Alum  Solution,  Its  Use  and 
Application,  and  General  CJonsldwations  on  Antiseptics,  W.  Mestrezat  (pp.  1211- 
1214)  ;  The  Use  of  Antiseptics  In  the  Treatment  of  Infected  Wounds,  M.  Cazin 
and  S.  Krongold-yinaver  (pp.  1214-1217) ;  The  Problem  of  Surgical  Antisepsis 
in  the  Different  Kinds  of  War  Wounds,  by  L.  Bazy  and  Faur6-Fremiet  (pp. 
1217-1220)  ;  Action  of  Paraffined  Dressings  on  the  Infection  of  Surface  Wounds, 
by  Pfulb  and  Faur6-Fremlet  (pp.  1221-1223)  ;  Procedure  of  Mechanical  Cleans- 
ing of  Recent  Wounds  by  Artificial  Serum  under  Strong  Pressure,  by  O.  Regaud 
(pp.  1223-1227)  ;  The  Use  of  Solutions  of  Sodium  Fluorid  and  Cadmium  Sul- 
phate  for  the  Disinfection  of  War  Wounds,  by  P.  Philardeau  (pp.  1228-1230) ; 
The  Antiseptic  Action  of  Ionization  in  War  Wounds,  by  A.  Latarjet  and  G. 
Promsy  (pp.  1230-1236) ;  A  Case  of  Tetanus  Treated  and  Chired  by  Intraspinal 
and  Intravenous  Injections  of  Antitetanic  Serum,  by  Monziols  (pp.  1236-1238) ; 
and  The  Suiphur  in  the  Water  of  Bardges,  by  J.  Dufr^noy  (p.  1288). 


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780  t:XP^IMEKT  SfAttOir  ttAOOBO.  [V«L4d 

The  bacterioloerical  testixLff  of  dlslnfeetanU  {Jour.  State  Med.,  Tt  {1919). 
No.  2,  pp.  SS-^). — ^This  is  a  report  of  an  inyestlgatlon,  conducted  at  tlie  re- 
search laboratories  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  Public  Health  (England),  of  the 
difflcnlties  attending  the  testing  of  disinfectants  by  the  Rideal-Walker  method. 

As  the  result  of  a  study  of  the  possible  sources  of  error,  it  Is  concluded  tiiat 
the  varying  character  of  the  peptone  used  in  preparing  the  mediuni  for  tiie 
growth  of  the  test  organism  has  been  the  chief  cause  of  the  difficulties  in  obtain- 
ing concordant  results  as  compared  with  prewar  times.  It  Is  suggested  that  tiie 
test  would  be  much  simplified  if  a  definite  time  of  contact,  the  same  for  all  the 
dilutions,  were  used.  The  coefficient  would  then  Indicate  that  diainfectioB 
had  been  obtained  after  a  known  Interval  of  action. 

The  disinfecting  power  of  Sagrrotan  as  determined  by  the  use  of  optimsl 
culture  media,  A.  Dbnqleb  {Hyg.  Bund9o?MU,  28  {1918),  Nos.  i,  pp.  1-^;  f,  pjk 
Tf-J^). — II  discussion  is  given  of  the  precautions  to  be  taken  In  a  study  of  the 
strength  of  disinfectants  by  the  growth  of  pathogenic  organisms  in  media  con- 
taining varying  amounts  of  the  disinfectant  under  question.  The  necearity  is 
pointed  out  of  producing  highly  resistant  strains  of  the  organisms,  of  the  use  of 
uniform  suspensions  of  the  organisms  or  spores,  and  particularly  of  employing 
for  the  "  after-culture  "  optimal  media  fbr  growth,  as  pointed  out  by  Stipfle  and 
Dengler  (B.  S.  R.,  85,  p.  279). 

An  examination  of  Sagrotan  by  the  methods  outlined  is  reported.  Oontrary  to 
the  conclusions  of  Schott^ius  (E.  S.  R.,  S2,  p.  80),  it  was  found  to  have  a  some- 
what lower  disinfecting  value  than  lysoL  It  is  recommended  that  as  a  surgical 
disinfectant  Sagrotan  be  used  in  concentrations  of  not  less  than  from  8  to  4 
per  cent 

Treatment  of  bums  by  paraffin,  A.  J.  Hbill  (A6«.  Ui  Rev.  Hiff.  y  SatUdad 
Peouarias  [Spain],  7  {1917),  No.  5-6,  p.  S24;  Vet.  Rec,,  SO  {1918),  No.  1560,  p. 
484). — In  seeking  a  sutMtitute  for  ambrlne,  a  commercial  product  which  has 
given  excellent  results  in  the  treatment  of  burns,  aftar  many  experiments  the 
author  has  arrived  at  the  following  formula  which  has  given  even  better  resalts 
than  the  commercial  product :  Resorcln  1  part,  essence  of  eucalyptus  2,  olive  oil 
6,  vaseline  26,  and  hard  paraffin  67  parts. 

The  treatment  of  ulcerous  lymphangitis,  R.  Van  Sacbohsm  {BuL  8oc 
Path.  Exot.,  11  {1918),  No.  8,  pp.  688-685;  abs.  in  Vet.  Rev.,  3  {1919),  No.  1,  pp. 
38,  39). — In  the  treatment  of  ulcerous  lymphangitis  the  author  has  substituted 
for  the  subcutaneous  injection  of  pus  treated  with  ether  intravenous  Injections 
of  pus  emulsified  with  olL  The  pus,  obtained  from  a  natural  abscess  of  ulcerative 
lymphangitis  or  from  an  artificially  produced  abscess,  is  mixed  with  equal  vol- 
umes of  oil  and  ether  and  shaken  at  intervals  for  48  hours.  The  supernatant 
fluid  is  then  decanted,  and  the  pus  drawn  into  a  syringe  and  injected  directly 
into  the  Jugular  vein  in  Increasing  doses  of  frem  8  to  7  cc.  or  more.  It  is  said 
that  no  local  reaction  is  produced,  and  that  the  thermal  reaction  rarely  exceeds 
1*  or  lasts  more  than  three  days.  Relnjection  is  performed  after  the  tempera- 
ture has  become  normal,  and  after  each  series  of  five  injections  the  treatmeot 
is  suspended  for  several  days. 

The  author  points  out  that  pyotherapy  and  leucocytotherapy  produce  cures 
but  not  immunity,  and  states  that  experiments  are  being  conducted  with  the 
view  of  establishing  Immunity  by  vaccination  with  living  bacteria  obtained  from 
horses  affected  with  ulcerative  lymphangitis. 

Studies  on  the  paratyphoid-enteritidis  group.— VI,  The  separation  of  a 
distinct  paratyphoid  grroup  among  strains  of  rodent  origin,  O.  Kmuuv/iam, 
JR.,  E.  Yaubntine,  and  L.  A.  Kohn  {Jour.  Med.  Research,  39  {1919),  No.  4,  pp. 
449-460).— The  authors  report  the  results  of  further  investigatlona  (B.  8.  B., 
J».  p.  687). 

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1»101  VBTERINART  MBDICINB.  781 

**  Of  15  gnlnea  pig  strains  studied,  13  were  alilte  in  their  agglutination  reac- 
tions. This  apparent  identity  was  further  verified  by  agglutinin  absorptions. 
Two  strains  from  mice  and  one  each  from  a  rabbit  and  from  a  cat  as  shown  by 
asslutlnin  absorption  were  identical  with  this  group  of  13  guinea  pig  strains.  A 
distinct  paratyphoid  type  or  group  of  bacilli  Is  encountered,  therefore,  in  spon- 
taneous infections  In  laboratory  animals,  especially  rodents.  Some  of  the  strains 
from  mice  and  guinea  pigs  do  not  fall  into  the  abo^  group.  Others  belong 
agslutinatively  to  the  BooiUiM  enteritidis  group.  Evidently  the  host  origin  of  a 
caltore  is  not  necessarily  an  index  to  its  biological  position,  and  the  classification 
of  strains  according  to  origin,  as  B.  typhi  murium  or  B,  peatis  ogvUb,  is  not 
insttfled. 

**  None  of  the  rodent  strains  studied  belongs  to  either  the  B.  cholenB  9uis  or  B. 
paratypho9U9  *B*  groups.  The  evidence  that  has  been  advanced  that  some 
rodent  strains  fall  into  these  groups  is  insufficient  The  prevalence  of  the  same 
type  of  baicillus  la  spontaneous  infections  of  guinea  pigs  in  widely  separated 
areas  of  the  country  is  probably  due  to  the  transfer  of  Infected  breeding  stock.** 

The  rat-bits  fever  spirochete,  with  comparative  study  of  human,  wild  rat, 
and  Held  vole  strains,  S.  Kusama,  R.  Kobayashi,  and  K.  Kasai  {Jour.  Infect. 
DiseaseSf  24  {1919) ,  No,  4,  pp.  966^75)^ — The  authors'  experiments  prove  that 
the  haman,  wild  rat,  and  field  vole  strains  of  the  spirochete  of  rat-bite  fever 
all  represent  the  same  epedes.  They  consider  that  Bpiroohwta  morsua-muris 
Fntaki  is,  in  all  probability,  similar  to  Spirillum  minor  Carter,  Spirothwta 
lai>erani  Breinl,  Sptrochteta  m/uris  Wenyon,  etc. 

Socky  Mountain  spotted  fever  in  the  domestic  rabbit,  N.  C.  Foot  (Jour, 
Med.  Research,  S9  (1919).  No.  4*  PP-  495^97,  pi.  i).— "The  domestic  rabbit  is 
SQsceptible  to  infection  with  Roclcy  Mountain  spotted  fever,  (a)  by  the  bites 
of  infected  ticks  {Dermacentor  venustus) ;  (b)  by  intraperitoneal  injection  of 
infectious  blood  from  guinea  pigs  or  other  rabbits.  This  susceptibility  is  less 
marked  and  more  variable  than  in  the  case  of  the  guinea  pig.  The  lesions 
produced  are  essentially  the  same  as  those  found  in  the  case  of  the  guinea 
piSf  monkey,  or  man.  The  presence  of  the  small  diplococcoid  organism  de- 
scribed by  Wolbach  [E.  S.  R.,  dO»  p.  577],  in  connection  with  this  disease,  can 
be  d«nonstrated  in  infected  rabbite.  Immunity  is  not  transmitted  from  par- 
ents to  oftapring  in  this  i«)ecie&" 

Some  notes  on  the  use  of  tartar  emetic  in  the  treatment  of  domestic  ani- 
nuUa  alf acted  with  African  trypanosomiasis,  H.  £.  Hosnet  {Vet.  Jour.,  75 
(1919) f  No.  625,  pp.  «9-i05).— "On  account  of  its  solubility,  low  toxicity,  and 
hlc^  tiTIwnocidal  action,  tartar  emetic  is  probably  the  most  valuable  drug 
available  for  use  on  a  large  scale  in  the  treatment  of  domestic  animals  affected 
with  trypanosomiasis.    Its  cheapness  is  also  a  point  in  its  favor. 

"It  can  be  administered  intramuscularly  or  intravenously,  but  the  latter 
method  is  the  better.  One  gm.  every  third  day  is  the  maximum  that  can  be 
administered  over  a  long  period  to  even  the  largest  domestic  animals,  but  the 
same  amount  every  fifth  day  Is  well  tolerated  by  adult  bovines  and  equlnes. 
Administered  secundum  artem  it  is  capable  of  effecting  cures  in  domestic 
animals  infected  with  certain  strains  of  Trypanosoma  vivax  and  T.  congolense. 
On  the  other  hand,  one  frequently  encounters  resistant  strains  of  the  same 
parasites.  Nevertheless,  were  it  possible  to  give  the  patient  a  course  of  in- 
jections extending  over  a  long  period,  I  believe  that  most  cases  of  disease  due 
to  these  two  apedes  of  trypanosomes  could  be  cured.  Sometimes  a  single  in- 
jection will  bring  about  this  result 

-Tartar  emetic  shares  with  all  other  known  drugs  the  property  of  being 
useless  In  the  curative  treatment  of  T.  brucei  infection  of  equhies.    Its  sole 


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782  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECOBD.  [Vol.  40 

value  in  connection  with  that  form  of  trypanoBomiasis  is  palliatiye,  when  given 
regularly  to  animals  working  in  '  fly '." 

A  bibliography  of  15  titles  is  included. 

Experimental  reproduction  of  taberculosis  (human  and  bovine)  in  dogs, 
C.  Sabti  iCUn.  Vet.  {Milan},  Bass.  Pol  SatUt.  e  Jg.,  iW  (1918),  No.  »,  pp. 
579-697).— The  conclusion  is  drawn  as  the  resalt  of  reported  experiments  tiiat 
tubercular  lesions  can  hp  produced  in  the  dog  by  introducing  the  organira 
through  the  digestive  tract,  peritoneum,  or  blood  stream.  In  consequence  it  is 
considered  advisable  as  a  prophylactic  measure  to  destroy  all  dogs  that  have 
come  in  contact  with  persons  infected  with  the  disease. 

Methods  of  detecting  tuberculosis  in  cattle,  J.  J.  Lintnkb  {Ann,  Rpt, 
fntemat  Assoc:  Dairy  and  Milk  Insp.,  7  (1918),  pp.  81-70). 

Contagious  abortion  of  cattle  and  the  uterine  donehe  treatment,  W.  H. 
RmoE  {Penn.  Dept.  Affr.  Bid,  828  (1919),  pp.  18).-^A  brief  account  in  whidi  the 
beneficial  result  of  the  douche  is  pointed  out. 

The  hemoglobinuria  of  bovines  in  the  cisalpine  districts  of  Italy  is  a 
piroplasmosis,  L.  CoMiNom  and  6.  di  Domizio  (Clin.  Vet.  [Milan],  Ross.  Pol. 
in  Vet.  Rev.,  8  (1919),  No.  1,  pp.  87,  88). — ^A  report  is  given  of  observatlODs  od 
6  (1918),  No.  ^,  p.  227). — The  authors  present  evidence  to  show  that  the 
acute  form  of  redwater  In  cattle  which  has  occurred  for  many  years  throat 
out  probably  the  whole  of  the  cisalpine  regions  of  northern  Italy  is  due  to  a 
plroplftsm  of  a  type  other  ^an  Piroplasma  bigeminum. 

Stronerylus  of  cattle,  sheep,  goats,  etc  (Bui.  Dept.  Agr.  Trinidad  and 
Tobago,  17  (1918),  No:  4,  pp.  199-212) .— HfoteB  on  Stomach  Worms,  Etc.  by 
B.  H.  Ransom  (pp.  199-203)  is  followed  by  Notes  on  Strongylus  in  TrinidafI, 
by  J.  Mclnroy  (pp.  204-207),  and  Notes  on  Strongylus  Nematodes,  by  H.  Meaden 
(pp.  208-212).  The  two  latter  papers  summarize  the  knowledge  of  the  history 
of  Strongylus  and  the  control  measures  found  of  service  in  Trinidad  and 
Tobago,  respectively. 

An  outbreak  of  hemorrhagic  septicemia  amonir  sheep,  H.  P.  HosiaiTB 
{Amer.  Jour.  Vet.  Med.,  H  (1919),  No.  5,  pp.  218-221) .—"  HemorTh&g^c  sep- 
ticemia is  a  serious  disease  of  sheep.  It  has  been  encountered  in  widely  sep- 
arated localities,  both  in  Europe  and  the  United  States.  Either  the  disease  is 
on  the  Increase  or  we  have  had  it  with  us  for  some  time  and  its  exact  nature 
not  previously  determined. 

"  In  the  outbreak  of  the  disease  here  reported,  wherein  the  disease  made  its 
appearance  among  a  band  of  9,(X)0  she^  shipped  from  Montana  to  Michigan 
via  Chicago  and  distributed  to  some  90  farms  on  arrival,  every  one  of  the 
80  flocks  suffered  losses,  although  the  mortality  varied  widely  on  the  different 
farms. 

"The  similarity  is  pointed  out  existing  between  this  disease  and  that  re- 
ported form  of  hemorrhagic  septicemia  in  cattle  more  generally  known  as 
•stockyards'  pneumonia." 

Contribution  to  the  study  of  contagious  agalaxy  in  ffoats  and  sheep, 
P6BTT8SET  (Sehtoeiz.  Arch.  TierTieilk.,  80  (1918),  No,  9,  pp.  408^412,  figs.  12;  a5t. 
in  Vet.  Rev.,  8  (1919),  No.  i,  pp.  87,  88). — ^A  report  is  given  of  observations  on 
contagious  agalaxy  Introduced  experimentally  into  a  herd  of  goats  and  sheep^ 
Three  cases  are  described,  two  produced  in  goats  by  cohabitation  or  contact 
and  one  in  a  sheep  by  inoculation.  In  goats  which  had  recovered  from  the 
disease  the  atrophied  mammary  glands  became  absolutely  normal  after  the 
next  parturition.  In  barren  animals  and  in  those  animals  which  aborted 
during  the  first  period  of  gestation  the  mammary  gland  remained  atrophied, 
but  in  goats  which  aborted  during  the  second  period  of  gestation  a  satisfac- 


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L9191  VETERINARY  MBDIOnSTB.  783 

mry  amonnt  of  milk  was  produced.  Induration  of  lymph  glands  and  fibrous 
Mdules  in  the  mammary  gland  were  found  to  disappear  gradually. 
8«roi2nmazilzation  (Mairii)  of  sheep  and  groats  Infected  with  contagious 
igalazy,  B.  Bianchini  (Oicr.  Med.  Vet,  €7  U918),  No8.  41,  pp.  617-622;  +f» 
pp.  665-671). — ^The  symptoms  of  contagious  agalaxy  are  described  and  case  re- 
ports are  given  of  the  successful  use  of  the  antiagalactic  serum  of  Marra  and 
Oocdante  (E.  S.  R.,  81,  p.  884)  as  a  prophylactic  and  therapeutic  agent. 

From  the  results  obtained,  the  author  concludes  that  the  seroimmunlzation 
of  sheep  and  goats  can  be  effected  at  any  period,  even  in  advanced  pregnancy 
or  daring  milk  production,  and  that  the  passive  immunity  conferred  by  the 
seniin  is  gradually  transformed  into  active  Immunity.  It  is  recommended  that 
fleroimmunlzation  be  practiced  methodically  every  spring  on  all  the  animals 
in  the  flock. 

'Report  of  the  Departmental  Committee  appointed  to  inquire  as  to  precan- 
tions  for  preventing  danger  of  infection  by  anthrax  in  the  manipulation  of 
wool,  sroat  hair,  and  camel  hair,  W.  Middlebbook  et  al.  {Rpt.  Dept.  Committee 
Anthrax  {Ot.  Brit.],  1918,  iX}ls.  1,  pp.  ///+5-I-95,  pis.  5,  figs.  2;  2,  pp.  45;  S,  pp. 
n/,  p2«.  2). — ^Part  1  of  this  report  contains  the  report  of  the  disinfection  sub- 
committee on  the  experimental  investigation  of  disinfection  of  wool  and  hair; 
part  2,  a  report  on  investigations  of  the  dangers  to  persons  manipulating  wool, 
goat  hair,  and  camel  hair  of  anthrax  infection;  and  part  3  contains  a  sura- 
nrnry  of  evidence  heard  by  the  committee,  together  with  S3  appendixes 

Common  diseases  of  pigs  and  their  diagnosis,  including  8;wine  fever  and 
its  treatment  with  serum,  E.  Peacet  {London:  BaiUi^e,  TindaU  d  Cox,  1918, 
pp.  VIII -^114). —A  small  handbook 

Swine  diseases,  R.  A.  Obaio  {Indiana  Sta.  Rpt.  1918,  pp.  72,  75).— In  con- 
tinuation of  work  on  hog  cholera,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  688),  further 
investigations  are  reported  on  the  value  of  a  mixture  of  desiccated  hog  cholera 
blood  and  antihog  cholera  serum  as  an  immunizing  agent  which  indicate  that  the 
desiccated  cholera  blood  present  in  the  mixture  played  no  part  in  immunizing 
tlie  animals  which  withstood  the  inoculation  with  virulent  blood.  Other  studies 
are  reported  indicating  that  a  hog  which  has  recovered  completely  from  cholera 
is  not  a  carrier  of  the  disease,  that  the  disease  is  evidently  not  transmitted  by 
internal  parasites,  such  as  lungworms  and  roundworms,  and  that  filtration  has 
no  effect  upon  the  virulence  of  hog  cholera  blood. 

Bxperimental  results  obtained  in  a  study  of  hemorrhagic  septicemia  and 
necrobadllosis  of  hogs  are  summarized  as  follows :  **  Pigs  that  were  fed  diseased 
tiasaes  from  hogs  showing  marked  lesions  of  hemorrhagic  septicemia  developed 
abnormal  temperatures.  Sick  pigs  taken  from  outbreaks  of  hemorrhagic  sep- 
ticemia did  not  communicate  the  disease  to  healthy  pigs  when  placed  in  a  pen 
with  them.  Pigs  Inoculated  with  blood  from  hogs  that  had  been  immunized 
a^dnst  hog  cholera  and  afterward  came  down  with  hemorrhagic  septicemia 
remained  well.    When  exposed  to  hog  cholera  later,  they  sickened  and  died. 

"Pigs  fed  diseased  tissues  from  hogs  showing  marked  lesions  of  necro- 
badllosis showed  such  symptoms  as  loss  of  appetite,  elevation  in  temperature, 
tnd  diarrhea.  All  quickly  recovered,  but  when  exposed  to  hog  cholera  later 
contracted  the  acute  form  of  the  disease.'* 

Bacterial  infections  in  swine  and  their  relation  to  hog  cholera,  O.  M.  Mo- 
PuLAifD  and  F.  Psoescheb  {Amer.  Jour.  Vet.  Med.,  14  {1919),  No.  4,  pp.  168^ 
ni),-^**  It  has  been  demonstrated  that  Bacillus  suisepticus  causes  hemorrhagic 
Kpticemia  or  swine  plague  without  the  presence  of  the  filterable  virus.  Our 
experiments  indicate  that  the  paratyphoid  group,  including  B.  suipestifer  [and] 


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784  EXPERIMENT  STATION  REOORD.  (?oL40 

B,  paratyphoauB  *  B/  In  conjunction  with  B.  pyocyaneut  and  B.  ooH  commtMu, 
cause  enteritis  in  swine.  So-called  *  necrotic  enteritis  *  Lb  not  caused  bj  B. 
necrophorus,  because  it  is  seldom  found  and  if  preeoit  is  ccnisidered  only  as  a 
secondary  invader  with  little  pathological  significance.  Hog  cholera  is  nearly 
always  accompanied  by  secondary  bacterial  infections,  which  have  a  tendency 
to  increase  the  death  rate  by  producing  pneumonia  and  »teriti& 

"  Proescher  has  isolated,  stained,  and  rendered  visible  a  micrococcus  obtained 
from  the  blood  of  pigs  infected  with  acute  hog  cholera ;  has  obtained  this  nicro- 
organism  in  pure  culture  and  transferred  same  to  the  forty-seoond  sabcnltueL 
Inoculation  of  susceptible  pigs  with  the  sixth  subculture  of  thla  micro-organiflB 
has  produced  hog  cholera.  This  microccocus  has  r^i^eatedly  been  reoomed 
in  pure  culture  following  filtration  and  subsequently  inoculated  into  susceptible 
pigs,  producing  hog  cholera  with  typical  lesions,  and  recovered  again  In  pore 
culture.  The  evidence  at  hand  at  the  present  time  Indicates  that  this  microeixh 
cus  causes  hog  cholera." 

[Hog  cholera  studies]  (MinneMota  Sta,  Rpt  1918,  pp.  IS,  74).— Tlie  pfogreai 
report  for  1017-18  includes  notes  on  the  fallowing  topics: 

I.  To  determine  the  poasibilUy  of  producing  an  active  immunity  foUowing  • 
passive  immunity. — ^The  results  obtained  are  thought  to  indicate  that  an 
active  immunity  can  be  produced  in  a  passively  immunised  pig  at  least  15  daja 
after  being  injected  with  serum. 

II.  To  determine  the  effect  of  freezing  on  antihog  cholera  sermn, — ^A  report 
of  this  has  been  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  487). 

Ill  To  attempt  the  isolation  and  ouUivatUm  of  the  etiological  crganiam  •/ 
hog  cholera. — Smears  made  from  the  blood  of  cholera-infected  pigs  did  not 
reveal  the  diplococd,  which,  according  to  Proescher,  are  the  etiological  factor 
of  hog  cholera. 

A  study  of  the  endocardial  lesions  developing  during  pneomoooeena  infae- 
tion  in  horses,  A.  B.  Wadswobth  {Jour,  Med,  Researeh,  $9  (1919)^  No,  S,  pp^ 
279-^2,  pis,  6),— The  author  discusses  the  developm^t  of  the  lesions  of  vege* 
tative  endocarditis  during  the  process  of  immunizing  horses  for  the  production 
of  therapeutic  antipneumococcus  serum.  A  study  of  the  lesions  in  six  horses 
dying  through  pneumococcus  Immunization  is  reported  which  Indicates  that 
practically  all  of  the  lesions  were  attributable  to  the  action  of  the  bacteria 
and  their  poisons,  carried  through  the  circulation  of  the  tissues  affected.  The 
heart  lesions  corresponded  to  those  of  acute  and  chronic  endocarditis  in  man. 
The  importance  of  predisposing  injury  in  determining  the  localization  of  the 
bacteria  is  demonstrated,  but  it  is  pointed  out  that  the  bacterial  poisons  pro- 
duce this  injury,  so  that  the  bacterial  localization  may  be  practically  coinddfiot 
with  it  or  may  follow  it  immediately. 

'*  In  order  to  clarify  our  conc^tions  of  pneumococcus  infection,  and  doubttesa 
also  streptococcus  infection,  it  is  necessary  to  re<5ognize  the  parasitic  and  the 
toxic  activities  of  the  inciting  agents  as  distinct  phases  of  the  infectious  proc- 
esses, and  yet  not  as  entirely  separate  or  independent  activities  because  they  are 
in  point  of  fact  closely  linked  and  largely  if  not  wholly  d^iendent  one  upon 
the  other.*' 

A  trypanosomiasis  of  the  horse  in  Morooeo^ — A  <»n«iftfti  and  cacperimsntal 
study,  Velu  (Rev.  Q4n.  M4d.  V4t.,  27  (1918),  No.  822,  pp.  489^1$).— Tr^psM^- 
somiasis  in  the  horse  in  Morocco  is  a  very  grave  disease  which  fortunatdy  is 
localized  in  certain  small  zones.  Control  work  consists  in  the  complete  with- 
drawal by  the  cavalry  from  posts  situated  within  such  contaminated  areas 
and  the  treatment  or  slaughter  of  the  affected  animals. 


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1019]  EXPERIMEKT  STATION  BEGOKD.  785 

BXr&AL  EHOIHESBINO. 

Boral  water  supplies  and  their  purification,  A.  C.  Houston  {LonOsn:  John 
Bale,  Sans  d  Danielsson,  Ltd.,  1918,  pp.  XV+1S6,  pU,  4,  figs,  i5).— This  book 
supplements  a  previous  one  on  studies  in  water  supply  (E.  S.  R.»  33,  p.  287). 
It  deals  with  the  subject  largely  from  the  standpoint  of  the  waterworks  engi- 
neer, proceeding  on  the  assumption  that  "  there  is  no  question  that  many  rural 
districts  might  make  far  more  use  of  rain  water  for  domestic  purposes  than  is 
now  the  case."  A  large  amount  of  space  (the  first  three  chapters)  is  devote<l 
to  rain  water  as  a  source  of  domestic  supply,  but  wells,  springs,  rivers,  brooks, 
and  lakes,  as  sources  of  water,  are  also  discussed.  The  chief  methods  of 
sterilizing  and  purifying  waters  are  dealt  with  in  detail,  and  miscellaneous 
information  which  may  be  useful  to  the  nontechnical  reader  is  given. 

Bibliosrraphy  and  index  of  the  publications  of  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey  relating  to  ground  water,  O.  E.  Meinzeb  (17.  8.  QeoU  Survey,  Water- 
Supply  Paper  427  (1918),  pp.  169,  map  i).— This  bibliography  includes  all  pub- 
lications prepared  in  whole  or  in  part  by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  that  treat 
any  phase  of  the  subject  of  ground  water  and  methods  of  measuring  the  flow  of 
water.    Brief  abstracts  and  a  locality  index  map  are  Included. 

Ghround  water  in  the  Animas,  Playas,  Hachita,  and  San  Luis  Basins, 
N.  Mex.,  A.  T.  Schwenkesen  {U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Water-Supply  Paper  422 
(1918),  pp.  152,  pis.  7,  figs.  17,  maps  2). — This  report,  prepared  in  cooperation 
with  the  New  Mexico  Experiment  Station,  deals  with  the  ground  water  of  an 
arid  area  of  about  3,6(X)  square  miles  in  southwestern  New  Mexico,  about  one- 
third  of  which  Is  mountains  and  the  remainder  smooth  and  nearly  level  plains. 
The  soils  are  residual,  wind  deposited,  and  alluvial  types. 

*•  The  region  contains  no  permanent  streams,  and  practically  its  only  certain 
source  of  water  Is  underground.  The  rock  formations  yield  little  or  no  water 
except  at  a  few  small  mountain  springs,  which  are  valuable  as  watering  places. 
Water  occurs,  however,  in  the  gravelly  beds  of  valley  fill — ^generally  in  the  main 
body  of  the  fill,  but  in  Upper  Animas  Valley  in  gravel  recently  deposited  in  the 

trough  excavated  by  Animas  Greek  out  of  the  main  body  of  fill In  about  10 

per  cent  of  the  area  Investigated,  or  approximately  370  square  miles,  water  may 
be  found  at  a  depth  of  100  ft  or  less.  This  area  includes  approximately  194 
square  miles  in  which  the  depth  to  water  is  50  ft.  or  less.  . . .  The  largest  areas 
in  which  the  ground  water  stands  less  than  50  ft  from  the  surface  are  in  Animas 
and  Playas  Valleys.  In  Animas  Valley  there  are  two  shallow-water  tracts — one 
in  the  depressed  central  part  of  the  lower  valley  and  another  smaller  one  in  the 
Animas  Creek  trough  of  the  upper  valley.  In  Playas  Valley  a  large  tract  in 
which  the  depth  to  water  is  less  than  50  ft  occupies  the  central  parts  of  the 
upper  and  lower  valleys  and  a  small  tract  of  shallow  i)erched  water  Is  found  in 
the  Pot  Hook  Basin.  Small  shallow-water  tracts  are  also  found  in  the  Hachita, 
Lordsburg,  and  San  Lius  Valleys." 

Analyses  of  the  water  and  soils,  by  R.  F.  Hare,  are  also  Included. 

Surface  water  supply  of  Pacific  slope  basins  in  California,  1915  (U.  £f. 
Oeol.  Survey,  Water-Supply  Paper  411  {1918),  pp.  S45-\-XXXVI,  pU.  8).— This 
report,  prepared  in  cooperation  with  the  State  of  California,  presents  the  results 
of  measurements  of  flow  made  on  streams  in  Pacific  slope  basins  in  California 
during  the  year  ended  September  30, 1915,  and  includes  the  usual  lists  of  gauging 
stations  and  publications  relating  to  water  resources. 

Practical  information  on  the  measurement  of  irrigation  water,  O.  W. 
IfiBAELSKN  iJJiah  Sta.  Circ.  S6  {1919),  pp.  3-29,  figs,  ii).— This  is  a  compilation 
Crom  State  and  Government  publications  on  water  measurement  for  the  use  of 
120653**— 19 7 


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786  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEGORD.  iY6L4» 

practical  Irrigators  and  water  company  officers.  Descriptions  of,  and  discharge 
tables  for,  rectangular,  trapezoidal,  and  triangular  weirs,  rectangular  w^n 
without  end  contractions,  and  submerged  orifices  are  given. 

Irrigation  under  the  provisions  of  the  Carey  Act,  O.  Ebvin  {U.  8,  Dept. 
Agr.,  Off,  Sec.  Circ  124  U919),  pp.  i-^).— This  circular  gives  statistical  data 
showing  the  number,  size,  and  location  of  irrigation  projects  operating  under 
the  Carey  Act 

"  The  following  States  have  accepted  the  terms  of  the  C3arey  Act  in  the  order 
of  the  date  of  acceptance:  Wyoming,  Montana,  Idaho,  Ck>lorado,  Oregon,  Nevada, 
Washington,  Utah,  Arizona,  and  New  Mexico.  In  only  the  first  five  of  these 
has  any  actual  reclamation  taken  place  under  the  act'*  About  three-fourths  of 
the  total  area  reclaimed  is  located  in  Idaho. 

Failures  of  irrigation  projects  under  the  Carey  Act  are  attributed  to  the  fol- 
lowing causes:  (1)' Lack  of  thoroughness  in  making  preliminary  surveys,  (2) 
underestimation  of  cost,  (3)  lack  of  proper  State  and  Federal  supervision,  (4) 
slow  rate  of  settlement  (5)  allowing  settlers  to  make  their  homes  on  the  land 
before  completion  of  the  project,  (6)  ignorance  on  the  part  of  settlers  of  diffi- 
culties to  be  overcome,  and  (7)  requirement  that  water  rights  be  paid  for  in 
10  years  or  less. 

Preezing  and  thawinflr  effect  on  concrete,  A.  B.  McDaniel  {C<mer€te  [De- 
troit, Mich.},  IS  (1918),  No.  5,  p.  8.^).— Tests  at  the  IlUnois  Engineering  Experi- 
ment Station  of  345  specimens  of  concrete  made  in  6-in.  by  12-in.  cylinders  of 
1:1:2,  1:2:4,  and  1:4:8  mixtures  led  to  the  conclusions  that  *'  in  general, 
for  any  of  the  three  mixtures,  and  under  a  uniform  temperature  of  about  70" 
F.,  there  was  an  increase  of  strength  with  age  within  the  limits  of  the  tests. 
For  this  normal  temperature,  the  rate  of  increase  in  strength  decreases  with  the 
age  of  the  specimen.  The  rate  of  increase  varies  with  the  richness  of  the  mixture. 
For  the  specimens  tested,  under  normal  hardening  conditions  of  from  60  to  70*. 
the  compressive  strength  of  the  concrete  subjected  to  a  uniform  temperature 
at  the  ages  of  7,  14,  and  21  days  may  be  taken  as  approximately  60,  SO,  and 
95  per  cent  for  the  1:1:2  mixtures,  as  50,  75,  and  90  per  cent  for  the  1:2:4 
mixture,  and  as  40,  65,  and  85  per  cent  for  the  1:4:8  mixture,  of  the  strength 
at  28  days,  respectively. 

"  The  loss  in  strength  due  to  the  alternate  freezing  and  thawing  conditions 
(1)  decreases  with  the  increase  in  the  length  of  the  initial  setting  period  at  a 
normal  temperature,  (2)  Increases  with  the  number  of  reversals,  and  (3)  de- 
creases with  the  richness  of  the  mixture.  In  Group  2,  in  which  the  specimens 
received  an  initial  storage  of  4,  8,  12,  and  24  hours,  the  loss  of  strength  is 
much  greater  than  that  of  Group  1,  in  which  the  initial  storage  periods  were 
2,  6,  10,  and  .14  days.  In  Group  2  those  specimens  having  had  two  reversals, 
show  greater  loss  of  strength  than  those  having  had  only  one  reversal  for  the 
same  initial  storage  periods.  Under  similar  conditions,  the  richer  mixture  shows 
less  loss  in  strength. 

"  When  concrete  of  a  1:1:2  mixture  is  stored  at  a  normal  temperature  of 
about  70**  for  initial  storage  periods  of  4,  8,  12,  and  24  hours,  the  percentage 
loss  of  strength  after  one  reversal  of  one  day  at  20*  and  one  day  at  70*  may 
be  taken  as  about  50,  40,  25,  and  10  per  cent  after  one  reversal,  and  70^  55,  60^ 
and  35  per  cent  after  two  reversals.  The  percentage  values  are  based  on  the 
strength  of  the  concrete  for  the  same  ages  stored  at  a  normal  temperature  of 
about  70*.'' 

How  lime  affects  strength  of  cement  mortar,  M.  O.  Fxtllek  {Concrete  [Ds- 
troit,  Mich.h  IS  (1918),  No.  S,  p.  85,  fiff9.  5).— A  series  of  tests  on  Portland 
cement  mortars  are  reported,  in  which  it  was  found  that  ''from  9  to  12JS 


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1910]  BXTRAL  BKGIKEBRIKO.  787 

per  cent  of  bydrated  lime  may  be  added  to  cement  mortars  witboat  serioiisly 
impairing  the  strength*  A  large  number  of  contractors  use  10  per  cent  lime. 
Averages  of  the  value  of  tensUe  strength  for  the  various  ages  give  10  per  cent 
as  the  best  value  for  air  and  water  storage,  7,6  per  cent  for  soil  storage,  and 
5  per  cent  as  the  best  value  for  all  three  kinds  of  storage.  The  real  value  of 
the  addition  of  lime  to  cement  mortars  is  the  increase  in  plasticity  or  work- 
ability, which  is  very  desirable  from  the  contractors*  point  of  view.'* 

Effect  of  salt  in  warm  climate  on  reinforced  concrete,  J.  G.  Foss,  jb.  {Con- 
crete IDetroit,  Iflcfc.],  IS  (1918),  No.  6,  pp.  149,  150,  figs,  -»).— From  observa- 
tions made  on  concrete  structures  built  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands  under  his  su- 
pervision, the  author  concludes  "  that  salt  water  should  never  be  used  in  rein- 
forced concrete ;  that  all  possibility  that  salt  might  be  present  must  be  elimi- 
nated ;  that  reinforced  <:oncrete,  where  used  in  places  having  warm  salt  atmos- 
pheric conditions,  requires  exceptionally  careful  construction.  Some  engineers 
contend  that  the  action  is  no  greater  in  a  warm  climate  than  in  a  cold  one. 
It  is,  in  the  writer's  opinion,  many  times  greater,  for  in  observing  structures 
which  show  failures  we  find  on  the  Islands  that  every  one  of  them  was  ex- 
posed to  salt  influence,  though  in  many  cases  a  very  small  amount,  and  that 
disintegration  has  been  abnormally  fast*' 

Belnforced  draintile  tested,  W.'J.  Schlick  {Concrete  [Detroit,  MichJ\,  It 
(1918),  No.  4,  pp.  1S9,  HO,  fig.  i).— A  summary  of  the  results  of  tests  at  the 
Iowa  Engineering  Experiment  Station  of  278  concrete  (1:3)  draintile  from 
22  to  30  in.  in  diameter  is  reported.  The  tile  were  reinforced  with  two  con- 
centric hoops,  using  the  6-tie  and  bridge  type  tie  bracing  between  hoops. 

"  The  manner  of  failure  was  the  same,  in  general,  for  all  the  reinforced  tile. 
The  first  cracks  developed  were  those  at  the  four  quarter  points,  as  in  unrein- 
foreed  tile.  These  were  followed  by  a  varying  number  of  circumferential 
cracks  along  the  reinforcing  hoops.  At  failure 'the  reinforcing  hooi>s  usually 
pulled  out  on  the  inside  at  the  top  and  bottom  of  the  tile,  or  the  circumferential 
cracks  opened  along  one  or  more  hoops.  In  many  cases  the  section  of  the  tile 
beyond  the  end  hoops  broke  loose  at  least  a  part  of  the  way  around  the  tile. 
In  a  few  cases  the  behavior  of  the  tile  under  test  indicated  that  one  or  more 
of  the  main  hoop  wires  in  the  reinforcing  had  broken.  In  other,  and  more 
numerous  cases,  the  weld  between  the  tie  wires  and  the  hoop  wires  was  broken 
at  some  points.  The  circumferential  cracks  and  breaks  were  much  more  notice- 
able in  the  tile  in  which  the  'bridge*  type  reinforcing  was  used.  .  .  . 

"Careful  consideration  of  all  facts  seems  to  warrant  the  selection  of  the 
cracking  strength  of  a  reinforced  concrete  draintile  as  its  safe  suKK>rting 
strength,  in  the  ditch,  and  even  then  a  factor  of  safety  of  1^  should  be  applied 
to  the  predetermined  probable  loada»  as  for  other  draintile.  .  .  . 

"In  these  tests  the  increases  in  maximum  supporting  strengths  as  larger 
ho(q;>8  of  bridge  type  reinforcing  were  used  were  much  more  uniform  than  were 
the  increases  in  cracking  strengths.  Also,  the  increases  in  both  cracking  and 
maximum  strengths  were  more  uniform  in  those  tile  which  had  wall  thickness 
nearer  normal.  This  latter  fact  indicates  that  If  standard  reinforcing  is  to  be 
used  considerable  care  should  be  taken  to  keep  the  forms  true  to  the  normal 
dimensions. 

Xlxtures  and  mixing  for  draintile  {Concrete  [Detroit,  AftoA.],  1ft  {1918), 
No.  S,  pp.  86,  86,  107).—ThiB  is  an  abstract  of  a  paper  on  proportioning  of 
cement  concrete  in  ^Uaintile^  by  R.  W.  Crum,  in  which  it  is  pointed  out  that 
draintile  manufacture  with  relatively  dry  mixtures  necessitates  special  study 
as  involying  conditions  that  do  not  apply  in  the  use  of  plastic  mixtures.  It  is 
also  pointed  out  that  thorough  mixing  is  necessary,  that  within  certain  limits 


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788  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RBCOBD.  [Vol.  40 

the  longer  the  mixing  continues  the  better  the  resnItB  will  be,  bnt  that  In 
recent  tests  mixing  relatively  dry  mixtures  longer  than  three  minutes  did  not 
prove  beneficial.  In  addition,  the  theory  of  proportioning  concrete  mixtures  is 
summarized  In  general  and  with  special  reference  to  draintUe  and  pipe 
manufacture. 

Hydrated  lime  in  road  concrete  (Concrete  IDetroit,  Mich.},  IS  (1918),  Vo.  f 
p.  133,  fig.  1). — ^The  results  of  first  tests  of  the  effect  of  hydrated  lime  In  road 
concrete  Indicate  that  the  compressive  strength  Increased  directly  as  the  lime 
content  increased  from  0  to  7.5  per  cent. 

PubUe  Boada  {U.  S.  Dcpt  Agr,,  Public  Roadn,  1  (1019),  No,  9,  pp.  €1  figs. 
J^). — This  issue  of  this  periodical  contains  20  short  articles  bearing  directly  oo 
highway  engineering. 

Land  clearingr,  B.  W.  Housholder  (Michigan  8ta.  Spec.  Bui.  90  (1918),  pp. 
28-31,  fig.  1). — Data  are  briefly  reported  to  show  that  under  peninsular  condi- 
tions in  Michigan  it  will  cost  approximately  |25  per  acre  to  clear  cut-over  land 
of  hardwood  stumps,  brush,  and  slashings,  using  the  blasting  method. 

The  farm  tractor,  W.  ArrxENHEAD  (Indiana  8ta.  Circ.  89  (1919),  pp.  24,  fign. 
12). — ^Thls  circular  reports  the  results  of  experiences  of  from  95  to  100  repre- 
sentative tractor  users  In  the  State  of  Indiana,  working  farms  of  from  100 
to  more  than  500  acres. 

**  The  fuel  cost  per  acre  is  variable,  depending  on  the  type  of  soil  and  the 
general  efllclency  of  the  tractor  and  plow.  With  gasoline  as  fuel,  the  highest 
cost  given  was  $1  per  acre  for  plowing  stiff  clay  8  to  9  in.  deep.  The  lowest 
was  50  cts.  per  acre  for  sandy  clay  plowed  to  a  depth  between  7  and  8  in.; 
60  cts.  per  acre  may  be  taken  as  the  average  cost  of  plowing  7  in.  deep  under 
Indiana  conditions.  The  cost  per  acre,  using  kerosene  as  fuel,  is  considerably 
lower.  The  highest  cost  given  Is  50  cts.  per  acre  for  plowing  clay  land  with  a 
two-bottom  plow,  7  in.  deep,  and  the  lowest  is  25  cts.  per  acre  for  loose  bottom 
land  plowed  7  in.  deep.  The  average  tractor  is  uMng  3  gal.  of  kerosene  per 
acre,  costing  about  12.5  cts.  per  gallon  to  plow  between  7  and  8  in.  deep." 

Out  of  94  tractor  owners,  84  reported  a  saving  of  two  to  four  horses,  and  10 
no  saving  in  horses  due  to  the  use  of  the  tractor.  "Tlie  farmers  reported, 
with  very  few  exceptions,  that  their  two  or  three-plow  tractors  dispensed  with 
the  services  of  one  man  and  two  or  three  horses.  .  .  . 

**  The  almost  unanimous  preference  was  for  a  three-plow  size ;  in  fact,  with 
two  extoptions,  every  owner  of  a  two-plow  tractor  purchased  before  1918  in- 
timated that  if  he  bought  another  tractor,  it  would  be  a  larger  one.  Pur- 
chasers of  the  newer  1918  models  of  two-plow  tractors  generally  expreaaeA 
themselves  as  satisfied." 

Out  of  95  tractor  owners  77  expressed  themselves  as  being  satisfied  with  the 
tractor,  11  were  uncertain,  and  7  were  dissatisfied.  Out  of  95  owners  48  re- 
ported an  increase  in  acreage  due  to  tractor  use.  Twenty-seven  were  plowing 
6  to  7  in.  deep ;  46,  7  to  8  in.  deep ;  17,  8  to  9  in.  deep ;  and  5  over  9  in. 

General  information  is  given  on  the  construction  and  operation  of  a  tractor, 
and  a  trouble  chart  is  appended. 

Hay  stackers,  H.  B.  McCLxms  (U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmer^  BuU  1009  (1919), 
pp.  22,  figs,  i^).— This  describes  different  types  of  hay  stackers  and  gives  pI*^ 
tical  Information  regarding  their  cost  and  use. 

"  Stackers  are  comparatively  inexpensive.  The  most  costly  types,  the  over 
shot  and  the  swing-around,  may  be  bought  for  from  $40  to  $75,  and  home* 
made  types  may  be  made  for  a  few  dollars.  If  the  poles  are  cut  on  the  fanUt 
the  homemade  tripod  or  derrick  stacker  need  not  cost  any  more  than  an  ordi- 
nary barn-hay  fork  without  the  track.    The  fbrk  and  rope  from  the  ban  may 


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1910]  BUEAL  SOONOMIGS.  789 

be  used  In  rigging  np  Boch  a  stacker.  The  cost  of  repairs,  Interest  on  Invest- 
ment, and  replacement  charges  on  stackers  depend  upon  the  amount  of  hay 
handled  per  year ;  the  more  hay  handled  per  year  the  less  the  amount  of  these 
charges  per  ton.  A  stacker  will  last  from  10  to  12  years  under  ordinary  con- 
ditions. The  charges  for  stackers  on  27  farms  in  central  Kansas,  which 
stacked  an  average  of  only  144  tons  of  hay  per  year,  amounted  to  less  than 
7  cts.  per  ton  when  the  yi^d  was  1  ton  per  acre.  The  charges  on  32  farms 
in  central  Nebraska,  when  twice  this  amount  or  800  tons  of  hay  were  stacked 
per  year,  amounted  to  8  cts.  per  ton  with  a  yield  of  1  ton  per  acre." 

Simple  wafer  systems,  O.  B.  Robbt  {Michigan  Sta.  Quart.  Bui,  1  {1918), 
No.  2,  pp,  69,  70t  figs,  S).-rA  hot  and  cold  water  system  for  farm  kitchens  sup- 
plied by  a  hand-force  pomp  is  described  and  illustrated. 

BUSAL  ECONOMICS. 

Address  of  D.  F.  Houston,  Secretary  of  Agrriculture,  before  the  Trans- 
Hississippi  Beadjustment  Congress,  Omaha,  Nebr.,  February  20,  1919 
(U.  8.  Depi.  Agr,,  Off,  Sec.  Circ,  ISO  {1919),  pp.  i9).— This  address  deals  with 
the  necessity  of  certain  economic  and  social  reforms,  including  rural  school, 
rural  health,  and  better  roads  programs;  proper  Federal  control  of  stockyards 
and  packing  establishments;  tlie  assisting  of  tenants  to  become  farm  owners; 
a  Federal  budget  system ;  and  others  to  which  the  recent  organization  for  win- 
ning the  war  has  given  an  Impetus. 

Summary  of  the  annual  reports  of  the  farm  advisors  of  California  for  De- 
cember 1,  1917,  to  December  1,  1918,  B.  H.  Cbocheron  {California  8ia.  Circ, 
208  {1919),  pp.  59j  pi.  1). — This  circular  reports  the  success  of  campaigns  for 
increased  pork  production,  for  the  growing  of  .silo  sorghum,  flre  protection  for 
grain  fields  and  grass  ranges,  better  seed,  and  increase  of  wheat,  also  the 
handling  of  farm  labor  needs,  development  of  boys*  agricultural  clubs  and  of 
the  farm  home  departments  of  the  farm  bureaus,  and  miscellaneous  results  of 
farm  advisors'  activities.  Detailed  reports  from  35  counties  having  county 
farm  bureau  organizations  are  included. 

Farming  plans  fop  1919,  C.  Ousley  {College  Station,  Tex.  Ext.  Sero.,  Agr. 
and  Mech.  Col,  1919,  pp.  8). — This  analysis  predicts  high  prices  for  meats  and 
fats,  cheaper  bread  owing  to  a  large  prospective  wheat  crop,  and  a  lower  com 
acreage  and  yield  than  in  1918.  The  author  advocates  restraining  the  cotton 
acreage  by  the  production  of  food  and  feed  supplies. 

A  method  of  testing  farms  in  the  South  for  efficiency  in  management, 
C.  L.  Goodrich  {U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Off.  Sec,  1919,  pp.  40).— "This  circular  is  In- 
tended to  present  a  method  of  testing  farms  for  efficiency  in  management." 
Some  of  the  more  important  tests  noted  are  **  the  production  of  family  and 
farm  supplies,  the  yield  per  acre  of  crops,  the  production  per  head  of  productive 
live  stock,  the  organization  of  the  crop  acreages,  the  adjustment  between  labor 
requirements  and  labor  supply,  and  secondary  tests  directly  influencing  the 
main  factors."  The  author  illustrates  the  measurement  of  farms  by  these  tests, 
using  data  furnished  by  several  farm  management  studies  conducted  in  the 
South,  which  have  been  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  39.  pp.  293,  294;  40,  p.  292). 

American  Association  for  Agricultural  Legislation:  A  description  of  the 
association  and  a  statement  of  its  aims  {Amer.  Assoc.  Agr.  Leg.  [Pamphlet], 
11918],  pp.  [7]).— "The  purpose  of  this  association  [V:,  S.  R.,  39,  p.  198]  is  to 
investigate  conditions  that  seem  to  call  for  new  or  improved  legislation  affecting 
agricultural  interests  and  to  promote  by  publicity  and  education  such  legisla- 
tion as  the  results  of  the  investlgutlons  indicate.*' 


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790  EXPEMMBNT  STATIOK  BEGORD.  lVoL40 

Wanted:  A  national  policy  in  a^cultore,  El  Davewpobt  {Urhana,  ilL: 
Author,  1919,  pp.  28).— This  address  has  already  been  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  89,  p. 
703). 

National  policy  in  a^culture,  Eabl  of  Selbokne  (TrotM.  Highland  and  Agr, 
8oc.  Scot.,  5.  9er.,  90  {1918),  pp.  157-297).— The  chairman  of  the  Agricultural 
Policy  Subcommittee  of  the  Reconstruction  Committee  here  addresses  the  so- 
ciety on  the  subject  of  the  report  discussed  editorially  (B.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  402). 

The  report  of  the  Afrricultural  Policy  Subcominittee  of  the  Beconstniction 
Committee,  W.  A.  Haviiand  {Jour,  Farmer^  Club  {Londonl,  1918,  Dtc^  pp. 
145-165). — ^This  paper  was  read  at  the  meeting  of  the  Farmers'  Glob  December 
6,  1918,  and  includes  the  comments  of  members  uQon  recommendatioBS  omi- 
tained  in  the  report  and  the  means  of  carrying  them  out 

Our  daily  bread,  G.  Radfokd  {London:  Constable  d  Co.,  Ltd.,  1918,  pp.  if7).— 
State  ownership  and  control  of  the  land  to  assure  maximum  production,  man- 
agement by  the  State  of  its  mineral  wealth  and  natural  resources,  the  training 
of  its  citizens  for  more  efficient  service,  sweeping  reforms  in  methods  of  finance, 
and  the  institution  of  free  trade  are  here  advocated. 

War-time  farming,  T.  Wibberley  {London:  C.  Arthur  Pearson,  Ltd.,  1918, 
pp.  47*  fio^'  2)- — The  author  discusses  cropping  s>'stems  and  methods  of  man- 
aging farm  labor  for  economy  and  efficiency  on  English  farms. 

Report  upon  openings  in  agriculture  suitable  for  disabled  sailors  and  sol* 
diers  {London:  Min.  of  Pensions,  1918,  pp.  6). — ^This  suggests  lines  of  farming 
in  which  disabled  English  sailors  and  soldiers  may  find  openings,  and  describes 
opportunities  for  training,  provisions  for  maintenance  during  training,  and 
wages  and  hours  of  work.  These  matters  are  in  the  hands  of  local  war  pen- 
sions committees,  consulting  with  the  agricultural  organizer  of  the  count}' 
council. 

Urban  and  rural  development  in  Canada  {Ottawa:  Com.  Conserv.  Canada, 
1917,  pp.  [4]-\-98). — In  the  report  of  this  conference,  held  at  Winnipeg  May 
28-30,  1917,  are  published  addresses  on  rural  production  and  development, 
planning  and  development  of  the  land,  the  problem  of  returned  soldiers,  and 
others  on  phases  of  municipal  problems,  all  of  which,  however,  emphasizes  the 
interdependence  of  city  and  country. 

[Land  settlement  schemes]  {Proc.  Spec.  Committee,  House  of  Commons,  Re- 
turned Soldiers,  Canad.  Exped.  Forces,  1917,  pp.  605-610,  707-712,  8H-886,  91i, 
9 IS,  926,  94s,  1206-1208). —These  pages  embody  the  opinions  with  regard  to 
land  settlement  projects  in  Canada,  suggestions,  resolutions  adopted,  and  re- 
ports on  plans  Inaugurated  heard  from  February  7  to  July  17,  1917,  by  the 
special  committee  of  the  Parliament  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada  appointed  to 
consider,  among  other  questions,  that  of  the  provision  of  employment  for  dis- 
charged men  of  the  Canadian  Expeditionary  Forces,  and  the  training  and  re- 
education of  the  disabled. 

New  measures  for  the  development  of  agricultural  production,  Kappeu 
{Ann.  Agr.  Suisse,  19  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  171-184).— The  text  of  a  lecture  deliv- 
ered January  12,  1918,  before  the  Swiss  Society  of  Agriculture' by  the  chief  of 
the  l)ivision  of  Agriculture  of  the  Swiss  Department  of  Public  Economy,  re- 
viewing the  various  orders  in  effect  for  Increasing  food  production  in  S^vit2e^- 
land  and  arguing  for  increased  efforts  In  the  future  from  Swiss  agricnlturWs. 

Organization  of  the  agricultural  laborer  in  northern  Italy  {Italy  To-day, 
1  {1918),  No.  8,  pp.  SOSS).— This  article  describes  the  activities  of  the  peasant 
women  in  the  agricultural  societies  of  Italy,  especially  in  the  district  of 
Emilia. 


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Idld]  tLtStLAL  EOOKOMIOS*  791 

The  economic  tfOnditloiiS  in  Serbia,  1914-1918  (La  Serbia  Soonomtque, 
191Jhi91S.  Geneva,  Switzerland:  Comity  Cent  Serbe,  1918,  pp.  y/+99).— 7hia 
Is  an  abridged  edition  of  a  fuller  report  on  economic  conditions  in  Serbia  sub- 
mitted In  January,  1918,  by  the  central  Serbian  committee  under  the  title 
**  Srbija  u  imovnom  pogledu  pre,  ea  vreme  1  posle  svetskog  rata  1914-1918."  It 
gives  notes  on  the  natural  resources  and  the  industrial  wealth  of  the  country, 
with  the  available  figures  relating  to  real  estate  and  personal  property,  and 
estimates  the  losses  suffered  during  the  war.  It  further  outlines  needs  for  the 
restoration  of  Serbia  and  an  after-the-war  economic  program. 

Koroccan  economics  and  a^culture,  F.  Bbbnaxd  {Le  Maroc  ^oonomique  ei 
Affricole.  Parit:  O.  i/a«<on,  1917,  pp.  212,  pi.  J). — ^This  r^K>rt  deals  with  8y»> 
terns  of  landholdlng  in  operation  in  Morocco,  public  improvements,  commerce, 
finances,  social  reforms  which  have  been  instituted,  agriculture,  and  natural 
resources  of  the  colony,  the  author's  inquiry  having  been  conducted  in  the  ad- 
ministrative ofllces  and  among  the  colonists. 

Main  problems  in  the  economy  of  agrioultural  production  in  South  Af  rioa, 
H.  Wolfe  (8o.  African  Jour.  Indua.,  1  {1918),  Noa.  11,  pp.  997''1005;  12,  pp. 
1113^1120;  IS,  pp.  1217-1222;  U,  pp.  1SS9-1S41;  15,  pp.  i|a5-J4^5).— The  factors 
discussed  here,  from  the  point  of  view  of  their  importance  in  agricultural  pro* 
duction  in  the  Union  of  South  Africa,  are  land,  capital,  and  labor.  Of  the 
three,  capital  is  the  most  expensive.  The  author  points  out  that  private  credit 
institutions  are  handicapped  for  offering  capital  to  farmers  at  low  cost,  and 
reviews  the  various  European  credit  institutions,  including  the  Rafteisen  banks, 
the  French  cooperative  personal  rural  credit  banks,  the  Credit  Fonder,  Land- 
achaften,  and  the  State  agricultural  banks  of  Australasia,  Egypt,  South  Africa, 
and  other  countries,  in  connection  with  land  mortgage  credit  He  recommends 
the  principles  of  the  French  personal  credit  systems  and  of  the  Landschaften  as 
a  cooperative  rural  land  credit  organization.  He  advocates  Government  sup- 
port of  credit  iustitutlons  in  South  Africa,  in  the  form  of  a  State  guaranty 
upon  the  bonds  Issued,  which  might,  however,  be  withdrawn  when  a  stabilized 
agriculture  advanced  beyond  the  pioneer  stages  no  longer  needs  extraneous 
support 

The  third  factor  in  agricultural  production,  labor,  which  is  at  present  cheap 
bat  very  inefficient,  must  be  improved.  "  For  the  young  Africander  a  system  of 
apprenticeship  .  .  .  and  for  the  young  native  a  system  of  indenture  are  ad- 
vocated." 

Bconomic  developments  in  the  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan,  H.  P.  Hewins 
{Trans.  S.  Intemat.  Cong.  Trop.  Agr.  1914*  w>l.  2,  pp.  ^75-^87).— The  attention 
of  the  author  is  devoted  to  reviewing  the  inception,  development,  and  economic 
effects  of  the  Gezira  irrigation  scheme  and  the  quantity  and  quality  of  the 
labor  supply  available  for  the  agricultural  regions  affected  by  it,  also  to  a  gen- 
eral discussion  of  extension  of  transport  facilities,  provision  of  water  for  culti- 
vation, and  labor  supply  in  the  Sudan  as  a  whole.  He  looks  forward  to  a  con- 
centration of  European  interests  on  this  region  as  a  source  of  meat  supply,  and 
predicts  the  development  of  a  market  for  grain  and  oil  seeds,  as  well. 

The  distribution  of  agricultural  products  and  the  function  of  produce  ex- 
changes, C.  J.  Bband  (In  American  Problems  of  Reconstruction.  New  York: 
S.  P,  Button  4  Co.,  1918,  pp.  217-23 1). --The  problem  of  reconstruction  which  is 
presented  by  the  distribution  of  agricultural  products  is  reviewed  in  this 
chapter. 

The  author  considers  that  organization  of  producers  and  standardization  of 
products  and  of  containers  are  movements  which  have  been  encouraged  by  the 
war  and  will  increase  in  importance;  that  Government  collection  and  dis- 


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792  ExpERiMEirr  station  becord.  [T01.40 

semination  of  market  information,  iD£7)ection  of  food  prodtictfl,  and  licensing 
have  proved  valuable  and  will  persist;  and  that  improvement  in  retail  dis- 
tribution will  come  about  with  education  of  the  large  numbers  of  merchants. 
He  endeavors  to  set  forth  simply  and  clearly  the  principles  of  future  trading, 
regulations  of  it  under  the  Federal  Food  Control  Act,  and  the  efficiency  of 
the  system  in  the  distribution  of  farm  products. 

The  farm  market  {Philadelphia:  The  CuriU  Pub.  Co.,  191S,  pp.  68,  fips.  Bi).^ 
This  is  a  brief  summary  of  a  study  made  **  to  visualize  the  market  opportunity 
in  the  farm  field."  It  takes  up  the  numerous  determining  factors  in  the  new 
interrelationships  between  city  and  farm,  hinging  upon  increased  production 
of  farms  and  rise  of  new  standards  of  earning  and  spending  acquired  by  farm 
families.    The  text  is  graphically  illustrated. 

Monthly  Crop  Beporter  (17.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Mo.  Crop  Rptr.,  5  {1919),  No.  S, 
pp.  25^6). — ^This  report,  which  gives  the  usual  data  relating  to  estimated  farm 
value  of  important  products,  February  15  and  March  1,  1919,  average  of 
prices  received  by  producers  of  the  United  States,  and  range  of  prices  of 
agricultural  products  at  important  markets,  is  concerned  mainly  with  farm 
stocks  March  1,  1919,  of  the  principal  grains,  by  States,  and  the  proportion  of 
each  shipped  out  of  the  county  where  grown.  It  contains,  also,  the  United 
States  crop  summary  for  March ;-  statistics  of  the  total  com  crop  and  the  por- 
tion merchantable,  yearly,  1901  to  1918,  inclusive;  prices  of  articles  bought 
by  farmers;  aggregate  crop  acreages,  by  States,  in  1909,  1916,  1917,  and  1918; 
the  principal  crops  of  France,  1815  to  1918 ;  and  the  principal  crops  harvested 
in  Argentina  in  the  years  1891  to  1919,  inclusive. 

Trends  in  agricultural  statistical  data;  estimates  of  wheat  held  by  interior 
mills  and  elevators  on  March  1  of  five  years,  1915  to  1919 ;  and  figures  for  the 
meat  production,  imports,  exports,  and  consumption,  1900  to  1918,  are  shown. 
Special  articles  are  included  on  meat  production  in  the  United  States  during 
19  years,  beginning  with  1900;  errors  in  crop  reports;  live-stock  changes 
during  January,  1900;  the  farm  firewood  crop,  with  estimates  of  consumption 
of  cordwood,  by  States,  in  1918;  and  farm  land  value.  Other  miscellaneoos 
data  are  recorded. 

[Field  crop  and  live  stock  report  of  Canada  for  1016],  J.  H.  Gbisdalb  {Can- 
ada Expt.  Farms  Rpts.  1917,  pp.  9^11). — ^These  pages  indicate  that  the  only 
crops  for  which  the  yields  equaled  or  exceeded  those  of  1915  were  hay  and 
clover,  potatoes,  and  turnips.  "The  total  value  of  all  field  crops  grown  in 
Canada  in  1916  is  estimated  at  $808,054,000  as  compared  with  $841,297,500,  the 
revised  total  for  1915.  The  total  for  1916,  although  lower  than  that  for  1915, 
is  greater  than  that  for  any  other  previous  year." 

Tables  are  given  to  show  a  comparison  of  yields  and  prices  obtained  for  the 
years  1915  and  1916,  a  comparison  of  eastern  Oonada,  Prairie  Provinces,  and 
British  Columbia  as  to  yields  and  prices  obtained  in  1915  and  1916,  and  the 
number  of  various  classes  of  live  stock  for  the  period  1912-1916. 

Sugar  industry  [in  Cuba]  {8ec.  Agr.  Com.  y  Trab.  {Cuba},  Oftc  Bstad., 
Indus.  Azucarera,  Mem,  Zafra  ReaUzada,  1916-17,  pp.  $57,  figs.  16). — ^This  gives 
statistical  information,  by  provinces,  as  to  the  condition  of  the  sugar  industry 
in  Cuba  during  certain  periods  of  the  years  1916  and  1917. 

Agricultural  statistics  of  Argentina,  1916--17,  E.  Larittb  {Esiadis.  Agr. 
[Argentina'\,  1916-17,  pp.  I&5(?).— This  statistical  report  continues,  for  the  agri- 
cultural year  1916-17.  the  one  previous  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  85,  p.  893). 

Three  centuries  of  prices  of  wheat,  flour,  and  bread.  War  prices  and  their 
causes,  J.  Kibxland  {London:  Author,  1917,  pp.  55).— The  author  has  compiled 
tables  of  the  prices  of  wheat,  flour,  and  bread  through  317  years,  from  1600 .to 
July,  1917,  which  he  offers  with  notes  explanatory  of  the  sources  of  data  and 


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19101  AORIOULTUEAL  EDUOATIOK.  798 

possibilities  of  error  and  variation.  There  are  included  articles  analysing  the 
main  factors  in  the  rise  of  prices  of  these  commodities  and  of  freights  between 
August,  1914,  and  the  fall  of  1917. 

Annual  agricultural  statistics  of  France,  1916  (Staiit.  Agr.  Ann,  iPoria], 

1916,  pp.  420).— This  report  gives  for  the  year  1916  information  similar  to  that 
previously  noted  for  1913  (EX  S.  R.,  34,  p.  691). 

Crop  statistics  for  Switzerland  in  1917  {Schweiz,  AnbaustatU,  No,  208 
{1917),  pp,  XXV III -^4^8). "^hia  pubUshes  in  German,  French,  and  Italian  the 
findings  of  an  official  inquiry  made  between  July  7  and  14,  1917. 

Statistics  on  the  production  of  cereals  and  lefirumes,  1918  {E$tadUtica  de  la 
ProducoUm  de  Cereaies  y  Leguminosas  en  el  Ano  1918.  Madrid:  Qcvt.,  1918, 
pp.  41). — ^Estimated  yields  of  the  principal  cereals  and  legumes  in  the  dry  and 
irrigated  regions,  by  provinces,  in  Spain  are  given,  with  notes  on  the  metero- 
logical  conditions  for  the  agricultural  year  1917-18. 

Area,  classification  of  area,  area  under  crops,  liTS  stock,  land  revenue  aa*- 
sessment,  and  transfers  of  land  in  certain  native  States,  G.  F.  Shisbas  (Agr, 
Statu.  India,  S2  {1915^16),  11,  pp.  ¥11+197,  pi.  J).— This  report  continues  in- 
formation previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  596),  adding  data  for  another 
season. 

AaEICULTUEAL  EDUCATION. 

Second  annual  report  of  the  f'ederal  Board  for  Vocational  Education  {Ann. 
Rpt.  Fed.  Bd,  Vocat.  Ed.,  2  {1918),  pp.  172).— This  is  a  report  of  progress  on 
the  administration  of  the  Federal  Vocational  Education  Act  of  February  23, 

1917,  dealing  with  the  meaning  of  the  act ;  cooperation ;  war  problems ;  tlie  vo- 
cational rehabilitation  of  disabled  soldiers  ami  sailors;  war  training;  agricul- 
tural, trade  and  industrial,  home  economics,  and  commercial  education;  allot- 
ments; and  general  statistics  on  schools,  teachers,  pupils,  and  expenditures. 

It  is  estimated  that  between  20  and  80  per  cent  of  the  high  schools  in  the 
United  States  are  giving  truly  vocational  instruction  in  agriculture.  State 
boards  for  vocational  education  reported  for  the  fiscal  year  1917-18  609  special 
schools  of  agriculture  or  agricultural  departments  in  high  schools  which  had 
qualified  for  Federal  aid  imder  the  act. 

With  reference  to  special  secondary  agricultural  schools,  the  statement  is 
made  that  their  "  instruction  In  all  cases  is  strictly  vocational  in  aim,  and  has 
undoubtedly  had  a  good  influence  in  showing  to  high  schools  the  importance 
of  the  vocational  aim  in  agricultural  instruction.  However,  in  many  cases 
students  at  these  special  secondary  schools  get  little  actual  farming  experi- 
ence. ...  It  is  granted  that  there  is  need  for  both  special  and  secondary 
schools  of  agriculture  and  for  courses  In  agriculture  in  our  public  high  schools^ 
However,  for  the  majority  of  pupils  the  advantage  is  conceded  to  be  in  agri- 
cultural courses  In  the  established  high  schools. 

It  is  concluded  that  the  first  year  during  which  the  Vocational  Education  Act 
has  been  in  operation  promises  well  for  the  future.  Agricultural  education 
thought  has  been  stimulated  throughout  the  country.  The  quality  of  much  of 
the  work  previously  initiated  has  been  improved,  and  new  work  has  been 
started  along  approved  lines.  Investigations  as  to  agricultural  education  have 
been  instituted,  of  which  some  are  already  completed.  Every  State  has  set  up 
plans  for  the  training  of  teachers  of  vocational  agriculture  and  has  designated 
institutions  where  the  work  is  to  be  carried  on.  Practically  every  State  has 
formulated  plans  for  the  supervision  of  the  teaching  of  vocational  agriculture 
in  secondary  schools.  The  outstanding  advance  of  the  year  Is  found  to  be  not 
In  the  introduction  of  agriculture  in  a  large  number  of  schools  but  in  standards 
having  been  set  up  for  the  work  and  the  trend  of  the  instruction  having  been 
definitely  and  permanently  turned  toward  practicality  and  vocational  efildency. 

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794  EXPEBIHENT  STATION  BEGOBD.  tTotiO 

In  discussing  home  economics  education  in  1917,  it  is  pointed  out  tliat  vip  to 
the  time  of  the  passage  of  this  act  there  were  comparatively  few  schools  in 
this  country  giving  courses  in  vocational  home  economics.  State  supervision  of 
home  economics  was  not  very  well  developed,  and  the  teacher-training  instita- 
tions  varied  in  the  quality  of  work  done  and  the  length  of  courses  offered.  An 
interpretation  is  given  of  the  principles  of  home  economics  education  as  pro- 
vided in  the  act. 

The  chief  effiort  in  1917-18  was  to  develop  tlie  work  in  home  economics  in  tbe 
all-day  school  It  is  found  that  "the  home-making  subjects  have  been  fairly 
well  taught,  although  the  connection  between  the  school  work  and  the  home 
work  of  the  pupil  needed  to  be  stressed.  The  development  of  the  home  project 
idea  was  encouraged.  The  important  piece  of  work  done  was  to  convince 
the  school  men  that  a  half  day  was  none  too  much  to  require  for  the  training 
of  a  home  maker,  and  that  the  home-making  subjects  should  be  strengthened 
and  supported  by  tiiie  fundamental  science  and  art  courses.'* 

The  development  of  courses  In  science  and  art  related  to  the  home  was 
encouraged  everywhere.  "  The  curriculum  as  given  in  many  of  the  secondary 
schools  was  modified  so  that  the  so-called  domestic  science  and  domestic  art 
work  was  developed  into  one  course  of  home  economics,  and  the  scope  of  tbe 
work  was  extended  so  as  to  include  more  of  the  Lome-making  activities,  home 
management,  home  nursing,  child  care,  house  planning  and  furnishing,  as  well 
as  work  in  food  preparation,  garment  making,  and  millinery."  The  laboratory 
facilities  and  equipment  were  increased,  and  part-time  and  evening  work  was 
forwarded  to  some  extent 

At  the  end  of  the  year  there  was  a  supervisor  of  vocational  home  economics 
in  31  States.  States  were  encouraged  to  establish  a  well-rounded  four-year 
course  designed  for  the  training  of  home  economics  teachers.  An  effort  was 
made  to  strengthen  the  special-methods  work  in  the  teaching  of  home  economics, 
the  practice  teaching,  and  the  provision  for  vocational  experience.  At  the  end 
of  the  year  a  large  number  of  institutions  had  increased  the  time  spent  in 
their  methods  courses,  had  Increased  their'  provision  for  practice  teaching  to  a ' 
minimum  of  eight  weeks  of  three  hours  each,  and  had  provided  supervised  home 
management  in  a  home  of  some  sort  provided  for  this  purpose.  Many  of  the 
two-year  institutions  had  added  a  third  year  to  their  teacher-training  courses, 
and  in  only  one  State  where  there  was  a  two-year  course  was  tliere  no  provision 
made  for  extending  this  to  a  four-year  course  by  1920. 

An  annotated  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Federal  board  is  included.  Sta- 
tistics of  allotments  of  Federal  money  for  1917-18  and  1918-19  and  the  source 
and  amount  of  salary  of  State  directors'  and  supervisors  by  States  for  the  fiscal 
year  ended  June  SO,  1918,  are  also  given.  Appendixes  deal  with  the  regulations 
governing  the  administration  of  the  act,  rulings  and  decisions  of  the  Federal 
board,  the  response  of  States  to  the  act.  State  legislation,  and  executive  officers, 
membership,  directors,  and  supervisors  of  State  boards  for  vocational  education. 

Suggestions  for  courses  in  agrriculture  in  the  recognised  high  schools  of 
Illinois,  A.  W.  Nolan  and  J.  0.  Hanna  {[Dept.  Pub.  Instr.  /U.],  Circ,  m 
{1918),  pp.  48), — ^This  bulletin  contains  syllabi  for  one-  and  two-year  high 
school  courses  in  agriculture,  and  for  additional  one-semester  or  half-unit 
courses  of  18  weeks  each,  making  up  a  total  of  three  or  four  years  in  agri- 
culture. 

The  topics  proposed  for  the  one-year  course  are  agronomy,  animal  husbandry, 
farm  business  and  life,  and  horticulture.  For  the  two-year  course  it  is  sug- 
gested that  plant  industry,  including  agronomy  for  the  first  semester  and 
horticulture  for  the  second,  be  given  in  the  first  year  of  the  course^  and  that 


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1919]  AOBICTTIiTinUL  EDTTOATIDlif.  795 

animal  hasbandry  make  up  the  work  of  both  semesters  of  the  second  year. 
Tlie  additional  one-semester  coarse  outlined  includes  the  farm  physical  plant, 
farm  management,  the  soil,  plant  and  animal  improvement,  poultry  husbandry, 
vegetable  gardening,  and  dairy  husbandry.  Suggestions  for  laboratory  and 
home  project  work,  lists  of  references,  a  list  of  minimum  laboratory  apparatus 
for  agriculture  in  a  recogniased  school,  and  a  suggested  four-year  curriculum  for 
a  department  of  vocational  agriculture  In  a  Smith-Hughes  Act  school  are  in- 
cluded. 

Six  months'  directed  or  supervised  practice  in  agriculture,  A.  W.  NoUlN 
{Bd.  Vocat.  Ed.  lU.  BuL  8  {1918),  pp.  S^,  figs.  ^).— This  bulletin  has  been  pre- 
I)ared  to  assist  teachers  of  agriculture  in  the  work  of  directing  the  six  months* 
farm  practice  required  under  the  Smith-Hughes  Act  Suggestions  are  oltiered 
with  reference  to  publications  relating  to  projects,  an  outline  for  a  preliminary 
survey  of  the  agricultural  resources  of  the  school  district,  the  accrediting  of 
regular  farm  work  as  an  integral  part  of  the  course  in  vocational  agriculture, 
and  supervised  farm  practice  in  systems  of  grain  farming,  live-stock  farming, 
and  farm  mechanics.  Information  is  also  included  on  agricultural  clubs  and 
other  organizations  of  fftrm  boys  offering  opportunities  for  supplementing  the 
six  months*  supervised  practice  in  agriculture. 

Elexnentary  agriculture  and  horticulture  {TormUo,  Ont.:  William  Briffffs^ 
1918^  pp.  IX+iOO,  pL  i,  figs.  90)\— This  manual  is  Intended  for  the  use  of 
teachers,  particularly  those  who  may  not  have  had  much  training  in  the  funda- 
mental sciences  underlying  agriculture.  It  contains  a  discussion  of  nature  study 
and  agriculture,  suggestions  for  the  teacher  on  methods  of  Instruction,  equip- 
ment, and  the  school  library,  and  lessons  on  the  fai-m,  the  garden,  the  orchard, 
beautifying  the  school  grounds  and  the  roadside  in  front,  and  the  organization 
and  maintenance  of  school  progress  clubs,  outlined  according  to  the  laboratory 
method  and  according  to  seasonal  sequence.  The  course  of  work  extends  through 
two  years. 

Knowing  insects  through  stories,  F.  Bbaixiab  {New  York  and  London: 
Funk  d  WagnaUs  Co.,  1918,  pp.  XXI+291,  pis.  It,  figs.  i9).— This  nature  book, 
which  is  written  in  stoiy  form,  is  Intended  to  awaken  an  interest  in  insects. 
It  comprises  six  parts  dealing,  respectively,  with  butterflies  and  moths ;  beetles 
and  weevils ;  grasshoppers,  crickets,  and  sliver  fish ;  bees,  wasps,  and  ants ;  divers 
little  i)eople;  and  bugs  and  flies.  The  material  has  been  arranged  in  such  a 
way  as  to  enable  readers  to  lay  a  foundation  for  future  study. 

Projects  in  farm  mechanics,  E.  A.  Funkhouseb  {Bui.  John  Tarleton  Agr. 
Col.,  1  {1918),  No.  5,  pp.  SI,  figs.  «i).— This  bulletin  consists  of  20  plates  on 
farm  mechanics,  representing  handy  devices  for  the  farm,  accompanied  by  brief 
explanatory  notes  on  each  article  Illustrated. 

Food  and  the  war  {Boston:  Soughton,  Miffiin  Co.,  1918,  pp.  [i0]+979,  figs, 
t). — ^This  is  a  textbook  for  college  classes,  prepared  under  the  direction  of  the 
collegiate  section  of  the  U.  S.  Food  Administration  with  the  cooperation  of  the 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  and  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Education.  It  is  a 
revision  of  the  outlines  for  three  courses  prepared  for  college  classes  and  sent 
out  in  weekly  Installments  during  the  spring  semester  of  1918. 

Part  1,  written  by  Katharine  Blunt  and  Florence  Powdermaker,  Includes  an 
introduction  to  the  world  food  situation,  followed  by  a  study  of  the  composition 
and  functions  of  food,  the  fuel  value  of  food,  the  body's  fuel  requirements,  pro- 
tein, the  meat  situation,  protein-rich  foods  used  in  place'  of  meat,  fats  and  oils, 
the  Importance  of  wheat,  flour  and  bread — the  wheat  substitutes,  sugar,  the 
value  of  milk,  vegetables  and  fruits,  suggestions  for  an  adequate  diet— the 
diet  of  Infiints  and  children,  food  and  the  community,  and  the  work  for  food 
eonservatioQ.    Part  2,  by  Elizabeth  C  Sprague,  deals  with  food  consumption 


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796  £XP£RIM£NT  STATION  RBOOBD.  [V<»L  40 

and  food  values ;  principles  of  cooking ;  the  preparation  and  use  of  protein  foods* 
vegetables  and  fruits,  and  cereal  products;  an  adequate  diet;  preservation  of 
food  by  canning ;  and  demonstrations.  References  to  literature  are  appended  to 
each  chapter. 

Economy  in  food,  M.  T.  Weixman  {Boston:  Little,  Brotcn  d  Co.,  191S,  pp. 
[2]-\'S6). — The  author  discusses  economy  iii  buying,  storing,  and  serving  food 
and  in  planning  meals,  the  uses  of  left-overs,  recipes,  and  fuel.  A  table  showing 
the  cost  of  100-calorie  portions  of  foods  and  factors  for  calculating  them  are 
included. 

The  business  of  the  household,  C.  W.  Tabbx  st  al.  {Philadelphia  attd  Ixm- 
don:  J,  B.  Lippincott  Co.,  1918,  pp.  X//+^8*  pl  i>  fiff^-  41),—Thls  book  presents 
a  detailed  study  of  the  business  of  the  household  finance,  based  on  practical 
experience  of  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century  in  tlie  management  of  a  householcL 
It  may  be  used  as  a  text  by  upper-high  school  and  college  students,  or  as  a 
reference  book  for  the  teacher  of  home  economics  in  schools  of  all  grades  and 
the  home  maker  and  housekeeper.  Its*  four  parts  deal,  respectively,  with  the 
fundamental  principles  of  household  finance,  factors  in  the  family  budget — 
necessities  and  higher  lif^ — ^and  the  legal  and  business  status  of  the  family. 
Suggestions  in  regard  to  the  use  of  the  text  by  the  teacher  and  student  are  in- 
cluded. Questions,  problems,  and  demonstrations,  and  references  to  literature 
follow  the  various  chaptera 

Mathematics  for  collegiate  students  of  agriculture  and  general  science, 
A.  M.  Kenton  and  W.  V.  Lovitt  {New  York:  The  Macfnillfm  Co.,  1918,  rev.  ed^ 
pp.  yi/4-557-fi,  figs,  129).— This  book  is  designed  as  a  text  in  freshman 
mathematics  for  students  specializing  in  agriculture,  biology,  chemistry,  and 
physics  in  colleges  and  technical  schools.  The  exercises  constitute  about  one- 
fifth  of  the  text,  and  include  much  data  taken  from  agricultural  and  other 
experiments  to  show  the  application  of  general  principles  to  problems  which 
actually  arise  in  real  life. 

UiSCELLANEOITS. 

Thirty-first  Annual  Beport  of  Alabama  College  Station,  1918  (Alahama 
Col.  Sta.  Rpt.  1918,  pp.  36). — ^This  contains  the  organization  list,  a  financial 
statement  for  the  Federal  funds  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1918,  and 
reports  of  the  director  and  heads  of  departments  on  the  work  of  the  station 
during  the  year.  The  experimental  work  reported  is  for  the  most  part  ab- 
stracted elsewhere  in  this  issue. 

Kature  and  progress  of  the  work  of  the  agricultural  experiment  station, 
M.  Nelson  {Arkansas  Sta.  Bui.  158  (1918),  pp.  6S,  figs,  -i).— This  contains  the 
organization  list,  a  financial  statement  for  the  Federal  funds  for  the  fiscal 
year  ended  June  30,  1918,  a  list  of  publications  issued  during  the  year  and 
brief  summaries  of  their  contents,  and  brief  summaries  of  the  chief  lines  of 
work  in  progress  at  the  station.  The  exi)erlmental  work  recorded  is  for  tlie 
most  part  abstracted  elsewhere  in  this  issue. 

Thirty-first  Annual  Keport  of  Indiana  Station,  1918  (Indiana  Sta.  Rpt. 
1918,  pp.  99,  figs.  10). — ^Thls  contains  the  organization  list,  reports  of  the 
director  and  heads  of  departments,  the  experimental  features  of  which  are  for 
the  most  part  abstracted  elsewhere  in  this  issue,  lists  of  the  organized  lines  of 
work,  publications  of  the  year,  changes  In  staff,  etc.,  and  a  financial  statement 
for  the  Federal  funds  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1918,  and  for  the  re- 
maining funds  for  the  period  ended  September  30,  1918. 

Special  report  of  the  Upper  Peninsula  Experiment  Station,  B.  W.  Hous- 
Hoi-DEB  (Michigan  Sta.  Spec.  Bui.  90  (1918),  pp.  31,  figs,  23).— This  includes 


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1919  J  MISCELLANEOUS.  797 

general  information  as  to  this  substation  by  R.  S.  Shaw,  and  a  report  on  Its 
work  for  the  year  ended  June  30,  1918.  The  exper4mental  work  reported  is  for 
the  most  part  abstracted  elsewhere  in  this  issue. 

Twenty-sixth  Annual  Beport  of  Minnesota  Station,  1918  (Minnesota 
Sta.  Rpt  1918,  pp.  98), — ^This  contains  the  organization  list,  a  financial  state- 
ment for  the  Federal  funds  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1918,  and  for 
the  State  funds  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  July  31,  1918,  and  reports  of  the 
director,  heads  of  divisions,  and  the  various  substationa  The  experimental 
work  recorded  Is  for  the  most  part  abstracted  elsewhere  in  this  issue. 

Beport  of  ^he  director  for  1818,  J.  O.  Lifman  {New  Jersey  Sids.  Bui  S30 
(1918),  pp,  5-25), — This  contains  the  organization  list  and  a  report  of  the 
director  on  the  work  and  publications  of  the  stations  during  the  year. 

Twenty-eiffhth  Annual  Keport  of  Washington  Station,  1918  (Washington 
Sta.  Bui.  15$  (1919),  pp.  45,  figs.  8).— This  contains  the  organization  list,  a 
report  on  the  work  and  publications  of  the  station  during  the  year,  and  a  finan- 
cial statement  for  the  Federal  funds  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1918, 
and  for  the  remaining  funds  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  March  31,  1918.  The  ex- 
perimental work  reported  is  for  the  most  part  abstracted  elsewhere  in  this 
issue. 

Beport  of  the  Canada  Experiment  Parms,  1917  (Canada  Expt,  Farms  Rpts. 
1917,  pp.  U8). — This  report  contains  the  reports  of  the  director,  the  Dominion 
specialists,  and  the  superintendents  of  the  various  substationa  In  addition  to 
experimental  work  abstracted  elsewhere  in  this  issue,  meteorological  data  and 
several  minor  feeding  trials  with  steers,  horses,  sheep,  and  poultry  are 
included. 

Quarterly  bulletin  of  the  liichigan  Experiment  Station  (Michigan  Sta. 
Quart.  BuL,  1  (1918),  No.  2,  pp.  41-85,  figs.  iO).— This  contains  several  arti- 
cles abstracted  elsewhere  in  this  issue,  together  with  the  following:  Silage  for 
Horses;  Curing  Meat  on  the  Farm,  and  Notes  on  Winter  Care  of  Breeding 
Ewes,  both  by  O.  A.  Brown ;  Cull  Beans  for  Hogs,  Winter  Care  of  Brood  Sows, 
by  W.  E.  J.  Edwards;  Directions  for  Preparing  Samples  of  Water  for  Bac- 
teriological Examination,  by  W.  Giltuer ;  Care  of  Milking  Machines,  by  G.  L.  A. 
Ruehle ;  Plant  Disease  Notes  for  Fall  and  Winter,  Bean  Seed  for  1919,  and  The 
Results  of  the  Barberry  Eradication  Campaign,  all  by  G.  H.  Coons;  National 
Dairy  Show  Exhibit ;  Status  of  Spring  Wheat  in  Michigan,  by  J.  W.  Nicolson ; 
Wild  Oats  in  Michigan,*  by  E.  A.  Bessey  and  F.  A.  Spragg;  Rosen  Rye  Breed- 
ing by  F.  A.  Spragg;  Get  Ready  to  Top  Graft  Apple  Trees,  and  Protect  Young 
Apple  Trees,  both  by  C.  P.  Halligan ;  Demonstration  Poultry  Flocks,  by  C.  H. 
Burgess;  The  Care  of  Manure,  by  C.  E.  Millar;  The  Control  of  Infectious  Abor- 
tion in  Cattle,  and  The  Tubereulin  Test  of  Cattle,  both  by  E.  T.  Hallman;  and 
a  list  of  available  bulletins. 

Monthly  Bulletin  of  the  Ohio  Sxperiment  Station  (Mo.  Bui.  Ohio  Sta.,  4 
(1919)^  No.  S,  pp.  67^^,  figs.  14) > — ^This  number  contains  an  article  entitled 
Spring  Seeding  of  Olaver  and  Grass,  by  C.  G.  Williams,  several  other  articles 
abstracted  elsewhere  in  this  issue,  and  miscellaneous  notes. 

Konthly  bulletin  of  the  Western  Washington  Substation  (Washington 
8ia.,  West.  Wash.  Sta.  Mo.  Bui.,  6  (1919),  No.  12,  pp.  110-184,  figs,  -i).— This 
number  contains  brief  articles  om  the  following  subjects :  Eradication  of  Poultry 
Lice,  by  R.  W.  Wells  (see  p.  754) ;  The  Best  Type  of  Sheep  for  Western  Washing- 
ton, by  W.  A.  Llnklater;  Alfalfa  in  Western  Washington,  and  Concerning  the 
Purchase  of  Comm^dal  Fertilisets,  both  by  E.  B.  Stookey;  Training  Rasp- 
berries and  Blaekberries,  by  J.  U  Stahl  (see  p.  743) ;  and  Sprkig  Spraying 
Program  for  1919,  hy  A^  Frank  (see  p.  742). 


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NOTES. 


Cftlifomla  tTnlverslty  and  Station.— Several  additional  memberg  of  the  staff 
have  DOW  returned  from  war  service,  including  Donald  Bruce,  appointed  asso- 
ciate professor  of  forestry;  S.  B.  Freeborn,  assistant  professor  of  entomology; 
H.  A.  Mattill,  assistant  professor  of  nutrition ;  and  H.  A.  Wadsworth,  assistant 
in  irrigation  investigations.  Recent  appointments  include  J.  F.  Wilson  as 
assistant  professor  of  animal  husbandry ;  E.  L.  Oberholser  as  assistant  professor 
of  pomology;  D.  W.  Tubbs  as  assistant  in  agricultural  engineering;  Ralph 
Benton  as  Instructor  in  agricultural  education ;  W.  E.  Wank  as  assistant  in  soil 
technology;  and  R.  N.  Davis  and  W.  O.  Johnson  as  assistants  in  agricultural 
extension.  Leaves  of  absence  have  been  granted,  because  of  war  or  other  Gov- 
ernment service,  to  E.  B.  Babcock,  professor  of  genetics,  and  to  A.  F.  Swain, 
E.  O.  Esslg,  and  W.  H.  Stabler,  assistants  in  entomology,  forestry,  and  veteri- 
nary science,  respectively. 

Delaware  College  and  Station.— The  resignations,  effective  June  SO,  are  noted 
of  E.  A.  Hodson,  assistant  professor  of  agronomy,  to  accept  a  position  with  the 
Arkansas  Station,  and  Dr.  C.  G.  Wlggans,  research  horticulturistt  to  become 
associate  horticulturist  In  the  Nebraska  Station. 

Florida  XTniversity  and  Station. — J.  W.  Sutton  of  Tampa  has  been  appointed 
to  the  board  of  control,  vice  T.  B.  King. 

At  the  recent  commencement  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  was  conferred  on  Dr.  B.  R. 
Flint  of  the  Office  of  Experiment  Stations,  IT.  S.  Department  of  Agrlcuimre^ 
who  was  for  many  years  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  institution. 

Steps  are  being  taken  to  establish  a  substation,  with  the  special  purpose  of 
conducting  experiments  relating  to  citrus  work. 

Kansas  College  and  Station.— H.  J.  Penney  of  Hays  has  been  appointed  to 
succeed  0.  W.  Greene  as  a  member  of  the  State  board  of  adminlstratton. 

According  to  the  budget  approved  by  the  State  board  of  administration,  the 
funds  available  for  the  station  and  its  four  substations  aggregate  $201,300  for 
thB  ensuing  fiscal  year.  Of  this  amount,  $131,900  is  from  Federal  and  State 
appropriations,  and  the  remainder  represents  estimated  receipts  from  fees  and 
the  sale  of  farm  products  which  are  available  for  .use  in  station  work. 

R.  L.  Hensel  of  the  Forest  Service  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agrtcnlture  has 
been  appointed  associate  professor  of  pasture  managemait,  and  will  have 
charge  of  the  pasture  investigations  which  are  being  developed  in  the  agronomy 
department  for  the  purpose  of  promoting  better  utilisation  of  the  20,000,000 
acres  of  grass  land  within  the  State.  Dr.  H.  L.  Ibsen  has  beoi  appointed  as- 
sistant professor  of  animal  husbandry. 

Dr.  Leonard  W.  Ooss,  professor  of  pathology  in  the  department  of  veterinary 
medicine,  resigned  July  1  to  engage  in  commercial  woric  Karl  J.  T.  Ekblaw, 
professor  of  farm  engineering,  has  resigned  to  beoome  farm  engineering  editor 
of  Vew  England  Home$tead. 

Kentucky  XTniversity  and  Station.— Philip  Blttmenthal,  diemlst;  Mark 
HavenhiU,  professor  of  farm  mechanics;  Jean  MacKinnon,  acting  head  of  the 
department  of  home  economics;  Madge  Lamareauz^  instmetor  in  that  depart- 
708 


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IVol.  40, 10191  NOTES.  799 

meat ;  and  Mabel  Roe,  assistant  plant  pathologist,  have  resigned.  N.  M.  Oregor, 
assistant  in  bacteriology  laboratory,  has  been  transferred  to  the  department  of 
agronomy,  and  O.  O.  Hankins,  assistant  In  boys*  and  girls'  clnb  work,  has 
been  transferred  to  the  department  of  animal  husbandry  as  extension  specialist 
in  swine  husbandry. 

Director  Thomas  P.  Oooper  of  the  station  has  been  appointed  director  of  the 
extension  diTlsion,  effective  July  1,  with  T.  R.  Bryant  and  Ooeffrey  Morgan  as 
assistant  directors  of  extension.  Mary  E.  Sweeny  has  been  appointed  head  of 
the  department  of  home  economics,  beginning  August  15.  Other  appointments 
include  John  O.  Barkman,  instructor  in  dairy  manufactures  and  extension 
specialist  in  dairy  manufactures,  beginning  June  1;  M.  B.  Kroft,  extension 
specialist  in  fkrm  management,  beginning  July  1;  and  J.  G.  Grimes,  assistant 
in  animal  husbandry. 

Ore^n  College  and  Station. — ^Appropriations  by  the  legislature  to  the  station 
for  the  ensuing  biennium  include  $50,000  for  agricultural  investigations, 
$S0,000  for  crop  pests  and  horticultural  investigations,  $15,000  for  soil,  drain- 
age, and  irrigation  investigations,  and  $10,000  for  dairy  investigations.  The 
appropriation  of  $25,000  per  annum  for  the  seven  substations  was  continued, 
and  in  addition  the  Hood  River  substation  was  granted  an  annual  continuing 
allotment  of  $4,000,  the  southern  Oregon  substation  a  corresponding  allotment 
of  $2,000,  and  the  Astoria  substation  a  special  appropriation  of  $2,000  for  com- 
pleting the  drainage  system  and  clearing  land.  The  college  also  received  a 
special  appropriation  of  $60,000  for  an  engineering  laboratory,  $15,000  for  com- 
pleting the  barracks  building  salvaged  from  the  Students*  Army  Training 
Ck>rps,  and  an  appropriation  of  $157,566  for  maintenance  during  the  biennium 
in  addition  to  the  proceeds  of  the  miUage  tax  already  provided. 

T.  B.  Beckwith,  professor  of  bacteriology;  F.  W.  Miller,  assistant  professor 
of  veterinary  medicine;  D.  B.  Richards,  assistant  professor  of  animal  hus- 
bandry ;  H.  M.  Wight,  assistant  professor  of  zoology ;  and  L.  W.  Wing,  assistant 
professor  of  dairy  husbandry,  have  recently  returned  from  war  service.  Other 
additions  to  the  staff  include  B.  B.  Fulton,  assistant  entomologist  of  the  New 
York  State  Station,  as  assistant  professor  of  entomology;  A.  W.  Oliver  as  in- 
structor in  animal  husbandry;  W.  A.  Smart  as  crop  pest  assistant;  E.  H. 
Wiegand  as  assistant  professor  of  horticulture ;  L.  P.  Wilcox  as  research  assist- 
ant in  horticulture;  and  Dr.  S.  M.  Zeller  as  assistant  professor  of  plant 
pathology  and  assistant  plant  pathologist 

Pennsylvania  College.— W.  W.  Wood,  instructor  in  agricultural  extension, 
resigned  May  12.  R-  R.  Welch  has  been  appointed  assistant  professor  of  dairy 
husbandry  extension,  beginning  July  1,  and  John  R.  Eyer,  instructor  in  eco- 
nomic entomology,  beginning  May  26. 

TTtah  College  and  Station. — ^A  department  of  human  nutrition  has  been  estab- 
lished in  the  station.  R.  L.  Hill.  Ph.  D.,  formerly  of  the  Maryland  Station  and 
first  lieutenant  in  the  Sanitary  Corps  of  the  XJ.  S.  Army,  has  been  appointed 
bend  of  the  department,  with  Blanche  CJooper,  formerly  nutrition  expert  in 
the  extension  division,  as  associate. 

B.  B.  Brossard,  Ph.  D.,  instructor  in  fferm  management  at  the  University 
of  Minnesota,  has  been  appointed  head  of  the  department  of  farm  manafgement 
which  was  recently  established  in  the  college  and  station.  B.  L.  Richards, 
Ph.  D.,  has  been  appointed  associate  professor  of  botany.  Capt  W.  E.  Carroll 
of  the  Sanitary  Corps  has  resumed  his  duties  as  head  of  the  department  of 
animal  husbandry. 

Virginia,  College.— President  J.  D.  Eggleston  has  resigned  to  accept  the  presi- 
dency of  Hampden-Sidney  College,  effective  July  1,  and  has  been  succeeded  by 


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800  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [Vol.  40. 19191 

Julian  A.  Barmss,  presLdoit  of  the  State  Nonaal  School  at  Harrisonburg. 
Jesse  M.  Jonee,  director  of  the  extension  division,  has  resigned  to  take  ctiarge 
of  the  department  of  agricultural  and  industrial  development  of  the  Seaboard 
Air  Line  Railway,  beginning  July  1,  and  ha3  been  succeeded  by  John  R. 
Hutcheson,  formerly  assistant  director  of  the  extension  divUlon. 

Boosevelt  Wild-Life  Forest  Experiment  Station. — ^A  forest  biological  station 
has  recently  been  authorised  by  the  New  York  Legislature,  with  headquarters 
at  the  College  of  Forestry  at  Syracuse  University.  This  will  be  known  as  the 
Roosevelt  Wild-Life  Forest  Experimental  Station.  The  principal  object  will 
be  to  study  the  habits,  life  histories,  methods  of  pnq^mgation,  and  management 
of  fish,  birds,  game,  and  food  and  fur-bearing  animals  and  forest  wild  life. 
No  State  appropriation  has  been  made  for  the  station,  but  a  beginning  Ls  to 
be  made  at  once  with  college  funds.  Charles  C.  Adams  has  been  appointed 
director. 

Kecrology. — Jean  Jacques  Thtephile  Schlcesing,  dean  of  the  Institute  of 
France,  member  of  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences,  pro£dssor  in  the  National 
Agronomic  Institute  of  France  and  the  Conservatoire  des  Arts  et  Metiers,  and 
one  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  science  of  the  last  half  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury, died  at  Paris  February  8,  1919,  at  the  age  of  94  years,  having  been  bom 
at  Marseille  July  9, 1824. 

His  was  a  long  Ufe  of  intense  and  ^fruitful  scientific  activity  of  great  value 
in  advancing  agriculture.  In  some  of  his  most  Important  work  his  name  is 
inseparably  connected  with  that  of  MUntz,  whose  death  at  the  age  of  72  years 
occurred  February  20,  1917.  One  of  his  earliest  and  most  Important  contribu- 
tions to  scientific  agriculture  was  a  study  of  nicotin  and  its  determination  in 
tobacco,  which  later  led  to  a  study  of  the  composition  and  burning  quality  of 
different  kinds  of  tobacco.  Among  his  early  scientific  achievements  ^vas  a  stady 
of  ehendcal  equilibrium,  which  furnished  an  explanation  of  the  constancy  of 
the  proportion  of  carbon  dioxid  in  air. 

Schloesing*s  name  is  connected  with  a  long  series  of  iuost  important  in- 
vestigations relating  to  soils.  In  association  with  Mfiutz  he  established  the 
true  nature  of  nitrification  In  1877,  defined  the  conditions  favoring  this  process^ 
and  isolated  the  specific  organism  concerned.  He  also  cleared  up  many  of  the 
problems  related  to  denitrification  and  made  Important  contributions  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  organic  matter  of  the  soil,  the  nature  and  function  of  day, 
and  the  nature  of  the  soil  solution  and  its  function  in  supplying  plants  with 
food.  In  connection  with  a  broader  study  of  sea  water  and  other  salines  he 
investigated  tlie  subject  of  the  water  of  salt. marshes. 

He  personally  devised  many  analytical  methods  of  great  accuracy,  involving 
entirely  new  technic,  which  are  widely  used,  and  did  much  to  promote  not 
only  agricultural  chemistry  but  organic  and  mineral  chemistry  in  general 
He  had  the  reputation  of  being  an  inspiring  teacher,  clear,  precise,  authorita- 
tive; personally  extremely  modest,  benevolent,  careful  in  reaching  conclusiona, 
firm  in  maintaining  his  convictions,  but  considerate  of  the  opinions  of  otliers. 

The  more  Important  of  his  scientific  contributions  appeared  in  Annales  de 
ChMnie  ei  de  Physique  and  Comptes  Rendtu  de  VAcad^mie  des  Sciences.  His 
work  on  soils  and  air,  with  methods  of  analysis,  is  summarized  under  the  title 
Contribution  k  r£tude  de  la  Chlmle  Agrioole  in  Fremy^s  EncyclopMle  Chimique. 


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EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 

Editor :  E,  W.  ALLEN,  Ph.  D.,  Chief,  Office  of  Experiment  Station*. 
Associate  Editor:  H.  L.  Knight. 

EDITORIAL    DKPABTMENTS. 

Agricultural  Chemistry  and  Agrotecliny — Sybil  L.  Smith. 

Meteorology,  SoUs,  and  Fertilizers  {}^-p^LuoK^. 

Agricultural  Botany,  Bacteriology,  and  Plant  Pathology  |^*  ^'  boyd.^'  ^^'  ^* 

Field  Crops — J.  D.  Luckbtt. 

Horticulture  and  Forestry — ^E.  J.  Glasson. 

£k»nomic  Zoology  and  Entomology — ^W.  A.  Hooker,  D.  V.  M. 

(C.  F.  Lanqwobthy,  Ph.  D.,  D.  Sc. 
Sybil  L.  Smith. 
EiJLZABETH  B.  Bower. 
Animal  Husbandry,  Dairying,  and  Dairy  Farming — F.  J.  Kelley. 

Veterinary  Medicine  {^^^  ^^Su. 

Rural  Engineering— R.  W.  Tbullingeb.* 

Rural  Economics  (?•  Mebmtt. 
A«.uAa«  ^^vuvuu^  \Loui8B  Mabbut. 

Agricultural  Education  {ma^?^  I 


Indexes — Amelia  B.  Deans. 


Sfethmann. 


CONTENTS  OF  VOL.  40,  No.  9. 


Page. 

Recent  work  In  agricultural  science 801 

Notes 900 

SUBJECT  LIST  OF  ABSTRACTS. 

AGRICULTUBAL  chemistry — ^AOBOTBCHNY. 

Recent  advances  in  physical  and  inorganic  chemistry,  Stewart 801 

Osmotic  pressure,  Flndlay 801 

The  preparation  of  substances  important  in  agriculture^  Peters.. 801 

The  stabilization  of  bleaching  powder,  Meldrum 801 

Some  studies  of  casein,  Maynard 802 

Action  of  neutral  salts  on  inversion  of  sugar  by  acids,  Colin  and  Lebert.^.  802 

Manufacture  of  invert  sugar  and  use  of  substitutes  in  ice  cream,  Ruehe__  802 

Remade  milk  and  cream,  Redfield 802 

Chemical  constants  of  avocado  oil,  Albro 803 

OH  from  Mgongo  nuts 803 

Oils  and  press  cake  from  seeds  of  raisins,  currants,  and  tomatoes,  Roth6a.  803 

Technical  handbook  of  oils,  fats,  and  waxes.  Fryer  and  Watson 804 

Technical  handbook  of  oils,  fats,  and  waxes.  Fryer  and  Weston 804 

Pectin  studies,  I,  II,  Odto . 804 

A  study  of  <yanogenesis  in  Sorghum  vutgare^  Dowell 804 

New  methods  of  preserving  soy  bean  urease,  Robinson  and  Oppenheim —  805 

Haas  cultures  on  solid  media,  Schereschewsky 805 

^  On  leave  of  absence  for  military  BeiTlce. 

1  4    I 


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n  CONTENTS.  [Vol  40 

Notes  on  the  reactions  of  bacteriologlc  media,  Norton 805 

A  mechanical  pipette  for  easy  measurem^it  of  small  volumes,  Bazett 806 

Protection  against  drip  water  In  an  extraction  apparatus,  Ll^>ert 806 

Plcramlc  add  as  a  standard  In  Nessler's  method,  Egerer  and  Ford 806 

A  scrubber  for  ammonia  distillations,  Davisson 806 

Recovery  of  platinum  and  alcohol  from  the  potash  determination,  SmolL  806 

A  sensitive  copper  reaction,  Maquenne  and  Demoussy 807 

Estimation  of  the  water  content  of  meat  products  and  sausages.  Seel 807 

Judging  buttermilk  porridge,  Fllippo , 807 

The  determination  of  the  content  in  oil  of  oleaginous  seeds,  Biazzo 806 

A  method  for  the  purification  of  certain  azo  dyes,  Lubs 808 

Practical  Industry  of  preserving  food,  Olivftn 808 

Muscadine  grape  paste,  Dearing 808 

Cholam  as  a  substitute  for  barley  In  malting,  Viswanath  et  al 806 

How  to  make  cider  and  vinegar,  Lewis 808 

meteoboijoot. 

Rainy  days  and  rain  probability  in  the  United  States,  Ward 808 

Ammonia  and  nitrous  nitrogen  In  rain  water  of  Alaska,  Shipley 809 

The  nitrogen  compounds  in  rain  and  snow,  Shutt  and  Dorrance 800 

Precipitation,  run-off,  evaporation,  and  drainage  In  Ehirope,  Flshor 810 

Normal  mean  value  of  rainfall  in  Italy,  Eredla 810 

The  Influence  of  rainfall  on  the  fruit  crop  In  Norway,  Skard 810 

Report  on  meteorological  observations  at  WIsley,  1917,  Curtis 810 

Phenologlcal  observations  on  cereals  in  Bavaria  In  1917,  Hiltner 811 

Annual  rainfall  and  mean  temperature  [of  Ceylon],  Drieberg 811 

The  ice-age  question  solved,  Marriott 811 

SOILS — ^FEBTIUZKBS. 

Influence  of  organic  matter  on  water-holding  capacity,  Alway  and  Neller_  811 

Nitrate  and  nitrite  formation  in  moor  soils,  Amd 811 

Reactions  of  soils  supporting  growth  of  certain  native  orchids,  Wherry—  812 

Solubility  of  lime,  magnesia,  and  potash,  Gardiner 812 

Nitrogen  content  of  volcanic  ash  in  Katmal  eruption  of  1912,  Shipley 812 

Salt  content,  ferrous  iron,  and  acidity  of  Katmal  ash,  Shipley 812 

Soils,  agriculture,  and  other  resources  of  Kenal  Peninsula,  Bennett 813 

Soil  survey  of  Covington  County,  Mis&,  Jones  and  Sweet 813 

Soil  survey  of  Phelps  County,  Nebr.,  Tillman  and  Hensel 813 

Soil  survey  of  Wayne  County,  Nebr.,  Tillman  and  Hensel ^ 814 

Soil  survey  of  Clearfield  County,  Pa.,  Winston  et  al 814 

Soil  survey  of  Shelby  County,  Tenn.,  Bennett  et  al 814 

Soil  survey  of  Windsor  County,  Vt,  Kerr  and  Jones 814 

The  oxidation  of  ammonia,  Partington 815 

Fertilizer  experiments  with  spoiled  calcium  cyanamld,  Popp 815 

Determination  of  the  value  of  agricultural  Ume,  Conner 816 

Cost  of  burning  lime  in  the  stack  or  heap,  Frear  and  Goodling 816 

Report  on  limestone  resources  of  Pennsylvania,  Frear  and  Kern 816 

Calcareous  marl  finds  Increasing  use  in  agriculture 816 

Sulphuric  acid  and  fertilizer  trades 816 

AOWCtTLTiniAL  BOTANT. 

The  unification  of  American  botany,  Lyman 817 

Note  on  technique  of  solution  culture  experiments  with  plants,  Hoagland.  817 

The  dendrograph  for  recording  growth  In  trees,  MacDougal 817 

Plant  genetics,  J.  M.  and  M.  C.  Coulter ^ 817 

The  chromosomes,  their  numbers  and  general  importance,  Winge 817 

The  mitochondrial  origin  of  plastlds,  GulUlermond .» 818 

A  colloidal  hypothesis  of  protoplasmic  permeability.  Free t. 818 

The  effect  of  potassium  and  sodium  on  hydration  and  growth,  Lloyd 818 

Colloidal  properties  of  plant  mucilages  as  affected  by  stains,  Uoyd 818 

The  mucilage  of  Opuntla,  Abutllon,  and  CSnothera,  Lloyd 819 

Pine  needles,  their  significance  and  history,  Dufrtooy 819 

The  present  state  of  the  study  of  anthocyanin,  Beauverie 819 


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1019]                                                        CONTENTS.  in 

Paso, 

The  production  of  anthocyanins  and  anthocyanldinfl,  III,  Kverest 819 

E2ffect  of  certain  compounds  of  barium  and  strontium,  McHargue 819 

The  effect  of  manganese  compounds  on  soils  and  plants,  Deatrick 820 

Root  variations  induced  by  carbon  diozid  additions  to  soil,  Noyes  et  al 820 

Physical  factors  of  transpiration  in  plants,  -Dufr^noy 820 

Some  factors  in  the  winterkilling  of  grain  crops,  Salmon 821 

Water  conductivity  of  the  wood  in  trees  and  shrubs.  Farmer 821 

HELD   CBOPS. 

Nitrogen  relations  of  crop  plants  grown  alone  and  in  association,  Wright-  821 

ESxperiments  with  Inoculating  material,  von  Feilitzen 822 

Cereal  improvement  at  SvaWf,  Profeit 823 

[Tropical  grasses  as  paper-making  materials] 828 

Handbook  of  Indian  agriculture,  Mukerjl 828 

Dry  farming,  Widtsoe,  trans,  by  Rossati 823 

Report  on  standardization  of  field  experiments,  Wiancko  et  al 823 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  in  Hawaii],  Henke 823 

[Report  of  work  at  the  Rothamsted  Experiment  Station,  1014-1917] 823 

[The  Wobum  field  experiments,  1017],  Voelcker 824 

[Crop  and  soli  investigations  in  India,  1917-18] 825 

[Field  crops  work  in  United' Provinces  of  Agra  and  Oudh,  Prasad] 825 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  in  Bihar  and  Orissa,  India,  1917-18] 825 

[Report  of  work  with  field  crops  at  Partabgarh  and  Benares],  Shansa 825 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  in  Punjab,  1917-18],  Roberts  et  al 825 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  In  Queensland,  1917-18] 825 

New  crops  for  Rhodesia,  II,  Walters 825 

Mosaic-like  splitting  in  a  barley  hybrid,  Miyazawa 1 825 

Xenia  in  barley,  Sfi  and  Imai 826 

An  early  paper  on  maize  crosses,  Roberts 826 

Chimeras  in  com  hybrids,  Collins 826 

Proceedings  of  the  Nebraska  Com  Improvers*  Association 826 

Com  production  in  Brazil,  1916-17 826 

Some  observations  on  the  relation  of  Unt  length  to  rainfall,  Kelsick 827 

Flax :  Its  cultivation  and  preparation  for  market.  Carter 827 

Flax  culture,  its  development,  decline  and  restoration,  Dannfelt 827 

Flax  preparation  and  its  prospects  [in  Sweden],  Hennig 827 

[Flax  production  in  Ireland] 827 

The  varieties  of  HelianthuB  tuherosua,  Cockerell 827 

The  occurrence  of  dwarfness  in  oats,  Warburton 827 

The  potato  and  the  war,  Harraca 828 

Soy  beans  in  Alabama,  Cauthen 828 

Growing  soy  beans  in  Alabama,  Cauthen 829 

Studies  in  Indian  sugar  canes. — ^11 1,  Classiflcatton,  Barber 829 

The  classification  of  indigenous  Indian  canes.  Barber 830 

Growing  sugar  cane  for  sirup,  Yoder 830 

Inheritance  of  flowering  and  ripening  periods  in  wheat,  Thompson 830 

Content  of  sugar  and  dry  matter  of  winter  wheat  varieties,  Akerman  et  al.  830 

A  dwarf  wheat.  Cutler 881 

Russian  wheat,  Felde 881 

Wheat  growing  and  wheat  experiments 831 

Seed  Reporter 831 

A^coltural  seed  inspected  in  March  and  April.  1918,  Smith 881 

Report  on  the  State  seed  control,  Dorph-Petersen 832 

Report  on  activities  of  Swedish  Seed  Association  in  1917,  Ulander 832 

Weed  growth  as  related  to  mineral  soils  In  Denmark,  Ferdinandsen 832 

Protein  and  mlcrochemlcal  tests  of  seeds  of  Iowa  weeds,  Pammel  and  Dox_  832 

Useful  farm  weeds,  Brenchley 832 

Injurious  weed  seeds  in  grasses  and  clovers  harvested  for  seed  in  Britain.  833 

The  eradication  of  yellow  rattle 833 

HOBTICDI.TXniE. 

Horticulture  and  the  war,  McCue 833 

Horticultural  extension  work  in  Indiana,  Burkholder 833 

Extension  work  in  horticulture,  Beattie 883 

Vegetable  gardening  on  a  war  basis  in  the  colleges  and  stations,  Myers..  888 


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rV  CONTENTS.  [Vol.  40 


The  war  garden  victorious,  Pack 

The  dty  home  garden,  Beattie 833 

Vegetable  seed  growing  and  breeding.  Crow 833 

Instructions  for  seed  production  in  Switzerland,  Rey 833 

Onions,  garlic,  and  spinach,  Garcia 833 

Pollination  of  tomatoes.  Bouquet 833 

Organizing  canhouse  tomato  growers  fbr  emergency  production,  De  Baun.  834 

Extension  service  in  pomology  in  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Close.  834 

Hhrtenfrton  work  in  pomology  in  New  York,  Reee 834 

Report  of  committee  on  variety  testing,  Gourley 834 

Winter  injury  of  fruit  trees,  Oskamp 834 

Winter  injury  to  fruit  trees  in  New  Jersey,  Blake 835 

Winter  injury  in  New  York  State  during  1917-18,  CJhandler 835 

Winter  injury  to  fruits  in  Wisconshi  in  1918,  Moore 835 

Winter  injury  In  Canada,  Macoun 835 

Winter  injury  in  Indiana,  Oskamp 835 

Winter  injury  in  Ohio,  Paddock 835 

The  pruning  of  winter-injured  peach  trees,  Gunderson 835 

Relation  of  time  of  blooming  to  ripening  in  peach  varieties,  Norton 836 

Five  years*  results  in  plum  pollination,  Hendrickson 836 

Some  factors  favoring  or  opposing  fruitfulness  in  apples,  Wiggans 836 

Hardiness  In  top-worked  varieties  of  the  apple,  Dorsey 837 

Spraying  apple  trees  in  bloom,  Brock 887 

High  temperatures  and  humidity  on  pears,  Taylor  and  Overholser 838 

How  the  strawberry  sets  fruit,  Valleau 838 

Strawberry  varieties  in  the  United  States,  Darrow 838 

Strawberry  culture.— ^Eastern  United  States,  Darrow 838 

Strawberry  culture.— South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coast  regions,  Darrow 838 

Strawberry  culture. — ^Western  United  States,  Darrow 838 

Fig  growing  in  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  Gould 838 

Hybrid  direct  bearers  in  valley  of  Drome  in  1918,  Desmoulins  and  Yillard.  838 

Developing  new  grape  industries,  Husmann 839 

Abnormal  shedding  of  fruits  of  Washington  navel,  Colt  and  Hodgson 838 

Influence  of  foreign  pollen  cm  development  of  vanilla  fruits,  McClelland 810 

Notes  on  geranium  breeding,  Ballard 840 


Influence  of  the  National  Forests  in  the  southern  Appalachians,  Hall 841 

A  program  of  forest  conservation  for  the  South,  Peters 841 

Some  aspects  of  silvical  research  as  an  after-the-war  activity,  Leavitt 841 

Forestry  and  the  war  in  Italy,  Brown 841 

Forest  survey.— Third  annual  report,  1918,  Prince 841 

Reconnaissance  in  Philippines  and  Britisli  North  Borneo,  Mattliewa 841 

Observations  on  unbumed  cut-over  lands  in  the  Adirondacks,  McCarthy 841 

Thunder  Mountain,  Graves 841 

Conifer  additions  to  shelter  belts  on  the  northern  Great  Plains 841 

Care  of  cooperative  shelter  belts  on  the  northern  Great  Plains 842 

Some  biological  and  economic  a^ects  of  the  chaparral,  Munns 842 

Bear  clover  (ChamcBhatia  foliolosa),  Mitchell 842 

Thinning  western  hemlock  and  grand  fir.  Weir  and  Hubert 842 

Importance  of  clearing  out  hardwoods  and  balsam  flr.  Brown 842 

The  relation  of  gray  birch  to  the  regeneration  of  white  pine.  Tourney 8^ 

The  regeneration  o£»sal  {Shorea  robusta)  forests,  Hole 843 

Mahogany  and  some  of  Its  substitutes.  Record 843 

Tapping  experiments  on  Hevea  hrasiliensis,  de  Jong 843 

Preliminary  note  on  the  seasoning  of  some  Indian  timbers,  Pearson 843 

A  formula  method  for  estimating  timber,  Terry 843 

Appraisal  of  fire  damage  to  Immature  timber,  Clark 843 

Production  of  lumber,  lath,  and  shingles  in  1917,  Smith 'and  Plerson 843 

DISEASES   OF  PLANTS. 

Heating  and  sterilizing  outfit  for  a  field  laboratory^  Peltier  and  Neal 843 

Imbedding  and  staining  of  diseased  wood,  Boyce 843 

I^reparation  of  copper  and  copper-arsenic  sprays,  Uautnrd 843 


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1910]                                                       COliirTEKTS.  V 

Pag«. 

A  check  list  of  Porto  Rlcan  fangl  and  a  host  Index,  Stevenson 844 

Plant  quarantine  [as  related  to  plant  diseases  and  animals],  Stevenson..  844 

Disease  in  plants  with  special  reference  to  British  Guiana,  Bancroft 844 

Epitome  of  bacterial  diseases  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  Paine 844 

Diseases  of  plants  and  their  treatment.  Barker 844 

Diseases  new  or  little  known  In  France,  Arnaud 844 

Phytopathologlcal  report  for  1915,  Marchal  and  Arnaud 845 

Summary  reports  of  entomolo^cal  and  pathological  laboratories 845 

Operations  against  plant  diseases  in  Italy,  latiere 845 

Administration  report  of  government  mycologist  for  1917-18,  McRae 845 

Mycology  and  operations  against  diseases,  Stuart 845 

Bean  rust:  Control  through  resistant  varieties,  Fromme  and  Wingard...  845 

The  blackleg  disease  of  cabbage  caused  by  PJioma  linoafn,  Henderson 846 

Phyaoderma  disease  of  com,  Tisdale 846 

Note  on  the  organism  causing  Stewart's  disease  of  sweet  com,  McCulloch.  846 

Bacterial  oat  bUght,  Elliott S46 

Conference  on  diseases  of  potatoes  and  seed  certification,  Lyman  et  al —  846 

Some  serious  potato  diseflses,  Bastin - — - —  847 

Observations  on  obscure  potato  troubles  Gtissow 847 

Seed  tuber  treatments  for  potatoes.  Coons 847 

Fusarium  blight  of  potatoes  under  irrigation,  MacMlllan 847 

Internal  rust  spot  disease  of  the  potato  tuber,  Paine 848 

The  potato  wart  disease  in  Pennsylvania,  Orton  and  Kern_^ 848 

Black  wart  of  potato,  Fron 848 

A  cane  leaf  spot,  van,  der  Bljl 848 

Boot  disease  of  sugar  cane,  Stevenson 848 

An  inunone  variety  of  sugar  cane,  Townsend 848 

Angular  leaf  gjwt  of  tobacco,  Fromme  and  Murray 848 

Ergot  on  Manitoba  wheat,  Chlfflot 849 

The  eelworm  disease  of  wheat  and  its  control,  Byars 849 

Drought  injury  to  Mcintosh  apple,  Gtissow 849 

Apple  scald,  Brooks,  Cooley,  and  Fisher 849 

Spraying  tests  at  Te  Kauwhata,  Shepherd 849 

A  wither  tip  of  plum  trees,  Wormald 850 

[Grape  diseases],  Ravaz ^ 850 

[Grape  disease],  DegruUy 850 

Studies  of  outbreaks  of  grape  downy  mildew  in  1915,  Capus 850 

Recent  studies  on  mildew  control,  Ravaz 850 

[Grape]  anthracnose,  Laffer 850 

Black  rot,  Prunet . 850 

Control  of  brown  rot,  Campbell 851 

Brown  rot  experiments  at  Arataki,  Rodda 851 

Algal  disease  of  cacao,  Rorer.^. 851 

A  root  rot  of  orange  in  Tripoli,  *Leone 851 

Susceptibility  of  a  nonrutaceous  host  to  citrus  canker.  Lee  and  Merrill 851 

Root  diseases  of  tea,  Anstead 851 

Black  rot  of  chestnuts,  Mangin 851 

The  fungus  flora  of  pine  seed  beds,  Rathbun , 852 

Incubation  period  of  Cronartium  ribicola  on  the  white  pine.  Stone 852 

Additional  quarantines  against  white  pine  blister  rust.  Pierce—    _  852 

[Notes  on  Hevea  canker],  Keuchenlus _        _  852 

Phytophthora  meadii  n.  sp.  on  Eevea  braHliensis,  McRae "_          11."  852 

A  new  species  of  Phytophthora  parasitic  on  the  Para  rubber  tree.  McRae-  852 

ICONOIIIC  ZOOIjOGT — ^BNTOIIOLOGT. 

A  synopsis  of  the  bats  of  California,  Grlnnell_                               _        _  858 

The  crow  in  C5olorado,  Bergtold I_  _~ "  853 

Report  of  the  entomologist  of  Arizona  for  1917,  Morirtii  853 

[Economic  Insects  in  Hawaii],  Agee I"!"!  854 

Insects  which  attract  public  attention,  Weiss "~II_~"I__III          I  854 

Annual  report  of  the  State  entomologist  for  the"year"l915M6,  Severinl"  854 

Notes  and  observations  on  agricultural  entomology,  del  Guerclo      _  854 

Report  of  government  entomologist  for  1917-18,  Ramakrlshna  Ayyarlll*  854 

A  preliminary  report  on  the  cotton  pests  of  South  Afrtca,  Brain  854 

[Insect  enemies  of  tobacco  in  Dutch  East  Indies],  Keuchenlus.    SZ  854 


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VI  COKTENTS.  [VflL^O 


Insects  attacking  vegetables  In  Porto  Rico,  CJotton S&i 

Insects  injurious  to  maple  tree,  Bailey 855 

[Work  with  stored  grain  insects] " &S 

The  graduated  tent  fumigation  dosage  system,  Morrill 65r» 

Biological  control  of  Oecetictu  pUitensis,  Garide  Masslni  and  Br^thes 835 

Experience  with  grasshoppers  on  overflowed  land  in  Louisiana,  Tucker 8S6 

The  Orthoptera  of  Nova  Scotia,  Piers 856 

Report  on  cacao  thrips  in  Grenada  in  1917,  Urlch SS6 

Mississippi  cicadas,  with  key  to  southeastern  United  States,  Davis ^6 

A  froghopper  on  sugar  cane  in  British  Guiana,  Williams 856 

A  cercopid  enemy  of  fields  of  parana  (Panicum  numidianum) 896 

The  woolly  white  fly  In  Florida  citrus  groves,  Yothers 836 

Notes  on  the  green  bug  {Toxoptera  graminum)  in  Texas,  Tucker 8S6 

The  larger  com  stalk  borer  {Diatrtea  zeacoleUa),  Ainslie 856 

The  insect  and  related  pests  of  Egypt. — I,  The  pink  boUworm,  Wlllcocks._  856 

The  seedling  gum  moth  {NoUi  metallopa),  Froggatt ffi7 

Malaria  endemicity  of  rice  districts,  Geiger  et  al ^ 9SJ 

Effective  malaria  control  in  a  rice  fleld  district,  Geiger  et  al 858 

A  revision  of  the  genus  Sciara  of  the  family  Mycetophilidie,  Pettey 858 

G.  inie»Hnali8,  O.  Hamorrhoidalis,  and  G.  nasfUis,  Hadwen  and  Cameroa.  856 

An  examination  of  the  sense  reactions  of  flies,  Lodge 859 

New  muscold  genera,  species,  and  synonymy,  Townsend 858 

Two  species  of  Pegomyia  mining  the  leaves  of  dock,  Frost 859 

An  hereditary  tumor  In  the  fruit  fly,  Drosophlla,  Stark 860 

On  a  parasitic  Drosophlla  from  Trinidad,  Lamb 890 

A  short  summary  of  our  knowledge  of  the  frit  fly,  Gollln 890 

The  mechanism  of  evolution  in  Leptinotarsa,  Tower ^ 860 

Influence  of  Cerotoma  trifurcata  on  the  cowpea,  Leonard  and  Turner 800 

Injury  to  casuarina  trees  in  southern  Florida  by  mangrove  borer,  Snyder.  8O0 

The  poplar  borer  {Saperda  cal^arata)^  Chrystal 861 

An  annotated  list  of  the  Cerambyclda;  of  California,  Gamett 861 

Ck>nservlng  com  from  weevils  in  the  Gulf  Coast  States,  Back 861 

Pea  and  bean  weevils,  Skalfe 961 

Studies  in  Rhynchophora.— VI,  "  The  New  York  weevil,"  Sharp 881 

life  history  of  parasites  of  Bruchophagu*  funebrU,  Urbahna 882 

Additions  to  Type  Species  of  Cynipoidea,  Rohwer  and  Fagan 862 

Contributions  to  British  Braconidse,  III,  Microgasteridse,  Lyle 862 

FOODS — HUMAN  NTJTWTION. 

A  new  food  mammal 862 

Some  observations  on  fish  poisoning  in  British  Virgin  Islands,  Clarke 863 

Studies  of  use  of  milk  by  families  having  littls  <^ldren 863 

Fats  and  oils 863 

Siebel's  manual  and  record  book  for  bakers  and  millers 863 

Flour  trade  in  Foochow  District,  Pontius 863 

On  the  control  of  rope  in  bread,  Cohn  et  al 863 

Preparation  and  uses  of  meals,  particularly  flour  substitutes.  Freeman—  863 

Bread  substitutes 863 

Banana  and  other  flours  from  tropical  starchy  products,  Eaton 863        | 

An  old-time  method  of  yeast  making,  Spencer 864       j 

Turnip  salad ^ 9W 

Avocado  tea  recipe.  Beck 864 

Lupin-containing  coffee  substitutes,  Bckenroth 864 

How  to  utilize  our  fruits  without  sugar,  Truelle 864 

The  substitution  of  saccharin  for  sugar,  Burge 864 

Dehydrated  foods. — ^Llst  of  material  in  New  York  public  library 864 

Practical  aspects  of  dehydrated  foods,  Brown 864 

The  drying  and  preservation  of  vegetables,  Balland 864 

[Foods  and  drugs] 864 

[Food  reports],  Charron 864 

Sketch  of  the  Food  Ministry's  work  in  1»18 865 

Food  Surveys 895 

Food  wastes. — Some  causes  and  remedies^  Brown 885 

Low  temperature  cooking 865 

Oriental  recipes  that  are  worth  the  making,  Farrar 865 


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1919]  CONTElSrTS.  VH 

Page. 

The  International  eeonomical  food  chart«  Dodeon 865 

met  and  health,  with  key  to  the  oalories,  Peters 865 

Principles  involved  In  economic  readjustment  of  dietaries,  MacLeod 865 

Standards  for  growth  and  nutrition.  Holt 865 

Investigation  of  workers'  food  and  suggestions  as  to  dietary,  Hill 866 

Dietary  for  hospitals  for  Insane  in  war  conditions,  Sommer  and  Saha—  866 

More  recipes  for  fifty,  Smith 866 

Military  hospital  mess  management^  Hoskins 866 

Onr  diet,  Jonge 866 

The  food  question,  Kienb5ck 866 

Home  and  community  hygiene,  Broadhurst 866 

The  dynamic  action  of  foodstuff^  Oppenhelmer 866 

Deamlnization  and  urea  formation  in  the  animal  body,  L5fner 866 

Contributions  to  the  physiology  of  the  stomach,  XLI,  Swanson 867 

The  regulation  of  the  intestinal  flora  of  dogs  through  diet,  Torrey 867 

Clinical  calorimetry,  XXVI-XXVIII 868 

Distribution  of  substances  for  prevention  of  beri-beri.  Chick  and  Hume—  868 

Infantile  scurvy:  The  antiscorbutic  factor  of  lemon  juice.  Harden  et  al—  869 

Monophaglsm,  pellagra,  and  scurvy,  Volpino 869 

Is  calcium  usuaUy  given  in  milk  injurious  to  infants?    Bosworth  et  a1—  869 

John  R.  Young,  pioneer  American  i^ysiologist,  Kelly ^ 869 

International  catalogue.    Q.^-Physiology.    QR.— Serum  physiology 869 

ANIMAX.  FBODUCnON. 

Color  Inheritance  In  mammals,  VI-XI,  Wright 869 

Correlation  between  component  and  the  variable,  Harris 870 

Physiological  conditioning  of  secondary  sexual  characters,  Pezard 871 

Growth  in  man :  Body-weight  and  body-length,  Walker 872 

Cattle  calipers,  McOandlish 872 

Report  of  progress  on  animal  husbandry  investigation  in  1917,  Qowen.^.  872 

Comparison  of  concentrates  for  fattening  steers  in  South,  Ward  et  al 873 

Com  supplements  and  substitutes  for  fattening  lambs,  Dunn  and  Evvard.  874 

The  wool  industry,  Oherington 875 

Wool,    Ormerod 875 

Feeding  horses.  Bell  and  Williams 875 

Illn'strated  poultry  primer,  Lamon  and  Kinghorne 876 

The  grrowth  of  chickens  In  confinement,  Osborne,  Mendel,  et  al 876 

Egg  production  during  various  periods  of  the  year,  Harris  et  al 876 

Breeding  poultry  for  standard  and  utility  values,  Slocum 876 

A  practical  farm  fiock  egg-laying  contest  in  Missouri,  Townsley 876 

Rnnner  ducks  as  farm  layers,  Johnson 876 

dahy  tabhing — daixtino. 

Bate  of  growth  and  size  of  dairy  heifers  at  maturity,  Bckles  and  Swett.-  877 

Dairy  cattle  breeding  experiments 877 

The  feeding  of  concentrated  food  to  dairy  cows  on  pasture 877 

The  Influence  of  barley  on  the  milk  secretion  of  cows,  WoU  aad  Voorhies.  878 

Heat  period  and  milk  production.  Hooper  and  Bacon 878 

The  coat  of  milk  production  computed  on  the  year  basis,  Pearson 878 

Producers'  and  consumers'  price  f6r  milk.  Pearl 879 

Report  of  the  Ml^k  Committee  for  Canada,  Tustin  et  al 879 

History  of  milk  trade,  milk  adulteration,  milk  prices,  DIjkstra 879 

Operation  of  the  cream  receiving  station,  Hepburn  and  Ruehe 879 

SmaU-holder's  cheese,  skim-milk  cheese,  cottage  cheese,  Leitch 879 

The  manufacture  of  Cheddar  cheese,  Leitch 880 

V^mONABT    ICEDICINK. 

Report  division  of  veterinary,  Moore 880 

BesearcdieB  on  the  serum  of  the  sea  eel  (Murcpna  helena),  Kopaczewski..  880 

Hematic  phenomena  in  anaphylaxis  and  antianaphylaxis,  Richet  et  al 880 

A  blood-destroying  substance  in  AsoarU  lumhriooides,  Schwarts 880 

i:>eath  among  horses  immunized  with  killed  bacteria,  Debalns  and  Nicolas.  881 

The  effect  of  adds  on  the  growth  of  BaciUm  ooUf  Wyeth 881 


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Vni  COKTENTS.  [Vol.40 

The  use  of  blood  agar  for  the  study  of  streptococci,  Brown 8S1 

Bacteriological  notes,  Hadley,  Caldwell,  and  Heath 881 

Immunization  products  and  Indications  for  their  use,  Murray 882 

The  germicidal  power  of  antiseptic  oils,  McMaster 882 

Proflavine  oleate  In  the  treatment  of  open  wounds,  Berkeley  and  Bonney.  8@ 

Dichloramin*T  and  petrolatum  dressing  for  bums,  SoUman 88S 

Action  of  chlorinated  antiseptics  on  blood  clot,  Taylor  and  Stebbins 883 

Notes  on  Dakin*s  solution,  Taylor 888 

Pyotherapy ;  its  use  in  war,  Franc 883 

Treatment  by  autovaccins,  Julien  and  De  Lareinty-Tholoxan 883 

The  treatment  of  gas  gangrene  by  multivalent  serum,  Vincent  and  StodeL.  884 

On  the  antiseptic  action  of  bensyl  alcohol,  Hacht  and  Nelson 884 

On  the  treatment  of  giardiasis  in  rats  with  arsenobausol,  Kofoid  et  al —  884 

Blackleg  toxin,  Haslam  and  Lumb 884 

Value  of  blood  tests  in  control  of  contagious  abortion.  Fitch  et  al 885 

Present  status  of  specific  treatment  for  contagious  abortion,  Hoskins 885 

The  ophthalmic  and  intradermic  tests  for  glanders '^ 885 

[Statistics  on  the  mallein  and  blood  test  for  glanders],  Frdhner 885 

Infection,  sensitization,  and  Immunity  in  lymphangitis,  Boquet  and  Negre.  885 

Treatment  of  ulcerative  lymphangitis  by  vaccines,  Knowles 886 

A  glycerin  "  extract  **  of  tubercle  bacilli  as  an  antigen,  Petroff 886 

Value  of  complement  fixation  in  tuberculosis,  Brown  and  Petroff 886 

The  complement  fixation  test  for  tuberculosis,  Lange 886 

Complement  fixation  test  in  diagnosis  of  tuberculosis,  Stoll  and  Neuman.  887 

Tuberculosis  complement  fixation  in  clinical  tuberculosis,  Stivelman 887 

Infiuence  of  Roentgen  rays  on  tuberde  bacilli,  Selfert 887 

Infection  of  new-bom  calves  and  seroprophylaxis,  Stani 887 

The  prophylaxis  and  cure  of  exudative  pteuropneumcMiia  in  goats,  Mori..  888 

Prevention  and  cure  of  exudative  pleuropneumonia  in  goats,  Mori 888 

Prevention  and  cure  of  exudative  pleuropneumonia  in  goats,  Mori 888 

Points  in  determining  the  presence  of  hog  cholera  in  the  herd,  Kolner 888 

BI7BAI.  EHOINEBBINa. 

Brick  pavements  in  the  Middle  West,  Goklbeck  and  Jackson 888 

Public  Roads ^  889 

Care  and  repair  of  farm  implements. — V,  Grain  s^arators,  Johnson '  880 

HXmAL  RCONOmCB. 

The  farmer  and  the  new  day,  Bntterfleld 889 

The  awakening  of  England,  Green 889 

Introductory  manual  for  the  study  of  agrarian  history,  Trimble 890 

Intemational  yearbook  of  agricultural  legislation 890 

Address  of  Secretary  of  Agriculture  before  State  Bankers'  Associations—  890 

Cooperative  plan  of  national  rural  research,  Qalpin  et  al 890 

Report  of  committee  to  consider  Office  of  Farm  Management,  Warren  et  al-  890 

Rural  organization,  06rdova 890 

Project  for  a  national  agricultural  Institute,  Oamb6 890 

Rural  administration  and  administrators.  Convert 801 

A  review  of  the  Prussian  boards  of  agriculture,  Asmis 881 

The  potential  productivity  of  Italian  agriculture,  Valenti  et  al 891 

The  encouragement  of  the  Alp  industry,  Oroll 801 

The  cheapest  source  of  increased  food  supplies,  Nourse 891 

The  tariff  union  and  agricultural  policy,  Kranold 891 

The  minimum  wage  as  applied  to  agriculture,  Rew 801 

Women  workers  in  agriculture,  Thomas 891 

Rural  children  in  North  Carolina,  Bradley  and  Williamson 892 

The  little  town,  especially  in  its  rural  relationships,  Douglass 802 

The  value  of  land  in  France,  Caziot 802 

Results  and  progress  of  the  redivision  of  lands  [in  Japan] 802 

Land  credit,  Gastalver 892 

Rural  land  credit  in  Switserland,  BiUeter 892 

Farm  tenancy :  Analyids  of  the  ocdqiancy  of  600  farms,  Qalpin  and  Hoag.  892 

Collective  fiarms 89S 

Act  creating  fftrmen^  oocverative  societies  with  Axrms 80S 


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Idldl                                                      CONTENTS.  IX 

Report  on  cooperatiTe  societies  in  Bihar  and  Orissa,  191^17  and  1917-18.  89S 

Operating  a  cooperaUve  motor  truck  route,  Yohe 898 

Cellar  societies 898 

The  development  of  insurance  against  bail 894 

Monthly  Orop  Reporter 894 

Annual  statistics  of  Chile 894 

A^rieultnral  statistics  of  Netherlands 894 

[A^ricnltural  statistics  of  Spain] 894 

Average  yield  per  acre  of  principal  crops  in  India  for  1916-17,  Shirras—  894 

Report  of  the  Indian  Wheat  Committee  for  1915  and  1916,  Acland  et  al 894 

AOBIOTLTDBAIi  EDUCATION. 

(Aj^lcQltaral  and  home  economics  at  N.  E.  A.  in  1917] 894 

The  rural  school  and  the  community :  The  social  survey,  Lewis 896 

Administration  of  Smith-Hughes  Act  in  Arizona  for  1918-19 896 

Vocational  education  in  Maryland 896 

[Cooperative  cheese  schools  in  England  and  Wales] 896 

The  project  in  science  teaching,  Stevenson 897 

Teaching  vocational  agriculture  in  secondary  schools,  Browne  and  Cook-  897 

First  principles  of  agriculture,  Goff  and  Mayne 897 

Agriculture. — Southern  edition,  Benson  and  Betts 897 

Agriculture  for  seventh  j'ear,  Tex 897 

A  normal  institute  course  for  principals  nnd  supervising  teachers,  1918—  898 

Some  thoughts  regarding  the  teaching  of  horticulture,  Bamett : 898 

Forestry  pursuits:  Foresters,  rangers,  forest  guards,  Dana 898 

A  field  and  laboratory  guide  In  biological  nature  study,  Downing 898 

Course  of  study  in  school-directed  home  gardening  and  nature  study 898 

School  and  home  gardening:  A  normal  institute  course 898 

Science  of  plant  life:  A  high  school  botany,  Tranaeau 898 

Domestic  science  and  general  hygiene,  Gardner  and  Young 899 

Food  and  victory :  A  war  supplement  to  Textbook  of  Cooking,  Greer 899 

The  school  kitchen  textbook,  Lincoln 899 

Tarn  and  cloth  making:  An  economic  study,  Kissell 899 


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LIST  OF  EXPERIMENT  STATION  AND  DEPARTMENT 
PUBLICATIONS  REVIEWED. 


stations  in  the  United  States. 

Alabama  Gollege  Station :  P^f^ 

Bui.  202,  June,  1918 829 

Bui.  208.  Nov.,  1918 828 

California  Station: 

Bui.  806,  Feb.,  1919 878 

Illinois  Station : 

BuL  216,  -^r.,  1919 878 

Circ.  234,  Mar.,  1919 879 

Indiana  Station: 

arc.  87,  Nov.,  1918 834 

Iowa  Station : 

Bui.  185.  Jan.,  1919 874 

Maine  Station: 

Bui.  274,  Dec,  1918 872 

Maryland  Station: 

Bui.  224,  Dec.,  1918 831 

Missouri  Station: 

Research  Bui.  81.  Aug.,  1918.     877 

Research  Bui.  32,  Sept.,  1918-  836 
New  Mexico  Station: 

Bui.  115.  Aug.,  1918 833 

New  Yorlt  Cornell  Station : 

Mem.  19,  Feb.,  1919 820 

Oklahoma  Station : 

Bui.  122,  Mar.,  1919 804 

Oregon  Station: 

Bui.  158,  Mar.,  1919 833 

Pennsylvania  Station: 

Bui.  156,  Mar.,  1919 848 

BuL  157,  Apr.,  1919 816 

Virginia  Station : 

Bui.  220,  Nov..  1918 845 

Wisconsin  Station: 

Research  Bui.  44,  Feb.,  1919.     892 


U,  S,  Department  of  Affriculture. 

BuL  761.  A  Comparison  of  Con- 
centrates for  Fattening  Steers 
in  the  South,  W.  F.  Ward,  S.  S. 
Jerdan.  and  E.  R.  Lloyd 873 

BuL  768,  Production  of  Lumber, 
Lath,  and  Shingles  in  1917, 
F.  EL  Smith  and  A.  EL  Pier- 
son  843 

Farmers'  BuL  1011,  The  Woolly 
White  Fly  in  Florida  Citrus 
Groves,  W.  W.  Yothers 866 

Fanners*  BuL  1025,  The  Larger 
Com  Stalk-borer,  G.  6.  Ains- 
lie 856 

X 


881 


876 


U.  £f.  Department  of  AgriemUwre   Cai 

Farmers'  Bui.  1026,  Strawbeny  Fait 
Culture:   South  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  Coast  Regions,  G.  M.  Dar- 
row 88 

Farmers'  BuL  1027,  Strawbenr 
Culture:  Western  United 
States,  G.  M.  Danow ®8 

Farmers*  BuL  1028,  Strawberry 
Culture :  Eastern  United 
States,  G.  BL  Darrow 838 

Farmers'  BuL  1029,  Conserving 
Com  from  Weevils  in  the  Gulf 
Coast  States,  E.  A.  Back 

Farmers'  BuL  1060,  Feeding 
Horses,  G.  A.  Bell  and  J.  O. 
WlUiamB 

Farmexs'  BuL  1081,  Fig  Growing 
in  the  South  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  States,  H.  P.  Gould 

Farmers'  BuL  1032,  Operating  a 
Cooperative  Motor  Tmck 
Routes  H.  S.  Yohe 

Farmers'  BuL  1033,  Muscadine 
Grape  Paste,  C.  Dearing 

Farmers'  BuL  1034,  Growing 
Sugar  Cane  for  Simp,  P.  A 
Toder 

Farmers'  BuL  1086,  Care  and 
Repair  of  Farm  Implements.— 
y.  Grain  Separators,  E.  John- 
son   

Farmers'  BuL  1040,  Illustrated 
Poultry  Primer,  BL  M.  Lamon 
and  J.  W.  Kingfaorae 

Farmers'  BuL  1041,  The  Bel- 
worm  Disease  of  Wheat  and 
Its  Control,  L.  P.  Byars 

Farmers'  BuL  1043,  Strawberry 
Varieties  in  the  United  States, 
G.  M.  Darrow 

Farmers'  BuL  1044,  The  City 
Home  Gtarden,  W.  R.  Beattle.. 

Office  of  the  Secretary : 

Circ.  131,  Address  of  D.  P. 
Houston,  Secretary  of 
Agriculture,  before  the 
Joint  Conference  of  tbe 
Agricultural  CbmrnissiOD 
of  the  American  Bankers' 
Association  and  the  Agri- 
cultural Committees  of  tbe 
State  Bankers'  Associa- 
tions, Washington,  D.  C 
F^ruary  26, 1919 


SOS 


830 


376 


M 


900 


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19191 


LIST  OF  PUBLICATIONS. 


U.  8.  Departmeta  of  AgricuUmre—CoiJu 
Office  of  the  Secretary— Contd.  ^h^ 
Girc  182,  Report  of  Coin- 
mittee  Appointed  by  the 
Secretary  of  Agrlcalture 
to  Consider  Plan  of  Or- 
ganization, Scope  of  Work, 
and  Proleets  for  the  OflSoe 
of  Farm  Management,  and 
Methodfl  of  Procedure  in 
Making  Coat  of  Produc- 
tion Studies 890 

Borean  of  Animal  Industry : 
The  Ophthalmic  and  Intra- 
dermic  Tests  fbr  Gland- 
ers       885 

Bureau  of  Crop  Estimates: 

Mo.  Crop  Rpt,  YoL  6»  No.  4, 

Apr.,  1919 

Bureau  of  Markets: 

Pood  Surveys,  vol.  2 — 

No.  22,  Mar.  17, 1919 

No.  23,  Mar.  25,  1919 

No.  24,  Mar.  28,  1919 

Seed  Rptr.,  voL  2,  No.  10, 

Apr.  5,  1919 

Bureau  of  Plant  Industry: 

Care  of  Cooperative  Shelter 
Belts    on    the    Northern 

Great  Plains 842 

Conifer  Additions  to  Shelter 
Belts    on    the    Northern 

Great  Plains— -_— 

Bureau  of  Public  Roads: 

PubUc  Roads,  vol.  1,  No.  10. 

Feb.,  1919 888,889 

Bureau  of  Soils: 

Field  Operations,  1916— 
Report  on  a  Reconnois- 
ance  of  the  Soils, 
Agriculture,  and  Other 
Resources  of  the  Ke- 
nai  Peninsula  R^on 
of  Alaska,  H.  H.  Ben- 
nett       813 

Soil  Survey  of  Clear- 
field County,  Pa.,  R.  A. 
Winston,  R.  W.  Mc- 
Clure,  H.  P.  Cooper, 

and  D.  C.  Wimer 814 

Soil  Survey  of  Shelby 
County,  Tenn.,  H.  H. 
Bennett,  R.  T.  Allen, 
L.  V.  Davis,  and  C.  R. 

Watkins,  Jr 814 

Soil  Survey  of  Windsor 
County,  Vt,  J.  A. 
Kerr  and  G.  B.  Jones.  814 
Field  Operations,  1917— 
Soil  Survey  of  Coving- 
ton County,  Miss.,  E. 
M.  Jones  and  A.  T. 
Sweet 813 


894 


865 

865 
865 

831 


841 


U.  8,  Department  of  A^rlcuWura— Con. 
Bureau  of  Soils— Contd.  ^^^ 

Field  Operations,  1917— Contd. 
Soil  Survey   of  Phelps 
County,  Nebr.,  B.  W. 
Tillman    and    B.    F. 

Hensel 813 

Soil  Survey  of  Wayne 
County,  Nebr.,  B.  W. 
Tillman    and    B.    F. 

Hensel 813 

Scientific  Contributions:* 

Remade  Milk  and  Cream, 
H.  W.  Redfleld 802 

A  Method  for  the  Purifica- 
tion of  Certain  Azo  Dyes, 
H.  A.  Lubs 808 

The  Reactions  of  the  Soils 
Supporting  the  Growth  of 
Certain  Native  Orchids, 
B.  T.  Wherry 812 

Solubility  of  Lime,  Magne- 
sia, and  Potash  in  Such 
Minerals  as  Bpidote, 
Chrysolite,  and  Muscovite, 
Especially  in  Regard  to 
Soil  Relationships,  R.  F. 
Gardiner 812 

The  Unification  of  American 
Botany,  G.  R.  Lyman 817 

Nitrogen  Relations  of  Cer- 
tain Crop  Plants  when 
Grown  Alone  and  in  Asso- 
ciation, R.  C.  Wright 821 

The  Occurrence  of  Dwarf- 
ness  in  Oats,  a  W.  War- 
burton  827 

Bztension  Woric  in  Horticul- 
tore,  W.  R.  Seattle 833 

BzteiMlon  Service  in  Pomol- 
ogy in  the  U.  S.  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  C.  P. 
Close 834 

Insects  Associated  with  Win- 
ter Injury,  R.  W.  KeUey—     834 

Developing  New  Grape  In- 
dustries, G.  C.  Husmann-     889 

Influence  of  Foreign  Pollen 
on  the  Development  of  Ya- 
nUhi  Fruits,  T.  B.  McClel- 
land       840 

Influences  of  the  National 
Forests  in  the  Southern 
Appalachians,  W.  L.  Hall.     841 

A  Program  of  Forest  Con- 
servation for  the  South, 
J.  G.  Peters 841 

Thunder  Mountain,  H.  S. 
Graves 841 

Some  Biological  and  Eco- 
nomic Aspects  of  the 
Chaparral,  E.  N.  Munns..     842 


*  Printed  in  Bclentiflc  and  technical  publications  outside  the  Department. 


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ZII 


UST  OF  PUBLICATIONS, 


(Vol  40 


U.  8,  Department  of  AgriouUure-^CoiL 
Scientific  Contributions— Contd.     P*w. 

Bear  Clover,  ChanuBbatia 
folMosa,  (Mountain  Mis- 
ery, Bearmat,  Tarweed), 
J.  A,  Mitchell ^-     842 

The  Influence  of  Thinning 
on  Western  Hemlock  and 
Grand  Fir  Infected  with 
Bchinodontium  tincii>rium, 
J.  R.  Weir  and  B.  E. 
Hubert 842 

Appraisal  of  Fire  Damage  to 
Immature  Timber  for  Sta- 
tistical Purposes,  F.  G. 
Clark 843 

Imbedding  and  Staining  of 
Diseased  Wood,  J.  S. 
Boyce 843 

Physoderma  Disease  of 
Com,  W.  H.  Tlsdale 846 

A  Morphological  and  Cul- 
tural Note  on  the  Organ- 
Ism  Causing  Stewart's 
Disease  of  Sweet  Cbm,  L. 
McCuUoch 846 

Report  of  the  Conference  on 
Diseases  of  Potatoes  and 
Seed  Certification,  G.  R. 
Lyman  et  al 846 

Fnsarlum  BUght  of  Potatoes 
under  Irrigation,  H.  G. 
MacMlllan 847 

An  Immune  Variety  of  Sugar 
Cane,  a  O.  Townsend 848 

Apple  Scald,  C.  Brooks,  J.  S. 
Cooley,  and  D.  F.  Fisher.-     849 

The  Susceptibility  of  a 
Nonrutaceous  Host  to  Cit- 
rus Cbnko*,  H.  A«  liee  and 
B.  D.  MerrUl— .• 851 


U.  8,  Department  o/  AgrioaUwre—Csau 
Scientific  Contributions— Contd.    ?»». 

Additional  List  of  State  and 
National  Quarantines 
against  the  White  Pine 
Blister  Rust,  R.  G.  Pierce^     862 

New  Muscold  Genera,  Spe- 
cies, and  Synonymy,  C.  H. 
T.  Townsend 8S9 

Influence  of  Cerotoma  tri- 
furoata  on  the  Nitrog^i 
Gathering  Functions  of 
the  Cowpea,  L.  T.  Leon- 
ard and  C.  F.  Turner 860 

Injuzy  to  Casuarlna  Trees 
In  Southern  Florida  by 
the  Mangrove  Borer,  T.  E. 
Snyder 880 

Life  History  Observations 
on  Four  Recently  De- 
scribed Parasites  of  Br^ 
chopkaffvs  fuaelris,  T.  D. 
Urbahns 882 

Additions  and  Corrections 
to  "The  Type  Species  of 
the  Genera  of  the  Cynl- 
poldea  or  the  Gall  Wasps 
and  Parasitic  Cynipolds,'* 
S.  A.  Rohwer  and  M.  M. 
Fagan 882 

Oolor  Inheritance  in  Mam- 
mals, VI-XI,  S.  Wrli^t —     889 

Bree^Dg  Poultry  for  Stan- 
dard and  Utility  Values, 
R.  R.  Slocum 878 

Agriculture. — Southern  Edi- 
tion, O.  H.  Benson  and  G. 
H.  Betta 8»7 

Forestry  Pursuits:  Fores- 
ters, Rangers,  Forest 
Guards,  S.  T.  Dana 806 


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EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 


Vol.  40.  Abstract  Number.  No.  9. 


RECENT  WORK  IN  AGRICULTURAL  SCIENCE. 


aobiculhtsal  chehistet— AOKOTEcmrsr. 

Secent  advances  in  i^yslcal  and  Inorganic  ehemUrtry»  A.  W.  Stewart  (X/on-* 
don  and  New  York:  Longtnana,  Green  d  Oo^  1919,  S,  ed>,  rev^  pp.  XT+iRSi,  fiff$. 
23). — ^In  the  third  edition  of  this  book,  which  consists  of  a  series  of  essays  upon 
recent  advances  In  special  branches  of  inorganic  chemistry,  the  sobject  matter 
has  been  greatly  enlarged  and  almost  entirely  rewritten.  The  book  contains 
eight  chapters  dealing  with  subjects  from  pure  and  applied  Inorganic  chemistry, 
six  on  physico-chemical  subjects,  four  on  radioactivity,  a  chapter  on  some  new 
views  on  the  elements,  and  a  concluding  chapter  indicating  fields  of  research  In 
which  much  still  remains  to  be  Investigated.  The  chapter  on  the  fixation  of 
nitrogen  should  be  of  particular  interest  to  the  agricultural  chemist 

Osmotie  pressure,  A.  Findijit  (London  and  New  York:  Lonffmans,  Chreen  d  Co*, 
1919,  «.  ed,,  pp.  XI +116,  figs.  10).— The  first  edition  of  this  book  has  been  noted 
previously  <E.  S.  B.,  30,  p.  SIO).  In  the  present  edition,  the  work  on  osmotic 
pressure  has  been  brought  up  to  date  and  a  fuller  description  has  been  given 
of  the  apparatus  en^loyed  by  Morse  and  his  collaborators. 

The  preparation  of  substances  important  in  a^coltnre,  0.  A.  Pbtois  {Neto 
York:  John  WUev  d  Ban^  Inc.,  1919,  5.  ed^  pp.  VII+61).— In  this  manual 
the  chemistry  and  practical  significance  of  certain  substances  of  agricultural 
Interest  are  explained  and  laboratory  directions  are  given  for  their  prepara- 
tioii«  The  following  substances  are  treated:  Superphosphate,  sulphate  of  am- 
monia, potassium  nitrate,  sulphate  of  potash-magnesia,  sulphate  of  potash 
(bish  grade),  muriate  of  potash,  lead  nitrate,  lead  arsenate,  lime-sulphur, 
copper  sulphate,  Paris  green,  Bordeaux  mixture,  and  emulsions. 

The  stabilization  of  blaachiner  powder,  A.  N.  BdjBumuM  (Jour.  8oc.  Chem. 
Indus.,  S8  (1919),  No.  6,  p.  807).— Preliminary  experiments  on  the  stabiliza- 
tion of  bleaching  powder  by  removal  of  water  are  reported. 

It  was  found  that  bleaching  powder  was  more  rapidly  dried  by  alkaline 
agents  (sodium  hydroxid  and  basic  calcium  chlorid)  than  by  add  agents 
(phosphorus  pentoxld  and  sulphuric  acid).  Phosphorus  pentoxid,  however, 
proved  to  be  a  more  effective  drying  agent  than  sodium  hydroxid  If  an  absorbent 
for  chlorin  was  present  The  absorbent  used  was  a  mixture  of  mercurous 
cblorld  and  mercury. 

Tlie  tendency  ot  bleaching  powder  to  lose  available  chlorin  was  found  to  be^ 
mvch  decreased  by  desiccation,  as  shown  by  the  fact  that  samples  thus  dried 
contnined  over  25  per  cent  of  available  (Aiiorln  after  a  year. 

801 


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802  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  tV6L40 

Some  studies  of  casein,  L.  A.  Matnabd  {Jour.  Phy9.  Chem.,  23  {lifl9),  Ho.  S, 
pp.  145-153), — Casein  prepared  from  skim  milk  according  to  the  method  de- 
scribed by  Osborne  and  Quest  (E.  S.  R.,  25,  p.  504)  was  digested  with  1 
pe  cent  sodium  hydroxid  solution  for  24  hours  at  room  temperature.  During 
the  digestion  the  phosphorus  of  the  casein  molecule  was  split  off  and  changed 
to  a  soluble  inorganic  form,  and  the  loosely  combined  sulphur  was  also  split 
off.  On  addition  of  acids  to  the  caustic  soda  digest,  a  white  precipitate  ^ras 
obtained  which  exhibited  colloidal  properties  similar  to  casein  as  regards  its 
behavior  with  adds  and  alkalis,  its  response  to  protein  tests,  and  its  precipita- 
tion by  salt  solutions.  A  limewater  solution  of  the  substance  showed  none 
of  the  characteristic  properties  of  a  similar  solution  of  casein,  but  when 
phosphoric  add  was  introduced  into  the  former  in  such  a  way  as  not  to  destroy 
the  colloidal  solution  a  milky  solution  was  obtained  whidi  on  heating  bebaTed 
like  a  limewater  solution  of  casein.  This  is  thought  to  furnish  evidence  tliat 
the  white  color  of  milk  is  due  to  the  peptization  of  tricaldum  phosphate  by 
the  colloids  in  the  milk. 

Action  of  neutral  salts  on  the  Inversion  of  sugar  bj  adds,  H.  Goun  and 
M.  Lebert  {Bui  Assoc,  Chim,  8ucr.  et  DUtiU.,  S5  {1918),  No,  7-«,  pp.  i^i7).- 
The  inversion  of  sugar  with  small  amounts  of  add  in  the  presence  of  neatial 
salts  was  found  to  depend  upon  the  following  conditions : 

(1)  If  the  hydrolysis  is  brought  about  by  a  strong  add  in  the  presence  of 
the  corresponding  salt  of  an  alkali  metal  (1.  e.,  HCl  in  the  presence  of  NaCl). 
an  amount  of  the  salt  equivalent  to  the  add  produces  a  slight  Increase  in  the 
speed  of  hydrolysis.  (2)  With  a  weak  add  the  presence  of  its  sodimn  or 
potassium  salt  lowers  the  speed  of  hydrolysis  in  proportion  to  the  weakness 
of  the  add,  the  action  of  acetic  add  being  almost  completely  paralysed  by  an 
equivalent  amount  of  sodium  acetate.  (8)  If  the  salt  present  in  the  solution 
is  not  a  salt  of  the  add  causing  the  hydrolysis  (I.  e.,  sodium  acetate  with 
HCl),  the  effect  produced  depends  upon  the  relations  established  between  add 
and  salt. 

The  results  seem  to  indicate  that  any  cause  whidi  tends  to  lower  tlie  H4on 
concentration  of  the  solution  diminishes  the  velodty  of  hydrolyshi  by  addx, 
for  which  reason  invertin  is  recommended  In  pr^tcreao^  to  adds  fbr  the 
hydrolysis  of  weak  solutions  of  sucrose. 

The  manufacture  of  invert  sugar  and  use  of  sugar  sabstltutes  in  ice  eieaiDy 
H.  A.  RuBHE  (Cream,  and  Miik  PUMt  Co.,  8  {1919),  No.  Z,  pp.  4S^48).—Tb6 
author  states  that  a  solution  of  Invert  sugar  of  such  strength  that  it  can  be 
used  to  replace  sugar  pound  for  pound  in  ice  cream  formulas  can  be  made  by 
boiling  gently  for  80  or  S6  minutes  a  mixture  of  100  lbs.  of  sugar,  45  Iba  of 
water,  and  60  gm.  of  tartaric  add.  This  solution  contains  about  71.4  per  oeat 
of  sugar  and  28.6  per  cent  of  water.  The  formula  has  been  tried  out  by 
several  ice  cream  manufacturers  who  claim  an  actual  saving  of  from  20  to  25 
per  cent  of  sugar. 

From  laboratory  tests  of  the  viscosity  of  the  mix,  percentage  swell  on  firees- 
ing,  and  sweetness  of  the  product,  the  use  of  invert  sugar  thus  prepared  did 
not  appear  to  alter  the  quality  of  the  ice  cream.  The  substitution  of  com 
sugar  for  from  20  to  50  per  cent  of  the  invert  sugar  was  found  to  be  practicable, 
but  glucose  proved  to  be  less  satisfactory  on  account  of  the  lessened  sweetness 
and  coarser  grain  of  the  product 

Bemade  milk  and  cream,  H.  W.  Redfdcld  {WastUnffton:  Intemat.  Assoc 
Dairy  imd  Milk  Insp,,  1919,  p,  92,  pi,  i).— /This  is  a  lecture  given  by  the  anflior, 
from  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry,  U.  S.  Department  of  A^griculture,  before  t 
special  conference  of  the  International  Assodatlon  of  Dairy  and  Milk  In- 


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1919]  AGRICULTUBAL  CHBllilSTRY — AGBOTBGHNY.  808 

spectora  in  New  York  City,  April  26,  1919.  The  terms  "remade  milk  and 
cream"  are  defined  as  the  "products  resulting  when  skim  milk  powder  or 
unsweetened  condensed  milk,  sterilised  or  superheated,  are  mixed  with  un- 
salted  butter  or  with  heavy  cream,  fresh  or  frozen,  and  with  water,  either 
by  means  of  some  crude  device  such  as  a  bakers*  whip  or  by  means  of  the 
emulsifler,  vlscolizer,  or  homogenizer;  or  when  whole  milk  powder,  preferably 
made  from  homogenized  milk,  is  mixed  with  water  by  means  of  such  a  device 
as  a  baker's  whip  or  In  a  mixing  tank  equipped  with  a  revolving  propeller  or 
paddle." 

The  advantages  claimed  by  the  manufticturers  for  the  use  of  these  products 
are  stated,  the  report  of  Goutts  and  others,  on  dried  milk  powder  (B.  S.  R.,  40, 
p.  379)  is  summarized  and  discussed,  and  four  methods  developed  at  the  Bureau 
of  Chemistry  which  are  said  to  differentiate  quantitatively  the  natural  and  re- 
made products  are  outlined.  One  of  these  methods  depends  upon  the  migra- 
tion or  transference  of  the  protein  molecules  under  the  influence  of  the  electric 
current;  the  second,  upon  the  relation  of  the  viscosity  to  the  total  solids  and 
solids-not-fat;  the  third,  upon  the  amount  of  fat  left  in  the  skim  milk  after 
centrifuging;  and  the  fourth,  upon  nephelometric  readings  on  the  sterijized 
remade  product  after  Inoculation  with  peptonizing  bacteria  and  Incubation. 

In  conclusion  the  author  indicates  methods  which  should  be  adopted  for  con- 
trolling these  products. 

Chemical  constants  of  avoeado  oil,  F.  W.  Albbo  {Ann,  Rpt.  Cat.  Avocado 
Assoc,  1917,  pp.  92,  9S). — ^Avocado  oil  was  obtained  from  fresh  pulp  by  extrac- 
ticm  with  petroleum  ether  and  from  dried  pulp  by  extraction  with  low-boiling 
giiJ9oUne,  filtration  through  animal  charcoal,  removal  of  the  solvent  by  means 
of  carbon  dioxid,  and  decantation  after  cooling  to  5^  C.  The  chemical  con- 
stants of  the  latter  oil  were  as  fbllows : 

lodln  number  85  to  88,  Hehner  number  92.6»  add  value  (free  oleic  acid) 
4  to  6,  Maumen6  number  65,  specific  temperature  number  156  to  157,  average 
molecular  weight  of  fatty  adds  282.2,  saponification  number  177  to  178, 
Beichert-Meissl  number  3.8  to  4,  Polenske  number  0,  acetyl  value  (real)  11.3, 
refractive  Index  of  oil  at  15.6**  1.47,  refractive  Index  of  fbtty  adds  at  40* 
1.454,  and  oleic  acid  80.85  per  cent  Similar  results  were  obtained  In  the 
determination  of  some  of  the  constants  of  the  oil  from  fresh  pulp,  the  most 
marked  difference  being  a  higher  acid  value  as  free  oleic  acid  (8  to  12). 

Oil  from  Hgongo  nuts  (So.  African  Jour,  Indus.,  1  (1918),  No.  H,  pp,  1285, 
J286). — ^Blgongo  nuts  grow  prindpally  in  the  Livingstone  District  of  northern 
Bhodesia,  and  are  said  to  be  identical  with  the  Manketti  nuts  of  southwest 
Africa.  From  analyses  of  two  samples  of  these  nuts  at  the  Imperial  Institute, 
it  was  found  that  the  true  kernels  with  the  seed  removed  yielded  58.1  per 
cent  of  olL  The  possibility  of  utiliizng  the  nuts  as  a  commerdal  source  of 
oil  depends  primarily  on  4he  practicability  of  extracting  the  seeds  from  the 
tough  and  extremely  hard  outer  shelL  Whether  this  could  be  successfully 
done  on  a  commerdal  scale  seems,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Institute,  doubtful. 

Contribution  to  the  study  of  the  oils  and  press  cake  obtained  from  the 
seeds  of  raisins,  currants,  and  tomatoes,  RothAa  {Bui.  8ci.  Pharmacol.,  26 
{1919),  No.  S,  pp.  105-110), — ^This  article  contains  data  on  the  moisture  and  fat 
content  of  the  seeds  of  raisins,  currants,  tomatoes,  oranges,  and  melons; 
analytical  constants  of  the  pressed  oils;  and  proximate  analyses  of  the  result- 
ing press  cake& 

The  oils  are  said  to  be  of  an  agreeable  odor  and  flavor  with  the  exception 
of  currant  seed  oil  which,  on  account  of  the  presence  In  the  seeds  of  a  lipo- 
dlastase,  has  too  high  an  add  content  to  be  edible.    The  press  cakes  from 


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804  BXPEKIMEKT  STATIOK  RECORD*  [yot.40 

raisins,  currantSt  and  tomatoes  are  said  to  constitute  an  excellent  feeding  staff 
for  lire  stock. 

Technical  handbook  of  oils,  fats,  and  waxes,  P.  J.  Fbteb  and  F.  E.  Westtoh 
(Cambridge,  Eng.:  UtUv,  Pre98, 1918^  vol,  i,  £.  ed,,  pp.  X+t80,  pis,  ^f,  flgM.  59).— 
This  Is  the  second  edition  of  the  volnme  preTloosly  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  8). 

Technical  handbook  of  oils,  fats,  and  waxes,  P.  J.  Fbtkb  and  F.  E.  Weston 
{Cambridge,  Eng,:  Univ.  Press,  1918,  vol  2,  pp.  XVI+S14,  pi.  1,  figs.  89). —This 
companion  volume  to  the  one  noted  above  deals  with  the  practical  examination 
and  analysis  of  the  natural  and  hydrocarbon  oils,  fats,  and  waxea  After  pre- 
liminary sections  on  an  introduction  to  practical  work  for  technical  studrats 
and  directions  for  sampling  and  preliminary  tests,  the  subject  matter  is  pre- 
sented in  the  following  sections :  Practical  methods  for  the  standard  analytical 
determinations ;  specific  tests  for  oils,  fbts,  and  waxes ;  identification  and  deter- 
mination of  fatty  acids  and  alcohols  (including  glycerin) ;  testing  and  analysis 
of  hydrocarbon  oils  and  waxes;  testing  and  analysis  of  rosin  and  turpentine;  in- 
terpretation of  results;  and  a  scheme  for  the  ldentiflcati<Hi  of  an  oil,  fat,  or 
wax.  A  supplementary  section  contains  the  necessary  tables  for  use  in  tbe 
determinations  described,  and  appendixes  In  which  are  described  the  turbidity 
test  for  oils  and  fats,  previously  noted  from  another  source  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p. 
110),  and  two  methods  for  the  determination  of  the  small  amounts  of  glycerin 
in  hard  soaps  and  in  soft  soaps  made  from  fatty  adds. 

The  more  important  operations  are  illustrated  by  means  of  photograpbs 
showing  the  methods  of  working  and  details  of  the  apparatus. 

Pectin  studies,  I-H,  S.  Od£n  (Intemai.  Ztschr,  Phys.  Chem.  Biol.,  S  {19n), 
2fo.  2,  pp.  71^3,  fig.  1;  abs.  iti  Ohem.  Abs.,  11  {1917),  ^o.  21,  p.  WM).— Two 
papers  are  presented: 

I.  Pectin  substances  as  acids  (pp.  71--82). — ^By  means  of  a  method  depending 
upon  slight  changes  In  electricid  conductivity  which  occur  on  the  addition  of  a 
small  amount  of  ammonium  hydroxid  to  an  aqueous  suspension  of  plant  tissoes 
previously  freed  from  electrolytes  by  centrifugalization,  the  author  has  demoa- 
strated  the  presence  in  plants  of  nearly  Insoluble  add  substances  which  on  treat- 
ment of  these  ammonium  salts  with  dilute  adds  yield  gelatinous  substances  of 
the  nature  of  pectin.  These  pectin  substances,  in  addition  to  acting  as  the 
binding  material  of  the  plant  tissues,  are  considered  to  constitute  a  means  for 
regulating  the  content  of  H-  and  OH-ions  in  the  drculatlng  fluids  in  the  tissues 
and  maintaining  the  cell  contents  in  a  slightly  add  condition. 

II.  Algic  and  fudc  acids  (pp.  83-d3).— Algic  and  fudc  adds  treated  by  tbe 
method  noted  above  were  shown  to  be  true  adds.  From  its  elementary 
analysis,  molecular  weight,  and  properties,  fudc  add  is  considered  to  be  a 
dipentose-dlcarboxylic  add. 

▲  study  of  the  cyanogmesls  in  Sorghum  vnlgare,  O.  T.  Dowxli.  (Ohtahoms 
Sta.  BuL  122  (1919),  pp.  8;  Jour.  Agr.  Research  {Uf  8,},  18  {1919),  No.  7,  pp. 
175-181),— The  results  are  reported  of  an  Investigation  of  cyanogenesis  in  dry 
and  fresh  sorghum  under  various  conditions.  The  method  employed  for  de- 
termining the  hydrocyanic  add  was  a  modification  of  that  used  by  Viehoever 
and  Johns  (B.  S.  R.,  34,  p.  11)  and  that  of  Eiiigfat  (E.  S.  R.,  33,  p.  15),  the 
sorghum  being  digested  with  water  distilled  into  sodium  hydroxid,  the  dis- 
tillate evaporated  on  an  electric  hot  plate,  and  the  hydrocyanic  acid  converted 
into  Prussian  blue  and  determined  gravimetrically. 

Drying  of  the  sorghum  was  found  to  remove  approximately  three-fourths  of 
the  hydrocyanic  add,  the  rapidity  of  drying  determining  the  percentage  of 
acid  retained  by  the  sorghum.  This  is  considered  of  importance  on  account  of 
the  fact  that  in  dry  seasons  the  sorghum  is  often  cut  after  It  has  beai  pa^ 


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1019]  AGRIOUUrURAL  CHEMISTRY — AGROTBCHNY.  806 

tially  dried  wbile  standing.  Under  such  conditions  a  large  percentage  of  the 
hydrocyanic  acid  would  be  retained  in  the  fodder. 

Ckmtrary  to  the  results  of  Avery  and  Peters  (B.  S.  R.,  14,  p.  921),  the 
enzyms  of  the  sorghum  were  apparently  not  rendered  Inactive  In  the  process 
of  curing,  as  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  addition  of  emulsln  to  the  cured 
sorghum  did  not  cause  the  hydrocyanic  acid  to  be  liberated  in  larger  quan- 
tities. 

The  addition  of  dextrose  and  of  maltose  even  in  snuill  amounts  appeared  to 
retard  or  prevent  the  liberation  of  about  three-fourths  of  the  hydrocyanic 
acid.  It  Is  assumed  that  this  retention  is  due  either  to  a  reaction  between  the 
sugars  and  the  hydrocyanic  acid  or  to  a  lessening  of  the  activity  of  the  enzym. 
The  suggestion  Is  made  that  in  case  there  Is  any  doubt  about  the  poisonous 
nature  of  the  sorghum,  a  concentrate  should  be  fed  first  in  order  to  produce  a 
considerable  quantity  of  dextrose  and  maltose  which  would  tend  to  prevent 
liberation  of  the  hydrocyanic  acid  of  the  sorghum. 

No  evidence  was  obtained  that  a  part  of  the  hydrocyanic  acid  exists  in  a 
nonglucosidic  form  as  claimed  by  Wlllaman  (E.  S.  R.,  87,  p.  113). 

Determinations  of  the  add  concentrations  of  the  green  and  dry  sorghum 
indicate  that  a  slightly  acid  condition  would  exist  In  the  paunch  of  ruminants 
fed  upon  sorghum  and  that  this  acidity  would  be  favorable  to  the  action  of  the 
enzyms  causing  hydrolysis  of  the  glucosld  with  liberation  of  hydrocyanic 
acid« 

Hew  methods  of  preserving  soy  bsan  urease,  Q.  M.  Robinson  and  0.  J. 
Qfpbhheih  {Jour,  Lab.  and  CUn.  Med.,  4  (1919),  No.  7,  pp.  448,  449). — Oamphor 
in  0.25  per  cent  suiqiension  was  found  to  preserve  the  activity  of  the  soy  bean 
urease  for  at  least  45  days,  a  much  longer  period  than  that  of  toluol  or  other 
preservativea  A  permanent  wet  preparation  of  the  enzym  can  be  made  by 
triturating  20  gm.  of  powdered  soy  bean  with  100  cc.  of  pure  glycerol,  perco- 
lating the  mixture  through  a  layer  of  glass  wool  of  approximately  1  in.  thick- 
ness for  not  less  than  48  hours,  and  titrating  the  extract  for  Innate  alkalinity. 
The  extract  thus  prepared  Is  said  to  be  more  active  than  aqueous  extracts  of 
the  enzym,  especially  when  activated  at  35"*  C. 

Xasa  cultures  on  solid  media,  J.  Sghebxschxwskt  {Berlin.  Klin.  Wchnschr., 
S6  {1918),  No.  41,  pp.  972-974,  fig*-  2)- — ^An  apparatus  for  rapid  filling  and  In- 
ocolation  of  agar  plates  is  described,  which  consists  essentially  of  a  cylindrical 
glass  vessel  with  outlets  at  the  top  and  bottom  and  in  which  is  placed  a  tier 
of  12  glass  dishes,  similar  to  the  ordinary  Petri  dish  but  with  Inward  sloping 
shies  so  that  each  rests  securely  on  the  dish  below.  In  the  bottom  of  each 
dish  is  an  opening  of  from  1.5  to  2  cm.  diameter,  the  dishes  being  so  arranged 
that  the  openings  of  consecutive  dishes  are  on  opposite  sides.  After  steriliza- 
tion the  hot  agar  is  admitted  through  the  opening  at  the  top  of  the  cylinder 
and  passes  through  the  holes  in  each  dish  to  the  bottom,  forming  on  cooling  a 
thin  layer  of  the  medium  in  each  dish.  The  inoculation  Is  made  by  admitting 
in  a  similar  manner  a  susqpension  of  the  organism  in  physiological  salt  solution, 
a  slight  rotation  of  the  cylinder  being  sufficient  to  cover  the  media  uniformly 
with  the  suspension.    The  usual  procedure  of  Incubation,  etc.,  is  then  followed. 

Notes  on  the  reactions  of  bacteriologic  media,  J.  F.  Norton  {Amer.  Jour. 
Pub.  HeaUh,  9  {1919) t  No.  S,  pp.  19(^198). — Data  are  presented  on  the  relation 
between  the  tltratable  acidity,  using  phenolphthalein  as  an  Indicator,  and  the 
hydrogen-ion  concentration.  This  relation  is  considered  to  depend  entirely  upon 
the  ingredients  of  the  medium.  Sterilization  effected  an  appreciable  change  In 
the  reaction  of  neutral  and  alkaline  media  and  but  little  change  in  acid  media. 
123607*— 19 2 


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806  EXFBBIMENT  STATIOK  BEOOSD.  fTol.40 

The  anthor  consldera  tbe  method  of  Barnett  and  Chapmaii,  prevlooriy  noted^ 
(B.  S  R.,  89,  p.  9),  satlBfoctory  for  the  detenniiiation  of  the  hydrogen-toni 
concentration  of  media  in  rontlne  laboratory  work,  but  suggests  slight  modlflca- 
tions,  including  the  nse  of  a  0.04  per  c6nt  solntlon  of  hrom  thymol  blue  as  an 
indicator. 

▲  mechanical  pipette  for  easy  measurement  of  small  vohunes,  H.  G.  Baiktt 
{Jour.  PhysioL,  62  {1919),  No.  5,  pp.  LXI,  LXII,  fig:  2).— A  pipette  devised  for 
the  rapid  and  accurate  measurement  of  amounts  of  fluid  as  small  as  Oj05  cc 
is  described  and  Illustrated. 

The  pipette  is  made  by  heating  a  fine  lM»e,  tliick-walled  glass  tube  to  form 
two  constrictions  of  capillary  bore.  One  of  these  constrictions  is  plugged  with 
a  small  wad  of  cotton  wool,  and  mercury  is  drawn  up  to  iill  the  space  between 
the  constrictions.  The  mercury  is  discharged  into  a  watch  glass,  0.05  cc  (or 
the  volume  to  which  the  tube  is  to  be  adapted)  is  deducted,  and  the  remaind^ 
is  again  drawn  up  into  the  tube.  The  other  capillary  end  is  then  plugged  witii 
cotton,  the  mercury  forming  a  valve  which  prevents  the  entrance  into  the  tube 
of  a  larger  volume  of  liquid  than  that  of  the  mercury  discarded. 

It  is  necessary  in  actual  practice  to  standardize  each  pipette.  With  proper 
precautions  the  errors  are  said  to  be  less  than  +0.25  per  cent 

Protection  against  drip  water  in  an  extraction  apparatus,  F.  LisiaBT  {Chetm, 
Weekbl.,  1$  {1919),  No.  5,  p.  7^).— To  prevent  water  that  collects  on  the  outrtde 
of  the  condenser  from  dripping  on  the  extraction  flask,  it  is  reconunended  that 
the  lower  part  of  the  condenser  be  covered  with  a  paste  made  from  shredded 
filter  paper,  powdered  calcium  carbonate,  and  a  solution  of  calcium  hydroxid. 
After  hardening,  this  paste  will  absorb  the  water  that  tends  to  collect  on  the 
surface. 

Picramic  acid  as  a  standard  in  colorimetric  determination  of  nitrogen  by 
Kessler's  method,  G.  Eoerkb  and  F.  Ford  {Jour.  Lab.  and  OUn,  Med.,  4  {1919)  „ 
No.  7,  pp.  iS9-JH2).— The  disadvantages  of  Nessler's  reagent  as  a  standard  in 
the  colorimetric  determination  of  nitrogen  by  Kessler's  method  are  pointed  out, 
and  the  suggestion  is  made  that  for  clinical  work  the  blood  sugar  standard, 
picramic  acid,  be  used  in  place  of  Nessler*s  reagent  It  is  said  that  all  color 
comparisons  in  which  Nessler's  test  can  be  used  can  be  made  as  readily  by  ^e- 
ramie  acid,  the  color  of  which  is  practicaUy  permanent 

A  process  of  puritylng  picric  acid  is  described,  and  attention  is  called  to  the 
modified  method  for  the  preparation  of  picramic  add  previously  noted  (E.  S. 
It,  40.  p.  208). 

▲  scrubber  for  ammonia  distillations,  B.  S.  Davisson  {Jour.  Indus,  and 
Engin.  Chem.,  11  {1919),  No.  6,  pp.  4^S,  466,  ftg$.  f ).— This  contribution  fh>m  the 
Ohio  Experiment  Station  describes  in  detail  the  scrubber  whidi  is  one  of  tbe 
features  of  the  all-glass  nitrogen  apparatus  described  by  Allen  and  Davisson 
(R  S.  R.,  40,  p.  609). 

The  device  consists  of  a  200  cc.  bulb  of  Pyrex  glass,  the  inlet  tube  of  which 
is  provided  with  a  small  bulb  having  three  openings  in  the  same  horizontal 
plane.  The  first  steam  which  passes  into  the  scrubber  condenses  on  the  surface 
of  the  large  bulb  and  flows  down  about  the  small  bulb,  acting  there  as  a  scrub- 
bing solution  for  the  remaining  vapors.  Diagrams  are  given  of  the  device  and 
of  a  special  adapter  provided  with  a  small  perforated  bulb,  which  is  said  to 
insure  better  scrubbing  of  the  steam  than  is  accomplished  with  a  strai^t  tube. 

Recovery  of  platinum  and  alcohol  from  the  potash  determination,  A.  EL 
Smoll  {Jour.  Indus,  and  Enffin.  Chem.,  11  {1919),  No.  5,  pp.  466,  467).— The 
method  involves  first  a  distillation  of  the  alcoholic  washings,  with  resulting  re- 


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1919]  AGBICtrXiTUBALi  CHEMISTRY — ^AGBOTEGHKY.  807 

dactioD  of  the  platinum  to  platinum  black.  The  distillate  is  freed  from  acetal- 
dehyde  by  distillation  with  a  reflux  condenser,  the  temperature  being  so  regu- 
lated that  the  acetaldehyde  passes  out  through  the  top  of  the  reflux  condenser 
into  a  delivery  tube  connected  with  a  coil  condenser  and  the  alcohol  drops  back 
into  the  distilling  flask.  A  few  pieces  of  sodium  hydroxld  are  then  added  to  the 
distilling  flask  and  the  alcohol  distilled  until  a  specific  gravity  of  0.8645  is 
obtained. 

▲  sensitive  copper  reaction.— ▲ppUcation  to  the  analysis  of  ash  and  of 
arable  8oils»  L.  Maquenne  and  E.  Demotjsst  (Compt.  Rend.  Acad,  fifoi.  IParial, 
168  {1919) t  No,  10,  pp.  489-492). — ^A  method  of  determining  minute  amounts  of 
copper  is  described,  the  technique  of  which  as  applied  to  the  analysis  of  the 
ash  of  grains  and  of  soils  is  as  follows : 

The  material  is  ashed  in  a  quartz  crucible  in  the  presence  of  a  few  drops  of 
nitric  acid  and  a  slight  excess  of  sulphuric  acid.  From  0.05  to  0.2  gm.  of  the 
ash  is  mixed  with  1.5  cc.  of  5  per  cent  sulphuric  acid,  and  kept  at  boiling  tem- 
perature for  20  minutes  to  transform  the  pyrophosphates  to  orthophosphates. 
It  is  then  washed  into  a  small  tube,  centrifuged  to  separate  the  particles  of 
silica  and  calcium  sulphate  remaining  in  suspension,  and  the  liquid,  the  volume 
of  which  should  be  about  2.5  cc,  subjected  to  electrolysis.  After  12  hours  the 
cathode  is  washed  with  8  drops  of  hot  nitric  acid  and  a  little  water,  and  the 
solution  is  evaporated,  ashed,  taken  up  with  3  drops  of  hydrochloric  add,  and 
washed  into  a  tube.  The  total  volume  of  liquid  at  this  point  should  not  exceed 
2  cc.  To  the  solution  are  added  2  drops  of  a  1.104  per  cent  solution  of  zinc  sul- 
phate and  1  drop  of  a  freshly  prepared  10  per  cent  solution  of  potassium  ferro- 
cyanid.  If  the  copper  is  abundant,  there  appears  immediately  a  rose  color, 
which  changes  to  blue  on  shaking  the  tube.  If  less  than  0.00001  gm.  of  copper 
is  present,  the  blue  color  appears  only  at  the  end  of  several  minutes. 

The  necessity  is  pointed  out  of  using  quartz  or  porcelain  crucibles  instead  of 
platinum  and  of  running  blanks  to  prove  the  absence  of  copper  in  the  reagents 
employed. 

The  content  of  copper  In  various  seeds  as  wheat,  com,  peas,  beans,  etc,  has 
been  found  by  this  method  to  be  between  3  and  8  mg.  per  kilogram,  and  that  of 
certain  arable  soils  from  2  to  90  mg.  per  kilogram,  which  allows  the  determi- 
nation to  be  conducted  on  as  small  an  amount  as  5  gm.  of  the  soil. 

Estimation  of  the  water  content  of  meat  products  and  sausaires,  E.  Sesl 
{Ztschr,  UtUertaoh.  Nahr,  «.  GmiM9mil,  S5  {1918),  No.  11,  pp,  39^-411).— The 
author  discusses  the  use  of  Feder*s  proportionate  number  (the  ratio  of  the 
estimated  water  to  organic  material  not  fat)  as  a  means  of  estimating  the  water 
content  of  meats,  and  states  that  it  can  be  used  to  determine  the  amount  of 
water  in  minced  meat  or  in  sausages  which  are  made  from  lean  meat  without 
the  addition  of  fat  or  other  kinds  of  meat 

Judging  buttermilk  porrld^,  J.  D.  Fxuppo  {Chem.  WeekbL,  16  {1919),  No. 
t,  pp.  41-44).— The  author  describes  a  buttermilk  porridge  which  has  recently 
come  into  use  In  Holland,  and  outlines  a  method  to  detect  adulteration  or  the 
use  of  buttermilk  of  doubtful  composition. 

The  porridge  is  made  by  treating  oats  or  wheat  with  warm  vrater  or  steam  to 
the  required  consistency  and  then  warming  with  buttermilk.  According  to  the 
Ck)dex  Alimentarius  1  liter  of  the  porridge  should  contain  no  less  of  the  con- 
stituents of  buttermilk  than  are  found  in  0.8  liter  of  true  buttermilk. 

The  constants  considered  of  greatest  value  are  the  amount  of  casein  and  the 
rotatory  power,  methods  of  determining  which  are  described.  The  standard 
porridge  should  contain  not  less  than  1.8  per  cent  casein  and  have  a  specific 
rotatory  power  of  not  less  than  2.7  per  cent 


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808  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RBOOBO*  (YoL40 

The  determination  of  the  content  in  oil  of  oleaginous  oeeda,  R.  Biabeo  {Amu. 
Chim,  Appl,  {Romel,  10  (1918),  Ko,  9-12,  pp.  ISO-ISS) .—The  aathor  discoBaei 
the  extraction  of  oil  from  seeds,  and  outlines  necessary  precautions  to  be  taken 
tc  insure  accurate  results. 

A  method  for  the  purification  of  certain  azo  dyes,  H.  A.  Lubs  (Jour,  InduL 
and  Engin.  Chem.,  11  {1919),  No.  5,  p.  456). — The  method  consists  faMe"t<«^^ij  in 
precipitating  the  dye  from  a  hot  aqueous  solution  by  solid  sodium  acetate  and 
purifying  it  by  repeated  digestion  with  hot  aloohoL  The  method  is  said  to 
remove  both  inorganic  and  organic  impurities  usually  present  in  commerdal 
azo  dyes,  and  to  be  of  particular  value  if  the  compound  is  to  be  used  for 
pharmacological  purposes. 

Practical  industry  of  preserving  food,  N.  F.  OuvXif  {IndMStria  Prdctioa  de 
las  Conservas  Alitnenticias.  Barcelona,  Spain:  Libr.  Domingo  Ribd,  1917,  pp. 
184,  flff^-  91).— This  book  contains  a  preliminary  section  devoted  to  a  theoretical 
discussion  of  the  problems  of  food  preservation  and  a  description  of  machinery 
required  in  the  food  preservation  industry.  This  is  followed  by  a  detailed 
description  of  methods  employed  for  the  conservation  of  meats,  fruits,  vege- 
tables, etc.,  by  heat,  refrigeration,  and  desiccation. 

Muscadine  grape  paste,  G.  Deabing  (17.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmertf  BuL  lOSS 
{1919),  pp.  IS). — ^This  publication  gives  general  directions  for  making  paste 
from  muscadine  grapes  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  114).  Suggestions  are  given  as  to  the 
variety  of  fruit  to  use,  the  methods  of  obtaining  pulp,  the  dilferent  sweetming 
agents  that  may  be  used,  and  the  cooking,  drying,  cutting,  and  storing  of  the 
product.  Variation  in  products  obtainable  by  the  use  of  paste  from  difEerent 
varieties  of  grapes  and  by  combining  the  paste  with  ftults,  nuts,  etc  u« 
described. 

Cholam  (A.  sorerhtun)  as  a  substitute  for  barley  in  malting  operations, 
B.  ViswANATH,  T.  Lakshmana  Row,  and  P.  A.  RAOHUif athabwami  Attanoab 
{Mem.  Dept.  Agr.  India,  Chem.  8er.,  5  {1919),  No.  4,  PP.  ii7-i«9).— This  papw 
deals  with  investigations  conducted  with  the  object  of  finding  a  satisfactoiy 
substitute  for  barley  from  among  the  common  South  Indian  cereals.  After  a 
preliminary  examination  of  the  malting  capacities  of  paddy  {Oryga  sativa), 
cholam  {Andropogon  sorghum),  ragl  {Eleusin^  ooracana),  tenai  {Seioria 
italica),  maize  {Zea  mays),  and  cumbu  {Pennisetum  typhoideum)  cholam  in» 
selected  as  the  most  suitable  grain  for  malting,  and  barley  and  cholam  maltB 
prepared  under  like  conditions  were  compared  as  to  percentage  of  soluble  mat- 
ter, acidity,  and  diastatic  activity. 

The  results  of  the  first  two  determinations  showed  the  cholam  malt  to  be 
sound  in  the  technical  sense.  It  was  found  to  be  more  active  diastatically  than 
barley  malt  according  to  the  iodin  test,  but  less  active  as  determined  by  the 
copper  reduction  method.  This  apparent  discrepancy  was  shown  to  be  due  to 
the  fact  that  in  the  hydrolysis  of  starch  by  the  cholam  malt  the  proportion  of 
dextrin  to  glucose  is  greater  than  in  the  case  of  barley  malt 

The  authors  conclude  that  cholam,  which  is  much  cheaper  and  more  available 
in  India  than  barley,  may  be  used  wholly  or  partially  as  a  substitute  for  barley 
in  malting  operations. 

How  to  make  cider  and  vinegar,  O.  I.  Lewis  {Oreg.  OatuUryman,  11  {1918), 
No.  1,  pp.  lS-18). — ^The  fundamentals  of  good  vinegar  manufacture  are  dis- 
cussed, and  the  causes  of  common  failures  are  pointed  out 

KETEOBOLOOT. 

Bainy  days  and  rain  probability  in  the  United  States,  R.  DeG.  Wa» 
{Geogr.  Rev.,  7  {1919),  No.  i,  pp.  if-48,  figs.  2).— The  subject  U  discussed  with 


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mO]  MBTBOBOLOGT.  809 

the  aid  of  two  maps,  showing  (1)  the  ayerage  annual  number  of  rainy  days  in 
the  United  States*  and  (2)  the  mean  annual  probability  of  rainy  days  in  the 
United  States. 

Briefly  summarizing,  the  author  states  that  "the  ninety-fifth  meridian 
diTides  the  country  into  two  halves,  over  the  eastern  of  which  the  average 
number  of  rainy  days  exceeds  100  a  year,  while  over  the  western,  with  certain 
exceptions,  rain  falls  on  less  than  100  days.  From  the  ninety-fifth  meridian 
eastward  there  is  an  increase  in  the  number  of  rainy  days  toward  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  and  especially  toward  the  Great  Lakes  (maximum  of  170).  From  the 
ninety-fifth  meridian  westward  there  is  a  general  decrease  except  on  the  north 
Pacific  coast,  where  there  is  a  maximum  of  180  rainy  days.  .  .  . 

"  The  extreme  northwestern  coast  and  the  Great  Lakes  liave  the  greatest 
probability  of  rain.  Both  of  them  are  regions  of  marked  cyclonic  activity. 
One  day  in  every  two  days  is  likely  to  be  rainy  on  the  coast  of  Washington. 
East  of  the  Great  Plains  the  probability  of  rain  is  more  than  20  per  cent  Over 
much  of  this  area,  especially  toward  the  coast  and  the  Great  Lakes,  it  Lb  over 
90  per  cent,  and  more  than  35  per  cent  of  all  the  days  of  the  year  are  likely 
to  be  rainy  over  a  considerable  portion  of  the  Great  Lakes  region  and  on  the 
New  England  coast  The  central  Appalachians  have  a  slightly  higher  rain  prob- 
ability than  the  surrounding  lowlands,  while  to  leeward,  chiefly  in  Virginia, 
there  is  a  small  area  under  80  per  cent 

"Witb  decreased  cyclonic  control  and  less  favorable  rainfall  conditions, 
most  of  the  vast  area  west  of  the  one  hundredth  meridian  and  east  of  the 
Pacific  slope  mountains  has  less  than  20  per  cent,  the  rain  probability  being 
somewhat  greater  over  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  decreasing  to  less  than  6  per 
cent  in  the  arid  Southwest.  It  is  seen  that  the  New  England  coast  and  much 
of  the  Qreat  Lakes  area  have  more  than  seven  times  as  many  rainy  days  as 
southwestern  Arizona;  that  the  eastern  margin  of  the  Great  Plains  has  half, 
or  less  than  half,  as  many  as  the  Oregon  coast;  that  the  southern  California 
coast  has  the  same  rain  probability  as  extreme  southeastern  Texas. 

''The  seasons  of  greatest  and  of  least  probability  of  rain  may  easily  be 
inferred  flrom  a  knowledge  of  the  seasonal  distribution  of  rainfall  in  various 
sections  of  the  country.  The  marked  cyclonic  activity  of  the  colder  months 
readily  suggests  that  winter  will  bring  the  greatest  probability  of  rain  on  the 
Pacific  coast,  over  much  of  the  western  plateau  area,  and  in  considerable  sec- 
tions in  the  East,  heading  up  toward  the  Great  Lakea  Late  spring  and  early 
summer  bring  the  greatest  probability  over  most  of  the  Great  Plains  and  east- 
ward to  the  Mississippi  Valley.  The  southern  Atlantic  and  the  Gulf  coast,  as 
well  as  the  southwestern  Interior,  have  their  greatest  probability  in  middle  or 
late  summer  and  early  autumn.  About  one-half  of  the  United  States  has  the 
greatest  probability  of  rain  in  the  warmer  months.  Summer,  which  is  the  '  dry 
season,'  brings  the  minimum  rain  probability  on  the  Pacific  coast  and  over  most 
of  the  plateau  region.  East  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  autumn  is  the  dominant 
season  of  minimum  probability.'* 

Aminonia  and  nitrous  nitrogen  in  the  rain  water  of  soathwestem  Alaska, 
J.  W.  Shiplxt  (Ohio  Jour.  £fci.,  19  (1919),  No.  ^,  pp.  ied0-lS54).— Examinations  of 
rainfall  collected  at  different  times  from  August  19  to  September  15,  1017, 
showed  the  almost  entire  absence  of  anmionia  in  the  rainfall  of  southwestern 
Alaska.    Nitrous  nitrogen  was  found  in  every  case  except  one. 

The  nitrogen  compounds  in  rain  and  enow,  F.  T.  Shittt  and  R.  L.  Dobsancx 
(Proo.  and  Trant.  Roy.  8oc.  Canada,  S.  «er.,  11  (1917),  Sect.  Ill,  pp.  63-72;  aba. 
in  8ci.  AhB.,  Sect.  A,—Phy9.,  22  (1919),  No.  254,  pp.  59,  60;  Jour.  Ohem.  Soc. 
ILandon},  116  (1919),  No.  676,  I,  p.  ii(>). --Continuing  previous  observations 


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810  EXPEBIMEKT  STATIOK  BECOBD.  [ToL40 

(B.  8.  R.,  88,  i>.  619),  "  the  paper  summarizes  the  results  of  10  years*  work  od 
the  nitrogen  compounds  brought  to  the  earth  by  rain  and  snow  at  a  statioD 
near  Ottawa.  A  total  of  65.8  lbs.  of  nitrogen  per  acre  was  furnished  in  this 
way  in  the  10  years,  made  up  of  84.1  lbs.  in  the  form  of  free  ammonia,  lOil 
lbs.  of  albuminoid  ammonia,  and  21.6  lbs.  of  nitrates  and  nitrites.  The  rain 
was  caught  in  a  tray  60  in.  by  90  in.  Every  separate  fall  of  rain  of  more  tliaii 
'XOl  in.  was  analyzed,  while  in  the  case  of  continuous  precipitation  measare- 
ments  were  made  twice  a  day.  During  a  period  of  severe  drought  where  bush 
fires  were  prevalent  in  the  neighborhood  the  scanty  rain  was  particularly  rich 
in  free  ammonia.  Rain  was  found  on  the  average  to  be  approximately  twice 
as  rich  as  snow  in  nitrogen  compounds,  but  the  individual  samples  showed 
more  variability  with  rain  than  with  snow." 

The  yearly  course  of  the  relation  between  precipitation,  run-off,  evapora- 
tion, and  drainage  in  the  continental  climate  of  middle  Europe,  K.  Fisun 
(Naturw.  Wchtuchr.,  SS  (1918),  No.  19,  pp,  265-276,  figs,  5).— Observations  in 
various  parts  of  Germany  and  in  England  on  different  Iclnds  of  soil  and  with 
different  kinds  of  plant  cover  and  crops  are  reviewed.  The  controlling  influence 
of  transpiration  and  direct  evaporation  in  reducing  run-off  and  drying  out  the 
soil  is  brought  out 

Normal  mean  value  of  rainfall  in  Italy,  F.  Ebedia  (Reprinted  from  Oior. 
Oen.  Civ.,  56  (1918):  abs.  in  Nature  ILondon^,  102  (1919),  No.  257S,  pp.  495, 
496). — "  The  mean  values  for  each  calendar  month  are  shown  for  nine  well  dis- 
tributed cities  on  the  basis  of  the  50-year  period  1866-1915 ;  and  it  is  calculated 
that  the  values  are  correct  to  within  5  mm.  for  the  rainier  winter  months  and 
9  mm.  to  12  mm.  for  the  summer  months  of  smaller  rainfall  and  more  irregular 
distribution. 

"  In  northern  or  continental  Italy,  as  exemplified  by  Milan  and  Turin,  the 
seasonal  variation  of  rainfall  is  not  prominent,  but  the  wettest  periods  are 
early  summer  and  autumn,  the  highest  figures  being  for  May  and  October. 
In  peninsular  Italy  the  typical  Mediterranean  feature  of  wet  winters  and  dry 
summers  is  conspicuous,  especially  in  the  extreme  south.'* 

The  influence  of  rainfall  on  the  fruit  crop  in  Norway,  O.  M.  Skabd  (Tidstbr. 
Nortke  Landbr.,  25  (1918),  No.  8,  pp.  S05-SS2,  figs.  7;  abs.  in  Intemat.  Inst.  Agr. 
[Rome^,  Intemat.  Rev.  Sci.  and  Prod.  Agr.,  9  (1918),  No.  12,  pp.  1405-14^).— 
Reviewing  the  results  of  studies  on  the  relationship  between  rainfall  and 
yield  of  fruit  at  a  number  of  localities  in  Norway,  the  author  concludes  that 
there  is  a  direct  relation  between  yield  and  the  rainfall  from  March  to  June 
of  the  previous  year  and  that  there  Is  an  inverse  relation  between  yield  and 
rainfall  of  September  and  October  of  the  previous  year.  An  insufficient  amount 
of  moisture  during  the  preceding  spring  period  is  fatal  to  the  plant  It  is 
also  necessary  that  the  second  half  of  the  preceding  summer  and  early  autumn 
should  be  dry  and  warm  to  mature  properly  the  spring  wood,  fruit,  and  fndt 
buds  and  to  store  the  necessary  reserve  material  for  growth  the  following 
spring. 

Report  on  meteorological  observations  at  Wisley,  1917,  R.  H.  Cnims  (Jour. 
Roy.  Hort.  Soc,  4S  (1919),  No.  2^,  pp.  316-^30,  figs.  -J).— This  is  the  fourteenth 
annual  report  on  observations  on  temperature,  precipitation,  humidity,  and 
winds  at  this  place.  The  weather  of  each  month  is  discussed  with  especial 
reference  to  its  effect  on  horticultural  crops. 

*'  To  the  horticulturist  the  outstanding  feature  of  ttie  weather  of  1917  was 
the  unusual  intensity  and  persistence  of  the  cold  which  prevailed  throughont 
the  first  four  months  of  the  year,  and  also  during  the  closing  four  weeks.**  The 
chief  dimatological  features  of  the  year  of  immediate  interest  to  horticulturists 


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1919] 


90TLS — ^FERTIUZBRff.  SIX 


are  Indicated  In  four  dfaglhittitf  showing  (1)  departure  of  tempcnratnre  and 
rainfall  from  the  average  for  each  month  of  the  year,  (2)  the  mean  temperature 
of  the  air  and  of  the  soil  at  depths  of  1  ft.  and  4  ft  during  each  month,  (8) 
the  relative  frequency  of  winds  from  different  directions,  and  (4)  relation 
between  mean  temperature  of  the  air  and  its  average  daily  variations,  as  well 
as  the  mean  temperature  of  the  ground  surface  where  it  is  covered  with  short 
grass. 

Fhenological  observations  on  cereals  in  Bavaria  in  1917,  L.  HtLTNis  (Praki. 
Bl.  Pfionzmbau  u.  Schuiz,  n.  «er.,  IB  (1918),  No$.  S-4,  pp,  SJhV;  5-^,  pp.  54-^9; 
7-8,  pp.  8S-90), — Observations  at  a  large  number  of  places  of  varying  elevation 
and  other  conditions  on  dates  of  blooming  and  ripening  are  recorded,  particu- 
larly for  rye  and  to  a  limited  extent  for  winter  wheat  and  summer  barley. 
The  relation  of  the  date  of  blooming  to  that  of  ripening  is  worked  out  for 
different  districts  of  Bavaria. 

Aiinnal  rainfall  and  mean  temperature  [of  Ceylon],  C.  Dbiebkro  {Ceylon 
Agr.  8oo,  Yemr  Book,  1919-20,  p.  2). — Observations  at  27  places  varying  in  alti- 
tude from  sea  level  to  6»188  ft.  are  summarised.  According  to  these  observa- 
tions the  mean  annual  temperature  of  the  island  varies  from  59.1*  F.  (at  the 
greatest  elevation)  to  82.8*",  the  rainfftll  from  88.05  to  199.8  in.  (Nawalapltiya), 
and  rainy  days  from  06  to  282. 

The  ioe-age  question  solved,  R.  A.  Mabsiott  {Bci.  Prog,  [London},  IS  {1919), 
No.  52,  pp.  586^04,  flgt,  5).— This  is  an  explanation  of  Drayson's  theory  (E.  S. 
R.,  82,  p.  417)  and  a  statement  of  the  evidence  and  arguments  in  its  favor, 
especially  from  the  geological  standpoint 

SOUS— FEBTIIIZEBS. 

A  field  study  of  the  influence  of  organic  matter  upon  the  water-holding 
capacity  of  a  silt  loam  soil,  F.  J.  AxwAT.and  J.  R.  Nbllxb  {Jour.  Agr.  Re- 
nearch  [XJ.  iSf.],  16  {1919),  No.  10,  pp.  26S-27S,  pi.  1,  fig$.  f ).— This  paper,  a  con- 
tribution from  the  Minnesota  Experiment  Station,  "reports  a  detailed  study 
of  the  moisture  conditions  found  on  two  adjacent  Minnesota  plats,  both  of 
wliicfa  had  a  silt  loam  soil,  very  uniform  in  texture,  but  differing  widely  in 
content  of  organic  matter  as  tiie  result  of  great  differences  in  cultural  treat- 
ment 

**  During  the  cool,  wet  summer  of  1915,  when  cultivated  crops  were  grown,  the 
surface  foot,  and  this  alone,  showed  a  very  marked  difference  in  the  moisture 
content,  especially  in  the  available  porti<m,  the  soil  the  richer  in  organic 
matter  retaining  the  more  water;  but  in  the  warmer  and  somewhat  drier 
summer  of  1918,  when  winter  rye  was  used,  much  smaller  differences  were 
found. 

"  It  is  concluded  that  in  the  case  of  a  finer-textured  soil,  with  a  fine-textured 
subsoil  and  a  comparatively  level  surface,  the  differences  in  the  water  capacity 
that  may  be  caused  by  differences  in  manuring  or  in  cultural  operations  exert 
but  little  influence  upon  the  productivity.*' 

A  list  of  12  references  to  literature  cited  is  given. 

Nitrate  and  nitrite  formation  in  moor  soils,  T.  Abnd  {Zentbl.  Agr.  Chem.,  47 
(1918),  No.  10-11,  pp.  291-294;  ab$.  in  Chem.  AU.  IS  {1919),  No.  S,  pp.  489, 
4iM7). -—Contrary  to  the  <^nion  expressed  by  Ritter  (E.  S.  R.,  80,  p.  825)  that 
nitrate  formation  may  occur  in  peat  soils  through  chemical  changes  without 
the  presence  of  nitrifying  organisms,  the  author  states  that  none  of  the  un- 
inoculated  soils  examined  by  him  showed  any  nitrite  or  nitrate  formation, 
regardless  of  whether  or  not  calcium  oxid,  a  nutritive  ammoniacal  or  ammo- 


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812  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEGORD.  [Vol.  40 

nium  Bolphate  solution,  or  mercuric  chlorld  were  added*  Uplaod  moor  aoUs 
were  examined  for  ammonia,  nitrites,  and  nitrates,  tben  air  dried  at  ordinaiy 
temperatures  and  reexamined.*  With  the  exception  of  one  sample  which  con- 
tained traces  of  nitrate,  these  soils  were  found  to  be  ^itirely  free  from  botb 
nitrites  and  nitrates.  Nitriflcation  in  peat  soils  is  beUeved  to  be  exdusivelj 
a  hiological  process. 

The  reactions  of  the  soils  sapporting  the  growth  of  certain  native  orcfalds, 
B.  T.  Whkbbt  (Joitr.  Wa$h.  Acad.  Sci.,  8  {1918),  No.  IS,  pp.  589^98;  ote.  in 
Ohem.  Ah$^  IS  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  60,  5i).— About  200  samples  of  soil  suppordng 
the  growth  of  all  of  the  commoner  species  of  orchids  native  to  the  east-centnl 
States  were  studied  with  reference  to  acidity  by  a  modification  of  the  hydrogen- 
ion  concentration  method,  using  indicators  of  different  degrees  of  acidity. 

It  was  found  that  while  there  was  considerable  difference  in  the  acidity 
of  soils  supporting  different  species  of  orchids,  **  in  every  case  the  acidity  of 
the  soils  supporting  each  of  these  q;)ecie8  varies  within  comparatively  narrow 
limits.*'  The  fungus  living  symbiotLcally  on  the  roots  of  each  species  appean 
to  be  less  tolerant  of  changes  in  acidity  than  in  moisture,  for  a  given  spedes 
of  orchid  may  be  found  in  habitats  varying  widely  in  wetness. 

The  observations  reported  indicate  that  the  growth  of  the  tall  Qypripediums 
would  be  favored  by  the  addition  of  a  little  powdered  limestone  to  the  solL 
**  On  the  other  hand  most  Qpedes  require  the  soil  to  be  made  distinctly  or  even 
strongly  add." 

Solubility  of  lime,  magnesia,  and  potash  In  such  minerals  as  epldote^ 
chrysolite,  and  muscovlte,  especially  in  regard  to  soil  relattonships,  B.  F. 
Qabdineb  (Jour.  Agr.  Research  [U.  S.h  IS  (1919),  No.  10,  pp.  £59-^61) .—In  this 
article,  a  contribution  from  the  Bureau  of  Soils  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture,  experiments  are  reported  in  which  epldote,  chrysolite,  and  mus- 
covlte, ground  to  pass  a  sieve  of  100  meshes  to  the  inch,  were  kept  in  contact 
for  two  months  with  a  water  extract  of  an  acid  soil  at  a  tenii>erature  of  25^  C 
(77"*  F.)  The  amount  of  soil  extract  in  each  case  was  25  cc,  and  the  amounts 
of  ground  minerals  varied  from  0.1  to  1  gm.  of  epldote  and  chrysolite  and  from 
0.1  to  0.4  gm.  of  muscovlte. 

It  was  found  that  more  potash  was  removed  from  muscovlte  than  lime  from 
epldote  or  magnesia  from  chrysolite,  and  that  on  the  whole  more  lime  was 
extracted  from  epldote  than  magnesia  from  chrysolite.  On  the  average  0^ 
per  cent  of  lime  was  dissolved  from  ^idote  and  0.17  per  cent  of  magnesia 
from  chrysolite. 

"  The  removal  of  such  proportionally  large  amounts  of  lime  and  potash  from 
silicates  by  an  acid  soil  extract  would  seem  to  indicate  that  in  time  a  soil's 
fertility  index,  with  respect  to  lime  and  potash,  would  under  prqper  conditions 
of  acidity  be  quite  appreciably  lowered." 

The  nitrogen  content  of  volcanic  ash  in  the  Katmal  eruption  of  lOlil,  J.  W. 
Shipley  (Ohio  Jour.  Sd.,  19  (1919),  No.  4,  pp.  213-^23,  fiQS.  ^).— A  study  of  the 
nitrogen  content  of  volcanic  ash  firom  various  places  in  the  area  devastated  by 
the  eruption  of  Katmal  in  1912  shows  that  the  amount  of  nitrogen  present  is 
so  small  as  to  preclude  the  possibility  of  vegetation  securing  its  nitrogen  supply 
from  decomposition  of  the  volcanic  detritus.  The  total  nitrogen  found  was  less 
than  one  part  per  hundred  thousand.  It  was  observed  that  although  the  soil 
is  almost  devoid  of  nitrogenous  compounds,  lupines  thrive  and  produce  seed 
In  abundance. 

The  water  soluble  salt  content,  the  f  errona  iron  eontent,  and  the  acidity 
of  Katmai  volcanic  ash,  J.  W.  Shipley  (Ohio  Jour.  Sci.,  19  (1919),  No,  4*  PP- 
t24-229,  figs.  2). — Rxaminatlons  of  the  ash,  which  had  been  found  to  be  toxic 


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1919]  SOILS— FEBTILI2BBS.  813 

to  wheat  seedllngt,  showed  0.568  per  cent  of  ferrooi  Iron.  The  water  soluble 
salt  content,  however,  was  not  very  different  from  that  of  normal  soil. 

Beport  on  a  reoonnolsaanoe  of  the  aoilfly  agricnltore,  and  other  reflonrces 
of  the  Kanai  Peninsula  region  of  Alaska,  H.  H.  Bknnsit  (17.  8.  Dept.  Agr^ 
Adv.  Sheets  Field  Oper.  Bur.  8M$t  1916,  pp.  1^  pto.  $4,  maps  5).— This  com- 
prises a  detaUed  report  of  a  reconnoissance  dealing  primarily  with  the  Kenai 
Poiinsala,  but  touching  also  on  the  Knik  Arm  strip,  the  Prince  William  Sound 
region,  and  the  Copper  Biver  delta,  made  during  the  summer  of  1916  by  a  party 
composed  of  represenitatives  from  the  Forest  Service  and  the  Bureau  of  Soils, 
for  the  purpose  of  studying  the  soils,  M;riculture,  and  other  resources  and  the 
general  economic  conditions  of  the  region.  CJonsiderable  meteorological  data 
are  presented,  together  with  deecriptiye  material  relating  to  the  geography, 
physiography,  geology,  regional  drainage,  flora,  forest  fires,  settlement  and 
general  development,  soils,  agriculture,  furs,  game,  birds  and  animals  other 
than  game,  insects,  fish,  and  recreational  and  scenic  features  of  the  area. 

The  soils  of  the  peninsula  are  said  to  have  been  derived  from  glacial  and 
residual,  glacial  outwash,  alluvial,  marine  sedimentry,  wind-blown,  and  cumu- 
lose  materials.  The  results  of  mechanical  and  chemical  analyses  of  some  of 
the  more  important  soil  types  of  the  region  are  presented  in  tabular  form, 
together  with  descriptions  of  the  different  types. 

Detailed  soil  maps  have  been  prepared  of  the  Knik  Arm  strip,  and  of  a 
8-miIe  strip  along  Cook  Inlet  from  Bast  Foreland  to  the  head  of  Kachemak 
Bay,  the  two  areas  comprising  38,680  and  54,400  acres,  respectively.  In  the 
Knik  Arm  region  various  phases  of  Knik  loam  occupy  .80.8  per  cent  of  the 
total  area,  while  in  the  Cook  Inlet  region  Knik  loam  and  muskeg  occupy  47.3 
and  25  per  cent  of  the  total  area,  respectively. 

See  also  a  previous  report  (B.  S.  R.,  84,  p.  209.) 

Soil  survey  of  Coviaigtoii  County,  Xiss.,  B.  M.  Jonbs  and  A.  T.  Swket  {JJ.  8. 
Dept.  AffT.,  Adv.  Sheets  Field  Oper.  Bur.  SMb,  1917,  pp.  40,  pi.  i,  flg.  i,  map 
i). — ^Thls  survey,  made  in  cooperation  with  the  BAississippi  Geological  Survey, 
deals  with  the  soils  of  an  area  of  262,400  acres  situated  in  the  south-central 
part  of  the  State  and  lying  entirely  within  the  Qulf  Coastal  Plain.  The  topog- 
nq;>hy  of  the  region  is  generally  rolling,  and  natural  drainage  is  well  estab- 
lished in  most  parts  of  the  area. 

The  upland  soils  of  the  county  are  of  residual  origin,  being  derived  from 
beds  of  sand,  sandy  clay,  and  clay,  while  the  terrace  and  first-bottom  soils  are 
of  alluvial  origin.  Twenty  soil  types  representing  18  series  are  mapped. 
Buston  fine  sandy  loam,  occupying  87.6  per  cent  of  the  total  area,  and  Orange- 
burg fine  sandy  loam,  occupying  15.4  per  c^it,  are  the  prevailing  types. 

Soil  survey  of  Phelps  County,  Nebr.,  B.  W.  Tvlluav  and  B.  F.  Hensel 
(17.  6.  Dept.  Agr.,  Adv.  Sheets  Field  Oper.  Bur.  SoiU,  1917,  pp.  42,  flg.  1.  map 
I).— This  survey,  made  in  cooperation  with  the  Nebraska  Soil  Survi^y,  deals 
with  the  soils  of  an  area  of  844,820  acres  situated  in  the  south-central  part  of 
the  State.  Approadmately  four-fifths  of  the  county  comprises  a  broad  upland 
with  a  level  to  gently  undulating  topography  known  as  the  loess  plain.  The 
upland  also  includes  a  small  area  of  dunes  and  an  inextensive  canyon  having 
a  rough  topography.  The  lowlands  border  the  Platte  River  and  are  flat  except 
for  low  ridges  and  deserted  stream  channels.  The  elevations  range  from 
2,180  to  2,500  ft  above  sea  leveL  Natural  drainage  is  said  to  be  adequate 
except  in  certain  depressions  in  the  loess  plain. 

The  soils  of  the  county  consist  of  loessial  material,  unconsolidated  d^;K>sits 
mostly  sands,  eollan  material  composed  chiefly  of  dunesand,  and  alluvial  de- 
posits.   In  addition  to  dunesand,  11  soil  types  of  8  series  are  mapped.    Hol- 


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814  £XP£RIM£HT  8TATI0K  BECORD.  fYoL4tf 

dredge  silt  loam  and  CMfy  irtit  loam,  oocnpylng  e0.1  and  14.1  per  cent  of  tbe 
total  area,  respectively,  predominate. 

Soil  surrey  of  Wayne  County,  Vebr.,  B«  W.  Tillman  and  B.  F.  Hkhsbl  {U.  8. 
Dept.  Agr.,  Adi>.  8hee$$  Field  Oper.  Bur.  8M8, 1917,  pp.  50,  U.  1.  map  i).— Tills 
survey,  made  in  eooperation  with  the  Nebraska  Soil  Survey,  deals  with  the 
soils  of  an  area  of  288,000  acres  situated  In  the  northeastern  part  of  tbe 
State.  About  three-fourths  of  the  region  eomprises  upland,  one-eighth  bottom 
land,  and  the  remainder  terraces.  The  topography  ranges  from  hilly  and 
rolling  to  gently  undulating  and  smooth.  Natural  drainage  is  generally  well 
established  except  In  depressions  occurring  mainly  in  the  bottom  lands. 

The  soils  of  the  county  consist  of  loesslal  material  derived  by  weatheilni; 
from  the  silt  covering  of  the  upland  plain,  drift  soils  derived  from  unconnoli* 
dated  glacial  drift  deposits,  and  sedimentary  soils  from  the  surrounding  sp- 
land.  Nine  soil  types  represoiting  8  sertes  are  mapped.  Marshall  silt  toam 
and  Wabash  silt  loam,  occupying  07.9  and  lao  per  cent  of  tiie  total  area,  re- 
spectively, predominate. 

Soil  survey  of  Clearfleld  County,  Pa.,  R.  A.  Wihstoh,  R.  W.  MoClttbe,  H.  P. 
CkMPEB,  and  D.  O.  Wiukb  (C7.  B.  Dept.  Agr.,  Adv.  SheeU  Fieid  Oper,  Bur.  SoiU, 
1916,  pp.  S2,  fig.  If  map  i).-^rhis  survey,  made  in  cooperation  with  tlie  Penn- 
sylvania State  College,  deals  with  the  soils  of  an  area  of  780380  acres  sit- 
uated a  little  west  of  the  geographical  center  of  the  State  and  entirely  within 
the  Allegheny  Plateau  region.  The  topography  of  the  county  varies  from  roll- 
ing to  hilly,  with  elevations  ranging  from  860  to  2,280  ft  above  sea  level 
The  region  as  a  whole  is  said  to  have  good  natural  drainage. 

The  soils  of  the  county  include  residual  or  upland  soils  derived  from  weatlier- 
ing  in  place  of  shales  and  sandstones  of  the  Goal  Measures,  and  alluvial  or 
stream-bottom  soils.  ,  In  addition  to  rough  stony  land,  13  soil  types  r^resent- 
ing  six  series  are  mapped.  Dekalb  soils  cover  approximately  06  per  cent  of 
the  upland  area  of  the  county.  Dekalb  gravelly  silt  loam,  Dekalb  stony  loam, 
and  Dekalb  stony  sandy  loam  predominate,  occupying  29u2,  24.6,  and  14  per 
cent  of  the  total  area,  respective. 

Soil  survey  of  Shelby  County,  Venn.,  H.  H.  Bennett,  R.  T.  Aixen,  L.  V. 
Davis,  and  C.  R.  Watkins,  jb.  {U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Adv.  Bheete  Field  Oper,  Bnr. 
Soils,  1916,  pp.  39,  pl8.  2,  fig.  1,  map  1). — ^Thls  survey,  made  in  cooperation  witli 
the  Tennessee  Geological  Survey,  deals  with  the  soils  of  an  area  of  475,520 
acres  situated  in  the  southwestern  comer  of  the  State.  The  greater  part  of 
the  county  consists  of  undulating  to  rolling  upland,  although  extensive  areas 
of  nearly  level  first  and  second  bottoms  also  occur.  Natural  drainage  is  gen- 
erally well  established  in  the  upland  region,  while  the  bottom  lands  are  for  tbe 
most  part  imperfectly  drained. 

The  upland  soils  of  the  county  are  of  loesslal  origin  and  the  bottom  land 
soils  of  alluvial  origin.  Thirteen  soil  types  of  7  series  are  mapped.  Memphis 
silt  loam,  occupying  46.6  per  cent  of  the  total  area,  and  Oolllns  silt  loam,  oc- 
cupying 17.3  per  cent,  are  the  prevailing  upland  and  bottom  land  types,  re- 
q)ectively. 

Sou  survey  of  Windsor  County,  Vt.,  J.  A.  Kerb  and  O.  B.  Jones  (17.  B.  Dept 
Agr.,  Adv.  Bheete  Field  Oper.  Bur.  8aiU,  1916,  pp.  24,  fig-  i»  map  i).— This  fa^ 
vey  deals  with  the  soils  of  an  area  of  606,720  acres  situated  in  the  east-central 
part  of  the  State  and  bordered  on  tiie  east  by  the  Oonnecticut  River.  The 
topography  is  hilly  to  mountainous  with  elevatiODs  ranging  from  860  ft 
above  sea  level  along  the  Connecticut  River  to  about  8,000  ft  in  tlie  westen 
part  of  the  area. 

The  soils  of  the  county  are  chiefly  of  glacial  origin.  The  upland  fM>lls  have 
been  derived  from  unassorted  glacial  debris  or  till,  the  terrace  or  bencb-Umd 


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1019]  SOILS — FERTILI2EKS.  815 

soils  from  old  stratified  deposits,  and  the  overflow  lands  from  recent  alluvium. 
In  addition  to  rough  stony  land  and  meadow,  10  soil  types  of  4  series  are 
mapped.  Hollls  stony  fine  sandy  loam,  rough  stony  land,  Hollis  fine  sandy 
loam,  and  Hollis  loam  predominate,  occupying  44.4,  18.9,  14.9,  and  12.8  per  cent 
of  the  total  area,  respectively. 

The  oxidation  of  ammonia,  J.  R.  Pabtington  {Jour,  8oc.  Chem.  Indus.,  S7 
(1918),  No,  17,  pp.  3S7R,  3S8R,  fig,  1;  Sci,  Amer.  Sup.,  87  {1919),  No.  2266,  pp. 
367,  368,  fig.  1), — ^This  article  deals  particularly  with  the  construction  and 
operation  of  an  ammonia  oxidation  apparatus  devised  in  the  course  of  in- 
vestigations under  the  auspices  of  the  Ministry  of  Munitions  of  Great  Britain, 
and  with  the  results  obtained  with  the  apparatus. 

"  Under  established  conditions,  an  output  of  1.5  tons  of  nitric  acid  (HNOs) 
per  square  foot  of  catalyst  area  per  24  hours,  with  an  efficiency  of  95  per  cent, 
has  regularly  been  attained.  Without  the  application  of  external  sources  of 
heat,  the  efficiency,  as  mentioned,  Is  of  the  order  of  85  per  cent  The  output 
of  a  converter  may,  however,  be  reduced  to  25  per  cent  of  the  maximum  rate 
without  affecting  the  efficiency." 

It  is  stated  that  while  the  conversion  of  ammonia  to  oxids  of  nitrogen  is  a 
matter  of  no  great  difficulty  once  the  conditions  are  understood,  the  utiliza- 
tion- of  oxids  of  nitrogen  produced  is  an  intricate  problem  to  which  a  consid- 
erable amount  of  research  has  been  devoted,  i>articular1y  the  question  of  the 
use  of  the  oxids  in  sulphuric  acid  manufacture.  'The  ammonia  oxidation  pro- 
cess has  already  been  adopted  by  several  of  the  large  sulphuric  works  in 
England,  and  undoubtedly  has  a  very  extensive  future  before  it  in  this  direc- 
tion. There  is  a  considerable  saving  of  exi)ense  In  the  replacement  of  niter 
by  ammonia  oxidation,  in  addition  to  the  much  more  regular  working  of  the 
process."  The  conversion  of  the  oxids  Into  nitric  acid  and  many  other  ways  of 
utilizing  them  are  also  being  investigated. 

Pertilizer  experiments  with  spoiled  calcium  cyanamid,  M.  Pofp  (Zenthl,  Agr, 
Chem.,  Jft  {1918),  No.  10-11,  pp.  299-307;  ahn.  in  Chem,  Ahs.,  13  {1919),  No.  6, 
p.  627), — Samples  of  calcium  cyanamid  stored  In  cork-stoppered  glass  bottles 
and  analyzed  for  total  nitrogen  in  1913,  1914,  1915,  and  1917  showed  a  marked 
falling  off,  said  to  be  due  to  the  absorption  of  water.  Oats  grown  in  i)ot  ex- 
periments, employing  both  fresh  and  old  calcium  cyanamid  recovered  from 
59  to  ^  per  cent  of  the  nitrogen  in  the  former,  as  compared  with  only  26 
per  cent  of  that  in  the  latter.  Old  calcium  cyanamid  containing  much  dlcyano- 
diamid  nitrogen  resulted  in  a  high  nitrogen  content  in  the  straw.  The  presence 
of  6.5  per  cent  dicyanodiamid  injured  oat  plants  when  the  calcium  cyanamid 
was  applied  at  the  rate  of  90  kg.  per  hectare  (about  80  lbs.  per  acre). 

Determination  of  the  value  of  agricultural  lime,  S.  D.  Ck)NNER  {Jour.  IndU9. 
and  Engin.  Chem.,  10  {1918),  No.  12,  pp.  996-999,  figs.  3).— In  experiments  at  the 
Indiana  Experiment  Station,  here  reported,  '^the  value  of  agricultural  limes 
was  determined  by  means  of  the  acid-soluble  calcium  and  magnesium  by  means 
of  COs  determination  with  boiling  hydrochloric  acid,  and  by  digesting  in 
standard  acid  and  titrating  the  excess  acid.  Pot  cultures  on  two  very  acid 
soils  were  conducted  using  caldte,  wollastonite,  raw  rock  phosphate,  gypsum, 
dolomite,  magnesite,  enstatite,  and  serpentine  as  correctors  of  soil  acidity. 
Wheat  and  clover  were  grown  in  each  soil  and  the  crop  increases  reporte<l. 
Soil  acidity  was  determined  after  cropping  by  means  of  the  Hopkins  potassium 
nitrate  method  and  the  C.  H.  Jones  calcium  acetate  method. 

••Crop  increases  due  to  various  treatments  were  obtained  in  the  following 
order,  the  highest  being  placed  first :  Caldte,  dolomite,  magnesite,  wollastonite, 
rock  phosphate,  serpentine,  enstatite,  and  gypsum.    The  treatments  decreased 


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816  SXFEBIMBNT  STATIOH  BEGOBD.  (YoL40 

the  soil  acidity  in  the  following  order :  llagneslte,  dolomite,  caldte,  wollastonite, 
serpentine,  rock  phosphate,  gypsum,  and  enstatite. 

"  The  results  obtained  in  these  experiments  indicate  that  the  value  of  agri- 
cultural lime  is  in  accordance  with  its  add-neutralizing  power,  rather  than 
with  the  CaO,  MgO,  or  OOi  contained,  and  that  the  titration  method  is  the  most 
accurate  and  reliable  method  for  determining  the  yalue  of  agricultural  limes." 

Cost  of  burning  lime  in  the  stack  or  heap,  W.  Fbbab  and  G.  L.  Goodlikq 
(Pennsylvania  8ia.  BvL  157  {1919),  pp.  9-U,  fig*-  -t)*— The  preparaUon  of  a 
stack  for  burning  limestone  is  described  and  the  estimated  cost  of  the  operation 
indicated.  It  is  concluded  that  the  cost  of  assembling,  erecting,  and  burning  a 
2,400-bu.  stack  of  limestone  already  quarried  amounted  to  9.2  cts.  per  bushel 
when  team  work  was  yalued  at  40  cts.  per  hour,  man  labor  at  17.5  cts.  per 
hour,  and  bituminous  coal  at  $2.60  per  long  ton  f.  o.  b.  freight  station. 

Supplementary  report  xr^n  the  limestone  resources  of  Pennsylvania,  W. 
Fbeab  and  G.  A.  Kebn  {Pennsylvania  8ta.  Bid.  157  {1919),  pp.  15-25). —Analyses 
are  given  of  238  samples  of  Pennsylvania  limestone  examined  during  the  2-7ear 
period  ended  April  1, 1918,  supplementing  a  previous  report  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  22). 

Calcareous  marl  finds  increasing  use  in  agriculture  (17.  S.  QeoL  Bwrwff 
Press  Bui,  410  {1919),  p.  1). — ^It  Is  stated  that  "calcareous  marl,  a  variety  of 
carbonate  of  lime,  is  finding  increasing  use  in  agriculture  as  a  soil  sweetener," 
78,232  tons  being  sold  for  this  purpose  in  1918,  as  compared  with  73,900  tons 
in  1917  and  58,088  tons  in  1916.  "  The  value  in  1918  was  $261,062,  58  per  ctfkt 
higher  than  in  1917.  Besides  that  sold  for  agricultural  use,  20,462  tons,  vahied 
at  $57,582,  was  sold  for  the  neutralization  of  add  waters,  the  manufacture  of 
prepared  fertilizers,  and  other  uses. 

'*The  marl  represented  in  this  statement  includes  two  kinds— fresh-water 
marl,  or  ooze,  taken  from  the  bottoms  of  lakes,  ponds,  or  swamps,  and  marine 
marl,  or  coquina,  taken  from  deposits  of  partly  consolidated  masses  of  shell 
fragments  deposited  on  the  bottom  of  a  shallow  sea  and  later  elevated  above 
sea  level.  Fresh-water  marl  was  produced  in  1918  in  Virginia,  West  Virginia, 
Pennsylvania,  and  New  York;  marine  marl  in  North  Carolina  and  South 
Garollna." 

Sulphuric  acid  and  fertilizer  trades  (Rpi.  Dept,  Committee  Sulphwrio  Add 
and  Fert  Trades  [Ot,  Brit.],  Complete  Ed,,  1919,  pp.  15;  rev.  in  Nature  [Lorn- 
don],  103  {1919),  No.  2578,  pp.  67-69).— This  is  a  revision  of  a  r^rart  previouslj 
noted  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  522).  The  amended  report  contains  additional  data 
regarding  the  prewar  production  of  sulphuric  acid,  the  principal  consuming  in- 
dustries and  their  estimated  annual  consumption  prior  to  1914,  the  expansion 
of  the  sulphuric-acid  trade  during  the  war,  the  development  of  the  zinc  in- 
dustry during  the  war  and  its  influence  on  add  production,  the  probable  post- 
war consumption  of  sulphuric  acid,  and  acid  factories  owned  or  leased  by  the 
Government  and  their  condition  and  output 

Of  the  estimated  annual  prewar  consumption  of  956,000  tons  of  sulphuric 
add,  800,000  tons  was  used  in  superphosphate  manufacture  and  280,000  tons  in 
making  sulphate  of  ammonia.  Extension  of  the  fertilizer  Industry  is  pro- 
posed as  the  most  obvious  means  of  utilizing  the  excess  production  of  sul- 
phuric add.  This  necessitates  an  increase  in  production  of  ammonia  and  in 
the  available  supply  of  mineral  phosphates.  With  this  in  mind  it  is  recom- 
mended that  "the  Government  should  take  Immediate  steps  by  international 
commerdal  treaties  or  otherwise  to  secure  an  effective  and  permanent  control 
or  command  of  an  adequate  supply  of  phosphate  rock,  and  that  arrangements 
should  be  made  in  advance  for  tlie  Importution  of  large  quantities  of  phoqpbate 
rock  immediately  on  the  termination  of  the  war.** 


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1919 J  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECOED.  817 

AGBICTTLTirKAL  BOTAHT. 

The  unification  of  American  botany,  G.  R.  Ltman  (Sotence,  n.  $er,,  49 
(1919),  No.  Itfft,  pp.  999-9i5), — ^The  anther  presents  an  argument  for  broaden- 
ing the  teaching  of  botanical  subjects  so  as  to  produce  not  merely  specialists 
but  broad-gauge  men  of  wide  perspective. 

Note  on  the  technique  of  solution  culture  experiments  with  plants,  D.  R. 
HoAOULifD  {Bdence,  n,  ser,,  4$  {1919),  No.  1267,  pp.  960-962).— Attention  is 
called  to  the  desirability  of  better  technique  In  exi>erlments  with  plants  grown 
in  solutions  In  order  that  the  results  obtained  by  different  Investigators  may 
be  comparable.  Conclusions  are  said  to  be  based  ordinarily  on  the  concentra- 
tion of  the  solutions  as  originally  prepared,  but  experiments  have  shown  that 
the  composition  of  the  solutions  may  be  so  changed  in  a  few  hours  as  to  rep- 
resent an  entirely  different  solution.  In  one  case  barley  plants  six  weeks  old 
placed  in  a  solution  containing  100  parts  per  million  of  nitrate  absorbed  every 
trace  of  nitrate  from  the  solution  in  less  than  72  hours.  Attention  should  also 
be  given  to  optimal  conditions  of  light  and  temperature  or  allowances  made  for 
soboptlmal  conditions.  The  author  claims  that  each  set  of  conditions  should  be 
tested  by  actual  analysis  of  solutions  and  plants,  and  the  results  Interpreted  in 
terms  not  of  the  original  solutions  alone  but  also  in  terms  of  total  supply  and 
the  varying  conditions  of  the  solutions  in  the  periods  between  changes. 

The  dendrograph :  A  new  instrument  for  recording  growth  and  other  varia- 
tions In  the  dimensions  of  trees,  D.  T.  MacDottgal  {Carnegie  Inst  Washington 
Year  Book,  11  {1918),  pp.  59,  66).— Two  forms  are  described  of  a  special  device 
for  measuring  growth  as  employed  with  trees. 

Plant  ffeneties,  J.  M.  and  M.  0.  Cottlteb  {Chicago:  Univ.  Chicago  Press,  1918, 
pp.  JX-\-2H,  figs.  iO). — ^Thls  is  a  textbook  on  genetics  to  meet  the  requirements 
of  students  who  are  in  the  last  undergraduate  or  the  first  graduate  year  and 
who  expect  to  follow  botany  as  a  profession  or  who  wish  to  appreciate  the  sig- 
nificance of  current  work  in  genetics. 

The  chromosomes,  their  numbers  and  general  importance,  0.  Winge 
{Compt.  Rend.  Lah.  CarUherg,  IS  {1917),  No.  t,  pp.  lSl-275,  figs.  46).— Since 
1914  the  author  has  collected  Information  regarding  chromosome  numbers  In 
the  vegetable  kingdom,  this  work  dealing  mainly  with  the  theoretical  aspects 
of  the  subject. 

The  nucleus  is  regarded  as  of  phylogenetically  younger  origin  than  is  the 
cell  as  a  whole,  Indicating  an  advance  in  Its  differentiation.  In  Entorrhlza  the 
spores  possess  a  nucleus  free  from  chromatin,  and  free,  split  chromosome-like 
bodies  appear  in  the  cytoplasm.  Chromosome  numbers  in  higher  plants  can  as 
a  rule  be  resolved  into  the  prime  factors  2  and  3,  more  rarely  5  and  7.  The 
most  frequently  occurring  chromosome  numbers  by  far  are  8  and  12.  After 
this  In  order  come  16,  6,  and  9.  The  species  (in  higher  plants)  of  a  systematic 
group  have  chromosome  numbers  which  are  related  by  simple  multiples  of  the 
same  cardinal  numbers  and  enter  into  an  arithmetical  progression.  The 
fbrmvla  for  the  Ghenopodiacete  appears  to  be  w=Sn  (n^2).  A  certain  regu- 
larity appears  in  such  families  as  the  Composltie.  The  chromosome  numbers 
for  the  groups  Helianthese  and  Anthemidese  are  represented  by  x^Sn  and  0=9n» 
respectively. 

Chromosome  number  Is  thought  to  afford  weighty  evidence  as  regards  genetic 
relationships.  Apogamy  is  thought  to  be  due  to  hybridization.  In  Callitriohe 
vema  the  reduction  division  of  the  pollen  mother  cells  originates  heterochromo- 
somes,  which  can  not  be  homologized  with  those  of  animal  origin.  The  mottled 
coloring  of  Humulus  japonicus  albomaculata  is  transmitted  only  through  the 


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818  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECOBD.  [VoL40 

sexual  cells  of  the  female  plant,  and  especially  throush  the  cytoplasm.  Cell 
and  nuclear  divisions  Involve  occasionally  loss  of  material,  as  parts  of  chromo- 
somes, this  fact  affecting  the  genotyplc  constitution  of  the  celL  It  is  assumed 
that  occasional  hybridization  ean  give  rise  to  apogamous  or  sexually  abnormal 
new  species,  which  persist  as  minor  species  or  biotypes.  In  caae  of  Hummliu 
lupulu9,  which  can  develop  fruits  containing  embryos  on  pollination  with 
various  related  plants,  pollination  with  Urtica  urens  produced  large  and  strong 
fruits,  though  these  were  incapable  of  germination.  It  is  presumed  that  a  tmlj 
heterogeneous  fertilization  took  place,  that  the  hybrid  was  capable  of  develop- 
ment as  long  as  it  was  nourished  by  the  mother  plant,  but  that  lack  of  Internal 
homogeneity  rendered  it  incapable  of  independent  activity. 

The  mitochondrial  origin  of  plastids,  A.  Gxthxiebmond  {CompU  Rend,  Acad. 
Sci.  iParU},  161  {1918),  No.  12,  pp.  4S0-4SS) .—This  is  mainly  a  dUcussion  of 
recent  contributions  of  Mottier  (£.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  332)  and  of  Cowdry  (E.  S.  IL. 
88,  p.  524).  It  is  considered  as  certain  that  the  plastids  in  plants  are  derived 
by  differentiation  of  mitochondria  substantially  identical  with  those  of  animals. 

A  colloidal  hypothesia  of  protoplasmic  permeability,  E.  E.  Fbee  {Plant 
World,  21  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  141-150)  .—This  hypothesis,  which  is  to  be  discussed 
in  a  later  paper,  includes  the  assumption  that  the  colloids  are  of  tlie  emulsion 
type,  consisting  of  2  (or  possibly  more)  liquid  phases  which  may  differ,  as 
regards  composition,  only  in  the  relative  proportions  of  the  water  and  sub- 
stance of  the  colloid  or  the  proportion  may  even  be  reversed.  Thus  a  gelatin 
sol  is  believed  to  consist  of  globules  containing  relatively  more  geladn, 
suspended  In  a  medium  which  contains  relatively  less  gelatin.  The  medium 
may  be  thought  of  as  a  more  dilute  gelatin  solution,  the  globules  as  a  more 
concentrated  one.  At  greater  total  concentrations  of  gelatin  this  condition 
may  be  reversed  on  passage  of  water  from  one  phase  to  another  with  marked 
changes  of  properties,  so  that  anything  that  changes  the  distribution  of  water 
between  the  phases  will  greatly  affect  the  properties  of  the  material.  This  dis- 
tribution of  water  is  known  to  be  affected  by  temperature,  the  presence  of  salts 
and  other  solutes,  and  even  by  mechanical  stresses,  all  these  affecting  such 
physical  properties  of  the  colloid  as  viscosity,  sometimes  in  large  degree. 

It  is  considered  probable  that  similar  conditions  may  occur  in  protoplasm, 
that  two  at  least  of  the  liquid  phases  of  protoplasm  differ  mainly  as  regards 
relative  water  content,  and  that  the  distribution  of  water  between  those  two 
phases  may  be  altered  without  causing  the  death  of  the  protoplasm.  This 
hypothesis  is  discussed  in  regard  to  its  supposed  bearings. 

Colloidal  phenomena  in  the  protoplasm  of  pollen  tubes:  The  effect  of 
potassium  and  sodium  on  hydration  and  growtl^,  F.  E.  Lloyd  {Carnegie  Imt. 
W<uhington  Year  Book,  11  {1918),  pp.  67,  68). — In  continuation  of  work  pre- 
viously noted  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  28),  the  author  has  given  attention  to  the  com- 
parative effects  of  sodium  and  potassium  in  the  form  of  hydrate. 

The  hydration  capacity  of  pollen  of  Phaseolus  is  Increased  by  both  hydrates 
(but  more  by  potassium)  over  that  of  water  with  20  to  25  per  cent  sugar  solu- 
tion employed  alone.  This  increased  hydration  capacity  expressed  itself  partly 
in  growth  and  partly  In  swelling  in  excess  of  growth.  Potassium  appears  to  be 
absorbed  more  vigorously  than  is  sodium  by  the  protoplasm  or  by  some  element 
in  the  colloidal  complex  which  is  now  regarded  as  protoplasm.  A  toxic  effect 
also  is  more  obvious  in  the  case  of  potassium.  The  observations  are  supposed 
to  be  significant  In  view  of  the  physiological  effects  of  the  two  metals. 

The  colloidal  properties  of  certain  plant  mucilages  as  affected  by  stains, 
F.  B.  Llotd  {Carnegie  Inst.  Washington  Tear  Book,  17  {191di),  p.  73).— Having 
observed  that  when  stibstances  such  as  the  mucilaginous  products  of  hydrolysis 
of  cellulose  walls  which  occur  during  abscission,  the  ripening  of  fruit,  etc,  are 


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1»19]  AGRICTJLTURAIi  BOTAKT.  819 

treated  with  certain  staining  materials,  a  qnasl  precipitation  occurs,  the  author 
has  stndied  the  effects  of  a  considerable  series  of  dye  materials  on  the  mncilage 
of  Opnntla,  Abutilon,  GSnothera,  peach  pericarp,  and  the  products  of  cell-wall 
hydrolyals  during  abscission.    The  results  are  briefly  indicated. 

The  mucilage  of  Opnntla,  AbutUon,  and  (Bnothera,  F.  B.  Llotd  {Carnegie 
Inst.  Washington  Tear  Book^  17  (t9t8),  pp.  71,  72).— The  mucilages  of  several 
plants  are  discussed  as  to  characters  and  behavior  under  conditions  or  treat- 
ments which  are  indicated. 

Pine  needles,  their  signiflcanee  and  history,  J.  DufxAnot  {Bot.  Qnz,,  66 
(1918),  No,  5,  pp.  4S9-454y  figt.  ^).— A  review  of  the  morphology,  development, 
and  physiology  of  pine  needles  and  related  structures  concludes  with  the  state- 
ment that  morphological  variations  are  but  the  result  of  physiological  varia- 
tions, different  forms  of  the  different  phyllodes  of  pines.  Juvenile  leaves,  scale 
leaves,  fertile  leaves  (male  and  female  flowers),  and  asslmilatory  organs* 
differing  widely  but  being  shown  by  abnormal  transitory  forms  to  be  really 
different  distorted  features  of  a  generalized  ancestral  organ.  Needles  are  the 
physiological  leaves  of  pines,  though  they  may  last  for  several  seasons*  being 
specialized  to  meet  unfavorable  conditions. 

The  present  state  of  the  study  of  anthocyanin,  J.  Beauvebik  (Rev.  O&n.  8ci,^ 
Z9  {1918),  No».  to,  pp.  67f^79,  fig.  1;  W,  pp.  tf(>-Mi«).— The  first  part  of  thU 
contribution  deals  with  findings  and  views  of  various  authors  as  to  the  origin, 
distribution,  and  relations  of  anthocyanin  as  regards  heredity  and  function. 
The  second  part  deals  mainly  with  its  chemical  constitution. 

The  production  of  anthoeyantns  and  anthoeyanidlns,  III,  A.  E.  Evebsst 
{Proc,  Roy.  Boo.  {London^,  8er.  B,  90  {1918),  No.  B  628,  pp.  f 51-^65). —Although 
this  work,  which  is  a  continuation  of  that  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  33,  p.  329), 
bas  been  suspended  in  the  preliminary  stage  of  its  present  aspects,  the  author 
presents  some  findings  and  Inferences  for  comparison  with  results  of  recent 
work  by  other  authors.  Evidence  is  discussed  which  is  considered  to  strengthen 
the  probability  that  anthocyan  pigments  are  formed  in  plants  and  flowers 
naturally  from  flavonol  glucosids,  and  that  flavonols  may  give  rise  to  antho- 
cyanidins.  It  is  claimed  that  the  anthocyanin  described  in  this  report  is 
identical  with  violanin. 

Xffect  of  certain  compounds  of  barium  and  strontium  on  the  growth  of 
plants,  J.  S.  McHAsers  {Jour.  Agr.  Research  {U.  8.1, 16  {1919),  No.  7,  pp.  18S^ 
1$4,  pi.  i). — The  author  gives  the  results  of  experiments  carried  on  at  the  Ken- 
tucky Agricultural  Experiment  Station  to  determine  the  effect  of  barium  and 
strontium,  on  the  growth  of  plants.  Oowpeas,  oats,  spring  and  winter  wheat, 
com,  and  soy  beans  were  grown  in  barium-free  sand  to  which  the  necessary 
plant  foods  were  added,  together  with  the  desired  compounds  of  barium  and 
strontium. 

From  the  results  obtained,  it  is  concluded  that  barium  compounds  in  the 
absence  of  calcium  carbonate  are  poisonous  to  plants,  but  in  the  presence  of 
an  excess  of  calcium  carbonate  barium  carbonate  exerts  a  stimulating  influ- 
ence on  the  growth  of  the  plants  studied.  No  tendency  was  observed  for 
barium  to  replace  calcium  in  the  growth  of  plants  when  calcium  carbonate 
was  omitted  from  the  plant-food  ration.  Strontium  compounds  in  most  in- 
stances gave  larger  Increased  yields  than  barium  compounds.  Strontium  car- 
bonate, it  was  found,  can  not  be  substituted  for  calcium  carbonate  in  the 
growth  of  plants  under  the  conditions  studied,  though  strontium  carbonate 
is  leas  toxic  to  the  growth  of  plants  in  the  absence  of  calcium  than  is  barium 
carbonate.  It  is  claimed  that  the  compounds  of  neither  of  the  elements 
studied  can  be  regarded  as  important  plant  foods,  although  the  presence  of 
small  amounts  of  the  carbonate  of  each  gave  increased  yields  in  most  in- 


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820  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BSCOBD.  [YoL4« 

Stances.  Botb  barium  and  skrontiiim  caibonates  accelerated  the  growth  of 
roots  of  plants  Investigated,  rncreaslng  the  amount  of  strontiam  nitrate 
resulted  in  an  incraase  of  the  nitrogen  content  of  the  wheat.  No  baiion 
compounds  were  found  in  the  residue  obtained  upon  etvaporatlng  25  liters  of 
water  collected  from  the  drain  tiles  of  tiie  station  farm,  and  this  is  considtfeii 
to  indicate  tliat  the  barium  found  in  plants  is  taken  up  in  place  by  the  iflant 
roots. 

The  effect  of  manganese  compounds  on  soils  and  plants,  B.  P.  Dbatbick 
(New  York  Cornell  Bta.  Menu  19  {1919),  pp.  MS-^at).—- The  InTestigation  here 
reported  was  undertaken  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  spedflc  effect  of 
manganese  compounds  in  increasing  plant  growth,  that  is,  to  detecmlDe 
whether  manganese  Is  a  direct  plant  stimulant,  whether  it  incresses  the  STail- 
able  food  supply  In  the  soil,  or  whether  both  of  these  factors  are  operatiTe. 
The  experiments  were  carried  out  with  wheat,  the  plants  being  grown  In  dis- 
tilled water  al<»e  and  in  distilled  water  to  which  nutrient  solutions  were 
added. 

It  was  found  that  manganese  salts  added  to  water  cultures  affected  die 
growth  of  wheat  seedlings,  high  concentrations  of  Iwth  the  sulphate  and 
chlorid  exerting  toxic  effects,  while  in  lower  concentrations  marlced  stimaUi- 
tion  was  observed.  The  degree  of  toxicity  was  fbund  to  be  reduced  by  faQ 
nutrient  solutions,  the  reduction  being  directly  proportional  to  the  ooncea- 
tration  of  the  nutrient  salts.  The  food  stored  in  the  endosperms  was  also 
found  to  reduce  the  toxicity  of  the  plant  poison.  Tbe  toxic  influoice  of  the 
salts  was  shown  in  the  browning  of  the  roots  and  the  bleaching  of  the  leaves. 
Yellow  leaves  of  manganese  plants  contained  more  of  that  dement  than  did 
green  ones. 

Manganese  salts  when  added  to  soil  were  found  to  form  manganese  dioxid  in 
proportion  to  the  basicity  of  the  soil  and  thus  to  develop  a  power  to  oxldiie 
organic  matter.  Manganese  sulphate  in  water  cultures  stimulated  the  oxidis- 
ing power  of  the  roots  of  wheat  seedltnga  Low  concentrations  of  manganese 
sulphate  were  found  to  stimulate  the  ammonification  of  dried  blood  in  the 
soil.    The  nitrification  of  ammonium  sulphate  was  inhibited. 

Boot  variations  induced  by  carbon  dioxid  gas  additions  to  soil,  H.  A. 
Notes,  J.  F.  TaosT,  and  L.  YoMsa  (Bot.  Gfos.,  66  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  S6f'^S,  fs%. 
9). — Following  up  preliminary  work  previously  reported  (E.  S.  B.,  32,  p.  422), 
the  author  has  obtained  results  which  support  the  condusion  of  Gannon  and 
Free  (B.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  218)  to  the  effect  that  soil  aeration  is  a  factor  no  less 
important  than  are  water  and  temperature  In  plant  growth. 

In  these  experiments  carbon  dioxid  was  introduced  subterraneously  into 
soil  in  Wagner  pots,  the  tests  employing  OaptUmm  anmwwn  ab^treviotwm^  Lao- 
tuoa  tativa,  Rap?ianu9  9ativua,  and  Pfiaseolus  vulgaris. 

It  is  stated  that  plants  respond  differently  to  carbon  dioxid  gas  added  to 
the  soil  in  which  they  are  grown,  Christmas  pepper,  head  lettuce,  radishes,  and 
string  beans  all  being  affected  by  the  addition  of  carbon  dioxid  gas  to  the 
soil.  The  effects  on  root  development  are  greater  than  those  on  the  aerial 
portions.  Plants  were  not  affected  to  the  same  extmt  by  intermittent  and 
constant  applications,  although  a  constant  treatment  of  650  cc  of  cariwa 
dioxid  gas  per  hour  appeared  to  be  sufficient  to  prevent  normal  root  develop* 
ment 

Physical  factors  of  transpiration  in  plants  and  transpiration  in  parasitised 
leaves,  J.  DurstifOT  {Rev.  G4n.  BoL,  99  {1918),  No.  90,  pp.  565,  566).— This  is  a 
synthetic  review  of  the  findings  and  views  of  a  number  of  authors  on  faeton 
in  transpiration. 


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1019]  nssjy  CROPS.  821 

Some  factors  in  the  wlnterUlliiic  of  grain  crops,  S.  C.  Salkor  {Trans. 
Kans.  Acad.  Set.,  28  {1916-17),  pp.  129-131).— It  is  thought  that  of  the  wheat 
area  not  harvested,  (more  than  16  per  cent  of  the  total  wheat  area  of  Kan- 
sas) more  than  one-half  (10  per  cent  of  the  total  wheat  area)  Is  winterkilled. 
A  study  of  the  causes  of  loss  from  winterldlUng  has  been  carried  on  for  about 
four  years  and  has  developed  a  method  of  seeding  grain  in  furrows.  The 
plants  are  protected  from  wind  by  the  ridges  and  from  freezing  by  the  snow 
which  flUs  the  furrow.  The  crop  is  also  injured  less  by  heaving  of  the  soil 
during  freezing  and  thawing  weather  (being  better  rooted  in  the  soil),  and  is 
in  a  better  position  to  absorb  moisture.  Results  of  studies  on  different  soils 
show  that  winter  annuals  suffer  more  on  wet  soils,  except  in  case  of  easily 
injured  plants  which  may  be  killed  by  comparatively  brief  periods 'of  freezLog, 
and  that  such  plants  suffer  more  on  sandy  soils  than  on  those  of  the  heaviest 
type  except  when  heaving  of  the  soil  occurs. 

On  the  quantitative  differences  in  the  water  conductivity  of  the  wood  in 
trees  and  shrubs,  J.  B.  Fabmkb  {Proc,  Roy.  800.  ILondonh  Ser.  B,  90  {1918), 
No.  B  628t  pp.  218-260,  figt.' 5), —This  contribution  is  made  up  of  two  parts,  the 
first  dealing  with  the  evergreens  and  the  second  with  the  deciduous  plants. 
The  author  attempted  to  find  whether  the  water  conductivity  of  wood  in  a 
given  species  could  be  ascertained  and  usefully  expressed  in  quantitative  form, 
whether  conductivity  could  be  correlated  with  any  obvious  character  such  as 
deciduous  habit,  and  whether  definite  changes  in  external  conditions  may 
cause  corresponding  changes  in  water  conductivity. 

The  results,  as  presented  in  tabular  detail  with  discussion,  are  considered 
to  throw  light  on  the  habit  of  many  xerophllous  plants.  Deciduous  species, 
which  may  also  vary  among  themselves,  considerably  exceed  evergreens  as  re- 
gards ^eciflc  conductivity,  absolute  fluctuation,  plasticity,  and  sensitivity  to 
external  influencea  Considerable  difference  appears  to  exist  between  nor- 
mal adult  wood  of  a  glv&n  tree  and  that  of  leaders  of  young  trees,  this  differ- 
ence (a  lowering  of  conductivity)  being  notable  in  the  main  shoot  of  most 
climbers.  Arborescent  and  frutescent  monocotyledons  are  defective  as  re- 
gards water  conductivity,  this  feature  entering  probably  Into  the  determination 
of  the  habit  of  growth.  It  is  suggested  that  the  filling  up  of  the  wood  of  de- 
ciduous trees  during  early  autumn,  owing  to  the  persistence  of  root  pressure 
after  transpiration  is  lowered,  may  find  practical  application  in  shortening  the 
time  normally  required  for  the  seasoning  of  felled  timber.  It  is  thought  that 
the  lower  conductivity  of  evergreens  is  attributable  to  narrowness  and  short- 
ness of  the  conducting  vessels. 

HELD  CBOPS. 

Nitrogen  relations  of  certain  crop  plants  when  grown  alone  and  in  associa- 
tion, B.  C.  Wmght  {Jour.  Amer,  Soc.  Agron.,  11  {1919),  No.  2,  pp.  i9-66,  pi.  1, 
figs,  i)' — ^This  paper,  a  contribution  from  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  of  the 
n.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  describes  investigations  conducted  at  the 
Arlington  (Va.)  Farm  during  1914  and  1915  in  a  study  of  the  effects  of  asso- 
ciative growth  of  legumes  and  nonlegumes  under  control  conditions.  The  crops 
were  grown  to  maturity  in  galvanized  corrugated  iron  buckets,  the  use  of 
which  in  studies  of  this  sort  has  already  been  noted  (E.  S.  B.,  86,  p.  524),  the 
plants  harvested  close  to  the  surface  of  the  soil,  dried,  weighed,  and  ground 
fine  for  analysis  for  total  nitrogen.  The  roots  were  removed  from  the  soil, 
dried,  ground,  and  returned  and  thoroughly  incorporated  with  the  soil,  and 
the  latter  then  sampled  for  a  determination  of  total  nitrogen.  When  two 
128e07*— 19 8 


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822  EXPEBIMEKT  STATION  BSOOBD.  [ToL40 

sorts  of  crops  were  grown  together,  one-half  of  the  number  of  plants  of  eacii 
kind  was  used  as  when  they  were  grown  alone. 

In  1014,  a  clay  loam  soil  which  had  been  composted  with  mannre  and  left  In 
a  pile  for  several  years  was  Hmed,  brooght  to  an  optimam  moisture  content^ 
and  about  45  kg.  introduced  into  each  pot.  Spring  oats,  spring  barley,  gprtng 
rye  and  dwarf  Kafir  com  were  each  grown  in  association  with  hairy  vetdi, 
field  peas,  and  red  clover.  Corn  was  also  grown  with  both  oats  and  pearl 
millet  Bach  crop  was  also  grown  alone.  Summarizing  the  results  obtained, 
it  is  stated  that  a  distinct  loss  of  nitrogen  in  the  soil  fallowed  a  combinatimi  of 
barley  and  peas,  rye  and  peas,  rye  and  clover,  and  com  and  millet,  while  there 
was  a  distinct  gain  with  barley  and  vetch,  barley  and  clover,  oats  and  peas, 
oats  and  clover,  and  Kafir  com  and  vetch.  In  general,  combinations  of  barley 
and  vetch,  barley  and  clover,  oats  and  vetch,  oats  and  peas,  and  Kafir  com 
and  vetch  produced  more  nitrogen  and  dry  matter  than  when  these  crops  were 
grown  alone  but  did  not  remove  so  much  nitrogen  ftrom  the  soil.  Barley  showed 
a  gain  in  the  percentage  of  nitrogen  with  vetch  and  peas  and  a  loss  with  dover; 
rye  lost  slightly  with  vetch  and  clover  and  gained'  slightly  with  peas;  ^ile 
oats  and  Kafir  com  both  gained  with  vetch,  peas,  and  clover.  At  the  same 
time,  vetch  gained  in  nitrogen  with  barley,  rye,  and  Kafir  com,  but  lost  vdth 
oats;  field  peas  gained  with  barley  but  lost  with  rye,  oats,  and  Kafir  com; 
while  red  clover  gained  with  barley,  rye,  and  oats  but  lost  with  Kafir  com.  A 
loss  in  nitrogen  was  observed  in  com  grown  with  both  millet  and  oats,  while 
the  millet  gained  slightly  and  the  oats  lost  materially. 

The  1915  experiments  were  planned  to  observe  the  comparative  results  with 
a  few  plant  combinations  on  different  types  of  soil.  Consequently,  spring  oats, 
spring  barley,  Kafir  com,  soy  beans,  and  purple  vetch  were  grown  on  a  coarse 
gravelly  virgin  loam  from  near  Riverside,  Cal.,  representing  a  aemiarid  soil; 
a  heavy  black  virgin  loam  from  near  Manhattan,  Kans.,  representing  the  Great 
Plains;  and  a  practically  virgin  day  loam  from  near  Arlington,  representing 
eastern  humid  soils.  In  all  other  respects  the  experiments  were  conducted  as 
in  1914.  Summarizing  the  results  it  is  stated  that  the  percentage  of  nitrogen 
in  oats  increased  with  soy  beans  and  vetch  on  all  soils  except  in  the  case  of 
soy  beans  on  the  Virginia  soil.  Barley  lost  in  nitrogen  with  soy  beans  on 
all  soils,  gained  with  vetch  on  the  California  soil,  lost  on  the  Kansas  soil, 
and  remained  unchanged  on  the  Virginia  soil.  Kafir  com  gained  with  soy 
beans  and  vetch  on  all  soils,  except  with  soy  beans  on  the  Kansas  soil.  Soy 
beans  gained  in  nitrogen  on  all  soils  when  grown  with  oats  and  barley,  wMIe 
with  Kafir  corn  a  gain  occurred  on  the  California  soil  and  a  loss  on  the  Kansas 
and  Virginia  soils.  Vetch  showed  a  gain  with  oats  on  the  California  soil  and 
a  loss  on  the  Kansas  and  Virginia  soils,  and  a  loss  with  barley  and  Kafir  com 
on  all  soils.  . 

Bxperiments  with  soil  and  cultures  as  inoculating  material  for  lupines  and 
vetch  on  upland  moor  soils,  H.  von  Feilitzkit  (Svenska  MoukuUurfSr.  Tidskr^ 
SS  (1919),  No.  1,  pp.  S9-4S,  ftff8,  6), — Pot  experiments  with  lupines  and  vetch  on 
soil  from  an  uncultivated  upland  moor  region  are  described.  The  soil  was 
either  untreated  or  treated  with  pure  cultures  of  the  root  nodule  bacteria  of 
lupines  and  vetch,  or  with  soil  from  fields  on  which  these  crops  developed 
numerous  root  nodules  and  produced  large  yields,  or  with  nitrate  of  soda  at 
the  rate  of  75  kg.  per  hectare  (67  lbs.  per  acre). 

In  the  experiments  with  lupines,  conducted  in  triplicate,  the  following  ave^ 
age  yields  per  pot  of  green  substance  were  secured  from  the  different  series 
of  pots:  Uninoculated  88  gm.,  inoculated  with  soil  183  gm.,  inoculated  with 
Barthel's  culture  145  gm.,  and  treated  only  with  nitrate  of  soda  128  gm.    It 


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1019]  FIELD  OBOFS.  823 

is  eonclnded  that  the  trefttment  with  pure  culture  was  tally  as  effective  as  the 
use  of  aoll  from  a  field  having  produced  luplnea  aaccessfnlly. 

A  similar  test  with  Tetch»  but  including  an  additional  culture  known  as 
Asotogen  and  with  only  two  pots  treated  with  inoculating  soil;  resulted  In  the 
following  average  yields  per  pot  of  air  dry  substance  for  the  different  series: 
nninoculated  9.7  gm.,  Inoculated  with  soil  81  gm.,  Barthel's  culture  31^  gut, 
Azotogen  18.7  gm.,  and  nitrate  of  soda  26  gm.  The  average  Increase  in  nitro- 
gen taken  up  by  the  plants  as  compared  with  the  average  for  the  check  pots 
was  as  follows:  Inoculated  with  soil  540^  mg.,  Barthel's  culture  672.2  mg., 
Azotogen  289.1  mg.,  and  nitrate  of  soda  72.8  mg.  In  the  pots  receiving  nitrate 
of  soda  all  roots  were  entirely  free  firom  nodules.  It  is  pointed  out  that  in 
botb  experiments  Barthers  culture  proved  fully  equal  to  inoculating  soil  in 
effectiveness. 

Cereal  Improvement  at  Svaldf,  W.  J.  PBoneir  (Scot.  Jour.  Agr,,  1  {1918),  No. 
4>  PP'  40Jh414)- — "Iliis  comprises  a  general  discussion  of  the  origin  and  purpose 
of  the  Swedish  Seed  Association  and  of  the  methods  employed  at  Svalof  for 
the  improvement  of  the  cereals. 

[Tropical  grasses  as  paper*making  materials]  (BuL  Imp.  Inst.  [8o.  Ken- 
Hnifion},  IS  (1918),  Kos.  2,  pp.  lt7-lS4;  S,  pp.  fni-fnS). — ^Brief  notes  are  pre- 
sented on  observations  made  at  the  Imperial  Institute  regarding  the  relative 
value  for  paper  materials  of  some  tropical  grasses,  Including  Sorghum  halC' 
pense,  Andropogon  bucJtafMfUi,  A.  dregeanus,  A.  audus,  and  A.  hirtiflorus 
semiherhis  from  South  Africa;  lalang  grass  {Imperata  arundinacea)  from  the 
Federated  Malay  States ;  and  bamboo  grass  from  Australia. 

Sandbook  of  Indian  agriculture,  N.  O.  Mukkbji  {Calcutta:  Thacker,  Spink 
d  Co.,  1916,  3.  ed.,  rev.,  pp.  XIV -^BtO,  pi.  1,  fig:  ii8).— This  is  a  third  and  re- 
vised edition  of  a  work  designed  as  a  textbook  on  Indian  agriculture  for  the 
use  of  advanced  students,  and  embraces  chapters  on  soils,  crops,  cattle,  ma- 
nures, insect  and  fungus  pests,  implements,  methods  of  analysis,  and  Indian 
ftuntnes. 

Dry  farming:  A  system  of  agriculture  for  countries  under  a  low  rainfall, 
J.  A  WmrsoE,  trans,  by  O.  Bossati  {**  Dry  farmi/ng:*  SUtema  di  Agricoltura 
per  le  Regioni  dalle  Pioggie  8car$e.  Rome:  Min.  deUe  CoUmie,  1917,  pp.  528, 
fig:  109,  pU.  8). — ^Thls  is  a  translation  into  Italian  of  a  work  previously  noted 
(B.  S.  IL,25,  p.  81). 

B«port  of  the  committee  on  standardization  of  field  experiments,  A  T. 
WzANCKo,  F.  S.  Hasus,  and  S.  O.  Salmon  {Jour.  Amer.  Soc.  Agron.,  10  {1918), 
No.  9,  pp.  545-^54).-— Supplementing  a  previous  report  (E.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  828),  the 
oommlttee  of  the  American  Society  of  Agronomy  on  the  standardization  of 
field  experiments  presents  a  brief  discussion  of  information  obtained  from 
questionnaires,  dealing  with  the  size,  shape,  and  arrangement  of  plats  em- 
ployed in  soil  fertility  and  crop  investigations  and  with  the  use  and  manage- 
ment of  check  plats,  which  were  sent  to  workers  along  these  lines  in  the  ex- 
periment stations  throughout  the  United  States.  No  definite  conclusions  have 
been  reached. 

Additions  to  the  bibliography  previously  noted  include  49  titles. 

[Beport  of  field  crops  work  in  Hawaii],  L.  A.  Hsnks  {Col  Hawaii  Bui.  5 
{1918),  pp.  t-lS,  figs.  £).— This  comprises  the  first  annual  report  of  the  Depart* 
ment  of  Agriculture,  College  of  Hawaii,  including  brief  notes  on  variety  tests 
with  alfalfb,  com,  peanuts,  dry  land  rice,  sorghums  for  forage,  and  sugar 
cane;  cultural  tests  with  cowpeas  and  Sudan  grass;  and  experiments  on  the 
eradication  of  nut-grass  {Cyperus  rotvndus)  for  the  year  ended  June  80,  19ia 

[Beport  of  work  at  the  Bothamsted  Bxperiment  Station,  1914-1917] 
{Rothamsted  Bwpt.  Sta.,  Harpenden^  Ann.  Rpt.  1914,  pp.  42;  Rpt.  1915-1911,  pp. 


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824  BZPEBIMEHT  STATION  REGOBD.  [VoLM 

$9,  flff.  /).— These  reportB  note  the  progress  of  InTestlgatioiial  work  at  this 
station,  and  are  sopplemented  hy  tabulated  data  showing  the  treatment  and 
yields  per  acre  of  the  experimental  plats  for  each  year  of  the  period  indicated. 
Recent  papers  baaed  on  woric  done  at  Botha  msted  and  published  ^sewhere  are 
briefly  reriewed. 

[The  Wobam  field  socperimentBy  1017],  J.  A.  Yoelcxeb  {Jour,  JSoy.  Agr, 
8oc.  England,  78  {1917),  pp.  220-t91:  Wolmm  B»pt.  Sta.  JSpl.,  1917,  pp.  t-lS).— 
This  describes  the  continuation  of  work  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R^  38,  p.  529). 
The  season  of  1916-17  is  said  to  have  been  very  unfavorable  for  practically  all 
crops  grown  in  the  experiments. 

The  highest  wheat  yield  in  the  continuous  wheat  experimoits  was  obtained 
from  the  plat  receiving  mineral  manures  and  nitrate  of  soda  and  amounted  to 
80  bu.  of  grain  and  2,048  lbs.  of  straw  per  acre,  the  average  yield  for  the  no- 
treated  checks  being  11  bu.  of  grain  and  714  lbs.  of  straw.  The  next  best  re- 
sults were  obtained  with  mineral  manures  and  in  alternate  years,  nitrate  of 
soda,  with  a  yield  of  28.6  bu.  of  grain  and  1^48  lbs.  of  straw  per  acre,  wbllB 
barnyard  manure  was  next  in  order  with  27.9  bu.  of  grain  and  2,002  Iba  of 
straw.  With  mineral  manures  alone  there  was  produced  13.9  bu.  of  grain  and 
993  lbs.  of  straw.  The  sulphate  of  ammonia  plats  continued  to  show  the  need 
of  lime  for  profitable  crop  production.  Nitrate  of  soda  showed  markedly  bet^ 
ter  results  than  sulphate  of  ammonia.  With  potash  without  phosphate  there 
was  produced  2.8  bu.  more  than  with  phosphate  without  potash. 

The  highest  yield  in  the  continuous  barley  experiments  amounted  to  712  bn. 
of  grain  and  1,668  lbs.  of  straw,  from  the  plat  receiving  mineral  manures  and 
sulphate  of  ammonia  with  applications  of  one  ton  of  lime  made  In  1905  and 
again  in  1916.  The  barnyard  manure  plat  with  a  yield  of  26.7  bu.  of  grain  and 
2,029  lbs.  of  straw,  and  the  plat  receiving  mineral  manures  and  in  alternate 
years,  nitrate  of  soda,  with  a  yield  of  26.7  bu.  of  grain  and  1,629  lbs.  of  straw 
per  acre  were  next  in  order.  The  average  yield  for  the  untreated  checks 
amounted  to  16.8  bu.  of  grain  and  1,069  lbs.  of  straw.  With  mineral  manures 
■  alone  there  was  produced  18.6  bu.  of  grain  and  1,104  lbs.  of  straw,  and  with  the 
addition  of  one  ton  of  lime  in  1915,  21.6  bu.  of  grain  and  1340  lbs.  of  straw. 
Nitrate  of  soda  failed  to  show  any  superiority  over  sulphate  of  ammonia  this 
season,  while  the  usual  failures  with  the  latter  when  used  without  lime  were 
observed.  With  potash  about  one  bu.  more  grain  was  produced  than  with 
phosphate. 

Further  observations  on  the  comparative  manurial  value  of  unexhausted 
residues  f»>m  so-called  cake  and  com  feeding  on  the  rotation  plats  are  said  to 
indicate  that  cake  feeding  is  not  necessarily  superior  to  com  feeding  as  meas- 
ured by  increases  In  the  yields  of  wheat  and  barley  grown  on  the  respectlTe 
plats. 

Qreen  manuring  experiments  with  wheat  failed  to  give  conclusive  results. 
An  application  of  four  tons  of  magnesia  per  acre  made  In  1916  resulted  In  a 
yield  of  10.2  bu.  of  wheat  in  1917  as  compared  with  6.6  bu.  from  the  untreated 
check.    A  similar  application  made  in  1917  also  gave  10.2  bu.  of  grain. 

In  the  improvement  of  old  pasture  land  the  highest  yield,  3,666  lbs.  of  bay 
per  acre,  followed  an  application  of  12  tohs  of  manure  made  in  1918.  Buxton 
lime  and  magnesium  lime  with  yields  of  8,052  and  8,024  lbs.  per  acre,  reBpe^ 
tlvely,  proved  best  for  grass  land  in  a  comparison  of  different  sorts  of  lime. 
Comparing  different  f6rms  of  lime,  ground  chalk  with  a  yield  of  ZJ52S  lbs.  of 
hay  per  acre  and  ground  limestone  with  8,860  lbs.  were  best  A  grass  plat 
always  harvested  for  hay  produced  2,786  lbs.  per  acre  as  compared  with  2,884 
lbs.  from  a  plat  alternately  mown  for  hay  and  graced.    A  botanical  examlna- 


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1919]  HELD  GBOPS.  825 

tUm  of  fhe  hay  from  these  plats  is  said  to  have  shown  little  difference  in  the 
herbage. 

[Crop  and  soil  inveetiffations  in  India,  1917-18]  (Sd.  Rpt$.  Apr.  Research 
Insi.  Pu8a,  ISlJ-ia,  pp.  11-16,  rt-es,  Iftl-lSU  i55-ii»).— This  describes  the 
progress  of  crop  improyement  and  soil  fertility  work  at  the  Agricultural  Re- 
search Institute,  Pusa,  for  the  year  1917-18,  much  of  which  has  been  reported 
on  from  time  to  time  in  more  detail.  A  report  of  the  imperial  cotton  specialist 
is  included,  ' 

[Seport  of  Held  crops  work  in  the  ITiflted  Frovineee  of  Agra  and  Qadh, 
India,  1917-18],  Q.  Pbasao  {Rpt.  Agr.  8tas.  Weet  Circle,  United  Prov.  Agra  and 
Oudh  llndia},  1918,  pp.  £8).— This  describes  the  continuation  of  work  along  the 
same  general  lines  as  that  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  230)  for  the  year 
ended  June  30, 1918. 

[Seport  of  field  crops  work  in  Bihar  and  Orissa,  India,  1917-18]  {Rpt. 
Agr.  Activ.  Ocvt.  Bihar  and  OrUsa,  1918,  pp.  t-^,  16,  17,  g»-29,  8t-JH,  46,  56, 
60^4,  68,  fO). — In  continuation  of  work  previously  noted  (E.  S.  IL,  40,  p.  528), 
this  describes  the  progress  for  the  year  ended  June  30,  1918. 

[Report  of  work  with  Held  crops  at  the  Partabgarh  and  Benares  Agricul- 
tural Stations]  y  L.  G.  Shabma  {Ann.  Rpt,  Partabgarh  and  Benaree  Agr.  Stae,, 
United  Prove.  Agra  and  Oudh,  1918,  pp.  t-lO,  1^).---The  continuation  of  work 
along  the  same  general  lines  as  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  37,  pp.  824,  825)  is 
described,  embracing  variety,  culture,  rotation,  and  fertiliser  tests  with  rice, 
sugar  cane,  wheat,  barley,  gram,  peanuts,  and  miscellaneous  crops. 

[Keport  of  field  crops  work  in  Funjab,  1917-18],  W.  Roberts,  Fateh-ud- 
MH,  and  D.  Singh  {Rpt.  Dept.  Agr.  Punjab,  1917-18,  pp.  ZII-LXXXIIJ,  pi.  i).— 
This  describes  the  progress  of  work  along  the  same  general  lines  as  that 
previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  230)  for  the  year  ended  June  30, 1918. 

[Report  of  field  crops  work  in  Queensland,  1917-18]  {Ann.  Rpt.  Dept.  Agr, 
and  Stock  IQueenelandh  1917-18,  pp.  54-^9,  99-101,  US,  114,  Pl*-  5).— This  de- 
scribes the  continuation  of  work  along  the  same  general  lines  as  previously 
noted  (B.  S.  R.,  4(y  p.  230)  for  the  year  ended  June  30,  1918,  together  with 
tabulated  data  on  the  acreage  and  production  of  th^  more  important  field  crops. 

Kefw  crops  for  Rhodesia,  H,  J.  A.  T.  Waltebs  {Rhodeeia  Agr.  Jour.,  15 
{1918),  No.  6,  pp.  5^9-5349  pU.  8). — In  continuation  of  work  previously  noted 
(B.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  333),  the  author  describes  cultural,  fertilizer,  and  rotation 
experiments  with  the  more  established  crops  including  com,  peanuts,  wheat, 
oats,  barley,  buckwheat,  and  miscellaneous  legumes  and  grasses. 

Mosaio-like  splitting  in  a  barley  hybrid,  B.  Mitazawa  {Bot.  Mag.  [Tokyo^i, 
SO  {1916),  No.  S59,  pp.  S59-S69,  fig*.  4).— The  author  describes  observations 
made  on  the  Fi,  Fa,  and  F»  progeny  of  a  cross  between  Sekitorl  and  Golden- 
melon  barleys  in  which  a  study  was  made  of  the  inheritance  of  the  color  of 
the  grain.  Sekitori  is  said  to  have  been  cultivated  in  Japan  for  a  long  time 
and  to  have  a  black  grain,  while  Goldenmelon  is  described  as  an  Australian 
two-rowed  sort  having  whitish  yellow  grains.  Reciprocal  crosses  were  made, 
although  the  recorded  observations  have  been  confined  to  the  Sekitori  X  Golden- 
melon  cross.    The  Fi  generation  was  also  back-crossed  with  each  parent 

The  Fi  progeny  showed  a  [q>litting  into  both  black  and  whitish  yellow 
individuals  in  the  ratio  of  1 : 1,  while  in  the  Fa  so-called  pure  blacks,  mosaic, 
and  pure  whitish  yellows  appeared  in  the  ratio  of  1:2:1.  The  mosaic  indi- 
viduals also  gave  rise  to  the  same  distribution  in  the  Fi  generation. 

Assuming  that  the  grain  color  was  due  to  pigment  present  in  the  cells  of 
the  pericarp  and  testa,  respectively,  the  author  ezplalns  his  results  on  the 
basis  of  a  vegetative  segregation  of  the  hereditary  factors  shortly  before  the 


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826  EXPEBIMSITF  STATIOH  BBCOBD.  IT«L40 

development  of  the  growing  pol^Qt  of  the  ear.  Thia  resnltB  In  the  formation 
of  a  number  of  cell  complexes  with  and  without  the  factor  for  black  color. 

Zenia  in  barle7,  M.  SO  and  Y.  Iicaz  {Bot.  Map.  {Tokifoh  9$  (1918),  Ho.  98i, 
pp.  205n8i4).— Stating  that  the  grain  color  studied  by  M^aaawa  as  noted  abovt 
is  due  to  a  pigment  located  in  the  aleorone  cells  whidii  form  the  outer  layen 
of  the  endosperm,  the  authors  report  the  results  of  obaerrationa  made  on  about 
10,000  grains  from  Fi  plants  of  seyeral  barley  crosses,  inTolving  whitish  yeUow 
and  so-called  blue  grained  sorts.  They  found  a  segregation  of  approximatdy 
three  blue  grains  to  one  whitidi  yoUow  indlTidual,  and  from  this  they  con- 
clude that  grain  color  in  barley  is  transmitted  by  xenia.  They  also  deem  it 
probable  that  about  one-half  of  the  whitish  yellow  grains  clasBlfled  as  sadi  bf 
Miyazawa  were,  in  fact,  dilute  blue,  their  obserfations  renrealing  Tarlous  degrea 
of  intensity  of  the  blue  color. 

An  early  paper  on  maise  crosses,  H.  F.  Bosans  {Amer.  Nat^  5S  {1919),  Fa 
625,  pp.  97-108,  figs.  t).—The  author  reviews  a  paper  by  McGluer,  dealing  witli 
crossing  experiments  with  com  previously  noted  (B.  S.  B«,  4,  p.  134),  whidi 
he  believes  has  lacked  adequate  appreciation  by  later  investigators. 

Chimeras  in  com  hybrids,  J.  L.  Ckxixms  (Jour.  HeredUy,  10  {1919),  No.  U 
pp.  2-10,  figs.  7). — ^The  author  describes  a  grain  of  dent  com  an^earlng  anums 
the  purple  starchy  Fi  prog^iy  of  a  cross  between  Extra  Barly  Adams  wUte 
dent  and  Black  Mexican  sweet  com,  in  which  one-half  of  the  grain  was  wblte 
and  the  other  half  dark  purple  in  color.  The  Ft  progeny  of  this  grain  ap- 
proximated the  expected  dihybrid  ratio  in  a  cross  in  which  stardiy  endosperm 
and  purple  aleurone  were  dominant  characters.  Among  the  1,083  grains  com- 
prising the  Fi  progeny,  12  showed  the  reappearance  of  the  mosaic  pattern  ex- 
hibited by  the  parent ;  but  this  number  is  deemed  to  be  insufficient  to  indicate 
Mendelian  inheritance.  Similar  phenomena  observed  by  other  investigatoTs  in 
com  and  several  plant  genera  are  briefly  noted  and  evidence  is  presented  whidi 
is  believed  to  disprove  the  theory  of  an  independent  developmoit  of  the  second 
pollen  tube  nucleus  and  the  endosperm  nucleus,  a  factor  mutation  occurring  in 
a  single  scxnatic  cell  and  producing  a  chimera  being  regarded  as  a  more  probable 
explanation. 

The  appearance  of  a  half  purple  and  half  white  sweet  grain  among  the  Fi 
progeny  is  expected  to  furnish  proof  supporting  the  mutation  hypothesis,  for  "if 
the  progeny  from  this  grain  gives  evidence  that  the  embyro  is  homozygous  for 
the  purple  color,  then  the  change  from  purple  to  white  in  the  aleurone  can 
only  have  come  about  by  somatic  mutation  in  the  manner  herein  described,** 
whereas  if  this  grain  proves  to  be  heteroaygous  for  purple  and  for  white,  ''no 
violence  will  be  done  to  our  mutation  conc^tion  of  the  origin  of  the  chimera.'* 

FroceedinflTS  of  the  Nebraska  Com  Improvers'  Association  {Anm.  Bpt.  Ne^' 
Com  Improver^  Assoc.,  9  (1918),  pp.  85-69,  92-100,  125-188,  figs.  15).— This 
comprises  a  report  of  the  ninth  annual  meeting  of  the  association  held  at 
Lincoln  in  January,  1918.  The  fallowing  papers  were  presented:  The  Seed 
Corn  Problem,  by  T.  A  Kiesselbach ;  The  Value  of  Continuing  Competitive  Com 
Bxhlbits,  by  F.  J.  Rist;  The  Futility  of  the  "Pretty  Bar"  Com  Show,  by  B. 
Hopt ;  Relation  of  Climate  to  Crops,  by  O.  A  Loveland ;  Emergency  and  Special 
Purpose  Crops,  by  L.  L.  Zook;  and  Corn  as  a  Factor  in  the  Devel<H>ment  of 
Agriculture  in  Nebraska,  by  S.  C.  Bassett 

Com  production  in  Bra^  1916-17  {SstimaHpa  da  ProduogSo  do  MUko  so 
Brazil  {Safra  de  1918-17).  Bio  de  Janeiro,  BraM:  Min.  Agr.,  Indus,  e  Com., 
pp.  92,  pis.  4).— Considerable  statistical  informatlOQ  Is  given  relative  to  tbi 
acreage  and  yield  of  com  in  BrazlL 


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1919]  FIBLD  0B0P8.  827 

Some  obMrvatlmu  on  the  relation  of  lint  length  to  rainfall,  R.  B.  Ejblsicx 
(West  Indian  Buh,  17  (1918),  No,  2,  pp.  79-^2,  fiff.  i).-— ObseryationB  made  dur- 
ing the  season  of  1917-18  showed  a  redaction  in  the  length  of  lint  from  selected 
plants  of  different  strains  of  Sea  Island  cotton,  grown  at  La  On^rite,  St  Eitts, 
of  from  1.8  to  8.2  mm.  as  compared  with  the  lint  obtained  during  1916.  The 
rainfall  from  May  to  December,  1916,  was  66  in.,  and  for  the  same  period  in 
1917  only  31  in.,  indicating  a  possible  correlation  between  the  moisture  supply 
and  the  length  of  lint. 

Tabulated  data  are  presented  showing  the  daily  rainfall  of  the  first  24  days 
of  the  history  of  bolls  opening  on  10  different  dates  in  1917.  Bolls  opening 
between  September  9  and  18  had  only  2.5  in.  of  rain  during  their  critical  period 
of  development,  while  those  opening  between  October  9  and  18  had  6.98  in. 
The  respective  lint  lengths  were  49  and  57  mm.  It  is  concluded,  therefore,  that 
in  this  region  the  length  of  lint  is  dependent  upon  the  moisture  supply  of  the 
plant  at  the  critical  period  of  boll  development  Furthermore,  it  is  deemed 
essential  that  considerable  care  be  exercised  in  making  comparisons  of  the 
length  of  lint  produced  by  cotton  grown  in  different  seasons  or  in  different 
localities,  the  rainfall  of  which  are  in  no  way  comparable. 

Flax:  Its  cultivation  and  preparation  for  market,  H.  R.  Cabteb  (London: 
John  Bale,  Sons  and  Danielsion,  Ltd.,  1918,  pp.  VIII +84,  pis.  2,  figs.  8).— De- 
tailed directions  are  given  for  growing  and  harvesting  the  crop  and  for  prepar- 
ing the  fiber  for  market,  with  special  reference  to  conditions  prevailing  in  Great 
Britain. 

"Flajf,  culture,  its  development,  decline,  and  restoration,  H.  J.  Dannfklt 
(K.  Landthr.  Akad.  HandX.  ooh  Tidskr.,  67  (1918),  No.  7-8,  pp.  472-481). —This 
article  discusses  fiax  culture  from  a  historical  and  statistical  standpoint,  and 
emphasizes  the  quality  of  fiber  produced  in  different  countries,  including 
Sweden.  A  table  is  given  showing  the  area  devoted  to  flax  and  the  yields  of 
seed  and  fiber  in  the  different  provinces  of  Sweden  for  the  years  1870,  1900, 
and  1915.  The  data  presented  point  out  a  very  marked  decline  of  the  Swedish 
flax  industry  during  this  period. 

Tlaz  preparation  and  its  prospects  [in  Sweden],  H.  Hsnnig  {K.  Landthr. 
Akad.  Handl  och  Tidskr.,  67  (1918),  No.  7-8,  pp.  482-600,  figs.  2i).^This  article 
represents  an  illustrated  lecture  on  methods  of  retting,  drying,  breaking,  and 
scutching  fiax.  The  organization,  on  April  20,  1916,  of  a  Swedish  association 
for  the  handling  and  preparation  of  flax  for  fiber  Is  briefly  noted. 

[Flax  production  in  Ireland]  (Ann.  Rpt.  Flam  Supply  Assoc.  Ireland,  60 
(1917),  pp.  59).— Tabulated  statistics  are  presented  showing  the  acreage  and 
yield  of  fiber  fiax  in  Ireland  in  1917,  together  with  information  relative  to  the 
textile  industry  throughout  the  world. 

The  varieties  of  Helianthos  tuberosus,  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell  (Amer.  Nat.,  6S 
(1919),  No.  626,  pp.  188-192,  figs.  2).'^E.  tubero9m  varieties  typious,  ne&raacet^- 
Hs,  alexandri,  purpureilus,  fusiformU,  albus,  and  purpwreus  are  briefly  de- 
scribed, all  but  the  first  having  been  grown  by  the  author  at  Boulder,  Ck>lo. 

The  occurrence  of  dwarfness  in  oats,  O.  W.  Wabbttbton  (Jow.  Amer.  Boo. 
Agron.,  11  (1919),  No.  2,  pp.  72-76,  pk  1). — In  this  paper,  a  contribution  from 
the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  the 
author  notes  the  appearance  of  a  dwarf  type  in  a  head  row  of  Victory  oats 
grown  on  irrigated  land  at  the  Aberdeen  (Idaho)  substation  in  1916.  The 
dwarf  plants  are  described  as  "dense  tufts  of  basal  leaves  with  occasional 
culms  not  over  9  In.  in  height,  bearing  very  small  panicles.  At  the  time  these 
plants  were  found,  early  August,  t)ie  normal  plants  were  nearing  maturity, 
while  the  upper  portions  of  the  panicles  on  the  dwarf  plants  were  Just  emerg- 


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828  BZPEBIMBNT  STATIOlir  BBOOBD.  [VoLiO 

log  from  the  sheaths.  In  most  cases  only  3  or  4  splkelets  emerged,  tfaoagh  a 
few  additional  ones  remained  endosed  within  the  sheatha  These  dwarf  plant! 
for  the  most  part  failed  to  mature  seeds  before  frost,  though  they  wne 
watered  and  protected  from  Injury." 

In  1917  all  the  viable  seeds  from  the  dwarf  plants  produced  dwarfs  exacdy 
like  the  parents,  while  seed  from  10  of  the  tall  plants  grown  In  the  same 
head  row  with  the  dwarfs  In  1916  and  sown  in  individual  plant  rows  In  1B17 
produced  168  tall  plants  and  66  dwarfs,  4  rows  producing  all  tall  planta  In 
3918  seed  produced  in  1917  from  Individual  tall  plants  in  4  of  the  segregating 
plant  rows  were  sown  again  at  Aberdeen,  together  with  seed  from  the  dwarfs 
and  from  rows  showing  all  tall  plants.  The  seed  from  both  tall  and  dwarf 
plants  in  one  segregating  row  was  also  grown  by  H.  H.  Love  at  Cornell  Uni- 
versity, and  that  from  the  remaining  row  by  H.  K.  Hayes  at  the  Minnesota 
Experiment  Station.  Of  the  168  tall  plants  produced  in  1917,  65  proved  to 
be  homozygous  for  tallness  and  103  heterozygous.  The  latter  produced  1,536 
tall  and  514  dwarf  plants. 

It  is  stated  that  "  no  adequate  explanation  of  the  sudden  appearance  of  this 
dwarf  forms  lias  yet  been  found.  The  plant  from  which  it  developed  grew  In 
1915  in  the  varietal  classification  nursery  at  Aberdeen,  and  for  two  or  three 
years  previous  this  lot  of  Victory  oats  had  been  grown  from  buUc  seed 
produced  from  rows  in  this  nursery.  The  Victory  oat  originated  as  a  pnre- 
line  selection  from  a  conmierclal  variety,  not  a  hybrid,  at  the  Swedish  Seed- 
Breeding  Institute,  Sva]5f,  Sweden.  .  .  .  There  is  no  evidence  that  hy- 
bridization has  entered  into  the  production  of  this  dwarf,  though  natural 
hybrids  in  oats  are  not  infrequent  at  Aberdeen." 

The  author  discusses  briefly  the  occurrence  of  dwarfness  in  wheat  witli 
particular  reference  to  plants  described  by  W.  Farrer.* 

The  potato  and  the  war,  J.  M.  Haxraca  (La  Pomme  de  Terre  et  2a  Gtierre. 
Pari%:  lAhr,  Agr.  de  la  Maison  Rustique,  1918,  pp.  64,  flg,  i).— -The  author  pre- 
sents a  brief  compilation  of  information  relative  to  improved  cultural  methods 
resulting  in  increased  yields  of  potatoes  in  France,  with  particular  reference 
to  the  use  of  the  so-called  "  vegetative  tip  "  or  bud  end  of  the  tuber  for  seed. 
The  choice  of  adapted  varieties  and  the  improvement  of  existing  strains  is 
recommended.  The  importance  of  potato  growing  in  the  Army  zone  and  tlie 
place  of  the  potato  in  military  vegetable  gardens  are  discussed. 

Soy  beans  in  Alabama,  E.  F.  Oaitthbn  {Alahama  Col.  8ta.  Bui,  tOS  {1918h 
pp.  89-1^3,  figs.  10). — Directions  are  given  for  growing  the  crop  in  the  State 
based  on  a  review  of  fertilizer,  cultural,  and  variety  tests. 

With  add  phosphate  applied  at  the  rate  of  240  lbs.  per  acre  on  sandy  soil 
there  was  an  average  increase  in  yield  of  hay  of  504  lbs.,  while  with  kainit  and 
sodium  nitrate  there  was  no  appreciable  Increase.  Similar  amounts  of  add 
phosphate  and  rock  phosphate  resulted  in  gains  of  323  and  243  lbs.  of  hay  per 
acre,  respectively.  Chemical  fertilizers  failed  to  produce  any  appreciable  in- 
crease in  yields  of  grain,  while  cottonseed  meal  showed  a  sufficient  increase  oo 
poor  soil  to  Justify  its  use.    Lime  also  showed  an  increase. 

Disinfected  seed  planted  on  soil  where  soy  beans  had  not  been  grown  tor 
several  years  or  never  grown  resulted  in  some  inoculated  plants,  while  plants 
from* seed  similarly  treated  but  sown  on  land  well  supplied  with  barnyard 
manure  possessed  many  nodules  the  first  year. 

Drilling  in  the  seed  at  the  rate  of  5  pk.  per  acre  gave  the  largest  yield  of 
both  grain  and  straw,  while  the  largest  tonnage  of  hay  of  Mammoth  Yellow 
was  secured  from  a  seeding  rate  of  45  lbs.  per  acre  in  rows  2.5  ft  apart 

»AgT.  Gas.  N.  8.  Wales,  9  (1898),  pp.  162-156. 

uigitizea  Dy  vjjOOQIC 


1019]  FIELD  CROPS.  829 

The  leading  varieties  in  seed  production  indnded  BlackUeaoty,  Haberlandt, 
Mammoth  Yellow,  Sherwood,  Tokyo,  Hollybrook,  and  Biioxi.  The  proportions 
of  straw  and  grain  in  the  yield  varied,  ranging  from  18  per  cent  of  grain  for 
Barchet  to  42  per  cent  for  Blackbeauty.  The  time  required  for  the  best  sorts 
to  mature  seed  varied  from  116  to  185  days.  In  1917,  in  cooperation  with  the 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agricoltnre,  41  varieties  and  strains  were  grown  for 
seed,  all  of  which  yielded  less  than  Mammoth  Yellow.  Considerable  varia- 
tion in  the  fat  and  protein  content  of  the  different  varieties  was  also  noted. 

Average  yields  of  hay  were  secured  ranging  from  2,882  to  5,668  lbs.  per  acre. 
The  growing  period  for  10  varieties  varied  from  85  to  112  days.  Bbony,  Holly- 
brook,  Wilson,  and  Otootan  are  said  to  produce  a  good  quality  of  hay,  while 
Mammoth  Yellow  and  Bllozi  are  somewhat  woody. 

A  mixture  of  soy  beans  and  cowpeas  seeded  broadcast  at  the  rate  of.  5  pk. 
each  produced  about  1.25  tons  of  excellent  hay  per  acre.  Reducing  the 
seeding  rate  to  48  lbs.  per  acre  did  not  affect  the  yield,  while  soy  beans  seeded 
at  the  rate  of  64  lbs.  produced  only  about  half  as  much  as  cowpeas  seeded 
alone.  ^ 

Ck>tton  grown  after  soy  beans,  cowpeas,  and  com  produced  1,459,  1,426,  and 
1,141  lbs.  of  seed  cotton  per  acre,  respectively.  Iflxtures  of  Red  Rust  Proof 
oats  and  crimson  clover.  Blue  Stem  wheat  and  crimson  clover,  and  crimson 
clover  alone  following  the  crops  noted  above  produced  4,249,  4,268,  and  3,891 
lbs.  of  hay  per  acre,  refiq[)ectively.  Winter  oats  following  soy  beans  showed  an 
increased  yield  of  178  per  cent  over  that  following  com.  The  average  yields 
of  grain  for  an  8-year  period  amounted  to  1,677  Iba  of  com  per  acre,  611  lbs. 
of  cowpeas,  and  721  lbs.  of  soy  beans. 

Rabbits,  nematodes,  wilt,  and  root  rot  are  said  to  be  the  most  common 
enemies  of  soy  beans. 
Brief  descriptions  are  presented  of  22  leading  varietiea 
Growing  soy  beans  in  Alabaxna,  B.  F.  Gattthsn  (Alabama  Col.  Bta.  Bui.  20B 
{1918),  pp.  81-84).— ThiM  is  a  popular  edition  of  the  bulletin  noted  above. 

Studies  in  Indian  sugar  canea— IH,  The  classiflcation  of  Indian  canes 
with  special  reference  to  the  Saretha  and  SunnabUe  groups,  G.  A  Babbkb 
(Mem.  Dept.  Agr.  India,  Boi.  8er.,  9  (1918),  Ho.  4,  pp.  129-218,  pU.  11,  figs.  «).— 
The  author  presents  a  further  contribution  to  the  subject  (B.  S.  R,  83,  p.  835; 
86,  p.  787),  comprising  a  report  on  a  classification  of  heretofore  unidentified 
indigenous  sugar  cane  varieties  grown  at  the  cane-breeding  station,  Goimbatore. 
Two  additional  groups  of  varieties  have  been  recognized  and  are  designated 
as  the  Saretha  and  the  Sunnabile,  respectively,  these  being  the  names  of 
typical  varieties  in  each  group. 

Observations  were  made  during  the  1916  and  1917  cropping  seasons.  The 
work  as  presented  embraces  a  general  list  of  the  characters  dealt  with  fol- 
lowed by  a  summary  in  tabular  form  of  the  principal  differences  noted  be- 
tween the  two  groups;  notes  on  the  dissection  of  stools  as  demonstrating  the 
thickness  of  early  and  late  canes  and  the  relative  systems  of  branching  in  the 
groups;  outlines  of  a  method  for  constracting  an  ideal  cane  for  a  variety  or 
group  b;*  averaging  measurements  of  the  lengths  of  organs  at  successive  joints ; 
and  a  detailed  list  of  the  characters  in  which  differences  were  observed  with 
tables  of  measurements  for  the  individual  varieties  in  each  group. 

It  is  stated  that  the  data  upon  which  the  classification  is  based  also  present 
Information  regarding  the  lines  of  evolution  among  certain  cultivated  canes, 
and  that  marked  progress  has  been  made  in  tracing  the  origin  from  the  wild 
ancestor.  A  series  of  connecting  links  between  the  cultivated  sorts  and  wild 
Sacchamms  now  growing  in  India  are  believed  to  have  been  established. 


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880  BXFEBIBiCRNT  &IATIOS  BEGOBD.  [Tol.40 

The  dasfiifloatioii  of  indigenous  Indian  canee,  O.  A.  Babbeb  {Agr.  Jmtr. 
India,  11  (1916),  No.  4,  pp.  871-976).— This  is  a  brief  preUminary  note  of  work 
described  in  detail  above. 

Growing  sugar  cane  for  sirup,  P.  A.  Yodxb  (17.  £f.  Dept.  Agr.,  Parm&r^  BuL 
1034  (1919) f  pp.  S6,  figs.  i5).— Directions  are  given  for  growing  and  harvesdng 
sugar  cane  in  those  regions  where  sirup  is  produced  essentially  as  a  sooall  farm 
enterprise.  Insect  and  disease  pests  affecting  the  crop  are  briefly  described. 
Information  is  also  presented  relative  to  the  equipment  and  labor  required  for 
cane  production  and  sirup  making.  Notes  on  marketing  the  sirup  and  on 
the  utilization  of  the  by-products  are  included. 

A  more  detailed  account  of  the  subject  has  been  noted  (R  8.  B.,  86,  p.  836). 

The  inheritance  of  the  length  of  the  flowering  and  ripening  periods  In 
wheat,  W.  P.  Thompson  (Proa  and  Trant.  Boy.  Boo.  Canada,  S.  ser.,  It  (1918), 
Sect.  IV-V,  pp.  69-87). — Oosses  made  between  many  wheat  varieties  differing 
widely  in  regard  to  the  length  of  the  ripening  and  heading  periods  are  described. 
The  crosses  involved  parents  differing  only  slightly  over  the  whole  range  of 
variation  as  well  as  those  showing  successively  greater  differences.  The  varie- 
ties used  included  Prelude,  Bobs,  Marquis,  Preston,  Bed  Fife,  Alaska,  Kubank, 
and  Club  in  the  order  of  ripening  in  1917.  All  parental  stock  had  been  grown 
in  pure  lines  for  several  years.  The  data  presented  in  this  paper  for  tbe 
parental  varieties  and  Ft  progeny  refer  to  the  season  of  1917  and  for  the  Ft 
plants  to  the  season  of  1916. 

Sunmiarizing,  the  author  states  that  the  Fi  plants  matured  with  the  late 
parent,  this  appearing  to  be  a  case  not  of  dominance  but  of  pos^nement  of  the 
hereditary  maturation  period  due  to  vigor  of  crossing.  The  Ft  plants  formed 
regular  curves  of  probability  with  intermediate  means,  in  most  oases  the  vari- 
ation extending  from  below  the  mean  of  the  lower  parent  to  above  the  mean 
of  the  higher  parent.  Where  parents  differed  only  slightly  the  parental  ex- 
tremes were  sometimes  exceeded,  while  with  wide  differences  the  parental  ex- 
tremes were  not  always  reached  though  the  parental  means  were  usoally  ex- 
ceeded. 

"  Interpreting  the  results  on  the  basis  of  the  multiple  determiner  hypothesis 
of  blending,  the  sum  of  the  differences  between  each  successive  pair  of  parents 
seems  to  be  much  greater  than  it  should  be  on  the  evidence  of  direct  crossea 
This  hypothesis  therefore  fails  to  explain  satisfactorily  the  results  as  a 
whole,  though  it  may  explain  satisfactorily  the  results  of  each  individual  crosa 
Earliness  can  be  combined  with  other  desirable  qualities  by  Mendelian  methods^ 
though  it  is  necessary  to  raise  very  large  numbers  of  plants  because  the  great 
majority  are  intermediate.'* 

Investigations  on  the  content  of  sugar  and  dry  matter  of  several  winter 
wheat  varieties,  A.  Aksjimaf,  H.  Johansson,  and  B.  Platon  {Sveriget  Ut$&- 
desf&r.  Tid9kr.,  28  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  216-$24f  flgs.  S). --Samples  of  four  dif- 
ferent varieties  of  winter  wheat,  Swedish  Common,  Sol  Wheat  II,  Wilhelmiiia, 
and  Small  Tystofte  II,  were  taken  on  eight  different  dates  from  November  12, 
1917,  to  February  16,  1918,  inclusive.  The  percentage  of  dry  matter  in  the 
fresh  material  and  the  percentage  of  reducing  substances,  designated  as  sugar 
in  the  dry  matter,  were  determined  to  ascertain  a  possible  relationehip  between 
winter  wheat  resistance  and  the  content  of  reducing  substances.  The  results 
of  the  determinations,  presented  in  tables,  indicated  that  in  the  hardier  varie- 
ties the  sugar  content  was  higher  as  a  rule  than  in  the  varietiea  having  lower 
winter  resistant  qualities. 

Swedish  (Common,  the  hardiest  variety  in  the  group,  was  in  every  determina' 
tion  the  highest  in  reducing  substances,  while  Sol  Wheat  II  stood  next  and 
Small  Tystofte  II,  the  least  resistant  of  the  three,  was  last    Wilhelmina,  whidi 


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1919]  FIELD  OBOPS.  881 

has  shown  the  smallest  degree  of  winter  resistance  of  the  Tarietles  under  test, 
did  not  in  all  of  the  eight  tests  have  a  sngar  content  lower  than  that  of  Small 
Tystofte  II.  Results  thas  far  obtained  in  these  inyestigations  are  not  con- 
sidered adequate  to  warrant  their  application  in  wheat  breeding  work. 

A  dwarf  wlieat,  Q.  H.  Outlxb  {Jour.  Amer.  Boc.  Agran,,  11  (1919),  No.  t,  pp. 
76-78). — In  this  paper,  a  contribution  from  the  University  of  Alberta,  the  author 
notes  the  occurrence  of  dwarf  plants  in  a  head  row  of  Marquis  wheat  grown  at 
the  Uniyersity  of  Saskatchewan  from  seed  of  typical  Marquis  plants  selected 
in  1918.  The  dwarf  is  described  as  being  about  9  in.  in  heli^t,  while  typical 
Marquis  measured  as  high  as  40  in.  Head  rows  from  both  tall  and  dwarf 
plants  were  grown  in  1915  and  1916,  it  being  stated  that  "aU  obsenrationa 
seemed  to  point  to  tbe  fitct  that  this  dwarf  condition  was  a  simple  dominant 
to  taUness,  despite  the  fact  that  the  original  parait  was  to  all  intents  and  pur- 
poses a  normal  talL" 

Although  Marquis  wheat  was  derived  from  a  cross  between  a  dwarf  Indian 
wheat,  known  as  Hard  Red  Calcutta,  and  Red  Fife,  it  is  regarded  as  ques- 
tionable whether  the  dwarfness  observed  in  the  cultures  noted  above  can  be 
attributed  to  the  Indian  ancestor.  Dwarf  forms  occurred  frequently  in 
Marquis  in  1914,  1916,  and  1916^  and  in  other  varieties  of  wheat  similarly 
treated,  including  Red  Fife. 

Bussian  wheat,  L.  Feldb  (Le  BU  i2iiMe.«  LattMnne  and  PgHb:  Lihr.  Payo$ 
d  Co.,  1917,  pp.  168,  pU.  2,  figs.  6;  rev.  in  Science,  n.  %er.,  48  (1918),  No.  1240,  pp. 
SS6,  SS7). — ^This  paper  deals  with  the  production  and  export  of  Russian  wheat, 
including  a  rather  detailed  discussion  of  soil,  climatic,  technical,  and  social  con- 
ditions pertaining  to  wheat  production,  and  of  all  phases  of  internal  and  external 
transport,  with  particular  refereaice  to  exports  to  Switzerland. 

Wheat  growing  and  wheat  experiments  ( Unicn  Bo.  Africa,  Depi.  Agr.  Local 
Ser.  No.  2S  {1918),  pp.  38).— a?his  briefly  describes  cultural,  fertilizer,  and 
variety  tests. with  wheat  in  South  Africa. 

Seed  Reporter  {V.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Seed  Rptr.,  B  {1919),  No.  10,  pp.  8,  figs*  4).^ 
The  principal  features  of  this  number  include  observations  on  European  seed 
Gonditions,  as  reported  by  A.  J.  Pieters  and  W.  A.  Wheeler,  and  tentative  seed 
production  and  consumption  maps  showing  the  counties  of  the  United  States 
reported  as  normally  producing  either  a  surplus,  a  sufficient,  or  an  insufficient 
quantity  of  Siberian  millet,  Japanese  millet,  sumac  sorgo,  and  Sudan  grass 
seed  as  compared  with  the  planting  requirements  of  each  county. 

Market  conditions  relating  to  various  kinds  of  field  seeds  in  five  geographical 
divisions  are  noted,  together  with  infbrmation  regardng  the  movement  and 
supplies  of  soy  beans,  cowpeas,  and  velvet  beans,  and  wholesale  and  retail 
selling  prices  of  80  kinds  of  field  seeds  about  March  20,  1919.  Tabular  data 
are  also  presented  showing  the  average  percentage  of  different  varieties  of  soy 
beans  and  cowpeas  normally  handled  by  wholesale  and  retail  dealers,  together 
with  the  amount  normally  shipped  out  from  producing  sections  by  local  ship- 
pers for  a  number  of  States. 

The  advantages  to  the  farmer  in  buying  labeled  seed  only  are  briefly  dis- 
cussed by  E.  Brown. 

The  usual  statistics  relating  to  imports  of  forage  plant  seeds  permitted  entry 
into  the  United  States  are  included. 

Agricultural  seed  inspected  in  March  and  April,  1918,  .0.  P.  Sicrrs  {Mary- 
land 8ta.  BuL  224  {1918),  pp.  il^-i55).— This  bulletin  reports  the  results  of 
purity  and  germination  tests  with  725  official  samples  of  agricultural  seeds 
collected  during  March  and  April,  1918»  showing  the  values  given  on  the  tags 
and  those  found  by  examination. 


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832  EXPERIMBNT  STATION  REGOBD.  [Vol.  40 

Beport  on  the  State  seed  control,  K.  DoBPH-PETEBaiN  (Tidsskr.  Planteavl,  25 
(1918),  No.  4,  pp.  569''G28).—A  g^eral  discosslon  of  tbe  activities  for  the  yetr 
ended  June  30,  1918,  representing  the  fortynseyenth  year  of  the  work.  Is 
presented,  and  statistics  regarding  the  number  of  seed  analyses  and  tbelr 
results  for  the  year  in  question  as  well  as  for  the  period  from  ld06  are  given. 

In  the  year  1917-18,  19,242  seed  samples  were  examined^  as  compared  witb 
4,197  for  the  year  1906-7.  The  average  results  of  all  tests  for  each  specks 
from  1908  to  1918  and  also  for  the  year  1917-18  are  set  forth  in  tables,  witii 
the  data  relating  to  number  of  samples.  1,000  kernel  weight,  foreign  seeds, 
weed  seeds,  inert  matter,  clean  seed,  time  required  fbr  germination,  and 
vitality  of  seed. 

Beport  on  the  activities  of  the  Swedish  Seed  Association  in  Voorland  hi 
1917,  A.  Ulandeb  (SveHffCB  UUUdetfdr.  Tidshr,,  28  (1918),  Vo.  5,  pp.  225-240).-- 
Results  are  briefly  reported  of  crop  tests  in  different  parts  of  Norrland  wlQi 
timothy,  meadow  fescue,  meadow  foxtail,  red  clover,  grass  and  clover  mixtnreB, 
barley,  oats,  peas,  rye,  and  root  crops. 

ZnvestigationB  of  weed  growth  as  related  to  mineral  soils  in  Denmark, 
G.  FsBomANDSEN  (Tidsskr.  Planteavl,  25  (1918),  Nom,  i,  pp,  629-758;  5,  pp. 
763-926)  .—Thin  article  presents  an  historical  revlcrw  of  the  more  important 
methods  of  classif^g  species  according  to  environment  and  locality,  discDSBes 
the  relation  of  the  chemical  and  mi«H>biological  soil  reactions  to  the  distribution 
of  species,  and  notes  the  changes  occurring  in  plant  groups  or  populations  Tbe 
plant  survey  methods  used  by  different  investigators  are  described,  and  the 
determination  of  the  number  of  individuals  or  sprouts  in  relation  to  w^^t, 
area  and  volume,  and  of  the  distribution  to  frequency  and  area  values  are 
discussed.  The  author  classifies  the  more  important  species  according  to  thdr 
frequency  as  abundant,  subabundant,  frequent,  and  subfrequoit,  and  explains 
by  means  of  formulas  and  oth^wise  how  he  arrives  at  these  different  degrees 
of  frequency. 

In  studying  the  plant  populations  of  different  localities  the  soU  reactions 
were  determined,  and  the  results  are  tabulated  showing  the  number  of  times 
the  species  were  found  on  add  or  lime  poor  and  on  alkaline  soils.  LiistB  are 
submitted  of  the  species  of  weeds  showing  preference  for  acid,  alkaline,  or 
neutral  soils.  Observations  were  made  further  regarding  the  age  of  plant 
populations,  the  causes  determining  changes  in  the  flora  of  a  locality,  and  Hie 
successions  which  occur.  Studies  were  made  also  of  a  large  number  of  plant 
populations  with  reference  to  the  species  represented  and  their  relative  im- 
portance, the  kind  of  soil  and  its  reaction,  the  effect  of  soil  inoculation  wiHi 
Azotobacter  and  the  crop  rotation  followed.  The  results  thus  obtained  are 
given  in  a  series  of  68  tables.    A  bibliography  of  90  references  is  appended. 

The  protein  content  and  microohemical  tests  of  the  seeds  of  some  common 
Iowa  weeds,  L.  H.  Pammbl  and  A  W.  Doz  {Proo.  Iowa  Acad.  ScL,  2i  (1911), 
pp.  5B7-Jdi?).— Tabulated  data  are  presented  showing  the  weight  of  50  seeds, 
the  number  of  seeds  per  gram,  and  the  protein  content  of  59  different  kinds  of 
weed  seeds,  together  virith  the  results  of  microchemical  tests  for  starch,  pro- 
tein, and  fat  in  108  kinds. 

The  weight  of  60  seeds  ranged  from  0.0084  gm.  for  mulldUi  (Verbiucim 
ihap9U8)  to  2.826  gm.  for  horse  gentian  (Triosteum  perfoUatum).  The  pro- 
tein content  of  the  seeds  examined  varied  from  8.24  per  cent  for  smnach 
(Rhus  fflahra)  to  35.05  per  cent  for  sweet  clover  (MeUiotut  alia). 

Useful  farm  weeds,  W.  B.  Bbbnchlky  (Jour.  Bd.  Agr.  [XrOfufon],  25  (191S)f 
No.  8,  pp.  949^58). — The  uses  of  the  common  farm  weeds  other  than  bracken 
and  heather  for  medicine,  dyes,  forage,  human  food,  green  manures,  fiber,  and 


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1910]  HOBTICULTUKB.  838 

for  mlscellaneoiis  purposes  such  as  fael,  scouring  agents,  etc.,  are  briefly  indl> 
cated. 

Injnriona  weed  seeds  in  grasses  and  cloTers  harvested  for  seed  In  Britain 
iJaur.  Br.  Agr,  ILondonh  25  (1918),  No.  8,  pp.  $41-^48) .—WeeA  seeds  f6iind 
in  samples  of  rye  grasses  and  doyers  are  listed,  methods  of  eradicating  certain 
harmful  weeds  indicated,  and  means  of  identifying  weeds  scheduled  as  in- 
jurious in  the  Testing  of  Seeds  Order  briefly  noted. 

The  eradication  of  yellow  rattle  {Aherystwlth:  Univ.  OoL  Wale*  {1919},  pp. 
8).— This  weed  (Rhinanthus  orUta-ffalU) ,  said  to  be  largely  parasitic  on  the 
roots  of  grasses,  is  briefly  described,  and  methods  for  its  eradication  in  meadows 
outlined.  Relatlyely  heavy  applications  of  salt  (about  0.5  ton  per  acre) 
proved  most  effective  in  erterminatlng  the  seedling  plants. 

HOSTICULTUBE. 

Horticulture  and  the  war,  O.  A.  McCub  (Proc.  Amer.  8oc.  Hort.  8ci.,  15 
{1918) f  pp.  68-72). — A  brief  discussion  of  horticultural  activities  in  relation  to 
the  war,  including  a  list  of  horticulturists  in  the  military  and  naval  services 
on  special  war  work. 

Horticultural  extension  work  in  Indiana,  G.  L.  Bxtbkholdeb  (Proc.  Amer. 
8oc.  Hori.  8ci.,  15  {1918),  pp.  56-59). — ^Extension  work  in  various  branched  of 
horticulture  is  outlined. 

Extension  work  in  horticulture,  W.  R.  Beattix  {Proc.  Amer.  8oc.  Hori.  8ci., 
15  (1918),  pp.  45-49). — An  outline  of  extension  activities  of  the  U.  S.  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  along  the  line  of  vegetable  production. 

Vegetable  gardening  on  a  war  basis  in  the  colleges  and  stations,  0.  E. 
Mtixs  {Proc.  Amer.  8oc.  Hort.  Sci.,  15  {ltU8),  pp.  95-99). — ^A  review  of  activi- 
ties at  the  various  colleges  and  stations  dealing  with  the  stimulation  of  vege- 
table production. 

The  war  garden  victorious,  O.  L.  Pack  {Philadelphia:  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co., 
1919,  pp.  XYI +179+1641,  pis.  65,  fig:  i-*(?).— This  is  essentially  a  report  of  the 
activities  of  the  National  War  Garden  Commission  in  connection  with  the 
stimulation  of  vegetable  production  throughout  the  coimtry  during  the  period 
of  the  war. 

The  city  home  garden,  W.  R.  Beattie  ( XJ.  8.  Dept.  Agr,,  Farm^ral  Bui.  1044 
{1919),  pp.  59,  figs.  16). — ^This  contains  practical  instructions  for  growing  the 
more  important  vegetables,  special  attention  being  given  to  problems  that  con- 
front the  city  gardener. 

Vegetable  seed  growing  and  breeding,  J.  W.  Cbow  {Proc.  Am^r.  Soc.  Hort. 
Sci.,  15  {1918),  pp.  88-95).— An  account  of  vegetable  seed  breeding  work  con- 
ducted at  the  Agricultural  College,  Guelph,  Ontario,  during  recent  years. 

Instructions  for  seed  production  in  Switzerland,  E.  Ret  {Instruction  8om>- 
maire  sur  la  Production  des  Prindpales  Oraines  Potagdres  en  8ui88e.  Bern: 
D4pt.  8uis8e  Scon.  Pub.,  1917,  pp.  18). — ^This  is  designed  to  encourage  produc- 
tion, by  Swiss  growers,  of  more  and  better  vegetable  seeds,  giving  directions 
for  cultivation,  selection,  and  storage. 

Onions,  garlic,  and  spinach,  F.  Gascia  {New  Mexico  8ta.  Bui.  115  {1918),  pp. 
26,  figs.  9). — This  bulletin,  which  is  Issued  in  Spanish,  contains  practical  direc- 
tions for  growing  onions,  garlic,  and  spinach,  based  on  cultural  experimei\ts 
conducted  at  the  station. 

Pollination  of  tomatoes,  A.  Q.  B.  Bouquet  {Oregon  8ta.  Bui.  158  {1919),  pp. 
29,  figs.  5). — In  continuation  of  previous  work  (E.  S.  R.,  32,  p.  636),  an  account 
is  given  of  experiments  conducted  in  the  station  greenhouse  and  in  cooperation 


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834  EXFEBIMBZrr  station  REGOBD.  [ToL40 

with  commercial  growen  during  ih»  period  1915-1019.  In  obtaining  neoeasaxy 
data  a  total  of  about  80,000  tomato  bloasoma  haye  been  jmder  obaervattco. 
The  results  of  other  InvestigatorB  are  reviewed  and  a  bibliography  is  appended. 

Hand  pollination  of  fiowen  has  reduced  the  number  of  unfruitful  blossoms 
from  66  per  cent  to  20  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  flowers  produced,  tiie 
percentage  of  reduction  depending  upon  the  comparatlTe  thorouglmess  of  the 
pollination.  For  various  causes  difficult  to  control,  wh«i  wortlng  with  a  large 
number  of  blossoms,  a  reduction  below  20  per  cent  of  unfruitful  blosstHos 
seemed  to  be  lnq[)osslble.  The  average  fruitfulness  in  typical  plants  of  15  crops 
of  tomatoes  was  72  per  cent  for  pollinated  blossoms  and  86  per  cent  for  unpal- 
linated  blossoms.  The  average  yields  for  pollinated  and  unpolUnated  plants 
were  7.4  and  4.4  lbs.  of  tomatoes,  respectlTdy.  The  percentage  of  fruitfnlness 
and  unfruitfulness  of  individual  clusters  of  a  crop  given  specific  treatment 
varied  to  a  considerable  extent,  but  total  and  average  records  indicated  a  re- 
markable mean  of  percentage  of  uniformity  of  all  dusters. 

Of  various  methods  of  pollination  tried,  the  emasculation  method  has  been 
more  widely  used  than  any  other,  and  is  recommended  principally  because  of 
ease  in  applying  pollen,  prevention  of  duplication  of  pollination,  and  thoroosh- 
ness  of  application  at  a  time  when  the  flower  is  most  receptive.  Details  de- 
veloped at  the  station  in  using  the  emasculation  method  are  described. 

Hand  pollination  of  blossoms  stimulated  early  development  of  the  fruit  as 
compared  with  naturally  pollinated  blossoms.  Fruits  produced  from  hand-pol- 
linated flowers  have  been  harvested  as  early  as  21  days  before  fruit  from  plants 
not  artificially  pollinated.  The  author  points  out  that  the  cost  of  pollinatlOB 
for  the  entire  season,  which  was  approximately  8  cts.  per  plant,  may  be  covered 
by  increased  yields  from  pollinated  plants  in  the  first  two  weeks  of  harvesting; 
when  higher  prices  prevail.  The  comparative  net  returns  of  plants  after  de- 
ducting the  cost  of  pollination  show  an  Increased  value  of  from  16  to  67  cts.  a 
plant,  or  an  average  of  38  cts.  a  plant  for  pollination. 

It  is  pointed  out  that  whereas  regularity  and  thoroughness  of  pollination  are 
conducive  to  high  plant  yield,  inexperienced  labor,  haste,  and  Irregularity  in 
doing  the  work  may  not  produce  profitable  net  results. 

Orgranizing  canhouse  tomato  growers  for  emergency  production,  R.  W.  Ds- 
Battn  (Proc.  Amer.  Sac,  Hort.  BoL,  15  {1918),  pp.  59-69).— The  method  of  or- 
ganizing tomato  growers*  associations  in  Delaware^  Maryland,  and  New  Jersey 
is  described. 

XSxtenslon  service  in  pomology  in  the  XT.  8.  Department  of  A^rrlcultore, 
O.  P.  Closb  {Proc.  Amer,  Boo.  Hort.  BoL,  16  (1918),  pp.  49^2). —An  outline  of 
the  Department's  extension  activities  relating  to  fruit  production. 

XSxtension  work  in  pomology  in  New  York,  R.  W.  Rxbs  (Proa  Amer.  Soe, 
Hort.  BoL,  IS  (1918) ^  pp.  SS-^6). — An  outline  of  extension  activities  in  New 
York  State. 

Beport  of  eonunittee  on  variety  testing,  J.  H.  Oottbuet  (Proc.  Amer.  Boe, 
Hort.  Boi.,  16  (1918),  pp.  106-110).— A  list  is  given  of  large  or  notable  col- 
lections of  fruits  and  nuts  at  American  colleges  and  experiment  stations,  to- 
gether with  partial  Usts  of  variety  collections  in  the  hands  of  private  growers 
and  nurseries. 

Winter  injury  of  fruit  trees,  J.  Oskaicp  (IfMana  Bta.  Giro.  87  (1918),  pp. 
11,  figs.  P).— A  brief  survey  of  the  extent  and  nature  of  winter  injury  to  fruit 
trees  in  Indiana  during  the  severe  winter  of  1917-18,  with  suggestions  on  the 
treatment  and  care  of  winter-injured  trees.  A  note  on  Insects  Associated 
with  Winter  Injury,  by  R.  W.  Kelley,  of  the  Bureau  of  Entomology  of  the 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  is  also  IndudedL 


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1919]  HOKTICULTURB.  835 

The  author  condades  that  the  damage  cut  the  bearing  acreage  of  peaches 
in  the  State  at  least  00  per  cent,  whereas  only  a  small  percentage  of  the  apple 
acreage  was  completely  killed.  Elevation  and  varieties  were  among  the  most 
important  factors  in  influencing  winter  injury.  A  high  elevation  proved  to 
be  a  decided  protection  for  both  peaches  and  apples.  Baldwin,  Stayman,  Ben 
Davis,  Northern  Spy,  York  Imperial,  and  Jonathan  were  the  most  tender 
varieties,  about  In  the  order  named.  Grimes  Qolden,  Winesap,  and  Rome 
Beauty  were  not  damaged  suflaciently  to  be  classed  as  tender.  Northwestern 
Greening  and  Delicious  appeared  to  be  entirely  hardy  in  Indiana.  Since  El- 
berta  is  the  chief  commercial  peach  grown,  very  few  data  were  secured  on 
peach  varieties. 

Of  the  less  important  fruits,  pears  and  plums,  except  the  American  varieties, 
suffered  somewhat  more  than  apples.  Sweet  cherries  were  next  in  tender- 
ness to  the  peach.  Sour  cherries  and  American  plums  were  practically  unin- 
jured. 

Winter  injury  to  fruit  trees  in  New  Jersey,  M.  A.  Blake  (Proe,  Amer,  800, 
Hort.  BcL,  16  (1918),  pp.  24,  25). —A.  discussion  similar  to  the  above. 

Winter  injury  in  New  York  State  during  1917-18,  W.  H.  Ghandleb  (Proo, 
Amer.  80c.  Hort.  8ci.,  IS  (1918),  pp.  iS-S^).— A  discussion  of  the  nature  and 
extent  of  winter  injury  to  fruit  trees  in  various  parts  of  New  York  State. 

Winter  injury  to  fruits  in  Wisconsin  in  1018,  J.  G.  Moobx  {Proc.  Amer. 
80c.  Hort.  Sd,,  15  (1918),  pp.  SI,  S2). — ^A  brief  discussion  similar  to  the  above. 

Winter  injury  in  Canada,  W.  T.  MACoxm  (Proc.  Amer,  Soc.  Hort.  8cl.,  15 
(1918),  pp.  18-17).— A  discussion  of  the  nature  and  extent  of  winter  injury  to 
fHiit  trees  at  the  Experimental  Farm,  Ottawa,  and  elsewhere  in  Canada,  with 
special  reference  to  the  winter  of  1917--18. 

Winter  injury  in  Indiana,  J.  Oskaicp  (Proo.  Am^r.  80c.  Hort.  8ci.,  15 
(1918),  pp.  25^0). — ^A  discussion  similar  to  the  above,  including  some  data  on 
a  limited  experiment  in  pruning  frozen  peach  trees.  Although  the  results  are 
not  conclusive,  they  indicate  that  the  trees  should  receive  only  a  moderate 
pruning  while  in  a  dormant  condition.  Heavy  pruning  and  dehorning  was 
disastrous  when  performed  while  the  trees  were  dormant,  but  was  fairly  suc- 
ceflsfnl  when  performed  after  the  trees  were  In  fall  leaf.  Moderate  pruning 
either  early  or  late  seemed  to  be  all  the  trees  required. 

Winter  injury  in  Ohio,  W.  Paddock  (Proc.  Amer.  800.  Hort.  8oi,,  15  (1918), 
pp.  SO,  SI).— A  discussion  similar  to  the  above.  The  experience  of  practical 
growers  in  Ohio  demonstrated  that  moderate  pruning  of  frozen  peach  trees 
gives  better  results  than  either  severe  or  very  light  pruning,  or  than  no 
pruning  at  alL 

The  pruning  of  winter-injured  peach  trees,  A.  J.  Gundebson  (Proc.  Amer. 
Boo.  Hort.  8ci.,  IS  (1918),  pp.  S2^8). — ^A  discussion  of  winter-injury  to  peach 
trees  in  Blinois,  including  the  results  of  pruning  experiments  conducted  under 
the  direction  of  the  Illinois  Experiment  Station. 

On  three,  four,  and  flve-year  old  Elberta  peach  trees,  moderate  pruning  in 
tbe  form  of  clipping  back  of  last  year's  growth  gave  the  best  results  from 
tbe  standpoint  of  size,  shape,  and  openness  of  the  trees  and  in  the  number  of 
strong  fruit  buds.  Dehorning  winter-injured  peach  trees  of  these  ages  proved 
to  be  a  poor  practice,  and  was  entirely  unnecessary.  No  pruning  at  all  gave 
better  results  than  dehorning.  Nitrate  of  soda  at  the  rate  of  1  lb.  per  tree 
increased  the  amount  and  color  of  the  foliage  on  moderately  pruned  4-year-old 
ESIberta  trees,  but  was  of  little  value  on  dehorned  treea 

Discoloration  of  the  inner  wood  of  peach  trees  is  not  an  absolute  indication 
of  the  inability  of  trees  to  recover  from  the  effects  of  winter  injury.  New 
■apwood  formed  in  most  cases  when  pronounced  discoloration  had  resulted* 


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836  BXPEBIMEKT  STATION  RECOBD.  [Vol.  40 

The  relation  of  time  of  blooming  to  ripening  period  in  peach  varieties, 
J.  B.  S.  NoBTON  (Proc  Amer.  Soe.  Hart  80L,  15  (1918),  pp.  66,  67,  fig.  I).— Tlie 
author  presents  tables,  baaed  on  an  examination  of  data  bearing  on  peaches 
of  New  York  (K  S.  R.,  38,  p.  42) »  relative  to  the  blgoming  and  fruiting  periods 
of  179  varieties  of  peaches.  These  indicate  in  a  general  way  that  the  later  the 
blooming  of  peaches  the  later  the  ripening. 

Five  years'  results  in  plum  pollination.  A.,  H.  Herdsickson  (Proc  Atner. 
Soc.  Hart,  fifci.,  15  (1918),  pp.  65,  66). — ^A  summary  of  the  author's  paper  on 
this  subject,  discussing  the  results  of  five  years'  investigations  in  pollination 
studies  conducted  at  the  University  of  GaUfomia.  Of  the  Japanese  varieties 
tested.  Combination,  Kelsey,  Satsuma,  Burbank,  Wickson,  Sultan,  and  Abund- 
ance were  self-sterile.    The  Climax  was  self-fertile  or  at  least  partly  so. 

Among  the  European  plums  and  prunes  Clyman,  Tragedy,  and  Robe  de  Ser- 
geant were  self -sterile.  Imperial  occasionally  set  fruit  with  its  own  pollen,  bnt 
for  commercial  purposes  may  be  classed  as  self-sterile.  The  Fr^ich  (Agen) 
and  Sugar  prunes  were  self-fertile.  No  cases  of  inter-sterility,  either  in  the 
Japanese  or  European  plums,  were  found. 

Some  factors  favoring  or  opposing  fruitfolness  in  apples. — The  effect  of 
certain  conditions  and  practices  on  the  development  and  performance  of  the 
individual  fruit  spur,  C.  C.  Wiogans  (Miasouri  Sta.  Research  BuL  S2  {191S), 
pp.  SSO,  pis.  4,  fig.  1). — ^The  results  of  a  number  of  experiments  dealing  with 
fruitfulness  in  apples  are  reported.  These  Include  performance  records  of  fruit 
spurs;  sap  concentration  studies,  both  by  the  freezing  method  and  by  actual 
chemical  analyses;  fertilizer  experiments,  and  experiments  in  girdling,  tillage, 
pruning,  and  etherization.  A  review  of  the  literature  bearing  upon  the  favor- 
ing or  opposing  fruitfulness  in  apples  is  included. 

Various  performance  records  of  individual  fruit  spun  on  trees  of  differat 
varieties  of  apples  were  started  in  1913  and  continued  for  a  5-year  period  in 
order  to  determine  whether  an  individual  spur  or  branch  blossoms  two  or  more 
years  in  succession,  in  alternate  years,  or  only  once  in  its  life  history  as  a  froit 
bearer.  The  data  from  these  records  are  here  tabulated  in  summarized  form 
and  discussed. 

Jonathan,  Grimes,  and  Winesap  were  able  to  develop  a  fairly  high  per- 
centage of  blossoms  each  year  while  Rome,  York,  and  Gano  produced  an  ex- 
ceedingly high  percentage  of  blossoms  one  season  and  a  very  low  one  the  next 
The  varieties  used  show  remarkable  uniformity  with  respect  to  the  percentage 
of  the  individual  fruit  spurs  which  alternate,  that  is,  bloom  only  once  in  two 
years.  Jonathan  and  Winesap  were  able  to  develop  blossoms  in  successive 
seasons  on  the  same  spur  in  a  much  greater  proportion  than  the  other  varieties 
observed. 

The  work  indicates  that  the  soil  in  which  the  tree  is  growing  has  little  effect 
upon  the  performance  of  the  individual  spurs  with  respect  to  alternation.  Con- 
trary to  the  results  of  some  investigators,  however,  it  appears  that  the  frnitfol 
year  of  certain  alternating  sorts  may  be  changed  by  the  removal  of  the  blos- 
soms through  either  acddoit  or  design.  The  age  of  the  spur  systems  of  the 
various  varieties  1b  practically  the  same,  ranging  usually  from  2  to  8  years, 
3  to  6  or  7  years  being  apparently  the  most  effective  fruiting  age. 

In  order  to  determine  whether  there  is  a  correlation  between  the  concentra- 
tion of  plant  sap  and  stored  reserves  in  bearing  and  nonbearing  parts  and  the 
observed  bearing  or  nonbearing  condition,  determinations  were  made  by  the 
freezing  point  method  and  also  by  making  an  actual  chemical  analysis  of  tJie 
parts  under  consideration.  Results  as  here  presented  indicate  that  sap  from 
bearing  spurs  has  a  slightly  higher  concentration  (lower  freezing  point)  during 


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1919]  HORTIOULTTJRB.  887 

a  considerable  portion  of  the  year  than  eap  from  nonbearlng  spurs.  A  marked 
decrease  in  the  sap  concentration  of  both  bearing  and  nonbearlng  spurs  o^urs 
In  late  June  or  early  July.  Leaf  sap  from  bearing  and  nonbearlng  spurs  shows 
considerable  yarlation  in  concentration.  The  nnmber  of  fruits  on  a  spur  affects 
the  concentration  of  neither  spur  nor  leaf  sap.  Ss^ar  and  starch  were  found 
to  be  present  In  slightly  greater  amounts  in  the  bearing  spur  than  in  the  non- 
bearing  one. 

Ck>unts  and  measurements  were  made  of  the  leaves  on  fruit  spurs  during 
three  seasons.  They  indicate  that  bearing  spurs  have  a  smaller  total  leaf  area 
than  nonbearlng  spurs,  the  difference  being  due  to  the  number  of  leaves  dev^- 
oped  rather  than  to  the  sise  of  the  individual  leaves. 

To  determine  the  effects  of  girdling  upon  the  concentration  of  plant  sap  a 
number  of  nursery  trees  ranging  from  3  to  5  years  old  were  girdled  in  the  two 
seasons  1915  and  1916.  Girdling,  regardless  of  the  season,  caused  an  increased 
concentration  of  sap  in  the  parts  above  the  girdle  and  a  decreased  concentra- 
tion in  the  parts  below.  The  most  marked  effects  are  in  the  parts  nearest  the 
girdle,  the  effect  being  lessened  as  the  distance  from  the  girdle  increased. 

Fertiliser  experiments  were  conducted  with  dwarf  Rome  apple  trees  planted 
in  boxes  of  sand  or  soil.  Nitrogen,  potash,  and  phosphorus  were  used  both 
alone  and  in  combination.  The  results  showed  that  efliects  upon  the  slae  of  the 
tre^  the  development  of  its  flruiting  wood^  and  the  production  of  blossoms  could 
be  attributed  only  to  the  use  of  nitrogen,  which  was  a  very  decisive  factor  in 
both  the  formation  of  fruiting  parts  and  the  development  of  blossom  buds. 

Tillage  experiments  have  been  conducted  at  die  station  for  a  number  of  years. 
Some  data  are  given  showing  the  efliect  of  the  tillage  method  upon  depression 
of  twig  sap  in  several  varieties.  The  results,  as  a  whole,  show  that  trees  grow- 
ing in  a  permanent  sod  of  either  grass  or  a  legume  had  a  higher  concentration 
of  twig  sap  than  trees  growing  in  plats  planted  with  either  annual  or  biennial 
cultivated  crops. 

A  pruning  experiment  was  begun  in  1914  vrith  1-year^ld  Delicious  apple 
trees  to  determine  the  relative  influence  of  different  pruning  systems  upon  the 
size,  character  of  growth,  and  fruiting  age  of  apple  trees.  The  results  thus  far 
secured  show  that  trees  headed  at  5  or  6  ft.  did  not  produce  so  many  short 
branches  (potential  fruiting  wood)  during  the  first  three  years  in  the  orchard, 
as  trees  headed  at  2  ft. 

In  view  of  the  tACt  that  etherization  has  proved  to  be  a  vary  effective  stimu- 
lant upon  the  ensym  activity  of  detached  parts  of  woody  tissues  12  Jonathan 
apple  trees  were  etherized,  one  each  month,  beginning  December,  1914,  and  con- 
tinuing until  November,  1915.  The  data  given  show  that  etherization  has 
little  effect  upon  the  concentration  of  either  twig  or  leaf  sap,  and  the  small 
differences  observed  seemed  to  be  only  temporary. 

Hardiness  in  top-worked  varieties  of  the  apple,  M.  J.  Dobsst  (Proo,  Amer, 
Sac.  Hart.  8oi,,  16  (1918),  pp.  SS^iS,  fig.  i).— A  discussion  of  winter  injury  in 
Minnesota,  including  tables  showing  the  degree  of  wood  browning  of  60  stand- 
ard apple  vadeties  in  1916-17  and  also  summarizing  the  degree  of  winter  in- 
.  jury  to  standard  apple  varieties  growing  on  different  stocks  during  the  winter 
of  1917-18. 

Spraying  apple  trees  in  bloom,  W.  S.  Brock  (Proc.  Amer,  Soc,  Hort.  8<H., 
15  il918)f  pp.  80 J  8i).— The  results  of  experiments  conducted  In  the  three 
seasons,  1916-1918,  are  briefly  noted.  They  indicate  that  none  of  o\ir  common 
spraying  materials  applied  at  pressures  not  exceeding  800  lbs.  have  any  d^e* 
terious  effects  upon  the  bloom,  or  cause  any  appreciable  reduction  in  Oie 
123607*— 19 4 


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838  BXPERIMBNT  STATION  RECOBD.  [VoLM 

quantity  of  frnit  prodnced.  The  obeervatlons  seem  to  indicate  that  an  appli- 
cation of  a  fungicide  during  full  bloom  would  be  advantageous,  espedaUj  on 
scab  susceptible  varieties. 

^  Some  effects  of  high  temperatuzes  and  humidity  upon  the  keeping  quality 
of  Bartlett  pears,  R.  H.  Tatlob  and  E.  L.  Ovcbholsxb  (Mo.  BuL  Oal  Com. 
Hart.,  8  (1919),  No.  S,  pp.  Il&-lt5). —-The  preliminary  investigation  here  re- 
ported confirms  the  results  secured  by  Shamel  as  to  the  retarding  effect  of 
high  temperatures  on  the  ripening  of  pears  when  stored  under  his^  humid 
conditions  (E.  S.  R.,  86,  p.  741),  and  iMlcates  that  both  the  high  temperatores 
and  high  humidity  were  responsible  for  the  retajrding  effect  The  autbon 
conclude  that  wliile  the  experiments  show  that  temperatures  ranging  from  96 
to  110*  F.,  with  the  optimum  at  about  104  to  105**,  will  dday  or  prolong  the 
normal  ripening  process  of  Bartlett  pears  at  least  two  weeks  when  contrasted 
to  fruit  placed  at  average  room  temperatures  of  70  to  80*,  the  danger  from  rot 
and  the  development  of  abnormal  ffavors  limit  the  practical  use  of  these  liigber 
temperatures. 

How  the  strawberry  sets  fruit,  W.  D.  Vajjjlhv  {Minn.  Hort.,  J^  (1918),  No. 
It,  pp.  449-454,  figs.  4).^Jl  contribution  of  the  Minnesota  Experiment  Station, 
discussing  the  flower  cluster  and  flowering  habit  of  the  strawberry  with  rela- 
tion to  the  formation  of  nubbins,  the  decline  In  size  and  yield  of  fruit  in  tbe 
latter  part  of  the  picking  season,  and  the  relative  productivity  of  pistillate 
and  staminate  varieties.  The  paper  Is  based  on  the  author's  study  of  sterility 
In  strawberries  (E.  S.  R.,  30,  p.  48). 

Strawberry  Tarietles  in  the  ITnited  States,  O.  M.  Daibow  (U.  8.  Dept.  Agri 
Farmer^  BuL  104S  (1919),  pp.  8$,  fgB.  8).— An  aid  to  both  commercial  and 
amateur  strawberry  growers  In  the  selection  of  varieties  best  suited  to  their 
needs  and  conditions.  The  varieties  listed,  which  are  given  for  different  8e^ 
tlons  and  regions,  are  based  upon  Information  furnished  by  successful  growen, 
commercial  canners,  experiment  station  tests,  and  the  author's  personal  obser- 
vations. Varieties  having  particular  value  for  different  purposes  are  grouped 
under  appropriate  heads. 

Strawberry  eoHore.— Bastam  United  States,  G.  M.  Dabbow  (V.  8.  Dept.  Agr., 
Parmert^  BuL  10B8  (1919),  pp.  60,  figs.  i8).— This  bulletin  discosses  conmierdal 
methods  In  the  eastern  United  States,  including  approximately  one  tier  of 
States  west*  of  the  Mississippi,  but  not  including  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
coast  region.  In  addition  to  complete  directions  for  growing,  harvesting,  and 
marketing  strawberries,  methods  of  using  the  surplus  In  canning,  preserrlns, 
and  by  means  of  cold  storage  for  future  use  are  also  presrated. 

Strawberry  culture.— South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coast  regions,  O.  M.  Dmow 
(17.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmen^  BuL  IMS  (1919),  pp.  40,  figo*  ti).— A  bulletin  rim- 
llar  to  the  above,  describing  methods  of  growing  and  handling  strawbenies 
adapted  to  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States. 

Strawberry  culture.— Western  United  States,  G.  M.  Dabbow  (U.  8.  Depi^ 
Agr.,  Farmer^  BuL  1997  (1919),  pp.  99,  figo.  18).— A  bulletin  similar  to  the 
above  discussing  commercial  strawberry  practices  In  the  Irrigated  regions  of 
the  West 

jrig  growing  in  the  Soutli,  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  H.  P.  GotrLD  (V.  8, 
Dept.  Agr.,  Fa/rmertf  BuL  1081  (1919),  pp.  45,  figs.  84)-— ^Thls  describes  tiie 
varieties  of  figs  most  suitable  for  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  their 
culture  and  protection  from  diseases  and  insects,  and  methods  of  making  them 
Into  desirable  products  fbr  the  table. 

The  hybrid  direet  bearers  in  the  valley  of  tfie  Drome  in  1018,  A.  Db- 
HomjiTs  and  Y.  Yiulabd  (Prog.  Agr.  e$  Vit.  (Bd,  rSst-OeiUre),  40  (1919),  Vot. 


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1919]  HORTIOTJLTTJRB.  839 

il,  pp.  t5S-gS7;  IS,  pp.  tft-fFfB;  IS,  pp.  9(^^07) »— In  conthraatlon  of  previous 
data  (B.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  242),  obserrationg  are  given  for  the  nineteenth  year  rela- 
tive to  the  behavior  of  a  large  number  of  hybrid  direct-bearing  grapes,  with 
reference  to  their  resistance  to  disease,  adaptation  to  varlons  soil  condition, 
production,  etc. 

I>eveloplnff  new  grape  Industries,  G.  C.  Hubicanzv  {Proc.  Amer,  Soc,  Sort, 
Sei^  15  il918),  pp.  75-79). — A  summarized  account  of  the  more  Important  vlti- 
cultural  Inyestlgatlons  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.    ' 

An  investigation  of  tlie  abnormal  shedding  of  young  fruits  of  the  Wtttt* 
tngtost  navel  oran^re,  J.  B.  Ck>rr  and  R.  W.  Hodgson  (Univ,  CaL  Pub9,  Agr,  8oi^ 
S  (1919),  No,  11,  pp,  289^68,  pU.  18,  ftffs.  9).— Observations  and  experiments 
dealing  with  the  excessive  **  June  drop  '*  of  Washington  navel  oranges  In  cer- 
tain sections  of  California  are  reported.  Most  of  the  field  experiments  were 
conducted  In  Kern  Ckranty  in  orchards  situated  to  the  leeward  of  a  consider* 
able  stretch  of  desert,  typical  of  the  southern  San  Joaquin  Valley,  where  aside 
from  the  annual  heavy  drop  and  the  light  crops  borne,  the  navel  orange  matures 
early  and  Is  of  excellent  quality.  The  problem  was  studied  both  from  the 
pathological  and  physiological  standpoints. 

The  shedding  was  found  to  constitute  true  absdssiOD,  involving  the  separa- 
tion of  living  cells  along  the  plane  of  the  middle  lamelte.  Of  the  stimuli  In- 
vestigated, two,  a  fungus,  Altemaria  dtri,  and  climatic  conditions  are  held 
to  be  responsible  f6r  the  abscission.  **  It  Is  considered  Idghly  probable  that  a 
certain  varying  percentage  of  the  drop,  occurring  relativ^y  late  in  the  season, 
is  brought  about  by  the  stimulation  of  this  fungus,  which  is  also  responsible 
for  a  black  rot  of  those  infected  fruits  which  remain  on  the  trees  to  maturity. 
This  fungus  is  of  very  wide  distribution  and  infection  of  the  young  fruits  is 
made  possible  through  the  peculiar  structure  of  the  navel  orange.  The  amount 
of  infection  is  dependent  upon  weather  conditions  and  the  more  or  less  fortui- 
tous configuration  of  the  navel  ends  of  the  young  fruits.  On  account  of  the 
peculiar  manner  of  infection  and  the  relatively  small  amount  of  shedding 
due  to  the  fungus,  spraying  will  probably  not  pay  for  the  labor  and  materials 
Involved.  By  far  the  greater  part  of  the  shedding,  which  occurs  earlier  in  the 
season,  is  due  to  a  stimulus  to  abscission  arising  from  daily  water  deficits  in 
the  young  developing  fruits,  resulting  from  the  aiQterity  of  the  climatic  com- 
plex to  which  the  trees  are  subject 

"The  principal  factor  in  causing  these  abnormal  water  deficits  lies  in  the 
fact  that  citrus  trees  are  not  adapted  to  withstanding  the  heavy  water  loss 
Incident  to  the  desert  conditions  under  which  they  are  grown.  The  amplitude 
of  stomatal  movement  is  small  and  cuticular  transportation  very  high.  It  is 
further  believed  that  under  the  prevalent  (dean  cultivation  practice  the  soil 
temperatures  during  a  part  of  the  day  are  so  high  as  to  result  In  the  inhibition 
of  absorption  at  the  very  time  of  day  that  water  loss  by  transpiration  is 
greatest  It  has  been  found  possible  to  modlfjr  climatic  conditions  in  an  orchard 
so  as  to  set  crops  in  every  way  comparable  with  those  produced  in  much  more 
climatically  ftivored  citrus  districts.  Under  these  modified  climatic  conditions 
the  abnormal  water  relations  referred  to  apparently  do  not  occur. 

''Practical  means  of  am^loratlon  lie  in  heavier  and  more  frequent  irriga- 
tion, the  planting  of  intercrops,  mulching  with  straw  and  other  materials, 
protection  by  means  of  vfindbreaks,  and  a  reduction  of  leaf  area  by  moderate 
winter  pruning.  Measures  of  an  anticipatory  nature  lie  in  the  judicious 
selection  of  the  site  for  the  orchard  with  reference  to  its  exposure,  nearness  to 
large  irrigated  bodies  of  land,  and  other  features  calculated  to  ameliorate 
dlmatic  conditions.  Orchardists  should  be  on  the  lookout  for  mutant  strains 
which  are  dry  heat  resistant  ahd  satisfactory  in  other  features.*' 


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840  BZFEBIICENT  STATIOK  RECORD.  [yoL4i 

Influence  of  foreign  pollen  on  the  development  of  Tmnilla  fmits,  T.  B.  Mo- 
OuBLLAKD  {Jour.  AffT.  Beteoroh  [17.  S,h  IS  {i9i9).  No.  9,  pp,  ZJfi-tSl^  pit.  S).— 
In  connection  with  adaptation  studies  conducted  witli  several  species  of  ▼aniSt 
at  the  Porto  Bioo  Bxperiment  Station,  various  reciprocal  crosses  were  made  at 
Mayaguez  with  a  view  to  the  development  of  valuable  strains.  It  was  observed 
that  the  fruits  of  these  liybrids  were  noticeably  different  from  the  othors  on 
the  same  vines,  hence  numerous  additional  crosses  were  made  to  study  tfab 
phenomenon.  Tabular  data  are  givoi  showing  the  girth  measuremente  of  fniits 
resulting  from  reciprocal  crosses  between  VanUla  planifoHa  and  several  otber 
species  commonly  grouped  together  and  called  '*  vanillon."  Variations  amoof 
the  hybrids  are  also  shown  in  photographical  lllastrations. 

Where  to  either  the  F.  planifoUa  or  the  vanillon  stigma  pollen  of  the  other 
has  been  applied  a  very  decided  modification  in  the  form  of  the  fmlt  liai 
resulted.  The  modification  is  in  most  instances  so  decided  that  these  fniits  cu 
be  distinguished  from  dose-fertilized  fruits  at  a  glance.  The  author  attributes 
this  phenomenon  to  variations  in  flower  structure.  The  column  of  the  vanlUon 
species  is  much  longer  than  that  of  7.  pkmifoUa,  eToeedtng  the  length  of  tbe 
latter  in  some  instances  by  as  much  as  60  to  70  per  cent 

**  It  seems  quite  reasonable  to  sajfipoB^  from  the  heavy  fertilisation  of  ovutes 
near  the  apex  and  sparse  fertilbuition  or  entire  absence  of  fertilization  near 
the  base  of  the  ovary  when  the  vanillon  stigma  has  been  p<Hlinated  witb 
V.  planifoUa  pollen,  that  these  pollen  tubes  are  unable  to  reach  or  reach  in 
only  limited  numbers  the  ovules  in  the  far  end  of  the  ovary,  which  are  at  a 
considerably  greater  distance  from  the  stigma  than  the  farthest  ovules  of  the 
V,  planifolia  ovary.  Even  in  its  own  ovary,  tlie  V.  planifoUa  pollen  causes  a 
much  heavier  fertilization  near  the  apex  than  near  the  base.  This  inability  of 
y.  pUuUfolia  pollen  tubes  to  reach  the  farthest  ovules  was  particularly  marked 
when  y.  planifoUa  pollen  was  applied  to  V48,  which  Is  one  of  the  largest 
flowered  of  the  vanillon  varieties. 

"  The  vanillon  pollen  tubes,  however,  reach  ovules  in  tha  y.  pUuUfoUa  ovary  * 
at  a  much  shorter  distance  from  tbe  stigma  than  in  their  own  flower.  Many  of 
these  first  ovules  which  the  V.  planifoUa  pollen  would  fertiliae  are  left  unfer- 
tilized by  the  vanillon  pollen,  the  pollen  tubes  passing  by  to  other  ovules  which 
are  nearer  the  normal  distance  from  stigma  to  ovary  in  the  vanillon  flower,  and 
causing  a  much  heavier  fertilization  in  the  base  of  the  pod  than  would  the 
y.  planifoUa  pollen. 

"This  might  possibly  indicate  in  this  instance  the  necessity  for  a  certahi 
maturity  of  development  of  the  pollen  tulle  before  the  ovule  can  be  fertUlsed." 

Notes  on  geranium  breeding,  W.  R.  Ballabd  {Proo,  Amer.  8oc  Sort.  SoL, 
16  {1918),  pp.  62-tf5). — Some  breeding  experiments  were  started  with  the 
geranium  at  the  Maryland  Station  in  1007  with  the  view  of  improving  it  as  a 
bedding  plant  Some  126  named  varieties  of  the  zonal  group  and  a  few  pUurts 
of  the  Lady  Washington  and  scented-leaved  sections  were  used  in  the  work. 

Several  hundred  seedlings  have  been  grown,  but  tbe  greatest  difficulty  has 
been  encountered  in  the  attempt  to  combine  the  diaease^resistant  character  with 
the  flower  characters  which  would  make  them  of  special  value  for  bedding. 
Because  of  the  hybrid  nature  of  most  varieties  considerable  segregation  takes 
place  in  the  Ft  generation.  The  results  from  one  season's  crop  of  seedlingi  hi 
relation  to  the  form  of  the  flower  gave  the  following  totals:  Sini^esX singles 
gave  84  singles  and  6  doubles;  singles X doubles  gave  60  singles  and  74  doubles; 
doubles  X  doubles  gave  40  singles  and  90  doubles. 

In  the  course  of  the  work  it  was  observed  that  the  nectar  tube  was  not  a 
constant  character  in  the  zonal  group,  but  was  apparently  correlated  with  tbt 


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1019]  FORESTRY.  841 

single  flowering  character.  The  majority  of  the  doable  flowering  sorts  were 
without  this  nectar  tube.  At  attempt  to  hybridize  different  species  met  with 
but  little  success.  Hybrids  of  the  zonal  group  and  the  ivy-leafed  sections  are 
not  very  fertile.  The  Lady  Washington  type  will  combine  with  some  of  the 
Hcented-leaved  types,  but  the  zonals  will  not  hybridize  with  either  the  show  or 
the  scented-leaved  groups. 

After  a  three  years*  test  it  was  determined  that  leaf  spot  in  geraniums  can  b* 
almost  completely  prevented  by  keeping  the  foliage  diy.  There  was  a  mailed 
variation  in  the  ability  of  the  varieties  studied  to  resist  leaf  spot  when  grown 
in  the  open  ground.  Most  of  the  varieties  extensively  used  for  bedding  show  a- 
nuirked  resistance  to  it,  indicating  special  selection  with  relation  to  this 
disease. 

F0BE8TBT. 

Influences  of  the  National  Forests  In  fhe  southern  Appalachians,  W.  L. 
Haix  {Jour.  Forestry,  11  (1919),  Jfo,  4,  pp.  402-4W).— The  author  discusses  the 
influences  at  present  discemible  on  local  population,  local  improvements, 
and  local  industries  which  use  wood  as  a  material,  and  on  forest  management 
tn  the  region  in  which  the  National  Forests  are  located. 

A  program  of  forest  conservation  for  the  South,  J.  Q.  Peters  (Jour.  For* 
estry,  17  (1919),  No,  4,  pp.  864-^0). — ^A  paper  on  this  subject  read  before  the 
Washington  section  of  the  Society  of  American  Foresters,  February  18,  1919. 

Some  aspects  of  silvlcal  research  as  an  after-the-war  activity,  G.  LdCAvrrr 
(Jour.  Forestry,  11  (1919),  No.  8,  pp.  B75-«8(?).— The  author  briefly  outlines  sil- 
vleoltural  studies  that  are  being  conducted  in  eastern  Canada,  and  calls  atten- 
tion  to  the  need  of  pursuing  similar  studies  in  the  recently  created  National 
Forests  and  at  selected  experiment  stations  in  the  eastern  United  States. 

forestry  and  the  war  in  Italy,  N.  O.  Bbown  (Jour.  Forestry,  11  (1919),  No. 
4t  PP'  408^1t), — ^A  brief  survey  of  the  present  status  of  forests  and  forest  ac- 
tivities in  Italy. 

Forest  survey.— ^niird  annual  report,  1018,  O.  H.  Psincb  (Ann.  Rpt.  Croum 
Land  Dept.  New  BrunsuHck,  58  (1919),  pp.  74-itl,  pU.  18). ^A  progress  report 
of  the  forest  survey  of  the  Grown  Lands  of  New  Brunswick  for  the  year  ended 
October  31, 1918.  A  total  of  1,000,000  acres,  or  about  22  per  cent  of  the  Grown 
Lands,  have  been  classified. 

Tropical  reconnaissance  with  special  reference  to  work  in  the  Philippines 
and  British  Korth  Borneo,  D.  W.  Matthews  (Jour.  Forestry,  11  (1919),  No.  ^ 
pp.  971-817). — ^A  brief  review  of  the  present  status  of  forest  reconnaissance  in 
the  Philippines  and  British  North  Borneo. 

Observations  on  unbumed  cut-over  lands  tn  the-Adirondacks,  B.  F.  Mc- 
Oaitrt  (Jour.  Forestry,  17  (1919),  No.  4*  PP-  886-897,  flffs.  IB).— Results  are 
given  of  a  study,  conducted  under  the  direction  of  the  New  Tork  State  College 
of  Forestry,  of  stand  and  reproduction  on  unbumed  cut-over  lands  in  the 
Adirondacks. 

Thunder  Mountain,  H.  S.  Gbavbs  (Amer.  Forestry,  25  (1919),  No.  808,  pp. 
901-911,  flffs.  9).— ^he  author  describes  the  present  devastated  condition  of 
Thunder  Mountain  in  central  Idaho  as  a  striking  illustration  of  the  poor 
policy  of  leaving  publicMands  unprotected  and  subject  to  the  abuses  of  un- 
regulated grassing  of  sheep. 

Conifer  additions  to  shelter  belts  on  the  northern  Great  Plains  (U.  8.  Dept. 
Agr.,  Bur.  Plant  Indus.,  1919,  pp.  6).— This  circular  points  out  the  desirability 
of  adding  evergreens  to  shelter-belt  planting  in  the  northern  Great  Plains,  and 
gives  the  terms  ot  a  proposed  cooperative  plan  for  establishing  demonstration 


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842  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [YoL40 

conifer  shelter  belts.  Suggestions  for  growing  sach  shelter  belts  are  also 
included. 

Care  of  cooperative  shelter  belts  on  tlie  northern  Great  Plains  (U.  8.  DepL 
Agr,,  Bur.  Plant  Indu8.t  1919^  pp.  5). — ^Instmctions  are  given  for  the  caie  of 
shelter  belts,  and  their  protection  from  insects,  aninuil  pests,  and  diseases. 

Some  biological  and  economic  aspects  of  the  chaparral,  B.  N.  Munns  iJow. 
Poreftry,  17  (1919),  No,  1,  pp.  9-14).— /The  author  briefly  dlacosses  the  inflnenoe 
of  chaparral  on  forest  reproduction  and  the  present  economic  uses  of  diaparral 
growth. 

•  Bear  clover,  Cham»batla  foUolosa  (nunmtaln  misery,  beax^mat,  tarweed), 
J.  A.  MiTCHiELL  {Jour.  Forestry,  It  {1919) ^  No.  i,  pp.  99-43). ^A  discussloD  of 
the  Influence  of  bear  clover  (O.  foUolosa)  on  forest  reproduction,  Indudinir 
tabular  data  showing  the  results  of  obserrations  made  by  O.  W.  I^ons  and 
J.  V.  Wulff  on  the  Eldorado  and  Stanislaus  National  Forests  in  1912. 

These  observations  indicate  that  In  general  reproduction  on  a  given  itte 
is  adversely  affected  by  a  ground  cover  of  bear  clover,  and  that  the  r^tive 
percentage  of  incense  cedar  reproduction  increases  while  the  percentage  of 
pine  reproduction  falls  off  as  the  density  of  the  bear  dover  cover  increases.  In 
the  densest  stand  of  bear  clover  the  r^roduction  of  all  species  lias  been  com- 
pletely excluded. 

The  influence  of  thinning  on  wcetezn  hemlock  and  grand  fir  infected  wifli 
Echinodontium  tinctorium,  J.  R.  Wiom  and  B.  B.  Hunmr  (Jowr.  Forestry,  17 
{1919),  No.  1,  pp.  21-^5,  fig.  i).— Experiments  conducted  in  the  Priest  Biver 
Valley,  Idaho,  under  the  direction  of  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  of  the  U.  S. 
D^>artment  of  Agriculture  are  reported.  The  thinning  experiments  were  cod* 
ducted  without  regard  to  the  selection  of  marketable  timber,  but  as  a  method 
of  opening  up  the  original  stand* 

The  results  thus  f^r  secured  indicate  that  a  less  fiivorable  condition  for 
fungus  activity  exists  within  the  cutover  area,  and  show  plainly  that  a  higbl; 
favorable  condition  for  the  fungus  is  present  in  the  uncut  areas.  The  total 
number  of  infected  trees,  the  total  number  of  live  sporophores,  and  the  total 
number  of  sporophore-bearing  trees  are  comparatively  less  on  the  cut-over  areft 
for  both  species  of  trees.  . 

Thinning  was  found  to  affect  appreciably  the  vigor  of  the  trees  of  the  cat- 
over  areas,  as  shown  by  the  increased  diameter,  crown,  and  height  growth,  as 
well  as  the  number  of  injuries  healed.  The  thinning  influences  affecting  the 
fungus  E.  tinctorium  were  not  considered  to  be  of  suflaclent  importance  to  cause 
any  variation  from  the  predetermined  sanitation  rules  to  be  applied  to  these 
species  of  trees. 

Importance  of  clearing  out  hardwoods  and  balsam  flr  emphasised  by  ex- 
perience,  W.  R.  Bbown  {Canad.  Forestry  Jour.,  U  {1919),  No.  S,  pp.  K^-lTt, 
fig.  i).— The  author  briefly  describes  the  general  slMcal  systems  employed  by  a 
large  lumber  company  in  northern  New  HampBhire  and  Maine,  and  the  resolia 
obtained  from  them  twenty  years  later. 

The  relation  of  gray  birch  to  the  regeneration  of  white  pine,  J.  W.  Toukkt 
{Jour.  Forestry,  17  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  i5-e0).--The  a^uthor  r^imrts  some  stodiea 
relative  to  the  effect  of  gray  birch  of  varying  ages  and  densities  on  white  phie 
reproduction  and  on  its  rate  of  height  growth.  The' studies  were  conducted, 
largely  on  the  forests  owned  by  the  Yale  School  of  Forestry  at  Keene,  N.  BL, 
and  in  adjoining  forests. 

The  results  indicate  that  pure  stands  of  gray  birch  in  southern  New  Han^ 
shire  are  never  sufficiently  dense  to  cause  the  death  from  shading  of  white 
pine  growing  beneath.    The  rapidity  of  height  growth  in  white  pine  under 


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1919]  DISEASES  OF  PLANTS.  848 

gray  blrcb  Is  dq;>eiidait  upon  tbe  density  ^  the  bircb,  and  is  regulated  more 
by  the  competition  for  soil  molatiijaB  and  nutrients  than  by  the  shade  of  the 
birch  canopy.  Pure  stands  of  gray  birch  of  all  densities  may  be  undeiplanted 
with  white  pine  and  the  birch  removed  when  the  slowing-down  of  growth  in 
the  pine  or  the  economic  utilization  of  the  Mrch  makes  it  advisable. 

The  regeneration  of  sal  (Shorea  xobusta)  forests,  R.  S.  Hole  {IndUm  FoT' 
ester ^  4S  {1919),  No.  S,  pp.  119^1S2,  fig.  i).— A  summary  of  conclusions,  based  on 
the  results  of  a  long  series  of  experiments  carried  out  at  Dehra  Dun  in  re- 
cent years,  including  a  sketch  of  the  p»HKwed  system  of  regeneration. 

ICahogany  and  some  of  its  substitutes,  8.  J.  Rscobd  {Jour.  Forestry,  11 
{1919),  No.  1,  pp.  1-8).— A  contribution  from  Yale  School  of  Forestry,  oom- 
prlsing  a  descriptive  key  based  on  the  gross  and  lens  characters  of  most  of 
the  woods  known  to  the  trade  as  '*  mahogany,"  or  used  as  a  substitute  for  the 
true  mahogany. 

Tapping  experiments  on  Hevea  brasiliensis^  A.  W.  K.  ds  Johg  {ArcK  Ruh- 
hercutt.  Nederland.  IndiS,  S  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  1-6). — ^Results  are  given  of  tap- 
ping experiments  conducted  over  a  period  of  5i  years. 

Preliminary  note  on  the  seasoning  of  some  Indian  timbers,  by  natural 
methods,  R.  S.  Peabson  {Indian  Forest  Rec,,  7  {191S),  No.  1,  pp.  H,  pi.  i).— 
Preliminary  data  are  given  on  seasoning  tests  conducted  with  some  38  species 
of  Indian  timbers. 

A  formula  method  for  estimating  timber,  B.  I.  Tkbbt  {Jour.  Forestry,  It 
(1919),  No.  k,  pp.  kl%-Vi>%,  fig.  i).— With  tree  measurements  made  by  the  author 
and  others  in  the  western  yellow  pine  region  of  Ck>lorado  as  a  basis,  the  author 
evolved  a  board-foot  form  factor  method  which  is  here  presented  as  a  means 
of  simplifylDg  the  work  of  computation  in  working  out  timber  estimates.  The 
application  of  the  method  is  described. 

Appraisal  of  Are  damage  to  immature  timber  for  statistioal  purposes,  F.  Q. 
GuuiK  {Jow.  Forestry,  17  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  S&-^8).—Th»  author  here  proposes 
a  modified  replacement  formula,  which  it. is  believed  will  overcome  certain 
difficulties  met  with  in  the  use  of  straight  expectation  or  replacement  methods 
of  appraising  fire  damage  to  immature  timber. 

Production  of  lumber,  lath,  and  shingles  in  1017,  F.  H.  Smith  and  A.  H. 
PiEBSON  {U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.  But.  768  {1919),  pp.  U*  fiff^.  3).— Detailed  statistics 
are  given  of  the  1917  production  of  lumber,  lath,  and  shingles,  with  comparative 
figures  from  previous  annual  reports  (B.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  462).  The  production  is 
given  both  by  States  and  by  species. 

The  estimated  total  lumber  production  in  ldl7  was  86/)00^00Q,000  ft  b.  m.,  or 
a  decrease  of  10  per  cent  over  tiie  estimate  for  1916w 

DISEASES  or  FLAHTS. 

A  convenient  heating  and  sterilizing  outfit  for  a  Held  laboratory,  G.  L. 
Pkltieb  and  D.  O.  Neal  {Phytopathology,  8  (1918),  No.  8,  pp.  436-488,  figs,  t).-^ 
The  authors  report  having  found  an  autoclave  used  in  home  canning  work  well 
suited  for  use  for  heating  and  sterilizing  in  field  laboratories. 

Imbedding  and  staining  of  diseased  wood,  J.  8.  Botcb  {Phytopathology,  8 
{1918),  No.  8,  pp.  482-436). --The  author  describes  some  modified  practices 
whidi  have  been  found  very  satisfactory  for  the  study  of  llgnlfied  tissues  in- 
vaded by  fungus  mycelium. 

Preparation  of  copper  and  copper-arsenic  sprays,  Liautabd  {Prog.  Agr.  et 
VU.  {Ed.  VBsUCentre),  39  {1918),  No.  35,  pp.  585-590,  figs,  f  ).-^he  author  gives 
an  account  of  means  and  methods  employed  in  successful  operations  against 
animal  pests  and  grape  mildew  in  Boufarik,  Algeria. 


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844  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEGOBD.  [Vol.40 

A  check  list  of  Porto  Bdcaii  fan^  and  a  host  Indflx,  J.  A.  Siwknson  {Jow. 
Dept.  Agr.  P.  £.,  2  (1918),  No,  S,  pp.  iiS5-f 64). —-This  list,  regarded  by  the  author 
as  a  starting  point  for  more  intensiye  work  rather  than  as  a  complete  ennmera- 
tlOD  of  Porto  Rican  fungi,  is  intended  to  include  all  fungi  known  or  reported 
to  occur  In  the  island  with  their  host  plants.  A  brief  history  of  the  work  of 
collectors  on  the  Island  is  given.  The  data  herehi  recorded  include  the  locality 
where  each  fungus  is  found  and  appropriate  bibliographical  dtationa.  No 
attempt  is  made  at  a  critical  study  of  the  q;>ecie8  listed. 

Plant  quarantine  [as  related  to  plant  diseases  and  Injarions  animals],  J.  A 
Stevenson  {Rev.  Agr.  PMerio  Rieo,  1  (1918) ,  No.  4,  pp.  176-180). — ^A  dIscussioD 
of  protective  action  against  the  transmission  of  pests  and  diseases  of  plants 
includes  the  illustrative  mentimi  of  the  fungi  Marasmius,  Melanconium,  Ool- 
letotrlchum,  and  Gytospora  as  causing  disease  of  sugar  cane  In  Porto  Bica 

^Disease  In  plants  with  special  reference  to  fungi-  parasitic  on  crops  In 
British  Ghiiana,  O.  K.  Bancboet  (Jour.  Bd.  Agr.  Brit.  Guiana,  11  {1918),  No.  i, 
pp.  47-n57).— The  present  article,  the  first  of  a  series,  gives  a  list  of  diseases  of 
plants  occurring  in  British  Guiana  which  have  been  attributed  to  definite  causes 
and  which  have  engaged  the  attention  of  the  author  during  a  period  of  four 
years. 

An  epitome  of  bacterial  diseases  of  plants  In  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
S.  G.  Paine  (Ann.  Appl.  Biol,  5  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  6^76).— This  is  an  attempt  to 
bring  together  the  principal  known  fbcts  regarding  bacterial  diseases  of  plants 
in  the  British  Isles,  these  including  a  white  or  soft  rot  (Badllui  carotowmt) 
of  various  crucifers  and  otber  vegetables,  soft  rot  or  heart  rot  of  celery,  also 
due  to  B.  carotovorus,  blackleg  {B.  atroteptious)  of  the  potato,  brown  rot  of 
potato  and  tomato,  iris  rot  {B.  omfUvorus  and  P$eudofnonas  spp.),  yellow  dis- 
ease (P.  hyacinthi)  of  hyacinth,  black  rot  {P.  campesiris)  of  cabbage  and  nearly 
all  otlier  cruciferous  plants,  bacterial  blight  of  fruit  blossoms  and  of  tomatoes, 
leaf  spot  disease  of  orchid,  bacterial  disease  (P.  setninum)  of  Pisum  BaHvum, 
potato  scab  {Aeiinotnyoes  chramogenui) ,  crown  gall,  and  a  few  diseases  of 
undetermined  causation,  such  as  potato  leaf  roll  and  sprain,  tomato  mosaic,  and 
plum  silver  leaf. 

Diseases  of  plants  and  their  treatment,  B.  T.  P.  Baskxb  {Jour.  Bath  and 
We$t  and  Bouth.  Counties  8oc.,  5.  ser.,  1ft  {1917-18),  pp.  189-19S) .—The  author 
states  that  most  of  the  inquiries  under  this  head  directed  to  the  institute  were 
concerned  with  potatoes,  considerable  confusion  being  apparent  as  between  late 
blight  and  potato  rust,  the  latter  being  severe  in  certain  districts  in  1916  and 
1917.  No  q;>ecific  organism  has  been  established  as  the  cause.  Home-grown 
seed,  a  dry  spring,  and  an  early  summer  appear  to  be  conditions  favoitible  to 
the  development  of  the  trouble. 

Inquiries  made  regarding  fungus  diseases  considered  as  worthy  of  mention 
related  to  tomato  collar  rot  and  a  root  disease  of  belladonna,  each  due  to  a 
species  of  Phytophthora,  a  bacterial  disease  of  plum  trees,  a  disease  of  alder 
wood  due  to  Pomes  igniarius  and  Polpporufi  sulphureus^  and  a  glassy  condition 
of  potatoes  probably  associated  with  rust  Special  investigations  undertaken  as 
a  result  of  inquiries  dealt  with  Bhlzoctonia  of  asparagus,  apple  leaf  scorch  and 
fruit  spot  disease,  and  tomato  collar  rot 

Diseases  new  or  little  known  in  France,  G.  Abnavd  {Min.  Agr.  {Prantes], 
Ann.  Serv.  ^piphyties,  4  {1915),  pp.  49-70,  figs.  12).—TtiiB  is  a  discussion  of 
mildew  of  cereals,  Qytisus,  and  Buddleia;  crown  gaU  of  alfalfa;  NeetritUa 
miltina  on  Agave;  Qihberella  sp.  on  Sophora;  Botrytis  cinerea  on  peony;  and 
root  gummosls  of  beet    Bibliographies  of  these  diseases  are  given. 


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1910]  DISEASES  OF  PLANTS.  845 

Phytopathological  report  for  1915,  P.  Mabchal  and  G.  Axnaitd  (Min.  Agr. 
[France],  Ann.  8erv.  J6piphptie9,  4  (1915),  pp.  9i-^).— The  iwrtion  of  this  re- 
port here  noted  deals  with  parasitic  and  nonparasitic  plant  diseases  and  other 
tronbles,  Including  those  due  to  such  causes  as  weather. 

Summary  reports  of  entomological  and  pathological  laboratories  (Min. 
Agr.  [France'^,  Ann,  8erv.  ipiphytiei,  4  (1915),  pp.  545-^50).— Very  condensed 
reports  are  given  from  entomological  stations  at  Paris,  the  Mame,  BIols, 
Beaune,  Montpelller,  and  Bordeaux,  and  from  phytoimthologlcal  stations  at 
Paris  and  Cadillac  (Glronde).  That  from  the  last-named  station  deals  with 
grape  downy  mildew,  wheat  foot  disease  (TjeptotpJutria  herpotrichoides) ,  a 
disease  of  pea  associated  with  Pusarium  vasinfectum  (conldlal  fbrm  of 
Neoeoamosparu  vaftinfecia)  and  Heterodera  sp.,  a  plum  disease  associated  with 
MtmiUa  c(nerea  and  Bxomcum  pruM,  and  potato  late  blight  (Phvtophthora 
infeatans).  Short  lists  are  given  also  of  various  reports  of  studies  on  plant 
diseases  and  Insects  Injurious  to  plants. 

Operations  against  plant  diseases  in  Italy,  H.  IjATtftSB  (If in.  Agr.  {France}, 
Ann.  Serv.  6piphytie»,  4  {1916),  pp.  76-l44f  SS7S41i). — This  is  an  account  of 
the  several  stations  and  laboratories  dealing  with  plant  diseases  in  Italy,  the 
principal  parasites  and  other  agencies  causing  loss,  and  legislative  and  other 
measures  in  use  or  in  view  f6r  the  control  of  plant  diseases. 

Administration  report  of  the  government  myeolo^st  for  the  year  1917-18, 
W.  McRas  (Rpt.  Dept.  Agr.  Madras,  1917-18,  pp.  77-^(>) .— This  report  Includes 
a  statement  regarding  the  fungus  noted  on  page  862  under  the  name  of  Phv- 
tophthora meadii  as  attacking  Bevea  broHUenHs.  Experiments  have  shown 
that  all  parts  of  the  tree  above  ground  may  be  attacked.  Control  measures  are 
restricted  practically  to  removal  of  diseased  wood  and  fruits  and  to  protection 
of  the  tapped  portions  of  the  tree. 

Other  diseases  of  various  plants  are  bilefly  noted. 

Mycology  and  operations  against  diseases,  0.  A.  D.  Stuast  (Rpt.  Dept.  Agr. 
Madras,  1917-18,  pp.  17, 18'-90). — ^Brief  reference  is  made  to  the  above  work  of 
McRae  on  the  fungus  which  he  has  named  Phythopthara  meadH.  Other  fungus 
diseases  of  rubber  are  under  investigation. 

Rice  blast  (Piricularia  orgzm)  severely  attacked  at  villages  in  Tanjore  the 
productive  rice  variety  Korangu  Samba,  whidi  has  been  recently  Introduced  in 
the  deltas.  Bleeding  disease  of  coconuts  is  cured  by  excision  of  the  diseased 
portion  of  the  stem.  Aj^llcations  of  Bordeaux  and  Burgundy  mixtures  reduced 
fungus  disease  of  grapes  in  the  Salem  district 

Palmyra  disease  in  Qodavarl  and  Klstna  is  found  to  be  usually  curable  by 
removal  of  all  infected  portions  unless  the  central  shc^t  is  attacked.  Return 
outbreaks  In  previously  treated  districts  have  been  ratiier  frequent.  Mahal! 
disease  on  areca  nuts  is  aided  by  local  economic  conditions  hindering  proper 
treatments.  The  same  is  true  of  smuts  affecting  various  cereals  which  are 
briefly  named. 

Bean  rust:  Its  control  through  the  use  of  resistant  Tarieties,  F.  D.  Fboicms 
and  S.  A.  WiNOAU)  (VirgMa  8ta.  Bui  tBO  {1918),  pp.  8-ih,  figs.  d).-^After  de- 
scribing the  effect  of  bean  rust  {Uromyees  appendieulatns)  on  beans  in  Vir^ 
ginla,  the  authors  give  an  account  of  tests  of  field  and  garden  varieties  for 
resistance  to  this  disease.  Very  great  differences'  in  resistance  were  noted, 
and  for  the  control  of  this  ^nd  other  diseases  the  authors  recommend  the' 
use  of  resistant  varieties,  selection  of  clean  seed  from  clean  pods,  rotation  of 
crops,  and  avoiding  the  working  or  picking  of  beans  while  wet  with  dew  or 
rain. 


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846  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECX)RD.  [VoL40 

The  blackleg  disease  of  cabba^  caused  by  Pboma  Ifagam,  M.  P.  Hknkbooh 
iPhytopathologVf  8  (1918),  No.  8,  pp.  879-431,  flgs.  10).— This  disease,  which  is 
said  to  be  widely  distributed  in  Wisconsin  and  to  cause  at  times  considerable 
loss,  may  attack  plants  in  the  seed  bed,  the  disease  appearing  in  the  field  shortly 
after  transplanting.  The  fungus  may  attack  the  plants  through  leaf  invasioiis 
or  through  the  roots.  Stem  infection  often  results  in  -an  elongated  lesion  ex- 
tending  from  the  roots  to  the  leaves  or  it  may  girdle  the  stems  and  allow  the 
head  to  break  off  at  the  surface  of  the  soli  Frequently  nothing  is  left  of  the 
plant  but  a  blackened  stump.  In  addition  to  the  cabbage,  quite  a  number  of 
other  cruciferous  plants  have  been  Inoculated  with  the  fungus,  while  a  few 
species  have  been  found  nonsusceptlble  under  the  conditions  of  the  experiments. 

The  fungus  appears  to  be  carried  over  In  the.  seed,  probably  in  the  form  of 
dormant  mycelium,  and  the  most  satisfactory  treatment  from  the  standpoiDt 
of  seed  germination  has  been  found  to  be  immersion  for  20  to  25  minutes  in  a 
1 :  200  solution  of  40  per  cent  formaldehyde.  This  was  found  to  kill  the  spores, 
but  was  not  sufficient  to  disinfect  seed  which  had  been  Invaded  by  the  fungus 
mycelium.  The  removal  of  diseased  tissues  from  the  soil  and  deep  fall  plowing 
are  recommended  as  means  of  control  on  Infected  fields. 

Physoderma  disease  of  com,  W.  H.  Tisdalb  (Jour,  Agr.  Research  [V.  £1.],  itf 
{1919),  No.  5,  pp.  187-154,  P<«- 10,  fiff*  i).— A  detailed  account  is  given  of  a  study 
made  in  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  of  the 
disease  of  com  due  to  P.  zew  maydU,  the  occurrence  and  distribution  of  which 
have  already  been  noted  (£.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  351).  The  history  of  the  disease,  iti 
distribution,  economic  importance,  factors  favoring  Its  spread,  etc.,  are  de- 
scribed, after  which  an  account  is  giv^i  of  the  causal  organism,  its  germination, 
host  penetration,  dissemination,  etc. 

While  no  definite  means  of  control  have  been  discovered,  there  is  considered 
to  be  a  possibility  of  preventing  the  disease  by  sanitation,  rotation  of  crops^ 
and  use  of  resistant  varieties. 

A  morphological  and  cultural  note  on  the  orgaaiam  causing  Stewart's  dis- 
ease of  sweet  com,  L.  MoGulloch  ( Phytopathology t  8  {1918),  No.  8,  pp.  440- 
442,  pi.  i). — ^According  to  the  author,  a  study  of  the  organism  which  has  borne 
the  names  Pseudomonaa  9tewarti  and  Bacterium  stevxtrti  has  shown  that  it  is 
improperly  classified  and  should  b^r  the  name  Aplanohacter  stewartL 

Observations  of  cultures  of  this  organism  have  shown  that  there  are  two  dis- 
tinct types  of  surface  colonies  as  se^  on  peptonized  beef  agar  plates.  In  viru- 
lence, character  of  Infection,  general  cultural  characteristics,  and  morphology, 
including  the  lack  of  flagella,  the  two  types  appear  to  be  Identical,  the  only 
difference  being  the  behavior  of  the  colonies  on  the  agar  mentioned  above. 

Bacterial  oat  bUght,  O.  Bixiott  {Phytopathology,  8  {1918),  No.  9,  pp.  489, 
490). — The  author  resfOTt»  a  severe  bacterial  blighting  of  oats  in  southern  Wis- 
consin in  1918  and  a  aimiliur  condition  in  southern  Minnesota,  northern  Illlnoifl, 
northern  Indiana,  and  Ohio.  The  disease  seems  to  be  due  to  the  organism  pre- 
viously described  by  Manns  (E.  S.  R.,  22,  p.  458). 

In  addition  to  the  &bove  blight,  another  distinctly  diffierent  bacterial  disease 
was  found  on  oats.  TblB  was  first  collected  in  June,  1917,  at  Urbana,  IlL,  and 
later  at  Lafayette,  Ind.,  and  at  Wooster,  Ohio.  This  disease  dUEen  from  the 
l&rst  In  the  absence  of  the  halo  effect  on  the  leaves  and  the  presence  of  an  ex- 
udate.   To  this  latter  disease  the  name  stripe  blight  Is  tentatively  given. 

Beport  of  the  conf erenoe  on  diseases  of  potatoes  and  seed  certilication,  G.  B. 
LxicAN  ET  AL.  {WosMngton:  War  Bmerggnoy  Bd.  Amer.  Plant  Path.,  1918,  pp. 
l-tO,  pl8.  IB).— This  Is  the  report  of  the  secretary  to  the  conference  held  at 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  August  16  and  17,  1918,  on  potato  diseases,  called  for  the  con- 


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1919] 


DISEASES  OF  IBUlNTB.  847 


fiideratlon  especially  of  the  so-called  degeneration  diseases  of  potatoes  and  of 
the  problems  of  certification  of  seed  potatoes.  Projects  were  organized  In  con- 
nection with  potato  mosaic,  leaf  roll,  and  curly  dwarl?.  Reports  under  these 
heads  were  presented  and  discussed,  &nfi  a  project  committee  was  appointed 
to  take  charge  of  the  various  problems  connected  with  the  certification  of  seed 
potatoes. 

Some  Berious  potato  diseases,  S.  L.*Babtht  {Jour.  Bath  and  West  and  South, 
Counties  Soc,  5.  «er.,  12  U917-18),  pp,  8&-106,  pis.  «).— The  author  discusses 
with  appropriate  control  measures  locally  Important  potato  diseases,  Including 
late  blight  {PhjftophtJiora  infestans),  potato  scab  (Aotinomyces  chromogenus) , 
corky  or  powdery  scab  {Spongospora  suJ)terranea) ,  wart  disease  or  black  scab 
iSynchytrium  endohiotioum)  and  other  scab  diseases,  stalk  disease  (Sclerotinia 
9clerotiorutn),  Botrytls  disease  (B.  otnerea),  and  blackleg  or  black  stem  rot 
{Bacillus  phytophthorus) . 

Observations  on  obscure  potato  troubles,  H.  T.  Gttssow  (Phytopathology,  8 
(1918),  No.  9,  pp.  491-495,  figs.  4).— Descriptions  are  given  oX  attacks  of  Het- 
erodera  radicicola  on  the  potato  tuber,  the  effect  of  unfavorable  storage  condi- 
tions, leaf  streak,  and  mosaic  disease.  The  last  disease  the  author  claims 
to  have  successfully  transferred  by  inarching  diseased  plants  with  vigorous 
ones,  the  resulting  tubers  having  produced  typical  mosaic  disease. 

Seed  tuber  treatments  for  potatoes,  Q.  H.  Coons  {Phytopathology,  8  (1918), 
2fo.  9,  pp.  457-468,  figs.  6). — ^The  value  of  seed  tuber  disinfection  for  the  preven- 
tion of  scab  and  Rhizoctonla  having  been  questioned,  the  author  conducted  a 
series  of  experiments  to  determine,  if  possible,  improvements  in  the  method  of 
seed  treatment,  as  well  as  to  test  the  whole  matter  of  the  desirablliy  of  treat- 
ments. 

Glean,  scabby,  and  scurfed  potatoes  were  treated  in  various  ways  with  for- 
maldehyde, corrosive  sublimate,  and  bleaching  powder.  It  was  found  that 
the  formaldehyde  used  in  dilute  solution  for  either  soaking  or  sprinkling  the 
tubers,  together  with  planting  in  dean  ground,  was  efficient  in  reducing  the 
amount  of  scab,  and  the  soaking  of  the  tubers  for  1^  hours  in  a  1 :  240  solu- 
tion controlled  to  a  slight  extent  the  attack  of  Bhizoctonla.  Corrosive  subli- 
mate 1 : 1,000,  in  which  the  tubers  were  soaked  for  1  hour  to  li  hours,  con- 
trolled  both  scab  and  black  scurf.  When  the  solution  was  heated  to  54"*  O. 
(129.2*'  F.),  with  a  treatment  of  5  minutes'  duration,  efficient  control  of  scab 
and  black  scurf  was  obtained.  Prolonged  treatment  with  corrosive  sublimate 
or  treatment  with  hot  corrosive  sublimate  resulted  in  i;>oor  stands.  Bleach- 
ing powder  (5  per  cent  solution)  had  no  bad  eftect  on  the  stand  and  but 
little  beneficial  effect  in  controlling  scab.  It  was  not  tested  against  Rhizoc- 
tonla. 

The  experiments  conducted  by  the  author  seem  to  show  that  the  Important 
source  of  both  Rhizoctonla  and  scab  is  infected  seed,  the  soil  furnishing  a 
negligible  amount  of  Infectious  material.  This  conclusion  is  held  to  apply  for 
the  present  only  to  the  conditions  under  which  the  experiments  were  con- 
ducted. 

Fusaiium  blight  of  potatoes  under  irrlffation»  H.  Q.  MacMillan  {Jour.  Agr. 
Research  lU.  8.^,  16  {1919),  No.  11,  pp.  fn9-904,  pls.  5).— An  account  is  giv«i 
of  an  investigation  of  Fusarium  blight  of  potatoes  conducted  by  the  Bureau  of 
Plant  Industry,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  in  Colorado,  where  con- 
siderable losses  are  reported  as  due  to  Fusarium  blight.  Three  general  stages 
of  blight  are  recognized;  first,  a  stage  In  which  decay  and  death  of  the  seed 
piece  and  the  new  plant  occur  before  the  new  shoot  emerges  from  the  ground ; 
second,  a  later  stage  in  which  the  young  plant  shows  many  symptoms  of  In- 


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848  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [VoL40 

feotion  by  Fusarium  spp.  often  resulting  in  death;  and  third,  the  mature 
stage  resulting  in  deatl\,  usually  at  an  advanced  stage  of  growth,  often  witli 
Infection  and  decay  of  the  new  tubers.  Infection  is  said  to  be  of  two  kinds, 
that  from  the  soil  to  the  roots  and  •  root  hairs  and  that  of  the  seed  piece 
whereby  the  plant  becomes  diseased. 

For  the  control  of  the  disease,  the  author  suggests  selection  of  disease- 
resistant  varieties,  proper  cultural 'conditions  for  the  potato  plant  whereby  it 
may  maintain  a  degree  of  resistance  through  activity  and  health,  lengthened 
rotation,  judicious  irrigation  practices,  and  the  use  of  whole  seed  tubers  free 
from  wound  or  injury.  While  these  different  methods  have  been  investigated 
to  some  extent,  they  are  not  yet  known  to  be  wholly  effective  in  preventing  lo^ 

Vascular  Infection  of  the  seed  is  not  the  first  but  is  one  of  the  conditions 
assisting  in  bringing  about  decreased  resistance  to  new  infection  from  the  soiL 

Internal  rust  spot  disease  of  the  potato  tuber,  S.  G.  Paine  (Ann,  AppL  Biol^ 
5  (1918),  No.  1,  pp.  77-79). — Bxamindtion  and  Inoculation  studies  by  the  author 
of  potatoes  sent  from  two  farms  in  the  south  of  England  have  led  to  the  con- 
clusion that  the  disease  in  question  is  very  similar  to  one  which  has  been 
described  under  different  names  by  several  authors.  The  name  internal  rust 
spot  is  suggested  for  the  disease.  Fuller  discussion  and  description  of  this 
disease  are  reserved  for  a  later  paper. 

The  potato  wart  disease,  a  new  and  serious  disease  recently  discovered  in 
Pennsylvania,  0.  R.  Obton  and  F.  D.  Kern  (Pennsylvania  8ia.  Bui.  156  (1919), 
pp.  9-16,  flffi.  4), — A  popular  account  is  given  of  the  discovery  in  Pennsylvania 
of  the  potato  wart  disease  due  to  Chryiophlyctis  endohiotica,  and  the  life  history 
and  development  of  the  parasite  causing  the  disease  are  described  at  consid- 
erable length.  At  the  time  of  the  preparation  of  the  publication,  the  disease 
had  been  found  in  26  towns  in  three  counties  of  eastern  Pennsylvania. 

Black  wart  of  potato,  G.  Fbon  (Min.  Affr,  {Prance},  Ann.  8erv.  6piphyti€9,  4 
(1915),  pp.  45-48,  pi.  i).— This  is  a  brief  descriptive  discussion  of  potato  bla<& 
wart  or  black  canker,  due  to  ChrysopMyctis  endobtotica,  as  existing  in  other 
countries  but  not  yet  known  to  exist  in  France. 

A  cane  leaf  spot,  P.  A.  van  deb  Bijl  ( Union  8o.  Africa  Dept.  Affr.,  8ci.  BnL 
10  (1918),  pp.  16,  fiffs.  7).— An  account  is  given  of  a  disease  noted  by  the  author 
in  1917  and  marked  by  leaf  spots  which  are  described.  The  q>ores  of  the 
fungus  found  in  connection  with  the  trouble,  often  in  association  with  Lepto* 
9ph<Eria  $acchari,  show  some  resemblance  to  those  of  Helmintho^>orium.  Tlie 
symptoms  resemble  somewhat  those  due  to  Cerco$pora  sacchari.  The  fungus  is 
aerobic.  Viability  of  the  spores  is  lost  after  about  49  days  in  dry  placea  At- 
tempts to  inoculate  and  relsolate  the  fungus  were  successful. 

Boot  disease  of  sugar  cane,  J.  A.  Stevenson  (Rev.  Affr.  Puerto  Rico,  1  (1918), 
No.  6,  pp.  269-t79,  fiffS.  8). — ^The  author  discusses  in  connection  with  practical 
prevention  a  disease  or  group  of  diseases  of  sugar  cane  roots  in  Porto  Rico, 
as  occurring  in  association  with  MarawiiuB  iocchari,  Himantia  stellifera,  and 
Odontia  sctccTiaricola. 

An  immune  variety  of  sugar  cane,  O.  O.  Townsend  (8ciencet  m.  <er.,  49 
(1919),  No.  1272,  pp.  470-472).— In  connection  with  a  study  of  the  mottling 
disease  of  sugar  cane  in  Porto  Rico  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  63),  ^  Japanese  variety  of 
sugar  cane,  obtained  by  the  experiment  station  at  Mayaguez,  P.  R.,  from  Argen- 
tina several  years  ago,  has  proved*  quite  resistant.  The  variety,  seems  to 
ratoon  strongly  and  to  have  considerable  resistance  to  root  disease,  borer,  and 
stem  rot 

Angular  leaf  spot  of  tobacco,  an  nndescribed  bacterial  disease,  F.  IX 
Fbohmb  and  T.  J.  Mubxat  (Jour.  Affr.  Research  [(7.  £r.],  16  (1919),  No.  8,  pp. 


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1919]  DISEASES  OF  PLANTS.  849 

BIB-BSS,  pl8.  S). — In  a  contribution  from  the  Virginia  Experiment  Station,  the 
antbors  describe  a  leaf  spot  disease  of  tobacco  caused  by  Bacterium  angtUatum 
n.  sp.  The  disease  is  said  to  have  been  preyalent  in  the  flue-cured  tobacco 
belt  of  Virginia  in  1917,  apparently  having  been  present  to  some  extent  for 
aeyeral  years,  and  it  may  have  a  wide  distribution.  The  disease  produces 
losses  in  both  yield  and  grade,  which  were  calculated  in  one  field  at  20  per 
cent  reduction  in  yield  and  40  per  cent  reduction  in  grade. 

Ergot  on  Manitoba  wheat,  J.  Ghivflot  (Compt,  Rend,  Acad.  Agr.  France, 
4  (1918),  No.  SS,  pp.  9S1^S4), — ^Tbe  presence  of  ergot  {Clavicepa  purpurea)  on 
Manitoba  wheat  imported  into  France  is  briefly  discussed  in  connection  with 
the  degree  of  resistance  offered  by  that  variety  to  the  disease. 

The  eelworm  disease  of  wheat  and  its  control,  L.  P.  Byabs  ((7.  fif.  Dept.  Agr.^ 
Farmert^  BuL  IO41  (1919),  pp.  10,  figs.  10). -^A  popular  account  is  given  of  the 
nematode  or  eelworm  disease  {Tylenchus  tritici)  of  wheat,  a  previous  report 
upon  which  has  already  been  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  649). 

To  avoid  infection,  the  author  recommends  the  use  of  clean  seed,  crop  rota- 
tion, and  sanitation.  In  order  to  secure  clean  seed,  the  employment  of  the  salt 
brine  method  is  advised.  This  consists  in  placing  the  wheat  in  a  20  per  cent 
salt  solution,  stirring  thoroughly,  and  skimming  the  nematode  galls  and  other 
light  material  from,  the  surface  of  the  liquid,  the  sound  grains  sinking  to  the 
bottom.  After  treatment  with  the  salt  solution,  the  grain  should  be  rinsed  in 
fresh  water  and  dried. 

Brought  injury  to  Mcintosh  apple,  H.  T.  Gttssow  {Phytopathology,  8  {1918), 
No.  9,  pp.  490,  491,  fig.  i).— Injury  to  apples  of  the  Mcintosh  variety  observed 
in  1917  and  1918  is  described,  this  being  attributed  to  the  extraordinarily  severe 
drought  of  1917  and  the  lack  of  precipitation  at  certain  periods  in  1918. 

Apple  scald,  O.  Bbooks,  J.  S.  Cooucr,  and  D.  F.  Fishkb  {Jour.  Agr.  Research 
lU.  S.I,  16  (1919),  No.  8,  pp.  195-217,  figs.  11). -^In  continuation  of  studies  on 
the  effect  of  various  factors  on  apple  rot  fungi  and  the  scald  of  apples  in 
storage  (E.  S.  R.,  86,  p.  649;  88,  p.  853),  the  authors  give  a  report  of  additional 
work  conducted  in  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, on  the  nature  and  control  of  apple  scald. 

Apple  scald  is  claimed  to  be  due  to  volatile  or  gaseous  substances  that  are 
produced  in  the  metabolism  of  the  apple  and  can  be  taken  up  by  various  ab- 
sorbents. Well  matured  apples  are  less  subject  to  scald  than  immature  ones, 
and  apples  from  heavily  Irrigated  trees  scald  worse  than  those  from  trees  re- 
ceiving moderate  irrigation.  In  storage  the  development  of  apple  scald  was 
found  to  increase  with  a  rise  in  temperature  up  to  15  or  20''  C,  but  the 
trouble  has  not  been  observed  to  occur  at  25  or  30**.  The  effects  of  water 
vapor,  carbon  dioxld,  and  oxygen  on  the  development  of  scald  were  Investigated, 
and  it  was  found  that  scald  was  considerably  reduced  by  decreasing  the 
humidity,  although  the  beneficial  effects  were  not  entirely  due  to  the  decreased 
moisture  in  the  air.  Accumulations  of  carbon  dioxid  did  not  favor  the  devel- 
opment of  apple  scald,  rather  tending  to  prevent  it,  and  apples  susceptible  to 
scald  were  made  Immune  by  storing  them  for  a  few  days  in  an  atmosphere  of 
pure  carbon  dioxid.  The  effect  of  ventilation  on  scald  in  storage  Is  reported 
upon,  it  having  been  found  that  thorough  aeration  aids  materially  in  reducing 
the  amount  of  injury  due  to  this  cause. 

Spraying  tests  at  Te  Kauwhata,  J.  F.  Shepherd  {Jour.  Agr.  [New  Zeal.],  16 
(1918),  No.  4,  pp.  228-2S0) .--Testa  were  made  with  various  fungicides  used  as 
dormant  tsgr&ya  against  black  spot  of  pears,  the  results  being  somewhat  in- 
conclusive. Spraying  with  lime-sulphur  controlled  apple  mildew  with  no 
detriment  to  the  foliage. 


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850  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECOBD.  [VoLM 

A  wither  tip  of  plum  trees,  H.  Wormald  (Ann.  Appl.  Biol.,  5  {1918),  No.  1, 
pp.  28-59,  pis.  5). — The  author  has  made  a  study  of  a  Monilia  found  on  with- 
ered leaves  and  dead  twigs  of  Victoria  plum  trees  in  1916  during  a  study  of  a 
blossom  wilt  of  apple  trees  which  proved  to  he  due  to  M.  oinerea.  The  fungof 
on  plum  was  found  to  be  morphologically  indistinguishable  from  that  on  appte, 
and  is  therefore  considered  a  physiological  strain  of  M.  cinerea. 

The  disease  on  plum  appears  to  spread  from  the  leaf  which  Is  first  infected 
into  the  shoot,  causing  it  to  wilt  and  die  beyond  that  point.  Although  only 
negative  results  were  obtained  from  inoculations  of  plum  tree  leaves  witb  pure 
cultures  of  a  strain  obtained  from  a  withered  twig,  inoculation  of  the  stigmas 
was  followed  in  every  case  by  the  death  of  the  bloom,  and  in  some  cases  the 
flowering  spur  was  killed  and  the  branch  developed  a  canker.  Uninjured  plums 
were  not  attacked,  but  conidia  applied  to  wounds  produced  a  brown  rot  whidi 
spread  over  the  fruit,  attacking  in  some  cases  other  fruits  with  which  it  was 
in  contact  Apple  blossoms  inoculated  with  the  wither  tip  strain  fell,  but  did 
not  extend  the  infection  to  other  parts  as  in  the  case  of  the  apple  blossom  wilt 
strain  of  the  organism. 

[Grape  diseases],  L.  Ravas  (Prog.  Apr.  et  Vit.  (Bd.  VBtt-OefUre),  S9  {1918), 
J^o.  $0,  pp.  457-468). — The  author  summarises  a  number  of  fftcts  in  regard  to 
grape  downy  mildew  and  appropriate  control  measures,  with  observations  on 
grape  Oldium. 

[Grape  diseases],  L.  Degbttixt  {Prog.  Apr.  et  Vit.  {Bd.  rBst-Centre),  S9 
{1918),  No.  tS,  pp.  5S1-5SS). — Grape  mildew  is  said  to  be  favored  by  heavy 
applications  of  soluble  nitrogenous  fertilizers  and  of  fkrm  manures,  phosphate, 
and  potash  showing  little,  if  any,  influence.  The  effects  of  powdered  fungicides 
are  also  discussed. 

Studies  of  outbreaks  of  grape  downy  mildew  in  1915,  J.  Oafus  (Mtn.  Agr. 
{France},  Ann.  Serv.  Bpiphyties,  4  {1915),  pp.  16t-217,  figs,  19). — ^Thls  is  an 
elaborate  presentation  of  a  large  body  of  information  on  grape  downy  mildew, 
some  of  which  has  been  noted  previously  (E.  S.  R.,  96,  p.  650). 

Becent  studies  on  mildew  control,  L.  Ravaz  {Prog.  Agr.  et  Vit.  {Bd.  VEst- 
Centre),  89  {1918),  Noi.  14,  pp.  S18-815;  IS,  pp.  861-868) .^TestB  in  1916  witb 
milk  of  lime  at  a  strength  of  8  to  6  per  cent  are  considered  to  show  that  this 
preparation  is  ineffective  'as  against  grape  downy  mildew,  except  possibly  dur- 
ing very  dry  seasons.  Iron  sulphate  at  2  per  cent  with  lime  was  also  inefEtective. 
Mixed  preparations,  including  Bordeaux  mixture,  gave  inconclusive  results  and 
are  to  be  tested  again.  It  is  said,  however,  that  in  every  case  the  Of^per- 
arsenic  spray  was  at  least  as  efBcacious  as  the  basic  copper  spray,  but  addition 
of  the  iron  salt  gave  no  advantage. 

Tests  with  copper  sulphate  in  powdered  form  are  said  to  have  shown  greater 
fungicidal  efficacy  than  was  shown  by  that  in  the  liquid  form.  The  powdered 
form  permitted  greater  ease  and  economy  in  application,  although  it  was  ap- 
parently less  adherent 

[Grape]  anthracnose,  H.  B.  LAnrmi  {Jour.  Dept.  Agr.  8o.  Aust.,  tl  {1918), 
No.  6,  pp.  46t-471,  figs.  7). — Grape  anthracnose  or  black  spot  {Mangimia  amr 
pelina)  has  become  prevalent  in  South  Australia  owing  to  the  recurrence  of 
favorable  conditions  and  the  use  of  nonreslstant  varletieB.  The  present  article 
discusses  the  life  history  of  the  fungus,  methods  of  spreading,  and  varietal 
susceptibility. 

Black  rot,  A.  PBUNirr  {Prog.  Agr.  et  Vit.  {Bd.  rBst-Centre),  89  {1918),  No.  88, 
pp.  588^45). — ^Besides  making  comparisons  with  other  grape  diseases,  such  as 
Oldium  and  downy  mildew,  the  author  discusses  at  greater  length  black  rot 


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10191  DISEASES  OF  PLANTS.  851 

(Chiignardia  hidweUU)  aa  regard  outbreaks,  both  primary  and  secondary,  and 
appropriate  treatment,  in  connection  with  methods  of  preparing  fungicidea 

Ck>ntToI  of  brown  rot,  J.  A.  Campbell  {Jour,  Agr-  [New  Zeah},  16  (1918), 
No.  4,  pp.  221,  222).— A  provisional  report  is  made  on  experiments  continued  for 
three  years  on  the  same  plan  as  those  carried  out  at  Arataki  and  noted  below. 
These  are  said  to  have  given  valuable  information  but  a  comparatively  slight 
degree  of  present  success  in  control  of  brown  rot  Previous  indications  in 
favor  of  summer  spraying  for  this  trouble  have  not  been  confirmed^  although 
the  tests  were  vitiated  considerably  throusAi  abnormal  conditions. 

Brown  rot  experiments  at  Aratald,  T.  B.  Rodda  (Jour,  Agr.  {New  ZeaLI,  16 
{1918),  No.  4,  pp.  2X2-228). — Spraying  tests  on  browi!  i*ot  of  peaches  and  nec- 
tarines gave  no  decided  results  owing  to  unfavorable  weather  conditions.  All 
the  copper  compounds  at  the  strengths  used  were  injurious  to  both  fruit  and 
foliage,  and  their  fungicidal  effects  were  uncertain.  Spraying  tests  for  brown 
rot  of  apricot  gave  the  best  results  for  Bordeaux  mixture,  which,  however, 
disfigured  the  fruit  Very  good  results  were  obtained  by  the  use  of  lime- 
sulphur.    The  tests  on  apricot  rust  were  not  decisive. 

Al^ral  disease  of  cacao,  J.  B.  Robeb  {Proe.  Agr.  Boo.  Trinidad  and  Tobago,  H 
{1917),  No.  9,  pp.  S45S48;  abs.  in  Imp.  Dept.  Agr.  West  Indies,  Rpt.  Agr.  Dept. 
8t.  Lucia,  1917-18,  pp.  IS,  H;  Agr.  News  [Barbadjos^,  rt  {1918),  No.  421,  p. 
190) • — Since  1912  the  author  has  observed  a  disease  of  cacao  due  to  the  pres- 
ence of  an  alga,  Cephaleuros  virescens,  said  also  to  attack  tea  and  mango  in 
India.  It  is  said  to  check  the  normal  growth  of  the  twigs,  killing  the  outer 
bark  and  allowing  entrance  to  other  disease  organisms  which  may  kill  the 
branch  down  to  the  main  trunk  of  the  tree.  Apimrently  the  alga  may  attack 
almost  any  cacao  tree,  but  it  is  more  Injurious  to  weak  trees  on  areas  which 
are  Insufficiently  drained,  poorly  shaded,  or  exposed  to  the  wind. 

A  root  rot  of  orange  In  Trlpott,  G.  Lbons  {Agr.  Colon.  {Italyl,  12  {1918), 
No.  4,  pp,  209-215,  figs.  4).— A  root  ret  of  orange  is  described  which  has  caused 
considerable  damage  for  some  time  in  Tripoli.  It  is  found  even  on  certain 
sandy  soils  if  they  are  underlaid  by  layers  relatively  impermeable  to  water. 
The  trouble  may  also  be  connected  with  deep  planting,  abundant  organic  fer- 
tilizer, and  overabundant  irrigation.  Certain  varieties  are  measurably  re- 
sistant 

The  susceptibility  of  a  nonrutaceous  host  to  citrus  canker,  H.  A.  Leb  and 
E.  D.  Mebbill  {Science,  n.  ser.,  49  {1919),  No.  1278,  pp.  499,  500).— The  results 
are  given  of  a  cooperative  investigation  made  by  the  Bureau  of  Plant  In- 
dustry, U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  the  Philippine  Bureau  of  Science. 
In  this,  Inoculation  experiments  repeated  several  times  have  shown  that 
Lansium  domesticum,  a  tree  cultivated  In  the  Philippines  for  Its  edible  fruit 
may  be  Infected  by  Pseudomonas  citri,  the  cause  of  citrus  canker. 

Boot  disease  of  tea,  R.  I>.  Anstead  {Planters*  Chron.,  IS  {1918),  No.  28,  p. 
S94). — ^A  case  Is  said  to  have  been  reported  In  which  tea  was  attacked  by  a 
fatal  root  disease,  supposed  to  have  spread  from  dead  or  dying  roots  or  stumps 
of  Sruthrina  Uthosperma. 

Black  rot  of  chestnuts,  L.  Mangin  {Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Agr.  France,  4 
{1918),  No.  82,  pp.  885-^89). —Studies  carried  out  during  and  since  1917  have 
convliiced  the  author  that  black  rot  is  a  very  Important  disease  of  chestnuts. 
Of  one  lot  of  nuts  examined,  26  per  cent  were  affected  with  black  rot  This  is 
said  to  be  due  entirely  to  a  fungus,  Barziella  castanea,  which  causes  very  active 
evaporation,  resulting  in  a  great  decrease  of  specific  gravity,  this  fact  being 
ntUized  to  seiMirate  the  diseased  chestnuta    The  fungus  does  not  attack  the 


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852  BXPEBIlCfiNT  8TAXI0K  RBCOBD.  [Vol.40 

nuts  on  the  tree,  the  contamination  origlaating  from  the  soil  after  the  f mlt 
drops  and  then  developing  very  rapidly.  Sulphur  gas  seems  effective  for 
destroying  the  fungus. 

The  fungus  flora  of  pine  seed  beds,  A.  B.  Bathbun  (PhytoptUholoffif*  S 
(1918),  No.  9,  pp,  469-4^).— In  continuation  of  a  study  of  the  fungus  flora  of 
the  soils  of  a  forest  nursery  at  Brown  University  (E.  S.  R.,  30,  p.  254),  the 
author  reports  that  a  dozen  or  more  tqtedes  of  fungi  occur  in  soil  at  varlona 
depths  from  1  to  44  in.  With  the  exertion  of  Fnsarium,  no  fungus  known  to 
cause  damping-ofl  was  isolated  frcnn  the  soil  of  the  nursery.  Grubs  and 
earthworms  were  found  to  be  carriers  of  the  spores  of  the  soil  fungL  Some  of 
the  soil  fungi  are  considered  to  be  possibly  facultative  anaerobes,  but  this  point 
Is  to  be  further  investigated. 

Incubation  period  of  Gronartium  ribieola  on  the  white  pine,  R.  K  Stork 
{Phytopathology,  8  (1918),  No.  8,  pp.  438-440,  fig.  i).— As  a  result  of  observa- 
tions made  on  the  white  pine  blister  rust,  the  author  has  reached  the  condu- 
sion  that  the  most  conmion  period  of  incubation  is  2  years  and  9  or  10  months, 
with  a  life  cycle  of  8  years,  and  that  sometimes  the  incubation  period  may  be 
8  years  and  9  or  10  months,  with  a  life  cycle  of  4  years. 

Additional  list  of  State  and  national  quarantines  against  the  white  pine 
blister  rust,  R.  O.  PiSBd  (Phytopathology,  8  (1918),  No.  9,  pp.  484-486).— 
A  tabulated  statement  is  given  of  quarantines  in  effect,  from  which  it  ap- 
pears that  not  only  is  there  a  general  quarantine  for  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment but  that  15  States  have  quarantined  against  the  movement  of  white  pine, 
Ribes,  Grossularia,  etc. 

[Notes  on  Hevea  canker],  P.  B.  Kbuchxnius  (Arch.  Rubbercult.  Nederland. 
Indie,  2  (1918),  No.  7,  fp.  4^8,  W*  4^6).— Hevea  canker  may  arise  from  super- 
ficial wounding  of  the  bark.  Tapping  cuts  and  latex  channels  should  be 
tarred  as  soon  as  made,  and  the  treatment  should  be  repeated  as  often  as 
necessary.  It  is  regarded  as  desirable  to  tap  on  the  lower  portion  of  the 
trunk  during  the  dry  season  and  higher  up  during  the  period  of  heavy  rainfall. 

Fhytophthora  meadii  n.  sp.  on  Hevea  brasiliensis,  W.  McRab  (Mem.  Dept. 
Agr.  India,  Bot.  8er.,  9  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  %19-flS,  pis.  S,  figs.  5).~The  author 
has  studied  this  fungus  In  connection  with  abnormal  wilting,  leaf  fail,  fruit 
rot,  and  dieback  of  Hevea  in  portions  of  India. 

Though  the  fungus  under  natural  conditions  has  been  found  to  Attack  only 
H.  hrasiUoMis,  it  has  been  induced  by  artificial  manipulation  to  infect  Manihot 
glaziovii  and  Rioinus  oommwUs.    A  technical  description  is  noted  below. 

The  fungus,  appearing  at  comparatively  few  points  Just  at  the  close  of  the 
dry  season,  spreads  rapidly  after  the  bursting  of  the  monsoon,  affecting  both 
fruits  and  leaves.  Sporangia  and  aoospores  are  produced  in  great  abundance, 
rain  drops  supposedly  aiding  in  their  dissemination.  Recently,  resting  conidia 
have  been  produced  in  cultures  at  Pusa  but  not  at  Ck)imbatore,  probably  on 
account  of  the  differoioes  in  range  of  temperature  at  the  two  places.  The 
discovery  of  conidia  may  cause  a  change  of  view  as  to  the  relationships  of 
this  fungus. 

Preventive  measures  considered  as  feasible  include  removal  and  destruction 
of  branches  and  fruits  attacked  by  the  disease,  diversion  of  rain  water  from 
latex  cups,  and  general  sanitation. 

A  new  species  of  Phytc^hthora  parasitic  on  the  Para  rubber  tree,  W.  Mo- 
ras (Ji>ur.  Bombay  Nat.  Hist.  Soc,  85  (1918),  No.  4,  p.  760). —This  gives  a 
technical  description  of  ttie  fungus  P.  meadU  n.  sp.,  which  is  said  to  attack 
leaves,  fruits,  and  shoots  of  Sovea  IfrasiHensis^  causing  fruit  drop,  branch 
dieback,  and  tapping  rot 


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1019]  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  863 

EOONOKIC  ZOOIOaT— EHTOKOLOOT. 

A  synopsiB  of  the  bats  of  Calif omla,  H.  W.  Gbinnell  (Univ,  CaU  Pub8, 
Zcol,  n  (1918),  No,  12,  pp.  2ZS-40i,  pfo.  11,  fig$.  U;  abs.  in  Science,  n.  ier,,  44 
{1919),  No.  1260,  pp.  199-195).— But  three  families  of  bats  are  Known  to  occur 
in  the  Western  Hemisphere  north  of  the  Bahama  Islands  and  Central  Mexico, 
namely,  the  Phyllostomids,  represented  in  California  by  a  single  species;  the 
Vespertilionidse,  represented  by  26  species  and  subspecies;  and  the  Molossidie, 
represented  by  4  species.    The  synopsis  includes  a  6-page  bibliography. 

The  crow  In  Colorado,  W.  H.  Bebotolo  (Auk,  S6  (1919)^  No.  2,  pp.  198-205).^ 
The  author  finds  that  two  subspecies  of  the  crow  occur  in  Colorado,  namely, 
Ccrvus  brachyrhynchos  brachtfrhynchot  and  C.  brachyrhynchoi  he^perU.  Both 
are  found  on  the  eastern  slope,  but  only  the  latter  on  the  western  slope  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Beport  of  the  entomologist  of  the  Arizona  Conunission  of  Agriculture  and 
Horticulture  for  the  year  ended  June  30,  1017,  A.  W.  Mobbiix  (Ariz.  Com. 
Agr.  anA  Hort.  Ann.  Rpt,  9  {1917),  pp.  15-61,  pi.  1,  flffs.  24).— In  the  first  part 
of  this  report  (pp.  15-31)  the  author  deals  with  the  activities  of  the  plant  in* 
spection  service,  including  the  work  against  the  alfalfa  weevil  and  cotton  boll 
weevil ;  Investigations  of  the  clover  seed  chalcid  fiy,  which  is  one  of  the  most 
injurious  crop  pests  in  Arizona;  grasshoppers,  an  account  of  which  has  been 
noted  (B.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  859) ;  etc.  In  the  second  part  (pp.  88-^1)  notes  are  pre- 
sented on  the  more  important  insects  of  the  year. 

The  peach  twig  moth,  which  has  not  previously  been  recognized  in  Arizona, 
was  very  destructive  to  peaches  in  1917  in  three  widely  separated  orchards  In 
the  Salt  River  Valley.  Observations  in  the  Salt  River  Valley  by  the  author 
Indicate  that  the  life  history  of  the  pest  is  somewhat  different  from  that  ob- 
served elsewhere.  The  young  fruit  from  one-fourth  to  a  third  of  an  inch  in 
diameter  may  be  destroyed  in  March  by  the  same  generation  that  destroys  the 
young  twigs,  and  the  adult  moths  may  appear  as  lafe  as  November.  The  in- 
jured fruit  in  the  valley  is  subject  to  a  secondary  attack  by  a  small  dark  browu 
beetle,  known  as  the  dry  fig  beetle  {Carpophilus  hemipterus) .  In  one  orchard 
where  the  twig  moth  occurred  in  1917  more  than  50  per  cent  of  the  peaches 
were  infested  and  the  loss  practically  complete. 

Specimens  of  the  moth  borer  from  pear  trees,  mention  of  which  was  made  in 
the  previous  report  (B.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  846)  were  reared  and  proved  to  be 
the  carpenter  worm  {Prionoxystus  robinice).  In  some  instances  the  trees  were 
seriously  injured  and  nearly  destroyed  by  it  The  adult  usually  appears  In 
June  and  July,  three  years  being  required  for  the  completion  of  its  life  cycle. 

Injury  to  a  fig  tree  near  Tempe  was  found  to  be  due  to  a  species  which 
closely  resembles  the  three-lined  fig  borer  {Ptychodes  trilineatu$) . 

Unripe  apricots  in  certain  orchards  in  the  Salt  River  Valley  were  seriously 
scarred  by  a  new  species  of  thrlps  to  which  Morgan  has  given  the  name  Frank' 
Uniella  morriUi.  The  scarring  of  the  apricots  is  said  to  be  similar  to  that  done 
by  the  citrus  thrlps  to  citrus  fruit,  but  is  much  more  severe  since  the  injured 
apricots  are  more  frequently  stunted  in  growth  and  deformed.  In  control 
work  with  this  thrlps  good  results  are  said  to  have  been  obtained  from  the  use 
of  blackleaf  40  at  the  rate  of  1.25  fiuid  ounces  and  7  oz.  of  whale-oil  soap  to 
10  gaL  of  water  (1:1,000).  A  carefully  applied  driving  spray  under  at  least 
150  lbs.  pressure  was  essential  for  the  control  of  the  pest. 

A  nitiduUd  beetle  (ConoteUu  mexicanus)  was  found  in  great  abundance  on 
November  7  on  cucumber  blossoms  in  a  garden  near  Mesa.  Other  insects  of 
importance  during  the  year  are  considered  under  the  headings  of  citrus  and 
123607'--19 5 


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854  BXPBRIMSNT  STATION  BBCOBD.  (VoL40 

olive  pests,  pests  of  Held  and  forace  crops,  vesetable  crop  pests,  cotton  in- 
sects, etc 

[Economic  insects  in  Hawaii],  H.  P.  Agee  {Hatcaii.  Sugar  Planterf  Asioc^ 
Rpt.  Bxpt.  Sta.  Committee,  1918,  pp.  19-21).— This  report  includes  a  discussioii 
by  Swezey  of  data  relating  to  the  efficiency  of  the  introduced  egg  parasites  of 
the  leaf  hopper  and  by  Swezey  and  Muir  of  foreign  entomological  work. 

It  appears  that  when  the  H  109  variety  of  cane  is  affected  by  eye-spot 
disease  the  leaf  hoppers  may  have  an  increased  preference  for  it,  and  the  com- 
bined attack  of  disease  and  insect  is  apt  to  be  very  severe.  The  Pormosan  egg 
parasite  Ootetrastichus,  introduced  by  Muir  in  1016,  greatly  increased  in 
abundance  during  the  year  and  gives  promise  of  becoming  a  very  valuable 
introduction.  A  species  of  Entomophthora  is  reported  to  be  quite  beneficial 
in  checking  the  spread  of  leaf  hoppers  at  Pepeekeo,  as  many  as  19  hoppers 
killed  by  this  fungus  having  been  found  in  a  single  leaf.  The  Anomala  beetle 
has  become  so  well  checked  by  Scolia  manUof,  which  was  introduced  from  tlie 
Philippines  in  1915-16,  that  no  places  are  known  where  the  cane  is  being 
badly  injured.  This  parasite  is  now  found  to  be  abundant  in  all  the  r^ons 
occupied  by  the  Anomala  grubs  and  has  even  spread  beyond  the  Infested  areas. 
Brief  menUon  is  made  of  other  parasites  of  the  Anomala  beetle,  Doliehuna 
stantoni  which  parasitizes  the  cockroaches  PhyUodromia  hierofflffphica  and 
Lohoptera  extranea,  and  of  foreign  wort:  by  the  ratomologlsts. 

Insects  which  attract  public  attention,  H.  B.  Weiss  (ScL  Mo.,  8  {1919),  IToi 
2,  pp.  179-186,  figs.  2^).— Tabular  data  compiled  from  the  reports  of  the  ento- 
mologist of  the  New  Jersey  Experiment  Stations  for  the  five  years  1913-1917 
aro  presented  and  digested. 

Annual  report  of  the  State  entomologist  for  the  year  1915-16,  H.  C 
Sevemn  {Ann,  Rpt.  S,  Dak.  Hart,  fifoc,  H  {1917),  pp.  195-20S).—A  brief  r^wrt 
oij  the  entomological  work  for  the  year. 

Notes  and  observations  on  agricultural  entomology,  G.  del  Guebcio  {Agr. 
Colon.  [Italy],  12  {1918),  No8.  1,  pp.  1-30,  itgs.  9;  2,  pp.  65-102,  flga.  S6;  S,  pp. 
147-166,  figs.  2S). — ^Papers  are  here  presented  on  the  Somali  cotton  stainer 
{Dysdercus  scassellatii)  and  its  parasites;  the  chestnut  bur  borer  {Carpocapta 
splendana)  and  its  effect  upon  chestnut  flour;  the  larvae  of  cecidomyiids  attack- 
ing olives  in  Eritrea;  and  the  cotton  lygaeid  {Oxycarenus  hyalinipennis)  In 
Somali  and  sporozoa  that  attack  it. 

Administration  report  of  the  government  entomologist  for  the  year 
1917-18,  T.  V.  Ramakbtshna  Ayyar  {Rpt.  Dept.  Agr.  Madras,  1917-18,  pp. 
71-77). — In  this  report  a  brief  discussion  of  the  occurrence  of  the  more  impo^ 
tant  insects  of  the  year  Is  included. 

A  preliminary  report  on  the  cotton  pests  of  South  Africa,  d  K.  Bbaut 
{Union  So.  Africa,  Dept.  Agr.  Local  Ser.  No.  59  {1918),  pp.  27,  fig:  23). —A 
brief  discussion  of  the  more  important  insect  enemies  of  cotton  in  South  Africa. 

[Insect  enemies  of  tobacco  in  Dutch  East  Indies],  P.  B.  Eeucheniub 
{Meded.  Besoek.  Proefstat.  [Jat?o],  1915,  Nos.  H,  pp.  12-22,  pi.  1;  19,  pp.  t3, 
figs.  3;  1917,  No.  26,  pp.  1-56,  pi.  I).— The  first  of  these  papers  deals  with 
thrips,  Opatrum  depressum,  Lita  solaneUa,  etc. ;  the  second  with  O.  depressutn, 
OfiorimascTiem^  heUopa,  and  the  tobacco  moth  (Setomorpha) ;  and  the  third 
with  the  cigarette  beetle  and  Setomorpha  margalaestriata  n.  sp. 

Insects  attacking  vegetables  in  Porto  Bico,  R.  T.  CkyiroN  {Jour,  Dept.  Agr. 
P.  R.,  2  {1918),  No.  4,  PP-  265-317,  flgs.  U;  Rev.  Agr.  Puerto  Rico,  1  {1918), 
Nos.  3,  pp.  119-131,  figs.  8;  4,  pp.  150-165,  figs.  12;  5,  pp.  198-212,  figs.  13;  6, 
pp.  253-268,  figs.  12),— A.  general  discussion  of  the  insect  enemies  which  attack 
vegetables  in  Porto  Rico,  with  directions  for  their  control.  An  earlier  bulletin 
on  the  subject  by  Jones  has  been  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  33,  p.  5&) . 


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10191  ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ^ENTOMOLOGY.  855 

Insecti  injuiiotts  to  maple  tree,  H.  L.  Bailst  {Proc.  Vt  Maple  Sugar 
Makert^  Assoc,  2i  (1917),  pp.  71-^4).— ThlB  paper  contains  a  list  of  the  Insects 
known  to  attack  maples. 

[Work  with  stored  grain  Insects]  {Rpti.  Orain  Pests  (War)  Committee 
Roy.  Soc  [London},  1919,  No.  1,  pp.  24;  1918,  Nos.  2,  pp.  ^8,  pis.  11,  fig.  1;  S, 
pp.  18), — ^These  reports  Include  the  following  papers:  No.  1,  Report  on  the 
Klfect  of  Alr-tlght  Storage  npon  Grain  Insects,  I,  by  A.  Dendy  (pp.  6-24) ;  No. 
2,  Blonomic,  Morphological,  and  Economic  Report  on  the  Acarids  of  Stored 
Grain  and  Flour  [Aleurohius  farinat,  Glffciphagus  cadaverum,  Cheyletus  erudi- 
tue^  and  Acarophenax  triholii  n.  g.  and  n.  sp.],  by  R.  Newstead  and  H.  M. 
Duvall  (pp.  2^1) ;  Preliminary  Note  on  Samples  of  Flour  Submitted  for 
Bacteriological  Examination  by  Prof.  Newstead,  by  J.  M.  Beattle  (pp.  42,  48) ; 
Report  on  Six  Samples  of  Flour  Into  Which  Mites  Have  Been  Introduced,  by 
A.  E.  Humphries  (pp.  44-48) ;  No.  3,  Report  on  the  Effect  of  Air-tight  Storage 
upon  Grain  Insects,  II,  by  A.  Dendy  and  H.  D.  Elklngton  (pp.  &~14) ;  Experi- 
ments with  Two  Secondary  Grain  Pests  [Tribolium  castaneum  and  Silvanus 
surinamensis].  Showing  Their  Inability  to  Attack  Sound  Wheat  (pp.  15,  16) 
and  Observations  on  the  Attraction  of  Certain  Grain  Beetles,  Especially 
Weevils,  by  Water  (pp.  17, 18),  both  by  A.  Dendy. 

The  conclusions  of  Newstead  and  Duvall  are  as  follows:  "Wheat  and  flour 
are  liable  to  attacks  and  Injury  by  acarids.  A.  farituB  Is  the  acarid  responsible 
for  most  of  the  damage.  Mites  will  not  injure  wheat  and  flour  In  which  the 
moisture  is  11  per  cent  and  under,  whatever  the  temperature  may  be.  They 
may  flourish  and  increase  exceedingly  when  the  moisture  Is  over  13  per  cent 
Given  favorable  (to  them)  moisture  conditions  Increase  Is  very  rapid  at 
temperatures  between  00  and  75'  F.,  less  so  between  60  and  00"*,  while  between 
40  and  90*  Increase  Is  slow.  The  remedy  for  mite-infested  wheat  Is  to  screen 
It  thoroughly,  in  order  to  remove  as  many  of  the  mites  as  possible,  and  subject 
It  to  some  treatment  whereby  the  excessive  moisture  Is  reduced,  such  as  a  blast 
of  hot  air  followed  by  cooling. 

**  The  Injury  to  flour  is  much  more  serious  and  much  less  readily  combated 
than  In  wheat.  Flour  which  Is  heavily  mite-Infested  is  unfit  for  human  con- 
sumption.*' 

The  graduated  tent  fumigation  dosairs  system,  A.  W.  Moamx  {CaL 
CUroffT-f  4  U919),  No.  9,  pp.  62,  74,  76,  fig.  J).— In  this  paper  the  author  re- 
views the  history  of  the  origin  of  the  graduated  tent  or  Improved  system  of 
dosage  now  In  general  use  In  the  citrus  fruit  growing  districts  of  Oallfornla. 

The  graduated  tent  and  the  process  of  using  it  for  the  estimation  of  dosage, 
which  was  devised  as  a  result  of  work  by  the  author  while  an  agent  of  the 
Bureau  of  Entomology  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  was  described 
and  Illustrated  in  spedflcatlons  of  Letters  Patent  No.  902,074,  filed  December 
80,  1907,  and  dedicated  by  the  author  to  the  public.  This  system,  which  was 
described  and  Illustrated  In  a  bulletin  by  the  author  Issued  In  1908  and  prev- 
iously  noted  (B.  S.  B..  20.  p.  555),  was  a  graduated  tent  dosage  system  and 
was  not  connected  with  any  system  or  method  of  measuring  tents  used  prior 
to  1907. 

The  biolo^cal  method  of  control  of  Oecetlcus  platensls,  P.  Oaude  liAssim 
and  J-  BatTHW  (An.  8oc.  Rural  Argentina,  52  {1918),  No.  4,  PP.  297-215,  pL  i, 
ftgs.  11;  aft«.  in  Bev.  Appl.  isnt.,  tser.  A,  6  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  517,  518). —A.  re- 
port upon  parasite  control  work  with  the  bagworm  (O.  platensis)  In  Argentina* 
In  continuation  of  that  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  658),  which  deato  in 
part  with  a  new  dipterous  parasite  described  as  Pare^orista  oarideL 


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856  EXPEKTHEKT  STATION   BBCOBD.  fVoL  40 

Experience  with  an  outbreak  of  graBshoppers  on  overflowed  land  in  Iiooisi- 
ana,  E.  S.  Tuckeb  (Tram.  Kans.  Acad.  Sci.,  28  {1916-17),  pp.  f05-B75).— The 
anther  reports  upon  an  outbreak  of  grasshoppers  in  the  vidnlty  of  Oscar,  Ija. 
Poisoned  baits  apparently  did  not  attract  them,  but  plaster  of  Paris  dusted 
over  the  plants  appeared  to  deter  the  grasshoppers  from  eating  the  coated 


The  Orthoptera  (cockroaches,  locnsts,  grasshoppers,  and  crickets)  of  Horra 
Scotia,  with  descriptions  of  the  s];>ecies  and  notes  on  their  occnfrenoe  and 
habits,  H.  Piebs  (Proc.  an4  Trans.  Nova  Scotian  In»t.  ScL,  H  {1916-17),  No.  5. 
pp.  201-654,  pis.  4,  figs.  4). — A  brief  discussion  of  the  Orthoptera  in  general  Is 
followed  by  an  account  of  the  Orthoptera  of  Nova  Scotia  and  a  systematic 
description  of  Nova  Scotian  Orthoptera  in  which  28  species  are  listed. 

B«port  on  cacao  thxlps  (Heliothrips  rubrocinctus)  in  Grenada  in  lOlT, 
F.  W.  Ubich  {Abs.  in  Agr.  News  {Barbados],  17  {1918),  No.  432,  pp.  S62,  S6S; 
Rev.  Appl.  Ent.,  Ser.  A,  6  {1918),  No.  11,  pp.  496,  497). ^The  author  reports  tbe 
cacao  thrips  to  be  a  serious  pest  in  Grenada. 

Hississippi  cicadas,  with  a  key  to  the  species  of  the  southeastern  United 
States,  W.  T.  Davis  {Jour.  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.,  26  {1918),  No.  S-4*  PP-  141-165,  pis. 
2,  fig.  i).-— Eighteen  species  are  recognized  as  occurring  in  Mississippi,  one  of 
which  {Okanagana  viridis)  is  described  as  new. 

A  froghopper  on  sugar  cane  in  British  Guiana,  G.  B.  Wuxjams  (B«c2.  .But. 

^Research,  9  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  166-176,  figs.  5).— The  data  here  presented  relate 

to  Tomaspis  flavilatera,  which  attacks  sugar  cane  along  the  coast  of  British 

Guiana.    Although  it  has  not  as  yet  done  any  serious  damage,  it  is  viewed 

with  suspicion  by  the  planters. 

▲  cercopid  enemy  of  fields  of  parana  CPanicum  nomidianum)  {Sec  Agr. 
Com.  y.  Trab.,  Com.  Banid.  Veg.  Cuba,  Giro.  4  [1917},  pp.  61,  figs.  8)  .—The  data 
here  presented,  which  have  been  noted  from  another  source  (B.  S.  R.,  88,  p. 
666),  relate  to  MoneopJiora  bicincta.  This  cercopid  has  been  the  source  of 
much  damage  to  parana  grass  in  Gamaguey.  Collection  of  the  adults  by 
means  of  trap  lights  and  by  rakes  painted  with  tar  or  tanglefoot  is  recom- 
mended, as  is  also  burning  over  of  badly  infested  fields. 

The  woolly  white  fiy  in  Florida  citrus  groves,  W.  W.  Tothsbs  {U.  8.  Dept. 
Agr.,  Farmers^  Bui.  1011  {1919),  pp.  12,  figs.  8).— This  is  a  popular  summary 
of  information  relating  to  AleurothrU^us  howardi,  including  its  introductian 
and  subsequent  spread,  life  history,  natural  enemies,  and  remedial  measures. 

Since  its  discovery  at  Tampa  in  1909  it  has  ^read  rapidly  throughout  Florida, 
and  is  now  well  distributed  over  Hillsborough,  Pinellas,  Manatee,  Polk,  De 
Soto,  Orange,  Lee,  and  portions  of  Palm  Beach  Counties,  and  doubtless  soon 
will  infest  all  the  drtus  groves  in  the  State.  A  report  of  investigations  of 
this  species  by  Back  has  previously  been  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  23,  p.  2C77). 

Notes  on  the  green  bug  (Toxoptera  graminum)  in  Texas,  B.  8.  TcroKEa 
{Trans.  Kans.  Acad.  Soi.,  28  {1916-17),  pp.  276-291).— A  report  of  studies  con- 
ducted at  Piano,  Tex.,  in  1907. 

The  larger  com  stalk  borer  (Diatraea  zeaeolella),  O.  Q.  Anrsus  {U.  8. 
Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers*  Bui.  1025  {1919),  pp.  11,  figs.  8).— This  is  a  revision  of 
Farmers'  Bulletin  634  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  32,  p.  449). 

The  Insect  and  related  pests  of  Egypt.— I,  The  insect  and  related  pests  in- 
jurious to  the  cotton  plant:  I,  The  pink  boUworm,  F.  0.  Wii£Oooks  (Cairo, 
Egypt;  Sultanio  Agr.  Soc,  1916,  pp.  XXIII'^669,  pis.  10,  figs.  17;  rev.  In  Jour. 
Bcon.  Ent.,  11  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  486,  487).-- This  part,  the  first  of  a  volume  on 
the  insect  and  related  pests  injurious  to  the  cotton  plant  in  Bgypt»  deals  with 


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1W91  RCONOMIO  ZOOLOGY — ^ENTOMOIiOOY.  857 

the  pink  bollworm  {Pectinopfiora  [CMeoJUa^  gonypieUa).  AcconntB  of  the 
history  and  origin  of  the  pest,  the  nature  and  extent  of  the  losses  caused  by  It, 
food  plants,  etc.,  first  presented,  are  followed  by  a  detailed  report  of  studies  of 
its  life  history  and  habits  and-  of  Its  natural  enemies  and  control  measures. 

The  estivation  or  resting  stage  of  the  larvae  is  of  particular  importance,  since 
they  may  remain  in  cotton  seed  in  a  dormant  state  from  six  or  eight  months 
to  almost  two  years  before  pupating,  and  in  this  way  be  widely  disseminated. 
Following  an  extended  discussion  of  its  life  history  and  habits,  the  author 
deals  with  Its  natural  enemies,  including  predacious  insects,  mites,  spiders, 
birds,  etc  The  parasitic  enemies  considered  include  Pimpla  roboratar,  which 
has  rapidly  increased  and  become  quite  conmion,  the  life  history  and  habits  of 
which  are  considered  at  length;  a  large  and  a  small  pteromalid  {PteromaluM 
mpp.),  a  braconid  (Rhogas  kiteheneri),  lAmneriUfn  interruptum,  and  a  bethylid. 

Methods  of  control  considered  include  winter  destruction  of  food  plants, 
destruction  of  infested  bolls,  destruction  of  teel  or  hemp  {Hibiscus  oannabinus) 
and  banda  <J7.  esculewtus)  seed  capsules,  early  maturity  of  the  crop,  and 
destmetion  of  the  pink  bollworm  in  cotton  seed  in  various  ways,  including 
heat,  fumigation,  etc.  A  note  on  fumigation  of  the  seed,  by  V.  Mosserl  (pp. 
S08-812),  is  followed  by  one  on  the  use  of  arsenical  poisons  in  control  of  the 
pink  bollworm. 

Several  insects  which  are  liable  to  be  confused  with  the  pink  bollworm  are 
listed,  namely,  the  cotton  boll  Pyrodercus  (Pyroderoua  simpler),  the  hollyhock 
moth  iOrocidosema  plebkma),  and  Cryptoblabes  gnidieUa.  A  note  on  the 
possible  relation  between  the  pink  bollworm  and  the  ordinary  bollworm  (Earias 
imuiana)  and  a  brief  discussion  of  the  effect  of  injury  by  the  pink  bollworm  on 
the  germination  of  cotton  seed  and  ginning  outturns  of  sound  and  injured  seed 
cotton  from  bolls  of  the  first  and  second  picking  are  appended,  together  with  a 
bibliography  of  three  page&  Four  plates  in  colors  which  illustrate  the  pink 
bollworm,  the  nature  of  its  injury,  natural  enemies,  and  insects  likely  to  be 
confused  with  it  are  included. 

The  review  is  by  W.  D.  Hunter,  a  recent  bulletin  by  whom  on  the  pink  boll- 
worm has  been  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  89,  p.  764). 

The  seedling  flrum  moth  (Nola  metallopa),  W.  W.  Fboggatt  (Agr.  Qaz.  N.  8.  . 
Wales,  SO  (1919),  No,  S,  pp.  208-206,  figs,  5).— The  author  records  extensive 
damage  by  this  moth  to  red  gum  forests  {EucalgptMS  rostraia)  in  the  Deniliquin 
district,  Australia. 

ICalaria  endemicity  of  the  rice  districts  of  Louisiana  and  Arkansas,  with 
some  observations  on  types  of  mosquitoes  breeding  therein,  J.  G.  Qsigks, 
W.  O.  PuBDT,  and  L.  I.  Bates  (Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  11  {1918),  No.  16,  pp. 
128S-1285,  fig.  1). — ^"The  control  of  the  human  carrier  plus  the  factor  of  good 
screening  have,  so  far,  made  negligible  the  malaria  incidence  in  a  typical  rice 
district.  As  it  is  not  yet  humanly  possible  to  obtain  absolute  mosquito  con- 
trol in  the  rice  fields,  these  measures  are  indispensable. 

'*The  persistent  breeding  of  Anopheles  qua4nnuiculatus  in  the  rice  fields 
and  the  repeatedly  recorded  '  obvious  filght  distance '  of  this  mosquito  of  more 
than  a  mile  emphasise  the  necessity  of  the  foregoing  measures.  The  observa- 
tion that  Gulex  superseded  anophelines  in  '  dead '  water  in  the  rice  fields  de- 
serves further  study.  The  positive  indications  of  breeding  in  crayfish  holes, 
which  abound  everywhere,  is  suggestive  enough  to  offer  a  simple  solution  to  the 
sudden  appearance  of  large  larvsB  or  pupe  in  puddles  after  rains,  which  before 
were  dry. 

*'The  history  incidence  index  in  two  widely  separated  rice  districts  is  the 
same.    The  Incidence,  though  less  than  one  would  expect,  is  probably  repre- 


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858  EXPERIKENT  STATIOK  RECOBD.  [Vol.  40 

sentatlve.  The  average  incidence  in  school  children  taken  as  a  unit  Invarlahly 
equaled  that  of  the  community  as  a  whole,  indicating  strongly  their  availability 
for  experimental  index  work  and  the  obtaining  of  data.*' 

EfPective  malaria  control  in  a  rice  field  district,  with  observations  on  ex- 
perimental mosquito  flights,  J.  G.  GEaoEB,  W.  G.  Ptjbdy,  and  R.  B.  Tabbeit 
{Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.,  72  {1919),  No.  12,  pp.  8iM^7,  fig.  1).—**  Malaria  has 
been  eliminated  from  a  typical  rice  field  district  The  question  of  flight  of 
Anopheles  quadrimaculatus  may  of  necessity  be  regarded  from  two  angles,  that 
of  experiment  and  that  of  observation.  In  one,  the  lai^est  experiment  of  its 
kind  ever  undertaken  in  the  United  States,  we  have  a  record  flight  of  1  mile. 
In  the  other  observation,  there  has  been  recorded  continuously  and  on  dif- 
ferent occasions  a  flight  of  1.7  miles. 

"The  use  of  10  grains  of  quinin  sulphate  by  mouth  for  sterilization  of  the 
blood  of  malaria  carriers  is  evidently  efficient  for  one  malaria  seascm  if  used 
actively  over  a  period  of  80  days. 

"The  completely  negative  clinical  history  of  the  19  malaria  carriers  dis- 
covered on  microscopic  examination  indicates^  on  the  one  hand,  an  immense 
difficulty  in  obtaining  complete  malaria  control,  but  emphasizes,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  importance  of  the  detection  of  the  human  carrier&" 

A  revision  of  the  genus  Sciara  of  the  family  MycetophilidsB,  F.  W.  Fmer 
{Ann.  Ent.  Soc.  Amer.,  11  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  S19^42,  pis.  IB).— Thirty  spedes 
are  described  by  the  author  as  new,  of  which  seven  l)el<mg  to  the  genus  Sciara 
and  23  to  the  new  genus  Neosciara.  Two  additional  q[)ecies  of  sciarids  from 
South  America  are  also  described  as  new. 

A  contribution  to  the  knowledge  of  the  botflies,  Gastrophilns  intestinalis, 
G.  hflsmorrhoidalis,  and  G.  nasalis,  S.  Hadwsn  and  A.  B.  Gaicbbon  {BmL  Ent. 
Research,  9  {1918),  No.  2,  pp.  91-106,  pL  1,  figs.  JO).— "The  eggs  of  the  three 
species  of  botflies  discussed  in  this  paper  are  distinguished  by  the  fact  of  that 
of  O.  JuBmorrhoidaUs  being  the  only  one  stalked.  It  is  also  longer  than  those 
of  the  other  two  species,  which  are  of  about  equal  length.  Further,  it  is 
brownish  black  in  color,  that  of  O.  intestinalis  being 'whitish  yellow  and  0. 
nasaUs  yellow.  The  egg  of  O.  intestinalis  adheres  to  the  hair  by  clasping 
flanges,  which  run  only  two-thirds  of  its  length,  whilst  the  flanges  of  the  Of. 
nasalis  egg  run  almost  the  entire  length. 

"The  egg  of  G.  fiwmorrhoidalis  is  not  inserted  nor  screwed  into  the  skin  of 
the  host.  The  eggs  of  O.  intestinalis  are  laid  indiscriminately  on  the  body  of 
the  host,  but  preferably  on  the  long  hairs  investing  the  Inside  of  the  foreleg. 
O.  nasaUs  lays  its  eggs  on  the  hairs  of  the  intermaxillary  space  and  G.  hcpmor- 
rhoidalis  on  the  hairs  of  the  lips,  preferably  the  lower. 

'*  Of  the  recently  emerged  lalrvse,  that  of  G.  intesiinaUs  is  largest  in  size  and 
G.  hoemorrhoidalis  smallest.  In  these  two  species  there  are  13  body  segments, 
whilst  G.  n€isalis  has  but  12  and  Is  the  only  one  bearing  slender,  elongate  hairs. 
The  larval  posterior  spiracles  of  the  latter  species  are  sessile;  whereas  in  the 
others  the  two  spiracles  are  borne  on  the  distal  ends  of  two  cylindrical  pro- 
cesses arising  ftom  the  ultimate  abdominal  segments. 

"The  eggs  of  G.  intestinalis  do  not  readily  hatch  unaided,  but  apparently 
require  the  application  of  moisture  and  friction  or  shock.  A  large  number  of 
G.  nasalis  eggs  hatched  spontaneously  and  a  few  of  the  G.  hmmorrhaiddUs  eggs 
also.  This  latter  fact  is  regarded  as  supporting  the  theory  that  the  newly 
emerged  larvse  of  these  two  species  may  penetrate  directly  into  the  integument 
of  the  host.  The  lesions  on  the  skin  of  the  intermaxillary  space  and  lips  of 
the  host  observed  at  the  time  the  eggs  were  hatching  may  be  due  to  direct  pene- 
tration of  the  larvtt  of  G.  nasalis  and  G.  hamorrhoidaUs,  respectively.    The 


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1019]  ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY — ^ENTOMOLOGY.  859 

newly  emerged  larvae  of  G.  intettinaHa  failed  to  penetrate  the  halr-bearlng  In- 
tegoment  of  the  host,  but  positive  results  were  obtained  when  they  were  placed 
on  portions  of  the  buccal  mucosa  of  a  horse  and  calf  recently  killed.  A  larger 
number  succeeded  In  penetrating  the  paplllated  portion  of  the  calf  s  tongue,  as 
compared  with  the  unpapillated. 

"  The  three  species  are  probably  present  In  each  of  the  western  Provinces  of 
Canada.  As  regards  their  seasonal  appearance,  G.  intesHnaUs  Is  somewhat 
later  than  G.  nasaUs  and  G.  hwmorrhoidalis,  which  appear  simultaneously  and 
are  on  the  wing  for  about  the  same  time.  G.  intestinalis  continues  to  be  active 
f^r  into  the  autumn.  Of  the  three  species,  G.  intestinalis  causes  the  animal 
less  apprehension  than  the  other  two. 

'*  The  provision  of  leather  flaps  on  the  lips  of  the  horse,  cut  into  strips,  comb- 
wise,  is  advocated  as  likely  to  give  good  results  in  warding  off  the  attack  of 
G.  hamorrhoidalisJ' 

A  list  of  14  references  to  the  literature  and  Illustrations  of  the  three  species 
in  color  are  included. 

An  examination  of  the  sense  reaetions  of  flies,  O.  0.  Lodob  (BuL  Ent  Re- 
search, 9  (1918),  No.  «,  pp.  Hl-151f  pis.  S). — "There  appears  to  be  a  general 
similarity  in  the  tastes  of  the  different  species  with  regard  to  various  chemicals 
and  foods ;  the  tastes  of  Musca  domestiea  and  Phormia  azurea,  in  many  cases, 
being  found  to  approximate  most  nearly.  It  will  be  interesting  to  discover 
whether  there  Is  a  closer  correspondence  between  the  sense  organs  of  these  flies 
than  between  those  of  other  species. 

**  These  experiments  emphasize  the  extreme  curiosity  of  house  flies,  and  again 
show  the  catholicity  of  their  tastes  and  the  difficulty  of  finding  any  substances 
which  will  either  attract  or  repel  all  those  that  come  near  it.  The  mineral 
and  tar  oils  seem  to  be  amongst  the  most  repellent  substances.  With  regard 
to  poisons,  good  results  were  obtained  with  sodium  lodate,  large  numbers  being 
killed  when  very  small  amounts  were  used,  although  It  did  not  always  attract 
many  flies.  Sodium  lodate  has  the  disadvantage  of  being  very  expensive.  But 
further  experiments  require  to  be  made  before  any  definite  conclusions  can  be 
arrived  at  as  to  the  Importance  of  the  lodates  of  sodium  and  other  metals  as 
poisons  for  general  use. 

"  House  flies  were  not  found  to  show  any  color  preference.  For  house  flies 
the  optimum  temperature  was  found  to  be  between  36  and  44*  C.  [06.8  and 
111.2*  F.],  the  maximum  and  minimum  between  55  and  68*  and  10  to  13*, 
respectively. 

"It  appears  that  curiosity  plays  an  important  part  in  causing  house  flies 
to  come  to  baits  and  to  investigate  traps,  etc.,  although  the  senses  of  smell 
and  to  a  less  extent  that  of  sight  are  also  concerned;  the  former,  however, 
to  a  much  less  extent  than  it  is  with  blow  flies,  and  it  appears  to  be  most 
used  when  the  flies  are  close  to  the  baits." 

New  musooid  genera,  species,  and  synonymy,  0.  H.  T.  Townsend  (Insects 
tor  InscituB  Menstruus,  6  (1918),  Nas.  7-9,  pp.  151-156;  10-12,  pp.  157-182).-^ 
'  Fifty-eight  genera  are  erected  and  37  species  described  as  new. 

Two  species  of  Peiromyia  mininir  the  leaves  of  dock,  S.  W.  Fbost  (Jour. 
Aor.  Research  [U.  S.],  16  {1919),  No.  9,  pp.  229-24S,  pis.  S,  fig.  i).— This  Is  a 
report  of  studies  at  the  New  York  Cornell  Experiment  Station  of  the  life 
history  and  habits  of  two  anthomyids  (Pegomyia  calypirata  and  P.  aflinis) 
which  extensively  mine  the  leaves  of  Rumex  crispus  and  R.  ohtusifolius, 
species  of  dock  that  occur  commonly  throughout  the  United  States. 

Studies  of  P.  calyptrata,  which  Is  by  far  the  more  common  of  the  two,  are 
reported  upon  at  more  length.  It  appears  that  both  species  mine  solely  in 
species  of  Rumex. 


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860  EXPERIMBKT  STATION  BEOOBD.  {VoL40 

Two  parasiteB  were  reared  liy  the  auUMW  from  the  puparia  of  P.  califptnt^, 
namely,  Opius  quebecensis  and  DaonMsa  scaptamyzw,  and  THchogramma  mlniito 
from  the  eggs. 

An  hereditary  tumor  in  the  fruit  flgr^  Droeophila,  M.  B.  Stabk  {Jowr. 
Cancer  Research,  8  {1918),  No.  8,  pp.  279-800,  pi  1,  /lira.  IB).— This  is  a  r^ort 
of  studies  of  a  lethal  tumor  arising  in  embryonic  cells  near  the  posterior  end 
of  the  lanra  of  DrosophUa  melanogaster  (ampelaphUa). 

On  a  parasitic  Drosophila  from  Trinidad,  a  Q.  Lamb  (Bi»C  Bnt.  Beseartk, 
9  il918).  No.  2,  pp.  157-162,  fig9.  4) .—DrowphOa  paradosa,  which  is  parasitic 
on  a  eercopid  of  the  genus  Olastoptera  found  attacking  cacao  trees  in  Trinidad, 
is  described  as  new. 

A  short  summary  of  our  knowledge  of  the  frit  fly,  J.  R  Oollin  {AmL 
Appl.  Biol.^  6  (1918),  No.  2,  pp.  81-96).— A  brief  refn^nce  to  the  extensiTe 
damage  to  grains  by  this  pest  in  northern  and  central  Europe  is  followed  by 
an  account  of  its  occurrence  in  Great  Britain,  its  biology,  natural  enemies^ 
and  control  measures.  The  species  is  a  source  of  considerable  injury  in  the 
whole  south  of  England  and  it  has  been  recorded  as  doing  damage  in  Ireland 
and  Scotland. 

A  list  of  33  references  to  the  literature  is  given. 

The  mechanism  of  evolution  i^  lieptinotarsa,  W.  L.  Towkb  (Cameffie  Imt. 
Washington  Pub.  268  {1918),  pp.  VIII+884,  pU.  19,  fig^.  161).— A,  detailed  re- 
port of  investigations  conducted  by  the  author  over  an  extended  period.  The 
Relation  of  Water  to  the  Behavior  of  the  Potato  Beetle  in  a  Desert,  by  J.  K. 
Breitenbecher,  is  given  in  an  appendix  (pp.  341-384),  which  includes  a 
bibliography. 

Influence  of  Cerotoma  trif urcata  on  the  nitrogen-gratheriniT  fonetions  of 
the  oowpea,  L.  T.  Leonard  and  C  F.  Tubmeu  {J<mr.  Amer.  8oe.  Agron^  10 
{1918),  No.  6,  pp.  256-261,  pi.  i).— Experimental  work  conducted  by  the  Bureau 
of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  at  Arlington,  Va.,  during 
1914  and  1915,  and  at  Greenwood  and  Grenada,  Biiss.,  during  1916,  is  described, 
in  which  observations  were  made  of  the  effect  of  the  bean-leaf  beetle  (O.  irifinr' 
oata)  upon  cowpeas.  Danger  of  extensive  damage  from  the  beetles  or  their 
larvfe  in  the  vicinity  of  Washington,  D.  O.,  was  found  to  be  slight.  Injury  to 
the  nitrogen-fixing  functions  of  the  cowpea  plant  may  be  caused  by  the  larve 
without  superficial  indications  except  for  the  presence  of  the  beetles  and  leaf 
injury.  The  damage  is  said  to  range  from  practically  nothing  to  the  entire 
destruction  of  the  plant,  while  the  injury  to  the  nitrog^i  content  of  the  cowpea 
roots  was  found  to  be  roughly  proportional  to  the  number  of  larvae  present 

Time  of  planting  and  preseason  conditions  are  deemed  important  factors  in 
lessening  the  extent  of  damage.  Planting  betwe^i  May  1  and  15  is  recom- 
mended for  the  latitude  of  Greenwood.  Crop  rotation,  fall  plowing,  and  clean 
culture  are  also  expected  to  prove  beneficial. 

Injury  to  casuarina  trees  in  southern  Florida  by  the  maniprove  borer, 
T.  E.  Sntdeb  {Jour.  Agr.  Research  [17.  SJ\,  16  {1919),  No.  6,  pp.  15S-168,  pk, 
4,  figs.  2). — ^This  is  a  report  of  studies  of  Chrysobothris  iranquebarioa,  by  an 
agent  of  the  Bureau  of  Entomology  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 
conducted  on  the  east  coast  of  southern  Florida  whero  Casuarina  equUetifoHa 
trees,  known  as  casuarina  or  *' Australian  pine,'*  have  been  and  are  behig 
planted  for  shade  and  ornament  along  roads  and  avenues,  on  reclaimed  swamp 
land,  on  golf  courses,  along  the  seashore,  and  as  windbreaks  for  fruit  trees. 

The  investigations  by  the  author  led  to  the  discovery  that  this  buprestid  is  a 
common  and  destructive  enemy  of  the  red  mangrove  (Rhizaphora  mangle), 
found  in  swamps  along  the  coast,  from  which  it.  spreads  to  infest  casuarinaa 


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EOONOHIG  ZOOLOGY — ^ENXOMOLOOT.  861 


It  was  found  that  tbla  borer  attacks  only  living  red  mangroye  and  casoarlna, 
the  trees  attacked  ranging  from  2  to  6  in.  in  diameter;  those  over  five  years 
old  usually  are  not  attacked,  except  high  in  the  tops  or  branches.  SmaU 
casuarina  trees  are  attacked  near  the  base  as  a  rule.  In  case  of  small  trees 
the  trunk  may  be  girdled  before  the  larvse  attain  their  growth,  and  in  most 
cases  the  damage  is  done  before  the  presence  of  the  insect  is  noticed.  Many 
red  mangrove  trees  in  the  swamp  along  Biscayne  Bay  were  found  in  1916  to 
have  been  killed  by  the  borer. 

But  one  year  is  required  for  the  development  of  this  borer  from  egg  to 
adult.  In  addition  to  several  predatory  enemies,  mention  Is  made  of  two 
hymenopterous  parasites,  namely,  Atanycolus  rugosiventrU  which  was  found 
to  be  fairly  common  at  Miami  Beach  in  1917  and  1918,  and  A.  lalena  n.  sp. 

Investigations  have  shown  that  many  trees  can  be  saved  by  a  method 
described  by  the  author,  which  consists  of  cutting  and  burning  all  badly  dam- 
aged casuarina  trees  between  September  and  March  to  kill  the  insects  before 
they  emerge.  The  trees  may  be  entirely  removed,  cut  off  near  the  ground,  or 
merely  topped  so  that  they  will  sprout  from  the  stump  and  make  new  growth. 
Since  the  borer  usually  attacks  the  young  tree  n^ar  the  base,  care  should  be 
exercised  that  no  infested  stumps  remain.  Trees  only  slightly  damaged  and 
showing  evidence  in  the  rapidly  healing  wounds  of  recovery  should  not  be  cut, 
since  the  wounds  will  soon  heal.  Casuarina  trees  between  1.5  and  6  in.  in 
diameter  growing  in  proximity  to  .mangrove  swamps  or  near  other  infested 
casuarina  trees  should  be  examined  carefully  in  September  and  March  and 
the  young  larvte  killed  by  spraying  the  affected  part  of  the  trunks  with  poi- 
soned kerosene  emulsion,  made  in  accordance  with  the  following  formula  de- 
vised by  Craighead  (E.  S.  R.,  34,  p.  652) :    Standard  n^scible  oil  1  pint,  water 

5  gaL,  and  sodium  arsenate  i  lb.  From  April  to  June,  when  large  numbers  of 
the  adult  beetles  are  flying  and  feeding  on  the  bark,  they  should  be  killed  by 
spraying  the  tree  trunks  with  the  poisoned  kerosene  emulsion.  No  pruning  of 
casuarina  trees  should  be  attempted  between  April  and  August,  since  the  con- 
sequent flow  of  sap  will  attract  the  flying  beetles  to  the  trees. 

The  poplar  borer  (Saperda  calcarata),  R.  N.  Chbtstal  (Agr,  Qaz,  Canada, 

6  {1919),  No.  4,  pp.  SS^SSJ,  figs.  4).— This  is  a  report  of  studies  of  8.  calcarata 
In  southern  Alberta,  where  it  is  a  source  of  serious  damage  to  cottonwooda 

An  annotated  list  of  the  Cerambycidis  of  California,  R.  T.  Oabnrt 
(Canad,  Ent,  60  {1918),  No8,  5,  pp.  17t-177;  6,  pp.  205-213;  7,  pp.  248-252;  8, 
pp.  281-284) •—li^  these  parts  226  species  are  listed. 

Conserving  com  from  weevils  in  the  Ghilf  Co^t  States,  E.  A.  Back  {U.  8. 
Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers^  BuL  1029  {1919),  pp.  S6,  figs.  2i).— This  is  a  summary  of 
information  on  two  insects  that  do  more  injury  to  com  in  storage  than  all 
others  combined,  namely  the  rice  weevil  or  so-called  ** black  weevil"  and  the 
Angoumols  grain  moth  or  so-called  "fly  weevil,"  including  their  life  history 
and  habits,  injury  caused,  and  means  of  control.  Detailed  instructions  are 
given  for  the  prevention  of  injury  through  proper  fumigation  in  air-tight  bins, 
etc.,  emphasis  being  placed  upon  the  financial  gain  resulting.  As  illustrative 
of  this  saving  and  the  manner  in  which  it  may  be  accomplished,  descriptions 
are  given  of  the  way  in  which  three  farmers  saved  their  corn  ftom  loss. 

Pea  and  bean  weevils,  S.  H.  Skaitb  {Union  8o.  Africa,  Dept.  Agr.  Buk  12 
{1918),  pp.  92,  figi.  17).— This  is  a  discussion  of  the  five  species  of  weevils 
belonging  to  the  family  Bmchlds  known  to  infest  peas  and  beans  in  South 
Africa,  all  of  which  have  been  introduced  from  overseas. 

Studies  in  Bhynchophora.— VI,  <<  The  New  York  weevil,"  D.  Shabp  {Jour. 
N.  Y.  Ent.  8oc.,  26  {1918),  No.  S-4,  PP-  215-218,  pi.  1).—- This  relates  to  morpho- 
logical studies  of  Ithycertu  noveboracensis. 


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862  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BECORD.  [Vol.  40 

Life  history  observations  on  four  recently  descilbed  parasites  of  Bni- 
eopha^s  fnnebris,  T.  D.  Ukbahns  {Jour.  Agr.  Research  [t7.  flf.],  16  (1919), 
No.  6,  pp.  lS5-17Sf  pis.  2,  figs.  8). — ^This  is  a  report  of  studies  by  an  agent  of  tlie 
Burean  of  Entomology  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  of  four  para- 
sites of  the  clover  seed  chalcid  fly  in  the  seed  of  alfalfa  and  red  doTer, 
namely,  Liodontomerwt  perplexus,  L.  secundus,  Eutelus  Itruchophagi,  and 
TimeronUcrus  maculatus.  An  account  of  the  host  Insect  B.  funebris  has  previ- 
ously been  noted  (E.  S.  R,  8^  p.  454),  as  have  studies  of  its  important  para- 
site Habrocytus  medicaginis  (E.  S.  R.,  36,  p.  250). 

L.  perplexus  is  primarily  parasitic  upon  the  larva  stages  of  the  clover  seed 
chalcid  fly,  feeding  externally  upon  its  host  and  frequently  destroying  the 
entire  host  larva  with  the  exception  of  the  head.  In  exceptional  cases  It  has 
been  found  to  be  parasitic  upon  the  pupal  stage.  This  species  is  of  consider- 
able economic  importance  in  helping  to  reduce  the  injury  caused  by  the 
clover  seed  chalcid  fly  in  alfalfa  seed  throughout  the  western  Arizona  seed- 
growing  districts.  It  is  not  present  in  sutflcient  numbers  throughout  the  Cali- 
fornia, Idaho,  and  Utah  seed-growing  sections  to  be  of  value  in  reducing  the 
injury. 

L.  secundus,  first  collected  at  Albany,  Oreg.,  in  1914,  ovipositing  in  the  green 
ovaries  of  florets  on  red  clover  heads,  has  been  reared  from  infested  red 
clover  seed  at  Caldwell,  Idaho,  and  Albany,  Oreg.,  and  was  present  among 
chalclds  reared  from  red  clover  in  1915  at  Ellc  Point,  S.  Dak. 

E.  bruchophagi  was  reared  from  alftilfa  seed  infested  by  B.  funebris  at 
several  points  in  Idaho  and  Utah,  and  at  Susanvllle,  Cal.  T.  maculatus  has 
been  reared  from  infested  alfalfa  seed  taken  at  Yuma,  Ariz.,  and  at  a  number  of 
points  in  California  and  also  at  other  points  in  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  Kansas. 
Oalifbrnia,  South  Dakota,  and  Utah.  It  is  apparently  well  established  in 
Yuma  Valley,  where  it  was  found  to  destroy  about  7  per  ixxit  of  the  lame 
of  the  clover  seed  chalcid  fly,  and  it  also  appears  to  be  well  established  in  the 
Honey  Lake  Valley  of  northeastern  California. 

Additions  and  corrections  to  **  The  Type  Species  of  the  Genera  of  the 
Cynipoidea  or  the  Oall  Wasps  and  Parasitic  Cynlpoids,"  S.  A.  Rohwee  and 
M.  M.  Fagan  {Proo.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  55  (1919),  pp.  287-240) .--This  consists  of 
additions  and  corrections  to  the  paper  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  63). 

Contributions  to  our  knowledge  of  the  British  Braconidss. — TTI,  Xlcro- 
Crasteridaa,  G.  T.  Lylk  (EntomologUt,  49  (1916),  Nos.  6S7,  pp.  121-125,  figs.  7; 
688,  pp.  160-163;  639,  pp.  185-187;  640,  pp.  206-208;  641,  pp.  228-232;  642,  pp. 
251-254;  643,  pp.  268-272;  50  (1917),  Nos.  646,  pp.  51-53;  652,  pp.  193-201,  figt. 
6;  51  (1918),  Nos.  660,  pp.  lOJhlH;  S61,  pp.  129-137,  figs.  8).— This  third  paper 
(B.  3.  R.,  82,  p.  464)  deals  with  the  Mlcrogasteridse,  many  of  which  are  of  con- 
siderable economic  importance. 

FOODS— HUMAN  JNUTUITIOIT. 

A  new  food  mammal  (Jour.  Heredity,  8  (1917),  No.  8,  pp.  339-345,  figs.  5).— 
The  domestication  and  utiliKation  as  food  of  the  Florida  manatee  is  discussed. 
The  meat  of  this  mammal,  the  author  claims,  is  remarkable  for  its  whitenefls, 
delicacy,  and  flavor.  When  cured  it  resembles  bacon.  The  oil  from  the  blubber 
which  surrounds  the  entire  body  is  believed,  the  author  states,  to  be  equal  ther- 
apeutically to  codliver  oil.  It  is  odorless,  practically  tasteless,  contains  no 
iodin,  and  has  good  keeping  qualities. 

The  article  includes  an  analysis  of  manatee  grass  (Cymodooea  manatorum), 
an  aquatic  plant  on  which  the  manatee  feeds. 


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1919J  FOODS — HUMAN  NUTMTIOlSr.  863 

Some  observatlonB  on  fish  poisoning  in  the  British  Virgin  Islands,  T.  L.  B. 
CuLXKX  {Weat  Indian  BuL,  11  (191S),  No.  i,  pp.  5«-e7).— The  poisonous  flsh  of 
these  islands  are  described  and  the  local  plants  nsed  as  remedies  listed. 

Studies  of  use  of  milk  by  families  havingr  little  children  (Washington: 
U,  8.  Dept.  Labor,  Children's  Bur,,  1919,  pp,  12).— Three  articles  are  presented. 

I.  Baltimore  (pp.  4). — ^This  information  was  secured  by  school  nurses  of  the 
Baltimore  Department  of  Health  and  by  nurses  of  the  Instructive  Visiting 
Nurses'  Association  and  the  Babies*  Milk  Fund  of  Baltimore.  It  was  found 
that  out  of  756  children  between  2  and  7  years  of  age  only  29  per  cent  in  1918 
were  having  fresh  milk  to  drink  as  against  00  per  cent  in  1917.  IjCss  than  8  per 
cent  of  the  children  studied  were  having  as  much  as  8  cups  per  day.  Of  108 
babies  under  2  years  who  were  not  being  nursed  68  per  cent  were  having  some 
fresh  milk  to  drink  every  day. 

II.  Washington  (pp.  4). — Statistics  gathered  by  the  public  health  nurses  of 
Washington  show  that  out  of  482  children  between  2  and  7  years  of  age,  39.6 
per  cent  were  receiving,  in  1917,  no  fresh  milk  to  drink.  In  1918  this  number 
increased  to  52.7  per  cent.  Of  271  babies  under  2  years  that  were  studied, 
7.2  per  cent  of  those  who  were  not  breast-fed  were  drinking  no  milk. 

III.  New  Orleans  (pp.  4.) — ^This  study  was  made  by  the  nurses  of  the  Child 
Welfare  Association  of  New  Orleans,  under  the  direction  of  the  Children's 
Bureau.  Of  the  689  children  under  8  years  of  age  in  211  families,  70  per  cent 
of  the  483  who  were  not  breast-fed  were  getting,  in  1918,  no  fresh  milk,  while 
only  81.7  per  cent  were  getting  as  much  as  3  cups  dally. 

Fata  and  oils  {Iowa  State  Col  Agr,,  Ext,  Dept.,  Home  Boon,  Short  Course 
Class  Notes,  No.  26  {1917-18),  pp,  10),— The  composition,  sources,  and  charac- 
teristics of  various  fats  and  oils  are  discussed.  Recipes  and  menus  illustrat- 
ing their  use  are  Included. 

Siebel's  manual  and  record  book  for  bakers  and  millers  {Chicago:  Siebel 
Inst,  Technol,,  1917,  pp,  XIII-\-190-\-XXXII,  pU,  10).— -This  book  discourses  on 
modem  milling  and  baking  technology,  discusses  baking  material  and  formulas 
for  bread  and  cake,  and  presents,  in  addition,  much  sdentiflc  and  technical  data 
pertaining  to  milling  and  baking  operations. 

Flour  trade  in  Foochow  District,  A.  W.  Pontius  {U,  8,  Dept,  Com,,  Com, 
Bpts,,  No,  12  {1918),  p.  179),— 'The  annual  consumption  of  flour  in  this  district 
in  a  good  year  totals  700,0(X)  bags  of  50  lbs.  each.  The  prevailing  prices  ranged 
£rom  $1.83  to  $1.88  per  bag.  The  flour  is  used  entirely  in  making  cakes  and 
vermicelli. 

On  the  control  of  rope  in  bread,  B.  J.  Ck>HN,  S.  B.  Wolbach,  L.  J.  Hendis- 
eoN,  and  P.  H.  Gathcast  {Jour,  Oen,  Physiol,,  1  {1918),  No,  2,  pp,  221-230,  fig, 
1), — This  is  a  more  detailed  account  of  investigations  previously  noted  from 
another  source  (£.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  66). 

Beport  on  the  preparation  and  uses  of  meals,  particularly  as  flour  substi- 
tutes, W.  G.  Fbebman  {Bui,  Dept,  Agr,  Trinidad  and  Tobago,  16  {1917),  No,  2, 
pp.  70^78). — This  report  Includes  Notes  on  the  Preparation  of  Flour  Substi- 
tutes, by  R.  O.  Williams,  and  Meals,  Etc.,  from  Local  Vegetables.— Their  Prep- 
aration and  Uses,  by  H.  Meaden. 

Bread  substitutes  {Ber,  Norges  Landbr,  Hoiskoles  Virks.,  1916-17,  App.,  pp, 
29-28). — EiXperiments  are  recorded  in  which  oats  and  potato  have  been  used 
in  bread  making  to  replace  to  a  certain  extent  wheat  and  rye  flours.  The 
chemical  composition  of  the  resulting  products  is  given,  as  well  as  score  cards 
describing  the  physical  characteristics  of  the  bread. 

PflTiftWA  flour  and  other  flours  txoja  tropical  starchj  products  with  notes 
on  banana  cultivation,  B.  J.  Eaton  {Agr,  Bui,  Fed,  Malay  States,  6  {1918),  No. 
10,  pp.  430-436), — ^A  discussion  of  banana  flour.  Its  composition,  Its  dietetic 


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864  EXPBRIliEKT  STATION  BEOOBD.  ryoL40 

value,  and  its  preparation,  with  notes  on  the  cultivation  of  bananas,  Gon- 
stltutea  the  larger  part  of  this  paper.  A  recipe  for  the  preparation  of  potato 
bread  is  included,  aa  well  as  directions  for  the  storage  of  sweet  potatoei» 
vegetables,  fruits,  etc. 

▲n  old-time  method  of  yeast  making,  K.  S.  Sfkngeb  {Amer,  Cookery,  0 
{1919),  No.  7,  pp.  5B0,  5£i).— A  comparison  of  the  old-fashioned  method  of 
yeast  making  with  the  modem  factory  method  of  making  dry  yeast. 

Turnip  salad  (Amer.  Cookery,  tS  (1919),  No,  7,  p.  5£5).— The  old-ftishloiied 
use  of  young  turnip  shoots  in  salads  Is  briefly  commented  upon. 

Avocado  tea  recipe,  Mas.  Q.  W.  Bbck  {Awn.  Rpt.  CaL  Avocado  Assoc,  1917, 
p.  104), — ^According  to  the  author  a  tea  can  be  made  fnmi  avocado  leaves,  tbor- 
oughly  dried  in  the  shade,  the  test  reported  being  made  with  leaves  of  the 
Northrup  avocado.  The  infusion  was  made  in  the  usual  way,  using  25  grains 
of  the  dried  leaves  to  a  quart  of  water  and  allowing  ft  to  stand  for  5  minutea 

Lupin-containing  coffee  substitutes,  H.  Ecksnboth  {Ztschr.  UfUenmtiL 
Nahr.  u.  QenusemtL,  SB  {1918)^  No.  6,  pp.  240-242) .—The  author  is  of  the  opla- 
ion  that  lupins,  on  account  of  the  bitter  principle  which  can  not  be  completely 
removed,  should  not  be  used  as  coffee  substitutes. 

How  to  utilize  our  fruits  without  sugar,  A.  Trvellm  {VUUUiotiUm 
M4nag^e  dea  Fruits  sans  Sucre.  Paris:  Masson  d  Co.,  1918,  pp.  96,  figs.  28).^ 
This  is  a  reprint  of  a  series  of  articles  from  La  Nature  on  the  household  utili- 
zation and  preservation  of  fruits  without  sugar. 

The  substitution  of  saccharin  for  sugar,  W.  B.  Bmun  {Science,  n.  ser.,  j8 
{1918),  No.  1248,  pp.  549,  550,  fig.  1). — From  results  of  experiments  on  labora- 
tory animals  (dogs)  the  author  draws  conclusions  favorable  to  the  use  of 
saccharin. 

Dehydrated  foods.— A  list  of  references  to  material  in  the  Kew  York  pub- 
Uc  Ubrary  {BuL  N.  Y.  Pub.  Libr.,  21  {1917),  No.  10,  pp.  645-«55).— A  bibttog- 
raphy. 

Practical  aspects  of  dehydrated  foods,  L.  P.  Bbown  {Amer.  Jour.  Pub. 
Health,  8  {1918) ^  No.  5,  pp.  S72,  579).— This  article  briefly  summarises  ad- 
vantages to  be  derived  from  development  of  dehydration  in  the  United  Statea 

The  drying  and  preservation  of  vegetables,  Baleand  {Compt.  Rend.  Acad. 
Agr.  France,  4  {1918),  No.  S2,  pp.  d0£-907).— Analyses  of  dried  and  canned 
vegetables  sent  from  the  United  States  to  France  at  the  beginning  of  the  year 
1915  are  given.  A  table  showing  the  water  content  of  the  canned  vegetables  h 
also  included. 

[Poods  and  drugs]  (Amer.  Jour.  Pub.  HeaUh,  8  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  185-228).^- 
This  issue  contains  material  presented  before  the  Food  and  Drugs  Section  of 
the  American  Public  Health  Association  in  October,  1917.  It  includes  among 
others  the  following  papers  relating  to  food  and  nutrition:  Production  and 
Conservation  of  Food  Supplies,  by  P.  H.  Bryce ;  Influence  of  Heat  on  Growth- 
promoting  Properties  of  Pood,  by  B.  V.  McColIum ;  Present  Status  of  the  Pre- 
servation of  Food  by  Canning  and  Possibilities  of  Increase,  by  H.  Burden; 
Municipal  Food  Departments  In  Modem  War,  by  O.  Salthe ;  The  Fish  Canning 
Industry,  by  C.  M.  Hilliard ;  Fruit  and  Vegetable  Dehydration  From  a  Teciini- 
cal  Standpoint,  by  C.  V.  Ekroth ;  Problems  of  Canning  Operations,  by  W.  D. 
Bigelow;  The  Bacteriology  of  Swelled  Canned  Sardines,  by  W.  Sadler;  Cold 
Storage— Its  Capabilities  and  How  to  Best  Utilise  and  Extend  Them,  by  F.  A. 
Home;  and  Milk  Standards,  by  C.  B.  North. 

[Pood  reports],  A.  T.  CHABBOif  {Dept.  Agr.  IProv.  Q«e560],  Rpt.  Dir.  Of. 
Lab.,  1917,  pp.  1''12).— The  standards  fixed  and  promulgated  in  Canada  for 
maple  sirup  and  maple  sugar  are  giv^,  and  results  of  analyses  of  these  pro* 


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1919)  FOODS — ^HUMAN   NUTRITION.  865 

dncta  reported.    The  use  of  homogenised  cream  in  dieese  making  is  diecnssed. 
Analyses  of  samples  of  Cheddar  cheese  are  included. 

Sketch  of  the  Food  Hinistry's  work  in  1918  (Nat,  Food  Jour.  ILondon^^ 
t  (1918),  No.  S2,  pp.  t24,  «55).— This  is  a  brief  report  of  the  year's  work. 

Food  sorveTB  (17.  8.  Dept.  Agr.^  Food  Surveys,  $  (1919),  No$.  «,  pp.  8,  figs. 
5;  tS,  pp.  It,  figi.  7;  24,  pp.  8).— These  numbers  contain  respectiTely  special 
reports  of  commercifil  stocks  In  the  United  States  on  January  1,  1919,  of  (No. 
22)  canned  goods,  potatoes,  onions,  and  cabbage,  and  (No.  28)  beans  and  peas» 
grain  sorghums,  miscellaneous  cereal  products,  dried  fruits,  nuts,  and  peanuts; 
and  (No.  24)  on  March  1,  1919,  of  grain,  flour,  and  miscellaneous  food  pro- 
ducts (beans,  rice,  rolled  oats,  canned  salmon,  canned  tomatoes,  canned  com, 
sugar,  and  condensed  and  evaporated  milk). 

Food  wastes. — Some  causes  and  remedies,  L.  P.  Baowir  (Jour.  Franklin 
Imt.  185  (1918),  No.  5,  pp.  685-610,  figs.  16).— -The  food  wastes  wliich  occur  in 
hanrestlng,  in  manufacture,  in  transport  and  distribution,  and  in  the  kitchen 
are  analyzed  and  discussed.  Statistics  showing  the  kinds  and  amounts  of 
foods  condemned  by  the  Department  of  Health,  New  York  CJity,  in  1917,  are 
included.    Ortaln  remedies  are  suggested. 

Low  temperature  oookingr  (Hotel  Mo.,  tt  (1919),  No.  610,  pp.  64,  65,  ftg9, 
f).— An  OYea  is  described  in  which  meats  are  cooked  in  air  saturated  with 
water  vapor  at  170*  F.  This  method  of  cooking  is  said  to  be  slower  than  the 
Dsnal  way,  but  is  claimed  to  have  many  advantages.  Among  those  mentioned 
is  a  reduction  of  shrinkage  (9  to  14  per  cent)  and  rotation  of  flavor. 

Oriental  recipes  that  axe  worth  the  making,  A.  Fabbab  (Afner.  Cookery,  tS 
(1919),  No.  7,  pp.  518-520), —SpedAe  directions  for  characteristic  Ohlnese 
dishes  are  given. 

The  international  economical  food  chart,  A.  T.  Donaoif  (Spokane:  C.  W, 
HiU  PrimHng  Co.,  1918,  pp.  10,  figs.  18). —An  illustrated  chart  with  text  show- 
ing the  composition  of  common  fbod  materials.  The  diagrammatic  method 
of  showing  the  composition  and  energy  value  of  foods  is  in  general  a  con- 
ventional one.  In  addition  to  data  from  the  usual  sources,  the  text  includes 
material  and  generalizations  not  in  accord  with  what  seems  to  be  the  con- 
sensus of  opinion  of  physiologists  and  physiological  chemists. 

Diet  and  health,  with  key  to  the  calories,  L.  H.  Prbbs  (Chicago:  The 
JMOy  and  Britton  Co.,  1918,  pp.  105,  ill«<.). --This  book,  which  is  written  in  a 
itopniar  style,  has  for  its  keynote  **  watch  your  weight"  The  information 
contained  therein  relates  diiefly  to  the  nutrition  problems  of  the  under  and 
overfed. 

The  principles  InTolved  in  the  economic  readjustment  of  dietaries,  J.  J.  R. 
HacLbod  (Jour.  Lab.  and  CUn.  Med.,  2  (1917),  No.  11,  pp.  745-760).— A  discus- 
sion of  the  fundamental  principles  of  dietetics. 

Standards  for  growth  and  nutrition,  L.  B.  Holt  (Amer.  Jour.  DiieoMee 
Children,  16  (1918),  No.  6,  pp.  359-^5,  /Igt.  7).— The  purpose  of  this  paper  is 
to  show  that  the  weight-to-age  and  height-to-age  relationships  are  of  com- 
parativ^y  little  value  in  estimating  the  nutrition  of  the  body.  The  author 
believes  that  the  relation  of  weight  to  height  is  the  one  which  is  most  re- 
liable for  study  of  the  growth  of  children.  Many  statistics  collected  both  in 
the  United  tSates  and  abroad  are  included. 

Investigation  of  workers'  food  and  suggestions  as  to  dietary,  L.  B.  Hill 
(Min.  MuniUcns  {Gt.  BrU.h  HeaUh  Munition  Workers  Committee  Memo.,  19 
(1917),  pp.  12). — Specimen  meals  were  obtained  from  canteens  attached  to 
munition  works,  the  amounts  of  protein,  fat,  and  carbohydrate  estimated,  and 
the  fuel  value  calculated.  The  results  showed  that  the  average  canteen  din- 
ner furnished  about  IfiOO  calories.    InvestlgatlOQ  indicated  that  the  meals 


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866  EXPERIMENT  STATION   RECORD.  [VoL« 

brought  from  their  own  homes  by  the  workers  compared  favorably  with  the 
canteen  meals.  An  examination  of  the  food  of  women  workers  showed  dtnat 
results,  one  restaurant  dinner  furnishing  807  and  another  687  calories.  Tbe 
fuel  value  of  meals  brought  from  home  varied  from  2d5  to  1A4S  calorlea. 

The  dally  dietaries  of  munition  workers  were  investigated  at  various  1k»- 
tels  catering  to  both  men  and  women.  The  dietaries  of  three  of  these  were 
found  deficient,  but  the  author  concludes  that  on  the  whole  the  hostel  inmates 
are  not  undernourlRhed.  He  believes  the  immediate  remedy  ''for  a  threat- 
ened scarcity  is  not  a  reduction  of  food  needed  for  the  performance  of  woit, 
but  a  saving  of  all  waste,  a  complete  utilization  of  all  fbod  fit  for  hamaB 
consumption  by  human  beings,  an  increase  in  the  home  production  of  food, 
and  thus  an  extension  of  the  food  su]n>ly.'* 

A  proposed  basis  for  a  dietary  for  hospitals  for  the  insane  to  meet  war 
conditions,  H.  J.  Sommer  and  P.  Saha  (HoUidaytburg^  Pa.:  Directon  BIMr 
County  Hosp,  Insane,  1918,  pp,  57). — ^Dietaries  are  given  illustrating  the  old 
and  the  new  methods  of  issuing  rations  to  the  various  types  of  patients  and  tbe 
employees.    War  bread  formulas  are  included. 

More  recipes  for  fifty,  F.  L.  SMrrH  (Boston:  WhUoomb  d  Barrows,  1918,  pp. 
VH-\-225). — The  recipes  included  in  this  volume  are  designed,  according  to  the 
author,  to  simplify  for  institutions  the  problem  of  providing  satisfactory  meals 
at  minimum  expmise  with  less  sugar,  less  fat,  and  less  wheat. 

Military  hospital  mess  manasrsmant,  R.  G.  Hoskins  (Jour,  Amer.  Jfetf. 
Assoc,  12  (1919),  No.  11,  pp.  78^788).— The  following  problems  of  mess  maa- 
agement  in  military  hospitals  are  discussed:  Purchasing,  mess  personnel  and 
kitchen  management,  diet  for  the  individual,  preparation  of  menus,  methods  of 
serving  and  elimination  of  waste,  and  ward  service. 

Our  diet,  G.  Junge  (Unsere  Brnahrung.  Berlin:  Otto  Salle,  19/7, 
pp.  VIII -^94,  figs.  25). — ^The  author  gives  in  a  simple  manner  information  re- 
lating to  foods  and  nutrition  designed  to  assist  the  German  people  in  utiUxhig 
to  the  best  possible  advantage  the  foods  available  during  the  war  and  the  years 
of  scarcity  which  he  anticipates  after  the  war. 

The  food  question,  V.  Kienbock  (Die  Bmdhrungsfrage.  Vienna:  Victor 
Pimmer,  1918,  pp.  16). — A  discussion  of  the  food  situation  in  Germany  in  1918 
and  its  relation  to  the  war. 

Home  and  community  hygiene,  J.  BBOADEmxsr  (Philadelphia:  J.  B,  Lippi»- 
oott  Co.,  1918,  pp.  XIII -^428,  pis.  4,  figs.  US). —This  volume  contains,  hi  addi- 
tion to  much  other  material  relating  to  personal  and  public  health,  chapters 
dealing  with  food,  milk,  and  water. 

The  dynamic  action  of  f oodstnffs,  O.  Oppenhsimkb  (Zisehr.  Uniersuch.  Ndhr. 
u.  Oenussmtl.,  S6  (1918),  No.  S-4,  pp.  60-55). --A  discussion  based  on  Rubnef's 
conception  of  the  specific  dynamic  action  of  protein. 

DeaminiKation  and  urea  formation  In  the  animal  body,  W.  LdnuBB  (Bio- 
chem.  Ztschr.,  85  (1918),  No.  S-4,  PP-  230-294,  figs.  5). —The  surviving  livffs  of 
dogs  and  rabbits  were  perfused  with  Ringer's  solution  mixed  with  deflbrlnated 
blood,  and  the  urea  was  determined  by  the  urease  method  before  and  after 
perfusion.  Various  substances  were  added  to  the  perfusion  liquid,  and  tiielr 
effect  upon  urea  formation  was  noted. 

It  was  found  that  there  was  an  increase  in  the  urea  after  perfusion,  even 
when  no  nitrogen  compound  had  been  added.  The  addition  of  ammonium  salts 
caused  a  considerable  increase  in  the  urea  after  perfusion,  evoi  when  the 
perfusion  liquid  was  distinctly  add.  Acids  inliibited  somewhat  the  formadoo 
of  urea.  The  amino  groups  of  primary  amins  were  converted  into  urea  on 
perfusion,  and  the  deamldized  residues  more  or  less  oomidetely  oxidised.    No 


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1919]  POODS — HUMAN   NUTRITION.  867 

ffobstituted  or  asymmetrical  ureas  could  be  detected.  Trlmethylamln  was 
completely  demethylated,  and  the  ammonia  formed  converted  into  urea. 

Contributions  to  the  physlolofT  of  the  stomach.— XLIy  The  allefired  in- 
liaenoe  of  the  removal  of  the  sallTary  fflands  on  the  secretion  of  gastrio 
Juice,  A.  M.  SwAiTsoN  {Amer.  Jour.  PhyHoL,  4$  (1917),  No.  2,  pp.  205-911,  figa, 
4). -^Experiments  carried  out  to  determine  lyhether  or  not  a  hormone  exists 
in  the  salivary  glands  affecting  the  secretion  of  gastric  Juice  by  way  of  the 
blood  are  reported.    The  conclusions  reached  are  as  follows  : 

"...  [The]  results  contradict  the  theory  of  a  hormone  in  the  salivary 
glands  stimulating  the  secretion  of  gastric  Juice.  Bxtirpation  of  the  salivary 
glands  in  the  dog  does  not  decrease  the  gastric  Juice  secretion  (appetite  and 
seeretagogue  Juice). 

"  Eiztirpation  of  the  salivary  glands  causes  a  distinct  rise  in  the  acidity  of 
the  gastric  Juice.  This  increase  in  acidity  is  greater  than  can  be  accounted  for 
by  the  idight  increase  in  the  rate  of  secretion.  The  slight  increase  in  quantity 
may  be  due  to  the  absence  of  the  alkaline  saliva. 

"After  extirpation  of  the  salivary  glands,  the  maximum  secretion  rate  after 
a  meal  appears  slightly  retarded.  This  may  be  due  to  the  absence  of  the  water 
of  the  saliva,  and  to  decreased  psychic  secretion,  owing  to  the  drying  of  the 
mouth  and  consequent  impaired  taste." 

Other  work  by  Carlson  has  been  noted  (E.  S.  R.  84,  p.  463;  40,  p.  270). 

The  reerulatlon  of  the  Intestinal  flora  of  dogs  through  diet,  J.  G.  Tobbet 
(Jofcr.  Med.  Research,  S9  U919),  No.  5,  pp.  |l$-^7).— The  study  reported  is 
an  attempt  to  demonstrate  by  experiments  with  dogs  the  transforming  in- 
fluence of  various  food  materials  on  the  intestinal  flora.  The  investigation 
includes  determinations  of  the  comparative  transforming  influence  of  various 
sugars  and  starches  and  of  animal  and  vegetable  proteins  on. the  bacteria 
within  the  Intestinal  tract  and  of  the  influence  of  fat  in  the  diet  on  the  num- 
ber and  types  of  bacteria. 

The  results  in  general  demonstrate  that  not  all  carbohydrates  have  an  equal 
tendency  to  establish  a  purely  fermentative  intestinal  flora,  and  not  all  protein 
foods  encourage  putrefactive  conditions  in  a  like  degree.  Fat  seemed  to  play  no 
part  in  determining  the  development  of  bacterial  types  in  the  intestine,  the  only 
effect  of  large  amounts  of  fat  of  animal  origin  apparently  being  a  reduction  in 
the  relative  number  of  certain  bacteria. 

Lactose  and  dextrin,  when  added  to  a  meat  and  rice  diet,  caused  a  marked 
development  of  aciduric  bacteria  of  the  BaoiUtu  widophiluM  type  to  the  almost 
complete  suppression  of  proteolytic  types.  Glucose  and  maltose  ^ercised  no 
transforming  influence  on  the  types  of  bacteria  present  in  the  intestinal  tract 
Sucrose,  when  fed  in  large  amounts,  caused  a  moderate  increase  in  the  numbers 
of  obligate  fermentative  bacteria  and  a  partial  suppression  of  proteolytic  types, 
but  to  a  much  less  extent  than  lactose  or  dextrin. 

With  commercially  pasteurised  milk  (grade  G)  the  results  obtained  varied, 
depending  upon  whether  the  milk  was  fed  boiled  or  unboiled.  With  unboiled 
milk,  B.  coli  and  streptococci  predominated*  while  with  boiled  milk  streptococci 
and  B.  addophttiu  predominated.  Starchy  foods  all  tended  to  simplify  the  in- 
testinal flora  with  the  elimination  of  obligate  putrefactive  bacteria.  Rice 
proved  less  effective  than  bread,  potatoes,  or  beans  as  an  antiputrefactive 
ag^it. 

The  proteins  of  the  mammalian  tissues  were  the  only  ones  which  encouraged 
to  any  extent  the  growth  and  activity  of  the  obligate  putrefactive  bacteria 
within  the  intestinal  tract  A  diet  of  flsh  brought  about  a  predominance  of  bac- 
teria of  B.  coH  and  B.  proteus  groups,  while  the  B.  welchii  types  predominant 


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868  EXPERIMEm?  STATIOK  B£CX)BD.  [VoL40 

with  a  meat  diet,  wen  alwoit  Milk  caflein  and  TegetaMe  protefan  riiowed  fir 
less  tendency  to  give  rise  to  Intestinal  pntreftictlon  than  did  meat  protelna 

The  author  concludes  that  under  normal  physiological  conditiLons  the  fondi- 
mental  factor  contrc^lng  the  types  of  bacteria  originating  in  the  Intesdnal 
tract  Is  the  chemical  character  of  the  food  Ingested,  while  secondary  con- 
trolling factors  of  almost  equal. weight  are  the  rate  and  degree  of  the  diges- 
tion and  absorption  of  the  food  and  the  character  of  the  end  products  of  tbe 
digestive  process. 

Clinical  calorimetry.— XSTVI-ZXVIII  (Arch.  JiU.  Med.,  21  (1918),  27a  5, 
pp.  618-^58,  figs.  H). — ^Three  papers  are  presented  In  contlnuatton  of  eartter 
work  (B.  S.  R.,  87,  p.  266). 

XXVI.  The  effect  of  a  emaU  Jn-eakfasi  on  heat  production,  a.  F.  Soder 
Strom,  D.  P.  Barr,  and  B.  F.  DuBols  (pp.  613-620).— /Ten  ezperlmentB  were 
made  on  fire  subjects  to  determine  the  extent  of  the  rise  In  metabolism  fbl- 
lowlng  a  small  meal.  The  standard  breakfiist  used  in  all  obsenrattous  con- 
sisted of  80  gm.  bread,  8  gm.  butter,  10  gm.  sugar,  and  60  cc  milk,  equivalent 
to  4.7  gm.  protein,  9.0  gm.  fat,  and  28.9  gm.  carbohydrate,  or  222  calories.  It 
was  found  that  the  heat  production  increased  on  an  average  of  7  per  cent 
tn  the  first  hour  and  2  per  cent  in  the  second  and  third  hoars,  viliile  In  Uie 
sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth  hours  the  metabolism  was  slightly  lower  than  be- 
fore breakfast 

XXVII.  Metdbolitm  of  boffe  It  and  U  year$  oltf,  H.  W.  Olmstead,  D.  P.  Barr, 
and  B.  F.  DuBois  (pp.  621-626).— The  effect  of  age  on  heat  production  was 
observed  in  1915  in  the  case  of  8  Boy  Scouts,  averaging  from  12  to  IS  yean 
of  age.  In  1917  these  same  boys  were  studied  under  experimental  conditions 
which  were  practically  unchanged.  A  comparison  of  these  studies  shows  an 
average  decrease  with  Increasing  age  of  18  per  cent  In  metaboIisuL  At  tbe 
age  of  14  and  16  the  average  metabolism  was  44.1  calories  per  square  m^er 
of  body  surface  per  hour.  This  Is  11  per  cent  above  the  average  for  men 
between  the  ages  of  20  and  40  years. 

XXYIII.  The  metaholism  in  malanal  fever,  D.  P.  Barr  and  B.  F.  DuBols 
(pp.  627-658). — ^Both  direct  and  indirect  calorimetry  were  used  and  the  fol- 
lowing conclusions  deduced : 

Increased  heat  production  on  the  part  of  the  body  Is  responsible  for  flie 
rise  of  the  pyrexia!  temperature.  Heat  elimination  Is  slightly  increased,  and 
Increased  heat  -elimlnaton  causes  the  body  temperature  to  fall.  Heat  p^odn^ 
ton  is  slightly  hypemormal,  but  aside  from  Increased  protein  metabolism  no 
abnormal  processes  of  metabolism  are  present  in  malarial  fever.  Tbe  p^ 
centage  of  heat  lost  in  the  vaporisation  of  virater  bears  a  proportion  to  beat 
elimination  in  malarial  paroxysms. 

The  distribution  among  f oodstolfs  (especially  those  suitable  for  the  ration- 
ing of  armies)  of  the  substances  required  for  the  preTsntlOfn  of  (a)  berl-beri 
and  (b)  scurvy,  H.  Chick  and  B.  M.  Hums  {Jour.  JBoy.  Army  Med,  Corps,  29 
(1917),  No.  2,  pp.  121-169,  flffs.  0).— The  distribution  of  the  antiberl-beri  vita- 
min was  Investigated  by  a  study  of  experimental  polyneuritis  in  pigeons.  Tbe 
presence  and  relative  amount  of  the  vitamin  contained  in  various  fbodstnft 
was  determined  by  means  of  curative  experiments  and  by  preventive  trials 
with  specially  selected  diets.  The  authors  claim  that  this  vitamin  was  ftrand 
in  almost  every  natural  foodstuff  examined,  the  most  important  sources  being 
the  seeds  of  plants,  such  as  cereal  grains,  where  it  was  found  mainly  in  tbe 
germ  or  embryo,  the  eggs  of  animals  and  yeast  and  yeast  extracts.  The  anti- 
beri-berl  vitamin  was  found  to  be  resistant  to  drying,  since  dried  foods  coold 
be  used  to  combat  l)erl-beri. 


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1919]  ANIMAL  PRODUOTIOK,  869 

The  authors  also  studied  the  effect  of  various  foodstnffls  In  preventing  scurvy 
when  added  to  a  scurvy-produdng  diet  (cereals  and  water  or  sterlUaied 
milk).  The  beneficial  effect  derived  from  the  addition  of  fresh  fruits  and 
vegetables  they  ascribed  to  the  presence  of  an  antiscorbutic  vitamin.  Fresh 
animal  tissue  has  this  antiscorbutic  property  to  a  much  smaller  extent,  and 
it  seems  to  be  lacking  In  dried  foods.  However,  they  found  that  dried  cereals 
when  allowed  to  germinate  acquire  this  property. 

Infantile  scurvy:  The  antiscorbutic  factor  of  lemon  Jnlce  in  treatment, 
A.  Hasden,  S.  S.  Zilva,  and  O.  F.  Smx  (Lancet  {London},  1919,  /,  Ko.  1,  pp. 
17,  18). — ^Four  case  reports  are  given  in  which  the  residue  from  lemon  Juice 
after  removal  of  citric  and  other  acids,  as  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  40,  p. 
864)  was  used  with  marked  success  in  the  treatment  of  infantile  scurvy.  It 
was  found  possible  to  give  this  antiscorbutic  factor  in  amounts  equivalent  to  the 
Juice  of  6  to  12Memons  daily  without  any  gastrointestinal  disturbance.  It  is 
pointed  out  that  as  these  results  confirm  those  previously  obtained  experi- 
mentally In  animals  there  can  now  be  little  doubt  as  to  the  bearing  on  human 
scurvy  of  results  obtained  in  experimental  scurvy  with  monkeys  and  guinea 

pigs. 

Monophagism,  pellagra,  and  scurvy,  Q.  Yolpino  {Ann,  Iff,  [Aome],  t8 
{1918),  N08.  S,  pp.  218-295;  6,  pp.  280-290;  7,  pp.  $48-868;  8,  pp.  i22''4S2;  9,  pp. 
482-497;  abs.  in  Jour,  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  72  {1919),  No.  7,  p.  528). —The  author 
has  summarized  the  results  of ,  investigations  extending  over  several  years  on 
scurvy,  pellagra,  and  monophaglsm.  A  few  of  the  earlier  studies  of  pellagra 
have  been  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  81,  p.  858). 

It  is  stated  that  the  active  immunization  of  pellagrins  has  been  accomplished 
by  injection  of  progressively  Increasing  doses  of  an  aqueous  extract  of  maisa. 
An  extract  of  spoiled  maize  is  said  to  induce  a  severe  and  complex  reaction  In 
pellagrins,  which  Is  thought  to  indicate  that  pellagrins  are  in  a  state  of  hyper- 
sensltizatlon.  The  sera  of  pellagrins  and  of  maize-fed  guinea  pigs  contain  fer- 
ments which  digest  the  proteins  of  maiza 

Pellagra  and  scurvy  are  considered  on  the  basis  of  these  Inveslgatlons  to  be 
due  to  monophagy,  or  a  continued  use  of  a  one-sided  diet,  and  the  name  mono> 
phaglsm  is  given  to  the  pathological  conditions  thus  induced.  Monophaglsm 
is  thought  to  differ  essentially  from  starvation  and  from  avltaminosis^  in  that 
it  is  due  to  the  presence  in  the  foods  of  certain  elements  which  In  time  develop 
a  toxic  sensitizing  action. 

Is  the  amount  of  calcium  usually  given  in  dilution  of  cow's  milk  injuri- 
ous to  infants?  A.  W.  Boswobth,  H.  I.  BownrrcH,  and  L.  A.  GmiJif  {Amer. 
Jour.  Diseases  Children,  16  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  265-287). —A  reply  to  an  article 
of  the  same  title  (B.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  661). 

Jobn  K.  Young,  pioneer  American  physiologist,  H.  A.  KnxT  {BuL  Johns 
Hopkins  Hosp.,  29  {1918),  No.  880,  pp.  186-189,  pis.  «).— This  article,  in  addition 
to  biographical  notes,  describes  the  experimental  methods  used  by  Toung 
which  led  to  the  discovery  In  1808  that  the  gastric  Juice  was  an  add  with  sol- 
vent antiputrefactive  properties.  So  far  as  is  known  It  Is  the  first  American 
report  of  experimental  studies  of  digestion. 

International  eatalogrue  of  sdentiflc  literature.  Q.— Physiology.  QB.— 
Serum  physiology  {Iniemat.  Cat.  8ci.  Lit,  12  {1917),  pp.  y///+890+jrii+ 
55).— This  catalogue  continues  the  references  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  34, 
p.  668). 

AHIKAL  PBOBVCnON. 

Color  inheritance  in  mammal8.-«VI-ZI,   S.   Wright   {Jour.   Heredity,  8 
(X917),  Nos.  11,  pp.  521-527;  12,  pp.  561-564;  9  (1918),  Nos.  1,  pp.  88-38;  2,  pp. 
123607'— 19 6 


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870  EXPEBIMBNT  STATION  RECX)BD.  [YoL^O 

Sn-OO;  S,  9p.  1S9-1H;  5,  pp.  OJ^BiO.  fig.  1).— Tbeoe  six  papers  oomplete  t 
series  of  reviews,  the  earlier  Installments  of  which  liave  been  noted  (B.  S.  B^ 
S7,  p.  866;  38,  p.  776.) 

VI.  Coltto.— In  considering  the  inheritance  of  roan  color,  it  is  held  that  the 
data  fnmlshd  by  Wentworth  (B.  S.  IL,  30,  p.  468)  do  not  support  the  two- 
fiictor  hypothesis  of  that  author,  but  rathw  the  Idea  of  a  single  factor  without 
dominance,  the  exceptions  being  accounted  for  on  subsidiary  hypotheses.  The 
results  of  Uoyd-Jones  and  Brvard  (E.  S.  R.,  36,  p.  168),  showing  that  white 
is  independent  of  red  and  blade,  are  held  to  dleprove  the  theory  of  "  polygamous 
factors  "  (mulUide  allelomorphs)  advanced  by  Wilson  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  367)  to 
explain  the  roan  condition. 

Contrary  to  Wilson  <E.  8.  R.,  21,  p.  470),  the  author  holds  that  dun  coloratioD 
is  due  to  a  diluting  factor  added  to  black.  The  same  factor  added  to  red  pro- 
duces yellow  or  cream.  Brlndle  coloration  has  not  been  satisfactorily  analyzed. 
Piebald  conditions  are  independent  of  color,  but  no  factorial  Interpretations  of 
the  several  patterns  can  be  attempted  with  the  scanty  data  available. 

VII.  The  horse. — Seven  Independent  palm  of  allelomorphs  are  recognized  in 
the  horse.  In  general  the  work  of  different  investigators  fits  together  har- 
moniously. The  author  is  unable  to  explain  certain  facts  associated  with  horse 
hybrids,  especially  the  occurrence  of  chestnut  mules  when  this  color  is  never 
seen  In  Jacks  and  Is  recessive  in  horses. 

VIII.  Swine, — ^Thtf  fragmentary  published  data  on  color  Inheritance  in  swine 
are  collected.  The  white  of  Yorkshires  is  dominant  to  red  and  black,  as  was 
shown  by  Smith  (E.  S.  R.,  30,  p.  68),  but  is  distinguished  from  the  dominant 
white  of  other  mammals  by  the  fact  that  this  breed  never  transmits  red  in 
crosses  with  black  nor  black  in  classes  with  red.  It  Is  suggested  that  the 
white  in  this  case  is  an  extreme  dilution  of  red  accompanied  by  the  complete 
lack  of  black  extension.  The  absence  of  the  dilution  factor  and  the  presence 
of  partial  black  extension  results  In  the  black  with  white  (1.  e.,  dilute  red) 
points  of  Berkshlres  and  Poland  Chlnaa  By  changes  in  minor  factors  causing 
Intensity  of  red  and  restriction  of  black  this  pattern  Is,  it  is  suggested,  trans- 
formed into  the  solid  red  of  Duroc  Jerseys  and  Tamwortha  The  replacement 
of  partial  black  extension  by  total  extension  results  in  solid  black  coloration, 
such  as  shown  by  the  Essex,  while  the  addition  of  factors  for  whlte4>elt  results 
In  the  Hampshire  pattern. 

IX.  The  dog. — Five  pairs  of  unit  characters  for  coat  color  of  dogs  are  held 
to  be  more  or  less  clearly  indicated. 

X.  The  cat. — ^The  subject  which  has  attracted  chief  attention  to  color  in- 
heritance in  cats  is  the  fact  that  the  tortoise-shell  pattern  rarely  occurs  in 
males.  The  theories  advanced  to  explain  this  require  that  an  orange  male 
mated  to  a  black  female  should  give  rise  to  black  males  and  tortoise  females 
only.  Mated  to  tortoise  females  he  should  produce  black  males  and  equal  num- 
bers of  tortoise  and  orange  females.  In  both  crosses  black  females  and  tcnrtoise 
males  have  been  recorded.  The  author  points  out  that  these  dl8crq;wncie8  are 
much  more  numerous  among  female  offspring  than  among  males,  and  that  there- 
fore the  aberrant  cases  can  scarcely  be  dismissed  as  faulty  records. 

Seven  pairs  of  allelomorphs  seem  to  be  fkUirly  w^  indicated  for  the  coat 
color  of  cats. 

XI.  lfan.~-The  available  Information  concerning  Inheritance  of  hair  color, 
eye  color,  premature  grayness,  albinism,  and  spotting  is  briefly  summarised. 

The  correlation  between  a  component  and  between  the  sum  of  two  or  more 
components,  and  the  sum  of  the  remaining  oomponents  of  a  Tariable,  J.  A. 


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1910]  ANIMAL,  PRODUCTION.  871 

EUuis  {Quart.  Pubs,  Amer.  Statis.  Assoo^  ik  «er^  15  {1917),  No.  120,  pp.  8^4- 
859). — ^Formulas  are  derived  to  facilitate  the  compntation  of  such  coeffldents 
of  correlations  as  that  between  egg  production  of  hens  for  a  year  and  the  pro- 
duction in  a  particular  month  of  that  year. 

The  phyvloloerical  conditioning  of  the  secondary  seonial  chantcten  in 
birds.  On  the  endocrine  rdle  of  the  genital  glands,  A.  Pbzaed  {BuL  Biok 
France  et  Belg.,  52  {1918),  No.  1-2,  pp.  176,  pi.  1,  figs.  79).— The  researches  re- 
ported here,  began  In  1909  and  brought  to  a  sudden  end  by  the  mobilization 
of  1914,  consist  mainly  of  studies  of  the  development  of  secondary  sexual  char- 
acteristics In  caponlzed  and  spayed  domestic  fowl  and  pheasants.  The  results 
were  similar  to  those  of  previous  investigators,  but  an  unusual  effort  has  been 
made  to  give  the  data  quantitative  treatment  In  the  dilcken  experiments  there 
were  used  31  males  and  10  females  of  various  breeds,  but  all  with  single 
combs.  For  each  individual  a  table  gives  the  body  weight  and  the  length  of 
comb,  wattles,  and  spurs  at  frequent  Intervals  for  a  year  or  more  after  the 
operation,  together  with  notes  on  the  development  of  hackle,  saddle  feathers, 
and  sickle,  the  changes  in  color  of  comb  and  wattles,  the  crowing  habits,  and 
the  sexual  instincts.  The  weights  of  the  liver,  the  peritoneal  fat,  and,  in  the 
caae  of  controls,  the  gonads  were  determined  by  autopsy. 

The  linear  measurements  are  considered  in  relation  to  the  cube  root  of  the 
body  weight  In  the  case  of  comb  length  of  males  castrated  at  an  early  age, 
this  relation  remained  constant  throughout  life.  In  normal  males,  the  comb 
developed  twice  as  rapidly  as  the  body  during  the  first  year.  Essentially  the 
same  results  were  found  with  wattle  length.  Spurs  and  plumage  were  not  in* 
flueoced  by  castration.  The  combs  of  cocks  castrated  after  puberty  decreased 
in  size  until  a  definite  lower  limit  was  reached,  and  the  difference  between  the 
size  of  comb  at  any  period  during  retrogression  and  this  lower  limit  was  found 
to  be  almost  exactly  proportional  to  the  square  of  the  time  yet  to  elapse.  In 
the  case  of  two  cocks  in  which  mutilated  pieces  of  testicular  tissue  were  in- 
serted in  the  peritoneal  cavity  at  the  time  of  castration,  the  comb  and  other 
erectile  organs  showed  retrogression  for  about  3  weeks  and  then  became  normal 
again.  For  from  4  to  8  months  three  capons  were  given  frequent  injections  of 
a  SQSpensioii  made  from  the  testes  of  a  cryptorchid  boar.  The  combs  began 
to  enlarge  Immediately  but  retrogressed  as  soon  as  the  injections  ceased. 

Ovariotomy  caused  immediate  growth  of  spurs  on  pullets,  and  after  the  next 
molt  the  assumption  of  male  plumage.  The  changes  in  their  combs  were  vari- 
able ;  in  some  cases  the  head  resembled  that,  of  a  capon.  Descriptions  are  given 
of  a  few  gynandromorphs,  both  natural  and  experimentally  produced. 

CoBflrming  the  observations  respectively  of  Maignon  (E.  S.  R.,  24,  p.  175) 
and  of  Daniel-Brunet  and  Holland  (E.  S.  R.,  26,  p.  873),  the  author  found 
that  the  percentage  of  glycogen  In  the  pectoral  muscles  was  higher  in  cas- 
trated than  in  uncastrated  cocks,  but  tliat  the  glycogen  content  of  the  liver 
of  the  two  groups  was  about  equal.  Data  are  given  showing  the  relation  be- 
tween body  weight,  amount  of  fat,  and  the  ratio  of  liver  weight  to  estimated . 
body  surface  in  the  normal  and  castrated  males.  It  is  concluded  that  the 
capon  has  no  abnormal  tendency  to  store  fat  but  has  lost  the  power  of  utilizing 
it  Data  on  body  weight,  body  surface,  and  weight  of  liver  of  growing  rats 
are  presented  for  comparison. 

'Three  silver  pheasants  and  two  golden  pheasants  were  castrated.  The 
plumage  did  not  undergo  modification  but  the  sexual  instincts  were  not  de- 
veloped. The  comb-  and  wattle-like  carunculations  characteristic  of  silver 
\  remained  smalL    Descriptions  are  given  of  the  plumage  of  three  wild 


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872  EXPEBIMENT  STATIOlfr  BBOOBD.  (ToLtf 

pheasants  (PhaHanui  oolcMcut)  that  showed  a  mlxtare  of  the  dutracterB  of 
the  two  sexes,  and  also  notes  on  a  hen  of  the  same  species  that  derdgped 
masculine  traits. 

The  exi)erlmental  results  were  supplemented  by  histological  oboerratloDs  oa 
the  gonads.  Interstitial  tissue  was  found  in  young  male  pheasants  and  dilft- 
ens.  In  the  latter  It  disappeared  at  puberty.  In  adult  pliesaata  the  tisne 
was  present  during  periods  of  sexual  inactivity  only. 

The  paper  contains  numerous  references  to  exi>erlmental  studies  of  tlM 
secondary  sexual  characters  In  other  animals. 

The  growth  of  the  body  In  man:  The  relationship  between  the  body-w«igkt 
and  the  body-length  (stem-length),  E.  W.  A.  Wajjobb,  {Proc  Roy,  Soc 
[London],  Ser.  B,  89  {1916),  No.  B  612,  pp.  157-173) .—The  purpose  of  Ada  In- 
vestigation was  to  determine  to  what  extent  the  body  length  is  proportkmal 
to  the  cube  root  of  the  body  weif;ht  The  subjects  used  were  human  beingi^ 
but  the  body  dimension  selected  for  measurement  was  the  joint  length  of  bead, 
neck,  and  trunk,  so  as  to  facilitate  comparison  with  the  results  of  measoitng 
the  head  to  pin-bone  length  of  other  mammals.  In  making  the  observations  the 
Inaccuracies  of  the  ordinary  sitting  height  measurement  were  avoided  by  caos- 
Ing  the  subject  to  sit  on  the  floor  with  his  back  against  the  wall  and  his  kneei 
flexed.  He  thus  rests  upon  the  ischial  tuberosities  and  not  on  the  contracted 
muscles  of  the  thigh.  The  subjects  were  English,  of  both  sexes,  and  ranged 
from  Inftots  to  university  undergraduates. 

The  data  were  treated  by  plotting  the  logarithm  of  length  (I)  against  Ite 
logarithm  of  weight  (W),  assuming  that  the  two  variables  are  connected  by 
the  formula  log  I=log  ib+n  log  W.  The  arbitrary  constants  Jb  and  n  were  then 
determined  by  the  position  and  slope  of  the  "best**  fitting  straight  Une  (as 
determined  by  Inspection)  passing  through  the  plotted  polntsi 

The  value  of  A;  is  of  no  general  Interest  since  it  varies  with  the  units  of 
measurement,  but,  whatever  the  units,  if  there  is  direct  proportionality  he* 
tween  the  length  and  the  cube  root  of  the  wrtght,  n  should  be  equal  to  h- 
In  the  data  at  hand  the  best  value  of  n  for  males  was  found  to  be  0.SSB9  and  for 
females  0.828.  These  are  considered  very  close  approaches  to  the  expected 
value. 

Cattle  calipers,  A.  G.  McGandlish  (Jour.  Dairy  8cL,  t  {1919)  ^  No.  S,  pp.  S8- 
81,  figs.  2), — ^Diagram  and  specifications  are  given  for  sliding  arm  calipers 
suitable  for  measuring  the  body  dimensions  of  cattle.  The  novel  feature  Is  a 
spiral  spring  which  aids  in  the  release  of  the  clamp  on  the  movable  arm.  They 
were  devised  at  the  Iowa  Experiment  Station. 

Report  of  progress  on  animal  husbandry  investlsration  In  1917,  J.  W. 
GowEN  {Maine  8ta.  BuL  274  {1918),  pp.  205-228,  pU.  2,  fig.  i).— This  oonthnMi 
the  annual  reports  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  176)  on  the  cattle  Investigation  pn>Jecti  of 
the  station.    The  following  topics  are  treated : 

AnalytoM  of  milk  records. — ^The  numerical  factors  required  to  cwrect  for  li- 
fluence  of  age  on  milk  and  fat  yield  in  the  Guernsey  breed  have  been  computed 
from  Advanced  Registry  Records — thus  completing  these  determinatlona  for 
the  major  dairy  breeds.  The  figures  are  not  published.  One  of  thdr  uses  ii 
illustrated  in  a  comparison  of  the  herd-improving  abilities  of  87  Gnemaey  siret 
each  with  at  least  7  advanced  registry  daughters  from  advanced  registry 
dams. 

VaHatiOM  and  mode  of  secretion  of  mXlk  «oZMa.— This  is  an  abstract  of  a 
paper  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  872). 

Oatile  iudging  a»  a  meant  of  selecting  cowm  for  the  herd. — A  group  of  6Tt 
Jersey  cows  whose  score  card  totals  as  determined  by  competent  judges  are 


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IKtjO]  AKIMAL  PBODUCnOH.  873 


SlTn  III  file  Begistar  of  Merit  of  Jersey  Oetae  were  clasilfied  according  to  age 
at  testy  and  tlie  coefficients  of  correlation  between  score  and  annual  milk  pro- 
duction fi>r  each  age  are  computed.  As  tabled  these  coefficients  are  all  nega- 
tive  except  for  tbe  9-year-old  class,  but  only  in  the  two  youngest  classes  are 
they  smsibly  different  from  zero  considering  the  probable  errors.  The  cor- 
relation for  heifers  between  1.5  and  2.5  years  is  about  —0.21,  and  for  those  be- 
tween 2.5  and  8.6  years  —0.81.  In  each  case  the  probable  error  is  approximately 
0.0&  The  author  interprets  these  data  as  indicating  a  certain  success  on  the 
I^art  of  the  Judges  in  picking  high-producing  2-year-olds. 

Breeding  experimerUs.—A  previous  account  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  78)  of  some  re- 
mits of  the  experimental  cattle  crosses  Is  summarized  and  information  giyen  as 
to  the  ancestry  of  14  crossbred  calves  not  hitherto  listed.  Seven  unpublished 
photographs,  four  of  them  colored,  are  given  of  the  experimental  animals  to 
ahow  the  segregation  of  black  and  fawn  after  a  Jersey-Uolsteln  cross. 

Inheritance  of  tioinning  and  probiemt  connected  tfiereuHth. — This  is  a  new 
project,  and  data  are  being  accumulated  by  the  questionnaire  method.  The 
form  sent  out  is  reproduced.  It  is  stated  that  a  freemartln  in  the  crossbred 
herd  came  into  heat  when  about  20  months  old  and  took  the  bull  normally, 
although  autopsy  later  showed  lack  of  ovariea 

OoeperaHve  cattle  fnreedlng  recorde. — Collection  of  these  records  has  ended 
and  the  study  of  the  data  la  under  way,  some  of  the  results  being  summarized. 
The  average  birth  weights  (with  probable  errors)  of  eight  breeds  are  tabulated. 
The  average  length  of  normal  gestation  shown  by  1,107  records  is  281  dayi^ 
1S.75  houHL  Half  of  the  records  are  Included  between  277  and  286  days,  and 
all  of  them  between  215  and  816  daya 

Of  21  twin  births  reeorded  8  pairs  were  both  males,  14  bisexual,  and  4  both 
f^malea  Adding  these  data  to  those  of  lilUe  (B.  &  R.,  40,  p.  466)  makes  87 
pairs  of  the  same  sex  and  88  of  opposite  sexes,  a  result  which,  combined  with 
unpublished  studies  mi  the  resemblance  of  bovine  twins,  is  held  to  indicate 
abeence  of  identical  twins  in  cattle.  In  man,  where  Identical  twins  do  occur, 
the  available  data  show  1.7  pairs  of  the  same  sex  to  one  of  opposite  sex. 

Barller  studies*  on  the  interval  between  observation  of  heat  and  time  of 
service  are  augmented  and  tabulation  is  made  showing  the  relation  between 
this  interval  and  conception*  Unsuccessful  services  occurred  most  frequently 
very  early  or  very  late  In  heat,  and  it  is  concluded  that  the  most  successful 
time  was  between  5  and  10  hours  after  heat  was  observed.  The  choice  of  time 
had  no  influence  em  the  sex  of  ofbpring.  Records  of  1,801  births  are  tabulated 
with  respect  to  the  number  of  services  required  before  pregnancy  ensued.  Less 
than  2  per  cent  of  the  conceptions  took  place  after  four  or  more  services. 

▲  comparison  of  concentrates  for  fatteninar  steers  In  the  South,  W.  F. 
Wabd,  S.  S.  Jsbdaiv,  and  E.  R  Llotd  {U.  8.  Dept  Agr.  BiO.  7$1  (1919),  pp. 
itf). —-Results  of  two  years'  steer  feeding  experiments  In  the  cooperative  series 
(B.  GL  R.,  40,  p.  666)  conducted  by  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  of  the  U.  S. 
DQ;Mirtment  of  Agriculture  and  the  Mississippi  Station  are  presented.  Three 
lota  of  25  steerst  grades  of  the  various  beef  breeds,  were  fed  each  winter  for 
the  pmipoee  of  studying  the  value  of  cottonseed  products  when  fed  as  sole 
ooDcentrates  or  combined  with  some  form  of  grain  com.  The  roughages  the 
flnt  year  were  oom  silage  and  cowpea  hay;  In  the  second  year  com  sihige 

^lUint  Sta.  Doc  51$  (1915),  pp.  16-18. 


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874 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD. 


[Vol  40 


and  oat  straw,  with  Johnson  grass  substltnted  for  the  latter  toward  the  end  of 
the  period.    The  mora  pertinent  data  are  assembled  in  the  following  table: 


Compariion  of  concentrates  for  fattening  steert. 


Yfltf 
and  lot. 


CoDooDtmtesfed. 


Dam- 
tlonof 


Initial 
welRht 

head. 


Average 
dolly 

TO' 


Feed  consiuned  per  pound  of  gain. 


Cotton- 
seed 
prod- 


Oon 

grain. 


Con 

aUage. 


Hajor 

straw. 


of 


1914-15. 
1 

a 

8 

1916-16. 
1 
3 
S 


Gottooaeedmeal 

Cold-pre»ed  cake. 

Cottonseed  meal;  cora^md- 
oobmeaL , 

Cottonseed  meal 

Cottonseed  meal;  ear  com. . , 

Cottonseed   meal;   sbelled 

com 


Ztoft. 
123 
123 

123 

141 
141 

141 


ILte. 
80S 

860 

865 

894 

834 

836 


£te. 
X04 
2.01 

2.05 

1.56 
1.66 

1.70 


£te. 
3.25 
5.02 

2.49 

3.66 
1.81 

i.n 


Lte. 


1.25 


4.57 
3.55 


£te. 
19.7 
15.4 

19.3 

25.0 
22.4 

22.6 


ZJbt. 

a7i 

.73 


3.10 
L73 


2L06 


at. 

7.0 
IS 

7.1 

I.S 

las 

IflLT 


(>>ld-pressed  cottonseed  cake  was  charged  at  $16.50,  and  cottonseed  meal  tbe 
first  year  at  $22.G0  and  the  second  year  at  f27  per  ton.  The  charge  for  corn  was 
70  cents  per  bushel,  and  for  silage  $8,  for  cowpea  hay  $10»  and  for  oat  straw  |5 
per  ton. 

Three  lbs.  of  cottonseed  meal  proved  to  be  equal  in  feeding  value  to  4  lbs.  of 
cold-pressed  cottonseed  cake.  The  meal  was  40.4  per  cent  iwot^n  and  the  cake 
27.6  per  cent  The  cake  was  much  relished.  Note  Is  made  of  an  earlier  stady 
(E.  S.  R.,  2G»  p.  78)  of  cold-pressed  cake  tbA  to  steers  fattened  on  pasture  la  the 
South. 

In  the  first  year  cottonseed  meal  and  com-and-cob  meal  (2:1)  did  not  prove 
economical  In  the  second  year,  however,  it  is  conclnded  that  if  the  lots  reeelT- 
Ing  cottonseed  meal  and  ear  com  (1:2)  and  cottonseed  meal  and  shelled  com 
(1:2).  respectively,  are  each  credited  with  $8  worth  of  pork,  they  paid  for  the 
corn  and  then  made  about  as  much  profit  as  the  lot  receiving  cottonseed  meal 
alone. 

In  both  years  all  lots  were  well  finished  and  very  uniform.  Data  on  shrinkage 
and  dressing  weights  are  given. 

'*  This  test  clearly  establishes  the  fact  that  the  fftrm^  having  a  sundua  of 
com  and  farm  roughages  can  market  them  at  a  handsome  price  through  steers 
of  good  quality,  when  properly  purchased,  and  at  the  same  time  retain  the  fer- 
tilizing elements  of  the  feeds  on  the  farm  in  the  form  of  manure." 

Com  supplements  and  substitutes  for  fattening  lambs,  R.  Duim  and  J.  li- 
EWABD  {Iowa  8ta,  Bui  185  {1919),  pp.  9-i4).— From  a  group  of  172  range 
lambs,  6  lots  of  80  each  were  selected  and  fed  for  82  days,  beginning  November 
16, 1017,  for  the  purpose  (1)  of  testing  linseed  meal,  velvet  bean  f^ed  meal,  and 
peanut  meal  as  protein  supplements  to  a  basal  ration  of  shelled  com,  com  silage, 
and  alfalfa  hay,  and  (2)  of  determining  the  value  of  com  gluten  fted  aa  a 
partial  substitute  for  com  in  such  a  basal  ration  without  supplement 

The  main  results  from  the  control  lot  and  the  three  lots  fed  supplements  are 
given  in  the  subjoined  table.  The  supplements  were  fed  scattered  over  tbe 
silage  in  amounts  so  adjusted  that  each  of  the  hitter  lots  received  equal  amonots 
of  protein  from  this  source.   The  other  feeds  were  given  according  to  appetita 


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19191  ANIMAL  FRODUCTIOK.  875 

Oamparafive  vaJfue  of  protein  $ufiplemenU  in  futiening  lamb9. 


Sapplement. 

Initial 

weight 

per 

he^ 

Atw- 

sain 

Fted  eoDsamed  per  pound  of 
gain. 

Feed  saved  by  pcond 

Lot. 

Supple-  fihallad 

Cent 

silace. 

AUalte 

Shelled 
com. 

Cent 

sUace. 

A3hUk 

ment. 

OOfB. 

b^y. 

b^y. 

1 

KOD» 

Lb9. 

65.7 
ft&.4 
65.8 
65.9 

Lb. 

0.36 
.29 
.28 
.28 

Lbt. 

1.03 
.50 

Lbt. 
3.80 
3.31 
3.38 
3.38 

Lbt. 
9.50 
8.36 
8.38 
8.24 

Lbt. 
2.11 
1.86 
1.75 
1.85 

Lb. 

X5e. 

Lb 

2 
3 

4 

Unseed  mflaL 

Velvet  iMA  meal 

FeHnatmeei 

0.94 
.41 
.86 

X15 
1.09 
2.64 

0.48 
.35 
.68 

The  feeding  of  soivplements,  altbangb  Increasiiig  the  grain  required  per 
pound  of  gain,  enhanced  the  selling  value  of  the  lambs  from  5  to  20  cts.  per 
100  lbs.  and  made  a  more  favorable  margin  per  lamb.  Taking  into  account  aU 
tbe  factors,  it  is  computed  that  $118.60  per  ton  could  have  been  paid  for  the 
linseed  meal,  |67;20  fbr  the  velvet  bean  feed  meal,  and  $143  for  the  peanut 
meal  without  reducing  the  margin  per  lamb  below  that  of  the  control  lot  The 
actual  purchase  piioes  were  $00^  $46,  and  $66  per  ton,  respectively. 

The  fifth  lot  received  earn  gluten  feed  exclusively  instead  of  shelled  <<om 
daring  the  first  00  dajs,  and  a  mixture  of  com  gluten  feed,  sheUed  com,  and 
HnsTfrt  meal  (6:1:1)  during  the  final  3  we^m.  The  average  daily  gain  per 
bead  was  0.26  lb.  It  is  estimated  thai  the  com  gluten  feed  was  07.7  per  cent 
as  effidoit  as  sheUed  com  when  fed  with  silage  and  alfalfa.  There  waa  a 
■mall  saving  of  com  silage  and  hay,  but  the  total  grain  required  for  a  pound 
of  gain  was  considerably  increased. 

The  dressing  percentages  varied  from  62.9  for  lot  6  to  64.2  for  the  lot 
reeeiving  peanut  meaL  The  carcasses  of  the  velvet  meal  lot  graded  first  in 
color,  covering  of  fiit,  and -firmness,  with  the  peanut  meal  lot  a  close  second. 
The  control  and  gluten  feed  lots  graded  last  in  these  respects. 

Block  salt  was  given  freely  to  each  lot,  the  amounts  consumed  being  recorded. 
Proximate  analyses  of  all  feeding  stufDs  used  are  published,  as  well  as  the 
feed  records  by  monthly  periods  and  financial  statements. 

The  wool  industry,  P.  T.  OHEBiNareif  {Chicaffo:  A.  W.  Shaw  Co,,  191S,  pp. 
XF/+l^i).— While  most  of  this  volume  deals  with  the  marketing  of  wool, 
tlie  "  life  history  "  of  clothing  styles,  and  the  problems  of  the  manufacturer  of 
woolen  goods,  several  chapters  are  devoted  to  the  economic  factors  of  pro- 
ilaction,  the  domestic  wool  supply,  and  the  infiuenee  of  trade  demands  and 
the  tariff  on  wool  growing. 

Wool,  F.  QBicnoa  {Lomdon:  Constable  d  Co.,  Ltd.,  1918,  pp.  Xll^tlS,  pU. 
It;  rev.  in  Nature  ILondon},  l(Mi  (1919),  No.  BSej,  pp.  Sdjt,  S6S).'-^ho  im- 
portance of  wool  in  BngUsh  history,  the  development  of  breeds  of  sheep, 
the  world's  wool  supply,  wool  and  she^  in  Australia,  marketing  of  wool,  shear- 
ing sorting,  and  the  various  processes  used  in  the  manufacture  of  cloth,  are 
discussed  briefly  in  this  volume,  which  is  the  first  of  a  series  entitled  Staple 
Trades  and  Industries,  edited  by  Q.  D.  E:nox.  A  considerable  amount  of 
statistical  information  on  production  and  prices  is  provided. 

reediniT  horaas,  G.  A.  Bell  and  J.  O.  Wiluaus  {U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmer e 
BfU.  1090  (1919),  M»*  fi4)^*-A  consideration  of  the  selection  of  feeds  for  horses, 
directions  for  computing  rations,  a  discussion  of  the  uses  of  common  feeding 
stuffs,  and  some  sample  rations  are  presented.  Armsby's  table  (S.  S.  R.,  86,  p. 
460)  showing  the  digestible  emde  protein  and  net  energy  of  different  feeding 
atulBs,  as  determined  by  experiments  with  cattle  and  sheep,  is  reprinted  with 
a  few  additions,  mainly  rice,  sori^um,  and  potato  products.  It  is  held  that 
the  data  have  sufficient  general  application  to  be  used  in  horse  feeding. 


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876  BXPEBIMENT  STAHOK  BBOOBD.  [Vol.40 

niastmtod  poultry  primer,  H.  ML  Lamon  and  J.  W.  KniOR<ttNB  (17.  B.  Dept. 
Agr,,  Fartnen*  BuL  1040  (1919) ^  pp.  t9,  figs.  55).— ThU  handbook  for  the  be- 
ginner in  poultry  raising  provides  condensed  information  about  breeds,  incuba- 
tion, brooding,  poultry  houses,  feeding,  marlteting  eggs,  caponlzing,  and  dis- 
eases and  parasites. 

The  growth  of  chickens  In  confinement,  T.  B.  OsiM»inB,  L.  B.  Merihcl,  bt  al 
(Jour.  Biol  Chem.,  SS  (1918),  No.  $,  pp.  433-438,  pU.  5).— The  procedure  used 
by  the  authors  in  rearing  chickens  in  small  cages  under  laboratory  conditiODS 
(B.  S.  R.,  ae,  p.  872)  has  been  modified  by  the  addition  of  moist  paper  pulp  or 
filter  paper  to  the  diet  as  a  substitnte  for  the  complex  roughages  ordinarily  ted 
by  poultrymen,  the  necessary  fat-soluble  vitamin  being  furnished  by  butter  fat 
incorporated  in  the  feed.  A  considerable  pn^^wrtion  of  the  young  GM<to 
developed  to  normal  adult  sLm,  the  cockerels  crowing  and  the  pullets  laying 
eggs.  The  others  developed  ''weakness  of  legs/'  but  continued  to  gain  la 
wei^t 

''The  success  already  achieved  In  the  absence  of  dietary  factors  bltherto 
assumed  to  be  essential  for  the  growth  of  chickens,  and  also  under  supposedly 
adverse  conditions  of  housing,  encourages  us  to  believe  that  all  of  the  essentials 
for  the  nutrition  and  adequate  growth  of  dilckens  under  laboratory  conditions 
can  be  ascertained,  and  that  these  will  be  controllable  In  mu<^  the  same  way 
as  has  proved  possible  in  the  case  of  other  animals.  The  question  of  'rough- 
age,' suitable  salts,  proteins,  and  food  hormones  needs  to  be  approached  from 
new  angles  in  the  case  of  species  that  have  characteristics  of  digestion  and 
metabolism  and  structural  requiremoits  somewhat  different  from  those  of 
most  maounals." 

The  correlation  between  egg  produetlon  during  Tarloos  periods  of  the  year 
In  the  domestic  fowl,  J.  A.  Habus,  A.  F.  BukKssLCB,  and  W.  F.  Kukfaibigk 
{QenetiCM,  3  (1918),  No.  i,  pp.  rr-7e,  figs.  ii).r-A  preliminary  discussion  of 
these  data,  accumulated  in  the  course  of  the  egg-laying  contests  at  tlie  Con- 
necticut Storrs  Experiment  Station  has  been  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  171)  and  a 
treatment  of  the  more  practical  aspects  has  since  appeared  In  bulletin  fbrm 
(B.  8.  R.,  80,  p.  480). 

Breeding  poultry  for  standard  and  utility  values,  R.  R.  Suxnnc  JiReL 
FotUiry  Jour.,  W  (1919),  No.  1,  pp.  57,  103,  104,  figs.  4)-— As  a  result  of  breed- 
ing work  at  the  experimental  farm  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  of  tlie 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  at  Beltsville,  Md.,  it  is  stated  that  in  Sin^ 
Comb  White  Leghorns  at  least  it  is  perfectly  feasible  to  combine  utility  with 
the  qualities  called  for  by  the  standard  of  perfection. 

A  practical  farm  flock  egg-laylnc:  contest  In  VlsBouii,  T.  S.  Towrblbt 
(ReL  PovUry  Jour.,  t6  (1919),  No.  2,  pp.  219,  257,  268,  figs.  2).— A  brief  state- 
ment is  made  of  the  operation  of  a  system  of  egg-laying  contests  conducted  oa 
24  demonstration  farms  in  .Missouri.  Records  of  egg  production,  feed  cost  and 
other  expenses,  and  Income  are  submitted  m6ttthly  by  these  farms  to  the  poultiy 
department  of  the  College  of  Agriculture.  The  college  also  noids  agents  to 
Inspect  the  ftirms  three  times  a  year.  For  the  year  ended  October  81,  1918, 
8,580  hens  were  in<duded  and  the  average  record  was  140  eggs. 

Bunner  ducks  as  farm  layers,  A.  T.  Jornsok  (Jour.  Bd.  Apr.  [Umdou],  25 
(1917),  No.  7,  pp.  748-750). --Briet  directions  for  the  management  of  Indian 
Bunner  ducks  are  givai.  It  Is  stated  that  laying  ducks  of  good  stratais  are 
very  profitable  as  egg  producers  for  the  average  fhnner.  ^A  good  dudt  will 
lay  all  the  year  round,  with  brief  intervals,  commencing  In  her  first  autnmn  at 
the  age  of  six  months,  and  continuing  bi  profit  until  cdie  attains  her  fourth  or 
fifth  year.    In  individual  cases  the  ducke  will  often  lay  longer  than  that" 


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10191  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  877 

DAIBT  FABMIVG— DAIBTIVO.     . 

Borne  factors  influenciiiff  the  rate  of  crrowth  and  the  size  of  dairy  heifers 
at  maturity,  O.  H.  Bcklbs  and  W.  W.  Swett  {MUmouH  8ta,  Research  BuL 
SI  {1918),  pp,  5-5tf,  pi  i,  fiff9.  15).— To  serve  as  standards  of  growth  for  Hol- 
steins  and  Jerseys,  data  are  published  of  the  body  weight  and  height  at  withers 
by  months  of  a  group  of  heifers  of  each  breed  that  were  kept  under  *'  normal  ** 
conditions,  that  is»  fed  on  skim  milk  from  2  weeks  to  6  months  of  age,  with 
alfalfa,  silage,  and  a  small  amount  of  grain  in  winter,  and  good  blue  grass 
pasture  in  summer.  The  plan  was  to  keep  the  animals  in  a  good  thrifty  condi- 
tion but  not  fat  The  use  of  height  at  withers  to  measure  skeletal  growth  is 
Justified  by  computations  showing  that  the  percentage  increments  in  height  at 
hips,  heart  girth,  and  distance  from  shoulder  point  to  pin  bone  in  successiye 
ages  maintain  an  approximately  uniform  ratio  to  the  corresponding  increments 
in  height  at  withers.    As  was  expected,  the  ratios  for  hip  width  increased  with 


The  weights  at  birth  and  the  mature  heights  of  80  Holstein  and  32  Jersey 
heifers  are  tabulated  individually,  the  heights  at  intermediate  ages  being  also 
given  for  some  of  the  animals.  Little  or  no  influence  of  birth  weight  on  adult 
height  was  discovered. 

Note  is  made  of  a  Jersey  heifer  which  at  the  age  of  6  months  was  put  on  a 
diet  as  low  in  calcium  and  phosphorus  as  could  be  secured  from  feeding  stuflCs 
likely  to  be  used  in  practice.  The  growth  in  weight  and  height  was  normal 
fbr  18  months  thereafter,  when  a  physical  breakdown  ensued. 

The  rest  of  this  bulletin — ^the  major  part — ^is  devoted  to  the  presentation  of 
the  complete  results  of  a  study,  previously  reported  in  its  more  practical  as- 
pects (E.  S.  B.,  84,  p.  878),  of  the  influence  of  quantity  of  feed  on  the  changes 
In  wei£^t  and  height  of  dairy  heifers  from  birth  to  maturity,  and  the  effect  of 
early  calving  on  their  subsequent  body  development.  The  promised  evidence 
Is  produced  for  the  previously  expressed  view  that  the  check  in  growth  of 
young  animals  following  parturition  is  a  result  of  the  physiological  drain,  not 
of  pregnancy,  but  of  lactation. 

Dairy  cattle  breeding:  experiments  {Hoard^s  Dairyman,  57  il919).  No.  11, 
PP*  (^Mf  W*  fi99*  9).— An  outline  is  presented  of  a  cattle  breeding  project 
undertaken  by  the  Dairy  Division  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  which 
involves  experimental  crosses  between  Jerseys  and  Holsteins  and  a  study  of 
inbreeding  and  line  breeding.  This  account  was  written  by  one  of  the  editors 
of  Hoard*s  Dairyman  after  a  visit  to  the  Department's  experimental  fftrm  at 
Beltsville,  Md. 

The  feedinir  of  ooncentrated  food  to  dairy  cows  on  pasture  (Jour,  Bet.  A4rr, 
[LofMkm],  tS  (1918),  No.  i,  pp.  ii-i7).— This  article  reviews  flve  experiments 
conducted  in  recent  years  by  various  agencies  (Armstrong  College,  Southeast- 
am  Agricultural  College,  Leeds  University,  and  the  West  of  Scotland  Agri- 
cultiiral  College),  which  provide  information  as  to  whether  a  decreased  milk 
yield  was  to  be  expected  as  a  result  of  the  adoption  of  the  war  time  policy  of 
the  British  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Bfinistry  of  Food  that  milch  cows  on 
pasture'  are  not  to  be  fed  '*  cake  **  before  the  beginning  of  August 

*'  It  is  rarely  in  agricultural  experimental  work  that  the  results  obtained  in 
different  experiments  carried  out  at  such  widely-scattered  ceuters  are  90  imi- 
formly  concordant  as  in  the  experiments  dealt  with  above.  They  all  agree  in 
indicating  that,  so  f^r  as  milk  production  is  concerned,  the  feeding  of  con- 
centrated food  to  milch  cdws  on  pasture  is  only  required  in  the  later  half  of 
the  season,  say*  from  mid-July  onwards.  In  the  earlier  half  of  the  season,  cows 
receiving  concentrated  food  gave  no  more  milk  than  others  that  received  none.'* 


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878  EXPEBIMENT  STATION  BEOOBO.  [Vol  40 

The  influence  of  barley  on  the  milk  aeeretion  of  oowb,  F.  W.  Woll  and 
B.  C.  YooBHiKs  {California  Bia.  BuL  S05  (1919),  pp.  905-^54). —This  buUetm 
furnishes  complete  records  of  amounts  and  kind  of  feeds  consumed  hjr,  the 
body  weights  of,  and  the  quantity  of  milk  and  butter  flat  produced  1^  (1)  t 
grade  Holsteln  cow  during  three  lactations  in  which  the  only  grain  fsd  wu 
barley,  and  two  in  which  mixed  grains  were  fed;  (2)  a  pure-bred  Jersey  during 
four  lactations,  in  one  of  which  barley  was  the  sole  grain;  and  (8)  anoOier 
pure-bred  Jersey  during  two  lactations  in  which  mixed  grain  and  one  in  ^rbkt 
barley  was  fed.  It  also  compares  the  production  records  of  15  other  oo^ 
mostly  used  preyiously  in  a  similar  study  (E.  S.  R.,  83,  p.  675),  during  diort 
periods  (generally  5  weeks)  of  barley  feeding  with  their  records  during  the 
intervening  periods  of  mixed  grain  feeding. 

An  increased  milk  flow  generally  accompanied  barley  feeding,  but  this  is  not 
attributed  to  the  barley  as  such  but  to  the  accident  that  a  larger  quantitir  nl 
grain  was  frequently  fed.  These  are  admittedly  not  critical  experiments,  and 
are  only  cited  by  the  authors  to  show  that  barley  feeding  has  no  deleterious 
effect  on  milk  secretion,  and  to  disprove  the  contention  of  some  dairymen  that 
barley  tends  to  dry  up  milch  cows. 

Heat  period  and  milk  production,  J.  J.  Hoopeb  and  P.  BS.  Baooh  {Breedei'9 
Qaz,,  75  (1919),  No.  15,  pp.  &M,  8^).— It  is  stated  that  many  dairymen  beUeve 
that  cows  in  milk  increase  their  butter  fiit  yield  during  periods  of  heat,  but  the 
records  of  29  Jerseys  at  the  Kentucky  Experiment  Station  are  dted  In  which 
there  was  an  average  decline  of  0.1  lb.  of  fat  and  1.5  lbs.  of  milk  on  the  day  of 
most  evident  heat 

The  cost  of  milk  production  computed  on  the  year  basis,  F.  A.  Peabson 
{nUnoi9  8ta.  Bui.  216  {1919),  pp.  S43S64) .—Theob  studies  were  undertaken  19 
derive  workable  formulas  that  would  express  the  cost  of  producing  fluid  milk 
for  the  Chicago  market  in  terms  of  amounts  of  feed  and  labor  used«  and  not  of 
the  monetary  value  of  the  expenses  incurred. 

A  study  of  the  herd  cost  is  based  upon  the  records  during  the  fiscal  yean 
1914-15  and  1915-16  of  86  ftirms  on  which  there  were  878  milch  cows,  22S 
calves  (and  heifers  not  in  milk),  and  85  bulls,  and  where  6,511  lbs.  of  milk 
and  235  lbs.  of  butter  fat  were  sold  per  cow  during  the  period.  Productioa  in 
the  six  winter  months  was  56  per  cent  of  the  yearly  total.  The  gross  cost  of 
producing  100  lbs.  of  milk  was  found  to  average  $2.25,  the  percentage  of  the 
sevei:al  items  being:  Feed  other  than  pasture  60.7,  pasture  5.8,  man  labor  17, 
horse  labor  8.4,  interest  on  herd  4.0,  building  charges  8.6,  equipmoit  1.8,  and 
miscellaneous  8.8.  A  managerial  charge  was  not  included.  The  cost  other  than 
for  feed  (excluding  pasture)  and  man  labor  totaled  50.16  cts.  which  almost 
exactly  balanced  the  49.69  cts.  credit  from  appreciation  of  stock,  manure,  hides, 
beef,  and  other  miscellaneous  returns.  The  production  cost  on  these  fknns  can 
thus  be  expressed  in  terms  of  feed  and  labor.  The  amounts  per  100  lbs.  of  mUk 
were  approximately  44  lbs.  of  grain,  188  lbs.  of  silage,  and  other  succulent  feed, 
50  lbs.  of  hay,  89  lbs.  of  other  roughage  and  bedding,  and  2.42  hours  of  sum 
labor.  This  is  the  formula  for  "  year  cost."  To  correct  for  seasonal  varlatioiis 
in  cost  of  production  it  is  suggested  that  the  price  for  any  month  be  that  ptf- 
centage  of  the  year  cost  which  represents  the  average  variation  of  that  month 
from  the  average  year  price  during  the  years  1907  to  1916.  A  table  showing 
these  monthly  percentages  is  given.  It  is  noted  that  only  6L8  per  cent  of  the 
grain  fed  was  purchased,  whereas  in  ftirms  providing  milk  for  New  York  Oty 
(B.  S.  R.,  84,  p.  771)  the  purdiased  grain  was  about  96  per  cent  of  the  total 
In  16  of  the  above  ftirms,  embracing  428  cows,  the  renvds  permitted  tbe 
separation  of  the  cost  of  rearing  young  stock  from  tiie  hud  cost,  the  dlflttenoe 


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19W  DAIBY  FABBONG — ^DAIBYIITO.  879 

being  the  "cow  cost."  The  net  coet  of  producing  100  lbs.  of  milk  on  this 
basis  was  $1.70,  which  Is  125.6  per  cent  of  the  cost  of  feed  (exclading  pasture) 
and  man  labor.  The  amounts  of  feed  and  labor  were  approximately:  Ondn 
35  lbs.,  silage  140  lbs.,  hay  86  lbs.,  other  rou^iage  29  lbs.,  and  man  labor  2.86 
hours.  To  find  the  year  cost  on  this  basis  it  is  necessary  to  Increase  the  total 
of  these  items  by  26.6  per  cent  Corrections  for  seasonal  variation  may  be  made 
as  before. 

A  short  discussion  of  some  data  from  680  dairy  ftirms  in  Kane  and  McHenry 
CJountles  in  Illinois  is  given,  mainly  to  show  that  the  "farm  cost,"  obtained 
by  deducting  from  the  total  farm  expenses  the  receipts  derived  from  all  sources 
except  the  dairy,  is  a  misleading  measure  of  milk  production  costs. 

Producers'  and  consumers'  price  for  milk,  R.  Peabl  {Hoard's  Doiryman,  S7 
U919)f  No,  4,  p.  i48).— Tabulations  are  presented  showing  the  prices  received 
by  farmers  furnishing  milk  to  each  of  0  cities  in  the  United  States  during  the 
years  1913  to  1918,  the  prices  received  by  the  producers  of  11  other  farm  products 
in  the  United  States  during  1913,  1917,  and  1918,  and  a  comparison  of  pro- 
ducers' and  retailers'  prices  of  milk  in  these  three  years  in  each  of  the  9  cities. 

Averaging  the  data  from  the  9  municipal  areas,  it  appears  that  the  prices 
which  producers  received  for  milk  in  the  first  half  of  1918  were  78.4  per  cent 
higher  than  the  1913  price.  This  increase  is  greater  than  the  percentage  ia- 
crease  in  potatoes,  butter,  eggs,  cattle,  and  onions,  and  less  than  the  increase 
in  wheat,  com,  hogs,  sheep,  lambs,  and  beans.  The  percentage  increase  of  milk 
In  the  first  half  of  1918  over  the  first  half  of  1917  was  greater  than  that  of 
any  of  the  other  commodities,  three  of  which  suffered  a  decrease.  Except  in 
Chicago  and  Buffalo,  the  inroducer  received  a  definitely  higher  percentage  of 
the  price  the  consumers  paid  in  1918  than  in  1913. 

The  apparent  willingness  of  the  public  to  pay  more  for  milk  since  1917  is 
attributed  partly  to  the  publicity  which  the  U.  S.  Food  Administration  gave  to 
the  researches  of  McCoUum  and  others  on  the  importance  of  milk  in  the  diet 

Beport  of  the  HHk  Committee  appointed  by  the  Food  Controller  for  Gan- 
•da  to  investisrate  milk  supplies  for  urban  munieipalities,  P.  B.  Tustin  et  ah 
(Ottatoa:  Food  Controller  Canada,  1917,  pp.  20,  figs.  8).— This  report  deals 
mainly  with  the  causes  of  the  "  i^read  "  between  the  prices  paid  to  producers 
and  those  charged  to  consumers.  A  local  zone  delivery  system  is  recommended. 
A  statement  by  W.  A.  Wilson  detailing  the  experiences  of  Regina,  Saskatche- 
wan, in  the  organisation  and  conaoUdation  of  the  milk  business  is  appended. 

History  of  milk  trade,  milk  adnlterationsy  milk  prices,  L.  Dijkstba  {MWb 
Dealer,  8  {1918),  No.  1,  pp.  62,  6S,  66).Some  historical  notes  are  given  as  to 
the  status  of  the  milk  industry  in  medieval  Europe  and  its  subsequent  progress. 

Operation  of  the  cream  receiving  station,  N.  W.  Hefbttrn  and  H.  A.  Rubhx 
{IlUnois  8ta,  Circ.  2S4  {1919),  pp.  S-19,  figs.  f5).— This  publication  was  pre- 
pared for  the  use  of  the  large  body  of  untrained  workers  necessarily  placed  in 
charge  of  receiving  stations  in  Illinois  as  the  result  of  a  rapid  extension  of  the 
centralizer  system.  Illustrated  directions  for  making  the  fat  test  of  cream 
are  given.  Care  in  washing  and  shilling  the  cans  is  emphasised  as  a  means  of 
securing  a  better  grade  of  cream. 

Small-holder's  cheese,  skfrn'milk  cheese,  cottage  cheese,  R.  H.  LKrrcR 
{WeH  of  Soot.  Agr.  Col  Buk  87  {1918),  pp.  56-^,  figs.  15).— Brief  directions 
are  given  for  making  small-holder's  cheese,  skim-milk  cheese,  and  cottage 
cheese  on  the  ftirm.  The  first  named  is  of  two  types,  one  in  which  the  curd 
after  cutting  is  scalded  by  mixture  with  a  heated  portion  of  the  whey,  and 
the  other  in  which  the  curd  is  merely  ladled  into  the  draining  cloth  after  being 
cat. 


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880  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECOBD.  [ToL^O 

The  manufactur*  of  Cheddar  cheese,  R.  H.  Lbitch  {Weti  of  Scot.  Affr.  OoL 
BuL  88  (1918),  pp.  6i-iO0).— The  British  method  of  making  Cheddar  cheese  is 
outlined. 

YETEBIirAET  MEDICINE. 

Beport  division  of  veterinary,  W.  Moou  (BvL  N.  O.  Dept.  Agr.,  S9  {1918^, 
No.  It,  pp.  St'ST). — ^ThlB  is  a  report  for  the  biennial  period  Deceml>er  1,  191A^         , 
to  December  1,  1918,  on  tick  eradication  work,  hog  cholera,    tuhercolods,         j 
glanders,  etc  I 

Besearohes  on  the  serum  of  the  sea  eel  (Xurwna  helena),  W.  SoPACSEwgc 
(ilfin.  Ifut.  Pu9teur,  89  (1918),  No.  It,  pp.  SSJ^^lt,  A».  iO).— ThU  Is  a  raoie 
detailed  treatment  of  the  subject  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  38,  p.  682). 

Hematic  phenomena  in  anaphylaxis  and  antianaphylaxls  (hemo-anaphy- 
lactic  crisis),  O.  Righbt,  P.  Bbodin,  and  F.  SaintvOibons  {Compt.  Rend.  Acad, 
8cL  [Parig],  168  {1919),  No.  8,  pp.  889-888,  fig:  4).— Anaphylaxis  ezperimentB 
with  dogs  are  reported  which  indicate  that  in  anaphylaxis  the  blood  under- 
goes profound  changes,  including  an  increase  in  concentration,  the  appearance 
of  nucleated  hematin,  and  the  disappearance  of  polynuclear  cells. 

A  blood-destroying  substance  in  Ascaris  lumbricoides,  B.  Schwabis  (/oar. 
Agr.  Research  [U.  fif.],  18  {1919),  No.  9,  pp.  £5^-258).— This  is  a  pi^tindnaiy 
report  of  investigations  conducted  by  an  agent  of  the  Zoological  Division  of  tbe 
D.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  The  author's  investigations  are  said  to  have 
resulted  in  the  accumulation  of  sutBdent  data  to  warrant  the  following  con- 
clusions : 

''The  body  fluid  of  A.  Iwnbricoidet  taken  from  worms  shortly  after  tbelr 
removal  from  the  host  is  not  hemolytic  to  the  washed  erythrocsrtes  of  sirlne, 
cattle,  sheep,  rabbits,  guinea  pigs,  and  rats.  The  fluid  from  worms  whicb  after 
removal  from  their  host  are  kept  alive  in  salt  solution  for  a  few  days  acquirei 
hemolytic  propertiea  Fluid  from  worms  kept  in  vitro  for  24  hours  is  only 
slightly  hemolytic  if  at  all,  but  fluid  from  worms  kept  under  similar  condi- 
tions from  six  to  eight  days  is  decidedly  destructive  to  the  red  blood  corposdes 
of  swine  and  sheep.  The  hemolytic  property  of  the  fluid  is  thermostabile  and  is 
not  destroyed  by  boiling. 

**  There  appears  to  be  an  Inverse  relation  between  the  hemolytic  property  of 
the  fluid  and  the  presence  of  oxyhemoglobin  in  it.  Fluid  from  fredi  wonni 
contains  oxyhemoglobin  and  is  nonhemolytic.  When,  however,  the  worms  are 
kept  alive  in  vitro,  the  oxyhemoglobin  disappears  from  the  fluid  and  can  no 
longer  be  detected  by  spectroscopic  examination  one  week  after  the  wonns 
have  been  removed  from  the  host  Meanwhile,  the  fluid  becomes  hemolytic. 
Whether  oxyhemoglobin  in  itself  is  the  sole  factor  in  the  inhibition  of  honolyais 
or  whether  other  substances  are  involved  which  are  associated  with  the  oxy- 
hemoglobin and  disappear  simultaneously  with  it  has  not  bem  determined 

**  Salt  solution  extracts  of  the  worms  made  by  grinding  up  4  to  10  gm.  of  tbe 
fresh  body  substance  of  the  parasites  and  suspending  it  in  100  cc.  of  an  085 
per  cent  solution  of  sodium  chlorid  are  hemolytic  to  the  washed  erythrocytes  of 
swine  and  other  mammals,  the  hemolytic  potency  of  the  extracts  varying 
directly  within  certain  limits  with  the  duration  of  the  extraction*  The  reaction 
is  independent  of  the  acidity  of  the  solution,  since  it  is  not  impaired  by  neu- 
tralisation. Extracts  of  dried  worms  in  an  0.85  per  cent  solutioQ  of  sodium 
chlorid  are  decidedly  hemolytic  to  the  red  corpuscles  of  various  animals. 

"  Salt  solution  extracts  of  the  intestine  of  the  worm  are  move  destructive  Id 
blood  corpuscles  than  extracts  of  the  body  wall,  of  the  reproductive  organs;  or 
of  the  entire  worm.    The  various  salt  solution  extracts  also  do  not  lose  tb^ 


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19191  VETERINARY  MEDICINE,  881 

bemo]ytie  properties  on  boiling.  The  addition  of  blood  serum  to  tubes  con- 
taining a  mixture  of  red  blood  corpuscles  and  body  fluid  or  extract  of  the 
worms  usually  Inhibits  hemolysis.  The  hemolytic  property  of  the  fluid  and  of 
extracts  of  the  worms  can  also  be  destroyed  by  the  addition  of  a  small  quantity 
of  laked  blood.  Excretions  of  the  worms  absorbed  by  the  solution  of  sodium 
chlorid  in  which  the  parasites  ate  kept  in  vitro  are  not  hemolytic." 

The  causes  of  death  amonff  horses  immunlBed  with  killed  bacteria  or  bae- 
terlal  cKtracta,  E.  Debains  and  B.  Ntcoias  {Compt.  Bend.  Aoad.  Bci,  {ParU}^ 
168  (1919),  No,  6,  pp.  d2|-^f7).— The  authors  state  that  in  the  course  of  im- 
munization of  horses  to  obtain  antimicrobial  and  antitoxic  sera  several  deaths 
bave  occurred  in  a  few  minutes  after  intravenous  injection  of  the  bacteria  or 
bacterial  extracts.  The  theories  are  discussed  as  to  whether  this  phenomenon 
is  due  to  hypersensitiveness  to  bacterial  proteins  or  to  the  bacterial  toxiusi  the 
evidence  apparently  being  in  favor  of  the  latter. 

The  effect  of  adds  on  the  growth  of  Bacillus  ooli,  F.  J.  S.  WnrH  {Bio- 
ehem.  Jour.,  It  {1918),  No.  4,  pp.  382-401,  flffs.  7).— Experimental  data  on  the 
effect  of  acids  on  the  growth  of  human  and  bovine  strains  of  B.  coU  are  r^>orted 
from  which  the  following  conclusions  are  drawn : 

All  strains  of  B.  coli,  whether  of  human  or  bovine  origin,  behave  similarly 
when  exposed  to  similar  conditions.  The  degree  of  acidity  of  the  final  reaction 
produced  by  a  culture  of  B.  coH  can  not  be  used  for  diagnostic  purposes  as  this 
value  is  not  a  "  physiological  constant,"  but  depends  upon  the  initial  H-lon  con- 
centration of  the  medium  in  which  fermentation  occurs,  the  composition  of  the 
medium,  and  the  nature  of  the  add  used  to  produce  the  initial  reaction  of  the 
medium.  Eadi  add  appears  to  have  a  spedflc  effect  in  inhibiting  the  growth  of 
B.  coU  in  a  given  medium,  highly  dissodated  adds  being  more  strongly  inhibitory 
than  less  highly  dissodated.  For  a  mixture  of  any  given  medium  and  add  there 
appears  to  be  a  definite  critical  point  beyond  which  the  slightest  rise  in  the 
degree  of  addlty  results  In  a  complete  inhibition  of  the  growth  of  B.  coU. 

The  use  of  blood  agar  for  the  study  of  streptoeocd,  J.  H.  Bbown  {Mono- 
graphs  Rockefeller  Inst.  Med.  Reeearch,  No.  9  {1919),  pp.  IV+lti-^-iye],  pie. 
5if).— This  monctgraph  includes  a  detailed  study  of  the  appearances  produced 
by  the  growth  of  streptococd  in  blood  agar  made  with  defibrinated  horse  blood ; 
and  of  the  Influence  upon  the  growth  of  the  streptococd  of  age  and  kind  of 
blood,  composition  of  the  agar,  anaeroblosis,  and  the  presence  of  other  types  of 
streptococd.  This  is  followed  by  a  discussion,  based  upon  the  author's  studies 
and  the  literature  of  the  subject,  of  the  causes  of  various  appearances  in  blood 
agar,  the  permanence  of  cultural  characteristics,  and  the  occurrence  and  chisslA- 
cation  of  the  various  types  of  streptococd.  A  tabular  description  is  given  of  the 
prindpal  strains  referred  to  in  this  work  and  of  streptococci  with  reference  to 
type  of  appearance  in  blood  agar  and  ftonentatlon  reactions.  A  eyBtem  of  notes 
for  preserving  the  genealogy  and  other  details  in  the  study  of  bacterial  cultures 
and  a  method  of  making  photographic  records  of  growth  on  agar  and  blood  agar 
plates  are  described. 

In  addition  to  a  bibliography,  an  extensive  review  of  literature  on  streptococd 
and  str^tococcus  infections  is  presented  in  tabular  form  under  the  fbllowing 
topics :  The  use  of  blood  agar,  the  use  of  blood  bouillon  and  other  fluid  media, 
fermentation  reactions,  pathogenicity  and  virulence,  mutations  and  variability, 
and  general  condusions  with  reference  to  the  correlation  of  source,  patho- 
genldty,  hemolysis,  fermentation  reactions,  etc. 

Baisterlotoffical  notes,  P.  [B.]  Haoixt,  D.  W.  Oau>wxll,  and  B.  M.  Hsath 
{Jour.  Baet^  4  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  66-69).— In  the  course  of  bacteriological  studies 
on  avian  diseases  at  the  Rhode  Island  Bzperlment  Station,  the  following  ob- 
servations were  made: 


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882  EXPBBIICENT  STATION  BBOOBD.  [YoLiO 

I.  Ga9  proSuoHon  &y  Bacterium  pttUomm  (pii.  66,  06). — 0«s  HR^uctiOB  hj 
B.  puUarum  was  shown  to  depend  upon  whether  the  cnltoree  aie  grown  la 
glucose  extract  or  in  glucose  Infusion  broth,  more  being  formed  in  the  latter 
medium.  Propagating  cultures  for  many  years  on  artificial  media  has  not  been 
found  to  cause  a  loss  in  their  gas-producing  ability. 

II.  B.  jmUarum  infections  in  aduU  stock  (pp.  66,  67). — ^Anaerogenic  strains  cf 
B.  pullorum  have  been  isolated  from  adult  fowls  experiencing  acute  or  subacntse 
infections  simulating  fowl  typhoid  in  both  clinical  symptoms  and  patfaologicil 
alterations  in  the  tissues  (E.  S.  XL,  88,  p.  889).  It  is  proposed  to  classify  two 
subspecies  of  B.  jmllorufn  as  follows:  (1)  B.  puUomm  «,  aerogenic  and  patho- 
genic for  chicks,  and  (2)  B.  puUorum  fi,  anaerogenic  and  pathogenic  for  adult 
stock  only. 

III.  Correlation  between  euoroee  fermentation  and  immunMng  power  of 
BaciUus  avisepticus  (pp.  68,  69). — Strain  52  of  B,  avitepticus,  described  in  an 
earlier  bulletin  (B.  S.  R.,  27,  p.  588),  has  been  found  to  be  unlike  other  strains 
of  the  organism  in  that  it  produces  no  add  with  sucrose.  As  this  is  correlated 
with  the  ability  to  produce  in  rabbits  resistance  to  powerful  infection  with 
virulent  cultures,  an  ability  possessed  by  no  other  strain,  the  question  Is  raised 
as  to  the  possible  significance  of  the  fermentative  reaction  in  r^atlon  to  im- 
munity production. 

Immunisation  products  and  indications  for  their  uae,  d  Mubsat  {Jour. 
Amer,  Yet,  Med.  Aeeoc,  65  (1919),  No,  1,  pp.  68-76). —ThiB  is  a  general  discus- 
sion of  active  and  passive  immunity  and  the  means  of  acquiring  immunity  to 
certain  diseases. 

nie  germicidal  power  of  antiseptic  oils  and  of  substaneea  disaolved  in  dX 
P.  D.  McMAsisa  {Jour.  Infect.  Diseases,  ^4  {1919),  No.  4,  pp.  578^85).— The 
following  method  has  been  developed  to  determine  quantitatively  the  germi- 
cidal power  of  antiseptic  <Hls  and  substances  dissolved  in  oils : 

Agar  slants,  well  drained  of  the  water  of  condensation,  are  inoculated  with 
BaciUus  typhosus  over  an  area  of  not  more  than  1  cm.  and  wtil  above  the  mid- 
dle of  the  tube.  After  incubating  for  24  hours,  the  tubes  are  filled  with  the  oU 
to  be  tested  and  incubated  for  24  hours  at  87.5*  O.,  after  which  the  oils  are  poured 
off  and  the  tubes  washed  twice  with  sterile  salt  solution.  A  tranq[>lant  ot  the 
organism  is  then  made  to  a  tube  containing  8  cc  standard  broth,  and  readingi 
of  this  tube  are  made  after  24  hours'  incubation.  Phenol  dissolved  in  mineral 
oil  was  found  to  have  a  germicidal  value  approaching  that  of  its  value  in 
water,  and  thus  to  be  suitable  as  an  arbitrary  standard  for  comparison  when 
testing  the  activity  of  other  oils  and  oil-soluble  substances. 

The  coefficients  of  certain  disinfectants  in  oils  as  determined  by  this  method 
are  reported  as  follows :  Phenol  in  paraflin  oil  1,  iodin  in  paraffin  oil  1,  phenol 
in  cottonseed  oil  0.16,  paracresol  in  .parafl^  oil  1.55,  guaiacol  in  paraffin  oil 
0.44,  dlchloramin-T  In  10  per  cent  chlorinated  eucalyptol  in  chlorinated  paraffin 
oil  8,  and  dichloramin-T  In  plain  paraffin  oil  1. 

The  author  considers  the  method  as  so  far  developed  satisfactory,  except 
that  any  advantage  which  a  substance  might  possess  In  the  shape  of  rapidity  of 
action  is  largely  masked  by  the  24-hour  period  of  exposure  used. 

ProflaTin  oleate  in  the  treatment  of  open  wounds,  O.  Bebkklet  and  V. 
BONNBT  {Brit.  Med.  Jour.,  No.  S0S2  {1919),  pp.  152,  15^).— Attention  is  called 
to  the  value  of  proflavin  oleate  in  the  treatment  of  wounds  in  wliich  an  ex- 
ceedingly tender,  raw  surface  of  considerable  extent  exists.  The  oleate  oint- 
ment can  be  applied  directly  to  the  wound  and  covered  with  a  single  layer  of 
gauM»  no  bandage  being  required  to  keep.it  in  contact  with  the  wound. 


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1919]  VETEBIKABT  MEDIOUOB.  88S 

A  note  l^  O.  H.  Browning  on  the  chemical  and  antla^tic  propertiea  of  pro- 
flavin  oleate  is  appended.  Although  comparatively  insoluble  in  water,  it  dis- 
solYea  sufficiently  in  serum  to  cause  the  latter  to  acquire  marked  antiaeptle 
properties. 

Dichloramin-T  and  petrolatom  dreasing  for  boma,  T.  Sollmann  (Jaur, 
Amer.  Med.  Auoo.,  7Z  UB19),  No.  li,  pp.  99Z,  9P5).«-Solution8  of  dichloramin-T 
in  caihon  tetrachlorid  were  found  to  be  very  stable;  in  chlorcoean  and  liquid 
petrolatum,  comparatively  stable;  and  in  kerosene,  olive  oil,  and  ordinary 
petrolatum,  very  unstable.  An  ointment  of  three  parts  of  surgical  paraffin 
and  seven  parts  of  liquid  petrolatum  was  found  to  have  relatively  little  de- 
structive action  on  dichloramin-T,  and  to  be  practical  as  a  protective  dressing 
for  wounds  or  bums  treated  with  dlchloramin-T-chlorcosan  solution  or  as  a 
basis  for  a  dichloramin*T  ointment. 

The  action  of  ehloiinated  antiseptios  on  blood  dot,  H.  D.  Tatxab  and  M.  O. 
SixBBiNS  (Jour.  E^t.  Med.,  29  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  125-'lSl).^By  means  of  ex- 
perim^ts  upon  clotted  rabbit  blood,  the  authors  have  demonstrated  that  the 
chlorinated  antiseptics  have  no  power  to  penetrate  blood  clots  and  destroy  the 
bacteria  contained  therein.  It  is  considered  probable  that  the  fibrin  of  the 
blood  (dot  is  the  resistant  substance,  as  plasma  and  red  and  white  ceils  are 
easily  dissolved  by  these  antiseptics.  The  results  indicate  that  blood  clots  may 
protect  virulent  bacteria  for  a  long  time,  and  that  the  organisms  properly 
planted  will  be  able  to  proliferate  in  a  normal  manner. 

Notes  on  Dakln's  solution,  K.  P.  A.  Tatlob  {Ther.  Gaz.,  42  (1918),  No.  10, 
pp.  $87-^0). — Observations  are  reported  on  the  deterioratioa  of  Dakin's 
solution  on  exposure  to  light  and  in  contact  with  the  rubber  of  the  connecting 
tubes,  on  the  bums  resulting  from  incorrect  use  of  the  solution,  and  on  the  com- 
parative action  of  salt  solution,  dichloramin-T,  and  Dakin's  solution  on  blood 
dots.  Suggestions  are  given  for  improvement  of  the  technique  on  the  use  of 
Dakin's  solution.  It  is  stated  that  Dakin's  solution  below  strength  can  be 
raised  several  points  by  the  addition  of  salt,  1  teaspoonful  to  the  pint,  or  by 
slow  steaming,  and  can  be  lowered,  if  above  strength,  by  exposure  to  sun- 
light or  by  quick  boiling. 

Pyotherapj;  its  use  in  war,  Franc  (Bui,  Soo.  Cent.  MM.  V^.,  94  (1918), 
No.  22,  pp.  469-481). --ThiH  is  a  general  discussion,  based  on  clinical  observa* 
tions,  of  pyotherapy,  including  the  preparation  of  the  pus,  doses  employed, 
general  and  individual  reactions,  and  the  probable  action  of  injections  of  pus 
upon  the  organism.    Several  case  reports  are  appended. 

Treatment  of  war  wounds  by  autovaccines,  L.  Juuxn  and  Dx  Labxhvtt- 
Tholozan  iPresie  Med.  [Paris],  No.  7  {1919),  pp.  60,  61,  flgt.  2;  ab9.  in  Jour. 
Amer.  Med.  A9900.,  12  {1919),  No.  IS,  p.  967).— ^he  following  technique  is 
employed : 

A  loopful  of  pus  is  taken  from  the  depths  of  the  wound,  plated  on  agar, 
and  allowed  to  incubate  for  48  hours,  at  the  end  of  which  time  colonies  which 
have  developed  are  scraped  off  and  suspended  in  5  cc.  of  polyvalent  serum. 
The  emulsion  is  incubated  at  37*"  O.  for  at  least  one  and  one-half  hours,  cen- 
trifuged,  the  sediment  rinsed  twice  with  physiologic  serum,  and  then  heated 
twice  to  50  or  60*  for  one  hour  each.  A  dilution  is  made  with  physiologic 
serum*  to  50,000,000  oi^^nisms  per  cubic  centimeter,  and  1  cc.  of  this  dilution 
is  injected  subcutaneously. 

This  method  is  said  to  combine  the  best  features  of  vaccine  therapy  and 
serotherapy. 


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884  BXPBRIMENT  STATION  RBCOBD.  (To1.40 

The  resolta  of  the  treatment  of  fffts  ff an^rrene  liy  mvltlTaleQt  Mram,  H. 
VnfCBNT  and  G.  Stodkl  (Campi,  Rend,  Acad.  Bd.  {ParU^,  168  {1919),  No.  S,  pfi: 
laS-iM).— Additional  reports  (B.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  84)  are  gtven  of  the  remailDible 
resolta  obtained  in  the  use  of  multiyalent  serum  in  the  treatment  of  gangrenooi 
wonnda 

On  the  antiseptic  action  of  benayl  alcohol,  D.  I.  Macht  and  I>.  EL  Nkesov 
(Pfft>c  fifoc  B9pt,  BioL  and  Med.,  16  {1918),  No.  t,  pp.  25,  £<?) .— Bacterioloslaa 
studies  are  reported  of  the  antiseptic  action  of  water  solutions  of  ben^l  alcohol 
A  0J5  per  cent  solution  was  aUe  to  kill  cultures  of  Frledl&nder  bacillus  In  19 
hours,  BacUlus  ppocyaneu9  cultures  in  24  houra^  and  growth  of  B.  eoU  eommmiU 
in  72  hours. 

The  antiseptic  properties  of  benzyl  alcohol  have  also  been  confirmed  )n 
clinical  results  on  its  use  as  a  local  anesthetic.  In  the  strengths  in  which  it  wu 
used  as  an  anesthetic  (OH  to  4  per  cent),  it  does  not  appear  to  be  noticesblj 
virulent  to  the  tissues. 

On  the  treatment  of  giardiasis  In  rats  with  arsenobensol,  O.  A.  Korooi^ 
W.  G.  BoBCK,  D.  EL  MiififiCH,  and  J.  H.  Rooess  (Jour.  Med.  Reeearch,  S9 
{1919),  No.  S,  pp.  £95-£P9).— This  relates  to  Qiardia  murU,  a  flagellate  found 
in  house  mice  and  field  mice  (Peromyscus)  which  is  less  pathogenic  to  its  hosts 
than  is  the  virulent  organism  of  trench  diarrhea  (O.  intestinalU)  found  In  man 
in  GalHpoli  and  Flanders.  "  The  morphological  evidence  suiqwrts  the  view  that 
the  rat  and  not  the  mouse  is  the  normal  carrier  of  the  organism  most  resembling 
that  of  trench  diarrhea.  The  meadow  mouse  must  also  be  viewed  with  sos- 
ptdon  as  a  carrier  until  culture  determines  the  distinctness  from  or  identily  of 
its  Giardla  with  that  of  the  rat** 

The  InvestigBtlon  Indicates  that  culture  rats  successfully  withstand  treatment 
with  arsenobenxol  by  injection  in  the  femoral  vein  in  doses  of  four  and  ei^ 
times  the  human  dose  prorated  to  body  weight  of  the  rat  **  Spontaneous  cure 
or  continuous  absence  of  cysts  from  the  feces  has  occurred  in  rata  under  oar 
inspection.  The  fkct  that  this  disappearance  after  treatment  was  tnunedlate 
and  coincident  in  practically  all  rats  receiving  the  heavy  dose  of  arsenobenzoL 
and  that  light  doses  are  sometimes  followed  by  reductions  in  the  number  of 
cysts  in  the  cycles,  seems  to  exclude  the  possibility  of  spontaneous  cure  in  the 
case  of  the  rats  of  this  experiment  and  to  Justify  the  inference  that  arseno- 
benzol  may  be  a  specific  for  giardiasis." 

Blackleg  toxin,  T.  P.  Habiaic  and  J.  W.  Lumb  {Jour.  Infed.  Diaea^eM,  U 
(1919),  No.  4,  pp.  5(^2-565).— Blackleg  filtrates  made  by  four  dUferent  labora- 
tories were  found  to  be  nontoxic  to  guinea  pigs  and  to  possess  marked  Imnrao- 
iKlng  properties  in  calves,  thus  indicating  that,  contrary*  to  the  conclusions  of 
Kelser  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  682),  the  immunising  power  of  bladdeg  filtrates  Is  not 
dependent  on  toxicity. 

In  checking  the  purity  and  identity  of  blackleg  cultures,  the  authors  make  use 
of  the  following  reaction:  In  peptone  liver  broth  with  cooked  brain  tissue  a 
vigorous  evolution  of  gas  occurs  within  24  hours  and  the  medium  becoDea 
cloudy  until  the  evolution  of  gas  ceases  after  several  days,  when  the  liquid 
part  of  the  medium  again  dears.  There  Is  no  bladcenlng  of  the  medium  or 
formation  of  putrid  odor  and  the  cultures  remain  permanently  add.  Emulsion 
of  a  24-hour  culture  in  a  dose  of  1  cc.  will  usually  kill  guinea  pigs.  Smears 
made  from  the  diaphragmatic  surface  of  the  liver  after  death  with  blackleg 
show  slender  rods,  singly  or  in  pairs,  differing  from  the  long  chains  of  serous 
membranes  produced  by  BaoUlus  edematU  mdUgni.  As  a  final  test  of  the 
identity  of  the  strain  under  examination,  three  guinea  pigs  each  receive  0.6  cc. 
of  blackleg  serum  from  another  laboratory.  Twenty-four  hours  later  these 
animals  and  three  check  guinea  pigs  receive  0.5  cc  each  of  an  emulsion  of  the 


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1910]  VETERINARY  MEDIGIKB.  885 

culture  to  be  tested.  If  those  receiving  the  serum  lire  and  the  checks  die,  the 
Identity  of  the  blackleg  strain  is  considered-  established. 

Preliminary  report  on  the  valae  of  the  blood  tests  in.  the  control  of  con- 
tasrious  abortion,  O.  P.  Fitch,  W.  L.  Boyd,  and  W.  A.  Bilungs  {Jour.  Amer. 
Vet.  Med.  Assoc,  54  {1919),  No.  7,  pp.  681-702). — In  this  paper,  presented  at  the 
Afty-fifth  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Veterinary  Medical  Association,  held 
at  Philadelphia  In  1918,  the  authors  discuss  the  relative  value  of  the  com- 
plement fixation  and  agglutination  tests  for  the  control  of  contagious  abortion, 
and  present  data  of  the  results  of  the  agglutination  test  as  applied  to  nine 
representative  herds  from  the  Northwest,  from  which  the  following  conclusions 
are  drawn: 

*'  The  complement-fixation  test  seems  to  have  no  advantage  over  the  aggluti- 
nation test  in  the  diagnosis  of  contagious  abortion.  The  technique  of  the 
agglutination  test  is  simpler  than  that  of  complement  fixation,  and  the  results 
of  the  agglutination  test  are  not  Influenced  by  as  many  factors .  (conglutlnln, 
etc.).  The  results  of  the  agglutination  test  show  the  relative  amount  of  herd 
infection*  The  test  can  not  be  relied  on  to  pick  out  individual  aborters.  The 
blood  of  calves  may  have  the  same  agglutination  titer  as  that  of  their  dams. 
Many,  however,  react  differently.  The  agglutination  test  of  animals  from  8  to 
10  months  of  age  usually  shows  that  agglutinating  antibodies  are  not  present 
in  their  blood.  Herd  bulls  often  react  positively  to  the  agglutination  test.  At 
present  the  results  of  the  agglutination  test  can  not  be  utilized  as  a  basis  for 
control  measures  for  abortion  disease." 

An  extensive  list  of  references  Is  appended. 

The  present  status  of  specific  treatment  for  contagious  abortion,  H.  P. 
HoBxms  {Jour.  Amer.  Vet.  Med.  Assoc.,  54  (1919),  No.  7,  pp.  727-7S7)  .—The 
author  reviews  and  comments  on  recent  publications  on  specific  treatment  for 
contagious  abortion.  Several  references  to  the  literature  on  the  subject  are 
appended. 

The  ophthalmic  and  intradermic  tests  for  glanders  ( U.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,^  Bur, 
Anim.  Indus.,  1919^  pp.  IS,  figs.  5). — A  description  Is  given  of  the  methods  of 
aiyplication  of  the  ophthalmic  and  Intradermic  malleln  tests  for  glanders,  and 
of  the  principles  to  be  observed  in  Judging  the  results  of  these  two  tests.  Both 
methods  are  recognized  by  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  for  official  testing 
for  glanders  in  horses  and  mules  offered  for  interstate  shipment. 

The  ophthalmic  test  is  considered  to  have  the  advantage  of  being  simple  In 
application,  but  the  disadvantage  that  the  most  prominent  evidence  of  reaction, 
a  discharge  from  the  eye,  may  be  obliterated  accidentally  by  the  animal  or 
purposely  by  an  unscrupulous  attendant.  The  intradermic  test  has  the  advan- 
tage of  producing  a  reaction  that  can  not  be  obliterated  but  the  technique  of 
its  application  is  more  difficult. 

[Statistics  on  the  mallein  and  blood  test  for  glanders],  K.  Fr5hneb 
{Monatsh.  Prakt.  Tierheilk.,  29  {1917),  No.  1-2,  pp.  8ff-P6).— Statistics  are  re- 
ported on  the  examination  for  glanders  of  4,181  horses  from  Poland  and 
Roumania.  Of  the  80  animals  proved  on  autopsy  to  have  glanders,  56  had  re- 
acted positively  with  both  the  mallein  and  blood  tests.  The  eye  test  failed 
14  times  and  the  blood  test  18  times. 

Infection,  sensitization,  and  immunity  in  epizootic  lymphangitis,  Boqttet 
and  L.  Negre  {Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci.  [Paris],  168  {1919),  No.  8,  pp.  42U 
42S). — Successful  attempts  at  reproducing  epizooUc  lymphangitis  in  horses  by 
subcutaneous  Inoculation  of  cultures  of  cryptococci  are  reported.  The  disease 
under  such  conditions  Is  not  at  first  generalized  but  appears  as  a  suppurating 
lesion  at  the  point  of  Inoculation.  Extension  and  generalization  of  the  lesions 
123e07*— 19 7 


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886  BXPKRTMBNT  STATION  BECOBD.  [yoL40 

are  brought  about  by  reinocnlation,  the  incubation  period  in  an  animal  sensi- 
tized by  a  previons  inoculation  being  much  shorter.  Animals  affected  with 
natural  or  experimental  lymphangitis  acquire  ntt&r  about  60  days  an  immunity 
to  the  disease  to  the  extent  of  contracting  on  inflection  only  a  benign  form  of 
the  disease  which  heals  spontaneously. 

Treatment  of  ulceratlTa  lymphangitis  by  vaednes  made  fron&  the  Prela- 
Nocard  badlllns  prepared  with  ethyl  chlorid,  R.  H.  Krowlbs  {Jovr.  Compor. 
Path,  and  Ther.,  SI  (1918),  No.  4,  pp.  B6t-m).—FoT  the  treatment  of  ulceratiYV 
lymphangitis  the  autlior  recommends  the  use  of  a  vaccine  made  from  the 
Preis-Nocard  bacillus,  bu£  in  wliich  6thyl  chlorid  is  employed  in  place  of  alcohol 
and  ether,  as  recommended  by  Truche  (B.  S.  R.,  37,  p.  583). 

The  technique  of  the  preparation  of  the  vaccine  is  given  in  detail  and  resoUs 
of  its  use  in  varying  doses  are  reported.  The  vaccine  is  considered  by  the 
author  to  be  superior  to  other  vaccines.  Whether  it  produces  any  immunity 
against  a  natural  attack  or  against  a  recurrence  of  the  disease  has  uot  yet  beea 
determined. 

A  glycerin  '^ extract''  of  tnberele  bacilli  as  an  antigen  in  complement 
fixation,  S.  A.  FBiBonr  {Amer.  Rev.  TuberculotU^  $  {1918),  No.  9,  pp.  StS, 
624). — ^The  following  antigen  is  recommended  as  giving  the  most  reliable  re- 
sults of  any  single  antigen :  Tubercle  bacilli  are  grown  in  4  per  cent  glycerin- 
beef  broth  for  from  four  to  six  weelcs,  after  which  the  cultures  are  filtered 
through  several  thiclmoflfirw  of  filter  paper,  washed  clear  of  broth  with  sterile 
water,  dried  in  a  desiccator  over  sulphuric  add,  and  pulverised  for  sereral 
weeks  in  a  ball  mill.  One  guL  of  the  pulverised  bacilli  is  triturated  in  a  mortar 
with  100  cc  of  a  25  per  cent  solution  of  glycerin*  and  boiled  alo^^  for  one 
hour  in  a  fiask  having  a  return  condenser.  After  the  clumps  have  settled, 
the  supernatant  solution  is  removed  and  used  as  the  antigen,  0.1  cc  of  a  1 :  20 
dilution  represaiting  one-sixth  of  the  anticomplementary  point. 

The  advantages  claimed  for  this  antigen  are  that  it  is  easy  to  prepare,  there 
is  no  danger  of  infection  in  handling  it,  and  it  is  leas  anticomplementaiy  than 
antigen  which  has  not  been  boiled. 

The  clinical  value  of  complement  fixation  in  imlmonary  tabercnlosls  based 
on  a  study  of  540  cases,  L.  Bbowr  and  S.  A.  PsTBonr  {Amer.  Rev.  T^beroulo- 
Ht,  2  (1918),  No.  9,  pp.  525^40,  fig:  P).— A  report  is  given  of  the  value  of  the 
complement  fixation  test  in  the  diagnosis  of  pulmonary  tuberculosis,  as  baaed 
upon  the  results  obtained  in  a  study  of  5^  cases. 

Of  the  478  in  which  a  positive  diagnosis  of  tuberculosis  was  made,  a  positive 
complement  fixation  test  occurred  in  72  per  cent.  Positive  tests  were  obtained 
in  51  per  cent  of  the  incipient,  78  per  cent  of  the  moderately  advanced,  and 
81  per  cent  of  the  flir  advanced  cases.  The  complement  fixati<m  test  did  not 
run  a  parallel  course  with  the  intradermic  and  subcutaneous  tuberculin 
reactions.  Many  patients  reacted  to  the  tuberculin  and  had  a  negative  com- 
plement fixation  test,  and  the  opposite  also  occurred. 

A  comparative  study  of  the  ^  potato-filtrate  *'  and  sodium  hydroxld  antigotf 
and  the  glycerin  extract  described  above  led  to  the  conclusion  that  while  the 
glycerin  extract  gives  the  greatest  number  of  positive  results  it  should  not  be 
used  to  replace  the  others  exclusively,  but  that  it  is  safer  to  use  all  three  as 
each  in  turn  has  failed  to  give  a  positive  test  in  some  cases  in  which  one  of 
the  others  did  so. 

The  complement  fixation  test  for  tuberculosis,  L.  B%  Lanoe  (Amer.  Rev. 
TuherwOoHa,  2  {1918),  No.  P,  pp.  641-^45).— A  study  is  reported  of  the  com- 
plement fixation  test  on  a  total  of  856  sera,  using  four  different  antigens,  the 
bacillary  suspension  of  Miller  and  the  sodium  hydroxld  extract,  the  methyl 
alcohol  extract,  and  the  potato  broth  culture  filtrate  of  Petroff. 


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X»19]  VETERINARY  MEDICIKB,  887 

Tuberculous  sera  gave  51.5  per  cent  of  fixations  of  tiny  degree,  while  non- 
tuberculous  sera  gave  13.6  per  cent  Tbe  proportion  of  hlgber  fixations  was 
greater  with  sera  from  clinically  tuberculous  cases.  Tbe  alcohoUc  antigen 
gave  the  highest  percentage  of  strong  fixations  in  clinically  tuberculous  cases, 
and  the  sodium  hydroxld  antigen  the  lowest.  With  the  sera  from  nontubercu- 
lous  cases,  the  greatest  proportion  of  strong  fixations  was  obtained  with  the 
sodium  hydroxld  antlgai  and  the  smallest  with  the  potato-filtrate  antigen.  AU 
tended  to  give  a  greater  percentage  of  strong  fixations  with  the  sera  of  more 
advanced  pulmonary  cases  than  with  those  of  the  less  advanced. 

The  complement  fixation  test  in  the  dia^mosis  of  tuberculosis.— A  clinical 
and  luboratoxy  study,  H.  F.  Stoll  and  L.  Neuman  {Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc, 
72  {1919),  No.  15,  pp,  1048-1046).— Besnlta  obtained  with  the  complement  fixa- 
tion test  for  tuberculosis  (human)  using  the  Wilson  antigen,  previously  noted 
(B.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  481),  are  reported.  The  conclusions  are  drawn  that  the  prac- 
tical utility  of  the  test  in  the  diagnosis  of  tuberculosis  is  limited  by  the  fact 
that  the  highest  percentage  of  results  is  obtained  in  obvious  cases  of  the 
disease.  The  authors  are,  however,  of  the  opinion  that  in  case  of  suspicious 
symptoms  a  negative  fixation  test  would  Increase  to  a  considerable  degree  the 
probability  of  the  nontuberculous  nature  of  a  given  qase. 

The  value  of  tuberculosis  complement  fixation  in  clinical  tuberculosis, 
B.  Stivelman  (Amer.  Rev.  TuberculosiM,  Z  {1918),  No.  9,  pp.  64&-550).— The 
complement  fixation  test  with  the  antigen  of  Miller  and  Zinsser  (E.  S.  R.,  36, 
p.  81)  in  &  series  of  205  cases,  22  of  which  were  clinically  nontuberculous,  gave 
positive  results  in  51.4  per  cent  of  active  and  40  p^r  cent  of  inactive  cases, 
and  negative  results  in  48.6  per  cent  active  and  47.4  per  cent  inactive  cases. 
In  early  cases  the  percentage  of  positive  reactions  obtained  was  exceedingly 
low,  increasing  as  the  disease  progressed.  The  author  considers  the  test  to  be 
of  no  greater  value  than  the  subcutaneous  tuberculin  test 

Inilnence  of  Boentsr«n  rays  on  tubercle  bacilli,  K.  Seifert  {MonaUh.  Prakt. 
Tierheilk.,  t9  {1917),  No.  1-^,  pp.  6t^6,  pi.  i).-<Thls  article  contains  a  survey 
of  the  literature  on  the  subject  and  the  report  of  a  series  of  Investigations  on 
the  influence  of  Roentgen  rays  on  pure  cultures  of  tubercle  bacilli  and  on 
guinea  pigs  inoculated  with  the  bacillL 

The  results  of  the  study  indicate  that  in  vitro  the  rays  exert  a  marked  influ- 
ence on  the  bacilli,  which  is  shown  by  inhibition  of  growth,  lessening  of  viru- 
lence, and  more  intensive  colorability.  Smaller  doses  Increase  the  growth  as 
well  as  the  virulence  of  the  baciUt  In  vivo,  the  rays  of  such  strength  as  to 
Imve  no  effect  upon  normal  tissue  were  found  to  decrease  the  virulence  of  the 
tubercle  bacilli  and  to  have  an  Influence  upon  the  affected  tissue. 

Infection  of  newborn  calves  and  seroprophylaxis,  P.  Stazzi  {Clin.  Vet. 
tJ/iian],  Ross.  Pol.  BanU.  e  Ig.,  41  {1918),  No.  16-17,  pp.  414-4^;  aba.  in  Vet. 
Rev.,  S  {1919),  No.  1,  pp.  29,  SO). --An  infection  is  described  which  is  said  to 
occnr  widely  among  newborn  calves  in  Italy,  manifesting  its^f  in  three  forms, 
diarrhea  or  dysentery,  polyarthritis  with  serous  effusion  Into  the  joint  cavity, 
and  broncho-pneumonia.  The  first  two  forms  generally  appear  on  the  first  day 
after  birth  and  are  of  the  nature  of  a  collbacillosis  of  septicemic  character. 
Broncho-pneumonia  appears  in  from  15  to  20  days  after  birth  and  is  a  localized 
colibadllosis.  This  form,  which  Is  the  least  frequent  of  the  three,  has  been 
described  previously  by  Cominottl  (E.  S.  R.,  39,  p.  290). 

Ajs  a  means  of  prophylaxis,  the  author  has  employed  for  several  years,  with 
considerable  success,  a  polyvalent  serum  prepared  by  using  the  greatest  pos- 
aible  number  of  strains  of  Bacillus  coli  isolated  from  cases  of  the  disease.  In 
the  more  common  cases  of  extra-uterine  Infection,  one  or  two  injections  of 


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888  EXPERIMENT  STATION  BEOORD.  [Vol  40 

20  cc.  of  the  serum  are  giren  subcutaneously,  intramuscularly,  or  intraperi- 
toneally.  In  the  rare  cases  of  intra-uterine  infection,  it  is  necessary  to  inoco- 
late  the  mother  several  days  before  parturition  with  from  40  to  80  cc.  of  tbe 
serum  and  later  to  inoculate  the  calf  as  usuaL  In  epidemics  in  which  the  calves 
protected  by  the  serum  from  the  first  form  of  the  disease  are  not  protected 
from  the  form  which  develops  later,  the  ordinary  inoculation  should  be  fol< 
lowed  in  two  or  three  days  by  an  injection  of  an  autogenous  vaccine.  The 
serum  is  said  to  give  the  best  results  when  it  is  prepared  from  the  same 
strains  as  those  which  cause  the  disease. 

In  conclusion  the  author  points  out  that  seroprophylaxis  of  the  disease  must 
always  be  associated  with  sanitary  measures  to  prevent  the  spread  of  infecticHi. 

The  prophylaxis  and  cure  of  exudative  pleuropneumonia  in  goats,  N.  Mori 
{R,  l8t,  Incoragg,  Napoli,  Ann,  fitax,  Sper,  Malattie  Infett,  Besiiame,  S  (1916)^ 
No,  2,  pp.  75-78). — ^The  causative  organism  and  mode  of  infection  of  exudative 
pleuropneumonia  of  goats  are  discussed,  and  a  method  for  the  prophylaxis  and 
cure  of  the  disease  is  suggested  which  consists  of  the  inoculation  of  the  animals 
with  a  serum  prepared  from  the  pleural  exudate  of  diseased  animals  recelTed 
under  aseptic  conditions  and  treated  with  toluol  and  ether.  The  author  re- 
ports that  a  group  of  goats  thus  treated  remained  immune,  whUe  a  control 
group,  not  inoculated,  contracted  the  disease. 

An  official  experiment  on  the  prevention  and  cure  of  exudative  pleuro- 
pneumonia in  goats  by  means  of  a  serum  obtained  from  the.speclfle  pleural 
exudate,  N.  Mobi  {R,  l8t,  Incoragg.  Napoli,  Ann.  Stas.  8per,  Malattie  Infett 
Besti4ime,  4  {1917),  No.  1,  pp.  51-71), — ^E\irther  details  are  given  of  the  use  of 
the  serum  noted  above  for  the  prevention  and  cure  of  exudative  pleuropneu- 
monia. 

From  the  reports  presented  the  conclusions  are  drawn  that  the  disease  can 
be  prevented  by  the  subcutaneous  inoculation  of  the  specific  serum  in  doses  of 
1.5  to  2  cc.  for  suckling  goats  and  2.5  to  3.5  cc  for  adult  animals,  depending 
upon  the  condition,  state  of  nutrition,  and  state  of  gestation.  The  curative 
dose  ranges  from  8.5  to  4.5  cc.  A  second  Injection  should  not  be  made,  as  it  Is 
without  curative  effect  and  may  produce  anaphylactic  phenomena. 

An  official  experiment  on  the  prevention  and  cure  of  eccudatlve  pleoro- 
pneumonla  in  goats  by  means  of  a  serum  obtained  from  the  specific  pleural 
exudate,  N.  Mori  {Mod.  Zooiatro,  Parte  8ci.,  [29]  (1918),  No.  9,  pp.  iP5-«(W).— 
This  Is  a  summary  of  the  article  noted  above. 

Important  points  in  determining  the  presence  of  hog  cholera  in  the  herd, 
G.  W.  KoiWEB  (Va.  Dept.  Agr.  and  Immigr,  But.  126  {1918),  pp.  90-102,  figt. 
6). — This  is  a  general  discussion  of  hog  cholera.  Including  a  description  of 
symptoms  and  post-mortem  findings,  instructions  in  regard  to  the  value  and 
use  of  antihog  cholera  serums,  and  suggestions  for  the  prevention  of  the  spread 
of  the  disease. 

BTJEAL  ENOnVEEBINO. 

Brick  pavements  In  the  Kiddle  West,  A.  T.  Goldbeck  and  F.  H.  Jackson 
(U.  S.  Dept  Agr.,  Public  Roads,  1  {1919),  No.  10,  pp.  S-18,  figs,  i^).— The  re- 
sults of  an  inspection  and  study,  by  the  authors,  of  a  large  number  of  brick 
roads  throughout  the  Middle  Western  States  are  reported.  The  following  con- 
clusions are  drawn : 

"  The  type  and  thickness  of  base  for  any  brick  pavement  diould  depend  upon 
(1)  the  maximum  weight  of  the  loads  to  be  carried,  and  (2)  the  bearing  value, 
under  all  weather  conditions,  of  the  underlying  soil.  In  all  cases  where  the 
traffic  to  he  carried  is  likely  to  be  heavy  or  where  the  underlying  soil  is  of  such 


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X019]  BUBAL  ECONOMICS.  889 

a  nature  that  its  bearing  value  is  not  sufficient  to  snpport  the  pavement  under 
all  eendltlons,  a  concrete  base  of  sufficient  thickness  to  properly  distribute  the 
loads  should  be  provided.  Where  the  maximum  weight  of  the  loads  to  be 
carried  is  not  excessive  and  the  subsoil  Is  of  a  porous  well-drained  nature,  the 
thickness  of  the  concrete  base  may  be  decreased  or,  under  very  favorable 
conditions,  it  may  even  be  omitted  altogether. 

"Other  things  being  equal,  a  somewliat  lighter  construction  may  be  per- 
mitted In  the  case  of  the  the  'monolithic'  and  ' semlmonolithlc *  types  than 
where  the  ordinary  sand  cushion  type  is  provided,  on  account  of  the  Increased 
Blab  strength  which  these  types  appear  to  possess.  A  concrete  curb  or  edging 
is  not  necessary  when  monolithic  or  semlmonolithic  construction  is  used. 

*' Paving  brick  with  well-formed  contact  lugs  are  to  be  preferred  to  brick 
without  lugs.  Paving  brick  with  square  edges-are  to  be  preferred  to  brick  with 
rounded  edges. 

''Given  the  requisite  care  in  construction,  satisfactory  results  may  be  ob- 
tained with  either  cement  grout  or  bituminous  filler.  Vertical  liber  lug  brick 
with  bituminous  filler  have  given  good  service  In  those  cities  west  of  the  Mis- 
stflsippi  where  they  were  Inspected,  possibly  due  to  the  protecting  action  of  the 
asphalt  mat  which  prevents  wear  from  coming  upon  the  brick  direct 

"  Expansl<Hi  joints  in  grout  filled  pavements  would  seem  advisable  at  street 
intersectlbns  and  at  points  of  tangency  on  curves,  and  longitudinal  Joints  should 
be  used  against  all  rigid  curbs  or  structures." 

PnbUo  Boads  {V.  8.  Dept.  Affr.,  PubHe  Roads,  1  (1919),  No.  10,  pp.  lOS,  figs. 
jf5). — This  number  of  this  periodical  contains  an  article  on  Brick  Pavements  in 
tbe  Middle  West,  by  A.  T.  Goldbech  and  F.  H.  Jackson,  noted  above,  and  five 
other  articles  of  direct  highway  engineering  interest 

Care  and  repair  of  farm  implements. — ^V,  Oraln  separators,  B.  Johnson 
(17.  fi.  Defft,  Aur^  Farmers'  Bui  10S6  (1919),  pp.  20,  figs.  S).— This  gives  lu- 
stractions  for  overhauling  and  adjusting  grain  separators,  with  a  view  to  re- 
ducing to  the  minimum  the  losses  and  delays  due  to  breakdowns  during  the 
operating  season. 

BUBAL  ECOHOMIGS. 

The  farmer  and  the  new  day,  K.  L.  Buttebfiixd  (New  York:  The  Macmillan 
Co.,  1919,  pp.  [91+811).— The  author  arranges  his  discussion  under  three 
topics,  the  rural  problem,  rural  organization,  and  a  rural  democracy.  He  an- 
alyzes the  rural  problem  as  one  of  determining  and  meeting  the  needs  of  the 
world  for  agricultural  products,  of  improving  farm  methods,  farm  business,  and 
farm  life,  and  of  assuring  to  the  farmer  a  place  at  all  councils  designed  to  dis- 
cuss and  provide  for  social  reconstruction.  He  urges  the  formulation  of  a  na- 
tional rural  policy  by  a  permanent  conferring  group  representative  of  Govern- 
ment  and  farmers. 

Id  the  appendixes  are  included,  among  other  Items,  a  statement  of  what  some 
Massachusetts  communities  are  doing,  taken  from  a  bulletin  recently  noted 
<B.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  486),  an  extract  from  the  program  for  food  production  and 
conservation  prepared  at  the  conference  of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  and 
representatives  from  32  States,  held  at  St  Louis,  Mo.,  April  9-10,  1917,  a  sum- 
mary of  opinions  of  60  or  more  agricultural  leaders  expressed  in  answering  a 
questionnaire  concerning  an  American  agricultural  policy,  and  a  tentative  out- 
line of  such  a  policy. 

The  awakening  of  England,  F.  E.  Gbeen  (London  and  New  York:  Thomas 
TfeUon  <£  Sons,  Ltd.  [19181,  2.  ed„  pp,  XV+S61,  pis.  8).— Personal  impressions 
of  the  success  and  failure  of  the  small-holdings  system  gained  by  the  author  on 
walking  tours  about  England,  Ireland,  and  the  Channel  Islands  are  here  re- 


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890  EXPERIMENT  STATION  RECORD.  [VoL40 

corded.    Tills  l8  a  second  edition  of  an  earlier  work,  to  whldd  diaptera  hare 
been  added  giving  tbe  author's  views  as  to  reconstruction  after  tbe  war. 

Introductory  manual  for  the  study  and  readingr  of  agrarian  histoTy,  W. 
Tbimblb  (FargOf  N,  Dak.:  Author,  1917 ^  pp.  ^7). — A  list  of  references  on  and 
kiggestlons  for  the  study  of  ancient  and  modem  agriculture,  tbe  agriculture 
of  the  principal  foreign  countries  and  the  United  States,  and  various  phases  of 
agriculture. 

International  yearbook  of  agricultural  legislation  (Ingt.  Intemat.  Agr. 
IRome'l,  Arm,  Intemat.  L4g.  Agr.,  7  {1917),  pp.  LXX/y-fi«2(?).— This  yeartMok 
supplements  information  previously  noted  (B.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  493),  adding  laws 
and  decrees  of  1917. 

Address  of  D.  P.  Houston,  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  before  the  joint  con- 
ference of  the  agricultural  conunission  of  the  American  Bankers'  Associa- 
tion and  the  agricultural  committees  of  the  State  Bankers'  AssociationB, 
Washington,  D.  C,  Pebruary  26,  1919  (17.  8.  Dept.  Agr.,  Off.  Sec  Ciro.  ISl 
(1919),  pp.  11). — This  address  discusses  the  wide  scope  of  the  Govemmenfi 
work  for  agriculture,  the  interest  taken  in  agriculture  by  bankers  of  the  country, 
the  aid  furnished  by  farmers  in  winning  the  war,  and  measures  necessary  for 
the  improvement  of  agriculture,  including  hastening  the  process  from  tenancy 
to  ownership,  Government  assurance  of  the  wheat  price  guaranty,  good-road 
building}  and  others. 

Cooperative  plan  of  national  rural  research,  O.  J.  Oaupin  et  al.  {Amer, 
Jour.  Bociol.,  24  {1918),  No.  S,  pp.  SOS^IO). — ^In  this  article  the  committee  oo 
standardization  appointed  by  an  Informal  conference  at  the  time  of  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  American  Sociological  Society  in  Philadelphia  in  1917  presents 
definitions  of  terms  to  be  used  and  outlines  a  national  program  of  rural  researdi. 
Suggestions  are  made  for  the  scope  and  method  of  study  of  two  standardiied 
general  problems,  determining  and  analyzing  the  population  group  wfdcHi  ap- 
proximates the  community  In  agricultural  sections,  and  an  investigation  of  tbe 
social  aspects  of  tenancy,  with  special  reference  to  advantageous  and  detri- 
mental conditions  growing  out  of  this  form  of  landholdlng  rather  than  out  of 
farm  life  in  general.  Recomm^idations  for  making  a  State-wide  directory  of 
rural  organizations  and  a  map  of  all  high-school  districts  in  the  State,  and  for 
codifying  State  laws  relating  to  the  social  welfare  of  t&rm  population  and  vil- 
lage population,  are  included. 

Beport  of  committee  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  to  con- 
sider plan  of  organization,  scope  of  work,  and  projects  for  the  Office  of 
Farm  Management,  and  methods  of  procedure  in  making  cost  of  production 
studies,  G.  F.  Wabben,  A.  Boss,  H.  G.  Tatlob,  J.  A.  Foobd,  J.  I.  Faloonb, 
R.  L.  Adams,  and  G.  I.  Christdc  {U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Off.  Sec.  Ore  192  (1919), 
pp.  15). — ^Research  projects  for  the  attention  of  a  proposed  Bureau  of  Farm 
Management  and  Farm  Economics  are  outlined  here,  under  heads  of  cost  of 
production,  farm  organization,  farm  finance,  farm  labor,  agricultural  history 
and  geography,  land  utilization,  and  farm  life  studies.  There  are  Included  ex- 
planatory notes  on  methods  of  investigation,  items  to  be  considered,  and  inter- 
pretation of  results  of  cost-of-production  studies^ 

Rural  organization,  R.  G.  C6rdova  {Rev.  Agr.  Puerto  Rico,  2  {1919),  Noi.  t, 
pp.  1-9;  S,  pp.  6-19). — ^A  plan  of  rural  organization  to  benefit  small  agricul- 
turists of  Porto  Rico  socially  and  economically  Is  here  outllned. 

Project  for  a  national  agricultural  institute,  F.  Camb6  {Prog.  Agr.  y  Peeu- 
aria,  24  (1918),  No.  1069,  pp.  5(72-^50^).— This  gives  the  text  of  a  decree  of  July 
18,  1918,  previously  referred  to  (E.  S.  R.,  40,  p.  389),  proposing  the  establish- 
ment of  the  National  Agricultural  Institute  In  Spain  and  regulating  and  con- 
trolling the  granaries  in  the  interest  of  extended  rural  credit 


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1919]  RURAL  EGOKOMIGS,  891 

Sural  administration  and  administrators,  F.  Gonvkbt  (Arm.  8ci,  Agron,,  4* 
«er.,  7  {19 IH),  No.  7-^,  pp.  2S9-28S)  .—The  author  outlines  the  functions  of  ad- 
ministrators on  French  estates,  and  urges  their  organization  for  the  study  of 
their  problems  and  the  furthering  of  their  interests  professionally. 

A  review  of  the  Prussian  boards  of  a^culture,  W.  Asmis  {Ztsohr.  Deut, 
Landwirtschaftsrata,  16  (1918),  No.  11,  pp.  255-«6P).— This  article  reviews  the 
establishment  and  development  of  the  Prussian  boards  of  agriculture  and  their 
functions  and  importance  during  a  quarter  of  a  century. 

A  proposal  for  a  study  of  the  potential  productivity  of  Italian  agrricalture 
and  of  the  possibility  of  satisfying  in  the  future  the  needs  of  the  people, 
O.  Talenti  vt  AL.  (Pi»&.  R.  Accad.  Lincei,  Comitato  8cL  Aliment,  {Rome},  No.  7 
(1919),  pp.  7). — This  is  the  outline  submitted  by  a  committee  of  Italian  scien- 
tists for  increasing  the  food  supply.  It  provides  for  the  administration  of  the 
plan,  and  the  publication  of  reports  to  be  submitted  with  regard  to  special  in- 
qiulries  into  the  improvement  of  agriculture,  collecting  of  agricultural  sta- 
tistics, etc. 

The  encouragement  of  the  Alp  industry,  one  •method  of  inereasine:  the 
stocks  of  our  native  animals,  E.  Qbou.  (Die  Hebung  der  Alpwirtschaft,  ein 
MUtel  gur  BrJuiUunff  und  Mehntng  Unserer  Heimisohen  Tierhestdnde.  Traun- 
Mtein:  Verband  fUr  Reinzucht  des  Pinzganer  RindeB  in  Oherbavem,  1917,  pp, 
€1,  pU.  10).— This  article  is  descriptive  of  the  live-stock  industry  in  the 
Bavarian  Alps,  Its  history,  and  suggested  methods  of  developing  it.  Under 
the  last  head  are  included  forestry  operations,  road  building,  map  making, 
destruction  of  weeds  and  introduction  of  nutritive  grasses,  and  the  encourage* 
ment  by  the  State  of  cooperative  organization  among  those  engaged  in  the 
industry. 

The  cheapest  source  of  increased  food  supplies,  B.  Q.  Noxtbsb  {Boi.  Mo.,  6 
(1918),  No.  2,  pp.  ii^i25).—- This  article  discusses  the  economy  of  following 
specially  adapted  lines  of  farming  on  those  areas  having  marginal  productivity 
as  a  result  of  poverty  of  soil,  topography,  or  climate.  Drought-resistant  crops, 
water-tolerant  crops,  and  plants  adapted  to  sandy  and  alkali  soils  and  hill 
lands  are  considered. 

The  tariff  union  and  a^cultural  policy,  H.  KaikNOLD  {ZoUunion  und  Agroi^ 
poUHk.  Dresden:  "Globus,"  1917,  pp.  [6] +255). —The  author  has  studied 
German  demands  for  agricultural  products  and  the  extent  to  which  they  can 
be  supplied  at  home  and  from  Austria-Hungary  and  the  Balkan  States.  He 
considers  the  inclusion  of  these  countries  with  Qermany  in  a  tariff  union  and 
concludes  that  no  danger  to  German  agriculture  can  arise  from  such  a  policy. 
He  further  maintains  that  tariflb  on  agricultural  products,  with  the  possible 
exception  of  feed  for  Uve  stock,  together  with  certain  state  measures  such  as 
recoloniaation  on  small  holdings,  legislation  against  entail  inheritance,  etc.,  will 
intensify  German  agriculture  and  make  the  nation  self-sufficing. 

The  minimum  wage  as  applied  to  agriculture,  R.  H.  Rew  {Jour.  Farmers^ 
Club  [London^,  1919,  Feb.,  pp.  20). — ^An  address  on  the  subject  of  Part  II  of 
the  Com  Production  Act,  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  504),  discussing  its 
application  to  agriculture. 

Women  workers  in  agriculture,  E.  N.  Thomas  (In  Industry  and  Finance, 
edited  by  A.  W.  Kirkaldy.  London  and  Nefo  York:  Sir  Isaac  Pitman  d  Sons, 
Ltd.,  1917,  pp.  146-159), — ^This  report,  prepared  for  the  section  of  economic 
science  and  statistics  of  the  British  Association,  reviews  data  relating  to  the 
number  of  women  employed  on  the  land,  describes  two  methods  of  training, 
namely,  apprenticeship  and  practice  training  under  the  supervision  of  the 
Board  of  Agriculture,  and  briefly  discusses  training  and  wages. 


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892  EXPEBIMEKT  STATIOK  BEOORD.  {Vol  40 

Rural  children  In  selected  counties  of  North  Carolina,  F.  S.  Bradley  and 
M.  A.  Williamson  (U,  S,  Dept.  Labor,  Children's  Bur,  F116.  SS  {1918),  pp.  118, 
pis,  16), — ^The  plan  of  the  survey  includes  childrrai*s  health  conferences  con- 
ducted at  the  county  seat  and  in  rural  communities,  together  with  invesd^i- 
tions  into  the  economic  status  of  families,  home  conditions,  maternity  care,  in- 
fant care,  physical  condition  of  children  from  1  to  15  years  of  age,  education, 
children's  farm  and  other  work,  and  recreation  and  social  life.  This  stndy 
was  carried  on  in  a  certain  typical  lowland  county  of  the  State,  while  in  three 
smaller  rural  townships  of  a  typical  mountain  county  a  similar  investigtloD 
was  carried  on  from  house  to  house. 

In  the  appendix  are  included  a  report  of  the  activities  of  the  North  Carolint 
State  Board  of  Health  in  relation  to  child  welfare,  the  work  of  various  organi- 
zations stimulating  an  interest  in  fiirmlng  and  farm  life,  the  State  laws  relat- 
ing to  child  labor  and  school  attendance,  the  child-caring  instltntioDS  and  agen- 
cies of  the  State,  and  copies  of  schedules  used  in  visiting  families  during  tfaii 
survey. 

The  little  town,  especially  In  its  rural  relationahips,  H.  P.  Dottolabs  {New 
York:  The  MacmiUan  Co,,  1919,  pp.  XIII -^$58,  pla,  12,  figs.  «).— The  author  dis- 
casses  the  socio-economic  aspects  of  little  towns  in  the  United  States,  tbeir 
distribution  and  economic  classification,  the  country  and  the  Industry  upon 
which  they  may  be  dependent,  their  evolution,  their  people,  structural  funda- 
mentals. Institutions,  ideals,  and  a  program  for  organized  service  and  progresi 

The  value  of  land  in  France,  P.  Caziot  {La  Valeur  de  la  Terns  e»  FrwM, 
ParU:  J,  B,  BaiUUre  d  Sons,  19H,  pp.  VIII-^460,  /l^a.  i(»).— This  is  one  of  t 
series  constituting  the  agricultural  oicyclopedla  published  under  the  direction 
of  G.  Wery.  It  includes  a  history  of  farm  land  values  in  France,  a  review 
of  factors  influencing  fluctuations  in  price,  and  detailed  descriptions  of  condi- 
tions In  all  sections  of  the  country. 

The  results  and  the  progress  of  the  redivlsion  of  lands  [in  Japan]  admit- 
ting o^  cultivation  {Intemat.  Inst.  Affr,  IRome],  Intemat.  Rev.  Agr,  Boon.,  9 
{1918),  No,  5,  pp.  409-4S1)  .—The  laws  relating  to,  and  the  cost,  advantage!. 
and  progress  of,  redivlsion  of  the  lands  of  Japan  which  can  be  cultivated  are 
reviewed  here.  Statistical  information  relating  to  progress  under  this  procesfl 
is  Included. 

Land  credit,  J.  Gastlavkr  {Cr^dito  Territorial  Seville  {Spain]:  La  **€Me 
Oflcial,"  1916,  pp.  1S5). — ^The  author  discusses  the  fundamental  principles  of 
rural  credit,  means  of  acquiring  it,  the  mortgage  as  the  Instrument  of  rural 
credit,  a  historical  survey,  the  mortgage  as  security,  new  forms-  of  land  mort- 
gage, and  the  valuation  of  land.  He  describes  the  Federal  land  bank  system 
of  the  United  States  and  the  adaptations  which  would  make  it  practicable  in 
Spain. 

Bural  land  credit  in  Switzerland,  H.  Biixbteb  {Le  Credit  Fonder  Rural  es 
Suisse.  Neuchatal:  Attinger  Bros.,  1917,  pp.  190).— This  is  the  third  part  of  a 
collection  of  commercial  and  economic  studies  published  under  the  direction  of 
P.  E.  Bonjour  and  Q.  Palllard.  It  describes  in  detail  the  rural  credit  institn- 
tlons  of  Germany  and  France,  and  particularly  Swiss  institutions  offering 
mortgage  credit,  conditions  of  the  business  in  each  canton,  and  methods  of 
Swiss  mortgage  banks. 

The  author  questions  the  eflldency  of  the  many  cantonal  banks,  from  the 
point  of  view  of  Interest  rate,  exlgiblUty  of  loans,  credit  for  improvementa, 
etc.,  but  advocates,  instead  of  a  national  land  bank,  a  central  clearing  house 
for  aiflliated  land  banks. 

Parm  tenancy:  An  analysis  of  the  occupancy  of  900  farms,  O.  X  Galpiv 
and  E.  F.  Hoaq  {Wisconsin  8t<i.  Research  BuL  JH  {1919),  pp.  18,  figs.  2).— Tblf 


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lOlO]  BUBAIi  BG0H0MIG3.  898 

staay  was  carried  on  in  Septeicber,  1018,  in  accordance  with  plans  of  the 
national  committee  on  standardization  of  research  in  country  life  appointed  at 
tlie  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Sociological  Society  in  1917  for  a  field 
study  of  farm  tenancy.  It  indudes  all  farms  belonging  in  the  business  com- 
munity of  Sun  Prairie,  Wis.  Tabulations  are  made  to  show  ftirms  occupied  by 
o^wners  and  tenants  and  by  related  and  unrelated  tenants;  status  of  farm  pur- 
cliaaers,  present  status  of  farm  tenants,  and  sizes  of  farms  rented  and  pur- 
cliased;  general  status,  occupancy  of  farms,  residence,  and  employment  of 
retiring  farmers ;  and  number  of  tenant  shifts,  of  farms  on  which  shifts  occur, 
of  shifting  tenants,  and  index  number  of  tenant  shifting. 

GoUective  farms  {Intemat.  Inat.  Agr.  iRome},  Intemat,  Rev,  Agr.  Econ,,  9 
il918)^  No8.  5,  pp.  S66-^SB;  8,  pp.  617-690) .—This  review  includes  a  descrip- 
tion of  a  system  in  Italy  which  has  been  noted  (E.  S.  R.,'  40,  p.  889),  and  gives 
particular  information  on  the  collective  farms  in  the  Provinces  of  Reggio 
l^mllia,  Ravenna,  Parma,  Bologna,  Modena,  Mantua,  and  Sicily,  together  with 
a  sununary  of  results  obtained  under  tlds  system. 

Act  creating  farmers'  cooperatlTe  societies  with,  forms  go^eniag  incor^ 
poration  (Austin,  Tex.:  State,  1917,  pp.  i7).— This  volume  contains  the  text  of 
an  act  of  the  Texas  Legislature  providing  for  the  Incorporation  of  farmers' 
cooperative  societies,  approved  April  4,  1917,  togetlier  with  suggested  forms  of 
charter,  by-laws,  annual  report,  etc,  which  may  be  varied  to  fit  individual 
circcunstances. 

Report  on  the  working  of  cooperatiTe  societies  in  Bihar  and  Orissa  for  the 
yean  1916-17  and  1917-18  (Rpt.  Worh.  Coop,  Soes.  Bihar  and  OrUsa,  lOlS-^ 
It  pp.  [5]+««+«+«,  Pt  i;  1917-18,  pp.  [5]+«74-84-«,  pi.  i)-— These  reports 
continue  to  date  Information  previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  36,  p.  689). 

Operatingr  a  cooperative  motor  track  route,  H.  S.  Yohx  (U.  8,  Depi.  Affr^ 
Farmer^  BuL  1032  {1919),  pp.  H,  figs,  5).— This  publication  describes  the  mem- 
bership and  management  of  a  successful  cooperative  motor  truck  route  in 
Maryland,  as  Illustrated  by  The  Farmers'  Ck>operatlve  C3o.  of  Hartford  County, 
Inc.  Some  of  the  problems  in  operation  discussed  Include  selection  of  equip- 
ment, securing  operators,  cost  of  service  or  rates,  management  of  receiving 
stations,  and  accounting  methods. 

It  is  concluded  that  farmers'  motor  truck  associations  can  be  operated  suc- 
ceesfully  in  sections  which  produce  in  sufficient  quantity  to  warrant  daily 
operation  of  trucks  and  which  are  not  more  than  80  or  40  miles  distant  from 
consuming  centera    A  survey  should  be  made  to  determine  the  adequacy  of 
present  transportation  facilities,  the  reasonableness  of  rates  charged,  the  ap- 
proximate dally  tonnage,  the  character  of  roads,  the  general  sentiment  of  the 
community,  and  the  amount  of  cash  that  would  be  available  for  purchasing 
oqnipment.    The  provisions  of  the  charter  should  be  made  broad  and  liberal,  and 
the  capitalization  should  be  large  enough  to  permit  issuing  enough  stock  to  pay 
for  the  trucks  in  cash,  obtain  working  capital,  and  still  have  a  sufficient  amount 
of    stock  unissued  to  provide  for  future  sound  extension   of  the  business. 
Rates  should  be  based  on  a  careful  analysis  of  complete,  adequate,  and  accurate 
information  regarding  costs.    If  one  terminus  of  the  route  is  1^  a  large  city, 
during  the  early  days  of  the  association  it  will  be  found  more  economical  to 
rent  limited  space  rather  than  to  attempt  to  operate  a  receiving  Btation. 

Cellar  societies  (Intemat.  Inst.  Agr    [Rnn^  internat    Rev.  Agr,  Econ.,  9 
,1918)   NO  7,  ^.  5^a^50).-Thls  is  ."ia^VS:ZoJ^ti^  to  be  gained 
from  ItaUan  "terature  on  the  subject  of  the2  Operative  associaUons  among 
vitlculturists  and  from  reports  of  certain  orthX^etiefl  and  their  by-hiw 
CLDO  mies^ 


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894  BXPEBiMBifrr  m^nos  begoed.  [Voi.40 

The  development  of  Insnranoe  against  hail  (IfUemat.  Intt.  Agr.  [Bomel^ 
Intemat,  Rev,  Affr,  Econ.,  9  {1918)  y  Nos.  i,  pp.  t2-S6;  2,  pp.  lSi-149;  5,  p^ 
215-226;  4,  pp.  295-^19) .—This  article,  which  is  based  on  a  study  of  this  sub- 
ject by  W.  Rohrbeck,  gives  statistics  covering  frequency  and  intensity  of  hail, 
distribution  of  losses  over  kinds  of  crops,  and  the  business  of  many  German 
stock  companies  and  mutual  societies  insuring  against  hail.  The  Information 
given  is  compreh^isive  for  all  Germany  and,  to  a  certain  extent,  applies  for  a 
period  of  more  than  30  yeara 

Monthly  Crop  Beporter  (U.  8.  Dept  Agr.,  Mo.  Crap  Rptr.,  5  {1919),  No,  4^ 
PP'  it-Hy  f^if'  1).--This  number  contains,  as  usual,  data  relating  to  estimated 
farm  value  of  important  products,  average  of  prices  received  by  producers  of 
the  United  States,  and  range  of  prices  of  agricultural  products  at  important 
markets.  It  also  give6  information  as  to  the  production  of  important  crops  In 
the  five  leading  States  for  1916,  1917,  and  1918;  beet  sugar  production,  1918 
(revised  figures),  making  comparisons  with  that  of  1917;  farm  labor  supply 
and  demand  April  1,  1918,  and  1919 ;  and  number  of  breeding  sows  April  1  of 
the  years  1914  to  1919,  inclusive.  A  special  commercial  peach  crop  report  for 
April,  1919,  a  graphic  representation  of  the  proportion  of  important  crops 
produced  in  the  five  leading  States  in  1918,  and  special  articles  on  trend  of 
prices,  April  wheat  and  lye  r^;>ort,  farm  live  stock  changes  in  1918  and  1919, 
and  geographic  variation  in  prices  of  articles  farmers  buy  are  included. 

Annual  statistics  of  Chile.— VH,  Aerriculture  {An.  Batadis.  ChUe,  191&'179 
Sect.  VII,  pp.  [61+115).— This  continues  statistical  infbrmatlon  previously 
noted  (B.  S.  R.,  88,  p.  695). 

A^coltural  statistics  of  Netherlands  {Dept.  Landb.,  Nijv.  en  Handel 
[Netherlandah  Verslag.en  Meded.  Dir,  Landb.,  No.  S  {1918),  pp.  LXXXIII^ 
109), — These  statistics  for  the  year  1917  continue  infbrmatian  previously  noted 
(m  S.  R.,  88,  p.  893). 

[Aerricultural  statistics  of  Spain]  {An  B^tadis.  EapaHa,  S  {1916),  pp.  2^1+ 
6Jt2,  pU.  9;  4  (1917),  pp.  X//+656,  pU.  15).— In  these  volumes  the  information 
previously  noted  (E.  S.  R.,  36,  p.  791)  is  continued  for  1916  and  1917. 

Quinquennial  report  on  the  average  yield  per  acre  of  principal  crops  in 
India  for  the  period  ending  1916-17,  G.  F.  Shisbas  {DepU  8t<Ui8.  India, 
Quinquen.  Rpt.  Av.  Yield  Aore  Prino.  Crops  India,  1919-1911,  pp.  [5]+87).— 
Tables  are  given  for  the  average  yield  of  the  principal  crops  in  the  Provinces 
of  British  India  and  Mysore  State^  together  with  summaries  of  provincial 
reports. 

Report  of  the  Indian  Wheat  Committee  for  1915  and  1916,  F.  D.  Agulnd 
rr  AL.  {Rpt.  Indian  Wheat  Committee  iLondon],  1915-16,  pp.  48).— The  reasons 
for  the  appointment  of  this  conunittee,  its  activities,  and  some  of  the  difficulties 
encountered  in  controlling  the  export  and  regulating  the  price  of  India's  surplus 
wheat  are  reported. 

AOEicmnrRAL  esitcation. 

[Agricultural  and  home  economics  instruction  at  the  National  Education 
Association  in  1917]  {Addresses  and  Proc.  Nat.  Ed.  Assoc.,  55  {1917),  pp.  X/+ 
864). — Included  In  this  report  are  the  following  papers  on  food  production  and 
conservation:  The  Imperative  Necessity  of  a  Food  Conservation  Program,  by 
C.  R.  Van  Hlse  (pp.  37-41) ;  How  the  School  May  Help  Increase  Food  Produc- 
tion, by  R.  H.  Wilson  (pp.  131-138) ;  Waste  of  Food  From  the  Producer  to  the 
Household,  by  J.  A.  Bexell  (pp.  134-140) ;  Food  Storage  and  Preservation,  by 
H.  R.  Daniel  (pp.  140-143) ;  Adaptation  of  Courses  in  Domestic  Economy  and 
Industrial  Arts  to  Meet  Existing  Demands,  by  C.  H.  Dempsey  (pp.  143-145) ; 


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19191  AGEICULTXJRAL  EDUCATION.  895 

A^cnltnral  Preparedness  and  Food  Conservation :  A  Study  In  Thrift,  by  A.  H. 
Chamberlain  (pp.  1S1~161) ;  and  War  Measures  of  Higher  Educational  Institu- 
tions, by  C.  R.  Van  Hlse  (pp.  29a-^2d6.) 

Among  the  papers  dealing  with  home  economics  were  the  following:  The 
Normal  Schools  and  the  Demand  for  Education  in  the  Household  Arts,  by  M.  G. 
Bamum  (pp.  395-399),  giving  notes  on  the  development  in  the  household  arts 
departments  of  normal  schools  in  this  country,  especially  in  California ;  Train- 
ing of  Girls  and  Women  for  Trade  and  Industry,  by  M.  S.  Woolman  (pp.  436- 
438)  ;  Extension  of  the  Field  of  Home  Economics  in  the  School  Curriculum,  by 
A.  Ravenhlll  (pp.  438-443),  in  which  the  author  offers  suggestions  for  extend- 
ing the  field  of  home  economics  in  the  school  curriculum.  It  is  claimed  that  home 
economics  more  than  any  other  subject  in  the  educational  program  links  school 
precept  with  home  practice.  "  To  utilize  it,  however,  for  this  purpose  two  read- 
justments in  conventional  usage  are  necessary.  Boys  must  no  longer  be  de- 
barred from'  their  share  in  training  for  home  duties,  or  as  factors  In  parental 
obligations,  as  agents  in  industrial  efficiency  and  civic  service.  Neither  can  the 
subject  be  isolated  from  the  rest  of  the  school  program  and  too  often  confined 
to  a  proportion  only  of  the  girls,  and  then  for  a  relatively  short  period  of  school 
life.  That  both  these  readjustments  can  be  made  and  that  the  ends  can  be 
gained  is  demonstrated  by  the  practical  experience  of  12  or  14  years  in  two  or 
three  districts  in  Great  Britain."  The  Betterment  of  Homes  in  Urban  Commu- 
nities Throui^  Extension  Work  in  Home  Economics,  by  M.  F.  Rausch  (pp.  468- 
472),  which  considers  the  problems  of  the  home  and  the  rOle  of  the  extension 
worker  in  their  betterment 

The  two  papers  presented  at  the  meeting  of  the  depaitment  of  rural  and  agri- 
cultural education  were  The  Rural  People  a  Strong  Factor  in  Rural  Educa- 
tional Problems,  by  W.  H.  Campbell  (pp.  600-602),  in  which  the  author  con- 
tends that  the  rural  school  should  be  controlled  by  the  rural  people  for  the 
welfare  of  rural  life,  and  should  be  taught  by  teachers  educated  in  rural  en- 
Tironments  and  in  sympathy  with  country  life ;  Results  Achieved  in  Secondary 
Agriculture  and  Methods  Pursued  in  Actual  Practice,  by  H.  N.  Goddard  (603^ 
618).  In  the  latter  a  brief  summary  of  progress  in  secondary  agricultural  in- 
struction is  followed  by  a  discussion  of  two  rather  diverse  viewpoints  that  have 
developed  as  to  the  ends  to  be  attained  by  such  instruction.  The  first  looks 
upon  agriculture  as  an  informational  or  purely  cultural  subject,  designed  to 
fomish  a  practical  body  of  subject  matter  which  can  be  utilized  as  valuable 
information  and  also  as  a  means  of  vitalizing  school  work,  especially  the 
science  subjects.  The  other  viewpoint  looks  upon  agriculture  as  an  industrial 
or  vocational  subject  in  which  the  project,  involving  actual  farm  practice  under 
as  natural  conditions  as  possible,  furnishes  the  central  and  most  essential 
feature  about  which  class  instruction,  laboratory  exercises,  and  field  work  may 
be  organized.  With  reference  to  special  schools  of  agriculture,  the  author  be- 
lieves that  while  several  types  of  such  schools  of  a  distinctly  vocational  nature 
have  sprung  up  in  the  country  and  are  doing  more  or  less  valuable  work,  never- 
theless the  tendency  of  the  whole  country  has  turned  more  and  more  to  the  high 
schools  as  the  agency  for  providing  the  best  kind  of  vocational  training.  At- 
tention is  called  to  two  plans  that  have  been  developed  in  the  high  schools.  The 
first,  in  operation  in  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  and  a  number  of  other 
States,  organizes  the  vocational  in  close  connection  with  the  general  course, 
giving  approximately  one-fourth  of  the  time  to  the  vocational  subject  and  three- 
fourths  to  the  academic  or  general  subjects.  The  second  plan  requires  that  a 
distinct  vocational  department  must  be  maintained  in  which  pupils  take  all  the 
work  of  thdr  course  and  in  which  the  vocational  aim  must  be  given  chief 


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896  EXPEBIMEIifT  STATION  EEOOBD.  [ToL40 

prominence.  This  plan  Is  most  definitely  typified  in  Indiana,  and  Is  to  a  con- 
siderable extent  followed  in  New  York  and  Pennsylvania.  There  is  some  ^ort, 
however,  to  correlate  the  work  between  the  general  course  and  the  vocational 
department,  and  the  tendency  has  been  to  require  about  one-half  of  the  .pupils 
time  to  be  devoted  to  distinctly  vocational  work.  Outdoor  and  inside  laboratory 
work,  school  plat  work,  school  and  home  or  Individual  projects,  manual  training 
or  construction  projects,  contests  and  exhibits,  and  extension  work  are  also  dis- 
cussed. 

The  rural  school  and  the  community:  A  study  of  the  methods  and  appli- 
cation of  the  social  survey,  H.  T.  Lewis  (Boston:  Richard  O.  Badger^  1918, 
pp,  91,  figs.  5). — ^The  author  discusses  the  function  of  the  survey,  the  need  of  a 
social  survey  in  every  community,  and  the  teacher's  part  in  conducting  it  and 
in  adapting  the  curriculum  of  the  rural  school  to  local  conditions,  methods  of 
conducting  the  survey,  the  problem  of  the  adult  or  the  social  center  and  the 
teacher's  function  in  this  movement,  and  the  training  of  the  teacher.  A  sug- 
gestive bibliography  is  included. 

Plan  for  the  administration  of  the  Smith-Hufirhes  Act  in  the  State  of  Ari- 
zona for  the  school  year  1918-19  {Bui.  State  Bd,  Control  Vooat.  Sd,  [Am.}, 
No,  2  {1919),  pp.  55).— This  is  an  outline  of  the  plans  for  vocational  education 
for  1918-19,  corresponding  to  that  noted  for  the  preceding  year  (E.  S.  IL,  40^ 
p.  394).  The  requirements  for  teacher  training  in  agriculture,  trades  and 
industries,  and  home  economics  are  set  forth.  The  proposed  use  of  the  allot- 
ment of  vocational  funds  for  teacher  training  is  15  per  cent  eadb  for  agricol- 
tural  and  trade  and  industrial  subjects  and  25  per  cent  f6r  home  economics, 
and  45  per  cent  for  supervision,  divided  equally  between  the  three  subjects. 

Vocational  education  in  Maryland  {Baltimore,  Md,:  State  Bd,  Bd.,  1918,  pp. 
61,  pl8.  2).— This  outlines  the  plans  for  1918-19  under  the  Smith-Hu^es  Act 

According  to  these  plans,  the  agricultural  curriculum  should  be  organised  oo 
a  16-unit  basis,  half  devoted  to  vocational  agriculture  and  related  subjects 
and  half  to  liberal  education.  The  agricultural  Instruction  should  be  continu- 
ous throughout  the  year.  It  is  held  that  teachers  of  vocational  agriculture  in 
high  school  departments  should  carry  on  two  or  more  less  distinct  yet  related 
lines  of  work,  viz.  Instruction  in  agricultural  subjects,  such  as  animal  and 
plant  production,  and  instruction  in  subjects  related  to  agriculture,  such  ss 
biology,  chemistry,  and  physics. 

Instruction  In  vocational  agriculture  is  to  be  given  in  departments  of  voca- 
tional agriculture  attached  to  day  high  schools  having  a  term  of  at  least  nine 
months  a  year.  Two  four-year  type  courses  in  vocational  agriculture  are 
outlined. 

Vocational  home  economics  instruction  may  be  given  In  evening,  part-time, 
and  day  schools  or  classes.    Tyipe  courses  in  home  economics  are  outlined. 

A  tentative  budget  provides  25  per  cent  respectively  for  teacher  training  Ui 
agricultural,  trade  and  industrial,  and  home  economics  subjects  and  25  per 
cent  for  the  supervision  of  all  these  subjects.  Not  more  than  15  per  cent  of  the 
fund  may  be  used  for  supervision  In  any  one  line.  Vocational  teachers  of 
agriculture  and  home  economics  are  to  be  trained  in  the  Maryland  State  Col- 
lege of  Agriculture.  Agricultural  and  home  economics  education  courses  are 
outlined,  and  the  texts  of  the  Federal  and  State  vocational  education  laws  are 
included. 

[Cooperative  cheese  schools  in  England  and  Wales]  {Jowr.  Bd.  Agr.  {Ixm- 
donh  25  {1918),  No.  9,  pp.  1097-1089,  1091-109S) .—Dxuing  the  cheese-making 
season  of  1916  the  Board  of  Agriculture  in  conjunction  with  the  Oomwall 
Oounty  education  authorities  established  a  cooperattve  cheese  school  at  Lost- 


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1919]  AOBIOTTLTUBAL  EDUCATION.  897 

withieL  The  object  of  th«  school  wnn  to  demonstrate  to  the  fanners  In  their 
own  locality  and  with  their  own  milk  that  better  returns  could  be  obtained  from 
cheese  making  than  from  butter  making  and  the  advantages  of  the  cooperative 
factory  system,  and  to  give  an  opportunity  for  instruction  in  cheese  making 
under  factory  conditions.  The  success  of  the  school  led  to  the  establishment 
of  nine  such  schools  in  1917  and  18  in  1918.  Many  of  these  schools  have  be- 
come registered  societies.  The  schools  form  a  suitable  groundwork  upon  which 
to  establish  cooperative  milk  depots  and  cheese  factories,  and  the  board  has 
devised  a  scheme  whereby  newly-formed  cooperative  societies  can  be  assisted 
In  obtaining  capital.  A  report  is  given  on  the  working  of  the  cooperative  cheese 
school  at  Marlston,  near  Newbury,  in  Berkshire,  as  an  illustration  of  the 
beneficial  resulti«  of  cooperation. 

The  project  in  science  teaching,  J.  A.  Stevsnson  {School  8ci,  and  Math., 
19  (1919),  No.  If  pp.  50--63). — ^This  is  mainly  a  statement  and  discussion  of  the 
advantages  and  shortcomings  of  the  project  method  in  science  teaching.  The 
author  concludes  that  "the  project  method  rightly  carried  on  develops  great 
interest,  gives  training  in  carrying  acts  to  completion,  and  provides  adequate 
opportunity  for  directing,  thinking  and  reasoning.  Its  shortcomings  are  in 
[not]  providing  for  habit  formation  and  a  systematic  view  of  subject  matter." 

The  teaching  of  vocational  agriculture  in  secondary  schools,  T.  E.  Bbownb 
and  L.  B.  Cook  (State  Ool.  [N.  Cf  Rec.,  11  {1918),  No.  6,  pp.  54,  figs,  5).— This 
publication  which  has  been  prepared  to  assist  teachers  of  agriculture  in  North 
Carolina,  contains  an  outline  of  a  course  of  study  in  agriculture  for  vocational 
sdiools,  a  chart  showing  alternation  of  courses,  a  discussion  of  the  placement 
of  the  agricultural  courses  by  years,  the  selection  of  subject  matter  and  division 
of  time,  the  organization  of  subject  matter  with  reference  to  seasonal  sequence, 
including  an  outline  of  the  study  of  corn  as  an  illustration,  supervised  practice 
or  project  work,  home  project  study,  project  outlines,  an  outline  guide  to  better 
teaching,  an  outline  for  evaluating  textbooks,  a  list  of  suggested  texts  for  voca- 
tional agriculture,  equipment  for  teaching  agriculture,  and^  report  and  record 
forms. 

First  principles  of  agricoltore,  E.  S.  Qorw  and  D.  D.  Matnb  (New  York: 
American  Book  Co.,  1918,  rev.  ed.,  pp.  272,  pU.  8,  figs.  iJS).— This  text  deals 
with  the  soil,  plant  propagation,  the  rotation  of  crops,  plant  parasites,  the  Im-  • 
provement  of  plants,  farm  crops,  weeds,  the  garden,  the  orchard,  animal  hus- 
bandry, dairying,  poultry,  beekeeping,  the  improvement  of  home  and  school 
yards,  semitropical  fruits,  and  irrigation  and  dry  farming.  The  chapters  on 
com,  wheat,  semitropical  fruits,  and  irrigation  and  dry  farming,  have  been 
added  in  the  present  revision.  The  text  has  also  been  adapted  to  meet  the  de- 
mand for  vocational  instruction.  Suggestions  for  experiments  are  Included  In 
the  first  part  of  the  book,  and  at  the  close  of  each  chapter  a  list  of  questions 
and  exercises  is  added.  An  appendix  contains  useful  information  concerning 
quantities  of  seed  required  to  the  acre,  directions  for  preparing  insecticides 
and  fungicides,  digestible  nutrients  in  common  feeds,  amount  of  nutrients  for 
a  day's  feeding,  fertilizing  constituents  in  American  feeding  stuffs,  etc. 

Agriculture.— Southern  edition,  O.  H.  Benson  and  G.  H.  Bstts  {Indianapo- 
Us:  The  BoUs-MerrUl  Co.,  1918,  pp.  [IX1+3S6,  pi.  1,  figs,  iifi).— This  is  an 
adaptation,  specifically  for  the  South  and  with  reference  solely  to  the  needs  of 
southern  schools  and  southern  agriculture,  of  the  text  previously  noted  (E.  S. 
B.,  86,  p.  394). 

Agriculture  for  seventh  year,  M.  G.  Txx  (Taylorville,  lU.:  Author,  1918,  pp. 
115,  fig.  i).— This  text,  which  la  adapted  to  the  use  of  seventh  year  classes 
jCollowing  the  Illinois  State  course  of  study,  is  arranged  by  months.   The  subject 


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898  EXPEBIMENT  STATION  BECOBD.  [Vol.40 

matter  deals  in  turn  with  neighborbood  Industries;  fungi  and  fungus  diseases; 
forage  plants ;  transportation  and  travel.  Including  lessons  on  the  use,  history, 
and  care  of  farm  implements  and  paachlneiy;  soil,  water,  and  plants;  and  tbe 
garden  and  garden  projects.    Practical  exercises  are  Included. 

Supervision  of  agricultural  activities:  A  normal  institute  course  for  prin- 
cipals and  supervising  teachers,  1918  (Manila,  F.  I.: Bur.  Ed.,  1918t  f^-  52). — 
I^essons,  including  class  and  field  work,  are  outlined  in  the  foUowing  subjects: 
The  agricultural  work  of  the  Bureau  of  Education  of  the  Philippines;  gardoi- 
ing  for  primary  and  intermediate  grades;  home  gardening;  boys'  and  girls' 
agricultural  clubs — organization  and  projects;  garden  days;  Arbor  Day  and  tree 
planting ;  civico-educational  lectures ;  clean-up  week ;  fiowers,  shrubs,  and  other 
yard  improvements;  gardening  throughout  the  year;  and  extension  work  and 
cooperation  with  other  Government  agencies. 

Some  thoughts  regarding  the  teaching  of  horticulture,  R.  J.  Babnett  (Mo. 
Bui.  CaU  Com.  Hart.,  7  (1918),  No.  10,  pp.  S7k-576).—The  author  summarises 
his  discussion  of  ways  of  raising  the  professional  standards  of  horticultural 
teaching,  as  follows :  By  more  carefully  planned  curriculums ;  a  series  of  real 
colleglate-grade  textbooks  prepared  by  leaders  In  the  profession  and  published 
by  either  State  or  National  agencies;  improved  and  frequently  revised  lecture 
outlines;  better  organized  laboratory  work  which  may  involve  a  aystem  of 
cooperative  orchards^  sunmier  terms,  field  camps,  or  a  combination  of  these ;  the 
adoption  of  more  adequate  means  to  arouse  the  interest  of  the  student  and  to 
provide  him  with  proper  ideals  regarding  the  study  of  horticulture ;  intentional, 
intensive,  and  continual  training  of  the  student's  ability  to  observe  and  evaluate 
natural  phenomena ;  and  a  raised  standard  for  teachers  and  teaching. 

Forestry  pursuits:  Poresters,  rangers,  forest  guards,  S.  T.  Dana  {Fed.  Bd. 
Vocat.  Ed.,  RehabU.  8er.,  No.  10  {1919),  pp.  15). —Vor  the  purpose  of  aiding  dis- 
abled soldiers,  sailors,  and  marines  in  choosing  a  vocation,  this  monograph 
defines  forestry,  and  briefiy  explains  what  foresters  do  and  where  they  work, 
what  handicaps  are  serious  in  this  work,  what  training  is  necessary,  what 
opportunities  are  offered,  and  the  chances  for  promotion.  A  list  of  the  forestry 
schools  in  the  United  States,  with  brief  statements  of  the  courses  offered  by 
them,  is  aK>ended. 

A  field  and  laboratory  gruide  in  biological  natujm  study,  E.  R.  DowNme 
{Chicago:  Univ.  Chicago  Press,  1918,  pp.  120,  figs.  9).— This  guide  is  the  out- 
come of  many  years*  experience  in  preparing  teachers  to  handle  nature  study  in 
the  grades  and  biology  in  the  secondary  schools.  It  Is  intended  also  for  the  use 
of  teachers  in  service.  It  deals  with  some  common  insects,  a  study  of  autumn 
weeds,  animals  of  pond  and  stream,  trees,  the  spore  bearers,  animal  companions, 
bird  study,  seeds  and  seedlings,  and  the  garden. 

An  outline  of  the  course  of  study  in  school-directed  home  gardeningp  and 
nature  study  for  grades  four,  five,  six,  and  seven  {Atlamia,  Oa.:  [Atlanta  Bd. 
Ed,}  11917],  pp.  57). — ^This  course  is  submitted  for  the  general  guidance  of 
teachers  of  the  Atlanta,  Qa.,  public  schools. 

School  and  home  gardening:  A  normal  institute  course  for  teachers  of 
primary  grades,  1918  {Manila,  P.  I.:  Bur.  Ed.,  1918,  pp.  56,  figs.  8).— The  ob- 
ject of  this  course,  consisting  of  14  lesson  outlines,  is  to  furnish  Filipino  teach- 
ers In  barrio  and  central  schools  of  four  grades  with  the  actual  details  of  pri- 
mary gardening.  Blank  pages  are  included  for  lesson  notes,  planting  plans, 
diagram  lists,  etc. 

Science  of  plant  life:  A  high  school  botany  treating  of  the  plant  and  its 
relation  to  the  environment,  B.  N.  Tbanseau  {Yonkers-an-Hudson,  N.  Y.: 
World  Book  Co.,  1919,  pp.  IX-^SSB,  figs.  19^).— >This  text  in  botany  is  intended 


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1919]  A0BIOULT0BAL  EDUOATION.  899 

to  serve  as  a  basis  for  agriciiltnre,  hortlcaltare,  and  forestry,  and  has  been 
written  to  sui^lemait  laboratory  and  field  work  with  plants.  The  central  theme 
is  the  nutrition  of  the  plant  A  chapter  is  devoted  to  the  relation  of  plants  to 
their  environment,  and  the  final  chapter  treats  of  tide  evolnticm  of  plants. 
Attention  is  also  called  to  the  uses  of  plants  and  plant  materials  and  to  the 
applications  of  botanical  principles  in  plant  production.  Each  chapter  is  pre- 
ceded by  suggestions  for  laboratory  and  field  work  and  is  followed  by  a  series 
of  problems. 

Domestic  science  and  ireneral  hygiene,  T.  W.  QABomsa  and  I.  F.  Yoimo 
{London:  The  Normal  Press,  Ltd^  5.  ed.,  pp.  [///J+W^  figs,  67).— -This  book, 
for  normal  students,  endeavors  to  give  the  fundamental  principles  underlying 
the  facts  of  everyday  life,  Including  a  study  of  work,  rest,  recreation,  foods, 
digestion,  clothing,  personal  hygiene,  house  sanitation,  sickness  and  nursing,  etc 

Pood  and  victory:  A  war  supplement  to  Textbook  of  Cooking,  G.  O.  Gbebb 
{Boston:  AUyn  d  Bacon,  1918,  pp.  X/y+62,  pi.  1,  flff*.  5).— The  object  of  the 
supplement  is  to  serve  as  a  guide  in  the  wise  selection  and  use  of  food  substi- 
tutes and  to  emphasize  the  vital  relation  between  success  in  warfare  and  the 
Intelligent  and  unselfish  use  of  food.  It  discusses  the  composition  and  charao- 
teristics  of  food  and  basic  methods  of  cooking. 

The  school  kitchen  textbook,  M.  J.  Lincoln  {Boston:  Little,  Brown  d  Oo^ 
1916,  pp.  X/+dOa,  pis.  2,  figs,  9).— This  text  discusses  the  human  food  groups, 
the  processes  of  cookery,  and  the  simpler  chemical  elements  and  their  action, 
with  special  reference  to  elementary  work  in  both  home  and  school  Lessons 
in  housekeeping  and  many  recipes  are  included. 

Yam  and  doth  making:  An  economic  study,  M.  L.  E^ssell  {New  York: 
The  MacmiUan  Co.,  1918,  pp.  X XVII +252,  pis.  2,  figs.  8^). —This  is  a  college  and 
normal  school  text  preliminary  to  fabric  study.  The  subject  matter  is  grouped 
In  two  sections,  yam  making  and  cloth  making,  each  of  which  la  considered  in 
an  opening  descriptive  text,  followed  by  a  series  of  type  studies  of  the  distinct 
yarieties  of  spinning  and  weaving. 


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NOTES. 


Colorado  College. — J.  B.  Ryan  of  Rocky  Ford,  and  W.  I.  Oifl6M  of  Hespems, 
have  been  appointed  to  the  governing  board,  vice  Charles  Pearson  and  Dr. 
R.  W.  Corwln. 

Purdue  University  and  Station. — F.  C.  Lewis  of  the  school  of  agricultore  Is 
to  continue  during  the  summer  his  studies  for  the  station  regarding  the  most 
practicable  farm  buildings  for  Indiana,  and  the  possibilities  of  developing  stand- 
ardized farm  buildings  for  the  State.  R.  B.  Goss  has  been  added  to  the  station 
staff  to  assist  in  a  tractor  testing  project . 

Iowa  College  and  Station. — ^Dr.  A.  W.  Dox  has  retutned  as  chief  of  the 
chemistry  section  after  nineteen  months'  service  as  captain  in  the  Sanitary 
Corps,  U.  S.  Army. 

Louisiana  University  and  Stations. — Science  notes  that  A.  F.  Kidder  has 
resigned  as  professor  of  agriculture  in  the  college  of  agriculture  to  become 
agronomist  and  assistant  director  of  the  State  Station  at  Baton  Rouge. 

Massachusetts  Station. — ^The  legislature  has  permitted  the  use  of  not  more 
than  $2,000  of  the  current  appropriation  to  the  college  tor  the  suppression  of 
poultry  diseases,  and  has  authorized  a  fee  to  be  charged  of  not  more  than  7  cts. 
per  bird  tested.  The  particular  disease  aimed  at  is  the  badllary  white  diarrhea, 
and  the  work  will  be  done  by  the  veterinary  department 

North  Carolina  College  and  Station. — ^The  resignations  are  noted  of  C  I4. 
Newman  as  head  of  the  department  of  agronomy,  to  accept  an  appointment  with 
the  Federal  Board  for  Vocational  Education;  Dr.  G.  A.  Roberts,  head  of  the 
department  of  veterinary  medicine,  to  become  veterinarian  with  the  Rocke- 
feller Foundation  and  to  be  stationed  with  the  hygienic  laboratory  of  the 
medical  school  at  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil;  and  Dr.  F.  A.  Wolf,  as  head  of  the  de- 
partment of  botany  of  the  college,  but  retaining  his  connection  with  the  station. 

Tennessee  Station. — Dr.  D.  A.  Metcalfe  has  been  appointed  veterinarian. 

Washington  College. — An  inquiry  recently  made  of  115  agricultural  students 
concerning  their  plans  for  the  future  furnished  75  replies,  51  from  students 
brought  up  in  the  country.  Fifty-five  of  the  students  were  expecting  to  own 
or  control  a  farm  within  five  years  after  completing  their  college  course,  13 
through  inheritance,  5  of  these  being  town  boys.  Thirty-eight  students  ex- 
pected to  rent  or  become  managers  of  farms  other  than  their  own  for  a  time 
after  graduation,  19  were  planning  to  teach  agriculture  In  high  schools,  11  to 
take  up  station  work,  5  to  teach  in  agricultural  colleges,  and  the  remainder  to 
follow  some  occupation  closely  associated  to  fanning  as  club  work,  comity 
agent  work,  ofilcial  testing,  etc. 

Roy  O.  Westley,  assistant  professor  of  agronomy  at  the  Grookston  substa- 
tion of  the  University  of  Minnesota,  has  been  appointed  instructor  in  farm 
crops,  beginning  July  1.  • 

Wisconsin  ITniyersity  and  Station. — G.  M.  Woodworth  has  resigned  as 
instructor  and  assistant  in  genetics  to  take  up  studies  of  disease  resistance  in 
flax  with  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Wyoming  University  and  Station. — The  board  of  trustees  has  authorised 
the  erection  of  several  steer  sheds  for  experimental  feeding  and  a  doable  house 
for  the  use  of  the  farm  help  at  the  university  stock  taiaL 
900 

O 


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THE  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  SANTA  CRUZ 


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