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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS
A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR
EXPERIMENT STATION
RECORD
Volume XII, 1900-1901
WASHII^GTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1901
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Scientific Bureaus and Divisions.
Weather Bureau — Willis L. Moore, Chief.
Bureau of Animal Industry — D. E. Salmon, Chief.
Bureau of Plant Industry — B. T. Galloway, Chief.
Bureau of Forestry — Gifford Pinchot, Forester.
Bureau of Soils — INI. Whitney, Chief.
Bureau of Chemistry — H. W. Wiley, Chemint.
Division of Statistics — J. Hyde, Statistician.
Division of Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist.
Division of Biological Survey — C. Hart Meniam, Chief.
Section of Foreign Markets — F. H. Hitchcock, Chief.
Office of Experiment Stations — A. C. True, Director.
THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
Alabama —
College Station: ^uftMni; P. H.Mell.*
Canebrake Station: Uniontoum: H. Benton.*
Tuskegee Station: Tuskegee; G. W. Carver.*
Alaska— Sitka: C. C. Georgeson.f
Aeizo.ma— Tftcson.- R. H. Forbes.*
Arkansas— Fayetleville : R. L. Bennett.*
California— ^crfcefcy.- E. W. Hilgard.*
Colorado— Fort Collins : L. G. Carpenter.*
Connecticut —
State Station: Netv Haven ; E. H. Jenkins.*
Storrs Station: Storrs; W. O. Atwater.*
Delaware— iV'cii'arfc.- A. T. Neale.*
Florida— ioAr City : T. H. Taliaferro.*
Geougia— Experiment : K. J. Redding.*
Hawaii—
Federal Station: Honolulu; J. G. Smith. f
Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; R. E.
Blouin.*
Idaho— .l/o«o»'.- J. A. McLean.*
Illinois— Vrbaiia : K. Davenport.*
Indiana— ia/aydte.- C. S. Plumb.*
Iowa— .Intes .• C. F. Curtiss.*
KA^SAS—Manliattaii : J. T. Willard.*
Kentucky— Lexj'H^tojj; M. A. Scovcll.*
Louisiana —
State Station: Baton Rouge;
Sugar Station: Audubon Park, Xcw Orleans;
North Louisiana Station: Caltioun; W. C.
Stubbs.*
Maine— Orono ; C. D. Vk^oods.*
Maryland— Co«ef/e Park: H. .T. Patterson.*
Massachusetts— Yl;rt/iers^- H. H. Goodell.*
^ICHIG AH— Agricultural College: C. D. Smith.*
UiSiiF^oiA—St. AiUlumy Park, HI. Paul: VV. M.
Liggett.*
Mississippi— ^i/;(C((««ra/ College: W. L. Hutchin-
.son.*
Missouri-
College Station: Columbia; H. J. Waters.*
Fruit Station: Mountain Grove; J. T. Stinson.*
Montana— /)'o2em.a»i .• S. Fortier.*
Nebraska— iincoZw.- E. A. Burnett.*
Nevada— iJeno .■ J. E. Stubbs.*
New Hampshire— Z)H)7iani.- C. S. Murkland.*
New Jersey— A'eM' Brunswick: E. B. Voorhees.*
New UKxico—Mesilla Park: J. D. Tinsley.t
New York —
State Station : Geneva; W. H. Jordan.*
Cornell Station : Ithaca; I. P. Roberts.*
North CAROhm a— Raleigh : B. W. Kilgore.*
North Dakota — Agricultural College: J. H.
Worst.*
Ohio— irooster.- C. E. Thornc.*
OKLAnmiA—Stillwaier : J. PHelds.*
Oregon— rorca/&.- T. M. Gatch.*
Pennsylvania— S/«fc College: H. P. Arrasby.*
Porto Rico— gan Juan: F. D. Gardner.f
Rhode ISLAyiy— Kingston : H. J. Wheeler.*
South Carolina— C'femAoji College: H. S. Ilart-
zog.*
South Makot a— Brookings : John W. Heston.§
Texnesske— yv'Ho.ci>(7te; A. M. Soule.J
Texas— College Station : J. H. Connell.*
Utah— Logati : J. A. Widtsoe.*
Veruost— Burlington : J. L. Hills.*
Virginia— y//arA-s6M7-fir.- J. M. McBryde.*
Washington— P««7na?t; E. A. Bryan.*
WE.ST \iRGit;iA—3rorgantown: J. H. Stewart.*
W1SCON.SIN— J/ttrf/wn .• W. A. Henry.*
Wyoming — Laramie: E. E. Smilev.*
♦Director.
II
t Special agent in charge.
I Vice-dircetor.
§ Acting director.
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.
Chemistry, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — The Editor and H. W. Lawson.
Meteorology, Fertilizers and Soils (including methods of analysis), and Agricultural
Engineering — W. H. Beal.
Botany and Diseases of Plants — Walter H. Evans, Ph. D.
Foods and Animal Production — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D.
Field Crops — J. I. Schulte.
Entomology and Veterinary Science — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D.
Horticulture — C. B. Smith.
With the cooperation of the scientific divisions of the Department and the Abstract
Committee of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.
EDITORIAL NOTES.
Page
The promotion of agriculture in Russia 1
Agricultural experiment stations for Hawaii and Porto Rico 2
International congresses of agricultural experiment stations and of agricul-
tural education at Paris 101
The late Sir John Bennet Lawes 201
The influence of the Rothamsted Experiment Station 203
Experiment stations' exhibits at the Paris Exposition 301
Need of more perfect organization of the experiment stations 401
Differentiation of the investigator from the teacher . 403
Some recent bibliographic helps 501
Protection of crops from hail 502
The scope and management of the veterinary work of the experiment stations. 601
Investigation of soils in Russia 701
Variety testing at Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm 703
Cheese curing in the light of the enzyni theory 801
The agricultural appropriation act 803
Experiment-station farms, and the movement for their establishment in Ger-
many 901
The Hawaii Experiment Station 1001
Maxime Cornu, botanist, horticulturist, and agriculturist -. 1002
SPECIAL ARTICLES.
Notes on horse feeding, E. Lavalard 4
New agricultural building at Kansas State Agricultural College 103
International congresses of horticulture, viticulture, and agriculture at Paris,
W. H. Evans, Ph. D 205
Fourteenth annual convention of the Association of American Agricultural
Colleges and Experiment Stations, E. AV. Allen 404
III
IV EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Convention of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1900, D. W. May. 503
New building for the College of Agriculture at the University of Illinois 604
Russian soil investigations 704, 807
LIST OF STATION PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED.
Alabama College Station:
Bulletin 107, December, 1899 433
108, April, 1900 551, 569
109, July, 1900 854
Index to Vol. VII, Bulletins 101-107 and Twelfth .\nnual Report, January-
December, 1899 498
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 97
Alabama Tuskegee Station:
Bulletin 3, November, 1899 331
Akizona Station:
Bulletin 31, December, 1899 334
32, December, 1899 364
33, April 13, 1900 458
34, June 30, 1900 798
35, August 15, 1900 : 753
Eleventh Annual Report, 1900. . 1019, 1031, 1038, 1042, 1043, 1049, 1055, 1074, 1097
Arkansas Station:
Bulletin 59, December, 1899 136
60, December, 1899 151
61, July, 1900 634
62, November, 1900 1034
63, December, 1900 1084
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 296
California Station:
Bulletin 126, 1899 64
127, 1900 241
128, March, 1900 221
129, May, 1900 643
130, August, 1900 794
Circular, September, 1898 350
Exchange Seed List No. 5, December, 1900 1014
Annual Report, 1898 906, 912, 914, 921, 923,
926, 936, 942, 943, 945, 946, 954, 961, 965, 975, 980, 981, 991, 995, 996
Colorado Station:
Bulletin 53, .March, 1900 246
54, Mav, 1900 658
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899. . . . 220, 222, 229, 244, 248, 261, 265, 275, 294, 296, 297
CoNNEcmci'T State Station:
Bulletin 130, January, 1900 70
131, Novemi)er, 1900 957
Twenty-third Annual Rpi>ort, 1 899, Part 1 128
Twenty-third Annual Report, 1899, Part II 213, 214, 279, 280, 281, 282
Twenty-third Annual Reiiort, 1899, Part III 512, 513, 514, 527, 528,
542, 544, 547, 549, 557, 558, 563, 565, 567, 568, 570, 571, 580, 581 , 599
Annual Report, 1900, Part 1 931
Connecticut Storrs Station:
Bulletin 20, March, 1900 3S0
21, March, 1900 387
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 lOKi,
1025, 1028, 1069, 1071, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1083, 1086, 1097
PUBLICATIONS ABSTEACTED. V
Delaware Station: Page.
Bulletin 46, May, 1900 435, 481
47, September, 1900 894
48, October, 1900 852
49, December, 1900 970
Eleventh Annual Report, 1899 721, 724, 729, 739, 753, 761, 771, 775, 787, 797
Florida Station:
Bulletin 51, January, 1900 68
52, February, 1900 477
53, March, 1900 463
54, August, 1900 751
55, September, 1900 778
Report for 1899 and 1900 1015, 1036, 1045, 1056, 1057, 1097
Georgia Station:
Bulletin 47, December, 1899 137
48, January, 1900 148
49, September, 1900 982, 986, 992
50, October, 1900 - 962
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 50, 61, 62, 97
Idaho Station:
Bulletin 21, February, 1900 156
22, 1900 . . .'. 342
23, April, 1900 314, 316, 320
24, May, 1900 641, 670
25, January, 1901 1066
Illinois Station:
Bulletin 57, March, 1900 '. 355
58, April, 1900 370
59, April, 1900 345
60, August, 1900 868
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 97
Indiana Station:
Bulletin 80, September, 1899 189
81, December, 1899 126
82, March, 1900 876
83, August, 1900 854
84, September, 1900 1040
85, October, 1900 1054
86, December, 1900 1075
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 21,
22, 41, 44, 45, 47, 53, 54, 57, 70, 78, 80, 94, 95, 96, 97
Iowa Station:
Bulletin 44, February, 1900 147
45, February, 1900 134
46, March, 1900 240
47, March, 1900 ". 340
48, June, 1900 671, 673
49, June, 1900 664
50, June, 1900 665
51, August, 1900 639
52, September, 1900 881, 882, 883
53, November, 1900 962
Biennial Report, 1898-99 97
VT EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Kansas Station: Page.
Bulletin 91, February, 1900 190
92, March, 1900 142
93, March, 1900 332
94, April, 1900 334, 399
95, April, 1900 375
96, May, 1900 333
97, May, 1900 472
98, May, 1900 466
99, October, 1900 898
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 197
Thirteenth Annual Report, 1900 897
Kentucky Station:
Bulletin 84, November, 1889 157
85, December, 1899 130
86, January 1, 1900 585
87, May, 1900 ■ 547
88, August, 1900 1026
89, September, 1900 1035
Eleventh Annual Report, 1898 516, 521, 526, 530, 547, 593, 599
Louisiana Stations:
P>ulletin 57 (second series), 1899 186
58 (second series), 1899 130, 168
59 (second series), February, 1900 438
60 (second series), 1900 787
61 (second series), 1900 ., 741, 760
62 (second series) , 1900 .' S34, 841, 878
Special Report, Part V, Geology and Agriculture 221
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 398
Maine Station:
Bulletin 54, October, 1899 78
55, November, 1899 69
56, December, 1899 68
57, December, 1899 140
58, December, 1899 399
59, February, 1900 377
60, March, 1900 324
61, Marcli, 1900 312, 367
62, April, 1900 599
63, April, 1900 587
64, June, 1900 585, 586
65, June, 1900 516, 565, 586, 587
66, August, 1900 737
67, September, 1900 873
68, October, 1900 863
Fifteenth Annual Report, 1899 297
Maryland Station:
Bulletin 63, December, 1899 174
64, January, 1900 182
65, March, 1900 572, 581
66, May, 1900 624
67, June, 1900 637
68, September, 1900 930
69, October, 1900 1078
Thirti'cnth Annual Report, 1900 834, 897
IMTHLTOATIONS ABSTRACTED. VIT
Massachusetts HaI'ch Station: Page.
Bulletin 64, February, 1900 281
05, March, 1900 225
66, March, 1900 344
67, May, 1900 468
68, July, 1900 626
69, September, 1900 856
70, November, 1900 933
Meteorological Bulletin 133, January, 190U 28
134, February, 1900 28
135, March, 1900 28
136, April, 1900 316
137, May, 1900 316
138, June, 1900 316
139, July, 1900 619
140, August, 1900. 619
141, September, 1900 619
142, October, 1900 918
143, Noveml)er, 1900 918
144, December, 1900 918
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 220, 226, 253, 257, 271, 279, 281, 297
Michigan Station:
Bulletin 177, December, 1899 236
178, January, 1900 275
179, February, 1900 540
180, March, 1900 575
181, April, 1900 620, 623, 631, 636, 639
182, May, 1900 986
183, June, 1900 984
184, June, 1900 987
185, June, 1900 933
Special Bulletin 13, December, 1899 293
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 121, 143, 197
Minnesota Station:
Bulletin 66, December, 1899 166
67, April, 1900 479, 484
68, June, 1900 627
Class Bulletin 8, December 19, 1900 1039
Annual Report, 1899 - 425, 496
1900 1017, 1097
Mississippi Station :
Bulletin 61, January 15, 1900 38
62, April, 1900 844
63, June, 1900 843
64, August 15, 1900 841
65, June, 1900 1022
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 . . . 213, 218, 220, 222, 229, 234, 244, 256, 282, 288, 297
Thirteenth Annual Report, 1900 849, 867, 878, 883, 890, 897
Missouri Station:
Bulletin 49, January, 1900 553
50, April, 1900 578
Montana Station:
Bulletin 21, May, 1899 72
22, June, 1899 827, 854, 859, 868, 891, 894
23, May, 1900 869
24 (Sixth Annual Report, 1899) , July, 1899 849, 853, 897
25, April, 1900 ." 822
VIII EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Nebraska Station: Page.
Bulletin 62, March 18, 1900 274
63, April 16, 1900 486
64, May 7, 1900 " 442, 497
65, Jnne 4, 1900 691
66, August 29, 1900 875
67, August 29, 1900 846
Thirteenth Annual Report, 1899 419,
426, 430, 436, 442, 449, 468, 478, 487, 488, 491, 496, 498
Nevada Station:
Bulletin 40, December, 1898 174
41, December, 1898 173
42, December, 1898 593
43, December, 1898 541
44, December, 1898 542
45, December, 1898 519
46 (Nature Studies, II), Jime, 1900 827
47, August, 1900 959
48 (Educational Series, 111), June, 1900 1014
New Hampshire Station:
Bulletin 67, October, 1899 , 167
68 (Eleventh Annual Report, 1899), November, 1899. . 117, 120, 185, 198
69, January, 1900 274
70, January, 1900 341
71, February, 1900 432
72, February, 1900 468
73, March, 1900 449
74, April, 1900 450
75, May, 1900 466
76, June, 1900 1039
77, September, 1900 1095
New Jersey Stations:
Bulletin 141, December 31, 1899 144
142, January 20, 1900 146
143, March 8, 1900 268
144, June 30, 1900 754
145, October 1, 1900 840
146, November 1, 1900 971
147, December 10, 1900 1062
Special Bulletin S, February 22, 1900 360
Annual Report, 1899 312,
321, 322, 324, 330, 331, 344, 347, 350, 351, 365, 378, 382, 390, 398
New Mexico Station:
Bulletin 31, December, 1899 425
32, December, 1899 ., 538
33, April, 1900 526, 538, 539, 570, 580, 587
34, June, 1900 834
35, October, 1900 974
36, October, 1900 997
New York Cornell Station:
Bulletin 1 7(), December, 1899 63
177, January, 1900 163
178, January, 1900 184
179, Fel)niary, 1900 125
180, March, 1900 259
PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. IX
New Yokk Cornell Station — Continued. Page.
Bulletin 181, March, 1900 237
182, April, 1900 335
183, September, 1900 878
184, November, 1900 974
185, November, 1900 973
Thirteenth Annual Report, 1900 797
New York State Station:
Bulletin 163, December, 1899 59
164, December, 1899 55
165, December, 1899 67
166, December, 1899 169
167, December, 1899 154
168, December, 1899 198
169, December, 1899 240
170, December, 1899 271
171, December, 1899 276
172, December, 1899 287
173, December, 1899 - . . 226
174, March, 1900 273
175, April, 1900 - 358
176, September, 1900 877
177, November, 1900 ; 1026
178, November, 1900 1083
179, November, 1900 _ . 1055
Seventeenth Annual Report, 1898 28, 36, 97
Eighteenth Annual Report, 1899 921, 996
North Carolina Station:
Bulletin 170, March, 1900 444
171, May, 1900 538
172, May, 1900 611, 667
173, June, 1900 841
174, June, 1900 819
175, August, 1900 827
North Dakota Station:
Bulletin 41, September, 1899 55
42, December, 1899 51
43, March, 1900 516
44, June, 1900 780, 791
45, September, 1900 978
Tenth Annual Report, 1899 214,
215, 220, 222, 233, 234, 235, 236, 245, 248, 255, 273, 297
Ohio Station:
Bulletin 109, July 1, 1899 120
110, December, 1899 127
111, December, 1899 359
112, December, 1899 576
113, December, 1899 557
114, January, 1900 580
115, January, 1900 636
116, February, 1900 662
117, April, 1900 688
118, June, 1900 848
119, June, 1900 862
120, June, 1900 919, 997
X EXPERIMENT STATIOlSr RECORD.
Ohio Station — Continued. Page.
Special Bulletin 4, April 23, 1900 .S49
Ei<rhteenth Annual Report, 1899 198
Nineteenth Annual Report, 1900 975, 997
Oklahoma Station:
Bulletin 44, December, 1899 230
45, March, 1900 312
46, May, 1900 872
47, Septem])er, 1900 846, 850
Annual Report, 1900 . . . 622, 623, 640, ()48, 652, 657, 664, 670, 677, 691, t)92, 693, 697
Oregon Station:
Bulletin 60, January, 1900 58
61, March, 1900 343
62, June, 1900 : . . 419, 443, 445, 471, 476
63, November, 1900 1052
64, December, 1900 1092
Annual Report, 1896 997
1898 906, 997
1899 907, 997
1900 942, 997
Pennsylvania Station:
Bulletin 47, November, 1899 44
48, December, 1899 71
49, February, 1900 339
50, February, 1900 378
51, April, 1900 645
52, June, 1900 678
53, September, 1900 875
54, November, 1900 927
Annual Report, 1899 618, 632, 649, 651, 669, 678, 697
Rhode Island Station:
Bulletin 60, November, 1899 39
61, December, 1899 192
62, February, 1900 222
63, February, 1900 282
64, March, 1900 378
65, April, 1900 333
66, April, 1900 634
67, May, 1900 626
68, June, 1900 621
69, June, 1900 735
70, July, 1900 737
71, August, 1900 935
72, September, 1900 982
73, October, 1900 933
74, November, 1900 1030
75, December, 1900 1030
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 717,
724, 727, 732, 735, 737, 740, 746, 760, 763, 781, 798
Thirteenth Annual Report, 1900 907, 919, 927, 944, 952, 966, 974, 982, 990, 997
South Carolina Station:
Bulletin 48, December, 1899 196
49, January, 1900 151
50, January, 1900 291
PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. XT
South Carolina Station — Continued. Vuge.
Bulletin 51, April, 1900 296
52, April, 1900 475
53, April, 1900 430
54, June, 1900 626
55, October, 1900 982
56, October, 1900 943
Annual Report, 1899 39, 61, 97
South Dakota Station:
Bulletin 66, March, 1900 547
67, April, 1900 552
Annual Eeport, 1899 1097
1900 1097
Tennessee Station:
Bulletin Vol. XIII, No. 1, January, 1900 316, 317
2, July, 1900 1035
3, October, 1900 1029
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 (with Bulletins Vol. XII, Nos. 1-4) 312,
319, 320, 324, 330, 337, 345, 349, 379, 388, 389, 396, 398
Texas Station:
Bulletin 52, July, 1899 150
53, October, 1899 194
54, November, 1899 139
55, December, 1899 473
56, Nf)vember, 1899 446
57, July, 1900 850
Utah Station:
Bulletin 62, May, 1899 152
63, November, 1899 144
64, December, 1899 , 245, 246, 267
65, February, 1900 271
66, April, 1900 631
67, April, 1900 674
68, June, 1900 781
69, June, 1900 740, 778
Vermont Station:
Bulletin 73, October, 1899 153
74, December, 1899 151
75, January, 1900 151
76, March, 1900 269
77, April, 1900 226
78, April, 1900 472
79, April, 1900 430
80, May, 1900 429
81, September, 1900 877
82, September, 1900 877
Special Bulletin, October, 1899 185
March, 1900 470
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 214, 222, 224,
226, 234, 235, 238, 249, 255, 258, 259, 261 , 273, 282, 283, 285, 286, 288, 297
Virginia Station:
Bulletin 97, February, 1899 164
98, March, 1899 122, 151
y9, April, 1899 • 245
XII EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Virginia Station — Continued. Page.
Bulletin 100, May, 1899 270
101, June, 1899 445
102, July, 1899 467
103, August, 1899 597
104, September, 1899 597
105, October, 1899 672
106, November, 1899 695
Annual Eeport, 1899 121, 198
1900 1017, 1098
Washington Station:
Bulletin 40, December, 1899 225
41, 1900 234
42, 1900 - 265
West Virginia Station:
Bulletin 61, September, 1899 73
62, October, 1899 47
63, January 1, 1900 226
64, January 1, 1900 , 437
65, April 15, 1900 430
66, February, 1900 573
67, August, 1900 - 863
68, September, 1900 1063
69, October, 1900 1062
70, November, 1900 1064
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 558, 580, 599
Thirteenth Annual Report, 1900 1098
Wisconsin Station:
Bulletin 80, January, 1900 32
81, April, 1900 226
82, April, 1900 492
83, May, 1900 495
Sixteenth Annual Report, 1899 19, 22, 23, 28, 34. 36, 39, 40, 42, 43,
45, 49, 51, 53, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 98
Wyoming Station:
Bulletin 42, December, 1899 138
43, March, 1900 430
44, April, 1900 427
45, June, 1900 1019
Tenth Annual Report, 1900 .... 1008, lOlo, 1016, 1021, 1037, 1039, 1050, 1095, 1098
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PUBLICATIONS
ABSTRACTED.
Annual Reports, 1900 997
Farmers' Bulletin 110 235
111 251
112 279
113 245
114 298
115 838
116 345
117 „ 380
118 346
119 798
PUBLICATIONS ABSTKACTED. XIII
Page.
Farmers' Bulletin V20 774
121 876
129 898
i23\'.'.'.y^'.\y^'.'.'.'.'..-.'. 1051
235
_[//__ 522
'!!!'!! 545
781
ReiJort 63.
64.
65.
66.
Yearbook, 1899 418,
421, 423, 424, 426, 442, 443, 449, 455, 458, 460, 467, 476, 478, 484, 488, 496, 497
Division of Agrostology:
Bulletin 2 (revised) - ^15
14 (revised) - "^^l
20 - ■- 24
21 219
22 332
23 615
24!!!;!!''!!!"-!!-""' 1013
Circular 23.
230
24 232
25 329
26 : 442
27 911
28 1037
Bureau of Animal Industry:
Bulletin 24 89
25 789
26 986
27! "!!!!'"!!!! !! 1077
Circular 27 T "0
28 95
29 92
30. '.'.'.'.'.'.. '.V. 395
31 597
Division of Biological Survey-:
Bulletin 12 616
13 828
iC^.^.^.^........ 831
Circular 28 617
29 617
30!^-!!"^-^----"-----^--'' - 830
31 830
North American Fauna No. 17, June 6, 1900 - 422
18, September 20, 1900 617
19, October 6, 1900 - - - 830
Division of Botany:
Bulletin 22 -■ 46
23 - - 45
24 347
Circular 18 (revised) 758
23 --■ 248
24 - -- 251
25 251
26 231
XIV EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Division of Botany — Continued. Page.
Circular 27 458
28 646
29 941
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, Vol. V, No. 4,
Oi-toberSl, 1899 24
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, Vol. V, No. 5,
August 1, 1900 720
Inventory 7 911
Division op Chemistry:
Bulletin 58 994
59 994
Circular 6 745
Division of Entomology:
Bulletin 4 (new series, revised) 67
21 ( new series) 64
22 (new series) 160
23 (new series) 361
24 (new series) 774
25 (new series) 768
26 (new series) 860
8 (technical series) 469
Circular 40 (second series) - - 68
41 (second series) 775
42 (second series) 869
Office of Experiment Stations:
Bulletin 74 198
75 - 168
76 198
77 : 275
78. . . 298
79 298
80 . 297
81 295
82 630
83 697
84 677
85 776
86 895
87 895
Circular 44 497
vSEcrioN OF Foreign Markets:
Bulletin 9 1098
Ki 98
17 98
18 98
19 497
20 798
21 798
(Jircular 22 298
Division ok Forestry:
Bulletin 27 452
28 754
29 956
PUBLICATIONS ABSTEACTED. XV
Division of Publications: Page.
Bulletin 5 878
Office of Public Road Inquiries:
Circular 34 --- 296
35 697
Office of the Secketary:
Circular 8 935
9 - 941
Section of Seed and Plant Introduction:
Circular 1 1044
2 1043
Division of Soils:
Bulletin 16 36
Circular 4 - 317
5 335
6 320
7 527
Division of Statistics:
Bulletin 17 (miscellaneous series) 399
Circular 12 698
13 - - - - 798
Crop Circular for April, 1900 298
Crop Eeporter, Vol. II, Nos. 1-3 398
4-6 698
7-9 1098
Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology:
Bulletin 19 460
20 762
21 765
22 717
23 963
24 - 939
Weather Bureau:
Bulletin 28 27
29 314
G - 723
H 920
Anemometer tests 425
Anemonietry 1018
Daily River Stages at River Gage Stations on the Principal Rivers of the
United States, Part VI 1096
Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XXVII, No. 13 25
XXVIII, Nos. 1-3, January-March, 1900. 118
XXVIII, Nos. 4-6, April-June, 1900.... 520
XXVIII, No. 7, July, 1900 831
XXVIII, No. 8, August, 1900 831, 834
XXVIII, No. 9, September, 1900 831
XXVIII, Nos. 10-12, October-December,
1900 - 1015
Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, 1898-99, Vol. II 831
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page
Fig. 1. Agricultural Hall, Kansas State Agricultural College 103
2. Plan of tirst floor, Agricultural Hall 104
3. Plan of i^econd floor. Agricultural Hall ... 105
4. Electrical apparatus for frost warning 815
5. New Agricultural Building, University of Illinois 604
6. First-floor plan, Illinois Agricultural Building 605
7. Second-floor i:)lan, Illinois Agricultural Building _ 606
8. Third-fioor plan, Illinois Agricultural Building 607
XVI
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. I)., Assistant Director.
EJHTORIAL UEPARTMENTH.
Chemistry, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — The Editor and H. \V. Lawson.
Meteorology, Fertilizers and Soils (including methods of analysis), and Agricultural
Engineering — W. H. Beai^.
Botany and Diseases of Plants — Walter H. Evans, Ph. D.
Foods and Animal Production — C F. Langwortiiy, Ph. D.
Field Crops — J. L Sciiulte.'
Entomology and Veterinary Science- — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. I).
Horticulture — C. B. Sjiith and V. A. Clark.
With the cooperation of the scientific divisions of the Department and the Aljstract
Committee of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.
CONTENTS OF Vol. XII, No. i.
Editorial notes: Page.
The promotion of agriculture in Russia 1
Agricultural experiment stations for Hawaii and Portf) Rico 2
Notes on horse feeding, E. I^avalard 4
Recent work in agricultural science 18
Notes 99
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
chemistry.
The volumetric determination of potash, R. H. Adie and T. B. Wood 18
A new reagent for detecting and estimating nitrites in water, H. Erdmann. . . 18
Methods for the detection of "process" or "renovated" butter, W. H. Hess
and R. E. Doolittle 18
A comparison of reagents for milk proteids with some notes on the Kjeldahl
method for nitrogen determination, A. Vivian 19
Tests for the strength of solutions of formaldehyde, H. A. Huston 21
Reducing power of taka-diastase, H. A. Huston and A. H. Bryan 22
BOTANY.
American grasses — III, F. Ijamson-Scribner 24
Notes on useful plants of Mexico, J. N. Rose 24
Studies of Mexican and Central American plants — No. 2, J. N. Rose 24
1 Absent on leave.
I
II CONTENTS.
Page.
Two new speciesof plants from the Northwestern United States, Ij. F. Henderson. 24
Hesperogenia, a new genus of UmbelUferje from Mount Kainicr, J. M. Coulter
and J. N. Rose 24
Three new species of Tradeseantia in the United States, J. N. Rose 24
Treleasea, a new genus of Conunelinacea?, J. N. Rose 24
Lists of trees and shrnl)s on the grounds of Purdue University 24
The origin and early development of the flowers of the cherry, plum, apple,
and pear, E. S. Goff 22
Comparative hardiness of flower buds in the cherry, E. S. Goff 2:5
Yellow coloring matters accompanying chlorophyll and their spectroscopic
relations, C. A. Schunck 23
METEOROLOGY.
Annual summary of meteorological observations in the United States, 1899 ... 25
The climate of San Francisco, Cal., A. G. McAdie and G. H. Willson 27
The meteorology of Ben Nevis in clear and in foggy weather, J. Y. Buchanan. 27
Meteorological observations, J. E. Ostrander and A. C. Monahan 28
Meteorological record 28
SOILS.
The soluble salts of cultivated soils, F. H. King and J. A. Jeffery 28
The character and treatment of swamp or humus soil, F. H. King and J. A.
Jeffery 32
Percolation and evaporation from long columns of soil, F. H. King 34
The utilization by plants of the potash dissolved in soil water, T. Schloesing. . 36
Catalogue of the tirst four thousand samples in the soil collection of the Divi-
sion of Soils, M. Whitney 36
Treatment of swamp or humus soil, F. H. King and J. A. Jeffery 36
Readings of soil thermometers 36
FERTILIZERS.
The utilization of stable waste, AV. H. Birchmore 37
Investigations on the influence of nitric nitrogen and ammoniacal nitrogen on
the growth of maize, P. Maze 37
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, W. F. Hand et al 38
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, H. J. Wheeler and B. L. Hartwell 39
Rei)ort of fertilizer department, J. P. Smith 39
Rejiort of chemist, M. B. Hardin 39
Analyses of licensed commercial fertilizers, 1899, F. W. WoU and A. Vivian.. 39
FIELD CROPS.
The influence of the right amount and right distril)ution of water in crop pro-
duction, F. H. King 40
Continued effects of fertilizing the soil, W. C. Latta 41
Variety tests of grains, R. A. Moore 42
Machine and hand-threshed cereals f(jr seed, H. C. Schellenlterg 42
Russian cereals adapted for cultivation in the United States, M. A. Carlcton. . . -4.5
The nitrogen fertilization of barley for brewing, T, Remy 42
Report on culture ex])eriments with barley at the Berlin Experimental Insti-
tute for Brewers, von Eckenbrecher 43
Forage crops, W. B. Anderson 4.5
The influence of heredity upon vigor in the potato, E. S. Goff 43
CONTENTS. Ill
I'age.
The ])res(Mit status of rice culture in tlie United .States, S. A. Kna])]) 46
Tests of the su^ar beet in Pennsylvania, II. P. Armsby and E. H. Hess -l-i
Field tests of varieties of wheat, covering nineteen years, W. C. Latta 47
Test of corn-cultural inii)lenients, W. C. Latta 44
HORTICULTURE.
A study of the effect of incandescent gaslight on ])lant growth, L. C. Corbett. . 47
The use of clieniical fertilizers in the forcing house, W. Stuart 48
Experiments in forcing vegetables, J. Troop 54
The effect of transplanting on time of maturity, F. Cranefield 49
Report of the horticulturist, A. L. Quaintance 50
Field notes of horticultural department, C. B. Waldron 51
Russian apples in Indiana, J. Troop 54
Preliminary rejiort on experiments in pinching raspberry shoots, E. 8. Goff 51
Preserving fruit for exhibition, F. Cranefield 53
Rose growing with chemical fertilizers, W. Stuart 53
Some hints on ornamental planting, C. B. Waldron 55
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Notes on various plant diseases, F. C. Stewart 55
Plant diseases, A. L. Quaintance 61
Corn smut, J. C. Arthur and W. Stuart 57
Asparagus rust, P. H. Rolfs 61
Clul) root, W. Hawk 57
Apple-tree anthracnose, A. B. Cordley 58
The New York apple-tree canker, W. Paddock 59
ENTOMOLOGY.
How to distinguish the different mosquitoes of Nortli America, I^. (). Howard
and D. W. Coquillett 68
Insect notes for 1899, A. L. Quaintance 62
Apple insects of Maine, F. L. Harvey and W. M. Munson 68
The peach-tree borer, M. V. Slingerland 63
Some common Florida scales, H. A. Gossard 68
Preliminary report on the insect enemies of forests in the Northwest, A. D.
Hopkins 64
Paris green for the codling moth, C. W. Woodworth and G. E. Colby 64
Report of analyses of Paris green and other insecticides, L. L. Van Slyke 67
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Nuts as food, C. D. AVoods and L. H. Merrill 78
Cereal breakfast foods, C. D. Woods and L. H. Merrill 69
Analyses of maple sugar, H. A. Huston and A. H. Bryan 78
Commercial feeding stuffs in the Connecticut market, E. H. Jenkins, A. L.
Winton, et al 70
Analyses of feeding stuffs, H. A. Huston and A. H. Bryan 70
Analyses of feeding stuffs, F. W. Woll 71
Winter v. spring bran, W. Frear and W. A. Hutchison 71
Contribution to the study of the energy content of human urine, M. Tangl ... 72
Sheep feeding, R. T. Shaw 72
Sheep-feeding experiments, J. H. Stewart and H. Atwood 73
IV CONTENTS.
PHge.
Feeding j^roiiiid corn v. jjrronml peass to lambs iK'fore and after weaning, ^V. Jj.
Carlyle 74
The influence of manures on the production of nuitton, W. 8omer\alle 7o
Whole com compared with corn meal for fattening swine, W. A. Henry 7-")
Rape V. clover for young pigs, W. L. Carly k* 7(j
On the food requirements! of the pig for maintenance and fi>r gain, W. Dietrich,
reported by F. W. AVoll 77
DAIRY KAK.MINCi UAIKYINli.
The nianunary gland, A. AV. Bitting <S0
On the economy of heavy grain feeding of dairy cows, 1". W. \Voll and W. L.
Carlyle '. 81
Protecting cows from flies, W. L. Carlyle 82
The effect on dairy cows of changing milkers, W. L. Carlyle 8;^
Dairy herd record, W. L. Carlyle 88
Tests of dairy cows, 1898-99, J. W. Decker 90
The composition of sow's milk, F. W. "Woll 84
Examination of milk for tubercle bacilli, Y . H. Bassett 90
Pasteurization of milk and cream at 140° F., E. H. Farrington and H. L.
Russell 84
Pasteurization of skim milk, E. H. Farrington 85
Effect of salt on the water in butter, E. H. Farrington 86
White spots on butter, E. H. Farrington 87
Coating cheese with paraffin to preA^ent mold, J. W. Decker 91
The action of proteolytic ferments on milk with special reference to galactase,
the cheese-ripenmg enzym, S. M. Babcock, H. L. Russell, et al 87
Influence of galactase in the ripening of cottage cheese, S. M. Babcock, H. L.
Russell, and A. Vivian 88
Effect of digesting bacteria on cheese solids of milk, H. L. Russell and V. H.
Bassett 89
Notes upon dairying in California and the export of California Initter to the
Orient, R. A. Pearson 89
A composite milk-sami:)ling pipette, J. W. Decker 91
OflScials, associations, and educational institutions connected with the dairy
interests of the United States for the year 1900 92
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE.
Report of the cattle quarantines in Canada from November 1, 1897, to October
31, 1898, D. McEachran 92
Effect of different influences on normal temperatures of cattle, and relation of
same to tuberculin test, II. L. Russell and V. 1 1. Bassett 92
Letters relating to the distriVjution of vaccine 95
Psendoscabies, A. W. Bitting 95
The effects of eating moldy corn, A. W. Bitting 94
Composition of bones of sound horse and of bones of horse suffering with
osteoi)erosis, H. A. Huston and A. H. Bryan 96
Material for ])acking horses' hoofs, H. A. Huston and A. H. Bryan 96
An experimental investigation of adermatomycosis of fowls, L. Matruchot and
C. Dassonville 94
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERINCl .
Des(Ti})tion of experiment station piggery, H. E. Van Norman 96
CONTENTS.
STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS.
Twelfth Animal Report of Alabama College Station, 1899 97
Twelfth Annual Rejjort of Georgia Station, 1899 97
Twelfth Annual Report of Illinois Station, 1899 97
Twelfth Annual Report of Indiana Station, 1899 97
Biennial Report of Iowa Station, 1898-99 97
Seventeenth Annual Report of New York State Station, 1898 97
Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1899 97
Sixteenth Annual Report of Wisconsin Station, 1899 98
Distribution of the agricultural exports of the United States, 1894-1898, F. PI.
Hitchcock 98
Sources of the agricultural imports of the United States, 1894-1898, F. H.
Hitchcock 98
Our trade with Japan, China, and Hongkong, 1889-1899, F. H. Hitchcock 98
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED.
Experiment stations in the United States:
Alabama College Station:
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 97
California Station:
Bulletin 126, 1899 64
Connecticut State Station:
Bulletin l.'JO, January, 1900 70
Florida Station :
Bulletin 51, January, 1900 68
Georgia Station :
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 50, (U , 62, 97
Illinois Station:
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 97
Indiana Station :
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 21,
22, 41, 44, 45, 47, 53, 54, 57, 70, 78, SO, 94, 95, 96, 97
Iowa Station:
Biennial Report, 1898-99 97
Maine Station:
Bulletin 54, October, 1899 78
Bulletin 55, November, 1899 69
Bulletin 56, December, 1899 68
Massachusetts Hatch Station:
Meteorological Bulletin 133, January, 1900 28
Meteorological Bulletin 134, February, 1900 28
Meteorological Bulletin 135, March, 1900 28
Mississippi Station:
Bulletin 61, January 15, 1900 38
Montana Station :
Bulletin 21, May, 1899 72
New York Cornell Station:
Bulletin 176, December, 1899 63
New York State Station:
Bulletin 163, December, 1899 59
Bulletin 164, December, 1899 55
Bulletin 165, December, 1899 67
Seventeenth Annual Report, 1898 28, 36, 97
VI CONTENTS.
Experiment stations* in the T'nited States^('i)n1iiiiic(l.
North Dakota Station: Page.
Bulletin 41, September, 1899 55
Bulletin 42, December, 1899 51
Oregon Station:
Bulletin 60, January, 1900 58
Pennsylvania Station:
Bulletin 47, November, 1899 44
Bulletin 48, December, 1899 71
Rhode Ifiland Station:
Bulletin 60, November, 1899 39
South Carolina Station:
Annual Report, 1899 .'W, 61, 97
West Virginia Station:
Bulletin 61, September, 1899 73
Bulletin 62, October, 1899 47
Wisconsin Station:
Bulletin.80, January, 1900 32
Sixteenth Annual Report, 1891) 19, 22, 23, 28, 34, 36, 35 40, 42, 43,
45, 49, 51, 53, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 81, 82, S3, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 9i-, 91 , 92, '98
United States Department of Agricultui-e:
Division of Agrostology:
Bulletin 20 24
Bureau of Animal Industry:
Bulletin 24 89
Circular 27 90
Circular 28 95
Circular 29 92
Division of Botany :
Bulletin 22 46
Bulletin 23 45
Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium, Vol. V, No. 4,
October 31, 1899 24
Division of Entomology:
Bulletin 4 (new series, revised ) 67
Bulletin 21 (new series) 64
Circular 40 (second series ) 68
Section of Foreign Markets:
Bulletin 16 98
Bulletin 17 98
Bulletin 18 98
Division of Soils:
Bulletin 16 36
Weather Bureau:
Bulletin 28 27
Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XXVII, No. 13 25
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. Xll. No. 1.
An interesting step looking to the advancement of agriculture in
the Russian Empire has recently been taken, on the recommendation
of the Ministry of Agriculture and Imperial Estates, in the inaugura-
tion of a system of conmiissioners of agriculture to preside over the
agricultural affairs in their respective provinces or governments, and
to seek to promote and improve the agricultural conditions in general.
Provision has l)een made for such commissioners in 20 different gov-
ernments of the Empire, and the appropriation for their maintenance
became available with the beginning of the present yeav. These com-
missioners will correspond in a general way to our State commissioners
of agriculture or secretaries of State boards of agriculture. They will
have charge of all public measures relating to agriculture and rural
affairs, and will exercise supervision over all local agricultural insti-
tutions maintained by the government. They will inquire into the
agricultural needs of their respective governments, and will recom-
mend government aid for such local or private enterprises as merit
special encouragement.
The commissioners will likewise be charged with the administration
of the system of government loans on agricultural improvements and
bounties for the encouragement of farm industries. They are expected
to take an actiAC part in provincial and municipal agricultural meet-
ings, and to maintain close relations with all societies and conventions
of agriculturists.
Connected with the commissioners' offices will be corps of agricul-
tural specialists and instructors, who will be assigned to the work by
the Ministry of Agriculture and Imperial Estates. They will go out
among the landowners and peasants for the purpose of collecting
data regarding the actual conditions of various branches of agricul-
ture, to diffiise general information on agricultural topics, and endeavor
to improve the methods and practices in vogue. At the request of
farmers they will visit their farms to give expert advice on questions
of management, and they will take active measures for the repression
of insects, injurious animals, and plant diseases.
The Ministry of Agricultui-e will cooperate with these various
agencies by the issue of manuals and other publications, and the com-
1
2 EXPEKIMENT STATION "RECORD.
missioners will recommend to the ministry such measures for the pro-
motion of agriculture and the improvement of the ag'ricultural condi-
tions in their respective governments as seem to them desirable.
The inauguration of this system would seem to be a distinct mark
of progress. Taken in connection with the recent decrees regarding
the establishment of additional agricultural experiment stations and
systems of agricultui'al education, alread}^ referred to, it should mate-
rially impi'OA'c and modernize the practice of agriculture in Russia.
The last appropriation act for this Department carried provisions
for the inauguration of experiment stations in the islands of Hawaii
and Porto Rico. In accordance with this the preliminary steps have
been taken to determine the best plan of operation in each case and the
subjects which are in most need of immediate attention.
Prof. S. A. Knapp, of Louisiana, who for a considerable number of
vears has been engaged in subtropical agriculture on an extensive
scale, was selected to investigate the agricultural conditions and possi-
biKties of Porto Rico. Professor Knapp went to the island early in
June. In general he will study the present agricultural conditions
existing in Porto Rico, the lines of experimental investigation which
should be undertaken there, especialty in the immediate future, and
the locations suitable for stations, together with the approximate
expense of inaugurating and maintaining the work of the stations.
He will also look into the feasibility of undertaking cooperative exper-
iments with the residents of Porto Rico, and the best means of reach-
ing the people through difierent classes of publications, demonstration
experiments, and otherwise.
For the preliminary survey of the conditions in the Hawaiian
Islands. Dr. W. C. Stubbs, director of the Louisiana Experiment Sta-
tions, has been selected as especially fitted b}^ experience. Dr. Stubbs
sailed for Hawaii a1)out the middle of July, and will spend the month
of August in the islands. The conditions there with reference to
station work are different from those in Porto Rico, as a station for
experiments in sugar production has been maintained by private benef-
icence for a number of years. In connection with his investigation of
the location of a station, Dr. Stubbs will consider the feasibility of
combining the Federal station with the Hawaiian Experiment Station
or the agricultural department of the Kamehameha Manual Training
School at Honolulu. Here also the lines in which inv(«tigation is
most needed, the possibility of greater diversification of the agriculture,
the expense of inaugurating and maintaining experiment station work,
and the means of disseminating information among the people will be
carefully inquired into. This will pr()bal)ly i)rove a profitable field
for investigations on the use and economy of water in irrigation, since
according to reports received from authentic sources, in no other place
EDITORIAL. S
is SO much money expended for pumping water for irrigation. Some
of the pumps are said to be raising- 30,000,000 gallons of water per day
from a depth of 500 feet, using coal that costs $10 a ton. The expense
of irrigating in some cases reaches as high as $125 per acre annually.
Preliminary reports will be rendered by Professor Knapp and Dr.
Stubbs early in September, in order that the necessary steps may be
taken for inaugurating the work as far as the appropriations for this
year will allow, and the estimates made for another year. Detailed
reports will be presented later in the fall. It is hoped that these
reports, by two men so well qualified to judge of the situation, will
enable the Department to institute station work in these new posses-
sions on a basis which will secure the greatest direct benetit to their
agriculture.
NOTES ON HORSE FEEDING.
E. Lavalari).
Superinteiidi')it of Coiiffreiices <tt tJw Natloiuil Ai/roimmic Institute.
For many years the writer has conducted investigations on the feed-
ing- of horses for the Compar/nie generale des omnihuH de Paris^ with
the object of establishing a rational basis for the feeding of horses
under different conditions of work. The investigations have covered
.saddle horses and light draft horses traveling at a rapid gait, horses
hauling light loads, and finally heavy draft horses hauling heav}' loads
at a slow pace. Some years since, the author's earlier work along
these lines was included in a treatise on horse feeding.^
Ill these notes no attempt will be made to discuss the principles
which regulate the nutrition of horses. This suljject has been well
treated b}- Chauveau and his pupil Laulanie; by Duclaux, director of
the Pasteur Institute; by A. Gautier, and others in France; and by
von Mering, Zuiitz, and Wolff, in Germany. All who are interested
in investigations on horse feeding are familiar with the experiments
of Boussingault; of Baudement, on the horses of the Versailles garri-
son; of Hoft'meister at the experiment station of Weende, and of E.
Wolff, W. Finke. and O. Kellner; and also with the late experiments
made in France ])y Grandeau and Leclerc for the Compagnie genera-
ale des petites voitures^ and those undertaken by the author for the
Cornjxignie generale des omirihuH de Paris^ with the cooperation of
A. Miintz,- director of the laboratories of the National Agronomic
Institute. The special purpose of the present paper is to discuss the
practical side of horse feeding, especially the methods employed to
maintain, in a satisfactory state of efficiency and health, horses which
are required for any definite kind of work — methods which the author
has tested repeatedly with army horses and others. No reference can
be made to the analytical side of these investigations.''
*Le Cheval. Dans ses Rapports avec I'Economie Rurale et les Industries de Trans-
port. 2 vols. Paris: Firniin-Didot et Cie. Some of the author's recent work is
summarized in C'ompt. Rend. Congres Hoc. Aliment. Rat. Retail, 1 (1897), p. 60.
'^ The greater part of the recent investigations on feeding of horses has been noted
in tlie volumes of the Experiment Station Record. The earlier work in which a
Ijalance of income and outgo was made is summarized in Ottice of Experiment Sta-
tions Bui. 45.
^ For details of this phase of the investigation see articles by Miintz, Ann. Inst.
Nat. Agron., 1877-78, No. 2, p. 51; 1878-79, No. 3, p. 23; No. 4, p. 75; 1879-80, No.
5, p. 195; 1883-84, No. 9, p. 71.
4
HORSE FEEDING. 5
MEASUREMENT OF THE WORK PERFORMED BY HORSES.
The chief aim in horse-feeding experiments is to learn the amount
of nutrients which the animal body, considered as a machine, requires
for work. This requires an estimate or measurement of the amount
of work performed. Such measurements in the case of draft horses
can readily be made with a dynamometer. The measurement of the
energy expended by a saddle horse, however, is a different matter. In
the opinion of cavalry officers who have studied this question, meas-
uring the distance covered and the rate of speed is practically the only
method available. According to Marcy, who has devoted considerable
attention to the subject, the work accomplished in a given time is pro-
portionate to the square of the velocity. His coefficients were 3.42
for walking or pacing, 10 for trotting, 28.62 for cantering, and 68.39
for a full gallop. That is to say, -ii times as much work is performed
when trotting as when walking. If times as much when cantering as
when trotting, and 2^ times as much when on a full gallop as on an
ordinary gallop or canter. These are only general statements, and it
is impossible as yet to calculate the actual energy expended by saddle
horses carrying their riders at different gaits.
It has been suggested that it may l)e possible to gain an idea of the
energy expended by noting the number of pulsations of the flank,
which has been found to vary with the gait and with the grade and
character of the surface passed over. It is evident that in the case of
saddle horses, useful work depends largel}' upon the speed, since the
quantity of work of which the animal is capable diminishes with
increased speed. In the same way it has been found with draft horses
that the period for which work can be continued diminishes as the
speed increases. The conditions under which the work is done are also
of importance. External temperature may be mentioned, as well as
the conditions of the surface traveled over, the skill of the driver, the
methods of harnessing, and the load which must be drawn. Poncelet
estimates that a horse carrying a weight of 120 kg. and traveling at a
speed of 1.1 meters per second for 10 hours per day performs 4,752,000
kilogrammeters of work. When the weight borne equals 80 kg., the
same horse trotting at the rate of 2.2 meters per second for 7 hours
per day performs 4,435,000 kilogrammeters of work.
Ellenberger estimates that the Prussian cavalry horse performs
1,500,000 kilogrammeters of useful work daily during the winter
«nonths, when less is required of horses than at other seasons. In the
spring and summer the preparation for the military maneuvers
increases this quantity 200,000 kilogrammeters daih\ According to
the same author, when a horse travels from 24 to 34 kilometers per
day and carries a load of 110 to 125 kg., the energy expended is equiv-
alent to from 300,000 to 500,000 kilogrammeters of work. These
6
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
values are naturally still further in('r(>as('<l duriuo- the military maneu-
vers. Poncelet's liuures are almost the same as Ellenl)erger\s.
In order to determine the distance traveled, the data furnished by
Colin are used. A saddle horse walking a kilometer in 10 minutes
travels at a speed of 1.66 meters per second. Trotting a kilometer in
■li minutes, an average speed in the opinion of cavalry officers, he
travels 3.02 meters per second. Colin found that the average speed
of a trotting horse was 2.72 meters per second. The first value must
refer to a full gallop, and the latter value seems to be a fairer estimate.
Using this and following Poncelet's method, the amount of work per-
formed l)y a horse in a day is expressed by the following formula:
P X V X T = PVT kilogrammeters, in which V = mean velocity in
meters, P = mean exertion in kilograms, and T = time. Of course
these values necessarily have limits. Thus the limit for T is estimated
by Poncelet at 18 hours; that for P, 3 to 5 times that which produces
a maximum of etfectiveness, and V at 12 to 15 times the velocity best
suited to the production of work with the horse under consideration.
These values are worth noting, but can not be accepted as final, and
there is much disagreement concerning the proper values. It is, how-
ever, generally admitted that T is diminished in proportion as P X V
is increased. Race horses furnish a striking illustration of this.
Applying the above values to the arm}^ horse, which travels more
regularly than the others, and assuming that the average rider weighs
approximate!}^ 80 kg. without a pack and weighs 120 kg. with, the
calculated amount of work performed would be as follows:
Work performed daily by an army horse.
Weight
carried.
Velocity
per
second.
Work
per sec-
ond.
Sdr'«f^-°^kat
work different
^^^'^- gaits.
Total daily
work.
Ordinary work:
Walking ,
Trotting
Road work:
Walking
Trotting
Military maneuvers
Walking ,
Trotting
A7/.
T20
120
Meters.
1.66
2.75
1.66
2.75
1.66
2.75
Kgm.
132.8
216. 0
199.2
322. 0
149.4
247.5
Hrs. Mill.
2 30
1 30
Kgm.
1, 195, 200
1, 166, 400
1,074,000
1,792,800
1,072,800
2, 667, 600
Kgm.
2,361,000
807,400
I 3,740,^
It will be seen that using Poncelet's formula we do not obtain his
values, namely, 4.752,000 kilogrammeters for a horse walking 10
hours, carrying a load of 120 kg., and ■1,435,000 kilogrammeters for a
horse carrying a load of 80 kg. and trotting 7 hours.
The values noted above undoubtedly show something of the labor
expended, but are far less exact than results o])tained with a dyna-
mometer. With artillery horses and those in the train, the prol)lem
becomes much more complicated, since these horses draw a load and
HOKSE FEEDING. 7
also cany a rider. Further, the traction is not performed under the
.same conditions as with ordinary vehicles. The artillery horse travels
over such varied surfaces that the rate of speed can not be calculated
even approximately. According to some of the writer's experiments,
the coefficient of speed of gun carriages and caissons is 2 per cent on
roads, 6 to 8 per cent on fallow lands, and 12 per cent on wet, plowed
fields.
In view of these difficulties, it is evident that the only means of
obtaining at all satisfactory results is to estimate the load carried and
hauled per horse over the total distance. The writer's observations
on this subject were made with 16,000 horses of the (JomjKignie gen-
erale des oiiDilhas de Paris^ 17,000 army horses, and about 1,000
horses used for hauling heavy wagons. The experiments have
extended over a number of years. The horses of the Ooinjjagiiie
generate des omnibtis were of nearly uniform size and weight. Those
in the army differed in size and weight. In all these tests the weight
of the horse has been relied upon as showing whether the ration was
satisfactory for the work performed.
The 20,000 or 30,000 horses experimented upon were maintained in
good condition, and performed the required work without any notice-
al)le loss of weight, and further the horses still possessed great reserve
energy. The numerous weighings which have been made in the
progress of these investigations have enabled the author to determine
(juite accurately what should be the weight of a good horse in perfect
health under various conditions of work or rest, taking into account,
of course, age and size. In the present paper it is necessary to omit
details, but the table below shows the average weights of different
kinds of horses in our experiments:
Average weight of horses.
Kilograms.
Heavy draft horses 700-800
Light draft horses 500-600
Fancy horses, reserve cavah-y horses, and horses of the hne. . . 450-510
Carriage horses and Ught cavalry horses 380-400
Artillery and train horses 480-495
Mules 430
It is on the basis of such data that the rations have been varied,
according as the horses gained or lost weight.
FOOD REQUIREMENTS OF HORSES.
In connection with the experiments a large luunber of analyses
have been made of food, urine, and feces, and the coefficients of
digestibility of many feeding stuffs were determined. The object of
our experiments has l)een to determine the quantity of protein, fat,
carbohydrates, and mineral matter necessary for maintaining a horse
8
EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
of any given woight wlu'u no work was required except that for
motion of forward prouressioii. and also when work was performed.
It was also necessary to measure the amount of work as accurately as
possible.
It is interesting to note that as shown by the experiments the longer
the period of proper feeding the more satisfactory the production of
work. This explains whj^ it is better to depend on rations which build
up the body and put the animal in good training, rather than on those
fed at the time when the work nuist be performed. In connection
with the investigation of army horses attention has frequently been
called to the false economy practiced during periods when the horses
had little work to do.
As a result of our investigations, we conclude that a horse perform-
ing ordinar}^ work requires 115 gm. of digestible protein and 1,100
gm. of digestible carbohydrates per 100 kg. live weight. When
severe work is performed, as during military maneuvers, marching,
or in time of actual war, the protein should be increased to 135 gm.,
the carbohydrates remaining the same. In arriving at this deduction
it has been necessary to proceed slowl}^ and make many tests, for the
figures given by Boussingault, Baudement, and Wolfi' did not furnish
sufficient data for calculating the necessary standard rations. On the
other hand, the rations finally adopted do not differ very greatly from
those which have been suggested bj' experience. It is not surprising
that the published statement of the results of our latest investigations
differ somewhat from those conducted in 1888, since experimental and
analytical methods have been greatly improved, and in all the later
calculations digestible nutrients only have been considered.
If the weight of the horse and the chemical composition and digesti-
l)ility of the feeding stuff's are known it is an easj^ matter to compute
standard rations. The following table, showing the maintenance ration
foi" army horses and mules, is an illustration of such calculations:
Mainlcnanrc nilioii for (iniiy liorses <tud nudes.
Cavalry horses, reserve
Cavalry horses, line
Light cavalry horses
Horses of artillery and train
Mules
Peace footing.
Oats. Hay.
War footing.
0at,s
Cframs.
.5.900
5, 200
■1,700
5,(500
4,900
Grams.
4,000
3, .500
3,000
3,850
3,400
Hay.
Grams. Ch'ams.
6,670 I 4,000
6, MO
5, 335
6,440
3,500
3,000
3,850
The calculation w'as found (>ven more satisfactory with h(\i\v draft
horses, since the weight of individual horses differs less from the average
weight than in the case of the smaller animals. For instance, a dray
horse weighing about TOO kg. Avould rtnpiire, for ordinary work, 805
gm. digestible protein on the basis of 115 gm. per 100 kg. of live
HOKSE FEEDING. 9
weight, or '.♦45 oiii. for inorc severe svork on a l)!i,sis of 135 gin. })(M-
100 kg. live weight. The same amount of earbohydrates woukl be
required in both cases. At the rate of 1,100 gm. digestibk^ earbo
hydrates per 100 kg. of live weight the necessar}^ amount would l)e
7,700 gm. The amounts of protein and carbohydrates called for in
these two cases would require 9 to 9,5 kg. of oats and 5 kg. of hay.
No account is taken of the straw supplied for bedding, though the
little that would be eaten would, of course, supply a small amount of
nutrients. The digesti])l(> protein and carbohydrates in 9 kg. of oats
and 5 kg, of hay is shown in the following ta])le:
Digestible hutrientx in a r<tHon af uaix (dkI hay.
Oats (9 kg.)
Hay (5 kg.)
Total.
Digestible
protein.
Grams.
675
210
Digestible
carbo-
hydrates.
Crrams.
5, 780
2, 2C)8
As has been stated, one of the principal objects of our investigation
has been to establish the ration of grain and coarse fodder on the basis
of the amount of work required. The owners of post horses in early
times increased the ration of oats whenever the relay's were less
frequent, and hence the distance traveled was greater than usual.
While such changes were empirical, it may be said that in general all
the post horses used on the mail and stage coaches before the opening
of railroads were fed rations proportionate to the amount of work
required of them. It was found necessary to allow these horses to
rest at intervals, not on account of the ration fed, but from the fact
that they were usually driven beyond their normal speed. A possible
reason for this may have been that they were not as highlj^ bred as
draft horses of the present time. During these periods of rest the
horses were worked on farms at a slow gait. No scientific estimate
had been made of the work expended in hauling a heavy stage or mail
coach at a rapid gait.
The difficulties in the way of accurately estimating the WT)rk per-
formed l)y horses constitute the chief reason why we adopted the plan
of proportioning the amount of nutrients fed to the w'eight of the
animal. If the weight diminishes it is because the food supplied is
not sufficient for the energ}^ expended. It was stated above that the
weight of large horses of uniform size was less variable than that of
3mall horses. In 1851 Baudement noted that the largest and heaviest
horses apparently derived the greatest benefit from a uniform ration.
According to his explanation this was not because they made better use
of a uniform ration than smaller horses, but because their losses in
10 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
weight wore actiuiUy less in propcjrtion to their size. The physiolog-
ical reason for this. Baudeinent believed, is that large horses, other
things being equal, aetuall}' change in weight less readil)' than small
horses, since the organs of secretion and the surface area (which serves
for the radiation of heat) do not vary regularly in proportion to size,
but are relatively larger in animals of small size, and do not perform
their functions as economically in small as in large animals. The
writer's observations have led to the same conclusions. This theor}^
shows why somewhat larger amounts of protein and carbohydrates
are considered necessar}^ per 100 kg. live weight with small horses
than with large ones, and also wh\^ small animals are often given
rations especialh^ rich in protein.
Although the standard rations suggested are based on a very large
number of estimates, they should be considered the minimum amounts
which will keep horses in condition and prevent premature wearing
out. Chardin, an army veterinarian and the author of a recent work
on army horses,^ gives estimates which are smaller than ours. They
are in effect as follows: It is probable that the average daily work
performed by army horses is about 700,000 kilogrammeters. Accord-
ing to the investigations of A. Sanson, 1 kg. of protein combined, as
it should be in a satisfactory ration, with 5 to 6.5 kg. of carboh^-drates,
would supply 1,600,000 kilogrammeters of energy; hence 700,000
kilogrammeters would require the consumption of -137.5 gm. of protein.
Oats contain on an average 12 per cent of protein. Therefore 3,645
gm. of oats would be required in order to furnish the necessary 437.5
gm. of protein. As a general rule, the rations of French army horses
contain about 800 gm. in excess of this amount, as is shown by the
official statistics published by the French Government in 1887. On
the other hand, the quantity of hay supplied is about 2 kg., or one-
third less than it should be. It must be remembered that so far only
external work has been considered. The internal muscular work must
also be provided for. The surplus amount of oats mentioned serves
for this but is not quite sufficient, and the deficiency is made up by the
straw consumed. This also serves a useful purpose in another way.
It increases the bulk of the ration. It is not certain, however, that
sufficient straw is consumed.
This summary shows the difficulties of the problem under considera-
tion. It is the writer's opinion that his values are more nearly pro-
portional to the actual requirements than those of Chardin.
Turning to the investigations which have been made on this subject
in Germany, we find that Ellcnberger's researches led to an increase in
the grain ration supplied to the army horse. The author recently had
the opportunity of personally becoming familiar with the investiga-
^ Hygiene du cheval de guerre. Paris: Asselin & Houzeau, 1898.
HOKSE FEEDING. 11
tions of Zttiitz and Lehmanu (E. S. R., 7, p. 545). In experiments
with the light cavalry horses of the German army (estimated to weigh,
on an average, 450 kg.) these investigators arrived at results identical
with those obtained in our experiments with horses of the line. The
principal object of Zuntz and Lehmann's investigations, which were
made with horses at rest and performing muscular work, was the
determination of the amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxid
produced in a unit of time, /. t., the respiratory quotient. In their
calculations these authors have assumed that in general cavahy horses
perform tAvo-thirds of their work trotting and one-third walking, and
that in ordinary weather the ground passed over is fairl}- even, firm,
and springy. They divide the year into three periods: The first of
150 da3's of work and 31 of rest, the second of 05 da3's of work and 29
of rest, and the third of 67 days of work and 23 of rest. The first
period corresponds to the winter season, during which the horses travel
on an average a))out 15 kilometers per day; the second to a period
devoted to drilling, during which they travel about 80 kilometers per
day; and the third period to the time of the militar}' maneuvers, when
they travel about 60 kilometers per day. The corresponding amoiuits
of work are calculated on the supposition that in the first period the
horses each carry a weight of 82 kg. ; in the second, of 90 kg. ; and in the
third, of 110 kg. Zuntz and Lehmann compared the rations supplied
in the German army with the work required in the third period, and
came to the conclusion that they were quite insufficient. The}^ believe
that in order to make good the loss entailed by this work, 1,718 gm.
of oats should be added to the daily ration, which at present consists
of 5,100 gm., and that it Avould be profitable to make this addition
throughout the entire year and not simply during the time of the
maneuvers.
It is interesting to note that these German scientists, using labora-
tory methods, obtained practicall}" the same results as the author with
experiments of a difi'erent character, but made upon a very large
number of horses.
PKErARATION OF FEED FOR HORSES.
Some of our recent experiments hav(^ had to do with the methods
of feeding. They covqr a number of points. The first and perhaps
the most important is the advantage of cleaning the grain. Grandeau
showed in his experiments at the laV)oratory of the Oniipagnie
generaJe des t)oiturej<. that oats could ])e satisfactorily freed of foreign
grains and impurities by some of the well-known screening devices.
He studied the composition of the impurities, and found that some
of them were injurious to the health of horses.
The importance of proper cleaning is illustrated by a point in our
own experience. A few years ago, after a very severe drought, we
8809— No. 1 2
12 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
were compelled to feed outs containing tares and leguminous seeds,
some of which were those of species of Lath yrus. Symptoms of Lathy-
rus poisoning were noted in a number of horses. The attacks Avere
frequentl}'^ severe and sometimes fatal. When the oats were properly
cleaned this trouble was entirely obviated. Cleaning also increases the
density of the oats ])y removing mineral matter and dust, which ma}'
sometimes induce attacks of intestinal obstruction, colic, etc.
Contrary to the opinion of some experts, the writer believes it is
not necessary to grind grain for horses. This is especially true in the
case of oats. It does not appear that the advantages gained by grind-
ing are siifhcient to cover the cost of the operation. In some of our
earlier experiments, where ground grain was fed, it was noticed after
a few months that the horses preferred to crush it themselves. Of
course this does not refer to old horges. They can be fed ground
grain to advantage.
For the past four or live years we have chopped coarse fodders,
using a ration of equal parts of hay and straw, and have found this
practice the most profitable for several reasons: Straw may thus be
made to form an integral part of the ration, and the proportion of hav
and straw may be accuratel}' regulated. Furthermor(% horses waste
nnich less of such fodder, especially if some material other than straw
is used for bedding. Experiments are now in progress under the
author's direction with whole and chopped fodders, to study the com-
parative cost, the most favorable conditions, and the nutritive value
of chopped fodder. As yet somewhat contradictory results have been
obtained and the experiments must be continued l)efore definite con-
clusions can be drawn. It ma}' be said with certainty, however, that
the feeding of chopped fodder has brought about a considerable sav-
ing and permitted greater uniformity than was previously the case in
our experiments.
GRAIN FEED FOR HORSES.
In all that has been said above only oats, hay, and straw have been
considered, and there are many who maintain that a ration nuist be
made of these articles, especially for army horses. In Europe this
prejudice is deep seated. Even if other grains are used for draft
horses, oats are regarded as indispensable for saddle horses, carriage
horses, etc. Of course in America corn is abundant and ideas and
practice concerning its use are different from those which i)revail in
Europe.
Many analyses, made in connection witli our investigations extend-
ing over 30 years, have shown that native French oats and foreign
oats, with few exceptions, contain about 10 per cent of protein and
this value is used in all our calculations. Smaller variations have been
observed in the fat and carbohydrate content of oats, and 4.7 per cent
HORSE FEEDING. 13
represents about the averaji'e for fats and ♦>!> per cent foi- tho carbo-
hydrates (including- celhilose).
The Avriter will endeavor to show that it is i)()ssi))le to substitute
other o-rains for oats and at the same time maintain horses of all kinds
in proper condition.
It is frequently said that oats contain a stimulating principle, which
has been given the name "avenine," and the energy which race horses
manifest has been attributed to this. We do not believe in this theory,
and our attempts to discover this body have been fruitless.
The oat kernel is surrounded by a tough hull, and owing to its
physical condition is, weight for weight, less nutritious than other
grains. The oat hull constitutes from 26 to 30 per cent of the total
weight of the grain, and is not very digestible or nutritious. A proof
of this is the fact that hulls are almost always recovered whole in the
feces. In the digestion experiments published in full in a previous
article, the weight of the hulls is noted, and it appears that only about
two-thirds of the total weight of the oats is digested.
Formerly other grains were seldom substituted for oats, especially
in France, except when oats were very high in price. To-day such
sul)stitutions are much more common.
Not onlv may single grains and other single foods be substituted for
oats, Init more or less complex mixtures may be used as well. We
believe that both from a hygienic and an economic standpoint our
experiments have settled this matter, which has provoked so much
discussion. An examination of the statistics we have gathered in the
last 35 years shows that although a great saving has l>een effected, it
has not been at the expense of the productive power of the horses.
The Germans have also begun to substitute diflerent feeding stuffs
for oats, and in some cases they have gone so far as to use mixtures
of peat and molasses.
Boussingault was perhaps the lirst to suggest the idea of su])stitut-
ing other materials for oats in the ration of farm horses. With this
end in view he devised a table of nutritive equivalents, using hay as
a unit. However, since the composition of hay varies within such
wide limits, this method is hardly practicable. More recently tables
showing the average composition of feeding stuff's have been provided
from which the amounts of protein and carbohydrates in any given
ration can be calculated. Analyses of the locally grown feeding stuffs
are considered preferable. Other materials should be substituted for
hay or oats on the basis of their composition, otherwise too much
protein may be given, with injurious results, as, for instance, when
alfalfa is substituted for ordinary hay, pound for pound.
The principal substitutes for oats are Indian corn or maize, barle}^
horse beans or other beans, rye, and wheat. The special characters
of each deserve some attention.
14 EXFEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
Indian corn. — Our tirst pxporiinents in this lino were made with
Indian corn. The}^ were undertaken with all Icinds of horse.s and
gave most satisfactory results. The Comjmgnie generale des voitures
and the Compagnie generale des omnlhus began about 1870 to feed
Indian corn, and the results Avere so satisfactory^ that since that time
the first-named company has almost entirely ceased to feed oats. The
latter company has continued to feed both oats and corn, effecting a
saving of from 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 francs per year. In view of
these facts the opponents of corn have been forced to admit that it is
a suitable feed for draft horses. They have insisted, however, that
sijice it does not contain the so-called stimulating principle "avenine"
it should not be used for saddle horses and others where speed is
required. Examples of the successful use of corn were cited in the
author's earlier pu))lications. The horses of the French expedition
in Mexico were fed exclusively on corn. Our recent experiments on
cavalry and artiller}^ horses have shown that Indian corn maj' gener-
ally replace oats without in any way causing the horses to deteriorate.
The horses fed the corn ration were used the same number of hours
in the military drill and in the maneuvers, and were ridden at the
same gait as those fed exclusively on oats, and it was practically^
impossible to perceive the least difference between the two classes.
The arm}" officers, prejudiced as they naturally were, were forced to
admit that all the horses showed the same energy and vigor. A care-
ful record showed that the sickness and mortality were the same with
horses on the two rations.
Corn and oats are quite similar in composition. In experiments
made at the laboratory of the Compagnie generale des omnibus in
cooperation with Miintz the author found very high coefficients of
digestibility for corn, as shown by the following results: Protein
86.1, fat 93.9, sugar and starch 100, crude fiber 82.8, saccharifiable
fiber 86.9, undetermined substances 85.2 per cent. These coefficients
show that the nutritive ingredients of corn are much more assimilable
than has been generally believed in Europe. As regards physical
character, oats contain on an average TO to 75 per cent of kernel and
25 to 80 per cent of indigestible hull, which resembles straw in com-
position. The skin or hull of maize amounts to practicality nothing.
These facts show why horses thrive better and are more apt to main-
tain their weight on corn than on oats. Our recent experiments have
(hnnonstrated that corn can r(>pluce oats in the ration of both cavalry
and artillery horses, and if substituted weight for weight it increases
the nutritive value of the ration. This is the same deduction which
was drawn from the experiments, now more than 25 j^ears old, made
for the two great cab companies of Paris.
Barley. — Although it is well known that barley can replace oats and
indeed is a staple feeding stuff for horses in Italy, Algeria, Spain, and
other countries where oats can not be raised profitably, experiments
HORSE FEEDING. 15
were undertaken in the hibonitoi-y of t\w ('oiiiiHKjnie (/enerah' dex
omnihuK, and espeeiiUly in connection with the investioation.s conducted
with army horses, to study the circinnstances under which the substi-
tution can best bo made. It hasl)ccn ot't(Mi asserted that l)arh\y is not
as rich in protein as other cei-eal g-rains. Our most recent analyses
seem to establish this fact. However, l)arley is one of the j^-rains whose
composition is very variable, being noticeably influenced by the system
of cultivation followed.
For ^0 years we have been feeding barley to horses. In the experi-
ments with saddle horses and draft horses we use the following- values
as representing the average composition of barley : Water 12. 93, protein
8.83^ fat 1.43, carbohydrates 73.06, and ash 3. 1 per cent. Certain kinds
of barlev of good quality showed on analysis from 9.37 to 11.87 per cent
of protein. The coefficient of digestibility of the protein of French
barley is 80.13, of African 71.07. The coefficient of digestibility of
carbohydrates of French barley is 66.2-1, of African 62.14. The gen-
eral practice is to substitute Imrlej^ for oats, weight for weight. In
our experiments we followed this custom, but soon observed that the
horses fed ])arley lost weight. It was therefore necessary to increase
the quantity of barley in order to supply the same amount of protein
and carbohydrates as in the oat ration. When this change was made,
the horses regained and preserved the same physical condition as those
fed oats. In general it ma}^ l)e said that only barley of good quality
should be fed. The barley bran is very tough, and we have noticed
that when barley of poor quality is fed the feces contain as much as
4.2 per cent of undigested material, while the feces of horses fed ])arley
of good quality contain scarcely any undigested grain.
In conclusion, barley can replace oats, l)uta slightly greater amount
must be fed. This is especially true when rations are calculated as
closely as is the case with army horses.
Ilorae heans and other leans. — The experiments made many years
ago for the Paris cab companies warrant the statement that when
beans replace oats only half the quantity should be used. Tests made
with army horses have coniirmed this conclusion. The chemical com-
position of beans shows why they are regarded as more nutritious
than oats alone. Beans may be advantageously fed to horses required
to perform long continued, sudden, or severe labor. The opinion is
prevalent in England that in hunting it is always possible to recognize
horses fed beans b}^ their great endurance. In accord with the practice
of the leading racing stables, we used a large proportion of beans in
the ration of young horses which were being trained. The results
obtained were most satisfactory.
As shown by our numerous analyses, beans have the following aver-
age percentage composition: Water 18.07, protein 24.44, fat 1.06, nit-
rogeu-free extract 48.20, ci'ude fiber 6.0.5, and ash 2.7. The average
16 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
coefficient of digestibility of protein of beans was found to be 89.8
and of the extractives, cellulose, and fat, taken tooether, 73.3 per cent.
In our experiments with draft horses and saddle horses, we have not
replaced more than 1 to 2 kg. of oats l)y an amount of beans supplying
an equivalent amount of digestible protein and carbohydrates. It
should be said that when beans replace oats there is usuall}^ an excess
of protein and a deficiency of car}>ohydrates. This furnishes a reason
for the common pi'actice of adding straw or other coarse fodder con-
taining little protein to such rations.
Bye. — The Paris cab companies have always fed some rye, especially
when this grain was cheap. We tested it also in experiments with
army horses. Rye was substituted for oats, weight for weight, and
the amount gradually increased until the horses maintained a constant
weight. In tests with draft horses, greater latitude was possible in
substituting rye for oats, weight for weight, since the ration is always
sufficiently large to cover any discrepancies. The utmost precautions
were taken to prevent the introduction of ergotized rye, which, as is
well known, may cause serious disturbances.
The average percentage composition of rye is: Water 14.5, protein
9.90, fat 1.29, nitrogen-free extract 70.88, crude tiber 1.38, and ash
1.95; the average coefficients of digestibility are: Protein 73.97, fat
54.05, and nitrogen-free extract and crude liber together 75 per cent.
Our experiments with rye have furnished less definite results than
with other grains. We believe this is due to the fact that the value
of rye is more influenced by the variation in composition of the grain
and by individual peculiarities of the subject. In former times the
feeders of post horses obtained contradictory results with tliis grain,
which they usually attributed to the methods of feeding it. In some
countries rye is fed cooked and this method proves entirely satisfactory.
It is mixed with oats in the proportion of 1 of rye to 3 of oats, or when
cooked, in the proportion of 1 to 3 or 1 to 2 Several j^ears ago we
fed rye and oats to the horses of the Compagnie generate des omnibus
in the proportion of 1 to 4, with entirely satisfactory results, and with
an important saving in cost.
Wheat. — Experiments were also made in which wheat was substi-
tuted for part of the oats in the daily ration of horses. It is well
known that such a mixture is fed by horse breeders when unusual
service is required of the stallions. In view of the accidents which
have been known to follow feeding wheat, we have taken the utmost
precautions in our experiments. It may cause an irritation or itching
of the skin so that the horses suffer greatly. This is similar to the
effect produced by buckwheat.
A complete surve,y of the subject of substituting other materials
for oats in the ration of horses would necessitate the discussion of
such concentrated feeds as bran, bade}' meal, carob beans, linseed
cake, sesame cake, palm cake, cocoa cake, starch cake, maize cake,
HOKSE FEEDING.
17
cakes from distillery refuse, and other commercial cakes. Our recent
tests have added nothing to the deductions drawn from our earlier
experiments with these nmterials. It may be positively stated, how-
ever, that the chemical composition and digestibility of any of these
feeding stuffs determines the proportion which may be substituted for
oats, and that the composition and digestibility of all of them may vary
within wide limits. Following the methods that we have used, we
believe it is quite possible to devise successful rations for maintenance,
transportation, and work.
coarsp: fodders.
Before closing it seems desirable to add a few words concerning the
coarse fodders usually fed with the different grains. In discussing
the standard ration it was explained that hay was the principal coarse
fodder used, and that straw figured only in an incidental manner.
The average composition of hay and straw as shown bv our analyses
of samples grown in many regions of France is as follows:
Average coinpofilHon of Frencli, Jiaij and draw.
Water.
Protein.
Fat.
Nitrogen-
free
extract.
Crude
fiber.
Ash.
Hay
Per cent.
12.8
13.22
Per cent.
C.68
2.86
Per cent.
1.51
1.39
Per cent.
47.76
41.88
Per cent.
24.76
34.74
Per cent.
6 89
6.20
These coarse fodders may be replaced in the ration of horses by
other fodder plants, such as alfalfa, sainfoin, red clover, etc. This
statement is borne out by the recent experiments of Miintz and
Girard^ made with the horses of the Ooivpag/i/e generale des voitures.
The statement is often made that horses can not do without straw.
This is an error, for we have fed horses hay and oats during very long
periods and have never noticed that they suffered any inconvenience
or detriment. This is a matter of importance, since it is often incon-
venient to obtain straw, and in such cases peat, sawdust, sand, etc.,
may be profitably used as bedding in place of straw.
Nothing has been said of the use of green fodders. Such feed,
however, is more suited to special conditions and is very dependent
upon the fertilizer used for the crop, the method of harvesting, and
the condition of the animal fed. Green fodder does not contain suffi-
cient nutritive material to make it in any real sense a feeding stuff for
horses performing much work. The same may be said of certain
plants which have been much advertised from time to time, such as
furze, couch grass, etc.
In an earlier publication the feeding value of carrots, parsnips, ruta-
bagas, beetle and potatoes was discussed. The use of these materials
has been attempted from time to time with varying success.
'Ann. Agron., 24 (1898), p. 5.
RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.
CHEMISTRY.
The volumetric determination of potash, 11. H. Adie and T. B.
Wood {Proe. Chem. Soc. London, 16^ pj). 17, 18; ah.s. In Chem. Centhl.^
1900, /, Xo. 10, J)- -'''^S). — In the method proposed the potash is pre-
cipitated 1\Y means of col)alt nitrite, the precipitate usually having the
formula KgCo2(N02)io.3H20. The method is carried out as follows:
The potash solution is freed as far as possible from other leases, acidi-
fied with acetic acid, and an excess of sodium-colxdt nitrite is added.
After 24 hours the precipitate is collected on an asbestus filter, washed
with 10 per cent acetic acid, and final!}" with ^vater. The filter with
the precipitate is then boiled in dilute soda solution, filtered, and dilu-
ted to 100 cc. Twenty cubic centimeters of this solution is acidified
with dilute sulphuric acid and immediate])^ titrated with permang-anate
solution. It is reconnnended to add an excess of permang-anate and
titrate l)a('k with potassium iodid and thiosulphate solution.
A new reagent for detecting and estimating nitrites in water,
H. Ekdmanx {Brr. I),„t. Chrin. GcxelL, .13 {1000), pp. iilO-;U5;
Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 1900, No. 2, p. 33; abs. in Analyst, 26 {1900),
Mar., pp. 81, 82; Bui. Soc. Ohiin. Paris, 3. ser., 2J^ {1900), No. 9, p.
JfiS). — The reagent used is amidonaphtholdisul phonic acid (1:8: -l-C)),
prepared by nitrating, reducing, and heating with sodium hydroxid
the naphthalene trisulphonic acid recently described by the author.^
The method of procedure is as follows: Mix 60 cc. of the water with
5 cc. of a hydrochloric-acid solution of sodium sulphanilate (2 gni. per
liter), and after 10 minutes add 0.5 gm. of the amidonaphtholdisul-
phonic acid in the form of its acid alkali-metal salt. In presence of
nitrous acid a brilliant Bordeaux-red color appears, which attains its
maximiun intensity in 1 hour. To determine the amount of nitrites
present the color is compared with that produced l)y solution of
sodium iiitrit(> of known strengtii or with a colored pa])(M' scale.
Methods for the detection of " process " or " renovated " but-
ter, W. H. Hkss and li. E. Doolittle {Jour. Aiiicr. Ohein. Soc,
22 {1900), No. 3, pp. 150-152).— The methods employed consist of tests
of the curd, which in the case of renovated l)utter is ditterent from
iBer. Deut. Chem. Gesell., 32 (1899), p. 3186.
18
CHEMISTEY. 19
that of normal 'huttor. These tests of the curd consist of the appear-
ance of th(> batter on heating, the comparison of the separated curd
freed from fat with the curd from normal l)utter, and tests for albu-
min in the filtered butter. The ratio of casein to albumins may also
be determined. In the process butter this has been found to be about
8.6 pai'ts of casein to 1 of albumins. This ratio is determined in the
curd which has been thoroughly freed from fat. For determining
this ratio 50 giu. of butter is dissolved in ether to a clear solution, the
ether solution of fat decanted as far as possible, and the remainder
filtered tlirough a separatory funnel. The casein remaining on the
filter is washed with water and (\stimated by the Kjeldahl method.
The filtrate is macU' slightly acid with acetic acid, brought to a lK)il,
and the albumins filtered out and estimated by the same method.
"These tests serve to diflerentiate between genuine butter and proc-
ess butter as it is now found on the market,"
A comparison of reagents for milk proteids ^vith some notes
on the Kjeldahl method for nitrogen determination, A. \ ivian
(Wisco/isin iSttf. Bpf. 1S99, j>p. 170-lSG). — A comparative study was
made of a long list of reagents for separating the nitrogenous com-
pounds of milk and their decomposition products into distinct groups.
The following method of analysis was adopted and used in investiga-
tions on the action of ferments on the proteids of milk:
In preparing the extracts for analysis cheese was emulsified l)y rub-
bing with warm water, acidified with acetic acid, and boiled. Milk
was also acidified with acetic acid and boiled. The same quantities of
the filtrates in each case were taken for the different reagents. Deter-
minations were made of the total nitrogen and of the total soluble
nitrogen (nitrogen not precipitated by acetic acid and heat). Por-
tions of the extracts were treated with zinc sulphate, tannic acid and
sodium chlorid, and phosphotungstic acid, and determinations were
made of the nitrogen in the filtrates, the nitrogen in the precipitates
l)eing calculated by difference. The nitrogen as ammonia was deter-
mined by distilling with magnesium oxid.
In designating the groups of proteids obtained by this method of
analysis the following nomenclature was adopted: Nitrogen in insolu-
ble portion (casein, globulin, and albumin — difference between total
nitrogen and soluble nitrogen), nitrogen in albumoses (difference
between nitrogen in filtrate from zinc sulphate and total soluble nitro-
gen), nitrogen in peptones by tannin (difference between nitrogen in
filtrates from tannic acid and sodium chlorid and from phosphotungstic
acid), nitrogen in peptones by phosphotungstic acid (difference between
nitrogen in filtrates from phosphotungstic acid and from tannic acid
and sodium chlorid), nitrogen in amids (difference between nitrogen in
filtrate from phosphotungstic acid and in ammonia), and nitrogen in
ammonia.
20 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The distribution of nitrogen in a Cheddar cheese 6 months old was
found b)' this method of analysis as follows: Insoluble portion 3.18,
an)umoses 0.06, peptones by tannin O.K!, peptones by phosphotung--
stic acid 0.13, amids 0.86, and ammonia 0.01) per cent.
The following notes are given on the Kjeldahl method as applied to
milk and cheese:
"(1) In determining the total nitrogen in milk or cheese it is necessary to boil with
sulphuric acid a considerable time after the solution is clear, as it will otherwise
froth badly when distilling. With 2 gm. of cheese 3 hours' digestion is none too
long.
"(2) In digesting the filtrates from milk in the methods described in this article,
they must be watched closely, or they will froth badly when the water has nearly
boiled off, and the flame must be turned very low for from a quarter to half an h(jur.
"(3) The filtrate from zinc sulphate bumi^s during dige.stion with sulphuric acid
until the water has been driven off. About half a gram of zinc dust added as the
flasks are placed over the flame will prevent it.
"(4) In the opinion of the writer, the use of potassium permanganate and potas-
sium sulphid is unnecessary in nitrogen determinations m milk and cheese, and
their use has for some time been abandoned. . . .
"(5) [The use of potassium sulphate and mercury for digestion as recommended
by Atterberg (E. S. R., 10, p. 605) was tested.] The writer made 50 determinations
in which 10 gm. of potassium sulphate and 0.7 gm. of mercury were used in one of
the duplicate samples, and the plain Kjeldahl, or Gunning, method in the other.
In every case the employment of both reagents shortened the time of digestion from
20 minutes to Ih hours, according to the substance used."
Chemists' guide for the examination of foods, condiments, commercial
products, etc., F. Elsnek (Die Praxii^ des Clu'iidkers bei Vnti'miicliuiuj con Xdhrungs-
mitteln, Gmussmitteln and Gebrauchxyegenstdndeii, etc. Hainburg and Leipsic: Leopold
Voi<s, 1900, fgK. 182).
Phosphotung-stic acid as a reag'ent for potash, E. Worker {Ber. Deut. Farm.
GeaelL, 10 {1899), pp. 4-0; nbs. in Chem. Centbl., 1900, I, No. 9, p. 517). — The use of
a 10 per cent solution of commercial crystallized phosphotungstic acid is recom-
mended for the detection of small amounts of potash. In neutral or acid solutions
of potash salts this reagent produces a white precipitate.
Substitutes for hydrochloric acid in testing carbonates, J. W. Rich.\rds and
N. 8. PowELi. {.Tour. Aiuer. Clteut. Soc, 2 J {1900), No. ■), pp. 117-121). — Acid potas-
sium sulphate, oxalic acid, citric acid, and tartaric acid were tried as substitutes for
hydrochloric acid in ])roducing effervescence with natural carl)onates in the field.
Tartaric acid was found to be the best of the reagents tried, and citric acid nearly as
good, both giving satisfactory results.
The volumetric determination of magnesia, J. 0. Handy {Jour. Amer. Chem.
Soc, 22 {1900), No. 1, pp. 31-39).
On the determination of carbon and hydrogen by combustion in oxygen,
using copper oxid, C. F. M.\behy and W. R. Clymek {.Jour. Amer. CJiem. Hoc, 22
{1900), No. 4, PP- 213-218).
On the determination of ammonia and nitrogen, A. Villiers and E. Du.mes-
NH. {Vinitpt. Rend. Arad. Scl. P(trh, 130 {1900), No. 9, pp. 573-576; Bui. Soc. CIrhn.
Parh, 3. scr., 23 {1900), No. 7, pp. 253-256; abs. in Chem. Centbl. , 1900, I, No. 13, p.
733). — The organic nitrogen is converted into ammonia and the ammonia expelled
by boiling with alkali as in the Kjeldahl method. Instead of titrating to determine
nitrogen, h(jwever, the acid solution is evaporated to dryness and the ammonium
chlorid weighed.
CHEMISTRY. 21
On the detection of nitrous acid in water by means of amidonaplitholsul-
phonic acid according to Erdmann, II. ]Mexxicke [ZLscIu: Aiujfw. Chein., 1900, pp.
'235, '236; ahx. In ('hern. Centbl., 1900, I, No. 13, p. 733). — Tests are reported which
indicate that ]'>(lmann's method (see above) is a delicate and rehable means of
detectiuj,^ and determining nitrites in water. Some precautious to l>e observed in
manipulatinii ai'e ex])lained.
The value of methods for detecting nitrites in drinking water, L. {Spiegel
{Ber. Deut. Cheni. Gesell., 33 {1900), pp. 639-644; aba. in Cheiii. Ztg., 24 {1900), No. 32,
liepevt. , p. 113; Jour. Chem. Soc \_London'\ , 78 { 1900) , No. 450, II, p. 318) .—The author
tested Erdmaim's method (see above) in comparison with various other methfxls
for the same i)urpose and found it less sensitive than the potassium iodid starch
inetliod (If tlic Lunge-Elosvay reagent. The author considers determinations of
nitrites in drinking water as of little value, since the nitrites represent a transition
stage and their determination may be misleading as to normal conditions. Their
detection, however, may be of a negative value, and for this purpose the author rec-
ommenils the use of guaiacol or creosote, which, in presence of nitrites in dilute solu-
tion, give an orange and a yellow coloration respectively. These reactions are not
interfered with by the presence of oxidizing agents, such as nitrates, chlorates, and
hydrogen peroxid, or Ijy ferric salts in amounts usually met with inpotable. waters.
On a simple method for determining phosphoric acid in connection w^ith
metabolism experiments, A. Neumanx {Ardi. Anat. v. Plu/slol., Phiisial. Ahl., 1900,
l>/>. 159-105; (lbs. in Chem. Centbl., 1900, I, No. 10, p. 571).
Estimating the w^ater in cereals — practical methods, J. F. Hoffmann
{]Vclin.'<rhr. Bnin., 16 (1899), jip. 569-574, 585-588, 605).
The determination of the sugar content of molasses feeding stuffs, A. >1en-
ZEi. {Di'iit. Znckeriad., 25 {1900), No. 14, pp. 552, 553).
The preparation of a nonsugar from beet juice, A. Ri'mpleh {Dent. Znckerind.,
25 {1900), No. 15, pp. 592, 593). -
A comparison of some formaldehyde tests, B. M. Pilhashv {Jonr. Ann'r. ('hem.
Soc, 22 {1900), No. 3, pp. 132-135). — Several tests for small quantities were com-
pared. Phenylhydrazin hydrochlorid seemed to be the best reagent. A solution of
1 gm. of phenylhydrazin hydrochlorid with 1.5 gm. sodium acetate in 10 cc. of water
was used. To 1 cc. of the liquid to be tested 2 drops of the reagent and 2 dro])S of
sulphuric acid are added, giving a green coloration if formaldehyde is present. In
weak solutions (1: 10,000 to 1 : 250,000) take 3 cc. of the liquid and 4 or 5 drops of the
reagent and of sulphuric acid, heating if necessary.
Tests for the strength of solutions of formaldehyde, H. A. Huston {Indiana
Sia. Rpt. 1899, pp. 76, 77). — The formaldehyde content of 5 samples of commercial
formalin was determined from the specific gravity and ])y the ammonia and the
potassium cyanid methods. The results are tabulated. Brief notes are given on
different methods of analysis. The table in Allen's Commercial Organic Analysis
used in calculating the formaldehyde content from the specific gravity was not con-
sidered appliral)le to the sanq)les examined.
On Hubl's iodin method for oil analysis, A. H. Gili, and "\V. (). Adams {.Tone.
Amer. Cliem. So<:, 22 {1900), No. 1, ]>p. 12-14).
A new^ method for the determination of fat in dairy products, Lixdet { lud.
Lait., 25 {1900), No. 23, pp. 177, 178, Jig. 1). — The method depends upon the solubilit}'
of casein in a concentrated solution of resorcin. The sample of milk or cheese is treated
with a strong solution of resorcin with the addition of a few drops of alkali. This is
heated in a water bath until the separation of the fat is completed. The apparatus
devised for the purpose consists in part of a graduated cylinder from which the
reading for fat is taken. The addititm of some coloring matter for clearly differ-
entiating the fat layer is recommended.
22 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Determination of the fat content of milk by the Wollny refractometer,
Naitmann (Milch Zty., ,.'9 [I'JOO), Xox. 4, J'P- oO-oJ, Jiijs. 7; o, pp. 6G-/JS, Jiyx. 4; 6, pjt.
84-86, jiijx. ..-*). — A description of the apparatus and necessary reagents and detailed
dircctiniis for making the test.
Reducing- power of taka-diastase, H. A. Huston and A. H. Bkyan {Ind'Ktiin
,Sia. Rjit. 1899, p. 77). — "A sam{)le of taka-diastase . . . was examined by dissolving
50 nig. of it in 50 cc. of water, adding 20 or. hydrochloric acid, sp. gr. 1.125, and
boiling imder return condenser for 2 hours, iiy this nietliod it was found that 50
mg. of taka-diastase reduced to cuprous oxid a (juantity of copper solution yielding
17.2 nig. of metallic; copper."
A new method of standardizing: weig-hts, T. W. Rich akds (Jour. A)nn-. Chnn.
Soc, ;.-';.-' (J90(/), Xo. ^i, pp. 144-149).
Regulations for the testing- of thermometers {Jmir. Amcr. i'luin. Soc, i!2
(1900), -Vo. o, pp. I„n-lii9).
BOTANY.
The origin and early development of the flo^wers of the cherry,
pluni, apple, and pear, E. S. (toff ( Wisconsin Sta. lipi. /.S'.W,
pp. 289-303., Jigs. 23). — On account of the lack of siccurate knowlcdo-e
as to the formation and early development of the flowers in fruit
plants, the authoi" undertook an investig-ation to ascertain the time oi
orioiii and the rate of ])rooTess in the flowers of 4 of the most common
fi-uit trees, namely, the cherry, plum, a])ple, and pear.
The methods of study are desci'ilx'd at some length. It appear.s
lliat the earliest indications of flower in the cherr}' were in buds taken
July 11. Tn the ])luni the Hower ])uds appeared as early as ^\\\\ S.
in the :i])])h' the first clear e\'idence of flowers was found in ])uds
taken fJiuie ;}(). and in the pear in buds taken July 21.
The order of developiuent of the various parts of the Mower in dif-
ferent fruits seems to be identical. The calvx and receptacle were
the tii-st to appe^ir, ])eino- developed at about the same time. Next,
the stamens and the petals Avere also formed at nearly the same time,
and these were evidently developed as outgrowths from the calyx or
from the receptacle. The last to appear was the pistil, and its de\'elop-
ment was extremely slow. It was noted that the flowers commenced
their growth at about the same time that the wood growth ceased.
The l)earing of this fact upon the production of fruit ma}" be readily
understood, since un al)undant fruit crop would exhaust the tree to
such an extent that the preparation of flowers for the next season
would be retarded.
The morphology of the flower bud is described at some length. It
Avas foiuid that an inule\('l<)ped l)ud scale subtends the flower just as
the leaf subtends the bud; in other woi'ds. the tlowei' occupiers the
])lace of a gfowing bnmcli in the axil of a bud scale. In the a])ple and
j)ear the terminal flower of the flower bud- is most rapidly developed
and expands first. The a])ple-flowei- elustei-, therefore, is a (^'iiie. In
BOTANY. 28
the plum iind chcrrv tho proxinuil ilowci- is developed slightly iii
advance of the others, and the flower cluster in this case corresponds
to the usual definition of a corvnib.
Comparative hardiness of flo^ver buds in the cherry, E. S. Goff
( Wiscons'iii Sta. Rpt. 1899^ JW- ^83-288^ figs. i3). — A rather protracted
cold period occurred in P^ebruary, 1899, and on account of the low tem-
perature the effect on flower buds of cherry trees was investigated with
considerable interest. Early in April a large numlier of buds of each
variety of cherry grown in the orchard were examined and several
important facts brought out. It was found that the central flower
buds contained a larger percentage of live cmbr3^o flowers than those
near the ends of the })ranches, and the percentage of live embr3^o
flowers increased as the number of flowers in the bud diminished.
This was true ))oth on the same tree and in different varieties. But
little difference was noted between the hardiness of the basal and
terminal buds on the fruit spur.
It is stated that windbreaks would doul)tl(\ss prevent the destruction
of many flowers from the injurious efi'ects of prevailing winds in severe
weather, and varieties of Morello species of cherrj^, in which the num-
ber of em])ryo flowers in the flower ])ud is comparatively small, are
more likely to prove hardy than those in which the number is com-
parativelv large.
Yello-w coloring matters accompanying chlorophyll and their
spectroscopic relations, C A. Sciiunck (I'/vc. Roij. Sue. [Loii-
d(m\, 65 {1899), No. UG.jyp. 177-185, pi. i).— The author reports on
studies made of tho 3'ellow coloring matters which are extracted by
means of alcohol along with the chlorophyll in healthy green leaves.
He concludes that in all crude alcoholic extracts from healthy green
leaves 2 yellow coloring matters accompany the chlorophyll; one,
chrysophyll, which deposits out of the extracts on standing in lus-
trous red cr^'stals, often in very small (piantity; the other obtained l)y
treating the extract with animal charcoal, the charcoal taking up the
chlorophyll and leaving the yellow solution, which deposits on spon-
taneous evaporation an amorphous substance containing much fatty
matter, to which the author has restricted the name xanthophyll.
Another yt^low coloring matter is sometimes found along with xan-
thophyll which gives no absorption bands, onl}^ an obscuration in
the ultraviolet region of the spectrum being noticed. There is also
evidence of still other coloring matters which have not yet been
separated.
The author believes that xanthophyll is the predominating yellow
coloring matter accompanying chlorophyll in the healthy green leaf,
and that it is identical with the principal yellow coloring matter occur-
ring in autunm leaves. The absorption bands of the different color-
ing matters are described at some length.
24 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
American grasses — III, F. Lamson-Scribner f ('. S. Dept. Aijr., Divhion ofAgrox-
iohxjii, Bui. 'JO, pj). 197, figa. 1.17). — Thin bulletin is in continuation of Bulletins 7 and
17 (E. 8. R., 9, p. 327; 11, p. 219) of the Division. It contains descriptions of the
tribes and genera of North American grasses, with analytical ke\\s. Each genus is
illustrated and reference is made to all other species of the genus illustrated in the
bulletins just referred to. A bibliography of all the authorities cited in the 3 bulle-
tins has bet'u a<lded.
Notes on useful plants of Mexico, J. N. Rose {U. S. Dcpl. A</r., Division of
Hotaii;/, Cuiih-ihnliinm front llic l'. S. Xational Jlerharinm, vol. '>, Xo. ■'/, pp. 209-259,
pis. 16). — The author records his observations relative to the utilization by the people
of Mexico of a innnber of species of plants.
Studies of Mexican and Central American plants — No. 2, J. N. Rose ( U. S.
J)epl. A(j>:, lJicisio)i of BoUwij, Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium, vol. 5,
No. 4, pp. 145-200, pis. S, Jif/s. 30) . — Descriptions of new and notes on little-known
species are given, together with a synopsis of the North American species of several
groups.
T-wo ne'w species of plants from the North-western United States, L. E.
IIendkhson {('. S. Ikj/t. At/r., Dirision of Botain/, < 'nnlribiiliansfriini /lie f. S. National
Herbarium, vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 201, 202, pi. 1). — Descriptions are gi\cii (if Aster latahen-
sis and Anf/elica roseana.
Hesperogenia, a new genus of XJmbelliferse from Mount Rainier, J. M.
CoL'LTEK and J. N. Rose {V. !<. Dept. Agr., Division of Bolanij, (hntrihuf ions from the
U. S. National Herbarium, vol. 5, No. 4, p- 203, pi. 1). — Descriptions are given of a
new genus of Umbellifene, to which the specific name strirJdanfli is given the one
species.
Three new species of Tradescantia in the United States, J. N. Rose ( U. S.
Dept. Agr., Dirision of Botami, (h)itributions frotn the U. /S'. Nati<j)inl Herbarium, vol. 5,
No. 4, jip. :.'O4-206). — Tradescaittia humilis, T. gigantea, and T. scopnlorum are described.
Treleasea, a new genus of Commelinacese, J. N. Rose {U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Divi.von <f Botany, Co)dributi<ms from the V. S. National Herbaritim, vol. 5, No. 4, pp-
207, 208). — This new genus is separated out of some of the confused material grouped
under Tradesrantia brerifoUa, and o species are described, Treleasea brerifolia, T.
leiamlra, and T. tumida.
List of trees and shrubs on the grounds of Purdue University ( IniHana Sta.
Rpt. 1899, ]>]>. l.iP>-l.!9).
New species of fungi from various localities with notes on some published
species, J. B. Ellis and B. M. Evekhaht {Bid. Torrey Dot. Clnb, 27 {1900), No. 2,
pp. 49-64). — Notes and descriptions on a number of species of fungi, some of which
may prove of economic importance, though most are sa))ropliytes or upon plants of
little importance from an economic stan(li)()iiit.
The poisonous and edible fungi of Hungary, G. von Istvanffi {Die ungar-
ixclicii essburiii und gifligcn Pilze. Biidajxxl, 1899, pp. 20-^ 361, pis. 42, figs. 150).
The position of the fungi in the plant kingdom, II. L. Bolley {Cenibl. Bakt.
u. Par., .i. Abt., .-, [1S99), No. 25, pp. <S'57-<SV>,9).— The author argues that if nitrifying
organisms are capable of subsisting wholly on inorganic materials, in classification
algji' should l)e derived from fungi and not vice versa by degeneration.
Studies on the biology of Penicillium glaucum, F. P. Gueguen ( T exis, Lons-
li-Saulnier, 1899, pj>. 83, pis. .5).
The mechanism of root curvature, J. B. Pollock {Bot. Gaz., 29 {1900), No. 1,
pp. 1-63, fig. 1).
Observations on seasonal dimorphism among plants, Wettstein {Bot. Centbl.,
81{1900): No. 1, pp. 15, 16).
METEOROLOGY CLIMATOLOGY, 25
On the evolution of carbon and nitrogen in the living world, I\ Ma/.k
{Enru.r: Hhif^i^cy, 1S99, pp. 111).
Evaporation from the young wood of apple trees during winter, A.
Tkuelle {Dc rcmporatioii dtijeune bow dcs pormniers a ridrc jtmiddut ritirer. A/ntrim:
E. Renaut-de Broise, 1899, pp. U).
METEOROLOGY— CLIMATOLOGY.
Annual summary of meteorological observations in the United
States, 1899 (^'. S. Dcpt. A(jr., Weather Bureau, Moaflihj Weaf],,r
Eeview, 27 {1899), No. 13, m^. IX+ 577-597, figs. 5, charts J).— This
number of the Review gives a table of contents, list of corrections,
additions, and changes; an index for Volume 2T; and a sununary of
observations on atmospheric pressure, temperature, precipitation,
wind movement, cloudiness, and other meteorological phenomena
"based essentialh" upon data received from about 150 regular stations
[in the United States], 28 regular Canadian stations, and a number of
voluntar}' stations." It also includes the following special articles:
Remarkable aurora at Braidentown, Fla. , November, 1899, by H. Ten
Broeck; Small seismic changes caused l)y building operations, by C. F.
Marvin; Notes on the climate of Missouri, by A. E. Hackett; Clima-
tology of St. Kitts, by W. H. Alexander (illus.); Rainfall in central
and western Nicarauga, l\y E. Flint; Tables of dew-point obserxed at
Honolulu, by C. J. Lyons; The weather and the live stock industry,
by F. H. Brandenbiu'g; and The barograph on ship})()ard, ])\ J. Page
(illus.), and a note b}^ the editor on the meteorological century.
The general climatic conditions of the year 1899 were as follows:
'^Atmo.^phrr(r pn-eK-mrc. — In general, the pressure distrilnition for the year 1.S99 dif-
fers but slightly from that of 1898. Pressure was generally aV)ove the normal east of
the Mississippi River in both years. It was markedly above the normal over Nova
iScot.ia and the Maritime Provinces of Canada in 1898, and also in 1899, although in a
less degree. In the latter year the Atlantic high, as traced by the isobar of 30.0.5
mean annual pressure, extended several hundred miles farther to the northwestward
than was the case in 1898. Pressure on the Pacific coast and Plateau region was
slightly lower in 1899 than in 1898.
"On the immediate Gulf coast of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama pressure was
from 0.02 to 0.04 in. above normal in both years, while less than 200 miles inland,
viz, at Vicksburg, Meridian, and Montgomery pressure was from 0.01 to 0.04 in.
below normal. In both years pres.sure was also below normal from the Texas coast
westward to Arizona and southern California. The rainfall of both years was like-
wise less than the normal amount. In mentioning these facts the writer does not
intend to convey the impression that they stand in the relation of cause and effect.
The fact that there was an average difference of 0.07 in. in pressure between Vicksburg
and New Orleans, 0.04 between Mobile and Montgomery, and the same amount
between Atlanta and Jacksonville would seem to suggest rather marked changes in
the normal air motions along the Gulf coast.
"In the annual summary for 1898 attention was called to a trough of low pressure
which apparently paralleled the foothills of the Rocky Mountains in that year. A
similar trough appears on the pressure chart for the current year and the precijiita-
tion generally throughout the axis of the trough was above normal as in 1898.
26 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
'"Tf'iiijnndiirr. — Altlimiirli tlu' year was charai'tcri/A'd liy some of llic coldest
-vvoather exi)erieiife(l witliiii the last 20 or :!0 years, tlie avera<,'e teiiiiieiature on the
wliole was above noniial.
" During the greater part of January there were no severe cold waves, lint, begin-
ning with tlie first wi'ek in February, the most remarkable cold wave, or series of
cold waves, in the history of the Weather Bureau traversed the United States from
the North Pacific to the South Atlantic coasts, damaging crops and fruits in the
Southern States to a very great extent. The lowest temperatures on record since the
beginning of observations were recorded at a number of points in the North Pacific
coast States during the first 8 days of the month. From the 9th to the 12th of tlie
month the coldest weather on record was reported at a number of jjoints in tin; Cen-
tral, Western, and Northwestern States. During the Kith and 14tli a cold wave
overspread the Southern and Eastern States, attended on the 13th liy tlie lowest
teniperatures ever recorded at many points in the Southern and Gulf States. March
was a cold, wintry month, and the spring was generally backward, with much snow
and nnseasonal)le weather east of the Rocky INIountains.
"In Idaho, ^Montana, and Wyoming, the western portions of the Dakotiis, and
Nebraska temperature was T)elow normal for 4 (•onsecutive months, vi/, during Felj-
ruary, March, April, and May, and also, but in a less degree, during the months of
June, July, August, October, and December.
"The summer was marked by an absence of periods of continued liigh tempera-
ture. Very nearly normal conditions prevailed in all parts of the country.
"The fall of the year was generally mild and fi'ee from sharj) and decided tem-
perature changes.
"Interlake navigation began al)out the first of May and ende<l about Decend)er 17.
The weather in the closing months was quite free from severe storms. . . .
'^Precipitation. — The precipitation of the year just ended was not evenly distributed.
There were 7 separate regions, of greater or less extent, in which more than the nor-
mal quantity of rain and snow fell, viz: (1) The Pacific coast from central California
to British Colund^ia, including part of the central and all of the northern Plateau;
(2) eastern Wyoming and the Black Hills region of South Dakota; (3) eastern Colo-
rado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and the Panhandle of Texas; (4) northern Wisconsin and
the Lake Superior region; (5) southeastern Iowa and central Illinois; ((5) a narnjw
strip of countr)' east of the Appalachians, extending from Augusta, Ga., to ^^'aslling-
ton, D. C. ; (7) the western portion of the Peninsula of Florida.
"Precipitation was markedly deficient in the lower Mississippi Valley, the deficits
at the 2 regular Weather Bureau stations in Louisiana being 25 and 29 in., respec-
tively. The rainfall of the Gulf States in 1898 was almost normal, and it seemed at
tlie end of that year that the droughty conditions which had prevailed for a number
of years were about to come to an end. The year just closed, however, ^jresents the
same marked deficiency in precipitation throughout the Gulf States and Texas that
has characterized so many years within the hust decade. The cause of the deficiency
is not at present known.
"' Metrorolxxpi of the (Ireal Jjih'.s. — The season of navigation was remarkably free
from severe storms. . . . The most .severe storm of the season occurred on Decem-
ber 11 and 12, at a time, however, M'hen a large number of vessels had gone out of
c<)nniiissi(in.
"The rainfall in the Lake Superioi- basin was above normal. The snowfall of the
winter and spring months was rather lieavy not only in the Superior basin but also
on the northern shore of Lake Huron, jiarticularly in the Georgian Bay region. On
the (jther hand, precipitation was generally below normal in the basins of Lakes Erie
and Michigan, and also over those portions of the watersheds of Lakes Huron and
Ontario lying within the boundaries of tlie ITnited States.
"There was less fog reported during the season of 1899 than during the previous
season. The most fog was observed over the central portion of Lake Superior.
METEOEOLOGY CLIMATOLOGY. 27
"A larpre amount of ice formed on the lakes during the winter of 1898-99, but
winter navigation on Lake Michigan was not suspended except during the severe
cold in the early part of February. . . .
" Tliunderstorms. — The greatest number of thunderstorms occurs in the South
Atlantic and Gulf States and the Mississippi Valley. The number diminishes
toward the northward and westward, although there seems to be a second region of
maximum frequency along the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado,
Wyoming, and northern New Mexico. West of the Rockies, except possibly in
Idaho, the number diminishes to less than 20 per annum. In California, Oregon,
and AVashington they rarely occur on the immediate coast, but are not infrequent
in the interior valleys and mountains back of the coast range. In Arizona they are
most frequent in July and August, the rainy season in the mountainous part of that
Territory.
"There seem to have been more thunderstorms in 1899 than in the preceding year,
although the difference is not very great. The greatest increase in the number of
thunderstorms in 1899, as compared with 1898, occtirred in the States of Florida,
Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and Nebraska. In a number of States,
particularly those bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, there were fewer thunderstorms
in 1899 than in 1898."
The climate of San Francisco, Cal., A. G. McAdie and G. H.
WiLLSON {[/. iS. Dept. Agr., Weather Bureau Bui. 28, pj). 30, charts
4). — Data relating- especially to temperature and rainfall, accumulated
at the San Francisco Station during the last 30 years, are reported in
detail.
"The mean annual temperature, as determined from the records of the Weather
Bureau for 28 years, is 56.2°. May and November have practically the same
temperature. The warmest month is September, 60.9°; the coldest January,
50.1°; the other months have mean temperatures as follows: February, 52°; March,
54°; April, 55°; May, 57°; June, 59°; August, 59°; October, 60°; November, 56°;
December, 52°.
"The highest temperature ever recorded in San Francisco was 100° on June 29,
1891, and the lowest 29° on January 15, 1888. Abnormally warm and cold periods
last, as a rule, about 3 days. The mean of the 3 consecutive warmest days at San
Francisco has never exceeded 76.3°. A period of warm weather during the summer
months is, as a rule, brought to a close about the evening of the third day with
strong west winds, dense fog, and temperatures ranging from 49 to 54°. The mean
of the 3 consecutive coldest days was 40.7°. The greatest daily range of temperature
was 43°, on June 29, 1891. . . .
"July and August are practically without rain, while December and January
together have nearly 10 in. The annual rainfall is 23 in.
" By comparing tlie seasonal rainfall with the crop yield it would appear that in
years when the rain falls generously in March and April the yield is largest, other
things ])eing equal. In other words, it is the time distribution of the rain, more
than the intensity or total rainfall, which benefits vegetation. . . .
"The summer fogs of San Francisco result from a chilling of the upper warm air,
descending to the ocean surface, and particularly over the cold current close to the
shore. There is a great difference of temperature between the valley and the ocean,
often 50° within as many miles, and this is probably the prime factor in establishing
a marked air movement, shown by the strong indraft through the Gate on summer
afternoons."
The meteorology of Ben Nevis in clear and in foggy weather,
J. Y. Buchanan {Trans. Boy. Soc. Edlnhurgh, SO {1899), pt. 3, JVo.31,
pp. 48, pis. 8). — In this paper observations ou pressure, temperature,
3809— No. 1 3
28 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
rainfall, tension of aqueous vapor, wind, cloud, and sunshine at the
summit of Ben Nevis during 13 years, January, 1885, to December,
1897, inclusive, have been grouped in periods of clear weather (S-l or
more hours during which no fog was recorded), and of foggy weather
(3 or more consecutive days during which fog was recorded at ever}^
hour). The tabular data show that the maximum rainfall during any
one day of the 13-}' ear period was 7.29 in.; the maximum for any one
hour 0.85 in. There was a large and continuous excess of atmospheric
pressure in clear w^eather over that in foggy weather, the mean yearly
excess being 0.456 in. In foggy weather the vapor tension was that
of saturation at the temperature of the air, and the variations were
slight. In clear weather the variations were considerable. The mean
yearl}^ temperature was 3.57° F. higher in clear than in foggy weather,
the maximum monthly excess being greatest in June, when it reached
10.11°. In the first 3 months of the vear, however, the temperature
was higher in fogg}- w^eather than in clear weather, the excess being
2.92° F. in February. The range of mean hourly temperature was
much greater in clear than in foggy weather in every month. A noc-
turnal heating during the winter months was ol)served l)oth in clear
and in foggy weather, though it was more pronounced in the clear
weather.
The climate of New York, E. T. Ti-rner {Bui. Atiicr. Geoffr. Soc, 1900, No. 2).—
It is stated in Science, n. ser., 11 {1900) , N^o. 285, p. 955, that tliis article " is largely
a reprint of a report upon the same snljject by Mr. Turner, originally published in the
Fiftli Annual Rejiort of the Meteorological Bureau and Weather Service of the State
of New York (Albany, 1894, pp. 347-457). Several new charts have, however, been
added, including some typical barograph and thermograph curves, and two thunder-
storm charts."
Meteorological observations, J. E. OsTRANDERand A. Oslo's x's^x-i^ {Massachusetts
Hatch Sta. Met. JjuIs. 1S.3, 134, 135, pp. 4 each). — Daily and riionthly summaries of
observations at Amherst, Mass., on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation,
wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during January, February, and
March, 1900, with notes on the general characteristics of the weather of those months.
Meteorological record ( Xe^r York State Sta. Rpt. 1898, pp. 569-577). — This includes
a niontiily summary (if precii)itation at Geneva, N. Y., during 17 years, 1SS2-1S98;
and daily and monthly records of the direction of the wind during 1898 and of tlie
temperature during 1898 and during 5 years, 1894-1898.
The weather {Ontario Bureau Ind. Rpt. 1898, pp. 1-4). — Monthly summaries of
observations at different points in Ontario (with averages for the Province) during
the growing season (April to September) of 1897 and 1898, with averages for 1892-
1898, on temperature, precipitation, sunshine, etc.
SOILS.
The soluble salts of cultivated soils, F. H. King and J. A.
Jeffery {Wiscomin Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. ^19-^J^3,figs. 3).— In order
to study the influence of tillage on the soluble salt content of soils
determinations were made of soil moisture and solu])le salts in 1 ft.
SOILS.
29
sections to a depth of -i ft. on plats of medium ela}' loam soil having
clay subsoil changing to sand at a depth of 4: ft. The soil had been
in pasture during- 1800 and 1897 and bore a crop of rape in 1898, no
fertilizers or manure having been used during this interval. The soil
was plowed, rolled, and harrowed on May 23 and was cultivated
weekly thereafter until September 1.5. It was kept fallow and free
from weeds.
The methods used in making the determinations are described. For
the soluble salts Whitney's electrical apparatus was employed (E. S. R.,
9, p. 535). In every case, however, "the amount of dry soil and of
moisture in the cell was determined by weighing the cell full before
each determination, and then, after measuring the resistance, emptying
the contents into the trays, drying the soil, and from the percentage
of water calculating the amount of water and of dr^^ soil which occupied
the cell when eaeh resistance was measured."
The formula used with the electrolytic soil in these observations was
W^
A = 0.00
R S
where A is the per cent of soluble salts in the dry soil expressed as
sodium chlorid, W the amount of water in the cell, li is the observed
resistance at 00" F., S is the amount of dry soil in the cell, and 0.00 is
a consta t whose logarithm is 0.782501.
Observations were made at 4 different dates to determine the changes
in the solul)le salts in the soil with the following results:
Tlicmcan cJidnyc in. mtlnlilc nalt.i conijiided af< sodium chlorid in. fallow yround between
May 24 and September 15.
1st foot.
2d foot.
3d foot.
4tli foot.
Lbs. per acre.
447.5
2n.9
Lb». per acre.
347.1
240.2
Lbs. per acre.
200.1
164.7
Lbs. 2)cr acre.
78.8
59 6
Amount Mav 24
Gain
235.6
10G.9
35.4
19 ''
"The mean gain of soluble salts, and presumably of plant food also, has taken place
most rapidly in the surface foot, the increase being more than double that in the
second foot, nearly 7 times that in the third, and 12 times that in the fourth foot.
"The total mean gain in soluble salts per acre in the upper 4 ft., as indicated by
tlio method, was 397.1 lbs., and tlie total amount at the end of the season in the root
zone was 1,073.5 lbs. per acre."
Observations on th(» influence of different depths and frequencies of
tillage on soluble salts of the soil indicate "that the largest increase
in the amount of soluble salts occurred in the surface foot of the fal-
low plat not cultivated, the final gain between May 24 and September
15 being 533 lbs. per acre, which is 2.6 times the mean gain which
occurred in the surface foot of the cultivated soil." The surface foot
of plats cultivated once in 2 weeks gained more than that of plats
30 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
cultivated once each week. Apparently the methods emplo3^ed were
not sufficiently delicate to show with certainty whether either the
frequency or depth of cultivation made any marked difference in the
amoxmt of available plant food.
"The mean change in the sohible salt content in the cuhivated fallow plats, as
indicated by the Whitney method, between May 24 and September 15, was 361.1
lbs. gain, while the increase on the fallow plat not cultivated was 692.2 lbs. per acre.
The mean gain in nitric acid (HNO3) was 830.56 lbs. per acre on the cultivated plats
and 371.39 on the ground not cultivated up to August 22."
Similar observations made May 12 and 13 and August 7 oit plats on
which crops were growing showed that the soluble salts remained
nearly constant in the upper -1 ft. of soil, there being a tendency to
decrease on the whole rather than to increase. The average decrease
observed was 174.2 lbs. per acre, while on the fallow plats the mean
gain during the period of observations was, as stated above, 397.1 lbs.
The value of determinations of soluble salts as an index of evapo-
ration from the soil is discussed at some length.
The electrical resistance by Whitney's method, computed as sodium
chlorid, the amount of nominal alkalis, partly and p()ssi>)ly largely
sodium carbonate, as indicated by Ililgard's method for detecting black
alkali, and the amount of nitric acid were determined August U in
plats of productive and improductive humus soils planted to potatoes
and treated with sodium and potassium car})onates and Avood ashes.
"The method of detecting the nominal alkalis in the soil whicli lias been used
consisted in weighing into a small muslin sack 50 gm. of the fre.sh soil and wash-
ing this during 2 minutes with 255 cc. of distilled water poured into the sack in a
mortar. By holding tlie sack closed and on its side and working it with the pestle,
turning it from time to time, the soluble salts are quickly taken up by the water.
The water is then wrung from the sack and the solution poured into a mug to settle.
When clear 25 cc. of the filtered solution is evaporated to dryness and then redis-
solved and titrated against deci-normal hydrochloric acid. The balance of the soil
sample is dried to determine the water content and the percentage obtained used in
calculating the alkalinity of the soil. . .
"In [determining nitric acid] a weighed fresh sample [of soil], usually 50 gm.,
was ])laced in a small nmslin sack in a mortar. Into the sack was poured 250 cc. of
distilled water. Holding the sack closed in one hand and the pestle in the other the
soil was worked by pestling and turning during 2 minutes, when the sack was removed
an<l drained by wringing and squeezing.
"The turl)id solution was transferred to mugs and allowe<l to stand for from (i to
12 hours to settle. It was found, however, that long standing was not i>eriiiissil)le,
especially with humus soils, on account of a tendency to denitrification.
"Corrections were made, in the calculations, for the moisture in the fresh sample
used by determining the water content in the balance of the sample. This plan was
followed to avoid the danger of increasing the nitrogen content by drying and to
avoid changing the solubility of the soil by heating, our object being to get the total
soluble salts l)y the Whitney method and the amount of nitric; acid by the phenyl
sulphate m('tho<l of Ticffmann and Beam."
The largest amount of nominal alkalis was found in the surface 6 in.
of the soil treated with sodium carlxniate. In general the amount of
SOILS. 31
soluble salts was higher in the poorer soil than in the better soil, but
the ditierence was not so great as to make it probable that the unpro-
ductiveness was due purel^^ to overconeentration of salts. The sum of
the alkalis and nitric acid found ))y chemical methods usually exceeded
the total soluble salts indicated by the electrical method.
kSimilar observations on a humus soil near Hanover Junction showed
that plats of this soil planted to onions and treated with land plaster
contained 1,043.3 lbs. of alkali per million of dry soil, while untreated
plats contained l,026.4i lbs.
" Samples taken from a wild marsh, where the wild iris grows, showed 682.03 lbs.
])er million, but where the grass was much shorter and where from previous experi-
ence the largest amount of alkalis would be expected if poor crops were due to its
presence, the analysis showed a little less, or 639.6 lbs. per million of dry soil."
Determinations of the amount of nitric acid in fallow plats May 2-i
and August 22 show that the average amount of nitric acid in the sur-
face 4 ft. of soil at the first date was 111.42 ll)s. per acre. At the latter
date the nitric acid had increased to 430.11 lbs. One series of these
plats was cultivated e\'ery week, the other once in 2 weeks, but it does
not appear that the cultivation had any notable influence on nitrification.
The total gains per acre in nitric acid imder the different treatments
were as follows:
Galiiff of nitric add in soils from Mai/ 34 fo August 23.
Pounds.
Cultivated 2 in. deep once per week 315. 49
Cultivated 2 in. deep once in 2 weeks 307. 44
Cultivated 3 in. deep once per week 321. 80
Cultivated 3 in. deep once in 2 weeks 377. 52
Not cultivated 371. 39
"It is clear in regard to the fallow plats under consideration that if the porosity of
the soil on the plat not cultivated was such as to give the nitrifying germs all of the
air they could use to advantage, then no amount of cultivation would have increased
the rate of niter forming. Indeed, it might be true that frequent shallow cultivation
in a wet season, especially on a heavy soil, might so much reduce the amount of air
which could enter the unstirred soil below the mulch as to act as a positive check,
the excess of moisture retained acting to exclude the air and thus retard nitrification
or even bring about the reverse process. Then, too, with the soil moisture held to a
high point smaller amounts of rain would be able to produce leaching and in this
way cause a greater loss of the nitrates formed than would be the case in a less nearly
saturated soil. It is not inijiossible that these conditions may have operated to lessen
the nitrate content in the cultivated fallow plats this season."
In the experiments on the influence of early tillage in conserving
moisture, reported elsewhere (E S. R. , 11, p. 520), the nitric acid was
determined April 30, 18 days after the soil had been plowed. The
results show that the plowing sensibly increased the nitrogen in that
time. Determinations of nitrates were again attempted on May 16.
While the results were unsatisfactory, they indicated that the amount
of nitric acid had been greatly reduced in that time, due to rains, the
loss being greatest on the soil in the most open condition.
32 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Nitric acid and total soluble salts computed as sodium chlorid were
determined in soil nuilch and unstirred soil immediately below the
mulch on September 22. The results indicate some difference due to
the different depths of cultivation (2 and 3 in.), the nitric acid being
higher in the mulches formed by cultivating 2 in, deep than in those
formed by cultivating 8 in. deep. There appeared, however, to be
no such evident relation between cultivation once a week and cultiva-
tion once in 2 weeks.
"The loose mulch develoi)ed in the cultivation of the several plats was measured
by collecting, weighing, samjiling, and determining the water content of the samples,
anil tlic results showed that about 42 per cent more loose soil was developed on the
:> in. cultivation than on the (Uiltivation 2 in. deep. The amount of nitric acid shown
to be in this mulch was a little more than 200 lbs. per acre."
Determinations of nitric acid made April 15 in irrigated and unirri-
gated soil to a depth of 3 ft. showed, with one exception, "that the
ground which had been irrigated and which produced the largest
amount of dry matter showed a larger percentage of nitric nitrogen
in the soil."
"It should be said in regard to irrigation that only so much water has been applied
a« it was thought the crop could use to advantage, and no water had been applied to
the irrigated ground since the preceding August; further, the plat has been in corn
continuously without fertilizers, since 1894."
The character and treatment of s"wanip or humus soil, F. H.
King and J. A. Jeffeky {AVisconsiu Sta. Bui. 80, pp. 39.,ji(jH. H). —
Th(^ extent and character of swamp or humus soils in Wisconsin are
described, and experiments on their management, in continuation of
similar work in previous years (E. S. K., 10, p. 72S), are reported.
Accounts are given of plat and of pot experiments on soil of produc-
tive and unproductive areas of a reclaimed marsh with coarse, rotted,
and licjuid manure; cut and ground straw, ground oats, corn, and rye
(with and without addition of carl)onate of potash); green manure
(oats); gypsiun, sand, and ckw; magnesium carbonate and sulphate;
wood ashes; muriate, sulphate, nitrate, and carbonate of potash; and
nitrate of soda. The amount of soluble salts present (nitrates and
alkalis) and the effects of leaching, drainage, and adding drainage
water from hunuis soils were also studied. The crop grown was corn.
Notwithstanding the presence of large amounts of nitrates in the
soil on May •!, barnyard manure produced a marked increase in the
crop, thus indicating that its benelicial effect was not due to increased
nitritication.
Applications of sand and clay produced no benefit. Land plaster
reduced the amount of alkali present (see p. 31) but did not increase
the yield.
In the pot experiments with magnesium salts the carbonate was used
in saturated solution at the rate of 511.1 lbs. per acre, the sulphate at
SOILS. 33
rates of 3,082 tind 3,727 lbs., corn being the crop grown. The car-
bonate decreased the yield on both the poorer and the better soil; the
sulphate reduced the 3dcld on the better soil. These experiments were
repeated on the same pots with increased applications of the magnesium
salts. Similar but more decided results were obtained. Both salts
reduced the jaeld, but the action of the carbonate was more marked
than that of the sulphate.
The use of water from the tile drains under hunms soil for watering
corn grown in pots was not attended with any injurious effect as com-
pared with rain water.
Leaching the soil very materially decreased the yield. Magnesium
carbonate was very injurious on leached soils, while the sulphate
appeared to be beneficial. There was no indication that the reduced
yield was due to the loss of nitrogen by leaching, which was quite
large. The ploAving under of green oats increased the yield on the
poor soil but decreased it on the good soil.
Other general conclusions from this work are thus summarized in
the bulletin:
"(1) There are in Wisconsin alone in the neighborhood of 4,000 square miles of
hunuis soils, most of which may readily l)e drained and put iji condition for tillage.
"(2) So far as the elements of plant food are concerned they contain a higher
percentage than most of the best upland soils.
"(3) The soil when drained is easy to work and maintains an excellent tilth.
"(4) But when reclaimed they are often found relatively unproductive, especially
after 2 or 3 years.
"(5) Their productiveness frequently varies to a marked degree in different sea-
sons and without an evident cause for it.
"(6) Coarse farmyard manure, in almost all cases, greatly improves even the best
of these lands, enabling them to give large yields.
"(7) Liquid farmyard manure has not been found to have an apprecialjle influ-
ence on the yield.
"(8) Potassium carbonate, sulphate and nitrate and wood ashes have been fuund
to greatly improve these soils for corn. Kainit improves the yield, but to a less
degree. [The beneficial effect of the potash salt is apparently exerted near the
surface of the soil.]
"(9) Potassium chlorid in one-half the (piantity of other salts killed the c<jrn.
"(10) Land plaster, lime, marl, phosphates, bone meal, and Thomas slag have
been tried with little benefit.
"(11) Coarse litter, like straw, plowed in is often very helpful.
"(12) A good dressing of manure may materially increase the yield for 4 con-
secutive years.
"(13) Heavy crops of oat hay can often be grown upon the lands, but the i)lants
are liable to lodge and not fill well if left to mature.
"(14) It is difficult to get a good stand of clover, and winterkilling is very
common.
"(15) Timothy and red top appear to do best among the grasses, but it is often
very difficult to get a stand of these if the field has been cultivated several years.
"(16) Almost any crop may be grown ui>ou these soils, if they are manured, and
very heavy crops of corn.
"(17) As pastures these lands only give a moderate amount of feed,
34
EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
"(18) When undrained and kept in the native wild grass, and cut continuously,
these lands in some known cases greatly decrease in productiveness, so much so as to
hardly pay for cutting.
"(19) In sowing to grain and seeding after corn, which has been kept clean, it
will generally be best not to plow, on account of the naturally loose character of the
soil. If plowing must be done and tin" ground is dry enough to do so, it will be best
to roll to increase the firnniess.
"(20) When clover has winterkilled, leaving the timothy standing, the ground
may be seeded to clover very early in the spring by sowing on the surface and har-
rowing lightly."
Percolation and evaporation from long columns of soil, F. H.
Ki\(! ( H7.srv>//.sv'/^ Sfa. Rpt. 7<S',9/>, j^>p. JIJ^-JIS). — In continuation of
prcviou.s studies (E. S. R., 10, p. 727), the author made observations
(1) on the rate of percolation from saturated sandy loam and cla}' loam
soil in brass cylinders 7 ft. long- and 3 in. in diameter, and (2) on loss
of water by evaporation from similar soils, mulched and not mulched,
in galvanized-iron cylinders 10 ft. lonjj;, having a cross section of
0.01011 sq. ft.
In the first case the cylinder was made in sections 6 in. long, which
could be screwed together, forming water-tight joints. The top of the
cjdinder was provided with a closely titling screw cap and the bottom
with devices for collecting, maintaining at a uniform level, and remov-
ing the percolating water, with the minimum of evaporation.
"The apparatus was filled with soil containing a good working amount of moistui-e,
and was introduced in small, uniform quantities at a time, tamping each quantity
added with the same number of strokes. When filled, the soil was completely sat-
urated with water by filling from the bottom under pressure until the water over-
flowed at the top.
' ' The rate of percolation and the amount of it was obtained by weighing at 7 a. m.
each morning after the first rapid discharge had taken place, and the table below
gives the distribution of moisture by 6-in. sections, as found 60 days after percolation
was started."
IHstribution of moisture in soil at different distances above standhuj ivatcr after 60 days of
percolation tmthout evaporation.
Above standing water.
Sandy
loam.
Clay
loam.
84 in. to 7S in
Per cent.
16.16
16.08
16.55
16.97
17.59
17.99
18.70
19.44
20. 90
21. 71
21.46
22.17
22.68
27.69
Per cent.
31.16
30 70
78 in. to 72 in
72 in. to 66 in
31.05
31 11
66 in . to 60 in
60 in. to 54 in
31 21
64 in. to 48 in
31 94
48 in. to 42 in
31 99
42 in. to 36 in
30 18
36 in. to 30 in
32.45
33 31
30 in. to 24 in
24 in. to ]S in
34 40
18 in. to 12 in
35 54
12 in. to 6 in
35 97
6 in. to Oin
37.16
There were several da3's during the course of the experiment in
which there was no percolation. These were usually days of lower
temperature and of higher barometer.
SOILS.
35
"The sandy loam contained in t\w 7 ft. of soil when completely filled with water,
29.61 in. ; it lost by percolation 6.339 in. and retained 23.271 in. The clay soil began
the trial with 37.17 in.; it lost during the (30 days 3.147 in. and still retained 34.023
in. in the 7 ft. The sandy loam could retain in its surface foot after 60 days, percola-
tion without evaporation 2.83 in. and the clay soil 4.565 in. of water."
For the observations on evaporation 2 sets of cylinders of 2 each
were tiUed with sandy loam and clay soil in the manner described
above. "The sandy loam contained, when put in, 18.88 per cent of
water and the clay soil 82.63 percent. After the -i tubes had been
tilled the soil was removed from one of each set to a depth of 8 in. and
as much returned as a loose mulch as was required to again till the
tubes level full."
The tul)es were placed in a ventilating- shaft and a continuous draft
of air was maintained across their surfaces from November 26, 1808,
to October 6, 1899. At the end of that period the tubes were saw^ed
off in 6 in. sections and the distribution of moisture in the colunms
determined with the following results:
Loss of water by surface evaporation from columns of soil 10 feet loinj, ninlcjnd and not
nrnlched.
Surface 6 in . . .
6 in. to 12 in
12 in. to 18 in
18 in. to 2-1 in
24 in. to 30 in
30 in. to 36 in
36 in. to 42 in
42 in. to 48 in
48 in. to 54 in
54 in. to 60 in
60 in. to 66 in
66 in. to 72 in
72 in. to 78 in
78 in. to 84 in
84 in. to 90 in
90 in. to 96 in
96 in. to 102 in
102 in. to 108 in
108 in. to 114 in
114 in. to 120 in
Sandy loam
Mulched
Not
mulched.
r cent.
8.83
12. 97
14. 59
15. 25
15.55
15.89
16. 22
16. 29
16. 58
17.07
17.05
17. 26
17.56
17.78
17.94
17.96
18. 25
18.67
18. 53
19. 21
Per cent.
7.41
14.48
14.70
14.96
15. 53
16. 17
16. 33
16.33
16. 10
16. 76
17.31
17. 43
17.79
17.88
17.85
17.67
18. 05
18.09
18.63
19.95
Clay soil.
Mulched Not
3 in. mulched.
Per cent.
17.66
24. 59
26.58
26.95
27. 45
27.92
27.94
28. 24
28. 46
28. 47
28. 87
28.70
29.24
29.28
29. 35
29.79
30. 32
31.15
30.47
31.25
Per cent.
7.79
18.30
21. 46
26.26
26.89
27. 16
27.61
27. 64
27. 28
28. 23
27. 79
28. 05
28. 93
28.31
28.32
28. 80
29.14
29. 16
29. 33
29. 46
" It is clear from this table that there has been an upward movement of water and
loss through the surface even from the bottom layers of soil in the case of the medium
clay, and probably also from the sandy loam. . . .
"It is certain that a drying of these soils has taken place through a depth of 10 ft.,
and hence that moisture 10 ft. below the surface of the ground may become available
for vegetation purposes at or near the surface."
It is not certain, however, that this upward movement of water is
due entirel}^ to capillarity. It is suggested that "'it may be found
that internal evaporation takes place in soils allowing water to pass
up through the soil pores of drier soils by gaseous difl'usion and con-
dense on the colder soil grains higher up. If this is true, then these
observations do not prove that there is danger of capillary rise of
36 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD.
alkalis from depths as great as 10 ft." It is the author's belief,
however, ''that the ehanoes observed and recorded for the 10 ft.
columns were largely if not wholly due to capillarity."
The utilization by plants of the potash dissolved in soil -water,
T. SciiLOEsiNu {Conqjt. Etnd. Acad. ScL I\(ris, IJO {1000), pp. 1^22-
^^J^; ahs. in Clmn. Centhl., 1900, /, JSfo. m,p. 686).— The studies on soil-
soluble potash reported in this article were of the same character as
previous investigations on soil-soluble phosphoric acid (E. S. R., 11,
p. S-IV). It is shown that the soil potash is dissolved only in very small
amounts l)v the water of the soil, even when present in large amouuis.
It is stated that in a soil containing from '6^)()() to •1,0()0 kg. of potash
per hectare there will be only from 1 to 5 kg. of potash soluble in
water at any given time. However, this potash gradually becomes
availal)le as required by the plant, and the author's experiments with
corn showed that this plant was at)le during its growing period to
obtain a sufficient amount of potash for a very large growth from a
soil A\hich showed only a very small amount of potash at any given
time.
Catalogue of the first four thousand samples in the soil collec-
tion of the Division of Soils, ^1. AVhitney {C S. D(pt. Jf//'., Divi-
sion of Soils Bnl . 16, pp. llfJ')). — The bulletin explains the agencies
through which the collection Avas obtained, describes the t^^pical areas
and formations represented, and gi^es reference to mechanical or
chemical analysis. The collection includes samples from all of the
States and Territories of the United States, except Maine and Wyo-
ming, and from Bermuda, China. Cuba, England. Germany. Mexico,
Russia, and Sumatra. The main object of the catalogue is stated to be
to call attention to the large number of samples at present in the
possession of the Division of Soils with a view to extending the
collection In' cooperation or exchange with indi\'iduals, organizations,
and institutions interested in the subject.
"In order to call attention still more forcibly to the importance and value of the
soil collection, and to extend this educational work, collections of representative soils
are being put up in small glass bottles, arranged in boxes with 22 compartments in
each. These sets are to be distributed to the agricultural colleges and experiment
stations, with explanatory text regarding the origin, the chemical and physical
peculiarities, and the agricultural value of the samples, together Avith a statement of
the ])hysical and chemical analysis of each."
Treatment of swamp or humus soil, F. H. King and J. A. Jkkfekv [Wisconsin
Sta. Rpt. 1S99, pp. 244, 245, fig. 1). — This is a brief summary of results of investiga-
tion on this subject which are reported in detail elsewhere (p. 32).
A method of ascertaining the fertility of different parts of an experimen-
tal field by the use of control plats, J. P. d'Albiqukrque ( }yest Italian BuL, 1
(1900), No. 2, pj). 1S7-193).
Readings of soil thermometers {Xew York State Sta. Rpt. 1S9S, pp. 578-584). —
This is a talmlar record of tridaily readings of soil thermometers during 1898 at
dex^ths of 1 to 18 in.
FEETILIZERS. 87
New problems in soil inoculation, J. Stoklasa {Deut. Landw. Pressc, .?7 {1900),
Nu. 17, pp. 1S9-191; abs. in Chem. Zlij., '24 {1900), No. 24, Repert.,}!. .96').— The author
found that the Alinit bacteria assiuiilated the free nitrogen of the air, but only in
the presence of an excels of (larbohydratea and witli the assistance of a T)aeillus
which occurs particularly in humus soils. The latter organism was isolated and
studied.
FERTILIZERS.
The utilization of stable waste, W. H. Birciimoke {Jour. Soc.
Ohein. IjuL, 10 {1000), No. 2, pp. llS-l'Jl).^The author eonclud(>,s
from his observations and experiments that the fertilizing valuer of
stable waste depends largely if not entirely upon the activity of the
micro-organisms in the manure or in the soil to which it is applied.
It was found that "an average sample of sta))le waste lost 40 pei' cent
of its contained nitrogen in the first 2 hours after it was swept into
the pit. Of this loss full three-tiuarters was in the fourth half hour."
The author succeeded in preparing cultures which on l)eing introduced
into the manure heap set up an acid fermentation which prevented the
loss of ammonia. The method of procedure was as follows:
"The stable waste, solid and fluid, as it accuumlated, was collected in a closed and
acidulated receptacle. Into this was turned a certain amount of a culture,' which
in a very short time reduced the whole to a mud containing nitrates, ammoniacal
salts, and phosphates, together with a relatively pure culture of certain organisms.
"This material, which has a peculiar sour smell, may be mixed with ashes and
allowed to ferment with free access of air, a jjure culture or a quasi-pure culture of
other organisms being added, or in place of this some well-advanced material from
a i^ortion of waste already well 'worked.'
"If a relatively pure culture be used, the entire mass is reduced to a black loam
within a very short time, and this loam I have used for cultivating plants with great
success. Plants grown in it show reproductive bodies of exaggerated size as com-
pared with the size of the plants by which they are produced."
The author isolated from soils difi'erent groups of organisms which
it is claimed are essential, one for the growth of cereals, another for
potatoes, a third for grass. Unless the particular organisms favoring
the growth of the crop under cultivation are present in the soil the
application of stal)le waste will not be eti'ective in increasing the yield.
Investigations on the influence of nitric nitrogen and ammo-
niacal nitrogen on the growth of maize, P. Maze {A/in. Inst. Pas-
teur, IJfilOOO), No. l,p}p. m-JiG; ahs. iiiJmur. Agr. Fmt.,1000, /, No. 11,
pp. 382-388; Chem. Centbl., 1000, /, No. m,p. 687).~\\\ these inves-
tigations it was found that corn assimilated these 2 forms of nitrogen
with equal facility, if furnished in suitable proportions. The best
results were obtained with a 0.2 per cent solution of nitrate and a 0.05
per cent solution of ammonium sulphate. A 0.2 per cent solution of
ammonium sulphate killed the plants. The injurious effect of ammo-
^ The nature and method of preparation of this culture is not explained.
38 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
nium sulphate sometimes obser\ed in practice is believed by the author
to be due to the use of too large aiuoutits of the salt. Damp weather
favors the benelicial effect of ammonium salts ])y diluting the soil solu-
tions, and dry weather increases its injurious effects by concentrating
them. The general conchision is drawn that ammonia is just as effect-
ive as a fertilizer as nitric nitrogen, hut that it nuist be used with
caution.
Experiments on the preservation of barnyard manure, ^NI. Hoffmann {Dent.
LiDidir. rnxxc, ..'7 {I'JOO), Xo. ■.'!>, i>)). ■)■')-}, ■I'lo). — An aci'Diuit is given of tests of Sul-
farin, a commercial preiiaratinn in wliicli the preservative agent is snlplmric acid
(15 to 18 per cent).
The question of the preservation of barnyard manure, J. Koemg {Fiililhig's
Landw. Ztcj., 49 {1900), Nos. 7, i)p- 373-276; 8, pp. 290-295).— This is a popular dis-
cussion of this subject, based upon investigations by the author and others, in which
it is (;laimed that the best results will be obtained in the numagenient of manure by
protection from access of air, rain, and sun, and by thorough rotting.
On the construction of practical manure pits, II. Stru\ve {Deut. Landw.
i'msw, 27 (1900), No. 37, pp. 454, 455, fig>t. 10). — Plans and instructions for the con-
struction of different kinds of pits are given.
Practical results of experiments in sew^ag-e treatment, T. W. H. Garstang
{Public Health, 12 {1900), Xo. 8, pp. 612-622).
Report on the Government guano islands for the year 1899, C H. Jackson
{Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 16 {1900), No. 8, pp. ^5-^5).— Statistics of collection
and shipments of guano from the Colonial and Ichaboe Islands are given, and the
price, extent of use, and possible future output are discussed. In 1899 the Colonial
Islands i)roduced 2,801 tons of guano, the Ieha1)oe Islands 2,211 tons.
Commercial fertilizer calendar for the year 1900, M. Ullmann, editor {Notiz-
Kalender ilher die Anwendung kunstlkher Dungemittel far da.'i Jahr 1900. Hamlmrg: ,T.
H. Koch & Co., 1900, pp. 43).
The composition and use of fertilizers, L. L. Van Slyke {Pennsijlvania Dept.
Agr. Bid. 55, pp. 132) . — A revised edition of Bulletin 94, new series, of the New York
State Station (E. S. R., 7, p. 853).
Analysis of commercial fertilizers sold in Maryland, H. B. McDonnell et
al. {Mari/land Agr. Col. Quart., 1900, No. 7, pp. 67). — This bulletin discusses the
composition of plants, the nature and source of various fertilizing materials, the value
of plant and soil analysis for determining the fertilizer requirements of soils, the
market price and valuation of fertilizers, and home mixing of fertilizers; and gives
tables showing the census statistics (1860-1890) of fertilizer production in the United
States, the average composition of the more important fertilizing materials and of
farm manures, the fertilizing constituents of feeding stuffs and farm products, the
amount of plant food remaining in different kinds of soil 6 years after the application
of various fertilizers, the amount of fertilizing materials contained in different crops
grown on 1 acre, and analyses and valuations of 328 samples of fertilizing materials
examined at the college from August, 1899, to January, 1900, inclusive. There are
also given the text of the State fertilizer law and a supplementary list of fertilizers
licensed for sale in Maryland for the year ended February 1, 1900.
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, W. F. Hand et al. {Mississippi Sta. Bui.
61, pp. 15). — This ])ulletin reports analyses and valuations of 48 samples of fertilizers
collected during Deceml)er, 1899, with some incidental explanation.
Fertilizer analyses, B. W. Kilgoke {Bui. North Carolina >itaie Bd. Agr., 21
{1900), No. 4, pp. „V).— This bulletin gives notes on valuation, freight rates from the
seaboard to interior points of North Carolina, a list of fertilizers registered during
FERTILIZERS.
39
1900 (with guaranteed composition), and analyses and valuations of 181 samples of
fertilizers examined by State chemist during the spring of 1900.
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, J. HajMILTON and W. Freak {Pennsylvania
Dept. Agr. Bui. 54, pp- 163). — This includes the text of the State fertilizer law, notes
on valuations, a list of manufacturers securing licenses for the sale of fertilizers in
Pennsylvania in 1899, and tabulated analyses and valuations of 716 samples of fertili-
zers examined during the year 1899.
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, H. J. Wheeler and B. L. Hartwell
(Rhode Island Sta. Bui. 60, pp. 39-48). — This is the third of the bulletins of this
station dealing with the inspection of fertilizers in Rhode Island during 1899. It
includes analyses and valuations of 47 samples of mixed fertilizers and 9 samples of
wood ashes. The comparative quality of the complete fertilizers sold in the State
from 1891 to 1896 and in 1899 was as follows:
(Jompnrative quality of fertilizers sold in Rhode Island.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
189(5.
1899.
Per ct.
71.1
10.0
18.3
Per ct.
80.7
9.0
10.3
Per ct.
75.7
13.8
10.5
Per ct.
80.9
8.0
11.1
Per ct.
89.0
5.0
6.0
Per ct.
90.7
4.8
4.5
Per ct.
84.9
Less than 0.3 pur cent below the guaranty..
More than 0.3 per cent below the guaranty.
G.9
8.4
Report of fertilizer department, J. P. Smith {South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1899,
pp. 32-34). — A brief account is given of the work of sampling and inspecting fertilizers
during the year ended December 31, 1899. According to the reports of the official
inspectors, the amount of fertilizers sold in the State during 1899 was 241,299 tons as
compared with 257,393 tons sold in 1898. Analyses of the 336 samples of fertilizers
examined during the year have been published in bulletins of the station (E. S. R.,
11, pp. 438, 831).
Report of chemist, M. B. Hardin {South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1899, jjp. 9-16). —
This is a Itrief statement of the work of this department of the station during the year
ended November 30, 1899. It includes notes on farmers' institutes, fertilizer insjDec-
tion, examination of water, and miscellaneous analytical work.
"Of the 336 samples [of fertilizers] analyzed this year only 6 were deficient under
the law, which requires that the commercial value based upon analysis shall not fall
3 per cent below the commercial value based upon guaranty. Besides these 6
deficients, however, there were 56 samples, including 1 cotton-seed meal, which fell
below guaranty in one or more constituents."
Analyses of licensed commercial fertilizers, 1899, F. W. Woll and A.Vivian
( Winrnnsin^ Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 263-266, 316, 317). — A l)rief account of fertilizer inspec-
tion in Wisconsin during 1899, analyses of 5 fertilizers being reported. The text of
the fertilizer law is given.
Analyses of commercial fertilizers obtainable in New South Wales, E. 11.
GuRNEY and T. II. Labv {Ayr. Gaz. New Simih Wales, 11 {1900), No. 4, pp. 290-294).—
This article discusses the valuations of fertilizers in New South Wales and gives
analyses and valuations of 110 samples of fertilizing materials, including various
mixed fertilizers, and deposit from wool-scouring tanks, wool waste, "skutch" from
limed pelts, decomposed hair and lime, lanyard refuse, sheep manure, bat guano,
filter-press muck from cane mills, megass, megass ash, bloodwood ash, ironbark,
blackbutt ash, red gum ash, spotted gum ash, boxwood ash, seawood ash, ash oi
kerosene shale, cave deposit, gypsum, flue deposit from furnaces, niglit soil, fowl
manure, ash of vine cuttings, and seaweed.
Recent researches on nitrification, R. Warington {Chem. News, 81 {1900),
No. 2105, p. 151). — This is an abstract of a lecture reviewing recent work on this
subject, especially that of Winogradsky and Omeliansky.
40 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
FIELD CROPS.
The influence of the right amount and right distribution of v^ater
in crop production, F. II. KiN(f ( ]f7.sYv>/^s//? Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 206-
21-i.ji(js. .J). — This is a continuation of woi'k alroad\" reported (E. S. R.,
11, p. 537). — An introductory statement is made of the rainfall at the
station durinij; the growing- season of 1899. The season was not as
favorable for crop production as the preceding- one as regards distri-
bution of rainfall, although in general excellent results were o])tained.
The clover of the experimental plats having l)een winterkilled,
reseeding became necessar}-. Oats were used as the first crop and
clover as the second. The total yield per acre for the 2 crops is
tabulated, and the results obtained are compared with those of the 3
preceding years.
Corn w^as thickly planted for the sixth successive 3^ear on the same
plat with irrigation, but without application of fertilizers, the aim
being to exhaust the soil h\ cropping as rapidly as possible. The
yields for the 3^ears 1891-1899, inclusive, are tabulated.
"The yield on the unirrigated ground is the smallest of any hut the very dry year
of 189.5, and that on tiie irrigated ground is on the average the smallest of any year
and only barely ecjual to that not watered. The corn was very yellow compared
with that on other plats and evidently starved, although in the spring the soil
showed more nitric acid than was found [in the plat referred to in the next para-
graph], and the physical condition of the soil is if anything better than it was in
1894. It appears (;lear that the feeding capacity of the soil has very much decreased,
and yet by standard methods of chemic il analysis of soil for available plant food we
started in 1894 with enough for heavy crops for more than half a century."
Dent corn was grown in alternate plats, irrigated and unirrigated.
The irrigated plats were watered twice. They yielded 10,990 lbs. of
dry matter per acre, while the unirrigated plats yielded but 7,985 lbs.,
showing a difi'erence of 3,005 lbs. or 37 per cent in favor of irrigation.
In the woi-k with potatoes, 1 methods of culture were used: liidge
culture with irrigation, ridge culture without irrigation, ridge culture
with straw nuilch l)ctwccn the rows, and level culture without ii-riga-
tion. With Salzer Harvest King, irrigation produced 111.3 bu. per
acre, nuilcliiiig without irrigation produced 313.3 bu., and ordinary
ridge culture, 316.7 bu.
"Watering the potatoes twit-e increased the yield per acre (il. 1 bu. of merchanlable
tubers over the not watered and 59.4 bu. over those mulched with straw. In this
ca.se it is clear that the potatoes needed more water than the rainfall of the season,
but that the straw nnik^h did not materially increase the yield over that of the
unirrigated subplats. ' '
Determinations of the amount of moisture in {\n\ soil of each i)lat
made before the first irrigation showed little dift'erence between the
plats in this respect. Similar determinations made 3 days after the
last irrimition oave results as follows:
FIELD CROPS.
41
Moiniurc in soil of polaio j^lats.
Irrigated.
Unirrigated.
Mulched.
Moisture.
Soluble
salts
per acre.
Moisture.
Soluble
salts
per acre.
Soluble
Moisture. salts
per acre.
Fir.st foot
Per rrnf.
17.30
]3.<s0
14.29
13.42
Pounds.
34. 37
49.33
2.5. 81
18.03
Per cent.
10. .51
,12.38
11.98
13.15
Pounds.
39. 69
52. 33
29. 01
19.23
Per cent. \ Pounds.
10.17 35.28
12.13 41.12
Third foot
14. (i8 I 32.34
13.07 24.42
"Onthisdato tlie irrigated soil was markedly more moist than the other 2, l)ut
there was not much difference between the unirrigated and mulched soils. It will
be seen that the irrigated soils contain the least amount of soluble salts and the
mulched most, except in the bottom foot."
Comparisons were made of hill culture with irrigation with hill and
level culture without irrigation. As between hill and level culture
without irrigation, there was relatively little ditierence in the yield,
the latter giving 9.1 bu. of largo tubers per acre more than the for-
mer, but more of the potatoes being greened in level culture. In the
case of the irrigated potatoes there was an increased 3neld of 111 bu.
of large tu))ers per acre over the hilled potatoes not irrigated and 108
bu. per acre over those receiving level culture without irrigation.
Seven days after the last irrigation determinations were again made
of the amount of moisture in the soil of each plat, this time of the
amount in and between the rows respectively. The irrigated plat con-
tained about 0 per cent more water in the surface foot of soil under the
hills and S per cent more between the rows. The second foot of soil
contained about 2 per cent more water than the unirrigated plats.
With this increase in amount of soil Avater is associated an increased
yield of about 100 bu. of merchantable potatoes to the acre. "This
relation makes it very clear that the right amount of water at the
right time is a very important factor in determining the 3deld. The
amount of water which was added to the soil this year to secure this
increase in yield was only al)out 2 acre-inches, divided ))etween 2 irri-
gations."
Continued effects of fertilizing the soil, W. C. Latta {Ind'iana
Sfd. jRj)t. 1899, pp. Jfi-fJO). — Corn has l^een grown continuously since
1880 on plats fertilized with either horse manure, gas lime, or ammo-
niated phosphate to study the residual effects of these manures. The
yields of grain and stover on the different plats are given for 10 years
for the gas lime and phosphate plats, and for 16 3'ears for the horse-
manure plats.
The results show the effects of the lime and ammoniated phosphate
on grain yield to be slight and transient. The aggregate increase of
corn due to the residual effects of the horse manure has amounted to
131.8 l)u. of grain and 0,212 l])s. of stover, estimated to be worth $.55.11.
42 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The average increase of grain in 1898 attributed to the original appli-
cation of horse manure was 3,17 bu. per acre.
Variety tests of grains, R. A. Moore ( Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1899,
2)p. ^Ji.6-248). — Tests were made of several varieties of oats and barley
and one varietj" each of Russian spelt and Russian millet. A part of
the oats and barley were from Canada, All others were imported from
Russia by this Department. Wisconsin Mandscheuri barley was com-
pared with the same variety as grown in Canada, to determine whether
the seed had lost any of its vitality since being grown in Wisconsin,
and also to compare it with some of the newer varieties. The results
of this and some other parts of the test were as follows:
"The test shows that the Mandscheuri barley is reliable seed and is especially
adapted to our soil and climate.
"The Oderbruker barley, which, like the Mandscheuri, is a six-rowed barley, gave
the largest yield per acre, but was somewhat lighter in weight per measured l)ushel.
These two varieties grew more vigorous and the straw was brighter and stronger
than in other varieties tested.
"Of the oats tested, the Siberian and Daubeney gave the best yield per acre of
grain, and the Russian No. 2800 the best yield of straw. The Daubeney oats ripened
earlier and more evenly than the other varieties, and while the yield of straw was
less, it was of an extra tine quality.
"The Russian spelt did not thrive well, and did not produce a good crop of either
grain or straw. It does not seem to be well adapted to our conditions, as the warm
weather in summer materially affects it."
The growth of the millet was rapid, and a large amount of hay could
have been secured if it had been cut at the proper time. The o})ject
of the test, however, was to secure seed. Russian vetches were found
to be a promising crop, growing luxuriantly^ and producing a large
amount of line green forage.
Machine and hand-threshed cereals for seed, H. C. Schellen-
'RYM(}{Laiid(v. Jahrb. iScJuoclz., IS {1899), pj^- 152-168). — The author's
experiments along this line with rye, wheat, spelt, and barley show
that the losses for seed purposes due to threshing b}" machiner}^ were
t\ with rye, i with wheat, and \ with barle}^ of the total grain yield.
With rye and wheat this was 3 times as great a loss as resulted from
the use of the flail, and with barle}^ twice as great. These losses were
consideral)ly increased in each case when the seed was treated with a
solution of copper sulphate before planting. In general the larger
seeds were the ones most injured by threshing. With spelt, only one-
fourth of the machine-threshed grain was available for seed purposes.
The nitrogen fertilization of barley for bre-wing, T. Reimy (/>V.
GeMen- llopftm- H. KdrtofrlJxdi, 1 (1899), Ao. 1, pp. .9-.i6').— Pot ex-
periments in fertilizing ])arley with different forms and amounts of
nitrogen are reported. The moisture content of the pots was varied
in some instances. From the results obtained it is shown that nitrate
of soda and sulphate of ammonia are more conipletcl}' used up by the
FIELD CROPS. 43
barley crop than more slowly acting organic forms of nitrogen, as
guano and poudrettc, since the taking up of nitrogen b}' this crop is
largely contined to the earlier stages of growth. The use of the former
compounds of nitrogen, especially nitrate of soda, tends toward an
increase of the nitrogen content of the grain, an undesira])le feature
in barley intended for brewing purposes. When nitrate of soda is
used instead of guano, it should be applied in smaller amounts.
Nitrate of soda was found especially valuable, as compared with other
nitrogen fertilizers, in dry soils. As to the time of application of
fertilizers, the author believes that nitrate of soda should be given in
2 applications and not later than the beginning of the stooling of the
barley. Sulphate of ammonia and all other forms of organic nitrogen
should be applied shortly before the seeding of the barle}^
Report on culture experiments with barley at the Berlin Exper-
imental Institute for Brewers, vox EcKENBRECiiEii (/>/. G</r.sf,)t-
IIoj>fen- n. Kartoffelhau, 1 {1S99), No. 5,pj>- 133-lJtD).—The details of
cooperative field experiments in fertilizing barlev with different forms
of nitrogen are reported. The data given show the fertilizers applied,
yield of grain and straw, weight of 1,000 grains, protein content of
the grain, and the comparative value of the grain grown with the dif-
ferent fertilizers. The best barley as regards quality was grown with-
out any nitrogenous fertilizer, and the poorest with guano. The yields
of grain and straw and weight of the grain averag(>d highest on the
plats receiving nitrate of soda. The protein content of the grain did
not seem to 1)e materially affected b}' the difl'iM-ent fertilizers.
The influence of heredity upon vigor in the potato, E. S. Goff
{Wisconsin Sta. B^d. 1S90, jjj?. 304--308, jig. 1). — A report is made
on experiments liegun by the author in the spring of 1884 while he
was connected with the New York State Station,^ in the selection of
seed potatoes for prolificac3\ Comparisons were made year after
year of the pi'olilicacy of tubers selected from the most productive
and least productiv(^. hills. The method of preparing the tul)ers for
planting was to cut the larger tubers to single eyes just before plant-
ing in order to eliminate to a large degree the inequalit}" of size in the
two lots of tubers. In 1898 the method was somewhat moditied in
order to further eliminate the inequality that arises from the fact that
the tubers from the most productive hill almost always average larger
than those from the least productive hUl.
The total }■ ield of the most productive hill of Old Long Mercer for
2 3'ears was 63} | oz. ; that of the least productive hill, 4116 oz,
Similarl}^, the total yield of the most productive hill of Snowflake for
2 years was 332^ oz., and the yield of the least productive hill for the
same time 100^ oz.
1 New York State Sta. Rpt. 1887, p. 85.
3809— No. 1 4
44 EXPERIMENT STATIOI^J^ RECORD.
"Adding the total yields of the most productive hill of the vurieties together, and
suhtracting from tliis sum the same total for the least i)roductive liill, it appears that
the actual excess in yield of the seed from the most productive hills was a trifle over
180 per cent. It is difficult to explain this difference in yield on any other hypoth-
esis than the difference in the inherent vigor of the samples of seed planted. It
must be rememl^ered that the weight of the seed i)lanted was the same, that the con-
ditions of growth were the same, and that the method of selection was rather against
the most productive hills, because while the largest tubers from the least productive
hills were used for seed, the majority of the largest tubers from the most productive
hills were rejected.
"This experiment has not tended to increase the yield of the varieties used,
because the most productive hills were continually hampered by having the seed
tubers cut up fine to keep them comparable to the least productive hills. It demon-
strates the increased vigor of the most productive hills and nothing more.
"It is believed that these experiments, reaching as they do through 14 years, are
sufficient to demonstrate the principle that vigor in the potato plant, as in other
plants, may be maintained and increased by selection. The potato grower may
doubtless prevent the failure of his varieties Ijy the method of seed selection indi-
cated in this article. Where the digging machine is employed, the best way to carry
out the plan would be to grow a plat of potatoes each year on the best soil, to be
used expressly for seed selection, and to dig this i)lat by hand. The selected tubers
from this plat could be used the next season to produce the seed for the main crop
the following year. This is substantially the method practiced by seed grow-ers in
maintaining tlie vigor and purity of their seeds."
Tests of the sugar beet in Pennsylvania, H. P. Armsby and E.H.
Hess {Pennsylvama Sta. Bid. Ji-7, pJ^. 8).— A. continuation of work
with sugar beets previously reported (E. S. R., 10, p. 40). Eleven
varieties were tested. Tabulated data as to average size of beets,
sugar content, and percentage of purity are given for beets grown in
33 counties, and these data are summarized for the more important
sugar-beet districts of the State. A study was made of the best time
of harvesting. The average weight of the beets grown in the entire
State was 1.33 lbs.; average sugar content, 12.66 per cent; and aver-
age percentage purity, 81.8. About the last of October or first of
November is considered the most suitable time for harvesting sugar
beets in Pennsylvania. Original Kleinwanzlebener and Troensegaard
Elite were the 2 best varieties grown.
Test of corn-cultural implements, W. C. Latta {Luluuia St<t.
Bjjt. 1890, ]_>p. ol-oo). — The relative value of a number of different
makes of cultivators for corn have been tested at the station contiiui-
ously for 11 seasons. The results thus fai- ol)tained, in the opinion of
the author, seem to justify the following conclusions: "'(1) The kind
of implement is not so important as thoroughness and carefulness in
using the same. (2) In well-drained soils, deeply broken and well
filled with hunms, deep culture of the corn crop does not seem neces-
sary at any stage of its growth.-'
Report on experiments in 1899, J. R. Dunstan iAijr. I>ept. Univ. Col, Notting-
ham landl MUUand Dnivij Jn.^t., 1S99, pp. 35).— Report on cooperative manure and
variety experiments with potatoes, barley, and grass; on spraying charlock; and on
rotation, manure, and cropping experiments.
FrELD CROPS. 45
New contribution to the question of the influence of the water content of
the soil on the development of the plant, C. von Seelhorst {Jour. Landw., 48
{1900), No. 2, pp. 165-177, ph. i?). — A study of the influence on the form and com-
position of oats and spring wheat of varying amounts of water in the soil and of
increasing and decreasing the water content of the soil at different stages of growth.
Action of sulphuric acid employed in watering clover and sugar beets, A.
Damseaux {Bui. Agr. \_Brusseh'], 15 {189D), No. 7, pp. 619, 6"20).—ln these experi-
ments the plants were watered with a solution containing 24 gm. of sulphuric acid
to each liter of water. The results were positive. The production of stems and
leaves was diminished and the constitution of the plants modified. In the case of
the clover the yield was much reduced by the use of the acid. With sugar beets the
total yield and the percentage of sugar were both reduced. The quotient of purity
was slightly raised and the i)er('entage of suljihuric acid in tlie asli almost doubled.
Russian cereals adapted for cultivation in the United States, M. A. Carleton
( U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Botany Bui. 23, pp. 42, pis. 2, figs. 2). — A general dis-
cussion is given of the characteristics of Russian and American grain soils, climatic
conditions of the grain belts of the two countries, etc., with notes showing the cultural
methods followed in Russia, and other data on each of 7 varieties of wheat, .3 of oats,
2 of barley, 2 of emmer, 6 of millet, and 1 each of Indian corn, buckwheat, Tanibof
flat pea, and Polygonum iveyrichii, recently secured from Russia for trial in this country,
and similar data on a number of other varieties of wheat and oats now being intro-
duced. Descriptive notes as to Russian methods of harvesting, threshing, cleaning,
and milling wheat are included in the bulletin, as is also a list of Russian cereals
already grown in this country, notes on the preparation of cereal foods in Russia,
and suggestions regarding the requirements of a proper test of new cereals.
Cotton, H. Lecomte {Le colon. Paris: J. B. Bailliere & Sons, 1900, pp. 496, figs. 37).
The manuring of cotton, G. P. Foaden {Jour. Khediv. Agr. Soc. and School of
Agr., 2 {1900) , No. 2, pp. 87-91).— The use of barnyard manure increased the yield
of cotton, but decreased the quality of the staple. Medium api)lications of poudrette
gave profitable returns, yielded a higher proportion of fiber in ginning, and produced
superior cotton. Experiments in the use of guano did not give conclusive results.
Culture experiments with German, English, and French fodder beets
{Landw. Wchnscltr. Sachsen, 2 {1900), No. 18, pp. 159, 160).— Tents of 10 German, 6
French, and 4 English varieties of fodder beets are reported. Yellow Eckendorfer,
Yellow Tannenkriiger, and Red Eckendorfer of the German varieties, in the order
named, have given the best results.
Experiments with fodder beets, P. Thiele {Filhling's Landw. Ztg., 49 {1900),
Nos. 4, pp- 143-146; 5, pp. 1S5-187; 6, pp. 207-209). — Variety and distance experi-
ments are reported. Yellow Tannenkriiger and Yellow Eckendorfer gave the best
yield of 11 varieties grown. Rows 14 in. apart gave better results than rows 12
in. apart.
Forage crops, W. B. Anderson {Indiana Sta. RjU. 1899, pp. 59-66). — Notes on the
culture and yield of the following forage plants grown at the station during the sea-
son: Corn, Kafir corn, sweet sorghum, Dwarf Essex rape, soy beans, cowpeas, field
peas, vetches, and combinations of Canada field peas and oats. Cooperative experi-
ments with some of these plants were carried out by farmers in different parts of the
State, the results of which are briefly noted.
Forage crops other than grasses; how to cultivate, harvest, and use them,
T. SuAW {New York : Orange Judd Co., 1900, j)p- 287, figs. 29).— The author tells how
to cultivate, harvest, and use for the purposes of forage, corn, sorghum, non-saccha-
rine sorghums, plants of the clover family, other leguminous plants, rape, cabbage,
the common cereals, millet, root crops, and miscellaneous plants. Chapters are
given on successions of crops for continuous forage throughout the season in each of
the different sections of the United States, and on sheep pastures at the Minnesota
University Experiment Farm.
4G EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Fertilizer experiments with hops (/>/. (h-n^icn- ITopfcn-v. Kartoffdhau, 1 {1899),
No. 9, p2). 323-330). — Summarized iVHults oljtaincd 1)y the (lorinaii Hoj) Culture
Association in 1898.
Fertilizer experiments with hops, T. Remy {Bl. Gerden- Ilopfcn- u. Kartofi'clhaii,
1 {1S99), Xo. 10, pp. 341-362). — Report on the use of different nitrogenous fertilizers
for hops. The exjieriments were made at the Experimental Institute for Brewers in
Berlin and, in cooperation with the institute, by growers in different hop districts in
Germany. Barnyard manure was one of the ]>est fertilizers used. Suljihate of
ammonia and nitrate of soda proved good substitutes for this manure. Large amounts
of potash in one experiment seemed to increase the total ether extract and resin
content of the hops grown.
Notes on five years' experiments on hop manuring, B. Dyer {London: Yin-
ton & Co., Ltd., 1900, pp. 21, figs. 12). — The ol)ject of these experiments has been
" to ascertain how far nitrate of soda in the presence of an abundant supply of phos-
phates and potash can be advantageously used as a source of nitrogenous food for
hops." Increasing amounts from 200 up to 400 lbs. per acre were used. The hops
grown were examined independently by a brewing chemist and a commercial hop
dealer, and their relative values judged. In no instance did the use of nitrate affect
the quality of the hops injuriously. On the other hand, it considerably increased
the total yield of hops, and had a decidedly beneficial effect on their quality as com-
pared with hops grown on plats which received no nitrate. The author believes
that on soils otherwise liberally manured 400 lbs. per acre of nitrate of soda is a per-
fectly safe dressing for hops. In the author's experience 600 lbs. per acre has given
the best results in a dry year.
Culture of legumes, C. Fruwirth {Anhcm do- TU'dsenfruchtc. Berlin: Paul Parey,
1S9S, pp. 274, figs. 69). — This is another contribution to the series of Thaer-Bibliothek
agricultural books. The work is confined to podded plants such as beans, peas, and
the like. The general part of the book treats of the botany of legumes, structure and
development of the plant and seed, requirements as regards soil and fertilizers, basic
principles in the culture of legumes, statistics of legume cultui'e, uses of legumes, and
place of legumes in a syi^tem of rotation, and as a salable seed crop. The special
part, occupying little more than half of the book, is devoted to considerations of the
botany, characteristics, culture, and uses of 24 species and varieties of legumes.
The present status of rice culture in the TJnited States, S. A. Knapp ( U. S.
Dept. Agr., Division of Botawj Bui. 22, 2>p. 56, pis. 5).— This bulletin notes briefly the
history of rice and its introduction into the United States, and gives in detail
methods of rice culture in South Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, and southeast Texas,
dealing especially with systems of irrigation and the use of the gang plow, disk har-
row, drill and broadcast seeder, and twine binder as applied to rice culture in south-
west Loiiisiana and southeast Texas.
Historic and modern methods of milling rice are discussed, as well as the uses of
rice and its by-products, soils adapted to rice culture, prospects for the extension of
the industry in the United States, and the culture of rice in Asia and the Pacific
Islands. Much statistical matter relative to imports of rice, production in the United
States, etc., is also intruded in the bulletin.
Wild rice in Minnesota and Wisconsin, A. E. Jenks {Amer. Thresherman, 3
{1900), Xo. 2, pp. lS-54,figs. ,9).— Methods followed by the native Indians in sowing
and harvesting wild rice in these States are given.
Sugar-beet investigations in Wisconsin during 1898, F. W. Woll ( Wiscon-
sin Std. Rpt. 1S99, pp. 249-262, fig. 1). — The data of this article have already appeared
in Bulletin 71 of the station (E. S. R., 11, p. 143).
Culture of sugar beets in Egypt, G. P. Foaden {Jour. Khediv. Agr. S'oc. and
School Agr., 2 {1900), Xo. 2, pp. 76-82). — Brief review of the sugar-beet industry in
Germany and France, with notes on the present status of the industry in Egypt.
HOETICULTURE. 47
Applying' phosphatic manure to sugar beets in the row (Deal. Lamhr. Presse,
27 {1900), No. 38, p. 472). — The yields of sugar beets -were considerably increased
when fertilizers were applied in the seed row over applications made broadcast.
Influence of increasing quantities of phosphoric acid and nitrogen in the
culture of sugar beets, A. Damseaux [Bal. A(jr. [7>)v'.w'/.s-], 15 (ISPO), Xo. 7, pp. 010-
618). — Applying more than 700 kg. of superphosphate or 500 kg. of nitrate of soda in
tliese tests was not iirotitable.
Sugar cane: Culture, manufacture, and statistics, W. Tiemann (Zuckerrohr:
Knit ai;Fabrikat tun, unci Stati.'iiik. BcrUn: DeutscJier kolotikd Verlug, 1899, pp. 58).
Deep and shallow cultivation of cane in Audubon Park {Louisiana Planter,
24 {1900), No. IS, p. 285). — Shallow cultivation has given the best results. The
author believes that this method of cultivation of cane in Louisiana would increase
the yield of cane from 5 to 10 tons per acre.
The judging and culture of wheat for brewing purposes, T. Remy {Bl.
Ger.'<ten-JIojifen,- a. Kartoffdhau, 1 {1899), No. 9, pp. 305-316).
Field tests of varieties of w^heat, covering nineteen years, W. C. Latia
{Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 54-58). — -Tabulated data showing the average yield and
the characteristics of the grain and straw of 178 vaiieties of winter wheat and 11
varieties of si)riug wheat tested at the station during the preceding 19 years, with
notes and comments.
HORTICULTURE.
A study of the effect of incandescent gaslight on plant grovrth,
L. C. (JoiiKETT ( lf(.s/ Vliyljua iSta. Bui. Gi2, j/jk 79-llU, j^/.s. />, jj'tj.^.
4, charts 7). — This bulletin reports the results obtained in a series of
greenhouse experiments carried on during the years 1895 to 1899 with
lettuce, radishes, spinach, tomatoes, sugar beets, and seedling cabbage,
mainly from an economic standpoint. Eight Welsbach incandescent
burners were used in the experiments, and these were so alternated in
position from time to time as to overcome local temperature and light
diti'erences. Plans of the greenhouse used and photographic, diagram-
matic, and auxanometer records of the growth and development of
the ditierent crops form an important part of the bulletin. Weighings
of the crops were made and the sugar beets grown analyzed. The
character and quality of the arc and incandescent electric lights and
Welsbach gaslight as compared with suidight are discussed by the
aid of ligures.
The experiments with lettuce involved 12 distinct crops and nearly
10,000 plants. Transplanting the young plants from pots and using
an artiticial light only during the period the plant occupied the per-
manent greenhouse bench was adopted after comparative trials as being
the best method for the growing of lettuce on a commercial scale.
The plants grown in artificial light v/ere taller, heavier, grew faster,
and matured quicker than plants grown from the same lot of seed
under normal conditions. In one experiment 400 plants exposed to
the stimulating influences of the artificial light for 46 nights weighed
68.50 lbs., while a similar lot grown under normal conditions weighed
•±9.13 lbs., an increase in favor of the former of 38.7 per cent.
48 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Radishes were grown between the rows of lettuce, as is commonly
practiced in commercial houses. The artificial light notal)ly increased
the development of the tops of the radishes and slightly increased the
size of the roots. The heliotropic eflfect of the incandescent light was
greater with radishes than with any of the other plants grown. The
stimulating influence of the incandescent light, on the other hand, was
greatest with spinach. It caused the production of seed shoots in the
row to a distance of nearly 8 ft. from the light. Spinach plants sub-
ject to the influence of the light grew faster and completed their
growth in less time than plants grown normally.
The records of the yield and date of first bloom of tomatoes grown
from seed and also from cuttings show no increase in weight of the
fruit grown in the light, though the blossoming period was from 8 to
18 days earlier and the individual fruits were generally larger than
when grown imder normal conditions.
With sugar beets the tops, sugar content of the roots, and percent-
age of purity were considerably increased by the use of the incandes-
cent gaslight. The largest and heaviest roots, however, were grown
under normal conditions.
The range of stimulating influence of the incandescent light was
studied.
"The range of light is somewhat varia])le for different crops. In general the max-
imum growth was attained at 12 to 16 ft. from the light, while a perceptible increase
was noted at 24 ft.
"The stimulating influence of the light as indicated by the growth of plants used in
the various tests is shown by the order in which the the sorts are named, the first
being the most susceptible: Spinach, cabbage, radish, lettuce, tomato."
In a study of the periodicity of plant growth as modified by the
influence of the artificial light it was found that the most active period
of growth of lettuce subject to the influence of the incandescent gas-
light began at 11 p. m. and continued until 9 a. m., while with the
plants grown under normal conditions the most active period of
growth began at la. m. and continued until 11 a. m. In the first
instance the period of growth was 10 hours and in the second 7.
In these experiments no injurious effects resulted from the use of
incandescent gaslight.
The use of chemical fertilizers in the forcing house, W. Stuart
{Ame/: Gard., 21 {1900), iVvA 268, 'p. 94)- — This article summarizes the
experience of the Indiana Station in the use of commercial fertilizers
for forcing lettuce under glass. The results are at variance with those
reported ))y A. T. Jordan (E. S. R., 11, p. 1030). the statement there
made that '* chemical fertilizers are of little use in the forcing house"
being criticised.
In one test at the Indiana Station the soil used was composed of a
black loam sod composted with one-fourth of its ])ulk of manure. The
soil to which the commercial fertilizers were applied for comparison
HOKTICULTURE. 49
was taken from underneath the sod used in the prepared soil just noted,
"and was, therefore, poorer both in plant food and mechanical mix-
ture." The author states that the leaves of the plants grown in the
rotted sod and manure were softer, more leather}', and therefore less
crisp and tender than those grown in the pots fertilized with the com-
mercial fertilizers, and did not keep so well when marketed. " Plants
grown in the prepared soil and manure averaged 157.7 gm. in weight,
while those grown in the poorer soil with the addition of a liberal
dressing of raw bone meal averaged^ 169.3 gm. per plant, an increase
in favor of the latter of over 7 per cent."
In another experiment a pot of the same soil to which commercial
fertilizers were added was mixed with an equal bulk of well-rotted
manure. The average weights of plants grown under the different con-
ditions are as follows:
"Soil and manure, 323 gm. ; raw bone meal, 286 gm. ; raw bone meal, nitrate of
soda, and muriate of potash, 334 gm. The increased product from the third lot over
that of the iirst, while only slight, is yet sufficiently marked to show the value of
chemical fertilizers in the forcing house. . . . Our best results have been obtained
with raw bone meal, nitrate of soda, and muriate of potash. The last 2 ingredients,
because of their immediate availability, should be used in moderate amounts, and, in
the case of nitrate of soda at least, should be applied in from 2 to 4 installments."
The effect of transplanting on time of maturity, F. Cranefield
( Wtscvnahi Sta. Rpt. 1S90, j>2^- '^12-315). — Tests were made to deter-
mine the correctness of the commonly accepted opinion that transplant-
ing promotes earliness and increases yield. Trials were made with a
number of vegetables both in the greenhouse and in the open field.
Seeds of Grand Rapids lettuce were sown in a greenhouse on January
15. February 5 one-half of the plants were taken up and reset in the
same places in the usual manner of transplanting seedlings. March 23
the entire crop was cut and weighed. The average weight of the
plants not transplanted was 42.4 gm., while the average weight of the
transplanted plants was only 36.4 gm., showing a gain of 16f per cent
in favor of the plants that were not transplanted.
In another trial cabbage seed was sown February 5. February 28
two-thirds of the plants were transplanted as in the previous trial, and
March 8 one-half of the transplanted plants were again transplanted.
May 3, 8 plants from each lot were cut and weighed. The plants that
had not been transplanted weighed 4,214 gm. Those that had been
transplanted once weighed 2,993.5 gm. and those that had been trans-
planted twice weighed 2,241.7 gm. " In this case the once-transplanted
plants fell 28.9 per cent behind the not transplanted, and those twice
transplanted fell 46 per cent behind the not transplanted. Several
other trials were made in the greenhouse with lettuce and radishes, and
all gave similar results."
In a similar way 3 crops of tomatoes were grown. In each case
seeds were planted singly in flowerpots in the greenhouse, As in the
50 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
case of the cabbage, one-third of the plants were not transplanted, one-
third transplanted once, and one-third transplanted twice. As soon as
the weather permitted, 10 plants from each lot were taken from the
pots and transferred to the open ground, every precaution being taken
to avoid injurv to the roots. The total jneld of fruit in 3 years by the
plants that had not been transplanted was 1,174.8 lbs. Those that had
been transplanted once yielded 1,131.2 lbs. and those that had been
transplanted twice 1,001.2 lbs.
In order to judge of the influence of transplanting on earliness, the
ripening season was divided into 3 parts and the yield calculated sep-
arately for each part. During the first period the jdeld of the plants
that had not l^^en transplanted was 105.2 lbs. Those that had been
transplanted once yielded during the same period 109.7 lbs., while
those that had been transplanted twice yielded l)ut 88.1 lbs.
Experiments were also made in the open field with cauliflower, kale,
collards, and two varieties of cabbage, the results showing a gain in
every case in favor of those plants that were not transplanted.
The conclusions, based on 3 years of experiment, are stated as
follows:
' ' Lettuce and other plants in the greenhouse, when given sufficient room to develop
and not transplanted, matured quicker and produced a greater yield than similar
plants that had been transplanted. In the case of tomatoes there was a slight gain
in earliness and yield in favor of the not transplanted plants, while those twice trans-
planted were very evidently injured. Cabbage and allied plants when grown wholly
in the open ground were perceptibly injured by transjilanting.
' ' The general conclusion drawn from this work is that transplanting does not pro-
mote earliness nor an increased yield. Once transplanting, as of cabbage plants,
from the seed bed to the field, or 'pricking off,' as commonly practiced in the green-
house, is necessary in order to economize room, but repeated transplanting of vege-
table plants is not advisable."
Report of the horticulturist, A. L. Quaintance ( Georgia Sta. Ri^t.
ISOO.pj). mj-130).—n\(i effects of the freeze of February 13, 1899,
on orchard fruits are discussed, and tables are given showing the
results on 15 varieties of Japanese plums. As a whole, these suffered
more than peaches, some being entirely killed. Figs and Japanese
persimmons were killed to the ground. The injury to grapes was
light, though the varieties Eden and Scuppernong were seriousl}'
injured. Apples, cherries, quinces, and native plums were not per-
ceptibl}" injured by the freeze.
Tables are given showing the effect of ringing on 195 varieties of
grapes, especially with reference to earliness and keeping ([ualities.
The results for the season show that the time of keeping of 22 varie-
ties was somewhat prolonged by ringing; with (JO varieties it was
shortened from 1 to 7 da3's.
Brief notes are given on the growth of onions, sweet corn, celerj^,
and asparagus. Applications of common salt did not increase the
HOETICULTUKE. 51
yield of asparagus, and when 5 tons of kainit were applied per acre
the yield was only slightly increased. The variety Palmetto gave the
best yield of 4 varieties tested. The greatest yields with asparagus
were obtained from plants set 18 in. apart in 4-foot rows. The shoots
of these plants, however, were small, and for choice cuttings it is sug-
gested that plants should not be set closer than 4 by 4 ft.
Field notes of horticultural department, C. B. Waldron [North
Dakota Sta. Bui. -4^, /;/». JiDS-53J). — The influence of different fertili-
zers on the total yield and time of maturity of vegetables in the Red
River Valley are reported for the years 1898 and 1899. The soil
selected was t3^pical of the whole valle3\ Different varieties of beets,
onions, cucumbers, cabbage, lettuce, tomatoes, Vjeans, radishes, peas,
and carrots were grown, each being fertilized with a complete fertili-
zer, superphosphate, kainit, nitrate of soda, salt, lime, and stable
manure, respectively. The results are recorded in 54 tables. In no
case was there sufficient increase due to the fertilizers to warrant their
application, and it is thought that the method of handling the soil has
more to do with the production of vegetables in this valley than the
application of fertilizers. Transplanting onions, even the ordinary
sorts, proved prolitable.
Preliminary report on experiments in pinching raspberry shoots,
E. 8. GoFF ( Wisconsin Sta. RjA. 1899, jyp. 275-28^, jd. i).— Experi-
ments made to ascertain to what extent the pinching of the tips
of raspberry shoots promotes productiveness and increases the size of
fruit are reported. In the first experiment 6 rows each of Cuthbert
{Euhas strigosus) and Gregg [R. occidentaUs) raspberries were used.
"Two rows of each variety were left unpinched; two other rows had
the shoots pinched as they attained the height of about 12 in.; the
remaining two rows of each variety had the shoots pinched at about
12 in. high; and in addition the branches were pinched as they attained
the length of al)out 12 in. from the main shoot." The result of the
experiment was that the canes which were not pinched at all yielded
slightly more than those that were pinched, the difference being rather
the more noticcal)le with the Cuthbert variety.
To ascertain the effect of pinching the shoots on the size of the
berry, 100 were taken by chance from each plat and weighed.
"The pinching appeared to increase the size of the fruit a little, especially in the
Cuth])ert variety.
"No difference could be observed in the different methods of jiinching as to the
susceptibility of the plants to disease. It wa.s oljserved, however, that the shoots that
were not pinched at all were killed back a little farther in winter than those that
were pinched. The shoots appeared to be more numerous in the pinched than in
the unpinched rows, and most numerous in the rows in which both the shoots and
laterals were pinched. This indication was fully confirmed when one of the planta-
tions was rooted out. The stumps from the unpinched rows showed the fewest stubs
of caues, and those from the twice-pinched rows showed the most."
52 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
This experiment was not satisfactoiy for several reasons, and a
second and more extended one was undertaken. Two-thirds of an
acre was divided into 2 equal parts, one of which Avas planted to Greg'g
and the other to Cuthbert raspberries. Each of these plats was further
subdivided into 3 plats.
"Each of these 3 plats was again subdivided into 3 smaller plats, containing 3
rows each. Each of these 3-row plats had 1 row that was left unpinched, 1 row
of which the shoots only were pinched, and 1 row in which both the shoots and
laterals were pinched. In the first plat of each variety, the shoots in the pinched
rows were pinched at 12 in. high; in the second plat they were pinched at 18 in.
high; and in the third plat at 24 in. high. Four shoots only were permitted to
grow to each plant. The plantation was carefully gone over at frequent intervals
and every shoot in the pinched rows was pinched at nearly the designated height.
The superfluous shoots and suckers were removed from each row and either counted
or weighed. ' '
The results of the experiment indicated: "(1) That the high-pinched
rows A^elded more fruit than the low-pinched rows; (2) that the high-
pinched rows yielded more fruit than the rows that were not pinched;
(3) that twice pinching gave no advantage in ^deld over once pinching;
(■1) that the influence of the pinching is quite as marked in the Cuth-
bert variet}^ as in the Gregg, and it seems to have been exerted in the
same direction."
Observations were made on the effect of pinching on growth of
superfluous shoots and suckers. The results are shown in tabular
form.
"The data clearly indicate that pinching the shoots stimulates the growth of
superfluous shoots and suckers. Pinching both the shoots and laterals api^ears to
stimulate the superfluous growth less than pinching the shoots only. This is prob-
ably because the second pinching, coming later in the season than the first, and
being made on a larger number of shoots, is a much more effectual check to growth
than is the first pinching. ' '
Observations were also made on the effect of pinching upon the
height and stockiness of the stems and upon the labor of covering
them for winter. As a result of these experiments the author is of
the opinion that the importance of pinching as a means of keeping
the growth of stems within bounds has probably been overestimated.
In the experiments there was but little difference as regards height
of canes and spread of branches between the plants pinched and those
unpinched; but the labor of covering the former was full}" one-third
greater. The stems were decidedl}' more brittle and the branches
were more numerous in the pinched rows.
The experiments are to Ije continued. The following conclusions
are drawn from the data obtained up to the present time:
"In young plantations of the Gregg and Cuthbert raspberries grown under the
conditions noted for these experiments, pinching the shoots high, (. e., when about
2-4 in. tall, is beneficial to the yield, but that pinching at 12 in. high is of very doubt-
HORTICULTURE. 53
fill value, as is shown in both experiments; also, that pinching the lateral shoots is
not beneficial to the yield, and that pinching increases the growth of superfluous
shoots, and, in the Cuthbert variety, of suckers. Pinching also increases the cost of
covering for winter protection."
Preserving fruit for exhibition, F. Cranefield ( Wlsco?isin Sta.
Bj>f. 1809, pp. 309-311., jigs. 2).- — Trials were made with a view to
fiiuling- a method of preserving fruit for exhibition purposes that
would preserve the color of the fruit as far as possible and at the same
time the form. Sulphur fumes, corrosive sublimate, salicylic acid, and
solutions of formalin in Avater were tried and found to be of little value.
Mixtures of formalin and alcohol were tried, however, as prescr^a-
tives for plums Avith considerable success. A formula containing- 2
per cent of formalin, 20 per cent of alcohol, and 78 per cent of water
was found to l)e l)est suited to the purpose.
"Plums put in the above mixture one year ago are at jiresentwell preserved. The
fruit remains firm, and in the case of the lighter colored varieties the color is well
preserved and the liquid remains clear. The color was not so well preserved in the
case of the dark-pur])le varieties. The Jaj^an plums are especially well preserved
both in color and form. . . . Plums that were put in the mixture slightly immature
cracked badly in every case, while those put in fully ripe remained without crack-
ing. Currants, raspberries, and blackberries placed in the formalin and alcohol
mixture mentioned above remained firm, but the color was not well preserved."
Rose grooving with chemical fertilizers, W. Stuart {Indiana Sta.
Rpt. 1S99, pp. 10-35., pis. Jf). — Extensive pot experiments covering a.
period of 3 years were made in fertilizing Kaiserin Augusta Victoria
and Perle des Jardins roses with dissolved boneblack, rock phosphate,
raw l)one meal, acidulated ground bone, superphosphate, nitrate of
soda, and muriate of potash, for the purpose of studying the relative
effects of different forms of phosphoric acid alone and conjointly with
nitrate of soda and muriate of potash, on growing roses. A cla3'ey
soil was generally employed. In some instances black loam was used
for comparison. The detailed results obtained with the different fer-
tilizers and soils are reported exhaustively in a series of 20 tables.
The author summarizes his conclusions as regards the results obtained
as follows:
" There is every reason to believe from the results obtained in the several experi-
ments, that chemical fertilizers when jjroperly used may be made to serve every need
of the rose plant so far as food is concerned.
' ' The use of raw bone meal in every instance gave an increased yield over that of
the control plants, as well as giving a greater percentage of gain than did those
receiving other forms of phosjjhoric acid.
" Pure bone meal is not injurious to rose plants, even when applied in amounts
largely in excess of the requirements of the plant.
"The acidulated bone meal, which has been used by florists and suj^posed to be
harmful, did not produce any noticeable injury, even when used in large amounts.
"As a rule, a coml)ination of phosphoric acid and nitrate of soda gave better results
than one of phosphoric acid and muriate of potash.
54 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
"Two or three applicati(jns of potash during the season was found to be preferable
to a single application, although in some instances no injury from the single applica-
tion was apparent.
"A larger number of I'erle roses were produced from i)lantH grown in a l)lack than
in a clay loam, while the Kaiserin gave reverse results.
"The subwatering method proved an eflicient means of supplying the plants with
moisture."
Rose thrips were eontrolled in these experiments by frequent spray-
ing with a sohition of Rose Leaf Extract of Tobaceo, 1 part of the
extract to 75 parts of water.
Our gardens, 8. R. Hole {London: -J. M. Dent (0 Co., ISO'J, pp. 304, pl>!. S).—
Dea,ls with the history and development of English gardens, the formation of a
garden, its constituent parts, herbaceous borders, and containing chapters on each of
the subjects, rose, rock, -water, wild, cottage, children's, town, and other gardens.
8uital)le plants are suggested in each instance and their characters given.
Variations produced by grafting, and their inheritance {Gard. Chron., 27
{1900), Nos. 680, pp. 12, 13; 682, pp. 35, 36; 685, pp. 85, 86; 687, p. i^tf).— Showing
variations in growth, form, flowering, and chemical constitution. The article is Ijased
on work l)y b. Daniel (E. S. E., 11, p. 343).
Preservation of fruits, vegetables, seeds, and bulbs, II. C!oi:pin {La confterva-
tion desfruit.'i drs legumes, dcs graines, et den racines halheuses. L'aris: Octare Doin, 1890,
pp. 172, figs. 6). — A chapter is devoted to each of the above subjects, and the mate-
rial in each cha])ter arranged alphabetically. With the fruits and vegetables most
attention is given to their preservation in the fresh and in the dried state. Under-
seeds, duration of vitality and preservation against insect enemies are considered.
The chapter on bulbs gives directions for keeping a number of flowering sorts.
Experiments in forcing vegetables, J. Troop {Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 82,
83).- — These consisted of subwatering v. surface- watering experiments with tomatoes
and lettuce, and of fertilizing expjeriments with lettuce and peas. The results of the
tests are given but no conclusions are drawn.
The new asparagus culture, G. M. Hay {Ainer. Gard., 21 {1900), No. 282, p.
344) ■ — The details of growing asparagus from seed suitable for cutting 2 years from
date of sowing are given.
An experiment in pruning old trees, 11. A. Aldricii {Trans. Illinois State
I fort. Sor., 1899, pp. 4S-54). — (>1<1 trees which had l)een subject to nonbearing for
years were given over to thorough pruning, the whole top being headed in from 1 to
3 ft. A yield of 20 to 30 bu. of ajoples per tree was obtained the first season, besides
a good growth of new wood.
Seaweed for fruit trees {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 16 {1900), Xo. 4, pp. 331,
?32). — A brief note on the successful use of seaweed as a fertilizer and as a nudch for
fruit trees.
New varieties of fruit not yet generally introduced, S. A. Beach {Proc. West.
New York Iloit. Soe., 1900, pp. 34-41)- — Notes on the (juality and cliaracter of 12
varieties of ai)i)le.'», 2 of Jajjanese plums, 2 of gra])es, and 2 of Domcstica jilums, as
yet Httle grown.
Note on the cider fruits of Germany — apples and pears, .V. Tkuelle {Note
sur les fruits de j)resdon Allemand — pjomnnes et poires. liennes: V. L. Caillot, 1899, -pp.
44) ■ — The varieties of apples and pears most used for cider in Germany are described
and ta))les given showing their composition.
Russian apples in Indiana, J. Troop {Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 78-81). — Notes
on 43 varieties of Russian apjjles which fruited at the station during the season. "Not
one \;u'iety in the whole list can be classed as a winter apple in Indiana."
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 55
Investig-ations made by the State Board of Horticulture of the California
olive industry (Sucrfonento, 1900, pp. S-3,_figs. SO). — The history of ohve growing
in California, methods of pro])agation, soils, canses of nnfrnitfulness, pruning, graft-
ing, V)n(l(ling, varieties, methods of extracting the oil, packing, apparatus, pickling,
processing, grading, and pests affecting olives are popularly considered. The woi'k
is based wholly on California conditic^ns, methods, and practices.
Culture of the olive, N. Minangoin [Bui. Dir. Agr. et Com., 5 {1900), No. 15,
pp. 4G-GS). — Systems and methods of culture of the olive employed in Tunis.
The Russian olive, C. S. U.vrrlson {Amer. Card., 21 {1900), No. 2SG, p. .jO.'j, jhj.
1). — History and description of this ornamental tree in Nebraska.
The peach, C. Tkeiugxaku {llev. IIoH. el V'd., 32 {1900), No. 6, ]>]>. 110-1 IS, Jhjx.
2). — Tyjies of fruit liranches and pruning are considered.
The service tree and its fruits, A. Truelle {Du sorbus domestica et de ses fruits.
Alen<;on: E. Renaidl de Braise, 1S9S, pp. 23). — This discusses the varieties and uses of
this fruit in the different countries of Europe and gives directions for its propagation
and culture.
Culture of tree and bush fruits, A. Du Breuil {Culture des arbres el arJirisseaux
a fruits de table. Furls: (J. Massov, ]>p. 693, figs. 53). — In the general part of this
work all the operations of the orchard are considered. The special part takes up all
the more important orchard fruits, including citrus fruits, figs, ap])les, pears, cherries,
and the like, table grapes, nuts, etc., and gives complete cultural directions for each.
Analysis of prickly pear, C. F. Jtritz {Bpt. Senior Avahjst, Cape Good Ilojie,
1S9S, pp. 63-60). — The composition of the young and older leaves, stalk, and inner
portion of the stalk of the prickly pear is reported.
The culture of coffee {Bol. Agr. Miv. e Iiid. [Me.vico'}, 9 {1399), No. 3, pp. 4-172,
figs. 23). — A comprehensive article on the history, botany, chemistry, culture, and
manufacture of coffee.
The establishment of a coffee plantation, F. W. Morren {Beiliefte Tropenpflan-
zrr, 1 {1900), Nos. 2, pjp. 39-71, figs. S; 3, pj). 75-118, figs. 6). — Directions for prepar-
ing the land, planting, manuring, cultivating, and pruning the trees, and harvesting
the crop, with notes on injurious insects and diseases affecting the trees.
Present status of coffee culture in Brazil, F. W. Dafert ( Ueber die gegenu-iirtige
Lcige des Kafi)rlnnis In Brasilien. Amsterdam: J. H. de Bussy, 1898, pp. 63, charts 4).
A cocoanut analysis, F. Bachofen {Queensland. Agr. Jonr., 6 {1900), No. 4, pt-
297). — The draft of the cocoanut on the soil is shown by the ash analyses reported of
the husk, shell, kernel, and milk of the fruit.
Manual of practical viticulture, E. Durand {Manuel de viticulture pratique.
Paris: J. B. Bnilliere & Sons, 1900, pp. 4-4, fig!^- 147). — Chapters are given on the
organography and physiology of the vine, biological cycle, climate and soils, pro])a-
gation, cultivation, pruning, training, manuring, pests, and like subjects, making the
work a very complete treatise on practical viticulture.
Some hints on ornamental planting, C. B. Waldron {North DaJcota Sta. Bui.
41, i>p. 471-491, figs. 3). — Popular suggestions to the farmers of the Northwest on the
planting of ornamental and economic trees and shrubs, with notes on some of the
more essential principles of landsca])e gardening. There is appended a jtaper on
"Locating shruljs for effect," by F. H. Nutter, and a table of hardiness of deciduous
trees and ornamental shrubs and vines taken from jNIinnesota Station Bui. 24 (E. S.
R., 4, p. 653).
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Notes on various plant diseases, F. C. Stewart {N'evi Ym'k State
Sta. Bui. 16 If.., pp. Wl-'B'Bl., pis. 4-)- — Notes are given on a bacterial
rot of onions, powdery mildew on field-g-rown cucumbers, dodder on
cucumbers under glass, on the possible cause of the Baldwin fruit spot,
56 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
a fusarium leaf spot of carnations, and CJia'fomhnii coiiiorfuiii on bar-
ley seedlings.
In the summer of 1898 it was reported to the station that in the
onion region of Orange County, N. Y., the bulVjs were rotting badly,
and upon investigation it was found that in nearly all the fields there
was a considerable amount of rot. Two forms were recognized, one
which starts at the bottom of the onion and the second which starts at
the top or neck. The latter kind was much moi'e common and consti-
tuted probably 80 per cent of the total amount of rot. Upon cutting
open the affected bulbs, it was generally found that 2 or 3 of the outer
scales were perfectlj^ sound, while the remainder of the bulb was a
rotten mass. Microscopic examinations of the rotten tissues showed
the absence of fungi, but there were swarms of a medium-sized motile
bacillus which doubtless causes the rot. Bulbs so affected showed in
addition a growth of fusarium, which aids materially in destroying the
onions, and in some cases this may be the primary" cause. As yet no
attempt has been made to determine the identity of the organism caus-
ing the disease. Experiments were conducted in the laljoratory which
showed the necessity of an abundant water supply for the production
of the disease, and as the onion ffelds had been frequently inundated
on account of the heavy rainfall during the season, the conditions
were favorable for the presence and rapid spread of the disease.
The powdery mildew on field-grown cucumbers is reported by the
station, although the identity of the fungus is a matter of some
conjecture. While powdery mildew has been known to occur on
cucumbers grown under glass, this is probably the first report of its
occurrence in the field. There seems to be little likelihood of its
becoming epidemic, and should it do so, it probably would not be
diflicult to control.
The author reports the occurrence of dodder, probably Cuscuta gro-
nov'u, on cucumber plants grown in the station hothouse.
Investigations were conducted to determine whether the Baldwin
fruit spot is caused l)y fungi or bacteria. This disease, which is quite
characteristic on the Baldwin apple, occurs in the form of conspicuous
spots on the surface of the fruit. The spots vary in color from light
to dark brown, are generally' circular in outliiie, although sometimes
quite irregular, but always with the corners well rounded and sharph^
delimited from healthy tissue. Underneath the surface spots the tissue
is light brown, dry, and spongy for a distance of ^ to yV hi. This
spongy tissue is not bitter to the taste, or at least but slightly so.
Microscopic examination of the tissue revealed no fungi or bacteria
which could be definitely demonstrated. From the results of the
author's study, he concludes that this form of apple fruit spot is not
caused by fungi or bacteria and that the real cause is unknown.
A report is given of a fusarium occurring on the carnation, result-
ing in leaf spot. The plants had been growing under conditions espe-
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 57
cially favorable to fungi, being situated so that the direct sunlight
never reached them. The spots varied in length from i to 1 in. and
were covered by a pinkish-gray mold dotted in the center with yellow
spore masses of the fusarium. The fungus wa.s evidently parasitic on
the leaves, but careful examination revealed the fact that in every case
the spots originated in a rust sorus. It appeared that the fungus was
unable to attack the uninjured leaf, but when the epidermis was broken
by rust, it was able to enter and bring about the decay. Inoculation
experiments, it is thought, will show that this fungus is identical with
that causing carnation stem rot.
A report is given of the occurrence on barley seedlings of the peri-
thecia of Chcetomium contortum. This fungus was previously noted
as occurring on lily bulbs in a greenhouse on Long Island, where it
was discovered by the author in 1895. No report had been made of
the occurrence of this fungus from that time until the present, when
it was found on barley. The indications are that it is not parasitic,
but that the spores had become attached to the barley seeds before
they were planted.
Corn smut, J. C. Arthur and W. Stuart {Indiana Sta. Bpt. 1S99,
pp. 8If,-135^ j)l^' -^5 c^^vrt 1). — A detailed report is given on corn smut,
the investigations of the authors and others being drawn upon. Corn-
smut experiments have been conducted at the station for about 10
years, in which the life history of the fungus has been studied, together
with possibilities of discovering methods for prevention. An histor-
ical resume is given of the experiments with corn smut, the proper
scientific name of which the author claims is Ustilago zem. The life
history of the fungus, as shown by the development of the spores, etc. ,
is described at considerable length. The influence of weather and
maturity on infection, the distribution of the smut pustules over the
plant, and prevention by spraying are discussed at some length.
Details of some of these investigations have been previously reported
(E. S. R., 8, p. 317).
Experiments in which corn plants were spraj^ed with Bordeaux mix-
ture and other fungicides showed that the disease can be controlled,
but the economic consideration places such treatment out of the possi-
bility of utilization. It is recommended that all smut masses be
destroyed by burning or putting in boiling water. The effect of smut
on animals, as shown by a careful review of literature, is given,
together with notes on the digestibility of the smut fungus. A sum-
mary is given by the authors of their investigations, and an extensive
bibliography on the subject completes the report.
Club root, W. Hawk {Rpt. Agr. ExpU. Cornwall County Council
1898., 2^P- ^^7-lt2., ph. 7). — Experiments in the treatment of club root
of turnips are reported. Lime was applied in different quantities at
various depths and at different seasons. A plat of land receiving 6
58 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
tons of limo per acre and frequentl}^ cultivated to a depth of about 3
in. yielded, with a basic slag fertilizer, 18 tons, 952 lbs. of roots per
acre, and with superphosphate, 11 tons, 308 lbs. of roots per acre. On
the basic slag the number of sound roots per pole was 156, and of dis-
eased roots, 126. On the superphosi^hate the number of sound roots
was 51, and of diseased roots 132.
Another plat similarly treated in all respects, with the single excep-
tion that it was cultivated onh^ occasionally and then to the depth of
onl}^ i in., yielded, with slag, 13 tons, 6i4: lbs. of roots per acre, and
with superphosphate, 9 tons, 1,901 lbs. On the slag in this case the
number of sound roots per pole was 102 and the number of diseased
roots 186. On the superphosphate there were only 60 sound roots
per pole, Imt 114 diseased roots. "It will be seen that both on the
slag and superphosphate halves of the plats the figures are conclusively
favorable to the thorough incorporation of the lime with the soil."
In stuchdng the quantity of lime that should be applied, the plats
just referred to, receiving 6 tons of lime per acre, were compared with
similar plats receiving 8 tons per acre. The turnips on slag receiving
6 tons of lime per acre yielded 18 tons, 952 lbs. of roots per acre,
while the plat treated with 8 tons of lime produced only 18 tons; but
on the plat receiving 8 tons of lime, more than 5 out of every 6 roots
were sound, while on the other plat nearly one-half of the roots were
more or less diseased. The figures for the plats receiving superphos-
phate were very different, but the general results were the same. The
jdelds of turnips on the plats receiving basic slag and those receiving
superphosphate, as reported in the first experiment above, are, as
already indicated, highly favorable to slag; but when the lime was
applied in June instead of in the autumn, as in that case, the amount
of 3'ield on the respective plats was reversed, but was in each case
nuu'h less than when lime was applied in the fall.
Tests of kainit and sulphate of iron showed that both were equally
powerless to check the disease. Sulphate of copper checked the dis-
ease to a small extent. Experiments are now in progress to determine
whether the micro-organism causing the disease can survive passage
through an animal.
Apple-tree anthracnose, A. B, Cokdley {Oregon Sta. Bui. GO.,
pp. S, jjIs. J.) — For several years there has been known in the apple
orchards of western Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia a
more or less serious disease which is locally known as canker, dead
spot, or })lack spot. Investigations on the part of the author have led
him to the conclusion that this is an undescribed disease caused by a
species of Glceosporium, to which the name G. onalicorticis has been
given. In order to avoid confusion, he proposes for this disease the
common name apple-tree anthracnose.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 59
The disease principall}^ attacks the smaller })raiiches, although occur-
ring- soinetinies on the larger ones and often on the trunks of young
trees. It appears in the fall, soon after the autumn rains begin, as
small, irregular, slightly depressed brown areas of the bark. During
the fall and winter its spread is very slow, but with the recurrence of
spring it spreads rapidly, until an area of several inches in diameter is
infected. Occasionally a single area completely girdles a branch, kill-
ing at once its distal portion, but more commonly a dead spot occurs,
from which, in the course of a few months, the bark sloughs off, leav-
ing an ugly wound, which heals very slowly. The cause of the disease
is mentioned and the fungus briefly characterized. The fungus has
been isolated and grown on various cultures and inoculation experi-
ments successfully made.
As possible remedies, the author suggests the use of Bordeaux mix-
ture or ammoniacal copper carljonate, together with pruning of badly
infested trees.
The New York apple-tree canker, W. Paddock {New York State
Sta. BhJ. 163, pp. 179-206, ph. 6). -In 1898 the station authorities
were requested to investigate the cause of the dying of trees in an
orchard in East Bloomfield, N. Y. The orchard in question originally
consisted of 125 acres. The trees on 30 of the 80 acres in one part
were ruined by the canker and had been taken out, and one-half of
the trees on the remaining 50 acres are now of little value.
The owners have noticed the disease for at least 6 or 8 years, but it
has increased rapidly only in the last 3 or 4 years. It showed a
decided preference for certain varieties, the Twenty Ounce being the
most susceptible, followed by Baldwin, Wagener, Greening, and King,
in the order named. Tallman Sweet appears to be practically free
from the disease.
Investigations as to the possible cause of the disease resulted in the
discovery that it was due to the same cause as the black rot of the
apple {Sp/ia'i'opf<i.s malorum). More than 50 successful inoculations
were made in 1898, and in 1899 the experiments were repeated many
times with the same result.
The geographical distribution of the fungus, as determined from
circular letters sent to various stations, is as follows: Connecticut,
Indiana, Maryland, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Vermont, and proba-
bly in Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, AVest
Virginia, and portions of Canada.
The author thinks it probable that when the disease becomes more
generally known it will be found in many of the apple-growing sec-
tions of the Northern, Central, and New England States.
The appearance of the disease may be recognized by the occurrence
of dark enlarged sections on the larger limbs which, upon closer exami-
3809— No. 1 5
60 EXPERIMENT STATION RECUKD.
nation, show a much roughened and thickened bark, and in many
instances a portion of the wood is laid bare. The dead bark on many
diseased limbs clings tenaciously to the decaying wood, which is a
feature that distinguishes this canker from sun scald. The area of
bare wood is often small as compared with the extent of swollen bark.
The progress of the disease is marked hy numerous pits and scars,
showing M'here the fungus was al)le to live until it gained entrance to
the caml)ium through some injury. The scars are usualW circular in
form and ma}" be outlined by 2 or more concentric lines. The fungus
shows a preference for the larger limbs of mature trees, although the
trunks and branches of young trees, as well as the small limbs and
twigs of a current season's growth, suffer from its attack. While the
extent of injury done to the orchards can scarcely be estimated, it is
the author's belief that it is one of the worst diseases which the
orchardist will have to contend with, since it attacks the tree directly
instead of the foliage.
Infection, it is stated, takes place in the spring of the year, and the
presence of the fungus is indicated in a newly-infected limb by the
appearance of a small area of discolored bark. This area extends
slowly as the fungus grows outward until midsummer, when a definite
boundary forms l)etween the dead and living bark. The season's
growth is stopped by the 1st of August, and in some instances pyc-
nidia containing mature spores were found at that time. The myce-
lium was unable to penetrate to the caml)ium through the living l)ark,
but those spores which chanced to fall and germinate in a wound pro-
duced the cankers. There is some evidence that the mycelium lives
over winter and continues its growth the following spring.
Among preventive measures, the author recommends that special
attention should be paid to the sanitary condition of the trees. The
practice of scraping and whitewashing the trunks, now largely in dis-
favor, is recommended for adoption in localities where canker is severe;
also washing the trees with a whale-oil soap mixture, spraying with
Bordeaux mixture, cutting out cankered limbs, and covering the
wounds witli Bordeaux mixture or some other fungicide. The time
for spra3dng is given, the first application to be made at the time that
the leaf buds begin to open, a second a week before the blossom buds
open, a third as soon as all the blossoms have fallen, and a fourth 10
da3^s or 2 Aveeks later.
The investigations of this disease were continued in 1899, and it was
found that a numb.er of fruit trees are attacked l)y species of Sphte-
ropsis. The author's investigation would seem to indicate that the
number of species can bo materially reduced, since there is great proba-
bility of the same species occurring in a slightly modified form upon
a numbci- of hosts.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 61
In 1SU8, while preliminary studies in apple canker were being con-
ducted, a body blight of pear trees was discovered in which a Spha3-
ropsis w^as found abundant, commonly associated with Macrophoma
malorum.
Notes are given on a Pacific-coast apple-tree anthracnose, which is
described elsewhere (E. S. R., 12, p. 58), and a European canker due
to species of Nectria.
Plant diseases, A. L. Quaintance {Georgia Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 139-141). -^Br'iei
notes are given on the occnrrence of a number of diseases, with suggestions for their
prevention. Among those enumerated are the Macrosporium disease of tomato plants
and eggplants, Sclerotium disease of Irish potatoes and tomatoes, a rot of tomatoes,
the black rot of grapes, the brown rot of grapes, celery blight, and soft rot of sweet
potatoes.
Divers diseases discussed, F. H. Hall {New York Slate Sta. Bui. 164, popular ed.,
pp. 5) — A popular edition of Bulletin 164 of this station, in which a number of plant
diseases are discusseil (see p. 55).
Report of the botanist, C. E. Bessey {Rpt. Nebraska Slate Bd. Agr. 1898, pp.
139-161). — A preliminary account of the diseases of the farm crops of Nebraska.
The diseases of the potato, E. Gain {Sta.Agron. Nancy Bui. 1, 1899, pp. 40-51). —
The author divides the diseases of the j^otato into 2 categories based upon their
importance. In the first are placed the dry rot, wet rot, Phytophthora, and a spot
disease called frizolee. In the second class are considered potato scab, Rhizoctonia,
a disease due to Spongospora solani, and the greening of the tubers. The causes of
these various diseases are described, together with their effects upon the host plants,
and suggestions are given wherever known for the prevention of the diseases.
Smut in wheat {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 16 {1900), No. 3, pp. 147-152).
Gumming disease in cane {Internal. Sugar Jour., 3 {1900), No. 14, p>p. 97, 98).
Asparagus rust, P. H. Rolfs {South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1899, p. 17). — Asparagus
seed from a field of rusted asparagus carried many spores, although the berries did
not appear to be diseased. " Though direct evidence is wanting, it seems altogether
probable that seedlings raised from such seeds would contract the disease." Uredo
spores were found on stocks of two-year-old plants in a diseased field two or three
inches below the surface of the ground. In such cases burning over the beds, which
has sometimes been recommended, would not eradicate the disease. It is not consid-
ered advisable to plant seed gathered from a rusted field, nor to set out a plantation
with plants from such a source.
Fruit tree enemies, E. H. Potter {Gard. Citron., 3. ser., 27 {1900), No. 681, p.
20). — Notes are given on canker, mildew, gumming, and luimerous insect enemies,
with suggestions for their suppression.
Canker — an enemy of the apple, F. H. Hall and AV. Paddock {Neiv York
Stale Sta. Bid. 163, popular ed., pp. 6, pjh. 2). — A popular edition of Bulletin 163 of
the station (see p. 59).
Diseases of the olive, L. Navarro {Bol. Agr. 3£in. e Ind. [ilft'.deo], 9 {1899), No.
2, pp. 3-115, ph. 12) . — This article is in the nature of a general treatise on olive
diseases. The diseases of the olive are considered under the following five heads:
Influences of the soil, influences of the atmosphere, diseases caused by vegetable
parasites, injuries caused by insects, and diseases produced by faulty systems of
cultivation.
Fumagine and its treatment, L. Degrully {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. L'Est), 21
{1900), No. 6, pj). 165, 168). — Notes are given on fumagine, or sooty mold, occurring
on the foliage of the grapes. As the fungus follows attacks tjf plant lice, the use of
(32 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
insecticides is advised, the petroleum soap or similar mixtures being recommended.
Another formula highly commended is water 100 liters, (quicklime 20 kg., and heavy
coal oil 8 kg. Winter washes are also advised.
Fungi occurring in the greenhouses of the Berlin Botanic Gardens, 1'. Hen
KINGS ( Verhaiidl. Bat. Yer. Brandenburg, 40 [1898), p. 109; abs. hi Ceidbl. Bukt. u. Par.,
2. Abi.,0 {1899), No. SO,pp. 687-G89) .—An extensive list of fungi and their host plants
is given.
The nematode and ammonia salts, C. Schkeiber {Rev. Gen. Ayron. Louvain, 9
{1900), Xo. .), jip. 97-10..'). — This is an account of experiments during 1897, 1898, and
1899 on tlie use of ammonia salts to destroy nematodes in the soil. Annnonium
chlorid and nitrate proved effective for this jwrpose.
Notes on Bordeaux mixture ( Wiener III us. Gart. Zt(j.,24 {1900), No. l,pp. 13-15) .
Potassium permanganate as a fungicide, A. Chevallier {Prog. Agr. el Vit.
{Ed. L' Est.), 21 {1900), No. 4,PP- 113, ii-^).— Potassium permanganate 100 gni., soap
200, and water 100 liters, is said to make a convenient and efficient fungicide for
combating black rot and grape mildew.
On the use of calcium carhid as a fungicide, F. Galuet {Prog. Agr. el Vit.
{Ed. UEst.), 21 {1900), No. 4, PP- 1^6, i^7).— Notes the successful use of tliis
substance for the prevention of oidium.
ENTOMOLOGY.
Insect notes for 1899, A, L. Quaixtance {Georgia Sta. Ept. 1899,
pp. lJi,l-lIfJj). — Some experiments were conducted in the destruction
of Ajjhls mail. A 10 per cent mechanical mixture of kerosene and
water killed 50 per cent and a 15 per cent mixture killed 90 per cent
of the insect.s without injur}' to the trees, while a 20 per cent mechani-
cal mixture killed 92 per cent of the insects, Ijut killed the tree.
Rose Leaf, 1 part to 48 parts of water, killed 98 per cent of the
insects. Nikoteen in the same proportion killed from 99 to 100 per
cent of the insects, while whale-oil soap, 1 lb. to 6 gai. of water, killed
9(j per cent of the insects. These 3 remedies caused no injuries to the
trees. Rose Leaf proved almost as effective as Nikoteen, and is much
cheaper.
The harlequin cabbage bug {Murgantia histrionica) was unusuall}^
abundant during the year. A 10 per cent mechanical mixture of kero-
sene and water killed about 15 per cent of this insect, a 15 per cent
mixture killed from 35 to 40 per cent, while a 20 per cent mixture
killed about 85 per cent of the bugs, but the latter mixture injured
the plants considerably. Nikoteen, 1 part to 32 parts of water, killed
about 45 per cent of the insects, and Rose Leaf, 1 part to 32 parts of
water, killed none of the insects, although it seemed to act as a
repellent.
The author states that despite the severity of the winter of 1898-91>.
injurious insects caused more than the usual amount of damage through-
out the State during the year.
The latter part of the report is a reprint of an article already noted
(E. S. R., 11, p. 952).
ENTOMOLOGY. 63
The peach-tree borer, M. V. Slingerland {JVeio York Cornell Sta.
Bid. 176, pp. 165-233, figs. 16; ahridgeded.^pp. 16, figs, i^).— The chief
purpose of this bulletin is to present the results of an extended series
of experiments with various remedies for the destruction of the peach-
tree borer. Besides the discussion of remedies, however, the author
presents an account of the ha))its and life history of the insect, so that
the bulletin is considered a sort of compendium of knowledge concern-
ing" the peach-tree borer.
The insect lives only a short time in the adult stage and the larvte are
not known to leave the peach tree during their development. The dis-
tribution of this insect is, therefore, brought about for the most part
by means of infested nursery stock. The author describes the appear-
ance of infested trees, with an account of the gummy exudations.
The insect is probably single brooded everywhere in the United
States. In New York the moths appear from June until Septeml)er.
The eggs are laid within a few hours after emerging, on the trunks of
trees from 6 to IS in. from the ground. They hatch in about a week
and the young larvae inuuediately make their wa}" into the bark. At
the beginning of winter the larva prepares for hibernation, either in
its burrow or in a thin case on the surface of the bark near the soil.
The larvae begin spring feeding about May 1^ and most of them become
full grown by June. The author presents an account of the natural
enemies of the peach borer, of which one species {Ep>hiaUes irritator)
was bred by him for the first time.
The author\s experiments with remedies against the peach borer
extended over a period of about 4 years. An orchard of nearly 400
peach trees of 5 varieties was planted near the insectary for experi-
mental purposes. The author considers the following substances
injurious to the trees, and therefore dangerous: Paris green and glue,
Raupenleim, Dendrolene, white paint, white paint and Paris green,
and printer's ink.
Among effective remedies the following arc mentioned: Hale's
wash (2 applications), mounding, tarred paper, tobacco stems, gas tar,
and digging out. In general it may be stated that remedies against
the peach borer are not very successful.
Experiments in growing tansy about peach trees showed that this
plant had very slight efi'ect in repelling the borer, l)ut tobacco stems
tied about the liase of the tree had a noticeable efi'ect. In experi-
ments with the mounding method the soil was usually heaped up to a
height of from 6 to 10 in. about the base of the trees. The results
indicate that from one-half to seven-tenths of the borers were kept
out by this method. In experiments with tarred paper, which was
wrapped about the base of the tree, the results indicate that from one-
half to seven-eighths of the borers were kept out. It is suggested that
probably ordinary paper if carefully applied would prove as eflfective
64 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
as tarred paper. Quite extensive experiments were carried on with
wire cao'es placed aV)()ut the trees, and it was found that although this
method seemed promising from a theoretical standpoint, it proved
useless in its practical application. An asafoetida and aloes wash was
applied to some of the trees for the purpose of determining whether
oti'ensive-smelling substances had any efi'ect in deterring the adult
insects from laying their eggs upon the trees. The results were
negative. Various soap washes, whitewash, and lime-sulphur-salt
wash proved to be practically ineffective, as did also hydraulic cement
wash. The Paris green and glue wash killed the trees within a few
weeks. With regard to the digging-out method, the author states
that this is the "only thoroughly successful and safe way of killing
the peach-tree borer." He recommends, however, that it be com-
bined with one or another of the methods classified as efi'eetive, the
particular combination to be made depending on the special circum-
stances of each case.
An extended bibliograph}^ is given of the peach-tree borer from
1749 to the present time.
Preliminary report on the insect enemies of forests in the
North-west, A. D. Hopkins {U. S. Dept. Agr.^ Division of Entomol-
ogy Bui. 2U n- se?\, pp. 27). — This preliminary bulletin contains a
detailed itinerary of a trip by the author through the Northwest and
a general account of observations made upon this trip. Especial
attention was given to the study of the Scolytid enemies of forests of
the Northwest. Among the trees of which the insect enemies were
studied, the following may be mentioned: Redwood, western yellow
pine, sugar pine, silver pine, red fir, tideland spruce, red cedar, west-
ern hemlock, lowland fir, noble fir, and western larch.
Popular notes are given on the infiuence of farming methods and
lumbering methods upon forests and upon the relation of forest fires
to depredations by insects. Brief notes are also presented upon the
relation of insect enemies of trees to forest fires, the relation of the
diseases of trees to insect enemies, and the interrelations of forest
fires, insects, and fungus diseases.
Among forest insects of the Northwest which are considered of the
greatest economic importance, the following may be mentioned:
Dendroctoiius h'revicornis., D. ahnilis., Scolytiis prwcej^s, Melaiiopldla
drumniondi, and Neophasia menapia.
Paris green for the codling moth, C. W. Woodworth and G. E.
Colby {California iSta. Bui. IJV.pp. JtO,jigs. 2). — During the past 3
or 4 years complaints have been made of the uncertain results
obtained from spraying with Paris green. A circular letter was sent
to entomologists and editors of agricultural newspapers for the pur-
pose of obtaining statistics upon the question of the quality of Paris
green. The answers to this circulai' letter indicated that in some cases
ENTOMOLOGY. 65
g'ood and rather uniform results have been obtained Ijy the use of
Paris i>reen, while in an equally large nuniljer of cases the Paris green
was found to be unreliable.
The author recognizes 3 classes of unsatisfactory Paris green —
l)ogus, adulterated, and low grade. In bogus Paris green, substances
are substituted for the copper and arsenic of the ordinary Paris green.
In adulterated Paris green, white powders, such as gypsuni or flour,
are added to increase its weight. In the low-grade Paris green there
is a low percentage of arsenious oxid in combination, and the requi-
site percentage of arsenic is secured by the addition of free or soluble
arsenious oxid. White arsenic has long been known to be injurious
to foliage. The chief feature of Paris green which has made it a
standard insecticide is its insolubility, and the addition of free
arsenious oxid renders the substance dangerous and worthless as an
insecticide. Two forms of poisoning from this substance may be
recognized — the acute and chronic. In acute poisoning the leaves
stow a ))lackening within 24 hours after the application of the insecti-
cide. In chronic poisoning the leaves become prematurely yellow and
drop oli' wdthin 3 or 3 weeks after the application is made.
A sample of Paris green manufactured in New York City, upon
analysis, was found to contain 23.6 per cent of its weight of free
arsenious oxid which was soluble in water. Another sample sent to
the station contained 29.4 per cent of soluble arsenious oxid. Such
grades of Paris green must, of course, be condemned, as they would
cause excessive injury to the foliage of fruit trees. A sample of
barium arsenite which was analyzed at the station contained 27.64 per
cent of free arsenious oxid. One sample of "pink arsenoid," or lead
arsenite, contained only 3.24 per cent of free arsenious oxid, while the
content of combined arsenious oxid was 40.02 per cent. This sample
would not be dangerous to foliage and could be recommended. A
sample of copper arsenite contained 7.82 per cent of arsenious oxid,
and is, therefore, to be considered as dangerous. A sample of pro-
prietary arsenical spray known as Paragrene was examined under the
microscope. It was seen that the sample contained a considerable
quantity of gypsum and also crystals of white arsenic. An analysis
disclosed the fact that the sample contained 23.08 per cent of free
arsenious oxid, and was, therefore, dangerous.
Considerable quantities of lime have been added to the water in
which Paris green is mixed in order to render insoluble the free
arsenic or other soluble arsenites which are present in Paris green.
This method is unsuccessful, however, in cases where the quantity of
free arsenic is large.
Several tests may be applied for the purpose of determining the
purity of Paris green. Paris green dissolves freel}' in ammonia,
while the majority of substances which have been used for adulterating
66 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD.
it are insoluble in ammonia. This test is valuable, but can not be
depended upon in all cases. If a small quantity of the Paris green
])e placed upon a glass slide and the glass jarred so as to cause the
Paris green to slide down the surface of the glass, a bright green track
will be left behind if the sample is pure, whereas the track will he
white or pale green in case it is impure. The most satisfactory test,
however, is the microscopic one. Under the microscope Paris green
appears in the form of clean round masses. In impure samples one
readih" observes in addition to these regular spheres quantities of mate-
rial of irregular crystalline shape, usuall}^ of paler color.
In New York, Louisiana, Texas, and Oregon laws have been enacted
recjuiring Paris green to contain 50 per cent of arsenious oxid. A
great defect of these laws is that no attempt is made to distinguish
between soluble and insoluble arsenious oxid. A very low grade of
Paris green may, therefore, be made to contain a sufficient quantitj^
of arsenic ])y simply adding arsenious oxid, which is cheaper than
Paris green. The standard which has been adopted by the station
makes the following requirements: "(1) The sample will be expected
to contain, as seen under the microscope, only a trace of foreign mat-
ter; (2) the total arsenious oxid shall exceed 50 per cent; (3) the sam
pies shall contain practically no free arsenic or other soluble arsenical
compound.'"
Paris green has proved a satisfactory insecticide against the codling
moth when a standard quality is used. The substance has, howev^er,
become so unreliable that it seems advisable in the opinion of the
author to use some substitute. Arsenite of copper has been used in
various localities with considerable success. Barium arsenite was
found unsatisfactory, being easily soluble and injurious to the foliage.
London purple is the oldest substitute for Paris green, but it often
contains considerable free arsenic so as to make it injurious to the
foliage. Arsenite of lime has been used in several States with good
results. Arsenite and arsenate of lead have been used by the Gj'ps}"
Moth Conmiission as a substitute for Paris green. The arsenate of
lead is decidedly the better substance for the gypsy moth and is per-
haps to be preferred. Practical directions are given for preparing
arsenate of lead, arsenic and lime, and arsenic, soda, and Ijme.
The authoi' gives a brief discussion of various other methods for
fighting the codling moth, among which mention may be made of the
})and treatment, the destruction of windfall a})[)les, destruction of the
codling moth in storage houses, the use of traps for the destruction of
the moth, scraping the bark, and th(; application of winter sprays.
Attention is called to the fact that one application of an insecticide is
not sufficient. The spraying should be repeated during the summer
at intervals of 3 or 4 weeks. It is necessary to take account of dif-
ferences in the habits of the moth in different localities and during
ENTOMOLOGY. 67
different seasons in the same locality. The first application in most
localities should 1)e made soon after the flowerino- period, and an effort
should be made to wet every part of the plant, since the eggs are
deposited indiscriminately on the leaves or upon the young fruit.
Report of analyses of Paris green and other insecticides, L. L.
Van Slyke (^V^//' Yorh State St<i. Bui. l(J'>,pp.'2'21-2Sli). — On account
of frequent complaints of the inefficiency of Paris green, the station
undertook a chemical investigation of this and other insecticides.
Tables are givcni showing the percentage composition of chemically
pure Paris green or copper aceto-arsenite.
In 24 samples of Paris green which were analyzed, the quantity of
arsenious oxid varied from 55.34 to 60.16 per cent and averaged 56.48
per cent. The amount of copper oxid in these samples varied from
27.7 to 30.9 per cent, and averaged 29.97 per cent. In pure Paris
green, the ratio of arsenious oxid to copper oxid should be 1.87 : 1.
In the samples of Paris green which were analyzed, this ratio varied
from 1.82 to 2.17 : 1, and averaged 1.88 : 1. The ammonia test indicated
the samples to be for the most part free from white arsenic. In all
samples the amount of arsenious oxid exceeded the legal requirements.
The only adulterant w^hich was found was white arsenic, and this in
only 2 cases.
Brief notes are given on analyses made of the following insecticides:
Paragrene, Black Death, Slug Shot, London purple, Laurel Green,
Smith's Electric Vermin Exterminator, and Bug Death. In the New
York law regarding Paris green there is nothing to prevent the addi-
tion of anj^ quantit}' of white arsenic to Paris green. This is consid-
ered a decided defect in the law, but from the samples which were
analyzed it would appear that it has not been taken advantage of to
any considerable extent. The text of the New York law is appended
to the l)ulletin.
The queen bee, A. Gale {Agr. Qaz. Neto South Wale.% 11 {1900), Nos. 1, pp.
28-:U; :i, p)>. 127-130). — Popular notes on the life history and habits of the queen
bee.
Care of bees in February, L. Wolff (Devi. Lanclw. Precise, 21 {1900), No. 9,
}). 84). — On account of the small honey flow during the previous season, spring feed-
ing is recommended.
The histolysis of the adipose body in the bee, L. Terre ( Compt. Rend. Sac.
Biol. Paris, 5£ {1900), No. 7, pp. 160-162). — In young larvfe of bees the adipose body
consists of a numl)er of more or less rounded cells inclosing large, clear vacuoles.
The nucleus of these cells is conspicuous and sharply outlined. The histolysis of
this body takes place by a sort of digestion and does not depend upon leucocyte
phagocytosis.
The principal household insects of the United States, L. O. Howard, C. L.
Marlatt, and F. H. Chittenden {U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Entomology Bui. 4,
n. s., rev. ed., jtp. 131, figs. 64). — This is a reprint of Bulletin 4 of this Division with
slight changes (E. S. R., 9, pp. 62-66).
Notes on the part played by insects as carriers of infection, P. Sonsino
{British Med. Jour., 1900, No. "2041, pp. 328, 329). — This paper reports a study on the
68 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
life history of Filarla hancrnfli in the body of the mosquito. The Filaria was found
infesting Ctikx jxipien.'i and ('. (iliaris.
A novel trap for cockroaches {Sd. Amer. Sup., 49 [1900), No. 1255, p. 20125, fig^.
3; from La Nature) . — A descrii:)tion of a hox trap which is said to catch both young
and adult cockroaches.
How to distinguish the diflferent mosquitoes of North America, L. O. How-
AHi) and D. W. Coqttllett ( T' ,S'. Depi. Agr., T)iri.<<lo)i of Erilornnlogn Circ. 40, 2. ftcr.,
pp. 7,JigK. 3). — A synoptic table for the identification of North American species of
Anopheles, Culex, Psorophora, Megarhinns, and Aedes.
Insect bites and the effects thereof, C P. Lounsbury {Canad. Enl., 32 {1900),
No. 1, pp. 17-34). — The author discusses at some length the reported cases of injurious
effects from the bite of Argas persiats. The author believes that A. pcrsicus, A. colum-
hse, A. americanus, and A. reflexus probably represent only 1 species. The bite of
this tick can hardly be dangerous except under peculiar conditions, but there is
always the possibility of the transmission of contagious disease.
Notes are given on bites caused by Onithodoros savignyi.
Apple insects of Maine, F. L. Harvey and W. M. Munson {Maine Sta. Bui. 56,
pp. 105-144, ph. 8). — This bulletin contains a description and an account of the life
history, the vulnerable points, and remedies for the following insects which are
injurious to the apple: Anisopteryx pornetaria. Aphis mall, Bucculatrix pomifoliella,
Caccecia rosana, Carpocapsa pomonella, Chrysobothris femorata, Clisiocampa americana,
C. disstria, Conotrachelus 7ienuphar, Hyphantria cunea, Hybernia tillaria, Mytllaspis
pomorum, (Edemasia concinna, Platysamia cecropia, Saperda Candida, Schizoneura lani-
gera, Teras minuta, Tmetocera ocellana, Trypeta pomonella, Xyleborus jnjri, and Nololo-
2)lms leucostigma.
Reports on injurious insects in Finland — I-IV, E. Reuter {Heldngfors,
1S95-1899).
Some common Florida scales, H. A. Gossard {Florida Sta. Bid. 51, pp. 105-128,
figs. 8). — This bulletin contains notes on the appearance, habits, life history, natural
enemies, artificial remedies, and host plants of the following insects: Mytilaspis cit-
ricola, M. gloverii, Lec.anium hesperidxim, L. olex, L. hemisphiericum, Ceroplastes flori-
densis, C. drripediformis, and Dadylopius dtri.
General observations are made on the advisability of spraying at the proper time
and in the proper manner. Brief notes are given on the use of kerosene, resin wash,
and whale-oil soap.
Notes on Australian Coccidae, W. W. Froggatt {Agr. Gaz. Nev) South Wales,
11 {1900), No. 2, jjp. 99-107, pi. 1). — Notes on the life history and economic relation-
ship of the following species of the genus Eriococcus: E. araucarias, E. araucarix var.
minor, E. capitata, E. buxi, E. conspersus, E. coriaceus, E. confusus, E. eucalypti, E.
leptospermi, E. multispinosus, E. parado.vus, E. spiniger, E. tepperi, and E. turgipes.
Inspection of American fruit for San Jose scale in Hamburg-, J. Kochs
{Druf. Lundw. Pre^se, 27 {1900), No. 9, p. 84, figs, i?).— Brief popular notes.
Truth about the San Jose scale, J. P. Smith {Amer. Agr., 65 {1900), No. 1, pp.
2, 8). — Popular notes on the efficiency of various remedies against this insect.
German echoes of the commercial inspection {Sci. Amer. Sup., 49 {1900), No.
1259, p>p. 20189, 20190). — Brief notes on the dangers from San Jos^ scale in Ger-
many.
The codling moth {Jour. Agr. and Ind. South Australia, 3 {1900), No. 6, pp. 507-
509). — Report of a special committee concerning the extent of infestation of South
Australia by the codling moth and means for its eradication.
The strawberry sawfly and the gooseberry fruit worm, J. P. Chapais {Nat.
Canad., 27 {1900), No. 2, pp. 17-20). — Brief notes on Emphylus maculatus and Dakruma
convolutella.
FOODS— ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 69
Fruit fly notes, C. P. Lounsbury (Agr. Jovr. Cape Good Hope, 16 (1900), No. 1,
pp. 4.3-45). — Experiments by the author indicate that the insect probalily does not
hibernate in the aduh stage, but as pupse. The remedies recommended are the
destruction of infested wiiidfalls, covering the trees with nets, and allowing fowls to
run in the orchard.
Notes on some micro-lepidoptera, Schutze {Stettin. Ent. Ztg., 60 (1899), No,
7-8, pp. 163-179). — Notes on a species of Tinea, Prays, Argyresthia, Galechia, and
Braclimia.
On 2Rga\evis bechuana, a ne-w species of Cimicidse reported to injure coffee
berries in British Central Africa, G. W. Kirkaldy {Entomologist, 3.3 {1900), No.
442, jyp. 77, 78). — Si^ecimens of this insect were sent to the author from Central
Africa by Mr. Green with the statement that they were puncturing coffee l)erries.
The species is described as new.
Fruit-feeding habit of the cotton worm moth, C. E. Brown {Bui. Wii^conftin
Nat. Ilisl. Sot:, n. ser., 1 (1900), No 1, pyp. 67) . — Alet'ta argUlacea is reported as feeding
upon grapes in jNIilwaukee.
Caterpillars and maple sugar {Nat. Canad., 27 {1900), No. 2, pp. 26-28).- -A
Ijrief account of the effects of depredatimi by Clisiocampa dkstria upon the (jualit\- of
maple sugar.
A gall-making Coleophora, Walsixgham {Ent. Mo. Mag., 2. ser., 11 {1900), No.
123, pj). 59, 60). — C. atcfanii is reported as producing galls on the stems of ^^n/>fer
liallmus. The author gives brief notes on the appearance and habits of this insect.
Swarming of the milkweed butterfly (Danais arcMppus), P. H. Dernehl
{Bid. Wisconsin Nat. Hi.st. Soc, n. ser., 1 {1900), No. 1, pp. 64, 65).
Gadfly and botfly, C. J. Valentine {Jour Agr. and Ind. South Australia, 3 (1900),
No. 6, pp. 516, 517). — Notes on the life history of Gastrophilus equi.
The breathing of Hydrophilus, H. J. Kolbe {Illus. Ztschr.-Ent, 5 {1900), No.
3, pp. 38, 39). — The author's ol )servations were made on Hydropkilus piceus. The
beetles were ol)served to come frequently to the surface of the water to obtain air.
Lethrus apterus, J. Taenani {Illus. Ztschr. Ent., 5 {1900), No. 4, pp. 49, 50). —
Brief notes on the habits, life history, and food plants of this insect, which is especi-
ally injurious to grape vines.
On the larvae, habits, and structure of Lithocolletis concomitella and its
nearest allies, J. H. Wood (Ent. Mo. Mag., 2. ser., 11 (1900), No. 122, pp. 30-34).—
A description of the larv?e, with notes on the mining habits of this and other species
in the leaves of Primus avium, Pyrus aucuparia, etc.
FOODS— ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Cereal breakfast foods, C. D. Woods and L. H. Merrhx (Maine
Sta. Bui. 55^ jjp. 9S-10(J). — The authors report the anal^ysis of a con-
siderable number of commercial cereal breakfast foods. These include
4 corn preparations, 3 uncooked oatmeals, 11 cooked oat preparations,
16 wheat preparations, 3 gluten preparations, and 1 miscellaneous
articles.
The different articles and classes are discussed at some length. The
authors note that many of these cereal foods have been thoroughly
cooked during the process of manufacture and then dried, so they will
keep indefinitely.
"The process of manufacture is hygienic and cleanly and will bear the closest
inspection. Starting from the elevator, the goods are cleaned, milled, cooked, evaj)-
orated, and j^acked by machinery. It is very gratifying to find that this class of
goods is free from adulteration and careless preparation. . . .
70 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
"Protein is furnished more cheaply by oat preparations than by those of corn or
wheat. The oats also supply fat 10 times as cheaply as the corn products and 5
times as cheaply as the wheat foods. The carbohydrates are supplied most econom-
ically by the corn preparations, oats ranking second. In fuel value, oats again rank
first.
"If wheat flour be included in the comparison, it will be found to be the cheapest
source of protein and carbohydrates. With the exception of one sample of rolled
oats, it also leads in fuel value."
Commercial feeding stuffs in the Connecticut market, E. H.
Jenkins, A. L. Wixton, et al. {Connect leaf State Std. Bui. 130^
fj). Ifi). — Commercial feeding stuffs and their uses are briefly dis-
cussed, and the anal^yses of a large number of such materials reported.
These were made in compliance with the Connecticut law regulating
the sale of these goods and include cotton-seed meal, linseed meal,
ground wheat, bran, middlings, mixed wheat feed, corn meal, gluten
meal and gluten feeds, hominy chop, ground oats, provender, corn and
oat feeds, oat feeds, corn, oats, and barley, rye bran and rye feed,
malt hulls, starch feeds. Champion Bell Fodder, H, O. dairy feed,
H. O. horse feed, H. O. poultry feed, American Cereal Company's
Quaker Dairy Feed and Poultry Food, Blatchford's Calf Meal, Pioneer
Clover Meal, carob bean, carob liean pods, carob beans and pods,
Barnes's Horse and Stock Feed, Bowker's Animal Meal, and Lederer's
Poultry Food,
"No cases of actual adulteration have been found among the samples examined.
A considerable number of these 'feeds,' notably most of the so-called 'oat feeds,'
are, however, of such inferior quality that they can not be used to any profit.
"It appears that the three most concentrated feeds, the three which, pound for
pound, will go farther in 'balancing' or piecing out the ration made from home-
grown feed, viz, cotton seed, linseed, and Atlantic gluten meal are the most costly.
This is as it should be. Yet of these, the one which contains the most protein,
'Atlantic gluten meal,' is the cheapest. It does not follow that it should be bought
to the exclusion of the others. Linseed meal, though a ver}' expensive feed, is greatly
relished by cattle, flavors the food and is generally regarded as an excellent thing to
keep cows 'in condition.' But evidently the wise feeder will endeavor to use the
cheaper forms of protein as far as possible.
"An examination of the prices and analyses of the feeds given in the table also
shows that the market prices bear very little if any relation to their feeding value.
That is, 'feed' costs from $17 to $20 per ton at retail, whether it is concentrated,
rich in protein, and well suited to supplement the home-grown feed, or whether it is
a starchy food and of much less \'alue in compounding suitable cattle rations. In
this condition of the market, special care in the purchase of feeds and some knowl-
edge of their chemical composition will be found highly advantageous in keejiing
the cost of milk production down to a point which will admit of profit in the
business. ' '
Analyses of feeding stuffs, H. A. Huston and A. H. Bryan {Indi-
ana Sta. Rpt. 1899., pp. 67-72). — Analyses are reported of large green
okra seed, buckwheat, Rauh's stock food, distillery slop, and a num-
ber of samples of mangel-wurzels and sugar beets. The protein con-
I
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
71
tent of 2 samples of corn was also studied. Several of the analj^ses
follow:
Cvvijjusiflon of okra .vcd, huckivlwat, and distUleri/ slop.
Water.
Pro-
tein.
Fat.
Nitro-
gen-
free
ex-
tract.
Crude
fiber.
Ash.
Albu-
mi-
noid
nitro-
gen.
Amid
nitro-
gen.
Starch, a
Carbo-
hy-
drates.
Pento-
sans.
Large green okra seed .
Per ct.
6.4.5
9.22
95.78
Per ct.
22.18
13.62
1.22
Per ct.
15.98
2.72
.3h
Per ct.
27. 20
62. 43
2.31
Per ct.
23. 99
10.25
.29
Per ct.
4.20
1.76
.02
Per ct.
3. .350
1.65
.144
Per ct.
0.192
.53
.048
Per ct.
14.06
53. 28
.63
Per ct.
613. 15
c6. 01
C.38
Per ct.
6 8''
Distillery slop
a Diastase method, b Extracted by 1^ per cent sodium liydrate. e Extracted by dilute sodium hydrate.
Analyses of feeding stuffs, F. W. Woll ( Wisconsin Sta. Bpt.
1899, pp. 271-'27If). — The author reports the composition of the fol-
lowing" feedino- stufi's: Blood-molasses feed (sample manufactured in
Denmark), flour middlings, bibra cake (from the Hawaiian Islands),
condimental food, broom-corn millet seed, yellow corn germ, white
corn germ, wild rice, Zlzania aquattcd^ parched and sun dried. A
number of these are quoted in the following table:
Composition of (t> number of feeding stuffs.
Moisture
Ether
extract.
Nitrogen-
free
extract.
Crude
fiber.
Blood-molasscs feed
Bibra cake
Broom-corn millet seed {Paniciim milia-
crum )
Wild rice, parched
Wild rice, sun dried
Per cent.
5.72
5.31
11.30
9.54
9.99
Per cent.
20.74
a 20. 25
&9.44
13.00
13.65
Per cent.
3.22
4.82
3.81
.86
Per cent. Per cent.
65.27
50. 41 10. 61
61.14
74.04
72.68
10.70
1.12
1.22
rrii.t.
5. 05
8.60
3.55
1.44
1.58
a Containing 0.14 per cent amid nitrogen, b Containing 0.8 per cent amid nitrogen.
"[The blood molasses] shows a medium content of protein. A good share of this
component is moat likely in the form of amids and lower nitrogenous compounds,
wliich possesses an inferior feeding value as compared with protein substances
proper. The feed is, however, made up of foods of high nutritive value. . . .
" Bibra cake is one of the cattle foods used in the Hawaiian Islands. Its price is
given as $40 per ton. A comparison with our standard protein foods will show tliat
it is much lower in protein than these and its crude liber content is rather high,
making it a less valuable feed than, for example, any of our oil meals. . . .
"The 2 samples of wild rice were obtained from Lac Courte Oreille Indian Reser-
vation in Wisconsin. . . . Wild rice grows to a large extent in lakes and streams in
the northern part of our State, and is used extensively by the Indians as a cereal
crop. We notice that it ranks higher than any of our leading cereals in chemical
composition, its contents of protein and nitrogen-free extract (mainly starch) being
greater than those found in any of these. So far as can l)e judged from chemical
analysis alone, wild rice has, therefore, a high food value."
Winter v. spring bran, W. Frear and W. A. Hutchison (Pennsyl-
v<(nia Sta. Bid. 1^.8^ pp. 8). — Analyses are reported of 10 samples of bran
from winter wheat and a like number of samples from spring- wheat.
72 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
On the basis of theso analyses, the 2 sorts of l)ran are compared, other
American work on the subject being quoted. The authors' conclusions
follow :
"On the average, despite the higher market price, winter bran furnishes a smaller
quantity of nitrogenous nutrients to the animal because of its inferiority in compo-
sition, and, possibly, of its lower digestil^ility. The composition of these brans is
not at all constant in regard to the more important constituent, protein. In the case
of winter bran, the best contained one-tenth more than the poorest; in the case of
spring bran, the best contained over one-fifth more than the poorest. In other
words, 9 tons of the best winter bran would furnish as much protein as 10 tons of
the poorest; while among spring brans, 8 tons of the best would supply as much
protein as 10 tons of the poorest.
"As represented by these analyses, Maine and Massachusetts, maintaining an
official control over the sale of cattle foods, secure a somewhat less variable article,
and, especially in case of winter bran, a better average article than is obtained
in Pennsylvania. The number of analyses represents too small a part of the trade in
these foods to justify sweeping conclusions. By reason of its great variability in
food value as indicated by analysis, bran should not be bought in large quantities
except under guaranty of composition. ' '
Contribution to the study of the energy content of human
urine, M. Tangl {Arch. Anat. a. Pht/sioL, Physiol. AM., 1899., iS>/j}.
ft. 1., 'pjp. 251-^66). — The author reports a number of experiments on
the nitrogen and carbon content and fuel value of human urine when
different diets were consumed. The balance of income and outgo of
nitrogen was also determined. The principal concliisions follow:
The ratio of the heat of combitstion to nitrogen and that of carbon
to nitrogen in the urine is much greater when the diet consists largely
of carbohydrates than when it consists principally of fat. In other
words, these ratios can be markedly influenced by diet. Under the
conditions of the author's investigations, these quotients varied cor-
respondingly. The 2 ratios did not change when work was performed.
This is in harmony with the results of experiments in which the res-
piration quotient was determined and the theory of Zuntz and his fol-
lowers, that during rest and work the same proportion of nutrients is
metal)olized — that is, the proportion of those nutrient materials which
the organism has available in sufficient quantit3^ The article contains
a bibliography of the subject.
Sheep feeding, R. T. Shaw {Montana Sta. Bid. 21, pp. 13).— The
author discusses the possibility of profitably fattening lambs in Montana
instead of shipping them for this purpose to other regions, and believes
it is possible to raise an abundance of suitable forage crops for the
purpose. The comparative value of alfalfa, red clover, and alsike hay
was tested with 3 lots, each containing at the beginning of the test 16
grade Merino lambs showing Cotswold blood, weighing on an average
42^ lbs. All the lambs were fed pulped turnips and a grain ration,
which at first consisted of li lbs. of oats per head daily. The amount
(
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTIOlSr,
73
of oats was afterwards increased and a little flaxseed and cracked peas
(pea screenings) added. In addition lot 1 was fed alsike hay; lot 2,
red clover hay; and lot 3, alfalfa hay. Both the alfalfa and red clover
hay were from second cuttings, and the alsike from the first cutting.
One of the lambs in lot 3 was dropped on account of l)loating.
. The test proper began January 2, 18i)8, and continued 84 days.
The financial statement is based on oats at $1, pea screenings 50 cts.,
flaxseed $1.50, and roots at 9 cts. per hundredweight, and hay at $6
per ton. The following table summarizes the residts of the tests:
Alfalfa, red clover, and alsike hay for lainhs.
Feed consumed.
, Total
gain.
Feed consumed
per pound of
gain.
Cost
per
pound
of gain.
Hay.
Turnips
Oats.
Flax-
seed.
Peas.
Hay.
Grain.
Lot 1 (16 lambs; alsike hay) .
Lot 2 (16 lambs; red clover
hay)
Lbs.
2,562
2, 588
2,484
Lbs.
1,340
1,340
1,340
Lbs.
780
780
780
Lbs.
42
42
42
Lbs.
241
241
241
Lbs.
405
402
377
Lbs.
6.32
6.43
6. .58
Lbs.
2.62
2.64
2.81
Cents.
4.51
4 62
Lots (15 lambs; alfalfa hay)
4.82
" (1) With the great abundance of leguminous crops and the ease with which they
can be produced in Montana, we believe it would be of great advantage to the Mon-
tana fanner to fatten at least a few sheep each winter season.
"(2) Under the very favorable climatic conditions the amount of food required
and cost of production per pound gain are relatively small.
"(3) Careful comparison has shown that alsike, the red clovers, and alfalfa have
given results for feeding value in the order named.
" (4) Food materials which would otherwise be wasted can be utilized with profit
where sheep are kept on the average farm."
Slieep-feeding experiments, J. H. Stewart and H. Atwood
( ITe'.S'^ Virginia Sta. Bui. 61^ pp. 67-75). — The usual practice in West
Virginia, according to the authors, is to market in the fall lam))s
raised for mutton. The possibility of profitable winter fattening of
lambs was tested in 2 trials. The first trial was made with 2 lots of
Southdown and Shropshire grade lambs and "natives, such as could
be found in an\^ section of the State," and 1 lot of native yearling-
wethers. Lot 1 (8 ewe lambs and 2 wethers) and lot 3 (5 yearling-
wethers) were fed a grain ration consisting- of ecjual parts of linseed
meal, wheat bran, and hominy feed. Lot 2 (8 ewe lambs and 2 weth-
ers) was fed whole corn. All 3 lots were fed, ad libitum^ mixed clover
and timothy hay which was not thought to be of extra quality. The
test covered 8 weeks. The average gain per lamb in the difierent
lots was 14.5, 15.4, and 8.8 lbs., respectively; and the cost of feed per
pound of gain was 4.9, 3.7, and 10.7 cts. The wether lambs gained on
an average 18.4 lbs., while the ewe lambs gained only 14.1 lbs. The
value of the manure is taken into account.
74 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
"Although definite conclusions should not be drawn from one experiment, yet this
feeding test indicates that lambs can be fattened more profitably than yearling weth-
ers, and that under favorable conditions it may be better for farmers who have an
abundance of coarse fodder to fefed their lambs heavily for 8 or 10 weeks, instead of
selling them at the usual time in the fall. It also indicates that forage and grain
produced upon the farm may be sold at home for a higher price than the market
offers. ' '
A second test in the fall of 1898, with 60 lambs, was discontinued
on account of many of the lambs being seriously affected with an inter-
nal parasite. The indications were that cowpea hay was superior to
timothy hay, although the gains were unsatisfactory in all of the lots.
Feeding ground corn v, ground peas to lambs before and
after weaning, W. L. Carlyle ( Wi^mn^ui .St((. Rj>f. 1S99, pp. M-ol,
Jigs. 2). — For the past 10 years the station has studied the feeding value
of different grains for lambs before and after weaning (E. S. R., 11,
p. 5(37). In the present test, coarsel}" ground corn and ground peas
were tested with 2 lots of 17 lambs each, before and after weaning.
The dams (11 Shropshire ewes per lot) were with the lambs until
weaned. The lambs and ewes were pastured on blue grass during the
day and housed during the night. Lot 1 was fed ground corn and lot
2 ground peas. Until weaning the grain was fed ad Ilhltum; after
weaning it was fed at the rate of about i lb. per day. The ewes were
not fed grain. The test began May 24, 1898, and was divided into 2
periods of 10 weeks each, the lambs being weaned at the close of the
first period. In discussing the financial returns, corn is rated at 30
and peas at 45 cts. per bushel. Previous to weaning, the average dailj^
gain of lot ] was 8.7 lbs., and of lot 2, 8.9 lbs., the grain required per
pound of gain with the 2 lots being 0.883 lb. and 0.889 lb. After
weaning, the average daily gain of the 2 lots was 6 and 5.1 lbs., respec-
tivel}^; the corresponding amounts of grain required per pound of gain
being 2.11 and 2.41 lbs. During the whole test the cost of a pound of
gain with lot 1 was 0.752 ct., and with lot 2, 1.085 cts. ""Ground corn
is a better feed than ground peas, pound for poiuid, when fed to }■ oung
lambs, and is much the more economical feed when the average ruling
prices of the 2 grains are considered."
At the close of the test, the carcasses of 2 lambs from each lot were
compared. "The proportion of lean to fat and the character of the
fat as to solidity, color, etc. , appeared to be exactly the same in the
carcasses of lambs from both the lots."
In connection with the above test, the comparative effect upon the
ewe of nursing single and twin lambs, as well as the gains made by
single and twin lambs and the comparative gains made b}^ ewe and
wether lambs, were also studied.
"A ewe can raise twins without losing any more weight than when raising a single
lamb. The ewes losing the most flesh while suckling lambs are not necessarily the
best mothers. Wether lambs gain more rapidly than the ewe lambs while nursing.
Twin lambs nursing one mother gain as rapidly as when there is but one lamb
nursing."
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
75
The influence of manures on the production of mutton, W. Som-
ERViLLE {Jour. Bd. Ay J'. [Lo}id(jii\ 6" {1899), ^Yo. o\ jjj). 29S-.U0). — In
continuation of work previousl^y reported (E. S. R., 10, p. 108-i), the
value of different fertilizers on poor pasture was tested by comparing
the 3'ield of ha}- and the growth made by sheep pastured on plats fer-
tilized w4th cotton-seed cake, lime, Thomas slag, dissolved bone, and
superphosphate, alone and in combination with potash, with lime, and
with ammonia. One plat (No. 6) served for purposes of comparison
and was not fertilized. The following table summarizes the results
obtained in 1899:
Arerdfje results of different methods of manuring pasti
of hay and mutton.
: shown in 1899 htj production
Plats.
Treatment.
Cotton-seed cake
Lime
Full dressing of slag
One-half dressing of slag
Superphosphate
Nothing
Superiihdsphate and potash
Superphiisphate and lime
Superphosphate and ammonia
Dissolved bone
Hay in ex- Mutton in
cess of excess of
amount i amount
produced ! produced
by plat 6. | by plat 6.
Per cent.
46
14
97
68
47
Per cent.
139
4
233
96
91
117
119
104
104
Hay con-
sumed per ' Average
pound of. I live
gain in livci weight
weight of ^ of sheep,
sheep.
Pounds.
21.4
38.8
20.8
30.1
27.0
35.1
20.6
23.6
26.7
26.7
Pounds.
115.5
127.0
117. 5
114.0
120. 5
122.5
126.0
122. 5
Average
dressed
weight
of sheep.
Pounds.
53.5
.57. 5
.53. 5
53.0
53.5
54.5
.57.0
57.0
The effect of the different manures is discussed at some length and
the results of this test are compared with those obtained earlier.
When slaughtered the sheep were judged b}^ an expert. Those pas-
tured on plat 6 were considered the best mutton. Those on plats 1, 3,
and 1: next in order, followed by those on plats 10, 5, 7, 8, and 9, which
were much alike. The sheep Were said to be much like others slaugh-
tered the same season, which was very dry. They showed a lack of kidney
fat and made small gains. In the author's opinion, grazing the sheep
is the best method of testing the comparative value of the different
fertilizers. However, it should be remembered that after the sheep
were taken from the plats there still remained a considerable amount
of fodder, the amount varying in the different plats.
"This feed ha.s been utilized by cattle with which the plats were stocked in pro-
portion to apparent requirements, a note being kept of the duration of the respective
periods of grazing. The 30j acres have each autumn maintained 18 1)reeding cattle
for fully 2 months, and that they found enough to eat is proved by the fact that they
came off in excellent condition. Allowing 24 cts. per head per week for grazing, the
plats are credited with sums varying between $2.40 (i:)lat 6) and $4.85 (plat 3) per
acre."
Whole corn compared with corn meal for fattening s-wine,
W. A. Heniiy ( Wlsconsm Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 19-2Jf). — Continuing
previous work (E. S. R., 11, p. 571), the comparative value of whole
and ground corn Avas tested with 2 lots of 19 pigs each, containing 9
3809— No. 1 6
76 EXPERIMENT STATION REOORD.
SOWS and 10 barrows. Five pigs in each lot were pure-bred Poland
China, the others Berkshire-Poland Chinas. These were the same pigs
used in the experiment with rape and clover mentioned below. After
a preliminary period of 1 week, the test began November 19 and
covered 84 days. Lot 1 was fed whole corn and middlings; lot 2, corn
meal and middlings. The total weight of lot 1 at the beginning of the
test was 3,543 lbs. and of lot 2, 3,538 lbs. During the test lot 1 con-
sumed 7,084 lbs. of shelled corn and 3,542 lbs. of wheat middlings,
and gained 2,132 lbs. That is, 4.97 lbs. of corn meal and middlings
were required for a pound of gain. Lot 2 consumed 7,196 lbs. of
corn meal and 3,598 lbs. of middlings, and gained 2,132 lbs., the grain
required per pound of gain being 5.07 lbs. Discussing this test and
previous trials, the author says:
" It is evident from otir work as conducted to the present time tliat the gains from
grinding corn as a food for swine are not very large in most cases and negative
results may be obtained. It is expected that the work will be continued for some
time to come or until we shall know more definitely what the real advantages are,
if any, of grinding corn for fattening swine."
Rape V. clover for young pigs, W. L. Carlyle ( Wisconsin Sfa.
Rpt. 1899, pp. 25-30, tigs. 2). — The comparative value of rape and
clover for young growing pigs was tested with 2 lots, each containing
21 pure-bred and high-grade Berkshires and Poland Chinas, averaging
a little over 100 lbs. in weight when the test began. (For earlier work
see E. S. R., 11, p. 571.) The 2 lots were fed a grain ration of
middlings and corn meal 1:2 mixed with water into a thick slop 12
hours before feeding. In addition lot 1 was fed rape. The pigs were
confined by a portable fence, being moved as required. They were
somewhat slow in acquiring a taste for the rape, but at the end of a
week of the preliminary feeding the}^ ate it greedily. In addition to
grain lot 2 was pastured on about 8 acres of second growth clover.
The test covered 4 periods of 2 weeks each. During this time the pigs
in lot 1 ate the rape from about f acre. At the beginning of the test
the pigs in the 2 lots weighed 2,139 and 2,138 lbs., respectively. The
corresponding average daily gains of the 2 lots during the test were
1.27 and 1.22 lbs. The results are compared with those obtained in
previous years. In discussing this year's tests the author remarks
that —
"The pigs fed on the rape appeared more paunchy as a whole at the close of the
experiment than were those fed on clover, though they were all of the same breed-
ing and very uniform as to conformation when the experiment l)egan.
"Another year's experience in pasturing pigs on rape serves to strengthen the con-
clusion of last year, viz., that farmers feeding any number of pigs can not provide a
better pasture for them than to sow small plats of rape at successive periods about 3
weeks apart during the spring and early summer months to be used for pasturage
for their sows and young pigs. ' '
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 77
On the food requirements of the pig for maintenance and for
gain, W. Dietrich, reported l)y F. W. VVoll ( Wi.<icon.sm Sta. Rpt.
ISOO, pp. 31-10). — The amount of food required at diiferent weights
for maintenance and for growth was tested with -i pigs weighing about
50 lbs. each at the beginning of the trial. The general plan was to
diminish the ration until the smallest quantit}^ which would maintain
the pigs at a constant weight was ascertained. Feeding was con-
tinued until it was certain that the ration was sufficient for main-
tenance. The ration was then increased and the pigs fed until they
weighed 100 lbs. each, when the amount necessary for maintenance at
that weight was determined. In this wa}^ the maintenance ration was
also determined for pigs at 150 and 200 lbs. live weight.
The pigs used were 2 barrows and 2 sows, all from the same litter,
and were a cross between a pure-bred Berkshire sire and a Poland
China-Chester White sow. They were 81 days old at the beginning
of the trial, which began July 13, 1898, and closed April 1, 1899.
It was divided into 1 periods of 56, 58, 71, and 74 days, respectively.
During the lirst period the ration consisted of corn meal and wheat
bran, 1:2, mixed with buttermilk and a little water, the nutritive ratio
being 1 : 4. During a part of the time skim milk was used in place
of buttermilk. During the second period the ration consisted of
corn meal, middlings, and skim milk, 1:1:4, with a little rape in addi-
tion. The nutritive ratio was 1:5. During the third period the nutri-
tive ratio was changed to 1:5:7, the food consisting of corn meal,
middlings, and skim milk, 1:1:2. During the fourth period the feed
was changed to corn meal and middlings, 1:2, the nutritive ratio being
1:6. The pigs did not eat as much after this change as they had done
previously and the feed was therefore reduced from the allowance
during the third period. The feeding stuffs used were anal3^zed.
" The fifty -pound pigs were each maintained on a ration containing
0.15 lb. of corn meal, 0.15 lb. of middlings, and 1.2 lbs. of skim milk;
at 100 lbs. weight it took 0.4 lb. of corn meal, 0.4 lb. of middlings,
and 1.6 lbs. of skim milk; at 150 lbs. weight it took 0.8 lb. of corn
meal, 0.8 lb. of middlings, and 1.6 lbs. of skim milk; and finally at
200 lbs. the pigs required 0.67 lb. of corn meal and 1.33 lbs. of mid-
dlings each for maintenance." The dry matter required daily for
maintenance in the 4 periods was 0.37, 0.87, 1.54, and 1.76 lbs.,
respectively. The dry matter required per pound of gain in the 4
periods was 2.24, 2.08, 3.12, and 3.96 lbs., respectively, and the aver-
age daily gain in the 4 periods was 0.93, 1.66, 1.85, and 1.22 lbs. The
number of days required for 50 lbs. of gain by the pigs at diflerent
weights was also computed. The pigs weighing 50 lbs. required 64
days; at 100 lbs., 30 days; at 150 lbs., 27 days, and at 200 lbs., 41 days.
78 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
" We observe that the older the pig grows the greater becomes the [relative amount
of food required for maintainance] and the greater the amount of food required to
produce 100 lbs. of gain. But considering that the percentage of the food is small in
proportion to the total food eaten at the 150-pound stage and that here the pig con-
sumes a large quantity of food per day and makes a large gain, it would seem that
the 150-pound pig is the most profitable one to feed. The large percentage of food
for maintenance to live weight is counterbalanced by these other facts. This appears
all the more evident when we consider what a small quantity of food was con-
sumed per day by the 200-pound pig. When we consider that the 200-pound pig ate
only 2.41 lbs. of dry matter per 100 lbs. of live weight and that 36 per cent of this
goes to sustain the life of the animal, we can easily see why the daily gain dropped
from 1.85 lbs. per day with the 150-pound pig to 1.22 lbs. per day with the 200-pound
pig. ...
"During the maintenance period the pigs did not show much greater signs of
hunger than when on full feed, but a few days, when they were given less than
maintenance allowance, they appeared to suffer from hunger. They seemed to feel
well during the maintenance feeding and would sometimes run about and play like
young dogs; when on full feed they were lazy and would lie about in the pen. . . .
"It was noticed that some pigs were slower eaters than others, and this may
explain why better results are not obtained when the animals are fed together in
large numbers. It was also noticed that the best results were obtained when the
pigs were on a feed increased uniformly from day to day."
During all periods of gain the tails were curled. During mainte-
nance periods the tails of the pigs hung straight down. "The curl
in the tail appeared and disappeared as the change was made from
maintenance to full feed and vice versa.''''
In connection with the above experiment the digestibility of the
maintenance ration and the ration for growth was tested with 2 pigs
for 2 periods of 3 days each. "It appears that a pig will digest a
little more food when on a maintenance ration than when supplied
with as much food as will be eaten." These results are compared with
those obtained at the Minnesota Station (E. S. R., -i, p. 733).
Nuts as food, C. D. Woods and L. H. Merrill {Maine Sta. Bui. 54, pp. 71-92).—
Statistics of the amount of nuts imported into the United States are quoted and the
composition of a number of nuts analyzed at the station reported. These include
Brazil nuts [Bertholletia excelsa), filberts, hickory nuts, pecans, peanuts, peanut but-
ter, edible acorns called "biotes" {Quercus emoriji), acorn meal, acorn bread, beech-
nuts, butternuts [Juglans cinerea), cocoanut, cocoanut milk, litchi nuts [Nephelium
litchi), pine nuts {Pinus monopJnjlla, P. edulis, P. sabiniana), and pistachio nuts.
The authors also quote a considerable number of American analyses of nuts made by
other investigators. The characteristics of the different nuts are discussed as well
as their preparation and use as articles of diet.
Analyses of maple sugar, H. A. Huston and A. H. Bryan {Indiana Sta. Rpt.
1899, pp. 74, 75). — The composition of 4 samjiles of maple sugar and a sample of
what is known to maple-sugar makers as "niter" or "sugar sand" is reported. The
sugar sand had the following percentage composition: Water, 6.11; insoluble matter,
9.13; reducing sugars, 12.74; sucrose, 26.88; calcium, 12.89; mahc acid, 20.86; pot-
ash, 0.72; protein, 0.40; and magnesium, a trace. According to the authors, this
material is sometimes known as " malate of lime." It is suggested that it might be
of some value as a source of malic acid.
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTIOlSr. 79
Liebig Company's extract of meat {Scl. Siftmg.% 17 {1900), No. 343, p. 230).~
The food value of this meat extract is discussed and an analysis reported.
Indian edible oils, W. E. Dunstan {Agr. Ledger, 1899, No. 12, Veg. Prod. .ser. No.
52, pp. 1-34). — A report on the chemical and physical examination of a large num-
ber of vegetable oils used for culinary purposes in India.
State of Michigan Dairy and Food Department Bulletin 55 {pp. 27). — This
bulletin contains a discussion of process butter, an article entitled "Method for the
detection of process or renovated butter" by W. H. Hess and R. E. Doolittle, a
report of the inspections made by the department, a report by the department
chemist of the examination of a number of samples of butter, cinnamon, flavoring
extracts, ginger, jelly, fruit butter, molasses, mustard, pepper, sirup, and vinegar.
An abstract of the Micliigan pure-food laws and a number of court decisions under
them are also given.
State of Micliigan Dairy and Food Department Bulletin 56 {jyp. IS). — This
bulletin discusses the work of the dairy and food department, reports legal proceed-
ings, dairy inspections, analyses of samples of beans, buckwheat flour, butter, flavor-
ing extracts, ginger, honey, jelly, mustard, peas, pepper, rice, sugar, and wine. The
Michigan food laws are noted, together with a digest and rulings.
Character and extent of food and drug adulteration in Massachusetts,
and the system of inspection of the State board of health, A. E. Leach ( Teclt.
Quart., IS {1900), No. 1, pp. S2-40, figs. 2, pis. 3). — A paper read before the Boston
Society of Arts, December, 1899, describing the common forms of adulteration and
the methods followed in combating adulteration and sophistication of food and
drugs.
Bacteriology applied to the canning and preserving of food products, E. W.
DucKWALL {Baltimore: The Trade, 1899, pp. 112, figs. 24). — The major portion of this
publication treats of the nature and character of bacteria, including pathogenic spe-
cies, methods of propagating, kinds commonly found in decomposing fruits and vege-
tables, methods of studying bacteria, summary of the characteristics of the various
organisms found in food products, and the scientific principles involved in canning
and preserving.
Chapters are also given on antiseptics and germicides, history of canning, methods
of canning corn, peas, tomatoes, tomato i^roducts, oysters, meats and tish in general,
pickles, kraut, and soup. Some results of sterilizing experiments are included in
the work and a chapter given on sterilization in canning.
The food rations in Ladysmith, J. C. Dunlop {British Med. Jour., 1900, No.
2046, pp. 6G7, 668). — The food value of the rations issued to the soldiers and other
inhabitants of Ladysmith during the latter part of the recent siege is calculated to be
73.4 gm. protein and 1,527 calories per man per day.
The feeding of prisoners, F. Hirschpeld {Ztschr. Bidtet. u. Phys. Ther., 4
{1900-1901), No. 1, pp. 37-53). — The dietary in a Berlin prison was studied, and in
addition 4 nitrogen metabolism exi:)eriments were made.
Concerning the metabolism of a vegetarian, T. Rumpp and 0. Schumm {Ztschr.
Biol, 39 {1899), No. 1, pp. 153-158) .—Th^ subject of this investigation was a strict
vegetarian. During his youth he had eaten eggs, butter, milk, and cheese, but since
his eighteenth year vegetable food only. His parents were also vegetarians. During
8 days the amount of food consumed was recorded and the urine and feces were
analyzed. The food consisted of Graham bread, aj^ples, dates, Quaker oats, rice,
sugar, and walnuts. The diet furnished 73.88 gm. of protein, 28.64 gm. of fat, 698.21
gm. of carbohydrates, and 3,431.92 calories. The daily income of nitrogen was 11.82
gm. ; 6.91 gm. was excreted in the urine and 4.01 gm. in the feces. There was, there-
fore, on an average, a gain of 0.9 gm. per day. The food contained 28.64 gm. of fat,
and the feces 7.58. The subject weighed 62.5 kg. at the beginning, and gained 1.7
80 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
kg. during the experimental period. In the authors' opinion, tlie vegetable diet
somewhat more than sufRced for maintenance.
Ensilage without pressure, Ross {Agr. Gaz. New South Itote, 11 {1900), No. 1,
pp. 36, 37). — The author's experience, extending over a number of years, in ensiling
maize in stacks without pressure is given. This method of preserving maize is
regarded as entirely satisfactory. ' ' The stack is an absolute success except for the
slight loss at the top and sides."
The foundation principles in determining feeding standards for farm ani-
mals, L. Gkandeau {Jour. Agr. Pntt.. 1900. I, No. 10, pp. 344-346; 11, pp. 381,382). —
A general discussion.
Feeding experiments with diflferent quantities of the same foods at the
college farm, T. Winter {Bd. Agr. \_London] Rpt. Distrih. Grants for Agr. Ed.
Great Britain, 1898-99, pp. 48-52). — A feeding experiment conducted at the Univer-
sity College of North Wales with 2 lots of 4 steers each, averaging about 1,100 lbs.,
is briefly reported. The object was to compare a ration of 3 lbs. of maize meal and
3 lbs. of decorticated cotton-seed cake with one containing 5 lbs. of each of these,
feeding pulped Swedish turnips, chaffed hay and straw in addition.
The test began November 29, 1898, and closed February 8, 1899. The steers receiv-
ing 6 lbs. of grain made an average daily gain of 1.92 lbs., and those receiving 10 lbs.
made an average daily gain of 1.65 lbs. The steers were slaughtered at the close of
the test. The average percentage of dressed to live weight in the 2 lots was 53.2
and 55.7 respectively.
Feeding experiments with root crops, L. Helweg {Landtmannm, 10 {1899),
Nu.^. 47, pp. 774-777; 48, pp. 790, 791; 60, ppj. 820-824)-
Cost of feeding steers, L. McKiii ( Wallace's Farmer, 25 {1900), No. 15, p. 410). —
A general discussion which includes some statistics.
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.
The mammary gland, A. W. Bitting {Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1899^
l)p. 36-If3., p>ls. 5). — An account is given of the anatomy and physiol-
ogy of the mammary gland and its development in different tvpes of
Mammalia, particular attention being paid to the form, structure, and
vascular supply of the cow's udder.
"The udder of the cow consists of a variable number of mammary glands, usually
4 that are functional (the quarters) and from 1 to 4 that are rudimentary. They are
arranged in pairs, being on opposite sides of the median line of the body, and occupy
the inguinal region (groin). . . .
"The shape and size of the organ as a whole differs in the different breeds and in
individuals of the same breed. In some breeds the aim has been to develop a large
secretory function, and an enormous glandular development has been the result.
In other breeds the quality of the milk has been the prime consideration, and the
gland is smaller. In the beef breeds the gland is often invaded with fatty tissue and
the udder appears large, but the quantity of glandular tissue is small. . . .
"The weight of the dissected udders, as found in our investigations, varied from
2 lbs. and 3 oz. to 41 lbs. and 6 oz. . . .
"A dissection of the udder shows that each half is enveloped in a strong fibrous
capsule, and that the fibers intermingle on the inner side and are prolonged upward
to act as ligamentous support for the gland. The halves are distinct, as they may
be easily separated throughout their inner aspect. The individual glands in each
half of the udder are not so distinctly separated. . . .
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 81
"The structure of the mammary glands can be studied to advantage by injecting
each teat and the arteries and veins with different colored injection masses. Each
gland is enveloped in an elastic, fibrous capsule or membrane, to which externally
the skin is loosely adherent; internally the fibers intermingle with those of the
gland from the opposite side and become prolonged upward as a suspensory
ligament. . . .
"Above the teat is a large cavernous opening, the reservoir or milk cistern. This
cistern is divided by constrictions into pockets of various sizes, into which the larger
milk ducts empty. At the point of entrance of these ducts is a constriction due to a
sphincter muscle. These sphincters can not close the entire opening, but it seems
possible that they may partially do so, and this may thus account for the ('ondition
known to all dairymen as 'holding up the milk.'
' ' The large ducts ramify in an irregular manner to all parts of the gland. They
subdivide into smaller ducts, and these in turn into smaller ones, until they terminate
in a simple duct with its alveolus or pocket. The large ducts anastomose ver\^ freely,
but do not in the smaller subdivisions. The canal in the teat, the reservoir, and ducts
are lined with columnar epithelium, but just what part the epithelial cells lining
these ducts have in the production of milk is not known.
' ' The alveolus is the sacculated distension on the end of the minute milk duct. It
is the essential part of the gland. It is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells,
which are especially concerned in milk secretion. The cavity of the alveolus in the
cow is from -^jo to t^o of an inch in length, and from 0.13 to 0.08 of an inch in diam-
eter. The lining cells vary from almost a flattened form to a columnar form during
the different stages of rest and activity.
"The mammary glands are abundantly supplied with blood. . . . The manunary
artery has 4 principal branches, 2 going to the posterior gland, 1 branch between
the glancis, with nearly all its subdivisions entering the anterior gland. There is
also a small branch for each rudimentary gland. The large branches subdivide
within the gland tissue. . . . The larger volume of blood passes forward through
the subcutaneous veins, thus bringing them into great prominence and giving rise to
the popular name of milk veins. These abdominal veins enter the thoracic cavity
just behind the sternum on each side of the cartilage, the point of entrance into the
body being known as the 'milk well.' As the blood may pass to the heart through
the posterior vessels as well as the anterior, it would seem that undue j^rominence is
attached to these veins in judging the milking qualities of cows. If a large volume
of blood should return by way of the posterior vessels, the abdominal veins \\ ill
appear less prominent. One of the factors tending to increase the size of these veins
is pressure upon the iliacs, as a gravid uterus. . . .
"The nerve center controlling secretion has not been located, but it is supposed to
be in the spinal cord. It is possible that the will can exercise some influence, but
the evidence is not sufficiently clear to warrant drawing a positive conclusion."
On the economy of heavy grain feeding of dairy govts, F. W.
WoLL iind W. L. C'arlyle ( Tr7.sYV>/^s/// Sfa. Bpf. 1S9D^ pp. o'2-67). —
The proportion of grain feed to coarse fodder best adapted for the
economical production of milk and butter was studied in an experiment
with y lots of -J: cows each, lasting- 3 months. A ration consisting of
8 lbs. of a mixture of ground oats, ground corn, wheat bran, and old-
process linseed meal, 4 lbs. of mixed clover and timoth}^ hay, and
silage ad lih'd/mn. was fed to lot A during the tirst and third periods,
and to lot B during all 3 periods. During the second period lot A
received the same ration except that the amount of grain was increased
82
EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOKD.
to 12 lbs. In other respects the conditions of the experiment were
uniform. The following table summarizes the principal data:
liesults of feeding different <imou)its of grain to milcli cow.^.
Lot A:
Period I {8 lbs. grain)
Period II (12 lbs. grain)
Period III (8 lbs. grain)
Average of periods I and III
Lot B:
Period I (8 lbs. grain)
Period II (8 lbs. grain)
Period III (8 lbs. grain )
Average of periods I and III
Food consumed.
Silage. Hay. Grain
Lbs.
3,666
3,754
3,573
3,620
3,876
4,294
4,180
4,028
Lbs.
500
336
336
418
500
336
336
418
Lbs.
672
1,008
672
672
Total production.
Lbs.
1,811.3
1,739.7
1,654.5
1,732.9
672 2,135.1
672 1,976.3
672 1, 991. 6
672 2,063.4
Pat.
Lbs.
86.91
85.83
83.10
85.01
92.70
87.27
93.18
92.94
Cost of Cost of
food per food per
100 lbs. pound of
milk. fat.
Cent<.
54.
67.
56.
55.
47.
50.
49.
Cents.
11.3
13.8
n.2
11.3
10.9
11.4
10.6
10.8
The results are discussed at some length. The ration containing 12
lbs. of grain was considered as fed at a considerable loss as compared
with the ration containing 8 lbs. of grain. No increase in the live
weight of the animals nor favorable after effects on the production of
miilk and butter could be attributed to the additional amount of grain
fed lot A during the second period. The work is considered as
preliminary.
Protecting co^vs from flies, W. L. Carlyle ( Wisconsin Sta. Rpt.
1899, 2)]j. 92-96). — A brief account is given of the appearance and life
history of 2 species of flies troublesome to cattle, the common stable
fl}^ {Stomoxys calcitrans) and the horn fly {Tlicmatobia semtta). Pro-
tection from the horn fly ma}^ be secured by spraying cows with various
substances for this purpose, or bv rubbing into their hair some greasy
substance, such as fish oil with some oil of tar and sulphur added.
Means of this kind and also blanketing were found useless against the
more numerous stable flies.
An experiment was conducted to determine the relief from flies by
stabling. Fourteen cows were divided into 2 lots as nearly equal in
every respect as possible. During the daytime lot 1 was kept in a
small paddock having an abundance of shade, and lot 2 in a comfortable
stable provided with screen doors and windows. In other respects the
2 lots received the same treatment. The cows in lot 1 were constantl}'
on the move fighting flies, while those in lot 2 were practically free
from them. During the 4 weeks which the experiment lasted lot 2
(stabled) consumed 835 lbs. more of green sorghum and sweet corn
than lot 1 and lost on an average 19 lbs. more in live weight per cow.
Comparing the results of the first 2 weeks of the experiment with the
results of the 2 weeks preceding, the yields of milk and butter fat of
lot 1 decreased respectively 40.4 and 2.16 lbs., and of lot 2, 50. T and
0.81 lbs. Similar results were obtained in comparing the first and
fourth weeks of the experiment.
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 83
"This experiment can not be accepted as in any way conclusive, and yet it would
seem to indicate that while the cows in the Htal)le increased slightly more in the
percentage of l)utter fat in their milk than did the lot in the paddock, yet they ate
more of the feed and fell off more in the amount of milk given, though they decreased
much less in total fat production. It is easily seen, however, that the increase in the
total amount of butter fat given in the one lot over the other in this experiment was
not sufficiently great to pay for the increased trouble and expense entailed in the
stabling of the cows during the greater part of every day."
The effect on dairy cows of changing milkers, W. L. Carlyle
( ]f7.svY/;;.sv'/;. ^Sta. Rpt. 1S99, pp. S9-9t).—Y\\Q effect of the constant
changing- of milkers was studied with 8 cows in advanced stages of
lactation. The experiment covered 5 periods of 4 days each. During
the first, third, and fifth periods and for several days preceding each,
the milking was done by the regular milkers. During the second and
fourth periods each cow was milked bv a different person at each
successive milking. None of the milkers were strange to the cows.
The data for the experiment are tabulated. With the regular milkers
the average yield of all the cows for 4 days was 69.29 lbs. of milk, with
an average fat content of 4.75 per cent. With changing milkers the
yield of milk was 73.73 lbs, and the fat content 4.85 per cent.
"While the results would seem to show that there is a slightly increased production,
on the average, from the constant changing of milkers, yet the increase is so slight
that very little importance can be attached to it. The results of this experiment are
important, however, in that they go to show that when all the cows in a herd are
kindly treated by all the milkers, a changing of the milkers of the individual cows
in the herd has no appreciable effect upon the milk and butter produced and it
appears as if the cows appreciated a change. ' '
Dairy herd record, W. L. Carlyle ( Wiscotisin Sta. Rpt. 1899.^
fp. 68-88., fig a. II/). — A dairj^ herd comprising 6 grade Jerseys, 6 grade
Guernsej^s, and 6 grade Shorthorns was purchased to compare the cost
of the milk and butter production of cows of the special -purpose dairy
type, represented hy the Jersey and Guernsey grades, and cows of the
dual-purpose type, represented by the Shorthorn grades. The ani-
mals were of the highest dairy type of the breed and class to which
they belonged. They were given the same care and treatment. Tables
show the breed, age, and weight of cows; kind, amount, and cost of
food eaten; number of daj^s in milk; yields of milk and butter; and
the value of products and total profit for each of 14 cows which were
in the herd during the entire year. Of this number 3 were grade Jer-
seys, 5 grade Shorthorns, and 6 grade Guernseys. The average profit
over cost of feed from each of these breeds was, respectively, 159.05,
$50.71, and $55.47 per cow. A grade Shorthorn gave the largest
yield of milk and butter. The results of this preliminary work, while
not considered conclusive, show a favorable comparison of the Short-
horn grades with the Jersey and Guernsey grades in the cheapness of
butter production. An illustration is given of each of the 14 cows,
84
EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
accompanied l)v descriptive and historical notes and a snniniarv of Iku*
production and profit.
The composition of sow's milk, F. W. Woll ( Wi.sconsin /Sta.
B])t. 1899, j^P- ^67-^7(^).— One sample of milk from each of 2 pure-
bred Poland China, 1 pure-bred Berkshire, and 2 grade Berkshire
sows was secured in a manner similar to that desci'ibed in an earlier
report (E. S. R., 10, p. 782), and analyzed. The results of the 5
analyses, together with those of 7 analyses reported before, are sum-
marized in the following table:
Composition of soir's milk.
Average.
Water
Fat
Casein and albumen
Milk sugar
Ash
Solids-not-fat
Lowest.
Highest.
Per cent.
Per cent.
79.46
83.13
3.89
8.53
4.55
7.28
3.07
6.20
.74
1.32
10.76
13.23
Per cent.
81.49
6.60
5.75
5.19
.97
11.91
The I'esults of 74 analyses made by the author and other investi-
gators give 6.61 per cent as an average fat content of sow's milk.
This is considered nearl}^ 3 per cent higher than the average fat con -
tent of cow's milk produced in the United States. "Chemical anal 3^-
ses and microscopic examinations of the two kinds of milk show that
sow's milk is more like the milk of strippers than that of cow^ in full
flow of milk.''
Pasteurization of milk and cream at 140^ F., E. H. Farrington
and H. L. Russell {Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 129-139, figs. 3).—
The conditions of efficient pasteurization, thermal death point of the
tubercle bacillus, and the cause of diminished consistent'}' of pasteur-
ized products are discussed, and studies on pasteurization at 140° F.
are reported.
Samples of unpasteurized milk, and milk pasteurized at 140 F. for
periods varying from 15 to 60 min., and at 155° for 15 min., were kept
in cold running water, and the thickness of the cream layer formed in
each case was determined at diffierent intervals. The creaming prop-
ert}^ of the milk pasteurized at 140° was practically the same as that
of the unpasteurized milk. As compared with normal milk the cream-
ing of the milk pasteurized at 155° was retarded and lessened in
quantity.
A number of tests were made to determine the keeping quality of
milk pasteurized at 140° F. On the average unpasteurized milk
remained sweet about 2 days. Milk pasteurized at 155° F. for 15 min.
and at 140° for 15 and 30 min. remained sweet over 6 days with prac-
tically no ditfercnce in the 3 cases.
Determinations were made of the number of bacteria in samples of
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 85
milk heated for 20 min. at temperatures ranging from -io to 7(» C.
Over 91» per cent of the bacteria present in the unpasteurized milk
was destro^^ed by pasteurization at 140 F.
Viscometer tests made according to the method previousl}'^ described
(E, S. R., 9, p. 181) showed practically no difference in the consistency
of raw cream and cream pasteurized at 140° F. for 30 min.
The following summary is given:
"The temperature recommended for the pasteurization of milk and cream in tlie
past has been 155° F. for a period of 15 to 20 minuten. This limit was chosen
because it had been regarded as the point at which the tubercle bacillus is destroyed
in a moist medium. When, however, cream or milk is heated to a temperature of
140° F. or above, the physical condition of the fat globules is changed so that cream
appears much thinner and milk loses its i)roi3erty of rapid creaming. This objection
can be overcome, as is shown by the preceding experiments, if milk or cream is not
heated above this temperature.
' ' Not only is the creaming property of the milk, and the ' body ' or consistency of
cream unaffected, but the keeping quality is practically as good as it is where the
product is heated to a temperature of 155° F. All that is necessary to secure good
keeping quality is to destroy the vegetative bacteria, and as this is accomplished at
the temperature of 140° F. if the exposure is made for a sufficient period of time, no
advantage in this respect is to be gained by heating to a higher temperature. This
being true, it only remains to determine with certainty how long an exposure must
be made to destroy the tubercle bacillus. The temperature limit that has heretofore
been considered necessary where the exposure was made at 140° F. was 1 hour, but
recent extensive experiments by Theobald Smith, in which all conditions have been
most carefully controlled, show that this time can be materially shortened where
milk is agitated during pasteurizing. A thorough retest of this point is now being
made under factory conditions and the exact time period will be determined on the
Imsis of these trials."
Pasteurization of skim milk, E. H. Farrington ( Wisconsin Sta.
Rpt. ISdd^'jjp. l'£l-l'28^Jigs. 2). — The methods and advantages of pas-
teurizing skim milk at creameries are discussed, and a device for
heating skim milk by means of exhaust steam, constructed by J. C.
Fortiner of the University creamery, is described.
This skim-milk heater consists of an ordinary tin pail which is sus-
pended over the storage vat, and into which the pipe conveying the
skim milk from the separator and the one conducting the exhaust steam
from the creamery engine empty. The skim-milk pipe extends about
18 in. up into the steam pipe, which arrangement is thought to aid in
utilizing all the heat of the exhaust steam and to prevent the skim
milk from being blown from the pail by the steam. The skim milk is
thus heated as it comes from the separator and flows over the top of
the pail into the large vat from which the patrons of the creamer}^ are
supplied. In practice about 2,500 lbs. of skim milk per hour was
heated to 160° F. and 4,000 lbs. to 140°. It was found that skim
milk heated in this way remained sweet about 1 day longer than
skim milk not heated. Only perfectly sweet milk can be used where
this method of pasteurizing the skim milk is employed.
86
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
A valve for turnino- aside the exhaust steam when not needed for
pasteurizing" is illustrated. Brief mention is also made of an arrange-
ment in practical use in a creamery by which the skim milk was heated
in a similar manner at the separator.
Effect of salt on the -water in butter, E. H. Farrington ( TT7.s-
Ciynalii Sti(. Rpt. lS9'J^pp. 97-107 , fig. 1). — Reference is made to results
of similar work reported previously (E. S. R., 11, p. 586).
In each of 18 experimental churnings the butter was divided into 2
lots, one of which was salted and the other not salted. In other
respects the 2 lots in each case received as nearly identical treatment
as possible. In a numljer of these trials both lots were worked once,
and in the other trials the lots were worked twice, the 2 workings
being separated by an interval of about 21 hours. Analyses of 36
samples of butter made in these trials are given in full and sum-
marized in the following table:
Average of (inahjse>< of salted and nnsalted hutter.
Num-
ber of
churn-
ings.
Salted butter.
Butter worked once . ,
Butter worked twice ,
Butter
fat.
Per ct.
83.80
84.59
Curd.
Per ct.
0.93
1.08
Ash
(salt).
Per ct.
2.74
3.80
Per ct.
12.74
10.53
Unsalted butter.
Butter
fat.
Curd.
Per ct.
0.90
.90
Ash
(salt).
Per ct.
0.27
.36
Water.
Per ct.
15.12
14.33
While the unsalted butter always had a dry appearance it was found
in eveiy comparison to contain more water than the salted butter.
"Taken as a whole, the analyses show that the higher the salt content, the less
water the butter will contain. . . . The amount of water or brine that shows on the
fresh-cut surface of butter is a better indication of its salt content than of the amount
of water it holds. . . . The color of the salted butter was a darker shade of yellow
than the unsalted. This was very noticeable."
To observe the effect of the size of butter granules on the water
content of butter, about 300 lbs. of ripened cream was divided into 2
lots, one of which was churned in a box churn until the butter gran-
ules were about the size of clover seed, while the other lot was churned
in a combined churn and worker until the butter granules were
about the size of corn grains. Both lots were salted and worked to
the same extent except that one was worked on a table worker and the
other in the combined churn and worker. Eleven trials of this kind
were made. The average water content of the butter churned to
large granules was 13.89 per cent, and of the butter churned to small
granules 12.15 per cent.
In 10 comparative tests granular butter was divided into 2 portions,
one of which was worked in a combined churn and worker and the
other on a table worker. The average water content of the butter
worked by the 2 methods was, respectivelv, 13.09 and 13.31 per cent.
DAIRY FAEMING^ — DAIRYING. 87
"These results give practically the same average percentage of water in the butter
worked by the 2 methods, showing in connection with the above experiment tliat
the size of the granules of Imtter when churning stops has more influence on the
amount of water left in the finished butter than does either of these 2 methods of
working the butter."
White spots on butter, E. H. Farrington ( Wisconsin Sta. Rpt.
1899^ pp. 118-1'20^ Jig. <F).^Te.sts were made to demonstrate the cause
of white crystals entirely unlike mottles or white curd spots appear-
ing on the surface of butter, especially on prints or bricks of butter
in a refrigerator. Two 1-pound bricks from the same churning were
kept at 50" F. in glass jars, one of which contained about 1 in. of
water and the other the same quantity of sulphuric acid. The ])utter
was raised above the liquid in each case. In the dry atmosphere of
the jar containing the sulphuric acid crystals began to form on the
surface of the butter within a few hours and nearly covered it in a few
days. In the moist atmosphere of the jar containing the water no
crystals formed on the surface of the butter, which, however, was
covered with drops of brine. A second trial at 70° F. gave the same
results. "Such spots are not an indication of defective salt, that the
workmanship is poor, or the butter bad; they simply show that the
liutter has been kept in a cold place which at the same time was so
dry that the water of the brine evaporated, leaving the salt on the
surface."
The action of proteolytic ferments on milk with special refer-
ence to galactase, the cheese-ripening enzym, S. M. Babcock, H.
L. Russell, et al. ( Wisconsin Sta. Rp>t. 1899^ pp. 157-17 J}.., figs. 11). —
In the investigations here reported, the object of which was the difl'er-
entiation of galactase from trypsin and other ferments, quantitative
determinations were made of the different decomposition products
formed by various ferments in sterilized milk. The ferments used
were the enzyms galactase, trj^psin, pancreatin, pepsin, and rennin,
and the bacteria Bacillus suhtllls, 2 species isolated from imperfectly
sterilized milk and designated B. 299 and B. 83, B. acldl lactlcl and
B. eoli communis. Samples of fresh separator milk which had been
sterilized were inoculated with these ferments and inculcated at 37
to 38° C, for periods ranging from 1 to 16 weeks. Two per cent
of chloroform was added to the samples inoculated with enzyms to
prevent the growth of any bacteria present through possible contam-
ination. The chemical analyses, which were performed in two inde-
pendent series, involved determinations of the albumins and casein
(precipitated by heat and acetic acid), albumoses (precipitated by zinc
sulphate), peptones (preciptated by tannic and phosphotungstic acids),
amids (not precipitated by reagents), and ammonia. The analytical
methods employed are briefly described, a detailed account being given
in a separate article (see p. 19). The results in detail are given in
tables and are also shown graphically in a series of diagrams.
88 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
The progressive formation of soluble nitrogenous products by
galactase, trypsin, and panereatin differentiated these enzyms from
pepsin and rennin, digestion with the latter enzyms and with commer-
cial rennet extract taking place only in milk acidified with 0,2 per
cent hydrochloric acid. The action of Bacillus subtilis, JB. 299, and
B. 83 as regards the conversion of nitrogen into soluble form was
similar to that of galactase. The amount of soluble nitrogen was not
increased by B. acldi lactici or B. coll communis. Proteolytic
changes in all cases were more rapid in the earlier than in the later
stages of digestion, from 30 to 85 per cent of the total nitrogen being
digested during the first 7 days. A difierentiation of the proteolytic
ferments was also shown by the character of the decomposition prod-
ucts. No ammonia was produced by trypsin, panereatin, and pep-
sin. In samples of milk acted upon by galactase. Bacillus sitbtilis, B.
299, and B. 83 for 112 days the nitrogen in the form of ammonia was
respectively 0.04, 0.21, 0.11, and 0.15 per cent. In cheese 120 days
old the ammonia was 0.17 per cent. Tryptic digestion was more
rapid than that of galactase. The absence therefore of ammonia,
together with the total disappearance of albumoses, and the presence
of large quantities of amids and peptones in digestion with trypsin,
and the presence of both ammonia and albumoses in digestion with
galactase at the end of 112 days strengthened the conclusion that these
two enzyms are not identical, although allied in some of their proper-
ties. The relative quantities of different end products of digestion,
especially amids and ammonia, differentiated galactase from the bac-
terial enzyms.
The relation of galactase to other enzyms is considered in connec-
tion with the cause of the changes taking place in the ripening of
cheese. " The similarity of products formed in the normal ripening
of Cheddar cheese with those produced by galactase where all other
factors are controlled, shows beyond all question that the main causal
agent in the proteolytic changes that occur in these cheeses is due to
this enzym."
Influence of galactase in the ripening of cottage cheese, S. M.
Babcock, II. L, Russell, and A. Vivian ( W!sco)isl)i St<(. Rpt. 1899,
P2>' 175-178). — Several experiments were made in a study of this ques-
tion. In 2 experiments cottage cheese was made from normal milk,
the acid being developed naturally by bacterial fermentation. In 1
of the experiments the curd was washed with warm water to remove
as much acid as possible. In 2 other experiments cottage cheese was
made from milk which had been heated to 192° F. for 20 minutes in order
to destro}'^ the inhei'cnt galactase. The acid was developed in one case
by means of a buttermilk starter and in the other 0.5 per cent of com-
mercial lactic acid was added. In each of the 1 experiments one por-
tion of the curd was kept under chloroform. Determinations of the
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 89
total and soluble nitrogen at different periods during ripening are
tabulated. The results are ]>riefl3^ discussed and the following con-
clusions are drawn:
"This seric'r^ of experiments leads us to eonsider that tlie digestion of casein in cot-
tage cheese is due, not so much to the action of vital ferments, in and on the curd
masses as has hitherto been supposed, but to the effect of inherent milk enzyms, of
which galactase is undoubtedly the most important. They also indicate that the
lactic-acid group of bai;teria have no appreciable effect on digestion.
"Furthermore, it is shown in these instances that the casein of milk, when pre-
cipitated l)y acid instead of rennet, undergoes a proteolytic or digestive change, in a
manner comparable to that which occurs in normal milk."
Effect of digesting bacteria on cheese solids of milk, H. L.
Kussp^LL and V. IL Bassett ( ir/.s-roz/.v/y/ Sfx. Ilpf. 1S90. 2n>- 1S7-
193). — Experiments were conducted to determine if losses occurring
in the manufacture of cheese from tainted milks are due to the diges-
tion of the casein of the milk by bacteria. Samples of raAv and sterile
milk inoculated with pure cultures of various species of digesting and
gas-producing bacteria were incubated for 14 to 24 hours at temper-
atures ranging from 82 to 99° F. Determinations of the soluble nitro-
gen and the total solids of the milk and whey at the beginning and
end of the experiments are tabulated. The results are considered as
showing that the casein of the milk suffers no appreciable loss through
tiie action of digesting bacteria during the tirst 24 hours after milking.
"It is therefore fair to assume that the losses sustained are attributable, in the
main, if not wholly, to the manufacturing methods that are used in the handling of
such tainted milks. This being the case, it is possible that improvements may be
made in these methods whereby some, at least, of these losses may be prevented, a
condition which would not in any way be possiljle if the insoluble casein was dis-
solved by these digesting organisms during the period before the milk is ordinarily
made into cheese.
"It is more than likely that the digesting microbes attack the albumen in milk
first, and so have in this already soluble material sufficient food to sustain them for
a considerable period. Later, the insoluble casein molecule is rendered soluT^le
through the continued activity of this type of ferment action."
Notes upon dairying in California and the export of California
butter to the Orient, K. A. Pearson {U. S. Dept. A(/r., BuTeau of
Animal Lidx-sti'ij Bnl. '21^.^ pp. 29, jyh. Jt-./fig. 1). — A brief account is
giyen of the dairy exhibit at the California State fair, held at Sacra-
mento September 4-16, 1899. Scores on the butter exhibited are
tabulated. A resume is giyen of the principal points brought out in
a general discussion on the export of dairy products from the Pacific
coast at a meeting of the California State Dairymen's Association,
held at Sacramento during the fair. Among the phases of the subject
discussed were causes affecting hardness of butter, making and pack-
ing butter for warm climates, and the use of preseryatives. Some
purposes of the experimental exports of butter to foreign markets by
the Department are noted, and statistics are given of the exports of
90 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
butter and cheese from the United States to trans-Pacific countries
from 1893 to 1890. The author discusses, with reference to conditions
and practices observed in California, the use of sugar-beet pulp and
sugar-beet tops for dairy cows, method of payment for milk at
creameries, handling of milk from cows fed alfalfa hay, butter pack-
ages, cheese making, milk supply of cities, and dairy education in the
State, offering suggestions for improvement along various lines.
Tlie possibilities of dairying in Cuba, D. R. Rankin {Hoar'Ta Dairyman, 31
{1900), No. 17, pp. 336, 337).
T-welfth. annual report of the dairy school at RUtti-Zollikofen, Bern, 1899
[XII. JahrcsbericJil di:r BerniacJien MolkcrelscJinle in. I'ntti-ZoUikofrn pro 1S9S-99. Bern,
1S99, pp. 44).
Summary of results of tests of ne-wr feeding stuffs at Poppelsdorf during
the winter of 1898-99, E. Ramm {Milch Ztg., 28 [1899), No. 62, pp. 817-819).—
This is a .summary account with tabulated data of a series of feeding experiments
with milch cows, previously reported in detail (E. S. R., 11, pp. 81, 86, 885), com-
paring peanut cake with the following feeding stuffs: Tropon residue, brewery resi-
due (Brauerschlempe), Illipe cake, palm-nut cake and Illipe cake, Tropon, English
cake (consisting mainly of cotton-seed meal and molasses), malt-sprouts-molasses,
gluten meal, and raw sugar.
Tests of dairy cows, 1898-99, J. W. Decker ( Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp.
140-152, fig. 1). — Official tests were made by representatives of the station during the
year of 73 Holstein cows for the Holstein-Friesian Association, 7 Brown Swiss cows
for the Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders' Association, and 2 Guernsey cows for the
American Guernsey Cattle Club. The manner of conducting the tests is described
and the results are tabulated and discussed. In tests of 5 Holstein cows a record
was also kept of the amount and cost of food eaten during the 7 days.
Scale of points in use in the United States for judging the dairy breeds of
cattle ( f7. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Industry Circ. 27, pp. 16). — Reprinted
from the Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry for 1898 (E. S. R., 11,
p. 983).
Eccentricities of the cow, C. D. Smith {Farm Students^ liev., 5 {1900), No. 6, p.
85). — Variations in the composition of milk during the same and succeeding periods
of lactation are discussed.
Examination of milk for tubercle bacilli, V. II. Bassett ( Wisconsin Sta. Rpt.
1899, p. 205). — Thorner's method (E. S. R., 4, p. 214) was used in examining 4 sam-
ples of separator slime and 30 samples of milk coming from cows reacting to the
tuberculin test.
"The result of these examinations showed that in no case were tubercle bacilli
demonstrated in the milk from reacting cows that had no evident udder lesions of
the disease. The accuracy of the method of examination is checked by the fact that
in every instance where tuberculous si^utum was added a positive microscopic result
was noted."
Investigations on lactic acid fermentation and its practical use, S. Epstein
{Arch. Ilyg., 37 (1900), No. 4, pp- 329-359).
Testing cream {Hoard's Dairyman, 31 {1900), No. IS, p. 355). — ^The use of the
Babcock test in determining the fat content of cream is hrit'fly discussed.
On the composition of Norwegian creamery butter, F. H. Werenskiold
{Norsk Landmandshlad, 18 {1899), No. 50, pp. 607-611). — Gives the results of peri-
odical examinations of the butter from nine creameries during 1899. Determinations
of specific gravity (at 100° C. ), refractive index, and Reichert number were made. —
F. W. AVOLL.
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 91
Renovated butter and its identification, J. A. Hummel (Fanit ,'>lii'!nit.s^ Ri'c, 5
{19- 0), X<>. t:, pp. S'!, S7, ;!;/■". .i).
Annual report of tho experiment station for cheese making at Lodi, 1898
{A)ui. J\. Sta-. Sper. Cascif. Lud'i, 1S90, pp. lOS). — The lines uf investigation reported
upon include the manufacture of several kinds of cheese, the influence of light on
the souring of milk, the yield of cheese as affected by the use of soluble lime salts,
a chemical study of the alluvial soils of Lodi, and the composition of various fl<jurs
used in brea<l making.
Cheese factories of Roquefort, F. Donati {Ind. L((it.,2,5 {1900), Xo. 20, pp. 153,
154) . — A descriptive account of the production of Roquefort cheese.
Coating: cheese with paraffin to prevent mold, J. W. Decker ( TF/.scovw/h Sta.
Rpt. 1899, pp. 153,154, fig. 1). — A number of trials of coating cheeses of different
ages with paraffin were made by the author. When properly done the coating was
a complete protection against the growth of mold. AVhen the cheese was not care-
fully handled the paralfin would break away froni the cheese and mold would grow
beneath it. The coating of new cheese was thought to impair the flavor, while the
coating of cheese 3 months old or older seemed to cause no injury in flavor. AVhen
cheese had been covered with a double bandage and 2)aratfined, the outer bandage
could be stripped off, leaving a fairly Ijright cheese. The cost of coating a 10-p<jund
cheese was /^ of a cent.
Examination of dairy salts, F. W. Woll ( Winvoimn Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp.
108-117). — A reprint cf the main original data given in Bulletin 74 of the station
(E. 8. R., 11, p. 585).
Danish butter exports, 1898-99, B. Boggild {Tidsukr.Laudbkuii., 1899, Xo. 12,
pp. 540-548). — The exports of butter during the year October 1, 1898, to September
30, 1899, were as follows: To England, 140,894,253 lbs.; to Germany, 2,811,887 lbs.;
to other countries, 662,794 lbs.; total, 144,368,934 lbs. Danish (1 lb. Danish=l.l lbs.
avoirdujiois) . The imports during the same period aggregated 34,289,831 1V)S., mak-
ing the net exports 110,079,103 lbs. 16,752,853 lbs. of butter was imported from
Sweden, and 15,170,051 lbs. from Russia (Finland). About 3,500,000 lbs. of the
butter exported was canne<l. The average price received for the export butter dur-
ing the year was 25.8 cts. per pound Danish (23.5 cents per pound avoirdupois). —
F. W. WOLL. *
Denmark's production of milk and butter, 1897, B. Boggild ( Ugeskr. Landm.,
45 {1899), Xo. 47, pp. 585-587). — The author calculates on the basis of the latest
official statistics that the total i:)roduction of butter in Denmark in 1896 was about
129,030,000 lbs. Danish, and the total milk production, 4,502,780,000 lbs. The 1,145
cooperative and proprietary creameries in the country in 1897 made 116,126,000 lbs.
butter and 19,048,000 lbs. (skim-milk) cheese, the average value received for the
products at the factory being 23.9 cts. and 3.5 cts., respectively, per jiound. The
number of milch cows in the country, according to the census of 1898, Avas
1,067,138. — p. w. woll.
A new Belgian butyrometer, A. Theunis {Ind. LalL, 25 {1900), Ao.s. 21, pp.
161, 162; 22, pp. 169-171, figs. 3; Rev. Gen. Agron., 9 {1900), Xo. 2, pp. 50-60, figs.
3). — A new form of centrifugal fat tester devised by Mercier is figured and described.
The test bottle is provided with a thistle tube through which the milk and the amyl
alcohol and sulphuric acid used in the test are introduced. In comparison Mith the
Gerber method the test gave closely corresponding results.
A composite milk-sampling- pipette, J. W. Decker ( Wiscoiisiii Sta. Rpt. 1899,
pji. 155, 156, fig. 1). — A pipette designed by the author for taking composite milk
samples is essentially a glass tube 5 in. in diameter and about 12 in. long, graduated
in i in. spaces, the ends of the tube being somewhat constricted. In using the
pipette a sample of milk is taken of as many spaces in the tul)e as there are pounds
of milk to be sampled. The individual samples are then in i)roportion to the yields
3809— No. 1 7
92 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
of luilk for the several inilkiugn reijrefiented in tlie test. The average fat content of
10 comjiosite samples, each representing 21 niilkiugs during 7 days, taken in this way
was 3.245 per cent, while the calculated average j^er cent was 3.27.
Officials, associations, and educational institutions connected -with the
dairy interests of the United States for the year 1900 ( ('. .s. Dept. Agr.,
Buremi- of Anhnul Iii<hjstrii ' V;v. 29, jip. 9). — A list of eacli.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE.
Report of the cattle quarantines in Canada from November 1,
1897, to October 31, 1898, D. McEachran {Ottawa: 1899, 2>P-
56). — A report is uiven on the exportation and importation of animals
and upon the di.sea.ses which were studied during the time covered by
the report. These studies included work on tuberculosis, sporadic
aphtha, a disease affecting the mouths and feet of cattle, resembling
foot-and-mouth disease, Texas itch, hog cholera, swine plague, anthrax,
glanders, actinomycosis, sheep seal), and enzootic ophthalmia in cattle
and sheep.
The greater portion of the report is occupied with the report by
J. G. Adami and C F. Martin upon the cattle at the Experimental
Farm at Outremont. Quebec, including studies upon the tuberculin
test, the detection of tubercle bacilli in milk of suspected animals, the
inoculation of guinea pigs and rabbits with milk from these animals,
feeding calves with the milk of suspected animals, and a ^>o.y?'-;y;6'/'^t;;y/
examination of the cows. The results of these studies ma}' be stated
as follows: The 10 cows which reacted to the tuberculin test presented
good evidences of tubercidosis upon jMist-nu^rtem examination. The
disease was not generalized in any of the cows, and there were only -i
cases of pulmonary lesions. Nine of the cows gave distinct evidence
of the infection of the peri-tracheal lymph glands. In no case was
there any infection of the mammaiy glands, although in one cow the
supramammarv lymph glands contained tubercles. It is possible that
re^Deated large doses of tuberculin exercise a slight ciu'ative effect.
Although the cows were free from tuberculosis of the udder the milk
of several contained tubercle bacilli at times. Out of -i-i guinea pigs
and 42 rabbits inoculated with such milk only 2 guinea pigs and 1 uab-
bit died of generalized tuberculosis. Young calves fed entirely upon
the milk of these infected cows for a period of several months remained
wholly free from the disease, did not react to tuberculin, and showed
no trace of tuberculosis upon po^t-aio/'tcm.
During the experimental period, the number of tubercle bacilli
present in the milk increased greatly at times Avithout any obvious
cause. And it is therefore evident that the milk of such cows although
usually not infectious may become so at any tune.
Effect of different influences on normal temperatures of cattle
and relation of same to tuberculin test, II. L. Hussell and V. H.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 93
Bassett (Wlseonsin Sta. Rpt. 1899^ j>P- 19Jr-20^). — The authors con-
ducted experiments for the purpose of determining- the effect of inges-
tion of cold water upon the temperature of cattle. In a herd of 45
cows, 30 were allowed to remain out of doors for from 20 to 60 min-
utes where they had access to cold w^ater. The other 6 cows of the
herd were kept in the barn and were not watered. The cows were
watered at 9 a. m. At 10 a. m. the average temperature of the cows
which were watered was 100.19^ F., and the average temperature of
the cows which were not watered was 102.12^ F. The average differ-
ence in temperature before and after watering was 2.17^, a fall of
temperatui-e being noticed in ever}' case except two. The individual
variation ranged from 0.9 to 5.1°. In order to determine the influence
of the size of the animal upon the fall of temperature after drinking
cold water, the herd was divided into 2 sections, the one composed of
animals weighing 900 lbs. or more and the other of animals weighing
less than 900 lbs. The average fall of temperature after watering in
the first section was 2.02 and in the second section 2.3-'.
An experiment was conducted with 15 cows for the purpose of
determining whether the observed fall in temperature after watering
could be attributed to exposure to the cold outside atmosphere. Eight
of these 15 cows were watered in the barn and 7 were watered out of
doors, the temperature of water in both cases ])eing the same. The
average fall of temperature in the cows which were watered in the
barn was 1.66^ and of those which were watered out of doors, 1.5°.
It appears from this experiment that the fall in temperature is to be
attiibuted solely to the ingestion of cold water.
In order to approach the problem from another side, an experiment
was conducted in watering cows with water heated to a temperature of
101- F. The results showed that the variation in temperature after
drinking this water was practically nothing. It is thus apparent that
the ingestion of a large quantity of cold water during the reaction
fever to the tuberculin test might lower the temperature of the animal
to such an extent as to obscure the reaction and lead to a faulty
diagnosis.
Experiments were conducted for the purpose of determining what
influence, if an}", thirst has upon the temperature of cattle. Obser-
vations on this point were made both in the winter and summer. The
animals were allowed to thirst for 2-4 hours and their temperatures
were then taken. The variation in temperature was so slight that it
could be safely neglected in making tuberculin tests. Oestrum and
parturition were observed to have only a A'eiy slight effect in elevat-
ing the temperature of cows. Dehorning caused a general rise in
temperature in all the animals observed.
The general results of these experiments may l>e stated as follows:
The ingestion of large quantities of cold water may produce a marked
94 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
fall ill temperature. Where, however, the water is given frequently
and in small quantities, the accuracT of the tuberculin test would
probably not be affected. The observations which were made b}" the
authors indicate that parturition, advanced gestation, and oestrum pro-
duce very slight fluctuations in temperature. The internal physio-
logical conditions of the animals seem, therefore, to have less influence
upon tlic temperatui'c of the animal than external conditions.
The effects of eating moldy corn, A. W. Bitting {Indiana Sta.
B2>t. 1899^ 2>P- -^-^' ¥')• — -^ study of samples of moldv corn from
different sources disclosed the presence of 3 organisms — 1 bacterial
organism and 2 molds.
Two horses were used for inoculation experiments, each receiving
6 cc. of an active growth of the Ixicteria hypodermically, and after 36
hours 10 cc. more. No ])athological effects were produced. All 3 of
the organisms were cultivated upon sterilized corn meal, which was
then fed to the horses as a mash. The l)acterial organism and one of
the molds produced no effects. The other mold, a species of Fusarium,
produced redness of the gums and some salivation. The animals had
eaten about 5 lbs. per day for 5 days. On the fifth day one of the
horses showed occasional pains and diarrhea. On the seventh day
there were some muscidar incoordination and stupor. The second
horse exhibited some irritation of the mucus membranes of the mouth,
but did not develop any nervous symptoms. The 2 horses together
ate about -t bu. of th(> moldy corn.
An experimental investigation of a dermatomycosis of fo-wls,
L. Matruchot and C. Dassonville {R<-v. Gen. Bat.. 11 {1899)., No.
132., jyp- Jt29-Jt.It.li.. i"^^- ^)- — The authors conclude from a study of this
disease that the dermatonn'cosis, which heretofore has been called
favus of fowls, and white comb, a comb disease, is quite distinct from
favus and should be called by a special name. The organism which
causes the disease is Lophophyton galJlna^ The disease occurs spon-
taneoush' among gallinaceous birds, but not among mammals, and is
quite different from the dermatomycosis of the hair of mammals. The
organism of this disease produces only superficial lesions and in this
respect is also different from favus. The organism in the lesions is
characterized by a persistent mycelium of short joints of 3 to -i cells.
Tn cultures no lateral chlamydospores appear. As regards the sys-
tematic position of Laphophyi(n\ (/all!na\ it seems to stand near the
Gynfjecia.
The science of operations (Operationslehre), J. Bayer ( T7e)iMrt and Leipfsic:
W. lirtnuiiiiUer, 1S99, ]q>. '>J.J, Jhjs. 4-il). — Tlii^ CDiistitntes volume 1 of a handbook
of veterinary surgery and ol)!^tetrics and presents a general discussion of surgical
methods together with descriptions of the special technicpie of various oi^erations.
The defense of the organism ag-ainst the morbific properties of the
glandular secretions, ("iiakkin and Lkvaditi {Coinpt. RemL Sue Biol. Paris, 52
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 95
{1900), No. 4, pp. 83-86). — The author's investigations indicate that the organism is
jirotected against injurious properties of certain digestive secretions, especially the
])ancreatic juice, hy substances Mhich apjiear to be produced by the epithelial cells
of the ileum.
Subcutaneous injections, F. Eschbaum {Berlin. Tieriirztl. Wchnschr., 1900, Xo. 4,
pp. 39-41) ■ — The author l^elieves that the hypodermic injection syringe should be
constructed with 2 or 3 rulings measured with special care, in order that the size of
the dose may be accurately known. It is necessary to take into account the siiecific
weight of the substances which are to be used in these syringes. The author recom-
mends State inspection of hypodermic syringes.
Tuberculosis, McFadyeax {Dair;/, 12 {1900), No. 134, p. 40). — Notes on the means
of distril)utii)n of tuberculosis with special reference to tuberculosis of the udder.
On the frequency of tuberculosis, Gutbrod ( Wchnschr. TlerheUk. v. Viehzucht,
44 {1900), No. 5, pp. 41-4^3)- — Statistics of tuberculosis as found in slaughterhouses
and an account of tuberculin tests in suspected cases.
Failures in the diagnosis by means of tuberculin, S wicker (Berlin Tifri'irztl.
Wclinsehr., 1900, No. 5, pp. 5.2-54)- — Tlie author l)elieves that a considerable propor-
tion of the causes of alleged failure of tuberculin is due to simple carelessness in
labeling the animals during the tuberculin test. Where the test is applied simul-
taneously to a large number of cattle, the greatest care must be exercised to prevent
mistakes in the identity of the records before and after injection.
Letters relating- to the distribution of vaccine ( T'. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Ani-
mal Indufitry Circ. '28, pp. 9). — This circular contains a copy of a letter of the Secre-
tary of Agriculture to Mr. H. R. Strong, a letter of Parke, Davis & Co. to the Hon.
Jas. McMillan, a letter of the Secretary of Agriculture in reply to this last-named
letter, and a letter from the H. K. Mulford Company to the Secretaiy of Agriculture,
together with a reply to the same. These letters have to do with the question of the
free distribut'on of vaccine b}' the Bureau of Animal Industry.
Pseudoscabies, A. W. Bittixg {Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 43, .^^).— Upon inves-
tigating an allege<l outbreak of sheep scab, it was found that the trouble was due to
the awns of Siij^a uparlea. These awns had evidently penetrated the skin of the sheep
in the Southwestern States, from which they had been imported.
The so-called air-bladder mesentery of swine, Sch.mutzek {Ztsclir. Fleiscli u.
Milchhiig. , 10 { 1900) , No. 5, pp. 89-95) . — The author discusses the Avell-known ajjpear-
ance of small air bladders in the mesentery, especially of the small intestine in healthy
pigs. From a careful study of a large number of cases, the author concludes that the
gas contained in these bladders is not the jiroduet of micro-organisms and does not
come from tlie intestine, but that it comes from the outside air.
Glanders and the sanitary law, O. Lebrun {Rec. Med. Yet. Paris, 8. .svr. , 7 (1900),
No. 1, pp. 32, 33).
The diagnostic value of mallein, E. Isepponi {Schweiz. Arch. Thierh., 42 (1900),
No. 1, 2)p- 1-20). — In a drove of 60 horses, 2 were suspected of having glanders, and
mallein tests were given to these horses. The post-mortem examinations in these
two cases furnished confirmation of the reaction which was obtained by the use of
mallein. Mallein tests were made upon a number of other horses, and the details of
the temperature conditions are given.
The author concludes that glanders often exists in a hidden form and tliat, there-
fore, mallein is a necessary agent in the eradication of the disease from a drove of
horses. It is recommended that mallein tests be given at once to suspected horses,
and that such as fail to react should be at once removed from quarantine.
The reliability of the Strauss method, C. Tro ester {Zfschr. Yeterinurk., 12
{1900), No. 2, pip. 69, 70). — As a result of considerable experience in diagnosing
suspected cases of glanders, the author states that the Strauss method of inoculating
male guinea pigs is jierhaps the most reliable one for making correct diagnoses.
96 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
In order that this method may give the best results, however, it is necessary to
make inoculations with material as fresh as possible. The glanders bacillus soon
loses its vitality in material wliich is kejit about the la])oratory.
Statistical notes on periodical ophthalmia of horses, I. Shilzhexko (Arch.
Vit. Xauk, St. Petersburg, 29 {1899), No. 12, II, pp. 570-555).— Tabulated statements
with a discussion on the frequency of this disease in different governments of Russia.
Composition of bones of sound horse and of bones of horse suffering with
osteoperosis, H. H. Huston and A. H. Bkyax [Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 7S, 74). —
The humerus of each animal was taken for analj'sis. The bone of the normal horse
was yellowish, while that of the diseased animal was gray and brittle. In the dis-
eased horse a small gain of ossein was noticed. The most conspicuous changes in
the bone of the horse suffering with osteoperosis were a re<luction in the amounts of
fat, phosphoric acitl, lime, soda, and nitrogen-free organic matter.
Material for packing horses' hoofs, H. A. Htston and A. H. Bryan {Indiana
Sl<(. apt. 1899, p. 72). — A taV)le is given showing the composition of substances to be
used for th's purpose.
On pseudotuberculosis, with special reference to pseudotuberculosis in
birds, R; Mrm {.lour. Path, and Bart., 5 {1898), Xn. 2, pp. 160-181, ph. «>).— The
author conducted feeding experiments with guinea pigs. The article contains a
discussion of the literature f)f the subject, with a bi1)liography.
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING.
Description of experiment station piggery, H. PI Van Norman
{LuHana St,(. R^jf. lSOO,^>p. llf-O-U-i, 2''- ^-Mih i)-— The building is
described and a general view and floor plan are given. The main part
of the building is 22 by 46 ft. outside. On each side is a wing 12 by
14 ft. The front part only of the main building, 22 by 32 ft. , is two
stories high. The first floor contains 8 feeding pens, 4 of which com-
municate with sleeping pens in the wings of the building. The
remainder of the floor space is occupied b}" a brood-sow pen, storage
and attendant's room, scales, mixing vats, feed chutes, water hydrant,
etc. The upper story of the building affords storage room for bed-
ding, crates, and bin room for feed. '"The building is so placed as to
be centrally located among a series of feeding lots, all of which are
connected to the building by lanes leading up to it. Each lot contains
a small house for sleeping quarters."
Irrigation, L. Jastremski {Ijouimma Planter, 24 {1900), No. 2,5, pp. 394-397) . — A
paper read before the Central Louisiana Agricultural Society.
An electric-recording river gauge, W. ]\I. Filton ( Univ. Tennes.'^ee Record, 1899,
No. 11, pp. 232-24S,fi(j. 7) . — This is a description of a river gauge devised by A. Wade
in the mechanical shops of the University fif Tennessee.
Petroleum motors and their employment in agriculture, K. (tagey {Bnl.
Dir. Acjr. it (hrn., .', {1900), Xn. 15, pp. 63-81, fig. 3).
Tests of manure spreaders, Brctschke {Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell., 15 {1900),
No. 15, pp. 101, 102).
STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS. 97
STATISTICS— MISCELLANEOUS.
Twelfth Annual Report of Alabama College Station, 1899 {Alabama Sla.
E])t.l899,pp.o^). — This eontainy the organization list of the station; report of the
treasurer for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1899; and reports of tlie director and
botanist, chemist, associate chemist, veterinarian, agriculturist, and biologist and
horticulturist, giving a general review of the station work during the year ended
December 31, 1899. The report of the director contains in addition a summary of
the contents of Bulletins 101-107 of the station, a list of bulletins now available for
distribution, an excliange list of periodicals received at the station library, a list of
seeds of trees furnished l>y this Department, and notes on the exhibit of cotton pre-
pared by the station for the Paris Exjiosition.
Twelfth. Annual Report of Georgia Station, 1899(r7Voc(//« Sta. lij)t. 1S99, pp.
111-145) . — This embraces a brief account of the organization and work of the station
during the year, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1899, and a
report of the biologist and horticulturist containing an account of work with plums,
grajH's, and vegetables, and notes on plant diseases and insects.
Twelfth Annual Report of Illinois Station, 1899 [Illhiois Sta. lipt. 1S99, pp.
16). — This includes a brief statement of the principal lines of station work, subject
list of bulletins published since 1888, a detailed financial statement for the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1899, and the organization list of the station.
Twelfth Annual Report of Indiana Station, 1899 (LuKana Sta. Itpt. 1899, pp.
150). — This includes the organization list of the station; a report by the director on
the station work, staff, publications, and mailing list; miscellaneous articles noted
elsewhere; acknowledgments; li.st of periodicals received at the station; and a finan-
cial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1899.
Biennial Report of Iowa Station, 1898-99 {Iowa Sta. Rpt. 1898-99, pp. 33-37,
77, 78). — Notes on the work of- the station, abstracts of Bulletins 37-43 of the station,
and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1899, are included in
these pages.
Seventeenth Annual Report of New York State Station, 1898 {Neiv York
State Sta. Rpt. 1898, pp. 598) . — This contains the organization list of the station, the
report of the treasurer for the year ended September 30, 1898, a meteorological record
for the year, reprint of a station circular on the name of a new variety of cherry, and
reprints of Bulletins 143-157 on the following subjects: Cottonwood-leaf beetle; green
arsenite (E. S. R., 10, p. 467) ; a spraying mixture for cauliflower and cabbage worms
(E. S. R., 10, p. 869) ; report of analyses of commercial fertilizers for the spring of 1898
(E. S. R., 10, p. 833); some experiments in forcing head lettuce (E. S. R., 10, p. 957);
variety tests of strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries (E. S. R., 10, p. 961) ; report
of analyses of commercial fertilizers for the fall of 1898 (E. S. R., 10, p. 1033); the
economy of using animal food in poultry feeding (E. S. R., 11, p. 76); the raspberry
sawfly, and preliminary notes on the grapevine flea-beetle (E. S. R., 11, p. 63) ; exi^eri-
ments in ringing grapevines (E. S. R., 11, p. 49); two destructive orchard insects
(E. S. R., 11, p. 170) ; director's report for 1898 (E. S. R., 11, y). 295) ; commercial fer-
tilizers for potatoes, II (E. S. R., 11, p. 235) ; sugar-beet investigations in 1898 (E. S. R.,
11, p. 238) ; spraying cucumbers in the season of 1898 (E. S. R., 11, p. 257); and self-
fertility f)f the grape (E. S. R., 11, p. 248) .
Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1899 {South Carolina Sta. lipt. 1899,
pp. 37). — This includes a general report on the work of the station by the vice director
and more detailed reports by the agriculturist, chemist, botanist, veterinarian, hor-
ticulturist, entomologist, and assistant agriculturist. The departmental reports give
in some cases brief statements of the results obtained during the year. A financial
statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1899, and a subject list of station publi-
cations are ap{)ended.
98 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Sixteenth Annual Report of "Wisconsin Station, 1899 (Wisconsin Sta. Rpl.
1899, pp. 332, figs. 79). — This includes the organization hst of the station, a detailed
account of the history and present status of the station, numerous articles noted else-
where, lists of exchanges and acknowledgments, and a tinancial statement for the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1899.
Distribution of tlie agricultural exports of the United States, 1894-1898,
F. H. Hitchcock {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Section of Foreign Markets Bui. 16, pp. 153). —
Statistical tables are given showing the quantities and values of all the various agri-
cultural products exported from the United States to each country of destination
during each of the 5 fiscal years 1894-1898. A sunnnary is given showing the total
values of agricultural exports by countries. The average annual value of the agri-
cultural exports during the 5 years was $663,536,201. The United Kingdom received
54.62, Germany 13.01, and France 6.63 per cent of the total exports. The United
Kingdom also showed the greatest increase during the 5 years. A marked falling off
in demands for American agricultural products was shown in case of Spain, Portugal,
and European Russia. A summary of the distribution of agricultural exports by
continents showed that Europe received 88.46 per cent.
Sources of the agricultural imports of the United States, 1894-1898,
F. H. Hitchcock ( T. S. Dept. Agr., Section of Foreign Markets Bui. 17, jjp. 118). —
This is supplementary to Bulletin 16 of the Section (see above) and contains tables
showing in detail the quantities and values of all the agricultural products imported
into the United States from the several countries of supply during each of the 5 fis-
cal years 1894-1898. The average annual value of the agricultural imports during
the 5 years was 1{!368,748,457. The articles most extensively imported were sugar
and coffee. Of the total imports 16.17 per cent was supplied by Brazil, 10.14 by
Cuba, and 8.97 by the United Kingdom. The imports from Japan, China, and the
Hawaiian Islands showed the greatest increase and thase from Cuba the most marked
decrease during the 5 years. A classification of the agricultural imports by conti-
nents showed that aliout 30 per cent came from Europe, 23 per cent from South
America, 23 per cent from North America, 16 per cent from Asia, 5.5 per cent from
Oceania, and less than 2 per cent from Africa.
Our trade with Japan, China, and Hongkong, 1889-1899, F. H. Hitch-
cock ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Section of Foreign Markets Bui. IS, pp. 168). — Tables show the
nature, quantity, and value of agricultural and nonagricultural products imported
and exported by the United States in the trade with Japan, China, and Hongkong.
The principal exports from the United States to these 3 destinations have been cot-
ton, cotton manufactures, kerosene oil, wheat flour, and manufactures of iron and
steel. These constituted nearly 80 per cent of the total exports in 1898. Silk and
tea formed about 70 per cent of the total imports in 1898. The total value of exports
have advanced from $11,097,497 in 1889 to $39,490,653 in 1899, and the total value
of imports from $35,196,670 in 1889 to $47,815,035 in 1899.
Agriculture and animal husbandry in Denmark, Germany, and Great
Britain, G. vox Zweigbergk (A'. Landt. Akad. Handl, 38 (1899), No. 5-6, pp. 261-
343) . — A report on the characteristic features of agriculture, with special reference to
animal husbandry in the countries mentioned. The paper is accompanied by numer-
ous half-tone reproductions of noted farm animals of different breeds. — f. w. woll.
NOTES.
Colorado College and Station.— J. D. Stannard, assistant in the deixirtnient of
civil engineering, has severed his connection -with the institution to accept a position
in the irrigation investigations condm-ted l)y this Office. J. A. Stump has heen
appointed his successor, and the duties assigned to him will be principally in connec-
tion with the college. B. C. Buffum, formerly professor of agriculture and horti-
culture at the Wyoming Experiment Station, has been elected professor of agricul-
ture and agriculturist of the experiment station. He will begin his duties Septeml^er
1. Miss Virginia Corbett, of the Montana Agricultural College, has been elected
professor of English literature, to succeed Miss Jennie E. McLain. C. S. Crandall,
who has been botanist and horticulturist of the station since 1890, resigned that posi-
tion July 1 to enter the service of the Division of Forestry of the U. S. Department
of Agriculture. Mr. J. H. Cowen, a graduate of the Colorado Agricultural C^ollege
and for several years botanist and horticulturist, was appointed to succeed him.
Mr. Cowen's sudden death at Ithaca, N. Y., is just announced. The station has
begun the publication of press Indletins, which will be distributed to papers in the
State and to a limited number of individuals. The mailing list of the station is being
revised so as to give more attention to the needs of individuals and exchanges. Field
■- work was carried on during the summer in irrigation and other related questions; also
investigations on injurious insects and the adaptability of grains to high altitudes.
Nebraska Station.— W. D. Hunter resigned his position as assistant entomologist
July 1 to accept a similar position with the experiment station at Ames, Iowa.
New Mexico College and Station.— W. M. Reed has been appointed engineer
of the station and professor of civil and irrigation engineering in the college. Fabian
Garcia, formerly assistant in the department of agriculture and horticulture, has
been made horticulturist of the station and assistant professor of horticulture in the
college. R. F. Hare, first assistant chemist of the station and instructor in the col-
lege, has been promoted to the assistant professorship of chemistry in the college.
J. J. A'ernon has been recently appointed agriculturist. A small herd of well-
selected cattle has been purchased, and in the future animal husbandry will be made
an important part of the work of the college and station. T. D. A. Cockerell has
resigned his professorship in the college to accept the chair of biology in the New
Mexico Normal University at Las Vegas. His services are retained as consulting
entomologist of the station. E. O. Wooten, botanist of the station, will henceforth
have charge of all the biological work of the college. The agricultural course in the
college has been greatly strengthened, and it is thought in the future will he one of
the best proportioned and strongest courses offered in the agricultural colleges of the
lomitry. In addition to his duties as soil physicist and meteorologist, J. D. Tinsley
will superintend the Roswell Substation, where drainage problems will have special
importance.
Tennessee College and Station.— The designs for the new dairy hall, mention
of which was made in E. S. R. 11, p. 800, have been enlarged so that with its equip-
ment it will cost something more than $10,000. On the plats of the station favoraljle
results have been secured with Canadian field peas and with rape. The experiments
3801)— No. 1 8 99
100 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
with wheat, which liave been conducted at the station, have proved very satisfactory,
and the possibility of growing winter cereals seems well established.
Texas Collecje and Station. — At the annual meeting of the l)oard of directors,
July 6, P. S. Tilson, associate in chemistry, was relieved irom duty in connection
with the station, in order that he might devote his entire time to State fertilizer and
college work. A station council has been provided for, to consist of the direct(jr,
president, and chemist, with duties as yet undefined. The position of farm superin-
tendent has been created in order that the care f(jr the live-stock interests and field
crops might be removed from the agriculturist and director. The determination of
the exact duties of the position, together with a selection of a candidate, were
assigned to a committee which has not yet made a report. This action has caused
the name of H. C. Kyle to be dropped from the station rolls as foreman of the farm.
The Texas Farmers' Congress held its third annual session at this place July 3-6,
with 400 people in attendance. The proceedings will be published and distributed
among the farmers, stockmen, and horticulturists of the State. The State Truck
Growers' Association, State Floral Society, Central Texas Beekeepers' Association,
and Texas Poultry and Pet Stock Association have become affiliated with the con-
gress, and each is represented by a member on the general committee. The congress
enthusiastically commends the work done on the several farms in connection with
the station and college.
Miscellaneous. — F. B. Smith, professor of agriculture in Wye College, England,
is visiting this country for the purpose of making a study of the agricultural experi-
ment station system and of seeing the various typical farm sections. He expects to
visit a number of experiment stations before returning to England. A week was
spent by him at the Department of Agriculture in familiarizing himself with the
work of the different bureaus, divisions, and sections.
The Franklin Institute, of Philadelphia, has awarded the Elliott Cresson medal
to Profs. W. 0. Atwater and E. B. R(jsa for their respiration calorimeter.
o
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. AV. ALLEN, Ph. D., As-vstmH Director.
EDITORIAL PEPAETMENTS.
Chemistry, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — The Editor and H. W. Lawsox.
Meteorology, Fertihzers and Soils (including methods of analysis), and Agricultural
Engineering — W. H. Beal.
Botany and Diseases of Plants — Walter H. Evans, Ph. D.
Foods and Animal Production — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D.
Field Crops — J. I. Schulte. ^
Entomology and Veterinary Science — E. V. "Wilcox, Ph. D.
Horticulture — C. B. Smith and V. A. Clark.
With the cooperation of the scientific divisions of the Department and the Abstract
Committee of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.
CONTENTS OF Vol. XII, No. 2.
Page.
Editorial note: International Congresses of Agricultural Experiment Stations
and of Agricultural Education at Paris 101
New agricultural building at Kansas State Agricultural College 103
Recent work in agricultural science 106
Notes 200
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
CHEMISTRY.
New method for the gravimetric determination of reducing sugars based upon
the use of the centrifuge, P. Chapelle 106
Simple and rapid method for the determination of the iodin number of fats,
J. Bellier 106
The determination of glycogen, and relative quantities of glycogen in different
parts of the flesh of a horse, J. K. Haywood 107
BOTANY.
On biastrepsis in its relation to cultivation, H. de Tries 109
The influence of carbon dioxid on the form and structure of plants, E. C.
Teodoresco 109
The influence of different kinds of light on the form and structure of plants,
E. Teodoresco 110
1 Absent on leave.
I
II CONTENTS.
Page.
The influence of changes of temperature on tlie respiration of plants, W. Pal-
ladin 112
On the influence of ansesthetics on the respiration of plants, N. Morkowine... 112
Experiments on floral colors, P. Q. Keegan 113
FERMENTATION — BACTERIOLOGY.
Re^wrt of the bacteriologist, H. H. Lamson 117
Variability in the power of liquefying gelatin possessed by bacteria, H. W.
Conn 114
Permanent forms of nitric and nitrous organisms, A. Beddies 114
On the nitrification of organic nitrogen, V. Omelianski 11.5
Denitrification and fermentation, K. Wolff 115
Recent investigations on the development of aromatic principles by alcoholic
fermentation in the presence of certain leaves, G. Jacquemin 1 1.5
Investigations concerning bacteria in the fermentation of tobacco, J. H. Vern-
hout 116
On the chemical nature of enzyms, O. Loew 117
METEOROLOGY.
Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XXVIII, Nos. 1-3 118
Maryland Weather Service, Vol. 1 119
Meteorological observations at Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station for
the year 1898, R. C. Kedzie 121
Meteorology, C. H. Pettee 120
Meteorological summary for Ohio, 1898, C. A. Patton 120
Meteorological observations, W. B. Al wood 121
Relations between the annual variations of temperature and the successive
phases of vegetation, A. Desmoulins 120
WATER — SOILS.
The fruit soils of Virginia, W. B. Alwood 122
Analyses of soils, C. F. Juritz 1 22
The behavior of water-soluble phosphoric acid in the soil, M. Ullmanu 123
Cultivation and weeding, P. P. Deherain 123
A new method for the mechanical analysis of soils, G. Scarlata 123
FERTILIZERS.
Denitrification and the decomposition of animal excrement in the soil, C.
Rogoyski 1 24
Ground bone compared with superphosphate and Thomas phosphate as sources
of phosphoric acid, U. J. Mansholt 125
Introduction to field experiments with fertilizers, A. L. Knisely 125
Field tests with fertilizers on heavy clay lands, H. A. Huston 126
The maintenance of fertility, C. E. Thorne 127
Commercial fertilizers, S. W. Johnson, E. H. Jenkins, et al 128
Commercial fertilizers, M. A. Scovell, A. M. Peter, and H. E. Curtis 130
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, W. C. Stubbs 130
The production of the Stassfurt deposits in 1899, Maizieres 1 30
FIELD CROPS.
The influence of distance on the growth and chemical composition of plants,
C. von Seelhorst and Panaotovic 1 -^2
The Woburn field experiments, 1898, J. A. Voelcker 132
CONTENTS. Ill
Field experiments, J. Atkinson 134
Eesults obtained in 1899 from trial plats of grain, fodder corn, field roots, and
potatoes, W. Saunders 134
Woody beets 135
Distance experiment with corn, C. D. Smith 143
The comparative yield of corn from seed of the same variety grown in differ-
ent latitudes 1 36
Fertilizer, culture, and \ariety experiments on cotton, R. J. Redding 137
Some native forage plants for alkali soils, A. Nelson 138
Effect of orchards in meadows, Burki 138
The produce of old and new varieties of oats, J. Speir 138
The Irish potato, R. H. Price and H. Ness 139
Experiments with potatoes, C. D. Woods and J. ISI. Bartlett 140
Fertilizer experiments with potatoes, B. Sjollema 141
Soy beans — a new drought-resisting crop, H. M. Cottrell, D. H. Otis, and J. C.
Haney 142
Sugar beets in Sanpete and Sevier counties, L. Foster 144
HORTICL'LTUKE.
Rejiort of Beeville Station on cabbage and cauliflower, B. C. Pittuck and S. A.
]\IcHenry 150
Forcing tomatoes, A. T. Jordan 1 44
The home fruit garden, F. A. Waugh 151
Second report on Arkansas seedling apples, J. T. Stinson 151
Pear growing in New Jersey, A. T. Jordan 146
Check list of hybrid plums, F. A. Waugh 151
Fruit list for Virginia, W. B. Alwood 151
Observations and suggestions on the root killing of fruit trees, J. Craig 147
Coffee grafting — some results heretofore obtained and its future importance,
J. G. Kramers 147
Strawl)erry notes for 1S99, A. L. Quaintance 148
Strawberries, C. C. Newman 151
The absorption of water by orchids, R. G. Leavitt and R. M. Gray 149
FORESTRV.
Tree planting in Utah, V. P. Hedrick 152
The trees of Vermont, Anna M. Clark et al 153
Fertilizers in the culture of osier willows, P. Wagner 153
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
A fruit-disease survey of the Hudson Valley in 1899, F. C. Stewart and F. G.
Blodgett 154
A sugar-cane pest in Madras, C. A. Benson 155
Gummosis of Primus japonica, G. Massee 156
ENTOMOLOGY.
Beetles injurious to fruit-producing plants, O. Lugger 166
The codhng moth, J. M. Aldrich 156
The elms and their diseases, H. Garman 157
The spiny elm caterpillar, C. M. AVeed 167
Insect attacks in 1899, R. S. MacDougall 158
Some miscellaneous results of the work of the Division of Entomology 160
The choice < )f colors by insects, F. Plateau 163
Spraying notes, L. H. Bailey et al 163
IV CONTENTS.
Page.
The nature and use of certain insecticides, J. L. Phillips and H. L. Price 164
Inspection of Paris green, W. C. Stubbs and W. T. Jones 168
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUOTIOX.
Dietary studies of university boat crews, W. O. Atwater and A. P. Bryant... 168
Milk protein as a food, Backhaus and E. Braun 169
Commercial feeding stuffs in New York, W. H. Jordan and C. G. Jeuter 169
On the influence which the kind and amount of food exercises upon the
amount of metabolism and the power to perform work, E. Pfliiger 171
Concerning direct and indirect calorimetric measurements with animals in a
study of nitrogen equilibrium when fasting and fed after fasting, P. P.
Avrorov 1"2
Steer feeding, R. PI. McDowell 1T3
Sheep-feeding experiments at Leswalt, A. P. Aitken 1 73
Pig feeding, R. H. McDowell 174
Experiments in feeding pigs for the productioia of pork, H. J. Patterson 174
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.
Effect of a number of oil cakes on the yield and composition of milk and the
live weight of milch cows, C. Moser and J. Kiippeli 179
The college herd, C. W. Burkett 185
Notes on sour milk, H. D. Richmond and J. B. P. Harrison 179
Changes in the constants of butter fat as a result of feeding, A. Ruffin 181
Butters from various countries compared, C. Estcourt 181
A study of the cause of mottled butter, C. F. Doane 182
Bacteria content of Finnish milk, O. v. Hellens 183
The invasion of the udder by bacteria, A. R. Ward 184
Lessons from a milk record, R. Shanks 185
Sampling milk and cream 185
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE.
Immunization against Texas fever by blood inoculation, W. H. Dalrymple,
W. R. Dodson, and H. A. Morgan 186
Texas fever, M. Francis and J. W. Connaway 194
Studies on cattle plague, M. Nencki et al 188-
Results of recent investigations on foot-and-mouth disease and their practical
application, C. Ebertz 189
Sheep scab, A. W. Bitting 189
Scab in sheep — suggestions for its eradication, Wallace 189
Swine plague, P. Fischer and A. T. Kinsley 190
jSTew investigations on Trichophyton minimum, LeCalve and H. ^Nlalherbe 191
Notes on the mortality of incubator chicks, G. W. Field et al 192
TECHNOLOGY.
Chloroform in wine making, L. E. Moline 195
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING.
Br< lad and narrow tires, C. 31. Conner 196
STATISTICS — MISCELLANEOUS.
Twelfth Annual Report of Kansas Station, 1899 197
Twelfth Annual Report of Michigan Station, 1899 197
Eleventh Annual Report of New Hampshire Station, 1899 198
Director's report for 1899, W. H. Jordan 198
Eighteenth Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1899 198
Annual Report of Virginia Station, 1899 198
CONTENTS, V
Page.
Proceedings of the thirteenth annual convention of the Association of Ameri-
can Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, A. C. True, W. H. Beal,
andH. H. Goodell 198
Organization lists of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations in the
United States, with a list of agricultural experiment stations in foreign
countries ^^^
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED.
Experiment stations in the United States:
Arkansas Station:
Bulletin 59, December, 1899 136
Bulletin 60, December, 1899 151
Connecticut State Station:
Twenty-third Annual Report, 1899, Part I 128
Georgia Station:
Bulletin 47, Deceiiiber, 1899 137
Bulletin 48, January, 1900 148
Idaho Station:
Bulletin 21, February, 1900 156
Indiana Station:
Bulletin 80, September, 1899 189
Bulletin 81, December, 1899 126
Iowa Station :
Bulletin 44, February, 1900 ■ - - - 147
Bulletin 45, February, 1900 134
Kansas Station:
Bulletin 91, February, 1900 190
Bulletin 92, March, 1900 142
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 197
Kentucky Station:
Bulletin 84, November, 1899 157
Bulletin 85, December, 1899 130
Louisiana Stations:
Bulletin 57 (second series), 1899 186
Bulletin 58 (second series), 1899 130, 168
Maine Station:
Bulletin 57, December, 1899 140
Maryland Station:
Bulletin 63, December, 1899 - 174
Bulletin 64, January, 1900 182
]\Iichigan Station:
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 121, 143, 197
Minnesota Station:
Bulletin 66, December, 1899 166
Nevada Station:
Bulletin 40, December, 1898 1"4
Bulletin 41, December, 1898 1 ''S
New Hampshii'e Station:
Bulletin 67, October, 1899 167
Bulletin 68, November, 1899 (Eleventh Annual Report, 1899) 117,
120, 185, 198
New Jersey Stations:
Bulletin 141, December 31, 1899 144
Bulletin 142, January 20, 1900 146
VI CONTENTS.
Experiment stations in the United States — Continued.
New York Cornell Station: Page.
Bulletin 177, January, 1900 163
Bulletin 178, January, 1900 184
Bulletin 179, February, 1900 125
New York State Station:
Bulletin 166, December, 1899 169
Bulletin 167, December, 1899 154
Bulletin 168, December, 1899 198
Ohio Station:
Bulletin 109, July 1, 1899 120
Bulletin 110, December, 1899 127
Eighteenth Annual Eeport, 1899 198
Khode Island Station:
Bulletin 61, December, 1899 192
South Carolina Station:
Bulletin 48, December, 1899 196
Bulletin 49, January, 1900 151
Texas Station:
Bulletin 52, July, 1 899 150
Bulletin 53, October, 1899 194
Bulletin 54, November, 1899 139
Utah Station:
Bulletin 62, May, 1899 152
Bulletin 63, November, 1899 144
Vermont Station:
Bulletin 73, October, 1899 153
Bulletin 74, December, 1899 151
Bulletin 75, January, 1900 151
Special Bulletin, October, 1899 185
Virginia Station:
Bulletin 97, February, 1899 164
Bulletin 98, March, 1899 122, 151
Annual Report, 1899 121, 198
Wyoming Stati(jn:
' Bulletin 42, December, 1899 138
United States Department of Agriculture:
Division of Entomology:
Bulletin 22 (new series) - 160
Office of Experiment Stations:
Bulletin 74 198
Bulletin 75 168
Bulletin 76 198
"Weather Bureau:
Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XXVIII, Nos. 1-3, January-:\Iarch,
1900 118
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Fui. 1. Agricultural Hall, Kansas State Agricultural College 103
2. Plan of first floor. Agricultural Hall 104
3. Plan of second floor, Agricultural Hall 105
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XII. No. ±
The International Congress of Experiment Stations, held in Paris
in connection with the exposition, was the third of its kind, although
less of international interest has attached to the two previous ones.
All three of these international congresses have been held at or near
Paris. The first convened at Versailles, in June, 1881, following the
marked activity in the organization of experiment stations which
occurred throughout Europe a few years previous to that time. The
second congress was held at Paris in connection with the Universal
Exposition of 1889. The third, which in point of attendance at least
was to a greater extent international than the two preceding, met
June 18 to 22, 1900. Seventeen countries in which experiment stations
are maintained were represented by delegates, although in some cases the
representation was smaller than would have been expected. No dele-
gates were present from Russia, Norway, Sweden, Spain, or Canada.
The enrolled membership was nearly two hundred, of whom sixty
were directors of stations. Only accredited delegates were admitted
to the congress, and cards of admission were issued upon registration.
The congress was presided over by Casimir-Perier, president of the
Societe nationale d'' encouragement a Vacjricidture^ whose linguistic
attainments specially fitted him for the position. The secretary of
the congress was Louis Grandeau, director of the Station agrono-
mique de VEst. After an opening address by the president, M. Gran-
deau addressed the congress upon the history and development of the
experiment station idea throughout the world. He gave particular
attention to the stations of the United States, and highly connnended
their scope, facilities, and the character of their work. The provisional
programme which had been sent out early in the year was then pre-
sented. The first day's sessions were taken up with the reading and
discussion of papers relating to soils, fertilizers, and field tests. The
sessions of the second day were occupied with papers on feeding ani-
mals, anal}^ses of wine, cider, dairy products, seeds, etc. The closing
session was devoted principally to questions of station organization
and methods of investigation. The desirability of uniformity in
methods of analysis, and where practicable in agricultural investiga-
tion, formed a quite prominent feature of the discussion, and upon the
recommendation of the directory a resolution was introduced, which was
101
102 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
unanimousl}' adopted, looking to the establishment of an international
commission to secure uniformity of methods of investigation in all the
experiment stations of the world. The plan of organization of this
commission will be announced later.
The desirability of international methods is thoroughly appreciated
in this country, where for a number of years past the Association of
Official Agricultural Chemists has used its efforts to that end. Some
success has followed the attempts to secure international cooperation
in testing the methods adopted by the Association and those in use in
foreign countries, but it has been impossible to get the work upon a
satisfactory basis or make it official in an international sense. The
establishment of a commission for this purpose will accordingly meet
with approval in this country, and if it fulfills its mission this will be an
important outcome of the congress.
The experiment station congress was preceded by the International
Congress of Agricultural Instruction under the same presidenc}', with
M. Lagorsse as secretary. In many instances the same delegates rep-
resented their countries at both conferences. The topic given princi-
pal consideration at the Congress of Agricultural Instruction was the
teaching of agriculture in France, and the congress adopted resolutions
looking to the better organization and coordination of agricultural
education in the various sections of the countrj-.
The two congresses were terminated by a banquet at Hotel Conti-
nental on the evening of June 21, at which about 150 persons were
present. Several excursions were arranged for the benefit and pleas-
ure of those in attendance at the congresses, and visits were paid to
the laboratory of the Compagnie generaJe des I'oitares, where extensive
experiments have for years been conducted upon the feeding of horses,
to the experimental fields of the Station ac/ronomique de VEst at Pare
des princes^ and to t\\e hutitid national agrono/aique^ where the various
laboratories were inspected.
I
NEW AGRICULTURAL BUILDING AT KANSAS STATE AGRI-
CULTURAL COLLEGE.
Agricultural Hall, the new ag-ricultural building recently completed
at the Kan.sas State Agricultural College, is a handsome structure of
white Manhattan limestone, 90 by 95 feet. {Fig. 1.) It contains two
stories and a basement, and cost, with equipment, ^31,000. It stands
Fig. 1.— Agricultural Hall, Kansas State Agricultural College.
upon the former site of the president's residence, which was destroyed
in 1895.
The first floor contains two good-sized offices, an agricultural library,
cheese room, milk room, l)utter room, testing room, and cold-storage
rooms. (Fig. 2.) The sides and ceilings of all the working rooms on
this floor are covered with white opalite tiling, and the floors are laid
with monolith tiling. The opalite tiling is made of tempered glass,
103
lOi
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
and i.s much cheaper than the ordinary porcelain tiling. If it proves
satisfactor}^ in the dairy rooms of this building, it is cheap enough
for general use in creameries.
The second story contains three large lecture rooms for agricultural
classes, two offices for instructors, and a cloak room. (Fig. 3.) The
largest of the lecture rooms has a seating capacity of about' 200, and
may be used for institutes or other agricultural meetings.
Fig. 2. — Plan of first floor, Agricultural Hall.
The basement contains a boiler room, engine and refrigerating room,
lavatories and bathrooms, three insulated cheese cellars, and a hirge
storage room. The refrigerating apparatus is planned to be available
in all workrooms, in the cold-storage rooms, and in the cheese cellars,
the arrangement in the cheese cellars being designed to maintain any
degree of temperature at will.
AGRICULTURAL HALL
105
All the workrooms are furnished with hot and cold water and steam,
and the entire building- is lighted by electricity. Power is supplied
both by electric motor and steam. The refrigerating plant has not 3^et
Fig. 8. — Plan of second floor, Agricultural Hall.
been installed, on account of lack of funds. With this exception the
building is equipped with all the modern apparatus for factory and
farm butter making, cheese making, testing and handling milk.
RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.
CHEMISTRY.
Ne-w method for the gravimetric determination of reducing
sugars, based upon the use of the centrifuge, P. CHArELLE {Rev.
Chun. Analyt. et Appl., o {1000), No. 2, pp. J4-lf.J^).—\t is stated that
the quantit}^ of oxid of copper precipitated by Fehling's solution is
not exactly proportional to the sugar used, but is a function of the
dilution of the solution and excess of copper. When working with
constant dilution, the only cause of trouble is the excess of copper,
and it is easy to determine the value of that. A measured quant it}'
of sugar solution insufficient to obtain complete reduction and 25 cc.
of Fehling's solution are used. The total volume is then made up to
37i cc.
The tubes containing the mixed solution are heated for 3 or -i minutes
in a calcium chlorid Imth at 108 to 110^. They are then whirled in a
centrifuge, and the copper adheres to the sides. The liquid is decanted
and the copper precipitate washed with water, dried and weighed.
It is stated that when 250 mg. of copper precipitate are obtained
duplicates agree within \ mg. A table is given, showing the amounts
of glucose, lactose, sucrose, etc., corresponding to different weights of
cuprous oxid.
In the succeeding numl)er of the journal (No. 3) the application of
this method to the determination of the sugars in milk, blood, wine,
urine, etc., is considered. — h. snyder.
Simple and rapid method for the determination of the iodin
number of fats, J. Bellier {Rei\ Chhii. Analyt. d Apj)I.. o {1900),
No. J4., pp. 128-13Ji). — Hiibrs method is considered as requiring too
much time. The attempts to simplify the method by Wys and others,
are noted. The author uses a solution containing both iodin and bro-
min dissolved in 'acetic acid; 50 gm. of iodin and 32 gm. of bromin are
dissolved in 950 cc. of acetic acid. The solvent for the fatty bodv is
composed of chloroform, mercuric chlorid, acetic acid, and potassium
iodid. One gram of material is dissolved and the bromin-iodin solu-
tion added until a permanent coloration for 5 minutes is secured, and
the number of cc. of solution used gives directly the iodin number. It
is claimed that the results ol)tained are practically the same as those,
b}^ the Hiibl method. The iodin number of a few oils as obtained by
this method is given. — h. snydek.
106
CHEMISTRY. 107
The determination of glycogen, and relative quantities of glyco-
gen in different parts of the flesh of a horse, J. K. Haywood {Jour.
Amer. Chem. Soc, 22 {1900), M. 2, pj). 85-93).— Mt^v testing a num-
ber of different methods for gh^cogen the author worked out the fol-
lowing, which is a modification of the Briicke method: From 50 to GO
gm. of ground meat is treated with 300 (;c. of 1 per cent potassium
hydroxid and heated on a steam hath for about 6 hours, water being
added from time to time. The solution is evaporated to about 150 cc,
made slightly acid with h3Tlrochloric acid, and hydrochloric acid and
double iodid of potassium and mercury added alternately until all pro-
teid matter is precipitated. The solution is made to a volume of 500
cc. and an aliquot filtered and exactly neutralized with concentrated
potassium h3'droxid. Three or four drops of concentrated hydrochlo-
ric acid is added and twice the volume of 93 to 95 per cent alcohol, the
precipitated glycogen filtered off after standing 2 or 3 hours, washed
with alcohol and ether, dried at 80 to 100° C, then at 115° C, and
weighed. After weighing, the filter is thoroughly extracted with boil-
ing water, dried at 115° C, and again weighed, the difference in weight
re pr esen ti ng gly coge n ,
The author believes the method to be an improvement over the orig-
inal Briicke method and sufficiently accurate for distinguishing horse
meat from other meats.
Analyses are given of the chuck, rib, and flank of 3 different horses,
and of the different cuts of meat from another horse.
The oxid of iron and alumina in mineral phosphates and superphos-
phates, MoRiMOXT {Bul. Assoc. Beige Chim., 14 {1900), No. l,pp. 16-18). — Known
amounts of iron and alumina oxids, when present in superphosphates, were deter-
mined by the method based upon Kroker's reaction (insolubility of iron and alumin-
ium phosphates in acetic acid). The amount found exceeded the calculated and
known amounts. It was the opinion of the author that the difference was caused
l:)y the presence of large amounts of lime. — h. sxyder.
Resume of the most important investigations in sugar chemistry during
the last half of the year 1899 [Deut. Zackerind., 25 {1900), No. 5, pp. 177-181).
A new gravimetric method of determining reducing sugars, Chapelle
{Jour. Pharm. et Chim., 6. ser., 10 {1899), No. 9, pp. 395-398).
Weighing the precipitated cuprous oxid as cupric oxid in the gravimetric
examination of sugar, F. Bolm {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 2 {1899),
No. 9, pp. 689-692).
The determination of sugar in beets, J. WEisBERCi {Bul. Assoc. Chim. Sucr. el
Distill, 17 {1899), No. 3, pp. 237, 238, fig. 1).
Observations on the electrolysis of cane-sugar solutions, K. Ulsch {Ztschr.
Eleclroclicm., 5 {1900), p. 539; abs. iii Jour. Phijs. Chem., 4 {1900), No. 2, p. 157).
Analyses of sugar-cane molasses and various products in the manufacture
of sugar from cane, H. Pellet {Sucr. Indig. et Coloniale, 55 {1900), No. 9, 2'>P-
275-278).
The analysis of golden sirup, N. Leonard {Ancdyst, 25 {1900), Apr., pp. 85-87). —
A controversial article based on a previous paper by the author (E. S. R., 11,
p. 705).
108 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
Treacle, or golden sirup, E. W. T. Jones {Analyst, 25 {1900), Apr., pp. 87-S9). —
The method of analysis employed by the author is described.
Analysis of a sample of treacle and of so-called golden sirup, C. W.
Matthews and A. H. Parker {Analyst, 25 {1900), Apr., pp. 89-94). — The methods
employed and the results are discussed.
Accurate ash determination in molasses {Deut. Zuckerind., 25 {1900), No. 2,
p. 62).
Detection of saccharin in articles of food, R. Truchon {Ann. Chim. Analyt.
et Appl., 5 {1900), pp. 48, 49; ahx. in Chem. Cenibl., 1900, I, p. 691; Jour. Chem. Soc.
{London'], 78 (1900), No. 451, II, p. 377).
On the analysis of milk, L. Gallien {Jour. Pliarm. ef Chim., 6. set., 11 {1900),
No. 2, pp. 61-64).
A new process for the determination of fatty materials in dairy products,
LixDET {Bid. Soc. Chim. Paris, 3. ser., 23 {1900), No. 10, pp. 409-413, fig. 1).
The so-called ferment-reaction of milk, R. W. Raudnitz {Cenibl. Fliysiol., 12
{1898), pp. 790-793; ahs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 3 {1900), No. 5,
p. 329) .
Determination of fat in butter by the Gerber acid butyrom.etric method,
J. Wekdek {Chem. Ztg., 23 {1899), No. 97, p. 1028).
A means of recognizing margarin and cocoa butter in butter, Cotton {Abs.
in .Tour. Pharrn. et CJiini., 6. ser., 9 {1899), No 10, ]>j>. 505, 506).
Studies on the color reactions of Becchi and Halphen for the identification
of cotton-seed oil, P. N. Raikow and N. Tscherweniwanow {Chem. Ztg., 23 {1899),
No. 97, pp. 1025-1028).
Concerning butter produced on sesame feeding and the official recognition
of margarin, G. Baumert {Ztschr. Naiurw. \_Jena'\, 71 {1899), No. 6, pp. 425-434). —
The German law requires the addition of sesame oil to margarin to aid in its detec-
tion. The article discusses the reliability of this reaction for margarin when sesame
cake has been fed.
The effect of formic aldehyde on proteid bodies. The change of peptones
and albumoses into primary proteids, C. Lepierre {.lour. Phunn. et Cliim., 6.
ser., 9 {1899), j)p. 449-451; abs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. v. Genussmtl, 2 {1899),
No. 12, p. 924) .
The solubility of proteoses and peptones in alcohol, J. Effront {Bui. Soc.
Cliim. Paris, 3. ser., 21 {1899), prp. 676-680; abs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl.,
3 {1900), No. 1, pp. 38, 39).
The solvent power of pepsins, J. Effront {Bui. Soc. Chim. Paris, 3. ser., 21
{1899), pp. 683-691; abs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl, 2 {1899), No. 12,
pp. 924, 925) .
Chemical changes in wheat and rye w^hen moldy and sprouted, R. Scherpe
{Ztschr. Untcrsuclt. Naltr. u. Genussmtl, 2 {1899), pp. 550-559).
The adulteration of nutmegs, J. Vanderplanken {Briti.^]i Food Jour., 2 {1900),
No. 15, ]). 65). — Brief directions for detecting nutmegs made from an inferior quality
of ground nutmeg and clay.
A general method for the determination of various simple substances con-
tained in organic compounds, M. Berthelot {Co)npt. Bend. Acad. Sri. Pirris, 129
{1899), No. 24, pp. 1002-1005).
Studies on the progressive development of the essence of bergamot, E.
Charabot {Compt. Bend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 129 {1899), No. 19, pp. 728-731).
On the determination of pentosans, W. L. A. Warxier {Bui. Soc. Chim. Paris,
3. ser., 21 {1899), No. 10, p. 527).
Automatic apparatus for the estimation of pentosans, V. Staxeck {B'ohm.
Ztschr. Zurl-erind., 24 {1899), j>j>. 227-230; abs.in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 78 {1900),
No. 451, II, p. 373).
BOTANY. 109
An apparatus for washing and absorbing gas, A. Gautier {Bnl. Sar. Chim.
Paris, 3. ser., 23 {1900), No. 5, pp. 14I-IU, fiu- -?)•
A simple gas generator, C. E. Wait ( Univ. Tennessee Record, 1899, No. 11, pp.
259, 260, fig. 1). — A simjjle, cheaii, and effective apparatus is briefly described and
illustrated.
A rubber mortar-cap for pulverizing -with, exclusion of air, R. Scholl ( Chem.
Ztg., 24 {1900), No. 3, p. 15, fig. 1). — A flexible rubber sheet which fits securely over
the to}) of the mortar, with a hole in the center for the pestle. — .i. t. axdersox.
A universal pipe-stem triangle, L. Martius {Chem. Ztg., 24 {1900), No. 3, p.
15, fig. 1). — Two of the sides of the triangle are fixed in the usual way, while the
third arm is hinged at one point with the other end free, thus allowing the size of
the triangle to be shifted at pleasure. A notched wire, running parallel to one of the
sides of the triangle, holds the free end of the movable side securely in any desired
position. .T. T. ANDERSON".
New triangles for crucibles and dishes, A. Hebebraxd {Chem. Ztg., 24 {1900),
No. 5, p. 37, figs. 2). — The crucible or dish is supported on three platinum pegs
screwed into the side of an iron triangle vertically to these sides, and at angles of
45° to their plane. — .t. t. anderson.
BOTANY.
On biastrepsis in its relation to cultivation, H. de Vries {Ann.
Hot.., 13 [1890), JVo. itl., p}>. 395-1^:20). — -The author designates under
the term biastrepsis the twisting of the stem which sometimes occurs
in plants, the normal shoots of which have opposite or whorled leaves.
By this twisting the ph3ilotaxis becomes spiral instead of verticillate,
and the successive leaves of the spiral are connected hy their bases.
A large number of experiments with Dipsacim sylvestris torsus are
reported, from which it is concluded that under proper cultivation the
seeds of this plant will 3'ield about one-third twisted stems. This
proportion was first attained in the fourth generation, and since then
the proportion has increased.
The phenomena of biastrepsis depend not only upon the hereditary
properties of the seed, but also upon the external conditions under
which the individual develops. The more favorable the conditions of
life the richer is the progeny obtained from any given seed in indi-
viduals with twisted stems, and the more marked is the twisting in
individuals. The importance of plenty of space, time of sowing, and
character of soil are pointed out.
From these experiments the general statement is made that with a
given hereditar}' tendency, an}- monstrosit}" becomes more marked the
more favorable the conditions of life, and, therefore, the more vigorous
the growth. This is true not only of DipmciM sylvestris^ but is estab-
lished for most various plants and different monstrosities by observa-
tions made by the author during the past 10 years.
The influence of carbon dioxid on the form and structure of
plants, E. C. Teodoresco {Eev. Gen. Bof., 11 {1899), ^^o. 132, 2>p.
If-I^D-I^jO, pi. l^Jigs. 18). — ^A report is given of a series of experiments
in which a number of plants were grown with and without carbon
110 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECOED.
dioxid. An apparatus was devised l\v which air free from carhon
dioxid could he supplied to one bell jar, and to another an atmosphere
containing approxiuiately 2 per cent of carbon dioxid. B3" means of
an aspirator the atmosphere was constantly changed. The plants used
were Marchantia lyolymorphi^ Lumdaria vulgaris, Luphvwi alhus^
PJuiseolus midtiflorus, Faha wilgaris, Pisum sativum, Asparagus offici-
nalis, CucuThita p€p>o, Borrago officinalis, and Datura stramonmrn.
The morphology of thallus, stem, and leaves is fully described. In
the case of the hepatics, the thallus was less developed, less branched,
and no asexual reproductive organs were produced when grown in an
atmosphere free from carbon dioxid. The assimilative tissues, usually
present in the large air cavities, were wholly absent in the case of Mar-
chantia and greatly reduced in Lunularia. The air spaces were like-
wise either wholly or nearly obliterated.
Where plants were cultivated from seed, the stems for a time grew
best in an atmosphere which did not contain carbon dioxid, the pres-
ence of that gas retarding the consumption of the reserve material.
However, after the plant had used up its reserves and chlorophyll
assimilation begun, the best growth was obtained in an atmosphere
containing carbon dioxid. Those plants which were not cultivated
from seed, but were already in an advanced stage of growth, did not
show the preliminary phase just described, but continued their growth
best in the atmosphere charged with carbon dioxid. The leaves of the
plants were smaller when grown without carbon dioxid. In the case
of the Datura leaves, those already formed, when placed in an atmos-
phere lacking in carbon dioxid, became 3'ellow and fell oil'. In nearly
every case the leaves were thicker and the palisade parenchyma longer
and larger, the air spaces more developed, with all plants which grew
in the atmosphere charged with carbon dioxid. The internodes in
general section were larger, the number of fibro-vascular bundles
greater, and the individual bundles developed to a greater extent.
The influence of different kinds of light on the form and struc-
ture of plants, E. Teodoresco {Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., 8. ser., 10(1899),
jVos. 3-4., pp. 14.1-256; 5-6, pp. 257-264, pis. U,figs. 20).—\\\ order to
study the effect of rays of different refrangibility on the form and
structure of plants, the author made use of the spectrum and colored
screens, the colors used being red, blue, and green, and comparisons
were made with plants grown in light and darkness. The effect of
these different lights, as shown by the morphology and anatom}^ of leaf,
stem, and root, were studied, the experiments being described in detail.
The following plants were used: Horse beans, white lupines, buck-
wheat, castor beans, peony, evening primrose, Buhus fruticosus, live-
forever, peanut, vetch, white beans, pepper grass, chick-pea, gourd,
sunflower, hemp, horse-chestnut, potato, ash tree, maple, oak, and
syringa.
BOTANY. Ill
The principal results are summarized as follows:
The greatest expanse of leaf blade was in those plants under blue
light, the least under the green light, with the red intermediate. Those
under the blue light approached most nearly to the total illumination
and the green to darkness. The effect on the petioles varied but in
two ways. In one series the green rays produced the longest petioles,
with the shortest under the blue, and intermediate under red illumina-
tion. In the other the order was reversed. With those plants having
a rosette of root leaves the longest leaves grew under the green screen
and the shortest under the blue, with red intermediate. At the same
time the longest leaves were not always the largest. All the different
colored lights were less favorable to the development of the tissues of
the leaves than the white light.
The amount and development of the palisade tissue, parenchyma,
and air spaces were least under green light, greater under red, and
most highly developed under blue light. The chloroleucites, so far as
number, size, and disposition were concerned, were similar in develop-
ment to the assimilative tissues. Under the green light they were
small, fewer, of indefinite shape, and distributed without any order in
the cell and did not contain as much chlorophyll as either under the
red or blue. The number of stomata per unit of leaf surface was
greatest under the green light, less under the red, and least under the
blue. The development of wood, liber, and cambium of the veins, as
well as the lignification of the cell walls of the leaves, was the same as
in the stems and roots.
The studies of roots showed that for plants whose roots are retarded
by white light, blue light retarded them still more, while under green
light they attained greater length, although the maximum development
was in darkness. When roots developed better in light than in dark-
ness they showed increased growth under blue screens and made little
increase under green. When growing equally as well in light and
darkness the different colored lights made no appreciable difference.
The maximum diameter of the central cylinder and thickness of cortex
of roots was shown in the plants grown under red and Uue light, with
green as the minimum. Under the green light the primary wood
presented few vessels and the differentiation of secondary tissues was
less advanced. The same was true for the lignification of cell walls
and supporting tissues. Under the green light the structure of roots
approached those grown in darkness, while those under blue light
were more nearly like those grown under white light.
The investigations showed that the green light gave the greatest
growth of stem, followed by red and blue when the experiment was
not continued beyond the consumption of the reserve materials of the
plant. When conducted longer the plants under green light perished.
4740— No. 2- 2
112 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
The development of the primary and secondary conductive tissue and
lignification of cell walls was the same as for the roots. The central
C3'linder of the stem increased most rapidly under blue light and least
under green, with red as intermediate. The periderm of the stem
was least developed under green light, most under blue, and red inter-
mediate.
The influence of changes of temperature on the respiration of
plants, W. Palladin {Rev. Gen. Bot., 11 {1899), No. 127, pp. 21^1-
257). — The extremities of etiolated seedlings of Viciafaha with a few
leaves were cut off and placed in vessels containing a 10 per cent solu-
tion of saccharose. One lot Avas kept in the laboratory at an average
temperature ranging from 17 to 20^ C. A second lot was placed in a
vestibule where a lower temperature, 7 to 12° C, was experienced,
and the third lot was placed in a thermostat in which a temperature of
from 36 to 37.5° C. was maintained. After from 3 to 7 days in these
temperatures equal lots were brought together and kept at a medium
temperature of from 18 to 22°, and the amount of carbon dioxid liber-
ated per gram of plants was ascertained.
It was found that the plants which had lieen kept in the medium
temperature gave off 55.8 mg. per gram; those removed from the
low temperature to the medium gave off 78.1 mg. ; and those from
the highest to the medium temperature, 85.4 mg. per gram of plant
weight. The change from a lower to a higher or a higher to a lower
temperature resulted in an increased respiration. The cause for this
phenomenon was not ascertained.
On the influence of anaesthetics on the respiration of plants,
N. MoRKOWiNE {Rev. Gen. Bot, 11 {1899), JVoh. 128, pyp- ^89-303;
129, p>p. 3Jf.l-352). — The author experimented with the etiolated leaves
and leaf buds of Vicia faha and Lupj'inus luteus and the green leaves
of Ficus elastica and Phylodendroii sp. ; also upon the embryos of
sprouted wheat. As anesthetics, alcohol, ether, hydrochlorate of
morphine, and hydrochlorate of solanin were used. The plants were
placed in a Pettenkofer apparatus and the I'espiration determined.
The experiments are described in detail.
Contrary to the conclusions of Bonnier and jNIangin,' the author
found that if the exposure to anaesthetics be prolonged for quite a
number of hours, or even for several davs, the intensity of respira-
tion was considerably increased. Under the influence of alcohol, the
intensity of the respiration of etiolated plants was increased 1^ times.
With ether, the respiration of etiolated leaves of Vicia faha was
more than doubled. It Avas found that the hj^drochlorate of morphine,
1:2,000, did not in any way affect the respiration of plants. When,
however, the quantity or morphine was 1:500, the respiration of the
plants was increased \\ times.
lAnn. Sci. Nat. Bot., 7. ser., 1886, p. 5.
BOTANY. 113
In general, the author states, his experiments show that anaesthetics
increase the respiration not only in etiolated but in green plants.
Incidentally, the effect of anesthetics on chlorophj^l was investigated,
and it was found that a 5 per cent solution of alcohol checked the
chlorophyll production and growth of the wheat germ. The dimiim-
tion in the respiration in the case of the plantlets Avas in proportion
to their growth.
Experiments on floral colors, P. Q. Keegan {Nature^ 61 {1899)^
Ho. 1570, PI'- ^^^■> 106). — The author conducted a series of experi-
ments to determine the true color of anthocyan — that is, the blue and
red pigment of flowers. The opinions of Berzelius and Wiesner are
stated, in which diametrically opposite conclusions are given.
The author observed the effect produced by immersion of fresh
petals of a number of flowers into ether saturated with ammonia.
The petals of the peony, pink, campion, deep-red rose, sweet pea,
vetch, mallow, balsam, geranium, fuchsia, scarlet rhododendron,
crimson flax, and blue centaurea became blue; of the red daisy, peri-
winkle, and lady's smock, bluish green; while the petals of anemone,
larkspur, violet, willow herb, scarlet Tropteolum, red rhododendron,
flowering currant, scabious, wild thyme, potato, and forget-me-not
became green.
Later the coloring matter was withdrawn from the petals by macer-
ating them for 2 days in methyl alcohol, after which the solution was
drawn off, evaporated to dryness, the residue dissolved in warm water,
and after filtering was tested with hydrochloric acid, ammonia, lead
acetate, and magnesium acetate, the color reaction in each case being
given.
The author's conclusion is that there are different stages in the
development of floral pigments. In the lower stages the natural color
is red, whatever the chromogen maj^ be. In the higher stages the
natural color of the anthocyan is blue, or is capable of forming blue
compounds with alkalis and certain metallic salts.
On the presence of vanadium, molybdenum, and chromium in plants, E.
Demarcay {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 130 {1900), No. 2, pp. 91, 92; abs. in Rev.
Sri. [Paris'], 4. ser., IS {1900), No. 3, p. 88).
On the presence of dextrose and levulose in the leaves of beets, L. Lindet
{Ann. Agron., 26 {1900), No. 2, pp. 103-113).
On the composition of the leaves of the plane tree from the standpoint of
nutritive material and on the migration of this material during- growth and
after the death of the leaves, G. M. Tucker and B. Tollexs {Ber. Deut. Chem.
GeselL, 32 {1899), pp. 25-75; abs. in Bid. Soc. Chim. Paris, 3. ser., 24 {1900), No. 10,
J). 480).
On the modifications which oil of lavender undergoes during the grow^th
of the plant, E. Chakabot {Bid. Soc. Chim. Paris, 3. ser., 23 {1900), No. 5, jip.
183-189).
Behavior of leguminous tubercles in water culture, F. Nobbe and L. Hiltner
{Landxo. Vers. Stat., 52 {1899), Nos. 5-6, pp. 455-465). — In experiments with seed-
lings of Robinia pseudacacia grown in water cultures, the root tubercles functioned
114 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
normally in air, but under water almost none at all. The authors believe that the
results obtained in these experiments demonstrate that nitrogen assimilation takes
place within the root tubercles and not in the leaves.
Further observations on Nitragin and on the nature and functions of the
nodules of leguminous plants, M. Dawsox {Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], 66 {1900),
Xo. 435, pp. 63-63).
A new departure in cytology {Xature, 61 {1900), Xo. 1582, pp.385-3S7). — A
review of a recent work by A. Fischer, of Leipsic.
FERMENTATION— BACTERIOLOGY.
Variability in the power of liquefying gelatin possessed by
bacteria, H. W. Conn {CentU. Bald. a. Par., J. Aht., 5 {1899), ^^o.
20^ pp. 665-669). — On examining specimens of milk from a neighboring-
dairy, the author discovered 2 rather constant organisms in his cul-
tures. The lirst was a Micrococcus and seemed to be almost univer-
sally found in all the specimens of milk. Its morphology is described
at some length. With it, and almost equally abundant, was found a
bacterium which differed from the first in having no power of liquefy-
ing gelatin. As experiments with the organisms were continued, it
was found that intermediate grades existed between the two, and after
continuing the experiments for several months, the author arrived at
the conclusion that he had one organism which showed a wide varia-
bility. Subsequent study of the culture proved that with the excep-
tion of the power of liquefying gelatin the organisms were absolutely
identical.
Permanent forms of nitric and nitrous organisms, A. Beddies
{Chem. Zt(/., 23 (1899), JTo. 63, pp. 61^0-61^1 ; ahx. In Jour. Chem. Soc.
[London], 78 {1900), No. ^,6, II, p. SJf). — From manure, .sewage, etc.,
the author prepared nutritive solutions containing about 2 gm. each of
organic and inorganic matter per liter. These were mixed with 1 to
2 per cent of meat juice and the nitrogen content was raised to about
3 per cent by the addition of ammonium sulphate. The alkalinity
was raised or lowered as desired hx the addition of sodium carbonate
or phosphoric acid, and, after sterilizing, the solutions were inoculated
with 0.1 to 0.2 gm. of soil containing the nitrif jdng organisms. The
cultures were kept in diffused light at 20 to 25° until nitrification was
complete (2 to 3 months). Material from these cultures was used for
inoculating sterilized solutions containing 1 per cent of a cold water
extract of a soil rich in humus and 0.25 per cent of water glass.
By this means nitrifying organisms were obtained which were less
sensitive than those obtained b}^ Winogradsk}^ in inorganic media.
Four stable forms of nitric and 3 of nitrous bacteria were isolated.
One of the nitric forms was capable of resisting the action of steam at
100° for 2 minutes, and one of the nitrous bacteria lived for 1 minute
in steam at the same temperature. The other two nitrous bacteria
could not withstand steam, but survived for several minutes in a dry
FEKMENTATION BACTERIOLOGY. 115
heat of 80 to 100° C. Nitric and nitrous bacteria grew in the same
medium without interference, and inoculating- material was prepared
by drying previously sterilized calcareous soil to which both forms of
nitrifying organisms had been added.
Pot experiments are reported in which grasses and cereals grown on
sterilized sand, to which sterilized humus, ammonium sulphate, and
minerals were added, were much benefited by inoculation with the
nitrifying organisms.
The results obtained indicate that denitritication is hindered and loss
of free nitrogen prevented by the presence of an abundance of nitrify-
ing organisms. When, however, denitrifying organisms predominate,
the action of the nitrifying bacteria is interfered with, especially if
the supply of oxygen is limited.
On the nitrification of organic nitrogen, V. Omelianski {Cenibl.
Bait. u. Par., 2. Alt., 5 {1899), No. 13, pp. 4,73-490).— An account is
given of various culture experiments, the results of which led to the
conclusion that pure cultures of nitrifying bacteria are incapable of
nitrifj'ing organic nitrogen. Nitrogen in this form must first be con-
verted into ammonia by the action of other nitro-organisms before the
nitrifying organisms can utilize it. It is claimed that the opposite
conclusions reached by Frankland, Warington, and Stutzer and his
associates were based upon inaccurate observations.
Denitrification and fermentation, K. Wolff {Ilyg. Hundschau, 9
{1899), x>P' 1169-1172; ahs. in Ohem. Cenibl., 1900, T,'j>p. 52, 53; Jour.
Chem. Soc. [London], 78 {1900), M. 450, II, p. 298).— hx experiments
with typhus-like bacilli, including B. coll commune and others, and 2
hay bacilli, one apparentlv B.fitzlanus from ginger root and the other
from meal, it was found that while all the organisms reduced nitrates
to nitrites in 1 per cent dextrose broth containing 0.05 to 0.23 per
cent of potassium nitrate, the hay bacilli were much more active in
this respect than the others, although only one of the bacilli can be
compared with the real denitrifying organisms. The activity of the
organisms was not affected by the strength of the sugar solution, but
was decidedly influenced by the amount of nitrate present, an excess
of the latter checking fermentation without otherwise disturbing the
functions of the organisms. Complete disappearance of nitric nitro-
gen took place simultaneoush' with fermentation. The author concludes
that denitrification is not due to the direct action of the organisms,
but that the products of fermentation reduce nitrates to nitrites and
eventual!}' convert them into carbonates.
Recent investigations on the development of aromatic princi-
ples by alcoholic fermentation in the presence of certain leaves,
G. Jacquemin ( 6'om^.>z!. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 128 {1899), No. 6,
2J2>. 369-371). — In a previous number of this publication^ the author
'Compt. Kend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 125 (1897), No. 2, p. 114.
116 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
has given an account of his investigations in which he claims the
development of aromatic principles through the alcoholic fermentation
of wine in the presence of the leaves of the apple, pear, or grape, pro-
ducing the characteristic odor and flavor of the individual fruit. This,
he says, is brought about by the splitting up of certain glucosids con-
tained in the leaves through the action of a diastase secreted by the
yeast used in the fermentation. Subsequent investigations have shown
that the leaves of difi^erent varieties of grapes placed in the must give
to the wine different flavors and bouquets. If instead of the leaves an
extract containing the glucosids of the leaves be used in connection
with the pure j'east, the same result is secured.
The author states that during the past season numerous experiments
were carried on in different parts of France with Ijoth white and red
wines which confirm his statement. One experiment is quoted in
which the must of an ordinary red wine was pasteurized and divided
into equal portions, one of which received an extract of the leaves from
a St. Emillion grapevine which had been prepared by mixing them
with a pure yeast 2 days before adding to the must; the second was
given a pure j^east, while a third lot was allowed to ferment in the
ordinaiy manner. The products of the fermentation were submitted
to various experts. That resulting from the fermentation in the pres-
ence of the extract of the leaves was pronounced far superior to the
others.
In conclusion the author claims that his experiments show that by
the use of grape leaves from varieties of superior excellence, or of
extracts containing the glucosids from these leaves, even in a quantity
as small as 1:1000, the quality of the wine may be greatl}^ improved.
Investigations concerning bacteria in the fermentation of
tobacco, J. H. Vernhout {2Ieded. S'Lands Phodentuhu olf. (1899),
pp. Ifit ])ls. 2). — The author has investigated the fermentation of
tobacco and concludes that (1) the fermentation of tobacco is due in
whole or in part to the chemical action of bacteria, and (2) a ther-
mophile bacterium plays an important role in the process of fermenta-
tion. In support of these conclusions he gives a detailed account of
his work. Germs that could flourish at SO-" C. were first isolated from
tobacco leaves in which the process of fermentation had been completed.
Two germs which he studied under the designations A and B were
thus isolated. Inoculation experiments were made by cutting into
small pieces or b}^ folding tobacco leaves in which fermentation
had just commenced. The pieces or folded leaves were placed in
petri dishes and sterilized at 120° C. for 15 minutes to 1 hour, after
which one dish was inoculated with a pure culture of germ A. Seven
experiments are recorded, of which 1 gave positive results, 4 doubtful,
and 2 negative. In the last-mentioned experiments fermentation took
place equally well in the check and in the inoculated dish. Two
FERMENTATION BACTERIOLOGY. 117
experiments were also made in which some dishes were sterilized
while the check was left unsterilized. In both cases fermentation
took place in the check but not in the sterilized dish.
One chapter is devoted to a description of germ A on different cul-
ture media. This germ is related to Bacillus subtills and the author
proposes for it the name Bacillus tahaci-ferinentationis. Germ B is
also described and said to belong to the genus Bacterium. The name
Bacterium. tah(ci-fermtntati(mis is proposed. — h. m. meters.
On the chemical nature of enzyms, O. Loew {Science, n. s., 10
{1899), No. 2G1, pp. 9oo-961). — The author states that enzyms may be
physiologically classified into 3 groups, those which are intimatel}^
connected with mitrition, such as diastase, pepsin, trypsin, lipase; those
causing oxidation, as the oxidases; and those producing coagulations,
such as rennet, thrombase, and pectase.
in considering the chemical nature of enzyms, 3 important questions
have received attention: (1) Are the enzyms proteins or not? (2) how
is the fact to be explained that a very small amount of the enzyms can
transform a relatively large amount of another compound? and (3)
what is the cause of their specific action, that is, why can enzyms
attack only a specific compound and not others closely related? The
different investigations bearing upon these subjects are reviewed at
some length. The author believes that the tendenc}^ on the part of
some authors to infer from the nature of one enzym the nature of all
others is not justified. He believes there may exist enzyms in every
group of proteins, and that there may be some that are not proteins
but which are derived therefrom.
The action of small quantities of enzyms on large quantities of other
substances is explained by the close connection existing between lability
and activity, and further by the principle of intensity of energy by
which their chemical energy may be transferred to other compounds.
In explaining the specific action of enzjaiis, the principle of configu-
ration of molecules comes in, and the closer the contact the more per-
fect transmission of energy is possible.
Report of the bacteriologist, H. H. Lamson {New Hampshire Ski. Bui. 68, pp.
158-164, fig. 1) . — A statement is made of the lines of work followed in the depart-
ment of bacteriology during the year and a popular account is given of bacteria, their
morphology, physiology, and relations to agriculture.
Bacteria and their place in systems of fung-i, W. Winkler ( Centhl. Bakt. u.
Bur., -2. Alt., 5 {1899), Nos. 16-17, pp. 569-579; 18-19, pp. 617-630, pis. 2).
The classification of bacteria, W. Migula {System der Bakierien. Jena: G.
Ti.'^chcr, 1900, vol. 2, pp. 1068, ph. 18, figs. 35). — A systematic classification of bacteria.
Bacteria as related to economy of nature, industrial processes, and public
health, G. Newman {New York: G. B. Batnwn' s Sons ; London: Jolm J/arro//, 1899,
pp. 348; rev. in Science, n. ser., 11 {1900), No. 263, p. 70).
Micro-organisms useful in agriculture, F. Cavara {Bui. So/: Bot. lud., 1899,
No. 7-8, pp. 241-243).
118 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECORD.
Bacteria jn milk products and other food materials, Bloch (Berlin. Klin.
Wchmchr., 37 (1900), No. 4, l^P- ^0,86).— The author found numbers of bacterial
colonies in cultures from plasmon, but an equally large number fi'om nutrose and
other rnilk products.
Contribution to the morphology of the organism described as Bacterium
radicicola, A. Sti-tzek {Mitt. Landw. Inst. Breslau, 1900, No. 3, pp. 57-71).
The influence of sunlight on bacteria, L. Kedzior {Arch. Hyg., 36 {1899), No.
4, pp. 323-334).
Gypsum plates for the cultivation of nitrification bacteria, Y. Omelianski
{Centhl. Bukt. u. Par., 2. Abt., 5 {1899), No. 18-19, pp. 652-655).
On the multiplication of yeasts -without fermentation in presence of a
limited quantity of air, A. Rosextiehl {Compt. Bend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 130 {1900),
No. 4, pp. 195-198).
The length of generations in certain yeasts, D. P. Hoyer {Centhl. Baki. v..
Par., 2. Abt., 5 {1899), No. 21, ])p. 703-705). — A large number of species of yeast
were studied and under the conditions of experiments the time elapsing between one
generation and another determined. It ranged from 3.5 hours to about 10 hours,
depending upon the temperature.
On the duration of the vitality of dried yeast, H. "Will {Ztschr. Gesam.
Brauu'., 1899, No. 4, P- 43; abs. in Centhl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. Abt., 6 {1899), No. 14, p.
527) . — Yeast is said to have grown readily after having been kept in a dried state for
12 years and 2 months.
Soluble ferments produced during germination of seeds having a corneous
endosperm, E. Bouequelot and H. Herissey {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 130
{1900), No. 1, pj-). 42-44).
The oxy-ferments of milk and saliva, R. Di'pouy {Jour. Pharm. et Chim., 6.
ser., 8 {1898), 'pp- 551-553).
On the secretion of diastases, Dienert {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 129
{1899), No. 1, pp. 63, 64).
On the so-called indigo fermentation and new indigo plants, H. Molisch
{Sitzher. Math. Naturw. CI. K. Akad. Wiss. [Vienna'\, 107 (1898), No. 7, pp. 747-776.
pi 1).
The action of formaldehyde on enzyms and certain proteids, C. L. Bliss and
F. G. Novy (Jour. Expt. Med., 4 (1899), No. 1, pp. 47-80).
METEOROLOGY.
Monthly Weather Review ( U. jS. Dept. Agr. , Weather Bureau,
Montldij Weather lieview, 2S (1900), Has. i, pp. 1-^8, charts 10; 2. 2n'>'
51-93, pi. 1, Jigs. 5, charts 11; 3, pp. 95-139, charts 10). — In addition
to the usual reports on forecasts, warnings, weather and crop condi-
tions, meteorological tables and charts, these numbers contain the
following articles and notes:
No. 1, a special contribution on Some of the results of the international cloud work
for the United States, by F. H. Bigelow; and notes by the editor on wireless teleg-
raphy, lightning rods, a kite and balloon station near Berlin, Germany, South Afri-
can meteorology, fro.st work in South Africa, Prof. Henry Allen Hazen, winterkilling
of fruit trees, farmers' bulletins, the soil and the crops, errors in school books, fruit
protection in Florida, historical events in meteorology, irrigation in winter, the
Weather Bureau and commerce on the Great Lakes, the high stations of Wyoming,
winter thunderstorms in Mississippi, snowfall in the Rocky Mountains, the relation
of temperature to color, Meteorological Congress at Paris, September 10-16, 1900,
METEOKOLOGl . 119
meteorology at the Paris Exposition, lectures in the schools, long dry spells, lectures
at farmers' institutes, climatology of San Diego, Cal., wind-roses for Oklahoma,
Charles G. Boerner, artificial rain, and the weather maker.
No. 2, special contributions on Anemometer tests (illus. ), by C. F. Marvin; Kite
observations at Bayonne, N. J., by the Bayonne Kite Club; and notes by the editor
on climatology of St. Kitts, lectures at farmers' institutes, a change at Kew observa-
tory, the London meteorological office, maximum pressure of wind, and George
James Symons.
No. 3, special contributions on Comparative thermometer readings at New Yoi-k,
by A. J. Henry; Loss of life in 1899 by lightning, by A. J. Henry; Hurricanes uf
1895 and 1896 in the Philippine Archipelago, by F. 0. Stetson; Notes on climate in
the Philippines, by I. N. Brewer; A partial explanation of some of the principal
ocean tides (illus.), by R, A. Harris; and notes by the editor on the measurement of
radiant heat, the use of the divining rod in the search for water, tides in the ocean
and the atmosphere, solar spots and terrestrial phenomena, the storms of ^larch,
1888 and 1900, frost protection by hot water, the total eclipse of the sun May 28,
1900, stations of the Mexican Telegraph Company, influence of the wind and of
rythmic gusts on the level of Lake Erie, long balloon voyages, wireless telegraphy,
storms of sleet, the cold waves of January and February, 1864, a Black River thaw,
sudden disappearance of ice in the lakes, benefits and injuries due to storms, water-
spout, objectionable meteorological terms, danger lines on gages and contour lines on
city maps, the legal value of "Weather Bureau records, and sudden temperature
changes in INIontana.
Maryland Weather Service {Maryland Weather Service^ 1 {1899)^
fp. 566^ _^i/.y. '5^, Jigs. Gl). — This is the first of a proposed series of
reports dealing with the climatic features of Maryland, including the
physiography, meteorology, h3"drograph3', medical climatology, agri-
cultural soils, foresty, crop conditions, and flora and fauna of the
State. The present volume is confined to a discussion of physiograplw
and meteorology, and includes the following articles: Introduction, by
W. B. Clark, explaining the establishment of the State weather service
and the lines of investigations pursued; A general report on the phys-
iography of Maryland, and The aims and methods of meteorological
work, by C. Abbe; A sketch of the progress of meteorolog}^ in Mary-
land and Delaware, by O. L. Fassig; and An outline of the present
knowledge of the meteorolog}" and climatology of Maryland, bv
F. J. Walz.
A summar^^ of the main results of meteorological observations in
Maryland is as follows:
Normal annual temperature 53 to 54° F. ; normal annual maximum 63°; normal
annual minimum 45°; highest normal monthly temjierature 75.5° in August; lowest
normal monthly 31° in January; absolute maximum temperature for the State since
1891, 109° at Boettcherville in July, 1898; minimum for the State since 1891, —26 at
Sunnyside in February, 1899; average date of last killing frost in spring April 5 to 15;
first killing frost in fall October 5 to 15; advent of sjiring (average temperature 43.8°)
March 7 in southern ilaryland, Xim\ 1 in northern Maryland, and April 15 in north-
western Maryland; average barometric pressure for 28 years at Baltimore 30.7 in.,
highest 30.98 in., low'est 29 in. ; normal annual precipitation (rain, melted snow, etc. )
43 in. (of this 23 to 24 hi. falls in the spring and summer and 19 to 20 in. in fall and
winter); rainy days 168; cloudiness 50 to 60 jier cent; average humidity 68 j^er cent;
direction of the wind northwest in winter, south and southwest in summer.
120
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Meteorology, C. H. Pettee (JVew Hampshire Sta. Bui. 68, pp. 161f.^
165, 168-192). — This gives brief notes on additions to equipment of the
meteorological department and on the weather of the year, and a
monthlj^ and annual summary for the period from July, 1898, to
June, 1899, inclusive, of observations at Durham, N. H., on tem-
perature, precipitation, cloudiness, and prevailing winds. The mean
temperature for the year was 45.9°, for 1 years ending June 30, 1899^
■45.8°; total precipitation for the year 43.6 in., average for 4 3'ears 45.5;
snowfall 82 in., average for 4 j^ears 67; number of da3^s on which
there was precipitation of 0.01 of an iiich during 1898 to 1899, lo7,
average for 4 years 105; prevailing direction of the wind, northwest;
clear days 114, partly cloud}' days 161, cloud}" days 80.
"The last 3 months of the year [1898-99] were abnormally dry, with a total precip-
itation of only 3.6 in. Indeed this lack of rain was the chief feature of the weather
for the year, and had a marked effect upon farm crops, especially grass, the amount
of hay harvested in this vicinity being about one-half of that of the previous year.
Hoed crops on heavy soil did not suffer seriously."
Meteorological summary for Ohio, 1898, C. A. Patton {Ohio
Sta. Bid. 109, pp. 37S-386). — Notes on the weather and tabulated
daily and monthl}' summaries of observations at the station on temper-
ature, precipitation, cloudiness, direction of the wind, etc., are given,
and for comparison similar data for previous years and for other parts
of the State. The following is a summary of results:
Summary of mt'teorologicul observations in Ohio.
For the experiment station.
Average for 11 years.
For the State.
Averagefor IGyears.
Temperature (°F.):
Mean
Highest
Lowest
Range
Mean daily range
Greatest daily
range.
Least daily range
Clear days
Fair days
Cloudy "days
Days rain fell
Rainfall (in.):
Greatest monthly
Least monthly ...
!Mean yearly
Prevailing direction
of wind.
50.4
(Julv 3) 96
(Feb. 2) -9
105
•20.3
(Nov. 11) 50
f(Jan.21,Mar.\ -
1 2, Dec. 18.) J °
133
104
128
134
6.79
2.15
47. So
(Julv)
(Sept.)
(Aug. 8, 1891)
(Jan.20,1892)
(Oct. 0,1895)
(Feb. 6,1897)
(Julv, 1896)
(Sept., 1897)
49.0
99
-20
119
20. 3
120
122
118
126
8.05
.29
39. 75
52.0
(Julyl) 105
(Feb. 3) -20
125
(Julvl,
(Jan.25
50.7
1897) 113
,1884) -34
117.1
130
110
125
121
118
122. 5
124.7
123.6
Relations betv^een the annual variations of temperature and
the successive phases of vegetation, A. Desmoulins (^1;^//. A^n/Ze
Xat. Agr. IfontpelUer, 11 {1899-1900), ;pp. 9-51).— Thm is a very full
discussion of this subject, based upon observations ))y the author and
others at Montpellier, and Ijy other investigators in different parts of
METEOROLOGY.
121
France, and includes (1) the duration of the stages of growtli of differ-
ent plants and their relation to temperature, and (2) the sums of tem-
perature necessary for the maturing of different plants. The different
stages of plant growth from seeding to harvest are treated in detail.
The main results of observations at Montpellier are summarized in the
following table:
Stages of growth and sums of temperature required for the inaturing of different plahts.
Wheat (Noe)..
Spring wheat .
Rye
Barley
Winter oats
Corn (from the Landes)
Com (Caragua)
Corn (Cinquantin)
Sorghum (saccharine)..
Buckwheat
Flax
Beans ( haricot)
Beets
Jerusalem artichokes. . .
Potatoes
Date of planting.
End of October or begin-
ning of November.
March 15
End of October or begin-
ning of November.
do
do
.\pril 10
do
do
April 1
do
March 3
April 15
March 15
Beginning of March.
do
Time required for-
Germi-
nation.
Days. Days.
13 195
91
174
185
201
Bloom-
ing.
199
190
205
80
110
8G
120
29
(13
49
11
191
92
Matu-
rity.
Sums of
tempera-
ture re-
quired for
growth
and ma-
turity.o
Days.
237
124
230
223
231
150
167
136
165
136
105
89
205
221
135
Deg. r.
2398
1760
2240
2100
2220
2730
2894
1.555
1611
3470
3665
2287
aCalculated according to the Herve-Mangon method from the sums of the daily temperatures (aver-
age of the maxima and minima) received by the plant from the time of planting to the time of
harvest, discarding all average temperatures below those required for the growth of plants, i. e., e"*
C. for wheat, 9° for corn, etc.
Meteorolog-ical observations at Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station
for the year 1898, R. C. Kedzie {Michigan Sta. Ept. 1S99, pp. 79-ia?).— Tab-
ulated daily and monthly summaries of observations during 1898 on temperature,
pressure, precipitation, humidity, cloudiness, wind movement, etc.
The summary for the year is as follows: Mean temperature, 48.17° F. ; humidity,
89.6 per cent; atmospheric pressure (reduced to 32° F. ), 29.12 in.; cloudiness, 48 per
cent; amount of rain or melted snow, 31.72 in.; snowfall, 44.25 in.; number of thun-
derstorms, 10.
Meteorological observations, W. B. Alwood {Virginia Sta. Rpt. 1899, p. 10). —
A tabulated monthly summary is given of observations at Blacksburg, Va., during
the year ended June 30, 1899, on temperature, precipitation, snowfall, and ck)udi-
ness, and for 7 years (1893-1899) on temperature and rainfall. The mean tempera-
ture of the year ended June 30, 1899, was 50.8° F., the rainfall 50.9 in.; average
temperature for 7 years was 51.7°, and rainfall 37.78 in.
Meteorological summary for the year 1899, H. Dufour and D. Valet
{Chron. Agr. Canton Vand, IS {1900), No. 7, pp. 149-152).— This is a summary of
ol)servations on temperature, precipitation, sunshine, and temperature of the soil at
the Agricultural Institute at Lausanne.
A comparative study of variations in temperature and of rainfall at
Aigoual and Montpellier, F. Houdaxlle {Ann. Ecole Nat. Agr. Montpellier, 11
{1S99-1900), pp. 52-97, figs. 7, charts i^).— Comparative observations during 3 years
(1896-1898) at these two points, one in the Pyrenees, the other in the plain, 65 kilo-
meters apart and differing in altitude ))y 1,525 meters, are reported and discussed.
122 EXPEEIMENT STATION BECORD.
Numei'ous correlations between both temperature variations and rainfall at the two
places are shown. The utilization of observations at the more elevated point in local
forecasts is explained.
The dirurnal range of rain at the seven observatories in connection with
the meteorolog-ical office, Great Britain, 1871-1890, R. H. ^cott [Loit'Ion :
TJarlhig ct- Son, Ltd., 1900, pp. 4S).
A severe sleet storm, H. von Schrenk {Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louh, 10 {1900),
No. 5, pp. 143-150, ph. 2). — An account is given of a sleet storm of unusual severity
which occurred February 27, 1900, over a large tract of country, including parts (>l
Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio.
Prevention of hailstorms by the use of cannon, J. M. Pernter {Nat. Geogr.
Mag., 11 {1900), No. 6, pp. 239-241).
The average and maximum velocity of the wind at Montpellier, F. Houd-
AiLLE {Arm. Ecole Nat. Agr. Montpellier, 11 {1899-1900), pp. 9S- 110, figs. 3, charts
12) . — The methods and apparatus used are descril^ed and the results obtained during
1898 reported.
Frost and hot water protection ( California Fruit Grower, 25 {1900) , No. 613,
p. 1). — This is an account of an experiment at Riverside, Cal., in which water was
heated to 85° in a tubular boiler and allowed to flow through the irrigating ditches
between the rows of trees. A short distance from the ditches the temperature was
36° while the normal was 32° or freezing temperature.
Artificial clouds as a means of protection against frost, F. Sisgne {Prog.
Agr. et Vit., 17 {1900), No. 12, pp. 322-325).— A popular article.
The applications of meteorology to agriculture, J. Vandervaeren {Rei\ Gen.
Agron. Lourain, 9 (1900), Nos. 2, pp. 60-70; 3, pp. 102, 103, pi. 1; 4, PP- 156-162).— A
genera] article.
The telegraphic weather service for German agriculture {Mitt. Dcut. Landiv.
GeseU., 15 {1900), No. 16, pp. 104-106).
The periods of plant growth and the eflfects of climatic conditions on
plants, A. Desmoulixs {Ann. Ecole Nat. Agr. Montpellier, 11 {1899-1900), pp. 6-8). — A
continuation of observations of previous years (E. S. R., 9, p. 1035).
WATER— SOILS.
The fruit soils of Virginia, W. B. Alwood ( Virgima Sta. Bui.
98,2>p- ^9-1^,1, map 1). — This is a compilation of available information
on this subject, including the author's observations, and deals mainly
with the economic phases of the question. In discussing the subject
the State is divided into 6 natural divisions, viz: Tidewater, middle
Virginia, Piedmont, the Blue Ridge section, the valley, and Appalachia.
A map showing the extent of these different divisions, and the location
of areas known to be adapted to pippin orchards, accompanies the
article. "It is hoped that this publication will mark the beginning
in the near future of a more critical study of certain phases of this
all-important subject to fruit growers."
Analyses of soils, C. F. Juritz {Agr. Jour. Caj)e Good Hope^ 16
{1900), jVo. 5, pp. £71-288).— In continuation of the soil survey of
Cape of Good Hope, previously referred to (E. S. R., 11, p. 823). the
author collected and analyzed 60 samples of soil at different points in
the George, Knysna, Uniondale, and Oudtshoorn Divisions of the
WATER SOILS.
123
Province. Descriptions and analyses of these samples, with a discus-
sion of their comparative agricultural value, are given. The average
composition of the soils examined is as follows:
Average composition of v:e.stern Cape of Good Hope soils.
Number
of analy-
ses.
Fine earth
(passing
i mm.
sieve).
In fine earth.
Division.
Lime.
Potash.
Phosphoric
acid.
Nitrogen, a
16
13
12
19
Per cent.
81.0
87.6
69.2
79.0
Per cent.
0.040
.100
.0.57
.678
Per cent.
0.055
.035
.099
.145
Per cent.
0.047
.041
.064
.091
Per cent.
0. 1.57
.213
135
.131
a In soil passing 1 mm. sieve.
"The soils of the George district are, generally speaking, poor in lime and phos-
phates, and on the whole contain a fair amount of potash, while they are rich in
nitrogen. The Knysna soils contain an even larger percentage of nitrogenous mate-
rial, but are poor in potash and phosphoric oxid, lime being little better. Coming
to Uniondale, there i^ also a general lack of lime, but potash and jahosphates are
present in fair quantity, together with a good percentage of nitrogen. The Oudt-
shoorn division shows a good quantity of lime and nitrogenous matter in the soil,
and is also fairly satisfactory as regards potash and phosphoric oxid."
The behavior of ^vater-soluble phosphoric acid in the soil, M,
Ullmann ( J.J.S. m Chem. Ztg., 2J^ {1900), No. 20, Bepert., ^y. 65;
Chem. Centbl., 1900^ /, No. 15, p. 830). — In experiments on this subject
it was found that the phosphoric acid of superphosphate applied as a
top-dressing circulated in the soil, but remained soluble in water for
months after application. The rapidity of reversion of course depends
upon the amount of lime, magnesia, iron oxid, alumina, etc., present,
but according to the author the rate of reversion in artificial soil mix-
tures may be misleading as to this action in natural soils.
Cultivation and weeding, P. P. Deherain {Ann. Agron., 26 {1900),
No. 5, pp. 257-261). — Pot and field experiments made b}^ the author
showed no benefits resulting from the cultivation of bare soil as regards
moisture preservation by the formation of a top soil mulch. Irrigated
soils in vetch contained considerably larger percentages of soil mois-
ture than unirrigated soils in vetch, but both soils showed from 25 to
50 per cent less moisture than soils on which no plants whatever were
growing. Weeds allowed to grow in crops have an effect similar to
the vetch in evaporating .soil moisture. The author believes the results
of his experiments show that " cultivation " and "weeding" are words
of equal value, both being beneficial in preserving soil moisture in so
far as they destroy weeds.
A new method for the mechanical analysis of soils, G. Scarlata
{Staz. Sper. Agr. ltal.,32 {1899), pp. 631^-637; ahs. hi Chem. Cenihl.,
1900, I, No. 10, p. 571). — The apparatus used in the proposed method
consists of a narrow 500 cc. beaker having a siphon with stopcock on
124 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
one side and a tube with stopcock communicating with a water reser-
voir on the other. Five grams of soil is placed in the beaker, acidified
with hydrochloric acid, and water added to within 2 cm. of the rim of
the beaker. B}^ careful heating and stirring the lighter cla}^ particles
are carried off through the siphon by means of a current of water which
is made to flow through the beaker. This operation is repeated until
the water passing off from the beaker becomes clear and remains clear
when the contents of the beaker are heated to boiling. The method
was compared with that of Schloesing, and it is claimed that it is fully
as accurate and requires less time.
Pollution of natural ■waters and of cultivated soils by the products of gas
factories, A. Lemoine {L'Imj. Agr. Gembloux, 10 {1900), No. 9, pp. 559-572). — This
in mainly a review of investigations on the composition of the by-products (gas lime
and gas liquor) of gas making and on their action on soils and natural waters.
The kaolinizing' action of roots on feldspar, F. Sestixi {Landiv. Vers. Stat., 54
(1900), No. 1-2, pp. 147-153). — The author concludes that the formation of the clay
of soils is not entirely due to the natural agencies to which it has heretofore been
attributed, but is in part due to the decomposing action of roots and of numerous
minute organisms which are found in the soil.
Some Queensland soils, J . C. BntiNNicH {Queensland Agr. Jour., 6 {1900), No. 5,
pp. 403-418). — Mechanical and chemical analyses are reported of 21 samples of soil
(with subsoil) from different parts of the various state farms of the Province. The
soils examined are described and their reaction, weight, capacity for water, and cap-
illary power are also stated.
Report of the geologist, E. H. Barbour {Rpt. Nebraska State Bd. Agr. 1S98, pp.
287-320, figs. 87). — Mechanical analyses of 85 samples of Nebraska subsoils in con-
tinuation of previous work (E. S. R., 9, p. 737) are reported. These analyses were
m£,de by the Division of Soils of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
FERTILIZERS.
Denitrification and the decomposition of animal excrement in
the soil, C. KoGOYSKi {Ann. Agron., 26 {1900), No. 3, JU^- Bl-1^0).—
Previous work on this subject is briefl}^ reviewed and laboratory exper-
iments with small amounts of various mixtures of soil (200 to 233 gm.),
horse manure (40 to 41 gm.), urine (10 cc), straw (11 gm.), and nitrate
of soda (0.9 to 9 gm.) are reported. The changes which the nitrogen
underwent from January 21 to June 19 and from May 13 to July 5 are
recorded. The author concludes from the results that in the presence
of a large amovuit of manure there was denitrification of the nitrates,
the liberated nitrogen either escaping in the free state or being con-
verted partiallj^ or completely into insoluble compounds. The same
changes occurred when soil containing large quantities of manure or
straw was fertilized with urine (or ammonia salts). The insoluble
nitrogen compounds formed under these circumstances seemed to be
readil}' nitrifiable.
FERTILIZEES. 125
The above changes did not occur when manure was added in amounts
usually employed in practice, or even when added in considerabl}^ larger
amounts than are usuall}^ applied, but only when excessive amounts
were used. When excessive amounts are not used the author claims
that the nitrates are not decomposed and the urine is nitrified.
G-round bone compared -with superphosphate and Thomas
phosphate as sources of phosphoric acid, U. J. Mansholt
{Orgaan Ver. Oudlcer. Bijl's. LandhomcscJiOoI, I'B (1900), No. lIt3.,2W'
108^ 109). — Notwithstanding the claims of investigators that ground
bone is inferior to other sources of phosphoric acid for fertilizers,
the former remains popular with farmers, especially in England. The
author thought it desirable that field experiments extending over more
than one year should be undertaken in order to determine the efi'ect of
the bone meal during the second j-ear. For such an experiment a piece
of sandy loam was selected and divided into 10 parts, each 50 square
meters in size. The entire field was fertilized with 250 kg. of sulphate
of ammonia (20 per cent nitrogen) per hectare and 200 kg. of sulphate
of potash (50 per cent KgO) per hectare, in order to insure the presence
of an abundance of nitrogen and potash. In the spring of 1898 the
whole field received nitrate of soda at the rate of 300 kg. per hectare.
Two of the plats received no phosphate, while to the others were
applied superphosphate, Thomas slag, bone meal with the fat removed,
and bone meal with the gelatin removed. In each case enough of the
phosphatic fertilizer was used to make 100 kg. of phosphoric acid per
hectare.
Rj^e was planted on all the plats in November, 1897, and in the spring
of 1898 the stand was very satisfactory. The rye was harvested in
August, 1898, and peas planted for the following crop. For this crop
no fertilizers were used. The increase in grain for the plats receiving
phosphates over those receiving no phosphates was for the 2 years as
follows:
Increase in yield due to different 2^hosphates.
Superphosphates
Thomas phosphates
Bone meal (fat removed)
Bone meal (gelatin removed).
Rye.
Peas.
Kg.
Kg.
475
950
600
550
375
1,250
750
1,000
In every case the results showed that on light soils the bone meal is
in the long run equal ai least co superphosphate and Thomas slag. —
H. M. PIETERS.
Introduction to field experiments -with fertilizers, A. L. Knisely
{JSfeiu York Cornell Sta. Bui. 179., pp. '285-318, Jigs. 8). — This bulletin
gives the plan and object of cooperative field experiments with ferti-
lizers commenced under State appropriation in 1897. During the 3
126 ■ EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
years experiments have been made on 371 different "farms in the State.
The general results of this work are briefl}' discussed and the character
of the work is illustrated by accounts of a few of the experiments
made.
"A study of all the experiments for 3 years recorded shows that of the 3 plant
foods, when used alone, nitrogen gave the largest increased yield in 26 experiments,
phosphoric acid in 58 experiments, and potash in 36 experiments. This would seem
to indicate that when one plant food is used alone, phosphoric acid will in most cases
give the best results. When a mixture of 2 plant foods was applied, nitrogen and
potash gave best results in 24 experiments, phosphoric acid and potash in 48 experi-
ments, and nitrogen and phosphoric acid in 52 experiments. A comparison of a
complete fertilizer and stable manure shows in 38 experiments the complete fertilizer
gave better results, while in 54 cases stable manure produced the larger crops. These
good results accompanying the use of stable manure may not be due so much to the
plant food it contains as to an improvement in the physical conditions of the soil.
"In only 40 cases out of a total of 126 recorded did the complete fertilizer, a mix-
ture of nitrate of soda, phosphate and muriate of potash, give better results than
fertilizers containing one or two of the plant foods.
"These results tend to show that more often it is some especially prepared rather
than a complete fertilizer that a soil requires, and that when a farmer uses commer-
cial fertilizers he is often not following the wisest policy; he is simply 'going it blind'
and possibly throwing away money."
Field tests with fertilizers on heavy clay lands, H. A. Huston
{Indiana Sta. Bui. SI, pp. 77-92.) — This is an account of fertilizer
experiments on tenth-acre or twentieth-acre plats on 3 farms in the
State, 2 in Orange County and 1 in Monroe County. In the first two
cases the soil was oak clay resting on red clay subsoil, and in the third
case the soil was cold, badly drained upland oXaj. Mechanical analyses
of one of the Orange County soils, the jNIonroe County soil, and the
soil of the experiment station farm at Lafa^vette, a dark, productive
loam, are given. . Corn was grown on all of the farms in 1896. The
fertilizers used were nitrate of soda, 60 lbs. per acre; muriate of pot-
ash, 60 and 120 lbs., and dissolved boneblack, 230 and 250 lbs., 2 by
2 and all 3 combined; and on 1 plat in each experiment (except one)
lime (1,100 and 2,800 lbs. per acre) was used in addition to the com-
plete fertilizer. Wheat followed corn on 2 of the farms (one in
Orange County and the other in Monroe County). The fertilizers
used on the wheat were nitrate of soda, 71 and 118 lbs. per acre; dis-
solved boneblack, 121 and 218 lbs.; muriate of potash, 21 and 16 lbs.,
and lime, 2,800 lbs. In addition to these fertilizers, bone alone, at the
rate of 200 lbs. per acre, broadcast and drilled in, and acidulated bone
acid phosphate, raw bone, and steamed bone, combined with dried
blood and potash, were used in the experiments in Monroe County.
The yields of the crops with the different fertilizers are reported,
and the results are discussed "as illustrating how such a test may be
conducted. " ' ' On all 8 farms a mixture of acid phosphate and muriate
of potash in the proportion of 1 lbs. of phosphate to 1 of muriate gives
FERTILIZERS. 127
practicall}" as good results as a mixture containing nitrate of soda in
addition to these." In one experiment phosphoric acid and nitrogen
appeared to be the fertilizing constituents most needed for wheat.
The results of the other wheat experiment were inconclusive. Lime
was in general beneficial.
The maintenance of fertility, C. E. Thorne {Ohio Sta. Bui. 110.,
pj). 91., pU. 11., (Igms. 8). — This is a detailed account of field experi-
ments with fertilizers carried on by the station from 1888 to 1899.
These experiments have been reported on from time to time in the
reports and bulletins of the station (E. S. R., 10, p. 919).
Nearly 900 permanent plats, mainly one-tenth acre in size, have been
used. The work has been conducted at 5 different points in Ohio, viz,
(1) at the experiment station at Wooster, where the soil is a yellow
and somewhat sandy clay of glacial drift origin but largely modified
b}^ the soft sandy shales upon which it lies; (2) on the farm of the
Ohio State University at Columbus, where the soil is a much heavier
clay than that at Wooster, lying in part upon the Huron shale and in
part upon alluvial gravels; (3) near East Liverpool, Columbiana County,
on a thin clay underlaid by porous shale; (1) at the substation at
Neapolis, about 20 miles west of Toledo, on the yellow dune sands
which mark the ancient beach of Lake Erie, and (5) at a substation
near Strongsville, about 13 miles southwest of Cleveland, on a cold,
heavy, tenacious, white clay, underlaid by an impervious argillaceous
shale (Cuyahoga shale). Mechanical and chemical anal3^ses of 1 of
these soils are reported, the mechanical structure being shown graph-
ically. The fertilizers used have included dissolved Ijoneblack and
South Carolina and Tennessee acid phosphate, wheat bran, phosphatic
slag, and bone meal being also used to some extent as sources of phos-
phoric acid; nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, dried blood, tank-
age, linseed meal, muriate of potash, and barnyard manure.
"The crops employed in these tests are corn, oats, wheat, clover, timothy, and
p(3tatoes, soy beans being sometimes substituted for clover in case of failure to secure
a stand of the latter crop. The cereal crops — corn, oats, and wheat — are grown both
continuously and in rotation. Three rotations are in progress, one of com, oats, and
wheat, 1 year each, followed by clover and timothy, 2 years; one of potatoes, wheat,,
and clover, 1 year each; and one of corn, wheat, and clover, 1 year each. The
fertilizers are applied altogether upon the cereal and potato crops; the clover and
timothy follow as gleaners."
To secure uniformity, machinery is used wherever possible for plant-
ing, distributing fertilizer, cultivating, harvesting, etc.
The following summary of results of these experiments is given :
"On soils formed chiefly from the argillaceous shales of the "Waverly series
phosphoric acid is found to be the constituent of fertility first required by corn, oats,
wheat, and potatoes; but the maximum yield has not been obtained until both
nitrogen and potash were also added.
1710— No. 2 3
128 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOKD.
"When used alone, or in combination with each otlier only, nitrogen and potash
have produced but a very small increase, and have always been thus used at a heavy
financial loss.
"The complete fertilizer, containing all three constituents, has produced a much
larger total increase than the sum of the increase jjroduced by the constituents used
separately.
"When the cereal crops have been grown continuously on the same land the
maximum increase of crop per pound of fertilizing constituents applied has been
obtained when these constituents were used in approximately the same ratio to each
other in which they are found in the crop; but the total recovery of fertilizing con-
stituents in increase of crop, under continuous cropping, has never exceeded 60 per
cent of the quantity applied in the fertilizer.
"When the cereals have been grown in rotation with clover the recovery of nitro-
gen has, under favorable conditions, exceeded the amount applied in the fertilizer;
but even under these conditions the recovery of phosphoric acid and jwtash has
remained far below the quantity applied in the fertilizer, when maxinunn yields
were reached.
"Thus far in these experiments the surplus nitrogen accumulated by a crop of
clover, the roots only being left in the ground, has not been more than sufhcient to
satisfy the demands of the one crop immediately following the clover.
"At the prices at which mixed fertilizers are sold in Ohio the attempt to furnish
all the nitrogen as well as all the phosphoric acid and potash required to produce
increase in cereal crops grown in continuous culture, has invariably resulted in
pecuniary loss, although very large increase of crop has been thus produced.
"The rotation of cereals with nitrogen-gathering crops, therefore, has been shown
to be absolutely essential to the profitable use of conunercial fertilizers in any form.
"The increase of crop per pomid of fertilizing constituents applied has generally
been smaller when l)arnyard manure was used as the carrier of fertility than when
chemical carriers were used; but the lower cost of barnyard manure has made it
possible to use this material with profit when the use of commercial fertilizers
resulted in loss.
"A marked superiority is indicated from manure which has been kept under
cover until required for use over that which has been exposed, even for but a short
time, in an open barnyard, and it seems possible to materially increase the effective-
ness of manure by treating it with nitrogen-fixing materials.
"Nitrate of soda has shown itself to be the most effective of the carriers of nitro-
gen employed in these experiments, with sulphate of ammonia, dried blood and
linseed-oil meal following in the order named.
"Of the four carriers of phosphoric acid used, basic slag and dissolved boneblack
show the highest effectiveness, with raw bone meal and acid phosphate not far
below.
"The tendency to excessive production of straw in wheat and oats is apparently
due in part to climatic and in part to soil conditions, and the remedy apparently
lies in systematic rotation, combined with judicious selection and distribution of
fertilizing materials."
Commercial fertilizers, S. W. Johnson, E. H. Jenkins, et al.
{Connecticut State Sta. Rj^t. 1899, 2>t- ^^ PP- ^9^)-— This includes a
statement of fertilizer sales in Connecticut in ISOO, the text and an
abstract of the State laws relating to fertilizers, a list of manufacturers
complying with the laws, notes on the sampling- and collecting of fertil-
izers, explanations concerning the analysis and valuation of fertilizers,
a review of the fertilizer market for the year ended October 31, 1899,
FERTILIZERS. 129
and tubulated analyses and valuations of 459 samples of fertilizing
materials, including- nitrate of soda, dried blood, cotton-seed meal, cas-
tor pomace, dry ground fish, tankage, bone, dissolyed boneblack, dis-
solved rock phosphate, sulphate of potash, sulphate of potash and
magnesia, muriate of potash, kainit, cotton-hull ashes, wood ashes, and
home-mixed and factory-mixed compound fertilizers.
In 8 samples of nitrate of soda examined the nitrogen ranged from
15.52 to 16 per cent. The cost of the nitrogen per pound varied from
12.6 to 14.5 cts., averaging 13.9 cts., "a fraction of a cent higher than
in the previous year." The 1 sample of dried blood examined con-
tained 13.68 per cent of nitrogen, the nitrogen costing 13.1 cts, per
pound. In 32 samples of cotton-seed meal the percentage of nitrogen
ranged from 6.72 to 7.63, averaging 7.14, and the price per pound of
nitrogen from 11.9 to 14.6 cts., averaging 12.9 cts., "nearly a cent
and a half per pound more than last year, but still the cheapest form
of quickly available organic nitrogen in our market." Seven samples
of castor pomace were examined. In these the percentage of nitrogen
ranged from 5 to 6.19, and the price per pound of nitrogen from 13.5
to 16.3 cts. This "is the most expensive form of organic nitrogen in
the market."
The cost of available phosphoric acid in the 5 samples of dissolyed
boneblack analyzed ranged from 5.9 to 7 cts. per pound, averaging
6.58 cts. In 8 samples of dissolved rock phosphate the cost of avail-
able phosphoric acid ranged from 3.7 to 6.1 cts. per pound, the average
being 4.6 cts.
The cost of potash in 2 samples of high-grade sulphate was about 5
cts. per pound. In 3 samples of low-grade or double sulphate of pot-
ash and magnesia the cost ranged from 5.2 to 5.9 cts. per pound. "In
7 samples of muriate of potash the cost per pound of potash ranged
from 3.8 to 4.9 cts., and averaged 4.2 cts., this being the cheapest
source of water-soluble potash in the market. The cost of potash in
the 1 sample of kainit examined was 5.1 cts. per pound."
"Of the 117 analyses of nitrogenous superphosphates, 18 were below the manu-
facturer's minimum guarantee in respect of 1 ingredient and 10 in respect of 2 ingre-
dients. Nearly one-fourth of the whole number therefore failed in some respect to
come up to the claims of the manufacturer. It should be said, however, that a defi-
ciency of 1 ingredient was sometimes attended with a marked excess of another. . . .
The average cost of the nitrogenous superphosphates was 129.54; the average valu-
ation was $19.55, and the percentage difference 51.1. . . .
"Of the 108 samples [of special manures] analyzed, 21 did not fulfill the manufac-
turer's minimum guarantee in respect of 1 ingredient, and 9 were each deficient in
respect of 2 ingredients. Six were deficient in nitrogen, 24 in potash, and 9 in phos-
phoric acid. The average cost per ton of the 108 samples examined was 5'32.64, the
valuation $21.76, and the percentage difference 50. . . .
" The average cost of the bone manures [31 samples] was $29.84 per ton; the aver-
age valuation, $22.36; showing that the station valuation was lower than was justified
by the average selling price of ground raw bone in Connecticut. It must, however,
130
EXPERIMENT STATIOIf RECORD.
be remembered that boiled and steamed bone, qnite finely ground, are put on our
Connecticut market by large manufacturing establishments at prices much lower than
can be quoted by our small local manufacturers for ground raw bone. ' '
In 36 samples of cotton-hull ashes the highest percentage of water-
soluble potash found was 30.94, the lowest 11.1, and the average 22.62.
""Allowing 4i, 1, and 2 cts. per pound, respective!}', for water-soluble,
citrate-soluble, and insoluble phosphoric acid, the water-soluble pot-
ash cost from 4.2 cts. to 7.3 cts. per pound, or 6.7 cts. per pound on the
average — a little less than in the previous j-ear (7.1)."
The total and water-soluble potash were determined in 7 samples of
cotton-hull ashes, with the following results:
Water-soluble and total j)Otasli in cotton-hull ashes.
station
Water-soluble
Total potash.
Potash insolu-
No.
potash.
ble in water.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
12444
24.34
26.92
2.58
12381
21.98
25.02
3.04
12187
21.18
24.20
3.02
12358
19.70
22. 20
2. .50
12319
22.90
24.18
1.28
12185
19.14
22.48
3.34
12317
20. 58
25.82
5.24
Eleven samples of unleached ashes and 1 sample of leached ashes
were examined. The unleached ashes included 8 samples of '' Canada
ashes " in which the average per cent of water-soluble potash was 4.63,
of phosphoric acid 1.54, and lime 33.57.
The production of the Stassfurt deposits in 1899, Maizieres
{VEngrais, 15 {1900), No. 23, pp. 51fi, 5^i).— The production in 1899
is given as follows (in tons of 2,200 lbs.):
Production of Stassfurt potash salts in 1899.
Tons.
Potassium chlorid (80 per cent) 167,432
Potassium sulphate (90 per cent) 24, 655
Double sulphate of potassium and magnesium (48 per cent). 8,459
Potash salts for use only as fertilizers 67, 481
Kainit 1,032,506
Carnalite 63,287
The consumption of potash .salts in 1899 exceeded that of the pre-
vious year by 22,000 tons of actual potash.
Commercial fertilizers, 'SI. A. Scovell, A. M. Peter, and H. E. Curtis {Kentucky
Sta. Bui. 8.5, jip. 79-129).— A brief account is given of the inspection of fertilizers in
Kentucky during the year 1899, with a list of fertilizer dealers complying with the
law, and analyses and valuations of 406 samples of fertilizers.
"The results of the analyses show that of the 406 samples analyzed, 94, represent-
ing 56 brands and 24 firms, fell so far below the guaranteed analyses of the manu-
facturers in phosphoric acid, nitrogen, or potash, or any two or all three of these
constituents, as to be unaeeounted for ))y variations in sampling or analysis."
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, W. C. Stubbs (Louisiana Stas. Bui. 58, pp.
189-264).— Th'i^ Inilletin gives the text of the State fertilizer law; discusses the vari-
FEETILIZERS. 131
ous commercial sources of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, and the valuation
of fertilizers; and reports analyses of 528 samples of fertilizing materials, including,
besides various mixed fertilizers, acid phosphate, cotton-seed meal, tankage, dried
blood, ammonium sulphate, nitrate of soda, bone meal, kainit, sulphate of potash,
potassium carbonate, muriate of potash, and silicate of potash.
The treatment of dead animals and abattoir refuse with sulphuric acid, A.
Pagnoul {IJEngrais, 15 {1900), 'So. S5, jyp. 589-591). — The process first described by
Miintz and Girard^ is discussed with reference to its sanitary value and as a means
of preserving a large amount of valuable fertilizing material which now goes to
waste.
Results of fertilizer experiments with sulphate of ammonia, Kloepfer
{Fithling's Landiv. ZUj., 49 {1900), Nos. 10, pp. 376-384, figs. 3; 11, pp. 396-406, figs. 3;
12, pp. 436-445, figs. 2). — For notes on. previous articles by the author on this subject
see E. S. R., 10, pp. 533, 848.
Fertilizer experiments with sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda,
Kraus {FuhUng's Landw. Ztg., 49 {1900), Nos. 6, jjp. 232-237; 7, pp. 256-259).— In
2 years' experiments with barley grown on loam soils, sulphate of ammonia and
nitrate of soda gave the same increase when applied at the same time (incorporated
in the soil or applied as a top-dressing at time of planting), but Avhen the nitrate was
applied at a later date it gave a greater increase than the earlier application of
sulphate of ammonia.
The nitrate of soda industry in Chile, AV. Newton {Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 19
{1900), No. 5, pp. 408-417, figs. 8). — This article describes the region in which the
nitrate is found; discusses the causes of its formation, its composition, exploitation,
and preparation for the market; and gives statistics of exportations. The exporta-
tions amounted to 1,355,360 tons in 1899, as against 1,003,340 in 1890.
Liime and its uses in agriculture, A. P. Aitken {Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 4
{1900), No. 2, pp. 87-98). — A study of the action of lime in the soil and as a factor in
plant growth.
The ashes of olive residues and their fertilizing value A. Devarda {L' Engrais,
15 {1900), No. 22, pp. 516, 517).
On the reversion of phosphates and notes on improvements in the fertil-
izer industry, W. Paysan {Chem. Ztg., 24 {1900), No. IS, pp. 185, ii^;).— Examina-
tions of superj^hosphate made from Tennessee phosphate containing 79 per cent of
calcium phosphate, 2.36 per cent of iron oxid, and 2.24 per cent of alumina, showed
that there was practically no reversion of the phosphoric acid from the time that the
sui:)erphosphate was prepared (September 2) to the time of the last examination
(January 17).
On the question of the reversion of phosphates and remarks on recent
progress in the fertilizer industry, vox Grueber {Chem. Ztg., 24 {1900), No.
22, pp. 227, 228). — This article consists mainly of comments on the above article by
Paysan.
The reversion of water-soluble phosphoric acid in superphosphates, C.
Elschner {Chem. Ztg., 24 {1900), No. 24, p. 252). — Remarks on the above articles
by Paysan and von Grueber. The author claims that sesquioxids combined with
phosphoric acid cause reversion in superphosphates only when present in very large
amounts and when the suj^erphosphate is quickly dried. A very rapid reversion
occurs, however, when the oxids are combined with silica. It is therefore combined
silica and not oxids of iron and alumina which should be guarded against in the
selection of phosphates for the manufacture of superphosphates.
Observations on the reversion of superphosphates, Klippert {Chem. Ztg.,
24 {1900), No. 25, pp. 265, ^66).— Remarks on the above articles.
^Les Engrais, vol. 2, p. 234.
132 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
FIELD CROPS.
The influence of distance on the gro-wth and chemical compo-
sition of plants, C. VON Seelhorst and Panaotovic {Jour. Lancho.^
4.7 {1S90), JTo. 4-1 JW- 379-389). — The known effect of distance between
sugar beets on their composition suggested a similar study of other
plants. Oats and spring wheat were used. One, live, and eight plants,
respectively, were grown in pots and observations made on the devel-
opment and composition of each lot. A decrease of the ground space
allotted to each plant increased the number of internodes and lessened
the thickness of the culm, but increased its length. The uppermost
internode was relatively and absolutel}' shorter, but the lowermost was
longer as the thickness of the plants was increased. The length and
weight of the head and the weight of the grain decreased with the
reduction of ground space per plant. The spread, however, of the
head increased.
The most striking change in composition was in the nitrogen con-
tent. Representing the nitrogen content of oat plants grown 1 in a
pot by 100 per cent, the content of those grown 5 m a pot was 80.5
per cent, and when grown 8 in a pot, 70.1 per cent. The change in
content of total ash, phosphoric acid, potash, and lime was not so great,
but was nevertheless ver}^ marked.
The nutritive value of plants grown 5 in a pot was furthermore only
85.12 per cent as great as when grown 1 in a pot, and when grown 8 in
a pot the nutritive value was only 76.91 per cent. The proportion
of straw to grain was also increased as the distance between plants was
decreased, as is a matter of common experience.
The Woburn field experiments, 1898, J. A. Voelcker {Jour.
Boy. Agr. Sac. EixjJand, 3. .sv/-., 10 {1899). pt. J,,, j^P- 585-607). —D^ti\.
in continuation of that previously noted (E. S. R., 10, p. 719) are
tabulated for the yields of wheat and barley grown continuously for
22 years on the same plats, with and without manures, and of rotation
experiments with barley, roots, red clover, and wheat; together with
brief accounts of experiments with rye grass, alfalfa, Latliyrus syl-
vestrls, pasture plats, green manuring, prevention of potato disease,
and the curing of ''finger-and-toe" in turnips.
Lime has proven especialh' valuable on the soils of the experimental
lields where continuous application of fertilizers with ammonia salts
has been practiced. Another effect of the lime has been to destroy
spurry, a weed which was very prevalent on the unlimed plats and
especially on plats fertilized with ammonia salts. The largest yield of
wheat in ls;».S, 51.8 bu. per acre, was obtained on a plat fertilized
3'early with 350 lbs. of superphosphate, and in alternate 3'ears with
200 lbs. of potash and 100 lbs. of ammonia salts (equal quantities of
sulphate and muriate of ammonia). As to the influence of the manures
FIELD CEOPS. 133
on the qiialitj" of wheat, nitrate of soda seemed to have the most inju-
rious effects, much of the wheat being small and shriveled. Wheat
from plats fertilized with ammonia salts was the best of all the series,
being- "exceedingly well grown and of good color."
The use of lime with nitrogenous fertilizers on barley had the effect
of more than doubling the yield in some cases and greatly increasing
it in others. It had the greatest effect when used with nitrate of soda
and mineral fertilizers. The best looking crops and 1)rightest grains
w^ere obtained where no nitrogenous manures were used. The poorest
yields were obtained from plats fertilized with nitrate of soda alone.
In the rotation experiments the relative manurial value of decorti-
cated cotton cake and maize meal was studied. With the barley crop,
cotton cake gave better results than maize meal, the yield in the former
case being at the rate of 33.4: bu. per acre as against 26.7 bu. in the
latter. The artificial equivalent of cotton cake gave a yield of 30.4 bu.
per acre as against 28.4 bu. with the artificial equivalent of maize
used. The introduction of clover in the rotation had the effect of pro-
ducing a very uniform stand of wheat on all the plats, and of entirely
obliterating the effects of the decorticated cotton cake and maize meal.
This latter fact has rendered necessary the exclusion of clover from
the rotation.
Small-seeded, perennial, Italian, and annual rye grasses were sown
separately in 1893 on different plats and fertilized yearly with 500 lbs,
of damaged decorticated cotton-cake meal. The object of the experi-
ment was to see how long each variety would keep its character. By
1898 the annual and perennial varieties had entirely disappeared.
Considerable quantities of the Small-seeded and Italian varieties could
still be found, but the plats had become so impure through the intru-
sion of other grasses that the experiment was discontinued.
Alfalfa was planted in 1889 on plats which had become "clover sick"
through frequent seeding of clover. Annual applications of differ-
ent combinations of superphosphate, sulphate of potash and ammonia,
bone dust, and nitrate of soda have been made. Three or four cut-
tings have been obtained annually. For the first 7 years of the test
the fertilizers showed no benefits, and sulphate of ammonia distinctly
reduced the yield. For the years 1896-1898 a marked increase in yield
occurred on plats receiving applications of sulphate of potash.
Lathyrm sylvestris, sown in 1890, has given good yields continuously,
but the crop has been found useless as a feeding material, since stock
do not care for it. Lime has proved a valuable fertilizer on permanent
pasture lots. Tares have not been superior to mustard or rape when
used as green manures. Potatoes were benefited by applications
of Bordeaux mixture, even in seasons when little or no disease was
present.
134 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Field experiments, J. Atkinson {Iowa Sta. Bui. JfS, ijp. 216-229,
■figs. If). — This Is a preliminaiy report on a s^^stem of experiments with
field crops begun in 1898. Variety tests cover corn, spring wheat, oats,
and barley. Shallow cultivation gave the largest 3neld of corn. Win-
ter wheat is unprofitable on account of the severe winters. On mellow
ground spring wheat gave a larger 3neld bv disking corn stubble than
by plowing 1 and 8 in. deep. Good results were obtained bv sowing
1 lb. of rape seed per acre with oats for pasture after the oats are
harvested. In order to avoid interference in harvesting the oats, it is
advised to sow the rape 2 or 3 weeks later. Sowing a mixture of
wheat and oats gave an increase in the total 3'ield. Cutting back oats
lessened the loss from lodging but lengthened the time of ripening.
Sov beans and cowpeas, when grown at the station, did not form root
nodules and the cowpeas did not ripen seed. Sorghum as a fodder
plant is recommended for the State, and methods of seeding and cur-
ing and the feeding value are discussed. Brome grass {Bi'omus iner-
mls) is considered valuable to the section, but further experiments arc
necessary before a detinite report can be made.
In an experiment to test the shrinking of ear corn, a crib holding
7,000 lbs. of husked corn was built upon a pair of scales and weekly
weighings made during 1 3'ear. For 3 months, October to January,
the loss in weight was 9 per cent; from January to April, 5f per cent:
April to July, 3^ per cent; July to October, 2f per cent. Total loss
for the 3'ear, a fraction over 20 per cent.
Experiments in growing sugar beets covering 10 3'ears indicate that
the conditions in Iowa are favorable for the production of beets of
superior qualit3^ for sugar making.
Results obtained in 1899 from trial plats of grain, fodder corn,
field roots, and potatoes, W. Saunders {Canada Ctnt. Expt. Farm
But. Slf.^ -pi?. 52, figs. 2). — Cooperative variet3' tests in continuation of
those previously reported (E. S. R., 10, p. 1031) are recorded. The
plan of the experiments has remained as heretofore. The 3"ields of
each crop obtained at the different experimental farms are tabulated.
The varieties giving the largest yields at the different stations were as
follows:
Oats. — American Beauty, Banner, ]\Iiller, New Zealand, Holstein Prolific, Dunifih
Island, Black Tartarian, California Prolific, Wide Awake, Salines, Early Maine, ami
Poland. Average yield per acre, 81 bu. 22 lbs. Two-rowed barley. — French Chevalier.
Danish Chevalier, Sidney, Dunham, Beaver, and Canadian Thorpe. Average yield
per acre, 49 bu. 41 lbs. Siv-rowed barley. — Argyle, Claude, Mansfield, Maushury,
Trooper, and Baxter. Average yield i^er acre, 52 bu. 16 lbs. Spring wheat. — Rou-
manian, Wellman Fife, Hungarian, Goose, Huron, Monarch, Preston, Rio Grande,
Pringle Champlain, White Fife, Laurel, and Red Fife. Average yield per acre, 35
bu. 17 lbs. Peax. — Elder, German White, Picton, Carleton, White Wonder, Archer,
Macoun, Chelsea, Victoria, Chancellor, King, and Nelson. Average yield per acre, 35
bu. 56 lbs. Indian corn. — Red Cob Ensilage, Champion White Pearl, Early Mastodon,
FIELD CROPS. 135
Angel of Midnight, Cloud Early Yellow, and Compton Early. Average yield per acre,
18 tons 485 lbs. Turnips. — Bangholm Selected, Perfection Swede, Halewood Bronze
Top, Mammoth Clyde, Prize Purple Top, and Purj^le Top Swede. Average vield per
acre, 32 tons 1,909 lbs. Mangels. — Yellow Intermediate, Ward Large Oval Shaped,
Giant Yellow Intermediate, Giant Yellow Half Long, Gate Post (2nd sowing), and
Lion Yellow Intermediate. Average yield per acre, 34 tons 767 lbs. Carrots. — Half
Long White, Giant White Vosges, Improved Short White, Iverson Champion, Mam-
moth White Intermediate, and New White Intermediate. Average yield per acre, 24
tons 917 lbs. Sugar beets. — Danish Improved, Wanzlebener, Danish Red Top, and
Vilmorin Improved. Average yield per acre, 24 tons 821 lbs. Potatoes. — American
Wonder, Burnaby Seedling, Seedling No. 230, Holborn Abundance, Everett, Vanier,
Em]3ire State, Bovee, Seattle, Carman No. 1, American Giant, and Polaris. Average
yield per acre, 386 bu. 40 lbs.
The aterage results obtained for the different crops for 4 and 5 years
are also tabulated, and these data are considered to be the more valu-
able guide to the farmer in the selection of seed. The varieties which
have given the highest averages during this period of years are as
follows:
Oats. — Banner, American Beauty, Columbus, Golden Giant, Bavarian, Golden
Beauty, Holstein Prolific, Early Golden Prolific, American Triumph, Abundance,
White Schonen, and Wallis. Average yield per acre, 70 Iju. 13 lbs. Two-rowed
barley. — French Chevalier, Danish Chevalier, Beaver, Canadian Thorpe, Sidney,
and Newton. Average yield per acre, 42 bu. 39 lbs. Six-rowcd-barley . — Manshury,
Trooper, Odessa, Oderbruch, Common, and Royal. Average yield per acre, 47 ))u. 4
lbs. Spring wheat. — Preston, Wellman Fife, Monarch, Goose, White Fife, Rio Grande,
White Connell, Red Fife, Huron, White Russian, Pringle Champlain, and Red Fern.
Average yield per acre, 31 bu. 7 lbs. Peas. — Crown, Carleton, Pride, New Potter,
King (3 years). Paragon, Mummy, Archer (3 years). Trilby, Duke, Prince Albert,
and Centennial. Average yield per acre, 34 bu. 2 lbs. Indian corn. — Red Cob Ensilage,
Selected Learning, Thoroughbred White Flint, Giant Prolific Ensilage, Angel of
Midnight, and Champion White Pearl. Average yield per acre, 17 tons 1,392 lbs.
Turnips. — Selected Purple Top, Perfection Swede, Bangholm Selected, East Lothian,
Hartley Bronze, and Jumbo. Average yield per acre, 30 tons 1,104 lbs. Mangels. —
Yellow Intermediate, Gate Post, Giant Yellow Intermediate, Mammoth Long Red,
Giant Yellow Glol)e, and Prize IMammoth Long Re(^. Average yield per acre, 31
tons 427 lbs. Carrots. — Improved Short White, Half Long White, Giant White
Yosges, Mammoth White Intermediate, Iverson Champion, and White Belgian.
Average yield per acre, 19 tons 1,719 lbs. Sugar beets. — Danish Improved, Red Top
Sugar, Wanzlebener, and Improved Imperial. Average yield per acre, 21 tons
611 lbs. Potatoes. — Seedling No. 230, Irish Daisy, American Giant, American Won-
der, Late Puritan, Empire State, Carman No. 1, State of Maine, Clarke .No. 1, Clay
Rose, New Variety No. 1, and Dreer Standard. Average yield per acre, 347 Ini.
21 lbs.
Woody beets [Deut Landw. Fresse, 36 {1899), Xo. 103, p- 117o).—
This article summarizes the observations made bj^ different sugar-beet
grow'ers on the frequent occurrence of abnormal seed-bearing speci-
mens of beets grow^n the same season from spring planted seed. These
seed-bearing beets usually have hardwoodv roots of low sugar content.
Freezing the 3'oung plants seems to favor the growth of the seed-bearing
specimens. Rimpau experimented with 2 beds of sugar beets planted
in March. One was protected at night bv a light covering and the
136 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
other left exposed to frosts. In the protected bed 3.8 per cent of the
plants developed into seed-bearing- specimens, and in the exposed bed
7.5 per cent. Experiments with two-year-old and one-year-old seed
gave 14.8 per cent of seed-bearing beets with the two-year-old seed and
9.81 per cent with the one-year-old seed. Again, 100 large seed bolls
which weighed 1.23 gm. produced 6.3 per cent of seed-bearing plants
while 100 small seed bolls, having a total weight of 1.12 gm., produced
16.1 per cent of seed-bearing plants. Other experiments by Rimpau
showed that the deeply planted seed produced more seed-bearing
plants than seed planted normally in a similarly prepared seed bed.
A period of drought, excessive rain, or any weather condition which
checks the growth of the beets during any stage of growth, in the
opinion of the same experimenter, tends to further the development
of seed-bearing specimens.
Relative to the means of reducing the number of precocious seed-
bearing plants to a minimum, it is suggested that seedsmen persistently
discard strains of sugar beets which tend to produce these abnormali-
ties, notwithstanding that the form, yield, and sugar content of the
beets may be all that is desired. Growers should guard against plant-
ing too early in the season and thus subjecting the 3'oung plants to the
effects of frost. Deep planting should be avoided and at the last
hoeing all beets growing seed should be pulled out by the roots.
The comparative yield of corn from seed of the same variety
grown in different latitudes {ArJianxus Sta. Bui. 59, pj). 109-122). —
Samples of seed corn were obtained from 18 different States in 1898
and 20 in 1899 and planted in comparative plats at the station. For
the purposes of the expei-iment seed collected north of the thirty-
eighth parallel was designated as "'northern grown," that collected
between the thirty -eighth and thirty-fifth as "middle grown," and
that south of the thirty -fifth parallel as "southern grown." Ten
Northern, 7 Middle, and 3 Southern States were thus represented by
the different varieties of seed. In all, 11 varieties were compared,
many samples being procured of each variety. The yields obtained
in the different latitudes with Leaming, Golden Beauty, Hickory
King, Golden Dent, Champion White Pearl, Early Mastodon, and
White Dent are tabulated and averaged. With these varieties the
difference between yields of the same variety from different sources
in the same latitude was sometimes greater than the average difference
between varieties from different latitudes. The yields from seed of
Golden Dent grown in the north latitude varied from 15.9 to 18.8 bu.
per acre. Similar variations, though to a less extent, occurred with
other varieties.
The average yields for two j^ears from seed obtained from the dif-
ferent latitudes are shown for the varieties most uniformly repre-
sented in the different sections In' the following table:
FIELD CKOPS.
137
Average yields for two years of corn from different latitudes.
Name of variety.
From
From
northern-
middle-
grown
grown
seed.
seed.
Bushels.
Bushels.
20. 98
26.20
32. 81
45. 775
24. 855
31.81
21. .52
25. 09
22. 62
32.00
33.54
33. 75
24. 175
34. 695
From
soutliern-
grown
seed.
Learning
Golden Beauty
Hiekorv King
Golden' Dent
cliaiuiiidn White Pearl.
Earl V Mastodon
White Dent
Bushels.
17.20
50. 475
29.10
•25.30
30.10
33. 45
34.775
Average .
25. 785
31.485
"Thus it is seen that 75 samples of 7 varieties of corn from seed grown north of
thirty-eighth parallel of latitude yielded an average of 25.78 bu. per acre; 49 samples
of the same varieties from seed grown between the thirty-eighth and thirty-fifth j)ar-
allel of latitude yielded an average of 32.76 bu. per acre, and 3i samples of the same
varieties from seed grown south of the thirty-fifth parallel yielded an average of 31.48
bu. per acre. The middle section averaged 6.98 bu. per acre more than the north-
ern and 1.28 bu. more than the southern section. . . .
"The results of the two years' experiments indicate that seed corn grown in the
same or nearly the same latitude as that in which it is to be planted will give the
best results, and that seed grown in the neighborhood where they are to be planted
are preferable to those grown farther north or farther south."
Tables showing the weather conditions from March 1 to September
30, both years of the test, are appended.
Fertilizer, culture, and variety experiments on cotton, R. J.
Redding {Georgia Sta. Bui. Ifj^pp. 79-110). — Work in continuation
of that previously' reported (E. S. R., 11, p. 138). The author states
that the season for cotton was the most unfavorable in many years.
In 1899 25 varieties were tested. Arranged according to rank in
value of 3'ield and seed produced, Culpepper Improved stood first, fol-
lowed by Texas Bur, Moss Improved, Schley, Russell Big Boll, Prize,
Lee Improved No. 2, etc. Jackson Limbless stood twenty-third in
the list. Moss Improved produced the largest percentage of lint, 38.8,
and the smallest seeds, with the exception of one variety. Shire and
King were the earliest varieties grown. The results of 6 years' tests
show that early varieties are not, as a rule, the most productive.
The results obtained in the composite seed test, begun in 1898 (E.
S. R., 11, p. 138), lead to the conclusion that if the seeds of two
equally productive varieties, one an early and the other a late cotton,
be mixed, the resulting yield will be greater than that of either planted
alone.
In the distance experiments it was found that with rows 1 ft. apart
the yield of cotton was greater with 1 plant every 18 in. than with 2
plants ever}^ 36 in. ; also that single plants every 12 in. in the row gave
larger 3delds than at greater distance. In rows of varying width and
with plants planted at different distances in the row the yields increased
in proportion as the space between plants more nearly approached a
square.
138 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The plats used in the general fertilizer tests were located on typi-
cal old upland soil. The jdelds obtained with different fertilizers lead
to the conclusion that a formula consisting of 3^ parts phosphoric acid.
1 part potash, and 1 part nitrogen, all in an available form, is the most
suitable for middle Georgia conditions.
Fractional applications of fertilizers have not been found profitable.
Some native forage plants for alkali soils, A. Nelson {Wi/o})iui(/
Sta. Bid. 4^,j)p. 23-4-5^ Jigs. 12). — This bulletin discusses the forage
areas of Wyoming, dividing them into 3 classes — mountain, hill,
and plain. The two former areas, being well drained, are reasonably
free from alkali. The latter area is divided into normal plains and
alkali plains. The native i^lants found upon the alkali plains are
described and discussed. These plants are found to have a greater or
less value for forage, and it is the object of this bulletin to point out
the more valuable ones, and to suggest measures for increasing their
3deld. The salt sages are found to be the most suitable for the Wyom-
ing lands, and 4 perennials and 3 annuals are illustrated and described.
Winter Fat, related to the salt sages, Indian Millet. Slender Wheat
grass, and Alkali Meadow grass, are found on the alkali plains and
are of value as forage. Tuber Bulrush is found in alkali marshes and
is much relished by cattle. These plants are also described.
Effect of orchards in meadcws, Burki {Landtv. Jahrh. Schweiz. ,
13 {1899)., 2)2^' 135-151). — Investigations were made b}^ the author to
determine what effect on the yield and quality of grass would follow
from the growing of orchard trees in meadows. Shade was the chief
factor considered. The composition and yield of a large number of
species of grass grown both in shade and in sunshine are tabulated. The
data show that the first cutting of meadow hay was decreased on the
average 32 per cent b}- the shade from the orchard trees, and the second
cutting 59 per cent b}' the same cause. The decrease in yield was in gen-
eral directly proportional to the nearness together of the orchard trees.
Grass grown under fruit trees averaged 0.76 per cent less dry matter
and 0.96 per cent less nitrogen-free extract than grass grown in the
open sunlight. No marked influence of the shade on the protein con-
tent of the grass was observable except where comparatively large
amounts of fertilizers were used, and then the protein content was
greater in the grass grown in shade. The crude fiber and fat content
was slightly higher in the grass grown in the sunshine, while the ash
content was somewhat lower. Shade tended to promote the growth of
orchard grass and a number of undesirable grasses, and to decrease
the growth of French and P>nglish rye grass and red and white clover.
The produce of old and ne^w varieties of oats, J. Speir {Trans.
Highland and Agr. Soc. Scotlaiid. 5. ser., 12 {1899), pj). 225-238). —
In 1898, 3 new varieties of cross-bred oats were tested in comparison
with the Potato oat, an old variety grown quite extensively' through-
out Scotland. The yields o])tain('d from the different varieties were
FIELD CROPS. 139
as follows: Potato, 61^; cross-bred varieties — Waverly 09, Tartar
King- 92, Pioneer 86 bu. per acre. The same varieties of oats Avere
grown in 1899 and several other varieties, including American Beauty,
were also tested. The yield of the grain and straw and the analyses
Avith reference to the food constituents of the straw of the different
varieties tested are tabulated. In general the fields in 1899 were
considerably less than for the preceding year. The yields of the new
cross-bred varieties fell off in amount from 57 to 58 per cent and the
Potato oat 36.5 per cent. In 1899, American Beauty, with a yield of
11 bu. per acre, was the best variety grown, followed by Yellow oat
13, "Waverly 12, and Aliundance 10 bu. per acre.
The Irish potato, R. H. Price and H. Ness {Texas Sta. Bui. BJ^.^
pp. 109-l'28.,figs. 10). — A continuation of the fertilizer, variety, and
storage tests with potatoes previously noted (E. S. R.., 9, p. 830). In
addition data are given of tests made to determine the relative merits
of northern and southern grown potatoes for seed and the value of
different-sized pieces for planting. Potato machinery is discussed and
suggestions given regarding the growing of a second crop of potatoes
during the season.
Of the 33 varieties of potatoes tested Triumph has proven the best
early variety grown during a period of 1 j^ears. Red Triumph has
sold better in the market than White Triumph. By planting second-
crop potatoes grown in Virginia better yields were secured than with
potatoes grown in New York. Tubers averaging 2i oz. each, planted
whole, gave larger returns than 2 or 1 oz, tubers cut to i or ^ oz.
pieces.
In the fertilizer test the use of chip dirt, rotten sawdust, unfer-
mentcd cotton-seed hulls, or muriate of potash has resulted in a loss
in both wet and dry seasons. Both cotton-seed meal and sulphate of
potash have been used with profit but the best results have been secured
by the use of stall manure from cattle fed almost exclusively on cotton-
seed meal and cotton-seed hulls. Scab was most abundant on the plats
receiving the largest amount of nitrogenous fertilizers. It increased
from 19 per cent in the case of cotton-seed meal applied broadcast to
30 per cent when the meal was applied in the furrow directly on the
seed. In these experiments both cowpeas and sorghum have immedi-
ately preceded the potato crop. The different fertilizers used in these
tests and the results obtained in the two seasons of 1898 and 1899 are
recorded in detail. No definite conclusions are drawn and the work
is considered in the nature of a report of progress.
No entirely satisfactory method has as yet been found for storing
large crops of potatoes for any considerable length of time. The
authors' conclusions from the results of 1 j'ears' work along this line
are as follows:
"Plant very early varieties and ship the crop just as early as it will do to harvest.
If the season be dry and the markets crowded, let the crop stay in the ground about
140
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
4 weeks after maturing . . . and then harvest and market at once. . . . Some
risk is run of losing the crop if a heavy soaking rain should come after the tubers
mature. Grow a second cj-op whenever it can be grown. By spreading the tubers
out on the floor of a cellar or even under the house where some light covering of
straw or leaves can be placed over them, enough can be stored for family use until
Christmas. Potatoes grown on well-drained sandy loam soils will keep better than
those grown on stiff, heavy clay soils."
Notes on marketing potatoes and illustrated descriptions of a potato
cutter, digger, spraj'er, and smoothing harrovr are given, together
with suggestions regarding the management of first-crop potatoes for
second-crop seed.
Experiments -with potatoes, C. D. Woods and J. M. Bartlett
{Maine Sta. Bid. 57, j/j). 11^5-158). — Investigations were undertaken
to determine the "effect of spraying potato vines with Bordeaux
mixture on the starch content of the tubers. As starch accumulates
most rapidly when the plant is maturing, it seemed reasonable to pre-
sume that if spraying prevented blight and prolonged the life of the
plant to its natural period of growth, the tubers would be of better
qualit}" with a larger proportion of starch than those from immature
plants."
Arrangements were made with growers in Aroostook County, where
large starch factories are located, for samples of potatoes from sprayed
and unsprayed fields. Only merchantable tubers were used. The
spraying was begun late, and none of the potatoes completely escaped
the attack of blight. Sixteen samples, made up of 4 varieties, were
analyzed and the data with reference to both mineral and food con-
stituents were tabulated and compared with similar data obtained from
other sources. The ayerage starch content of 3 yarieties of sprayed and
unsprayed potatoes is shown in the following table:
Starch conienl of sprayed and unsprai/ed potatoes.
Sprayed.
Not sprayed.
Variety.
Number
of
samples.
Average
starch
content.
Number
of
samples.
Average
starch
content.
White Elephant
5
■2
1
Per cent.
19.32
18. 92
18.03
3
2
i
Per cent.
17. 52
Delaware
17.45
Carmen No. 1
17 (17
Average
19. OG
17..3
These results indicate an ayerage increase in starch of 1.G3 per cent,
seemingly due to spraying with Bordeaux mixture. With the Hebron
yariety the larger starch content was found in the unspra^'ed potatoes.
This variation Avas attributed to the soil differences of the fields in
which the 2 samples were grown.
The starch content shown h\ chemical anah'sis is compared with the
estimated starch content based upon specific grayit}*. The figures
FIELD CROPS. 141
*'show in a striking manner the unreliability of the specific gravity
method of determining starch in potatoes."
A summary is given of considerable literature on fertilizing pota-
toes. On the basis of the chemical aualj'sis of potatoes, the fertiliz-
ing constituents removed by a crop of 200 bu. per acre is calculated
to be 37 lbs. of nitrogen, 16 lbs. of phosphoric acid, and 58 lbs. of
potash. Twentj^-six brands of so-called potato fertilizers were exam-
ined, and only 8 were found to resemble the above in proportion of
constituents, and these contained much more phosphoric acid.
Fertilizer experiments with potatoes, B. Sjollema {Jour.
JjCOidw., J^7 {1S99), JVo. '2.^ 2U*- lOo-lJfO). — This is a report on a series
of fertilizer experiments which have extended over a period of 17
years. In a comparison of barnyard manure and chemical fertilizers,
the 3'ield was about the same on each, but the starch content of the
tubers was noticeabl}^ lower in the former case, being onh' 11,25 per
cent as against 16.15 per cent in the latter. Barn3"ard manure was
plainlj" unfavorable to the fullest development of starch. This con-
clusion, based on experiments in which the barnyard manure and chem-
ical fertilizers were applied to different plats, was confirmed by other
experiments in which each was applied to the same plat in different
seasons.
In a comparison of sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda as
sources of nitrogen for potatoes, the yield of tubers with the former was
7.3 per cent less than with the latter. At the same time their starch
content was less by 0.5 per cent. As a result, the amount of starch
produced was 11 per cent less on sulphate of ammonia than on nitrate
of soda. This result may probably be explained, the author suggests,
bv the fact that nitrate of soda is a more readily availal)le plant food.
In a stud}' of the influence of different kinds of manures on starch
content, a complete chemical fertilizei- was compared with other ferti-
lizers identical except that either nitrogen or phosphoric acid was
omitted. The complete fertilizer applied in the usual quantities pro-
duced 31,500 kg. of tubers with a starch content of 16.15 per cent.
The fertilizer containing no phosphoric acid produced 28,500 kg. of
tubers with a starch content of 15.05 per cent ; and the fertilizer con-
taining no nitrogen produced 27,800 kg. with a starch content of 16.15
per cent. It appears that either phosphoric acid favors the formation
of starch, or that nitrogen is unfavorable to it. It was shown by other
experiments that both inferences are correct; but when the application
of fertilizer was doubled in each case, the complete chemical fertilizer
produced a starch content of 19 per cent, the fertilizer containing no
phosphoric acid 18.1 per cent, and that containing no nitrogen 18.6
per cent — that is, nitrate of soda does not materially hinder the for-
mation of starch provided all other elements of plant food are present
in sufficient quantities.
14!
EXPEKIMEJS^T STATION RECORD.
Experiments are reported which appear to lead to the conclusion
that a heavy application of potash neutralizes the detrimental effect
of barnyard maiuirc on the formation of starch.
In experiments on the effect of barnyard manure and chemical fer-
tilizers, respectively, on succeeding crops of potatoes, the effect of an
application of barnyard manure was almost as marked the second
season as the tirst, but in the third season it was very much less, and
in the fourth had practicall}' disappeared. The effect of chemical
fertilizers on succeeding- crops was much less marked, but when the
application of commercial fertilizers was double the amount usualh^
applied the effect on the second crop was almost as great as in the case
of barnyard manure. Other considerations in the course of the exper-
iments, however, indicate that if the application of potash alone is
doubled the same result would be reached.
The effect of different elements of plant food on yield and starch
content of potatoes is shown in the following table:
The effect of different fertilizing constituents on yield and starch content of potatoes.
Applied alone
With potash
With nitrogen
With phosphoric acid
With phosphoric acid and nitrogen.
With potash and phosphoric acid...
With potash and nitrogen
Increase due to
potash.
In yield
per hec-
tare.
Kg.
15, 250
18, 850
18, 320
19, 510
In starch
content.
Per cent.
1.4
1.2
1.5
1.6
Increase due to
nitrogen.
In yield
per hec-
tare.
Kg.
550
4,150
2, 970
In starch
content.
Per cent.
aO.3
a .5
a .3
a ".2
Increase due to
phosphoric acid.
In yield
per hec-
tare.
Kg.
260
3,330
2,680
3,340
In starch
content.
Per cent.
0.7
.8
.7
Potash is seen to be the most important ingredient of a potato fer-
tilizer. Nitrogen and phosphoric acid with potash gave only a small
increase in yield over potash alone, and if potash is not included in
the formula there is almost no increase. Nevertheless, nitrogen and
phosphoric acid are necessary complements of potash, though in small
amounts or less frequent applications, for a continued application of
potash alone was found to result in a decreased yield.
Soy beans, a new drought-resisting crop, H. IVI. Cottrell, D. H.
Otis, and J. G. Haney {Kansas Sta. Bui. 92, pp. 19-28, figs. 5).— A
description is given of the plant, with directions for planting, cultiva-
ting, and harvesting. The early yellow soy bean is recommended for
planting in Kansas, and it is pointed out that some reported failures
have been by reason of planting a late-maturing kind. Planting should
be done after danger of fro.st is past, and cultivation should be shallow
and level. The crop should be harvested when the pods turn brown
and before the beans are wholly ripe. In harvesting, a knife attached
to a cultivator and running just below the surface is recommended.
FIELD CKOPS. 143
The threshing may be done with an ordinary grain separator by using
blank concaves. The yield in Kansas is from 10 to 20 bu. per acre,
and the cost of production varies from 40 to 55 cts. per bu.
The feeding value of soy beans is discussed, and 5 tests with pigs
are briefly reported in which soy beans were compared with Katir corn
and corn meal. The experiments made show a saving by a mixed ration
with corn or Kalir corn in fattening hogs of from 13 to 37 per cent per
100 lbs. of gain.
From the results of 10 years' experience at the station the author
concludes that the soy bean is a profitable crop for the Kansas farmer.
"It stands drought as well as Kafir corn or sorghum; it is not touched
by chinch bugs; the grain is a richer feed than linseed meal, and the
plant enriches the soil in which it is grown."
Alfalfa, G. L. Clothier {Kansas State Bd. Agr. Quart. Ept. 1900, Mar. 31, pp. 7-39,
tigs. 11) . — The history, culture, and feeding value of the plant, compiled from the
work of the agricultural experiment stations are given.
Distance experiment with corn, C. D. Smith {Michigan Sta. Rpt. 1S99, p. 58). —
In a test of growing corn in drills and hills in rows different distances apart, the best
results were obtained when the rows were fully 3^ ft. ajiart, "either in hills equally
distant or in continuous rows, the kernels being between 6 and 9 in. apart in the row,"
Cotton, K. Supp ( Tropenpflanzer, 4 {1900), No. 6, pp. «'65-^7e).— Statistics of growth
and manufacture of cotton, with colored maps showing area of world's production.
Kafir corn, J. G. Haxey {Kansas State Bd. Agr. Quart. Rpt. 1900, Mar. 31, pj).
52-65, figs. 2). — History, cultural notes, and feeding value, compiled from various
sources.
Culture of white lupines, P. P. Deherain and E. Demoussy {Ann. Agron., 26
( 1900), No. 2, pp>. 57-77, figs. 4)- — White lupines were grown in pot and field experi-
ments on calcareous soils well supplied with mineral elements. The results are
given in detail and seem to demonstrate that without the presence of nodules on the
roots of these plants growth is feeble and uncertain and premature death is frequent.
At least 4 different sorts of bacteria form nodules on the roots of white lupines, but
not all are equally efficient in furnishing nitrogen to the plant. It is owing to this
difference in efficiency, rather than to the composition of the soil, that white lupines
do not flourish in different districts e(iually well.
Tests of the value of seeds of first and second flowering, E. Gain {Sta. Agron.
Nancy, Bui. 2, 1900, pp. 42-46). — AVhite lupine seed were selected from pods of the
first and second flowering periods, respectively, and planted under similar conditions
of soil and culture. From 33 to 50 per cent of the seeds from the second flowering
failed to grow, and those that did live made a weak growth, the yield of pods and
seed and total weight of the plants being scarce 50 per cent of that of the seeds
obtained from the pods of the first flowering. Ordinarily the seeds of the different
flowering periods are all harvested together. The undesirability of using such mixed
seeds, as shown in this experiment, is conunented upon.
Meadows of the lower course of the Saone, H. Cornet and E. Delokme {Ann.
Agron., 26 {1000), Nk 3, pp. 140-155).
When and how potatoes were introduced into Norway, O. Olafsen {TidssJcr.
Norske Landhr., 6 {1S99), No. 11, pp. 504-506).
Cultivation of the potato, A. C. Toxxelier {El cuUivo de la papa. Buenos Ayres:
J. Peuser, 1899, pp. 22).
4740— No. 2 4
14:4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
' The starch, yield of different varieties of potatoes {Deut. Landw. Presse, 27
{1900), Xo. 36, J)- 44^)- — The total starch content and the yield of first and second
class product oljtainable from each of 11 varieties of potatoes are reported.
Influence of the size of the potato vines on the yield, C. von Seelhorst {Jour.
Landw., 4S {1900), No. 2, pp. 97-10.3; Deut. Landw. Presse, 27 {1900), No. 40, pp.
500, 601). — The author's experiments in the selection of potatoes for seed show that
large vines tend to give large yields, and that this character is to a certain degree
inhei'ited.
Trials with potatoes, F. Desprez {Semaine Agr., 20 {1900), Nos. 9S1, pp. 68, 69;
988, pp. 126, 127). — Blue Giant and Richter Imperator have proven the hardiest and
most satisfactory varieties tested for 9 years. Notes on a number of other varieties
grown are given, together with tabular matter as to yield, etc.
Report on experiments at the German potato culture station in 1899
{Siirhs. Landw. Ztscln:, 48 {1900), No. 9, pp. 88-93).— liMitev Imperator and Daber-
sche have given the most satisfactory results of a number of varieties tested for a
period of years.
Monograph on rice, C. D. Girola {Monografla del arroz. Buenos Ayres: J. Peuser,
1899, pp. 63, Jigs. 6).
Rice, C. D. Girola {Bol. Soc. Nac. Agr. [Lima] 4. ser., 1900, No. 8, pp. 373-411,
figs. 2). — A popular article on varieties, culture, enemies, etc.
Sugar beets in Sanpete and Sevier counties, L. Foster ( Utah Sla. Bui. 63, j)p-
22). — Results of cooperative experiments in these counties, with cultural suggestions
and a discussion of factory conditions. The average sugar content of the beets grown
in the 2 counties in 1899 was 15.72 per cent; purity, 82.01 per cent. Tables of
analyses of l)eets grown in the years 1897 to 1899 in Sanpete, Sevier, Utah, and
"Welier counties are included in the bulletin.
Wholesale sugar-beet seed production in Germany, E. Schaaf {Bl. Zucl-erril-
henhav, 7 {1900), Nos. 3, p>p. 33-37; 4, PP- 49-57; 5, pp. 65-71; 6, pp. 81-88).
The -wheat crop of California {Sd. Amer., 83 {1900), No. 1, p. 9). — A description
of the lands, culture, and storing, with especial reference to the machinery operated
by steam power.
Macaroni wheats, G. Valder {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 11 {1900), No. 3, pp.
210-212, figs. 5). — Several varieties of these wheats have been successfully grown at
the Hawkesbury Agricultural College. The uses of these wheats for green fodder,
hay, and for macaroni are noted.
HORTICULTURE.
Forcing tomatoes, A. T. Jordan {New Jersey Stcis. Bui. IJ).!., jyp.
18). — Tlic iiuthor describes the methods g'enerally observed in New Jer-
sey in growing tomatoes under glass, and presents the detailed results
of his investigations of problems connected with forcing tomatoes.
Thickness of sett hig (pp. G-S). — Tomato plants were allowed li, 2, 2^,
3, and 3i sq. ft. of bench surface per plant. Four crops were grown.
In order to admit light and permit of a better circulation of air about
the plants, it was found necessary to clip the leaves of plants given 1\.,
2, and 2^ sq. ft. of space. Watering with liquid manure was practiced.
The best results were obtained from the plants given the greatest num-
ber of applications. The maximum yield per plant was from the plants
having 2^ sq. ft. of surface, but the maximum 3neld per square foot of
HORTICULTURE. 145
bench space (28. 5 oz.) was obtained when the plants occupied 2 sq. ft.
of bench. Plants given li sq. ft. of bench stood second in yield, but
when thus closel}^ crowded together too severe pruning was required
to give satisfactory results.
Fertilizers with surface v. sidnoatering (pp. 8-10). — The soil used was
a chw loam, to which 3 per cent of peat moss was added. In two
instances regular forcing soil was used for comparison, and in two
others sifted coal ashes, to which 3 per cent of peat moss was added.
Like amounts of mineral fertilizers (a mixture of 200 lbs. muriate of
potash and 350 lbs. acid phosphate per acre) were used on each plat.
Liquid manure was applied to the plats in some instances. Plats were
duplicated, one series being surface-watered and the other subwatered.
The yields obtained on the different soils b}- the different methods
of manuring and watering are shown in tabular form. The results
obtained are summarized by the author as follows:
"In 5 of 7 plats sub watering has increased the yield — in one case nearly 50 per
€ent (49.22), and averaging for the 5, 31.13 jser cent.
"Relatively, the increase caused by subwatering has been greater upon the nitrate
plat, the percentages of increase being for the nitrate 49.22, as against 46 for the sul-
phate, 39.15 for blood, .36.79 on the forcing soil, and 4.7 on the ashes. Upon the soils
used yard manure as a source of nitrogen is superior to the commercial forms applied,
\. €., nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, and dried blood. The increase over nitrate
of soda under identical conditions was 5.11 oz. per square foot.
"As a result of 4 crops without renewal of soil, sifted coal ashes with 3 per cent
peat, fed with a comjilete chemical fertilizer, has given, where surface watered, a
yield exceeding any other by 3.89 oz. per square foot, and under subwatering is
second only to the regular forcing soil."
The effect of varying amounts of nitrogen on different soils (pp.
10-13). — Tomato plants were grown in boxes 18 in. square and 12 in.
deep, filled with cither nearl}^ pure sand, sandy soil, or clay soil. Three
boxes of each soil received mineral fertilizers (potash and phosphoric
acid) onl}", 3 mineral fertilizers plus IGO lbs. of nitrate of soda, and 3
mineral fertilizers plus 320 lbs. of nitrate of soda.
Lorillard and Chemin varieties of tomatoes were grown. With nearly
pure sand the jdeld obtained with the smaller application of nitrate
was nearly .5 times as great as that obtained where minerals only were
emploj-ed. On the sand}^ soil the yield was nearly double, and on the
clay soil a little more than double as great. The increase in yield per
box due to the larger application of the nitrate on the different soils
was as follows: Nearly pure sand, 43.18 per cent; sandy soil, 58 per
cent, and clay soil, 19.7 per cent. These results are considered as
varying in ever}^ respect from the results previously obtained under
field conditions.
Boxes and pots v. henches for forcing tomatoes (pp. 13, 14). — The
boxes used were similar to those described above. The pots were ordi-
nary 10-inch pots, holding approximately^ 0.3 cu. ft. of soil. Plants
146 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
on the benches had approximately 1^ sq. ft. of bench space. The soil,
varieties, methods of training, handling, pruning, manuring, etc., were
the same in each case.
"The lot grown on benches has given the largest total yield and yield for space
occupied, but has given the lowest average weight per truit. Those grown in pots
have given almost as large a yield for the space occupied and the largest average
weight per fruit. This large yield is probably due, in part at least, to the fact that
the pots were set in the extreme south end of the bench, and thus had the full
advantage of the light. Placing each lot upon the same basis as to amount of soil,
these results might be changed. However, the smaller quantities of soil dry out
quickly, and consequently require very close attention. We much prefer the use of
benches. ' '
Shigle-stem v. three-stem training (pp. 1-4, 15). — Nine plants were
grown under similar conditions. Six were trained to single stems and
3 to 3 stems. The average weight of fruits grown on the single stems
was 3.98 oz., and the yield per square foot of bench space 18.77 oz.
With plants trained to 3 stems the average weight of the fruits was
4.07 oz., and the yield per square foot of bench space 38.77 oz. The
claim that 1 plant trained to 3 stems will occupy no more room than 2
plants trained to single stems was not liorne out in these experiments.
The results lead the author to recommend the single-stem method of
training for forcing tomatoes.
Financial considerations involved in forcing tomatoes are considered.
Based on the yields per square foot of bench in these experiments
(21.23 oz. salable fruit) and the prices obtained for tomatoes during the
2 seasons 1898 and 1899 (67.5 cts. per square foot of bench for 2 crops),
the author calculates the value of the crops from a house 20 by 100 ft.
to be $972 a year, which, after deducting the cost of coal and labor,
leaves a profit of $693.50.
In these experiments tomato blight {Cladosporlumfulvum) was held
in check by a mixture of 6 lbs. of copper sulphate, 1 lbs. of lime, and
90 gal. of water. Tobacco smoke was successfully used in controlling
the white llv {AJeyrodes vaporarlorum).
Pear grooving in Nevr Jersey, A. T. Jordan {Neio Jeirsey Stas.
Bui. lJf2, p2>- H)- — The discussion of this subject is based largelj^ on
data obtained from the fruit surve}^ of the State made in 1895 (E. S. R.,
8, p. 887). The subjects concerned are soils, varieties, purchasing
stock, planting, cultivating, manuring, pruning, thinning, life of pear
orchards, insects and diseases, picking and marketing, yields, expenses,
and profits.
At the present time pears in New Jersey rank third in commercial
importance among orchard fruits. Keillor and Bartlett are the lead-
ing varieties. The average jdeld of orchards in 1898 was 68.2, and in
1899, 99.1 bbls. per acre. Some 5,650 acres in the State are devoted to
pear culture. The net receipts vary from $25 to §950 per acre, and
average $256.15 per acre.
HORTICULTURE. 147
"Plowing early in May and keeping the soil well stirred through the season, end-
ing with the sowing of crimson clover in August for the winter cover crop, is the
practice of the best growers. Two good mixtures of fertilizers to apply are (1) equal
parts of ground bone, muriate of potash, and acid phosphate; and (2) Ik parts of
ground bone and 1 part of muriate of potash; 500 lbs. per acre is usually applied.
"Where nitrogen is needed, nitrate of soda is one of the Ijest forms, but may be omitted
when crimson clover is grown.
" [Pruning before the buds start and later thinning of the fruit is recommended.]
Fire blight and leaf blight are the two worst diseases. In the early stages of the
first, cut well below the injury and burn. If Well started or into the body of the
tree, destroy it completely. Spraying will control the second.
"With good trees and proper varieties to begin with and careful attention to details,
as outlined, good returns may be confidently expected from the culture of the pear."
Observations and suggestions on the root killing of fruit trees,
J. Craig (Iowa Sta. Bid. I^Ii-^i^P- l'79-213,figs. 9). — This bulletin gives
a review of the root killing- of fruit trees in the State and the work of
the station thereon, supplemented with notes from nurserymen and
others. The work covers especially the freeze of February, 1899,
when the losses were very heavy. Young- apple trees under 5 years
suffered more than older stock. The effect was worse on sandy soils
not covered with vegetation. The losses with plums emphasized the
value of American stocks. The only grapes exempt from injury were
the pure or half blood natives.
To overcome injury to nursery stock severe heading back with
apples gave the best results, and with plums cutting trees back to
straight sticks 2 or 3 ft. in height. It was noticed that there was an
effort on the part of trees to recover h\ throwing out roots from the
scion, especially where the stock had been killed. It was found that
banking young apple trees with earth aided this effort. In the case of
nursery stock, however, it is advised in 0 cases out of 10 to dig up
and burn injured trees. Nurserymen are advised to use hardy stock
in grafting.
There is appended a table of information from 62 leading fruit
growers of the State on the subject of root killing by cold. From a
canvass of the whole field, the writer concludes that the lack of a pro-
tecting blanket of snow coincident with unusually severe cold was the
chief cause of the great losses by root killing, and that the amount of
loss bore a direct relation to the severity of the frost. Trees suffered
most on clean soils and on exposed dr}" knolls with northern aspects.
To obviate root killing the writer recommends cover crops, preferably
mammoth red clover or hairy vetch; the use of congenial and hardy
stocks for grafts; and, on soil well drained, deep planting.
Coffee grafting — some results heretofore obtained and its future
importance, J. G. Kramers {Teysmannia, 10 {1899), No. 11., jyp-oSo-
668). — The author gives an outline of the history of efforts made to
graft Java coffee on hardy Liberia stocks for the purpose of resisting
the attacks of nematodes, points out some reasons for success or
148 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
failure, and describes the 2 methods that have so far been most suc-
cessful. The coffee tree is difficult to graft. It wilts easily, and if all
the conditions are not favorable a good union is not formed. Although
some of the scions usually live, the percentage by the old method has
been too small to make such grafting an economic success.
The system of grafting by approach of 2 seedlings in the cotjdedon-
ary method has given good results. By this method one cotyledon
with a portion of the epidermis of the hypocotyl is cut away from the
Liberia seedling and a portion of the epidermis between the 2 coty-
ledons is removed from the Java seedling. The two are then brought
together at the cut surfaces, carefully tied up, and replanted. After
a few weeks the remaining cotyledon and the plumule are cut away
from the Liberia seedling, and later the hypocot}^ of the Java seedling
is severed.
The other method recommended is similar to that often used in
grafting conifers. The scion of the Java or other desirable variety is
inserted into the terminal bud on a branch of the Liberia. The wound
is carefully covered and the young shoot protected so as to prevent
transpiration as far as possible during the time that the union between
scion and stock is taking place.
In the course of his work the author had occasion to examine the
roots of a number of grafted Liberias of different ages, and in almost
all cases found them free from nematodes. The few cases in which
nematodes were found were on diseased trees, and it seemed probable
that the parasite had effected a lodging on account of the diseased con-
dition rather than that it had caused the disease. — h. m. pieters.
Strawberry notes for 1899, A. L. Quaixtance ( Georgia Sta, Bui.
J^S,2>2^- 11^7-173.^ ]jiU. 6^ Jigs. 5). — Details of tests of varieties, methods
of treatment in the row, and trials of fertilizers form the basis of these
notes. Similar w'ork at the station has been previously reported
(E. S. R.,8, p. 785).
Tables showing the 3'ield at different dates of picking are given for
60 varieties tested in 1899. Beder Wood stood tirst in total vield of
early fruit; Lady Thompson second in the amount of earl}^ fruit.
Lady Thompson is considered a good variety for either local or distant
markets. Seventeen of the varieties not previously tested at the
station are described.
In a comparative test of growing strawberries in hills and in matted
rows 12, 18, and 2-1 in. wide and 4 ft. apart, it was found that the
yields increased with the width of the matted rows. The yield ob-
tained on the plats planted in hills was scarcely more than one-third
of that obtained in matted-row culture. The 18 in. matted rows gave
a yield of 134.5 qts. per acre over the 12 in. rows, and the 24 in. mat-
ted rows 282 qts. per acre over the 18 in. rows. The author believes,
however, that the 18 in. matted rows will give the maximum 3^ield
HOETICULTUEE. 149
consistent with cheapness of cultivation since the space left between
the 2-i in. rows is too narrow for cultivation with the ordinary im-
plements.
The effects of doubling and in some instances quadrupling- the essen-
tial fertilizer elements in a normal formula, anah'zing 8 per cent of
phosphoric acid, 8 per cent of potash, and 4 per cent of nitrogen, and
in substituting cotton-seed meal for nitrate of soda, and kainit for
muriate of potash in the normal formula were studied. The results
are given in tabular form. Substitution of kainit for muriate of pot-
ash resulted in an increased yield of oDJ: qts. per acre. Doubling or
quadrupling the amount of kainit used in the normal formula de-
creased the jnelds. Doubling the amount of nitrate of soda in the
normal fornmla was not tinancialh^ profitable. When the normal
formula was supplemented in the spring by a dressing of nitrate of
soda, the yield was increased l^y about 200 qts. per acre. The substi-
tution of cotton-seed meal for nitrate of soda resulted in considerably
decreased j^ields.
Cultural directions reprinted from Bulletin 32 of the Station (E. S.
R., 8, p. 785) are appended.
The absorption of -water by orchids, R. G. Leavitt and R. M.
Gray {Amer. Gard., 21 {1900), Nos. 271, jyp. US, U9; 272, ;pp. 168,
1G9; 273, jK 186; 27J^,p]}- ^06, 207, fig. i).— The authors made inves-
tigations to determine which of the vegetative parts of orchids — leaves,
bulbs, stems, bulb scales and roots — are capable of absorbing water,
and whether in liquid or gaseous form.
Leaves of 20 species of orchids were plunged under both warm and
cold water and also sprayed in imitation of rain. The experiments
were performed in light and in darkness and the submergence lasted
from 2 to 6 da3^s. Change in weight was determined by weighing on
delicate scales. With thick -leaved species, absolutely no absorption
of water took place, however long the submergence. With 6 of the
more herbaceous sorts, a slight increase took place after 2 days' sub-
mergence, but this was thought to be due to imperfections, such as
fungus spots, since when these perforations were sealed with vaseline
no further increase in weight took place. Pseudo-bulbs and bulb
scales surrounded by wet wrappings of filter paper or cotton or
plunged under water failed to absorb appreciable amounts of water.
In a similar manner when leaves, pseudo-bulbs, and bulbous stems
were exposed in a closed receptacle having an atmosphere nearly sat-
urated with water vapor, no increase whatever but instead a decrease
in weight followed in every instance. From these results the authors
conclude that "leaves and stems do not function as organs for the
absorption of water in an}^ form."
Theories of well-known botanists regarding the absorption of water
by orchids are noted in some detail.
150 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Ill one experiment with orcliid roots the roots were kept in a box
where the atmosphere had a nearl}" constant water-vapor-saturation
content of 95 per cent. "The cut ends of the roots were g'enerally
sealed. The roots were sometimes partiall}^ dried out before exposure
in the box, and sometimes taken from unwatcred plants and put
into the box directly. The trials lasted from 2 to 4 da3's, but in sev-
eral cases much longer." Roots from 24 species were used in the test.
The roots continuallv decreased in weight and finally shriveled and
died, thus showing that water vapor was not taken up, though present
in more copious amounts than usuall}' occur in nature. "Other roots
taken from the same plants at the same time and kept in the same box
but supplied with liquid water remained green, plump, and vigorous,
long after the first were quite dead. This shows that death came from
lack of water, not from being severed from the plant."
Plants hung in the greenhouse, where the humidity' rarely if ever
went below 80 per cent, and not watered for 2 months, produced new
shoots and new roots but steadily decreased in weight. In another
test, where the water evaporated by the leaves and stem of an orchid
was absorbed by calcium chlorid wtile the roots were kept in a damp
box having a humidit}^ saturation of 95 per cent, the orchids constantly
lost in weight through the roots, and the plants drooped for want of
water.
The results obtained in these experiments are believed to show that
if water absorption by aerial roots takes place at all the function is of
minor importance.
Report of Beeville Station on cabbage and cauliflower, B. C. Pittuck and
S. A. McHexry {Tc.raaStd. Bui. 52, }>p. 42-52). — Notes on the germination, growth,
yield, character, and quality of 35 varieties of caljbage and 8 varieties of canliflower.
From the results of repeated tests the following varieties of cabbage are recom-
mended, in the decreasing order of their importance:
Early varieties. — Early Jersey Wakefield, Early Winningstadt, Maule Winningstadt.
Medium early varieties. — Improved Early Summer, Chase Early, Stein Early Flat
Dutch, Fottler Short Stem, Danish Ball Head. Late varieties. — Lauderback All Year,
Autumn King, Burpee Sure Head, Frotscher Superior Large Late Flat Dutch, St.
Denis (small), French Market (medium size). Crescent City Large Flat Dutch.
The following early varieties of cauliflower, suited to the southwest section of
Texas, are recommended: Le Normand Short Stem, and Henderson Early Snowljall;
for late planting. Late Italian Giant.
Bermuda onions {Amer. Garcl, 21 {1900), No. 282, p. 343, fig. i).— Descriptive of
the growing and marketing of Bermuda onions. The land is enriched with well
rotted cow or pig manure. The seed is sown in September and the crop harvested
from January to May. A rigid system of inspection covers all shipments to the
United States.
Nitrate of soda in vegetable culture, RoMnAi'T and Simon {Belg. Horl. e'
Ayr., 12 {WOO), Nos. 2, pp. 21, 22; 3, pp. 3S, .S'5).— Effect of nitrate of soda on the pro-
duction of potatocH, rhubarb, and tomatoes.
Market gardening, H. R. Kinxev {Massachvsetis State Bd. Ayr. Rpt. 1899, pp.
86-112). — Suggestive and i)ractical paper on market gardening, dealing with hotl)eds,
vegetable-storage cellar, soils, manures, and the culture of different vegetables.
HORTICULTUEE . 151
The home fruit garden, F. A. Waugh {Vermont Sta. Bui. 74, pp- 89-97). —
Popular (lirei'tiony for the location, preparation of the soil, planting, and tending of
the various oi'chard and small fruits which go to make up a home fruit garden.
Second report on Arkansas seedling apples, J. T. Stinson {Arkansas Sta.
Bui. 60, jyp. 123-134, figs. 4)- — The writer gives the results of further study of Arkan-
sas seedlings, a continuation of Avork jjreviously reported (E. S. E., 10, j). 48).
Twenty-five varieties are described and characteristics noted. An effort is made to
straighten the nomenclature of the apples noted and their value as new economic
varieties is discussed.
The curing of apricots, J. B. 'i!i eff {California Fruit Grower, 26 {1900), No. 629,
2>. 4)- — A pajier read before the Pomological Society of Southern California.
Check list of hybrid plums, F. A. Waugh ( Yernumt Sta. Bui. 75, pp. 101-
110). — This check list has been prepared particularly for the use of nurserymen and
cataloguers. It contains as far as possible the following data resj^ecting each of the
65 varieties noted: Name, original publication of the same, Vermont publications
concerning it, certain facts relative to its origin and introduction, and its parentage.
Fruit list for Virginia, W. B. Alwood {Virginia Sta. Bui. 98, pp. 41-49). — This
is a compiled list based on the personal observations of the author, and supplemented
by a consensus of the Ijest experience gathered from State growers. It includes such
old standard varieties and promising newer sorts as it is thought will be of value for
planting orchards throughout the State. The list includes 17 varieties of apples, 11
pears, 4 quinces, 21 peaches, 12 plums, 10 cherries, 3 blackberries, 6 raspberries, 5
currants, 3 gooseberries, 11 strawl:)erries, and 12 varieties of grapes.
Strawberries, C. C. Newman {South Carolina Sta. Bui. 49,j)p. 27, 2)ls. 7). — This is
a popular bulletin on growing strawberries. The questions discussed are sexuality,
selection, planting, cultivation, and mulching. Ninety-five varietes were tested at
the station during the season. A list is given of varieties suited to the locality and a
list of the varieties not promising for the section. Photographic reproductions are
given of the berries of 36 varieties. The following 6 have proven the best all-round
berries tested: Haverland, Brandywine, West Lawn, Lady Thompson, Bismarck, and
Bubach.
Resistant vines and vineyards in California, G. Hussmanx {California Fruit
Grower, 25 {1900), No. 633, p. 5). — A consideration of varieties least affected by
phylloxera and of vineyard and bench grafting. Vineyard grafting is considered
cheaper and more satisfactory than bench grafting.
The wholesale grape nursery; complete directions for the w^ork connected
therewith, R. Sporr {Die liebenscJiuIe im Grosshetriebe, eine ausfahrliche Besehreihung
siimmtlicher in der Eebensehule vorkommenden Arbeiten. Vienna and Leipsic: A. Hurtle-
ben, 1900, pp. 1-39, figs. 55). — The author describes in a thorough manner all the details
involved in the growing of grape nursery stock on a wholesale scale. Discussions as
to the theory of grafting, methods of grafting and the growing of vines by grafts,
roots, and American cuttings occupy the larger part of the work. Chapters on grape
houses, grafting and packing rooms, and on grape nursery bookkeeping conclude the
book.
American vines; their adaptation, culture, grafting, and propagation, P.
ViALA and L. Ravaz {Melhonmr: F. W. Xlirn ct- Co., 1S99, pp. c^").— This is a trans-
lated abridgment of the second French edition Ijy W. P. Wilkinson and Joseph
Gassies.
The influence of precipitation and fertilizers on the yield of grapes, B.
Chauzit {Messnger Agr. Midi, 1900, T, No. 2, pp. 50,51).
5'uture of our wine industry and the results of manuring vineyards in
Europe and Australia, F. E. H. W. Krichauff {Adelaide, 1S99, pp. 36).
Reconstruction of vineyards, L. Ravaz {Reconstitution du vignoble. PariK: G.
Masson, ]iji. 148, figs. 31). — Chapters are given on conditions which influence the
growth of vines, as climate and soil; the species and varieties of American vines.
d
152 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
descriptions of all the more important being given; methods of vine reproduction as
by buds, cuttings, grafts, etc., with notes on grape-nursery management; and on the
establishment of a vineyard.
Culture of vanilla {Bol. Soc. A(jr. Mexicana, £4 [1900), No. 21, pp. 415-417).— A
description of the plant, its culture, and preparation for market.
Vanilla {Bid. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, n. ser., 7 {1900), No. 3-5, pp. 45-51). — Cultural
instructions with outlines of the methods of curing the fruit followed in Guiana, Peru,
Mexico, and Reunion.
The cultivation and uses of rosella, D. Jones {Queensland Agr. Jour., 6 {1900)^
No. 5, pp. S71--)7o, figx. 2). — Popular directions for the culture and utilization of this
fruit [Illblsciis .mhdoriffa).
Gutta-percha, E. Obach {Die Guttapercha. Dresden: Stelnkopff & Springer', 1899,
pp. 114, .figs. 61). — The author discusses the history, botany, culture, geographical
distribution, and composition of gutta-percha; describes the processes employed in the
purification of the raw material ; and gives the chemical composition, physical and
mechanical properties, uses, consumption in England, substitutes, relation to oxygen
and ozone, and methods of preservation of purified gutta-percha.
Florists' manual, W. Scott ( Chicago: Floris.ts' Pub. Co., 1S99, pp. 335, figs. 225). —
This is a reference book for commercial florists. It treats alphabetically of the char-
acter, culture, and handling of all greenhouse plants of commercial importance and
of all subjects, such as greenhouse building, packing plants, decorations, fungicides
and insecticides, soils, potting, etc., pertaining thereto. The book is well illustrated,
and is intended as a reference book and guide for all florists not specialists.
Comparative study of 34 varieties of Italian cannas, E. Andre {Rev. Hort.,
72 {1900), No. 10, pp. 25S-261, fig!<. 2).
Origin and amelioration of the garden gladioli {Florists' Exchange, 12 {1900),
No. 25, pp. 62S, 629). — History of the plant and of its improvement.
Culture of water lilies and aquatics, P. Henderson {New YorL- P. Henderson
& Co., [». (?.], pp. 41, figs. '-^1). — This is a reprint from the author's "Gardening for
Pleasure. ' '
Nomenclature of all the known roses w^ith indications as to their race,
originator, year of production, color, and synonyms, L. Simon and P. Cochet
{Nomenclature de tous les nonis de roses connus, avec indications de leurs race, ohtenneur,
annee de production, couleur, et synonymes. Mefz: A. Beha, 1899, jyp- 187).
American greenhouse construction and cut-flow^er production {MoUer's
Deut. Gart. Ztg., 13 {1900), No^. 3,pjp. 28-32, figs. 8; 5,}>p. 50, 51, figs. 8; 6, p. 62, figs.
4; 7, pp. 88-90, figs. 4; 10, pp. 108-110, figs. 7).
Ornamental shrubs, L. D. Davis {Neiv York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1899, pp. 338,
figs. 107). — This book discusses "ornamental shrubs for garden, lawn, and park
planting, with an account of the origin, capabilities, and adaptations of the numerous
species and varieties, native and foreign, and especially of the new and rarer sorta
suited to cultivation in the United States." It is not designed as a scientific treatise,
but is written more especially for those interested in plants and flowers who may
have no knowledge of botany.
FORESTRY.
Tree planting in Utah, U. P. Hedrick {Utah Sta. Bui. 62, pp.
215-260, ph. 2, Jigs 12). — In this bulletin an account is given of the
behavior of -iO species of timber and shade trees now growing on the
grounds of the station. The experiment was begun in the spring of
1890, with the object of testing the adaptability of various species of
trees to that region, and of demonstrating the best method of planting
FORESTEY.
153
and caring for them. In addition to this experiment the station is con-
ducting-, in cooperation with the Division of Forestr}- of this Depart-
ment, experiments in tree planting to ascertain the adaptability of the
principal economic species to the plains.
The annual precipitation and temperatures are given for the State,
and a general statement made concerning the method of planting and
the condition of trees of each of the forest species. The planting, cul-
tivation, and irrigation was about the same as would be given an
orchard, except that the cultivation ceased with the sixth summer.
The species tested are described at length, and their relative adapta-
])ility and l)ehavior are described. Among the more promising trees
for that region (as shown by the results of 9 years' experiments), with
their height and circumference, are the following:
Average growth offoreat trees for nine years.
Height.
Circum-
ference.
Popiihiit ilrlinUlra
P,q,l,llls,lll„l l,nll,,liin.
Pi,j,iiliis iiiarii itnlii-a
P,-,p„l,l.<,ll'li,l iiir.n
Pojnih^'lniiuilui,!,,
PiijiiitiiK liiilsiiiiiii'i ni intermedia
P\,,„iln>^l„nfii,,iia
Snli.r/'ll,fifn/ill
Sali.rfra,//!!.^
Juijhnis iiiijrit
Ji(i/I(iiis chii rid
Ailiintliiia iihtiiihilosa
Cotnl,,„.,„ri„.a
Bit II III iiiiiii/nli ra
Allium ii/,i/i,insi[
VI III II. < II nil r in inn
Plntilliii.^ iirriilintaliS
Anrsiirrliiiriim
All r .«iri-liiiriiilim
Ai'ir iii:jiiii'Iii
Riihiii ill lis, iiilncacin
Gliiliisriiiii Iriitcantlios
Tiliniiiri,,,.-in
Mi,riis,ill„i tininrica
Pi„ii.<.<li;,liii.-
Piiiii.<.-i/ln.<lri.'<
Piri'i,"'!':""^
Pirn, i.rnha
Pircu canadensis
Feet.
39
43
46
30
36
37
40
25
20
20
18
16
IS
18
22
24
17
23
24
35
23
21.
19
22
14
18
15
13
8
Inches.
40
29
40
40
23. .5
29
41.5
18
18
15
13.5
14.5
22
13.25
21.5
21.75
13
15
13
40
22
19
15
18
12
16
12
11.5
10.5
Fertilizers in the culture of osier willovrs, P.Wagner {V Engrais^
lo (1900), iV^A 11, pp. 254, '^oo). — K series of experiments with various
fertilizers is reported, showing that the growth of osiers can be greatly
promoted by means of liberal manuring. The product was trebled by
the application of 1,650 lbs. of phosphatic slag and 550 lbs. of nitrate
of soda per acre. With the same amounts of slag and nitrate of soda
combined with 660 lbs. of a 40 per cent potash salt the yield was
quadrupled.
The trees of Vermont, Anna M. Clark et al. ( Vermont Sta. Bui. 73, pp. 33-86,
Jigs. 58). — This bulletin i.s introduced by the following statements:
" The following account aims to include the native and spontaneous trees of the
State, together with brief mention of such others as are commonly cultivated. It
154 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
is primarily addressed to readers wlio liave little or no botanical training, but who
may wish to learn the names of the trees and the characters by which they may be
recognized, as well as the main facts as to their occurrence and distribution in the
State. ... It is especially to the children of Vermont, and to the teachers of these
children, either at home or in school, that it is hoped this publication will prove
most interesting and most useful."
The bulletin contains descriptions of 97 species, representing 18 families. Each
species is illustrated by original drawings.
Drawing's of the forest trees of Japan, H. Shirasawa {Iconographie des essences
forestieres du Jupon. Tokyo: Minister of At/riadture and Commerce, 1900, ph. 88). — This
is a collection of carefully drawn colored plates of about 150 arborescent species of
Japan, showing the flowering and fruiting branches, dissections of flowers and seeds,
bark, transverse, radial, and tangential sections and magnified specimens of the wood.
The identification of timber, D. F. Mackenzie {Trans. Highland and A gr. Soc.
Scotland, 5. ser., 12 {1900), pp. 183-224, figs. <?,?).— Illustrated descriptive notes are
given upon the timber of 63 species of trees. Photomicrographs of transverse and
tangential sections of most of the species are given, and the principal structural and
physical characters of each kind of timber are described.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
A fruit-disease survey of the Hudson Valley in 1899, F. C.
Stewart and F. G. Blodgett {N'ew York State Sta. Bui. 167^ j^P-
275-308^ pis. If).- — A report is given on the distribution and amount of
damage done by fungus diseases in the Hudson Valley during 1899.
The season was an unfavorable one for the development of parasites,
and on this account diseases usual 1}^ ver}^ common and destructive did
little or no damage. The data presented in this bulletin were secured
bv circulars of inquiry and personal observations b}' the authors.
The diseases mentioned are: Apple diseases — scab, leaf spot, twig
blight, canker, sooty blotch, russeting of fruit, rust, and sun crack.
While all these diseases were observed, the apple crop was in no way
injured by anj" of them. Blackberry diseases — orange rust and leaf
spot, the orange rust having been rather destructive. Cherry dis-
eases— fruit spot, leaf spot, black knot, witches- brooms, powdery
mildew, and winter injury. Currant diseases — leaf spot and cane
blight, both of which were somewhat destructive. The statement is
made that the currant-cane blight occurring in the Hudson Valley is
not caused b}- Nedrui cinnalxirlna but l\y a sterile fungus. The exact
proof of this fact by inoculation experiments is lacking, but the occur-
rence in a large number of cases of sterile fungus with the disease
is considered sufficient proof. Gooseberrv diseases — powdery mil-
dew, root rot, and a dwarfed condition of the foliage which is not
ascribed to any particular cause. The root rot has been known for a
numl)er of years in one locality and is graduallv spreading. It is said
to be due to Dematophora. Grape diseases — black rot, downy mil-
dew, root rot, chlorosis, and black knot. The latter disease, while
somewhat resembling the black knot of plum and cherr}' due to
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 155
PlowrUjld'ia morhosa^ was of an entirely different orig-in. It has been
considei-ed in Europe to be due to the action of frost, and has re-
ceived little attention in this country. Peach diseases — winter injury,
leaf curl, yellows, fruit rot, leaf-tip burn, powder}" mildew, and scab.
Pear diseases — scab, leaf blig-ht, fire blight, bod}' blight or rough
bark, and winter injury. The body blight or rough bark is generally
considered to be a form of fire blight due to Bacillus aniylovorus^ but
according to recent investigations of the station it is now thought to
be caused b}^ the apple canker {Sj^JireropsiH inaloram)^ an account of
which is given in Bulletin 163 of this station (E. S. R., 12, p. 61). Plum
diseases — black knot, fruit rot, leaf blight, and leaf curl. Quince dis-
eases— fruit spot, leaf blight, and fire blight. Raspberry diseases — •
anthracnose, rust, root galls, winter injury, cane blight, and leaf spot.
The cane blight is apparently due to some species of Phoma, but as
yet no inoculations have been made. Notes on the leaf blight and
sun scald of strawberries complete the bulletin.
A sugar-cane pest in Madras, C. A. Benson {Indian Agr., 25
{1900), X<>. 1,2>I>- 1^~I^)- — Notes are given on an investigation begun
toward the end of 1897 to determine the cause of a disease of sugar
cane. The disease was found not to be of recent origin, and was dis-
tributed rather generally throughout the region in which sugar cane
was produced. The disease exhibited all the symptoms characteristic
of an attack by Tricliosplimria saccJiari, different stages in its life his-
tory l)eing known as root fungus, rind fungus, etc. Canes but slightly
affected show no external signs of disease, but transverse sections
show one or more bright red spots in some of the internodes, and if
these are followed by longitudinal sections they appear as red streaks
which branch at the nodes. Where the disease is more advanced, the
coloration extends to the ground tissue, so that any section may show
red patches. When the disease is still further advanced, the nodes
and later other portions become black, the leaves wither, and the
entire cane dries up.
The methods adopted in India for growing sugar cane seem to be
such as to foster the spread and continued presence of this disease.
Some attention was paid to the extent in which different varieties were
affected, and it is stated that a comparatively slender cane known as
Yerra seems to suffer less than others. It probably owes its partial
immunity to the thick rind and to the fact that it does not crack to
any great extent.
The author believes that although the disease at present is epidemic
in Madras, there is no occasion for alarm, as it has been known there
for at least 30 years, sometimes severe and at other times ahnost dis-
appearing. Attention to cultivation, destruction of litter, and aban-
doning the growth of cane for a few years, together with giving up
the practice of ratooning altogether would probably check the disease.
156 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Gummosis of Pninus japonica, G. Massee {Keii; Misc. Bui. 11^.1^..^
j}p. 321-326., pi. 1). — For several 3'ears a considerable number of speci-
mens of Prunus japonica have been killed or disfigured by parasitic
fungi. The disease is first indicated l)y the appearance of tear-like
drops on the branches. These are sometimes solitarj^ and in other
instances luuuerous and more or less crowded. During damp or
rainy Aveather the masses of gum are quite soft and gelatinous. In
warm, dry weather the masses shrink and become horny, expanding
again when moistened. At first the mass of gum is nearly colorless,
but finally becomes black. When the masses are removed, irregular
canker-like wounds, which sometimes extend to the pith, are present
on the branches, and if such wounds are numerous the branch
speedily dies.
The cause of this disease is a species of Cladosporium, morphologic-
ally indistinguishable from C. epiphyllum. The characteristics of the
fungus and its growth are described at some length, and as preventive
measures the author recommends spraying with a solution of potas-
sium sulphid. Diseased branches should be removed, and lime thickly
strewn on the soil under diseased plants.
Fruit diseases found along the Hudson, F. H. Hall, F. C. Stewart, and F.
H. Blodgett {New York State Sta. Bui. 167, popular cd., pp. 6).— This is a popular
summary of Bulletin 167 of the station (see p. 154).
ENTOMOLOGY.
The codling moth, J. M. Aldrich {Idaho Sta. Bui. 21., p>j). 97-
112^ Jigs. 6). — The codling moth has been known in the Clearwater
Valley since 1887, and in an untreated orchard near Moscow 21 per
cent of the fruit was found to be infested. The length of the pupa
stage of this insect in south Idaho is said to be about a week. In the
region about Boise and Weiser there are at least 3 broods and a part
of a fourth, while in Latah County there are 2 broods and a part of a
third. Only a small portion of the late brood seems to survive.
Of 121 apples having the small marks of the third brood, selected in
an orchard in Moscow in the month of Noveml)er, only 20 were found
to contain living larvit?.
The author conducted experiments in spraying, during which Paris
green was applied in the Bordeaux mixture. The application was made
within a week after the blossoms fell. On July Tan examination was
made to determine the eflfectof spraying. It was found that most of the
worms which were destroyed were entering the calyx. On unsprayed
trees an average of 16.7 worms entered the side of the apple, while on
sprayed trees an average of 14.2 worms entered the apple in the same
manner. There was a total saving of 12.8 apples per tree, and of
these 9.7 were saved from worms which would have entered the calyx.
ENTOMOLOGY. 157
while only 2.5 per cent were saved from worms which would have
entered the side of the apple. It therefore appears that 1.5 per cent
of the worms entering from the side and S3 per cent of those attempting
to enter the calyx were killed. It would seem, therefore, that the spray
must be applied while it is still possible for the poison to enter the
cah'x cup in order to be most effective.
Observations were made upon the variation in the length of time
during which the calyx remains open in different varieties of apples.
This period varied from 6 to 10 days. The results o))tained in Idaho
would indicate that later applications of Paris green would be less
effective than the first one, since only a small proportion of worms
which attempted to enter the sides of apples were destroyed.
The author conducted experiments in banding trees for the purpose
of catching the larvte of the codling moth. Two bands of Canton
flannel were placed 8 inches apart on the trunk of each tree. A table
is given showing the number of worms caught during the different
parts of the season. The highest record for a tree was 101 worms,
and the average number of worms caught on 10 trees was about 215.
On one tree 5 bands were placed for the purpose of determining the
relative proportion between worms which crawl down the trunk and
those which fall to the ground and crawl up the trunk. Worms were
caught under all the bands, and the experiment was therefore unsuc-
cessful in keeping the worms .separate. The upper band caught about
twice as many worms as either of the intermediate ones and almost
twice as many as the lower one, indicating that the great majority of
worms crawl down the tree.
It would appear from these experiments that the majorit}^ of wormy
apples which fall have no worms in them at the time, and that possi-
bly the advantage derived from having hogs in the orchard for the
purpose of eating windfalls has been overestimated.
The elms and their diseases, H. Garman {Kentucky Sta. Bid.
8Jf-^ l^p. 51-75, 2>^-^- l-^)- — The author gives brief notes on the appearance
and distribution in the State of the following species of elms: Vlmus
amerlcana, U. fulva, U. racemosa, U. alata, U. camjJestris, and ZL
montana.
Among the white elms a serious disease has been observed since
1892. The first symptom of the disease is a loss of the leaves at the
end of the twigs. As the disease progresses the foliage graduall}"
falls from other parts of the tree until the tree is bare. Small, red,
warty pustules, Avhich represent a fungus, are often to be observed on
the bark of these trees, l)ut this fungus docs not invade the wood of
vigorous trees. The twigs are frequently attacked hy the buffalo tree
hopper, and the inner layer of bark Avas found to be eaten by a flat-
headed grub which resembled the grub of the flat-headed apple-tree
borer. In August, 1809, two white elm trees on the college grounds
158 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
■were dug up and examined. One was dead, the other still alive.
Under the bark of the living tree were found the grubs of Magdalis
aiinicollis, Saperda tridentaia^ and the adults of Hylesinus opaeid'^is
were found making burrows preparatory- to depositing their eggs.
The author believes, however, that insects are not the tirst cause of
the disease. Attention is called to the fact that the habit of elm roots
is to remain in the superficial layers of the soil, oftentimes mingling
with the grass roots. From this fact it is apparent that any condi-
tions w-hich tend to impoverish the soil about the trunks of elm trees
will gradually bring about a weakened condition of the trees. The
trees will then be less able to resist the attacks of various insects and
fungi.
The remedies suggested by the author are such as will help to replace
the soil elements which are needed by the trees. A mulch of humus
composed of dead leaves or other nutrient materials might supply the
needed food and protect the soil from rapid evaporation and sudden
changes in temperature. If it should be found that the beetles attack
living- and vigorous trees, it is recommended that the bark be coated
with a whitewash containing Paris green or arsenate of lead. Dead
and dying elm trees should be cut down and burned, in order to pre-
A'ent the spread of injurious beetles.
The imported elm-leaf beetle {GaleruceUa luteola) is reported as
occurring in large numbers and injuring English elms. American elms
w'ere comparatively free from the attacks of this insect. A brief
description is given of the beetle in its various stages, together with
notes on its habits and life history. For the attacks of this beetle the
author recommends spraying with Paris green or arsenate of lead.
The application should be made in the early spring as soon as the leaves
unfold, and usually 3 sprayings should be sufficient. The larv?e and
pupa3 which accumulate at the base of the tree may be easily destroyed.
Among the natural enemies of this beetle the author mentions the
praying mantis and Podisus sjylnosus.
The elm-leaf ^'keX^tomx^v {Canars la ulmlarrosorella) is reported as
injurious to the white elm. Larva? kept in breeding cages pupated
either about the leaves or in the earth. The adults emerge during the
latter part of March and in early April. Spraying with Paris green
or arsenate of lead is recommended against this insect.
The elm-bark beetle {IlyJeshius ojkichIus) was found in all diseased
elms. The adults emerged from September 14 until October 15. The
form of the burrows of this insect is described. The insect attacks
elms only wlien they are badly diseased.
Insect attacks in 1899, R. S. McDougall {Trans. Highland and
Agr. Soc. Scotland, J. ser., 12 {IdOO^iny- 295-307, figs. d).—Cossns lig-
n'lperda is reported as injurious to birches and poplars. A brief
description of the insect in its various stages is given. The female
ENTOMOLOGY. 159
deposits its eggs in clustors in the craclvs of the bark at the base of the
tree. Isolated trees, or those along the edge of a woodland or an
avenue, are most severely attacked. The complete life cj^cle of this
insect extends over about 2 years. Protection against the deposition
of the eggs may be afforded by the use of repellant substances painted
upon the trunk of the tree.
The author gives notes on the habits, life history, and appearance of
a number of species of the genus Chermes. Experiments were con-
ducted on a plantation in Dunbar in the destruction of Chermes. The
plantation consisted chiefl}" of larch, spruce, and pine. It was formed
in 1893, and thej^oung trees grew well until 1808, when they became
badly infested with Chermes. Pure paraffin applied in a fine spray upon
bright, clear days gave the following results: On April 1,5, 21 infested
trees, chiefly larch and Scots pine, were sprayed with pure paraffin. On
]\Iay 5 it was found that the aphides on the pine had been nearly all
killed. The adult Chermes were destroyed, but the eggs were not mvich
affected. On June 1.5. the eggs on the larch having already hatched,
21 trees were sprayed, and on June 30 it was found that they were
effectively cleared of the pests. The young needles of the larch and
spruce were slightly scorched by the spra}', but during the season they
grew fairly well. On June 9, a quarter of an acre of larch and spruce
was sprayed with a solution of soft soap in the proportion of 1 lb. to a gal-
lon of water. On June 30 the trees were found to be almost entirely
free from insects. Some of the young shoots of the spruce were badly
injured, but the larch escaped all damage.
An experiment with paraffin and sour milk dissolved in water gave
results too irregular to be detailed. A paraffin emulsion was made of
i lb. of hard soap, 1 gal. of soft water and 2 gals, of paraffin, and this
stock material was then diluted with 8, 10, 12, and 15 times its bulk
of water. The strongest solution was found most effective.
Notes are given on the habits and injurious action of Abraxas gross-
nlariata. This insect is injurious to the gooseberry, currant, apricot,
plum, bramble, and blackthorn. The complete life cycle occupies 1
year. As remedies against this insect, the author recommends prun-
ing the infested twigs and burning the parts removed as well as leaves
and other rubbish upon the ground which might afford shelter for
the caterpillars. The caterpillars ma}^ be destroyed by hellebore
and paraffin enuilsion. A solution of soft soap and quassia chips is
also recommended with the following composition: Soft soap, 6 lbs.;
quassia chips, 7 lbs.; and water, loO gal.
The turnip flea-beetle {PhyUotreta nemorum) is described, and notes
are given on its injurious habits. In combating this insect, the author
recommends that the plants be well fertilized and that the ground l)e
thoroughly cultivated. Cruciferous weeds in the neighborhood of
cultivated plants should be destroyed.
1710— No. 2 5
160 EXPEKIMEIS'T STATION KECOED.
Some miscellaneous results of the Tvork of the Division of
Entomology ( U. S. Dept. Agr. , Divisioti of Entomology Bui. 22, n.
ser..pp. 109, Jigs. 28). — This bulletin contains the following articles:
The tiro most abundant Pulvinarias on maple, L. 0. Iloioard (pp. 7-
23). — Pulvinaria innwnerahilis is native to the United States and is
found in all parts of the country. Its food plants are the silver-leaf
maple, sugar maple, box elder, red mulberry, etc. In the latitude of
Washington, D. C, the lice hatch the latter part of May and the early
part of July. From young larvpe, which hatch July first, the first
adult males issued on August 18. The females take up their winter
station upon the twigs earl}" in October. Formation of the ^^^ sac
begins about the middle of April. There is one annual generation.
Among the natural enemies of this insect the author mentions the
English sparrow, Chilocorus hivulnerus, Hyperaspis signata, Dahruma
coccidivora, Coccojjhagus lecanii, C. jlavoscutelluni, Atrop)ates collinsi,
JEunotus lividus., Aphycus jmlvinarice, and Comys fusca. Severe prun-
ing is recommended soon after the hatching of the larvfe. and also
spraying with kerosene soap emulsion or whale-oil soap.
Pulvinaria acericola is a native of the United States and has been
reported from Indiana, Iowa, Tennessee, New" York, Alabama. New
Jersey, and Washington, D. C. Its food plant is Acer saceharhnim.
The eggs hatch in June. The larvas molt twice, and late in October
crawl upon the twigs where they hibernate. Toward the end of Ma_v
the females migrate to the leaves and extrude their Qgg sac.
The natural enemies of this insect are Hyperaspis signata, Aphycus
Jirdrraceus., A. flavus, Coccop)hagus fratermis, Pachyneuron altiscuta,
CJitloneiirus alhicornis, and Leucopis nigricornis.
TJte insects to which the name ^''kissing hug'''' hecame applied during
the summer of 1899, L. 0. Hoivard (pp. 24—30). — ^This article is essen-
tially the same as that previously noted (E. S. R., 11, p. 561).
An investigation to determine whether Melanoplus spretus hreeds
permanently in the Turtle Mountains (f North Dakota. W. D. Hunter
(pp. 30-37). — This article contains the itinerary of a trip made to
investigate this subject. The author states that there are no places
upon Turtle Mountains suitable for breeding groimds of this insect.
The Rocky Mountain locusts, which have trout)led the surrounding
country, probably originated in the territory lying northeast of Regma
toward the Big Touchwood Mountains. The observed locusts mcluded
Melanoplus spretus, M. Invittatus, and M. paeXrarli. At New Rock-
ford, N. Dak., M. spretus hatched out in consideralilo numliers, but
gang plows were operated with such effect as to destroy the greater
portion of them. The native species which have caused more or less
serious losses in this region are M. atlanis, M. blvittatus, M. packardi,
and D'lssosteira long ipennis.
ENTOMOLOGY. 161
The hronze apple-tree weevil,, F. II. Chittenden (pp. 37-44). — Mag-
dalis oenescens is reported as having attacked apple trees in the State
of Washington. The varieties most injured are the Baldwin and Ben
Davis; King of Tompkins, Northern Spy, and Bellilower being nearly-
free from infestation. This insect was found b}- A. D. Hopkins at
Corvallis, Oregon, and has been reported bj^ Jas. Fletcher from Brit-
ish Columbia. Notes are given on the life histor}" and habits of the
insect by C. V. Piper, who believes that the attack of this insect is
made subsequent to injury caused by the fungus disease known as
canker.
Tv^o new Cecidomyians destructive to hvds of roses, D. W. Coquil-
Jett (pp. 44-48).— These insects, which are described as new species
under the names of Diplosis rosivora and Neocerata rhodophaga, have
been reported from Washington, D. C, New York, and New Jersey.
The life histor}' of the species is not known to the author. Rose
growers have had considerable success in combating these insects with
Persian insect powder, buhach, and refuse tobacco stems.
A nevj vioh4 p>est, D. W. CoquiUett (pp. 48-51). — This insect is
reported as attacking the leaves of sweet violets in Washington, D. C.
The species has also been received from New York and Virginia. It is
described under the name Diplosis violicola. The remedies which
have been tried against the insect are hand picking of infested leaves
and fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas.
Insects and the u^cather; observations during the season of 1899^ F.
II. Chittenden (pp. 51-64). — The author made observations on the
eli'ect of the cold winter of 1898-99 upon insects. He believes that
the unusual severit}' of the weather was favorable to Northern insects
but unfavorable to insects of Southern range. Notes are given on the
apparent influence of the weather upon a considerable number of
species of insects. The author concludes that the mean winter tem-
perature has more effect in determining the rarit}' or abundance of
insect species than has the mean summer temperature.
Food plants and w\jury of Worth American sjyecies of Agrihis^ F. II.
Chittenden (pp. 64-68). — Five species of this genus have been reported
as injurious to birch, poplar, chestnut, oak, Lombard}' poplar, rasp-
berry, blackberry, and pear trees. Agrilus anxius caused considerable
damage in parts of Buffalo, and Mr. M. F. Adams reported that the
attacks of this insect were made subsequent to injuries produced by
Dryoljates pvhescens. The insect has also been reported from Ann
Arbor, Mich. One parasite {Phasgonophora sulcata) has been reared
from this species. Agrilus otiosus feeds upon dogwood, butternut,
and redbud. A. hilineatus is reported as injuring wild chestnut
trees in Georgia. A list of 32 species of this genus is given, together
with brief notes on their distribution and food plants.
162 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ExperiraenU v:lth hydrocyanic-acid gas as a means of exterminating
mealy hugs and other itisect pests in greenhouses, 11. D. Ilemenway
(pp. 69-7S). — The author condacted a number of experiments with
this gas in a wooden box and also greenhouse rooms. The cacti of the
greenhouse were infested with Diaspis cacti. The room contained
cacti, begonias, passifloras, bananas in fruit, etc. The meah^ ^nigs,
scales, and aphides w^ere destroyed as well as a large percentage of the
sow-bugs and earthworms.
In a house which contained carnations, smilax, violets, chrysanthe-
mums, etc., and was infested with Dactylop>iw< destructor and Orthezia
insignis, 1 oz. of potassium eyanid was used to every 285 cubic
feet. The insects were killed, but some of the plants were badly
injured. The so-called "dilute method" of fumigation was tried in
a camellia room, 1 oz. of potassium eyanid being used to every 3,0UO
cubic feet. It was fumigated at 6 o'clock p. m. The room was
infested with green fly, mealy bug, and Fuller's rose beetle, and the
plants in the room included coleus, azaleas, heliotropes, ferns, orange
trees, etc. The insects were uninjured except part of the green flies.
Xo damage was done to the plants. A number of other experiments
were conducted, and the results are stated in tabular form.
Sccde insects on Ameidcan fruit imported into Germany (pp. 79-83). —
An abstract of a paper b}^ L. Reh, previously abstracted (E, S. R.,
11, p. 6.5.5).
Insect control in Bive7\side, Cal.^ F. G. Havens (pp. 83-88). — The
orange-growing section of Riverside comprises 12,500 acres of citrus
orchards, and this region is one of the 3 divisions of Riverside County.
This division is subdivided into 6 districts, and a local inspector has
charge of each district. Each orchard is examined tree by tree, and
a permanent record is kept by means of cross-lined paper. Besides
inspection, the work of the insect-pest control includes eradication and
quarantine. Very efficient methods of eradication have been devised
and put into practice at Riverside. In 1898, 1,609 trees on 315 acres
were infested with red scale. In 1899 the same orchards contained only
433 infested trees. The quarantine work has been so efficient that no
insect pests have been introduced and become established since the
existence of the horticultural commission.
Xotes on a Irief trip to Porto Rico in January and Fehrimry of
1899, A. Busck (pp. 88-93).-— A brief account of a trip to Porto Rico
for the purpose of investigating the insect conditions of that colony.
Notes are given on insects injurious to sugar cane, coflee, and tobacco.
Gryllotcdpa hexadactyla is report(>d as being exceedingly injurious to
young tobacco plants. Large colonies of bees were frequentl}' met
with in hollow trees, and a considerable honey product is obtained
from them. The article contains a list of the Coccid» collected by
the author and identified by T. Pergande and T. D. A. Cockerell.
ENTOMOLOGY. 163
Under the caption "General Notes" are given observations of an
economic character upon a considerable number of injurious and other
insects, as well as man}^ notes from the various correspondents of the
Division in different parts of the country.
The choice of colors by insects, F. Plateau {Mem. Soc. Zooh
France, 12 {1S09), JVo. 4, pj>. 330-370).— A. critical review is given of
the literature of the subject. In investigating the question whether
insects are guided in their choice of flowers by colors, the author made
observations upon a considerable variety of insects, including, among
others, species of Megachile, Boinhus tei^restris, B. musconmi, the
honeybee, EristaJis tenax, Papilio machaon., etc.
To this question he makes a negative reply. It is admitted that
insects may recognize at a distance the presence of flowers, but it is
uncertain whether this recognition is due to the contrast between an
area of flowers and their surroundings or to the odor of the flowers, .
or both. As soon as insects arrive among a group of flowers they
seem to exercise no choice in the matter of color, but visit indiffer-
ently blue, red, yellow, white, or green flowers. • If in a given species
of plants the different floral variations in color exist in equal quanti-
ties, insects pass from flowers of one color to those of another without
any discrimination. Occasionally the insects seem to prefer plants
of one color for a short time and then pay more visits to flowers of
another color. If in a group of flowers of a given species the floral
variations in color are represented in unequal quantities, the number
of insect visits to flowers of the different colors will be proportional
to the number of flowers of these various colors.
Spraying notes, L. H. Bailey et al. {Neio York Cornell Sta. Bui.
177, j)})- 235-253). — Experiments were conducted in fighting San Jose
scale on apple, pear, plum, almond, and willow trees. A 20 per cent
mechanical mixture of kerosene and water was sprayed upon one lot
of trees on April 10 and 11. Another lot of trees was sprayed on
June 6, and all the trees were sprayed a second time on June 24. 3
especially dense trees receiving a third application on June 29. The
young scale insects were abundant on young unspra^-ed currants by
June 23. On examining the sprayed trees on December 11, few live
scales could l)e found. On the smooth-barked willows all the scales
were killed.
The authors believe that while fumigation may be a more thorough
method than spraying, the San Jose scale may be held in check hj
spra3nng with kerosene. Fumigation will perhaps be found more
desirable in nurser}' rows, but for use on growing trees spraying is
belived to be "cheaper, simpler, and perhaps ecjualh' effective."
Some experiments were conducted with Paris green, Paragrene,
Green Arsenite, XX, Pink Arseuoid, Green Arsenoid, Green Arsenoid
164 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
No. 53, and arsenite of lime. These insecticides were used in four dif-
ferent strengths, i lb., i; lb., 1 lb., and 1^ lbs. per barrel of 48 gals.
Orchard application of these sul)stances was made on June 10, while
potatoes were sprayed on Jul}" K) and 17.
Tables are presented showing the comparative effects of the 4 dif-
ferent strengths of the different insecticides upon foliage. A test
was made of the insecticide value of these materials on potatoes.
Two strengths of the substances were used, i lb. and ^ lb. to a bar-
rel of 48 gals. Both strengths of Paris green, Paragrene, XX, and
Green Arsenoid killed all the potato beetles, and nearh' all the beetles
were killed b}" both strengths of Pink Arsenoid, Green Arsenoid No.
53, and Green Arsenite.
Brief notes are given on the composition of various arsenical poisons.
The authors find that no damage is done to foliage in spraying with
i lb. of the ordinary arsenites to the barrel, provided less than 3i per
cent of soluble arsenic is present in the insecticide.
Attention is called to the importance of the specific gravit}' of vari-
ous arsenical poisons in spraying. Considering the specific gravity of
Paris green to be 10, other insecticides compare in weight as follows:
Green Arsenite 10, Pink Arsenoid 9, Paragrene 7, Green Arsenoid 7,
XX 4, Green Arsenoid No. 53, 4. Equal amounts of these arsenites
shaken in water follow nearly the same order in settling, Paris green
being first, and Green Arsenoid No. 53 last. Paragrene, Green Arsen-
ite, Green Arsenoid, and arsenite of lime are all recommended as
arsenical sprays. The comparatively high percentage of soluble arsenic
in Green Arsenoid No. 53 makes this substance objectionable.
Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of copper car-
bonate and potassium sulphid on the foliage of Japanese plums, cop-
per carbonate being used at the usual strength and potassium sulphid
at the rate of 1 oz. to a gallon of water. Both substances were rather
more injurious to the foliage than Bordeaux mixture. Where these
substances were used too freely, the shot-hole effect upon the foliage
was very noticeable.
The general conclusions of the authors may be stated as follows:
The mechanical mixture of kerosene and water will probably displace
kerosene and soap emulsion. In spraying with kerosene and water,
earl}' spring or late fall seem to be the preferable seasons. Paragreiie,
Green Arsenite, Green Arsenoid, and arsenite of lime are equal if not
superior to Paris green. Unless lime is added, the simple solution of
capper sulphate, 4 oz. to the barrel, can not be used without injury to
the foliage.
The nature and use of certain insecticides, J. L. Phillips and
H. L. Pkice {Vuyinia Sta. Bui. 97., pp. 7-26). — The authors describe
and give brief notes on the common arsenical, contact, and tracheal
insecticides and on the methods of their application. Experiments
ENTOMOLOGY.
165
Wv^re tried upon 25 plats of potatoes with various arsenical poisons in
aqueous solution, for the purpose of determining the effectiveness of
these insecticides in killing- the potato beetle, and also their effect upon
the foliage of the potato. The results of these tests may be tabulated
as follows:
Effect of insecticides on potato beetle and foliage.
Insecticide.
Amount per 100
gal. of water.
Effect on beetles.
Effect on foli
ige.
London purple
Paris green
Paragrene
Do
1 lb
Killed nearly all the beetles . . .
do
No damage.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Foliage badly
aged.
No damage.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Slight damage.
No damage.
Do.
Slight damage.
No damage.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
1 lb
2 lbs
do
1 lb
do
Do
i lb
Some beetles escaped
Special laurel green
Do
G lbs
Killed all the larvae
A lbs
do
Do
1 lb
2 lbs
Killed all the beetles
Do
1 lb
Killed nearly all the beetles...
Do
lib
2 lbs
Killed nearly all the beetles ...
Many beetles escaped
A large proportion of the bee-
tles escaped.
Do
1 lb
Do
ilb
Pink Arsenoid
2 lbs
Do
1 lb
do.
Do
lib
Several larvse escaped
Killed only a few beetles
do .
White Arsenate
2 lbs
Do
1 lb
Swift's Arsenate of Lead
81bs
Do
4 lbs
do
Do
2 lbs
Small proportion of beetles es-
caped.
Killed all larvae
do
Panne green
2 lbs
Do
1 lb
Do
ilb
Small proportion of larvse es-
caped.
Experiments were tried in spraying fruit trees with pure kerosene
and with the kerosene-water mixture. The results which were obtained
indicate that "pure kerosene can be used on all our fruit trees in the
dormant season and with proper precaution during the growing season
also, except on peach. Water mixtures have with us proved as dan-
gerous as pure kerosene. This substance should be used on trees only
in cases of necessity."
The pea louse {Nectarophora destTiictor) is reported as having caused
considerable damage in various parts of the State. A number of
experiments were conducted with different insecticides in combating
this insect. The insecticides which were used were Good's No. 6
tobacco-potash soap and a kerosene-water mixture. From these exper-
iments it was found that soap solutions in the proportion of 1 lb. to 6
or 8 gal. of water, although very effective in killing the lice, caused
injury to the foliage. Soap solutions at the rate of 1 lb. to 10 or 12
gal. of water were not so destructive to the lice but caused no injury
to the plants. In their experiments the authors found that consider-
able damage was done to the foliage by the kerosene- water mixture,
and this substance is, therefore, not recommended for spraying peas.
166 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
The queen bee, A. Gale {Agr. Gaz. Xeiv South Wales, 11 {1900), No. 3, pp.
204-206, figs. G). — The author gives descriptions of the method of formation and
appearance of queen cells, and illustrations are given of these cells as built under
different conditions.
Sericulture in Austria during the last 50 years, G. Bolle {Atti e Mem. Ital.
a. Sue. Agr. Gorlzki, 40 {1900), Xo. 1-2, ]>]>. 29-39, figs. 7).
Beetles injurious to fruit-producing- plants, O. Lugger {Minnesota Sta. Bui.
66, pp. 8.i-S32, figs. 249). — This Ijulletin contains a brief classification of the various
families of beetles and a general account of a large number of species which are
known to be injurious to fruit trees and small fruits. In most cases the approved
remedies are suggested for treatment of these insects.
Insect damage to spruce timber in Maine and New Hampshire, A. Carey
{Forester, 6 {1900), No. 3, pp. 52-54)- — In northern Vermont and New Hampsliire
outbreaks of forest insects occurred about 30 years ago, and also about 15 years ag<i.
During investigations which were carried on to determine the cause of the unusual
death of spruce timber at the present time, it was found that the damage was due tn
the attacks of Dendroctonus polygrapJms var. rufipennis.
Wood-boring caterpillars, H. Faes {Chron. Agr. Canton Vaiid, 13 {1900), No. 5,
2ip. 104-110, figs. 2). — Notes on the habits and life history of Cossus ligniperela,
Zeuzera sesculi, and TrocMlium apiforme.
Some insect notes, F. M. Webster {Ent. News, 11 {1900), No. 4, pp. 436-439).—
Notes on Halticus uhleri, Crioceris l£-punctata, Oberea bhnaculata, and Cecidomgia
destructor.
The forest tent caterpillar, E. P. Felt {Country Gent., 65 {1900), No. 2459,
p. 217). — Brief notes on the effect of the depredations of these insects upon the
quality of maple sugar.
The occurrence of a plant louse on the roots of sugar beets, P. Doerstlixg
{Ztsrlu-. Pflanzerikrank., 10 {1900), No. 1, pp. 21, «',^).— The author reports that a
species of aphis appeared in large numbers on the roots of sugar beets during the
autumn of 1899. The plant lice were also observed on the under side of the leaves.
The damage to sugar beets is estimated at from 30 to 40 per cent in different fields.
The species of plant lice was not identified.
Aspidiotus diffinis, C. L. Marlatt {Ent. News, 11 {1900), No. 4, pp. 425-427).—
This scale insect was probably introduced from Europe. It has been reported as
infesting basswood in Canada, and it apj^ears that ^-1. fittrophx is a synonym of this
species. The insect is found in large numbers on basswoods in Ontario and may
perhaps become a species of considerable economic im])ortance. A brief bibliography
is added t(j the article.
A new genus of Atropidae, N. Banks {Ent. News, 11 {1900), No. 4, pp. 431,
432). — Psocmella slossonee is described as a new genus and species of this family. The
species is reported as attacking butterflies in a collection and may prove to be a
museum jjest.
Cytodites nudus in the common fowl, E. V. Wilcox {Centbl. Bali. u. Par., 2.
Abt., 6 {1900), No. 5, pp. 147-153, fig. 9). — A Ijrief discussion of the literature con-
cerning this mite, together with notes on its occurrence in Montana.
The species of the orthopteran genus Derotmena, 8. H. Scidder {Proc. Amer.
Acad. Arts and ScL, 35 {1900), No. 19, pp. 385-395). — A monographic account of this
genus.
Metzneria lappella, T. W. Fvles {Canad. Ent., 32 {1900), No. 1, pp. 15, 16). —
This European species is reported as feeding on the heads of burdock.
Phylloxera and the diseases of the vine, V. Thiebaut {Prog. Agr. et Vit., 17
{1900), No. J 2, pp. 365-.-J67).
Phylloxera in Switzerland, B. H. Ridgely ( U. S. Comidar Rpts., 62 {1900), No.
S34, pp- 298, 299). — Attention is called to the seriousness of the phylloxera jDroblem
ENTOMOLOGY. IGT
in the Canton of Vaud and a brief report is given of tlie action of tlie Canton Council
of State at Lausanne in reconnnending the extensive use of American vines.
A ne^w remedy for phylloxera, J. Dufour (Chron. Ayr. Canton Vaud, 13 {1900),
No. 2, ]jp. 29-34). — Soot has recently been proposed as a new remedy for this insect.
The author calls attention t(3 the fact that many previous experiments have 1>een
made with this substance without success.
Phytoptus vitis {Afjr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 16 {1900), No. 2, p. 103). — It is
recommended that in infested vineyards all dry leaves and rough bark be burned at
the end of the season.
A peculiar organ -which, occurs in Poecilocerus socotranus, H. A. Kr.\u.ss
[ZooJ. Anz., 23 {1900), No. 610, jjp. 155-167, fig. 4-) — The author has discovered an
organ in the pronotum of this grasshopper which seems to have a phosphorescent
function, or at least to l)e analogous to phosphorescent organs of other insects.
The gypsy moth (Porthetria dispar), S. Lampa {Ent. Tidsh:, 21 {1900), No. 1,
pp. 34-46, i>l. 1). — Descriptions are given of the eggs, larvte, jjup*, and adult males
and females of this species, together with notes on its habits and life history. Brief
reference is made to the work which was carried out in the southeastern part of
Sweden in fighting the gypsy moth. The government appropriated $2,800 for this
purpose. A brief note is also given on the natural enemies of the gypsy moth.
On the molt of pupee in Pterophorus, T. A. Chapman {Entomologist, 33 {1900),
No. 442, pp. 82-85). — The author made observations especially on the pupation of
P. galactodactylus. The species pupates beneath a leaf. The molt took place in 3
observed examples about 1 o'clock p. m., after 2 days of quiescence. The larvae
holds on to the leaf by the anal prolegs only. Molting takes place rapidl}- and is
accomplished in about 15 minutes.
Depredations of the cottony maple scale, C. E. Brown {Bui. Wisco^isin Nat.
Ifi-t. Soc, n. scr., 1 (1900), No. 1, }ip. 05-67). — Pulvinaria innumerahilis occurred in
unusual numbers in Wisconsin notwithstanding the severity of the previous winter.
In ^Milwaukee the trees were subsequently attacked by the tussock moth.
The pear and cherry tree slug, A. M. Lea {Agr. Gaz. Tasmania, 7 {1900), No.
8, p. 176). — Brief notes on the haliits, life history, and means of combating Selandria
cenm.
The deposition of the eggs of Tortrix ambiguella, J. Perraud {Prog. Agr. el
Tit. {Ed. L'Est) , 21 {1900), No. 3, jip. 80-83).— The female lays about 4 or 5 eggs on
each grajie.
The action of environment on the development of Tortrix ambiguella, J.
Perraud {Frog. Agr. et Vit., 17 {1900), No. 13, i^p. 391-393).— The author discusses
the influence of climatic and other conditions upon the observed alternation of
periods of relative abundance and scarcity of this insect. With the present knowl-
edge of the proljlem, it seems to be impossible to indicate accurately the determining
factoi's of the variation in numljers.
The spiny elm caterpillar, C. M. Weed {New Ilarnpshire Sta. Bui. 67, pp. 123-
141, figs. 13). — A popular account of the habits, life history, and natural enemies of
Vanessa antiopa, with brief notes on remedies to be applied against this insect. The
species is said to have been unusually abundant on elm trees during the past 3 years
in New IIami)shire. It is believed to l)e single-brooded in the State.
Spraying tall trees, P. MacMahon {Queensland Agr. Jour., 6 {1900), No. 2, pp.
lis, 119, pd. 1). — The author gives brief notes on kerosene emulsion, resin wash,
London purple, Bordeaux mixture, and Eau celeste. Experiments Avere made in
spraying tall trees which were infested with Ceroplastes rubra. An upright post was
securely fixed in the spray wagon, and to this post a long bamljoo rod which sup-
ported the hose was so attached that it could be i-eadily directed toward the desired
part of the tree.
168
EXPERIMENT STATION RECUKD.
The application of Sanatol, E. Kruger {Zischr. Vet., U {1900), Xu. J, pp. 124,
125). — Sanatol has been recommended for gross disinfection and as a deodorizer and
repellant of flies. Experiments were conducted in which stalls were sprayed with
a 1 per cent aqueous solution of Sanatol. This application had a striking effect in
repelling the flies fi-om the stable.
Carbon bisulphid, E. Perroxcito {Glor. R. Soc. Accad. Vet. Ilal., 49 {1900), No.
4, pp. 75-79). — The author calls attention to the great value of this substance in fight-
ing phylloxera and states that its antiseptic power is not very great. Spores of the
anthrax bacillus survived an exposure to this substance of 49 days' duration.
Treatment with bisulphid of carbon, J. Dufolr {Chron. Agr. Canton Vaud, 13
{1900), Xo. 5, pjp. 89-101, fi(js. 2). — A general account of the nature and action of
carbon bisulphid, together with detailed directions for its use in combating i)hyl-
loxera.
The use of arsenical salts as insecticides, H. Grosjeax {Prog. Agr. et VH., 17
{1900), Xo. 14, p>p- 410-414).
Inspection of Paris green, W. C. Stubbs and AV. T. Jones {Louisiana Stas. Bui.
58, pp. 265-276). — This includes the text of the State law providing for the inspec-
tion of Paris green, and a brief report on the operation of the law, with analyses of
38 samples ot Pans green.
The entomolog-ists' directory, H. Skixner {Philadelphia: American Entomological
Societij, 1000, 2>p- S4). — This directory contains the names, addresses, and special
departments of study of the entomologists in the United States and Canada, together
with a geographical arrangement of the names, a list of entomological societies, their
secretaries, and the official entomologists of the agricultural colleges and experiment
stations.
FOODS— ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Dietary studies of university boat cre^ws, W. O. Atwater and
A. V. Bryant {U. S. Dtpt. Agr.., Office of Experiment Stations Bui.
75., pp. 7iT). — With a view to studying the effects of muscular work on
food consumption, dietaiy studies were made with the Harvard Uni-
versity and Freshman boat crews when training at Cambridge and
before the races at Gales Ferr}- with the Yale University crew at
New Haven and Gales Ferrj^, and with the captain of the Harvard
Freshman crew at Gales Ferry. The results of the studies are sum-
marized in the following table:
Summary of results of dietary studies of university boat crews.
[Nutrients in lood actually eaten per man per day.]
Harvard T'nivcrsity crew at Cambridge
Harvard Freshman crew at Cambridge.
Yale University crew at New Haven ...
Harvard University crew at Gales Ferry
Harvard Freshman crew at Gales Ferry
Yale University crew at Gales Ferry
Captain of Harvard Freshman crew
Average
Protein.
Orams.
162
153
145
1(!0
135
171
155
155
Grams.
175
223
170
170
152
171
181
177
Carbo- Fuel
hvdrates. value.
Grams.
449
468
375
418
416
434
487
440
Calories.
4,130
4,620
3,705
4,075
3, 675
4,070
4,315
4,085
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 1G9
The results arc discussed and compared with the results of dietary
studies with athletes, college clubs, mechanics, farmers, and profes-
sional men, and with the commonl}' accepted dietary standards.
Milk protein as a food, Backhaus and R. Braun {Ber. Landw. Inst.
Lnii\ KoiiMjxhrrg., 5 {l'S9S-99), j)j). 34--60). — A number of feeding
experiments with dog's and rabbits and digestion and metabolism exper-
iments with rabbits on the value of the casein of skim milk are reported.
Casein was precipitated in different ways. The authors' principal con-
clusions were in effect as follows: Protein is supplied more cheaply by
milk than by almost any animal or vegetabk^ food material. The feed-
ing experiments reported show that milk protein is almost completely
digested, and that it is capable of supplying the protein requirements
of animals for long periods. The insoluble casein possessed the same
nutritive value for this purpose as the soluble casein salts. Neverthe-
less, the preparation of such soluble salts is of importance, since they
may be conveniently used for many purposes. Judging by the exper-
iments carried on a simple method, which at the same time gives good
results, consists in precipitating the milk protein with hydrochloric
acid, having previouslv warmed the milk, caref ulh' washing the precip-
itate, and drying it at a low temperature, and mixing the finely ground
powder with salts, which render it soluble. For this latter purpose
sodium citrate is especially valuable, since it has no taste, while sodium
phosphate is valuable from a phj^siological standpoint on account of the
phosphorus with which it supplies the body. Sodium borate is valu-
able on account of its antiseptic properties. A mixture of these salts
is regarded as preferable to either alone.
Commercial feeding stuffs in Nevsr York, AV. H. Jordan and
C. G. J ENTER (xVe^/j ro7'k State Sta. Bui. 106, j)j). 233-273).— The
New York law regarding the sale and analysis of commercial feeding
stuffs is quoted, the value of such feeding stuff's discussed, a classifica-
tion suggested, and a report made of a large number of anah^ses of
samples collected in 1898 and 1899, including the following:
Cotton-seed meal, cotton-seed feed, linseed meal (old and new process), gluten
meal ('M' and Chicago), gluten feeds (Buffalo, Climax, Davenport, Diamond, Joliet,
'R,' Peoria, Empire, Waukegan, Davenport corn feed, and 2 gluten feeds without
special name), malt sprouts, brewers' grains from lager beer and from ale, distillery
waste, buckwheat middlings, buckwheat feed, buckwheat ships, wheat bran, ship
stuff, wheat feeds (Roj'al, Buckeye, King "Winter Wheat, New England mixed, and
middUngs from different grades of flour and wheat), hominy feed, hominy meal, hud-
nuts, H-0 standard dairy food, H-0 standard horse food, H-0 feed, Quaker oats, Victor
feed, Victor corn and oats, corn and oat feed, chop feed, H-0 defi feed, X oat feed,
Schumaker's stock food, corn, oat, and barley feed, wheat feed, pea meal, malt
skimmings, rye feed, scorched wheat' sugar-corn feed, starch feed (wet and air dry),
gluten feed (wet and air dry), and Clover meal.
The carboh3'drates of mixed feeds and other feeding stuffs are dis-
cussed, special attention being called to the superiority of the dry
170
EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
matter of cereal grains over that of coarse fodders. The carbohydrates
in a number of different feeding stuffs is reported:
CarbohyJirates in dry matter of several feeding stuffs.
Sugars
and
starch in 1
Digesti-
bility of
tract. t-xtract.
Cotton-seed meal
Linseed meal (old process) .
Linseed meal (new process).
Gluten meal
Buffalo gluten feed
Davenport gluten feed
Diamond gluten feed
Joliet gluten feed
Peoria gluten feed
Malt sprouts
Buckwheat middlings
Wheat bran
Wheat middlings
Hominy feeds
HO dairy feed
Oat feed
Victor feed
Chop feeds
X oat feed
" ]Many of the materials mentioned above when compared with the grains from
which they are derived show a depletion of sugars and starch and a corresponding
relative increase in the nitrogen-free extract of the less valuable compounds. This
is especially true of the wheat offals, the gluten feeds, and the oat feed mixtures. In
the case of the one sample of gluten meal examined the starch still constituted a
large proportion of the nitrogen-free extract. The chop feeds and other similar
combinations contain as a rule qtiite a proportion of corn, that furnishes nearly all
the starch which is found in these mixtures. . . .
"These facts are in harmony with the outcome of digestion experiments, from
which we learn that the nitrogen-free extract of the whole grains is much more digest-
ible than that of most of the manufacturing wastes which come from them. . . .
" Some 'mixed feeds' apparently are compounded and advertised on the assump-
tion that feeding stuffs are to be compared in value solely on the basis of their
percentage of protein and fat. This is a false basis. The quality of the accompany-
ing carbohydrates must always be considered. For instance, it would not be difficult
to simulate the composition of corn meal or of wheat middlings by mixing oat hulls
with some of the old-style linseed meal, adding a little crushed linseed to make up
the deficiency (if fat. But would the mixture equal corn meal in value? By no
means. In one case the protein and fat would be associated with woody fiber in
large proportion, and in the other case with little else than starch. The net value of
the corn meal would be much above that of the mixture as measured liy the extent
and labor of digestion. ' '
The various oat feeds, proprietar3% and other mixed feeds are dis-
cussed at some length and appear, in the authors' opinion, to contain
an undue proportion of crude fiber, the proportion of oat hulls being
larger than the oat kernels present.
"Some of them must contain not less than 50 lbs. of oat hulls per 100 ll)s. . . .
"In certain brands an amount of some highly nitrogenous feeding stuff like cotton-
seed meal or gluten meal is found, the object of its use being to bring up the protein
content to the standard of wheat bran. This certainly improves the feed, ):)ut at the
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 171
game time the presence of high-quality ingredients adds nothing to the value of the
inferior constituents. Grinding corn with oat hulls, for instance, may not injure
the corn, but it does not improve the hulls. They are still hulls and retain all their
characteristics as a feeding stuff. ' '
In order to study the effect of introducing- oat feeds into grain
rations, a digestion experiment was made with sheep, one of the com-
mercial oat feeds sold in New York being used. The average coeffi-
cients of digestibilit}'^ obtained were as follows: Dry matter 58, organic
matter 59.5, protein 82.5, fat 92, nitrogen-free extract 60.5, and crude
liber 33 per cent.
This result was compared with the average coefficients of digestibility
of whole oats and maize, the comparison showing in the authors' opinion
that whole oats furnished about 12 per cent and maize 31 per cent more
total nutritive material than the oat feed. Besides the material includ-
ing the entire grain is of better quality, being made up more usually
of protein and the easily digested carbohydrates.
The authors also report the analysis of a number of condimental
feeding stuffs.
"In these mixtures were found, as the principal constituent, some common feeding
stuff like bran or other wheat offals, corn offals, linseed meal, and so on. The
special ingredients added ostensibly for medicinal effect, were found to include char-
coal, fenugreek, gentian, sulphur, salt, saltpeter, sodium sulphate, iron compounds,
and pepi:)er.
"Particular attention is called to the prices at which these 'foods' are sold. The
range is from $100 to $500 per ton, which is at least from .?70 to $470 per ton more
than the materials are worth for food purposes. It may be claimed, as some of the
manufacturers urge, that these mixtures should be regarded as medicines. Even if
this is true the farmer who wishes to administer any of these common substances to
his animals can do so at a small fraction of their cost in condimental foods by pur-
chasing them as drugs and then mixing them with the grain ration as he wishes.
For the promoters of these mixtures to claim that they have an}' knowledge of com-
pounds and compounding not common to veterinary medicine is charlatanism in its
most offensive form."
On the influence ■which the kind and amount of food exercises
upon the amount of metabolism and the po-wer to perform w^ork,
E. Pfluger {Arch. Phjxiol. {Pfng.i\ 77 {1S99), Xn. 9-10, pp. 1^25-
It.82). — The author reports a number of experiments with cats and dogs.
In some cases the balance of income and outgo of nitrogen was deter-
mined, as well as the respirator}^ quotient. Experiments were made
under different conditions of feeding and fasting.
The experiments are discussed in relation to the early work of Bid-
der and Schmidt,^ and the theories of nutrition and the production of
energy promulgated by Voit and his followers. The author's principal
deductions folloAv:
The addition of protein to a maintenance ration caused an increase in
metabolism and the productive power. Further, it caused an increase
' Abstracted in U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 45.
172 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
in the body weight due to an increase in cell substances. This increase
of cell substance under favorable conditions can be induced until the
body weight is doubled. Metabolism and productive power of the
body increased in direct proportion to the increase in body weight
induced by protein. The highest metabolism and the greatest produc-
tive power can therefore be induced onl}" bv the most abundant supply
of nitrogen in the food. Each diminution of the daily supply of protein
caused a decrease in the metabolism and productive power, even if the
protein omitted was replaced hy an amount of fat and carbohydrates
calculated to supply the same amount of energy. An increase in the
amount of fat or carbohydrates in the diet did not cause an increase in
metabolism or in the power of the body considered as a machine. Pro-
tein added to the diet replaces in the metabolism of the body a quan-
tity of fat possessing the same force value, provided, of course, that
the diet to which the protein is added contains fat, etc., as well as pro-
tein. The laws of the metabolism of protein are the same in dogs and
cats. No formation of fat from protein in the animal body, as insisted
upon by Voit and Cramer, was observed. Man can not be nourished
b}" protein alone, since it would l)e impossible to digest the amount
which would be required. According to the investigations of the
author and his pupils, a 3"Oung man instinctively uses an amount of
protein which is .sufficient for about one-fifth of the total productive
power of the body. Man can digest much more protein, but it seems
necessary to assume that for omnivora the protein consumed should
not exceed a certain limit. This is not proven, but man instinctively
refrains from an exclusive meat diet.
Concerning direct and indirect calorimetric measurements
vrith animals in a study of nitrogen equilibrium -when fasting and
fed after fasting, P. P. Avrorov {Buss. Arch. Patol. Klin, i Bcikt..,
7 {lS90),j>. 4.JO; abs. in PMjsiologiste Russe, 1 {1899), No. 15-W, 2'>P-
304-306). — A number of experiments with dogs are reported. Some
of the principal conclusions follow. The metabolism of matter and the
production of heat takes place in animals with remarkable regularity
and uniformity when the experimental conditions are as uniform as
possible. The intensity of the metabolism of matter and the produc-
tion of heat in dogs is inversel}' proportional to the size of the animal
and directly proportional to the surface area. On an average during
the period of fasting the cleavage of fat was greatly diminished, while
the cleavage of proteids was reduced to a minimum. The heat pro-
duced was diminished 15 or 16 per cent and the production of carbon
dioxid was diminished from 21 to 22 per cent. Gains in protein were
made after fasting with little or no efi'ect upon the production of heat.
The all)umin of the living tissues of the body did not differ as regards
its }K)tential energy from the albumin of the meat fed. The pro-
duction of heat was found to be closelv connected with the excretion
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
173
of cai'bon dioxid. As shown by comparison, the results obtained
directly with the calorimeter and those ol^tained indirectly b}^ calcula-
tion from the data of metabolism experiments agreed veiy closel3\
Other conclusions are drawn which have to do with feeding- after fasting.
Steer feeding, 11. H. McDowell {Nevada Sta. Bui. ^i, pl>- ^, 2^^^-
G). — With a view to learning the amount of alfalfa hay required for a
pound of gain, 4 steers were fed from December 11, 1897, to May 9,
1898. From the beginning of the test to March 2 thej" were given
alfalfa hay only, and from that date until May 9 cracked corn was fed
in addition to the hay. The steers had been on pasture without grain
previous to the test. During the test they were fed in box stalls. The
average results for the 2 periods follow:
Results of feeding steers alfalfa hay ivHh and v'ithovt grain.
Weight
at begin-
ning of
test.
Period No. 1.
Period No. 2.
Gain in
weight.
Alfalfa
hay eaten
per
pound of
gain.
Alfalfa hay
eaten.
Cracked
corn
eaten.
Gain in
weight.
Steer No. 1
Pounds.
1,3.50
1,160
1,230
1,090
Pounds.
9.5.0
102.5
112. 5
145.0
Pounds.
21.7
23.2
20.3
15.1
Pounds.
1,928.25
1,97,5.40
1,229.90
2, 006. 00
Pounds.
27.2
140.0
13.3
20.3
Pounds.
120.0
Steer No 2
137. 5
37.5
Steer No. 4
74.0
Two days after the close of the test steers Nos. 3 and 4 were slaugh-
tered, the dressed w^eight being .56.6 and 56.49 per cent, respectively,
of the live weight. Steer No. 1 was fed until December 2, gaining in
this time 247.5 lbs. and consuming 6,262.25 lbs. of alfalfa hay, 174.5
lbs. of cracked corn, and 655.3 lbs. of bran. The dressed weight was
then found to be 61.7 per cent of the live weight. The feeding was
continued with steer No. 2 until May 7. In this time there was a gain
of 50 lbs., 473.9 lbs. of haj- and 104.5 lbs. of cracked corn being con-
sumed. The dressed weight of this steer was found to be 55.9 per
cent of the live weight.
Sheep-feeding experiments at Lesvralt, A. P. Aitken {Trans.
IligMand and Agr. Soc. Scotland, 5. ser., 12 {1900), j^P- 23-J^6).—
Continuing previous work, the author reports a test, conducted at Les-
"walt, of the value of turnips alone and supplemented by different con-
centrated feeds for sheep. The test, which was made with 6 lots of
20 .sheep each, began November 19, 1898, and covered 19 weeks. It
was divided into 2 periods of 9 and 10 weeks, respectively. All the
lots were fed turnips. In addition, lot 2 w^as fed maize, lot 3 oats, lot
4 equal parts of oats, dried distilleiy grains, and linseed cake, lot 5
dried distillery grains, and lot 6 linseed cake. During the first half
of the test half a pound per head daily of the concentrated feeding
stuffs was fed. Durino- the latter half of the test the oats and maize
174
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
were increased to about f lb. and the other feeds in proportion to their
cost. At the close of the test the sheep were slaug-htered and judged
])}' an expert. The average results for the whole test follow:
Turnips icith and icitliout concentrated feeds for sheep.
Average
weight
of skins.
Lot 1 (fed turnips)
Lot 2 (fed turnips and maize)
Ldt 3 I fed turnips and oats)
Lot-1 (fed turnips, oats, dried distillery grains, and
linseed cake, 1 : 1:1)
Lot 5 (fed turnips and dried distillery grains)
Lot 6 (fed turnips and linseed cake) '.
Weight
of lot at
Average
Average
Average
begin-
ning of
test.
gain per
weight
weight
head per
week.
of car-
cass.
of tal-
low.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
1,387
1.31
48.9
4.5
1,397
1.80
58.3
5.6
1,423
1.3.5
53.2
5.6
1,405
2.01
58.4
5.3
1,438
2.33
62.8
6.7
1,377
1.78
58.4
5.0
Pounds.
13.1
14.7
14.1
1.5.0
16.6
1.5.0
According to the author, the most satisfactory gains were made by-
lots 5, 4, and 6, in the order named. Lot 3 ranked fifth, the results
not being veiy diflerent from those obtained with lot 1, which received
no concentrated feeding stuff. In the opinion of the expert who
judged the carcasses, lot 2 was the most satisfactory and lot 6 next.
Pig feeding, R. H. McDoavell {Ntvada Sta. Bid. Jf-O.j^p- i^).— The
value of alfalfa ha}' when fed alone and when fed with turnips and
with roots, corn, and peas was tested with 4 grade Poland-China pigs
divided into 2 lots of 2 each.
From December 12 to January 2 both lots were fed alfalfa hay
only, consuming a little over 99.1 lbs. per lot. Lot 1 weighed 262.5
lbs. at the beginning of the test and lot 2, 297. .5 lbs. Lot 1 lost 32.25
lbs. and lot 2, 51 lbs.
From January 2 to January 23 both lots were fed turnips and alfalfa
hay, consuming 266 lbs. of turnips per lot in addition to some 90 lbs.
of alfalfa hav. During this time lot 1 gained 15.25 lbs. and lot 2,
13.75 lbs. From January 23 to March 6 lot 1 was given 121.1 lbs. of
peas in addition to 86.4 lbs. of alfalfa hay and 863.5 lbs. of turnips and
lot 2 121.1 lbs. of corn in addition to 90.9 lbs. of alfalfa hay and
S%% lbs. of turnips. The gains of the 2 lots were 94.75 and 82.75 lbs.,
respectively.
From March 6 to March 16 lot 1 consumed 5.8 lbs. of hay, 19 lbs. of
sugar beets, and 102 lbs. of peas and gained 19.75 l))s. From March
6 to March 22 lot 2 consumed 5.9 lbs. of alfalfa hay, 163 lbs. of sugar
beets, and 187 lbs. of corn, gaining 62.5 lbs.
An appendix to the bulletin contains answers received from farmers
to a luimlxn' of questions regarding the feeding of alfalfa to pigs.
Experiments in feeding pigs for the production of pork, H. J.
Patteksox {Maryland Sta. Bui. OJ. pP- ^^^ J'^-"'- -^^' dgins. 2). — Sta-
tistics of the pig-raising industry in Maryland are given, and 12 tests
with pigs are reported in which different feeding stuffs were compared.
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 175
Two lots of pigs about 8 weeks old were fed for 165 days to compare
separator skim milk with a (juantity of green clover furnishing
approximately the same amount of protein. Both lots had a basal
ration of corn and cowpea meal, linseed and gluten meal, 8:1:1. The
average daily gain per pig in the lot fed skim milk was 1.26 lbs., and
in the lot on clover, 0.6 lb., the cost of a pound of gain in the 2 cases
being 4.09 and 3.7 cts., respectively. The pigs were slaughtered at
the close of the test, the heaviest weighing over 200 lbs. dressed. On
the basis of his results the author calculates that green clover is worth
$2 per ton, and separator skim milk 11 cts. per hundredweight.
Separator skim milk was compared with gluten and linseed meal for
balancing a grain ration, using 2 lots of 6 pigs each. Both lots were
fed a basal ration of homin}- chop and ground-corn shives during the
test which covered 121 days. The average daily gain of the pigs fed
the ration containing skim milk was 1.54 lbs., and of the pigs fed the
ration containing gluten and linseed meal, 1.12 lbs. The cost of a
pound of gain in the 2 cases was estimated at 3.5 and 2.51 cts.,
respectively.
Four tests are reported with young pigs weighing from 36 to 61
lbs. each on the value of ground -corn shives, /. e. "new corn product."
This material was fed as a partial substitute for hominy chop in the
first test, as a substitute for part of the mixed-grain ration in the
second test, as an addition to grain and skim milk in the third test, and
in the fourth test as a partial substitute for hominy chop, with linseed
meal and gluten meal during the last 3 months of a 5 months' trial.
Skim milk formed part of the ration in every case. In the tirst of
these tests the average daily gain per pig on the ration with corn
shives was 1.37 lbs.; on the ration without corn shives, 1.13 lbs. The
author calculates that the ground-corn shives were worth from $3.10
to $6.58 per ton, as shown by the returns in pork. The cost of this
material is stated to be $11 per ton. In the second test the average
daily gain per pig on the ration containing corn shives was 1.3 lbs. ; on
the ration without corn shives, 1.63 lbs.; the cost of a pound of gain
in the 2 cases being 2.96 and 2.57 cts. In the third test the average
daily gain per pig of the lot fed the ration without corn shives was
0.81 lb.; the cost of a pound of gain, 3.21 cts. The average daily
gain per pig in the lots fed corn shives varied from 0.87 to 0.94 lb.
and the cost of a pound of gain from 3.26 to 3.36 cts., the largest
gain but at the greatest cost being made on the ration containing the
least amount of corn shives.
In the foui-th trial the average daily gain per pig in the 2 lots fed a
ration with linseed meal during the first period was 0.99 and 0.98 lb.,
respectively, the cost of a pound of gain being 2.7 cts. The average
daih' gain of the 2 lots fed during the same time a ration with gluten
meal was 0.8 and 0.85 lb., respectively, the cost of a pound of gain
4740— No. 2 6
176 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
in each case being 2.13 cts. When corn shives was substituted for part
of the hominy chop in the linseed-meal ration durino- the second
period, the average daily gain was 0.73 lb. per pig, as compared with
0.53 lb. in the lot receiving no corn shives. The cost of a pound of
gain in each case was 4.56 cts. When corn shives were substituted
for part of the hominy chop in the gluten-meal ration in the second
period, the average daily gain per pig was 0.78 lb, as compared with
0.85 lb. for the lot receiving no corn shives, the cost of a pound of
gain being 2.91 cts. in both cases.
Though the method is not explained, the author makes the following
calculation :
" With the linseed ration the fodder [ground-corn shives] showed an estimated
value of $28 per ton, and with the gluten ration an estimated value of $20 per ton.
If the fodder is not taken into consideration, the average cost for producing 100 lbs.
of gain with the linseed ration was S4.18, and with the gluten ration $2.70."
The value of cowpea pasture, artichoke pasture, and sweet potatoes
in addition to a ration of grain and skim milk with and without corn
shives was tested with 6 lots of 5 pigs each. Lot 1 was fed ground-corn
shives, grain, and during the last -1 months of the test skim milk also;
lot 2 was fed the same ration except that for the last 2 months of the
trial sweet potatoes and sweet-potato strings were fed. Lots 3 and 1
were fed the same ration as lot 1 for part of the test, and were then
pastured on cowpeas from 2 to 1 weeks, and finally were given the
run of a plat of artichokes. Lots 5 and 6 were fed at first a ration of
grain and skim milk; later lot 6 was turned into a cowpea pasture,
and. during the last month of the test, was fed sweet potatoes in addi-
tion to gluten meal and skim milk. Lots 1 and 2 were fed 5 months,
lots 3 and 4, 4 months, and lots 5 and 6, 3 months. The average gain
of the pigs in lot 1 was 108.8 lbs., and the cost of a pound of gain,
3.32 cts. The pigs in lot 2 gained on an average 71.6 lbs., the cost of
a pound of gain being 3.24 cts. when fed milk and grain. When fed
sweet potatoes, over 100 lbs. were required per pound of gain, which
would make the potatoes worth about !$1.60 per ton. In the author's
opinion, sweet potatoes were not an economical feed, possibly because
the pigs were too large. With the pigs in lot 6, which were some-
what younger than those in lot 2, they were found to have a value of
^2.40 per ton. On cowpeas, the pigs in lots 3, 4, and 6 gained on
an average 6, 31, and 49 lbs. respectively. In the author's opinion,
cowpeas are better adapted to young pigs than to older pigs. The
composition of the artichokes fed is reported, but the results obtained
are not spoken of at length.
The results of the individual tests are discussed in considcral)le
detail. Some of the deductions follow:
"It would seem to be desirable to mix with hog rations some material as a substitute
for grazing when feeding pigs in confinement, or if it is not possible to have a material
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 177
that will mix well with the grain ration, finely cut fodder or other vegetable material
may serve equally well as a substitute. Finely cut or ground clover or pea-vine hay
would possibly be a better coarse feed for pigs than the ground food [/. e. corn
shives] used in these tests, as they contain more nitrogenous food matter and are
also more easily digestible. ' '
The dietetics of bread and butter, J. Hemmkter {Dieiet. and Hyrj. Gaz., 16
(1900), No. 4, pp. 207, 208). — An al)straet of an article published in the Maryland
Medical Journal. The digestil)ility of bread and butter in combination is discussed
as well as other points.
Nutritious bread [British Food Jour., 2 {1900), No. 15, jjp. 6S, 69). — A note on a
special process of grinding grain and making bread which has been successfully
■employed in Paris.
The nutritive value of margarin as compared with, that of butter, P.
MoKEAU [Jour. Hijg., 25 {1900), No. 1218, p. 27).— A summary of the work of E.
Bertarelli (E. S. R., 11, p. 375).
"What chemistry finds in feeds, F. H. Hall, W. H. Jordan, and C. G. Jenter
{New York State Stn. Bui. 166, popular ed., p. 6). — A popular bulletin on the composi-
tion and analysis of feeding stuffs (see p. 169).
How far can sugar be recommended as a feeding stuff, F. Lehmaxx [Fi'ihl-
ing's Landu: Ztg.,49 {1900), Nos. l,pp. 17-22; 2, pp. 57-61; 3, pp. 88-90).— The author
summarizes a number of feeding experiments which have ])een made with sugar.
Feeding animals on wheat, M. Vacher {Eev. Sci. [Parix'], 4-ser., 13 {1900), No.
3, p}>. 93, 94)- — A l)rit'f statement before the Society d' Agriculture on the value of
wheat as food for animals, with discussion.
Advantages of compressing fodders, M. Rixgelmaxn {SemaineAgr., 20 {1900),
No. 974, l^P- 14, 15). — The author discusses the advantages of pressing hay and straw,
giving statistics regarding cost of transportation, etc.
A review of the methods of utilizing yeast as a nutritive material, L. ]\Iar-
CAS {L'Ing. Agr. Gembloux, 10 {1900), No. 6, jjp. 429-438; abs. in Belg. Hort. et Agr.,
12 {1900), No. 4,P-58). — The different methods proposed for utilizing waste yeast
from breweries as a food for man and animals are reviewed.
Contribution to the stud>;of the behavior of milk sugar in the body, espe-
cially in the intestines, E. Weixland {Zlschr. Biol., 38 {1899), pp. 16-62). — Experi-
ments are reported with yoxing and old domestic animals and a newborn child. In
some of the experiments the respiratory quotient is reported. From his investiga-
tions the author concludes that in the small intestine of newborn mammals, includ-
ing man, lactase is present. The lactase was also found in the intestine of the adult
•dog, pig, and horse, but not in the small intestine of the adult steer, sheep, rabbit, or
chicken. Other conclusions regarding the experiments are also drawn.
The value of milk protein for the formation of muscular tissue, W. Caspari
{ZlsrJir. DiHtet. u. Phijx. Ther., 3 {1899), No. 5, pp. .JS.:?-^!.?).— Experiments with dogs
and man are reported, iu which the balance of income and outgo of nitrogen was
determined to learn the food value of plasmon, a prepared food made from casein.
Concerning plasmon (caseon) as a substitute for albumen, together with
notes on the metabolism of protein, E. Plocii {Ztsclir. Dii'ttet. v. Phyi<. Tlier., 3
{1899), No. 6, pp. 482-505). — The balance of income aaid outgo of nitrogen was deter-
mined in a number of cases.
Fat diet and stomach motility, H. Straus {Ztschr. Didtet. u. Phyg. Ther., 3
{1899), No. 3, pp. 198-210, fig. 1 ; 4, pp. 279-289, fig. i).— Experiments in which the
balance of income and outgo of nitrogen was determined. The conclusion was reached
that giving large quantities of milk fat did not harm in any way the stomach motility.
The influence on metabolism and circulation of omitting w^ater from the
diet, W. Stral-b {Ztschr. Biol., 38 {1899), No. 4, pp. 557-56(?).— Experiments with
178 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
dogs are reported, in which the lialance of income and outgo of nitrogen was deter-
mined. In one case the carbon dioxid and water in the respired air were also deter-
mined. The principal conclusions follows: Omitting water from the diet increased
the cleavage of protein in the body and had no effect on the cleavage of fat. When
it does not produce pathological symptoms it is without effect on the blood pressure.
The effect on protein of the withdrawal of water from the tissues is noticeable until
the body regains its normal water content. Omitting water from the diet affects in a
sHght degree the amount of water excreted through the lungs and skin.
The physiological action of electric currents of high tension and great fre-
quency, N. >^i'\sf<Ki {PIti/siolofjiste Russe, 1 (1899), Xo. 15-20, pp. -235-341, pJ. 1).—
A form of apparatus for measuring and analyzing the respiratory products, devised in
connection with the investigation, is described and experiments with guinea i>igs
reported.
The heat of combustion of meat of different animals, Studensky {Russ. Arch,
Patol. Klin, i BakL, 7 [1899), p. 305; abs. in Physnologiste Russe, 1 {1899), No. 15-20,
pp. 303, 304). — Experiments showed that the heat of combustion of the flesh of
horses, sheep, and foxes varied very little and was on an average 5,738 calories per
gram ash-free flesh.
The determination of animal heat by direct calorimetric methods and by-
means of the metabolism of material, P. P. Avrorov {Russk. Arch. Patol. Klin, i
Bakt., 7 [1S99), ]>. 207; aU. in Pln/.^iologiste Russe, 1 (1899), No. 15-20, pp. 301,302).—
A water calorimeter is described which measures directly the heat produced by an
animal. Devices are also described for the measurement and analysis of the respira-
tory products.
Improvement of pasture as determined by the eflPects on the stock, \V. Som-
ERViLLE (Trans. HigMand and Agr. Soc. Scotland, 5. ser., 12 (1900), pp. 75-97). — A dis-
cussion of experiments abstracted from another source (E. S. R., 12, p. 75).
Canadian experiments in animal growth and dairy products, W. Brown
( Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scotland, 5. ser., 12 (1900), pp. 137-161, fig. 1).—A gen-
eral discussion based on the experiments of the Canadian experiment stations in
animal feeding and dairying.
Contributions to our knowledge of the physical properties of Swedish wool,
G. Sellergrex (K. Landt. Akad. Handl. Tidskr., 38 (1^99), Nos. 5-6, pp. 344-390, figs.
30). — The author gives a historical account of Swedish sheep raising, a description
of the various breeds of sheep with reference to the quality of the wool, methods and
aiJi^aratus used in wool examinations, and the results of the investigation. Sixty
samples of wool were examined in all, according to crimp, fineness, length, elasticity,
.strength, color, and microscopic appearance. Among the breeds represented were
i\Ierinos, Cheviots, Southdowns, Dishleys, Oxfordshire Downs, and native sheep.
The value of succulent foods for swine, C. S. Plumb ( Reprint from Breeders'
Gaz., 1899, Dec. 20 and 27; 1900, Jan. 3, pp. 16). — The author summarizes briefly the
results of a large number of experiments on the value of roots, etc., for swine.
The preparation of feed and the feeding of swine, J. Kappeli (Jahresber,
Landv. Schule Riitti, 1898-99, pp. 61-67).— From a feeding and slaughter experiment
with 2 lots of 3 pigs each, the conclusion was drawn that animals fed uncooked whole
grain (barley and corn) in the first month of the test consumed less feed than those
receiving meal ground from the same grains moistened with hot water. Pigs fed
whole and raw grain increased much more rapidly until they were 9 months old than
those fed soaked meal, while during the last six weeks of the test the increase was
somewhat less.
Pig raising in Tunis, J. A. Tournieroux (Bui. Dir. Agr. etCom., 5 (1900), No.
14, pp. 68-74, fig. 1)- — Pigs and pig raising under local conditions in Tunis are dis-
cussed.
Zebra hybrids (Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scotland, 5. ser., 12 (1900), pp. 385-
388). — A brief summary of J. C. Ewart's experiments.
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 179
Poultry raising- in connection with fruit culture, 'SI. Aamot {Tidsskr. Xorske
Landhr., 7 {1900), Xo. 1, pp. 27-37).
Poultry at Geneva Experiment Station, S. F. YIxxto^ {Reliable Poidiry Jour.,
7 {J 900) , No. 1, pp. 46-49, figs. 7). — A description of the station poultry house and of
a number of experiments.
Oyster culture in France {Sci. Amer. Sup., 49 {1900), No. 1258, p. 20169).—
Quoted from the Journal of the Society of Arts.
Oyster culture in France, A. W. Tourgee ( U. S. Consular Rpts., 62 {1900), No.
^33, pp. 182, 183). — Oyster raising and greening in France are described.
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.
Effect of a number of oil cakes on the yield and composition of
milk and the live -weight of milch cotvs, C. Moser and J. Kappeli
{Jaki'esber. Landtr. SeJiuh' Riitti^ 189S-99, pp. I{8~60). — This experi-
ment was made Avith 7 cows and covered 6 periods of about 15 days
each. Two of the cows were regarded as checks and received a uni-
form ration throughout the experiment. The others received in dif-
ferent periods 2 kg. each of sesame cake, peanut cake, and linseed
cake, and 1^ kg. of cotton-seed meal. The authors conclude that a
beneficial effect was quite uniform with all of the oil cakes, the fluctu-
ation in milk jneld and live weight in different periods being greater
than in the case of the control cows. While there was a small increase
in live weight on sesame cake, linseed meal, and cotton-seed meal, there
was an average loss of 5 kg. per cow on peanut cake. It is suggested
that this may possibly have been due in part to a too narrow ration
being fed during that period. With respect to the effect on the yield
of milk the cotton-seed meal exceeded all others.
The authors believe that the experiment shows an undoubted superi-
ority of cotton-seed meal over the other oil cakes in common use, and
state that this conclusion is in accord with the experience of many
extensive feeders in Germany.
Notes on sour milk, H. D. Richmond and J. B. P. Harrison
{Analyst, 25 {1900), May, pj?. 116-12 Jf). — Determiiiatimi of the .pecijio
gravity of sour milk. — The authors have employed a slight modifica-
tion of WeibulFs method (E. S. R., 5, p. 644) of adding a known vol-
ume of ammonia and correcting the reading for the ammonia added.
Thej' tested the use of caustic soda in the place of ammonia, as suggested
by De Koningh (E. S. R., 11, p. 211). It was found in experiments
with different acids that ''although neutralization of an acid by soda
always produces a loss of density, the figure varies not only with the
acid, but also with the hydrogen atom neutralized by a polybasic
acid. For this reason it is useless to apply any theoretical correction
for milk. . . . With strong acids the change of density on neutraliz-
ing with ammonia is very much smaller than with soda, and in the
opposite direction, and our results with milk indicate that it may
practically l>e neglected."
180 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The 2>olnt at which ni'dk may he cotisldered sour and the rate of i<our-
iiKi in the presence or ahsence of jyreservatives. — Stokes (E. S. R., 3, p.
l'.'.")) states that milk which has not reached an acidity of 0.8 per cent
of lactic acid (33.3°), or near it, will coagulate on boiling. The
authors made a series of experiments, the results confirming almost
absolutely the figures of Stokes. They found that milk tastes sour,
on an average, when it has an acidity of 45°, although the variations
are fairly wide. Fresh milk is stated to have an acidity of 20°; when
the acidity reaches 33° the milk curdles on boiling.
"It is quite certain that the 'acidity' of milk is not wholly due to lactic acid;
indeed, the 'acidity' of fresh milk is due to the mono- and di-basic phosphates, and
N
not to free acid at all. Seeing that 9.7 cc. ^ lactic acid will curdle milk on boiling,
while it requires a development of about 13° 'acidity,' it is highly probable that
another acid very much weaker than lactic is produced, and we venture to think
that carbonic acid is responsible for a portion of the acidity of sour milk; we know
that carbonic acid is produced, and we have found that when milk is sufficiently
sour to develop gas about half the acidity, as indicated by phenolphthalein, is
shown to litmus (to which both milk and carbonic acid are approximately neutral).
"We have based a hypothesis on the facts that different acids do not give the
same result, that salts of polybasic acids are present in milk, that both casein and
alV)umin have acidic functions, and that the coagulation of milk at temperatures
between 17 and .35° does not appreciably vary with the temi^erature; it appears to
us that curdling of milk is due to an amount of acid being present to set up an equi-
librium between the acids and bases present, such that certain acids, e. g., casein and
albumin, are liberated. At a boiling temperature we are inclined to think that the
curdling is determined by the coagulation of the albumin, the equilibrium being
destroyed by the removal of one acid (albumin) from solution, and fresh amounts of
allHimin, and finally perhaps casein, are liberated.
"When milk tastes sour, it would appear that the equilibrium is such that a sour-
tasting free acid exists in solution; while when milk curdles spontaneously the
equilibrium is such that the insoluble acid casein is produced."
Experiments were made to determine the rate of souring of milk
with and without the addition of preservatives (boric acid or formal-
dehyde).
"At high temperatures (say 80° hot summer weather) preservatives are compara-
tively useless unless added in relatively large quantities; the minimum quantities
used by us, and also by Kideal, only increase the life of milk a few hours, and are
equivalent only to a lowering of temperature of about 5° F. Unless milk can be
made to keep at least 12 hours longer than without preservatives, we do not think
much is gained by their use, and to do this in summer we think that the nunimum
amounts are 0.09 per cent boric preservative and 0.004 per cent formaldehyde.
"We would also draw attention to the increased rate of souring as time goes on,
when preservatives are added. This indicates a possible danger in using preserva-
tives in milk, as it seems far from improbable that succeeding generations of micro-
organisms become in the presence of preservatives more active and more virulent,
and if the use of preservatives were universal, there is a probability that they would
cease to act. The work of Effront on yeast grown in the presence of sodium fluorid
shows that this view is not a mere hypothesis." «
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.
181
Changes in the constants of butter fat as a result of feeding,
A. KuFFiN {Ann. t'li'nn. Arialyt. et Appl., 4- {1899)^ pp. 383-385,' ahs.
in Chem. Centbl.., 1900, /, Ho. 1, ^y. 69). — The author discusses the
inve.stigation of Baumert and Falke (E. S. R., 10, p. 685), in which he
finds numerous analytical anomalies. He reports the following results
from feeding- experiments with dili'erent kinds of oil cakes:
Physical constants of hiMcr on different feeding stuffs.
Index of
j refrac-
tion.
Saponifica-
tion num-
ber.
Volatile
fatty
acids.
Normal ration, hay, and alfalfa
Cotton-seed cake ."
Cotton-seed cake and normal ration
Peanut cake
Peanut cake and normal ration
Cocoanut cake
30 -33
28.&-30
29. 5-30
30 -31
28 -30
32 -33
224 -232
222 -228
221 -229
225 -228
221. 9-229
231 -240
27.6-34.9
26. 4-29
28. 4-30
26. 9-29
28 -32
25. .5-31
The author remarks that in practice the effects of the different feed-
ing stuffs used largely neutralize each other, so that butter made from
feeds which produce an abnormal product is rarely found on the
market.
Butters from various countries compared, C. Estcourt {Analyst.,
25 {1900), May, p)P- 113-116).— The. author has examined within the
past year 250 samples of butter from different countries which were
received direct from the importers. The water content was found as
follows:
Water content of butter from different countries.
Origin of samples.
Number
of sam-
ples.
Water content.
Average.
Highest.
Lowest.
Finnish
S5
89
39
14
10
8
Per cent.
12.3
13.5
14.1
13.75
13.2
13.5
Per cent.
18.0
18.0
20.0
17.8
19.4
14.8
Per cent.
8 0
Danish
9.0
Irish
9.0
Swedish
11.8
10.0
German
11.4
Only 9 of the Danish samples and 3 of the Finnish samples con-
tained more than 15 per cent of water. Nearly all of the samples
were examined for preservatives. None of the German or Swedish
samples contained preservatives, and only one sample from Canada,
one from Finland, and 3 from Denmark. The preservative in these
cases was boric acid, which did not exceed 9 gr. per pound. All of
the 37 samples of Irish butter examined contained boric acid in quan-
tities varying from 5 to 46 gr. to the pound.
The volatile acids were determined by the Reichert process. Onl}^
8 of the Finnish butters gave a Reichert figure of 16 or over, and 21
samples showed less than 13, 2 o.f these being 11.9. Onl}^ 1 of the
Irish and Canadian butters were below 13. Of the Danish samples,
182 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
22 were above 16 and only 3 were below 13. The lowest samples of
Swedish and German butter showed 13.7 and 13.5, respectively.
A study of the cause of mottled butter, C. F. Doane {Maryland
Sta. Bui. GJi^jyp. ^i-J^)- — Experiments were conducted to test various
theories as to the cause of mottled butter.
The butter from each of 5 churnings was divided into 2 lots, one of
which was washed with water at 50- and the other with water at 35 to
40°. The washing occupied about 1 minute. A portion of each lot
was worked 3 minutes and the remaining portion 4 minutes. Of the
5 lots washed with water at 50° and worked 3 minutes one was slightly
mottled. Of the 5 lots washed with cold water and worked the same
time 1 were mottled. The more frequent occurrence of mottled butter
in the latter case is attributed to the less thorough working of the
harder butter resulting from washing in ice water. None of the butter
worked -1 minutes was mottled. In 4 additional experiments to deter-
mine the effect of using cold water the butter was allowed to remain
in water at 40° for 15 minutes, after which one-half of each churning
was worked 3 minutes and the other half 4 minutes. The butter worked
4 minutes was free from mottles in every case; that worked 3 minutes
was slightly mottled in 2 of the tests. No material difference was
observed between washing 1 minute and 15 minutes.
To determine the effect of the uneven distribution of salt the butter
from each of 20 churnings was divided into 2 lots immediately after
washing. One lot in each case was salted and the other left unsalted.
Both lots were worked one minute and then set in the refrigerator.
"Not one of the unsalted lots was at all mottled, while in every case
the salted lots were very distinctl}' mottled." It was found by tasting
that the light portions of the mottled butter contained very much less
salt than the more deeply colored portions. The same difference was
observed in a large number of samples of unevenly colored butter from
commercial sources. The author therefore concludes that the uneven
distribution of salt is the cause of mottles.
The effect of salt on the appearance of butter was further tested in
5 experiments, in each of which 2 lots of butter from the same churn-
ing were thoroughly worked and otherwise treated alike except that
only 1 lot in each case was salted. The salted butter had a darker
color than the unsalted butter, the difference being distinguishable
immediately after working and very marked after 21 hours.
To determine if the more pronounced color of the salted butter was
brought about by the action of salt in driving out more of the butter-
miik, the content of casein in the samples of butter made in the experi-
ments last noted was determined. In 3 churnings the salted butter
had less casein than the unsalted butter, and in the other 2 compari-
sons the results were reversed. In each of 10 experiments 1 lot of
butter was salted and worked without being washed and another lot
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 183
from the same churning was washed thoroughly to remove as much of
the buttermilk as possible. In each case the l)utter was worked 1
minute. At the end of 24 hours all the lots were mottled alike. The
results are considered as showing that a relative excess of casein is not
the cause of the lighter color of unsalted butter as compared with
salted butter, nor of the lighter portions of mottled butter.
Butter worked under different conditions sufficiently to secure an
even distribution of the salt was scored by an expert as to grain. One
churning was washed with water at 50° and another with water at 38
to 40°, both churnings being worked immediately after washing. Two
other churnings were washed with water at 45°, one receiving 2 par-
tial workings separated by an interval of 24 hours and the other being
kept in a refrigerator 24 hours before being worked. The average
score for grain in 3 repetitions of this experiment was highest for the
butter washed with water at about 40° and worked immediately and
lowest for the butter worked after 24 hours. Butter washed with
water at 50° and worked immediately scored practically the same as
that given 2 partial workings.
The effect of cold wash water on the solidity of the butter was also
tested. The butter from each of 10 churnings was divided into 2 lots,
1 lot in each case being washed with water at 50 to 52°, and the
other lot with water at 35 to 40°. Samples of the butter from both
lots in each experiment were kept at 70° and also at 48° for 24 hours.
All samples were then kept at 60° for 4 hours, when they were grad-
ually heated to 80°. There was on the whole no practical difference
in the 2 lots of samples as regards the time of becoming soft or the
consistency of thej^utter at the end of the experiment.
Bacteria content of Finnish milk, O. v. Hellens {Nord. Jfejtri
Thin., IJp {1899), Nos. 1^3-1^6, pp. 587-589, ef seq.).~-T\ie milk supply
of the city of Helsiugfors was studied \>j the author from a bacterio-
logical standpoint. Samples of market milk and that sold at retail
stores were taken in the summer and in the winter. The samples taken
during summer contained from 20,000 to 34,300,000 bacteria per cubic
centimeter, the average being 4,745,000; while in the winter the bacte-
ria content ranged from 70,000 to 18,630,000, and averaged 2,111,000.
About 60 per cent of the summer samples contained over 1,000,000
bacteria per cubic centimeter against 35 per cent in the winter sam-
ples. The qualitative bacteriological examinations were restricted to
pathogenic forms of bacteria, injections of new milk or cream and
separator slime being made in guinea pigs. Of 34 samples, 24 were
found to contain one or more forms of pathogenic bacteria. Seven
different forms were identified, viz, BaciUus tuhercidosis, B. sti'epto-
cocciwi 2)yogenes, B. staphylococcus p)yogenes cmreiLS, B. alhics, B. citt'eus,
B. hovis, and Bdcferiuvi coli commune.
184 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The examinations of the quantities of dirt in the milk showed that
35 samples out of a hundred contained less than 0.5 mg. per liter, and
the average amount for 65 samples was 2.44 mg. The maximum con-
tent obtained was 10.6 mg. This favorable result is explained by the
fact that on most Finnish dairy farms strict attention is paid to clean-
liness in the stables and grooming the cows. The samples of milk
examined were found to contain a very low percentage of fat; in the
case of 100 samples only 68 came above 2.7 per cent. This is due to
skimming or admixture of skim milk. — f. w. woll.
The invasion of the udder by bacteria, A. R. Ward [Neio York
Cornell Sta. Bui. 178, pp. 260-280, pi. l^figs. 2, dgm. 7).— The views
of several investigators regarding the presence or absence of bacteria
in the normal udder are noted, and investigations conducted by the
author in continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 10, p. 1094) are
reported.
Bacteriological examination was made of the udders of 19 cows,
slaughtered on account of tuberculosis. None of the udders examined
showed tubercular or other lesions. Plate cultures were made from
the fore milk drawMi just before the cows were killed and from gland-
ular tissue of different portions of the udder, great care being taken
to prevent contamination. Bacteria, for the most part micrococci,
wTre found in nearly all cases, and summaries are given of the mor-
phology, staining reactions, and cultural characteristics of the several
kinds. The same kinds of bacteria were frequently found in the fore
milk and in the glandular tissue. The germs isolated from the udders
did not usually cause the souring of milk in cultures. Tables and dia-
grams show the sources of the different germs and. their distribution
in a number of the udders examined.
A study of the structure of the udder revealed no obstruction sepa-
rating the milk cistern from that of the teat sufficient to prevent the
invasion of bacteria.
"The free communication of the milk cistern with the more minute lactiferous
ducts is at times interrupted by the sphincter muscles described by anatomists as
present in those ducts. There is little ground, however, for considering them as
serious barriers to the progress of micro-organisms 25000 of an inch in diameter.
"That the milk ducts of the teat normally harbor bacteria is admitted l>y ail.
Some few, with whom the writer agrees, assert that the milk cistern normally har-
bors bacteria. Such being true, there is little reason to doulit that bacteria may find
their way through the fine ramifications of the milk cistern (lactiferous ducts) to
regions remote from the teat. Pathogenic organisms certainly do so when the udder
is diseased, and to couceive that harmless ones do so in health is not difficult."
The author briefly discusses the practical bearing of the results of
the investigation.
"Judged from the standpoint of the dairyman, who considers that souring is the
one and only harmful change in milk, the contamination of milk from the interior
of the udder, so far as has been shown in this work, might be disregarded as unim-
portant. Until more is known of the ordinary and of the occasional bacterial
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 185
iiilialiitants of the udder and of their aljihty to elaborate enzyms and toxic sub-
stances, the writer urges the recognition of that source of the contamination of
milk."
Lessons from a milk record, R. Shanks {Trans. Highland and
Agr. Soe. Scotland, 5. .sv/-., 19. {1900), 2>P- 99-112).— The author dis-
cusses the keepini^' of milk records, giving- suggestions for weighing
the milk, taking samples, and testing. The average yields of milk and
fat of a herd of 25 to 30 cows for 5 j^ears are given, together with
notes on the system of feeding. Deductions are drawn from the
record concerning the 3'ield and (juality of milk as affected by the age
of the cows, abortion, character of food, and manner of milking.
Young cows gave the richest milk and old cows the largest yield.
Abortion lowered the yield of milk very decidedly and decreased the
fat content over 0.2 per cent. Food is considered as having little or
no permanent influence on the quality of the milk. The average
results with 7 cows indicated that a good milker obtained a higher
percentage of fat in the luilk than a poor milker. Notes are given on
the selection of a profitable cow.
Winter feeding for dairy cows, W. Somerville ( County Councils Cumberland,
Durham, and Northumberland, Tech. Education, RpL 8 {lS99),pp. 95, 96). — A brief
note on the rations fed dairy cows at Newton Eigg Penrith.
The college herd, C. W. Burkett {New Hampshire Sta. Bui. 68, p. 156). — A tab-
ulated summary of the herd record from November 1, 1898, to October 31, 1899.
"The herd has been equivalent to 323 milch cows and 65 dry cows for one month,
and has produced 166,728 lbs. of milk and 8,864.57 lbs. of butter, making an average
monthly yield per head for 388 cows, 429 lbs. of milk and 22.8 lbs. of butter, or
5,148 lbs. of milk and 273.6 lbs. of butter for the year."
On the influence of the milking on the production of the cows and the
quality of the butter, K. N. Kristensen {Norsk Landnuindsblad, 18 {1899), No. 44,
pp. 536-539).
The milk supply of large cities, Bovsen {Milch Ztg., 29 {1900), No. 6, pp.
81-83). — A discussion of the milk supply of Copenhagen based on observations made
by the author.
Experiments in the purification of milk, Dunbar and I. Kister {Milch Ztg.,
■28 {1899), Nos. 48, pp. 753-756, figs. 3; 49, pp. 771-773; 50, pp. 787-789).— Compara-
tive tests of a centrifuge and a Danish sand filter with especial reference to the
removal of dirt and bacteria and changes in the character of the milk are reported
in detail.
Preservation of milk samples for the purpose of investigation, H. Schrott
{Milch Ztg., 29 {1900), No. 12, p. 180). — The method of pasteurization practiced by the
author in preserving a series of samples of milk for a composite test is described.
The milk was kept at a temperature of 70 to 82° C. for 1 to 2 hours. Each day
an equal portion was adde<l to the first sample |ind the pasteurization repeated.
Composite samples covering 14 days were secured without difficulty in this way.
Sampling milk and cream ( Vermont Sta. Hpec. Bui., Oct., 1899, pp. 4)- — Detailed
directions are given for taking samples of milk to test individual cows and the entire
dairy as a whole, to test cream and skim milk from the dairy, to test buttermilk or
Avhey, and to check correctne.-^s of test at creamery or cheese factory.
A modification of the Babcock milk test, ]\I. Siegfeld {Dairy World, 20 {1900),
No. 6, p. IS). — The milk and sulphuric acid are mixed as u.sual and 2 cc. of amyl
186 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
alcohol and a sufficient quantity of hot diluted sulphuric acid (temperature 90-100°
C. and sp. gr. 1.5) to fill the test bottle to the upper part of the graduated neck are
added. The samples are whirled 3 minutes and the reading taken. Only one whirl-
ing is required. Determinations made by this method agreed closely with those
made by the GerV)er test and the Adams gravimetric method.
The relation between specific gravity, fat, and solids-not-fat in milk, N.
Leonard {Analyst, 25 [1900), Mar., pp. 67-69).— The author worked out the average
error in the calculation according to a formula, and found that the error varied with
the season.
On the payment for milk according: to the content of solids, H. Schrott
{Milch Zfg., 29 {1900), No. 5, pp. 68-7 1) .—This, subject is discussed at some length.
Bitter milk for infants, Uhl and 0. Henzold {Milch Ztg., 29 {1900), No. 5, pp. 65,
66,Ji(j. 1). — The cause of a bitter taste in samples of prepared milk from 2 factories
was traced to a sjiecies of Clostridium present in the milk sugar which was added in
the process of manufacture. The bacterium is illustrated and described. It was not
found in a sample of milk sugar containing no all)uminous substances.
Notes on the control of the manufacture of butter {Bcl(/. Horl. et Agr., 12
{1900), No. 2, pp. 28, 29).
Some contributions on the rancidity of butter, J. Hanus {Ztschr. Unler.ntch.
Nahr. II. Geiius.^infL, 3 {1900), No. 5, j)p. 324-328).
Stilton cheese making, M. Benson {Agr. Jour, and Min. Rec, 2 {1900), No. 24
pp. 749-754)-
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE.
Immunization against Texas fever by blood inoculation, W. H.
Dalrymple, W. R. Dodson, and H. A. Morgan {Louisiana Stas. Bid.
57, 3. se?\,2)p. l]^3-18o,fi(ji<. 6). — In experiments in blood inoculation,
9 susceptible heifers were divided into 3 groups and each group was
inoculated with the blood of a diti'erent animal. The animals from
which blood was taken for inoculation were an immunized steer from
north of the quarantine line, a native animal, and a Jersey calf born
on the college grounds. Five cubic centimeters of blood from these
animals was inoculated into each of the 9 animals to be immunized.
The blood from the Jerse}^ calf produced fever in the 3 heifers into
which it was inoculated and caused a decrease in the number of blood
corpuscles. The 3 heifers were afterwards exposed to natural infesta-
tion Avith ticks without developing acute cases of Texas fever. The
other 2 animals from which blood was taken for inoculation were
believed to have recovered from more severe attacks of Texas fever
and to possess, therefore, blood of greater immunizing power. The
3 heifers which were inocidated with blood from the native animal
developed high temperatures and showed a decrease in the number of
blood corpuscles, as usual under such conditions. During the inocula-
tion fever, one of the animals was attacked by 2 healthy animals and
died as a result. Similar results were obtained from the blood of the
immune Northern steer. It was observed, however, that the blood of
this steer was less virulent than that of the native steer, but that its
immunizing properties were fully as satisfactorj\ Two Herefords
VETEKINAKY SCIENCE AND PEACTICE. 187
were each inoculated with 2^ cc. of blood from a recently immunized
animal, with entirely satisfactory results. Mr. J. T. Bryant success-
fully inmuinized '2 Hereford j-earlings (imported from Iowa) by inocula-
tion with 2 cc. of blood from a native yearling.
The authors give a description of the method to be used in securing
the blood for inoculation and in making the inoculation in animals to
be immunized. Experiments were conducted for the purpose of deter-
mining whether the blood in ticks could be used for inoculation pur-
poses. Ticks were collected and carefully washed in a solution of
corrosive sublimate and sterilized water. The blood from these ticks
was then used in inoculating 4 animals. The first animal (a grade
Shorthorn) was inoculated with blood obtained from 3 large cattle ticks
which had been removed from native cattle. The temperature of this
animal showed an elevation one week after the injection, then returned
to the normal, and became high again 15 days after the injection. The
highest recorded temperature was 104.6^ and the blood corpuscles
were diminished by about one-third. The animal was placed on a tick-
infested pasture in the following spring without showing any evidence
of fever. The second animal (a grade Shorthorn) was inoculated on
August 29. Its temperature was quite high during the 2 following
days, but returned to the normal on the fourth day. Since it seemed
doubtful whether the animal had really become immune, a further
inoculation was made with blood taken from ticks which had been main-
tained for 7 hours at a temperature of — 12° C. After this second
inoculation, the number of blood corpuscles diminished, but there was
no temperature reaction except for one day. Later, a single tick was
found on the animal, so that this case was considered too complicated
for drawing definite conclusions. The third animal was a common
2-year-old steer which was inoculated with blood from ticks which had
been kept for 7 hours at a temperature ranging from — 10 to — 12° C.
The animal developed no symptoms of Texas fever for 18 days after
the inoculation, and was then inoculated with blood from a native
cow. One week later a good case of inoculation fever developed. It
appears from this experiment that the organism of Texas fever ma}^ be
destroyed or attenuated while in the body of the ticks, and this ma}' be
the explanation of the fact that tick infestation in late fall or early
spring produces a milder form of the disease than that of midsummer.
The fourth case was a heifer which was inoculated with the blood from
ticks and developed a high fever on the nineteenth day after inocula-
tion, the blood corpuscles being also reduced by about 50 per cent.
Recovery then began to take place, but the animal became deeply mired
during this time and died.
An experiment was tried in the preservation of blood for inocula-
tion purposes. One-tenth per cent of potassium oxalate was added to
blood and this blood was then sent to Ann Arbor and tried at home
188 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
after 4 days' preservation, with negative results in both cases. No
bacterial growth had taken place in the blood, but the organism of
Texas fever was destro3^ed. A cross Hereford and Shorthorn bull, 2
years of age, was imported from Missouri and inoculated in the ordi-
nary way, but died on the third day after inoculation. It was supposed
that in this case death resulted from scptica?niia.
The general results of these experiments may be summarized as
follows: Blood from recenth^ immunized animals gave a milder and
less protracted form of inoculation fever than a similar aniovuit of
blood from a native animal. If animals were allowed a sufficient time
to recover completely from the inoculation fever, they did not suffer
when exposed to tick infestation. The experiments indicate that it is
possible to take engorged ticks from recently inmiunized animals and
ship them to considerable distances, thus using them as receptacles for
containing the virulent blood. It appears also that although the inocu-
lation fever which results from the use of such blood is mild, the immu-
nity produced is complete.
Studies on cattle plague, M. Nencki et al. {Arc/t. Sci. Biol. [St.
Fetersbunj], 7 {1S09), Xo. 4, 2>2)- 303-336).— The authors' researches
upon cattle plague were begun in the province of Kouban in 1895. It
was soon discovered that the blood of animals which had recovered
from this disease contained a substance which confers immunity on
other animals. Considerable progress has been made in perfecting
means for the preparation of the antitoxin and in taking blood from
experimental animals. The animals which are to be immunized receive
a dose of 0.2 cc. of virulent blood. After about 2 days, when it
appears that the disease has invaded the organism, the animal receives
a dose of therapeutic serum. Immunization has been accomplished
In' the authors hy 2 methods, which they have called rapid and slow,
respectiyel3^
The benefits derived from immunization are stated by the authors as
follows: The danger of contagion from the excrement of the animals is
avoided and abortion in pregnant cows prevented. The injection of
immunizing serum has no influence upon the secretion of milk. Ani-
mals which are susceptible to cattle plague may be immunized in 3
ways, b}^ the serum alone, b}' the serum and ^'irulent blood, and by
inoculating the animal with virulent l)l()()d and then giving an injection
of serum after the disease has shoAvn its first symptoms, which occurs
usualW in from 1 to 8 days.
In experiments which were conducted to determine the value of bile
in the production of immunity, the authors came to the following con-
clusions: The green bile of animals killed by severing the jugular vein
from 5 to 7 days after the beginning of the fever is most effective in
producing immunity. The liile of animals which have died of cattle
plague is yellowish in color and is not suitable for use in preventive
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 189
inoculation. Immunization b_v means of bile is a method ^Yhicll in
general is too uncertain in its results to be recommended.
Results of recent investigations on foot-and-mouth disease
and their practical application, C Ebertz {Arch. ]V!ss. a. l*r(i]d.
Thierh., '26 {1900), No. 2-3, pp. 155-20 }^).—T\iQ author presents an
elaborate critical review of the literature of this subject. A com-
mission which was appointed for investigating vaccination methods
against this disease did not carefully determine the virulence of the
l3'mph which was used for this purpose, its value, nor the varying
susceptibility of the animals which were to be inoculated.
The author considers in a critical manner the results obtained from
the application of Lofler's seraphthin method and Hecker's inocula-
tion experiments against foot-and-mouth disease. The author believes
that the reports which have hitherto been made on the A^alue of
various methods in controlling this disease are to some extent vitiated
by the failure to make allowance for the large number of exceed-
ingly mild cases which are nearl}- always to be observed in extensive
outbreaks of the disease. The author states that numerous experi-
ments carried out under government control according to Hecker's
inoculation method show that in its present form it is not adapted to
the production of such results as have been claimed for it.
Sheep scab, A. W. Bitting {Indiana Sta. Bui. 80, p>p. 63-76,
fcjH. 8). — The author gives a general account of the nature of this
disease and a description of the parasitic mite which causes the dis-
ease. Brief notes are presented on the dips to be used for the
destruction of the scab mite and on the methods of applying such
dips, together with a description of dipping tanks. The State statisti-
cian secured reports from sheep owners which indicate that sheep
scab existed in 320 localities in the State and that 9,338 sheep w^ere
affected. Further inquirj- developed the fact that some other condi-
tions which caused roughness in the fleece had been mistaken for seal).
The bulletin contains a copy of the live-stock law of Indiana afl'ecting
the spread of sheep scab and the regulations of this Department con-
cerning the dipping of sheep which are afi'ected with scab.
Scab in sheep — suggestions for its eradication, AVallace {Trans.
HigJiland and Agr. Sac. Scotland, 5. ser., 12 {1900), pj). 117-137). —
The author gives statistics compiled from circulars of inquirj^ which
show that the most serious outbreaks of sheep scab occur during the
winter months. A brief outline of the life history of the scab mite is
presented. On the subject of dipping, the author gives a general dis-
cussion of the peculiar local conditions which must be considered in
this operation throughout Scotland and Wales. In the mountainous
regions of Wales about 45,000 sheep belonging to 300 ownei>s are
grazed. These sheep are in herds of from 5 or 6 up to 2,000. These
190 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
regions are not isolated by division fences into separate areas, and it is
therefore necessar}- that dipping should be regulated by some central
authority.
Among the dipping materials considered by this author, the follow-
ing may be mentioned: A white arsenic dip made b}^ boiling 4.5 lbs.
of arsenic and 45 lbs. of carbonate of soda crystals in 2i gal. of water.
This to be dissolved in water at the rate of 2 lbs. to 100 gal. Sulphur
in the insoluble form of flowers of sulphur is recommended as an
effective dip. In order that sulphur may be more evenly distributed
in the dip, it is reconunended that an equal weight of soft soap be added.
Tobacco is recommended in a dip made as follows: 100 lbs. of drj" leaf-
tobacco, 10 lbs. of blue vitriol, 15 lbs. of common salt, and 2 lbs. of oil
of turpentine. Carbolic acid has also been found effective in killing
living parasites, but it is dangerous if used in a strength sufficient to
kill the eggs. Pitch oil is not recommended on account of the injurious
effects which it has upon the wool.
The author makes the following recommendations regarding dip-
ping: The dipping- season should be from the first of June to the mid-
dle of November. Counties should be subdivided into areas in which
all sheep may be dipped within a period of 15 days, a second dipping-
to take place between the fifth and fourteenth day after the first dip-
ping. Inspectors should be appointed by the Board of Agriculture
and no sheep should be removed from one area to another during the
dipping season without being dipped immediately before removal.
All railway trucks and pens in public markets should be thoroughly
disinfected. Dipping tanks should be provided, the total cost being
met by the sheep owners. Late autumn dipping is more generally
practiced than spring dipping and is most effective. It is especially
desirable also from the fact that Melophagns ovrnvs is killed along
with the scab mite. Spring dipping is desirable where the fall dip-
ping has not proved successful, and is usually more or less effective
in destroying the grass ticks of the genus Ixodes, and thereby pre-
venting louping-ill.
Swine plague, P. Fischer and A, T. Kinsley {Kansas Sta. Bui.
9L pp. 18). — The veterinary department of the station is conducting
experiments in protective inoculation against swine plague. At-
tenuated cultures of Bacillus suis were used as prepared by H. J.
Detmers.
A college herd of ISl pigs had been bought from different localities
and was divided into 2 lots containing 114 and 320 respectively. Lot
1 was inoculated July 11, 1899. Lot 2 was inoculated August 11 of
the same vear. On July 24, or 13 days after the inoculation of lot 1,
the pigs began to die of swine plague and continued to die until Octo-
ber 8, when only 7 pigs remained out of the 114. On August 19, or 8
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 191
dnya after the inoculation of lot 2, the pigs of this lot began to die,
and at the end of 45 days onl}^ 56 were left of the 320.
In order to determine whether the inoculation with Detmers' virus
was the cause of the outbreak of the disease, 10 average pigs were
selected from lot 2 for special experiment. The temperatures of these
pigs were taken and were found to range from 101. 1 to 109° F. Only-
one of the pigs had a normal temperature. Each of these 10 pigs
received 5 cc. (10 full doses) of a check culture of Bacilhbs suis. In
some of them a slight rise in temperature was noticed on the second
da}', as a possible effect of the lymph. In others no effect whatever
was noticed. The pig which had the normal temperature at the
beginning of the experiment was the only one which survived. The
authors believe that all those which died were infected with swine
plague before the beginning of the experiment. The observation of
temperature of pigs seems to be a valuable method of diagnosing swine
plague before other symptoms are manifested.
The regular dose of the virus is from 0. 1 to 1 cc. , but the authors
found by experiment that pigs could receive 25 times this amount
without permanent bad effects. It was concluded, therefore, that pro-
tective inoculation when carefully performed can not cause an outbreak
of swine plague. Notes are given on an outbreak of swine plague in
a herd of a farmer, from which it is apparent that pigs may be infected
Avith swine plague for a period of 33 days before deaths begin to
occur.
Nine hundred and fifty-five pigs belonging to farmers in the State
have been inoculated with the Detmers virus and not one of this num-
ber has died of swine plague, although many of them have been
exposed. The authors believe that the method can be so perfected as
to be of considerable practical value but do not recommend its general
adoption until further experiments have been conducted.
Ne-w investigations on Trichophyton minimum, Le CalviS and H.
Malherbe {Arch. Parasit., 2 (1899), jVo. J^, pp. J^89-503, Jig.l).— The
authors give a detailed description of the dermatomj^cosis produced by
this organism. From a study of the circumstances under which out-
breaks of the disease were observed it is concluded that the fungus
lives during the winter in a vegetative condition in the soil or filth of
stables.
The mycelium of this organism secretes about itself a sort of sub-
stance of a mucoid nature. Some experiments were conducted to
determine the chemical nature of this substance. Boiling water, dilute
mineral acids, dilute bases, and dilute organic acids had no effect at all
upon the mucoid matter, except in the case of acetic and hydrochloric
acids, which seemed to clarify the substance. Numerous other tests
were made, with the result that the substance is believed to be of a
1710— No. 2 7
192 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
proteid nature. The organism not onl}" produces a disease of the skin
and hair in the horse, but may be transmitted to dogs and guinea pigs.
It was not observed on man and no experiments were conducted to
determine the possibility of transmitting it to man.
T. minimuiH has a delicate, branched m3'celium, with ver}' small
spores. The vegetative portions are inclosed by an external secretion
of a proteid substance, which constitutes a source of reserve nutriment
for the fungus. The culture media which are best adapted for grow-
ing this organism are such as contain albuminoid substances. The
organism is believed to live in 2 conditions — as a parasite in the skin
of the horse and dog, and in a vegetative condition during cold weather
in the soil or in filth.
Notes on the mortality of incubator chicks, (i. W. Field et al.
{Bhodt Mand Sta. Bui. 61^ })p. Ji9-60). — One of the most serious
sources of loss in poultry raising is the death of incubator chicks, and
the experiment station undertook an investigation to determine the pro-
portion of chicks that died and the causes of death.
In the summer of 1899, S'i'd dead chickens from incubators were exam-
ined. Fewer males died than females, the proportion being 387 to 139.
Post-mortem examinations indicated that the diseases of inculjator
chickens vasij be classified under 1 heads: Diseases due to heredity or
environment, to mechanical causes, to imperfect sanitation, and to
improperly balanced ration.
Alternate periods of heat and cold during incubation bring about a
considerable percentage of abnormalities, 33 per cent of the chickens
examined indicating a trouble of this origin. Diseases due to heredity
may be the result of congenital weakness resulting in special suscepti-
bility to sickness or in malformations. Tuberculosis among chickens
was in several cases contracted after hatching through the infected
brooder. Another sort of constitutional weakness is a failure to absorb
the 3'olk at the proper time. Poultry raisers frequently complain of
"bowel trouble" as an important cause of death among incubator
chickens, and this trouble was found to ])e caused by the nonabsorption
of the yolk, which happened in a hirge proportion of the chicks which
died before hatching, and in 13.3 per cent of the hatched chicks abnor-
malities of the yolk sac were noticed.
Many deaths occurred from overcrowding or trampling and suffoca-
tion in the brooders. The fatalities due to imperfect sanitation are
more important. Tuberculosis, according to the observations of the
authors, was found in 15.1 per cent of the dead chicks, tubercles being
found in the lungs of 113 cases, on the walls of the heart in 5 cases, on
the walls of the gizzard in 5 cases, and on the intestine in 1 case. It
was found that removing the "hovers" and setting them out of doors
in full sunlight reduced the presence of tuberculosis to a considerable
extent. The lungs were found to be congested in 213 cases or 29.1
per cent. The greatest number of deaths resulted from improper feed-
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 193
itig", 75.6 per cent numi testing abnormality in the gull bladder. In such
oases the green gall stains the adjacent organs, or even the adboniinal
wall, and a green area is to be seen on the outside of the abdomen,
close to the posterior edge of the breast ]>one.
Experiments were conducted to determine the hygienic effects of
different rations, 219 chicks being placed in -1 pens under similar con-
ditions. All pens were fed as much as they would eat for 30 da^js.
One pen was fed a diet of ecjual parts of egg, liver, and grain, boiled
together and chopped ffne, with an addition of sliced onion, oat sprouts,
etc. The mortality was 3.9 per cent. The second pen was fed on
grain and green stuff, all animal proteid being omitted. The mortality
was 9.5 per cent. The third pen was fed on grain alone, with a result-
ing mortality of 32.7 per cent. The fourth pen was fed on egg, liver,
and green stuff, all grain being omitted. The mortalit}" yvaH 63.7 per
cent.
The general conclusions of the bulletin may be stated as follows:
Careful examination of dead chicks will usually disclose the cause of
death. Death from overcrowding can be easily corrected. In order
to reduce the amount of tuberculosis, the brooder should be given as
much sunlight and air as possible. Disorders of the liver and gall
bladder may be recognized from the green stain. In order to prevent
this, more animal food should be given. Diari'hea is frequently the
result of feeding a too large proportion of animal food.
The dangers of water drinking, "W. 0. Williams ( Trans. Highland and Agr.
Soc. Scotland, 5. ser., 12 {1900)', pp. 112-117). — The source of some of the principal
dangers to Uve stock in contaminated water is pointed out and the importance of
clean water insisted upon.
The micro-organisms in tumors, N. Sjobrixc; {Centhl. Bakt.n. Par., 1. Aht.,27
{1900), Xo. 4, pp. 129-140, fgs. 4). — The author made a study of 30 kinds of tumors,
including carcinomata, sarcomata, and myomata. A number of experiments were
conducted in transplanting these tumors from man to animals. The author concludes
that the organisms which are concerned in the production of tumors have heretofore
been improperly classified and belong to the Rhizopods.
On infections produced by coli bacilli, E. Zschokke {Schireiz. Arch. Thkrh.,
42 {1900), Xo. 1, pp. 20-29). — The author reviews the literature upon this group of
bacilli and relates the evidence which he collected from personal observations to
indicate that polyarthritis of calves and croupous enteritis of cats is due to the patho-
genic action of organisms belonging to this group.
Combating tuberculosis in domestic animals, B. Banct {Maanedsskr. Dyrlx-
ger, 11 {1900), Xo. 10, p]>. 35.5-388). — An elaborate discussion of the literature of the
problem, with a critical account of the various methods which have been adopted in
different countries.
Treatment of anthrax with creolin, Yordal {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 1900,
Xo. 6, pp. 6S, 64). — The disease was not checked by doses of 25 gm. creolin.
Anthrax in the dog, H. Martel {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 14 {1900), Xo. 1, j^P- 13-
25). — Phlorizine and pyrogallol diminished the natural resisting power of the dog to
anthrax. The rabid dog is very susceptible to anthrax. Anthrax bacilli by fre-
quent passing through dogs become more virulent and undergo morphological
changes, becoming shorter and thicker.
194 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Contribution to the study of Texas fever, T. Carrasqcilla {Bol. Soc. Agr.
Me.ricana, 24 {1900), No. 5, pp. 89-94). — An account of the symptoms, pathological
anatomy, treatment, and prophylaxis l)y serum inoculations.
Texas fever, M. Fraxcis and J. W. Coxnaway ( Texas Sta. Bid. 53, pp. 53-106,
figs. 13) . — This is a report upon the cooperative work of the Texas and Missouri
exi>eriment stations and the iMissouri State Board of Agriculture, published also as
Missouri Station Bulletin 48 (E. S. R., 11, p. 988).
Experimental inoculation against foot-and-mouth disease according to
Hecker's method {Deut. Thierarztl. Wchmchr., 8 {1900), No. 3, pp. 11-23).—
Extensive experiments with this method indicate that it is ineffective in protecting
animals against the disease and in influencing the course of the disease.
Combating foot-and-mouth disease, Schutz {Deut. Landw. Presse, 21 {1900),
No. 7, pp. 63, 64). — A general discussion of the symptoms of this disease, w'ith recom-
mendations of preventive measures.
Bacteriological conditions in mastitis of cows, C. O. Jexsex {Maanedsskr.
Dyrlceger, 11 {1900), No. 10, j)p. 337-354). — The forms of mastitis are classified in 3
groups — lymphogenic, hajmatogenic, and galactogenic. The bacteria which are most
often found in connection with mastitis are Streptococci, Staphylococci, and Coli
bacilli.
Omphalo-phlebitis of calves, Bitard and P. Leblaxc {Jour. Med. Vet. et
Zootech., 5. ser., 4 {1900), pp. 10-12, fig. 1). — A discussion of the etiology and symp-
toms of this disease is given, together with various treatments which are recom-
mended. The treatment should be preventive, and consists for the most part in a
careful antiseptic treatment of the umbilical cord.
Dehorning {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 16 {1900), No. 1, jyp. 10-12).— \ table is
given showing the amount of milk and butter fat before and after dehorning. Only
a slight decrease was noted.
Determining the age of slaughtered cattle, BrxoE {Deut. Landiv. Presse, 26
{1899), No. 94, p. 1062). — Quoted from the Deut.^che ThierarztUche Wochensclirift.
The author bases his determinations of the age of cattle on changes in the spinal
process.
Protective inoculation against hog cholera, H. Jost {Berlin. TIerarztJ.
Wchmchr. {1900), No. 4, pp. 37-39). — A discussion of the methods to be adopted in
making the inoculation.
Manifestations of disease in horses which are kept in badly ventilated
stalls, Seegert {Ztschr. Veterinark., 12 {1900), No. 2, pp. 65-68).— In badly venti-
lated stalls horses manifest not only a generally unsatisfactory condition, but show a
special tendency toward congestion of the brain and catarrh of the respiratory
organs.
The horse's foot and how to shoe it, Dewar {Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc.
Scotland, 5. ser., 12 {1900), pp. 239-294, fig><. S2).—Th\s article contains detailed
directions for the preparation of the hoof and the shaping of the shoe, with reference
to special purposes or the correction of defects in the foot or gait.
Babies and its prevention, Loir {Bui. Dir. Agr. et Com., 5 {1900), No. 14,
pp. 74-78). — A general discussion.
Caponizing cockerels ( Queensland Agr. Jour., 6 {1900), No. l,pp. 25-27, figs. 4)-—
A description of the operation and of the necessary instruments.
Bacillol, Protargol, and Tannoform, C. Avgkksteis {Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr.,
1900, No. 6, pp. 61,62). — This article reports results which were obtained in anti-
septic treatment. Bacillol in a 2 per cent solution gave excellent results. Protargol
is expensive, but is so effective even in weak solutions that its cost is no great disad-
vantage. The author believes that tannoform is a better remedy than iodoform in
cases where the latter would be used.
TECHNOLOGY. 195
TECHNOLOGY.
Chloroform in -wine making, L. E. Moline {Reprint from V Agri-
culture Moderne in BoJ. /Soc. Agr. Mexicana, '25 {1900)^ iV^'. 12,
■pp. 236, 237).— This article gives the method of controlling fermenta-
tion in wine making bj^ the use of chloroform. For this purpose the
chloroform is incorporated with 5 times its volume of alcohol and
added to the nnxst in the proportion of 4 or 5 cc. per liter. After
some days, when the must is sufficiently colored, the wine is decanted
and the pomace pressed as usual. The wine may then be pasteurized
at 80° C. when the excess of alcohol and chloroform will pass off. It
is claimed that this method is uniform in its action and leaves no
undesirable odor or product behind, as in the use of sulphuric acid.
Even if the chloroform should remain, it would produce no undesira-
ble results. This method was found especially valuable in the treat-
ment of champagne, as the product Avas of better quality and the time
of maturing shortened at least one vear.
On a new process for extracting sugar from low products, P. Lkcomte
{Compt. Keud. Acad. Sci. Farix, 130 {1900), No. 20, pp- 1336, 1337).
Ozone for the purification of sugar-beet juices {Sugar, 11 {1899), Xo. 12, pp.
182, 183). — Notes on the use of electrically prepared ozone in improved methods of
beet-sugar manufacture.
Verley's method of treating sirup with ozone {Tnd. Eledrochim. , 3 {1899), pp.
^5-29; ahs. in Sci. Abs., 2 {1899), No. 21, p. 630).
Practical data for the use of sulphurous acid in beet-sugar extraction
{Sugar Bed, 21 {1900), No. 1, pp. 2-4).
Russian electrical methods for beet juice and sirup epuration {Sugar Beet,
21 {1900), No. 1, p. 9).
Abnormally high polarization of some mill juices, H. C. Prinsen-Geerligs
{Meded. Proefstat. Sidkerrlef We.sf Java, No. 39, pp. 19).
Annual report of the enological station of Haro, Spain, Victor C. Manso de
ZuNiGA {Memoria Anual Entacion Enologica de Haro, July, 1899, pp. 35, map 1). —
This gives an account of the work at this station during 1899 in the following lines:
Correspondence, field, and laboratory investigations on grape growing and wine
making, and meteorological observations.
The manufacture of white w^ine from red grapes, A. Bouffard and L. 8emi-
CHOX {Ann. Ecoh' Nat. Agr. MoutpcNUr, 11 {1899-1900), pp. 155-170, Jig. 1).
New process of wine making {Sci. Amer., 82 {1900), No. 6, j). 92). — Methods
tested in France and Tunis ])y which the grapes are sul^jected to heat and jsressure
instead of using them cold and allowing the juice to exude naturally. The result is
claimed to be more juice, l)etter color and "Ijody."
Investigations on wine ferments and the use of pure cultures in wine
making, V. Pegliox {Staz. Sper. Agr. ItuL, 31 {1898), No. 12, jjp. 81-110, p)ls. 2).
The use of selected yeasts in wine making, E. Kayser {Ann. Sci. Agron., 1899,
II, No. 1, pp. 130-158).
Yeasts in viticulture, M. E. Pozzi-Escot {Jovr. Agr. Prat., 1900, I, No. 6, j>p.
212-217).
The sterilization of grape juice the solution of wine making in hot cli-
mates, C. Mayer {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 15 {1899), No. 10, pp. 651-653).
190 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Wine making- in Oran, G. Loevi {La rinlfcatlon en Omnie. Paris: G. Mast-o)i,
JS99, pp. 300, ill.). — Thi.s work treats of the methods employed in making wine in
the Province of Oran, Algeria.
Wine making in Russia: IV, Northern Caucasus, M. Ballas {St. Peter-sbui-fj:
Department of Agriculture, 1898, pp. XII -\- 256; rev. in SeM. Khoz. i Lyesov., 192
{1899), March, pp. 701, 702). — The total area of vineyards in the whole Caucasus is
291,000 acres, from which there are annually obtained 7,610,000 hucketfuls of wine
and more than 230,000,000 lbs. of grapes. The annual export of Caucasian wine
amomits to about 20,000,000 lbs. — p. firemax.
Wine making- in warm countries — Algeria and Tunis, J. Ducjast ( Vinificatio)i
dans lespai/s cltmuh — Ahjerie et Tunisie. Paris: G. Carre ct- C Naud, 1900, pp. ^81+48,
Jigs. 58).
Report on the salted wines of Tunis, A. Girard and M. Fleurent {BvI. Min.
Agr. [France'l, 18 {1899), Ko. 6, pp. 1157-1161). — A number of analyses of samples
of wine, including proximate and ash constituents, are reported.
Cider, X. Rocques {Le cidre. Paris: Masson et Cie, 1899, pp. 171, figs. 22). — This
is a volume of Encyclopedie scientifique des aide-memoire.
Cider making in Devonshire, E. A. 'fi.{Agr. Students'' Gaz., n. scr., 9 {1900), No.
6, pp. 168-173). — This is a brief description of the machinery and methods employed.
Cider making, 0. Cuisset {Jour. Agr. et Hort, 3 {1899), No. 8, 2yp. 153-155).
Investigations into the manufacture of cider, F. J. Lloyd {Bd. Agr. \^Lon-
donl, apt. Agr. Ed. and Research, Great Britain, 1898-99, pp. 158-161).— These inves-
tigations have extended over a number of years. The present article deals with
composition of the fresh juice, manipulation of cider, fermentation, filtering, and
preservatives for checking fermentation.
The manufacture and consumption of cider in Paris during 24 years {Rer\
Sci. [Paris'], 4. »er., 12 {1899), No. 15, p. 479).
Tests of the freezing of cider, Descours-Desacres ( Compt. Bend. Acad. Sci.
Pari.% 130 {1900), No. 1, pp. 51, 52).
Norwegian barley for malting purposes, F. H. Werexskiold {Tidsskr. Norske
Lnndhr., 7 {1900), No. 1, pp. 20-26).
The preparation of casein for use in the industries, C. Besaxa {Staz. Sper.
Agr. Ital, 32 {1899), No. 6, pp. 628-633).
Apparatus for steaming and drying the cocoons of silkw^orms, E. Verson
{Ann. n. Staz. Bacnl. Padora, 27 {1899), pp. 97-104).
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING.
Broad and narro-w tires, C. M. Conner {South Carolina Sta. Bui.
JfS, pp. 16). — An account is given of two tests (August 17 and October
3, 1899) on wet and dry sandy roads of the draft, as measured with the
dynamometer, of wagons with metal wheels of standard height having
tires 6 in. and 1^ in. wide. The load in each case was 2,000 lbs., the
length of run 200 ft. The results were as follows:
" In all conditions of sand roads the draft of the broad tire Avas from 7.49 to 28.6
per cent less than that of the narrow tire.
"There was little difference in the draft of the l)road tire on wet or dry sand.
The narrow tire pulls a little more than 5 percent lighter in wet sand.
"The condition of the road was not improved by the use of the broad tire except
for Ijroad tires.
STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS. 197
" The draft of the narrow tire was 5.7.3 per cent less iu loose sand than in a well-
formed rut of the broad tire."
The results of tests of a similar character at other stations are
briefly summarized.
Report of the engineer, 0. V. P. Stoct {Rpi. Xehrnshi t'^tale Bd. Agr. 1S9S, pp.
211-231). — A record of the rates of discharge of the principal streams of Nebraska.
A previous report is noted in E. S. R., 9, p. 798.
Note on the prospects of the Nile summer water supply in 1900, W. E.
Gaestix {Millers' Gaz., 23 {1900), No. 44, p. 544)-— The discharge of the river in
years of low supply (1878 and 1889) is compared with its present condition, and
means of meeting the prospective low supply are suggested.
Irrigation in the Belgian Campine, M. Beau {Jour. Agr. Prat., 1899, II, No. 42,
pp. 55S-5G1).
A gaging apparatus for testing pumps, P. Fekrocillat {Ann. Ecole Nat. Agr.
MonipeUkr, 11 {1899-1900), pp. 1-4, fig. 1).
Trial of oil engines, R. Stanfield et al. ( Trans. Highland and Agr. Sac. Scotland,
5. srr., 12 {1900), pp. 388-408, figs. 14). — Descriptions and tests of ten machines are
reported.
The future of the petroleum motor, J. Gobiet {L'Ing. Agr., 10 {1900), No. 8,
pp. 515-527).
Compend of mechanical refrigeration, J. E. Siebel {Chicago: H. S. Rich ct- Co.,
1899, 3. ed., pp. XI-^ 420). —This is stated to be "a comiirehensive digest of applied
energetics and thermodynamics for the practical use of ice manufacturers, cold-storage
men, contractors, engineers, l^rewers, packers, and others interested in the application
of refrigeration." The book discusses in detail the principles of refrigeration and
their practical application in ice making and storing; cold storage; refrigeration of
packing houses, breweries, etc. An appendix gives the literature of the subject.
STATISTICS— MISCELLANEOUS.
Twelfth Annual Report of Kansas Station, 1899 {Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1899,
pp. XX). — This includes the organization list of the station, reports of the treasurer
and secretary on the receipts and expenditures of the station for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1899; summaries of Bulletins 81-89 of the station, with an index to the
bulletins; subject lists of regular and press bulletins issued by the station, and a
general review of work in the different deiiartments.
Twelfth Annual Report of Michigan Station, 1899 {Michigan Sta. Rpt. 1899,
pjp. 4, 5, 63-73, 79-367). — Contains the organization list of the station, a report of the
secretary and treasurer for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1899, a report of the di-
rector, and departmental reports reviewing the different lines of station work during
the year, a meteorological summary noted elsewhere, and reprints of Bulletins 161-
174 of the station on the following subjects: Fertilizer analyses (E. S. R, 10, p. 734).;
relation of meteorology to forestry in ^Michigan, sketch of the original distribution
of white pine in the lower peninsula, the present condition of Michigan forest and
stump lands, forestry legislation, and methods of reforesting pine stump lands
(E. S. R., 10, pp. 1020, 1045, 1046) ; strawberry culture (E. S. R., 10, p. 1043) ; methods
and results of tillage (E. S. R., 11, p. 40) ; draft of farm implements (E. S. R., 11, p. 96) ;
a grade dairy herd (E. S. R., 11, p. 188) ; a discussion of farm dairy methods (E. S. R.,
11, p. 186); Michigan fruit list (E. S. R., 11, p. 153); notes from the South Haven
Substation (E. S. R., 11, p. 252); vegetable tests for 1898 (E. S. R., ll,p.250); bush
198 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
fruits for 1898 (E. S. R., 11, p. 252); combating disease-producing germs (E. S. R., 11,
p. 390); killing the tubercle bacillus in milk f E. S. R., 11, p. 386); fertilizer analyses
(E. S. R.,ll,p.528).
Eleventh Annual Report of New Hampshire Station, 1899 {Xetv Hampshire
Ski. Bnl. 6S, pp. 143-194, .%.s. ;?). — This contains the organization list of the station,
a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1899, reports of the vice-
director and chemist, horticulturist, agriculturist, entomologist, bacteriologist, and
meteorologist, parts of which are noted elsewhere, and a list of station publications
available for distribution. The report of the vice-director and chemist gives the
results of analyses of several i^amples of city stable manure, spring water, and wood
ashes.
Director's report for 1899, W. H. Jordan {Xew York State Sta. Bui 168, pp.
307-330). — The different lines of station work with the results obtained are reviewed
at some length, and notes are given on the station staff, student assistants, needed
changes and additions, inspection of fertilizers and feeding stuffs, and the publica-
tions of the station. Lists of bulletins published in 1899, and periodicals received
by the station library are appended.
Eighteenth Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1899 {Ohio Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp.
XXV^SS7-395, map 1). — The report contains an announcement relative to the
character of the work undertaken at the station, the organization list of the station,
a report of the treasurer for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1899, and a report of the
director reviewing the different lines of station work and giving a list of acknowl-
edgments. An index to the publications issued during the year and a subject list
of station publications are appended.
Annual Report of Virg-inia Station, 1899 ( Virginia Sta. Ept. 1899, pp. U).—
This includes the organization list of the station, summaries of Bulletins 77-88 issued
by the station during the year; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June
30, 1899, and brief outlines of work in horticulture, entomology, mycology, biology,
chemistry, veterinary science, and agriculture by the heads of departments.
Report of the agricultural experiment station at Kiel, 1899, A. Emmerling
{.Jaltres-Berieht dcr agrihiUin-chemiM-hm Vn:<<iic] testation in Kiel fiir 1899. Kiel: Vollbehr
ct- Elepen, 1900, j)p- 33). — This is a summary account of investigations carried out at
this institution during 1899, including fertilizer and feeding stuff inspections, miscel-
laneous analyses, and accounts of cooperative field experiments.
Proceedings of the thirteenth annual convention of the Association of
American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, A. C. Trce, W. H.
Beal, and H. H. Goodell ( U. S. Dept. Age., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 76, pp.
11£).— This is a detailed account of the proceedings of the convention. For a sum-
mary see E. S. R., 11, p. 405.
Organization lists of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations in
the United States, with a list of agricultural experiment stations in foreign
countries ( f '. S. Dejit. .Igr., Office of Exjieriment Stations Bui. 74, PP- 121).— The
bulletin contains in addition to the organization lists a subject list of the publications
of the experiment stations received by this Office during 1899, Federal legislation
affecting agricultural colleges and experiment stations, and the rulings of the Post-
Office, Treasury, and Agricultural Departments as to the construction of the act of
Congress of :March 2, 1887, establishing the stations.
Agricultural education in Austria {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 7 {1900), Xo. 1,
pp. 84-87) .—(M\Wme of the agricultural educational system in Austria.
Cotton-trade schools in the South, J. A. Stewart {Sci. Amer., 82 {1900), Xo. 22,
p. 342, Jigs. 7).— A description of the schools established at Atlanta, Ga., and Clemson
College, S. C, for the practical teaching of cotton manufacturing.
STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS 199
Observations and experiments to illustrate the principles of agriculture
in elementary schools, W. Fawcett ( West India a Bul.,1 {1900), No. S,2yp- 240-259).
Elementary agricultural education, R. Harper {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales,
11 {1900), No. 4, pp. 293-300, fg.s. 2). — An account is given of the author's experience
in teaching agriculture and horticulture in a public school.
Norway; the agriculture of Norway in relation to the general develop-
ment of the country, X. A. Kryukov {Norngh/a, selskoe kJiozyalstro v Norregii, v
svyazi s obshcMm razvitiem stranui. St. Petershnrg: Bttssian Ministry of Agriculture and
Crown Lands, 1899, pp. 246).
Agriculture in Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Die Jjandwirthschaft in Bosnien und
der Herzegovina. Sarajero: 1899, pp. 12^897, maps 21, pis. 20, dgms. 14)- — The topo-
graphical features of these provinces, their resources, population, crop production,
animal production, etc., are discussed. The system of agricultural education adopted
and the experiment stations and model farm are describeil at considerable length.
Australian agriculture {Mitt. Deut. Landir. Gesell., 15 {1900), Sup. to No. 3, pp.
22,33).
Colonial experiment stations, J. Dybowski {Les jardins d'essai coloniaux. Paris:
Hachette d: Co., pp. 40, Jigs. 13). — Outline of the work of the French tropical colonial
agricultural exjieriment stations, with illustrations and descriptions of some of the
more agriculturally important plants of these regions.
Australian experimental farms {Nature, 61 {1900), No. 1587, p. 528). — A list of
the experimental farms in New South "Wales and their principal lines of work.
Explanation of some scientific terms met w^ith in agricultural literature,
E. H. GuRNEY {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 10 {1899), Nos. l,pp. 54-63; 2, pp. 171-
185; 5, pp. 427-439) .
Manual of a bibliographical repertory of the sciences related to agricul-
ture arranged according to a decimal classification, V. Vekmorel {Manuel da
repertoire hihliographique des sciences agricoles etabli d'a2)res la cl '.'isification decinmle.
MontpelUer: Coulet & Sons; Paris: Ch. Beranger; Paris, Bruxelles, and Zurich: Institut
Intcrnationid. de Bd,Hographie, 1900, pp. 239, jigs. 2).
The modern farmer in his business relations, E. F. Adams {San Irancisco: N.
,T. Stone tt* Co., 1899, j^p. 662). — This is " a study of some of the principles underlying
the art of profitable farming and marketing and of the interests of farmers as affected
by modern social and economic conditions and forces. ' ' Tlae different sections treat
of the education of the farmer; the farmer as a business man and as a cooperator;
the relations of the farmer to questions of tariff, export bounty, single-tax system,
currency, labor questions, referendum, and socialism; and the character, object, and
organization of the cooperative fruit-marketing societies of California.
The appendix contains considerable information in small compass concerning the
Morrill and Hatch acts, agricultural courses and agricultural extension, books of
interest to farmers, statistics relating to banks and to currency. Interstate Commerce
Commission rulings, cooperation among farmers and others, etc.
ttTiO— No. 2 8
NOTES.
Colorado College and Station. — W. Paddock, of the New York State Station,
hab been elected to the jjosition of botanist and horticuUurist, made vacant )>y the
death of Mr. J. H. Cowen.
Maryland College and Station. — Guy L. Stewart has resigned as assistant in
plant pathology to accept a position as assistant industrial agent in charge of the
agricultural interests of a prominent railroad line.
New Yoek State Station. — Andrew J. Patten Ijegan his duties as assistant chem-
ist of the station August 1, and P. J. Parrot as assistant entomologist August 15.
Oklahoma Station. — A. G. Ford has resigned as assistant chemist of the station
in order to pursue graduate work in chemistry at the Pennsylvania State College.
Washington College and Station. — S. W. Fletcher, assistant in horticulture at
the New York Cornell Station, has been elected horticulturist.
Wyoming Station. — Luther Foster, of the Utah Station, has been elected pro-
fessor of agriculture and horticulture.
Personal Mention. — M. G. Kains, special crop culturist of the division of botany
of this Department, has resigned to accept the position of horticulturist in the School
of Practical Agriculture and Horticulture at Briarcliff Manor, N. Y.
Necrology.— J. Kjeldahl, director of the Carlsberg laboratory, born August 16,
1849, died at Bader July 18, 1900. His best-known contriljution to science is the
method of determuiing nitrogen which bears his name.
200
o
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editoh: K. W. ALLEN, Pit. T>., Asxi.^(<i,il DirMnr.
KDITdKIAL DEPARTMENTS.
Chemistry, Dairy Farniiiig, and Dairying — The Editor and IL W. Lawson.
Meteorology, Fertilizern and Soils (including methods of analysis), and Agricultural
Engineering — W. H. Beal.
Botany and Diseases of Plants — Walter H. Evans, Ph. D.
Foods and Animal Production — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D.
Field Crops — J. I. Schulte. '
Entomology and Veterinary Science — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D.
Horticulture — C. B. Smith and V. A. Clark.
With the cooperation of the scientific divisions of the Department and the Abstract
Committee of the Association of Ofhcial Agricultural Chemists.
CONTENTS OF Vol. XII, No. 3.
Editorial notes: Page.
The late Sir John Bennet Lawes 201
The influence of the Rothamsted Experiment Station 203
International congresses of horticulture, viticulture, and agriculture at Paris,
W. H. Evans, Ph. D 205
Recent "work in agricultural science , 211
Notes 299
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
CHEMISTRY.
Report of the chemists, W. R. Perkins and E. B. Ferris 21.3
Determination of phosphoric acid available as plant food in soils and ferti-
lizers, J. Plot 211
Determination of cane sugar in condensed milk, L. Griinhut and S. II. Riil)er. 211
The adulteration of cane-sugar siruj) Avith glucose, H. D. Richmond 212
On the determination of the acidity of milk, M. Siegfeld 212
On testing food products for boric acid and borates with turmeric paper, E. II.
Jenkins and A. W. Ogden 213
Analyses of borax, A. W. Ogden 21 4
Analyses of formaldehyde or formalin, A. W. Ogden 214
Miscellane<jus analyses, E. F. Ladd 214
A new indicator, J. Formaiiek 2] 3
1 Ab.scTit on ]oiive.
II CONTENTS.
BOTANY.
I'nffo.
Till' Xiirtli Aiiifricaii sjH'cics of ('lui^tocliloa, F. l.aiiison-Scriliiier aixl E. J).
Mt-rrill :^H»
Studies of the time and rate of development of the potato tul)er, L. Iv. Jones
and W. A. Ortoii 214
Development of the buds of the wild plum, L. K. Waldron 215
The effect of centrifugal force upon the cell, D. M. Mottier 215
The destruction of chlorophyll by oxidizing enzyms, A. F. Woods 216
On the formation of proteids during the germination of wheat in <larkness,
J. Goldberg 216
Concerning the physiological functions of solanin, (J. Albo 217
The inhibiting action of oxidases upon diastase, A. F. AVoods 217
The inoculation of soil, G. W. Herrick 218
Annual report of the consulting botanist for 1899, W. Garruthers 218
METEOHOI.()(;V.
Report ( )f the meteorologist, J . E. Ostrander 220
Appendix to report of meteorologist, R. E. Triiul >](■ 220
Meteorological summary, J. S. Moore 220
Summary of temperature, rainfall, and sunshine, E. F. La<ld 220
WATER — SOII.S.
Nature, value, and utilization of alkali lands, E. W. Hilgard. 221
The geology of Louisiana, G. D. Harris and A. C. Veatch 221
Analyses of artesian well waters, AV. R. Perkins and E. B. Ferris 222
Drinking water, C. H. Jones and B. 0. AVhite 222
Distilled water for drinking purposes, H. L. Bolley 222
Analyses of soils, W. R. Perkins and E. B. Ferris 222
Chemical methods for ascertaining the lime requirements of soils, H. J. Wheeler,
B. L. Hartwell, and C. L. Sargent 222
Soil temperatures, R. E. Trimble 222
FEKTILIZEHS.
On the importance of different green-manuring jtlants in the economy of soil
nitrogen during the fall months, H. C. Larsen 22:;
Further notes on organic nitrogen availability, C. H. Jones and B. O. White. . . 224
Contribution to the knowledge of the injurious effect of nitrate of soda on
vegetation, J. Stoklasa 225
Fertilizers, E. Fulmer and W. H. Heileman 225
Analyses of commercial fertilizers and manurial substances, C. A. Goessniann. 225
Report of the chemist, C. A. Goessniann et al 226
Fertilizers, F. W. Morse - 226
Report of analysesof conunercial fertilizers for the fall of 1899, L. L. Van Slyke. 226
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, J. L. Hills, C. H. Jones, and B. O. White .... 226
Fertilizers and fertilizing materials, C. H. Jones and B. O. White 226
Commercial fertilizers, J. II. Stewart and B. II. Hite 226
Analyses of licensed comniercial fertilizers, 1900, F. W. W<.11 an<l A. A'ivian . . . 226
FIELD CUOl'S.
Report of the agriculturist, W. P. Brooks and H. :M. Tlu)ms()n 226
Report of the agricultural department, J. H. Shepperd 233
Report on experiments conducted by the Ontario Agricultural and l-:xperi-
mental T'nion, 1899 228
CONTKNTS. HI
l';ige.
Kei)()rt of tlie Arkansas Valley Suhstatioii, ?I. 11. ( Jriflin 229
I'^ield experiint'iits, E. R. Lloyd - 229
Meld cropH, 1899, F. C. Burtia et al 230
i'rogress of exijerimentH in forage crops and range improvement at Abilene,
Tex., H. L. Bentley 2.30
Forage crops, J. S. Moore 234
Analyses of sorghum and forage j)lants, W. li. Perkins ami E. B. Ferris 234
Sundry forage crops, J. L. Hills 234
Forage plants in Washington, W. J. Spilhnan 234
Egyptian cotton in the United States, L. II. Dewey ....'. 231
Cowpeas and corn for silage and fodder, W. Gettys 232
Influence of the time of harvesting on the yield and quality of ho|)s, W.
Behrend 232
Influence of size of seed tubers on the yield of potatoes, Clausen '. . . 232
The selection of potatoes for seed jjurposes, H. L. Bolley 234
Rice culture in the United States, S. A. Knapp 235
Sugar beets, C. H. Jones and B. 0. White 235
Sugar-beet experiments, E. F. Ladd 235
The work of the agricultural experiment stations on tobacco, J. I. Scliulte and
M. Whitney 235
Culture of wheat and oats on the experimental lields at (Mrignon in 1899, P. P.
Deherain 233
Observations on the growth and products of wheat plants of known selected
pedigree, H. L. Bolley 2.36
HORTICULTURE.
The fertilizer reijuirements of asparagus, J. Honig and E. Hasellioff 2.36
The South Haven report for 1899, L. R. Taft and S. H. Fulton 236
Report of the section of botany and horticulture, C. S. Crandall 244
Report of the horticulturist, A. B. McKay 244
Report of the horticulturist, C. B. Waldron 245
Pollination in orchards, S. W. Fletcher 237
The apple and how to grow it, G. B. Brackett 245
Orchard technique: III. Growing the apple orchard, W. B. Alwood 245
Varieties of sour cherries, U. P. Hedrick : 245
Report of the horticulturist, F. A. Waugli 238
Facts and opinions about plums and jilum growing in Iowa, J. Craig 240
Strawberries, C. S. Crandall and C. H. Potter 246
The Oregon evergreen blackberry, U. P. Hedrick 246
Fertilizing self-sterile grapes, S. A. Beach 240
Bench grafting resistant vines, F. T. Bioletti and A. M. dal Piaz 241
The forcing of plants by ether, ,T. Fischer 243
FOIIESTRV.
Experiments in forestry, C. S. C'randall 248
The density of forest crops, W. Schlich 247
The lebbek or siris tree, D. G. Fairchild 248
SEEDS AVEEDS.
The fanner's interest in good seed, A. J. Pieters 251
Red clover seed, A. J. Pieters 251
The seed of smooth brome grass, A. J. Pieters 251
Investigations on weeds, H. U. Bolley , 248
IV CONTENTS.
I -ago.
Killing weeds with clieiiiicals, ].. K. Jones and AV. A. Orton 249
The use uf solutions of sulphate of ammonia and superphospliate for destioy-
ing weeds, Maizieres 249
Results of experiments on the spraying of charlock, P. H. Foulkes 250
Spraying of charlock 250
Eradication of moss in ])astures 251
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Report of the l)otanists, G. E. Stone and R. PI Smith 253
A second partial list of the parasitic fungi of Vermont, L. R. Jones and AV. A.
Orton 261
Report on various cryptoganiic diseases, 1"! Marchal 254
Smut of cereals, H. L. Bolley 255
Potato diseases and their remedies, L. R. Jones and W. A. Orton 255
A new phoma disease of swedes, M. C. Potter 256
Tomato blight, G. "\V. Herrick 256
The relationship existing between the asparagus rust and the jihysical proper-
ties of the soil, G. E. Stone and R. E. Smith 257
Notes on a cantaloupe disease, C. S. Crandall 261
Fungus diseases of the roots of fruit trees 257
The brown spot of the api^le, L. R. Jones and W. A. Orton 258
Spraying for the prevention of apple scab, L. R. Jones and W. A. Orton 259
The prevention of peach-leaf (;url, W. A. Murrill 259
Investigations on the lirunissure of plants, V. Ducomet 260
A stunted growth of vines, L. Ravaz 260
The parasitism of Phoma reniformis, L. Ravaz and A. Bonnet 260
Two hitherto unknown diseases of PIdo.r (Jecussata, J. Ritzema-Bos 260
ENTOMOLOCiY.
Report of the State entomologist, E. P. Felt 263
Thirtieth annual report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1899. 264
Report of the entomologist, C. H. Fernald 271
Report of the entomological section, C. P. Gillette 265
A new sugar-beet pest and other insects attacking the beet, R. W. Doane 265
Notes on a new sugar-beet pest, with a description of the species, R. W. Doane. 266
The grass thrips, W. E. Hinds 266
Common diseases and insects injurious to fruits, S. A. 15eacli, V. II. Lowe,
and F. C. Stewart 271
Plant diseases and insect pests, C. P. Close 271
Codling moth; a wasp that destroys the apple worm, U. P. Hedrick 267
The apple plant louse, J. B. Smith 268
The forest caterpillar, G. H. Perkins 269
Caterpillar plague, II. Tryon 270
Plague locusts, W. W. Froggatt 270
Orchard technique: IV. Spraying the orchard, W. P>. Alwood 270
Fumigation of nursery stock, S. A. Beach 273
Insecticides, C. H. Jones and B. O. AVhiti' 273
FOODS — ANIMA I- ]'H()J)UCTION.
Bread and tiie princ-ijjles oi bread making, nelen AV. Atuater - - 279
Food products examined, E. F. Ladd -73
Sampli's examined by the Connecticut State Station 279
Food products examinetl for the dairy conunissioner in the twelve montlis
ended Julv 31, 1899 280
CONTENTS. V
Page.
The chemical coiiipo.sitiou of authentic j^aiiijjles of spice.s and spice adulter-
ants, A. L. Winton, A. W. O^den, and W. L. Mitchell 280
Coffee, A. L. AVinton 280
Carbonated nonalcoholic beverages ("temperance drinks," "summer
drinks,") and fruit flavors, A. L. Winton, A. W. Ogden, and W. L.
Mitchell 280
Peanut butter and peanolia, A. L. Winton 280
Banana flour, vinegar, milk, and cream 280
Chemical preservatives, E. H. Jenkins, W. L. Mitchell, and A. W. Ogden 280
The relative digestibility of several sorts of fat by man: IV. On artificial cul-
inary fats and their digestibility as compared with lard, H. Liihrig _ . . 274
Report of the chemist (division of foods and feeding), J. B. Lindsey et a! 281
Concentrated feed stuffs, J. B. Lindsey et al 281
Concentrated feeding stuffs, C. H. Jones and B. 0. White 282
Feeding stuff inspection, H. J. Wheeler and B. L. Hartwell 282
The feeding value of sorghum as shown by chemical analysis, R. W. Thatcher. 274
The digestibility of American feeding stuffs, W. H. Jordan and F. H. Hall 275
Feeding young cattle, II. H. Griffin 275
Beef herd, E. R. Lloyd 282
The production and marketing of wool, H. W. Mumford 275
Sheep in the coastal district, G. Valdar 276
Animal food for poultry, W. P. Wheeler 276
Poultry experiments, AV. P. Brooks and II. M. Thomson 279
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYI.N'G.
Dairy work, J. 8. Moore 288
Feeding tests and their methods, J. L. Hills 283
The effect of fatigue upon the quantity and quality of milk, J. L. Hills 285
The effect of food upon the quality of butter, J. L. Hills 285
Record of the station herd for 1897-98, J. L. Hills 286
Laws of the composition of cows' milk, and the detection of adulteration, H.
Timpe 286
The efficiency of a continuous pasteurizer at different temperatures, H. A.
Harding and L. A. Rogers 287
On the manufacture of cheese from pasteurized milk, G. Hamilton 288
Milk test inspection law, C. H. Jones and B. O. White 288
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE.
Fourteenth annual report of the State board of live stock commissioners, C. I*.
Johnson et al 289
Actinomycosis of man and animals, B. Schiirmayer 290
Tuberculosis- of cattle, G. E. Nesom 291
Review of Professor Bang's work with contagious abortion, C. E. Marshall 293
Observations concerning the significance of streptococci in comparative pathol-
ogy, V. A. Moore 292
The curability of glanders, J. McFadyean 292
ACiRIClTLTURAL ENGINEERING.
Report of the meteorologist and irrigation engineer, L. G. Carpenter 294
The use of w'ater in irrigation in Wyoming, B. C. Buffum 295
Silo construction and sil^e, C. M. Conner 296
The social, commercial, and economic phases of the road subject, AV. II. Aloore. 296
STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS.
Twelfth Annual Report of Arkansas Station, 1899 296
Twelfth Annual Report of Colorado Station, 1899 296
VI CONTENTS,
Page.
Fifteenth Annual Keport of Maine Station, 1S99 297
Twelfth Annual Report (jf INIassachusetts Hateh Station, ISQO 297
Twelfth Annual Report of Mississippi Station, 1899 297
Tenth Annual Report of North Dakota Station, 1899 297
Twelfth Annual Report of Vermont Station, 1899 297
Record of six years' work at the Plains Substation, J. ]']. Payne 297
Report of the Rainbelt Substation, J. E. Payne 297
The agrieultural experiment stations in the United States, A. C. True and
V. A. Clark 297
Statistics of the land-grant colleges and agricultural experiment stations in the
United States for the year ended June 30, 1899 _ 298
Farmers' institutes: History and status in the Ignited States an<l Canada,
L. H. Bailey 298
Experiment Station Work— XIV 298
Crop circular for April, 1900, J. Hyde 298
Agricultural imports and exports, 1895-1899 298
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED.
Experiment stations in the United States:
Arkansas Station:
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 296
California Station:
Bulletin 127, 1900 241
Bulletin 128, March, 1900 221
Colorado Station:
Bulletin 53, March, 1900 246
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 220,
222, 229, 244, 248, 261, 265, 275, 279, 280, 281, 282, 294, 296, 297
Connecticut State Station:
Twenty-third Annual Report, 1899, Part I ! 213, 214
Iowa Station :
Bulletin 4ti, March, 1900 240
Louisiana Stations:
Special Report, Part V, Geology and Agriculture 221
Maine Station:
Fifteenth Annual Report, 1899 297
Massachusetts Hatch Station:
Bulletin 64, February, 1900 281
Bulletin 65, ISIarch, 1900 225
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 220, 226, 253, 257, 271, 279, 281, 297
Michigan Station:
Bulletin 177, Decendjer, 1899 236
Bulletin 178, January, 1900 275
Special Bulletin 13, December, 1899 293
Mississippi Station:
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899. 213, 218, 220, 222, 229,234, 244, 256, 282, 288, 297
Nebraska Station :
15ulletin 62, March 18, 1900 274
New Hampshire Station:
Bulletin 69, January, 1900 22(i
New Jersey Stati<jn:
Bulletin 143. March 8, 1900 268
CONTENTS. VII
Experiment stations in tlie United States— C'ontiiuie.l. Page.
New York Cornell Station:
Bulletin 180, March, 1900 -'59
Bulletin 181, March, 1900. - 237
New York State Station:
Bulletin 169, December, 18^)9 240
Bulletin 170, December, 1899 271
Bulletin 171, December, 1899 276
Bulletin 172, December, 1899 " - 387
Bulletin 173, December, 1899 - 226
Bulletin 174, March, 1900 273
North Dakota Station:
Tenth Annual Report, 1899 - 214,
215, 220, 222, 233, 234, 235, 236, 245, 248, 255, 273, 297
Oklahoma Station :
Bulletin 44, December, 1899 - - - - 230
Rhode Island Station:
Bulletin 62, February, 1900 222
Bulletin 63, February, 1900 - 282
South Carolina Station:
Bulletin 50, January, 1900 291
Bulletin 51, April, 1900 296
Utah Station:
Bulletin 64, December, 1899 245, 246, 267
Bulletin 65, February, 1900 271
Vermont Station :
Bulletin 76, March, 1900 - - - 269
Bulletin 77, April, 1900 226
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 214, 222, 224,
226, 234, 235, 238, 249, 255, 258, 259, 261, 273, 282, 283, 285-, 286, 288, 297
Virginia Station:
Bulletin 99, April, 1899 245
Bulletin 100, May, 1899 270
Washington Station :
Bulletin 40, December, 1899 225
Bulletin 41, 1900 234
Bulletin 42, 1900 265
West Virginia Station:
Bulletin 63, January 1, 1900 - - - - 226
Wisconsin Station :
Bulletin 81, April, 1900 226
United States Department of Agriculture:
Report No. 63 : 235
Farmers' Bulletin 110 235
Farmers' Bulletin 111 - - 251
Farmers' Bulletin 112 279
Farmers' Bulletin 113 - 245
Farmers' Bulletin 114 298
Division of Agrostology :
Bulletin 21 '. 219
Circular 23 230
Circular 24 .- - - - 232
YiTi cuntp:nts
United States Department of Agriculture — ("ontinucd. I'm^v.
Division of Botany:
Circular 2o 248
Circular 24 251
Circular 25 25 1
Circular 26 _ _ • 2:51
Office of Experiment Stations:
Bulletin 77 275
Bulletin 78 298
Bulletin 79 _ 298
Bulletin 80 297
Bvilletin 81 295
Section (jf Foreign .\iari<ets:
Circular 22 298
Office of Public Road In(iuiries:
Circular 84. 296
Division of Statistics:
Crop Circular for April, UiUO 298
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XII. No. 3.
The life of the hite Sir John Rennet Liiwes furnishes a remarkable
example of individual zeal and niuniticence, directed to the promotion
of agriculture and the advancement of agricultural science. Born to
wealth and luxury, and inheriting an estate upon the management of
which he entered with the keenest interest and business sagacit_y, the
squire of Rothamsted early developed a spirit of inquiry which dom-
inated his whole life. A keen observer and an untiring experimenter,
he saw in ever}- weed an unsolved prol)lem, in every clod of soil a sub-
ject for stud3\ For over 60 3'ears he devoted a large share of time and
thought from a busy commercial life to the solution of these problems
of agriculture, converting a portion of his estate into an experiment
station and providing the means for its maintenance. His thorough
knowledge of the details of farming, coupled with his practical sagac-
ity, enaliled him to grasp at once the real bearing and importance of
each new fact. His services to agriculture are known and recognized
throughout the civilized world, but perhaps nowhere have the}' been
more appreciated or had a greater influence than in this country. His
name in connection with the famous Rothamsted experiments has for
man}' years been a familiar one in the class room of the agricultural
college, at the farmers' institute, and to readers of the agricultural
press. The full measure of success which he achieved makes his life
one of inspiration and unusual interest. The universal appreciation
of his services and the close relations which he has borne to the Amer-
ican stations will cause the deepest regret at his death and a profound
sense of loss to the cause of agricultural investigation. He died
August 31, 1900, in his eighty-sixth year, "full of da^s and full of
honors, and venerated by all who knew him."
Although Sir John's earlier education, obtained at Eton and Oxford,
was mainly classical, he developed a fondness for chemistry which led
him to spend some time in London in its study. Some of his earlier
work was directed to the isolation of the alkaloids of medicinal plants.
He entered upon the management of the paternal estate of Rothamsted
at the age of twenty, and some three years later, in 1S3T, he com-
menced his experiments with soil in pots. This was before Liebig jiud
201
202 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
announced lii.s theoi-y of plant nutrition, and wlion kno\vled<4V roo-ard-
ing- the rccjuirciuents of plants and the way in w hicli they secure their
nourishment was in very crude state.
His earlier experiments led to the discover}^ of the value of trans-
forming bone into superphosphate hy the use of sulphuric acid. The
importance and scope of this discovery was contirmed in more exten-
sive experiments, following' which he took out a patent on the process
in 1842, and the next year established a fertilizer factory near London.
He continued in the management of this business for nearW thirty
3"ears, during which time it remained one of the foremost industries
of its kind in England. It was sold in 18T2"for nearl}' one and a half
million dollars. In 1867 a large factory was acquired for the maiui-
facture of tartaric and citric acids, which his wise business management
and ability likewise placed at the head of this branch of chemical manu-
factui'e. He continued to operate this factor}^ up to the time of his
death.
But the commercial life upon which he entered did not prevent the
continuation of the work of investigation which had been undertaken
with so much interest, and in 1813 the services of Dr. (now Sir) J. H.
Gilbert were engaged to superintend the laboratory investigations.
This scientific partnership continued to the close of Sir John's life.
His love for the work never waned, and he maintained a close super-
vision of it. No one knew the experimental tields liettcr than he did.
The development of the station with the flight of years and the
extent and character of its investigations are too familiar to need
description. With the aid of Dr. Gilbert the field experiments were
enlarged and systematized until they occupied nearly 10 acres, the
whole of the present series of plats being in operation by 1856.
These field experiments have been models of excellence, and in their
extent and the systematic regularity with which they have been con-
ducted they are unique. Experiments w^ith animals were taken up in
1817, and since then several hundred oxen, sheep, and pigs have been
used in the study of a variety of problems relating to animal nutiltion.
The work on the composition of animals has l)ecome almost classic.
The first paper of Lawes and Gilbert was, as Sir Henry Gilbert
once said, "subjected to merciless excision by the editor of the journal
to which it was sent,"' and thev secured its publication with difficulty.
The collected reports now occupy nine volumes, and have. been widely
distributed.
The wide recognition of the Kothamsted work which came with
time brought its founder many honors. •'The Queen created him a
baronet in 1882; universities gave him their degrees; societies bestowed
upon him their medals. Prosperity could not spoil him. Quite free
fi-oni pri-soual amltition, he wasalwa3's ready to give th(> credit of suc-
cess to his fellow-workers.'* This spirit of modest}' and generosity
EDITOKIAL. 203
endeared liiiii to all \\1k) knew him. It nianifested itself in his response
at the Rothamsted Jubilee in 1898, which was largely a tribute to his
life-lono- coadjutor. ""Had it not been for the constant labors of Dr.
Gilbert,"' he declared, ''the affairs of Rothamsted would have been in
a different state to that in which they now are."
In 1889 Sir John transferred the laboratories and experimental
fields of Rothamsted to a board of trustees with an endowment of
nearly a half million dollars, thus making- liberal provision for contin-
uing the investigations permanently.
The influence of the Rothamsted station upon agricultural investi-
gation in this country has l)een very potent and far-reaching. Long
before the experiment station movement in the United States its
work Avas widely known and did much to prepare the way for agricul-
tural investigation here. Many a professor of agriculture gained his
first inspiration for experimental work from a visit to Rothamsted or
from published accounts of the work conducted there.
Three things have contributed to make the influence of the Rotham-
sted station especially strong in this country. First, it was quite well
known, especially among certain classes of readers of agricultural
literature, and was regarded by man}" of them as a model. Being an
English station, its literature was more accessible to many and inter-
course with the station was quite frequent. Second, much of its work
was of a more immediately practical trend and on a basis which
appealed to the thoughtful farmer because he could luiderstand its bear-
ing. It enabled farmers to see in what wa}' experiment stations might
contribute to the promotion of their interests. It helped to popularize
the movement. Finally, the conditions were more nearly similar to
our own, our methods of agriculture more nearly approaching those
of England, and the experiments had been carried on so long and with
such thoroughness as to inspire unusual confidence in them.
Since the establishment of the stations the literature of the Rotham-
sted w^ork has been at their connnand. The work and results have
been explained in three series of lectures given in this country, and a
considei-able number of station workers have visited Rothamsted and
been privileged to discuss agricultural problems and methods of inves-
tigation with its founder. Its influence on the field work of our stations
has been very noticeable. The field experiments at Rothamsted are far
famed for their excellence and for the systematic way in which they
have been conducted. The methods of plat experimentation have
there been worked out in all the nicety of detail, and this has saved
our stations years of i)r(4iminary work on methods.
The Rothamsted field experuuents deriAe their greatest value from
the comprehensive plan on which they were laid out, which has ena-
bled their scope to be extended from time to time so as to include new
204 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
phases of the questions under investigation as they develop; from' the
systematic and painstaking manner in which they have been continued
through long periods, strengthening the contidcMice in the results; and
from the full notes which have been taken at each .stage and placed in
permanent form. In «ome of these respects there is still opportunity
for the American experiment stations to profit by the methods at
Rothamsted, if field experiments are to contiiuie to form so prominent
a feature of their work.
There have been many evidences of Sir John Lawes's deep interest
in the American stations. He was in correspondence with some of
the leading advocates of the stations before their establishment, and
has frequently expi'cssed his admiration of the work which they arc
doing. Soon after the establishment of the stations Sir John sent
twenty-six handsomely bound sets of the Rothamsted pul)lications,
prepared at large cost, to be distributed among the stations as far as
the}" would go. and in 1897 he supplemented this gift by a second
installment of twenty-six sets, so that practically every station has
been provided with a set of these valual)le papers. He also distributed
about 800 copies of the outline "memoranda"" of the Rotham^ed
investigations among our station workers. His friendly spirit was
still further shown by his provision in the Lasves Agricultural Trust
for a biennial course of lectures in the United vStates on the work at
Rothamsted. He did this, as he said, in order that Americans should
feel that they had a share in an}- of the benefits which might arise
from the Rothamsted endowment.
This fraternity of interest has been helpful to the American stations
and a source of much gratification. Rothamsted will continue to be to
them an inspiration, and under the generous provision of its founder Avill
undoubtedly maintain the same high position in which he placed it.
INTERXATIOXAL CONGRESSES OF HORTICUETURE, VITICUL-
TURE, AND AGRICULTURE AT PARIS.
Walter H. Evans, Ph. Tt.,
Office of Experiment Slatlons.
Among the congre'^ses held at Paris the pa.st summer in connection
with the international exposition, those of horticulture, viticulture,
and agriculture are likely to prove of special interest to readers of
the Record. The following brief account is prepared from notes
taken by the writer and from some of the published proceedings.
The doings of the congresses of experiment stations and of agricul-
tural instruction were noted in the preceding number of this journal
(pp. 101, 102).
COXGRESS OF HORTICULTURE.
The International Congress of Horticulture was opened by M.
Dupu3\ minister of agriculture, in the Salle des Congres, Paris, May
25, and continued three da3's. Permanent organization was effected
with M. Viger president and M. Bergman general secretary, the vice-
presidents being selected from the various foreign delegates and dis-
tinguished French horticulturists present.
The papers presented covered quite a range of horticultural topics
and were discussed at length. The hrst was a report on progress
made in the heating of greenhouses. Steam, it was said, has l)een
employed since 1825, having been used at that time in England. Hot-
water heating was advocated as easier of control, and by its use lower
constant temperatures are possible than Ijy the use of steam. Public
gardens for different regions and the question of the ornamentation of
public squares and promenades were discussed. The general princi-
ples of ornamentation and requirements for parks, squares, and streets
were stated, and the kind of plants adapted to the different conditions
indicated. The fourth paper treated of the causes of the clematis dis-
ease and its prevention, and led to considerable discussion. Different
opinions were expressed as to its cause, some holding it to be due to
nematodes, others that it was a question of nutrition. For destroy-
ing the nematodes, which are said to be species of Heterodera, the
immersion of pots in water for 24 hours was recommended. For open-
air culture no means of prevention were proposed. The art of the
floral decorator, its development and utility as related to horticulture,
was the subject of two conti'ibutions. In one the development of the
205
206 EXPERIMPJNT STATION RECORD.
art was traced fi'oin vorv early times, while the other gave an account
of the pi-ogress dui'itig" the nineteenth centurv. It was shown that at
the present time tloral decorators in the vicinity of Paris reijuire about
$2,000,000 of horticultural products animally.
A report was given on the practical prevention of some diseases of
truck crops. One of the largest growers of Roman lettuce near Paris
stated that b}- the use of eau celeste he had entirely overcome the verj^
common loss accompanying the forcing of that crop. Prof. Maxim
Cornu recommended the prevention of all similar diseases l)y spraying
the ground at the time of seeding with copper solutions and mulching
about the plants with material which had been previously soaked in
copper sulphate. Hot-water heating for forcing vegetables was the
subject of a ])aper in which the writer gave results with this sj'steni of
heating in forcing melons, beans, strawberries, and tomatoes, all of
which were proiitabh- grown for the spring market. Carrots, salads,
radishes, and cauliflowers did not prove profitable. Considerable
difference of opinion was expressed regarding the method of ai)pli-
cation and composition of fertilizers for truck crops. The advo-
cates of chemical ftu'tilizers and of manures were insistent upon their
views. The sul)ject was referred to a subsequent meeting. The role
of artificial fecundation in horticulture, as shown by some experiments
with Pelargonium zon<ih\ was the sul)ject of a paper that occasioned
considerable discussion. A brief paper was presented on the role of
electricity in plant growth, in which the author expressed the belief
that electricity increased the general vigor of plants. The application
of seed selection to the production and lixation of new horticultural
varieties was exemplified by two specimens of palms grown from seed
from different parts of the parent cluster. Others taking part in the
discussion asserted that in improvement of varieties the individual
should be the unit of selection, and that repeated experiments tended
to throw doubt upon the constancy of differences sometimes noted for
seed from different parts of a plant.
Other papers were on the progranmie but were carried over to the
next meeting of the National Horticultural Societv of France.
After the adiournment of the congress the delegates and others
visited the School of Horticulture and the nurseries and houses of a
numl)er of commercial horticulturists at Versailles, the trial farm of
Vilmorin. Andrieux & Co., and nuishrooni caves ncnir Paris.
CONGRESS OF VITICUI.TI RE.
The International Congress of Viticulture was held June 12-1 «> under
the presidency of M. Tisserand, honorary director of agriculture of
France. The first session was taken up with reports and discussion on
the subject of phylloxera. As means for combating this pest, submer-
sion, the use of carbon bisulphid and 'potassium sulphocar])onate, and
INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSP:S AT PARIS. 207
resistiint viiu\s were all discussed, each method having- its advocates.
The second session was devoted to the consideration of resistant vines;
the merits of various varieties and races of American vines as resistant
not only to ph3dloxcra Imt also to drought were pointed out. At the
third session the g-oneral sul)jcct of grape diseases was considered under
the guidance of P. Viahi, of the Institute National Agronomique. Pro-
tection from frost and hail, and problems of vinitication were discussed
in the fourth session, while the fifth and last session was largely given
up to commercial features of the wine industry, the relation of wine
and hygiene, and the use of I rench geographical names of wine regions
as trade names bj^ wine producers in foreign countries. This latter
practice was severely condemned.
COXGKESS OF AGRICULTURE.
The Sixth International Congress of Agriculture was held July 1-7
under the presidency of M. J. Meline, with M. E. Tisserand vice-
president and M. Henry Sagnier general secretar}^ delegates being
present from nearly all the leading nations of the world. The first of
this series of congresses was held in Paris in 188!». Subsequent meet-
ings have been held at The Hague, Brussels, Budapest, and Lausanne.
The congress was formally opened by M. Dupuy, minister of agri-
culture. After a few remarks he introduced the permanent president,
who addressed the delegates on the general agricultural situation, con-
trasting the present conditions with those existing at the time of the
first congress. At the conclusion of the address, permanent organiza-
tion was effected and the congress divided into seven sections with
presiding officers as follows: Rural economy, M. Ribot; agricultural
education, M. Gomot; agronomy, M. Marquis de Vogiie; zootechny,
M. Louis Pass}'; rural engineering, J\I. Sebline; tropical and sub-
tropical agriculture, M. Develle; and vegetable pathology, M. E.
Prillieux.
In the sections papers were presented and discussed, and in many
instances referred ]>ack to the general session for further consid-
eration.
In section 1, the causes of the low price of wheat, the role of agri-
cultural syndicates in their relation to producer and consumer, and the
measures to be adopted to prevent speculators from fixing prices were
discussed at length.
Section 2 considered papers on agricultural education in universities,
and M. Grosjean, inspector-general of agriculture of France, sub-
mitted a report on training schools, professional schools, and special
schools of agriculture, horticulture, and viticulture. The discussion
on these papers took a wide range, at the conclusion of which a state-
ment was presented embodying the ideas of the section upon the
necessities of agricultui-al education. Wheiv such instruction is not
20!^ EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
already given, it is suooosted tiiat cleiiientiin' aoriculture l)e taught in
pi-iiiiarv .schools, or through tho ostablishment of special winter
schools or courses. As a means for elonientarv training these were
especially commended. For the higher schools of agriculture, sugges-
tions for their location, equipment, curricula, etc., were made, and it
was suggested that the universities direct their courses more toward
the application of the various sciences to agriculture.
Papers on the relation between geological formation and agricultural
value of soils, the degree to which soil fertility may ])e determined by
chemical analysis, and the utilization ot water in agriculture were pre-
sented in section 3.
In section 4 the subject of bovine tuberculosis was the principal
topic of consideration. Papers were read on its spread, proph3daxis,
etc. The sanitar}^ regulations of different countries were reviewed
and the necessit}^ of such measures pointed out to those nations not
having such laws or regulations.
Section 5 considered papers on the improvement of the sugar beet
by selection and cultivation, the use of alcohol in the industries, and
the use of molasses and unrefined sugar as feeding stuffs. A number
of delegates gave their experiences with sugar and molasses as feeding
stuff's, the use of which seems to have been followed with remarkable
results.
The sessions of section 6 were in the main given up to the discussion
of colonial agriculture, particular attention being given to the condi-
tions for the culture of sugar cane and cotton. It was believed by a
number of those taking part in the discussion that the ])roper condi-
tions for cotton culture would T)e found in many of the colonies of
European countries.
Section 7 received papers on the rust of cereals, diseases of cane,
diseases of coffee, the protection of useful birds and animals, etc. At
the instance of this section the general session adopted a series of res-
olutions looking toward the establishment of an international confer-
ence committee on plant diseases and their control, the object being to
study simultaneously the diseases of various economic plants. A pro-
visional committee was ai)})ointed from those in attendance and was
directed to organize the international connuission and to outline the
scope of its work. Those designated for this purpose are: Delacroix,
Eriksson, Fischer-Waldheim, Laurent, Prillieux, Sorauer, and Went.
To this list there were added by the section: Frank, Marshall- Ward,
Wiesner, Rostrup, Galloway, Linhart, Targioni-Tozzetti, Cuboni,
Jaczewski, Fischer, and Chodat. It was also determined to publish a
periodical bulletin giving the practical results of the studies of the
connuission.
Among the subjects suggested for investigation by this commission
is cereal rusts. It was recommended that the various nations where
INTERNATIONAL C()N(;RESSE^^ AT PARI!^. 209
coi'cal rusts alxniiid authorize and cncouraj^'c tlii' study oi' these diseases
and means for their ])r(>vention for at least five years, this study to
inelude the investigation and hreediuj^" of resistant varieties to take
the place of those now cultivated. On account of the danger of the
8j)read of diseases of cotfee, cacao, and sugar (;ane to countries not now
ali'ected, it Avas suggested that the importation of all living stocks be
under strict governmental control and such exchanges be isolated for
a year or more until all danger of infection is past. Attention was
called to the necessity of recognizing the relation between low vitality
of plants and their liability to disease, and of taking steps toward
studying the proper hygiene of the plant.
On July 8 the subjects of agricultural education and the protection
of useful bii'ds and animals were considered in general session, having
been referred to the general congress from their respective sessions.
Consideration was also given the reports on the improvement of sugar
beets, and from section T on plant diseases. In the afternoon the del-
egates visited the sewage works at Ache res, where the sewage of Paris
is disposed of. The filtration works have a superiicial area of over
9,000 acres.
The general sessions of the congress on July 4 were taken up with
reports on the improvement of races of stock, and on the question of
wheat supply and demand. l)oth topics l)eing discussed at considerable
length.
July 5 was given up to excursions to Verrieres, the trial grounds of
Vilmorin, Andrieux & Co., and to the farm of M. Henry Petit. This
latter has lieen maintained as a model farm in this family since 1740.
At the general session of July 6 the subject of import and octroi
duties as bearing on the price of agricultural produce was discussed,
and reports received from the different sections. The afternoon ses-
sion was given up to reports on agricultural insurance, cooperative
bakers, use of alcohol in various industries, molasses for distilleries,
agricultural syndicates, and agricultural cooperative associations.
At the morning session of July 7 in section 3 a report was made on
the reclamation and bringing under cultivation of certain tracts of
land near the sea. More liberal concessions on the part of the (xovern-
ment are required to make such enterprises successful in France at
least. A paper on irrigation in France was I'ead and discussed. It
was stated that of between (\ and 7 million hectares of land capable of
irrigation but 250,000 hectares have been improved in this way. The
subject of mountain pastures and pasturage as liearing upon the ques-
tion of reclamation of such regions was introduced and considered at
some length. On account of the importance of the topic it was
formallv referred to the next meeting of the congress, two years hence,
at which time reports are to be expected from all the nations taking
part in the congress.
8058— No. 3 -2
210 EXPERIMENT STATION KE(^()KD.
Ill section 4 the I'clatioii of the Governnient to horse ])i-eeding was
discussed. The iiiii)roveinent of horses in France is largeh' etfected
through sires owned l»y the Government. The effect of mechanical
means of locomotion as relating to horse raising was considered. The
advent of autom()bih:'s is said to threaten the demand for medium and
low grade horses. l)ut for the higher-pi'iced animals no fear was
expressed.
Other section I'eports were presented, among them the suggestions
for agricultural education in primary schools, and agricultural schools
for women. In ]irimarv schools giving agi'icultui'al instruction, it was
agreed that they should confine their efforts to a knowledge of the
common rocks and soils of the region and elementary knowledge con-
cerning the minerals contained, also the use of fertilizers, recognition
of plants, seeds, insects, etc. The instruction in these lines should be
supplemented with visits to some of the better farms in the neighbor-
hood of the school, where various agricultural operations could be
observed. The necessity' and desire for dairy schools and schools of
domestic economy for women were pointed out, and those countries
possessing such institutions were commended. Traveling dairies and
similar institutions received the sanction of the congress as beneffcial.
The control of fei'tilizers, foods, etc., in the interest of agriculture
and for the repression of fraud was discussed and the desirability for a
unification of methods of analysis and repressive measures was pointed
out. The role of fields of demonstration and experiment as factors in
advancing agriculture was shown and the more frequent establishment
of such fields advocated. Reports were submitted on experiment
stations, seed-testing stations, practical schools of agriculture, schools
for the study of colonial agriculture, comliating fungus and insect
pests, mulberry culture, etc.
On July 7 the President of France gave a reception to the officers
and delegates of the congress. After the reception a ])anquet Avas
given at the Hotel C-ontinental, which was largeh' attended h}- the
members. Rome was selected as the place of thi^ tiext meeting, which
will be held in l!»02.
At the clos(^ of the congress excursions were taken to the experi-
ment station and national agricultural school at Grignon, School of
Horticulture at X'ersjiilles, to the north of France, Douai, Lille, etc.,
where numerous model farms, distill(M-i(^s. dairy and stock farms,
vinevards. etc., were visited.
RECliNT WORK IN AGRirUI.TURAL SCIENCE.
CHEMISTRY.
Determination of phosphoric acid available as plant food in
soils and fertilizers, .1. Plot {Oesterr. Chem. Ztg., J {1900), pp.
127-l.U: ills, ht Jour. ('hem. Soe. [London], 78 {1900), No. 1^53, IL
p. 510; J<nifr. Soe. Chem. Ind., 19 {1900), JVo. 7, p. 676).— The. solvent
used by the author is claimed to resemble closely T)eet juice in respect
to salts, and is prepared as follows: Dissolve 0.4004 gm. of ferrous
sulphate. 1.4616 gm. of potassium sulphate, 3.7098 gm. of calcium
nitrate, and 2.890 gm. of magnesium chlorid in 1 liter of water. Fuse
7.0566 gm. of crj'stallized sodium carbonate, 6.744 gm. of potassium
carbonate, and 0.2 gm. of silicic acid in a platinum crucible, dissolve
the fused mass in water and mix with 2.75 gm. of oxalic acid, 1.9840
gm. of malic acid, 2.2994 gm. of citric acid, 1.9396 gm. of tartaric
acid, and then dilute to 1 liter. For use, these two solutions are
mixed in equal parts; 25 gm. of air-dried soil, or 5 gm. of a fertilizer,
are shaken for half an hour in a half liter flask with 500 cc. of the
liquid. Phosphoric acid is determined in 200 cc. of the filtered
extract thus o))tained.
Determination of cane sugar in condensed milk, L. Grunhut
and S. H. Ruber {Ztschr. Analyf. Chem., 39 {1900), No. 1, pp.
19-36). — The authors report a critical examination of the various
methods employed in the estimation of cane sugar in the presence of
milk sugar. In the analysis of condensed milk they consider inver-
sion by hydrochloric acid of the highest importance when methods of
reduction with Fehling solution, before and after inversion, are used.
If the quantity of cane sugar in a sample is to be drawn from the reduc-
ing power after inversion, the reduction before and after inversion
must be made undei- exactly the same conditions, as concentration of
solution and length of heating materialh^ influence the quantity of
cuprous oxid deposited. The gravimetric methods of Ost and Kjeldahl
are the oidy two known to the authors that fullill this condition, and
the Ost method has been proven both by Ost himself and by Schmoger
to be practically valueless for determining milk sugar, leaving only the
Kjeldahl method.
G. Pjruhns has sliown that a considerable erroi- residts fi-oni a slight
decomposition of cane sugar by boiling 20 minutes with a very strong
211
212 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Fehlino- solution, as diroctod in tho Kjcldalil uiothod. This orror is
due to the reducing power of deeoniposition products. Again, in the
analysis of condensed milk by the reduction methods, the percentages
of milk sugar will be entirely too high in consequence of the excessive
deposition of cuprous oxid. These errors render necessary an empiri-
cal table of corrections for each absolute and relative amount of both
sugars present. Moreover, it is incorrect, the authors claim, to cal-
culate the amount of cane sugar from the ditference of copper reduced
by milk sugar before inversion and that reduced by milk and invert
sugars after inversion, as the products of reduction of the two sugars
cause simultaneous reduction that can not be added directly. They
conclude, therefore, that it is impossible to determine accurately cane
sugar in condensed milk b}' the reduction methods.
To obtain correct results b}" using the methods based on polarization
before and after inversion and applying the formula of Clerget in the
estimation of cane sugar, the authors had to adopt many safeguards.
It is claimed that the complex rotatory influence of milk sugar is
rectified by treatment of condensed milk Avith boiling water and then
cooling. The authors did not find that the specific rotatory power of
cane-sugar solutions was materially changed l)y heating to 100° C, as
did Richuiond and Boseley.
In correcting for Aolume of casein and fat precipitated, the double
dilution method was employed.
The authors' results were calculated })y Clerget's formula as modi-
fied by Herzfeld. In correcting volume they object to using the
official factor 0.962, as it is asserted to be applicable only to sub-
stances of a particular chemical composition. — c. n. Williams.
The adulteration of cane-sugar sirup with glucose, H. D. Rich-
mond {British Food Jour., 2 {1900), No. 19. p. 178). — Glucose is used
exteusivel}" in the sophistication of saccharine foods, especially golden
sirup, to prevent, as the manufacturers claim, granulation caused b}^
the ciystallization of a portion of the cane sugar. The real reason, the
author states, is to make more salable unpa]atal>le sirup of good color
which is obtained as a by-product in the refining of sugar. The saline
taste of the crude refinery sirup is obscured l)v the addition of large
quantities of cheap and comparatively tasteless glucose. This sirup,
lacking sweetness, is consumed in much greater amounts than golden
sirup, and its high content of potassium salts is thought to be liable
to injure the consumer. If prevention of granulation were the sole
object for the addition of glucose to golden sirup, then 5 per cent
would be sufiicient; but as much as TO or 80 per cent has often been
found incorporated. — c. b. Williams.
On the determination of the acidity of milk, M. Siegfeld {MoJl\
Ztg., llf (1900). No. 1-j, pp. Wo-ii07).— The results of expei-iments
were rather unfavorable to the use of solutions of calcium hydrate pre-
CHEMISTRY. 213
pared from comnicrc-itil lime foi- the volumetric determination of the
acidity of milk in ordinary dairy practice. Comparative tests were
made of decinormal solutions of sodium hydrate, potassium hj'-drate,
and barium hydrate for determining- the acidity of milk. The results
showed that from l.-t to 2.0 cc. more of the decinormal barium hydrate
was required to neutralize 50 cc. of milk than was required of either
of the other standard solutions. Phenolphthalein in varying quantities
was used as an indicator. Fourth, tenth, and twentieth normal solu-
tions of sodium hydrate were compared. The weaker solutions gave
a lower average percentage of acid. Milk was diluted with different
quantities of water and alcohol, and the acid content determined.
The percentage of acid was apparenth^ lessened by the addition of
water and increased by the addition of alcohol. Determinations showed
no material difference in the acidity of milk at temperatures varying
f i"om 5 to 60° C The acid content was slightly lower at higher tem-
peratures. The reaction of the reagents used with the phosphates in
the milk is discussed as explaining some of the varying results obtained.
The author concludes that the dilution of milk in the determination of
aciditv is to be avoided and that sodium hydrate and potassium h3'drate
are preferable to barium hydrate, and ma}^ be used as well in tenth as
fourth normal solutions.
A new indicator, J. Formanek {Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 39 {1900},
So. .i, pp. 09-103). — An alcoholic solution of alizarin green B gives a
carmine-red color with acids and green with alkalis. It is sensitive to
carbonic acid. The color changes are very sharp, and the indicator
can be used in artiticial light as satisfactorily as in daylight. — c. b,
WILLIAMS.
Report of the chemists, W. R. Perkins and E. B. Ferris {Mlmsdppi Sta . Rpt.
1899, pp. 31-41) ■ — This report gives analyses of soils from different parts of the State
(see p. 222) ; of manure from animals fed cotton seed and cotton-seed meal, sorghum,
and forage plants (E. S. R., 11, p. 1022); and artesian well waters (see p. 222); and
describes briefly pot and fleld experiments on soils in progress at the station.
Reports of the chemical stations in Sweden for 1898 {Meddel. K. Landibr.
Styr., 1900, No. 63, pp. 367-400). — Tlie 8 regular chemical stations maintained in part
by the Swedish Government examined during the year 54,067 different samples of
agricultural products, of which number 44,599 samples were milk and other dairy
products, 1,031 fertilizers, 793 soil samples, etc. The average results of the exami-
nations, with brief discussions of the same, are given in the repc^rt. — f. w. woll.
On testing food products for boric acid and borates with turmeric paper,
E. H. Jenkins and A. W. Ogden {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1899, pi. .-', pp. 153-155). —
Tlie authors found testing with turmeric paper much more satisfactory than the
flame test. A study was made of the method of making the test. The following
precautions are given:
" Free boric acid can not readily be identified by the turmeric-paper test if borates
are present.
"The material to b(! tested must in all cases be acidified with liydrochloric acid in
order to ensure a satisfactory reaction with turmeric paper.
214 p:xperiment station record.
"A considerable excess of hydrochloric acid must be added to the .solution to be
tested — one-thirtieth bj' volume of concentrated HCl is not too much.
" Perfectly decisive reactions need not be expected where less than one part of
boric acid is present in 10,000 of water."
Detection of boric acid or borates, H. Bohnthac.ek (Ztsriir. Analijt. Chein., 39
{WOO), No. 2, />. !>-.').
The separation and determination of formic, acetic, propionic, and butyric
acids by Haber land's method, J. Schi'tz (Ztsrlir. Analijt. Ch('in.,.:i!i {l'JOO),Xo. 1,
pp. 17, IS).
Boemer's method of detecting cotton-seed oil in lard, ]M. Weiiull {Meddel.
K. Landthr. Sti/r., 1899, No. 59, pp. 33-42).
On the chemical determination of the nutritive value of fodder beets, L.
HELWECi {Tidmlcr. Landbr. Planteavl, 5 {1899), pp. 178-189). — Discusses errors of
sampling and analysis of beets.
On the presence of dextrose and levulose in the leaves of beets, L. Lixdet
{Ann. Afjron., 2G {1900), No. 2, pp. loS-113).
On the presence of mannocellulose in the ligneous tissue of gymno-
sperms, G. Bertrand {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 129 {1899), No. 24, pp.
1025-1029).
The furfuroids of plant tissues, C. F. Cross, E. J. Bevan, and J. S. Remixg-
Tox {Jour. Soc. Chan. Ltd., 19 {1900), No. 4,pp- 307-310).
Systematic analysis of glucose, S. Stein {Internal. Sugar Jour., 2 {1900), No. 20,
pjK 405-412).
Some chemical notes on the composition of the cocoanut, J. E. Kirkwood
and W. J. GiES {Sdrncr, n. .srr., 11 {1900), No. 285, p. 951).
Analyses of borax, A. W. Ogden {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1899, pt. 2, pp.
150-153). — The analysis of a number of samples of borax is reported.
Analyses of formaldehyde or formalin, A. W. Ogdex ( Connecticut State Sta.
Rpt. 1899, pt. 2, p. i.56').— Tabulated analyses are given of 4 sami^les of formalin. The
percentage of formaldehyde ranged from 36.02 to 42.30.
Examination of foods, condiments, and commercial products, (i. Rupp
{Die Untersuchung con Nalirung^iaitteln, Geuus>iin[ttehiuud Gehrauch.-igegendHinden. Hei-
delberg: Carl Winter's Universitdts-BucJdiandlung, 1900; 2 ed., ill.)
Examination of the most important foods and condiments, C. Beier {Die
VntemucJiung unserer unchtigden Nahrungs- und Genussmittel. Leipsic: C. G. Nau-
mann, pp. VIII -ir 147; abs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr.u. Genussmtl., 3 {1900), No. 4,
p. ^5»<i?).— This work forms Nos. 116 to 118 of the series entitled " Medicinischen
Bibliothek fiir praktische Aerzte."
Miscellaneous analyses, E. F. Ladd {North Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 13,
14). — Analyses are reported of coal from western North Dakota, ashes from lignite,
and clays (9 samples) from different jsarts of the State.
BOTANY.
Studies of the time and rate of development of the potato
tuber, L. K. Jones and W. A. Okton ( Vcrmvut St((. Rpt. IHUU^ pp.
155^ 156). — Previous investigationrf on this subject (E. S. R.. 5, p. 988)
have been repeated, using 75 rows of potatoes. All were i)lanted at
the same time on rather heavy clay soil, were sprayed with Paris
green in the early part of the summer, and received 3 applications of
the Bordeaux mixture in the Ititter part, so that the vines were in a
fairly healthy condition quite late in the season. Beginning August
BOTANY. 215
4, every iiiiitli row was diiu- at intervals of 10 da_ys. The total yield
of tubers and yield of marketable size is yiven, showing- that a consid-
erable portion of the yield of marketable tul^ers was foi-med after Sep-
tember 1. 'rii(> unsi)ray('d vines in this experiment were nearly all
dead before Auoust 20. The results of this experiment lead the
authors to repeat the former statement that "the potato crop of Ver-
mont sutlers far more each year than is g-enerally realized from the
premature death of the vines.''
Development of the buds of the wild plum, L. K. Waldron
{Nortli Dakota Sta,. Rpt. 1899, pp. Sl-39^ figs. 6). — Investigations
have been made on the time and manner of differentiation of leaf and
flower buds, and the influence affecting the formation of flower buds;
also a study of the reserve materials of the plant.
The present report is in the nature of a preliminary one, some phases
of the work being still under investigation. Amon^ some of the more
important deductions drawn from the inyestigations, the author states
that the stamens, pistils, and bud scales must lie considered as modi-
fled portions of the tissues of the shoot axis and not as modifled foliage
leaves. In the plant investigated th(> luimber of flowers starting in a
bud is -i. which may often lie lessened l)y some ])eing killed. Lignin
is formed early in the life of the bud, and by September the lignitied
portion is sharply differentiated froiu the cellulose portion. The
organic parts of the flower are formed liefore winter, the ovule in the
spring. The most important tiuie of difl'erentiation of leaf and flower
buds appeal's to be from the middle of July to the middle of August,
although there is some evidence to show that it may take place later.
The effect of centrifugal force upon the cell, D. M. Mottier
{Ann. Bot., IS {1899), No. hi, pp. 32f>-o61, pi. i).— The author has
undertaken to determine what parts of the living su])stance and its
inclusions could be displaced within the cell by means of centrifugal
force several hundred times greater than that of gravity, acting for a
definite but usually short period of time, and to see what efl'ect such
displacement might have upon the individual cell.
Various alga?, leaves of mosses, trichomes of a numlier of plants,
staminal hairs from Tradescantia, leaves of a number of plants, and
.seedlings of maize, beans, castor lieans, and horse beans were used in
the experiments. The centrifugal force was generated by the use of
an ordinary milk separator driven by a gas motor. After subjecting
the plants to this force for a number of hours it was found in the case
of the algas and mosses that the chlorophyll in the cells was all forced
toward the distal end. This was also true of the contents of the cells of
most of the other plants experimented with. After standing a time the
normal condition of the distribution of the cell contents was resumed,
at flrst rapidly l)ut later very slowly.
The experiments with the seedlings of the plants mentioned were
216 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
largely conducted to determine the effect of centrifugal force on the
nucleus. The results obtained bear directly upon the specific gravity
of the various cell constituents, and especially those of the nucleus.
It is stated that there can be no doubt that the nucleolus is relatively
a very heavy body and that its specific weight is greater in the nuclei
of cells (l(>stined to great constructive activity.
The destruction of chlorophyll by oxidizing enzyms, A. F.
Woods (Centhl. Bakt. n. Par., 2. Alt., o {1899). No. 22, jyp. 7J^5-
7oJf). — The author reports on a series of studies made on the relation
which exists between oxidizing enz3'ms and decoloration of leaves.
Oxidizing enzyms. both oxidase and peroxidase, were found plentiful,
and some of their characteristics are descrilied, together with notes on
their presence and effect on variegated maple, horse-chestnut, and a
number of other plants. A careful comparative investigation showed
that the intensity of the power of oxidase was inversely proportional
to the amount of chloroph3'll present, as judged h\ color. The per-
oxidase follows the same rule.
The principal portion of the investigation was conducted with
tobacco, in which the so-called blanching or mosaic disease was exam-
ined with particular care. Peroxidase was alwa3^8 found in greater
quantity and twice as strong in the light-colored areas as in the green
ones, and where the chlorophyll had nearly disappeared, leaving albino
spots, the oxidase was twice as abundant as in the green of the same
leaf or the green of healthy leaves. The author claims that there is
no good reason for separating this disease of tobacco from true varie-
gation or albinism. He has been able to produce it at will, and as
3^et no organism has been isolated that proved to be the cause of
variegation.
The conclusions of the author are that chlorophyll is rapidly
destroyed by the oxidizing enzyms, oxidase, and peroxidase. These
enzyms are normally present in small quantitv in many of the higher
plants, and under certain conditions (Mther become more active or are
produced in greater (piantitv, resulting in variegations and other forms
of disease. The active agents in producing the mosaic disease of
tobacco appear to be enzyms rather than the '•living Huid contagion"'
suggested ))y Beijerinck (E. S. R., 11, p. 1H7). The mosaic disease
may be produced at will, and the enzyms can remain in the soil unin-
jured for several months. In aqueous solutions the oxidases arc
d(\str()yed by 5 minutes' exposure to temperatures of 65 to 70" C, and
the i)eroxidases by 5 minutes' exposure to temperatures of 80 to 85° C.
On the formation of proteids during the germination of wheat
in darkness, J. Goldbeiu; {Rcr. (u'l,. B<>f.. 11 {1899). Xo. 129. pp.
337-3Ji.0,fi(/. 1). — A considerable number of grains of wheat were ger-
minated in the dark, at temperatures ranging from 20 to 22.5°. At
intej'vals of 3, 8, and 14 days the author removed 60 of the plantlets
BOTANY. 217
of equal doAelopnieiit, .separiited the einbiyo from the endosperm, and
determined the protein and nitrogen according to the methods of
Stutzer and Vigcldatl, The results of the analyses are shown, from
which the author claims that proteids are formed in considerable
quantity by the embryos of wheat during the process of germination.
It is further claimed that this increase could not have come from the
endosperms ])y osmosis, but was formed in the embryo.
Concerning the physiological functions of solanin, G. Albo
{Conti'lh. Biol. Veg., '2 {1899). No. 3; aU. in Ami. Agron., '25 {1899),
No. 12., 2)}). 621.^ 622). — Solanin has been previously regarded by dif-
ferent authors as a means of defense and as a transfer form of albumin
similar to asparagin. The author studied the question by examining
micro-chemically a numl)er of species of Solanum grown under normal
conditions, in shade and in an atmosphere lacking in carbon dioxid.
Solanin was found in the stems, leaves, tubers, and seeds of most
species of Solanum grown under normal conditions. During and fol-
lowing germination it diminishes, ])ut reappears with the development
of the plant and is abundant in the adult plant. When grown in dark-
ness, solanin gradually disappears, and negative reactions were obtained
for a consideral)le time before the death of the plant. If the seeds of
Solanum sodomeum are germinated in the dark, there is a complete
disappearance of the alkaloid. When the seedlings were brought into
the light, the solanin reappeared soon after the chlorophyll functions
•were established. The same is true of the seeds of the eggplant,
tomato, potato, and numerous species of Capsicum.
From the results of these experiments the author believes that
solanin can not be considered a transfer form of the albuminoids, but
is a true nitrogenous reserve material used by the plant during its first
stages of development. On this account it is claimed that solanin can
not be considered simply as a means of defense on the part of the plant
against animals.
The inhibiting action of oxidases upon diastase, A. F. Woods
{Science, n. .sv>/'., 11 {1900), JVo. 262, pp. 17-19). — While engaged in a
study of the mosaic disease of tobacco leaf, the author found that the
lighter-colored areas contained more starch in the form of granules
than the green areas of the same leaf. He has pointed out elsewhere
(see p. 216) that these light-colored cells exhibit much more oxidizing
activity than the green cells of the same leaf. In all examples there
was a greater amount of oxidizing enzyms, oxidases as well as per-
oxidases, in the light-colored tissues. Mainly upon this evidence the
author considered the light-colored tissues as the diseased portions of
the leaves.
Recent histological studies of diseased leaves reveal important dif-
ferences, which make it very clear that the light-colored areas are not
normal. In badl}- diseased leaves the palisade parenchyma is not
218 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
developed at all in the lii>ht -colored areas. In leaves severely attacked
by the disease, by simply looking- across the leaf depressions may be
observed where the light areas occur. The cells of the diseased areas
translocate their starch with gTcat difficulty and often become com-
pletely gorged.
The conclusion seems warranted that the tardiness in translocation
of starch in the diseased area is due to the abnormal activity of the
oxidizing- enzj'ms in these cells, b}^ reducing or weakening- the activity
of diastases.
The inoculation of soil, G. W. Herrick (Mississippi Sta. Rpt.
1899^ pj)- ^^r -f-^)- — 1" the autumn of 1898, 3 plats of vetch were sown
to note the effect of inoculation of the soil on this crop. The first plat
was inoculated b}^ soaking- the seeds in water in which had been stirred
soil from a field in which vetches had been previously cultivated.
After being thoroughly wetted, the seeds were sown in drills and cov-
ered. Plat '1 was retained as a check plat, while phit 8 was inoculated
Iw scattering dry dirt from the vetch field in the drills as the seed
were sown.
The following May the plats were cut and carefully weighed, and it
was found that plat 1 yielded 61.5 lbs.; plat 2, IS lbs.: and plat 3, 79
lbs. of green forage. Pot experiments with vetch were attempted,
but the results obtained were contradictory. Phits of crimson clover
and alfalfa were sown and treated in the same manner as described for
the vetches, but negative results were obtained on account of the non--
germination and poor stand of the plants.
Annual report of the consulting botanist for 1899, W. Car-
RUTHEKS {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. Eiujlaixl.^ J. .sr/-., 10 {1899), pt. It-., pp.
678-688., figs. 13). — Among the items reported upon by the consulting
botanist are investigations on the germination of seeds, weeds, and
diseases of plants. During the j^ear the seeds examined were remark-
ably free from impurities and the germinations high, although in
some cases there was considerable fluctuation.
On account of injury to stock, investigations were made with a
number of plants which are either poisonous or represented to be, and
a list of those mentioned include Ranir/iculus acris, R. p>arv>fiorus^ R.
ficarla., Celadinc, Arum tnaculatiun., laurels, Nicotiana affinln., Jlera-
clemn sphondylimm., Pfunella vulgaris., and Nepeta glecJwma. A num-
ber of other phmts are mentioned which were suspected of being-
injurious to stock, but which the author doubts having any noxious
qualities.
Among the diseases reported upon were 2 diseases of wheat, one
due to Olado.sporluii) herharum, the other to the mildew, Ei'ysiphe
graminiK. A field of peas badly infested with Pythium deharyanum.
is reported upon, and Ai^cochyta p>isi \\ah proved troublesome on bean
crops in a number of places. Attacks of I*lasiiiodiophora hrassicoi are
BOTANY. 219
noted from two localities. Leaves of pear trees were identified by the
author as affected by species of Spha'ria, the trees in this instance hav-
ing nearh" ever}- leaf attacked.
A report is given on impurities found in a number of feeding stuffs,
and a brief account of an investigation in which the effect of lightning
on a numl>er of trees is shown.
Saltbushes {Queensland Agr. Jour., 0 {J 900), No. 4, pp. 254-357, ph. 3). — Notes
are given on a number of species of Atriplex, their habits of growth and possible
value being described. Extensive quotations are given from California Station
Bulletin 125 (E. S. R., 11, p. 636).
Botanical notes on wheat and spelt, A. S. Hitchcock {Ayner. (lard., '21 {1900),
No. 295, pp. 556, 557). — Notes the classification of the different kinds of wheat
according to the recognized species. Triticum monococcum, T.polonimm, and T. sat-
ivum. The latter is divided into T. spelta, T. dicoccum, T. turgidum, T. durum, T.
rompactvm, and T. ndgare.
The North American species of Chaetochloa, F. Lamson-Pcribner and E. D.
Merrill {U. S. Dept. Agr., Dinslon of Agrostology Bui. 21, pp. 44, figs. 24). — This bul-
letin contains a revision and enumeration of the North American species of Chfeto-
chloa, commonly known as Setaria. According to the authors, 28 species are found
in the region covered by the bulletin, 23 of which are native of North America, the
others having been introduced from Europe. Six of the species are here published
for the iirst time.
Botanical origin of caoutchouc and g-utta-percha, P. Grelot ( Origine botan-
ifjue des cuoidchouc ei gutta-percha. Paris: Berger-Letrault d- Co., 1899, p}). 276, figs.
2). — Descriptions are given of the plants producing caoutchouc and gutta-percha,
with historical notes, chapters on methods of culture and handling, commercial
movement, properties, composition, etc.
Poisonous plants, F. M. Bailey {Queensland Agr. Jour., 6 {1900), No. 5, pp. 382,
383, pjl. 1). — Descriptive notes are given of the physic nut {Jatropha. curcas).
The nutation of Helianthus, .J. H. Schaffner {Bot. Gaz., 29 {1900), No. 3, pp.
197-200, figs. 10). — The nutation of wild and cultivated sunflowers is figured and
described.
Can strontium and barium replace calcium in phenogams? U. Suzuki {Bui.
Col. Agr. Imp. Unir. Tokyo, 4 {1900) , No. 1, pp. 69-79, pA. i).— The author has investi-
gated the possibility of substituting strontium and barium for calcium in the growth
of plants, experiments being made in sand and water cultures. The results obtained
indicate that these substances not only can not replace calcium but they are strongly
poisonous to the plants. This poisonous action may to a certain degree be lessened
by the addition of lime salts.
The nutrition of humus plants, R. Y. Leavitt {Amer. Gard., 21 {1900), No.
295, pp. 552, 553, figs. 3). — The nutrition of the Cupuliferpe, Betulacea^ Ericaceie,
and Coniferse by means of mycorrhiza is explained.
Some wood-destroying fungi, G. F. Atkinson {Geol. Survey Louisiana, 1899, pp.
331-338, pis. 7). — Notes are given on Polyporus borealis, Hydnum septentrionale, Fomes
fomentarius, Trametes p/nri, and Deedalea ambigua.
The haustoria of the Erysipheae, G. Smith {Bot. Gaz., 29 {1900) , No. 3, pp. 153-
184, pis. 2). — The structure and behavior of the haustoria of the powdery mildews,
as shown by the author's investigations of a dozen species representing different
genera, are described. Hitherto the minute structure and development of these
organs seems to have lieen almost wholly unknown.
Nitrogen and Nitragin, L. C. Newell {Fop. Sci. Mo., 34 {1900), No. 9, p. 164). —
Pojiular notes.
220 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Inoculation experiments ■with Nitragin, J. Kappeli {Jalircaber. Landw. Schule
Bijfli, 1S9S-99, jjp. 6S-70). — A brief account is given of inoculation experiments with
Nitragin on pean, vetches, and hipines in which average gains are reported of 4.3,
6.8, and 10.5 per cent, respectively.
Our botanic gardens, P. MacMahon {Queensland Ai/r. Jour., n {1900), No. 4, pp.
28S-292, jiJ. J). — Brief notes are given on 149 species of plants, mostly timber trees,
the seeds of which are offered in exchange.
Report of the Natal Botanic Gardens, J. M. Wood {Durban, 1899, jiji. 14). —
In ad<lition to the routine report of the gardens and herbarium, economic notes are
given upon a number of plants that are thought to l)e of value for that region.
METEOROLOGY.
Report of the meteorologist, .T. E. Ostraxder {Masmchusetts Hatch Ski. Rpt.
1899, pp. 74-95). — A brief statement of the work of the year in this department of
the station and monthlj' summaries of observations at Amherst, Mass., on pressure
(maximum, minimum, mean, and range), temperature (maximum, minimum, and
mean), dewpoint, relative humidity, cloudiness, sunshine, precipitation, wind move-
ment, velocity, and pressure, snow, frost, etc., for 10 years (1889-1898), with nor-
mals and a general summary for the period. The following data are taken from the
general summary:
Pressure (inches). — Maximum, '30.65, February 26, 1889; minimum, 28.24, Febru-
ary 8, 1895; mean, 30.029. Air temperature (degrees F. ). — Maximum, 98, July 20,
1894; minimum, — 19, February 3, 1898; mean, 47.1; mean annual range, 107; mean
daily range, 22.1. Humidity. — ]\Iean dewpoint, 40.2; mean relative humidity, 73.5.
Precipitation. — Greatest annual, 1897, 57.05 in.; least annual, 1894, 32.64 in.; mean
annual, 46 in. Wind. — Mean annual movement, 51,566 miles; maximum pressure
per square foot, 43 lbs., September 11, 1895. Weather. — Mean cloudiness observed,
52.4 per cent; total cloudiness recorded by the sun thermometer, 22,400 hours, or 50.3
per cent ; number of cloudy days, 1,444. Bright sunshine. — Number of hours recorded,
22,120, or 49.7 per cent.
Appendix to report of meteorologist, R. E. Trimble ( Colorado Sta. Ppt. 1899,
pp. 90-104, 110-112, charts 2). — Tabh^s give monthly and annual summaries of obser-
vations during 1898 and 1899 on temperature, humidity, precipitation, snowfall, dew-
])oint, days of frost or dew, cloudy and stormy days, and direction of the wind at
Fort Collins, Rockyford, and Cheyenne Wells, and on temperature, precipitation,
snowfall, and stormy days at Estes Park (at base of Longs Peak, elevation 9,000 ft. ),
Pinkhampton (elevation 8,400 ft. ), and Gleneyre (elevation 8,000 ft. ). The monthly
and annual rainfall at Fort Collins (1872-1899) and at 7 additional places in the
watershed of the Cache la Poudre River is also reported. Observations during 13
years (1887-1899) on the evaporation from a water surface are tabulated.
Meteorological svtmmary, J. S. ^Ioore {Mississlp]ti Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 4^-47). —
Tables are given which show the daily and monthly precipitatioji with departures
from normal, monthly temperatures with departures from normal, cloudiness, and
direction of the wind for the year ended June 30, 1899. The most remarkal)]e fea-
ture of the weather during this ]>eriod was the extreme low temperatures of February
11-14, 1899, during which the temperature fell to —8° F., and the continued cold
and wet weather of ]\larch and April.
Summary of temperature, rainfall, and sunshine, E. F. Ladd {North Dakota
Sta. lipjt. 1899, p. 14). — Tables give the maxima, minima, and mean temperatures for
each month of 1899; al'^o the total rainfall, monthly and yearly, for 1899 and 7 pre-
ceding years, and the hours of sunshine. The rainfall during 1899 was 21.21 in.; the
mean annual rainfall for 8 years (1892-1899) Avas 19.87 in.
WATER SOILS. 221
Sunshine records at Aas Agricultural College, J. Sebelien {Norsk Landinnnds-
blad, 19 {1900), No. 10, pp. 109, 110). — The author has made daily records of the
amount of sunshine at the State Agricultural College of Norway (latitude about 59.5
deg. N. ) during the past three years by the photographic method. The total amount
of sunshine for the year 1897 was 1 , 700 hours, or 38.9 per cent of the number of hours
during which the sun was above the horizon; in 1898 the amount was 1,632 hours
29 minutes (36.5 per cent of theoretical maximum), and in 1899, 2,197 hours 18 min-
utes (49.2 per cent of theoretical maximum). In midsummer the sun sets at about
10 p. m. at Aas, but owing to the small amounts of photographically active rays in
the sunshine when the sun is near the horizon it was only possible to register sun-
light a few times after 9 p. m. during 1898, and in 1899 no records were made after
this time, the records as a general rule closing at about 8.15 p. m. — f. w. woll.
WATER— SOILS.
Nature, value, and utilization of alkali lands, E. W. Hilgard
{Callfnj'iila Sta. Bui. 128., pp. J^lj^jig!<. 16). — This is a general sum-
mary of the results of investigations at the California Station on this
subject during the past 20 years, the details of which have been pub-
lished in reports and bulletins of the station. The topics treated
include occurrence and characteristics of alkali soils, how plants are
injured by alkali, effects of irrigation, distribution of alkali salts in
the soil, composition of alkali salts, utilization and reclamation of
alkali lands, removing the salts from the soil, crops suitable for alkali
lands, amount of salts compatible with ordinary crops, limits of saline
content of waters used for irrigation, and reclaimable and irreclaimable
alkali lands as distinguished by their natural vegetation.
The geology of Louisiana, G. D. Harris and A. C. Veatch {Louisi-
ana Stas. Spec. Rpt. (ieol. and Agr.^pt. B,pp>. 35Jf^ph. SS, figs. 3, maps
i^).^This report summarizes previous work on the geological and
agricultural survey of Louisiana (E. S. R., 10, p. 330) and gives an
account of additional investigations on the same subject. The report
is divided into three parts. The lirst is a historical review of investi-
gations from the earliest times up to and including those of the
Louisiana P^xperiment Stations. The second part deals with the gen-
eral geology of the State, including stratigraphic geology and economic
geology. Under the latter head are reported the results of observa-
tions on the occurrence, extent, and quality of the deposits of salt,
sulphur, clay, sandstone, limestone, and gravel, which are classed as
important products, and of the following unimportant products: Iron
ores, lignite, lead and zinc ores, marl, gypsum, petroleum, and gas.
The third part contains reports of investigations in special lines,
including (1) the Natchitoches area, (2) the Shreveport area, (3) the
Five Islands, (-t) a report on Louisiana clay samples (by H. Ries), (5) a
report on a collection of fossil plants from northwestern Louisiana (by
A. Hollick), ((!) the cretaceous and lower eocene faunas of Louisiana,
(7) establishment of meridian lines, (8) a few notes on roadmaking, and
(9) some wood-destroying fungi (by G. F. Atkinson, see p. 21S>). The
222 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
first of these reports deals with the topography, strati o-raphy, soils, and
sprino-s of the area studied; the second with topography and drainage,
the great raft in the Red River and its effects, the geology and soils of
the bottoms, the geology of the hill lands, and aboriginal works on
Caddo bottoms, etc. The notes on soils relate rather to "their general
aspect and location than to their agricultural value." Discussion of the
latter is deferred until analyses of the soils have been completed. The
tj'pical soil areas are mapped. The third report gives a history of the
study of the Five Islands and the geographical position and a general
topographical description of the islands, special attention being given
to the occurrence, origin, and extent of the salt deposits and the histor}^
of their exploitation.
Analyses of artesian well waters, W. R. Perkins and E. B. Ferris {^fississ^ppi
Sta. Rpt. 1899, p. 41) ■ — The mineral constitnents of 6 samples of artesian well water
are reported.
Drinking water, C. H. Jones and B. O. White ( Vrrmont Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 145,
146) . — Examinations with reference to sanitary condition of -1 samples of spring water,
12 of well water, and 2 of l)r(>ok water are reported.
Distilled water for drinking purposes, H. L. Bolley {Xorth Dakota Sta. Rpt.
1899, pp. 2.9-31, figs. ^) . — Tavo cheap forms of apparatus suited to use on the kitchen
stove are described.
Analyses of soils, AV. R. Perkins and E. B. Ferris {Mississippi Sta. Rpt. 1899,
pp. 31-35) .■ — Chemical and mechanical analyses of 71 samples of soils from different
parts of the State are reported.
Chemical composition of soil, J. A. Murray {An. Rpt. on Field Expts. Agr.
Dept. Univ. Col. Walc^^, 1899, pp. 75-78). — A chemical analysis of a soil which had
Ijeen in grass for several years and was rather l)adly drained.
Chemical methods for ascertaining the lime requirements of soils, H. J.
Wheeler, B. L. H.\rtwell, and C. L. Sarc;ent {Rhode Island Sta. Bui. 62, pp.
65-88). — For abstract of this article as published elsewhere, see E. S. R., 11, p. 1003.
, The inflxience of lime on vegetation and the value of the calcimetric analy-
sis of soils, A. Gassek and R. Maike [Bid. Soc. Sci. Xancij, 2. .st'/-., 10 {1899), Xo. 34,
pp. 32-41) .—A study of the distribution of plants as determined b}'^ the lime content
of the soil and of the value of the determination of lime in soils as a means of ascer-
taining the kinds of plants to which they are adapted. A bibliography of the subject
is ap]jended.
Moor culture at Tranekjar, Denmark, L. .Iorgensen {TidsHkr. Landokon, 1900,
No. 6, pji. .Wl-.)2o).
Soil temperatures, R. E. Trimble ( Colorado Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 105-109) .—Tables
give the weekly means of temperature at depths of 3 in. to (5 ft. in irrigated and unir-
rigated plats of soil on the college grounds during 1898 and 1899, and dates of
extreme t('nij)eratur(' in the irrigated ])lat (hiring 1889-1899.
On the distribution of nitric-acid bacteria in some Danish soils, II. Jensen
{Tidsskr. Landbr. Plantearl, 5 {1899), pyp. 173-177) .—The investigations conducted
by the author indicate that nitric-acid bacteria are not found in wild heather and
moor soils, and that they appear very slowly in such soils under ordinary methods
of culture. Their absence is most likely a result of the acid reaction of the soil,
which is only neutralized by heavy liming or by formation of soil ammonia after
several years (through aid of schizomycetes) . It seems, furthermore, that the nitric-
acid bacteria which appear when these new soils are cultivated are much less active
than the bacteria in ol<l cultivated soils. — 1\ w. woll.
FERTILIZERS.
223
FERTILIZERS.
On the importance of different green-manuring plants in the
economy of soil nitrogen during the fall months, H. C. Larsen
{Thlsdr. Laiulhr. Flantc'ivl, 5 {1S99),jjjk 101-im).—Fot expeviments
wore made with the following o-reen-nianuring plants: Buckwheat,
yellow nuistard, field pea, eonmion vetch, hairy vetch, Roman vetch
( T7(vVi mtivcv Qiarbonnensis), yellow lupiiie, blue lupine, and white
lupine, Medicago lupuUnd, common kidney vetch, .serradella, 2fdUotas
alla^ and red clover. Five pots were used for each plant. The pots
were filled with soil of a very light character, poor in humus and other
fertilizing constituents, having been taken from a tield on which crops
of rye, barley, three years' pasture, and oats had been grown since the
last manuring. An application of sulphate of potash and superphos-
phate corresponding to the contents of potash and phosphoric acid in
a good crop of clover was added to all pots. The pots were 21 cm.
deep and 20.2 cm. in diameter. The seeding and harrowing-under of
the green-manure crops were done at such a time and in such a manner
as would obtain in field work. Careful records were kept of the gross
yields and those of dry matter obtained in each case, and nitrogen
determinations were made in the soil in the pots at the beginning of
the experiments, and after the crops had been harrowed into the soil.
The average results of the experiments referring to the nitrogen
balance are shown in the following table:
Nitrogen contcniK of pot x hcforr (iiUl after rannurlng.
Crop.
Buckwheat ...
Mustard
Field pea
Common vetch
Hairy vetch...
Roman vetch .
Yellow luiiinc.
White lupine..
Trefoil
Serradella
Melilotus
Nitrogen
in soil per
Nitrogen per pot aft
er experi-
Gain(-t-)
Drloss ( — )
ment.
in nitrogen.
pot before
experi-
ment.
In soil.
In crop.
Total.
Per pot.
Per acre
(calcu-
lated).
Grams.
Grarns.
Gram.
GraviK.
Gram.
Pounds.
7.05
6.39
0.15
6.54
-0.51
-126
7.04
6.71
.13
6.84
- .20
- 49
7.11
6.97
.67
7.G4
+ .53
+131
7.12
6.59
.77
7.36
+ .24
+ 60
7.05
6.91
.33
7.24
+ .19
+ 47
7.1'2
7.16
.50
7.66
+ .54
4-134
7.14
7.03
.20
7.23
+ .09
+ 22
7.14
7.16
.17
7.33
4- .19
-1- 47
7.05
7.09
.16
7.25
+ .20
+ 49
7.05
7.03
.16
7.19
+ .14
+ 35
7.05
7.03
.38
7.41
+ .36
-f 88
While buckwheat and mustard caused an appreciable loss of nitro-
gen as compai'ed with the content in the bare soil, the legumes supplied
-t to 5 times as much nitrogen as these crops, and made the soil con-
siderably richer in nitrogen at the end of the experiments than before,
the increase corre.-^ponding to about 15 loads of barnyard manure per
acre.
The pots were placed under cover over winter, and in the spring
224 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
sown to six-rowed barley. The results obtained at harvest time were-
rendered valueless through an accident, but the appearance of the
barley throuohout the vegetative period clearly showed tlie superioritj'
of the legumes as green manures, and the small crops in the buckwheat
and mustard pots were ripe while the barley plants in man}^ of the
legume pots, notably the field pea and the common A'etch pots, were
large and still green. — v. w_. woll.
Further notes on organic nitrogen availability, C. H. Jones and
B. O. White ( Vermont Sta. Rpt. 1899^ pp. 137-139). — An account is
given of further tests of the alkaline permanganate method for deter-
mining the availabilit}^ of organic nitrogen in fertilizers (E. S. R., 11,
p. 328). The results are given of trials of the method on the follow-
ing nitrogenous materials: Acidulated fish (nitrogen, 6.72 per cent);
tankage (6.43 per cent); high grade tankage (8.33 per cent); concen-
trated tankage (12.99 per cent); dissolved tankage (4.51 per cent); hair
tankage, wool, horn, meat. etc. (9. 10 "per cent); garbage tankage, New
York (3.15 per cent); garbage tankage, St. Louis (4.76 per cent);
garbage tankage, St. Louis (2.11 per cent); dissolved horn and hoof
(11.13 per cent); hog bristles (11.20 per cent); hair (9.82 per cent);
fertilizer containing cotton-seed meal as its sole source of nitrogen
(2. 15 per cent) ; cotton-seed meal fertilizer (1. 72 per cent) ; cream gluten
meal (5.87 per cent); "gluton" (1.75 per cent); Atlantic gluten meal
(12.43 per cent); cocoanut fiber feed (3.63 per cent). As in previous
tests, equal quantities of material and quantities of material furnishing
equal amounts of nitrogen were used.
" The misleading results obtained with equal quantities of material but unequal
weights of nitrogen are as evident in this as in last year's work. When, however,
equal amounts of nitrogen are taken (modified method) useful results are attained.
"Animal ammoniateit. — Not one of the better forms shows less than 56 per cent
availability by the modified method, while the garbage and Philadelphia tankages,
wool waste, leather and leather refuse, all of which are of well-known inferiority as
fertilizers, show from 41 to 18 per cent availability. Hair tankage and hog bristles
range unexpectedly high.
"Vegetable amnioniafef:. — The modified method was found in last year's experience
less satisfactory with vegetable than witli animal anunoniates. It seemed probable
that the low availability found with cotton seed, flax, and gluten meals, materials
well known to be effective in actual field use, was due to the relatively large content
of nonnitrogenous organic matter. This (;ouiectnre was borne put Ijy the lowered
results on high-grade animal anmioniates when filter paper, starch, etc., were di-
gested with them, as well as by the higher figures obtained with a vegetable ammo-
niate after it has been acidulated for many months. In order to throw more light
upon this question a liighly pro teinous vegetable by-product, Atlantic gluten meal,,
was secured. This material carried 7.04 per cent moisture, 0.42 per cent crude ash,
77.69 per cent crude protein, 0.24 per cent crude fiber, 13.59 per cent nitrogen-free
extract, and 1.02 per cent ether extract. Although belonging to the same class of
material as the other glutens, it showed 70.2 per cent nitrogen availability instead
of 46 and 30 per cents. It seems safe to ascril)e this result to tlie low percentage
(14.85) of nonnitrogenous organic matter.
FERTILIZERS. 225
" It was pointed out in the last report that the more tedious pepsin-digestion proc-
ess, which should be used as an adjunct to the modified permanganate method and
in all cases of doubt, does justice to vegetable anunoniates."
Contribution to the kno-wledge of the injurious effect of nitrate
of soda on vegetation, J. Stoklasa {ZUclir. Landio. Versuchw.
Oidcn:, J {rJOO),p. 35; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 2^ {1900), No. 20, Eepert,
p. 65). — It was demonstrated by means of water cultures that rye is
nuich more sensitive to perchlorate than barley or wheat, and partic-
ularly sugar beets, the latter being- 10 times moi"e resistant than the
rye. In fact, it was found that copper and zinc sulphates and arsenic
were more poisonous to beets than potassium perchlorate. Five hun-
dred kilograms per hectare of nitrate of soda containing 2 per cent
perchlorate may be applied to sugar beets without appreciable injury.
For rye the limit is 100 kg. per hectare of 1 per cent perchlorate,
while for oats the nitrate may contain 1.5 per cent perchlorate, and for
wheat and barley 2 per cent.
Fertilizers, E. Fulmer and W. H. Heileman ( Washingto)) Sta.
Bui. J-tO. pp. o'2). — A general discussion of the principles underlying
the use of fertilizers and of the sources and composition of fertilizers,
with the text of the fertilizer law passed by the legislature of Wash-
ington and approved March 8, 1899, This law puts the inspection of
fertilizers in charge of the chemist of the Washington Station, who is
created State chemist ex officio. The chemist is authorized to collect
samples, in person or by deputy, in the open market. An analj^sis
fee of f 6 for each fertilizing ingredient contained or claimed to exist
in the fertilizer oiJ'ered for sale is required, the fees being paid into
the treasury of the station. There is a provision against the use of
pulverized leather, raw, steamed, roasted, or in any form, without an
explicit statement of the fact. Violations of the law are punishable
by a fine of $50 for the first offense and $100 for each subsequent
offense. Fertilizers selling for less than $10 per ton are exempt.
Sea alg'ae as fertilizers, C. Sorensen {Landmandsblad, 33 {1900), No. 8, pp.
10'.)-11,^) .
Experiments w^ith urine and liquid manure, N. A. Hansen {Landmandsblad,
33 {1900), No. 7-S, pp. 77-79, 98-101).
Local fertilizer experiments in Denmark and Germany, M. Weibull {Med-
dd. K. Landtbr. Stj/r., 1899, No. 11, pjp. 1-26).
On the application of artificial fertilizers, F. H. Werenskiold (Norsk Land-
maiKhblad, 19 [WOO), No. 20, pp. 224-228).
Analyses of commercial fertilizers and manurial substances, C. A. Goess-
MANN {MassadiuscUs Hatch Sta. Bid. 65, pp>. 14). — This bulletin gives instructions
regarding the sampling of fertilizers, discusses the trade values of fertilizing mate-
rials, and reports analyses of 62 samples of fertilizing materials, including wood
ashes, cotton-hull ashes, cotton-seed meal, tankage, sewage sludge, cork dust, kiln
dust from breweries, cotton waste, tobacco refuse, muck, soils, bone, and compound
fertilizers.
8058— No. 3 3
226 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Report of the chemist, C. A. Goessmann kt al. {Mass(ir}iunet1>< Htttdi- Sla. ]i}it.
189U, pp. 108-122). — This? i8 a brief general account of the fertilizer inspection and
of general work in the chemical laboratory of the station. It includes tables show-
ing the average composition and agreement with guarantees of the fertilizers exam-
ined in 1898 and 1899; trade values of fertilizing materials; the quality of wood ashes
analyzed in 1898 and 1899; analyses of 2 samples of hen manure; a list of licensed
fertilizer dealers in Massachusetts, and miscellaneous notes on fertilizers.
Fertilizers, F. W. Morse {New Hampshire Sta. Bui. 69, pp. 14)- — This bulletin
includes a schedule of trade values of fertilizing materials in 1899, brief statements
regarding the fertilizer inspection, and tabulated analyses of 97 samples of fertilizers
examined for the State Board of Agriculture during 1899.
Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers for the fall of 1899, L. L. Van
Slyke {Xciv Ytji'k Stnte Stu. JhiJ. 173, pj). oSl-552). — The results of analyses of 130
different brands of fertilizers are reported. Of these 101 were complete fertilizers in
which the nitrogen varied from 0.59 to 4.91 per cent, averaging 1.65 per cent. The
available phosphoric acid yaried from 3.44 to 13.08 per cent, averaging -9. 04 percent.
The potash varied from 0.48 to 10.75 per cent, averaging 4.3 per cent. The average
amounts of nitrogen, available phosphoric acid, and potash exceeded the guaranteed
averages by 0.13, 0.74, and 0.22 per cent, respectively.
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, J. L. Hills, C. H. Jones, and B. O. White
{Yennont Sta. Bui. 77, pp. 141-162). — This bulletin discusses the valuation of fer-
tilizers and reports analyses and valuations of 39 samples of fertilizers licensed for
sale in the State up to April, 1900, with tables showing the average composition of
all fertilizers examined by the station during the past 5 years.
Fertilizers and fertilizing materials, C. H. Jones and B. O. White ( Vermont
Sta. Rpl. ISyy, pp. 148-150). — Analyses of 15 samples of home-mixed fertilizers,
28 samples of wood ashes, 7 samples of muck, 1 of cotton waste, and 2 of miscel-
laneous materials are reported.
"Twenty-six samples [of ashes] , said to be unleached, varied from 3.24 to 9.76
per cent soluble potash, 3.66 to 10.05 percent total potash, 1.06 to 3.41 percent
total phosphoric acid, 19.92 to 55.80 per cent lime, and averaged 5.27, 6.05, 1.68,
34.82 per cent, resijectively, in the same ingredients."
Commercial fertilizers, J. H. Stewart and B. H. Hite {Went Virginia Sta. Bui.
63, pp. 115-152). — This gives the text of the State fertilizer law, statistics of the
value and consumption of fertilizers in West Virginia during the last 5 years, and
analyses and valuations of 204 brands of fertilizers registered for sale in the State
during 1899. It is estimated that the consumption of commercial fertilizers of all
classes in the State increased from 21,559 tons in 1895 to 39,106 tuns in 1899, or 81
per cent. The greatest increase was in case of acid phosphate with i)otash — 368 per
cent.
Analyses of licensed commercial fertilizers, 1900, F. W. Woll and A.
Vivian {Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 81, pp. iO).— This bulletin gives the text of the State
fertilizer law and reports 7 analyses of fertilizers with explanatory notes
FIELD CROPS.
Report of the agriculturist, V\ . P. Brooks and H. M. Thomson
{Mciiisachusdts IJatch Sta. Rpt. ISOO^ j'P- 9-JfO.) — This report covers
fertilizer, soil, and variety tests with a number of tield and garden
crops, and is in continuation of similar work previously noted (E. S.
K., 10, p. 026). Pot experiments have been made with potatoes,
onions, soy beans, corn, and millet.
FIELD CEOPS. 227
Corn was grown on plats used continuously for 11 years in soil tests
with ditierent fertilizers, alone and combined. The experiments of
1808 with corn on the same plats had shown a decrease in yield on the
plat which had received annual applications of muriate of potash at
the rate of 160 lbs. per acre. It was thought that the continued use
of the muriate form of potash had resulted in depleting the soil of
lime, and hence lime at the rate of 1 ton per acre was added to the
])lats in 18iM). The results were very beneficial on the muriate plat,
the jdeld of shelled corn being at the rate of 49,75 bu. per acre.
Other experiments, not recorded in detail, show '' that the benefit from
the lime was not due to the fact that it corrected soil acidity." The
yield of shelled corn on the plat which received barnyard manure at
the rate of 5 cords per acre for each of the 11 years of the test was at
the rate of 75.88 bu. per acre, while the yield on the plat receiving
complete commercial fertilizers was at the rate of 72.88 bu. per acre.
Five cords of liarn3^ard manure would cost if purchased about |25,
while the complete fertilizers cost about $10. The financial profits
for the whole 11 years with the difl'erent crops grown are in favor of
the complete commercial fertilizers.
A soil test similar in character to the above was made on another
series of plats which have been 10 years under trial. Onions were
grown in 1899 and one-half of each plat limed at the rate of 1 ton per
acre. The yields on the limed and unlimed portions of each plat are
tabulated and the results obtained in the3^ears 1898 and 1899 discussed.
Beneficial efi'ects of the lime on the muriate of potash plats were again
shown, and it is concluded from the experiment that the muriate oi*
potash is an undesirable form of potash for onions.
In a comparison of the relative value of 8,825 lbs, of barnyard
manure alone vs. 5,880 lbs. of barnyard manure and -lO lbs. of high-grade
sulphate of potash for corn, the best and cheapest yields were made
l)y the combination of the lesser amount of barn^nard manure with the
potash. The results of a comparison for 9 years of a special corn fer-
tilizer with a fertilizer containing a larger amount of potash for corn
were slightly in favor of the special corn fertilizer, but it is believed
"by the frequent introduction of clover the fertilizer richer in pot-
ash will prove superior to the other,"
Tests have been under way for a number of years with muriate vs.
sulphate of potash for a number of crops. In 1899 the largest yield
of sugar beets was obtained on the muriate plats, but the sugar con-
tent and the degree of purity of the juice were higher in beets grown
on the plats fertilized with sulphate of potash. The results obtained
with the 2 fertilizers as regards yield and composition of both sweet
and field corn were practically identical. With cabbage the greater
number of hard heads and the greater total yield was afforded by the
plats fertilized with the sulphate of potash.
228 KXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
A te.st with 7 dittorent forms of potash for soy beans was beg-un in
1898 and continued with potatoes in 1899. All the different forms
used increased the yields, but the yields from the same potash salt on
the duplicate plats did not always occupy the same relative rank.
The best average yield for potatoes was obtained on the high-g-rade
sulphate plat. Plats receiving- carbonate of potash-magnesia ranked
second, and the low-grade sulphate plats third. Kainit ranked lowest
in 3'ield of all the salts employed.
Experiments with leguminous crops as nitrogen gatherers seemed
to show no benefit to the succeeding crops from growing soy beans.
Clover gave nearly as good average results on plats which had received
no nitrogenous fertilizers for 11 years as on the plats which had been
well fertilized with different forms of nitrogen during that time.
Tests of different forms of nitrogen for farm crops showed them to
rank on the average in the following order: Nitrate of soda, barnyard
manure, dried blood, and sulphate of ammonia.
Experiments have been under wa}^ since 1891 to test the relative
value for garden crops of (1) sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of soda,
and dried blood as sources of nitrogen, and (2) muriate and sulphate
as sources of potash. Partiall}^ rotted stable manure was applied to
all the plats in 1898 and 1899. Barnyard manure alone has given the
best results with celery, spinach, onions, table beets, and squashes.
Sulphate of ammonia, when used with barnyard manure, was the most
satisfactory form of nitrogen for strawberries and cabbages, and
nitrate of soda the most satisfactory form for celer}', lettuce, spinach,
*and onions. Of the 2 forms of potash, the sulphate gave the best
results with strawberries, celery, lettuce, spinach, onions, and cabbages.
Data for tests of 94 varieties of potatoes are tabulated. Some 36
varieties produced yields averaging over 333 bu. per acre. In the
author's opinion good Northern-grown seed is of more importance
than name. The following varieties have made good 3'ields for 3 3^ears
or more: Beautv of Hebron, Dutton Seedling, Early Rose, Enormous,
Fillbasket, Prolific Rose, Restaurant, State of Maine. Thorburn,
Vanguard, and White Elephant.
The experiment in using wood ashes, ground bone and nuiriate of
potash, and barnyard manure in rotation upon grass lands has been
continued. The average yields of hay and rowen obtained from the
plats fertilized with the different manures since 1893 have been as
follows: Barnyard-manure plats, 7,027 lbs.; bone and potash, 6,568
lbs., and Avood ashes, 6,294 lbs. per acre.
Report on experiments conducted by the Ontario Agricultural
and Experimental Union, 1899 ( Ontni'io Agr. (lud Expl. I'n'wn Rpt.
1899, 2'p- -i'^-hi)- — I'h*' sununarized results obtained by the union in
experiments with certain field crops and fruits are reported. The
experiments involved tests of commercial fertilizers for corn and
FIELD CROPS, 229
mang-el-wurzels; variety tests with uiillct, grasses, clovers, buckwheat,
spring wheat, spring rye, barley, oats, field peas, field beans, Japanese
beans, carrots, mangel-wurzels, sugar beets, and Swedish and fall
turnips; tests in growing grass, peas, and 2 varieties of vetches for
green fodder, 3 mixtures of grain for green fodder, 6 varieties of corn
for grain fodder or silage; sowing peas at dift'erent dates to deter-
mine the amount of injurj' done by the pea weevil; planting potatoes
the same day and 5 da3^s after being cut; and planting corn in rows
and in squares.
In the experiment in planting peas at dift'erent dates it was found
that the percentage of weevily peas as well as the total yield deci'eased
as the date of seeding advanced, the 5deld of peas sown on June 6
being only about one-third as great as from peas sown on April 30.
Planting seed potatoes immediately after the}^ were cut yielded on the
average 12 bu. more per acre than was obtained from seed planted 5
days after being cut. Corn grown in squares gave a larger yield than
when planted in drills, the experimenters deciding in the proportion
of 14.1 in favor of planting by this method.
Report of the Arkansas Valley Substation, H. H. Griffix
{Colorado Sta. Rpt. 1899^ pj^. 55-70^ fig. 1). — A report on the culture
and 3'ield of wheat, corn, alfalfa, plants for green manuring, pasture
and forage, cantaloupes, potatoes, celery, sugar beets, beans, and cer-
tain orchard and small fruits. In some cases results of irrigation
experiments are included. The results of a feeding test are noted
elsewhere in this issue (p. 275).
Three irrigations proved as effective as 7 for cantaloupes. The
yields in both cases were larger than where only one irrigation was
given, but the quality of the cantaloupes was more satisfactory with
the one irrigation. Cantaloupes grown on alfalfa sod gave better
jields and fruit of better quality than when grown on other soils and
fertilized with barnj^ard manure or bone dust. Transplanting vines
started in the greenhouse gave a larger proportion of early fruits than
was obtained when the seeds were grown in hills in the open field.
Paris green was used effectively as a remedy against the black flea-
beetle, and Bordeaux mixture against the leaf blight of cantaloupes.
The percentage of sugar in the juice of the sugar beets grown varied
from 13.8 to 16.9, and the purity from 80 to 86.8. Some data are
given on the cost of growing sugar beets, but they are not reduced to
any common unit of comparison.
Field experiments, E. K. Lloyd {Jfississippl Sta. Rpt. 1899., fp.
9-13). — Variety tests with cotton and wheat, fertilizer tests with cot-
ton, and culture experiments with hairy vetch ( Yicia villosa) are
briefl}' reported.
The heaviest yields of the 20 varieties of cotton grown were afforded
by Hawkins Jumbo and Texas Bur, each producing over 700 lbs. of
230 EXPEKTMEISTT STATION RECORD.
seed cotton per acre. In a fertilizer test with cotton, the use of
2,000 lbs. of compost applied in the drill resulted in heavier yields
than cotton-seed meal, lime, acid phosphate, or kainit, alone or
combined.
The heaviest yields of wheat were afforded b}^ Eclipse, Beardless
Fulcaster, Fulcaster, and Red May, the yields varying from 18.1) hu.
in the lirst instance to 11.45 bu. in the last.
Sowing- hairy vetch broadcast at the rate of 53 lbs. per acre resulted
in a heavier yield of seed than sowing- either 83 or 37 lbs. in drills 2^
ft. apart. Heavv freezing did not injure early sowings of vetch.
Field crops, 1899, F. C. Burtis et al. {Oliahoma Sta. Bui. Jplf.^
pp. 12). — Variety tests with oats and culture experiments as regards
time of seeding, thickness of planting, and methods of plowing and
cultivation are recorded with Kalir corn, Indian corn, castor beans,
and cotton. The data of the different experiments are tabulated. The
authors summarize the results obtained as follows:
" (1) With oats, early seeding of an early-maturing variety has given best results.
" (2) With Katir corn, planting about the middle of May in rows 3 ft. apart with
one stalk each 3 to 5 in. has generally given the highest yields.
"(3) With corn, no definite differences in yield were produced by variations in
thickness of planting or in methods of plowing and cultivation.
" (4) With castor beans, no difference in yield was obtained from planting weekly
from March 21 to April 26. Planting May 16 gave the lowest yield. Manuring
more than doubled the yield.
" (5) With cotton, tests of time and thickness of planting gave no conclusive results.
Planting from April 15 to May 15 in rows 3 to 3i ft. apart, and chopping to 1 stalk to
each 18 in. is the general practice of cotton growers in eastern central Oklahoma."
Brief notes are added to the l^ulletin on the experience of farmers
of the Territory in cotton culture and on the growth of cowpeas at the
station.
Progress of experiments in forage crops and range improve-
ment at Abilene, Tex., H. L. Bentley {U. S. Dtpt. Agr.., iJlc'i-
sio)> of Agrostology Clrc. 23, pp. 20., fg. 1). — The general plan of these
experiments, begun in 1898, has been previously outlined (E. S. K..
10, p. 1005). This report covers the second year of the test. As a
result of the cultivation and rest given, the grazing capacity of th(>
range under observation has doul)led after a little more than one year's
treatment. The author concludes "(1) that it will pay farmers and
stockmen of Texas, especially in the semiarid districts of the State,
to cultivate their pastures by use of disk and iron-tooth harrows; (2)
that it will pay them to rest their pastures periodically during the
seasons when the grass seeds are maturing and falling to the ground."
A further experiment has been added to those already under way
in plowing furrows about 12 ft. apart in the pastures and running
crosswise to the generally prevailing winds. The piu'pose of the fur-
rows is to catch the grass seeds of the pasture which ripen and may
FIELD CROPS. 231
otherwise he blown away. They further serve to catch and hold
surplus rain water. Pasture lands thus treated have given good
results, many grass seeds being caught in the furrows, and the grass
on each side has remained green for a much longer period than else-
where. Transplanting grass roots on patches made bare of vegetation
by overgrazing has been successfully accomplished.
A large number of grasses, legumes, and other forage plants have
been tested on experimental plats. These are reported upon in detail.
The weather conditions of the season were very unfavorable, but in
spite of this drawback the experiments have yielded results of consid-
erable value.
"They have demonstrated the availabiUty of alfalfa (especially oasis alfalfa), sulla,
sainfoin, smooth brome, Canada rye grass, Terrell grass, and others for use in per-
manent pastures and meadows; of the vetches, cowpeas, velvet bean, soy bean, teo-
sinte, and a larger number of varieties of the sorghums and millets for annual or
temporary pastures, and as sources of coarse forage, either fresh or cured; of salt-
bush for alkali soils; of the gramas, Canada rye grass, grapevine mesquite, curly
mesquite, galleta, and needle grass for reseeding the worn-out ranges. They have
shown the feasibility of range improvement by resting and scarifying the land and
by sowing hardy native and introduced grasses."
An experiment was made in baling legumes and sorghums. Several
varieties of beans and peas were planted and when the fruits were
nearly grown, but before they began to turn yellow, the vines were
cut and cured as hay, after which they were baled. ""Recent exami-
nation showed that the ha}^ was as sweet as when first baled." A sim-
ilar experiment was successfully carried out with sorghum. The
stalks were cut when they were from 8 to 5 ft. tall and when the seeds
were in the dough stage. The sorghum kept well and the bales were
easily handled. Since these crops can be grown in all parts of Texas
nearly every year, it is thought that the industry may l)ecome of con-
siderable commercial importance in supplying forage to sections of
country farther west.
Egyptian cotton in the United States, L. H, Dewey ( ZL S. Dejyf.
A{//'., l)lv!s!(ni of Botany Circ. 26, jyj). 9). — This circular reviews the
results obtained in the earlier and in the more recent experiments with
Egyptian cotton in this country, giving descriptions of 3 varieties of
Egyptian cotton and instituting a comparison of the soil and climatic
conditions of the 2 countries relative to cotton-growing areas. Egyp-
tian cotton, apparentl}' fully equal to the imported product, has been
successfully grown in southern Texas from selected acclimated seed,
and a successful hybrid has been obtained by crossing Mitafifi Egyp-
tian with Myers Big Boll. The hybrid is said to produce a liber very
similar to the Egyptian product and in some respects superior to the
Egyptian. In the opinion of the author the area which can be devoted
to the culture of Eg3'ptian cotton on a conunercial scale in this country
must necessarily be confined to the Gulf coast region, where the season
282 EXPERIMENT STATION KE("(>RD,
is Idiio. and to tlie iirioatocl hiiuls of the Southwest, the climatir and
soil conditions of these regions being more similar to the Eg3^ptian
conditions than elsewhere in the United States.
Cowpeas and corn for silage and fodder, W. (tettys ( U. S. Depi.
A<ir.. l)i I'i.siiiii of A(/ri)'<tolo(/i/ V'lrc, 2J^^ pp. ILK Jj<i^. 2). — The desira-
bility and practical possibility of growing corn and cowpeas together
for silage and forage purposes are set forth by tiie author, his own
experience in growing, handling, and feeding these crops being made
the basis of the discussion.
Details as regards the author's methods of planting, cultivating, and
liarvesting the crops together are given. Whip-poor-will cowpea is
considered the best variety for growing with corn. No noticeably
injurious effect on the quality of the butter has ))een observed from
feeding corn-and-cowpea silage to milch cows. Sowing cowpeas as a
catch crop after wheat proved profitable in the author's experience.
The pea vines were used for forage and the peas saved separately.
Influence of the time of harvesting on the yield and quality of
hops, W. Behkexd {Bl. GevHten,, llopfen, and Kartofdhaii 1 {1899),
A^o. 12, pp. 4^65-47'^). — Hops were gathered at regular intervals of 5
days each from August 25, when thej^ were of a pure green color, to
September 14, when they were of a yellowish color, decked Avith
reddish specks. The yields of fresh and air-dried hops, amount of
resin and coloring material in the hops at different dates of gathering,
and the character of the beer made with them were determined.
The late harvested hops gave the more satisfactor}" results in nearly
every respect. In yield of air-dry substance and resin content, and
in the taste and character of the beer made from the hops, each later
harvest surpassed the one preceding. Relative to the fermentation
period, acid content of the beer, and the color of the beer, no differ-
ences traceable to differences in the harvesting period could be detected.
The content of coloring material in the hops decivased with the late-
ness of the harvesting.
The results of the inv^estigation lead to the conclusion that the best
time for harvesting hops is shortly after the appearance of the char-
actei-istic yellow color and reddish-colored flecks.
Influence of size of seed tubers on the yield of potatoes,
Clausen (Ijindir. WcJmhl. ScldeKirHj-Uol.sfcl/i, 50 {1900), Xo. .'4. pj>.
62-GJt). — Experiments were made in planting Danish, English, and
Blue Six Weeks seed potatoes of different sizes under like conditions
on good soil. In every instance the greatest yields were ol)tained
from the largest-sized seed, and the largest proportional gains were
made b}' the earl}- Blue Six Weeks potatoes. The author draws the
following conclusions from the results obtained in the experiments:
Large seed tubers insure, through the greater tunount of nourishment
which the}' furnish to the young plants, a stronger growth and a bet-
FIELD CROPS. 233
tor 3'ield than siiiall tubers. This result is especially noticeable in dry
seasons. Early niaturino- varieties are more benetited b}^ planting'
large seed tul)ers than varieties having a longer period of vegetation.
Large seed tubers are especially desirable in light soils.
Culture of Avheat and oats on the experimental fields at Grig-
non, P. P. Dehkkain (A/uk A(jn>ii., M {1900), No. 1, pi>- ^0-J3).—
The relative values of large and small grains for seed wheat, and the
proper place for oats in a system of field rotation were investigated.
Both crops were sown in fields on which crops of beets, potatoes, or
clover had been cultivated the preceding season. The ^aelds of wheat
obtained from the plats seeded with large grains were slightly better
than those where small seed had been used. The best results with
both wheat and oats were obtained on the plats which had grown a
crop of beets the preceding season, and the poorest results from the
iield which had been in clover.
Report of the agricultural department, J. H. Shepperd {NortJi Dakota Sta.
Rpt. 1899, pp. 41-45). — A short outline review ot the work of the department during
the year, with a reprint of the conclusions in bulletins 38 to 40 of tiie station.
Report of barley experiments in Denmark during 1898, C. Sonne [TidsHkr.
Laudbr. Plantmrl, 3 {1899), pp. l-iS-17;.').
Report of culture experiments with malt barley during 1897, C. Sonne
{Tidxsh: Laralhr. Planteavl, 5 {1899), pp. S9-62).
Malt barley and its culture in Norway, A. KRoovif; (Tidsskr. No7\s:ke Landbr.,
7 (1900), Ko. 4, pp- 145-155).
Studies of plant variation and improvement, with special reference to
Goldthorpe barley, W. Johannsen ( Tid-^Hkr. Landbr. Flanteavl, 5 {1899) , pp. 63-90). —
The auth(jr gives data and discussions bearing on the relation of grain weight to the
Nitrogen content of Goldthorpe barley, and the effect of different factors on this
relation, like growing place, time of sowing, thickness of sowing, influence of season,
etc. — F. W. WOLL.
Investigation of the quality of upper Bavarian barley grow^n in 1899,
E. Ulkich {VrtJJHchr. Bayer. Landu: Rafhe.% 5 {1900), No.2,pp.l25-137).—Coni\)ara-
tive data as to the physical characteristics, germinative power, color, odor, specific
gravity, etc., of barley grown in 20 different districts of Bavaria.
The harvest and sale of barley {Deut. Landw. Presse,27 {1900), No. 55, p. 699). —
An abstract is here made of an article on this subject by Remy. From the figures
given it is shown that the yellow ripe stage is the earliest condition in which barley
should be cut. For brewing purposes, however, it increases in value up to the dead
ripe stage.
Some analyses of Norw^egian barley, F. H. Werenskiold {I'lds-^kr. i\xir.vAe
Landbr., 7 {1900), No. 2, pp. 68-74)- — Complete analyses of 10 samples of 6-rowed bar-
ley and 7 of 2-rowed barley are given, with discussion of their malting qualities and
other characteristics. All but 4 of the samples were grown in Norway. In No. 3,
pp. 109-114, of the same periodical, the author gives additional analyses of Norwegian
barley. — f. w. moll.
Tests of commercial fertilizers on maize, A. Carre {SemaineAgr., 20 {1900), No.
999, pp. 218, 219). — In Haute-Garonne nitrate <jf soda was especially valuable for corn
in dry years. In rainy years the nitrate caused an excessivegrowth of stalk as compared
with the grain yield. In such years superphosphate and potash increased the grain
yield. A formula containing from 400 to 600 kg. of superphosphate and 200 kg. of
nitrate of soda, applied in drills, is recommended for the soils of the district.
234 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
Forage crops, J. S. Moore {Mksxiftsiitpi Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 29, 30). — Data on the
yield I >f sorghum, velvet beans, and Dwarf p]ssex rape grown at the station. Sor-
ghum planted in rows 3 ft. apart yielded at the rate of 8.95 tons of tield-cnred hay
per acre; planted broadcast with peas, 5.86 tons per acre; and planted broadcast
alone, 4.24 tons per acre. When planted September 15 in rows 3 ft. apart sorghum
yielded at the rate of 5.65 tons of hay, containing 10 per cent moisture, 2 months
from date of planting.
Analyses of sorg-lium and forage plants, W. R. Perkins and E. B. Ferris
{Mi.^i<i.ssi]>pi Sto. Rpt. isn:),pp. ,')9, 40).— Analyses with reference to the sugar content
of 23 samples of sorghum and food analyses of carpet grass; kidney bean; sorghum
hay; rape, sun dried; corn and cob, glazed stage; corn fodder; corn tops; prepared
feed; velvet-bean hay; Johnson grass hay; peavine hay; cotton seed; cotton-seed
meal; wheat shorts; wheat bran; corn-and-cob meal; corn. silage; rape, winter growm ;
and sorghum silage.
Sundry forage crops, J. L. Hills {Vermont Std. Rpt. 1899, p. ,?C<?).— The rela-
tive productiveness and composition of 6 nonsaccharine sorghums, soy beans, and 2
vetches grown from seed imported from Russia by this Department are shown in a
table. The sorghums tested were not thought adapted to Vermont. The soy bean
was considered a promising forage crop. The vetches from imported seed did no
better than crops grown from domestic seed.
Forage plants in Washington, W. J. Spillman ( Washington Sta. Bid. 41, pp.
60, map 1, iig^t. iO).— Part 1 of this bulletin discusses the climatic divisions of the
State, giving notes on the wheat -growing, grazing, and alfalfa sections; and part 2,
- the leguminous grasses and other forage plants which may be grown in the State,
with cultural notes and the results that have been thus far obtained with some of
different species at the experiment station. Part 3 classifies Washington farm crops
with especial reference to the different sections of the State, and part 4 g!\'es sugges-
tions with regard to the seeding and management of pastures and meadows. A
rainfall map of the State concludes the bulletin.
Conversion of arable land to pasture, W. J. Malden {London: Kegan Paul,
Trench, Truhier & Co., 1898, pp. 190).
Lupines and vetches for winter growth {California Fruit Grower, 25 {1900),
No. 638, p. 5).— Notes on the different varieties of lupines and vetches which have
been grown at the State agricultural experiment station and substations, wath
recommendations as to seeding and directions for obtaining seed.
Varieties of oats compared {Queensland Agr. Jour., 7 {1900), No. 1, p. 12). —
An account of some experiments with oats conducted by R. P. Wright at the West
of Scotland Agricultural College is given. Tam Finlay was the l)est all-romid
variety grown, so far as yield of straw was concerned. It tillered best and Avas the
latest variety grown. Tartar King was the earliest variety grown, while Pioneer
gave the largest yield of grain.
The selection of potatoes for seed purposes, II. L. Bolley {North Dakota Sta.
Rpt. 1899, p. 28) . — The work of testing the value of lai ge and small potatoes from
the same vine for seed purposes was continued for the sixth season (E. S. R.,9, p.
942), using 5 varieties of potatoes. The seed tubers used were selected from the pre-
ceding year's pedigreed crop.
"The results again aftirm those of previous years. A mature bud from one vine
thus proved to be as good as any other from the same vine when furnished with the
same weight of tuber piece. During six seasons of continuous selection of a small
potato from the same vine or strain the work has not tended to 'run out' the crop.
The products from this sort of selection seem to have been each year neither better
nor worse than those from the line of selection in wliich the biggest and best tuber
was always taken. Soil and cultivation seem to be the main elements in causing a
variation in tlie standard of a potato strain."
FIELD CROPS. 285
Tests of varities of potatoes in 1898, A. I'iIickiokk {JaJirrdxr. Landiv. ScJiule
RMi, 1898-99, pp. 76-80). — In addition to data aH to the yields of 28 varieties, sug-
gestions regarding the handUng of seed potatoes are given. It is considered good
practice in early spring to place the potatoes in dry sand. This induces a shrinking
up of the tubers and prevents sprouting until they are planted. Potatoes thus
treated have given from 22 to 30 per cent higher yields.
"Wheat straw for potatoes, A. M. Howell {Agr. Gaz. New South Walen, 11 {1900),
No. 1, pp. 45-47). — Discussion of the use and value of straw as a mulch for potatoes.
Fertilizer experiments with potatoes, E. Zachaeewicz {Prog. Agr. ct Vit. {Ed.
VEaf), 21 {1900), Xo. 16, pp. 484-487). — Oil meal was compared with a mixture of
oil meal, chlorid of potash, and superphosphate and with complete commercial
fertilizers for potatoes on a soil rich in nitrogen but poor in potash and phosphoric
acid. The amounts of the fertilizers used in each instance and the yields obtained
with 2 varieties of potatoes are tabulated. The profit from the use of the oil meal
alone was $63.11; from the oil meal and mineral fertilizers, $102.96, and from com-
plete commercial fertilizers, $283.90 per hectare.
Rice culture in the United States, S. A. Knapp { f 7. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers'
Bui. 110, pp. 28) . — This is a popular bulletin based on Bulletin 22 of the Division of
Botany of this Department (E. S. R., 12, p. 46) . Varieties of rice grown in this coun-
try, rice-growing sections, importation and production of rice, rice lands, methods of
culture and milling, value as a food, rice by-products, effects of fashion in rice, new
wholesale methods of rice production in Louisiana and Texas, prospects of the exten-
sion of the rice industry, labor problems, etc., are the principal subjects considered.
An impetus of considerable importance has lately been given to the rice industry in
this country by the introduction of the Japanese variety of rice Kiushu, which is
about 25 per cent more productive than the Honduras variety usually grown, and
which possesses superior milling qualities.
On the cultivation and treating of rice in Jamaica, R. H. Lindo {Jour.
Jamaica Agr. *S'oc., 4 {1900), No. 7, pp. 436-444) ■ — Complete cultural directions are
given, including thrashing, drying, hulling, and preparing for market.
Peculiar frost injuries to rye, Frank {Deut. Landw. Presse, 27 {1900), No. 51,
p. 653, figs. 2). — Late frosts in May seriously injured rye. Some plants were entirely
killed and others only slightly affected. Plants injured to different degrees, as shown
by after growth, are figured and described.
Sug-ar beets at the experiment station at Capelle, Desprez Sons {Jour. Agr.
Prat., 1900, 11, No. 31, pp. 160, 161; Semaine Agr., 20 {1900), No. 1002, p. 242).—
The comparative yields per square meter of roots and leaves of sugar beets, percent-
age sugar content and purity of the juice, etc., are given for 4 experimental plats for
each of the years 1896-1900. The beets were harvested July 22 of each year.
Sugar beets, C. H. Jones and B. O. White ( Vermont Sta. Ppt. 1899, pp. 146,
147). — The average weight of beets grown in 1898 was 20 oz. ; average sugar content,
13.3 per cent; purity coefficient, 83.1 per cent. From results attained the authors
conclude that, though a good grade of beets may be grown in Vermont, yet, owing
to the restricted area and short growing season, it will be difficult, if not impossible,
to establish the sugar industry in the .State.
Sugar beet experiments, E. F. Lado {North. Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 14-17). —
The analyses of 82 samples of sugar beets grown in cooperative experiments with
farmers throughout the State are given. They show an average of 12.9 per cent
sugar content with a coefficient of purity of 78 per cent. The season was not favor-
able for best results. See E. S. R., 11, \i. 241, for an account of similar work in 1898.
The w^ork of the agricultural experiment stations on tobacco, J. I. Schulte
and M. Whitney ( V. S. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 63, pp. 4^). — A summary is here given of the
results obtained in all the experimental work thus far undertaken by the agricultural
experiment stations in this country and Canada in the growing, curing, and handling
of tobacco; and suggestions given regarding further experimental work.
236
KX'.'ERIMENT STATION KECORD.
Cultivation of tobacco, J. M. Priego {El cult ho del (ahacn. M'ulrld: .][. (1. Ilcr-
nandez, 1SV9, jtji. l.U), jil. J. Bibliotcca del agricidtnr, r. 1).
Tobacco, its culture and biology, C. J. Koning (Lcip.sic: Wilhehn EiKjelinann,
1900, pp. So, figs. J.5).
Growing tobacco under cover {Tradesman, 43 {1900), No. 11, p. 59). — Some
iigures on the growing of tobacco under slat arbors and ai'ljors covered with cheese
cloth in Florida are given and methods of overhead irrigation of the tobacco l^y
revolving sprinklers notod.
Tobacco : Methods of culture and manufacture, ]\I. ^I. Garcia ( Tuhuco: nocio-
nes de ridtiio // 1 hdioracioii. Vulencia: Imp. de El rorrco dc ]'(tU'iiciu, 1899, pp. 44, />!■ 1 )•
Observations on the growth and products of wheat plants of known
selected pedigree, H. L. Bolley {North Dakota Sta. RpA. 1899, pp. 19, 20). — This
is an account of the comparative yields for 2 seasons of large grains of seed wheat
selected from plants grown from large grains and of small grains selected from jjlants
grown from small grains. The yields obtained from the large seed have been the
better. The experiment is being continued.
HORTICULTURE.
The fertilizer requirements of asparagus, J. Honig and E.
Haselhoff {BriiunsrJnreig Landir. Ztg., OS {1900), Nos. 23, pj^. 102,
103; 21^, p. 106). — In addition to the authors' experinient.s here reported,
the works of Paschen, Lierke, and Colomb on the culture and anaU'sis
of asparagus are drawn upon. The average weight and composition
of asparagus on a hectare are shown to be as follows:
Yield and composition of asparagus.
Fresh
weight.
Dry matter.
Nitrogen.l^'hp^P^'O^
ic acid.
Potash.
Asparagus stalks
Asparagus berries
Whole plant, without berries.
Totiil
Kg.
4,000
600
9,000
Per cent.
0.25
29.00
23. 00
Kg.
250
175
3,000
Kg.
12,875
6,000
47, 100
Kg.
4,375
1,580
10, 770
Kg.
10,625
4,935
63,900
65,975 I 16,725
79, 460
The fertilizing requirements of a crop of asparagus is thus seen to
he about 58.9 lbs. of nitrogen, 15.2 lbs. of phosphoric acid, and 71.77
lbs. of potash per acre. These figures increased or decreased by about
one-third give the maximum and minimum limits, respectively, of
these elements required by a crop in different seasons. About 18.000
lbs. of cattle manure would supply asparagus with all the essential
elements required for a crop grown on one acre. A number of fer-
tilizer fonuulas containing commercial fertilizer and furnishing nitro-
gen, phosphoric acid, and potash in about the right proportions for
as])aiagus are given.
The South Haven report for 1899, L. li. Taft and S. H. Fulton
{Michigan Sta. Bui. 177, pp. 17-56). — This is a report on tests of
varieties of fruits similar in character to those previously reported
(E. S. R., 10, p. 40). Some work in spra3ing, pruning, and fertilizing
is briefly noted, and tabular matter given which shows the blooming
HOKTICULTURE. 237
and ripening periods, characteristics of the form, color, etc., of 151
varieties of strawberries, 62 raspberries, 29 blackberries, 23 currants,
20 gooseberries, 69 cherries, 49 peaches, 55 pears, 10 quinces, 46
plums, 103 grapes, and 122 apples. Brief notes on a number of vari-
eties of nuts, including almonds, chestnuts, filberts, and walnuts, are
also given, together with descriptions of a number of varieties of
fruits which have not been described in previous reports of the station.
Following the severe freeze of the winter of 1898, experiments were
made in pruning back peach trees which had been more or less injured.
The authors summarize the results obtained in this experiment briefly
as follows:
"Very severe pruning or removing all the tops down to the stumps of main
branches proved dangerous to the life of the trees. More moderate pruning or cut-
ting back on branches from one-half to three-fourths of an inch in diameter gave
good results. Trees pruned in the ordinary way were not, at the close of the season,
in quite so good condition as tliose ])runed more severely. These results are not con-
sidered conclusive. ' '
Early spraying with copper sulphate solution in March proved, under
ordinary conditions, an ofl'ectual remedy for leaf curl.
Pollination in orchards, S. W. Fletcher {New York ConnlJ Sfa.
Bui. 181, pjj. 34O-064, ^(ji^. )io). — This bulletin discusses popularly
various reasons why flowers of orchard trees often fail to set fruit,
and the general subject of self-sterilit}^ of orchard fruits, giving sug-
gestions based on the experience of the avithor and others as to the
planting' of mixed orchards so as to overcome these defects.
Vigorous growth of wood, fungus diseases, frost injury, and con-
tinuous rain during the blooming season are given as some of the
factors which prevent the setting of fruit. "In general the cause of
self-sterility is that the pollen of a variety is unable to fertilize the
pistils of that same variety." Self- sterility, however, is not a constant
character, and some varieties which are self -sterile under certain con-
ditions may be nearly self-fertile under more favorable conditions.
Orchard fruits can not be separated into self-sterile and self-fertile
varieties. The following list, based on the author's experience and on
the reports of over 500 fruit growers, is considered a conservative list
of varieties which tend toward self -sterility, and which, therefore,
should not be planted alone in large blocks:
"P«fr.s.— Angouleme (Duchess) , Bartlett, Clapp, Idaho, Kieffer, Xelis. Apples. —
Bellflower, Primate, Spitzenburg, Willow Twig, AVinesap. Plums. — Coe Golden
Drop, French Prune, Italian Prune, Kelsey, Marianna, Miner, Ogon, Peach, Sat-
suma. Wild Goose, and, according to Waugh and Kerr, all other varieties of native
plums except Robinson. Peach. — Susquehanna. Apricot. — White Nicholas. Cher-
ries.— Napoleon, Belle de Choisy, Reine Hortense. Most of these varieties are self-
fertile in some places, but the weight of evidence shows them to be uncertain."
The mutual aflinity of certain varieties for cross pollinating each
other, the necessity for planting with self-sterile trees, trees which
238 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
may serve as pollinizers for them, and the good effects of cross polli-
nation over self-pollination of certain varieties, are discussed at con-
siderable length. The results obtained at the station in self and cross
pollinating experiments with a number of varieties of different fruits
are shown by the aid of ligures. Suggestions are also given regarding
the selection, distribution, and planting of trees largely intended as
pollinizers in orchards. The advantages of generally mixed plantings
is pointed out, and notes are given on pollen distribution by the aid
of wind and insects.
Report of the horticulturist, F. A. Waugh ( Vermont Sta. Rpt.
lH99^pp. 1S9-2.'>1, ji(jx. 0). — The subjects here reported upon are the
pollination of plums, types of European plums in America, hybrid
plums, geography of variation in the genus Prunus in America, and
varieties and culture of cherries in Vermont.
Pollination of plums (pp. 189-209, figs. 2). — This subject has been
previously reported upon (E. S. R., 11, p. 347). Further work has
strengthened the previous conclusions of the author, that for all prac
tical purposes native and eTapanese plums may be considered self-
sterile, and that in order to insure fecundation of the blossoms varieties
in orchards umst be mixed. In mixing the varieties for purposes of
pollination, the following points should be observ^^d: (1) Blossoming-
season; (2) mutual affinity; (3) amount of pollen borne, and (4) the
value of the pollenizer as a fruit bearer. The time of ))lossoming
each year has been found quite uniform. A map with "isophenal"
lines is given showing the blossoming season of Wild Goose in differ-
ent latitudes for 1899. The mutual affinity of certain well-known
varieties as pollenizers for each other is discussed, and a table of vari-
eties given with a list of recommended pollenizers for each. Previous
work, which demonstrated that insects are necessary to pollination,
has been confirmed. The wind, if of any use in cross fertilizing plums,
plays a very subordinate part. A list of insects captured on plum
blossoms in Oklahoma, Maryland, Iowa, and Vermont is shown. The
honeybee performs ])y far the greater part of the pollination. The
uselessness of spraying while the ti'ees are in blossom is pointed out.
The cause of the phenomenon known as June drop was investigated.
Careful examination of the sound and fallen fruit showed this trou])le
to be due to 3 principal causes: (1) nonpollination; (2) curculio, and
(3) the struggle of the fruit on the stem for existenc(\ In the exami-
nation of the fallen f I'uit of 9 different varieties only -tl per cent had
been fecundated. Nonfecundated fruit usually falls in June, while
the larger amount of the fruit attacked by the curculio falls in July.
A large mmiber of fruits often set on a single fruit spur. As only a
part of these can develop the w^eaker are crowded off", even though
well fertilized and free from curculio attacks. In combating the June
drop the struggle for existence may be left out of consideration.
HORTICULTURE. 239
The question of pollination is also a matter which should be considered
when the orchard is set. The curculio is the factor to be guarded
against, particularly as this cause may reduce the crop to a total loss.
Types of European-plums in America (pp. 210-218). — Both the older
and the more modern types of European plums are considered in some
detail and a classification given of present day types. The following
groups are distinguished: Myrobalan, Damsons, Reine Claude, Dame
Aubert, prunes, Perdrigons, Diamond, Bradshaw, and Lombard.
Varieties which fall under each group are noted.
Hybrid plains (pp. 218-230, ligs. 2).' — In this continuation of previous
work (E. S. R., 11, p. 47), the question of the hybrid parentage is
further discussed, the parentage of 18 known hybrids being given,
together with notes of the year on 39 hybrid varieties.
Geography of oariation i?i. the genus Prunus in America (pp. 231-
239). — This is a discussion of the variation of native American species
of Prunus which occurs in different sections of the country, illustrated
b}' 2 maps which show the general trend of the distril)ution of the
several species series. Three points arc made the basis of discussion:
"(1) the striking parallelism of modification which obtains in the
several species series; (2) the relation of this modification to geo-
graphical distribution; and (3) the application of a uniform sj^stem of
nomenclature to the genus which shall exhibit the several groups in
their proper relationships and with due perspective." The Americana,
Chickasaw, Hortulana, Maritima, Sand Cherry, Choke Cherr}-, and
Black Cherry series are discussed geographically and characterized;
and a systematic summary given of the various series, species, and
varieties. The preferred botanical names are noted with principal
synonymy. In the preferred names, certain changes are suggested
Avhich "seem to help toward putting the nomenclature of the genus
Prunus on a more uniform basis and to show more clearly the impor-
tant natural relations existing between the various members of the
several series." A fact developed in the author's study is that the
Americana series of plums is continuous from New Brunswick to the
Mexican border. Characteristic changes occur in the different lati-
tudes, but "there is no break either in the geographical distribution or
in the gradual morphological modification of the series."
Field notes on cherrlex (pp. 21:0-251, figs 5). — These notes are based
on results obtained with a number of varieties sent out by the station
to different parts of the State some years previous. In general only
sour cherries succeed in Vermont, more especially those of the Morello
class. Descriptive, historical, and nomenclatural notes, are given
on 18 varieties, followed by general, cultural, and marketing notes.
The varieties recommended for use on the ordinary farm, noted in the
decreasing order of their desirablity, are as follows: Morello, Mont-
morency, Brusseler Braun, Ragg, Bessarabian, Schatten Amarelle,
240 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Girotte du Nord, and Juneat Ainarelle. The author notes that there
is a ready and profitable home market in Vermont for 25 times the
amount of cherries now grown, and that cherries are easier to grow
than potatoes.
Facts and opinions about plums and plum growing in Iowa,
J. Craig {Iowa Sta. Bui. hG.pp. 233-303, figs. J^).— This bulletin «ets.
forth some of the facts obtained in an investigation of the plum indus-
tr}^ in Iowa relative to the character, blossoming period, hardiness,
popularity, etc., of a large number of varieties grown within the State;
presents an epitome of the experiences of many orchardists on plum
culture in diflerent parts of the State; describes 118 varieties of plums,
and gives directions for planting, cultivating, pruning, spraying, thin-
ing, topgrafting, selection of plum stocks, and the planting of plums
with regard to cross pollination.
The relative hardiness of the fruit buds of a large number of varie-
ties of plums grown in ditierent parts of the State was determined by
examination of buds sent in to the station in the spring of 1899. The
data obtained are tabulated, and are instructive '"from the standpoint
of exhibiting class characteristics, varietal differences, and effect of
locality upon variety."
The characteristics of all the leading types of plums, as shoAvn by
their behavior in Iowa, are sunmiarized comparatively in tabular form.
From these data the author bases his belief that the chief reliance of
Iowa plum growers must be placed upon varieties of the Americana
group. The improvement of this group of plums by Iowa horticul-
turists is pointed out. From circular letters addressed to leading fruit
growers, the varieties De Soto, Hawkeye, and Wyant of the Americana
group and Minor of the species Hortulana are shown to be the most
popular plums grown in Iowa for both market purposes and for home
use. The Domestica and Japanese plums are practically uncultivated
in Iowa except in the l southern tiers of counties. Lombard and
Green Gage of the Domestica and Burbank and Abundant of the
Japanese are the favorite varieties grown.
The author suggests lists of varieties of plums for planting in each
of the 9 tiers of counties of the State. The curculio, gouger, aphis,
and rot are mentioned as the most serious enemies of native and
Domestica plums. Of the Japanese plums, rot is the enemy of great-
est importance.
Fertilizing self-sterile grapes, S. A. Beach {Ninv York State Sta.
Bui. 169, pp. .}.j1-o71, pU. ^).— Work of the author in testing the
self -fertility of grapes has been previously noted (E. S. R., 11, p. 248).
The present work reports a study of the question whether some grapes
are better than others for fertilizing the self-sterile kinds. The work
has been carried out in 3 different sections of the State. Cross pollina-
tion was effected by brushing the bunches of the 2 varieties to be cross
HORTICULTURE. 241
pollinated together or by inclosing the variety furnishing pollen with
the variety to be pollinated in a paper bag and shaking the 2 together.
Paper bags were used in each instance to prevent cross fertilization by
foreign pollen.
" Twelve nearly or quite self -sterile varieties were treated with pollen from 1 or
more of 24 varieties ranging from perfectly self-fertile to self-sterile. The results are
,<j;iven in the body of the bulletin, both in detail and summarized.
"The use of self-sterile varieties as pollenizers for other self-sterile varieties resulted
in failure. iSelf-sterile varieties fertilized with varieties not strongly self-fertile pro-
duced clusters varying in compactness about as did the bunches of the iJoUinating
variety. Self- fertile sorts, with rare exceptions, gave good results when used as
fertilizers for either partially self-sterile or completely self-sterile varieties. From
study of the effect of pollen from different varieties upon the same self-sterile variety,
it seems probable that failure to set fruit may be due to several causes, such as
dropping off of blossom buds before they open or poor condition of the vine; but the
most common cause is imperfect pollination due to impotent pollen.
" Lists are given of varieties, both strongly self-fertile and imperfectly self-fertile
or self-sterile, which blossom very early, medium early, in mid-season, medium late,
late, and very late."
Bench grafting resistant vines, F. T. Bioletti and A. M. dal Piaz
( California Sta. Bui. I'BJ^ pp. 38, figs. 10). — The gradual spread of the
phylloxera in California vineyards, necessitating their reestablishment
on resistant roots, has led the authors to carry out extensive investi-
gations as to the most suitable varieties for this purpose, the best
methods of grafting the same, and the grafting of vinifera varieties
upon various resistant stocks. Cuttings imported from France were
so damaged during transportation as to make desirable the use of only
California-grown cuttings in the experiments.
The 3 most resistant stocks used in 1898 were Riparia Gloire de
Montpellier, R. grande glabre, and Rupestris St. George. Twelve
vinifera varieties grew well and made good unions on the first, 14 on
the second, and 13 on the third. Brief detailed notes on the growth
in 1899 of each of these varieties are given, as well as of the growth
of some other varieties and of certain crosses of Rupestris on its own
roots.
In 1899 the experiments consisted chiefly of tests of methods of
grafting and of planting in the nursery. Ten varieties of American
grapes were used as stocks, the varieties Zinfandel, Mondeuse, Tokay,
and Ferrara as scions, and 3 varieties for rooting experiments.
The proportion of successful unions obtained by the ditierent methods
of grafting and with the different stocks is shown in the following tab-
ular summary.
8058— No. 3 4
242
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Tabular review of grafting experiments.
Nature of experiment.
(^hampin grafts
English cleft grafts
Scions with two eyes
Scions with one eye
Grafts callusefl in sand
Grafts callused in straw
Grafts not callused
Zinfandel on Kupestris 8t. George
Mondeiise on Rupestris St. George
Ferrara on Rupestris St. George
Tokay on Rupestris St. George
Rupestris St. George as stock
Riparia Gloire de Jlontpellier as stock
Herbemont
Lenoir
Cunningham
American Rulander
Miinson, rooted vines
America, rooted vines
Champini , rooted vines
Elvicand, rooted vines
Proportion of
unions.
Remarks,
First
Second
class.
class.
Per cent.
Per
cent.
44
11
37
6
Unions verv complete.
46
13
38
/
61
/
46
12
Unions weak.
26
13
Growth rather short.
64
11
Good growth. .
54
10
Do.
75
9
Verv strong growth.
60
6
Strong growth.
64
11
15
12
Do.
0
0
1
2
7
4
0
0
69
0
Good growth.
0
30
0
0
0
0
"The figures in the above table must not be taken as representing the exact relative
values of the various methods and varieties compared, ])ut . . . may be considered as
valuable indications."
Relative to the influence of the scions on the growth of the grafts,
the authors state as follows:
"The Mondeuse, though cjuite satisfactory, gave a smaller percentage of success-
ful grafts than any of the others. They started later than the Zinfandel, and, though
the growth and root system were somewhat stronger, the wood was not quite so well
matured. The Zinfandel did very well, giving 64 per cent of good grafts and making
good growth. The black Ferrara, however, made almost phenomenal growth and
yielded 75 per cent of first-class unions. The growth of the Tokay was almost equal
to that of the Ferrara, but the number of successful grafts rather less — 60 per cent."
The harmful results following- neglect in cutting the rafiia or other
binding material or not trimming away the roots put out by the scions
is illustrated by photographic I'eproductions of several deformed
specimens.
The experiments in rooting 580 cuttings of Rupestris St. George, 40
of Riparia Gloire de Montpellior. and 4.5 of Solonis resulted in 83 per
cent of well-rooted vines in the lirst instance and 80 in the second.
Botanical descriptions are given of these 3 most promising resistant
stocks for use in California, and the dift'erence in character of their
root systems is illustrated.
Some of the conclusions of the authors relative to the results of the
whole work are as follows:
"A cutting graft of suitable varieties makes as large and vigorous growth as a
simple cutting, so that by the method of iH-nch grafting no time is lost in estal)lishing
a resistant vineyard.
"Resistant varieties which are difficult to root Imt easy to graft when old, such as
Lenoir, should not be bench grafted.
"Care in callusing, planting, and treatment in nursery, and especially in keeping
HORTICULTURE. 243
the jrrafts moist from the time they are made till they are in the callasing l^ed, will
enable even an inexperienced grafter to ol)tain at least 60 per cent of good, grafted
plants.
" Callusing in sand insures more perfect unions and a larger percentage of suc-
cessful grafts than planting directly in the nursery.
"The moisture in the callusing bed should not be excessive, and the temperature
should be relatively warm.
"The growing grafts should be watched closely in order to see that the roots of
the scions are removed before they become large, and that the raffia is cut before it
strangles the graft.
"The English cleft graft is preferable to the Champin graft, because it gives more
perfect unions and can be made with more accuracy and rapidity.
"Scions of two eyes are preferable to those of one eye, as they give more chances
of success.
"Rupestris St. George seems to be remarkably adapted to California soils (except
the heaviest clays) and conditions, and is to be preferred to any variety yet tested
here wherever deep penetration of roots is possible and desirable.
"All the eyes of the Rupestris stock should be cut out deeply and carefully.
"A vigorous and large-growing vinifera scion promotes an equally vigorous and
large growth of Rupestris St. George used as stock."
The forcing of plants by ether, J. Fischer [Amer. (xard. , 21 {1900),
Nos. 283, pp. 358-360, Jigs. If.; 28 If., pp. 372, .57.5).— According to the
author, the resting period of a plant when growth is almost or entirel}'
discontinued should be distinguished from the '"forced inactivity" of
a plant which results from surrounding conditions, as extreme cold or
lack of moisture, which make growth impossible. The effects of ether
vapor in stimulating into early growth and bloom ma}' find a profitable
application in the former condition, while in the latter it is without
apiDreciable effect. The resting period of plants is divided into 3
stages — early rest, middle rest, and after rest, corresponding to decrease
in growth, complete rest, and increasing activity, respectively. With
the lilac the winter buds are said to l)e in early rest until midsummer,
then in middle rest until the end of October. From the end of October
until the end of December or first of January they are in the after-
rest stage, "when all of the buds emerge from the resting condition
and are held in a condition of forced inactivity by the cold season,"
During the stages of early and middle rest the stimulating influence
of ether vapor is very small and practically without value. It is
during the stage of after rest that its use is most effective.
According to the author, the treatment with ether must alwa\^s be
given plants which have not lost or are losing their leaves. "In gen-
eral it is only in the after-resting stage that etherization is of practical
value. Exact dates for the earliest forcing of different species can not
be given because the differences due to the season, variety, and method
of culture are so great. In general it ma}^ be said that the ether
method makes it possible to force shrubs 3 to (S weeks earlier than by
ordinary methods of culture."
The author's experiments with Tulip La Reine showed a gain in
earliness of from 8 to 12 days due to etherization. Etherized tulips
244 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
did not hold the blooms so well. Good results were obtained in the
open-air forcing- of several varieties of lilacs, Pninus triloba^ and
Viburnum. "'"No practical results have been reached in the etheriza-
tion of bulbs before the formation of the roots. It seems to be
dependent upon the fact that these structures, if etherized before the
roots are formed, are retarded." The beech was considerably retarded
in its development bv etherization. After the resting period, etheriza-
tion seems to have no influence upon the development except perhaps
to slightly hinder the growth of the shoots. As to the effect of ether-
ization on the color of the flowers, the author states that with lilacs
the color was weaker than in untreated specimens. With an exposure
of only 24 hours to the ether, the growth was not so rapid and the
color deeper.
"To develop strong colors, the plants [lilacs] should be placed in temperatures of
50 to 54° F. Very beautifully colored flowers have been produced at higher temper-
atures on Andenken and Louis Spiith. . . . Splendidly developed flowers, pure
white, on Marly Rouge have been obtained by growing etherized specimens of the
plant at 62 to 72° F. in full light. Specimens of the same developed later without
etherization but under the same conditions otherwise produced sparing bunches of
reddish-gray flowers."
Details are given for constructing apparatus in which plants may be
etherized and specific directions given for etherizing lilacs, azaleas,
Viburnum opulus^ Amygdalacere, Spirsea, Pyrmforihunda.f Stapkylea
colchica^ Deutzia gracilis, lily of the valley, and tulips. The sum-
marized directions of the author regarding etherization of plants are
as follows: Use only sulphuric ether. The etherizing apparatus should
consist of a chamber lined with tinfoil or made vapor-proof in some
other manner, with a vessel in the upper part from which ether may
be evaporated. The room temperature should be 62 to 66^ F. in the
daytime, and ma}^ be allowed to drop to 58° F. at night. Plants
should be exposed to ether vapor 48 hours altogether; or, exposure 48
hours, ventilation 48 hours, and exposure again for 48 hours. For
shrubs the amount used should be li oz. of ether for each 40 gal. of
air in the chamber. At the close of the exposure to ether, the plants
should be brought into a warm room. Etherized plants require less
heat for their development than plants not so treated.
Report of tlie section of botany and horticulture, C. S. Crandall [Colorado
Sla. lljA. 1899, pp. 32-34). — A l)rief report is given of the effect of the severe freeze of
the winter of 1898-99 on the plum and apple orchards. Of 152 varieties of plums
in the station orchard none escaped injury entirely and 30 were killed, as follows:
Chickasaw, 5; Beach plum, 1 ; Wild Goose, 6; Domestica, 6; Japanese, 7; Americana,
4; Hybrid, 1. Individual trees of 44 varieties produced some l)loom, of which 37
were Americanas; 5 belonged to the Miner group; 2 were unclassified hybrids; and
1 was Pninus hesseyi. The young apple orchard suffered even greater loss than did
the plum orchard.
Report of the horticulturist, A. B. ]\IcKay {Mississippi Sla. Rpt. 1899, pp.
16-21). — The station irrigation i)]ant i.< l)riefly described and an account given of the
small and ort-hard fruits recently planted at the station, with notes on their care.
HORTICULTURE. 245
Report of the horticulturist, V. B. \V"a:.dron (Xorth Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp.
47-51). — This report reviews in outline the work of the year and notes the varieties
of garden vegetables which succeeded Ijest. The white ash, which has been recom-
mended as one of the most promising trees for groves and timber belts in the State,
was subject to serious attacks during the year from borers and bark beetles that
appeared in such numbers as to destroy or cripple nearly all the trees. It is thought
from the present outlook that continued plantings of this tree must be abandoned.
In the fields the Rocky Mountain locust and Hessian fiy were the most serious
insect pests of the year. Some notes are given regarding their control.
The chayote, E. Andre {Rev. Horl., 12 {1900), No. 15, pp. 420, 421, pi. i).— This
tropical fruit or vegetable {Sechium edule) is illustrated and described and suggestions
given regarding its culture and uses.
Cultivation of pepper in Bombay, J. W. Wollison {Agr. Ledger, 1900, No. 3
( Veg. Prod. ser. No. 4S), pp. J-J-J>!). — Methods of growing and liarvesting the black
pepper of commerce.
The apple and how to grow it, G. B. Brackett {U. S. Dejd. Agr., Farmers' Bid.
lis, pp. 32, figs. 10). — This bulletin is intended primarily for "the guidance of the
farmer in the propagation, cultivation, and care of the family orchard." Lists of
varieties of apples suitable for culture in different sections of the country are given,
and these lists include many commercial varieties suitable for the same districts.
Utilization of orchard fruits and the gathering and disposing of the crop are also
discussed.
Apples in North Carolina {Bid. North Carolina State Bd. Agr., 21 {1900), No. 7, pp.
40, pis. 4, figs. 19). — Poi)ular directions for the culture of apples in North Carolina,
with suggestions regarding the most suitable varieties for different purposes and
descriptions of some 60 varieties. Papers on the advancement of apple culture in
the western part of the State, on the care in handling winter apples, preparing apples
for the market, and on the diseases and insects affecting apple trees in North Caro-
lina form the concluding portion of the bulletin.
The apples of France; planting- and cultivation, manufacture of cider and
apple brandy, fruit production, E. Gautier {Les pommiers de France; plantations
et cultures, fabrication du cidre et des eaux-de vie de cidre, production fruitiere. Paris:
E. Brocherioiu; 1899, pp. 87, pi. l,figs. 10).
Orchard technique: 'III. Growing- the apple orchard, W. B. Alwood {Vir-
ginia Sta. Bui. 99, pp. 53-79, figs. 12). — Detailed popular directions for laying out the
orchard, selecting nursery stock, planting trees, pruning, cultivating, etc.
Time of pruning- aflfecting- time of ripening- apricots, J. W. Mills {Pacific
Rural Press, GO {1900), No. o, p. 09). — The autlior pruned experimentally 12 varieties
of apricots. One-half of each variety was pruned in July after the fruit was taken
off and the other half late in December. The late pruning considerably retarded the
ripening period of the apricots, the last picking of the July-pruned trees being taken
off before the first picking of the December-pruned trees was ripe. This prolonging of
the picking season is considered an important factor in securing the crop without loss.
Varieties of sour cherries, U. P. Hedrick ( Utah Sta. Bui. 64, pp. 43-49, fig. 1) . —
The author discusses the possibility and profits of sour-cherry culture in Utah and
describes 23 varieties growing at the station. A table is given showing the yields in
pounds and marketing period of the same varieties for the 2 years 1898 and 1899.
Small plantings of sour cherries throughout the State are urged. Brusseler Braune,
Carnation, Ostheim, and Sklanka are among the best varieties growing at the station.
Cherries in the West {Amer. Gard., 21 {1900), No. 293, p. .5..'C).— From remarks
made at the Nurseryman's A.ssociation it would seem that the Early Eichmond, Dye-
house, and Montmorency were the most satisfactory varieties to grow in the West.
Cultivation of citrus fruits, E. Arno {La coltivazione degli agrumi. Palermo:
Alberto Reber, 1899, pp. 447, figs. 36). — The botany of citrus fruits, chemical analysis
of constituent parts, favorable topographic and climatic conditions for growth, cul-
246 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ture, fcrtiliziiitr, injurious pests, and the cconnniy in growiiij^ citrus fruits arc dis-
cussed.
Fruit culture in Queensland — citrus culture, A. H. Benson ((^nei'nsland Ayr.
Jour., 7 {1900), No. 1, ji)>. .34--i9). — Popular directions regarding the cultivation and
manuring of citrus trees and on handling and packing the fruit.
Citrus regions of California, B. M. Lelong {Pacijic Rural Press, 60 {1900), No. 6,
p. 84) . — A popular discussion of the orange and lemon lands and the conditions of
their culture.
Culture of the date palm {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 16 {1900), No. 12, jjp.
742-744). — From investigations by the Cape Colony Department of Agriculture it
seems that a considerable number of these trees are now growing in Damaraland
and Namaqualand and the fruit forms no inconsiderable proportion of the food of
the poorer classes. In Damaraland the date palm is successfully cultivated at eleva-
tions of 3,000 to 3,500 ft. Above this height it is uncertain. Some information as
to the culture and habits of the date palm is included in the article.
Coffee culture in Queensland, H. Newport {Queensland Agr. Jour., 7 {1900),
No. 1, pp. 4.5-50, pis. 4). — Pulping and curing are the operations considered. Build-
ings and machinery for these operations and details of manipulation are given.
Coffee and india-rubber culture in Mexico, preceded by g-eog-raphical and
statistical notes on Mexico, ]M. Romero {Ncir York: (t. P. Putriain\-< Sottti, 1898,
jjp. 417).
Strawberries, C. S. Crandall and C. H. Potter {Colorado Sta. Bui.. 53, pp.27). —
Detailed popular directions for the culture, fertilizing, irrigation, selection, and pol-
linating of strawberries, with descriptive notes on 74 varieties and a table showing
the comparative size, vigor, productiveness, etc., of the different varieties.
Strawberry trials {Amer. Gard., 21 {1900), No. 290, p. 469, fig. l).—A report is
here given on the test of varieties of strawberries grown at the trial grounds of
American Gardening in 1900. Some 18 of the better varieties are noted in detail.
Food for strawberries, A. H. Ward (Amer. Gard., 21 {1900), No. 294, p- 535). —
Manuring strawberries is considered. Rotten leaves, decayed wood, and fermented
peat ash in small quantities mixed with other vegetable substances are thought to
make a better compost for strawberries than animal manures. Nitrate of soda and
powdered phosphate of lime are also recommended, about 400 lbs. of the mixture
per acre being used.
Strawberry breeding, N. (). Booth {Amer. Gard., 21 {1900), No. 294, pp- 534,
535). — Methods of breeding strawberries are given and the objects to be sought
noted. Some results secured at the Missouri and New York State experiment sta-
tions in breeding strawberries are given. Usually less than 1 desirable seedling can
be expected out of each 1,000 seedlings grown. In Missouri the varieties Warfield
No. 2, Lady Rusk, Crescent, and Bubach No. 5 gave seedlings about 5 per cent of
which were considered worth saving beyond the first fruiting year. Crescent X
Sharpless has given a high percentage of good seedlings both in Missouri and New
York.
The Oregon evergreen blackberry, U. P. Hedrick ( Utali Sta. Bui. 64, pp- 50-54,
fig. 1). — Notes on the yields and characteristics of the Oregon evergreen blackberry,
with replies to letters of inquiry of 8 nurserymen regarding its origin, history, quali-
ties, cultivation, possibilities, etc.
Grapes for calcareous soils, F. Lavoux {Messager Agr., 5. scr., 1 {1900), No. 5,
pp. 187-191). — As a result of tests on the experimental grounds at Charentes, lists of
varieties suitable for growing on light, dry, humid, and heavy soils, containing vari-
ous amounts of lime, are given.
Observations on the phenology and maturity of cultivated vines, Bonnet
and ViDAL {Ann. Ecole Nut. Agr. MontpeUier, 11 {1899-1900), p>p. 329-359) .—The
phenology and date of maturity of about 500 varieties of cultivated grapes growing
at the National Agricultural School grounds at MontpeUier are recorded for the sea-
FOEESTRY.
247
son of 1899. A difference of 34 days was observed between the earliest and latest
varieties starting into growth, when all varieties were considered. With French
varieties alone a difference of 22 days was observed.
Wliat grapes are best as pollenizers, F. H. Hall and S. A. Beach {Nnr Vnrk
State Sta. Bui. l'!0, piijiiilar ed., }>}>. o). — This is a popular e(htion of Bulletin 169 of
the station (see p. 240).
Systems of grape pruning in the Mediterranean region, L. Ravaz {Ann.
EcuJe Nat. Agr. MontptWer, 11 {1899-1900) , j)p. 315-328).— Mier considering com-
paratively and physiologically a number of different systems of grape pruning, the
author believes that with the vines, soils, and climate of the Mediterranean region
the older method of short pruning on low stocks is to be preferred to later methods
of long pruning, since more wine of a better quality is obtained.
On the quantity and quality of the products of the vine, L. Ravaz {xinn.
Ecole Xat. Agr. Moutj»'Jlin; 11 {1899-1900), pp. 339-333).— Theoretival considerations
on increasing the (luantity while maintaining the quality of vine products.
The growing of herbaceous Calceolaris, W. Kleinheinz {Amer. Gard., 21
{1900), No. 289, pp. 455, 456, fig. 1). — Cultural directions.
The clematis {Amer. Gard., 21 {1900), No. 293, p. 5f 2). —Historical and cultural
notes, with remarks on hybridizing and on diseases and insects.
How to grow lilies, J. McGregor {Amer. Gard., 21 {1900), No. 292, p. 504). —
Short paper covering time of potting the bulbs, removal to the house, temperature,
etc., read by the author before the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
The history of the rose {Jour. Hort., 52 {1900), Nos. 2697, p. 478; 2702, p. 34;
2706, p. 132). — The early history is dealt with especially.
Chronolog-ical contributions to the history of the sweet pea {Amer. Gard.,
21 {1900), No. 292, p. 501). — Historical notes on the sweet pea, beginning with its
introduction into England from Italy in 1696 and coming up to the present.
Nicholson's dictionary of gardening'. Supplement, G. Nicholson {Hyde
Pa7-Jc, M(i.s.s.: G. T. King, 1900, pp. 376,figf<. 385). — This work supplements the au-
thor's dictionary of gardening, bringing the matter up to date as far the letters A-F.
FORESTRY.
The density of forest crops, W. Schlich {Gard. Chron.^ 3. ser..,
27 {1900), ^o. 705, pp. Ji.lJi.-Ii.16). — The author undertakes to answer the
question as to the proper density of forest crops at which the fertility
of the soil is preserved, if not increased, and the most valuable class
of timber produced. The results of thousands of measurements are
given of Norway spruce, beech, oak, and Scotch pine, in which all
kinds of soils are considered. The average results are given in the
following table:
Density of foreat crops.
Age of wood.
20 years .
30 years .
40 years .
50 years .
60 years .
70 years .
80 years .
90 years .
100 years
110 years
120 years
Number of trees to the acre.
2,800
2,000
1,380
1,020
660
490
400
330
290
260
250
Beech.
2,800
1,790
1, 150
770
560
440
330
260
220
190
160
Oak.
2,700
1,140
640
420
310
240
200
160
140
120
105
Scotch
pine.
1,900
1,250
850
620
460
360
290
240
200
180
160
248 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Experiments in forestry, C. >S. Crandali. ( Colorado Sta. lipt. 1899, pp. S4, S5) . —
The station has continued experiments in forestry started in cooperation with the
Division of Forestry of this Department in 1896. On one of the forest plats nearly
4,000 plants of southernwood (Artemisia abrotanum) were planted as nurse plants for
conifers. The plants are said to have covered the ground completely and to serve
well as a protection for other plants, but to be of no other use, as they kill to the
ground each winter.
Some local conditions of forestry in England (Jour. Bd. Agr. [Londori],? (1900) ,
No. 1, pp. 1-9) . — Notes are given on the distribution and growth in England and
Wales of a number of the more common forest trees, the diseases and injuries to which
they are subject, and market conditions.
Report of the Bureau of Forestry, T. Southworth (Rpt. Clerk Forestry, Ontario,
1S99, pp. 144, pl>^- ^)- — Notes are given on forestry methods, forest reserves, wind-
breaks, shelter plantings, street tree planting, etc. A compilation and history is
given of the Crown timber regulations to the present time.
Forest law in the United States, T. Cleveland, Jr. (Forester, 6 (1900), No. 7,
pp. 153-160). — The topics discussed in this paper are: Forest law in general, early
settlers and the forests, beginnings of a Federal forest polic}', the Federal land policy,
and timber culture laws.
Railroad forestry, J. H. Sutor (Sd. Amer. Sup., 50 (1900), No. 1286, pp. 20619,
20620). — An address delivered before the Central Association of Kailroad Officers in
which reforestation is strenuously urged.
Notes on the forest trees of Ohio, W. R. Lazenby (Jour. Columbus Hort. Soc, 15
(1900), No. 1, pp. 26-29, pis. 3). — Notes are given on the forest trees which are found
growing wild in the State of Ohio. The number is said to be at least 112 species, repre-
senting 25 orders and about 50 genera.
Observations on the Eucalyptus of New South Wales, V and VI, H. Deane
and J. H. Maiden (Proc. Lhm. Soc. Nev' South Wohx, 1S99, Nos.3, p)p.44S-471,l>ls.6;
4,pp. 612-630, pis. 3). — Descriptions are given of a number of species and varieties of
Eucalyptus. Notes are also given on their economic value.
The lebbek or siris tree, D. G. Fairchild ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Diiymon of Bolauy
Circ. 23, pip. 4, figs. 2) . — A history and description of this tree imported from India and
as found in Egypt. It grows rapidly in the latter country in a sandy soil with little
moisture. The wood is durable, works well, and is of value. It is mainly desirable
as a shade tree for avenues and is recommended for southern California, Arizona,
and Florida.
SEEDS WEEDS.
Investigations on -weeds, II. L. Bolley {North Dalfota Sfa. Rpt.
1899., pp. '2b-'2S). — A brief report is given of experiments conducted
in weed destruction, in which marked success was obtained when cop-
per sulphate was sprayed over the field at the rate of 1 11). of copper
sulphate to 4 gal. of water, the solution being' used at the rate of -40
to 50 gal. per acre.
The author has begun an investigation of weed seeds planted at dif-
ferent depths, in which the seeds of a number of the more common
weeds were planted at depths varying from 1 to H» in.
Studies have been made at various elevators and mills throughout
the State to determine what influence they may have as weed distrib-
uters. It was found that the following weed seeds occur quite abun-
dantly in wheat and are responsible for considerable lows not only in
SEEDS WEEDS. 249
the reduction of yield, but in depreciation of the quality: Ainhrosla
trifida^ Lychnis githago^ Saporiaria vaccaria^ Polygonum c<m'Volv(du8,
Sefaria virid/H^ S. glavca, and Arena fatua.
Killing weeds with chemicals, L. K. Jones and W. A. Orton
( Vermont Sta. Rpt. 1899, pj^. 182-188).— Since the pu])lication of the
bulletin on the use of salt in killing the hawkweed (E. S. R., 8, p. 1)87),
the authors have received many inquiries as to the possibility of
destroying- other weeds by chemicals, which led them to make a com-
parative test of a number of chemicals for this purpose. Among
those included were common salt, copper sulphate, potassium sulphid,
kerosene, arseniate of soda, a mixture of white arsenic and sal soda,
and 2 proprietary articles. These chemicals were tested l)v marking
off areas on gravelly walks, roadways, tennis courts, and similar drj^,
beaten soils. Applications were begun about July 1 and observations
continued until autumn. The different chemicals were tried at the
rate of about 8 gal. of solution to each square rod of surface. The
weeds most commonly present were knotweed {Polygonum (miculare)^
white clover, various grasses, purslane, plantain, dandelion, etc. Of
these the knotweed was most troublesome and the efficiency of the
chemicals in destroying this weed was considered the best gauge of
its value. The experiments with different chemicals are reported at
some length, together with notes on their cost, and the following con-
clusions were drawn:
"Gravel walks, drives, tennis courts, and similar places can Ije kept free from
weeds by the use of certain chemicals.
"Common salt can be used for this purpose, but very heavy applications are
re(]uired, and when used in such amounts it is liable to be washed into the borders
of adjacent lawns. Salt should always be applied in the dry form. The weeds may
be more fully suppressed without such danger from washing by certain other chem-
icals. These are to be applied in solutions, and at the rate of about 8 gal. to the
square rod.
"Crude carbolic acid is a very powerful and quick acting herbicide. One pint in
4 gal. of water is usually sufhcient; cost as diluted, \ ct. for a gallon, 4 cts. to the
square rod. Its effects are not as enduring, however, as are those of the arsenical
solutions.
"Various arsenical compounds are available, including arseniate of soda, a mix-
ture of white arsenic and sal soda, and two proprietary articles. The choice between
these latter becomes largely a matter of relative expense and convenience. In gen-
eral, the choice should, in our judgment, lie between the crude carbolic acid and the
arseniate of soda.
"One or at most two applications each season of one or another of these chemicals
will, it is believed, suffice to keep down the weeds."
The use of solutions of sulphate of ammonia and superphos-
phate for destroying weeds, Maizieres {L' Engnnx, IJ4. {1899), 3'r>.
36, pp. 851, 852). — The author quotes from a report of experiments
made by M. Georges Castel-Deletrez in eradicating weeds by spraying
with solutions of sulphate of anunonia. A 3 per cent solution burnt
250 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
the edg-os of the leaves of plumeless thistles (Carduus), Vmt did not
appear permanentl}^ to injure the plant. A 5 per cent solution
destroyed some whole leaves and checked growth for several days.
A 10 per cent solution entirely destroved young* plants. A 1.5 per cent
solution applied to plants 20 to 30 cm. in height entirely destro3'ed a
part of them. In experiments with white mustard, a 10 per cent
solution completely destroyed the plants in those cases in which appli-
cation was made before the flower buds were developed. If applied
later, it was not effective.
The author then proceeds to report very briefly on some experi-
ments made by himself along this line, using, however, in this case a
solution of superphosphate. Details of the experiments are not given,
but it is said that ver}^ satisfactory results w^ere reached in experi-
ments with various cruciferous plants. The experiments were repeated
with mixed solutions of superphosphate and sulphate of ammonia, and
in this case a solution of 5 degrees of densit}^ proved ver}^ efficient.
The experiments are to be continued.
Results of experiments on the spraying of charlock, P. H.
FouLKES {Jour. Beading Col.^ Enghind^ Sup. 9, pp. oo~o9). — Spra3'ing
experiments were conducted in 6 localities, in which copper sulphate
in strengths of 2 to 6 per cent and quantities of 25 to 75 gal. per acre
was tested. The applications were made under different climatic con-
ditions on wheat, barley, and oats at different stages of growth, when
the charlock plants were quite young, just before flowering, and while
in flower. On the whole, the experiments were considered to establish
the value of copper sulphate as a means of destruction of charlock.
For the best effect of spraying the author considers the following con-
ditions necessary: A clear, still, dr}' day, the application of a 2 per
cent solution at the rate of 50 gal. per acre before the charlock comes
into flower, and the thorough application of the spray, in which the
nozzle should be held low so that the sprav may fall upon and not be
driven against the plants. If these conditions are complied with, it is
thought that one spraying will ])e sufficient lo destroy the weeds. If
rain falls within 21 hours after the spraying, it is advised that the
application be repeated.
Spraying of charlock (Jour. Bd. Agr. {London], 7 {1900), No. 1,
pp. J^j-J/)). — A l>rief report is given of experiments conducted in north
Wales in regions which are notably infested with this weed, in which
one-eighth-acre plats were sprayed with copper sulphate, and compari-
sons made with other plats sprayed with iron sui})hate. Iron sulphate
failed to produce any appreciable effect upon the weeds, while copper
sulphate gave better results although not altogether satisfactory ones.
The sprayings were probabh^ made too late in the season, as the results
seem to indicate that the advantage of spraying depends largely on
the age of the charlock at the time of spraying. No injury to the
SEEDS WEEDS. 251
crop .spra3'ed was notod. In one series of experiments the plant
proved to be the "smooth-leaved charlock," and upon this the solutions
seemed to have no efl'ect.
Eradication of moss in pastures {Jour. Bd. Ayr. [London], 7
(1900), 3y>. 1, pp. 39,Jf.O). — An account is given of a number of exper-
iments for the eradication of moss in pasture lands. None of the
usual reasons assigned for the presence of moss, such as sourness of
soil, deficient aeration, or great povert}' of the soil were present, the
experiments being conducted on light loamy soils which rested on
chalk. Chemical and mechanical means were investigated. The
chemicals used were sulphuric acid, lime, superphosphate, basic slag,
salt, and iron sulphate. The mechanical methods tested were lift-
ing the turf, rolling, and raking. The chemical treatment seemed to
have little or no effect, while of the mechanical processes rolling was
most effective.
The farmer's interest in good seed, A.J. Pieters {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers'
Bui. Ill, pp. 24, figs. 7) . — A popular bulletin on the value of seed testing, in which the
relationship between quality of seed and amount sown, methods of seed testing, etc.,
are described. The results of tests with a number of samples of red clover, redtop,
Kentucky blue grass, timothy, orchard grass, smooth brome grass, and crimson clover
are given, in which the market price and actual value of seed are shown. In many
instances the actual value of the seed, as shown by tests, was decidedly less than the
market price paid.
Red clover seed, A. J. Pieters ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Botany Circ. 24, pp. 5,
figs. 2). — Red clover seed is described, together with a number of its more common
adulterants and impurities. The value of testing seed is pointed out and in general
it is found that high-grade medium-priced samples are in reality the cheapest.
The seed of smooth brome grass, A. J. Pieters {U.S. Dept. Agr., Division of
Botany Circ. 23, pjp. 3, fig. 1) . — The rapid introduction of this grass in the arid and
semi-arid regions of this country has led to many inquiries concerning it, and the
author describes popularly the seed and some of the impurities associated with it.
Directions are given for sampling and testing brome-grass seed, and the offer is made
by the Department to test such seed for those desiring it.
Resistance of seeds to heat, Schribaux et al. {Messager Agr., 5. ser., 1 {1900),
No. 6, pp. 227, 228) . — All cereals except maize are said to readily withstand temper-
atures of 100° C. for short periods. Wheat heated for 1 hour to 105° C. germinated
97 per cent; 11.5°, 95 percent; 11<)°, 93 percent; 120°, 56 per cent; and 125°, 4 percent.
The resistance of seeds to high temperatures, V. Roger {Messager Agr., 5. ser.,
1 {1900), No. 5, pp. 191, 192).— Peas and cress heated to 60° C. for 24 hours and then
to 98° for 10 hours gave 30 and 60 per cent germinations, respectively. Heated
directly to 98° all were killed. Cress seed germinated after 800 hours in a thermo-
stat at 65° C. Peas and cress in sealed tubes with quicklime retained their power
of germination after an exposure of 206 days at 40° C.
Method for determining the relative value of beet seed, G. Linhart {Kiserlet.
Kosleut., 3 {1900), No. ;?, pp. 136-139).
Annual report of Danish seed control station, 1896-97, O. Rostrup ( Tidsskr.
Laridhr. Plaiiteurl, 5 {1899), pp. 1-38). — The report gives the usual account of the
results of seed analyses made during the year, with summary tables for the years
1887-1897, inclusive, and such other discussions as the work during the year has sug-
gested. There were received for examination during 1896-97 1,762 seed samples,
252 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
of which 1,184 were .sulijected to complete analyses, 243 to determinations of purity,
and 310 to determinations of germination. Of the samples 934 were sent by seeds-
men, 69 by seed growers, and 508 by farmers, the rest being secured for original
investigations. An investigation as to the influence of concentrated sulphuric acid
on hard seeds of legumes showed that the germination of flat pea was greatly
improved by steeping the seeds in acid for one minute; after 60 days the germina-
tion of the treated seed was 84 per cent, and that of the untreated seed 28 per cent.
After 300 days all the treated seed had germinated, while those not treated showed
a germination of 76 per cent. It is likely that a longer treatment with sulphuric
acid will further improve the germination of flat pea. A sample of red-clover seed
left in concentrated sulphuric acid for 24 hours still contained 9 per cent of viable
seed.^ — F. w. woij,.
Report of the Danish seed control station, 1897-98, ( ». Kostri-p {Tlilsslcr.
Landbr. Planteavl, G {1900), -pp. 1-37).
Report of the Danish seed control station for the year 1898-99, O.
RosTKUP (Tidsskr. Landbr. Planteaii, 6 {1900), pp. 113-169). — Contains the usual
compilation of the results of seed analyses made during the year, and during the
decennium 1889-1899. Of other subjects treated in the report may be mentioned:
List of seeds of wild or cultivated plants found in seed samples of cultivated plants
sent to the Danish seed control station (pp. 135-154); on the decrease in viability
of seeds from spring to fall (pp. 156-158); germination trials of seeds of wild plants
(pp. 158-169); germination trials with cacti (p. 169). — f. w. woll.
Twenty-seventh report of Markfrokontoret (seed office) {Copenhagen, 1S99,
pp. 32) . — The report contains the usual account of the work of the office, and a
number of papers on the culture of different agricultural I'rops.
Reports of Swedish seed control stations for 1898 {Meddel. K. Landlbr.
Sli/r., 1900, No. 63, pp. 401-465). — Eighteen stations, in part supported by Govern-
ment, were maintained during the year; 8,258 seed samples were examined at these
stations during 1898, 6,147 complete analyses having been made, and 2,111 partial
analyses. Farmers sent in 3,161 samples, seedsmen 4,455 samples, and 638 samples
were secured by the stations themselves in special investigations; 19.6, 12.2, and
11.6 per cent of the samples received for examination were analyzed at the seed
control stations at Lund, Stockholm, and Oerebro, respectively. The average
results of the analyses for each kind of seed and for each station, with ranges of
results, are given in the report. — f. w. woll.
Report of the seed control station at Lund, Sweden, for 1899, B. Jonsson
{Mai mi), 1900, pp. 20).
Report of the seed control station at Gothenburg-, Sweden, for 1898-99
.]. E. Alex {Gbtebur/j, 1900, pp. 14).
Report of the Skara seed control station for 1898-99, S. Hammar {Ber..
VerL'i. Skara Kern. Sta. och FrokontroUanst., 1899, pp. 25-31). — A report is given of
the analyses of 149 lots of seed which were tested between July 1, 1898, and June
30, 1899. Of these rye, red clover, alsike clover, and timothy seed constituted 75
per cent of the samples.
Some common Ontario weeds, F. C. Harrison {Ontario Dept. Agr., Toronto,
1900, 2>p. SO, Jigs. 34) . — A popular discussion is given on the introduction and spread
of weeds; methods of identification, classification, and eradic-ation. The more com-
mon weeds of Ontario to the number of 34 species are figured, popularly described,
and suggestions given for their eradication. Based upon rei)lies from corresjiondents,
the author represents graphically the comparative destru(;tiveness of Ontario weeds.
Those most troublesome in order of destructiveness are Canada thistle, mustard or
charlock, wild oati couch grass, ragweed, oxeye daisy, false flax, dock, burdock, and
foxtail.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 253
Noxious weeds {Rpt. Dept. Agr. NorthweM Territories, 1899, pp. 29-40). — A report
is given of the distribution of a number of troublesome weeds and the activity of the
inspectors in enforcing the laws on weed destruction.
On tlie geographical distribution of some of our weeds, J. Holmboe ( Tidsskr.
Nor>ike Lditdhr., 7 {1900), No. 4, ]>]>■ lo5-171).
Experiments in weed prevention, J. A. Voelcker {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. Eng-
land, 3. ser., 11 {1900), No. 41, PP- 110-115, fig. 1). — In this pot experiment, 4 series
were used: 1, control; 2, sprayed with ammonia liquor from gas works; 3, treated
with salt at the rate of 5 cwt. per acre and subsequently sprayed with a 2 per cent
solution of sulphate of copper; 4, sprayed with carbolic acid solution. The weeds
that appeared were speedwell, groundsel, shei^herd's ^urse, goose foot, and knot
grass {Polygonum aviculare). Cias liquor used in its full strength, containing 2.93 per
cent ammonia, killed all the weeds except goose foot and knot grass. The other
chemicals used were found to be practically useless for weed prevention.
Spraying for weed destruction {Deal. Landw. Presse,27 {1900), No. 53, p. 679). —
Notes are given on the successful spraying with solutions of iron sulphate for the
destruction of field mustard in a number of crops.
Bur medic {Queensland Agr. Jour., 6 {1900) , No. 3, p. 209, pi. 1). — Notes are given
on Medicago denticulata which is considered a very troublesome and injurious weed
in pastu^-es.
Destruction of charlock {Jour. Bd. Agr. [^Ijondon^, 6 {1900), No. 4,pp- 465-468). —
Good results will, as a rule, be obtained by spraying charlock when not over 3 in.
high with a 4 per cent solution of copper sulphate or a 15 per cent solution of iron
sulphate at the rate of 40 gal. per acre. Cloudy days without rain give better results
than when spraying is done upon bright days.
The eradication of the prickly pear {Queensland Agr. Jour., 6 {1900), No. 4,PP-
319, 320, ph. 2) . — An account is given of the successful use of a spraying solution for
the destruction of the prickly pear. The composition of the solution is not given.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Report of the botanists, G. E. Stone and R. E. Smith {Massachu-
setts Hatch Sta. Rjpt. 1899^ j)P- 56-73).— Th^ principal investigations
of the authors during the season covered by this report have been
contined to problems in vegetable physiology and pathology. The
presence of a serious disease in asters is reported, and the authors
have begun investigations with a view to ascertain the nature of the
trouble and the means for its prevention. Bacterial cucumber wilt
has made its appearance in the vicinity and caused serious injury to
the crop. In the Annual Report of the station for 1897 (E. S. R., 10,
p. 018), the authors described a leaf spot of geranium which was
thought to ]je caused by bacteria. At that time it was believed to be
the result of al)normal conditions rather than a true disease. However,
during the season covered by the report, the disease has been preva-
lent and has caused a considerable loss. It causes small yellow dull
spots in the leaves, so that they soon fall off and the plant becomes
nearl}^ denuded. Examination of the dead spots shows they are full
of bacteria, but all attempts to isolate the organism have been without
success.
Failures of the muskmelon crop are reported due to Alternaria sp.
254 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
and the common anthrucnose {('o//t4(>tric/iinj/ Ingenarluin). The first
disease appeared earlier than before, and spraying experiments for its
prevention were too late to be of value. In the case of the anthrac-
nose, applications of Bordeaux mixture begun July 1 or earlier will
prevent injury. The maple-leaf blight {^PhijIhMlcta acerlcola), is
briefly described. This disease produces large dead spots in the
leaves, which become curled and distorted, losing their beauty; but
beyond this the actual injury to the tree is considered in most cases
slight.
The chrysanthemum rust, which was first reported in 1807 (E. S. R.,
10, p. 648), appears to be on the decline. It has appeared in numerous
places, but apparently caused little or no damage.
Experiments are reported on growing violets in sterilized soil, the
purpose of which Avas to determine the relation between the produc-
tion of flowers and the occurrence of leaf spots in sterilized and
unsterilized soils. The methods of sterilizing the soil were previously
given (E. S. R., 10, p. 1055). The plants for the experiments were
made from cuttings started in sterilized sand, afterwards transplanted
into sterilized soil and removed out of doors, where they remained
during the summer. In the fall they were transplanted into a bed
divided into 2 sections, one of which was sterilized and the other not.
The yield of flowers from both plats is tal)ulated, from which it
appears there was a gain of 36 per cent in the number of flowers
gathered from the sterilized plat over that from the unsterilized one.
The observations made to determine the relative amount of leaf spot
on the 2 plats showed that the sterilized plats gave the smallest num-
ber, indicating the more vigorous plants were grown on the sterilized
soil. The authors state that '" while there is no dou})t as to the bene-
ficial results obtained by sterilizing the same soil for 2 or 3 crops, it
does not necessarily follow that the soil will repeatedly stand this
treatment and give good crops.'"
Report on various cryptogamic diseases, E. Marchal {Bui. Agr.
[^/'^w.sv/.y], 16 {1900), jVo. 1, pp. S-.il, jigs. S). — Brief notes are given
on a number of diseases of more oi" less economic importance. Among
those described are the white rust of purslane due to Cystopus j)ortu-
lacce; rusts of cereals, in which Puccinia graminis is reported on
barley, wheat, r3^e, oats, and numerous grasses, P. rnhigo-vera on
wheat and barley, and P. coronata on oats as well as on certain pas-
ture grasses; the vesicular rust of pine needles caused by Coleosporimn
i^enecionh; stem rust of rye caused by Urocystis occulta^ Polyporus
on fruit trees, the species mentioned being P. igniarlus, fidvus,' a
rust of pine needles caused by Lophodernduin p>)naHtri; a browning
of spruce needles caused by L. macrosporum; a blight of shallots due
to Scleroti II !<( facl'el !(i)ui • a new Phoma disease of tomatoes, in which
serious injury to the fruit is reported in greenhouses; a leaf disease
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 255
of the sycamore caused by Glo&osporlum. riervlHequtmn,' and a new dis-
ease of medlars caused by Monilia linhartiana. The disease of med-
lars is characterized by the appearance of dark brown dry spots along
the midrib and principal veins of the leaves. These increase in size
until the entire leaf is invaded. The young fruits are also attacked,
turn l)rown, dry, and fall from the tree.
Smut of cereals, II. L. Bolley [NortJi Dukota Sta. Rpt. 1899, j/p.
W-'Bo^jig. 1). — Since 1895 the author has l)een investigating the influ-
ence of difl'erent dates of seeding, soil condition, climate, etc., on the
growth of smuts, and in the case of the stinking smut of wheat has
drawn the following conclusions: The stinking snnit of wheat in the
region of the station will grow best if left exposed to the weather in
the unbroken smut balls throughout the winter months. For best ger-
mination of the spores a condition of soil atmosphere approaching sat-
uration is required, while the presence of actual water in the soil is
detrimental. A Avide range of temperature for the germination of
spores has been observed when the soil conditions are favorable. The
best soil conditions for a high percentage of infection in the field would
be those which give a good growth of the wheat plant, associated with
a saturated soil and a daily temperature showing a minimum of 15 to
35° F, In conducting his test it was found that the millet smut devel-
oped best when the ground was too wet to produce a large growth of
wheat smut, and it is thought probable that each species of smut will
hQ found to vary in the conditions required for its development.
The use of formaldehyde for grain disinfection has been further
investigated with good results. Acting upon the popular belief that
chlorid of lime would prove beneficial in preventing snmts of wheat,
the authoi" investigated the subject, but found it was without value as a
smut preventive.
Potato diseases and their remedies, L. K. Jones and W. A.
Orton {Vermont Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp>. 151-155). — This report gives an
account of observations and experiments made on potato diseases and
their control in 189S. The season was somewhat less favorable for the
diseases than the preceding one, the principal injury being reported
from tip burn, which occurred rather abundantly on potatoes planted
in light soils. Plant.s .sprayed with Bordeaux mixture were relatively
exempt from attacks of the flea-beetle and showed little evidence
of tip burn. In the vicinity of the station there was little injury due
to either the early or late blight, although some damage was reported
from these causes in other parts of the State.
Spraying experiments were conducted to test the value of standard
Bordeaux mixture in which the lime and copper sulphate were each
diluted to the proper degree before mixing, an improperly made Bor-
deaux mixture in which the concentrated solutions were combined and
then diluted to the proper strength, and a commercial Bordeaux mix-
256 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ture which is essentially the same as the second mixture just described.
The results obtained from a series of 20 plats showing- the comparative
value of the different forms of Bordeaux mixture were decidedly in
favor of the standard mixture. Tests were also made of 2 commercial
powders, Bug' Death and Laurel Green, as substitutes for Paris green
and Bordeaux mixture for use upon potatoes. The primary object
was to determine whether these compounds had any value as fungicides,
but the absence of all fungi rendered this portion of the experiment
of no value. It was found that both the powders possessed consid-
erable value as insecticides, although no comparison can ])e drawn
with Paris green on account of the diti'erence in the experiments.
A ne-w phoma disease of s^vedes, M. C. Potter {Jour. Bd. Agr.
[Lojidon], G {1900), No. 4, pP- J^Jv^-^^O, jd. i, figs. 5). — A description
is given of a somewhat common disease of swedes which occurs in the
north of England and. according to the author, appears to have been
thus far undescribed. When fairlv advanced the disease is usually
recognized by pale, straw-colored, or brownish patches which con-
trast strongly with the ordinary color of the root, and by the large
dry cracks which sometimes penetrate deeply into the flesh. The
natural color of the swede is destroyed and replaced by discolored
patches which are surrounded by a narrow border of dark metallic
green, shading into a dark purple. Numerous small spots of a deep
purplish green color, encircling a central lighter spot, indicates the
commencement of the disease. One striking characteristic of the dis-
ease is the dr}^ condition of the attacked cells, the cortex usually sep-
arating as a dry paper}^ layer. The microscopical appearances of the
fungus are described at considerable length and results of cultures are
given in which the complete cycle of the fungus was carried out upon
swedes. In general appearance the fungus agrees very closely with
the description given of Phoma hrasslcw, which is said to attack cab-
bages in the west of France. It possesses other characters which have
been given for ]\ sangidnolenta, which is said to attack carrots, and
the author thinks eventually these difl'erent parasites will be found to
be forms of the same species.
Suggestions are given for methods of combating the disease. At
present the only means seems to be remedial and consists in the de-
struction of all infested roots and greater attention to storage and
fertilizers.
Tomato blight, (1. \\ . Herrick {Jf/s.sissijjpl /Stct. I?j)t. 1899, pjj. ^,
44)- — T'l order to ol)tain some practical method of dealing with tomato
Ijlight, the author conducted a number of experiments during the sea-
son covered by the report. Seedlings were grown on infected soil
and kept in the greenhouse where similar plants had been grown every
year. Etjual areas were planted in soils which had produced ])lighted
tomatoes the year previous. One plat was treated with lime at the
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 257
rate of •1,000 lbs, per acre; the second plat was left as a check, and the
third plat was treated with kainit at the rate of 400 lbs. per acre. The
record obtained showed less blighted plants where the lime was
employed than on the other plats.
In another experiment 2 plats of the same area were planted with
seedlings grown on uninfected soil and in a greenhouse in which no
seedlings had been grown. In one of the plats where blighted toma-
toes had been grown the previous year, lime at the rate of 4,000 lbs.
per acre was added. The other plat received no treatment, and a
comparison of the yield of the 2 plats showed but slight difference in
the percentage of blighted plants.
Another series of plats were tested the soil of which had never
borne tomatoes. The first plat was planted with seedlings grown on
infected soil and was treated with kainit at the rate of 400 lbs. per
acre. Plat 2 was similarl}^ planted but not treated. The third plat
was similar in all respects except it received lime at the rate of 4,000
lbs. per acre. The fourth plat was set with seedlings grown on unin-
fected soil and treated with lime. In this series of experiments only
1 plant was blighted, and that was found on plat 3. The author states,
as a result of his experiments, that "infection is not -obtained in the
greenhouse and that rotation of the crop is a benefit and probably
necessary."
The relationship existing bet-ween the asparagus rust and the
physical properties of the soil, G. E. Stone and R. E. Smith (J/^/.y-
.s((r]i.i[xetiii IlatcJi Sta. Rpt. 1899, pjj. 61-73). — Attention was previously
called by the authors (E. S. R., 11, p. 159) to the probable relationship
existing between dry seasons and the occurrence of the summer or
injurious stage of the rust. Continued observations have been made
on this subject, and with but one exception the authors report that
the rust has never been observed by them or reported to them except
in soils which were sandy and possessed little water-retaining prop-
erties. Mechanical analyses of a number of soils of the State are
given with their water-retaining capacitj^. The conclusion is reached
that injury by the summer stage of the asparagus rust is due to a weak-
ened condition of the plants from growing on dry soils during seasons
of extreme drought. The practice of spraying for the prevention of
the rust is not considered productive of good results. If the devel-
opment of the rust is due to lack of moisture in the soil, it seems that
it will be necessarj^ to resort to soil of finer texture for the cultivation
of the crop and the practice of irrigation wherever possible.
Fungus diseases of the roots of fruit trees {Jour. Bd. Agr.
[Londoh], 7 {1900), No. 1, j^>p. ,10-16, jjI. 1). — A number of young
fruit trees were submitted to the board of agriculture, and it was found
that they were apparently dying from the attacks of a fungus on the
roots. The fungus belongs to the genus Rosellinia and threateiBS to
8058— No. 3 5
258 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
be a serious pest to various trees. On this account an article by G.
Massee on a similar disease of the trees of New Zealand is extensively
quoted.
As preventive measures it is suggested that the mycelium, which
travels through the soil, may be isolated by digging deep, narrow
trenches about the trees, care being taken to throw the excavated soil
toward the tree instead of from it. A second method, which has
proved of service in France, is to lay the trunk bare as far below the
surface of the soil as can be done without injury to the tree and to
cover the exposed trunk and soil with sulphur.
The bro-wn spot of the apple, L. R. Jones and W. A. Orton ( Ver-
mx))ii fSfd. I\i>t. 1S99, 2)j.>. 159-16 Jf, j)^- !)• — In the Annual Report of
this station for 1891 (E. S. R., -1, p. 471), attention was called to a fruit
spot of the Baldwin apple which at that time was thought possibly to
be due to a fungus which was determined as DotJddea pomigena. A
re-examination of these brown spots has led to the conclusion that the
disease is not primarily due to a fungus. In the past season numerous
specimens of Baldwin apples have been examined. Beginning with
the first evidences of fruit spot in the autumn before harvest, a careful
search was made for bacteria and fungi, neither of which were found.
In connection with these observations it was determined that while the
spot is the worst in the case of the Baldwins it is also quite couuuon
on Northern Spy and was observed on Greenings. The spots are not
uniforml}^ distributed over the surface but are more numerous toward
the apical portion of the fruit. They are not confined to the surface
but appear at various depths, the deep ones often being overlaid by
a half inch or more of sound flesh, and are associated in their distribu-
tion with that of the vascular bundles occurring at or near the ends of
the veins which permeate the flesh of the fruit.
An examination of the literature led the authors to conclude that
this disease is the same as that described by Wortmann^ under the
name of "stippen." This work is reviewed at some length and the
characters of the disease are summarized. Its occurrence is rather
widespread and, while preeminently occurring in the Baldwin apple,
more than 30 other varieties are reported as having been attacked to
some extent. The greatest damage done by this disease is in the
appearance of the fruit, although at times a slight bitter flavor is said
to accompany it. The author states the conclusions of Wortmaim that
the disease is a result of the concentration of the sap following a loss
of water. Several factors enter into the problem of spot formation.
Among them are the amount and rapidity of transpiration, the kind
and relative amount of substances in solution in the sap, the con-
ductivity of the tissues of the fruit, and the specific resistance of the
iLandw. Jahrb., 21 (1892), pp. 063-675.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 259
protoplasm of the cells to the injurious action of concentrated sap.
Remedies which have ])een sug-gested by numerous investigators are
cited by the authors, although no experiments seem to have been made
b}^ them in controlling tlie disease.
Spraying for the prevention of apple scab, L. R. Jones and
W. A. Orton [Verinoiit iSfa. Ri)t. 1899^ j^P- lo6-lo9). — In continua-
tion of experiments reported in 1898 (E. S. R., 11, p. 356), a block of
5 trees near the middle of the orchard was experimented with, in which
Paris green, copper sulphate, and Bordeaux mixture containing Paris
green were compared, different rows of trees being sprayed a different
number of times. The yield from the different trees is shown, and
from the table the importance of early spraying and 1 or 2 applica-
tions of Bordeaux mixture after the blossoms have fallen is emphasized.
The important point brought out b}" this investigation is that an apple
tree which had not been sprayed in the experiments of 1897 and 1898,
but was sprayed during the time of this experiment, bore more scabby
apples than all the rest of the orchard where the trees were sprayed.
This would indicate the importance of spraying every season and the
cumulative effect to be derived from such treatment.
The prevention of peach-leaf curl, W. A. Murrill {JVeir York
CornJl Sta. Bui. ISO, j,j>. J^U-JJ^, dgrns. 6').— In Bulletin 161 of this
station (E. S. R., 11, p. 161) the appearajtice and life history of the
fungus causing the loaf curl of the peach are described at some length
and results of experiments for its prevention are given.
In the present bulletin 2 years' experiments are summarized, which
lead to the conclusion that leaf curl of the peach can be readih' con-
trolled when proper auQl timely treatment is given. The orchards
selected for the experiments represented a variet}^ of conditions of
soil, moisture, and exposure, and were composed of a number of varie-
ties of peaches, some of which were chosen on account of their well-
known susceptibility to the disease. The plan of the orchard and
outline of investigation for each of the experiments are given in detail.
The trees were spraj^ed with different strengths of solutions of
Bordeaux mixture, potassium sulphid, ammoniacal copper carbonate,
copper sulphate, and lime. Of the substances employed as fungi-
cides, Bordeaux mixture proved most useful, and the treatment recom-
mended for peach-leaf curl, based upon these and other experiments,
is as follows:
" Spray with Bordeaux consisting of 6 lbs. of copper sulphate, 4 lbs. of good quick-
lime, and 50 gal. of water about the first of April when the buds are beginning to
swell.
' ' Spray again when the petals have fallen with Bordeaux consistmg of 2 lbs. of
copper sulphate, 2 lbs. of good quicklime, and 50 gal. of water. If the weather of
April and early May is warm and dry this second spraying may be omitted."
260 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Investigations on the brunissure of plants, V. Ducomet (Ann.
itcoleNat. Acjr. MmitpeUler, 11 (1899-1900), j)p. 171-'B83, pis. 3, figs.
60). — An historical rcAdew is given of the literature of brunissure and
the conclusions of various authors as to its causes are brieily summar-
ized. According- to the summary, some authors hold that the disease
is due to physiological causes, others to animal or vegetable parasites,
while still others claim it is due solely to physical agencies acting upon
the cell.
In the authors' investigations particular attention was paid to the
brunissure of the grape. The disease, as characterized by the appear-
ance of the different parts of the affected plants, is described at length
and the results of a large number of observations and experiments are
cited. Differences are noted in the degree of susceptibility of differ-
ent races and varieties of grapes to this disease and its occurrence and
chai'acterization on a large number of other plants are given. The
author concludes that brunissure is not of a parasitic nature but is
rather due to physiological changes brought about by various causes
such as sudden rising and falling of temperature, heav}' precipitation,
mechanical injuries, and abnormal conditions due to organic parasites.
The disease being due to physiological causes, the author advises
attention to the growth and surroundings of the plants as a means for
reducing or preventing attacks.
A stunted growth of vines, L. Ravaz (Ann itcoleNat. A(jr. Mont-
pdlicr, 11 (1899-1000), pp. 293-3 U, pis. 6).— The author gives a pre-
liminary report upon a peculiar stunted growth of grapevines to which
the name court-noue is given. The principal characteristics of this
disease is a remarkable shortening of the internodes of the vine
attacked. The interior of the stem is discolored, being of a brownish-
yellow or dark-brown color. The disease is said to be readily trans-
mitted by cuttings and grafts and all affected material should be
rejected. Some varieties are more susceptible than others and such
should be discarded.
The parasitism of Phoma reniformis, L. Ravaz and A. Bonnet
(Ann. JEcole Nat. Agr. MontpelUer, 11 (1899-1900), pp. 384.-293, ijl.
1). — ^The authors review the work of Jackzewsk}' and Spechnew
(E. S. R., 11, p. 1061) and take exceptions to the claim that Phoma
reiiiformis is a parasite on the grape. The life history of the fungus
is given, and experiments covering almost a year are described in
which no evidence of parasitism was observed. The fungus is said to
occur rather abundantl\^ as a saprophyte, but is whollv unable to pene-
trate uninjured tissues. On this account it can not be considered as
the primary cause of the very destructive disease of grapes in the
Caucasus region.
T^vo hitherto unkno^vn diseases of Phlox decussata, J. Ritzema-
Bos (T'ljdsclir. Plantenziekten, 5(1899), No. 2,pp). 27-32). — The attacks
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 261
of Tylenchus clevmiatrix upon phlox plants may be rocoo'nizod by the
thicker and shorter stems and irregularly curled leaves of the infested
plants. By the shortening of the internodes the leaves are brought
close together and produce a characteristic deformity.
In combating this worm it is of considera1>le importance to cut off
and l)urn all infested parts of the plant above ground, and deep plowing
of the soil is also recommended.
The same species of phlox was observed in Brussels and other places
to be attacked by a fungus disease which was caused by Septrma jMogis.
The stems of infested plants remained short, and the leaf petioles were
either thickened and shorter than usual or totally undeveloped. In
general, the appearance of plants infested with this fungus disease was
somewhat similar to that of plants which were attacked by the nematode
worm, but the presence of yellowish spots in the case of the fungus
disease served to distinguish the 2 diseases. The author recommends
that infested plants be cut and l>urned.
A second partial list of tlie parasitic fungi of Vermont, L. R. Jones and
W. A. Okton ( Vermont Sla. Rpt. 1899, pp. 164-182). — In continuation of the previous
list noted in E. S. R., 11, p. 356, the authors give corrections of the first Hst, addi-
tional hosts for species there reported, and additional species not listed, together
with the host plants bearing the fungi.
Plant diseases in Denmark during 1898, E. Rostrup {Tidsskr. Landhr.
Phndeavl, 6 {1900), pp. 38-56).
Cereal rusts with special reference to wheat rusts, G. Linhart {Kiserlet.
Kozlem., 3 {1900), No. 2, ppi. 140-163, pi. 1, figs. 13).
Potato scab {Bui. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, n. ser., 7 {1900), No. 6, pp. 87-93). — Notes
the occurrence of this disease in Jamaica and quotes extensively from bulletins of the
Rhode Island Station (E. S. R., 5, p. 590; 7, p. 782; 8, p. 798).
Diseases of beets and beet seed, G. Linhart {Kiserlet. Kozlem,., 3 {1900), No. 3,
pp. 177-204).
Diseases of sugar cane {Rev. Agr. Reunion, 6 {1900), No. 1, jyp. 6-11). — Descrip-
tions are given of a number of diseases of cane due to various causes such as Trico-
spthccria sacchari. Bacillus vascularum, Ustilago sacchari, Cercospora vaginse, Dioranotropis
rastdtrix, Collectotrichum pdraium, etc.
A stem disease of wheat, B. Frank {Deut. Landw. Presse, 27 {1900), N'o. 53, p.
675, pi. 1) . — Descriptive notes are given on Ophioholus lierpotrichus, a fungus that has
been of serious injury to wheat in a number of German provinces.
Asparagus rust, J. Stapp {Amer. Gard., 21 {1900), No. 295, p. .550). — Notes the
occurrence of asparagus rust in Illinois.
Notes on a cantaloupe disease, C. S. Crandall ( CotoracZo Sta. Rpt. 1899, p. 36). —
A brief note is given on a cantaloupe disease at Eockyford, where it is said to have
done much damage in the season of 1899. A grower is reported to have sprayed
small areas with Bordeaux mixture with excellent results.
Cucumber troubles, B. T. Galloway {Amer. Florist, 15 {1900), No. 627, p. 1382). —
Gives an account of nematodes in cucumber roots and recommends steam steriliza-
tion of the soil in the house where the plants were growti as a means of relief.
A disease of cucumber plants, W. G. Smith {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 27 {1900),
No. 697, p. 274)- — Describes the damping off of cucumbers which is due to Pythium
debaryanum. This disease was particularly abundant in greenhouses during the past
season. The author thinks its unusual occurrence was due to the cold spring, which
262 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
caused longer heating of the houses than usual and less frequent ventilation. As
preventive measures he suggests more thorough ventilation and treating the soil
with a small quantity of iron or copper sulphate.
Damping off of young cucumbers, E. Jexkixs {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 27 {1900),
No. 700, pp. 324, 325). — The author agrees with a previous writer that lack of venti-
lation is a cause of the destructive occurrence of the fungus which causes this disease
in forcing houses.
Some diseases of orchard fruits {Deut. Landw. Presse, 27 {1000), No. .57, pp.
720, 721, fig. 1). — Notes are given on apple scab due to YentnrUi inxqunlln and Fum-
cladium doidrltirvm, and j^ear seal) caused bj' F. pyrinum.
Some observations on apple-tree anthracnose, A. B. Cordley {Bot. Gaz., 30
{1900), No. 1, ])p. 48-58, figs. 12). — Notes are given on the life history of Glceosporium
malicorticis, the fungus which is said to be the cause of apple-tree anthracnose in
Oregon (E. S. R., 12, p. 58).
The European apple canker in America, W. Paddock {Science, n. ser., 12
{1900), No. 295, pp. 297-299, fig. l). — Specimens of diseased ajiple twigs have been
received by the author from Nova Scotia and also from Cortland County, New York,
which have been determined by Dr. R. Hartig as infected with the European apple-
tree canker {Nectria ditissima). It is thought that this is the first record of the dis-
ease in America.
A gooseberry and currant disease, G. Massee {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 27 {1900),
No. 698, p. 290, fig. 1). — This disease which is due to Ploicrightia ribesia is said to
have been rather abundant on gooseberries and currants, where it forms large, wart-
like, black bodies, which burst transversly through the bark. A number of success-
ful inoculation experiments were conducted by the author W'hich showed that the
organism is one of the wound fungi. As infested branches are invarial)ly killed by
it, it is suggested that they should be removed and burned on the first appearance
of the disease.
The treatment of mildew and the preparation of copper fungicides, L.
DEciRULLY {Prog. Agr. rf Vit. {Ed. UEst), 21 {1900), No. 19, pp. 549-557, fig.^. 2).—
Suggestions are given for treating grapes for mildew and formulas and directions for
making a number of the more efficient fungicides.
Winter treatment against grape mildew, L. Degrully {Prog. Agr. et Vit.
{Ed. L'Esf), 21 {1900), No. 12, pp. 347, 348). — The proper time for combating mil-
dew is in the spring and sununer, winter treatments not giving results commensurate
with their cost and labor. Bordeaux mixture. Burgundy mixture, and verdigris are
recommended as the fungicides best adapted to the prevention of grape mildew.
Treatment of grape mildew, J. Artigala {Messager Agr., 5. ser., 1 {1900), No. 6,
pp. 218-223). — Formulas anil directions for application are given for a number of
fungicides, among them Bordeaux mixture, Burgundy mixture, ammoniacal copper
carbonate, verdigris, neutral copper acetate, copper sulphate, corrosive sublimate,
potassivmi permanganate, cadmium sulphate, and solutions containing sugar, resin, etc.
Potassium permanganate for combating grape mildew, C. Trichot {Prog.
Agr. et Vit. {Ed. UEst), 21 {1900), No. 11, p. 320).— ^otes the successful use of this
fungicide against mildew, etc., of the grape.
Coulure of grapes, L. Ravaz {Zfessager Agr., 5. ser., 1 {1900), No. 5, pp. 168-171). —
Under this name the author describes a disease of grapes that seems to be prob-
ably identical with that described by Lodeman (E. S. R., 6, p. 732) under the name
"shelling" or "rattling" of grapes.
The rusts of florists' plants, B. D. Halsted {Amer. Florist, 15 {1900), No. 623,
p. 1268). — I'riefiy describes the rusts of liollyhocks, carnations, and chrysanthemums.
A natural check for carnation rust, F. H. Bi.odgett {Amer. Flori.st, 15 {1900),
No. 623, p. 1268, figs. 2). — Gives brief poi)ahu- notes on the parasite {Darluca filum) of
carnation rust.
ENTOMOLOGY. 263
Fairy ring of carnations {Jour. Hort, 52 {1900), No. 2683, jx 1S8).— Notes the
occurrence of Heterosporium echinulatum on leaves of carnations and recommends
spraying or sponging diseased plants with a solution of potassium permanganate.
The clematis disease, J. Jensen {Amer. Florist, 15 {1900), No. 625, pp. 1349,
1350). — A disease caused by nematodes, and methods of prevention.
Diseased iris leaves and roots {Jour. Hort., 52 {1900), No. 2700, p. 559). — Notes
the occurrence on iris of a fungus similar to if not identical with Botrytis galanthina.
The leaves are first attacked, later the roots, the plant not surviving the injury.
Rotation and fertilization are recommended as remedial treatments. Removing
diseased parts of plants and dusting with powdered copper sulphate are also advised.
Diseases of the rose, B. D. Halsted {Florists' Exchange, 12 {1900), No. 13, pp.
333, 334, fig. 1; also Amer. Florist, 15 {1900), No. 617, pp. 1033-1037).— In a paper
read before the American Rose Society, March 28, 1900, the author describes a num-
ber of the more common diseases of the rose and suggests methods for treatment.
The diseases described are nematodes, black sjiot, rose-leaf blight, rose mildew,
downy mildew, rose rust, rose anthracnose, leaf spot, black speck, and bronzing.
Diseased violets {Jour. Hort., 52 {1900), No. 2683, p. 188).— 'Meniions attack
of Peronospora violx on violets. Recommends better ventilation and sprmkling
powdered lime over diseased plants.
Liquid and powder fung'icides, P. Carles {Messager Agr., 5. ser., 1 {1900),
No. 7, pp. 260-263). — Formulas and directions are given for the preparation of Bor-
deaux mixture of different strengths. Burgundy mixture, and a powder which con-
sists of 750 gm. basic copper acetate and 1,250 gm. of pulverized plaster.
Spraying- of fungicides, E. Bringuier {Messager Agr., 5. ser., 1 {1900), No. 5,
pp. 171-174). — A critical statement on the preparation and application of fungicides.
A cyclone spray pump {Queensland Agr. Jour., 6 {1900) , No. 5, p. 381, fig. 1). —
A cheap form of spray pump is figured and described.
ENTOMOLOGY.
Report of the State entomologist, E. P. Felt {Bui. N'evj York
State Mus., 6 {1900), No. 31, p^. 531-653).— Th^ report contains a
general discussion of the work of the entomologist for the year in the
field, oflice, and laborator}^ Brief notes are given on the biological
and economic relations of the following insects: Raspberry sawfly,
locust borer, elm-leaf beetle, asparagus beetles, antiopa butterfly,
forest tent caterpillar, and the seventeen-year cicada.
Experiments were conducted with arsenical poisons as treatment for
the attacks of the elm-leaf beetle. Twigs of the English elm were
placed in small water bottles which were kept in experiment cages.
The leaves were sprayed by means of an atomizer with different
arsenicals. The results obtained from these experiments indicate that
arsenate of lead is slow in its action, but experiments conducted in the
field indicate that when the application is thorough it is a very effective
insecticide. Paris green, London purple, Paragrene, and lead arse-
nate were the arsenicals used in these experiments. An experiment
upon nearly full-grown forest tent caterpillars demonstrated that this
insect could be controlled by arsenical applications and that arsenate
of lead was an effective spray for this purpose.
264 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
A detailed report is made on the volunteer entomological service of
the State. The volunteer observers now number -iS and are located
in 39 counties. A summarj^ is given of the rejwrt from each observer.
The author gives a list of 82 insects, specimens of which have been
exhibited at farmers' institutes and similar gatherings for the purpose
of giving instruction in the economic relationships of insects. A list
is given of newspaper articles and other pul)lications of the entomol-
ogist for the year.
Thirtieth annual report of the Entomological Society of Ontario,
1899 {Bj>t. Ontario Ent. Soc. 1899, j}j}. 127, pis. 2, figs. 66').— This
report contains the proceedings of the thirty-sixth annual meeting of
the Entomological Society of Ontario, held in Loudon, October 11 and
12, 1899, and the proceedings of the first annual meeting of the North-
west Entomological Society, held at Lacombe, Alberta, Northwest
Territories, November 7, 1899.
A conference was held on the San Jose scale, during which W.
Lochhead presented a paper on the economic aspect of the San Jose
scale and its allies. A general discussion followed this paper.
The annual address of the president of the Entomological Society
of Ontario contained suggestions regarding the organization of an
entomologists' union, notes on the milkweed butterll}^ and other
insects.
F. M. Webster presented a popular history of the past century of
American entomology, and briefly discussed the subject of the native
home of the San Jose scale (pp. 65, 56). The same author gave a brief
note on the larval habits of Uranotes melintts.
W. Lochhead presented notes on some insects found on coniferous
shade trees. These notes covered the subjects of the economic impor-
tance, life history, and habits of Chermes aMetis and Lygceonematiis
erichsonii. The attraction of electric light for moths was discussed by
A. Gibson. It was noted that the male insects were attracted in much
greater numbers than the females.
A paper on the injurious insects of the orchard, garden, and farm
for the season of 1899 was read by W. Lochhead. This paper con-
tained a discussion of the history and life habits of the codling moth,
bud moth, tent caterpillars, several species of scale insects, Colorado
potato beetle, squash bug, cabbage Avorm, cal)bage aphis, grapevine
leaf hopper, wheat-stem maggot, clover-root borer, etc.
C. J. S. Bethune reported a case of fatal bite from Sinea diadema.
Brief notes were given by J. A. Moffat upon some Cuban insects —
PoUstes lineata, Chloridea viresceru, etc. The same author discussed
the wing structure of the milkweed butterfly.
A paper on Nature-study lessons upon the cabbage butterfly was
read by W. Lochhead. T. W. Fjdes gave an account of the structure,
habits, and classification of spiders. Under the title "Notes on insects
ENTOMOLOGY. 265
of the 3'ear," W. H. Harrington gave brief accounts of the grain aphis,
cabbage butterfly, pea weevil, currant aphis, tent caterpillars, etc.
J. D. Evans presented a brief note on the tent caterpillars, and A.
Gibson gave a short account of the tussock moth, onion maggot, red
spider, and Rhopalo8i2)hum violce. J. A. Mofl'at discussed the milk-
weed butterfl}^ and other insects. C. J. S. Bethune presented a brief
account of the tent caterpillars, squash bug, etc. T. W. Fyles gave an
account of the tent caterpillars, milkweed butterfly, JIarpiphoru.s tar-
satus, Tenebrioides viauritanicus^ Metzneria la/ppella^ etc.
J. Fletcher gave an account of the appearance and destructiveness
of a number of injurious insects, among which may T)e mentioned the
asparagus beetle, scale insects, the destructive pea louse, black violet
aphis, etc. C. J. S. Bethune reported some observations on the bumble-
bee's nest.
The proceedings of the flrst annual meeting of the Northwest Ento-
mological Society include a report of the council, the president's
address, and other brief notes.
Report of the entomological section, C. P. Gillette {Colorado
Sta. Rjpt. 1899,2)]). 37-1^,1). — Observations made upon the codling moth
indicate that the insect is completely two-brooded, with no evidence
of a third brood. Good results were obtained in lighting it Iw banding
the trees. Kerosene emulsion was found to be practically valueless
against the codling moth.
In making a stud}^ of the grasshoppers of the State it was found that
the 2 species most concerned in injuries to cultivated crops were
Mela7i02)lushivittatus and 3f. differentially. Not a single specimen of
the Rocky Mountain locust has been seen in the State for the past 9
years. The beet army worm {Lajjliygnia jiawhnaculata) caused severe
losses to the sugar-beet industry, 200 or 300 acres of beets being com-
pletely ruined by the attacks of this insect in the caterpillar stage.
Field experiments demonstrated that the ordinary arsenical poisons
are quite effective against it. The ash borer [Podosesia syringce) is
reported as rapidly increasing in numbers and as having killed many
ash trees. Experiments conducted with arsenical mixtures indicate
that Green Arsenoid and Pink Arsenoid are rather effective, while
White Arsenoid was too injurious to the foliage.
Experiments have been conducted in the apiary for the purpose of
determining the best form of foundation for comb honey and the best
method of using the foundation in a section.
A ne^v sugar-beet pest and other insects attacking the beet,
R. W. DoANE {WasJiitigton Sta. Bui. Ji.'S^pj). IJ^.., jigs. 5). — Since Octo-
ber, 1896, the author has made oljservations on a new beet aphis {Pem-
phigus hetce) which was found, upon investigation, pretty generally
distributed in the beet fields of the State.
The author gives a technical description of the species. The body
266 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
of the insect, including the legs and antenna, is said to be covered
with a white flocculent powder. Late in the season winged forms
appear. The native food plants of the insect appear to be Achillea
lanulosa and Polycjonuin aviculare. The insect passes the winter in
the soil on or near the roots of the food plants. No males have been
discovered in this species.
A wet spring followed by an early dry summer seems to be espe-
cialh^ favorable to the multiplication of this insect. The prevalence
of the beet aphis seems not to be conditioned bv the character of the
soil. No direct remedies are suggested. In the line of prevention the
author recommends that beets should not be planted on new soil, since
the native plants growing on such soils might be alread}^ infested. It
is urged further that beets should not be grown for manj^ seasons in
succession upon the same ground.
Brief notes are given on the habits and life history of and remedies
against Psylliodes punctulata and Carneades mesmrla.
Notes on a nevr sugar-beet pest -with a description of the spe-
cies, R. AV. DoANE {Eat. Xtim, 11 (1000), ^^o. S, pp. 390, 391).— A.
species of plant louse is described as new under the name Pemphigus
hetce. The ordinary host plants of this species are Polygonum avicu-
lare and Achillea millefolium. The insect lives upon the roots of
these plants and is recognized b}^ the flocculent secretion upon its
body. Recently this species has attacked sugar beets and is becoming
an insect of considerable economic importance. During the winter
months the colonies of this insect consist of individuals in all stages of
development. These colonies grow rapidh' during April and May.
During the summer, winged forms appear and increase in number
until about the middle of November. They leave the plant and fly
for considerable distances in search of new host plants. A technical
description of the insect is added.
The grass thrips, W. E. Hinds {Massachusetts Agr. Col. Rpt. 1899,
pp. 83-97, y>/.y. 4)- — The author made a study of an outbreak of the
grass thrips which occurred in ]\Iassachusetts. The species was con-
sidered to be Anaphothrips striata. For the purpose of studying this
species, specimens were brought into the laboratory and kept, in large-
mouthed bottles, upon the stems of silver-topped June grass, which
seemed to be the food plant preferred by them. It was observed that
the females deposit their eggs in the fresh and tender portions of the
leaf tissue. Oviposition takes place at night as well as in the daytime.
The females which have passed the winter begin laying eggs very soon
after the beginning of growth in the grass. The process of ^^^ laying
continues for 4 or 5 weeks and the number of eggs laid by a single
insect in confinement averages about 50 to 60. The eggs of these
hibernated females hatch in from 10 to 15 days, but during the summer
generations the eggs hatch in from 4 to 7 days. The mature larvae
ENTOMOLOGY. 267
r
select secluded places for pupation, either within the sheaths of the
upper leaves or in the sheaths of leaves at the base of the stem. The
dui-ation of the pupal stage in the first generation is from 6 to 8 days.
The various stages of the insect are described in a technical manner.
Two forms of adult females are to be observed, one with wings and
the other with only short wing pads.
About 08 per cent of the hiljernating adults are wingless and from
90 to 95 per cent of the first spring generation develop wings. The
females deposit eggs and young larvffi are to be found on the grass
until winter, but only adults survive the winter. Specimens survived
after being exposed to a temperature of 21° F. below zero. The
laboratory work indicates that there are 8 or 9 generations per year, the
length of the life cycle varying from 30 da3's for the first generation
to 12 da3^s during hot weather. No males were found, and it is believed
that the species is parthenogenetic.
The adult insects feed upon the leaves of grass and are seldom found
within the sheaths. The larvee, on the other hand, seek more pro-
tected places for feeding. The greatest damage is done b}' this insect
to June grass {^Poa fratenslii)^ timothy, and barnyard grass, but a con-
siderable variety of other grasses are attacked. The females hibernate
above ground and it is, therefore, suggested that burning in earl}''
spring would destroy great numbers of them. It was also observed
that the injury from this insect was most severe on worn-out meadows
and on fields that had been seeded for many years and had become
partly exhausted. The author recommends, therefore, the application
of fertilizers and deep plowing of old fields, to be followed with a
cultivated crop for at least one year l)efore reseeding.
Codling moth ; a -wasp that destroys the apple -worni, U. P.
Hkdrick {[JtaJt, Sta. Bui. 6'^, pp. 31-1^2, fiqx. 7). — The author's experi-
ments in spraying for the codling moth have led to the conclusion that
in Utah 1 sprayings are advisable for summer apples and (3 for winter
apples, and that white arsenic is more effective than Paris green even
when the latter is unadulterated.
The solution used in these experiments was made as follows: White
arsenic 1 lb., unslacked lime 2 lbs., water 3 gal., the mixture to be
diluted in 200 gal. of water. The applications were made on the fol-.
lowing dates: June 6, June 21-22, July 11-12, July 24-25, August
13-14:, and a sixth spraying during the first week of September. The
cost of the 0 applications was about 25 cts. per tree. A table is given
showing the number of trees of each variety sprayed and the number
of wormy and sound apples gathered from these trees. The experi-
ments were conducted upon 20 varieties of apples.
The author made observations upon a digger wasp i^Ainniophila
prunosa) which was observed preying upon the codling moth in an
orchard near Logan. The wasps occupied 2 areas of about 4 and 1 sq.
268 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
rod extent, respectirel3\ On August 20, 1898, the wasps were seen
eating the cabbage worm and also the codling moth. The apple trees
were loaded with fruit and were almost free from the codling moth,
which was considered remarkable in view of the fact that apples in
that region are usually badly infested. The owner had never been
under the necessity of spra\nng these trees. The author collected a
few larvae of the codling moth and scattered them near the })urrows of
the wasps, and the}^ were greedily seized upon by the latter. As a rule,
the wasps cover the opening of their burrows upon leaving them. In
an area 18 in. square 39 closed burrows were found with a depth of
from 4 to 8 in. and a diameter of i in. The burrows were for the most
part un branched, and at the terminus was to be found sometimes a sin-
gle cocoon and at other times from 1 to .3 larvae of the codling moth.
The author describes the method by which the larva of the wasp feed
upon the codling moth.
The apple plant louse, J. B. Smith {New Jersey Stm. Bui. lJf3, j)I>-
^3., Jigs. S2). — From observations made by the author during the past
3 years, it is concluded that the apple plant louse upon apple trees in
New Jerse}" has no alternate food plant and, therefore, no "'migrant"
or "return migrant" forms. The species is Ajyhls mail, and ma}' be
distinct from the one which has been described by other authors as
migrating from the apple tree to other food plants. On November 1,
1898, the author began observations upon a tree which was badly
infested with this species. At this date many eggs had already been
laid, and it was observed that both sexes of the insect were wingless.
When the plant lice began to develop in the spring of 1899, daily
observations were made for a time and specimens were collected at
frequent intervals during the season.
The author reports in detail his observations upon the appearance
and habits of the various generations which occur during a season,
noting the anatomical characters by which the different generations
ma}^ be distinguished. The life history of the apple plant louse, as
observed by the author, may be summarized as follows : The species
hatches from the egg as soon as buds develop in earliest spring. The '
stem-mother becomes mature and begins to reproduce about 15 days
later. After another period of 9 or 10 days the second generation
becomes mature, and it was observed that about three-fourths of this
generation were winged. Two weeks later the third generation becomes
developed, and about one-half of the individuals of this generation are
winged. During the whole year there are 7 generations of partheno-
genetic females, ])ut no winged individuals are to ])e found except in
the second and third generations. The winged forms leave the trees
upon which they have developed, fly to other apple trees, and in this
way bring al)out the wide distribution of this species. The individuals
which fly from one tree to another arc not to be regarded as repre-
ENTOMOLOGY. 269
senting the mignint forms, since there is no migration from the apple
tree to other food plants. Sexed individuals appear in October, egg
laying begins about the tenth of the month and continues mitil the
latter part of No\eml)er or first part of December.
Among the natural enemies of this insect observed by the author
may l)e mentioned the following: Ladybirds, S3a'phus flies, lacewings,
parasitic H^mienoptera and Diptera, and a fungus disease. As artifi-
cial remedies against the apple plant louse the author recommends
spraying with the following insecticides: Kerosene emulsion mixed
with 12 parts of water; a 5 per cent mechanical mixture of kerosene
with water; fish-oil soap at the rate of 1 1)). in 6 gal. of water, or a
tobacco decoction in a strength equal to an extract of 1 lb. of tobacco
in 2 gal. of water. The insects are most vulnerable soon after hatch-
ing from the eggs, and the author recommends at this time a treatment
with tobacco soap made by adding tobacco to a potash soap. Tobacco
combined with fish-oil soap also gave satisfactory^ results. If the trees
should become badly infested in summer, they ma}" be sprayed with a
strong solution of any of these substances late in September or during
the first part of October.
Since the distriljution of the insect is largely accomplished in the egg
state on nurser}" stock, it is recommended that such stock be fumigated
with h3^drocyanic-acid gas before being sent out.
The forest caterpillar, G. H. Perkins {Vermont Sta. Bnl. IG^jrp.
111-137^ Jjgx. LI). — The ravages of the forest tent caterpillar began to
attract attention in Vermont in 1895. Serious outbreaks also occurred
in 1896, 1898, and 1899. The author states that in many localities the
damage of maple trees was not entirely due to the forest tent cater-
pillar, but that Plagionotus speciosics and the fall cankerworm com-
mitted serious depredations. It is stated that the forest tent cater-
pillars were so numerous in Montpelierthat one man was able to col-
lect 10 bu. of the caterpillars in 2 weeks' time. The author gives a
description of the insect in its various stages, together with notes on
its feeding habits and life history. Quotations are also given from
letters of correspondents which show the great ravages committed by
this insect upon shade trees and sugar maples, the damage to the latter
being so severe that the customary amount of maple sugar will proba-
bly not be produced in Vermont for several years to come. Brief
notes are given on the bird and insect enemies of the forest tent cater-
pillar. Of several hundred caterpillars collected in Addison County
only one-third developed moths, the remainder being destroyed by
Plmpla conquisitor. In another lot of 200 cocoons hatched in the
laborator}", onl}" 30 produced moths. A disease, apparently of bac-
terial origin, has also been observed among caterpillars.
Notes are given on the most approved methods of destroying the
eggs, spraying, banding the trees, destruction of cocoons, and capture
of moths.
270 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Caterpillar plague, II. Tkyon {Qaeendavd A<jr. Joar.,G {1900), No.
2, i)p. 135-lJf7,pls. S^Jig. 1). — This article contains a general discus-
sion of Leucania unipuncta, including an account of its food plants, a
description of the insect in its various stages, notes on its habits, life
history, distribution, and prevalence in Queensland. Among the
insect parasites of this species the following may be mentioned: The-
ronia rvfipes, Exephanes leucaniae, Linnaemyia nigripal^nis, Pa?iiscu.s
product us, and Apanteles rujicrus. The iirst 3 species are described
as new and are said to be of considerable economic importance. Calo-
soina aust'ralk is one of the more important of the predaceous insect
enemies of Leucania. The following birds are reported as being-
effective in the destruction of the army worm: Dacelo glgaSyStrepera
gracuUna, Corvus australis, etc. The usual artificial remedies for the
army worm are described and recommended.
Plague locusts, W. W. Fkoggatt {Agr. Gas. New South Wales, 11
{1900), No. 3, p>p. 175-183, pjl. 1). — A locust plague of considerable
importance visited parts of Australia during the season of 1899, the
species concerned being Ejxicromia terminalis. The author made a
number of observations upon the numbers and habits of this species.
The eggs were deposited in open red soil. It was observed that the
number of males was far larger than that of females, there being al)out
40 of the former to one of the latter. A numljcr of female locusts
were examined for the purpose of determining the number of eggs,
and 19 eggs were found in each locust examined. The locusts caused
considerable damage to young grass and wheat. A description is
given of the male and female of this species. The author recommends
burning over the ground in order to destro}' the j^oung locusts soon
after hatching. The leaves of the common garden larkspur and of the
castor-oil plant were observed to be poisonous to the locusts. Locusts
which ate the leaves and flowers of the larkspur died very (juickl3\
A number of experiments were tried in spreading the African locust
fungus among the locusts, but these experiments were begun too late
in the season to be most effective, as the locusts had already acquired
the power of flight.
Orchard technique : IV, Spraying the orchard, W. B. Alwood
{Virginia Sta. Bui. 100, pp. Sl-lOJf, figs. 10). — The author gives
details with regard to the spraying done in 1899 in an old neglected
orchard which came under the care of the station. The first spraying-
was done March 17 with a solution of bluestone, the second April 28
with Bordeaux mixture, and the third May 12 with Bordeaux mixture
to which was added 8 oz. of green arsenite to 50 gal. of Bordeaux.
The total expense of these 3 applications was about 16.2 cts. per tree.
Three sprayings were carried out on a young orchard, ]\Iarch 13,
April 20, and May 16-17. The first application was a weak solution
of bluestone, the second bluestone, and the third green arsenite. The
ENTOMOLOGY. 271
total cost of the 3 applications amounted to 3.8 cts. per tree. The
application of Bordeaux mixture and green arsenite is made for the
purpose of checking- apple scab, orange rust, leaf curl of peach, and
destroying the tent caterpillar, ])ud moth, cankerworm, and curculio.
A second application of the Bordeaux mixture and arsenical poison is
made for the same purpose and for the additional purpose of destroy-
ing the codling moth. Figures are given showing the proper stages
of the leaf, buds, and young fruit of the apple at which the various
applications should be made. The author recommends a winter appli-
cation of a weak solution of lye to trees for the purpose of ridding the
trees of lichens, destrojang hibernating forms of insects, and as a
fungicide treatment for apple scab and brown rot. Such treat-
ment is given at any time during the dormant period of the trees.
Experiments in the winter treatment of the San Jose scale indicated
that pure kerosene with a flash test of 120 to 150° is the cheapest
and surest winter wash. The author gives brief notes by way of
description of methods of making some of the common fungicides and
insecticides together with a short account of the lire blight of pear.
Report of tlie entomologist, C. H. Fernald {Massachusetts Hatch Sta. Rpt. 1899,
pp. 98-102'). — The San Jose scale is reported in 30 localities within the State. The
entomological department has been authorized to inspect nurseries upon request by
the owners. Brief notes are given on PJii/tonomus nigrirostis, gypsy moth, and
brown-tail moth. It is stated that F. J. Smith, of the Gypsy Moth Commission, has
determined the composition of Eaupenleim, so that this substance may now be man-
ufactured in the United States.
Report on economic entomology for the year 1899, G. H. Carpextkr {Bpt.
Council Roy. Dublin Soc, 1899, jyp- 15, figs. 16). — The autlior presents biological and
economic notes on a number of farm and garden insect pests, including, among others,*
crane flies, death's-head moth, Smerinthus ocellatus, Otiorrhynchus sulcatus, Tyroglyphus
longior, and Hippohosca equina.
Report of tlie Svredish state entomological station for 1899, S. Lampa
{Meddel. K. Landthr. Styr., 1900, No. 65, pp. 48).
Common diseases and insects injurious to fruits, S. A. Beach, V. H. Lowe,
and F. C. Stewart {New York State Sta. Bid. 170, pp. 381-445).
"The purpose of this bulletin is to furnish the fruit grower with a concise account
of the common diseases and insects most injurious to cultivated fruits in New York
State and to present ui)-to-date directions for fighting them most efiiciently and
economically. . . . The various fruits are taken up in alphabetical order and under
each one the diseases are first considered, then the insects. In the consideration of
each particular disease or insect, it is the general plan of the bulletin to give first
one or more descriptive paragraphs setting forth its general appearance, the chief
features of its life history, and its economic importance. Then follows a statement
of the remedial or preventive treatment which is recommended or suggested by the
authors. Where nothing can be positively recommended, suggestions are made,
pointing out what appears to be the most promising line of treatment."
The usefulness of the bulletin is much increased by the addition of an index of
the fruits, diseases, and common and scientific names of insects and fmigi.
Plant diseases and insect pests, C. P. Close ( Vtah Sta. Bid. 65, pp. 57-97, pis.
6, figs. 5). — This is a popular bulletin containing brief notes on approved methods of
272 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECOKD.
making insecticides and fungicides, and a brief account of some of the more common
fungus and insect enemies of fruit trees.
Insects injurious to forest trees, E. P. Felt {Rpt. New York Com. Fisheries,
Game, and Forests, 1898, pp. 31, ])ls. 3, figs. 11). — The author gives a brief general
account of the habits and metamorphoses of insects. Special consideration is given
to the forest tent caterpillar, the leopard moth, Sesia acerni, Plagionoius speciosus,
Elaphidion villosum, and Pulvinaria innumerabilis. In connection with each one of
these insects, the author discusses its life history, food plants, natural enemies, and
the appi'oved remedies for combating it.
The significance of the terms phagocytosis and lyocytosis, J. Anglas
{Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. Paris, 52 {1900), No. 9, pp. 219-221).~li\ a study of the
metamorphosis of Hymenoptera, especially of the genera Vespa and Apis, the author
states that the disappearance of the larval organs or of the larval reserve food mate-
rials does not take place by phagocytosis, but that the process is better described as
a chemical degeneration and dissolution produced by the extracellular digestive
action of leucocytes and of other cells. This process is called lyocytosis by the
author.
Bot flies, gadflies, and breeze flies, J. G. O. Teppee {Jour. Agr. and Ind. South
Australia, 8 {1900), No. 7, pp. 564-566). — Notes on the life history and habits of spe-
cies of Talsanus, Oestrus, Hypoderma, and Gastrophilus.
The food of certain caterpillars of the Bombycidae, L. Demaison {Bui. Soc.
Ent. France, 1900, No. 2, pp. 22, 23). — Notes on the feeding habits of Bomhyx quer-
ciis, Megasoma repandum, Orgyia antiqua, etc.
Combating Anthonomus pomorum {Hcssische Landic. Ztschr., 70 {1900), No: 11,
p. 142). — Experiments were tried in scraping the loose bark from 12 apple trees and
painting on a band of axle grease. The bands were painted on the trees on January
17 and were inspected 14 times between that date and May 10. In all, 625 beetles
were caught, with an average of 52 to the tree. It was observed that the insect was
most plentiful in the period from the end of March to the end of April.
A contribution to the life history of Cartharia pyrenaealis, T. A. Chapman
{Ent. Mu. Mag., 36 {1900), No. 431, pp. 75-78).
A new gall gnat of the grapevine ( Clinodiplosis vitis), G. LtJSTXER {Ent.
Nachr., 26 {1900), No. 6, pp. 81-84, pi- 1) ■ — The insect appears to be double brooded,
the larvse of the first generation being found in June and July and those of the sec-
ond generation in August and September. The larvae are found on the under side
of the leaves and in the berries during the summer, and half-grown individuals
were found in winter among the hairs of the leaf buds. Adults were seen from the
beginning of September until November. Brief descriptions are given of the insect
in its vari(jus stages. The eggs were found on brown spots of the leaves.
Galls on the leaves of Jambosa domestica, L. Zehntner {Indische Natuur, 1
{1900), No. 1, pp. 3-11, figs. 3). — The author describes the appearance and structure
of galls produced chiefly on the under side of the leav^es of this tree by an insect
belonging to the Psyllidte. The insect is described and figured in its various stages.
As reme<lies, the author suggests the removal and destruction of infested leaves.
Lasius fuliginosus and its habits of rearing fungi, G. Lagerheim {Ent.
Tidskr., 21 {1.900), No. l,pp. 17-29, figs. 7).— The author made a detailed study upon
the nature of a fungus found in the burrows of this species of ant. The fungus
should ai)parently be referred to Cladotrichum microsporum. According to the
author's observations, the fungus may be of only slight importance as a source of
nutriment for the ants, but its luxuriant growth through all the chambers of the ant
colony may assist in preventing the crumbling of the walls of these burrows.
The author believes that the presence of the fungus in the ant burrows is due to
the deliberate care which the ants bestow upon the fungus and not to the inability
of the ants to keep tlie f migus out.
FOODS ANIMAL PEODUCTION.
273
liife history of Margarodes flegia, H. G. Dyar {Canad. Ent., 32 {1900), No. 4,
pp. 117,118). — The author gives descriptions of the different larval stages of this
insect, which is reported as injurious to TJteretia neriifolia at Key West, Fla.
The fight against the Nun (Ocneria dispar L.), Y. Sjostedt {Meddel. K.
Landthr. Sii/r., 1900, Xo. GO, pp. 'J9).
A parasitic organism in the intestine of Olocrates gibbus, L. Leger ( Compt.
Rend. Soc. Biol. Pari.% 52 (1900), No. 11, pp. 261-268).— in the intestine of this
beetle the author found a parasitic fungus to which the name Rhaphidospora is
given. This parasite attacks epithelial cells of the intestinal wall. Its systematic
position was not determined by the author.
The development of the wing in the Lepidoptera, W. F. Mercer {Jour. New
York Ent. Soc, 8 {1.900), No. 1, pp. 1-20, p)ls. 5) . — Detailed anatomical studies on the
wing development of Pieris rapse.
The systematic position of the locust fungus imported from the Cape,
D. McAlpixe {Af/r. Gaz. New South. Wales, 11 {1900), No. 3, pp. 184-186, pi. 1).—
After a careful study of this fungus, which has been used with considerable success
in destroying locusts in South Africa and has also been imported into parts of Aus-
tralia, the author concludes that his original determination of this species was correct
and that the fungus should be referred to Mucor racemosm.
Fumigation of nursery stock, S. A. Beach {New York Stale Sta. Bui. 174, pp. 8,
Jigs. ^^).— The author gives a general account of the necessary api^aratus and chem-
icals, and the method to be adopted in applying the treatment by hydrocyanic-acid
gas to infested plants. A description is also given of a fumigation house which is
suitable for this purpose.
Insecticides, C. H. Jones and B. 0. White ( Vermont Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 147,
148). — Analyses are briefly reported of the following substances: Paris green, green
arsenite. Laurel green, Bug Death, and Herbicide.
FOODS— ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Food products examined, E. F. Ladd {North Dakota Sta. Rpt.
1899^ pp. 12., 13). — The author reports the composition of ji number
of samples of foods and feeding stuffs, including wheat breakfast
food, wheat, flax bolls or hulls, spelt, spelt husks, and beef from a
3-year-old steer and from a cow 7 years old. The digestibility of the
samples of beef cooked and uncooked was tested with pepsin solution.
The results obtained follow:
Dirjedibilittj of cooked and uncooked beef in pep.sin solution.
Amount digested.
In li hours. In 3 hours. In 6 hours. In 18 hours,
Porterhouse steak from 3-year-old steer
Leg roast from 3-year-old steer ,
Leg roast from 7-year-old cow
Porterhouse steak from 3-y ear-old-steer
Leg roast from 3-year-old steer
Leg roast from 7-year-old cow
Per cent.
89.10
88.70
86.90
Per cent.
90.60
91.20
90.00
9.5.4
91.7
91.6
94.8
93.8
93.2
Per cent.
95.50
94.70
94.80
96.3
95.2
95.2
8058— No. 3 6
274
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The relative digestibility of several sorts of fat by man : IV.
On artificial culinary fats and their digestibility as compared
■with lard, H. Luhrig {Ztschr. Untersuch. NaJir. u. Genussmtl., 3
{lOOU), jyo. 2, pp. 73-87). — In continuation of work previously
reported (E. S. R., 11, p. 660) experiments with a health}^ man were
made on the digestibilit}^ of lard, a commercial lard substitute, and a
mixture of equal parts of the two, consumed with a mixed diet. The
tests were of 3 days' duration. The average results follow: ■
Digedibility of lard and commercial lard Kuhatitute.
In daily
food.
In daily
feces.
Digested.
Lard eaten mth simple mixed vegetable diet
Commercial lard substitute eaten with simple mixed vegetable
diet
Mixture of lard and commercial lard substitute eaten with sim-
ple mixed vegetable diet
Grams.
102. 72
102. 77
102. 72
Grams.
5.83
5.89
5.46
Per cent.
94.33
94.27
94.68
Introducing- corrections for the lecithin of the feces and the total fat
in the ether extract, which is not saponifiable, the digestibility of the 3
sorts of fat would be 96.36, 96.09, and 96.47 per cent, respective!}^.
The author concludes that, although the digestibility of the 3 sorts
of fat was practically the same, the lard is much to be preferred for
other reasons. He considers pure lard a satisfactory product, while the
commercial lard substitute was a mixture of inferior animal fat with
vegetable oils.
The feeding value of sorghum as shovrn by chemical analysis,
R. W. Thatcher {Xelrraska Sta. Bui. 62., pp. ^5-7i?).— Analyses are
reported of Early Amber sorghum cut (1) when the canes were 2 ft.
high, (2) when the canes were 4 ft. high with a very few heads appear-
ing, (3) when headed out, most of the plants being in bloom, and (4)
after heading, most of the seeds being in the dough stage. The first
two samples were analyzed immediately after cutting and the last two
after curing. The composition of the different cuttings follows:
Composition of sorglmm at different stages of gruwtli.
Canes 2 ft. high (analyzed
nncured)
Canes 4 ft. high (analyzed
uncured)
Heading out, most of the
I>lants in bloom (ana-
lyzed cured)
After heading, seeds in
dough stage (analyzed
cured)
Water.
Per ct.
87.68
85.09
Water-free material.
Pro-
tein.
Per ct.
10.60
6.95
4.66
3.85
Perct.
3.64
2.48
2.14
1.99
Nitro-
gen-
free
ex-
tract.
Re-
duc-
ing
sugars.
Per ct.
42.60
45.47
53.35
47.58
Perct.
(o)
11.87
16.37
19.06
Su-
crose.
Perct.
(o)
.00
.00
.00
Crude
fiber.
Per ct.
28.12
33.37
31.62
38.44
Ash.
Per ct.
15.04
11.73
8. IS
8.19
Nonal-
bumi-
noid
nitro-
gen.
Per ct.
0.55
.27
.16
.15
Albu-
minoid
nitro-
gen.
Pa- ct.
1. 15
.84
.59
.47
a Not determined.
FOODS— ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 275
On the basis of these analyses the feeding value of sorghum is dis-
cussed and compared with other crops.
"The feeding value of sorghum is greatest when the plant is young. As the plant
matures, the feeding value decreases rapidly. Therefore the crop should be used,
for pasture, at least, before the seeds form, and for hay at as early a stage as it can Vje
well cured. Analyses of sorghum when young and of other pasture plants at the
same stages of growth show that it is somewhat deficient in flesh-forming material,
containing less than blue grass or Bromus inermis, about the same as timothy, and a
little more than Indian corn. Analyses of sorghum fodder, in comparison with other
fodders and hay crops, show it to have a somewhat smaller amount of flesh-forming
material than most hay crops, and less than corn fodder, but more than straw of the
small grains. The fondness which live stock evince for this fodder is doubtless due
to its sweetness."
The digestibility of American feeding stuffs, W. H. Jordan and
F. H. Hall ( U. S. Dept. Agr. , Ojfice of Experiment Stations Bui. 77,
pp). 100). — The value of digestion experiments with farm animals is
discussed, as well as the methods generally followed and the extent
of work of this nature at the experiment stations in the United States.
The results of all such experiments with different farm animals, made
up to the close of 1898 (378 in number), are summarized in tabular
form. The material is also arranged to show the maximum, minimum,
and average coefficients of digestibilit}^ of the principal feeding-
stuffs. The effect of individual peculiarity and the kind of animal
upon digestibility is discussed, as well as the influence of the stage of
growth of the feeding stuff, cooking, drying and curing, ensiling,
grinding, wetting, quantity fed, and proportion of nutrients. This
bulletin is designed to take the place of a compilation of a similar
nature published several years ago (E. S. R., 6, p. 5).
Feeding young cattle, H. H. Griffin {Colorado Sta. Rpt. 1899,
2)p. o(J, o7). — A feeding test was made at the Arkansas Valley Sub-
station with 15 calves 7 to 10, months old. The average weight
November 18 was 31:2.6 lbs. each. They were fed on alfalfa hay until
December 1, and were then given a pound of corn chop per head
daily. This amount was gradually increased until in 2 weeks they
were fed 3 lbs. per head daily. A few sugar beets were then added
to the ration. January 1 the calves were divided into 3 lots of 5 each
and fed corn chop with sugar beets or oats, alfalfa hay being- given
ad libitum. On an average the calves were fed 178 days. At the
conclusion of the test they were sold for $1.60 per hundred, deducting
3 per cent for shrinkage. The financial returns are based on alfalfa
hay and sugar beets at $3 per ton, chop at 80 cts., corn at 70 cts., and
oats at $1 per hundredweight. The average daily gain, less shrink-
age, was 1.19 lbs., and the cost of a pound of gain 3i cts. In the
author's opinion this test for the production of "baby beef" was
successful.
The production and marketing of wool, H. W. Muiniford [Michi-
gan Sta. Bid. 178, pp>. 59-90, Jigs. 8). — The production of wool in
276 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
Michigan and the best methods of improving- this industry are treated
of, the discussion being based in part on replies received to questions
addressed to a number of wool dealers in different parts of the United
States. Some of the principal deductions follow:
"Mutton growing with wool as an incidental product will continue to be a profitable
industry. . . . Breed and feed affect the value of wool from the manufacturer's stand-
point. Indiscriminate crossing is unprofitable. A sheep poorly nourished can not
produce a healthy fleece. The manufacturer buys wool on the basis of its true value
for manufacturing purposes. The grower, the local dealer, the commission man, and
the scourer should each make an honest effort to satisfy his reasonaljle demands. . . .
"A small linen, or flax, or hemp twine is best for tying wool. . . . Coarse heavy
paint marks should be avoided in marking sheep. More and better wool can be
secured by early shearing. Loose, bulky fleeces sell best in the market. Country
wool buyers can greatly aid in an effort to bring Michigan wools up to the standard
by buying wool on its merits. By offering an advance in price for wools properly
grown and prepared for tiie market, and by discriminating against poorly grown,
dirty, or poorly tied fleeces. . . . Avoid lime and sulphur as a sheep dip."
Sheep in the coastal district, G. Valdar {A(/r. Gaz. New South
Wales, 11 {1900), No. 1, pp. 38-U, pis. 3).— On the basis of trials at
the College Farm and the testimony of a number of sheep raisers, dif-
ferent breeds suitable for the coastal region of Mew South Wales are
suggested. The value of different cereal crops, grasses, leguminous
crops, rape, and other crucifers for sheep feeding is discussed and a
feeding experiment at the Hawkesbury Agricultural College briefly
reported. Thirty Eomney sheep and 8 Shropshire lambs were hurdled
on i acre of paspalum grass. After this was eaten, they were moved
to a half -acre plat of white mustard and from this to an acre of rape.
The test began June 22 and closed August 1. During this time the
Romney lambs had gained 20i lbs. each and the Shropshires 30 lbs.
Estimating the gain to be worth 3 cts. per pound, according to the
author there would be a profit of $25.72 from the If acres on which the
sheep were pastured. It should also be rcMuembered that the drop-
pings of the sheep were valuable maiuire and that there was no expense
in harvesting the crop, and that probably a second and even a third
crop could ])c ol)taine(l from the rape and mustard, while the paspalum
is a perennial grass.
Animal food for poultry, W. P. Wheeler {Neio York State Bvl.
171, pjj. J4JUI-50G, 2'f' ^)- — i" continuation of previous work (E. S. R.,
11, p. 276), 2 scries of tests are reported with chickens, hens, and
ducks on the comparative value of vegetable and animal food, the lat-
ter ration being supplemented in the second test by bone ash. In the
first series 5 lots of from 23 to 51 chickens 1 week old at the begin-
ning of the test were fed the ration containing the animal food, which
was made up of corn meal, animal meal, ground grain, gluten meal,
etc. Five similar lots were fed the vegetable ration, consisting of
wheat, barley, oats, and a mixture of several grains and concentrated
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 277
feeds. In addition all the lots were fed green alfalfa, oyster shells,
and grit. The composition of the feeding stuffs used in this and the
following test is reported, as well as the amount of feed consumed,
the gain in weight, and similar data. A number of chickens were
removed from the different lots during the test. At the close of the
test, which covered 8 to 16i weeks, the average weight of the chickens
fed the ration containing animal food was 2.46 lbs., of those fed the
vegetable food 1.94 lbs., 23 per cent more food being required per
pound of gain bj^ the latter.
The 2 rations wore tested with 2 lots of some 26 Pekin ducks 1 week
old at the beginning of the test, which covered 10 weeks. After the
first month the ration fed lot 2 (vegetable food) was changed, as it
was evident that it "was very deficient in some respect, for before the
end of the fourth week one-half of all the birds in lot 2 had died."
For 2 weeks animal meal was added to the feed and then the original
ration was resumed. Only 1 duck died after the change. At the
close of the test the average weight of the ducklings fed animal meal
throughout the test was 5.9 lbs., of those fed the contrasted ration 5. 5
lbs., 2.6 lbs. of dry matter being required per pound of gain with the
former lot and 6 lbs. with the latter. The cost of a pound of gain in
the 2 lots was 2.7 and 10.1 cts., respectively. It is said that the prin-
cipal advantage of animal food was rapid growth and early maturity,
rather than ultimate size.
Four lots of 11 and 15 pullets were fed the contrasted ration for
about 200 days. The lots fed the ration containing animal food pro-
duced more eggs than those fed the vegetable food and less dry mat-
ter was required per pound of egg. The relative fertility of the eggs
from the hens fed the different rations was also tested. In general
the more fertile eggs were obtained from the lots fed the animal food.
This point was further tested with 2 lots of two-year-old hens fed the
contrasted ration. Little difference was found in the character of the
eggs.
The second series of tests was made under conditions similar to those
mentioned above, except that the ration of vegetable food was supple-
mented by bone ash, the object being to learn whether the small gains
made on vegetable food were due to a deficiency in the ash constitu-
ents. As finalh' agreed upon, the contrasted rations had practicall}^
the same proximate composition. Six lots of from 61 to 99 chickens
1 week old at the beginning of the test were fed for 11 weeks. The
average weight of the chickens fed the contrasted rations was practi-
cally the same at the close of the test, ranging from 1.1 to 1.7 lbs. In
every case the chickens fed the ration containing the animal food
required on an average about 13 per cent more food per pound of gain.
The 2 rations were further tested with 2 lots of about 30 Pekin ducks
a little over a week old at the beginning of the test, which covered 9
278 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
weeks. The average gain of the ducks fed animal food was 5.3 lbs.,
of those fed vegetable food and bone ash 3.3 lbs., 3.3 lbs. of food,
costing 8.5 cts., and 4.3 lbs. costing 4.1 cts. being required per pound
of gain, respectively. Two lots of about 14 laying hens were used for
further testing the 2 rations. The test covered 210 days. The aver-
age egg production of the hens fed animal food was 119.4 eggs; of
those fed vegetable food and bone ash, 112.7 eggs, the dry matter
required per pound of eggs being 3 and 3.2 lbs., respectively. The
cost of food per pound of eggs was 3.2 cts. for each lot. When tested
for fertility the eggs from the former lot were, in the author's opinion,
better from a breeder's standpoint. No difference, however, in the
vigor of the chickens hatched from the eggs of the 2 lots was observed.
The author summarizes his experiments and the deductions drawn from
them as follows:
"In general, rations containing animal food appear more palatable than rations of
somewhat similar chemical composition consisting wholly of vegetable food. Rations
in which the lack of palatability was overcome by using an unusual variety of grain
foods were inferior for growing chicks and laying hens and decidedly inferior for
ducklings to rations in w'hich nearly one-fifth of the dry matter was supplied by ani-
mal food. After the period of most rapid growth had passed and the young birds
approached maturity the difference in the efficiency between such rations rapidly
disappeared. ...
"Although it was foimd possible, when using a large number of foods in contrasted
rations of these kinds, to have the ordinary groups of organic compounds in approx-
imately equal proportions, there was always a much larger amount of mineral matter
in the one ration owing to the bone of the animal meal. So there was sometimes
nearly three times as much phosphorus in the one ration as in the other. . . .
"From these results it appears that rations containing a necessary amount of pro-
tein and having the relation of the ordinarily considered constituents satisfactory may
be inferior because of a lack of mineral matter, probably phosphates.
"Not enough data are now available to show to just what extent the deficiency of
lime in the food for the younger chicks may have been responsible for inferior results.
With laying hens lack of lime could not have affected the results considered, for
oyster shells were freely supplied, and it has been shown that such material can
make good the frequent deficiency of lime.
"It appears also that while a cheaper vegetable food ration can sometimes be made
to equal or surpass in eflaciency a ration containing animal food by supplementing it
with suitable mineral matter, there are plain limitations to its economical use. For
laying hens some animal food appears necessary for continued good results. Duck-
lings without an abundant supply of animal protein in the ration, together with a
liberal proportion of mineral matter, seem unable to make any approximation to
their normally rapid and most profitable growth.
"Although bone ash was used to make good an as.sumed deficiency in one ration
and proved an efficient addition for the purpose, it should not be inferred that its
purchase for feeding is to be generally recommended. It was necessarily used to
oVjtain information. Bone ash in the market is expensive. The same amount of
mineral matter can be obtained much cheaper in fresh bone or animal meal, of w'hich
food it constitutes an important part. In some instances, of course, dry bones,
where no facilities exist for grinding, or green bones in questionable condition, can
be safely and economically used when charred or reduced to ash. The very desira-
ble organic matter associated with fresh or cooked bones should not be wasted."
FOODS ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 279
Poultry experiments, W. P. Brooks and H, M. Thomson {Massa-
chusetts Hatch Sta. Rj^t. 1899^ pp. 4.9-56). — The value for egg produc-
tion of rations with wide and narrow nutritive ratios was tested in the
winter and summer. h\ each case 2 lots of 20 White Wyandottes and
2 lots of 20 Barred Plymouth Rocks were used. The principal grain
in the ration with the narrow nutritive ratio was wheat, and in the
ration with the wide nutritive ratio corn. Therefore the tests are in
effect a comparison of these two grains for laying poultry, supple-
mented by a variety of other food.
The winter experiment began October 25 and closed April 27. The
summer experiment began May 1 and closed September 27.
The authors summarize the results of the tests as follows: "Our
results with both breeds, both summer and winter, are greatly in favor
of the ration richer in corn meal and corn. On its side we have (1)
lower cost of feed, (2) from 23 to 91 per cent more eggs, (3) a far
lower cost per egg., making possible a saving of from 4f to 16f cts.
per dozen in the food cost of their production, (i) a greater increase
in weight, and (5) a much earlier molt."
It was the intention to test the wide and narrow rations with Black
Minorca pullets, but this test was discontinued owing to roup. The
results are not given in detail. "The test with this breed was
not ... at all conclusive. . . . Up to the time the test was closed,
however, the corn-fed Minorcas had laid about 50 per cent more eggs
than the others."
Erroneous ideas regarding food value, H. Snyder {Sanitary Home, 3 {1900),
No. 3, 2ip.53-55). — The author points out a number of widespread popular errors
concerning potatoes, mushrooms, white wheat flour, white and yellow corn meal, etc.
Domestic science in agricultural colleges, Juniata L. Sheppard {Amer. Kitchen
Mag., 12 [1000), No. 5, pp. 177-17 9, fig. 1).—A descrii^tive and statistical article.
Handbook of domestic science and household arts, Lucy L. W. Wilson {Neiv
York and London: The Mucndllan Company, 1900, pp. XIII-\r407, ill.). — This is a text-
book giving concise directions for lessons on food and nutrition, cooking and serving
food, cleaning, household pests, and other topics generally included under the term
domestic science. The chapters are contributed by a number of different writers.
Bread and the principles of bread making, Helen W. Atwater ( U. S. Dept.
Agr., Farmers^ Bidktin 112, pp. 38, figs. 3). — The cereal grains and the flours made
from them are discussed, as well as yeast, the theory of fermentation, bread raised
with yeast and with leaven, special breads, household and bakery methods of bread
making, chemical composition of bread, imperfections and impurities, nutritive value
as related to cost, and similar topics.
Samples examined by the station {Comieclicut State Sta. Rpt. 1899, pt. 2, pp.
93-100) . — The Connecticut Pure Food law and the law regarding commercial feeding
stuffs are quoted and brief statements made concerning the foods and condiments
analyzed by the station. These include 149 samples of coffee, 2 of coffee substitutes,
92 of Soda-water sirup, 23 of bottled sirup, 5 of fruit juice, 90 of bottled carbonated
drinks, 2 of peanut butter, 31 of food preservatives, 2 of borax, 3 of banana flour, 2
of butter and imitation butter, 213 of molasses and sirup, 45 of vinegar, 2 of honey,
and 43 of milk and cream.
280
EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.
Food products examined for the dairy commissioner in the twelve months
ended July 3 1 , 1 899 ( Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1899, pt. 2, pp. 157, i55).— Brief state-
ments are made concerning the samples of butter, molasses, honey, etc., examined.
Contribution to the study of slimy bread, A. Jl'CKaxack {Ztschr. Analyt. Chem.,
39 {1900), No. 2, pp. 73-Sl). — The bacterial origin of slimy bread is discussed, many-
investigations being cited.
Vegetable cheese, C. F. Langworthy {Sanitary Hovie, 2 {1900), No. 3, pp.
55-57). — A jjopular article describing the bean cheese or bean curd and other food
products made in the Orient from soy beans.
The chemical composition of authentic samples of spices and spice adulter-
ants, A. L. WiNTON, A. W. Ogden, and W. L. Mitchell ( Connecticut State Sta. Rpt.
1899, j)t. 2, pp. 100-105). — Details are given of the analyses of pepper and other spices
under the Connecticut pure food law.
Coffee, A. L. WixVtoxN ( Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1899, pt. 2, pp. 106-111) .—Analyses
of a number of samples of coffee under the Connecticut pure food law are reported.
A marked decrease was observed during the year over the samples of adulterated
coffee foimd in the previous year. The author beUeves this is due to the work of
the station.
Carbonated, non-alcoholic beverages ("temperance drinks," "summer
drinks") and fruit flavors, A. L. Winton, A. W. Ogdex, and W. L. Mitchell
{Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1899, pt. 2, p)p. 112-137).— 't^oda water, bottled carbonated
beverages, and sirups are described, and the analyses of a large number of samples in
accordance with the Connecticut pure food law are reported. Many of these con-
tained coal-tar colors, artificial flavoring, and such preservatives as salicylic and
boric acids.
Peanut butter and peanolia, A. L. Winton {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1899,
pt. 2, 2>. 138) .—Analyses of 2 samples of peanut butter are reported.
Composition of banana and plantain fruits {Bui. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, n. ser.,
7 {1900), No. 2, pp. 24-30). — A partial reprint of an earlier publication.^ The com-
position of green and ripe fruit and banana flour is quoted. The chemical and other
analytical work on bananas and plantains of a number of investigators is summarized.
Banana flour, vinegar, milk, and cream ( Connecticnt State Sta. Rpt. 1899, pt. 2,
pp. 156, 157). — Samples of banana flour, vinegar, milk, and cream were analyzed. It
is stated that Imnana flour is prepared from the dried flesh of the fruit. The com-
position of the different sorts of banana flour follows:
Compo-ntion of banana flour of different sorts.
Water.
Protein.
Fat.
Nitrogen-
free ex-
tract.
Ash.
Flour from—
Per cent.
13.43
5.34
10.33
Per cent.
3.50
2.81
2.87
Per cent.
0.47
.66
.50
Per cent.
79.82
87.45
87.02
Per cent.
2.24
Florida ])annnjis
2.90
2.55
The use of chemicals for preserving food, M. Gruber {Oesterr. Chem. Ztg., 3
{1900), No. 4, p. 84). — The legal situation regarding added food preservatives in
Austria is tn-ated of.
The use of added preservatives, T. Smith {New England Kitclien Mag., 12 {1900),
No. 4, ppj. 127-129). — The author discusses the properties and methods of detection
of a number of the more common food preservatives.
Chemical preservatives, E. H. Jenkins, W. L. Mitchell and A. W. Ogden
1 Bui. Misc. Infor. Roy. Garden Kew, 1894, pp. 305-310.
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 281
{Connedlad State Sta. Rpt. 1899, pt. 2, pp. 139-152). — A large number of preservatives
for milk, cream, wine, cider, and beer were examined.
" [According to the authors, their work] shows that milk and cream preservatives
now on the market depend for their antiseptic effects on salt, formaldehyde, borax,
and boric acid; and that if the directions given by the manufacturers are followed,
a quart of milk will be dosed with from 0.01 to 0.05 gm. of formaldehyde or with
0.47 to 3.6 gm. of boric acid. Cream will receive from 0.94 to 5 gm. of boric acid
per quart.
*' Wine and cider preservatives have been found to contain formaldehyde, salicylic
acid, boric acid, benzoic acid, and betanaphtol. The cider, treated as directed by
the manufacturers of the preservatives, may contain 0.36 to 0.9 gm. of salicylic
acid or 0.19 to 0.38 gm. of borax or 0.6 to 0.7 gm. of benzoate of soda per quart.
The beer preservatives contain salicylic acid and sulphurous acid in form of sulphites
or bisulphites, and beer treated with them may contain from 0.04 to 0.12 gm. of
salicylic acid or 0.015 gm. per half-liter glass. Of sulphurous acid, preserved beer
may contain 0.015 gm. per half-liter glass."
Report of tlie chemist (division of foods and feeding), J. B. Lindsey et al.
{Massachusetts Hatch Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 103-107). — This is a brief general account of
the work of the chemical laboratory during the year, which included the examina-
tion of samples of water, dairy products, and feeding stuffs. Short notes are also
given on feeding experiments and dairy studies, and on digestion experiments which
are being conducted at the station.
Concentrated feed stuffs, J. B. Lindsey et al. {Massachusetts HatcJi Sta. Bui. 64,
pp. 31). — A classifitation of concentrated feeding stuffs is suggested, and the analysis
reported of a large number of samples of concentrated feeding stuffs, made in com-
pliance with the Massachusetts law. The constituents determined were moisture,
protein, and fat. The materials analyzed include cotton-seed meals, linseed meals,
gluten meals and feeds, wheat middlings, mixed feed, wheat bran and shorts, cereal
food by-products, brewers' grains, malt sprouts, Sucrene Dairy Feed, Blatchford
calf meal, corn meal, hominy meal, oat feed, corn-and-oat feed, corn-oat-and-barley
feed, Kafir corn, corn screenings, chop feed, shredded wheat, ground oats, barley
meal, rye feed, rye meal, Marsden's new food product (ground corn shives), con-
centrated food, poultry feeds, scratching food, scratching grain, clover meal, cut
clover, and meat and bone meal.
The standards adopted for the different concentrated feeds are quoted. The results
of the analyses are discussed as follows:
"(1) The cotton-seed meals shipped into Massachusetts the past year were practi-
cally free from adulteration, yet the guaranteed meals averaged 1 percent higher in
protein, showing the advisability of buying only branded goods. The guaranty in
all cases should be supported by the name of the manufacturer or wholesaler.
"Last spring several samples of dark-colored meal were taken by our inspectors,
and a number of others were sent in for examination, which, upon analysis, gave a
high percentage of protein, proving that color alone is not a safe guide.
"(2) Cleveland flax meal, old process and new process linseed meals, gluten meals,
and gluten feeds are of fair average composition with the exception of the old proc-
ess linseed meals, which are low in many cases.
"(3) Of the wheat feeds, the middlings show quite a wide variation in percentage
of protein as a result of different methods of manufacture; the mixed feeds with
few exceptions are of fair quality, and the brans are of a high and very uniform
grade.
"(4) The oat feeds show the most serious adulteration of any feeds on the market.
Many of them fall below 7 per cent in protein with an average of 45 per cent of
coarse material."
282 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Concentrated feeding stuifs, C. H. Jones and B. O. White {Vermont Sta. Rpf.
1899, pp. 139-143). — The text of the Vermont lawregulatmg the sale of concentrated
feeding stuffs is quoted, and analyses made in compliance with this law are reported.
The materials analyzed include cotton-seed meal, gluten meals and feed, cocoanut
fiber feed, calf meal, middlings, cereal food by-products, horse feed, hen feed, corn
and oats, chop feed, and ground rape seed. Some of the feeding stuffs are briefly
discussed.
Commercial feeding stuffs, E. H. Jexkixs et al. {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1899,
pt. 3, pp. 1.59-196) . — A reprint of the analytical matter of Bulletin 130 of the station
(E. S. E., 12, p. 70), with a discussion of the composition and uses of commercial
feeding stuffs.
Feeding stuff inspection, H. J. Wheeler and B. L. Hartwell {Rhode Island Sta.
Bui. 63, pp. 91-100). — The text of the Rhode Island legislation regulating the sale of
concentrated commercial feeding stuffs is quoted and the analyses reported of a num-
ber of sainples of feeding stuffs in accordance with this act. The constituents deter-
mined were protein and fat. The analyses include American Poultry Food, Poultry
Food, gluten meals, linseed meals and feed, old process oil meal, cotton-seed meal,
barley sprouts, chop, Sucrene Dairy Feed, corn-oat-and-barley feed, provender, stock
feed, oat feed, Fancy Feed Meal, Sugar Corn Feed, and barley feed.
On tlie composition and food value of mammals, birds, and reptiles, Bal-
LAXD ( Comjit. Rend. Acad. Set. Paris, 130 {1900), Xo. S, pp. 531-533). — Several analy-
ses are (luoted and reference made to earlier work.
Food value of oak moss, J. H. Barber {Pacific Rural Press, 59 {1900), No. 13, p.
197) . — Oak moss {Ramalina reticulata) is sometimes used as a cattle food. According
to an analysis by M. E. Jaffa of the California Experiment Station, it has the follow-
ing percentage composition: Water, 22.29; protein, 9.15; fat, 1.95; nitrogen-free
extract, 48.37; crude fiber, 13.77; and ash, 4.5.
Food value of tall tarweed {Pacific Rural Press, 59 {1900), No. 13, 197).— The
food value of tall tarweed ( Centromadia pungens) is discussed and an analysis by
M. E. Jaffa of the California Experiment Station briefly reported. The protein
content was found to l:)e 12.3 per cent and the fuel value 919 calories per pound.
Experiments on the digestive power of pigs, Lilienthal {Landw. Wchnlil.
ScMeswiy-Holstein, 50 {1900), No. 5, pp. 81-89).— A comparison of the digestibility of
different rations by several breeds of pigs, including Yorkshires, Berkshires, Hol-
steins and ' • Marschschwein. " The latter is a breed very closely related to the
European wild hog.
Cost of -wintering beef herd, E. R. Lloyd {Mi.'<si.mppi Sta. Rpt. 1899, p. 14). —
A summary of data given in Bulletin 60 of the station (E. S. R., 11, p. 1084).
Beef herd, E. R. Lloyd {Misdssippi Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 14, 15). — A study is being
made of the relative merits of native and grade Angus cattle for beef production.
The average weights at birth and each month for 8 months of calves of the 2
bree<lH are tabulated.
Feeding tests to determine the relative value of corn, cotton seed, and
cotton-seed meal for beef production, E. R. Lloyd {Mississip2n Sta. Rpt. 1899,
pp. 13, 14). — A summary of the results of feeding experiments previously reported
(E. S. R., 11, p. 1068).
Milk substitute for calves, A. Crawford {.four. Dept. Agr. West. Australia, 1900,
Feb., p. 17). — Oil cake and oatmeal 1: 1 cooked, mixed with hay tea and a little
milk, is recommended as a useful food for calves. The oil cake should be increased
as the calf grows older.
What grains lack as poultry foods, F. H. Hall and W. P. Wheeler {New
York Slate Sta. Bui. 171, j^opular ed., p)p- 6). — This is a popular summary of Bulletin
171 of the station (see p. 276).
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 283
DAIRY FARMING- DAIRYING.
Feeding tests and their methods, J . L. Hills ( Vermont Sta. Rpt.
1899, 2U^- 253-296, 310-351). — Experiments, partl}^ in continuation of
work previovisly reported (E. S. R., 11, p. 382), were made to com-
pare various rations and to test ditferent feeding stuffs, to determine
the eflect of feeding liquid fat to cows, to compare methods of water-
ing- cows, to test the effect of grooming on production, and to deter-
mine the extent of experimental error in feeding tests. Fifty -six cows
in all were used in the series of experiments which lasted from Octo-
ber 25 to June 6. Each experiment covered 1 or 5 weeks, one-third
of which was considered preliminary. The number of cows used in
the different tests varied from 1 to 11. In addition to hay and silage,
and in some cases sugar beets or artichokes, the following mixed feeds
were employed: (1) Cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, corn meal, and
wheat bran (3:3:4:6); (2) cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, corn meal,
and wheat bran (3^:3^:3:6); (3) buckwheat middlings, corn meal, and
wheat bran (1:1 :3) ; (1) equal parts of corn meal and wheat bran ; and (5)
corn meal and wheat bran (8:1). Eighteen different rations were fed.
Tables give complete data for the experiments, including weights of
cows, barn temperatures, anal3'ses, and digestible ingredients of the
fodders and feeds, records of the individual cows, and results of experi-
mental feeding on ditferent rations. The author summarizes the
details and results of the investigation as follows:
" The relative feeding values of rations of equal balance. — (a) Medium nutritive ratios. —
The fodders and feeds used were hay, silage, and Buffalo gluten feed — nutritive ratio
averaging 1:5.7, and the same roughages with mixed feed No. 1 — nutritive ratio
averaging 1:5.6. The former ration yielded to the unit of total dry matter eaten
from 4 to 5 per cent greater product, and the quality of the milk remained unchanged.
" (6) Wide nutritive ratios. — The fodders and feeds used were hay, silage, and corn
and bran, and the same roughages with Quaker oat feed — nutritive ratio in each case
averaging 1 : 8.9. The former ratio yielded to the unit of total dry matter eaten from
2 to 3 per cent greater product, the quality of the milk remaining uniform.
"In the one case production to the unit slightly favored the ration which was fed
the more liberally; in the other case 2 rations equally balanced and containing the
same amounts of the sundry nutrients were of equal feeding value. The outcome of
3 years' trials of this kind indicates that uniform production is not to be expected of
necessity when there are eaten equal amounts of digestible nutrients derived from
divers sources.
" The effect of adding raiv or emulsified fat to a ration. — Unemulsitied cotton-seed oil
and emulsified cotton seed, corn, and linseed oils were fed with bran or corn meal
and bran, hay, and silage, as against the same rations without the oil. Milk yields
to the unit of dry matter eaten were always increased when oil was fed, the increase
amounting from 3 to 9 per cent. The amount of total solids and fat were increased
by the cotton-seed oil feeding from 2 to 15 per cent, on linseed oil feeding 2 per cent,
and on corn oil feeding not at all. The quality of milk was always improved at the
outset of this class of feeding, but quickly returned to normal quality or became
poorer than usual when corn or linseed oils were fed. The increased fat percentage —
unaccompanied by rise in the percentage of solids-not-fat — was fairly permanent,
284
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
lai^ting from 4 to 6 weeks at least, when either raw or emulsified cotton-seed oil was
used. Since the same changes were brought about when raw oil was fed as followed
the use of emulsified oil, it is safe to say that in these trials emulsifying was without
influence as a means of feeding fat into milk.
" The feeding values of ■medium and uide rations. — (o) Grain rations equal in amount. —
The fodders and feeds used were hay, silage, and mixed feed No. 1, or the same
roughages and Quaker oat feed. Nutritive ratios averaged 1 : 5.8 and 1 : 9.0. The pro-
ducing power of a unit of dry matter was 7 per cent greater in the former ration.
The fat content of the quality of the milk remained essentially unchanged.
"(6) Grain rations unerjual in amount. — The fodders and feeds used were hay,
silage, and 8 lbs. of BuffaLj gluten feed, or the same roughages with 2 lbs. of corn
meal and 1 lb. of bran. Nutritive ratios averaged 1:5.5 and 1:9.7. The unit of dry
matter eaten in the medium ration made 5 per cent more milk than did that in the
wide ration. Less but richer milk seemed to be produced by the scant ration.
" The feeding value of buckwheat middlings. — The fodders and feeds used were hay,
silage, corn meal, bran, and buckwheat middlings, the same roughages with mixed
feed No. 1 or corn meal and bran. A unit of dry matter eaten produced about 3 per
cent more milk, solids, and fat in ration No. 1, and about 4 per cent less in the corn
and bran ration than when the middlings were fed. The quality of the milk
remained generally uniform, with, however, two exceptions.
'^ TJie feeding value of artichokes. — Hay, silage, and mixed feed No. 1, or hay, arti-
choke tubers and mixed feed No. 1 were fed to one cow. To the unit of dry matter
eaten 10 per cent less milk was made on the silage ration.
" Watering at tmll or at intervals. — Cows fed a uniform ration were in alternating
periods watered at will or at intervals, and in the former case made 2 per cent more
milk. The effect upon quality can not be stated for reasons given in the body of the
article.
"T/ie grooming of coivs. — Cows fed a unifomi ration were in alternating periods
groomed or left uncarded without appreciable effect either upon milk yield or
quality.
^^Experimental error. — Uniform rations were fed and uniform proiluction ensued.
A unit of dry matter made essentially the same milk, solids, and fat at one time as
another, lactation changes being equalized. It is proljably unsafe to lay stress on
ajaparent differences in feeding values of much less than 5 per cent.
^^ Relative values of various grain rations. — Assuming that two-thirds of the inanurial
ingredients reach the soil, and allowing 20 cts. per hundred for skim uiilk, the total
and the daily net gains of one i-ation over another in butter, skim milk, and manure,
expressed in dollars and cents, are as shown in the table. In each case the ration
first mentioned proved superior to its competitor:
Relative superiority of different rations.
Ration.
Days of
feeding
one cow.
Net gain
from
butter.
Net gain
from but-
ter, skim
milk, and
manure.
Daily net
gain,
one cow.
629
276
118
118
128
72
$4.61
-4.18
0.45
0.00
-0.72
0.92
$6.05
3.86
3. 12
0.75
-0.02
1.14
CenU.
1.14
Buffalo Kl'itt'ii ration v. ration of li jiarts corn,! part bran
1.40
2.64
.64
Cotton-seed-linset'd ration v. buckwheat middlings ration ...
Buckwheat middlings ration v. ration of corn and bran
.00
1.5S
"The Buffalo [gluten] ration proved superior to the others, the cotton-seed-linseed
ration ranking second."
DAIEY FARMING DAIRYING. 285
The effect of fatigue upon the quantity and quality of milk,
J. L. Hills {Vermont Sta. Bjjt. 1899, p. 309). — In this test, which is
the third reported by the station (E. S. R., 8, p. 86; 11 p. 384), 6 fresh
milch cows were driven 10 miles and shipped 50 miles by rail. They
were not milked during the 18 hours occupied in traveling. A table
gives the yield and composition of the milk one day, one week, and
three weeks after arrival. The results are briefly discussed and com-
pared with those of the earlier experiments.
' ' The cows, as a whole, gave about the same quantity of milk on the day after
arrival that they did later. Its quality was far richer, however, at first than it was
after some time had elapsed. Considering each animal individually it was found
that three gave more, one less, and two the same yield after becoming accustomed
to their new quarters; that the fat percentages were less in each case; and that the
solids-not-fat were irregular, two increasing and one decreasing decidedly as time
went on. . . .
" In the trials previously reported temporary milk shrinkage was observed. This
was not seen to any great extent in the present tests. In all cases, as in the present
instance, temporary enrichment ensued. The outcome of this series of tests clearly
shows the folly of testing a cow's milk before she becomes 'at home' in new quar-
ters and has recovered from fatigue. ' '
The effect of food upon the quality of butter, J. L. Hills ( Ver-
tnont Sta. Rpt. 1899, j)j}. 296-298). — In connection with experiments
noted above and in continuation of previous work (E. S. R. , 11, p. 385)
a study was made of the effect of various concentrated feeding stuff's
upon the quality of butter. The rations used contained hay and silage
with cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, corn meal, and bran in two com-
binations; corn meal and bran in two combinations; corn meal, bran,
and buckwheat middlings; Buffalo gluten feed; and Quaker oat feed.
Cotton-seed oil, corn oil, and linseed oil in emulsions were also fed
with the corn meal and bran ration. From March 8 to May 1, 44 sam-
ples of skim milk, buttermilk, and butter were obtained and analyzed.
The results are given in tabiilar form.
The author states that apparently none of the grain feeds injurious!}^
affected the quality of the butter.
"Volatile acids were uniformly aiid decidedly lowered, and the iodin numbers
markedly increased in every case when oil was fed and for a while after its use was
abandoned. This was more apparent when corn and linseed oils were fed than when
the cotton-seed oil was used. The melting point of the product made when the latter
oil was fed was raised. . . .
"The station dairyman's judgment of these butters was that the cotton-seed prod-
uct was hard and of quite good flavor, that made on linseed oil was very soft and
sticky and of an oily taste — a condition lasting until the second sample after the use
of oil was discontinued — while that made on corn oil was somewhat soft and oily
but fair in quality. . . .
"While it is unsafe with our present lack of knowledge concerning the methods of
milk formation to assert actual transfer from food to milk, yet analytical results and
practical experience are in accord with such a theory."
Milk from cows fed cotton-seed oil skimmed and churned more
exhaustively than that from cows fed linseed oil or corn oil.
286
EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Record of the station herd for 1897-98, J. L. Hills ( Vermont
Sta. Rjjt. 1899, jy/>. 299-307).— T\iq record of 42 cows from Novem-
ber 1, 1897, to October 31, 1898, is given in tabular form and com-
pared with records of the station herd during previous years, as
already reported (E. S. R., 11, p. 383). The data given include the
production of milk, fat, and solids by each cow, the cost of food eaten,
proceeds from butter sales, and the value of the fertilizing ingredients
in the food fed. Notes are given explanatory of the table. The aver-
age proceeds per cow over the total cost of food for the 3'ear was
$34.15. The record of 19 of the cows belonging to the herd for 4 years
and 24 for 3 years is summarized in the following table:
Average record of 19 cows for 4 years and 24 cows for 3 years.
Yield of
milk.
Fat con-
tent of
milk.
Yield of
butter.
Cost of
food.
Cost of
pur-
chased
grain.
Cost of
food per
pound of
butter.
Procee Is
of butt T
Average of 19 cows:
1894-95
1895-96
1896-97
1897-98
Average of 24 cows:
1895-96
1896-97
1897-98 ,
Pounds.
5,864
5,927
6,475
5,631
5,657
6,012
5,698
Per cent.
4.94
5.01
4.87
4.95
5. 12
5.04
5.00
Pounds.
338
347
368
318
338
354
325
853.16
43.54
49.77
46.54
42.56
48.66
46.98
$19. 92
14.75
19.26
15.48
14.45
18.98
15.71
Cents.
17.6
13.5
14.0
15.1
13.3
13.8
15.0
S79.30.
79.77
89.24
81.85
77.76
85.80
83.69
Laws of the composition of cows' milk, and the detection of
adulteration, H. Timpe (Chem. Zt(/., 23 {1899), No. 99, ]yp. lOIfi-
10Jf3). — The author attempts to trace a relation between the protein
and the fat. He shows, with the aid of a series of analj'ses of the milk
from cows of different breeds, arranged in the order of fat content,
that the range in protein content is only about one-third of that in fat
content, and accordingly that the fat increases in the series about three
times as fast as the protein. In the case of milk containing an average
fat content of about 3 per cent the protein was about the same, but
when the fat was lower than this the protein exceeded the fat; and
when the fat was above 3 per cent the reverse was true. The author
deduces the following formula for protein : Protein = 2 + 0. 35 fat.
lie advances the hypothesis that the fat and a part of the protein are
of common origin, being derived probably from the splitting up of the
same basal material, while the rest of the protein is formed indepeud-
entl}^ of the fat. This would indicate two kinds of protein in the
milk. The part derived from the same source as the fat has a con-
stant value of 2. Indicating this as protein a, and the other portion
as protein h, the ash, sugar, and protein a may be regarded as practi-
cally constant in milk, while the fat and protein h are subject to wide
variations. 'The last two bear a dehnito i-elation to each other, protein
h being equal to 0. 35 of the fat.
These generalizations were verified on milk from cows of different
DAIEY FARMING DAIRYING. 287
kinds, in health and disease, and fed different rations. In milk from
healthy cows there was only one case in which the protein did not bear
the normal relation to the fat. The sugar content was found remark-
ably constant, fluctuating onl\^ from 4.4 to 5 per cent.
These regularities in the composition of milk are thought to furnish
a reliable means for detecting adulteration. In skim milk the protein,
as calculated by the above formula, will be lower than that found by
analysis, while the ash and sugar will ])e normal. Water would lower
the content of all the constituents without changing their relation to
one another, but it would depress both the protein a and protein J, so
that the total protein calculated by the formula would be higher than
that found by analysis. The sugar content would be another indica-
tion of watering. Skimming and watering the same sample is some-
what more difficult to detect b}^ this method, but unless both had been
practiced to the same degree the disturbance of the relation between
the fat and protein would be apparent.
In a later issue of the same journal (24 (1900), No. 3, p. 16) H.
Hoft discusses the above paper and takes exception to some of the
conclusions.
The efficiency of a continuous pasteurizer at different tempera-
tures, II. A. Harding and L. A. Rogers {New Yorh State Sta Bid.
172^ pp. 507-630., Jigs. 2). — Introductory statements are made concern-
ing dairying in Denmark and in the United States. The lack of suc-
cess attending the use by Americans of the Danish method of butter
making has led the station to undertake a study of the process, the
results of which are to be published in a series of bulletins, of which
this is the first. The terms pasteurization and sterilization are ex-
plained, and the discontinuous or household system of pasteurization
for sanitary purposes and the continuous or Danish system adapted to
butter making are discussed.
In the experiments at the station "the objective point was to deter-
mine the effect upon the germ life when milk was passed through a
continuous pasteurizer at different temperatures." Milk was pasteur-
ized at 70, 80, and 85° C. The apparatus used was made in Den-
mark, and is figured and described. The method of work is given, and
data showing the age, weight, initial temperature, and acidity of the
milk, the steam pressure in the l)oiler, the rate of pasteurization, and
the germ content of the milk before and after pasteurization are tabu-
lated. The milk was usually a mixture of i^ortions 4, 12, 24, and 36
hours old and had an acidity requiring from 18.9 to 40 cc. of normal
alkali to neutralize 1 liter. The samples averaged 350 lbs. The rate
of pasteurization varied greatly. At 80° C. it was about 2,100 lbs.
per hour. In the bacteriological tests neutral lactose agar was used as
a nutrient medium. The plate cultures were kept at 30° C and the
colonies were counted at the end of 48 hours.
288 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Kesults of the work are summarized as follows:
"At 70° C. (158° F. ) the efficiency of the continuous pasteurizer varies greatly from
clay to day. Tests upon 14 different days gave an average of 15,288 living germs per
cubic centimeter left in the pasteurized milk, with a maximum of 62, 790 and a mini-
mum of 120 germs.
"At 80° C. (176° F. ) the reduction in germ content is both very uniform and very
great. Tests upon 25 different days gave an average of only 117 living germs per
cubic centimeter in the pasteurized milk, witli a maxinmm of 297 and a minimum of
20 germs.
' 'At 85° C. ( 185° F. ) the average reduction is not more marked than at 80° C. , but
the range of variation is less. [The average, maximum, and minimum of tests made
i:pon 7 different days Avere, respectively, 114, 234, and 50 germs per cubic centime-
ter. ] This temperature has the added advantage, according to Dr. Bang, of remov-
ing the danger from germs of tuberculosis in the milk.
"Even when the whole milk was heated to 85° C. the l)utter did not have a per-
manent cooked flavor."
On the manufacture of cheese from pasteurized milk, G. Ham-
ilton {Milch Ztg., 29 {1900), Ko. 10, pp. Uo, i46').— Milk was pas-
teurized at 102° C, and used in the manufacture of sour-milk cheese
and brick cheese. In making the sour-milk cheese 10 per cent of
fresh buttermilk, obtained from churning cream ripened with a pure
culture, was added to the pasteurized milk and the mixture kept at
30° C. until the required acidity was secured. Sour-milk cheese prop-
erl}^ made in this way was considered better than that made from
unpasteurized milk and the yield was also greater. Notes are given
on the use of pasteurization in Saxony.
Dairy work, J. S. Mooke {Mississippi Sta. Ept. 1899, pp. 22-28). — The results of
feeding experiments with cotton seed, cotton-seed meal, and corn-and-cob meal, and
a study of the effect of these feeding stuffs on the quality of butter previously
reported (E. S. E., 11, pp. 1079, 1080) are smnmarized. Tables are given showing
the amount and cost of food consumed and the milk and butter produced by each
cow of the dairy herd during 1898. Tests of 7 registered Jersey cows are reported.
Feeding for milk {Queensland Agr. Jour., 7 {1900), No. 1, pp. 25, 26). — During
2 periods of 15 days each 6 cows were fed a ration of 20 lbs. of green chaffed maize
and during the second period were given in addition li lbs. of molasses. Only a
small increase in the yield of milk and butter followed the use of the molasses.
The daily record of each cow is given.
The management of Shorthorn dairy cattle and young stock, R. E. Turx-
BULL {Jour. British Dairy Fanners' Assoc, 15 {1900), No. 2, pp. 83-92).
Heavy vs. light cows, G. H. v. Scheele {Lundtmannen, 11 {1900), No. 4, pp.
52-57).
On the importance of good milkers, J. Fmis {Landmand.shlad, S3 {1900), No.
8, pp. 90-98). — A general discussion of the subject; a number of experiments are
quoted, showing how the amount of milk yielded by cows varies according to the
character of the work done by the milkers.
Milk test inspection law, C. II. Joxes and B. O. "White ( Vermont Sta. Bpt. 1899,
j)p. 14-3- 1 45) . — The text of the Vermont law relating to testing milk and cream at
dividend-making creameries and cheese factories and the results of the operation of
the law are given. The law requires that all glassware ased in testing be certified
as to its accuracy and that all operators ha licensed after proving their ability. The
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 289
execution of the law is vested in the superintendent of the dairy nchoul df tlie
university.
Of 11,058 bottles tested during 9 months, 199 were found incorrectly graduated.
A considerable number of pipettes and acid measures were also found incorrectly
graduated. The effect of the passage of the law in increasing the accuracy of tlie
apparatus used is noted. Of 286 applications for license as operators, 33 were refused
because of inaccurate testing.
Continuous pasteurization of milk, F. H. Hall, H. A. Hardixc;, and L. A.
RooERS {Xi'iD York State tSta. Bui. 17 J, populnv ed., pp. G). — This is a popular sunnnary
of Bulletin 172 of the station. (See p. 287) .
Report of milk control station in Christiania for 1899 (Nomk Landmans-
bJad, 19 {1000), Xu. 6, pp. GS-70) . — Tests of .39,158 samples of milk and other dairy
products were made during 1899, the average results per month and year being given
in the report. The average fat content for 33,831 samples of whole milk examined
during the year was 3.473 per cent (maximum 5, minimum 2.5 per cent), and of
4,944 samj^les of cream 17. .304 per cent ("common cream" testing between 11 and
24 per cent, and " whipping cream " from 25 to 38 per cent). — f. av. woll.
Report of the milk control station in Trondhjem, Norway, for 1899
{Norsk. Landmandsblad, 19 {1900), No. IS, pp. 197-199). — During the year 55,292
samples of dairy products, nearly all whole milk, were received and tested. The
average fat content of 55,162 samples of whole milk was 3.57 per cent, against 3.50
per cent for 46,473 samples during 1898. The report states that "as is usual, the
milk is lowest in fat in the spring, because the majority of the cows drop their calves
at this season. It is characteristic .that the fat content of the milk increases suddenly
when the cows are let out on pasture. This increase occurs every year in the month
of June. The high fat content is maintained during July, or may droj) again then,
as was the case in 1895 and 1897. During the fall months the percentages of fat are
gradually increased, to decrease again toward the end of the year." The fat con-
tents of the. milk tested at the milk control stations at Christiania and Bergen (at
each of which stations a similar number of samples of milk are tested annually)
show identical changes as those given above. — f. w. woll.
On milk control in Germany, M.Weibull {Meddi'l. K. hindthr. Stiir.,1899, No.
59, pp. 27-32) .
The Danish butter on the English market, B. Boggild ( Tid-^xkr. Ltmddkon,
1900, No. a, pp. 28G-S00 ) .
Dairying in Denmark during 1899, B. Boggild ( 77r/.s'.sA/'. Lavd'nkon, 1900, No.
3, pp. no-US).
The cooperative Danish Creameries and their importance for the develop-
ment of Danish agriculture, B. Boggild {Mdlkeritid., 13 {1900), No.-,. 21, pp. 305-
322; 22, pp. 335-34S; 23, pp. 303-369). — An historical discussion of the growth and
present condition of Danish cooperative creameries, M'ith complete statistics relating
to the subject.
Report of the State Swedish cheese export committee, 1895-1899, I. Lind-
STROJi ET AL {Maldii. K. Ldudtbr. Sfi/r., 1900, No. 66, pp. 17).
Report of the Swedish State dairy agent in Manchester, England, for
1899 (Meddel. K. Lnndtbr. Styr., 1900, No. 64, pp. 66).
Danish butter, P. Schidrowitz {British Food .low:, 2 {1900), No. 16, pp. 91, 02).
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE.
Fourteenth annual report of the State board of live stock
commissioners, C. P. Johnson et al. {Rpt. Illinow State Bd.
Live Stock Commissione/'s^ 1899, pp. 391). — Thi.s report contains a
8058 — No. 3 7
290 EXPEEIMENT STATIOlsr RECORD.
copy of the proclamation of the board of live stock commissioners of
Illinois regardino- the importation of Southern cattle. In their experi-
ments with dips for the purpose of destroying the cattle tick on ani-
mals imported from the South some losses were experienced, but it is
believed that such losses are due not so much to the dipping itself as
to the fact that the dipping occurred at an inopportune time, or that the
cattle were subjected to fatiguing drives or railroad journeys after the
dipping. Detailed records are given of the inspection for actinomy-
cosis at the Union Stock Yards of Chicago.
Special attention has been given by the board for a number of years
to tuberculosis among dairy cattle. The regulations of the board pro-
vide that animals condemned and slaughtered after the tuberculin
test shall be divided into 6 classes, for the purpose of adjusting the
amount of indemnity to be paid the owner. Class A includes animals
which upon jfosf-uio/'f em examination fail to disclose the presence of
tuberculosis in an}' of their organs. For such animals the full valua-
tion is paid as indemnity to the owner. The other classes are graded
according to the more or less generalized condition of the tubercular
infection, 75, 50, 35, 25, and 15 per cent of the appraisement being-
paid for animals in these classes. The number of animals tested was
3, (355, and of this number 560 reacted suHicientl}- to av arrant condemn-
ing, while 47 were isolated and held for a second test. The percent-
age of condemned animals was, therefore, 15.32.
The board made an investigation of the milk of a number of tul)er-
culous animals, the milk being used for inoculating the experimental
animals, and ])eing also subjected to microscopical examination. The
conclusions which are drawn from these examinations ma}' be stated
as follows: The tubercle bacillus is found in the milk of 35 percent of
tuberculous cows with sound udders. The tubercle bacillus is found
with about equal frequency in the sediment and in the cream. The
milk when concentrated produces tuberculosis in about 25 per cent of
the inoculated guinea pigs. In a large number of cases pus cells were
found in the milk, which would indicate that the udder was aflfected
by tuberculosis. It is stated that in consideration of the greater sus-
ceptibility of the guinea pig. the concentration of the milk, and the
fact that inoculations were made hypodermically, allowance must be
made for the different conditions when these results are applied to the
human subject.
Detailed notes are given on the occurrence in the State of glanders,
cerebro-spinal meningitis of horses, and sheep scab. In an appendix
to the report is found a complete record of the tuberculin tests already
referred to.
Actinomycosis of man and animals, B. Schurmater {Centbl.
Ball. a. I\ir.^ 1. Aht.^ 27 {1900), ]V<>s. J, pp. 1^9-61; 3, pp. 101-106,
pis. 2). — This article contains a ri'])ort of an extended series of experi-
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 291
ments by the author upon the variations in the organism of actinomy-
cosis under diti'erent culture conditions. When this organism is
cultivated in ordinary alkaline bouillon without peptone or salt, 3
morphologically distinct forms were observed: (1) Unbranched and
branched iilaments; (2) delicate threads with thickenings and without
branches; (3) round large spheres. The second form was frequently
seen to develop out of this third form.
Experimental cultures whicli were carried on for two years under
the same conditions and with the same results led the author to con-
clude that the organism of actinomj^cosis may vary exceedingly as to
its external appearance, has the power of adapting itself to the nutri-
ent medium and external conditions, and passes through a series of
stages, which include the bacterial type and reach to that of the higher
fungi.
The organism is described by the author under the name of Oospora
lyrotexis. A detailed record is given of the appearance and behavior
of the organism under ditferent conditions and upon different culture
media. The variations of this organism are compared with those of
Oospo7\i hovw. In some of the experimental cultures chlamydospores
were formed, and the author believes that this and other pathogenic
organisms will be found to be forms of a series which extends from
])acteria into the higher fungi.
Tuberculosis of cattle, G. E. Nesom {South Carolina Sta. Bnl. 60^
pp. Jfl.,f<js. 10). — The tirst part of the bulletin is occupied with a gen-
eral account of the nature and etiology of tuberculosis and a descrip-
tion of the method of applying the tuberculin test. A report is made
on 200 cattle tested with tul)erculin in the State. The cattle were
distributed in 6 herds, and the presence of tuberculosis was demon-
strated in only one herd. One doubtful case was found in the second
herd. In one herd of Q'o cattle, 61 of which were milch cows, 31
reacted. The veterinarian who had attended this herd had made a
diagnosis of tuberculosis and had confirmed it \i\ pout- mortem exami-
nation. Of the animals in this herd 9 showed a temperature of lOS*^
or more before injection, and 3 out of these 9 gave a reaction of over
2° after injection. The ages of the animals of this herd varied from
1 to 1.5 years. In the other herds which were tested only one animal
was condemned as suspicious, and the p<mt-inorteni iindings were not
sufficient to make the diagnosis certain. The animal, however, was
considered tuberculous. Out of 2(iO tested, therefore, 32 animals or
16 per cent were found tuberculous, 31 of these, as already indicated,
being found in one herd.
In the treatment of tuberculous herds the author reconnnends that
the Danish system of isolating suspicious animals be adopted. He
further reconnnends a nnuiicipal inspection of meats and milk and the
issuance of a license to dairymen oidy after all his milch cows have
been tested.
21^2 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD.
Observations concerning the significance of streptococci in
comparative pathology, V. A. Moore {Amer. Vet. Rev.^ '23 {1900)^
JVox. UK j>p. 6S7-6!J7; 11, 2>p. 771^-787; 12, pp. 8Ii9-860,f(js. H).—
The author gives a ])rief review of the literature on streptococcus and
an account of the systematic position of this genus. A bacteriological
investigation was made of i cases of suppurative cellulitis of cows, in
which the foot or leg was affected. Streptococcus was found to be
present in all cases. Other cattle inoculated with pure cultures of
these organisms developed the same sj-mptoms. Kabbits which were
inoculated with pure cultures died with septicjemia within 48 hours
after inoculation.
Samples of milk were taken from y different cows which were suffer-
ing from mastitis. The milk samples were taken with strict antiseptic
precautions. Streptococci were found in considerable numbers in 6
out of the 8 samples. In 2 cases of foot rot of sheep, a form of strep-
tococcus was found which proved fatal to rabbits when inoculated
hypodermically. A liacteriological investigation demonstrated the
presence of streptococcus in the following diseases of the horse: Fistu-
lous withers, poll evil, peritonitis, omphalophlebitis, septic pneumonia,
strangles, and infectious pneumonia.
The author also made studies of distemper and rabies of the dog.
Streptococcus was found to be present in cases of distemper but not in
rabies. Brief notes are presented on the use and importance of anti-
streptococcic serum.
The curability of glanders, J. McFadyean {Jour. Co-mp. Path, and
TJur.. 13 {1900, JTo. 1, pp. oo-o9). — The author conducted an experi-
ment to determine the therapeutic action of mallein upon glanderous
horses. A horse with clinical symptoms of farcy was tested with
mallein on November 4, 1898, and reacted in a typical manner with
elevation of temperature and swelling at the point of injection. The
highest temperature recorded was 105.4^. On November 15 the
horse received 6 cc. of mallein and after 15 hours exhibited a tempera-
ture of 105.8^. On November 26, 10 cc. of mallein was injected into
the horse, with a consequent sharp temperature reaction. A dose of
20 cc. of mallein was administered on December 0 with similar results.
Further injections were made on December 14, 20, 28, and January-
13 with 40, 80, 100, and 120 cc. of mullein, respectively. On Feb-
ruary 10 the horse was examined and the farcv lesions were found to
be healed. The animal was tested with 1 cc. of mallein on the same
date and failed to react. On March 27 a second dose of 1 cc. of
mallein was given, with no temperature reaction. On April 0 the
horse received 100 cc. of mallein with the result that the temperature
rose to 103. 8^^. The same dose repeated on April 24 ]ii-oduced a tem-
perature of 103".
The horse was apparently cured of the original attack of glanders.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 293
111 order to determine whether the iiiiiiusil was also protected against
subsequent infection, an inoculation of virulent glanders pus was given
on June 18. 1899. On June 28 an injection of 1 cc. of mallein pro-
duced a tvpical reaction, and similar results were obtained by repeated
injections on July 7 and 22.
The author concludes from the history of this case that glanders can
apparently be cured by repeated large doses of mallein, but that
animals thus treated are not protected against subsequent infections
b}' the disease.
Recent investig-ations on the r61e of mosquitoes in spreading- malaria,
G. H. F. NuTTALL [Onthl. Bakt. n. Pur., I.AhL, 27 [1!)00), Xo. J, pp. 19S-196; G, j>p.
21S-2J5) . — This article is in continuation of previous compilations of the author on
the same subject. The author reviews in a critical manner the literature of tlie
subject, imder the following heads: General literature, the influence of temperature
on the development of the malaria parasites in Anopheles, the species of mosquito
in wliich the different malaria parasites can develop, and the development of the
sestivoautumnal parasite.
Purulent broncho-pneumonia of puerperal origin, G. Moussu {Rec Med.
Vet., Paris, s'. -ser., 7 {19(10), No. 3, pp. 105-111). — A study of a numlier of cases in
which it was shown that there was a postpartum infection, with a localization of the
disease in the lungs.
Revie^v of Prof. Bang's work -writh contagious abortion, C. E. Marshall
{Michigan Stu. Spec. Bui. IS, pp. 8). — An abstract of the work of Prof. Bang bearing
on this subject.
Experimental studies on blackleg, E. Leclainche and H. Yallee {Compt.
Rend. Sac. Biul. Paris, 52 {l'->oo), Xo. 6, pp. 139, UO). — The authors found that the
presence of the toxin is indispensable to the manifestation of virulence. Great
numbers of the spores may be introduced into susceptible organisms without pro-
ducing any effects, provided all toxin is excluded. Animals which have received
spores without toxin are not rendered immune.
Failure with Seraphthin in Austria, Geist {Berlin Tierdrzlf. Wchmchr., 1900,
Xo. 7, pp. 75-77) . — The author conducted experiments for the purpose of determin-
ing the value of this substance as a protective remedy against foot-and-mouth disease.
Out of 120 animals which were inoculated with Seraphthin, 79, or 65.83 per cent, con-
tracted the disease, while out of 99 animals which were not inoculated only 46; or
46.5 per cent, fell sick. The author believes this substance is worthless both as a
curative agent and as a means of producing immunity.
Infectious mastitis in cows, K. Weber {Deut. Tkieixirztl. WcJmschr., 8 {1900),
Xo. 6, p. ^7).^In cases where this disease affects only one quadrant of the udder, a
thorough treatment with drainage is sometimes successful, resulting in a complete
sequestration of the infected part.
Relapse in milk fever, Bru {Rev. Vet. Toidouse,25 {1900) , Xo. 3, pp. 166-170).^
A discussion of the symptoms of this disease, together with an account of cases in
which a relapse took place after an apparent recovery.
Traumatic pericarditis in cattle, G. de Bruix {Rev. Vet. Toulouse, 25 {1900),
No. o, })ji. 141-155) . — The cause of this form of pericarditis is the penetration of the
pericardium by some foreign body. Such penetration comes from the second stom-
ach, which is separated from the pericardium only by the diaphragm, and at a point
in the dia,phragm which undergoes con^paratively slight movements during resjiira-
tion. The disease usually assumes a chronic form and is very seldom acute. The
majority of cases are fatal. A bibliography on the subject is added to the article.
294 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD.
Staggers in sheep, 'SI. J. C'leary [Irish Agr. (Jr(janization Soc. Leaflet a', pp. ^). —
The author gives notes on the Hfe history of Ccenurris cerebralis, and recommends the
destruction of the heads of affected sheep in order to prevent the spreading of the
disease.
QEstrus ovis, J. F. Butterfield {Jour. Coinp. Med. and Vet. Arch., 21 {1900), No.
1, pji. 2S, 24). — From a study of the habits of this insect in Pennsylvania, the author
conchides that the eggs are deposited in the nostrils of sheep earlier in the season than
has usually Ijeen supposed. The only successful remedy consisted in trephining and
•washing out with tepid water. Injections of solution of alum water in the nostrils
seemed to l)e slightly effective.
Protective inoculation against liog cholera, H. Jost {Deut. Thierdrztl.
W'riuisclir., S {1900), Xo. 6, pp. 45-47). — Notes on the use of Susserin and on the
occurrence of endocarditis in hog cholera.
Horse bots, R. Helms {.Tour. Dept. Ayr. Wrxt. Audndia, 1899, Dec, pp. 23-28,
figs. 2). — An account of the life history, habits, and remedies to be used against Gas-
trophihix vdsrdis.
Inheritance of chronic roaring, A. Labat {Rer. T'c/. Toulouse, 25 {1900), No.
3, pp. 155-166). — The author presents a detailed discussion of the literature of the
subject and shows from statistics that horses which are afflicted with roaring very
frequently transnnt a i)redisposition to this disease in their offspring.
A form of hemorrhagic septicaemia in ducks and chickens, A. Rabieaux
{Compf. Rend. Soc. Biol. Paris, 52 {1900), No. 6, pp. 14I-143).— The pathogenic
agent found in cases of this disease resembles that of chicken cholera. It is perobic.
Experiments indicate that the pigeon, rabbit, guinea pig, white rat, and dog, in addi-
tion to ducks and chickens, are susceptible to the disease.
Epizootic-parasitic gastritis of fowls, A. Rabieaux {Jour. Med. Vet. et Zootech.,
5. ser.,4 {1900) , pp. 16-20, fig. 1). — This disease, it is stated by the author, is caused
by the presence of Spiroptera nasuta in the gizzard of fowls. Vermifugal treatment
had very little effect, and the author recommends preventive remedies, such as t-lean-
liness of the poultry (quarters and careful destruction of infected fowls.
External parasites of poultry {Farmers' Gaz.,59 {1900), No. 1, pp. 16,17). —
Notes on bird lice, with suggestion of remedies.
The gape ■worm (Syngamus trachealis) , R. Klee {Deut. TJiierarztl. Wchnsckr., 7
{1S99], Nn. 52, pp. 465-4>;s, Jigs. S) . — The author gives a description of the Avorm and
an account of its hal)its and life history. The remedies which are recommended by
the author include the usual ones and also the intratracheal injection of 1 cc. of a 5
per cent aqueous solution of sodium salicylate. A brief discussion of the literature of
the subject is given in connection with a bibliography of 32 titles.
The temperature of the common foAvl, C. Fere {Jour. Anat. et Physiol. Paris,
35 {1899), No. 6, j>p. 808-816). — A difference in the normal temperatures of the two
sexes was noticed, as well as of different ages.
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING.
Report of the meteorologist and irrigation engineer, I>. G. Car-
penter {Colorado Sta. Rpt. 1899^ pj^- Ji-'2-5U J'^s- 6'). — The work of
this department of the station during- 1899, as in previous years (E.
S. R., 11. p. 39-1), has been confined mainly to measurements of seep-
age, river How. duty of water, and nieteorolog-ieal observations (see
p. 220).
" The measurements to determine the gains or losses from seepage have been con-
tinued this year on streams previously measured. These include the Cache la
Poudre, from the canyon to its mouth, a distance of 50 miles; the Big Thompson,
about the same distance; the Little Thompson, a tnhulary of tlic Big Thompson;
AGRICULTUKAL ENGINEERING. 295
the St. Vrain, from Lyons to the Platte, and its tributary, Left Hand Creek; the Rio
Grande, from above Del Norte to tlie State line, a distance of al)Out 100 miles; tlie
Arkansas, from Canyon City to the Kansas State line, a distance of 200 miles; nearly
500 miles of river measurement in all for this particular purpose. . . . The general
results of previous measurements are confirmed. A tendency to increase in the
amount of water returning to the river is noticeable, especially on those streams
where the return waters have some distance to pass to reach the stream. The Rio
Grande is an exception in that a marked loss is noticeable at the rim of the valley.
There is then a gain, but not enough to balance the loss."
A record in continuation of that of previous years is given of the
weekly measurements (April 18 to November 2S), by means of auto-
matic instruuKMits. of the flow during 1S9S and 1S99 of tlie Cache la
Poudre River at a point a]>out 12 miles from Fort Collins. The water-
shed above the point of measurement exceeds 1,000 square miles. The
average of the weeld}' measurements was 431 cubic feet per second in
1898 and 860 in 1899, the normal for 1.5 j^ears being 708 cubic feet per
second. Of the quantity so measured an amount not exceeding 150
cubic feet per second is water diverted from other watersheds than that
of the Cache la Poudre. Weekly bulletins of the flow have been pre-
pared for the local use of papers in northern Colorado.
The results of several years' observations on the duty of water are
being prepared for piiblication.
The efl'ect of forests on the preservation of snow is illustrated by
reproductions of photographs.
The use of -water in irrigation in Wyoming, B. C. Buffum ( U. S.
Dejjt. Agr.^ ^^ffi<-*^ of Experiment Stations Bui. 81, j?jj. 56, pis. 8). —
This bulletin describes studies bj^ the author during the past 9 years
on the use of water in irrigation in Wyoming, and gives his conclusions
regarding certain measures and methods needed to secure the largest
service from the available supply. It discusses the application of
water to crops, water measurements in Wyoming, duty of water, the
irrigating season, and continuous flow as a basis for appropriation.
"In the region under discussion irrigation is chiefly from small streams, and nearly
all of the water supply which can be diverted is appropriated, but large volumes of
water still run to waste in the larger rivers. It is along these that we must look for
future develoi^ment, but the utilization of this supply involves questions outside the
scope of this investigation. These large rivers as a rule drain the mountain summits
and have a more uniform How than the small streams, as the snows which feed them
melt slowly. The small streams, on the contrary, fluctuate so widely in volume that
it usuall}' happens that more water runs to waste before irrigation of cultivated croj^s
begins than is availaljle for use in July, when the need for such crops is greatest.
It is also an unfortunate circumstance that the most remunerative crops are those
which require late irrigation. Sugar beets, potatoes, alfalfa, and orchards all require
irrigation in August and September, which is the season of the least supply. These
crops, while bringing large returns, require, as a rule, but little water, and their cul-
tivation will secure a much higher average duty than now prevails; but to greatly
extend the area of these products will involve comprehensive measures to increase
through storage the present volume available for use in July, August, and September,
because on three-fourths of the Wyoming streams there is now a scarcity in these
296 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
months. If this shall not prove feasible, then the future extension of the areas now
irrigated will come chiefly through the cultivation of crops which can be brought to
maturity by water supplied before June 15. Among these, forage crops take first
rank, as they can be irrigated as soon as water can be turned in ditches, and the
stimulus given by a single M'atering will secure at least a partial crop. All these
crops, however, are wasteful of water, and if they are to predominate in the exten-
sion of the reclaimed area, as will be necessary without storage, we may expect to
see the average duty remain fully as low as at present."
Silo construction and silage, C. M. Conner {South CaroJina Sfa.
Bui. ol, jjp. l-j^jiys. 6). — The value of the ^\\o to the southern dairy-
man as a means of providing succulent food for dairy animals during
long dry sumuiers is briefly discussed, and detailed directions, with
illustrations, are given for the construction of a round silo; with sug-
gestions as to location, size, method of tilling, and crops to be grown
for silage. The methods and details of construction described are
those followed by the author in building a silo at the South Carolina
Station.
On drainage of marshes, H. Steixmetz (A'. LaiuJt. AhuJ. Handl. Tifhstr.^ ,39
{1900), Xo. ■>, j>j>. 101-203).
Report of trials of agricultural machinery, U. Sverdrup et al {Christktnio,
1900, pp. -JO, *7/i<.s. ). — The report gives detailed results of trials of 40 different makes
of plows, the trials being conducted by a committee of the Royal Society for Nor-
way's Weal.
Agricultural machinery in Denmark in 1899, C. V. Birk (Tid-iKkr. Landokon,
1900, No. 3, pp. 149-164).
Trials of common plows and wheel plows, P. Ullberc; {Landtmannen, 11
{1900), Xo. 13-14, lyp. 191-202, 2 15-2 IS).
Trial of the potato harvester "Cambrian," V. Svekdrip et al {Tid.^skr.
Xor><ke Lundhr., 7 {1900), Xo. 1, pp. .38-40).
The social, commercial, and economic phases of the road subject, AV. H.
Mooke ( r. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Public Road Inquiries Circ. 34, pp. 8). — A paper by
the president of the State and Interstate Good Roads and Public Improvement
Association.
STATISTICS— MISCELLANEOUS.
Twelfth Annual Report of Arkansas Station, 1899 {Arkansas Sta. Rpt. 1899,
pp. 8-1.34). — The report proper contains the organization list of the station, a finan-
cial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1899, and a brief report by the
director. Bulletins 56-60 of the station on the following subjects are reprinted:
Tomatoes, cabbage, and onions (E. S. R., 11, p. 242) ; the relative virulence for the
domestic animals of human and l)ovine tubercle (E. S. R., 11, p. 689) ; an experiment
in grazing a corn and cowpea field with steers (E. S. R., 11, p. 965); yield of Spanish
peanuts planted at different distances (E. S. R., 11, p. 927) ; planting unshelled pea-
nuts (E. S. R., 11, p. 923); relative effects of cotton meal, whole and crushed seed, on
the yield of corn, cotton, and potatoes (E. S. R., 11, p. 926) ; relative effects on cotton
and corn of certain leguminous crops turned under entire and their stubble only
turned under (E. S. R., 11, p. 921); Allen Hybrid cotton (E. S. R., 11, p. 926); the
comparative yield of corn from seed of the same variety grown in different latitudes
(E. S. R., 12, p. 136); second report on Arkansas seedling apples (E. S. R., 12, p. 151).
Twelfth Annual Report of Colorado Station, 1899 {Colorado Sta. Rpt. 1899,
pp. 113,pl--<. 8, dyiii.^. 0). — This cuntams the oigauizution list of the station, a financial
STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS. 297
statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1899, a report of the (hreetor discussing
at some length the organization and work of the station ami substations, an inventory
of station equipment, detailed outlines of station work for 1899, and reports of the
heads of departments and superintendents of substations noted elsewhere.
Fifteenth Annual Report of Maine Station, 1899 {Maine Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp.
171 ). — This contains the organization list of the station, a brief report lay the director,
and reprints of Bulletins 48-57 of the station on the following su1)jet'ts: Feeding stuff
inspection (E. S. R., 10, p. 1089), care of orchards (E. S. R., 11, p. 153), fertilizer
inspection (E. S. R., 11, p. 137), feeding stuff inspection (E. R. R., 11, i). 279), the
spraying of plants (E. S. R., 11, p. 262), fertilizer inspection (E. S. R., 11. p. 829),
nuts as food (E. S. R., 12, p. 78), cereal breakfast foods (E. S. R., 12, p. 69), apple
insects of Maine (E. S. R., 12, p. 68), experiments with potatoes (E. S. R., 12, p.
140) . A list of acknowledgments, meteorological observations, and a report of the
treasurer for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1899, are also included.
Twelfth Annual Report of Massachusetts Hatch Station, 1899 {Massachu-
settx ILttcJi Stn. Iljit. IS:Hi,j)p. 1J.>). — A lirief sunnnary is given of statinn work during
the year, which includes also a list of officers of the station and a list of station pub-
lications now available for distribution. A financial statement is given for the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1899. Reports of the agriculturist, botanists, meteorologist, hor-
ticulturist, entomologist, and chemists, parts of which are noted elsewhere, are
included, which review in detail the different lines of station work during the year
and give results in some cases.
Twelfth Annual Report of Mississippi Station, 1 899 ( Mississippi Sla. Rpt. 1899,
pp. 47). — This contains the organization list of the station, reports of the director and
treasurer for the fiscal year enfled June 30, 1899, and departmental reports, parts of
which, together with notes on forage crops and a meteorological summary, are noted
elsewhere. Reprints of Bulletins 53 to 59 of the station, with the exception of Bul-
letins 55 and 57, on the following subjects are appended: Some insects injurious to
stock and remedies therefor (E. S. R., 11, p. 272), Irish potato culture (E. 8. R.,
11, ]i. 241), grapes (E. S. R., 11, p. 253), soils of Mississippi — texture and water con-
ditions (E. S. R., 11, p. 328), and analyses of commercial fertilizers (PI S. R., 11,
p. 528).
Tenth Annual Report of North Dakota Station, 1899 {Xorlh Dahda Sta.
Rpt. 1899, pp. 56). — This contains the organization list of the station, a brief general
report on station work during the year, detailed reports on the work of the different
departments, parts of which are noted elsewhere, and a financial statement for the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1899.
Twelfth Annual Report of Vermont Station, 1899 {Vertnoul Sla. Rpt. 1899,
pp. 119-354). — This includes the organization list of the station, financial report for
the fiscal year ended June 30, 1S99, report of the director reviewing at some length
the work and publications of the station during the year, abstracts of Bulletins 60-71
of the station, and departmental reports abstracted elsewhere.
Record of six years' work at the Plains Substation, J. \\. Payxe {Colorado
Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 71-95, pis. 5, fig. 1). — This station has previously been known as
the "Rainbelt Substation." The record here given is a summary statement of the
results secured at the station with a large number of farm, orchard, and garden crops
for each of the years the station has been in existence. The results are largely
negative.
Report of the Rainbelt Substation, J. E. Payxe {Colorado Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp.
52-55). — The report includes notes on fruit set out at the station and now living, on
the growth of certain field crops, and recommendations as to further work.
The agricultural experiment stations in the United States, A. C. True and
V. A. Clark ( U. S. Dipt. Ayr., Oftir,' ,,/ Krprrinient Station.'^ Bid. 80, pp. 6-36, ph. 153) .—
This in an exhaustive report on the history and present status nf tlie agricultural
8()oS— No. 3 8
298 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
experiineiit statioiit^ iu the I'nited States prepared as a part of the experiment station
exhibit at the Paris Exposition. It inchides a statement concerning the general
agricultural conditions in the United States as related to the work of the stations;
an historical review of the organization and development of the stations, together
with an account of the early experimental work carried on by the agricultural col-
leges and other institutions prior to the establishment of the stations under the
Hatch Act; a statement of the relations of the stations to the Federal Government
and to several associations, accounts of which are given; a discussion of the organ-
ization, equipment, lines of work, and general results of the work of the stations; an
extended account, comprising the larger part of the volume, of the Office of Experi-
ment Stations and of the individual stations, giving in each case the history, organ-
ization, equipment, financial supi)ort, lines of work, publications, and general results
of work; and an appendix containing an account of the inspection work of the sta-
tions with the principal features of the laws under which it is carried on, the gen-
eral statistics of the stations, a list of the publications issued by them since their
organization, a descriptive account of the card index of experiment station literature,
a list of books published by experiment station workers, and a catalogue of the
experiment station exhiljit at tlie Paris Exposition.
Statistics of the land-grant colleges and agricultural experiment stations
in the United States for the year ended June 30, 1899 ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office
of E.qxriinciif Slatioii:^ BuJ. 78, pp. 39). — A summary of this has already apj^eared
(E. S. R.,n,p. .SOI).
Farmers' institutes: History and status in the United States and Canada,
L. H. Bailey ( f7. S. Dept. Agr., Office of ExperlmeM Stations Bui 79, ptp. 5.4). —This
bulletin gives a general survey of farmers' institutes and historical and statistical
information regarding the movement in the different States and Provinces. A list
of officials in charge of farmers' institutes in the United States is appended.
Experiment Station Work — XIV ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 114, J^P- -^S,
figs. 5). — This number contains articles on the following subjects: Influence of salt
and similar substances on soil moisture, extra-early potatoes, rotting of cranberries,
chestnuts, low-grade Paris green, crude petroleum as an insetiticide, skim milk in
bread making, l^est number of hens in one pen, nest box for egg records, and profit-
able and im}ir(ifital)lc cows.
Crop circular for April, 1900, J. Hyde {V. ,S. Dept. Agr., Diri.^ion of Statistics
Crop Circ. Apr., pp). 4)- — This c-ontains notes and tabulated data on the condition of
winter wheat and rye and of farm animals throughout the United States on April 1,
1900, and estimated losses of horses, cattle, sheep, and swine from exposure and dis-
ea.se during the year ended March 31, 1900.
Agricultural imports and exports, 1895-1899 [V. S. Dept. Agr., Sectioti of
Foreign Markets Circ. 22, jip- 15)- — Tables are given showing the nature, quantity,
and value of the agricultural imports and exports of the United States during each
of the 5 fiscal years, 1S9.5-1899.
Warehouses: A study of the organization of the grain trade in America,
India, and Russia as -well as in some German States, O. BiiiiM {Die Kurn-
Iniiisi'r; rinr Stmlie i'tiicr die Organisation dex Clctreidf Vrrlcanfes in Ameriha, Indien, und
Bn.ssIdii'I, xiiwie in. einigen deutscheu Staaten. Slnltgarl: ./. G. Cotta, 1898, pp. 96).
NOTES.
Alabama College axd Station. — B. B. Ross, professor of chemistry in the college
and State and station chemist, has been granted a year's leave of absence, which he
will spend in study in Europe. During his absence J. T. Anderson, associate chemist
of the station, will be acting State and station chemist, and Paul Murrill, recently of
the University of Michigan, will be acting professor of chemistry in the college.
C. F. Austin, a graduate of the Michigan Agricultural College, and formerly con-
nected with the Montana Station, has been appointed assistant horticulturist of the
station. A residence is being erected for the assistant agriculturist.
Arizona Station. — David Griffiths, Ph.D., has been appointed botanist of the
station. He is to make a specialty of range study and improvement, in which work
the Arizona Station is cooperating with the Division of Agrostology of this Depart-
ment. Three hundred and twenty acres of worn-out range near Tucson is now
under fence and is to serve as a main reserve for this study.
California Station. — C. A. Colemore has been appointed clerk to the director,
i-ice A. V. Stubenrauch, resigned. The post-office address of the Southern California
Substation has been changed from Pomona to Ontario, and the station now has the
advantage of the rural delivery system. Some important changes are under way at
the substation near Paso Robles. For the past ten years a large number of deciduous
fruit trees have been tested upon land underlaid at a few feet by a very thick bed of
siliceous hardpan. This orchard is being removed, and the result of the tests will
shortly appear in a Ijulletin. Several Phagodia and two new Atriplexes from South
America have been successfully grown at the substation and their culture is to be
tested on a larger scale. Five successive dry seasons in the Paso Robles region have
emphasized the need of drought-resisting forage plants, and 9 species of perennial
grasses, out of some 60 tested in recent years, are considered worthy of more exten-
sive planting. A dairy herd of 17 cows has been placed at the service of the central
station, and feeding exiieriments will be conducted with sugar-beet pulp, and later
comparative experiments will be made with cocoanut and other oil-cake meals.
Colorado College and Station. — F. L. Watrous, who has been assistant in agri-
culture for a number of years, has resigned, to take effect January 1, 1901. Clarence
J. Griffith, former instructor in dairying at the Iowa Agricultural College, has been
appointed to the same position in this college.
Georgia Station. — The efforts of this station to encourage the general adoption of
the plan of harvesting the corn crop by cutting down the entire stalk and shocking,
and afterwards shredding the dried stover, are meeting with very gratifying success.
It is probable that in the course of a few years farmers in the South will generally
adopt the plan so long pursued in the North and West, thereby adding several million
tons of good forage to the food resources of this section.
Iowa College and Station. — John Craig has resigned his position as horticulturist
to take charge of university extension work in New York. John A. Craig has been
made assistant director in addition to his duties as professor of animal husbandry.
Kansas College and Station. — E. R. Nichols, who was acting president of the col-
lege for the year ended June 30, 1900, has been elected president. The year just con-
cluded has been one of the most successful in the history of the institution. The
299
300 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
total attendance was 1,094, which was far in excess of any previous year. Paul
Fischer, veterinarian in the college and station, has resigned to accept the newly
established professorship of bacteriology and animal pathology in Ohio University.
Kentucky Station. — J. B. Marcum, of Jackson, Ky., has been made a member
of the governing board; J. W. Nutter has been appointed dairyman, and J. T>. Turner
and R. M. Allen clerks at the station.
v. S. Department of Agriculture. — William Saunders, for the past thirty-eight
years Superintendent of Experimental Gardens and Grounds, died September 11,
1900, at the age of 78 years. He has been succeeded l)y B. T. Galloway, who in turn
has been succeeded Ijy Albert F. Woods as Chief of the Division of Vegetable Physi-
ology and Pathology. The Secretary of Agriculture has published the following
general order: "For the purpose of unifying the work of certain branches of the
Department it is hereby ordered that the Chief of the Division of Vegetable Physiol-
ogy and Pathology, the Chief of the Division of Agrostology, and the Chief of the
Division of Pomology confer upon all matters of general policy and plan with the
Superintendent of Experimental Gardens and Grounds, who is hereby designated as
Director of Plant Industry. In carrying out this order the several branches of the
Department named will maintain their present integrity and organization." A
laboratory for the physical and chemical study of road materials has been established
in the Division of Chemistry. "The object of the establishment of this laboratory
is to secure the widest possible knowledge of the nature of road materials, their
resistance to stress, their hardness, their power of absorbing water, their deportment
in freezing temperatures, their cementing properties when reduced to powder, either
alone or when mixed wit-h other substances, their chemical composition, and their
geological origin and distribution."
Miscellaneous. — According to The Country Gentleman the Doylestown (Pa.) Farm
School has been proffered a 150-acre farm in Bucks County, valued at |50,000, on
condition that an endowment is provided for its maintenance. This is to be run as
an annex to the school at Doylestown, for training girls in farmhouse work. The
school has also received a contribution of $10,000 from a friend in Switzerland, to be
used for buying farms "on which graduates may test their abilities."
From the same source it is learned that Union Academy at Belleville, N. Y., has
received a gift of $10,000 to establish a department of agricultural instruction.
By a decree of the Minister of Agriculture of France there has been established a
Station of (Enology at Toulouse. The director will be J. Vincens.
Personal Mention. —Dr. Oscar Loew, who for two years past has been connected
with the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology of this Department, has
been elected professor of agricultural chemistry in the University of Tokyo, Japan,
and will enter upon his duties there at once.
Dr. J. Behrens has been chosen director, and has entered upon the duties at the
recently established Viticultural Experiment Station at Weinsberg, in Wiirtemburg.
Dr. O. Mattirolo, professor of botany in the Institute of Florence, has become
professor ordinary in botany at the University of Turin.
Dr. F. Cavara, late of the Forest Academy at Vallambrosa, has been chosen
professor extraordinary in botany in the University of Cagliari.
Dr. A. Maurizio, of the Experiment Station for Milling in Berlin, has become
assistant in botany in the Federal Agricultural Experiment Station at Ziirich.
Dr. A. Richter has been chosen director of the Botanical Institute and Gardens at
Klausenburg.
o
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assidant Director.
EDITOKIAl- DEPARTMENTS.
t'heiuistry, Dairy Fiirniinji, and Dairying — The Editor and H. W. Lawson.
Meteorology, Fertilizers and Sdils (including methods of analysis), and Agricultural
Engineering — W. H. Beal.
Botany and Diseases of Plants— Walter H. Evans, Ph. D.
Foods and Animal Production— C. F. LANtnvoRTUv, Ph. D.
Field Crops — J. I. Schulte.'
Entomology and Veterinary Science — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D.
Horticulture — C. B. Smith and V. A. Clark.
With the cf>operation of the scientific divisions of the Department ami the Ahstract
Committee of the Association of Othcial Agricultural Chemists.
CONTENTS OF Vol. XII, No. 4.
I'age.
Editorial notes: Experiment stations exhil^its at the I'aris Exposition 301
Recent work in agricultural science 306
Notes - 400
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
CHEMISTRY.
The direct determination of available i)hosphoric acid, F. P. Yeitch 306
Note upon the determination of nitrogen in fertilizers containing nitrates,
F. P. Veitch 306
The gasometric measurement of nitrites in the i)resence of nitrates or other
soluble salts, J. Gailhat 306
The distillation of ammonia in the determination of nitrogen, F. G. Benedict 307
Lime and sulphuric acid by the photometric method, J. I. D. Hinds 307
The estimation of fat in sweetened condensed milk by the Babcock test,
E. H. Farrington 307
BOTANY.
An annotated catalogue of the ferns and flowering plants of Oklahoma, E. E.
Bogue 312
Notes on plants of 1899, F. L. Harvey 312
Root systems of farm crops, A. M. Soule 312
The migration of food material in leaves, G. M. Tucker and B. Tollens 309
A contril)ution to the knowledge of arginin, U. Suzuki 310
Synthesis of albuminoids, AV. Palladin 310
A contribution to the study of nitrogen assimilation by legumes, Lutoslawski. 311
Further observations on the nature and functions of the nodules of legumi-
nous plants, Maria Dawson 311
An experiment with inoculating soy beans, C. B. Lane 312
' Absent on leave.
I
II CONTENTS.
METEOROLOGY.
I 'age.
INIeteorological records, J. E. Bonebright ,31t
Meteorological observations, J. E. Ostrander and A. C. Monahan 316
Some facts al)out the climate of Tennessee, W. M. Fulton 316
Frost fighting, A. G. McAdie 314
Frost protection, W. M. Fulton 317
Prediction of frost, J. E. Bonebright- 314
A study on hail. Protection of crops by cannonading, V. Vermorel 316
WATER SOILS.
The soils of Salt Lake Valley, Utah, F. D. Gardner and J. Stewart 317
Soil studies, A. M. Soule 319
Principles of plowing, A. M. Soule 320
Some observations on soil temperatures, J. B. Reynolds 318
Soil temperature for the growing season, J. E. Bonebright 320
Analyses of calcareous soils of Monferrato. New methods of determining
easily soluble calcium carbonate, F. Martinotti 318
Arable soils of the Canton of Redon with respect to phosphoric acid, G.
Lechartier 318
Composition of the soils of the Canton of Redon as regards lime, magnesia,
potash, and nitrogen, G. Lechartier 319
Remarks on the sand-drift problem, J. H. Maiden 319
Instructions for determining in the fielil the salt content of alkali waters and
soils, M. Whitney 320
FERTILIZERS.
The storage of stable manure, F. Holdefleiss 320
Some principles in the use of fertilizers, C. A. Mooers 324
Economy in the use of barnyard manure, W. Saunders 320
The reduction of nitrates in the presence of barnyard manure, J. P. Street . . . 321
Investigations relative to the use of nitrogenous materials, E. B. Voorhees 322
Experiments on the fertilizing effect of the phosphoric acid of bone meal, O.
Kellner and O. Bottcher 323
Fertilizer inspection, C. D. Woods 324
Fertilizers 324
Cooperative experiments with fertilizers, C. A. Mooers 324
FIELD CROPS.
Grain experiments: Surface and subsoil or underground moisture, A. E. Shut- •
tleworth 325
On variations in plants with special reference to the relation between tlie
grain weight and the nitrogen cdiitent of l)arley, W. Johannsen 326
Some investigations of the relation of the size of grain to the nitrogen content
of wheat and peas, W. Johannsen and F. Weis 327
Report of the experimentalist, C. A. Zavitz 328
Turkestan alfalfa, P. B. Kennedy 329
Experiments with three varieties of corn, C. B. Lane 330
Fertilizer experiments with corn on washed land, (•. A. Mooers 330
Fertilizer experiments Avith cotton, G. W. Carver 331
The utility of the cowpea, A. M. Soule 337
Notes on cowpea tubercles, C. B. Lane 331
A special exi)eriment with forage crops, C. B. Lane 331
Cooperative ex])eriuients with grasses and forage plants, P. B. Kennedy 332
CONTENTS. Ill
I'fiRe.
Notes on grasses, J. R. Fain 337
Why f^rasses fail, A. M. 8oule 337
Hop culture in California, D. Flint 338
Kafir corn, H. M. Cottrcll, D. li. Otis, and J. G. Haney 332
Fertilizer experiment with potatoes, H. J. Wheeler and J. A. Tillinghast 333
Soil inoculation for soy beans, H. I\I. Cottrell, D. H. Otis, and J. G. Haney 333
Sugar-beet experiments during 1899, A. J. McClatchie 334
Sugar beets, 1899, J. T. Willard and R. W. Clothier 334
Sugar-beet investigations for 1899, J. L. Stone and L. A. Clinton 335
Bulk fermentation of Connecticut tobacco, M. L. Floyd 335
Field fertilizer experiments on tobacco, W. Frear 339
Experiments with Alinit on winter wheat, R. Salzer 336
nOKTICULTURE.
Summary of the work of the horticultural division for the year 1899, S. T.
Maynard 344
Report of the assistant in horticulture, A. T. Jordan 344
Experiments to determine the amount of water used by crops, H. von Schrenck
andH.C. Irish 340
Notes on vegetables, J. Craig 340
Experiments with muskmelons, F. W. Rane 341
Onion growing, F. A. Huntley 342
Onions, R. H. Garrahan 345
Orchard management, J. C. Blair 345
The renovation of unproductive orchards. Why are old orchards unproduc-
tive? C. A. Keffer 345
Fertilizers for the orchard, C. A. INIooers 345
Irrigation in fruit growing, E. J. Wickson 345
The Oregon prune: Its composition, food value, soil draft, G. W. Shaw 343
Grape growing in the South, S. M. Tracy 346
The resistance to drought of some American vines, C. Grimaldo 843
A new suT)stitute for rubl)er 344
Experiments with lawn grasses, B. D. Halsted 347
SEEWS — WEEDS.
Seed selection, P. 0. Vanatter 349
Clover seed, A. D. Selby 349
The germination of seeds as affected by certain chemical fertilizers, G. H.
Hicks '. 347
Investigations on the role of oxygen in germination, P. Maze 348
Experiments with weeds, B. D. Halsted 350
The destruction of weeds in cereal crops l)y means of solutions of chemicals
sprayed up6n the foliage, H. L. Bolley 349
The extermination of weeds, E. Vi. Hilgard 350
DISEASES OF PL.VNTS.
Report of the l)otanist, B. D. Halsted 351
Investigations of plant diseases, A. D. Sslby 359
Cultures of Uredinea? in 1899, J. C. Arthur 354
The smuts of Illinois agricultural plants, G. P. Clinton : 355
Variations in the amount of leaf curl of the peach in the light of weather con-
ditions, A. D. Selby 358
A parasite of carnation rust, F. II. Blodgett 358
Plasmodiopliom bragsiar, S. Nawaschin 358
IV CONTENTS.
ENTOMOLOGY.
Page.
Tlie destruction of mosquitoes in the city, C. Fermi and S. Lund)ao 361
Some insects injurious to garden crops, F. H. Chittenden 361
Some insect pests of Salt River Valley and the remedies for them, T. I). \.
Cockerell 364
Notes on insects of the year 1899, F. L. Harvey 367
Report of the entomologist, J. B. Smith 365
Report of acting field director [of Gypsy Moth Commission], A. II. Kirkland.. 366
Birds as destroyers of hairy caterpillars, E. H. Forbush 366
FOODS ANIM.\L PKODIXTION.
Commercial beef extracts, T. Macfarlane and A. Mc(iill 370
Feeding-stuff inspection, C. D. Woods and J. M. Bartlett 377
Fodders and feeds, L. A. Voorhees and J. P. Street 378
Miscellaneous cattle-food analyses, W. Frear 378
Feeding and feeding stuffs, H. J. Wheeler and A. W. Bosworth 378
Distillery waste, W. Frear and C. A. Browne 378
Market prices of commercial feeds, L. A. Voorhees and J. P. Street 378
Use and abuse of rations, A. M. Soule 379
Composition and digestibility of corn fodder and corn stover, C. G. Hopkins. . 370
Bullock feeding experiments in Norfolk, T. B. Wood 371
Heavy, medium, and light meal rations for fattening steers, G. E. Day 372
Feeding experiments with steers to compare Liebig's meat meal and cotton-
seed meal, F. Albert 373
Experiments in sheep feeding, G. E. Day 373
Sugar-beet pulp for sheep, H. C. Price 374
Sheep, hogs, and horses in the Pacific Northwest, J. AVithycombe, H. T. French,
and S. B. Nelson 380
Experiments with pure-bred swine, G. E. Day 374
Experiments with grade swine, G. E. Day 374
Fattening hogs with drought-resisting crops, H. M. Cottrell and J. G. Haney. . 375
Eeport of the manager of the poultry department, W. R. Graham 376
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.
A study of dairy cows, C. L. Beach 380
Exercise for cows, B. Torssell 381
Dairy husbandry, C. B. Lane 382
Dairy farming, A. M. Soule 388
Feeding the dairy cow, A. M. Soule 388
Report of the professor of dairy husbandry, H. H. Dean 384
Foreign coloring matter in milk, A. E. Leach 387
The effect of churning on fat globules, G. A. Flickinger 389
The ripening of cream, H. AV. Conn i 387
Report of the bacteriological department, M. N. Ross 388
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND I'K ACTICE.
The problem of infection and immimity, A. 1). Pawlowsky 389
Report i)f the biologist, J. Nelson 390
Results of the Lorenz method of inoculation against hog cholera with Pren/lau
vaccine during the years 1897-1899, K. .loest and A. Heifers 391
Partial jjaralysis and crippling of swine, J. H. Reed and ( i. E. Day 391
Rabies in the District <if Colund)ia, D. K. Salmon 395
Toxicological experiments with nitrate of strychnine upon geese, ducks,
chickens, and pigeons, J. Schneider 392
CONTENTS. V
AGRIClLTrKAl, KN<;INKKUING.
Page.
A new dairy 1 )arn, A. M. Soule 396
^iTATISTU'fS MISCKLLAXKors.
Twelftli Annual Report of Louisiana Stations, 1899 398
Annual Report of New Jersey Stations, 1899 398
Twelfth Annual Report of Tennessee Station, 1899 398
Crop Reporter, Vol. II, Nos. 1-3 398
The cotton crop of 1898-99, J. L. Watkins 399
Kansas Station publications 399
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED.
Experiment stations in the United States:
Alabama Tuskegee Station :
Bulletin 3, November, 1899 331
Arizona Station :
Bulletin 31, December, 1899 334
Bulletin 32, December, 1899 364
California Station :
Circular, September, 1898 - ">nO
Connecticut Storrs Station :
Bulletin 20, March, 1900 '580
Bulletin 21, March, 1900 387
Idaho Station:
Bulletin 22, 1900 342
Bulletin 23, April, 1900 314, 316, 320
Illinois Station:
Bulletin 57, March, 1900 .3.55
Bulletin 58, April, 1900 370
Bulletin -59, April, 1900 345
Iowa Station :
Bulletin 47, March, 1900 340
Kansas Station:
Bulletin 93, March, 1900 .•}32
Bulletin 94, April, 1900 ^ 3.'.4, .399
Bulletin 95, April, 1900. 375
Bulletin 96, May, 1900 333
Louisiana Stations:
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 398
Maine Station:
Bulletin .58, December, 1899 :!99
Bulletin 59, Fe})ruary, 1900 377
Bulletin 60, March, 1900 324
Bulletin 61, March, 1900. 312, .367
Massachusetts Hatch Station:
Bulletin (56, March, 1900 344
Meteorological Bulletin 136, April, 1900 :^16
Meteorological Bulletin 137, May, 1900 31 6
3Ieteorological Bulletin 138, .Tune, 1900 316
New Hauipsliire Station:
Bulletin 70, .January, 1900 341
VI CONTENTS.
Exiumnient stations in tlu- Uniteil States? — ("ontinued. Page.
X»'\v Jersey Stations:
Special Bulletin S, Fel)ruary 22, 1900 360
Annual Report, lS9i» 312,
321 , 322, 324, 330, 331, 344, 347, 350, 351, 365, 378, 3S2. 390, 398
New York Cornell Station:
Bulletin 182, April, 1900 335
New York State Station :
Bulletin 175, April, 1900. 358
Ohio Station:
Bulletin 111, December, 1899 359
Special Bulletin 4, April 23, 1900 349
Oklahoma Station:
Bulletin 45, March, 1900 312
Oregon Station:
Bulletin 61, March, 1900 343
Pennsylvania Station :
Bulletin 49, February, 1900 339
Bulletin 50, FeVmiary, 1900 378
Rhode Island Station:
Bulletin 64, March, 1900 378
Bulletin 65, April, 1900 333
Tennessee Station:
Bulletin Vol. XIII, No. 1, January, 1900 316, 317
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 (with Bulletins Vd. XII, Xos. 1-4) .... 312,
319, 320, 324, 330, 337, 345, 349, 379, 388, 389, 396, 398
United States Department of Agriculture:
Farmers' Bulletin 115 338
Farmers' Bulletin 116 345
Farmers' Bulletin 117 » 380
Farmers' Bulletin 118 346
Division of Agrostology:
Bulletin 22 '. 332
Circular 25 329
Bureau of Animal Industry:
Circular 30 395
Division of Botany:
Bulletin 24. 347
Division of Entomology:
Bulletin 23 (new series) 361
Division of Soils:
Circular 4 317
Circular 5 335
Circular 6 320
Division of Statistics:
Bulletin 1 7 (miscellaneous series) 399
Crop Reporter, Vol. II, Xos. 1-3 398
Weather Bureau: •
Bulletin 29 314
ILLUSTRATION.
Fig. 4. Electrical apparatus for frost warning 315
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XII No. i.
The exhibits of the agricultural experiment stations of the world at
the Paris Exposition considered collectively constituted the most
extensive and instructive representation of experiment station work
and equipment that has ever ])een collected. They included contribu-
tions from most of the leadiiig countries in which experiment stations
are maintained, conspicuous exceptions being- Belgium, Canada, Hol-
land, Italy, Sweden, and Switzerland. The impression which might
have been made of the magnitude which the experiment station enter-
prise has assumed during the last decade and of the great diversity of
the interests and activities of the stations was largely obscured under
the system by which the exhibits were classiiied. Under this s^'stem,
or at least under its interpretation, the station (^xhil)its were widely
separated, a part placed under "agricultural experiment stations and
statistics," a large number under "'education." and others in the gen-
eral agricultural exhibits of their respective counti'ies, while still
others were to be found in some of the national buildings. This made
it extremely difficult to locate the station exhibits of ditferent coun-
tries and well-nigh impossible to lind all of the exhibits without read-
ing the entire catalogue of the exposition. This probal)ly accounts
for the disparity of the reports brought back by different A'isitors to
the exposition.
For the most part the exhibits were individual rather than col-
lective. The German exhibit was designated a collective one, but was so
only in the sense of being brought together in the same space. The
exhiljit of each station, however, was kept separate from the other, and
various conunercial displays of apparatus, etc., were installed between
the exhibits of individual stations. The stations in the United States
had the only strictly collective exhibit, although in the case of several
countries the entire exhibit was made by a central station or a ministrj^
of agriculture. There was good opportunit)^ to compare the relative
merits of the collective and the individual plans of making exhibits.
The French exhibit as a whole was large, although it did not so
impres.s the observer on account of the individual and scattered plan
of installation. Most of the stations were represented in the educa-
tional section in connection with the agricultural schools or institutes
with which they are affiliated. In addition to photographs of fields,
301
302 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
plat.-;, and stock, plans of building's, charts, etc., some of the stations
showed models of beets grown with different fertilizers, and the sugar
and alcohol obtained from them: samples of grains from diti'iM-cnt sec-
tions, and of the soil and rocks of the respective sections; microphoto-
graphs of yeasts and bacteria; apparatus for testing agricultural
machines, and specimens of plants and seeds grown under various con-
ditions of experiment. A number of pieces of original apparatus were
shown, among them Bartmann's apparatus for stirring solutions in six
beakers simultaneously, and a filter siphon. The station for agricul-
tural climatology at Juvisy presented a temperature and rainfall record
covering two hundred years, beautiful photographs illustrating the
classification of clouds, a section of the soil of the plateau of Juvisy,
showing 16 strata, and the work of Flannnarion on the effect of differ-
ent colored ravs of light on the development of plants. The station
for sericulture at Manosque illustrated the culture of silkworms and
the work which it is doing in silk production. The investigations of
L. Grandeau on the feeding of cal) and omnil)us horses was illustrated
by sample rations, dynamometers, and other apparatus used, and charts.
These formed a novel and interesting feature.
The exhibit of the German stations, which was one of the largest in
its class, was shown in connection with the general agricultural exhibit
of Germany. The handbook of the latter ga^'e a rev>w of the devel-
opment and present status of the experiment stations in Gei-many bj"
Professor Nobbe. and a short account of the historv. organization, and
lines of work of each station, with an eiuuneration of the material
exhibited. This furnished quite complete and systematic data for the
German stations, some of the statistics being especially interesting.
The total revenue of the 73 stations enumerated is given as 2,244,630
marks, or approximately $94,312, 26.8 per cent of which comes from
the general government, 2.6 per cent from the provincial government,
40. T per cent from agricultural and other societies, and nearly 30 per
cent from fees for analysis and control work.
The Moor station at Bremen exhibited several pieces of special
apparatus for the investigation of moor soils, such as the determination
of su])stances injurious to plants, absorptive properties, and the free
humic acids, and a large collection of photographs showing experi-
ments to test fertilizers and various kinds of physical treatmtMit, the
deletei-ious effects of perchlorate on rye, etc. The photograplis illus-
trating the reclamation of moors were interesting and instructive.
The Dai-mstadt station showed oi\ly photographs illusti'ating its
various pot and field experiments. The Halle station showed appa-
ratus for determining phosphoric acid aivd nitrogen on a connuercial
scale, and an interesting set of photographs illustrating the results of
vegetation expiM'iments on the ([uestion of nitrification in the soil and
the treatment of lianiyard manure. The station for plant prot«H'tion
EDITORIAL, 803
at Iliillr iiukIc :iii iiitorostinj;- exhibit of :ip}):iratus ciiiploycd in its
work, hcihariii, specinien.s, etc.; and the .seed-testing station at Ham-
))uri>- dispiaytHl cnlarg'ed photographs and samples of weed seeds of
different origin which have been found in grass and elover seed.
Samples of clover seed from different counti'ies with the several
impurities separated were displayed in watch glasses. The experi-
ment station at Kiel showed special apparatus, much of it original,
used in the examination of feeding stuff's for composition and purity;
and the station at Mai-burg exhibited Dietrich's appai'atus for deter-
mining the weathering of soil-producing rocks, and a rather compli-
cated A'egetation apparatus for studying the effect of specific bacteria
on plant growth. The Mockern station illustrated the Pettenkofer
respiration apparatus by means of charts, photographs, and models
of parts, and showed the results of expei'iments on the metabolism of
nitrogen, car])on, and energy with oxen. In the same line was an
exhibit from the Bonn station of apparatus for collecting the urine
and feces in metabolism experiments with cow^s, and two methods
of determining dry matter in feeding stuff's in connection with such
experiments. Several pieces of apparatus for soil investigation were
shown ])y the Rostock station, and the agricultural high school at
Berlin showed, l)y means of charts, 60 typical profiles of German
soils, together with anal3^ses of the same, and 12 polished marble
plates illustrating the solvent action of the roots of a considerable
number of common crops. The Tharand station made quite an elabo-
rate display of apparatus for testing seed as to purity and determining
their volume, and of the results of vegetation experiments on the
action on LeguminosBB of pure cultures of tubercle l)acteria, showing
by means of photographs the effect of diff'erent kinds of nitragin.
The exhibits of experimental work in dairying were made by the
stations at Kiel and Kleinhof-Tapiau and tht^ dair}' institute at
Hameln. These included different kinds of apparatus for the exami-
nation of milk, separation of constituents, etc., among which were a
Renke-Stutzer apparatus for determining the amount of dirt in milk,
cultures by Weigmann of bacteria for ripening cream (in liquid and
dried form), and a collection of photographs of bacteria isolated from
milk, butter, and cheese. There were various charts showing the
effect of period of lactation and feeding on the composition of butter
fat, and the results of systematic examination of the milk of 08 cows
during one oi- more periods of lactation at Kleinhof-Tapiau.
The various pieces of apparatus displayed in the German exhibit
were described as to principle and method of use in the handbook
mentioned above. This added much to the interest and to an intelligent
understanding of the apparatus, and made possible a more thorough
study of the progress in methods of investigation.
The Rothamsted station had :i small exhibit which consisted for the
304 kxpp:kiment station record.
iiiosl piirt of i-hiirts aiul illustialioiis. siun})l('s of wheat oiown on soil
which had Ihhmi cultivatcHl coiitimiously in whoat for fifty-six 3'-ears,
together with saniph's of the soil.
The Japanese stations weiv j-epresented In thirty-two charts giving
the results of expei-inients with riee, photographs illustrating ditferent
operations in riee growing, and a map showing the location of the
stations. These stations also made a good exhibit of native food
products.
The most prominent feature of the exhibit of the Danish stations
was a model of the ])uildings and grounds of the Royal Veterinary
and Agricultural Institute at Copenhagen, which was about 9 feet
square. Most of the exhibit came from that institution. It consisted
of photomicrographs of milk bacteria and fat globules; a Fjord milk
tester; model of an improved ice house; samples of Danish cereals,
brewino- barley, and soils; a graphic representation of the results of
feeding experiments, and a map showing the location of the stations
and experimental fields.
The exhibit of the Russian stations formed a part of that of the
ministry of agriculture and was in conjunction with that of the agri-
cultural societies. A sample of the chernozem or black soil of Russia,
about 18 inches square and 1 meter thick, showed the depth to which
the humus or black soil extends, the yellow subsoil just showing at
the bottom of the sample. A number of agricultural societies showed
samples of grains, vegetables, flours, dairy products, wool, etc., and
the laboratory of agricultural bacteriology at St. Peters! )urg had an
interesting exhibit of photographs of cultures and culture tubes show-
ing the application of liiology in wnne making, dairying, the destruc-
tion of rodents, and in soil studies. The station for silkworm culture
at Tiflis also made a very interesting exhibit consisting of photogr<tphs
of the buildings, laboratories, and workrooms, and samples of young
mulberry trees and models of trees illustrating the method of pruning.
The life history of the different kinds of silkworms w^as shown,
together with samples of the silk and of silk fabrics made at the station.
In addition to this the station displayed photographs and models of
beehives used for experimental purposes.
The seed-control station at Vienna illustrated its work b}' juodels of
machinery for cleaning seed, the ordinary apparatus used in seed test-
ing, photographs of laboratories and experimental fields, and a file of
its publications and those of the branch stations connected with it.
The exhibit of the Hungarian stations was very creditable, and was
especially interesting on account of the general lack of definite knowl-
edge regarding the activity of these stations. The stations interested
in viticultural work made a fine display of apparatus, models of buikl-
ings and of ])lants, showing the methods of cultivating and pruning
the grape, and photomicrographs sliowing the anatomical struct uri; of
EDITORIAL. 305
the vine, the union of grafts on the vine, and ferments found in wine.
Spraying- apparatus, all of the knapsack tj^pe, soils from typical viti-
cultural regions with separations made I)y the elutriator, and maps,
charts, and pictures were also shown.
The ministry of agriculture of Bosnia made a good showing for the
stations in that small country. The exhibit consisted of plans and
photographs of the stations and their work, specimens showing
methods of pruning the vine, varieties of grapes, and other viticul-
tural work.
Mention has been previously made of the general character of the
experiment station exhibit of the United States (E. S. E.., 11, p. 001).
Although it occupied rather an unfortunate location, it was sought out
by a considerable number of persons especially interested in agricultural
experimentation, and was highly complimented by members of the jur}"
of awards.
As a rule, the station exhibits were quite representative of these
institutions, collectively and individually, and brought them into
prominent notice as established agencies for the advancement of agri-
cultural science. On account of the extent of the representation and
the diversit}' of the exhibits, there were many features of general
interest to experiment station workers and of especial interest to those
who have taken an active part in planning^ and preparing such exhib-
its in the past. To those who were able to study the methods of
display which were followed by different countries, the exhibits
furnished some valuable lessons and suggestions which should be
helpful in the future.
RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.
CHEMISTRY.
The direct determination of available phosphoric acid, F. P.
Veitch {Jour. A'/ner. Ohem. 8oc.,^21 {1899). ^^. m.j^P- 1090-1091^).—
The author investigated the cause of the discrepancy between results
obtained b^' the Ross direct method,' and the official method, and
found it to be due to the fact that no account was taken in the Ross
method of the phosphoric acid removed in the w^ater used in washing
the citrate-insoluble residue. Tests were made of the citrate and
molybdate methods for the direct determination of availa})le phos-
phoric acid with results very favorable to the latter method, which
was carried out as follows: "The water-soluble, extracted as usual,
was received in a Sou cc. flask, graduated roughly at 250 cc. and con-
taining 5 to 10 cc. nitric acid. The citrate-soluble was then extracted
as usual, the filtrate and washings received in the flasks with the
water-soluble. After cooling, the volume was completed, shaken,
filtered, and in aliquots of 100 cc. the phosphoric acid was determined
. . . the molybdate solution being added directly to the solution with-
out destroying the organic matter, but the precipitates were allowed to
stand over night before filtering. The determinations were completed
as usual."
Note upon the determination of nitrogen in fertilizers contain-
ing nitrates, F. F. Veitch {Jour. Anicr. ChnK. Soc. HI {ls'9,'J), ^"o.
12^ P2>- 109If., 1095). — The following modification of the Fields-Gunning
method^ has been used by the author with very satisfactory results:
"To the nitrate in the digesting flask are added 35 to 40 cc. sulphuric
acid containing 31: gm. salicylic acid per liter. Allow to stand in the
cold until the nitrate is dissolved. Add 6 or 7 gm. of finely broken
potassium sulphid, heat over a low flame for 15 minutes, then over the
full tliuno until cleai'. (/ool and distil as usual."
The gasonietric measurement of nitrites in the presence of
nitrates or other soluble salts, .1. (tailiiat {Jour. Pharra. et Chlm.,
6. .s-6'/'., m {1900), xVvy. l,2>i>. 9-12; ahs. in Chem. iY^?/'.y, 82 {1900). Xo.
2126, jjp- S7, 88). — The method proposed is based upon the fact that
when a solution of neutral metallic nitrite is added to an excess of neu-
1 U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Chemistry Bui. 38, p. 17.
2 Jour. Amer. Chem. See, IS (1890), p. 1102 (E. S. R., 8, p. 663).
:W6
CHEMISTRY. 307
tnil, })oiliiit4% coiK-eiitrated solution of ammonium chlorid a regular dis-
engagement of nitrogen takes place aoeording to the following formula:
NH,a+N02M' = N, + 2H,0+]\rCl. The nitrite is estimated either
from the amount of nitrogen given oti' or of anunonunn ehlorid decom-
posed. The author considers the former method preferable. He uses
for the collection and measurement of the nitrogen a modification of
Schloesing's apparatus for the determination of nitrates.
The distillation of ammonia in the determination of nitrogen,
F. G. Benedict {Jour. Amrr. ChriH. Sor., 22 {1000). A<>. ■'>, pp. 2o0-
263., fig. 1). — The essential feature of the method proposed consists in
distilling the liquid through a condenser surrounded by cold water,
which is allowed to i"un out a few minutes before the end of the dis-
tillation, so that the condenser tubes may become heated and the
ammonia driven out of them b}' a current of live steam. In this waj^
about 20 minutes"' distillation suffices to drive over all of the ammonia.
A form of distillation apparatus adapted to this method is described.
Lime and sulphuric acid by the photometric method, J. I. D.
Hinds [Jour. Amer. Chan. Soc, 22 {1900), J^o. 5, pj). 269-271^).— In
this method (E. S. R., 8, pp. 201, 202) lime is precipitated in the solution
to be tested with solid calcium oxalate and sulphuric acid with solid
barium chlorid. A cylinder 3.. 5 cm. wide and 20 cm. high, graduated
in centimeters and millimeters, is held over a sperm or wax candle and
the water containing the precipitate is poured into it until the image
of the flame just disappears. The depth in the cjdinder is read and
the percentage is calculated from ecjuations or read from tables which
are given in the article.
The estimation of fat in s'weetened condensed milk by the Bab-
cock test, E. H. EARKiNCiTON {Amer. Chem. Jour.., 22 {1900), Avy. 3,
Ip. 267-270). — In testing sweetened condensed milk by the Babcock
test the excess of cane sugar causes a poor separation of the fat, pre-
venting a satisfactory reading. The author finds that the sugar can be
washed out without removing any of the fat. In making the test,
preferably 60 gm. of condensed milk is dissolved in 100 cc, of water,
the volume made to 200 cc, and 17.0 cc. of this solution mixed in a
Babcock test bottle with about 3 cc. of the sulphuric acid commonly
used for testing milk. The bottle is whirled for al)out 0 minutes in a
turbine centrifuge heated to about 200° F., in order to compact the
curd into a iirm lump. The whey containing the sugar is poured oflf,
10 cc. of water added to the curd and 3 cc. of acid, and the whirling
repeated. After pouring ofi' the Avhey a second time the curd is mixed
with 10 cc. of w^ater and 17.5 cc. of sulphuric acid, and the test then
made as usual. "Careful tests of the whev poured oH' from the test
bottles showed that no fat Avas lost 1)v this decantation if the whey was
clear and contained no pieces of curd." The results of tests of a num-
ber of samples by this method are reported.
308 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
A new method of ash determination, A. E. SniTTLKwoiixii (Onlarlo Agr. Col.
and Expt. Farm lipt. 1899, pp. 42-44, .fi<J^- 4)- — This relates to the use of acetate of
lime to prevent the formation of indecomposable silicates, and the author's platinum
apparatus (E. S. R., 11, p. 304).
Contribution to the knowledge of raetaphosphate, (i. von Kxorre {Zhclir.
Anorgan. Chem., 24 {1900), p. 369; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 24 {1900), No. 66, Reperl., p.
233). — The author concludes from his investigations that all of the five known mod-
ifications of metaphosphate may he represented by the formulas (R'POs)^ and
(E"P.,Og)n, all combinations containing 1 molecule each of base and phosjjhoric;
anhydrid.
A process for preventing the reversion of soluble phosphoric acid in super-
phosphates dried by heat by means of compressed air or a current of air
{L'Engraw, 15 (1900), No. 30, p. 712). — A brief note is given on a process patented
by J. Liijens.
Determination of nitrous acid, G. Romijn {Cliein. Ztg., 34 {1900), No. 15, pp.
145, 146).
Critical studies on the more important reagents for the detection of nitric
acid in water, H. ]\Iexnicke {Ztadir. Angeu: Chem., 1900, No. 29, pp. 711-719; abs.
in Chem. Centbl., 1900, II, No. 7, j). 444)- — After testing numerous methods the author
gives preference to Erdmann's method (E. S. R., 12, p. 18).
On the determination of perchlorate in nitrate of soda, C. Ahrexs and
P. Hett {Ztschr. Angeu: Chem., 1900, No. 17, p. 419). — A denial of Woy's statement'
that platinum dishes are injured by use in the determination of perchlorates by the
author's method (E. S. R., 11, p. 110).
The determination of iodic acid in nitrate of soda, M. R. Auzenat {Rev. Chim.
Anulyt. et Appl., 5 {1900), No. 3, pp. 84, <5'5).— The limited application of Beckurts'
and Rammelsberg's methods is noted. By a slight modification of the latter method
the disturbing influence of potassium perchlorate is avoided. The method consists of
comparing the color produced by the liberation of the iodin with that produced by
a solution containing a known amount of potassium iodid. Complete directions are
given as to manipulation. — n. sxvdee.
The estimation of chlorin in bleaching powder, C. Wolowski {Zl.%-hr. Anabjl.
Chem., .18 {1890), No. 11, pp. 711-713).
The titration of normal acids, H. TniELEand R. Riciitek {Ztscjir. Angew. Chem.,
1900, No. 20, pp. 486-489).
On the use of succinic acid in alkalimetry, E. Petersen (Ztec/u-. Angeir. Chem.,
1900, No. 28, p. 688).
The elementary analysis of organic substances containing water, F. G.
Benedict {Amer. Chem. Jour., 23 {1900), No. 4, pp- 334-352).
Chemical studies on the extraction of fatty substances by means of carbon
bisulphid, L. F.\bre {OeMerr. Chem. Zlg., 3 {1900), No. 15, pp. 370, 371).
An examination of Brown and Taylor's oflBlcial method of identifying but-
ter, J. A. Hi-MMEL {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 22 {1900), No. 6, pp. 327-329, ph. 2).—
The author has successfully employed this method in testing for rencjvated butter.
"In every case the normal ])utters gave with the selenite which was used a unifonnly
blue-colored field, showing the entire absence of fat crystals. The renovated butters
on the other hand gave a blue field mottled with yellow; this mottled appearance
varied slightly in intensity, but was very marked and distinctive in every case."
The chemistry of corn oil, H. T. Vui.te and H. W. Gibson {.Tour. Amer. Chem.
Soc, 22 {1900), No.8, pp. 453-467).— Thu chemical and physical t-onstants were
determined for 8 samples of corn oil.
On the rancidity of fats, I. Nagel {Amer. Chem. Jour., 23 {1900), No. 2, pp. 173-
176). — The rancidity of fat*i and the refining of rancid oils and fats.
1 Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 1900, ^■o. 15, j). 382.
KOTANY. 309
On cellulose and starch, Z. H. Skraup {Ber. Deut. Chem. GeselL, 32 (1899), p.
4.il3; abs.in Bui. Sac. C7mn. Parw, 3. ser., 23 {1900), No. 13, pp. 6^^,620).
On cellulose, G. Bumcke and R. Wolffenstein {Ber. Deut. Chem. GeselL, 32
{1899), ]>]>. 2493-2507; aU. in Bnl. Sor. C'him. Paris, 3. ser., 23 {1900), No. 13, p. 620).
Researches on the oxycelluloses, O. von Faber and B. Tollens {Ber. Deut.
Chem. GeselL, 32 {1899), pp. 2589-2601; abs. in Bui Sac. Chim. Paris, 3. ser, 23 {1900),
No. 13, p. 621).
On the presence of dextrose and levTilose in the leaves of beets, L. Lixdet
{Bui. Sor. Chilli. Pari.t, 3. ser., 23 (1900), No. 13, pp. 544-549).
A method for the determination of the melting point, M. Kuhara and M.
Chikashige (Chem. Neu-.-^, 80 {1899), No. 2089, pp. 270,271, fig. 1).
Liquid air as an analytical agent, Dewar {Chem. News, 80 {1899), Nos. 2082;
pp. 187-190, fifji^. 2; 2083, pp. 199-202, figs. 2; 2084, pp- 212,213, figs. 3).
Some new laboratory apparatus, M. Kaehler and Martini {ZUchr. Angew.
Chem., 1900, No. 21, pp. 518, 519, figs. 5). — Descriptions are given of E. A. Taylor's
modification of Soxhlet's extraction apparatus for determining fat in solutions and of
the apparatus for the determination of niti'Ogen according to Kjeldahl, a new water
pressure pump, and a modification of Sonnenschein's gas blast lamp.
Apparatus for fat extraction, R. FRtJHLiNG {Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 1900, No. 11,
p. 2'fO, fig. 1). — A description of an apparatus in which mercury seals are used instead
of cork.
Absorption apparatus for elementary organic analysis, F. G. Benedict
{Amer. Chem. Jour., 23 {1900), No. 4, pp. 323-354, figs. 2).
An improved Gooch crucible, W. C. Heraeus {Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 1900, No.
30, p. 745). — This is a note on H. Neubauer's recommendation to use a layer of
platinum sponge instead of asbestos in the Gooch crucible.
A convenient laboratory apparatus for the generation of gases, N. J. Lane
{Jour. Sor. Chem. IinL, 19 (1900), No. 1, p. 14).
A simple filter press for laboratory use, W. von Loeben {Chem. Ztg., 24 {1900),
No. 19, p. 198, fig. 1).
New form of water-bath regulator, H. S. Hatfield {Chem. News, 81 {1900),
No. 2098, p. 65, fig. 1).
BOTANY.
The migration of food material in leaves, G. M. Tucker and B.
Tollens {Ilr. Beat. Clwoi. GeselL, 32 {1899), jjp. 2575-2583; abs. in
Jovr. Roy. Micros. Soc. [Londem\ 1900, Mo. 2, jj. 220).— In the case
oi leave-s of the plane tree, the weight of the ash is said to increase
until the death of the leaves, and then slig-hth^ decline. The same is
the case with silica and lime content, but chlorin and sulphuric acid
show a continuous increase. Leaves gathered in November contain 3
times as much sulphuric acid as leaves gathered in June. Phosphoric
acid and potash increase slightl}^ until the death of the k\a\'es. after
which they diminish to less than one-half their original quantity.
The amount of nitrogen decreases continually to less than one-fourth
its original (juantity. There appears to be but little retrogression of
food materials from the leaves to the stem or branches. Rain, it is
said, has little if any washing-out action on the food material in the
leaves.
310 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
A contribution to the kno^vledge of arginin, U. Suzuki {BuJ.
Col. A(jr. ToKijn. Jf {1,900). X<>. 1. j>j>. GS. (hjnts. (J). — The author has
made a study of the seeds and shoots of a number of Japanese plants
in order to investigate the question of the presence, formation, and
transformation of arginin and its relation to the regeneration of proteids
and the influence of light and othei' agents upon these processes. The
seeds and shoots of Cryptomeria japonica., Giiujko hiloba., and Piniis
thunhergii were investigated and arginin isolated from them. It was
found that the proteids prepared from the seeds of these plants pro-
duced, under the action of dilute acids, a considerable (juantity of
organic bases, the chief of which was arginin. This is particularly
abundant in the etiolated shoots of Cryptomeria and Pinus and exists
in a small quantity in the shoots of Gingko. The chemical nature
of the proteids examined in both the shoots and seeds is considered
identical as they gave the same decomposition products.
In the second portion of the paper the author reports investigations
of the synthetical formation of arginin; the efi'ectof light and mineral
nutriment upon its formation and transformation, studying not only
coniferous plants l)ut a number of others. It was found that arginin
in coniferous plants is not only the result of a decomposition of pro-
teids but can be synthetically formed from ammonium salts and also
pro])ably from nitrates. Those plants not belonging to the Conifers
which were examined were unable to produce arginin b^^ the assimila-
tion of ammonium salts, asparagin being their only product. The
synthetical formation of arginin took place equally well in difi'used
and bright sunlight. Whether it is formed in darkness is as yet
undetermined. It was found to accumulate in large quantities in the
shoots of Conifers in the dark as well as in da\'light during the first
stages of germination 1)ut the amount diminishes on further exposure
to light. Its transformation into proteids may be accelerated under
the influence of light by the addition of mineral nutrients. While the
greater part of arginin is ])elieved to come from reserve proteids by
hvdrol3'tic decomposition, a considerable portion is thought to come
from the transformation of other amido compounds. Consequent!}" it
is not only a primary but a secondary product.
Synthesis of albuminoids, W. Palladix {('h((i'koa\ 1S9S: ahs. in
Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London], 1900, No. ^, p. 223).— In addition
to the intermediate products of the primary synthesis of albuminoids,
it is said that there art^ products of the decomposition of albuminoids,
intermediate })r<)ducts of the regeneration of the decomposition prod-
ucts, and various s])ecial pi'oducts of the l)i'eaking up of the albu-
minoids. The decomposition of all)uminoids takes place onl}' in grow-
ing organs. In rnvalactuca and Jihteromorpha intesfmalis, a,si>a.rB.g'm
was found, but no tyrosin. From this it is stated that the first stage
jji the primai'v synthesis of albumen can not be tyrosin. Asparagin and
BOTANY. 311
tyrosin arc both considered simple products of the decomposition of
allHiminoids. In SaUcornia herhacea neither usparag'in nor tyrosin
was found. In the leaves of Rohiniapseudacacla there was present
small amounts of asparagin but no t3a-osin, while in the leaves of
Dahllarar!ah!lis in August neither asparagin nor tyrosin was present.
A contribution to the study of nitrogen assimilation by legumes,
LuTOSLAWSKi {CoitU. Agi'., 1S99, Oct., jk (J8S; ah.-i. hi A/m. A(/7vn.,
26 (1900), JVo. 8, pp. 4-^5, 4-^6). — An attempt was made to study the
fixation of nitrogen by leguminous plants at different stages of their
growth. The plants selected for the experiment were peas, and were
grown in pots which contained 6 kg. of soil from a field where peas
had been grown the previous year. Mineral fertilizer composed of
kainit, superphosphate and nitrate of soda, 1.277 gm. per pot, was
added to the soil. The different phases of growth recognized were (1)
from the beginning of germination until the period just preceding flow-
ering, at which time the plants bore from 8 to 10 leaves; (2) at the
beginning of flowering; (3) at full flower; (1) at the falling of the
flowers; and (.5) at maturity. The total increase for the peas grown
in pots receiving no nitrogenous fertilizer for the different periods
was 1, 1.65, 3.11, 5.17, and 3.10 per cent. The corresponding num-
bers for the peas which had received nitrogenous fertilizers were 0.145,
1.89, 2.95, and 2.20 per cent, the abilit}^ to assimilate nitrogen in the
case of the plants receiving fertilizers not having manifested itself in
the first period.
Further observations on the nature and functions of the nod-
ules of leguminous plants, Maria Dawson (Phil. Tran^. Roy. Soc.
[London], 1900, pp. 51-07, pU. 2; ahs. in Proe. Roy. Soc. [Pondon],
66 {1900), Wo. 425, 2>p- 63-65). — In continuation of a previous paper
(E. S. R. . 11, p. 25), the author reports on the morphology and nature
of the organisms occurring in the root tubercles of a number of species
of leguminous plants.
A further study of the morphology leads to the conclusion that no
definite line of distinction can be drawn l^etween genera in which fila-
ments occur in tubercles and those in which they have not yet been
observed. Some peculiar anatomical characters were noted in some of
the tubercles, which are to be studied further. In the study of the
organisms of Pesmodiimi gyrans it was ascertained that the formation
of X and Y forms arises by distinct lateral branching of the straight
rods. After 12 to 11 daj's' culture, the individual long rods tend to
l)reak up into small ones, and the branched forms become disjointed in
a similar manner.
A general study of these organisms and parallel cultures of Nitragin
compared with pure cultures from Pisum tubercles shows that they all
grow readily on gelatin or agar media containing an extract of pea
stems, asparagin, and sugar, but ver}'^ slowlj^ on broth gelatin. They
8873— No. 1 2
312 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
do not peptonize milk, but upon potatoes a watery streak is formed in
about 5 da} .s. In liquid media, such as pea extract, a thick zooglcea-
like tilm forms in from 12 to 14 days. The presence or absence of
spores in these films is now under investigation. The organisms are
aerobic, and may pass through a short motile stage, but the presence of
cilia has not yet been demonstrated. Investigations are now in prog-
ress to determine whether these organisms are in themselves capalile
of fixing free nitrogen or of converting nitrogen in the form of
ammonium salts into nitrites or nitrates.
Experiments made to determine the action of the organisms found
in one genus of plants on specimens of another tribe or genus suggest
that there is probably but one organism capable of producing tubercles
on leguminous plants, but that in each particular host special physio-
logical conditions exist to which the organisms become so especially
adapted as to make it difficult for successful reciprocal action to take
place between plants not nearly allied.
Experimental cultures in sterilized and unsterilized media indicate
best results when nitrates without organisms are supplied to the plants
in sterilized soil. In unsterilized media a small increase in crop may
result from the use of Nitragin.
An experiment with inoculating soy beans, C. B. Lane {Nev)
Jersey Stm. Rpt. 1899, j)p- ^^^^ '200). — An experiment with soy beans
was begun in 1896, in which 1 acre of wheat was followed two succeed-
ing seasons with soy beans. The roots of the plants were examined
from time to time but no tubercles found. The third season an
attempt w^as made to introduce the germs of the soy-l)ean tubercle ])y
adding soil from old soy-bean land and by adding dust from the floor
where soy beans had been threshed. Examinations were made of the
plants and abundant tubercles were found on both the inoculated plats,
and a few scattering ones, or frequently none at all, on the untreated
ones.
The results of this experiment show the practicability of transferring
the tul^erch; organism through means of soil or dust.
An annotated catalogue of the ferns and flowering plants of Oklahoma,
K. Vj. Bixu'k ( (>Li(iho)ji<i tSI((. Bui. 45, pj>. 4^s^). — Thin ])ulU'tiii gives a list (if 750 species
of plants, td-xetlier witli l)rief notes on their distribution and economic importance.
Native Oklahoma plants, E. E. Boour (Oliahoma Sta. Bui. -pt, iitijiuhir rd.^pp.
12). — A ])opnlar edition of Bulletin 45 of this station, giving notes ()n the distribu-
tion of the plants throughout the Territory.
Notes on plants of 1899, V. L. Harvey {Maine Sin. Bui. (U, pj,. 4.;}, ,^.;). —Brief
Tiotes are given on a dozen species of weeds and other plants sent to this station for
identification.
Root systems of farm crops, A. M. Rofle ( Teunr-^iscc Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 42-45,
Ji</.y. 4)- — Notes are given on the development and distribution of the roots of maize
in the soil.
Investigations on cleistogamous flowers, Lrclkhc \n- Sablox (Rcr. Ghi. Bol.,
12 {1900), A'o. 140, pp. 305-S18, Jiga. 75).— Studies are given on the sti-ucture and
BOTANY. 813
fertilization of the cleistogamouH flowers of Viola odoratd, O.call.'i acelosella, Linaria
s])uria, and Leersia oryzoideft.
A contribution to the life history of Q,uercus, A. H. Coxrad {Bot. Gaz., 29
(1900), Nu. 0, iq>. 408-418, pJ>t. 2).
The life history of flax and clover dodder, G. Wilsdorf {Fillding's Landw. Ztg.,
48 {1899), No.^-. 14, j>j>. .'>44-n.',0; ir>, pp. ,767-567). — Studies are reported on the ger-
mination; exi^eriments on dodder seedhngs, with reference to the host plant; the
haustoria and methods of attack, and growth and reproduction of the dodder.
A study of the leaf of the sugar beet at different periods of growth,
P. Wexdeler {Dnit. Zuclcerind., 25 {1900), No. 24, pp. 969-971).— Shows the content
of oxalic^ acid, total nitrogen, and proteid nitrogen.
Plant growth in oil, L. Lutz {BuJ. Sac. Bot. France, S. ser., 47 {1900), No. 2-3,
pp. 76-82, Jig. 1). — An account is given of the growth of a number of fungi in castor
oil and in vaseline. Ai^pergiUuK repen.-i iwSide a remarkable growth in both media.
Transpiration of evergreen leaves, 0. Rosenberg ( Ofvers. K. Svenska Vetensk.
Ahid. Fi'jrluoidl., 1900, No. 1, pp. 8.5-98).
The utilization of the reserve materials of seeds during germination. Maze
{Co)iij)t. liend. Acad. Sci. Pari. % ISO {1900), No. 7, pp. 424-4^7).— Brieiiy outlines
investigations on starchy and oleaginous seeds. The reserve materials of both are
transformed into sugar for translocation. Enzyms are said to vary little in quantity
between the third and sixth day of germination, and a temperature of 53° C. is the
optimum for their activity.
The carbohydrate reserve of white clover seed, H. Herissey {Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sci. Paris, ISO {1900), No. 25, pp. 1719-1721).— The carbohydrate reserve ma-
terial in the seeds of Trifolinm /-p^wu-s- is said to be a mannogalactan, the properties of
which resemble those exhibited in the reserve material of fenugreek and alfalfa seed.
It is hydrolyzed by seminase, being at least partially transformed into reilucing
sugars.
Physiological observations on some perennial herbs, A. RiMB.vcn {Bot. Gaz.,
SO {1900), Xo. .), jtj). 171-188, pi. 1). — Notes are given on the underground structures
and their development of a consiilerable number of jierennial herbs.
On the absorption of soluble salts by plants, E. Demoussy ( Thesi.^, Paris, 1899;
noted from Ann. Agron., 25 {1899), Nos. 11, pp. 497-548; 12, pp. .561-607).— See E. S.
R., 11, p. 1009.
On the presence of formaldehyde in plants, G. Pollacci {Rend. R. Imt. Lom-
hardo Sci. e Let., 2. ser., 32 {1899), pp. 4; obs. in Bot. CenthL, 82 {1900), No. 4,
p. 116). — Tests of green leaves of a number of species of plants are reported in which
formaldehyde was found in the chorophyll-bearing tissues when they had been
exposed to the light.
Physiological investigations of inulase and inulin, A. Rich Aim {TJtesis,
Parix, 1900, ]>p. 85).
Photosynthesis in light w^hich has traversed leaves, E. Griffon {Rer. Gen.
Bot., 12 {1900), Nj.-i. JS8, pj>. 209- J2S; 1S9, pp. 27 2-288) .-Thia paper gives the
details of investigations on the effect of light made to pass through leaves on photo-
synthesis, a preliminary account of which has already been given (E. S. R., 11,
p. 1010).
A chemical study of chlorophyll assimilation, S. Posternak {Rev. Gen. Bot.,
12 {1900), Nos. 133, pp. 5-24; 134, pp. 6.^-7-?).— Discusses the first product produced
from phosjihoric acid in green i)lants and the physiological role of inosite.
Phyllorubin, a new derivative of chlorophyll, L. Marchlewski {Anz. Akad.
ir/.w. Krabni, 190ii, No. 2, pp. 63, 64).
Experimental investigations on the hydrolysis and utilization of raffinose
by Penicillium glaucum, H. Gillot {Bnl. Acad. Roi/. Sci. Belg., 1900, No. 2, pp.
31).
314 ^ EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
On the stimulating- effect of certain substances upon the growth of algae
and fungi, N. Ono (Bot. Ma;/. [7ok!/o], lo [luoa), X<>. HU), jiji. 7'i-7S).
The importance of mycorrhiza, a comparative biological study, K. (^tahl
{.lahrh. HV.s-s. Boi., 34 {1900), Xo. 4, PP- 339-688, Jifja. ;>).
Origin of the Basidiomycetes, G. Massee {Jour. Linn. Soc But. [London], 34
[1900), Xo. 240, j>p. 438-44S, pis. 2). — Notes on the murphology and affinities of tliiw
group of fungi.
The nodule organism of the Leguminosese, W. (i. 8MiTn {Proc. Linn. Soc. X^ew
South Wdli'x, ..'4 {1900), Xo. 96, pp. 653-674, ]'/'<• ~) ■ — A history of the organism and
the results of the researches of the writer.
METEOROLOGY.
Frost fighting, A. G. McAdie {U. S. Dept. A(//'., Weather Bureau
Bui. "29., pp. 16, pis. 6). — This is a discussion of the methods of fore-
casting and protecting against frost, especially as practiced among the
fruit growers of California. "The experience of the past 3 j^ears
warrants the statement that the loss due to frosts in California, hitherto
considered unavoidable, can l)e prevented, and that unless extreme
conditions, l)y which is meant lower temperatures by 5° than have ever
3^et been experienced in this State, occur, the citrus fruits of California
can be successfully carried through the period when frost is likeU'.'"
It is claimed that "the formation of frost is primarily a matter of air
drainage,'- and fruit growers are urged to study the topography of
their lands with a view to locating the areas over which the air is
stagnant and consequently more subject to frost.
Attention is called to the following important relation, first pointed
out b}' Prof. W. H. Hammon, which is useful in forecasting frosts for
southern California: "A wave of falling pressure passes from Montana
or Idaho southward across Utah and westward through southern Nevada,
thence into Arizona or southern California, and if followed l)v a rapid
rise in pressure is generally the forerunner of much colder weather in
the southern citrus belt. . . . The Weather Bureau office at San Fran-
cisco has demonstrated beyond criticism that frost can be successfully
forecast." A study of the frost warnings of the Bureau, with frequent
observations on temperature, humidity, and air motion, will enable the
grower to judge of the danger of frost in his particular case. The
methods of protection discussed are, planting with more I'egard to air
drainage and correcting defective air drainage by means of windbreaks,
etc. ; warming the air by means of small fires in Avire l)askets, snmdging
and the use of steam, irrigation with luiheated and with warm water,
spraying, and screening or covering. Many of these methods have
proved of gnnit practical vahu\ hut "of all methods proposed for the
protection of fruit, excepting wii'e l»ask(>ts. irrigation has {\w largest
amount of evidence in its favor."
Prediction of frost, J. E. Bonebright {Ida /hi Sin. Bui. 23, pp.
lJ6-lJf2, ji[is. J). — This article discusses hrietly |)r()tection against
METEOROLOGY.
315
•Vosts hy means of siiiudi^''os, and (Icscrihos a pioco of cloctrical a])pa-
ratiis devised by the author to give warning- of a fall in tempenitme.
"The apparatuH consists of a battery, relay coil, alarm hell, and thenuometer.
The battery used is the common crow-foot cell used in telegrapliin<f, size 6 in. by
S in.
"The relay C (tig. 4) is composed of two coils. Each coil has an iron core 1^ in.
Inng, 5 in. in diameter, and is wound with No. 24 B. and S. double cotton-covered
magnetic wire, to a depth of I of an inch. The coils are wound right and left handed
and are placed horizontally.
Z77.
Cix
C
OPWfll
Fu;. ■!.— Electrical apparatus for frost warning.
"The armature A consists of an upright piece with a crossbar of soft iron, which
is so held that it is attracted by the iron cores of the coils when magnetized. An
adjustable spring holds the armature A against the screw S when no current is flowing
through the coil C. . . .
"The thermometer consists of a glass stem 8 or 10 in. long, with an internal
diameter of approximately jV of an inch (0.1 cm.), attached to a bulb which has a
diameter of 1 in. (2.5 cm.). The bulb and 2 or 3 ins. of the lower part of the
tube are filled with mercury, and the tube is graduated for every 10 degrees from
30° F. to 100° F. Electrical connection with the mercury is made by a platinum
wire blown in the glass. On the top of the stem is a brass cap with a No. 30 B. and
S. bare copper wire passing through it and niaking contact with the mercury. The
thermometer can be tested at any time by comparing it with an accurate Fahrenheit
thermometer. It is made large in order to give free action to the mercury around
the wire in the tube. . . .
"The thermometer should be freely exposed, not more than 2 or 3 ft. above the
ground, in that portion of the orchard most liable to frost, usually the lower ground.
"The lower point of the copper wire in the tube of the thermometer should be
set opposite the number indicating the temperature for which the instrument is to
give warning, iisually 40 to 45° F. A copper wire, No. 16 B. and S., connects the
wire in the stem of the thermometer to one post of the bell and to one jwle of the
battery, another wire connects the mercury in the bull) with the proper binding post
of the coil, and a third wire is run from the armature of the relay to the remaining
binding post of the bell. The remaining pole of the battery is then (connected to
the properly marked post of the coil. . . .
"The action of the instrument is very simple. When the wire in the stem of the
thermometer is in contact with the mercury a current of electricity will pass through
the relay coils, causing the armature to be attached to the iron cores. The battery
316 EXrEKIMKNT STATION KECOKD.
furnislie.s u continuous current and will keep the armature in this position until the
circuit is ))roken. When the circuit is broken by the mercury faUing below the
lower point of the wire in the thermometer the armature will be drawn by the
spring against the screw S, which puts the bell in a circuit with the battery."
The use of the ordinary differential thermometer in the above appa-
ratus is explained and one form of thermostat is described, but ther-
mostats are not considered reliable for the purpose of frost warnings.
A study on hail. Protection of crops by cannonading, V. Ver-
MOKEL {Etude nui' lu (/t'ele. l)(ifen>ic des recoltts par Ic tlr da canon.
Mcmtpellier: Coulet <& Sons, 1900, pp. 78, figs. IJ4). — This pamphlet
discusses the various theories of the formation of hail, the explosives
and cannon used and how the explosions operate to prevent hail, the
results obtained in different countries, and the organization of sta-
tions; and gives the statutes of the cantons of Villefranche and Anse
against hail, and titles of 103 papers on the subject. The author
claims the results already obtained conclusively prove the effectiveness
of this means of preventing destructive hailstorms. The detailed
results of numerous experiments are reserved for a future publication.
Meteorological records, J. E. Boxebright {Idaho Sta. Bui. 2S, pp. 129-133). —
Monthly and yearly summaries of observations at Moscow, Idaho, on temperature,
pressure, precipitation, cloudiness, and dates of latest frosts in spring and earliest in
autumn during 1898 and 1899; and a summary of similar observations during 5 years
(1895-1899).
The mean temperature for 1899 was 44.8° F., for the 5 years (1895-1899) 45.1°;
the highest temperature for 5 years was 100°, the lowest — 17°. The mean pressure
for 1899 was 27.25 in., for 5 years 27.33. The rainfall in 1899 was 20.12 in., melted
snow 3.35 in.; during 5 years 19.02 and 4.37 in. resi)ectively. The average number
of clear days (per year) during 5 years was 180, during 1899 171. The latest killing
frost in the spring occurred May 17, the earliest in the fall October 2, in 1899; the
latest frost in spring during 5 years occurred May 30, 1898, the earliest in the fall
Sept end )er 0, 1895.
Meteorolog'ical observations, J. E. Ostkander and A. C. Monahan {Massachu-
setts Hatch. Sta. Md. Bnls. 136, 137, 138, pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations on
pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and
casual phenomena during April, May, and June. The data are briefly discussed in
general notes on the weather of eat-li month.
Report of precipitation and temperatures for the year 1899, J. B. Reynolds
{Ontario Ayr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1899, jtp. 28, 29). — A monthly summary of
observations at Guelph. "The highest temperature recorded at the college for the
year was 95° on August 19. The lowest was 20.5° below zero on February 12. The
amount of precipitation for the year, including rain and melted snow, was very
nearly 20 in."
Monthly summaries of meteorological observations made at Leon ( Guan-
ajuata) during 20 years, 1878-1897, M. Leal {Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. "Anto-
nl(j Alzate," I4 {1899-1900), Xo. 0, />. 264). — A summary of observations on pressure,
temperature, rainfall, evaporation, humidity, cloudiness, direction and velocity of
the wind, oti-.
Some facts about the climate of Tennessee, W. M. Fulton ( Tennessee Sta. Bid.
]'(>!. Xlll, No. 1, pp. 13-16, charts 2). — This arficle discusses briefly temperature,
rainfall, and length of the growing season in different parts of the State.
WATER SOILS, 3l7
The climate of our new possessions, G. MiciiAi'i) (Sci. Anwr., S-i (1900), N^o.
11, j>. 171, (hiin.^. J).
Frost protection, W. JM. Fi'lton ( D'niicsxcr Shi. linl. Vol. XIII, Ni>. 1 , ]>p. 3~12, fi(js.
5). — A pojiular discussion of how frost is formed and when toexpect it, and adescrip-
tion of various methods of protection from frost.
Protection from lig-htning, J. B. Reynolds [Ontario Ayr. Col. aitd Ilrpt. Farm
Rpt. 1809, pp. 27, 28). — Statistics of destruction of property and loss of hfe from
lightning during a storm in August, 1899, are briefly summarized, and means of pro-
tection are discussed.
Observations on the determinations of droug-ht intensity, G. H. Knibbs
[lour, and Froc. Fuj/. Soc, Neiv South Wales, SS [1899), p}>. 69-85, fig. 1). — A discus-
sion of the conditions affecting soil moisture, rainfall, percolation, evaporation, etc.
Sugg-estions for depicting- diag-rammatically the character of seasons as
regards rainfall, and especially that of droug-hts, II. Deane [lour, and Froc.
Roij. Soc, New South llafes, 3S [1899), pp. 63-68, pi. 1). — The author briefly describes
a diagram which shows not only the total yearly rainfall and its distribution by
months, but also " what portion of the rainfall runs off the ground or soaks away
and is available for storage and for keeping up the flow of rivers and streams."
Combination of the effects of synodic and tropic revolutions of the moon,
its action on the movement of lows, A. Poincaee ( Cortipt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Fans,
131 [1900], No. 2, pp. 132-135.
WATER— SOILS.
The soils of Salt Lake Valley, Utah, F. D. Gtardner and J.
Stewart {U. S. Dept. A(/r., JJivlsion of fSoH.s (Jive If. ^ 2*1). 11). —
This is a preliniinaiy report on a survey undertaken in July, 1899,
by the Division of Soils, cooperating with the Utah Station, to map
the soils with particular reference to the extent of and damaoe from
alkali and seepage waters.
A brief account is given of early irrigation in this region and of
recent irrigation improvements and the results of 1 months' study of
the region are briefly summarized under the following heads: Cli-
mate, water supply, soil, alkali, and drainage.
A large portion of the area examined is unfit for cultivation on
account of excess of alkali salts.
"Sodium chlorid, or the common salt of commerce, forms from 50 to 97 per cent
of the total salts present. Besides this, there are considerable quantities of the sul-
phates of soda, lime, and magnesia, chlorids of lime and magnesia, and also carbon-
ate of soda, or true black alkali. The black alkali is nearly always present in
amounts varying from a trace up to several per cent in small local spots. There is,
in the aggregate, a large area in which it occurs in sufficient (juantity (0.1 per cent)
to be fatal to crops.
"It seems quite probable that this accumulation of salt came chiefly from two
sources, i. e., from the higher lands to the south and from the waters of Great Salt
Lake. It is most likely that the lake is the source of the greater portion of them,
for when it was from 30 to 50 ft. higher than now, it would have submerged nearly
all the area under consideration, and must have also contained nuich salt in solu-
tion. Upon the subsidence of the water the soil would, of course, be left heavily
impregnated with salts. Besides, within the memory of the present inhabitants.
318 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
the lake ha? again submerged a considerable part of this area, and, ae^-ording to reli-
able records, the lake in 186S was 12 ft. above its present level, and at this height
must liave covered at least 60 sq. miles of what is now mapped as dry land. . . .
"There is only one feasible way of getting rid of the salts, and that is by provid-
ing a thorough system of nnderdrainage and washing them out by flooding. . . .
"Of the 125 sq. miles lying mostly north of Twelfth street road and l)etvveen Salt
Lake City and the lake, 90 sq. miles, or about 58,000 acres, are capable of reclama-
tion. For this jiortion, tile drainage is recommended as of general application."
Some observations on soil temperatures, -J. B. Reynolds {Onta-
rio Agr. Col. aiuJ Expt. Farm Rpt. 1899, p. ^6, Jig. i).— The method
of observation and the results obtained are thus described:
"Some soils in large pans were set in the open air, near a large body of water, and
the temperatures of the soils, the air, and the water were observed each hour, begin-
ning at 7 a. m. and concluding at 6 p. m. They were all exposed to the action of
the sun's rays. The [temperature of] water rose from 61 to 68°, reaching 68° F. at
2 p. m. It then fell to 66° Vjy 6 p. m. The [temperature of] air rose from 44 to 70°,
reaching its highest at 2 p. m., and then fell by 6 o'clock to 63.5°. The soils all
began at the same temperature as the air, namely, 44°; all the soils reached their
maximum at 1 o'clock, and from that time declined rapidly. The highest temper-
ature reached by the dark soil was 94°, by the light-colored soil 91°, and by the wet
soil 80°."
The practical application of these results is briefly- discussed.
Analyses of calcareous soils of Monferrato. Nevr methods of
determining easily soluble calcium carbonate, F. AIaktinotti
{Staz. Spe)'. Agr. Ital., 33 {1900), jAva i,^->/>. 259-^273; abs. in Cliein.
Centbl., 1900, II, No. 10, p. 593). — The author reports determinations
of moisture, organic matter, sand, clay, citrate-soluble, and total lime
in 25 samples of soils, as well as tests of various citrate methods of
determining the solubility of crystallized and amorphous calcium
carbonate. On the basis of the results obtained he recommends the
use of the neutral anmionium citrate solution for the latter purpose.
For the determination of clay and sand he recommends a modified
form of the Schone apparatus, which is continuous and automatic in
its operation. The adaptal)ility of the soils examined to the American
grape is discussed.
Arable soils of the Canton of Redon -with respect to phosphoric
acid, G. Lechartier {Contpt. Rend. Acad. jSci. Paris, 130 {1900), No.
19, pp. 1220-1229; alM. in Jovr. Chem. Soc. [London], 78 {1900), No.
Jf52, IL p. -f-i-i). — A]x)ut half of the soils of this canton contain more
than 0.1 per cent of phosphoric acid. The average percentages of
this substance in soils derived from different geological formations
were us follows: From granite, 0.87; pre-Cambrian, 0.90; Armorican
sandstone, 0.57: Angers schist, 1.0-t; Poligne schist and sandstone,
1.05; and alluvium. 1.2-1. Phos])hatic fertilizers proved ])cneficial
even in .soils containing more than o. 1 ])or cent of phosphoric acid.
The mineral ])h()sphates and basic slag were more effective than
superi)h()spliat('.
WATER ROILS. 319
Composition of the soils of the Canton of Redon as regards lime,
magnesia, potash, and nitrogen, G. Lechaktiek {('omjif. ll<ii<L
Acad. >Sci Purls, ISO {1900), No. 1S\ pp. 1163-11G6; abs. in Jour.
Chevi. Soe. [London], 78 (1900), No. JtS2, 11, p>. ^J^).— Analyses are
reported of soils derived from granite, pre-Cambrian, Silurian, Upper
Silurian, and ancient and modern alluvium formations. The average
percentages of lirue varied from O.U58 in Angers schist to 0.108 in
Armorican sandstone soils; of magnesia, from 0.084 in granite to 0.16
in alluvial; and potash, from 0.232 in Angers schist to 0.577 in Poligne
schi.st and sandstone. Nitrogen varied from 0.109 to 0.135 percent.
Remarks on the sand-drift problem, J. H. Maiden (Agr. Gaz.
Neu: ^outh Wules, 11 {1900), No. l,pp. li^-lS).—A brief report is given
on the attempts which have been made to prevent the drifting of sands
in two portions of New South Wales.
It was found at Newcastle that depositing ashes, cinders, and shale
from collieries and tramways served to hold the sand to a marked
extent. The addition of soil and manure rendered it possible to grow
a number of plants.
A list of shrubs and trees suitable for seaside planting is given,
together with brief notes as to their relative value. Among grasses,
which are the most important of sand binders, notes are given on
Bermuda grass, Festnca littoralh, carpet or Louisiana grass, marram
g\'iiB>>{Psa7n7naa7'enaria), Succharmn arundinaceuvi and S. spmitaneuni,
Sjjim'fex hirsutus, St. Augustine grass {StenotapTirxmn americamim),
and coast couch grass {Zoysia pungens).
Water and water supplies, J. Ci. Thresh {PhUadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son A Co.,
1900, pp. VII+4S8; rev. in Jour. Amer. Chev}. Soc.,23 {1900) , No. 4, p. :231).— A second
revised edition of this treatise.
Softening- water for domestic use ( Trade^mftn, 43 (1900), Xo. 12, p. 97).
The .purification of w^ater for household and technical purposes, O. Krohnke
[Die Reinigung des Wassersfiir hdusliche und gewerbliche Zwecke. Stuttgart: Ferdinand
Enh; 1900, Vol. Y, No. 3-5, ill).
Examination of w^ater for sanitary and technical purposes, H. Lefpmann
{I'hdadclphlu: P. Blakiston^ s Son & Co., 1899, 4. ed. rev. and enl.,j)p. 145, ill.).
Soil studies, A. M. Soule {Tenneme Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 37-39, fig. i).— A brief
popular discussion of the physical properties of soils and their relations to moisture.
The study of sandy soils, Weiss-Wittstock {Deuf. Landiv. Presse, 29 [WOO),
No. 69, J). 857). — A 2)opular article pointing out the importance of farmers under-
standing the characteristics of their soils, especially in case of sandy soils.
Binding drift sand {.Tour. Agr. and Lid. South Australia, 3 {1900), No. 7, pp.
552-555). — A list of i)lants for sand })inding, with methods of planting.
Hamet Experimental Farm {Semaine Agr., 20 {1900), No. 1005, pp. 261, 262). —
Mcclianical and chemical analyses are reported of 5 samples of soils and subsoils
from this farm, whicli is situated at Survilliers, Seine-et-Oise, France.
How are the best arable soils derived? Haberstrohm (Ki/i^inc/'.s icmdw. 7Ag.,
49 {1900), No. 17, pp. 638-642). — A brief general discussion of the agencies involved
in the formation of soils, the loess and chernozem soils being especially considered.
Practical utilization of soil analysis, H. Lagatu {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed.
L'Est), 21 {1900), No. 35, pp. 278-284).— A. general discussion of this subject.
320 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
The influence of surface cultivation on the moisture of the soil, J. B. I\i:v-
NOLDs {Oiitdi-io Aijr. Cdl. mil! Kijil. Farm h'pt. 1S9:J, j)/>. ..'//, j.'j. Ji;/. 1) . — The experi-
nient.s Jieiv (U's<Til)e<l are a (.■ontimuition of thoi^e of the previous year (E. S. R., 11,
p. 62.5) and h^ad to the same conel unions.
Principles of plowing, A. M. Soule {Tennessee Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 39-41) .—The
iiiterrelatidiishii. between plowing and the moisture content of the soil is brought out.
Soil temperature for the growing season, J. E. Boxebkigiit {Idaho Sta. Bid.
23, pp. 134, 135). — A taljular record is given of weekly averages of soil temperatures
at depths of 1 in. to 6 ft. during the growing seasons (April to October) of 1898 and
1899.
A contribution to the knowledge of nitrification, W. Mioula {Centbl. Bakt.
u. Par., 3. Alt., 6 {1900), No. 11, pp. 365-370; ahs. in Chern. Ztg., 24 {1900), No. 50,
Repert.,p. 183). — Contrary to Ebermayer, the author found that the process of nitrifi-
cation goes on in forest soils as well as in cultivated soils, varying somewhat with the
depth and with the time of year.
Instructions for determining in the field the salt content of alkali waters
and soils, M. Whitney ( V. S. Lhpt. Aijr., Dirision of Soil.<s Cirr. o, pp. 9). — Instruc-
tions with formulas for the field standardization of the electrolytic bridge (E. S. R.,
11, p. 325) in determining the salt content of soils and waters.
Available plant food, H. Snyder {Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. ScL, 1899, pp. 91-95).—
This is a discussion based mainly upon investigations by the author, which are
reported elsewhere (E. S. R., 11, p. 1018), of the value of the Dyer and Goss methods
for determining the available phosphoric acid in soils. The conclusion is reached
that "both fail to indicate the amount of available phosplioric acid and potash.
Both Dyer's method and Goss's method are without dou])t applicable to certain types
of soil, but they are not applicable to soils where a large ijart of the plant food exists
in organic forms."
FERTILIZERS.
The storage of stable manure, F. Holdefleiss {Mitt. Landvx Inf^t.
Brcdau, 1900., So. S,pp. J^-o-'j; ahs. in Jour. ('Jinn. Soc. \^L(md<m\ 78
{1900)., No. IiJ5Jf., II, p. 571). — In continuation of previous experiments
(E, S. R., 11, p. 828), the author studied the gains or losses of diti'erent
constituents in 3 lots of manure kept (1) without preservative, (2) With
the addition of potassium salt, and (3) with superpho.sphate. The pre-
servatives reduced the loss of proteid nitrogen and increased consider-
ably the amount of nitrogen in the form of ammonia. Of the nonni-
trogenous constituents the pentosans were most readily decomposed.
In case of crude ti))er free from pentosans there was a loss of 17.5 per
cent in one instance and gains of between 7 and 8 per cent in other
instances.
Economy in the use of barnyard manure, W. Saunders {Proc.
fSoc. Pi'oiii. Aijr. Sci..,lS99,jjp. Ji!7-52). — This is a discussion of this sub-
ject based upon the results of experiments during 11 years at the Cen-
tral Experimental Farm at Ottawa, Canada (E. S. K., 11. j). 833). Those
experiuKMits were designed mainly to test the relative merits of barn-
yard maiuirc when applied to diHorent crops fresh from the barnyard,
as compared with the same matei-ial rotted. The data obtained in
experiments with spring wheat, barley, oats, corn, mangel-wurzels.
FERTILIZERS. 321
tui'iiip.s, carrots, and potatoes are tal)ulato(l aiul discussed. The con-
clusion drawn from this data is that if farmers would preserve "all the
liquids Avith the solids in water-tig'ht troughs behind the animals, using-
cut straw for bedding- and as an absorbent; then distribute this o\er the
land in a fresh condition before any of the liquids so rich in fertilizing
constituents are decomposed, the saving effected would be enormous,
and the value of barnyard manure in bringing increased crops would
probal)ly be nearly double what it now is."
The reduction of nitrates in the presence of barnyard manure,
J. P. Street (^W//' Jei'Kry Sfa.s. Rpf. lHOO,_[>p. 80-96). — Previous inves-
tigations on the subject are briefly noted, and an account is given of a
study of the changes in the nitrogen of a mixture of fresh solid cow
manure (about 30 gm.) with nitrate of soda (1.25 gm.), with sulphate
of ammonia (1 gm.), and with dried blood (1..5 gm.), with or without
the addition of gypsum, acid phosphate, kainit, and sulphur (each 0.2
gm.), and carbon bisulphid (20 cc). The volume was in each case made
up to 300 cc. with water and the mixtures kept in open flasks in the
laboratory at about 20^ C. from February 28 to March 29, with occa-
sional shaking. Two series of experiments were made — one being
examined for nitrates by the Schulze-Tiemann method at intervals of
7, 11, and 21 days, the other remaining undisturbed until the end of the
period. In case of the mixture of manure and nitrate denitrification
was complete in 21 days; with other substances added to this mixture,
the periods of denitritication were as follows: With gypsum 27 days,
acid phosphate 27 days, kainit 16 days, and sulphur 23 da3's. The mix-
ture sterilized with carbon bisulphid lost only 9.6 per cent of its nitrates
in 21 days.
In case of sulphate of ammonia the changes in the nitrogen were
slight, the greatest loss in 21 days being 1.1 per cent where acid phos-
phate was used. There was a slight gain in case of kainit and gypsum.
The examination of the second series of tests showed approximately
the same results as the first as regards the nitrate.
" The loss where kainit was used was complete, as it was before, while the nitrate
alone and nitrate with acid phosphate suffered a loss of over 97 per cent. The losses
where sulphur and plaster was used were somewhat less, being 93.7 per cent and 85.4
per cent, respectively. The plaster seemed in this test to have a slight retarding
effect on denitrification. The loss where carbon bisulphid was used, while more than
in the first series, was only about one-fourth of that sustained by the other tests."
In the sulphate of ammonia tests, the changes in nitrates and total
nitrogen were comparatively insignificant. There was a considerable
gain in soluble organic nitrogen in every case, being most pronounced
where carbon bisulphid and sulphur were used. This was also true of
the nitrate series. There was also a marked gain in insoluble organic
nitrogen in the sulphate of ammonia tests, being largest where the sul-
phate was used alone and least where carbon bisulphid was used.
322
EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Considerablo aniouiits of free ainmonia woiv forinod during' the for-
meiitation. ospoeially in tlic .sulphato of aininoiiia tests in whicii kainit
was used. In the dried ])lood tests ail of the nitrates and combined
annnonia \Yere lost. Kainit appeared to have liad a strong intiuence in
liberatiiig' ammonia, eausing' a loss of ov^er 26 per cent of the total nitro-
gen present. Carl)on bisulphid on the other hand exerted a retarding*
influence in this respect.
Investigations relative to the use of nitrogenous materials, E. B.
VooRHEES {New Jersey Stm. Rpt. 1899, pp. 97-120). — A review is
given of literature relating to denitrification and the changes which may
occur in the nitrogen of barnyard manure, and investigations relating
to the composition, and the availability of the nitrogen of solid and
liquid manure are reported.
The solid and the mixed solid and liquid excrement (without litter)
of a well-fed cow were analyzed when fresh and after being exposed
to fermentation and leaching in the open air in 100 lb. lots from
February 4 to June 15. In that time the weight of the solid manure
was reduced to 50 lbs., the mixed solid and liquid manure to 61 lbs.
The composition of the fresh and leached manure, calculated to a water-
free basis, was as follows:
Composition of manures on irater-free basis.
Ash
OrKiinic matter
Niln^eii (total)
NitroKon soluble in water.,
Niti'dgen as nitrates
Nitrogen as ammonia ,
Nitrogen soluble organic. .
Nitrogen insoluble organic
PlKjsphoric acid ,
Potash
Fresh manure. ; Leached manure.
Solid.
Solid and'
liquid.
Solid.
Per cent.
12. 166
87.834
2.286
.583
.101
.248
.234
1.703
2. 915
1.488
Per cent.
12. 924
87. 076
3. 553
1.876
.013
1.070
.793
1.677
2.582
2.331
Per cent.
14. 161
85. 839
2. 489
.377
.058
.182
.137
2.112
1.408
.584
Solid and
iquid.
Per cent.
15.282
84. 718
2. 529
.734
.014
.521
.199
1.795
1.617
1.062
In the solid manure there was a loss by leaching of 46 per cent of
nitrogen, 72 per cent of phosphoric acid, and 80 per cent of potash;
in the mixed solid and liquid manure 57 per cent of nitrogen, 62 per
cent of phosphoric acid, and 72 per cent of potash.
The availability of the nitrogen of fresh and leached solid and mixed
solid and liquid cow manure used alone or in connection with nitrate
of soda, sulphate of ammonia, and dried })lood was tested in a series of
experiments with corn and tomatoes grown in cylinders (without
bottoms) 23i in. in diameter, and 4 ft. long, sunk in the ground. The
soils used were made as uniform as possible — a medium clay for the
corn, a sandy loam for the tomatoes. The applications of manure were
larg'er than are usual in practice, ])ut not excessive, the largest applica-
tion l)eing about 20 tons per acre. The results of the corn experiments
FERTILIZERS.
328
are reported. These show that in every case there was a decided gain
in weight of dr}' matter due to application of the nitrogenous fertilizers.
There was also a considera])le but more varial)le gain of nitrogen. The
comparative availabilit}^ of the nitrogen in the different forms of the
manure as shown by these experiments was as follows:
Comparative availability of nitrogen in coiu manure.
Character of manure.
Nitrogen
recovered.
Increase in
dry matter.
Increase in
dry matter
on basis of
nitrogen in
unleaehed
manures.
Fresh manures:
Solid
Solid and liquid
Leached manures:
Solid
Solid and liquid
Per cent.
7.44
22.04
16.80
22. 36
Per cent.
15.4
69.4
33.0
36.1
23. 2
36.1
"The yields, when the various forms of yard manure are appUed, together with
nitrates in different quantities as well as with ammonia and dried blood, show one
thing very elearly, viz, that the total recovery of nitrogen is in every case greater
where the different materials are used together than when they are used singly. . . .
"It is also shown that the losses are not very different when the manure is used
with the small or the large amount of nitrate of soda, which would seem to argue
that the nitrogen was not dissipated by denitrification, but that the losses were due
to other causes. ' '
The relative availability of the nitrogen in the artificial forms and in
the various kinds of cow manure, based iq)on recovery of nitrogen in
the crop, is shown in the following table:
Relative availabilitj/ af nitrdf/ni. in different forrii!^.
Per cent.
Nitrate of soda , _ 100
Sulphate of ammonia 99. 5
Dried blood 95. 4
Solid manure, fresh 16. 76
Solid manure, leached 37. 86
Solid and liquid manitre, fresh 49. 66
Solid and liquid manure, leached 50. 38
A summary is given of the results of experiments with nitrogenous
fertilizers in difierent parts of New Jersey, which have already been
publish(Ml in a bulletin of the station (E. S. R.. 11, pp. l-8!». 14(1.144).
Experiments on the fertilizing effect of the phosphoric acid of
bone meal, O. Kellner and O. Bottcher {Bent. Lanchv. Presse, 27
{1000), No. 52, pj). 665, 666; ahs. in Chew. Ztg., 21^ {1000), No. 82,
Reperf.^ p. 22). — This Is an account of experiments with summer rye
grown in pots containing 6 kg. of a moderately compact loam soil with
l.t>l per cent of humus and a very small amount of lime. Ten samples
of partly degelatinized })one meal were compared in these experiments
with superphosphate and Thomas slag with and without the addition of
lime (carbonate). The results indicate that on soils which are not
324 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
a1)undHntl_v su])])li(Hl with cak-iuni carlwiiato tho phosphoric acid of
bone meal ha.s an iinportaiit value especially for fall application. The
bone meal, however, .should not be applied on freshly limed soils or
on those which are by nature rich in lime. The unfavorable results
obtained l)y Wagner and Maercker with hone meal are attributed to
the fact that these investigators experimented on soils which were rich
in lime or had been recently limed.
Fertilizers {X<->r Jer.'<ey Stas. Rpt. 1899, pp. ^7-<95).— This is mainly
a n^print of Bulletin 139 (E. S. R., 11, p. 829), with the addition of
statistics of the fertilizer trade in New Jersey during 1898 and thir-
teen preceding years, the market prices of fertilizers, text of the
fertilizer law, and lists of inspectors and of manufacturers whose
goods were inspected in 1899. From data furnished by 912 out of 109
firms selling fertilizers in New Jersey in 1898 it is estimated that the
total consumption of fertilizers in the State was 60.091: tons, valued at
$1,569,061, in 1898, as against 56,172 tons in 1897. -'The complete
manures represent 70 per cent of the total number of tons sold in 1898
and 77 per cent of the total values of all sales." It will thus be
seen that the farmers of the State paid over $1,200,000 for complete
manures during 1898. The statistics reported show that there has
been a decline in the prices of complete fertilizers from 1885 to 1898,
but that this decline in price has not been accompanied by a corre-
sponding decrease in the absolute amounts of plant food delivered to
consumers.
Some principles in the use of fertilizers, C. A. Mooers ( Tennessee Sta. Rpt.
1899, }>}>. 4')-'}0, fif/. 1). — A fieneral dis^cuHsion.
Suggestions for the use of barnyard manure, V. WELLi.\(iTox {MmmchnmtU
State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1899, pp. 301-315, pi. 1).—A fjeneral disfussion of this siu))ject
under the following headf: What barnyard manure is made of, how it compares
witli otlier manures, how to make it, and how to use it.
On the fertilizer valuation of sewage, W. Breslek ( Detit. Zuckerind., 25 {1900),
No. 34, Sup. 1, pp. 1338, 1339). — Brief descriptions are given of various methods
which have been proposed for estimating the fertiUzing value of the sewage from
cities and factories of various kinds.
Fertilizer inspection, C. D. Woods {Mnme Sin. Bui. 60, pp. 23-30).— ''This bulle-
tin contains tlic analyses of manufacturers' samples of brands of fertilizers licensed
before March 7, 1900," accompanied by brief statement of the chief provisions of the
State fertilizer law. The number of analyses reported is 131.
Analyses of commercial fertilizers sold in Maryland, H. B. ^McDonnell et al.
(Mari/linid At/r. ( '<>/. Qiuirl., lUitO, Xo. 9, p}i. .io). — This l)ulletin contains a schedule of
trade values (jf fertilizing materials, tables of analyses and valuation of 404 samples
of fertilizers examined from March t(j .Tuly, 1900, inclusive, and a list of fertilizers
licensed for sale in the State during the year ending Fe])ruary 1, 1901.
The composition and economical use of commercial fertilizers, H. .T.
Wheelek {Mmmrhusetts State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1899, pp. 131-1G9). — A very thorough
general discussion of this subject.
Cooperative experiments with fertilizers, C. A. Mooers {Tennessee Sta. lipt.
1899, jip. 53-36). — A plan of cooperative exi)eriments in different ])arts of the State
undei- su])ervision of the station is described.
FIELD CROPS.
325
Ferchlorate in nitrate of soda, F. W. Dapert {OeMrrr. Choii. Ztij.,.! {lOiKiy., Xo.
15,])}). S69,S70). — Examinations of a number of old samples of nitrate of wotla as
well as various museum specimens of crude nitrate, etc., are reported, which show
that in only two of the old samples of nitrate was perchlorate present, while none of
the museum specimens contained this substance. From these facts the author con-
cludes that perchlorate is an impurity which has a])peared in nitrates only in recent
years.
Chemical fertilizers, de CotiUET {Engrnix chijiilqne. Pari^i: J. B. BaiUiere <fc
<SV;(/.S', icV.9.'/).
Decomposition of bone meal by micro-org'anisnis, J. Stoklas.\ ( Cenibl. Bakt. n.
r<ir.,J. Aht., H (J 900), No. 16, pp. 526-5Sr>, fig. 1; Boll in. ZtHchr. Zuckerind.,24 {1900), p.
627; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 24- {1900), No. 68, Repert., p. 244)-— The results of a series of
laboratory and plant-house experiments are reported, which show that the bacterial
action in decomposing bone meal varies with the kind of organism and with the
kind and amount of carbohydrates present. The practical application of the results
is discussed.
FIELD CROPS.
Grain experiments: Surface and subsoil or underground mois-
ture, A. E. Shuttleworth {Ontario Ayr. Col. and E,i:pt. Farm Ryt.
1800^ pp. Jt.Jt.-Jf-8., fig. 5). — In these experiments, surface soil from
a field in which roots had been grown the preceding year, was thor-
oughly mixed and used in 10 galvanized iron cylinders, 12 in. in diame-
ter and 8 ft. long, and so constructed that water could l)e applied
from the l)ottom in imitation of underground moisture. The cj'lin-
ders were placed in 2 parallel rows. A cotton sheet containing circu-
lar holes was stretched over them in such a way that only the surface
of the soil was exposed to the sun. Oats, barley, wheat, and peas
were groAvn. One cylinder of each was suJjwatered, while the dupli-
cate pots were surface watered. The surface-watered oats required
43 lbs. of water from the time they were sown until maturity; barley,
38.5 ll)s.; wheat, 29.75 lbs. ; and peas, 28 lbs. The water required for
maturing the crops in the sub watered cylinders was as follows: Oats,
65.25 lbs.; barley, 25.5 lbs.; wheat, 34.25 lbs.; and peas, 104 lbs.
The total yields, including grain, straw, and roots, obtained in the
different pots arc shown in the table below:
Yield of crupa groirii. in- surface oiid i^iihiratered ci/liiideri^.
Oats.
Barley.
Wheat.
Peas.
Surface watered
Grams.
67.66
82.39
Grams.
45.39
45.34
Gmms.
29. 95
26.62
Grams.
63. 32
Subwatered
116 60
The surface-w^atered oats ripened 4 days earlier than the subwatered,
but the yield of both grain and straw was consideral)ly less. In the
case of 1)arley there was little difference in growth, maturity, and
yield ]:)etween surface-watered and subwatered pots. The results in
this case are interpreted as showing the necessity of surface moisture,
826
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
and hence the desirability of fall plowing' for barley. The root devel-
opment of wheat in the 8u})watered pot was somewhat better than in
the surface-watered pot but it is thought that the 3'ield would have
been greater had the crop in the subwatered pot not been injured by
blight. Peas developed especially well in the subwatei'ed j)()t.
On variations in plants -with special reference to the relation
between the grain weight and the nitrogen content of barley, W.
JoiiAN^sEN {Mtdd. Caii.sherg Lah.^ 1S90. Xo.}^.^ pp. 228-SLj). — Experi-
ments are reported with Carter Goldthorp l)arley which were made
with the object of producing a strain especially low in nitrogen, but
having a large and plump grain, to meet the re(iuirements of a good
malting barley. In the fall of 1893, 500 practically perfect heads of
this ^ ariety were picked from S different places in a 1)arley field, out
of which the best 86 heads were chosen to form the foundation stock
for the study. Five kernels on the same side of each head were taken
for analysis and their weights and nitrogen contents determined in
case of (nich head. The average weight per kernel (' ' grain weight ") for
all 86 samples was 62.28 mg., and the average nitrogen content 1.606 per
cent. By grouping the results as to the grain weight, a marked increase
in the nitrogen content was found with increasing grain weight.
In 1894 the kernels from a number of the best heads were sown
separately and at harvest 185 of the largest and finest heads were
analyzed as in the previous year. The average grain weight was 54.24
mg., and the average nitrogen content 1.489 per cent. Here again the
nitrogen content increased, as a rule, with the weight of kernel,
although there were exceptions to this general rule in about 30 per cent
of the cases.
A])out 50 heads from the crop of 1894 served as seed in 1895, selected
mostly from the exceptions mentioned above, and this was repeated
the two following years. Through systematic selection of heads with
heavy kernels and low nitrogen content for 3 generations, a progeny
was obtained in the fourth generation, samples of which were char-
acterized by a somewhat higher average grain weight and an appre-
ciably lowei" nitrogen content than that found in the rest of the crop.
The following summary shows the results obtained with 2 samples and
their progeny:
Grain weight and nitrogen, cuntent of barJcij from selected .seed.
Average for year.
Sample 13 and progeny.
Sample 182 and progeny.
Year.
Number
of
samples.
Grain
weight.
Nitrogen
content.
Number
of
samples.
Grain
weight.
Nitrogen
content.
Number
of
samples.
Grain
weight.
Nitrogen
content.
1894
173
515
347
140
Mg.
54.3
4.5.0
56.0
51.4
Per cent.
1.490
1.510
1.680
1.606
Mg.
.^4.8
47. 6
59.4
57.3
Per cent.
1.310
1.413
1.630
1.612
Mg.
56. 6
46.8
59.4
49.0
Per cent.
1.430
1895
1896
1897
3
4
10
4
6
16
1.413
1.6.M)
1.487
* FIELD CROPS. 327
The uveriigc of 26 samples of 182 grown in 1897 was a grain weight
of 52.2 nig. and a nitrogen content of 1.535 per cent, while the average
of all other samples grown that year was 61.3 mg. and 1.622 per cent.
The results would seem to justify the conclusion that the correlation
))etween grain weight and nitrogen content can be disturbed by sys-
tematic selection, and can not, therefore, be of paramount importance
in the improvement of plants. Correlations were found between the
length of head and the grain weight (the latter increasing with the
former), and between length of head and nitrogen content (the latter
likewise increasing with the former). But these correlations are still
less lixed than that of the grain weight and the nitrogen content. The
length of head and the number of kernels in the head, on the other
hand, stand in a much closer relation than the preceding factors,
although in the author's opinion a perfect correlation does not exist
even here.
The theory of the incompatibility of valuable qualities in cultivated
plants, especially emphasized by Schindler and von Proskowetz, accord-
ing to the author, has but slight scientific importance, while, viewed
from a practical standpoint, it is only an expression of the fact that
certain ends aimed at in the improvement of crops are more difficult
to reach than others. Practical experiences must be carefully scru-
tinized before they are used for the support of the principle of hered-
it}'^ and variability. In the point under discussion one must be par-
ticularly on the lookout for complications brought about by external
conditions, the confounding of which with correlation phenomena may
cause considerable confusion. — f. w. woll.
Some investigations of the relation of the size of grain to the
nitrogen content of -wheat and peas, W. Johannsex and F. Weis
( r/V/.s-.sZv. Landhr. PI mi f earl, 5 {1899). pp. 91-100).~T\iq investiga-
tions were conducted with 5 difterent kinds of wheat, viz, Sonne Extra
Squarehead, Bahlson Squarehead, Urtoba Peters, Urtoba Metz, and
Light-colored East Prussian wheat. The results obtained show that
the different kinds of wheat grown in Denmark agree with the two-
rowed barley in the relation Ijetween grain weight and percentage of
nitrogen; as a general rule the percentage of nitrogen is increased
with increasing grain weight, but there are many exceptions to the
rule, so that this can not be used as an absolute starting point in
studies of plant improvement.
In a supplement to this paper. W. Johannsen shows that this state-
ment also holds good in case of Victoria peas. Ten large peas had an
average weight of 0.450 gram, and an average nitrogen content of
3.35 per cent, against a grain weight of 0.226 gram and a nitrogen
content of 3.17 per cent for 10 small peas. The average of 20 deter-
minations was: Grain weight, 0.338 gram; nitrogen content, 3.26 per
cent. — F. w. WOLL.
8873— No. 1 3
328 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
Report of the experimentalist, C. A. Zavitz {Ontario Agr. Col.
and Expt. Farm Upt. 1899, pj?. 101-129). — The experiments here
reported consist larg-eW of variety tests and are in continuation of the
work reported in 1898 (E. S. R., 11, p. 'd'2'S). The work recorded
covers experiments with oats, winter and spring wheat, barle}'^, rye,
buckwheat, Indian corn, teosinte, grasses, millet, sachaline, prickly
comfrey, spurry, yarrow, potatoes, field roots, chicory, rape, kale,
cabbage, white mustard, field peas, cowpeas, grass peas, Egyptian
peas, Latkyrus sylvmtris, field beans, soj^ beans, horse beans, velvet
beans, clover, alfalfa, sanfoin, vetch, lupines, lentils, serradella, pea-
nuts, iiax, hemp, ramie, chufas, pumpkins, squashes, and sunflowers.
The Joanette heads the list as regards 3^ield of oats. It is a black
variety, possessing a very short straw, suitable for growing onlj^ on
lands which naturally produce a large amount of straw. It stools
abundantly and should not be seeded at a rate greater than 1 pecks per
acre. The crop should be cut while somewhat green to avoid shelling.
AYhite Siberian stands next on the list. It is the most extensively
grown and popular oat in Ontario, and has made the highest average
record of all the oats grown in cooperative tests for 7 years.
In the fall of 1898, 87 varieties of winter wheat were sown at the
station. Many of the varieties winter-killed. The hardiest varieties
were Tasmania Red, Red Velvet Chafi', Red Wonder, Prize Taker,
Standard, Soules, Siberian, Dawson Golden Chaff, Pride of Genessee,
and Early Arcadian, mentioned in the decreasing order of merit.
Dawson Golden Chaff has given the largest yield of 70 varieties tested
for 5 years, with Early Genessee Giant a close rival. These, with the
American Bronze, possessed the stiffest straw of the large j'ielders.
Winter wheat that does not lodge until cut has produced a crop more
than double the value of the lodged grain. Large, plump grains have
given better results for seeding than those which were small, shrunken,
or broken. As catch crops preceding winter wheat, peas have given
the best results and buckwheat the poorest. The largest yield of
grain and the best quality of seed have been obtained by allowing the
grain to ripen full v. Copper sulphate and hot water treatment have
been found effective in combating stinking smut.
The trials of common varieties of spring wheat show greatest 3^ields
from Red Fife, Herison Bearded, Saxonka, and Wollman Fife. Spring
wheat with a solid straw has been tested and some varieties have
exceeded in yields the common kinds. By far the largest jdeld in the
solid straw varieties was given b\' AYild Goose, a hard wheat yielding
a yellow flour. During the last 3 years there has arisen a demand
for this wheat for shipment to Italy for manufacturing macaroni, so
that at present it connnands a higher price than the finer varieties.
In tests of 200 varieties of corn grown at the station during the past
3 years Mammoth Cuban and Mastodon Dent have been found well
FIELD CEOPS. 329
adapted to the warmer soils of southern Ontario, Wisconsin Earliest
White Dent for southern and central Ontario, and Salzer North
Dakota, Compton Early, and King Phillip for central and northern
Ontario.
In experiments with grass mixtures for pasture or hay the l)est and
most permanent mixture has consisted of 4 lbs. of orchard grass, 4 lbs.
of meadow fescue, 3 lbs. of tall oat grass, 2 lbs. of timothy, 2 lbs. of
meadow foxtail, 5 lbs. of alfalfa, 2 lbs. of alsike clover, 1 lb. of white
clover, and 1 lb. of trefoil. The yield from this mixture has averaged
3.6 tons per acre. Fringed brome grass alone has averaged 3.9 tons of
ha}' per acre during a period of 5 j^ears. Teosinte, sachaline, prickly
comfrey, spurry, Lathyrus sylvestris, cowpeas, velvet beans, tufted
and kidney vetches, crimson clover, lupines, lentils, serradella, and
ramie have thus far proven unprofitable crops for Ontario.
Extensive variety tests of potatoes for a number of years lead to the
recommendation of Empire State, American Wonder, Pearl of Savoy,
and Rural New Yorker No. 2 as the best varieties for general cropping
in Ontario. Of the Swedish turnips grown Hartley Bronze Top and
Buckbee Giant are reconmiended. The Wisconsin Blue pea has been
found identical with the Striped Wisconsin Blue, and the Small Cana-
dian Blue identical with the Prussian Blue.
Alfalfa seems adapted to certain sections of Ontario, but is not gen-
erally satisfactory. Hairy vetch has averaged 10.2 tons of green crop
per acre, which is about 2^ times as much as the yields obtained with
common spring vetch ( Vicia satwa). Some of the earlier varieties of
peanuts have been grown to perfection on the sandy loam soils in the
warmest portions of the Province. Russian flax has given the best
3'ields of seed per acre. Chufas have averaged 22.6 bu. per acre at
the station. Black Giant and Mammoth Russian have proven the best
yielding varieties of sunflowers. Rennie Yellow Mammoth Squash
produced the heaviest yield of pumpkins and squashes tested, followed
bv Thorpe Mammoth Pumpkin and Mammoth Bright Red Etampes,
Turkestan alfalfa, P. B. Kennedy ( U. S. Dept. A(jr. , Division of
Agrostology t'lrc. iib^pp. W). — A report relative to the growth and
value of Turkestan alfalfa {Medicago sativa turkestanica), imported
and distributed by this Department in 1898 and 1899. Notes on the
natural condition of the soil and climate of Russian Turkestan, the
native home of the Turkestan alfalfa distributed, are given.
Out of 4:^% reports received relative to its value. 237 indicate some
superiorit}^ over the common alfalfa. Many of the reports from
experiment station workers and others in the difi^'erent States as
regards results secured are quoted:
"The reports from the region west of the Mississippi River and north of Kansas
and California indicate that this variety is hardier and more productive than that
commonly grown in this region. It seems to endure drought better, is not so easily
330 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECORD.
affected by freezing, and gives better results on strongly alkaline soils. In the East,
however, where there is a heavy rainfall and where heavy soils i^redonnnate, this
variety seems to be little, if any, superior to the French or Chilean varieties; in fact,
it seems certain that, in some localities at least, it is less valuable. In the South so
few tests have been made that no definite conclusions can be drawn, the reports
from some sections Ijeing favorable to the Turkestan alfalfa, while those from others
indicate that the commonly grown varieties are the most valuable. In the extreme
Southwest the results are as yet quite contradictory, and further experimentation is
needed.
"The seed of Turkestan alfalfa will germinate much quicker and the plants start
into growth earlier under the san:ie conditions than common alfalfa. The plants are
more leafy, grow more rapidly, and have a stronger, more vigorous root system.
Another advantage which the Turkestan variety has is that the stems are more
slender and less woody, the plants making a more nutritious hay of finer quality.
That it will withstand drought under the same conditions better than ordinary alfalfa
seems certain from the reports of the experimenters. In the West and Nortliwest,
at least, it seems to be more prodn<'tive, both with and without irrigation."
Experiments -with three varieties of corn, C. B. Lane {JYeiv Jer-
sey Stas. Rpt. 1899, pp. Wl, W2).—T\iKi relative value of Southern
White, Learning, and Early Klondike field corn and their adaptability
to the soil and climate of the station were studied. The results as
regards 3'ield of stover and grain are shown in tabular form. "The
Southern White variety gave highest yields of Ijoth corn and stover,
although the proportion of cobs to shelled corn was 2-i per cent, or T
per cent higher than the Learning and 8 per cent higher than the
Klondike." The total yield of ears of this variety was 133 Iju. per
acre. Learning variety yielded 115 bu. per acre and Klondike iU bu.
per acre.
Fertilizer experiments -with corn on -washed land, C. A. Mooers
{Tennessee Std. Rpt. 1S09. pp. ol-oS). — Corn was grown in 1809 on
land that had lost the greater part of its surface soil b}^ an overflow of
the Tennessee River in 1875. Nitrate of soda and nmriate of potash
at the rate of 160 lbs. each per acre, and double this amount of acid
phosphate, were used alone and combined in two's and three's as fer-
tilizers. Stable manure at the rate of 5,000 lbs. per acre was used in
some instances, combined with either potash, acid phosphate, or both.
The results are tabulated and the profit or loss on the different plats
calculated. The largest yield per acre, 32.4 bu., and greatest net
profit, $3.55, were obtained from the plat fertilized with stable manure
and acid phosphate.
'J'he ratio of stover to corn on the diUerent plats was especially inves-
tigated. On the plat without fertilizer, the ratio was in the propor-
tion of 3:1. This unl^sually wide ratio was not due to large stocks but
to sterility, duo in a larg(> measure to deficiencies of nitrogen and
phosphoric acid in the soil, as was shown by analyses of the soil from
productive and nonproductive ear-bearing plats. A smaller amount
than usual of these same elements was also found in the nonear-
bearing stalks when analyzed.
FIELD CROPS. 831
Fertilizer experiments with cotton, G. W. Carvek (Alahama
Tuskegee Sta. Bui. 3^ pp. 16, fi<jx. S). — Experiments were made in
growing cotton with commercial fertilizers on a soil so exhausted and
worn out that cowpeas failed to make a fair growth upon it. Sixteen
tenth-acre plats divided into 3 equal series were used m the experi-
ments. The series were duplicates except that one received ])urnt
lime at the rate of 2,000 lbs. per acre. All the plats were plowed
deep and well prepared. Nitrate of soda was used at the rate of 200
ll)s. per acre, acid phosphate at the rate of 000 lbs. per acre, and
irmi-iate of potash at the rate of 120 to 240 lbs, per acre. These fer-
tilizers were used in combinations of two's and three's. In one instance
sulphate of potash was used at the rate of 240 l])s. per acre for
comparison.
Sweet potatoes were grown on the plats the first year, and cotton
the second. Nitrogen was again added to the plats the second 3'ear,
but none of the other fertilizers. The yield of seed cotton on the fer-
tilized plats of the unlimed series averaged about 6 times that from
the unfertilized plats of the same series; and the yield on the unfer-
tilized limed plats was more than double that of the unfertilized plats
of the unlimed series.
Lime used in connection with other fertilizers seemed to have no
special effect on the vicld. In these experiments the combination of
120 lbs. of muriate of potash and 200 lbs. of nitrate of soda ga^^e the
largest net mone}^ returns. All combinations, however, were used at
a profit except possibly the plat which was fertilized with phosphoric
acid and nitrogen. Sulphate of potash gave slightly better results
than muriate. Phosphoric acid used with potash and nitrogen de-
creased the yields. Doubling the amount of potash in the formula
increased the yields of seed cotton 102 lbs. per acre.
Notes on cowpea tubercles, C. B. Lane {Netc Jersey Stas. Rjjf.
1899, pp. MO, JOl, pi. 1). — The third successive crop of cowpeas is
reported upon. The first season but few tubercles were noted and
the yield of forage was 6.56 tons per acre. The second 3"ear the
tubercles wei'e more abundant and the yield of forage per acre is
reported at 7.19 tons. The third season the tubercles grew abun-
dantly and the yield of forage per acre is given at 10.02 tons. The
fertilizer applied the third season was less than one-half the amount
applied the second, and it is believed that the increase is due in a large
measure to a greater alnindance of tubercles.
A special experiment -with forage crops, C. B. Lane {New Jer-
sey Stas. Jipf. 1<S'99, pp. 196-199). — The value for forage of a luimber
of phmts not common!}" grown at the station was tested. The crops
were grown on one-twentieth acre plats and consisted of ?j varieties of
corn, Yellow and Rural Branching doura, Earh^ Orange and Early
Amber sugar cane, Red and White Kafir corn, teosinte, Evergre(>n
382 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
broom corn, Dwarf Essex rape, cowpeas, soy beans, and velvet beans.
The yield obtained on each plat, nutrients per acre, and character and
value of each crop are noted.
The Evergreen broom corn produced the highest ^aeld of total
nutrients per acre. Its high percentage of fiber and the fact that it is
not readil}^ eaten b}^ stock make it an undesirable forage crop. Corn,
on account of its succulence, palatability, and total food vahie is placed
at the head of the list. The douras are not as desirable a forage crop
as corn because they are not so palatable. Velvet beans, while rich in
protein and readily eaten by stock, are too expensive as regards seed
to occupy a place in a forage crop rotation at the station. The low
yield obtained with soy beans prevents their recommendation as a
general forage crop. Dwarf Essex rape, while rich in protein, can
not be recommended for the dairy because of the flavor it imparts to
the milk. It is considered admirably suited for sheep and hogs.
"The sugar canes, Kafir corns, and teosinte do not possess any
marked advantages over Indian corn, and are found to be much inferior
in yields of nutrients per acre. The cowpea stands lower in total
nutrients than many of the other crops, but it is valuable because of
its palatability and the high percentage of protein it contains.''''
Cooperative experiments -with grasses and forage plants, P B.
Kennedy ( U. S. Dejjt. Agr. , Division of Agrostology Bui. ^^, JU^- S^-,
pis. 13, fg. 1). — A tabular register is given of the different grass and
forage plant seeds distributed throughout the United States and foreign
countries for the fiscal years 1897-1899, inclusive. Of 251 varieties of
seeds sent out, reports of investigators are presented covering 40 of
these. These reports are from many States and discuss soil, planting,
harvesting, ripening, .yield, quality, and value of the plants for the
different localities.
The varieties of plants most extensively distributed were Turkestan
alfalfa, blue grama, burr clover. Dwarf Essex rape, hairy vetch,
Japanese barnyard millet, meadow fescue, Metcalfe bean, Russian
clover, rescue grass, Rhode Island bent grass, shad scale, smooth brome
grass, slender velvet grass, side oats grama, soy beans, sorghum, sulla,
velvet bean, and Virginia lime grass.
Kafir corn, PL M. Cottrell, D. H. Otis, and J. G. Haney {Kan-
sas Sta. Bui. 93, 2>2)- '^^^-h^^-jfiil^- h-^ "Kips 2). — A popular bulletin sum-
marizing the results of cultural and feeding experiments with this crop
at the station. The feeding experiment is noticed elsewhere (p. 375).
Two varieties of Kafir corn are grown in Kansas, the red and black-
hulled white. The latter has proven the more profitable at the station.
In three-year comparative trials Kafir corn was found to be superior
to rice corn, Jerusalem corn, and millo maize. The averages of 11
years show a production of Kafir corn of 46 bu. per acre, and of corn
31:. 5 bu. per acre.
FIELD CROPS. 833
The results of observations arc given on seediiio-, eultivatino-. har-
vesting, and threshing Katir corn, and the danger to stock whengi-az-
ing on second growth, and other objections to Katir corn arc discussed.
Statistical maps of the Stat§ are shown, and from the facts presented
advice is given on growing Katir corn in differ(Mit parts of the State.
Fertilizer experiment with potatoes, II. J. Wheeler and J. A.
TiLLiNGHAST {Rhode Island Sta. Bui. 65, pj^. W-13]Pi.~W\% object
of the experiment was to compare the effect upon the yield of potatoes
of similar amounts of nitrogen applied alone and in combination in
the form of nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, and dried blood;
also to test the influence of potash applied as sulphate and as muriate
and a comlnnation of equal amounts of the two. The fertilizers were
applied in the drill at the rate of 1,500 lbs. per acre, containing nitrogen,
4.7 per cent; potash, 1>.3 per cent; and phosphoric acid, 9.3 per cent.
As the sole source of nitrogen for potatoes, dried blood ranked first,
followed by nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia. The best com-
bination for nitrogen appears to be either two-thirds dried blood and
one-third nitrate of soda, or else equal parts of the three fertilizers
mentioned. Experiments at this station have shown that on extremely
acid soils dried blood is only about one-half as assimilable as it should
be. Such soils should be limed in order to get the full benefit of
this fertilizer.
As a Source of potash, the high grade sulphate proved somewdiat
superior to the muriate. There was a net gain f roni using the sul-
phate even after deducting the higher cost. How^ever, better results
at less expense were obtained bj^ applying the potash in equal amounts
of sulphate and muriate.
Soil inoculation for soy beans, H. M. Cottrell, D. H, Otis, and
J. G. Haney {Ka/i.s((s St(/. Bid. 96, pp. 97-116, pis. 6, dgins. 2). — The
preliminary experiments reported herewith on root tubercles and their
production by inoculation have been abstracted from another source
(E. S. R., 10, p. 119). This earlier work showed that inoculating soil
for soy beans was entirely practicable. Experiments were therefore
undertaken to extend the work under field conditions. Beans were (1)
inoculated with a water extract of infected soil; (2) with the mud
which remained after the extract had been decanted; (3) were drilled
in with 150 to 750 lbs. of inoculating soil per acre; and (-1) planted
and inoculated soil sown broadcast over the field, both before and
after seeding, at rates of 100 to 1,000 lbs, per acre. "The only
satisfactory results were obtained by drilling the infected soil with
the seed." No tubercles developed when the infected soil was sown
broadcast. "In a plat inoculated with Massachusetts soil 2 3'ears
before, 20 plants bore 136 tubercles, ... In another plat inoculated
Massachusetts soil was spread thickly in the bottom of the drilled fur-
334 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
row and the seed dropped in it. Twenty phints in thin plat bore 509
tubercles on their roots."
In another experiment soy beans were planted on a field of 11^ acres
which had been inoculated with infected spil at the rate of 1,000 lbs.
per acre sown broadcast and harrowed in. "A careful examination of
hundreds of plants in this field failed to show a single tubercle, and
this method with the quantity of soil used is a total failure." In a
later experiment 46 acres were inoculated with infected soil applied in
the row by the use of a fertilizer attachment on the drill. "The re-
sults were satisfactory, nearly all plants bearing a large number of
tubercles,"
The A^alue of tubercles on the roots of soy beans lies largely in the
increased amount of nitrogen obtained from the air which they leave
in the soil for succeeding crops. Even when the soil is not inoculated
and no tubercles develop on the roots, the crop is still considered a
desirable one to grow in rotation, both for those who own the land
and for renters, because of its strong root system, drought-resisting
qualities, and the large amount of protein furnished by the crop.
Directions for growing tuberculous-rooted soy beans on a small scale
for the purpose of obtaining a supply of inoculated soil are given.
Sugar-beet experiments during 1899, A. J. McClatchie {Ari-
zona Sta. B%d. Sl^ pp. 263-27'2,Ji(j. 1). — These experiments on the sta-
tion farm near Phoenix were made mainly to study the question of
irrigation for the sugar beet. Incidentally data were secured on the
limits of the season, best time to sow and harvest, and on the changes
taking place in the beet during the time of ripening.
It was found advisable to irrigate the land before seeding and again
when the plants were two or three months old. Excessive irrigation
should be guarded against. While too much water increased the yield,
it greatly reduced the percentage and total yield of sugar.
Beet seed germinated fairly well in the locality from September to
May. A good stand may be secured without irrigation from Decem-
ber to March. The best results from winter-sown beets were obtained
from a sowing made the latter part of January. Fair results were
obtained in heav}" soils from seeding as late as the first of April.
Winter-sown beets improve in quality until the end of Jul3% when
they usually begin to deteriorate. Beets grown after beets resulted
in a decreased yield.
Sugar beets, 1899, J. T. Willard and R. W. Clothier {Kanms
Sta. Bnl. 5.^7 PP- ¥)-^^)' — Sugar beets were grown l)y 40 growers
throughout the State and samples sent to the station for analysis. The
data for the analyses are given in the usual tal^ular form. The aver-
age results obtained were not as good even as those obtained in pre-
vious years (E. S. R., 10, p. 34<)), the percentage of sugar in the juice
averaging 10.89 and the purity coctficient 73.4. The author states
FIELD CROPS, 335
that ""'the results of the past 3 years eoiitirni those of former years
and indicate that wliile Kansas has produced many individual plats of
excellent quality, she has produced more of inferior quality, and that
States in higher latitudes are better situated for successful sug-ar-beet
production."
Plans for growing sugar beets in 1900 in given localities are added,
together with directions for growing sugar beets.
Sugar-beet investigations for 1899, J. L. Stone and L. A. Clin-
ton {Neiv York (hnirll Sta. Bui. 182^ pp. 368-385). — A report is
given on culture, variety, and fertilizer experiments with sugar beets
at the station, and of cooperative experiments along the same lines
carried out by 38 farmers living in the vicinity of the two sugar-beet
factories of the State. Data as to the character of the soil, varieties
of beets grown, yield per acre in tons, percentage of sugar in beets,
and purity of the juice are tabulated.
In the cooperative tests the variety Zehringen contained the highest
average percentage of sugar in the juice, 16.47, and the highest per-
centage of purity, 81.8, of the 5 varieties tested, but gave the lowest
average yield of beets, 11.1 tons per acre. The variety Mangold
yielded the most sugar per acre, 3,662 lbs.
In the culture experiments at the station the time of thimiing the
beets seemed to have no effect whatever on the percentage of sugar in
the juice of the beets or on the purity of the same.
The effects of fertilizing sugar beets with different forms of com-
mercial fertilizers alone and combined on plats made exactly similar as
regards soil conditions, are shown in tabular form for the years
1897-1899, inclusive, and summarized for all 3 3^ears.
" Where nitrate of soda was used alone as a fertilizer the percentage of sugar in the
beets was very materially reduced, as was also the purity of the juice. The average
percentage of sugar in the beets where nitrate of soda alone was used was 13.53, with
the purity of the juice 81.6. The average of all plats where no nitrate of soda was
used was 16.24 per cent of sugar in the beets, with a purity of juice of 86.63.
"Contrary to the popular belief, the beets upon the plat receiving muriate f)f
potash alone as a fertilizer contained the highest percentage of sugar of any of the
beets grown, and the purity of the juice compared well with that of all others. The
percentage of sugar in the beets fertilized with muriate of potash alone was 17.02, with
a purity of the juice of 85.94. The average percentage of sugar in the beets grown
on all plats not receiving any muriate of potash was 15.82, with a purity of the juice
of 86.04. It is usually considered that the sulphate of potash is superior to the
muriate of potash as a fertilizer for sugar beets, but our experiments do not indicate
that the sulphate is sui)erior in any way to the muriate."
Bulk fermentation of Connecticut tobacco, ^I. Ij. Floyd ( U. S.
Dept. Agr., Division of SoiU Circ. B^pjp. 10). — Changes in "styles"
in tobacco have made desirable changes in the character of the Con-
necticut Valley product to accord more nearly with the present market
demands. The present circular gives the results of experiments car-
336 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ried out in cooperation with tiie Connecticut State Station in ferment-
ing- Connecticut tobacco by the bulk method used in Florida (E. S. R.,
11. p. 729). Sumatra, and Cuba. This method is considered superior
to the case method [R. S. R-, 11, p. T30) of fermentation usually followed
in Connecticut, as it greatly shortens the period of fermentation,
tends to give a better color and aroma, and to largely eliminate the
element of chance in tobacco fermentation. Details as regards the
method of handling and the temperature records obtained in the bulk
fermentation of about 3,000 lbs. of all grades of good leaf and 1,900
lbs. of trash tobacco ai'e reported.
With regard to the results obtained the author states that —
" The Connecticut tobacco is not supposed to have any <lesirable filler leaves for
domestic cigars, but this year's experience has shown that the short top leaves if
properly fermented will make a fairly good filler and that it will even pay to pick
out such heavy-bodied top leaves from what is commonly classed .as trash and ferment
them for filler goods. Some of these heavy-bodied leaves were thoroughly fermented
with very good results."
The expert opinions of a number of Connecticut and New York
dealers as to the quality of the bulk-fermented tobacco were obtained.
" They pronounced the leaf perfectly sound in every respect, color very desirable,
and even the whole leaf perfectly fermented and having the appearance of old
tobacco, while the grain was perfectly developed and the style excellent. The burn
was also good. ... It was the general expression that more had been gotten out of
the leaf than had ever before been obtained, and that the method would entirely
supersede the present case method of fermentation."
Some of the top leaves of the trash which had been hea^'ily fermented
were made into " booked tillers" and submitted to dealers and manu-
facturers. They estimated its value at prices ranging from 15 to 18
cts. per pound, and in one instance, from 30 to 40 cts. per pound.
Thin, trash}^ leaves were valued at about 7 cts. per pound.
In conclusion the author states that the work "while thoroughly
satisfactory so far as the present style of leaf is concerned, has dem-
onstrated that the Connecticut leaf needs to be radically changed to
accord with the present market requirements." Experiments with
this end in view are being inaugurated.
Experiments -with Alinit on -winter -wheat, R. Salzer [Dent.
Landw. Presse, 27 {1900). ^^o. 13, pj}. 133, iJ.^).— This article gives the
results of experiments with Alinit on winter wheat in different dis-
tricts of Austria.
In a trial in Giuliomajor alluvial soil containing humus was used.
The wheat was sown October 10. 1897, and the plats harvested July 15,
1898. The yield of the inoculated plat was 2,009 kg. per hectare; the
uninoculated, 1.738 kg., a gain of 271 kg. per hectare with Alinit.
In Budovalla, on lowland not easily cultivated and that had been
treated with stable manure after \ying fallow, the inoculated plat pro-
FIELD CROPS. 387
ducod 1,6S0 kg., the uninocxtlated l,5-l:!> kg. per hectare; a gain of 131
kg. by the use of Alinit. In Csanad, on alluvial soil containing humu.s,
the 3deld with Alinit was 1,5-1:2 kg. per hectare; without, 1,490 kg.; a
gain of 52 kg. by inoculation. In the district of Vizesda, on sand}^
soil well treated with stable manure, the yield per hectare with Alinit
was 2,207 kg.; without, 1,738 kg., giving a gain of 469 kg. by inocu-
lation. Trials on sandy loam gave a yield with Alinit of 1,477 kg. per
hectare; without, 1,450 kg.; a gain of 27 kg. by inoculation.
In all cases a gain in yield was obtained by the use of Alinit, and in
every instance but two, in Csanad and again in Vizesda, the gains were
made at a profit. The grain lodged but little on the inoculated plats,
and was little affected by rust. These features are considered of con-
siderable importance by the author and will be studied further.
Experience notes on plat experiments, B. D. Halsted (Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr.
Sci. ISU'J, pp. 19-27). — Difficulties to l)e met in securing accurate results in field
experiments are noted and some suggestions given for overcoming them.
Cassava culture in Florida [Tixidesman, 44 [1900), No. 2, p. 67). — A brief note
calling attention to the importance of this industry in Florida.
Cassareep in Paraguay, J. N. Ruffin {U. S. Conmlar Epts., 63 [1900), No. 236,
pjy. 12, 13). — The growing of cassava in Paraguay is discussed, and the composition
of two samples called Mandioca dulce and 3L amarga is reported.
The manuring of catch, crops, J. Leslie {Agr. Gaz. [Londort], 52 {1900), No.
1385, p. 36). — Experiments in which the profitable use of commercial fertilizers,
especially superphosphate and kainit, for catch crops of trifolimn and Italian rye
grass, are reported.
The utility of the cowpea, A. M. Soule ( Tennessee Sia. lipt. 1899, pp. 67-71,
fig. 1). — The value of the cowpea as a green manure and forage crop is discussed and
suggestions given regarding its culture and use as a green manure. A comparison of
its food value with that of other forage crops is made.
Notes on grasses, J. R. Fain {Tennessee Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 74, 75). — Suggestions
regarding seeding for succession. Timothy is regarded as excellent for iiermanent
pastures in Tennessee.
Observations on buffalo grass, C. E. Bessey {Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. 1899,
pp. 105,106). — Notes on the disappearance of this grass from the western plains,
with a brief account of a cultural experiment.
Why grasses fail, A. 'SI. Soule {Tennessee Sta. Rpf. 1899, pjp. 71-73, fig. 1). — Lack
of a properly prejjared seed bed and the use of insufficient or imjjure seed are given
as reasons for the failure of many meadows. Suggestions regarding seeding are given,
together with a list of forage plants best suited to different soils and the amount of
seed to be employed in each case.
The hop: Its culture and curing, marketing and manufacture, H. Myrick
{New York: Orange Judd Co., 1899, pp. 299, figs. 137). — "A practical handbook on
the most approved methods in growing, harvesting, curing, and selling hops, and on
the use and manufacture of hops. ' ' Chapters are given on the history and peculiari-
ties of the industry ; characteristics and composition of the hop plant and its fruit ;
climate and soils for hops; laying out hop yards; manuring, planting, tying, and
cultivation; hop pests; harvesting the crop; kilns for curing hops; curing, baling,
growing, sampling, and marketing hops; concentration in hop growing; expenses and
profits in the industry, and hop statistics.
The w^ork deals especially with the methods of hop growing in New York and the
Pacific States. Methods and practices followed in England and Gennany are also
338 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
coiij^idered in some detail. Not the leaf^t valuable featuiv of the wi irk is a glo.s^ary
(if hu]) terms l>y X. F. "Walter. A bibliography of 17 booky on hops is appended.
Hop culture in California, D. Flint ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmer-^' Bui. 11.5, pp. 26,
Ji(jH.2). — This 1)ulletin discusses the methods of hop culture followed in California,
including systems of training, tying up the vines, harvesting, curing, baling, mar-
keting, and the prices, wages, and expenses involved in hop growing in that State.
Some introductory remarks on the botanical features of the hop plant, varieties of
h(jps grown in this country, counties in Ca'lifornia devoted to hop culture, and the
climatic conditions of California are given. Some hop statistics prepared by the
Division of Statistics of this Department as to the acreage, yield, and value of hops in
the United States in 1889 and 1890 conclude the bulletin.
Our mustards and their role in agriculture, A. Barot (Ao.s moiitardes et lenr
role en (ujricnltnre. Pari.v CJiarles Mendel, pp. 6.3).
Tests of Alinit in the culture of oats and barley, A. Damse.vux {Bui. Agr.
IBmssehi], 13 {1899), No. 7, pp. 615, 616). — Oats were not benefited by the use of
Alinit. Barley gave increased yields of both grain and straU' seemingly due to its
action.
Oil-producing plants and their culture, V. Kries {Deut. Landu: Pres.se, 27
{1900), No. 63, pp. 784, 78.5). — The various sorts of rape are dealt with especially.
Potato raising in Canada, W. T. Macoun {Amer. Gard., 21 {1900), No. 298, pp.
597-599) . — The author states that the average yield of potatoes in Ontario is 115 bu.
per acre. The average yield of 15 varieties at the Central Experimental Farm in
1898 was 240 bu. per acre. This difference in yield is thought to be largely due to
more careful selection of seed and varieties by the station than is usuallj^ given by
farmers. Of white-skinned varieties American Wonder, Empire State, and Carmen
No. 1 are recommended, and of pink potatoes Everett and Eochester Rose. Early
Ohio is considered a good potato for the early market. Seed, cultural methods,
spraying, world's production of potatoes, etc., are other subjects discussed in _ the
article.
Experiments on pasture {Farm and Horne, 19 {1900), No. 963, p. 229). — Some
details as to the effect of various manurial dressings are reported.
Experiments on pasture, 1900 {Agr. Students' Gaz., n. ser., 10 {1900), No. 1,
pp. 16-19). — Data on the hay yield of a large number of plats differently fertilized
with commercial fertilizers and barnyard manure.
Manurial experiments in Devon {Farm and Home, 19 {1900), No. 963, p. 228). —
A summarized report of results obtained by the Devon County Technical Education
Committee in manurial experiments with root crops, potatoes, and grass.
Breeding experiments -with rye and -wheat, M. Fischer {Fi'tldtng\s Landw.
Ztg., 49 {1900), Nos. 16, pp. 609-613; 17, pp. 642-649, figs. .^).— The interrelation of
quality and color of the grain was studied.
Three years' fertilizer expei^ments with rye on light soil {Deut. Landw.
I'resse, 27 {1900), No. 69, p. 861). — Plat experiments were made and 19 combinations
of fertilizers used. The results are tabulated. The greatest profit followed the use
of a mixture of 448 lbs. of kainit, 336 lbs. of Thomas slag, and 112 lbs. of nitrate of
soda.
When do swedes cease growing? {Farmers' Gaz., 59 {1900), No. 26, j). 50.9). —
A record of measurements which show that in this test no root growth took place
after N(jvember 1, though there was some leaf development.
Sugar beet analyses, A. E. SnuTXLEWORTH {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm
lipt. 1899, pp. 48-50). — Analyses are given of a number of samples of sugar beets
pulled at different dates between October 24 and Novend)er 27. The sugar in the
beets ranged from 11.9 to 15.3 per cent with a purity coefficient varying from 74.1 to
82.5. The November-pulleil beets were richest in sugar.
Improvement of sugar cane by chemical selection {Florida Agr., 27 {1900),
FIELD CKOPS. 339
No. 33, pp. 495, 496). — Text of a paper read by Professor Albuquerque before the
West Indian Sugar Conference, held at Barbados, on the practicability of increasing
the sugar content of cane by planting seed selected from canes which are shown by
chemical analysis to be especially rich in sugar.
Sug-ar cane culture in Ecuador [Mitt. Deut. Lnndw. GeselL, 15 {1900), Sup. to
No. 26, PI). 209-215). — Cultural methods, methods and cost of manufacture, exports,
and the possibilities of the sugar industry in Ecuador are considered in detail.
Tobacco (»Sb'. Amcr. Sap., 49 [1900), No. 1268, pp. 20332, 20333) .—^oma general
notes on the culture and manufacture of tobacco in this and foreign countries.
Tobacco {Bui. Bot. Dept. Trinidad {1900), No. 24, pp. 252, ^5.5).— Tobacco in
Trinidad gives the best results when seeded in September, planted out in November,
harvested in February, and dried and cured by the methods followed in Cuba a
month later. A crop in 1899-1900 yielded at the rate of 800 lbs. of tobacco per acre,
estimated to be worth 12 cts. per pound. The largest item of expense was in piciking
the worms night and morning.
Field fertilizer experiments on tobacco, W. Frear {PenriMjlvanui Sta. Bui. 49,
pp. 1-8). — The data here recorded have been abstracted froni another source (E. S.
R., 11, p. 924).
Comparative analyses of tobacco, J. C. BRtJNNicn {Queensland Agr. Jour., 7
{1900), No. 2, pp. 162, 163). — Complete analyses as regards acids, gums, alkaloids,
oil, starch, resins, albuminoids, pectose bodies, and ash constituents are given in
parallel columns of Virginia and Queensland raw leaf tobacco.
Results obtained from the cross-fertilizing of cereals, W. Saunders {Prnc.
Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. 1899, pp. 74-81). Changes in the composition of wheat effected
by climate, soil, etc., are mentioned. Some Russian, Indian, and other varieties of
wheat used in crossing are noted, and descriptions given of 5 crossbred wheats orig-
inated by the author and 2 hybrid barleys.
Report on experiments carried out at the experimental plats at Drakes-
brook, (i. Bertiioud {Jour. Dept. Agr. West. Au.9traUa, 1900, i[(ui, jip. 56-76). — Xotes
on the manuring and growth of a number of varieties of wheat on new lands, old
lowlands, and on highlands; and on fertilizer and variety tests with potatoes.
Wheat manuring experiments in Victoria, A. N. Pearson {Jour. Agr. and Ind.
South ^iusfrulia, S {1900), No. 8, pp. 653-655). — The average results are given of growing
wheat with concentrated superphosphates alone and combined with nitrate of soda.
In one experiment Thomas slag was used, and in another, sulphate of ammonia.
The experiments were carried out in 5 different localities under very unfavorable
weather conditions. The increased yields obtained due to the fertilizers varied from
1 to 5.33 bu. per acre. The use of 10 lbs. of concentrated superphosphate per acre
was scarce sufficient, while the use of 30 lbs. generally proved sui^erabundant. The
medium dressing of 20 lbs. gave the best average results. The use of nitrogen seemed
to decrease the effect of the superphosphate.
Thick and thin seedings, L. Grandeau {Jour. Agr. Prat., 1900, II, No. 33, pp.
221, 222). — Experiments carried out at Princes Park in seeding wheat and oats at
different rates are reported. Wheat was drilled at rates of 90, 156, and 194 kg. per
hectare, and oats at rates of 36, 105, and 162 kg. per hectare. With both crops the
yields increased as the quantity of seed sown increased. In a test of sowing similar
amounts of seed broadcast and in drills, seeding in drills gave largely increased yields
over the broadcasted plats with both oats and wheat.
Deep-rooted plants as related to the health of crops, J. Klocker {Deut.
Landu\ Presse, 27 {1900), No. 49, pp. 631, 632). — A compiled article showing the
greatly increased length and development of potato roots when preceded by a crop of
long-rooted lupines, and the consequent increase in growth of vines, freedom of the
vines from disease, and yield of tubers. These results were especially noticeable in
dry years, and are thought to be due to the greater supply of water brought within
340 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
reach of the plants by the longer roots, which resulted in a vigorous growth. Deep
working of the soil produced similar results.
Accessories in grain breeding, von Seelhorst {Deut. Lnndw. Ptrsse, 27 (1900),
No. 4-i, pp. 533, 534, figs. 3). — Devices to facilitate work in grain breeding and
improvement are described, illustrations being given in some instances.
The value of seed selection, C. R. Gies {FurmliHj World, IS (1900), No. 3,
J). 117). — The increased yields obtained by the author by using large plump seed
rather than small plump seed are tabulated for oats, barley, wheat, and peas. AVith
average crops on a farm of 100 acres the increased value of the crop due to seed
selection is calculated at $217 yearly.
HORTICULTURE. ,
Experiments to determine the amount of -water used by crops,
PI. VON ScHRENCK and H. C. Irish {Proc Soc Prom. A<jr. .Sci. 1,\'90,
pp. 96, 97). — Pot and bench experiments in a greenhouse were made
with radishes, cauliflowers, tomatoes, and l)ean8. The maximum
amount of water was required l)y the radishes during the third week's
growth. With cauliflowers the maximum was reached after 10 weeks,
and with beans and tomatoes after about 6 weeks.
In one experiment the fruit or heads of tomatoes, beans, and cauli-
flowers were removed as soon as formed in one series, while in the
other they were allowed to mature. ''The plants in the first series, on
an average, had the period of maximum amount of water transpired at
a later date than those of the second series." The amount of water
transpired for each gram of dry substance formed by these vegetables
was as follows: Radishes, 539 gm.; beans, 884 gm.; and cauliflowers,
3M gm.
Notes on vegetables, J. Craig {lovm, Sta. Bui. Ji7, jjp. 308-337,
figs. 18). — These notes are made up largely of results of variety tests
with cucuml)ei-.s, eggplants, peppers, Lima beans, sweet potatoes, and
tomatoes. Cultural directions are given in each instance, together
with the methods employed in combating injurious insects and diseases.
Four recipes are given for preparing eggplant for the table.
The most satisfactory varieties of the different crops grown are as
follows:
Cucum])ers: Earhj — Boston Pickling, Evergreen, Green Cluster; viid-Keason — Cool
and Crisp, Tailly Hyl)rid, White Spine, and Commercial Pickle; hilc — Long Green,
Short Green, and Giant Pera. Eggplants: Fordhook Improved, New York Imjiroved,
White Improved, and Round Purple. Peppers: Red Chili, Ruby King, Golden
Dawn, and Long Cayenne. Lima beans: Carolina, Jersey Extra Early, Horticultural
Lima. Descriptive notes on 18 varieties are added. Sweet potatoes: Florida, Red
Jersey, Benson, and Early Carolina. Descriptive notes on 12 varieties are added.
Tomatoes: Earhj mid-season varieties — Early Ruby, Perfection, and Ignotum; lafe
varieties — Buckeye State, Best of All, Favorite, and Fordhook P^irst.
In a test of methods of training tomato vines 2 viiu^s each of (> varie-
ties were (1) allowed to grow naturally, (2) trained to a -I foot stake,
HORTICULTURE.
341
(3) hilled and a good-sized mound of earth drawn up at the base of
the plants when fruit began to set, and (-i) mulched, 4 in. of strawy
manure being spread under the vines as the fruit began to set. The
yields of good and of rotten fruits obtained from the different varie-
ties by each method of training are detailed. The following table
summarizes these data:
Rei^ults of training tomatoes.
Vines, how treated.
Yield,
sound
fruit.
Yield, rot-
ten fruit.
Ratio,,
rotten
fruit.
Untrained
Lbs. ozs.
157 14
197 5
184 10
, 253 14
Us. ozs.
34 7
15 7
20 10
44 4
Per cent.
20 0
Staked
7 9
Hilled .
10 8
Mulclied
11. b
"This summary shows that the smallest yield was given by the untrained vines
and that the percentage of rotten fruit on these was greater than in any other case;
that staked vines gave a larger percentage of sound fruit than untrained and showed
the smallest percentage of decayed fruit in the exiieriment; hilling did not give any
striking results; mulching greatly increased the productiveness and also the tend-
ency to rot. These are the results obtained during a year of unusually large
precipitation in June and marked by light rainfall in August and September. ' '
The solidity of the flesh of 13 varieties was determined by their
specific gravity.
"According to this test Terra Cotta takes first place of those tested, being equal in
weight to an equal volume of water. This indicates small seed cavities and firm
flesh. There is a difference of 26 gm. between Terra Cotta and New Jersey, mean-
ing that New Jersey was 26 gm. lighter than the volume of water which it dis-
placed and thereby suggesting large seed cavities. Large seed cavities, or lack of
solidity, would seem to be correlated with susceptibility to rot, as New Jersey, a
light tomato, rotted to the extent of 27 per cent, while Teri^ Cotta and Loril-
lard, both heavy varieties, were affected to the extent of only 5 and 14 per cent,
respectively."
Experiments with muskmelons, F. W. Rane {New Hampshire
Sta. Bui. 70., pp. 17-Jf.Jf., figs. 7). — In the avithor's study of muskmelons
an examination was made of the pistillate flowers of 93 varieties grown
under both field and forcing-house conditions. In 83 of these so-called
pistillate flowers he found both stamens and pollen, and the pollen was
effective in the production of fruit. From these results it would
seem that the general belief that the muskmelon is monoecious needs
qualification.
An experiment was conducted to determine the comparative yield
and profitableness of sowing seeds out of doors and of transplanting
plants started early. Three varieties were used in the test. The
vines grown in the field from seed gave the best yields in every
ijistance. The comparative earliness up to September 5 of the trans-
342
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
planted vines and of the vines grown from seed sown in tlie field is
shown in the followinof table:
Comparative earliness of mushmelons transplanted or sown in the field.
Variety.
Yield of 10 hill.s.
Total
yield to
Sept. 5.
Gain
from
Aug. 23.
Sept. 1.
Sept. 2.
Sept. 5.
trans-
planting.
Rose Gem:
Transplanted
2
5
11
3
10
6
3
12
9
13
4
2
6
30
12
23
G
10
9
18
Seed
Netted Gem:
17
Seed .*.
True Jenny Lind:
Transplanted
■■^
1
Seed
•'Whether this extra-early yield [from transplanting] will pay for
th(^ extra labor can be determined only by the conditions and facilities
of the grower. Generally speaking, it is doubtless a questionable
undertaking, but in a few instances might be profitable." From Sep-
tember 5 on, the planted hills outyielded those which were transplanted.
In the experiment to determine the relative productiveness of pinched
r. unpinched vines, pinching the main vines and allowing the laterals
to grow naturally, or pinching the main vine when it was 3 ft, long
and the laterals after two fruits had set on each, was found to increase
the yield scarceh" at all, and if the work of pinching be taken into con-
sideration, the practice resulted in a loss. The practice of pinching or
heading-in is not considered desirable when vines are grown out of
doors.
Removing the staminate blossoms, which usualh" appear some time
before the pistillate flowers, increased the jaeld slightly, but the
additional laboi'' required rendered the practice unprofitable.
Variety tests of muskmelons at the station have lieen previously
noted (E. S. R. , 10, p. 50). Illustrations and descriptions of varieties not
])i-eviously noted are here included, together with ta))ular data on the
yields, dates of ripening and flowering, and form characteristics of 95
varieties. Out of a list of about 100 recently imported varieties, the
variety Lida, of Russian origin, was the only one which gave satisfac-
tory results. The following list of l)est varieties is recommended for
planting in the North: Gem type — Oval Netted Gem, Golden Netted
Gem, Netted Gem, Rose Gem. Paul Ros(\ and Emerald Gem. Medlion
type — Extra Early Hackensack, Kinsman Queen, Satisfaction, Chicago
Nutmeg, Improved Jenny, New White Japan, Nectar of Angels, Extra
Early Cantaloupe, and Acme. L(ii'(/<\ long type — (irranite State. Long
Yellow, and Improved Cantaloupe.
Onion growing, F. A. Huntley {Idaho Sta. Bui. ^^, pjy. 115-1'21'^
figs. H). — Methods of onion culture adapted to Idaho soils and climate
HORTICULTURE.
343
and based on three years' experience in growing onions at the station
are given. Six varieties are described, and the comparative results
obtained in growing the greater number of these by transplanting and
from seed sown in the open field are shown in tabular form. The
transplanted bulbs gave the ])est results in every instaru^e. Prizetaker
stood at the head of the varieties tested, whether transplanted or grown
from seed in the open field. The labor involved in the two methods
of onion culture are considered to be about the same. Directions for
irrigating onions are given.
The Oregon prune: Its composition, food value, soil draft, G. W.
Shaw {Oregon Sta. Bnl. 61^ pp. 18). — This bulletin presents the results
of analyses of a large number of samples of fresh and cured Oregon
prunes. Previous work of a similar character at the station (E. S.
R., 9, p. 753) is reviewed. The results, showing the proportion of
flesh, juice, and pits, and the composition, are tabulated and summa-
rized. Some of these data follow.
Composition of prunes.
Aver-
age
weight.
Per-
cent-
age of
fle.sh.
Per-
cent-
age of
juice
in
flesh.
Water.
Pro-
tein.
Nitrogen-
free ex-
tract (in-
cluding
fat and
fiber).
Sugar.
Acid.
A.sh.
Oregon fresli prunes (average)
Oregon frt'sli iiruucs ( IVtites).
Oregon fresh (iniues ( Italian,s)
Oregon dried ]inines(average)
6m.
29.3
22.2
29.8
94.5
94.28
94.39
81.7
78.6
76.4
Per ct.
77.37
72. 26
77.07
19.27
80.20
78.40
81.30
79.40
Per ct.
1.14
1.14
1.09
2.03
.80
1.00
.90
1.20
Per ct.
21.14
25. 49
20.56
76. 48
18.50
20.10
17.30
19.00
Per ct.
2.39
13.14
10.82
Per ct.
0.35
.35
.42
Per ct.
0.83
.76
.86
2 22
California prune.s (average)..
.40
.40
.50
.50
50
California plums
Oregon cherries
California cherries
.40
With reference to cured prunes the author states that —
"The average of all analyses shows [Oregon] prunes to contain about seven times
as much edible matter as waste (pits) . The fruit which had satisfactory keeping
qualities carried about 20 per cent of water. From the observations made I do not
regard it as safe to leave a greater quantity of water than this in the fruit. In most
cases where the fruit carried over this there was a tendency toward mold. . . . The
fact that this product carries about 80 per cent of dry matter shows that it is of high
food value. About three-eighths of this is composed of the carbohydrates which
serve to develop energy and fat, hence prunes must be considered as essentially a
fattening food and should be used with other foods rich in nitrogen."
The average results of ash analyses of prunes are given, and are dis-
cussed with reference to the draft on the soil. A fertilizer consisting
of 2,000 lbs. of air-slaked lime and 400 lbs, of muriate of potash is
suggested for prunes on Oregon soils.
The resistance to drought of some American vines, C. Grimaldo
{Prog. Agr. d Y'd. {Ed. LEd), 21 {1900), No. ^o^j^p- '/Ji-'/J.^).— The
relative resistance to drought of some 70 hybrids and varieties of
grapes grown in both sandy and clay soils is shown in tabular form.
8873— No. \ i
344 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
In g-cneral, Ainericun varieties leave iimch to ]»e desired as regards
their resistaiiee to drought. European-Anieriean hytirids proved more
resistant than Amci'lean sorts. Some varieties of Kipai-ia proved quite
satisfactory. Rupestris suffered, especially in sandy soils. Berlandieri
of the American species proved most resistant to dryness, and this
quality was often found in its hybrids.
A new substitute for rubber (ScL A7ner\,82 {1900), No. W,])jy. 309,
310). — It is reported that a substitute for rubber has been found in the
extract obtained l)y hydrocarbon solvents from the macerated wood of
a shrub growing- in Central Mexico, sometimes called yule, and having
the botanical name of '"'' Synathereoeas mexicanas.''''
"The shrub grows wild on the rolhng land and attains the average height of 3 ft.
... It grows abundantly, may be easily cultivated, roots readily fi'om cuttings, may
be cut two or three times a year and immediately begins to grow, and shoots up again
to form new wood. It does not belong to the plants which yield milky juices, being
a comparatively hard wood and growing as a small scrubby bush, but there is found
Avithin its bark and wood a large amount of gummy matter, and upon comminuting
it by cutting finely, grinding, or pounding the same, and macerating it with a hydro-
carbon solvent, such as gasoline, naphtha, ether of petroleum, oil of turpentine, or the
like, this gum is softened and extracted from the wood, and when extracted does not
harden to crystallization, but still holding a small portion of the hydrocarbon remains
as a viscid sticky mass that fulfills all of the physical conditions of crude rubber.
It may be vulcanized perfectly, and is superior to most India rubber, since it is free
from all mechanical impurities, and needs no preliminary cracking, grinding, and
washing as does the ordinary crude rubber."
The process of maceration is described. A jneld of 40 lbs. of gum,
having a density at 15° C. of 0.98, is reported for each 100 lbs. of the
shrub macerated. Its advantages over ordinary rubber are saving in
cost of reproducing the plant, exportation, material used in purifying
establishments, fuel. machiner3% and time.
Plant breeding, D. R. Pillsbey {Florida Agr., 27 {1900), No. 38, pp. 561,562).—
Popular presentation of some results already obtained by plant breeding.
Summary of the work of the horticultural division for the year 1899, S. T.
Mayxard iM(t!<mclivt^rtts Ilatcli Std. Bui. 06, p. 19). — Sunuuarized results ol)tained in
variety and fertilizer tests with orchard and small fruits and grapes are reported and
suggestions given on thinning fruits and the pruning of fruit trees and plants. A
sj^raying calendar concludes the bulletin. In the fertilizer tests with apples on sod,
marked improvement was observed only when nitrate of soda was used.
Report of the assistant in horticulture, A. T. Jordan {New Jersey Stas. Rpt.
1899, pp. 131-187, pi. 1, dgm. 1) . — The fertilizer and irrigation work here reported
in detail with blackberries, raspberries, strawberries, currants, gooseberries, orchard
fruits, lettuce, and tomatoes is in continuation of similar work reported in 1898 (E.'
S. R., 11, p. 735), and has been abstracted from another source (E. S. R., 11, p. 1039) .
Articles included in these pages on pear growing in New Jersey and on forcing toma-
toes have also been noted ( E. S. R. , 12, pp. 144, 146) . In experiments with lettuce, rad-
ishes were grown between the rows and subject to the same conditions of soil, irriga-
tion, and fertilizers. With this crop, surface irrigation proved better than subirrigation,
and benches seem to have given better results than solid beds. Lime added to a good
forcing soil resulted in considerably decreasing the yield of radishes, while nitrate of
soda on the same soilin the absence of mineral fertilizers decidedly increased the yield.
HOETICULTUEE. 345
Report of the horticulturist, 11. L. Hutt {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt.
1899, pp. 87-92). — This report fovers the results obtained in tests with orchard fruits,
small fruits, grapes, ornamental plants, and tomatoes. Of the grapes tested, Moore
Diamond, Worden, Early Ohio, Wyoming Red, Moore Early, and Jessica were the
hardiest varieties grown. Earliest of All, Atlantic Prize, Stone, and Aristocrat were
the most satisfactory tomatoes grown.
The best cantaloup for the Paris market, L. Mesle {Reu. I fort., 72 {1900), No.
16, pp. 464-466, Jigs. 3). — Different forms of the Large Prescott variety are noted and
the qualities sought by the trade in cantaloupes pointed out.
Lettuce culture under canvas, H. G. Fletcher {Florida Agr., 27 {1900), Ao.
35, p. 520). — A popular presentation of cultural details involved.
Onions, R. H. Garrahan {Tennessee Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 64-66).— Popular cultural
directions for growing onions and onion sets.
New Zealand spinach as a garden crop, H. C. Irish ( Proa. Soc. Prom. Agr. *S'ct.
1899, pp. 30-34). — The nature of this plant, known also as New Zealand iceplant
{Tetragonia expansa) , its use for greens, and methods of culture are discussed. The
seeds are slow of germination, requiring from 3 to 4 weeks' time, and seeds more
than a year old require from 3 to 4 times as long for germination. Soaking the seed
in warm or boiling water for various lengths of time had but little influence in has-
tening the period of germination. Each 2)lant will furnish about a peck of greens a.
week and continue to furnish a supply until heavy frosts.
Tomato products, E. Bonavia {ScL Amer. Sup., 49 {1900), No. 1268, p. 20333).—
The uses of fresh tomatoes; Italian tomato preserves; tomato chutney — a kind of
relish for curries, cold meat, and fish; tomato sauce; and green tomato jam are noted,
recipes being given for making.
The cultivation of yams {Queensland Agr. Jour., 7 {1900), No. 1, pp. 58-60). —
Several species of troi)ical yams ( Dioscorea spp. ) are described and cultural directions
given.
Orchard management, J.G.Blair {Illinois S(a. Bid. 59, pp. 371-396, figs. 9). —
Popular directions for the cultivation, pruning, fertilizing, and spraying of orchards,
with notes on fungicides and spraying machinery. The bulletin is written with
special reference to Illinois conditions.
The renovation of unproductive orchards. Why are old orchards unpro-
ductive ? C. A. Keffer ( Tennessee Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 57-61, fig. 1) . — Popular discus-
sion of this subject, with suggestions regarding the time, method, and purpose of
pruning.
Fertilizers for the orchard, C. A. Mooers {Tennessee Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 61-64). —
The necessity for orchard fertilization is pointed out, and the princii^les involved in
the use of nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid in the orchard are noted.
The manuring of fruit trees, R. Brunet {Jour. Agr. Prat., 1900, II, No. 34, pp.
277-280). — A general discussion of the princii^les involved.
Irrigation in fruit growing, E. J. Wickson {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bid.
116, pp. 48, figs. 8). — A popular di.scussion of the relation of irrigation to fruit pro-
duction and of irrigation methods. The work is based on Pacific Coast experiences
and deals with all the more important phases of divertiTig, pumping, storing, and
applying water to orchard fruits when grown on different soils and under different
climatic conditions.
Observations on packing and transport of plants, fruits, and seeds, J. H.
Hart ( West Indian Bid., 1 {1900), No. 3, pp. 296-305, figs. 3) . — Diagrams and descrip-
tions are given of 3 different forms of packing cases for plants. Fruit and seed
packing and shipping are also considered.
Storing apples for exposition {Amer. Gard., 21 {1900), No. 290, p. 470). —This
article has been abstracted from another source (E. S. R., 11, p. 849).
346 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
Notes on figs under glass {Jour. Hori., 52 {1900), No. 2710, p. 220). — Cultural
and fertilizer notes.
Mangoes (7?((/. Bot. Dept. Trinidad, 1900, No. 24, pp. 257-271, fi<js. 7).— Seven prom-
ising sorts of mangoes growing in the botanical gardens are illustrated in outline and
described.
Pineapple culture, T. Coomber {Garden, 58 {1900), No. 1496, p. 48). — Directions
for the culture of thiy fruit under glass.
Fertilizers for pineapples {Bui. Bol. Dept. Jamaica, n. ser., 7 {1900), No. 3-5, pp.
39-45). — In experiments with different fertilizers in Jamaica the use of 550 lbs. of
cotton-seed meal supplemented with 100 lbs. of high-grade sulphate of potash at time
of flowering has given the best results. The use of phosphoric acid for pineapples
has been without any effect whatever. A review is given of Rolfs' experiments in
fertilizing pineapples in Florida (E. S. R., 11, p. 739) .
Protection of small fruits from frost, J. W. Smith {.Tour. ColumhuK Ilort. Soc,
15 {1900), No. 2, pp. 89-91). — The use of various coverings, smudges, etc., for pro-
tection against frosts are considered.
Notes on varieties of the strawberry, W. R. Lazenby {Jour. Columbus Hort.
Soc, 15 {1900), No. 2, pp. 94-97). — The characters which an ideal strawberry should
possess are noted and an account given of the growth of 11 of the newer varieties
fruited on the Ohio State University grounds in 1900.
Strawberries in OMo, M. Crawford {Amer. Gard., 21 {1900), No. 300, pp.
629-631). — As the result of tests the author concludes that "those m' ho want the
largest, best, and most beautiful berries should grow the Marshall for early, Gandy
or Empress for late, and the Wm. Belt, Downing Bride, Sample, Nick Ohmer, and
Margaret. Those who want 'good berries and lots of them' should grow August
Luther or Johnson Early for early, Klondike or Hunn for late, and Senator Dunlop,
Wm. Belt, Sample, McKinley, Warfield, and Ridge way." For big berries for mar-
ket the additional list of Clyde, Bubach, Haverland, Parker Earle, and Parsons
Beauty are recommended.
Grape growing in the South, S. M. Tracy ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmei-s' Bui. 118,
pp. 32, figs. 6). — Under this headmg the author discusses the location of the vine-
yard, methods of propagation, selection of vaiieties, planting, cultivating, fertilizing,
pruning, training, and gathering the fruit. Notes are also given on the insects and
diseases of grapes and suggestions as to methods for their control.
Green manures in vineyards, A. Carre {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. L'Est), 21,
{1900), No. 11, pp. 322-327). — The value of the practice and of different plants for
the purpose are considered.
Grafting resistant vines, F. T. Bioletti {Pacific Rural I'ress, 60 {1900), No. 4,
p. 52). — A controversial article in which the superiority of grafting in the field over
bench grafting resistant vines is questioned. "While this superiority may be real
with regard to Lenoir and other similar stocks, it is doubtful with regard to Riparia
varieties, and almost certainly not true wdth respect to all Rupestris varieties."
The irrigation of vineyards, P. Ferrouillat {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {-Ed. L'Est), 21
{1900), No. 18, pp. 524-531). — This article is largely devoted to a discussion of the
size of the ditches, tiles, and wells needed in irrigating vineyards.
Caoutchouc or India rubber: Its origin, collection, and preparation for the
market, etc., J. ('. Willis {Rui/. Bot. Gard. Ceylon Circ, 1. .ser., 1899, No. 12-14,
pp. 105-168, figs. 4). — The results of a number of experiments in tapping, collecting
the latex, and preparing the rubber for the market are included in the circular.
Commercial culture of caoutchouc, F. Herbet {Manual de culture pratique et
coiiiiiiereiale dii raautrliour. Paris: J. Fritsch, 1899, pp. 138, figs. 38).
Caoutchouc-producing plants, P. Van Romburgh {Tei/.vnannia, 11 {1900), No. 1,
/)/>. 16-24). — Willugliltiia finiia, l)elonging to the Asclepiadacere, is common in the
East Indies and produces an abundance of caoutchouc of fair quality. It is a climber
SEEDS — WEEDS. 347
with short-stalked leathery leaves and small white flowers. A vine 65 years old may
be expected to yield 100 gm. of marketable caoutchouc.
Willugliheia tenuifoUa is common with the former species and produces a gutta-
percha of inferior quality.
The pnxhict of Willughbeia Jirmn is not equal to that of Ficus elastica but a greater
quantity is produced by crushing the sections of stem after the flow of sap has ceased.
Special factories have been built to crush the stems and prepare the product for
market. — h. m. pieters.
About vanilla {Boxlon: Joseph Burnett Co., 1900, pp. 44, .fig-''- 9). — Popular account
of the ha))itat, history, culture, and curing of the orchid producing the vanilla bean.
Experiments -with lawn grasses, B. D. Halsted {Nevj Jersey Slas. Rpt. 1899,
pj). 409, 410). — A report is given of 9 i)lats of grass which were seeded in 1896, in
which 9 different species of grass, are compared for lawn purposes. Notes are given
upon the relative value of each. Based upon the experiments of 4 years, the author
suggests as a satisfactory lawn mixture Rhode Island bent grass, Kentucky blue grass,
redtop, and perennial rye grass.
American floriculture, retrospective and prospective, B. T. Galloway {Flor-
ists' E.vrJi(i)/ge, 12 {1900), No. 36, pp. 86S, 869). — Historical and statistical review.
Ornamental trees and shrubs, W. R. Lazenby {Jour, f'olunihus Hort. Soc, 15
{1900), No. 2, pp. 63-68). — Paper read before the society at its Aj>ril meeting. It
discusses the planting of trees and shrubs for home grounds, public grounds, and
roadsides.
Ornamental climbers, W. R. Lazenby {Jour. Columbus Ilort. Soc., 15 {1900),
No. 2, pp. 85-88).- — A number of annuals and perennials are noted, their characters
being given.
Status of the rose, E. G. Hill {Amer. Gard., 21 {1900), No. 297, pp. 583,
584). — The author holds that in order for the rose to hold the same high place in
American gardens that it does in English and continental gardens it must first be
freed from the fungus disease known as the "black spot." If this can not be done a
new race of roses must be built up by crossing the hardier species with our present
highly developed Tea and Hybrid Tea varieties. For forcing purposes varieties
with new colors are needed — something "like Gen. Jacqueminot, or Rodocanachi, or
a variety with the tint and fragrance of Marechal Niel combined with the fine
practical qualities of Bride or Bridesmaid."
The best sweet peas {Amer. Gard., 21 {1900), No. 299, p. 612). — Some of the
most p<jpular exhibition varieties of sweet peas at the recent Sweet Pea Conference
in London in the decreasing order of merit were: Blanche Burpee, Mars, Lovely,
Navy Blue, Triumph, Mrs. Eckford, Princess of Wales, Queen Victoria, Lady Grisel
Hamilton, America, Black Knight, Salopian, and Sadie Burpee. A list is given
showing the merits of each varietj^ in the entire competitive display.
The classification of sweet peas {Amer. Florist, 16 {1900), No. 637, pp. 56,
57). — A list is given of sorts adjudged the most distinct and also of those which
have received awards from the Royal Horticultural Society.
SEEDS— WEEDS.
The germination of seeds as affected by certain chemicr.1 fer-
tilizers, G. H. Hicks ( U. S. De^^t. A(/r., Division of Botany Bid. ^.^,
P2J. lo,j)ls. 2). — A series of investigations are reported, in which the
effect of immediate application of certain chemical fertilizers to seeds
is shown b}' the germination and growth of the seedlings.
Previous investigations in this line are reviewed and an outline of
the author's experiments is given, in which it is claimed that ferti-
348 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
lizers are generally supposed to influence the swelling of the seed,
the nature and availability of the reserve material, the awakening and
growth of the embryo, and the voung sprout before it reaches the
surface of the soil. A large number of experiments were conducted
with wheat, lettuce, radish, and crimson clover seed grown in soil in
a greenhouse. The fertilizers used were nitrate of soda, nun-iate of
potash, boneblack, oyster-shell lime, and a mixed fertilizer consisting
of boneblack, luuriate of potash, and nitrate of soda. These diflerent
substances were drilled in the rows in which the seeds were planted
and also mixed with the soil. In the tal)ular results it is shown that
in many cases, if not in most, the application of the fertilizer directly
in the row had detrimental effects, and the injurious influence was
exerted upon the sprout after it had passed through the seed coats.
The author's summary of his results is as follows:
" (1) That muriate of potash and sodium nitrate used as fertiUzers in strengths of
1 per cent or more are very detrimental to the germination of seeds, whether appUed
directly or mixed with the soil.
" (2) That fertilizers composed of phosphoric acid or lime are much less injurious
to germination than sodium nitrate or muriate of potash, and if not used in excess
may be harmless.
"(3) That commercial fertilizers should not be brought into direct contact with
germinating seeds.
"(4) The effect of treating seeds with chemicals before ])lanting is no index to
the action of those chemicals when applied as manure to the soil.
"(5) That the chief injury to germination from chemical fertilizers is inflicted
upon the young sprouts after they leave the seed coat and before they emerge from
the soil, Avhile the seeds themselves are injured only slightly or not at all.
" (6) It is highly improbable that potash, phosphoric acid, nitrogen, or lime used
as fertilizers actually favor germination."
Investigations on the r61e of oxygen in germination, P. Maze
(Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 14- {1900), Wo. 5, pp. 350-368). — The author has
investigated the effect of submersion on the germinative power of
seed and also the diastatic action produced by such treatment. Peas,
maize, lupines, peanuts, colza, cabbage, lucern, and clover were .studied.
The failure to germinate on the part of submerged seed was found
to be due to a lack of aeration. The hydrolyzing enzyms, especially
Z3'mase, continued their activity, but the oxidizing diastases were una-
ble to produce the liquefied condition necessar}- for the elaboration of
the reserve material, and as a result the embryos remained dormant.
In the case of small seeds, such as the crucif ers, it was found that they
were able to develop slowly, the air content of the seeds being sufli-
cient to supply the oxygen necessary for respiration. Starchy seeds
wei'e found to lose their g(u-minativ(> ability sooner than oily ones
when submerged, but there is nothing to indicate that any kind of
seed can long endure such a state.
The actual diminution of vitality of seeds which have l>een sub-
merged in water is said to ])e largely due to the production of poison-
SEEDS WEEDS. 349
ovis compounds, particularly aldehyde, in the surrounding liquid. The
temperature at which the experiments were carried on was found to
have an important bearing" on the results.
The destruction of v^eeds in cereal crops by means of solu-
tions of chemicals sprayed upon the foliage, II. L. Bolley {I*roc.
Soc. From. Agr. Sd. 1899., pp. 107-109). — The author reports having
made in 1896 attempts to destroy the English charlock by means of a
solution of corrosive sublimate sprayed over oat fields. The strengths
of solutions selected and the weather conditions were such that the
experiment was a failure.
in 1899 the author conducted a series of experiments for the destruc-
tion of weeds over large areas hy spraying the crops with different
solutions and in the present paper he reports upon the effect of copper
sulphate as a weed destroyer. The effect of a 10 per cent solution of
copper sulphate sprayed over wheat is stated. At the time of the spra}^-
ing", the wheat was 3 to 5 in. in height and the portion of the field
selected for the experiment was exceedingly weedy, the principal weeds
being charlock, wild barley, wild rose, penny cress, shepherd's purse,
wild buckwheat, lamb's quarter, and the great ragweed. This applica-
tion was made June 1 and on August 8 all the weeds except the wild rose
and older plants of penn}- cress had been destroyed. The wheat leaves
were burned slightly at the tip, but the yield was considerably larger
than that of an adjoining untreated plat. A number of tests were
made with a 1 per cent solution of copper sulphate which was found
to kill the great ragweed and charlock but failed to destroy the older
plants of penny cress. June 20 an oat and mustard field was sprayed
with copper sulphate at the rate of 1 lb. to 4 gal. of water. The oat
plants were about 6 in. high, the mustard about equaling it or in some
places a little higher. On August 1 the crop on the treated area was
entirely free from weeds except for pigeon grass and wild rose. The
plants were stalky and well stooled. Upon the untreated area the
plants were weak and failed to stool, and the crop was considered at
least ^ less than upon the treated plat. The amount of liquid used in
the author's experiments was approximately 40 gal. per acre, and he
believes the results indicate that spraying to destroy weeds in cereal
crops can be carried out on an economic basis.
Seed selection, P. 0. Vanatter ( Tennessee Sta. lipt. 1899, pp. 75, 76, fig. 1 ). — Popu-
lar notes are given on the advantages derived from the use of clean seed and also the
value of selected seed in the improvement of crops.
Clover seed, A. D. kSelby {Ohio Sta. Spec. Bui. 4, PP- 7, figs. 31). — Notes are given
on the vitality, purity, and manner of testing clover seed. A number of the more
common weed seeds found in samples of clover seed are figured by means of photo-
engravings. Detailed reports are given on the analyses of 15 samples of clover seed
purchased in the market, and comparisons are drawn between the market price and
the actual value of the seed.
850 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Some methods of seed investigation, L. von Traisz {Bot. CenthL, 82 {1900),
No. 9, pp. 269, '270'). — Different methods for treating refractory seed before placing
them in the germinating chamber are discussed. For such seeds the author recom-
mends soaking in water, after which they are heated in weak caustic potash and
then neutralized with acetic acid.
Regulations and standards of the Vienna seed-control station, T. Ritter
VON AVeixziekl {Pi'h. K. K. ,Sinuen-( brttrol-Siu. Wien, Xo. 208, jip. 23).
Rules for agricultural -wholesale dealers of seeds and feeding stuffs, T. Rit-
ter vox Weinziekl {Pah. K. K. Suinen-Control-Sta. Wien, No. 205, pp. 23).
Composition of grass-seed mixtures, T. Ritter von Weinzierl {Pub. K. K.
Samen-Control-Sta. Wien, No. 207, jyp. 48). — A third edition of the author's bulletin on
grass-seed mixtures. Suggestions are given for making grass mixtures for different
purposes and the amount of seed required per hectare.
Some difficult germinations, N. Bernard {Rev. Gen. Pot., 12 {1900), No. 135, pp.
108-120). — Results are given of a study of the germination of a number of seeds and
spores of plants whose subterranean parts are normally inhabited by endophytic
fungi. The plants studied were several species of orchids, lycopodiums, and ferns.
Resistance of seeds to mercury, C. De Candolle {Arch. Sci. Phys. et Nat., 8
{1899), j)p. 517, 518; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. \_London'], 1900, No. 2, p. 222). —
Grains of wheat, after being submerged for 4 years in mercury, were germinated and
produced normal plants.
Nineteenth annual report of the Vienna seed-control station, T. Ritter
VON Weinziekl {.Tahro^ln'r. K. K. Sumen-ControlSta. Wien, 1900, pyp- 32). — Gives a
report of the activity of the station for the j'ear ended July 31, 1899. During this
period 25,763 analyses were made, as well as field and laboratory investigations upon
a number of topics, as grass mixtures; experiments with Nitragin and Alinit; and
studies of clover, beet, flax, tree, and cereal seeds. The usual data as to purity,
germinative ability, etc., are given in tabular form.
The vitality of weed seeds t'wrenty years in the soil, W. J. Beal {Proc. Soc.
Prom. Agr. Sci. 1899, j>p. 8G, 87). — This article has been previously noted (E. S. R.,
11, p. 856).
Ne-w weed arrivals, AV. Lochhead ( Ontario Agr. Col. and E.xpt. Farm Rpt. 1899,
pp. 37-39, fig.'i. 3). — Descriptive notes are given of 2 weeds which have made their
appearance in Ontario, and it is thought possible may become troublesome. They
are prickly lettuce {Lactura scariola) and the broad-leaved gum plant {Grindelia
squarro.sa).
Experiments with weeds, B. D. Halsted {New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1899, pp. 407,
408). — In continuation of exi^erinients outlined in a previous report (E. S. R., 11,
p. 749), the author has conducted his investigations on the ability of weeds to with-
stand or encroach upon each other. These experiments have been conducted for 3
seasons. The most aggressive weeds at the present time are Ambrosia artemisisefolia.
Polygonum per-s'icaria, Syalherisma \^Panicum'\ sanguiiuilh, Rumex acetosella, and Alsine
media.
The extermination of w^eeds, E. W. Hiloard {California Sta. Circ, Sept., 1898,
pp. 3). — Brief rules are given regarding the principles of weed extermination.
The passing of the Russian thistle, C. E. Bessev {Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci.
1899, pp. 83-85). — This jtapcr lias been previously noted (E. S. R., 11, p. 858).
Destruction of Cardamine pratensis, L. Grandeau {Jour. Agr. Prat., 1900, I,
No. 21, pp. 742, 743). — Notes the destruction of this weed by spraying with copper
sulphate. The author advised the substitution of iron sulphate for copper sulphate
on account of the possible injury to stock eating herbage that contained considerable
of the copper. Analyses of samples of mixed herbage that had been sprayed with
copper sulphate showed about 3.94 gm. of copper sulphate to 10 kg. of forage.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 351
The destruction of troublesome cruciferous plants, A. YiLCfXi (Join-. Sac.
Ayr. Bruhant-Hamaut, 1899, jyp. 718, 719).
Destruction of charlock by spraying with solutions of iron and copper
sulphate, C. Journee {Agronome, 1899, pp. 435, 4S6).
The destruction of thistles and charlock by ammonium sulphate, G.
Castel-Deletrez (Jour. Roy. Soc. Agr. L' Est Bdg., 1899, p. 199).
Charlock spraying {Ann. Rpt. Field E.t:pts. Irish Agr. Organization Soc, 1 {1899),
pp. 43-46) . — Results uf spraying experiments with iron and copper sulphate solutions
for the destruction of charlock in barley fields are given. A solution of copper sul-
phate, 3 or 4 per cent, at the rate of 40 gal. per acre gave the best results. Stronger
solutions injured the barley to some extent. Dock and thistles were injured, but
not killed by the spray.
Recent experiments in combating charlock, L. Grandeau (/our, Agr. Prat.,
1900, 1, No. 15, pp. 525-527). — A 12.5 per cent solution of iron sulphate sprayed over
weed-infested crops at the rate of about 200 liters per acre is said to destroy charlock,
mustard, wall flower, and ground ivy, without injury to cereals, clovers, colza, and
lupines.
Combating field mustard, T. Ritter von Weinzierl (Ph?;. K. K. Samen-Control-
Sta. Wieii, No. 199, pp. 1-3). — Recommends spraying fields with a 15 per cent solution
of iron sulphate at the rate of 40 to 50 gal. per acre.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Report of the botanist, B. D. Halsted {N'ew Jersey Stas. Rpt.
1899., pp. 323-Ji,19, jigs. 16). — The principal lines of experimentation
reported npon are investigations on truck ci'ops, of which tnrnips,
potatoes, beans, tomatoes, and egg-plants have been foremost. The
soil treatments for club-rooted turnips and scabby potatoes and beets
have been continued, while the spra3^ing experiments of the station
were confined to Bordeaux mixture and soda-Bordeaux mixture.
Soil fungicides for j)otato and turnij) diseases (pp. 326-367). — In
continuation of the experiments reported previousl}^ (E. S. R., 11,
p. 751), the author reviews 6 years' experiments with potatoes in which
was sought the means foi' the prevention of the potato scab. Differ-
ences are noted in the susceptibility of different \'arieties to this disease,
and in the experiments conducted the author states that sulphur gave
the best results, although the showing for this season was not very
striking. An investigation was conducted in this connection to deter-
mine the susceptibility of other plants to these diseases, in which 9
species of plants belonging to the same botanical order as the potato
and a number of other plants were grown on infested soil. With the
exception of the radishes, beets, and potatoes, no scab was noted.
Experiments on soil inoculation with the potato-scab fungus showed
that the steam heating of potatoes for 20 minutes destroyed the fungus
onl}' to a limited extent, while there was almost entire absence of scab
where the tubers were fed to cattle and the manure placed upon the
land where potatoes were grown.
Experiments with soil rot of sweet potatoes (E. S. R., 11, p. 753)
indicate that 300 or 400 lbs. of sulphur and kainit per acre will give
352 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
good results in combating- this disease. Experiments with club root
of turnips (E. S. K., 11, p. 750) have been continued, indicating- that
the application of 35 to 50 bu. of air-slaked lime per acre is a practical
remedy. Irrigation seems to favor the development of this disease,
and shading has but little effect upon it. The indications are that the
germs of the disease will exist for a long time in the soil, even when
weeds, upon w^hich it abounds, are absent. Soil mav be inoculated
b}" using- infested turnips, either applied directly or as manure from
animals to which the clubbed turnips have been fed.
Experiments 10 Itli Nltraxjlri andotJwr germ, fertilizers (pp. 367-379). —
A report is given of experiments in which Nitragin and Alinit Avere
tested on a number of crops. The Nitragin experiments were con-
ducted upon 11 varieties of leguminous plants, none of which gave
particularly striking results in favor of the substance. As a possible
explanation the author states that on the roots of all plants, both
treated and untreated, tubercles were abundant, indicating the presence
of a considerable amount of the organisms in the soil. Experiments
with Alinit were conducted on a number of plants, but the results
obtained gave no indication of any advantage in its use. An experi-
ment was conducted with various substances which were thought to
have an effect upon the germs in the soil whereby their growth and
reproduction would prpbably be stimulated. The materials used were
agar, ^^^ al))umen, asparagin, diastase, dextrin, and dyspepsin. The
plants tested were peas, beans, and oats. There seems to have been no
influence exerted on the crops by the different substances employed.
Experiments with hecms (pp. 379-386). — In continuation of previous
experiments (E. S. R., 11, p. 751), the author reports results with the
eleventh and twelfth crops of beans grown continuously upon the same
soil. Spraying experiments were conducted, but as the crop was
free from disease there was little difference between the treated and
untreated plats. This was true both where the soil was sprayed and
where the plants were sprayed with fungicides. Experiments in
planting beans at various depths of from 1 to 5 in. showed little dif-
ference between the shallower plantings; beans planted 5 in. deep did
not grow.
Experiments with Lima beans and peas are reported in which the
effect of treatment and planting on new soil was noted.
E,i peril iients with tomatoes (pp. 387, 388). — Two varieties of tomatoes
were planted upon soil which had Ijorne tomatoes for the sixth succes-
sive time. Some of the plants were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture
and soda-Bordeaux mixture. But as there was little fruit rot the
results of spraving are not verj^ striking. A considerably greater
amount of green fruit was obtained at the end of the season from the
spra\"ed than from the unsprayed plants.
Experiraents %oith eggplants (pp. 388, 389). — The tifth consecutive
DISEASES OP PLANTS. 353
crop of eggplants is reported upon, but the yield of fruits was so
small that conclusions can not be drawn from the investigation,
Experi'menU with ctLCimibers (p. 390). — Two varieties of cucumbers
are reported upon which were sprayed with the fungicides above men-
tioned, in which Bordeaux mixture gave the better results. The effect
of soil inoculation, in which soil from an area on which cucumbers had
been previousl}^ grown was transferred to the hills, was investigated
without any results.
ExperhnenU vnth lettuce (pp. 390, 391).— Plats of Boston Market
and Wonderful lettuce were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture and soda-
Bordeaux mixture, 8 applications being given them. The rot was
observed in the crown of the Wonderful early in July, and ev(Mi the
spraj^ed plants were not wholly exempt from it. At this time the
other variety was in bloom and did not show an}' evidence of disease.
The leaf spot {Septor'ta lactucm) was somewhat abundant, but, as it did
not appear until after the plants had passed the marketable stage, was
of little consequence. Inoculation experiments were conducted in
which soil from an old lettuce bed was distributed evenly among the
open rows in soil that had not previously grown lettuce. The experi-
ment demonstrated that the leaf spot can be readily transmitted in
this way.
Experiments with onions (p. 392). — A brief report is given upon
experiments with onions groAvn for the third consecuti\'e year on the
same soil for the purpose of studying onion smut and other diseases.
The crop was nearly a failure, and there was no smut on any of the
plants where the disease had been introduced the previous year.
Experivients ivith heets (pp. 392, 393). — The author investigated the
susceptibility of beets to the potato scab and also studied the influence
of soil treatment upon its prevalence. The beets were severel}' infested
with scab before the roots were large enough for table use. There
seemed to be little difference in the susceptibility of the different varie-
ties tested. The soil treatment appeared to indicate that the I)est
results were obtained from the use of sulphur and then only after it
had been in the soil for more than 1 year.
Experiments vutJi sv)eet corn (pp. 393-395). — Experiments were con-
ducted with Black Mexican and Egyptian corn in which cross fertiliz-
ation of the 2 varieties was shown.
ExpifTiments with Sioiss chard and N'ev) Zealand spinach (pp. 395-
398). — Experiments are reported with these vegetables in which
Bordeaux mixture was used for preventing their diseases, especially
in the case of the former. The results obtained were entirely favor-
aljle to the use of the fungicide.
Experiments in winter ridging of the soil (pp. 398-402).^ — Experi-
ments are reported in which the effect of ridging the soil during the
winter or allowing it to lie flat as shown by the occurrence of various
354 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
diseases are reported. The plants experimented with were tomatoes,
turnips, potatoes, bush beans, peas, chard, Lima beans, and beets.
The ridoiiig- of the soil for the added exposure does not show an}^
marked advantage. There was a slight gain in the amount of crop
with beets, bush beans, peas, and turnips, but an actual loss in case of
tomatoes, potatoes, and Lima beans.
Experiments with sjmtying (pp. 402-404). — The formulas for the
fungicides used in the foregoing experiments are given and the details
of the experiments are briefl}^ reviewed. So far as opportunity
offered for comparison, the soda-Bordeaux mixture was about equal
to the Bordeaux mixture in its efficiency.
Exjyeriments with soil inoculation (pp. 406, 407). — These experi-
ments were conducted with beans, peas, corn, Lima beans, cucumbers,
lettuce, and tomatoes; with the exception of the lettuce, as noted above,
there was little evidence that plant diseases can be transported by the
method pursued.
Experiments with ornamental plants (pp. 408, 409). — Brief notes are
given on experiments with a immber of ornamentals, most of which
were almost wholly free from fungus attacks.
Experiments with asjjaragits rust (pp. 410-413). — The author gives an
account of the present season's investigations in spraying as a pre-
ventive of asparagus rust in continuation of experhuents previously
reported (E. S. R., 11, p. 753). Bordeaux mixture was the only fungi-
cide used, and 5 applications were given during June and July. In
August a number of plants were noticed to be injured by the fungicide,
and half strength solution was used during August and September. A
difference of 16.9 per cent was noticed in favor of sprayed plants.
Observations made in the field seemed to indicate that the rust has not
proved as harmful to the asparagus industry as was first expected.
Clean culture and the use of (!ommercial fertilizers have tended to
produce a strong growth, so that the plants escaped serious injury.
Exp)e)'ime7itx with pear hlight (pp. 414-417). — The third year's experi-
ments with pear blight are reported. The results agree with those
previousl}^ given (E. S. R., 11, p. 753), in that summer-pruned trees
yielded better than others, but there is little in the way of conclusions
to be drawn from the experiments thus far conducted.
Brief notes are given on the forcing of peaches attributed to causes
similar to, if not identical with, peach yellows and on fungi as related
to weather. During the season covered by the report there was an
unusual precipitation in February and March, followed ])v a drought
in April and May. As a result there was but slight occurrence of
fungus diseases early in the season.
Cultures of UredinecC in 1899, J, C. Arthur {Bot. Gaz.,'29 {1900),
JS\>. J/,, pp. '2GH-;i7(j). — An outline is given of studies made by the
author on the relationship between the tecidial and teleutospore forms
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 355
of u nunibor of rusts. The experiments were, with a single exception,
conducted in the greenhouse upon potted plants and, where the inocu-
lation had been successfully made, results appeared in from 6 to 14
days.
Inoculations with the teleutospores of Puccinia 2>kraginitlH^ a com-
mon species of rust on Pliraginit'iH communis^ when sown on Rwmex
crmpu8 and R. ohtusifolia^ produced abundant tecidia. Teleutospores
of Pucclnid CO rivolvuli sown upon Convohmkis mpkun produced an-idia,
showing that this species of rust is autoecious. ^cidiospores from
yiJcidium nrticm, sown upon leaves of Carex striata, in 11 days pro-
duced uredospores of Puvc'inia ear Ids. Sowings on another species of
Carex failed to produce infection, ^cidiospores from Euphorhla
nutans were sown upon that species, as well as upon Eupliorhla
maculata. The uredo occurred on Euphorhla nutans, followed by
teleutospores. While not conclusive, the author thinks this indicates
that Uromyces euphorhla is an autoecious species. Teleutospores of
Phragmidium speclosum sown upon cultivated roses gave a Cieoma
indistinguishable from Cceoma miniata, and it is assumed that the
American rose Ceeoma belongs wholly to Phragmidium sjx'closum.
Ti'lphf'agmiuni uhnarm, according to the author, a hitherto luiknown
rust in America, failed to produce infection except when sown upon
Uhnaria ruhra. Teleutospores of Puccinia anfiericana from Andro-
pogon scoparlus, when sown upon Pentstenion puhescens, produced
jBcidia, and reciprocal infections of Andropogon scoparlus with secidi-
ospores from Pentstemon were successfully made. Spores of ^Ecldluin
lycopl, sown on Sclrpns atrovirens., produced the uredo form of Puc-
cinia angustata. Pticcmm windsoricB, a very common rust on Triodla
cuprea, is proved to be connected with the jEcldlnm pjteleoi of Ptelea
trlfollata by successful inoculations. The relationship between 7^;/*?-
clnia vilfce and jEcidium verhenicola is established by production of
the uredo form of Sporoholus long I folium when inoculated with a?cidi-
ospores from Verhena strlcta. In a similar way, connection between
Puccinia periderm lospora and ^Ecldlum fraxlni is established, the
teleutospores of the Puccinia readily producing the recidia when sown
upon Fraxinus inrldls.
The smuts of Illinois agricultural plants, G. P. Clinton {Illinois
Sta. Bui. o7, pp. 289--jG0, pis. 10). — The author gives the results of
studies made during the past 5 years to ascertain the kind of smuts
infesting cultivated plants, the injuries inflicted by them, their life
histories, and the most practical methods of preventing their ravages.
The general structure of smuts is described, and directions given for
their prevention.
Loose and Jddden smuts of oats (pp. 297-316). — These 2 smuts, due
to Ustilago avence and U. levis., have been under investigation, but the
prevention and infection experiments were mainly confined to the
35 6 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
latter. The life histories of the fungi are described at some length,
their effect on the host plants are .stated, and the results of extended
investigations to ascertain the percentage of damage done are given.
The author concludes that about 6 per cent of the crop is annually
destroyed by these diseases.
Investigations are reported on the effect of different times and
depths of seeding on smut infection. The investigations seem to indi-
cate that late planting tends to reduce the percentage of smut, while
broadcasting the seed gave the lowest amount of the disease. In the
case of seed broadcasted and lightly covered, the average amount of
smut was 2 per cent. Seed covered to a depth of 1 in. averaged 6 per
cent; 4 in., 10 per cent.
Investigations for the control and prevention of smut showed hot
water and formalin proved the most ethcient of the means tested.
The author thinks the best procedure in most cases would probabl}^ be
to treat onh' enough grain to obtain clean seed for another year.
Smid of tall oat ^yY<.s'.y (pp. 816, 317). — This smut ( f7! j-^'^re^manx) ,
which was formerly thought to be identical with that of oats, is said to
be less destructive to the flower parts of the grass than the loose smut
of oats. The host plant of this species is not ver}- common I3" grown
in Illinois, consequently the smut is of comparatively little importance.
Loose and covered smuts of harleij (pp. 317, 318). — These 2 smuts
{U. Jwrdel and U. nuda) have been until recently considered the same
species, the general appearance leading to this supposition. Both
forms gain entrance to the host through the young tissues of the germi-
nating seed. It has been shown that the spores falling between the
open glumes are the chief source of infection and it is thought likeh'
that with the loose smut the spores germinate and infect the seed coats
with a hibernating mycelium which produces the disease the next 3'ear.
On this account ordinary methods of treatment will prove failures.
Loose smut of wheat (pp. 318, 319). — This smut ( U. tritlci) is closelv
related, as its life histor}" shows, to the smut of barley. An investiga-
tion by the author showed in 2 fields losses due to this source of 6 and
15 per cent, respectively. The author has conducted no experiments for
its prevention but, based upon other recommendations, he suggests soak-
ing the seed ■! hours in cold water, letting it stand 1 hours more in the
wet sacks, and then treating it with hot water (133' F.) for 5 minutes.
This treatment will probably kill some of the seed, hence about 1^
times the normal amount should be seeded.
Stinldng smut of wJbeat (pp. 319-321). — This characteristic smut
{Tilletia fastens) is comparatively well known and frequenth^ very
destructive. Hot-water treatment, as shown by experiments at the
station, proved A'ery efficient in its control.
Srmit of Lndian corn and teosinte (pp. 321-335). — The snuit of these
2 plants infests the host on almost any part except the silk of the ears
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 357
and the under<>round roots. The general effect of the .smut upon tlie
host is described, and data cited from which it is conchided that
the loss to the corn crop in the State amounts animally to about 2 per
cent. Numerous experiments are cited for the prevention of the dis-
ease, showing that it can not 1)0 controlled by seed treatment. The
corn smut seems to be more dependent upon its sporidia for its infection
than any other smut of cereals. Infection takes place rarely, if at all,
through the germinating seed, but is aerial and local. Winds serve as
the carrying agent for the sporidia of the plants and land can not be
selected that will be entirely free from smut. It is suggested that l)y
avoiding the use of manure, planting the crop where smutted crops have
not been grown the previous season, and careful cultivation would
reduce the amount of smut to a minimum. Mutilation of plants at
certain stages of their growth tends to largely increase the amount of
smut. This is particularly true in the case of topping. Some obser-
vations indicate that different varieties of corn vary in their suscepti-
bility to the disease, but this point must be confirmed by further ex-
perimental work.
Grain smut of .sorgJium and hroorti c(yrn (pp. 335-346). — The grain
snmt of sorghum and broom corn {Clntract/amrghi-vulgariH) has been
investigated at considerable length b}^ the author. With broom corn
this smut trends to produce an inferior brush, and while ordinarily
fields do not have a very high percentage of smut, yet, on the whole,
it is considered the worst fungus enemy of this crop. On the sorghum
the smut tends to reduce the size and weight of the cane. Investiga-
tions showed that the smutted cane possessed a somewhat higher per-
centage of sugar, but the quantity of juice was reduced about in pro
portion to the reduction in the size and weight of the cane. The smut
seriously affects the production of seed and, on the whole, lessens the
yield of sorghum. It is recommended that sorghum and broom corn
seed should be soaked for 15 minutes in water heated to 135^ F. This
method seems to be the most satisfactory and, as but little seed is
required in planting these crops, the objection generally raised against
the hot- water treatment of oats can not be urged.
Head smut of sorghum (pp. 346, 347). — This smut {C. reiliana) differs
from the common grain snnit of sorghum in converting the whole pan-
icle into a large irregular mass. It has been reported as occasioning
considerable damage in some localities, and in 1898 field experiments
were conducted with a view of infecting the Orange variety of sorghum
with this smut. Negative results were obtained in all the experiments,
and it is thought probable that the variety was, to some extent at least,
responsible for these results.
Grain smut of Hungarian gixiss (pp. 347, 348). — The presence of
Ustilago crameri is noted in the spikes of cultivated millet. Generally
only the lower parts of the glumes are destroyed, the fungus showing
358 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
through the thin membrane. This disease is not common, having been
observed but once by the author in a field of German millet.
Leaf .smut of timothy^ redtoj), and hhie grass (pp. 348, 349). — The
author reports the common occurrence in timothy, redtop, and some-
times on blue grass of U. strmformis. It is generally found in the late
spring or early summer occurring on the leaves, sheaves, and rarely in
the inflorescence. Affected plants are smaller than healthy ones and
often, especially in the case of blue grass, are so inconspicuous as to be
easily overlooked. The fungus is not uncommon and frequently said
to do considerable damage, one estimate placing a loss of 30 per cent
due to its presence.
Variations in the amount of leaf curl of the peach in the light
of weather conditions, A. D. Selby {Pfoc Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci.
lSOO,j>p. OS-lOJf). — In continuation of his observations upon the leaf
curl of the peach {Exoascus deformans) (E. S. R., 10, p. 557), the
author gives an account of a study of the relationship between the
weather conditions in the spring of the year and the amount of leaf
curl. The data cover the seasons from 1893 to 1899. The author con-
cludes that in northern Ohio the April weather is very largely respon-
sibU^ for the serious outbreaks of leaf curl. It is not prevalent there
to a damaging extent except in years with cool, vain}^ and cloudy
weather. It is believed that the profitable spraying for leaf curl may
bo predicted with fair certaint}' from the temperature and rainfall of
the first half of April.
A parasite of carnation rust, F. H. Blodgett {Neic Yorh State
Sta. Bui. 175., _[)j). IS, pU. 3). — The occurrence of a fungus parasite of
carnation rust in several greenhouses in New York is reported. While
not naturally ver}^ effective as a check, by the use of artificial cultures
or inoculations the author believes that some benefit might be derived
from its presence.
The parasite, which has been determined 2iS Darlucaflum . is described
at some length. Its presence is best determined by microscopic exami-
nation. The same fungus is said to infest the rust of asparagus, and
it is suggested that by growing garden asparagus in houses a sufficient
abundance of fungus might be obtained to check the ravages of the
rust on the carnation.
Plasmodiophora brassicae, S. Nawaschin {Flora., 86 (1899)., pp.
404--4^7, pi. 1; ahs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London]., 1900, No. ^,
2). 239). — A series of observations on the minute structure of this par-
asite and on the changes which it undergoes during its intercellular
life are reported. In the amoeba stage it exhibits a decidedly abnormal
kind of indirect division, while in the spore-forming plasmodium the
division of the nucleus is of a typical karyokinetic character. The
differentiated group of infected parenchymatous cells of the host arise
by repeated division of the cells first infected. In the course of the
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 359
growth of thi.s swelling, there arise in infected cells a number of multi-
nucleated amceba which at first do not coalesce into a plasmodium.
The formation of the plasmode is preceded by characteristic changes
in the structure of the amceba? and their nuclei and takes place onl}'^
after the complete exhaustion of the nutrient cell. During the vege-
tative period of its development the parasite does not kill the nutrient
cell but simply causes hypertrophy.
Investigations of plant diseases, A. D. Selby (OJiio >^ta. Bui. Ill, p}>. 93-142,
fifjti. 12). — Thi.s ])ulletin is a summary of the work carried on at the Ohio Station in
the control of the fungus diseases of jilants and was prepared as a part of the col-
lective exliihit of the American experiment stations at the Paris P^xposition in 1900.
Fungus foes of vegetable fruits, B. D. Hal.sted {Pennsylvnnia Dept. Agr. Bvl. .59,
pp. 39,fi(iii. 20; Rpt. 18.99, pp. 573-605, figs. 20). — A somewhat popular bulletin treat-
ing of the more common vegetable fruits, in which their diseases are briefly described
and suggestions given for their prevention.
Plant diseases investigated at the botanical laboratory of the Institute
Agricole during 1899, E. March.\l {BuL Agr. [Brusseh'], 16 (1900), No. 1,
pp. 9-21).
Smut of cereals, PL Thomas {Bid. Rojf. Soc. Agr. IJ Ed Belg., 1899, pp. 157, 1.58).
A review of the stinking smut of wheat in Belgium in 1898, G. Staes
{Tijrhrhr. I'ldntenzirJdi'u, 5 (1899), Ao.s. 5-6, pp. 170-176).
Smut diseases of plants, H. Vanderyst (Extr. Bui. Agr. \_Briim'ls'\, 15 {1899),
pp. 40).
Wheat smut, A. ISouroue {Jour. Soc. Agr. Brahant-Hamcmt, 1899, pp. 272, 273).
The smuts of Bermuda grass and their distribution, P. Magnus (ie.s ustilaginees
du Cynodon ducti/lon et leiir distribution geographique. Lons-le-Saulnier: Declume, 1899,
pp. 8) .
A bacterial disease of beans, G. Delacroix {Monit. Hort. Belg., 1900, pp. 26, 27).
A spot of tobacco leaves, A. Splendore {G-iorn. II Tobacco, 1899, No. 34; abs.
in Centbl. Baht. v.. Par., 2. AbL, 6 {1900), No. 11, p. 579).— The spots are said to be
dry, olive-brown, and irregular and contain the mj^celium of a fungus. Leaves
placed in a moist chamber developed an Alternaria indistinguishable from A. tenuis
and a Macrosporium. Whether the fungi were the cause of the spots was not deter-
mined. In Java a similar disease is common and is most abundant during rainy
seasons.
Influence of seed parasites on the grow^th of sugar beets, J. Stoklasa {Hucr.
edge, 28 {1899), jjp. 105-108).
A bacterial rot of onions, F. C. Stewart {Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. 1899, pp.
43-46, pis. 2). — The su])stance of this paper has been already noted (E. S. R., 12,
p. 56).
Ergot from wild rice, E. H. Dexnistox {Pharni. Per., 18 {1900), No. 3, pp. 118,
119).
Two new diseases of Phlox, J. Ritzema-Bos {Tijdschr. Plantenzichteii, 5 {1899),
No. 2, pp. 27-32). — Descril)es attacks of Tylencluis devastatri.i:, Septoria pidogis, and
Leptosjyhieria phlogis.
A new parasite on leaves of Vinca major, F. Cavaea and P. A. Saccardo
{Nuoro (rior. Bot. It(d., v. ser., 6 {1899), pp. 7; abs. in Bot. Centbl., 82 {1900), No. 5,
pp. 141, 142). — On leaves of Vinca attacked by Puccinia berkeleyi the authors report
finding a new Tu})erculina, to whicH the name T. sbrozzii is given.
A dangerous parasite of fruit trees, J. Ritzema-Bos ( Tijdschr. Plantenzielien,
5 {1899), No. 5-6, pp. 168, 169). — TK^^cx'ihea Agaricus s(piarrosus.
Peach leaf curl and its prevention, G. Staes {Tijdschr. PlantenzieUen, 5 {1899),
8873— No. 4 5
3(')U EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
No. 3-4, pp. 135-138). — Describes Exoascus deformans and quotes from another source
(E. S. R., 10, p. 557) that spraying with Bordeaux mixture greatly reduced the
amount of disease.
The serious injury to svreet cherries in the Rhine Provinces, P. Sorauer
{Natum: Wrhnschr., 1.5 [IWO], X<>. 12, pp. 13S-1S.5).
A bacterial disease of syringa, J. Ritzema-Bos ( Tijd.sclir. Plantenziekten, 5
{18D9), So. o-a,pj). 177-18-i) . — A disease of syringa which is attributed to bacteria is
described. Inoculation experiments were successfully made. The organism is said
to l)e closely related to Bacillus fluorescens liquefaciem; forms a yellow pigment on
bouillon gi'latiii, and gives a slight bluish florescence.
Notes on the red rot of spruce, G. iStaes {Tijdsdir. Plantcuziiktni , .5 (1899), Xo.
,5-6, pp. 183-192). — Notes the attack of Agaricus melleus and similar fungi on spruce
and firs.
A disease of plane trees in Paris, A. Giard {Bui. Arbor icull. et Floricult., 1899,
pp. 356-359).
An epidemic disease of the common alder ( Alnus glutinosa), P. Xypels (Bui.
Soc B,li/e Microti., -25 (1898-99), Xo. 8, pp. 95-1U4, j>l. 1).
Combating pine leaf cast, Weber {Forstu\ f'cntbl., 21 (1899), Xo. 12, pp.
625-634)- — An account is given of experiments with Bordeaux mixture, and Bor-
deaux mixture with sugar and with gluten for the prevention of the leaf cast of
pines caused by Lophodermhnn pinastri. The use of the first fungicide was the most
successful.
Combating some coffee parasites, G. d'Utra (Bol. Imt. Agr. Sao Paulo, 10
(1899), Xo. 11-12, pp. 778-795).
Concerning black rot, A. Jaczewski ( Wesinik Winodelia, 1899, Xo. 3, pp. 139-145;
abs.in Cenihl. Bakt.u. Par., 2. Abt.,6 (1900), No. 8, pp. 263,264).— The form of black
rot in the Caucasus is said to differ materially from that occurring in France. The
parasitism of Phoma reniformis in the Caucasus is affirmed. Bordeaux mixture is
said to have proved the most efficient fungicide for use against black rot.
Experiments in the treatment of black rot in 1899, J. B. Sendekens ( Vignc
Franc. , 1900, Xo. 1, pp. 7,8).
Grape white rot, B. Barna (Bot. Centhl., 81 (1900), Xo. 10, pp. 331, 332).— ^oies
the occurrence of Charrinia diplodiella in Austro-Hungary.
Combating grape mildevr or oidium, J. Schuster (Allg. Wien Ztg., 1900, Xo. 6,
pp. 52, 53).
The true mildew (Oidium tuckeri), J. Morgenthaler (Aarau: E.Wirz, 1899,
jyp. 28; abs. in Centbl. Baki. u. Par., 2. Abt., 6 (1900), No. 5, p.' 157).— A number of
fungicides were tested with more or less success. A mixture of 1 kg. soft soap, 0.5
kg. potassium sulphid, and 100 liters water is recommended. Wister washing of
the vines with either of the following mixtures is advised: 10 kg. lime, 6 to 10 kg.
iron sulphate, 100 liters water; 10 to 15 per cent solution of iron sulphate; or 5 per
cent solution of sulphuric acid.
Permanganate of potash for grape mildew, C. Truchot ( ]'igiie Amer. et Viti-
fult. Eurrq>c, 23 (1899), Xo. 10, p. 300). — Spraying vines with a mixture of 125 gm.
potassium permanganate, 3 kg. lime, and 100 liters water is recommended for
destroying oidium.
Causes of the stunted growth of vines, J. Perraud {Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed.
L'Est), 21 (1900), Xo. 23, jip. 667-670). — The author discusses numerous causes for
the stunted growth of grapevines, among them being fungi, physiological disturb-
ances, ett;.
Plant parasites of roses, F. Richter von Binnkxtii ai. {MUt. K. K. dartenbau
Gesell. Steicnnark, ]9(i0. Xo. 6, pp. 100-104).
Soil fungicides for potato and turnip diseases, B. I). Hai-sted {New Jcrset)
ENTOMOLOGY. 361
Sta>i. Sprcial B)iJ. S, pp. ^?, jtls. 8). — The investigations reported in this bulletin are
noted on page o51 from another source.
Notes on Bordeaux mixture, G. Staes ( Tijihchr. Plantenziekten, 5 {1899), No. S-4,
pp. 130-134). — Notes are given on the relative adhesiveness of Bordeaux mixtures
made by different formulas and the effect of Bordeaux mixture upon a number of
varieties of potatoes. Most of the information is compiled.
EXTOMOLOGY.
The destruction of mosquitoes in the city, C. Fermi and S. Lum-
BAO {Oenth/. Bakt. u. Pnr.^ 1. AM., "28 {1900), No. 6-7, pjy. 179-185).—
The authors give brief biological notes on the mosquitoes which most
commonly infest cities. As insecticides against mosquito larvse, the
authors used petroleum and chrysanthemum powder with good suc-
cess. Several substances were experimented with for the purpose of
discovering means for the prevention of the too rapid evaporation
of petroleum from the surface of infested water. The substances
which were spread upon the surface of the petroleum for this purpose
were lanolin, vaseline, tar, naphthalin, olive oil, flaxseed oil, castor oil,
and lard. Vaseline and tar spread rapidly over the surface of the oil
without coagulating. A large number of plant substances were tried
in combination with chrysanthemum powder in the destruction of
mosc[uito larvH'. For the destruction of adult mosquitoes the authors
tried fumigation with a number of substances, aiuong which the fol-
lowing gave the ))est results: C'hloroform, turpentine and vinegar,
sulphuric ether, tobacco fumes, and eucalyptus fumes. During the
experiments with petroleum it was found that 5 cc. per square meter
of water surface killed all mosquito larvae. It was not f oimd neces-
sary to renew the kerosene upon the surface oftener than once in
14 days.
Some insects injurious to garden crops, F. H. Chittenden
( U. IS. JJujjt. Agr. , Division of JEntmiwlogy Bui. 23, n. ser'. , pp. 92,
figs. 23). — A new vine hore7- of Liniahemis {MonoptUotamihilella) (pp.
9-17). — This insect produces gall-like swellings upon the stems of Lima
beans. Its present distribution seems to be from Maryland, Virginia,
and the District of Columbia southward to Florida and Alabama. The
author gives a description of the species in its various stages. The
insect attacks Lima bean vines at almost any point along their length,
and it was observed that vigorous plants were able to survive the
attack while weak ones suffered to a much greater extent. The moth
deposits several eggs on each vine. The species is partly double-
brooded, the second generation in the District of Columbia being a
small one. The greater part of the first generation probably winters
over. No natural enemies of the first generation were discovered. A
single parasite was reared from a specimen of the second generation
and was identified as Omphale llvida. The remedial measures sug-
362 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
gested are trimming- and destro}- ing terminal portions of infested vines
and removing larv» from tlie lower portions of the stem ])y longitu-
dinal cuts.
The Kmaller conixtalk' honi' {TJlamnopalpm lignosellu.s) (pp. 17-22). —
Specimens of this insect have been received from Georgia, South Car-
olina, North Carolina, Florida, Kansas, Texas, and Mar^'land. The
species has also been observed in Indiana. The author gives a descrip-
tion of the moth and of the early larval stages. The only known
natural enemy of this insect is Orgllus taellipes. The insect has been
observed hibernating in all 3 stages. The remedies suggested against
this species are plowing up and burning the corn stubble or other
infested material, and rotation with some crop not attacked by this
species.
The pide-strqml -jlea-heetle {SyHtena hJanda) (pp. 22-29). — A descrip-
tion is given of the adult and larval stages. The distribution of this
species includes a large portion of the country from New England to
the Gulf States and west to the Dakotas and Colorado and perhaps Cali-
fornia. The native food plants of this liea-beetle seem to be especially
ragweed and cocklebur, but it has recently attracted some attention as
an enemy of beans and corn. The species hibernates as a beetle, and
appears in the vicinity of the District of Columbia early in June. The
larvse feed below ground and probably have a wide range of native
food plants. No insect enemies of the species have been observed, but
the chipping sparrow and the yellow-winged sparrow have been seen
eating the adult beetles. As a remed}^ against this insect the author
recommends spraying with Bordeaux mixture and Paris green.
Ohse I' rations mi the heoAi leaf-heetle {Cerotoma trifurcata) (pp. 30,
31). — This species seems to be increasing in a])undance and injurious-
ness. Serious outbreaks have been reported from various parts of
Virginia, Alabama, Maryland, and Missouri.
Notes on the imhrlcated snout heetle {EjjJca'rus rmhrlcdtus) (pp. 31,
32). — Adult beetles of this species were observed feeding on bush beans
and eating the blossoms of the Lima bean. One specimen of the beetle
in a rearing jar was destroyed by Sp>orotrichuht glohuliferum.
A neiv tingitid on hean {Gargaphla angidata) (pp. 32,33). — This
insect was reported from Auburn, Ala., as injurious to the leaves of
beans. On examination it was found to ])e a new species, which has
recentl}^ been described.^
The destructive green-pea loui<e{Nectcvrophora destructor) (pp. 33-37). —
This insect has committed serious depredations on peas from Nova Scotia
and Canada to Virginia and Marj^land. No alternate food plant for
the species has thus far been discovered. The following parasites have
been reared from this species: Prami cerasaphis^ Aphiditts fletcheri^
iCaiiad. Ent., 31 (1899), p. 301.
ENTOMOLOGY. 363
juid I.socmtm oulgark. The only roniodios thus far sugt^ested against
this insect are the use of kerosene emulsion and tii(> rotation of crops.
A note on the Mexican hean %meml{Spermop]M(j ax pectoraliH) (pp. 37,
38). — The species is known to inhabit Nicaragua, Guatemala, Panama,
Mexico, Peru, and Brazil. The eggs are deposited in considerable
numbers, from 50 to 100 on each bean. It is suggested that the species
may in time come to infest the Southern States.
The cabhage ciircuUo {('eutorhynchvx rajxt^ (pp. 39-50). — This insect
is reported as injurious to cabbage, kale, turnip, and horse-radish. Its
preferred native food plant seems to be hedge mustard. The author
describes the insect in its difi'erent stages and gives bibliographical
notes. In the hedge mustard the larvae cut holes through the stalks
as they approach maturity. Sixty or more larvse have been observed
in a single stem of this plant. The beetles were observed feeding
upon cauliflower and cabbage, eating the edges of the leaves. Near
AVashington the beetles appear in April and deposit their eggs, pref-
erably in the hedge mustard. The &gg period varies from 5 to 8 days.
The larva3 feed within the stems and leaf stalks and complete their
growth in about 3 weeks. Pupation takes place under the ground, and
the length of the pupal period is from 5 to 8 days. The only parasite
reared from this species was Omphala livida. The remedies suggested
include the destruction of the wild food plants of the species used as
trap crops, the use of hot water and bisulphid of carbon poured on
ground infested with larva% and the poisoning of the beetles by
arsenical sprays.
Remarks on the food hahlts of species of (Jeidofhi/nchus (pp. 50-52). —
Brief notes are given on the host plants of certain native and foreign
species of this genus.
Additional notes on the imported cahlmge wehimrin {Hellida undalis)
(pp. 53-61). — The first appearance of this insect in the United States
was in 18H5. It is probably distributed at present throughout the
Gulf region and is reported as very destructive in western Australia.
In breeding cages the larvte feed to considerable extent on shepherd's
purse. The insect has been reported from a number of new localities
in Georgia and Alabama, and notes are given on its injuriousuess dur-
ing the 5^ear 1899. It was reported as feeding to some extent on the
common garden purslane. Adult moths develop from the larva:* of
the first generation by July '22. The egg period was found to be 3
days, the larval period 18 days, and the pupal period 6 days, making
the entire life cycle 27 days. Three parasites were raised from the
webworm: JIeteo7'iis vidgaris., Teinelucha macer, and Exorista jyyste.
The remedies suggested are the planting of an excess of seed with a
view to destroying the injured part of the crop later and growing
cruciferous trap crops to be freely sprayed with Paris green.
The conrmon rJudxirl) ca radio {Lixus concavus) (pp. 61-69). — A seri-
3G4 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECOKD.
OILS outbreak of this beetle on rhubarb occurred in May, 1899, in Ten-
nallytown, D. C. The distribution of this species includes the greater
portion of the United States east of the Mississippi Valley. The more
common native food plants are a species of dock and Helianthiis gros-
seserratu8. The beetle hibernates in the adult stage in the District of
Columbia. The eggs are deposited singly in small cavities constructed
in the stems of food plants. The o^gg period is found to be about 8
days and the larval stage about 2 months. Eggs deposited in rhubarb
apparently do not develop. The remedies to be applied against this
species are hand picking of the beetles and destruction of the native
food plants after the deposition of the eggs.
Tlie dmv-hei'ry jiea-heetle {Ilaltica ignita) (pp. 70-78). — This species
is native to America and is distributed throughout the United States.
Near Washington the beetles appear in May. The duration of the Q,gg
stage was found to be about 6 days; that of the larval stage, 11 days.
There are apparently 2 generations annually in the vicinity of Wash-
ington. No insect enemies of this species have been discovered. The
remedies suggested are spraying with arsenicals, either Paris green or
arsenate of lead, both upon the cultivated and wild-food plants.
The fall army worm in 1899 {Lapliygma ffugiperda) (pp. 78-85).^
This insect was unusually injurious during 1899. It was reported as
^ttdi^Mmg Agrostis stolonifera^ Euchena memcana. clover, grass, wheat,
and a great variety of cultivated crops. A In-ief account is given of
its distribution, life history, and habits, together with a short descrip-
tion of the species in its different stages. The observed natural ene-
mies are the English sparrow, tlicker, and Wrritheiniaquadripunctulata.
It is suggested that lawns might be freed from the caterpillars b}" the
use of kerosene emulsion. Other remedies suggested are the use of
poisoned baits, spraying trap crops with arsenicals, and the destruction
of the volunteer grain and wild grasses.
The str'aijoberry croicn moth {Srsia rutilans) (pp. 85-90), — This insect
has caused considerable damage to the strawberry, blackberry, and
raspberry in California. A brief description of it is given. The most
successful remedy appears to l)e the submerging of affected ffelds.
Ordinary insecticide applications seem to be useless.
The hlack gooseberry hcrer {Xyloerlu.s agassizii) (pp. 90-92). — This
insect was reported b}' Fletcher as having been introduced into British
Columbia from Oregon and as being injurious to gooseberry bushes.
A serious infestation by it was found in an Oregon nurser3\ The
species had previously been considered rare. The only remedy sug-
gested is the cutting out and destruction of the injured plants as soon
as infestation is dis(•o^•el•ed.
Some insect pests of Salt River Valley and the remedies for
them, T. I). A. Cockerell {Arizona Sta. Btil. 32, pp. 269-295).— The
author r('i)oi"ts that Salt River Valley is comparatively free from insect
KNTOMOLOGY. 305
pe.sts, no .scales being found on cither olive or orange trees. It iy
suggested that the isolation of the valley from other cultivated areas
and the burning effects of the sun constitute the main reasons for this
immunity. The author recommends strict quarantine measures regu-
lating the importation of fruit and ornamental trees. A number of
native scales were found in this region, l)ut they do not seem to be
especially injurious, and it is thought that this condition is brought
about by the natural enemies of scale insects. Notes are given on a
number of the more important insects of Salt River Valley, among
which may be mentioned Pycrwderes (juadrvmaeidatiis^ San Jose scale,
Colias eurytlieme^ the corn worm, Drompliila ampelophila^ the pear-
leaf blister mite, and the Br3^obia mite. Approved remedies are
suggested in connection with a discussion of each insect pest.
Report of the entomologist, J. B. Smith {Weir JerKey Sfax. Rpt.
1S99, j/jK 4'21-ol'2,^p'(/.s. 4/^). — Brief notes are given on a large number
of injurious insects affecting ^-arious garden and field crops, among
which may be mentioned the pea-plant louse, the peach thrips, cod-
ling moth, pear slug, peach-twig borer, woolly aphis, San Jose scale,
Hessian fly, fall army worm, bagworms, and the tulip soft scale.
The author discusses various insecticides, among which may be men-
tioned arsenate of lead. Green Arsenoid, potash soap, kerosene, crude
petroleum, and whale-oil soap. The experimental orchard has been
increased in size. Experiments made there with various insecticides,
especially against the San Jose scale, are reported. General recom-
mendations are given regarding the time and method of making-
various insecticide applications to different plants. It is urged that
spraying should not be done except for specific reasons. A single
Vermorel nozzle or a group of 3 such nozzles is recommended as the
best for general purposes.
Observations have been continued on the San Jose scale. This was
not affected by the unusually low temperature which occurred during
the preceding winter. Unusually large swarms of larvae appeared
about June 15 and lasted for somewhat more than 10 days. The sec-
ond brood appeared late in July, the third during the middle of Sep-
tember, and the fourth late in October. This insect is now reported
from every county in the State. Kerosene was used for the most
part on apple and pear trees and less frequently on peach trees with
only rare cases of injury to the trees. Further experiments were
made with crude oil, in an orchard of dwarf Duchess pears and
apples. A portion of the orchard had been sprayed in March with a
30 per cent mixture of crude petroleum and water, but this applica-
tion had been irregular and unsatisfactory. It had been intended to
treat the dwarf Duchess pears with a 15 per cent mechanical mixture
of crude petroleum and water. Preliminary tests, however, indi-
366 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOHD.
cated this to be iin unsafe combination, and kerosene was substituted
for the crude oil on the majority of the trees. Spraying was begun
June 15. A detailed account of experiments in this orchard is given
from which, in connection with other work done by the author, the
following conclusions may be drawn:
"In the treatment of San Jose scale it Ava8 found that kerosene is a very efficient
remedy, but when carelessly used it will injure trees. Whale-oil soap will also
injure fruit buds if applied early in the winter at a greater strength than 1 lb. to the
gallon of water. Crude petroleum was tried on all common orchard fruits except
the cherry without in any instance causing injury. This substance is recommended
as having the following advantages: Great penetrating power, lasting effect, and
causing a slight temporary change in the color of the bark which enables one to see
at once whether or not the application has been thorough. For work on the larvae
of the San Jose scale at a time when the leaves are in foliage, kerosene or crude
petroleum in a 10 per cent mechanical mixture with water is effective, but crude oil
is not to be recommended for this purpose on account of its bad effect on the
foliage. ' '
Among the natural enemies of the San Jose scale the author mentions
E.c()chomus tripu>itulatx(>< and Pent U in inisella.
Report of acting field director [of Gypsy Moth Commission],
A. H. KiRKLAND {Mamichusdts State Bd. Agr. Rpt. lS99,pp. 356-
383, ph. 3). — In January part of the force was utilized in cutting over
infested woodlands and in February and March considerable cutting
and burning was done in various towns. During the year 2,300,000
trees were banded with burlap. In June 20 gangs of men operated
with spraying outfits. The spra^ang was especially effective, since the
season was unusually clear and dr3\ The inspection of burlaps was
carried on during July and part of August. During the autumn
months considerable attention was given to burning brush and the
destruction of eggs.
As a result of sending circulars concerning the gypsy moth outside
of the known limit of infestation, 2 new colonies were found — one at
Newton and the other at Georgetown. Gangs of workers were at once
dispatched to these 2 new centers of infestation and stringent measures
were taken to exterminate the moth in these localities. Detailed notes
are given on the progress of the work in the various infested towns.
The general condition is said to be better and more encouraging than
ever before.
Birds as destroyers of hairy caterpillars, E. H. Forbush {Massa-
v/ia.setts State Bd. Ayr. Rpt. 1809., pp. o 16-337). — The present article
is limited to observations on birds which feed upon the gypsy moth, the
broAvn-tail moth, the tent caterpillar, and the forest tent caterpillar.
A number of places were selected where serious outbreaks of one or
more of these insects had occurred and observers were stationed there
to record the frequency of the visits of different ])irds to infested trees
and, when possible, the number of insects eaten by these bird visitors.
ENTOMOLOGY. 3()7
The following birds were observed canying liaiiT caterpillars to their
.young: Black-and-white warbler, blue jay, scarlet tanager, wood
thrush, chickadee, yellow-throated vireo, red-eyed vireo, crow, cat-
bird, black-billed cuckoo, yellow-billed cuckoo, yellow warbler, and
chestnut-sided warbler. A pair of red-eyed vireos made 125 visits in
10 hours and a pair of rose-breasted grosbeaks made 426 visits in 11
hours to secure caterpillars for their young. The birds which are
most concerned in the destruction of hairy caterpillars belong to the
following families: Cuckoos, woodpeckers, flycatchers, crows, orioles,
sparrows, tanagers, vireos, warblers, mocking thrushes, wrens, titmice,
and thrushes. The author gives a list of 47 birds which feed on these
caterpillars. Many birds prefer smooth caterpillars when they can be
had, A new colony of gypsy moths discovered in Georgetown, Mass.,
was seen to be visited by largc^ numbers of several species of birds,
and it is believed that the injuries from the gypsy moth were consid-
erably reduced by the help of these birds.
Bee wintering, A. Gale {Agr. Gaz. Ncir Sottth Wales, 11 (1900), No. 8, pp.
6S5-6S8, pi. 1) . — The author states that in the Australian Colonies bees are exposed
to greater dangers in the warm months than in the cold months. It is recommended,
therefore, that beehives and houses Vje constructed especially for the purpose of
properly protecting bees during the hot season. The same mechanical devices which
prevent the absuri)tion of heat also prevent the radiation of heat.
The pollination of fruit by honey-bees, W. R. Lazenbv {Pror. Soc. Prom. Agr.
Sci. 1899, pp. 68-7o). — This is essentially the same as an article previously published
by the author (E. S. R., 11, p. 956).
Protective powers of insects against cold, H. Roedel (Helios, 17 (1900), pp.
69-78). — A discussion of recent literature on this subject, especially that of the
extensive investigations of Bachmetjew.
Entomological notes on specimens received during 1899, W. W. Froggatt
(Agr. Gaz. New Soutli Wales, 11 (1900), No. 8, pp. 639-05 1, pis. '2). — In this article
the author gives economic and biological notes on the following insects: Ambrosia
beetle (Nyleborus .solidus); Tenebrio molitor; Etltemaia sellata, injurious to garden
crops in the caterpillar stage; Prosayleus comosus, attacking the foliage of fruit trees;
Desiantha caudata, also injurious to fruit trees; Paramorpha aquiUna, injurious to
oranges; Nola metallopa, feeding upon the foliage of eucalyptus; Nerius lineolatus,
injurious to the banana; CJattleya fly ( Cecidomyia sp.) ; and Pochazia australis.
Notes on insects of the year 1899, F. L. Harvey (Maine tSta. Bui. 61, pp. 31-42.,
figs. 2). — This bulletin contains brief notes on the chinch bug, elm plant louse, forest
tent caterpillar, Buffalo carpet beetle, etc. The brown-tail moth (Euproctis chrysor-
rhcea) is reported as occurring in South Berwick and Kittery Point. At the latter
locality the insect is supposed to have been introduced two years before on house-
hold goods shi}jped from Cambridge, Mass.
Insects of New Jersey, .1. B. Smith (New Jersey State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1899, pp. 755,
figs. 328). — A popular account is given of the life history, habits, and classification of
insects in general, the injury caused by insects, and methods of preventing such
damage. The greater part of the article is occupied with a catalogue of the insects
found to occur in New Jersey with a brief characterization of the different orders
and families, and notes on the more important injurious species.
New insect pests of the year 1899, W. Lochhead (Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt.
Farm Rpt. 1899, pp. 34-37, figs. 4)- — Brief notes on the asparagus beetles (Crioceris
asparagi and C. 12-punctata) , Plutella crueiferarum , the pea louse, and the corn aphis.
368 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD.
Recent additions to the list of injurious insects of Canada, J. Fletchkk
{Trans. Boy. Soc OnuKhi, 2. mr., 5 {IStju-WOQ), Sec. IV, pp. 207-231, figs. 18).— The
author preyents^ observations on the habits and economic Importance of a number of
injurious insects, among which the following may be mentioned: American frit fly,
wheat-stem sawfliy, Hadenu ardica, Aphis rumids, A. bra.'<sicir, Fsila rosie, Nuduafen-
nica, Eriopeltis festuae, San Jose scale, Magdalis senescens, Anthonomus signatus, apple
maggot, clover mite, and Psj/lla piricola.
Notes on the geographical distribution of injurious Hemiptera, H. Osborn
{Proc. Soc. From. Agr. Set. 1899, pp. 59-62). — This article contains a l)rief outline of
the distribution of the various families of this order of insects.
The Hessian fly, G. McCarthy {Bui. Xorfli Carol I tin State Bd. Agr., 21 {1900), No.
6,pp. 14-lG)- — Popular notes on the life history and habits of this insect, together
with brief descriptions of the most api^mved way of controlling it.
The diseases and insects affecting apple trees in North Carolina, with
suggestions for their destruction, (x. McCarthy {Bid. North Carolina State Bd.
Agr., 21 {1900), No. 7, pp. 28-o9, figs. 18). — Brief notes on insecticides, fungicides,
and the spraying machinery necessary in the treatment of apple disea.fes.
Report on the brown-tail moth, K.W.Wood et al. {Massachusetts State Bd.
Agr. Rpt. 1899, pp. 384, 385, pi. 1). — It is stated that the area of infestation of this
insect is rapidly increasing and that no colony has been exterminated since the
insect became well established.
Report of acting field director, A. H. Kirklaxu (Massachusetts State Bd. Agr. Rpt.
1899, pp. 3S6-SS8) .—The sum of |10,000 was expended during 1899 in the destruction
of the brown-tail moth. In April many webs were destroyed in the worst infested
localities; spraying with arsenate of lead was carried out in June with good success.
During November the majcjrity of the webs in Medford, Maiden, and Everett were
destroyed.
The area of infestation Ijy the brown-tail moth in the fall of 1896 was about 29
square miles. By the fall of 1899 this area had increased to 928 square miles. It is
stated that the insect will probably become distributed in the near future over the
whole State.
The gypsy moth in the legislature, M. A. Morse {Massachusetts State Bd. Agr.
Rpt. 1899, pp. 37-43) . — This is a brief statement of the investigation of the gypsy
moth question before the legislative committee on this subject.
Report of the committee on the gypsy moth, insects, and birds, E. W. Wood
ET AL. {Massachusetts State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1S99, pp. 341-351, ph. .'). — The committee
presents a report of expenditures made and work performed during the year 1899.
The work of the gypsy moth commission was carried out along lines similar to those
adopted in previous years.
The committee recommends an attempt to secure the cooperation and aid of the
National Government in exterminating the gypsy moth. It is maintained that
although the work against the gypsy moth has been somewhat handicapped by in-
sufficient and delayed appropriations that constant progress is being made toward
the desired end.
Report of the entomologist, C. H. Ferxald {Massachusetts State Bd. Agr. Rpt.
1899, pp. 352-355, pi. 1). — The author states that "there is no longer any question
in the minds of those who have made a careful personal investigation of the work
throughout the infested territory that the gypsy moth can ])e exterminated." An
estimate is made of the amount of money which will be required in future years for
the complete extermination of the insect.
The elm-leaf beetle in Massachusetts, A. H. Kirkland { Mas.mchusetts State
Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1899, pp. 28.9-300, figs. .4).— Notes on the habits, life history, food plants,
natural enemies, and remedies for this insect.
ENTOMOLOGY. .HH9
The extermination of the enemies of coffee, (i. d'Utra {Bol.. Inst. Agr. Hrlo
Paulo, 10 {1899), No. ll-li^,pp. 778-785) .—The author discusses the appearance, life
history, and habits of BactylopiuH destrnclor and gives brief notes on other related
scale insects. Tables are given showing the amount of cyanid of potash, sulphuric
acid, and water to be used in giving the fumigation treatment to infested trees of
different sizes. Formulas are given for other insecticides to be used against scale
insects, the insecticides containing sulphate of copper, essence of terebinth, kerosene,
and water.
Coccidae of Kansas, III, S. J. Hunter {Kansas Univ. Quart., 9 {1900), No. 2, pp.
101-107, pi. 1). — Brief descriptive and biological notes on species of Chionaspis and
Pulvinaria.
Remarks on Indian scale insects, -with descriptions of ne-wr species, E. E.
Green {Indian Mus. Notes, o {1900), No. 1, pp. 1-13, pis. 2) . -Descriptive and biological
notes are given on species of Aspidiotus, Fiorinia, (Chionaspis, Lecanium, Pulvina-
ria, Ceroi^lastes, Eriochiton, and other genera. A number of species are described
as new, and notes are given on their economic importance and life history. Among
the new species mention may be made of Chionaspis separata, which occurs on tea
leaves; Lecanium vatti, occurring on the twigs and stems of the tea plant; and Erioehi-
ton these, which is found upon the branches and twigs of the tea plant.
Harpalus caliginosus as a strawberry pest, with notes on other phy-
tophag'ous Carabidae, F. M. Webster {Canad. Ent., 32 {1900), No. 9, pp. 265-371,
pi. 1). — In several localities in Ohio this beetle was found to attack strawberries,
injuring or destroying in some cases a large percentage of the crop. The damage
was done during the night and the beetles seemed to prefer the seeds, although in
securing the seeds the pulj) was necessarily rendered unmarketable. Brief notes are
presented on the literature concerning similar ha])its of related species.
Recent experiments in the destruction of phylloxera upon grapevines,
G. CouANON ETAL. {Bul.Min. Agr. [France'], 19 (1900), No. l,pp. 135,136).— k number
of experiments were tried by the authors in ridding grapevine plants of the phyl-
loxera. Plants were immersed in hot water for 5, 4, and 3 minutes for different lots.
The water in each case had a temperature of 53° C. at the beginning and 51° at the
end of the immersion. The plants were not injured in any case by the immersion in
.hot water and the phylloxera were killed in l)oth the adult and egg stages.
Fumigation for insect pests, W. E. Bear {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 3. ser., 11
{1900), pt. II, pp. 263-291, figs. 3). — This article contains a descriptive and historical
account of fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas, bisulphid of carbon, and tobacco, as
practiced in the United States, Cape Colony, New Zealand, Mctoria, New South Wales,
South Australia, France, Belgium, and England.
Nursery fumigation and the construction and management of the fumi-
gating house, W. G. Johnson {Fcnnsylrunia Dept. Agr. Bui. 56, pip. 24, figs. 7;
Rpt. 1899, pp. 606-621, figs. 7) . — The bulletin contains a general account of the
history of fumigation for the destruction of insects, the necessary equipment for this
operation, the construction of the fumigating house, preparation of trees for fumi-
gation, the method of generating the gas, and the effect of gas upon various kinds of
nursery stock.
Cyaniding tents, A. H. Benson {Queensland Agr. Jour., 7 {1900), No. 1, pp.
39-41, pi. 1) ■ — The materials and methods of making tents for cyanidtng fruit trees.
Spraying crops for profit, S. T. Maynard {Massachusetts State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1899,
pp. 261-272, pis. 4, figs. 6) . — This is a popular statelnent of methods and remedies to
be api)lied in the treatment of the insect pests of various economic plants.
Crude petroleum as an insecticide, J. B. Smith {Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. 1899,
pp. 63-67). — The essential facts of this article have been previously noted from
another publication (E. S. R., 11, pp. 760-7fi2).
Nematodes and ammonia salts, C. Schreiber {Rev. Gen. Agron. Louvuin, 9
370 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
{1900), No. S, pp. 97-102). — It was foniid upon exi)eriinent tliat Ixitli chldiiil and
nitrate of ammonia are efficient agents in tlie destruction of nematodes. The rapid
diffusion of nitrate of ammonia renders its effect less durable. In a dry condition it
was much more effective than ammonia in a gaseous form.
FOODS^ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Commercial beef extracts, T. Macfarlane and A. McGill {Lah.
Inland lier. JJept.. Canada Bid. Gii^ pp. 22). — The composition of a
considerable number of beef extracts and similar products is reported.
Methods of analysis are described and discussed at some length, and
also the food value of these materials.
" It is evident that the flesh bases can not be called food stuff in the proper sense
of that term. They represent a stage of the process by which complex nitrogen
compounds are changed to simple ones, supplying the energy so set free to the ani-
mal organism in the form of vital force. They may still have some food value, since
they are not excreted as such, but undergo further simplification, till they appear as
urea. It is certain that theirfood value (if any) is very much less than that of proteids
proper. When once the urea stage is reached, the urea must be promptly got rid of.
A form of blood poisoning known as urjemia results when any obstruction to the
elimination of urea occurs. . . .
"Apart from any i^ossible nutritive value which they have, these flesh bases
undoubtedly possess a stimulant action on the system, analogous to that exhibited by
the alkaloids of tea, coffee, cocoa, etc., and it is beyond question that to this stimulat-
ing effect, rather than to any nutritive power, they owe their medical value.
"If, however, the beef tissues have been peptonized before extraction by water, the
peptone formed will be taken into solution, along with the flesh bases, and the extract
so formed will possess a true food value. Some manufacturers claim to peptonize the
material from which they prepare their extract. This peptonization is not usually
effected by means of pepsin, which would be too costly, but by acids, mineral or
organic, or by vegetable ferments, such as that present in pineapple juice.
"Another way of introducing into the article true proteid material is to add finely
ground ' beef meal ' to the extract proper. Of course, such proteid matter is insol-
uble, and requires to be digested in the stomach before it becomes available for the
repair of tissue waste. It does not properly form a part of the real extract, but has
been added to this, in order to furnish a food value, which the true extract is known
not to possess. No special value can be claimed for the ground beef so added over an
equivalent weight of ordinary lean beef, except such as may accure from the fact of
its being in very fine powder, and thus more easily acted on by the digestive fluids
of the stomach."
Composition and digestibility of corn fodder and corn stover,
C. G. Hopkins [Illinois Sta. Bid. oS., pp. 361-370). — Continuing pre-
vious work (E. S. R., 8, p. 509), the digestibility of corn fodder and
corn-and-cob meal was tested with 4 lots of 2-3'ear-old steers, each lot
containing 4 animals. In general the methods previously described
were followed. To secure more uniform material for feeding and foi'
analysis, the ears were separated from the stover, the stover was run
through a cutting machine, and the corn and cobs were ground. The
experiments covered 10 days, the results being reported for the first 4
da3's, the last (! days, and for the whole period, to permit a study of
FOOI>S ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
371
the effect (^f the length of period on dig-estihilit}-. The average results
follow:
Coefficients of digestibility of corn fodder and corn stover.
Corn fodder = ground corn and cobs and
shredded stover, fed 4 days
Corn fodder, feci H days
i;orn fodder, fed 10 days
Shredded corn stover, fed 4 days
Shredded corn stover, fed 6 days
Shredded corn stover, fed 10 days
Dry
Protein.
Fat.
Carbohy-
Crude
matter.
drates.
fiber.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
68.3
43.3
68.2
74.8
68.7
67.0
43.3
64.0
73.5
67.0
67.5
43.3
(i5. 7
74.0
67.7
58.1
37.8
68.9
60.5
69.9
58.3
87.1
52.6
60.7
70.5
58.2
37.4
55.2
60.6
70.3
Per cent.
23.9
23.1
23.4
23.0
22. 2
22.5
The author's conchisions follow:
" When the earn are ground to corn-anil-col) meal, corn fodder .'^liows^ a liigheri)er-
centage of digestil)ility than any other common coarse food stuff, tlie digestiljihty of
the dry matter being 8 per cent higher than timothy hay and 14 per cent higher than
clover hay. The total digestibility of corn fodder is increased 6 per cent by grinding
the ears to corn-and-cob ineal previous to feeding, while the value of the ears alone
is increased nearly 20 per cent by grinding. In both its composition and digesti-
bility corn stover closely resembles timothy hay, and the edible jjortion of the stover
has a nutritive value fully ecjual to that of timothy."
Bullock feeding experiments in Norfolk.,T. B AY oon ('loi/r. Bd.
Agr. \L(»n(h,n\. C {1S09), N^j. -A pp. J11-JS3). ~ln the first test reported,
which was made in 1895-90, with 20 3-year-old Irish steers divided
into -i uniform lots of 5 each, the special object was to determine the
amount of roots which could be protitably fed. After a preliminary
period of about a month, the test proper began, Noveml)er 2S, 1895,
and continued 77 days. All the steers were fed 10 l])s. per head of a
grain ration made up of equal parts of linseed meal, cotton-seed meal,
crushed wheat, and crushed barley. Hay and chaffed straw were fed
ad libitu/ii, and the following amounts of Swedish turnips: Lot 1 1:2
lbs. per head daily, lot 2 84 lbs., lot 8 126 lbs. (only 107 lbs. being
consumed, on an average), and lot 1 all they ^vould eat, averaging 115
lbs. per head.
The steers weighed on an average 1,251 lbs. :it the beginning of the
test. The average daily gains for the 4 lots were 1.8, 2, 2, and 2.2
lbs. per head, respectively. It was calculated that lot 1 converted 6.9
per cent of the dry matter consumed into beef; lot 2, 7.5 per cent;
lot 3, 7.1 per cent, and lot 1, 7.6 per cent. At current prices foi'
feeding stuffs, the profits on the 4 lots are calculated at 115.35, $18.23,
115.13, and $17.63, respectively. "The Norfolk practice of giving
bullocks all the roots they will eat appears, therefore, to be an eco-
nomical one, as it leads to a larger consumption of diy matter, a high
percentage of which is converted into beef."
The comparative value of different commercial feeding stuff's was
tested in 1896-97, 1897-98, 1S9S-99. The first of these tests was begun
with 4: lots of 5 Irish steers, but one animal in each lot was dropped
372 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
on account of illness. The other two tests were each made with -t lots
of 5 each. Irish steers l)eing- used in 1897-98 and red polled Norfolks
in 1898-99. The lots in every case were numbered from 1 to 4 con-
secutively. Each year lot 1 was fed linseed cake alone and lot 2 a
mixture of equal parts of linseed cake and ordinarj^ cotton-seed cake.
Lot 3 was fed decorticated cotton-seed cako and maize meal (1:1) in
1896-97; in the other 2 tests dried brewers' grains was substituted for
maize meal. Lot 1 was fed a mixture which through the greater part
of the first test consisted of linseed cake, cotton-seed cake, maize meal,
and dried grains. In the latter part of the test the dried grains was
omitted. Li the second test the grain mixture consisted of equal parts
of linseed cake, cotton-seed cake, and maize meal; and throughout the
greater part of the third test, of linseed cake and cotton-seed cake
(1:1:1:1), linseed cake being used alone in the latter part of the test.
The average daily gain made in the 3 years by the lots numbered 1
was 1.94: lbs. ; by those numbered 2, 1.68 lbs. ; and l)v those numbered
3, 1.61 lbs., the gain per hundred pounds of dry matter consumed
being 7.04, 6.08, 5.8 l})s., respectivel3^ The average dail}^ gains made
by the lots numbered 4 in the 3 years were 1.91, 1..53, and 1.41 lbs.,
respective!}'. "From the point of view, therefore, of the absolute
increase produced \)\ the feeding, linseed cake alone, as an addition to
the usual Norfolk diet of chaff and roots, has shown in each of 3 years
a decided advantage over each of the mixtures which have been tried."
A discussion of financial returns of the experiment, however, in the
author's opinion, showed that at present prices a mixture of decorti-
cated cotton-seed cake and some less expensive material, such as dried
grains or maize meal, is more economical than linseed eake alone.
"We must therefore add to the general conclusions that while linseed
cake alone, and decorticated cotton-seed cake as part of a mixture,
have given good results when fed to bullocks, the use of common cot-
ton-seed cake has been throughout the experiment most unprofitable."
The live and dressed weight of the steers is recorded and the ratio
of the latter to the former, the average of the 3 years for the lots
numbered 1 being 59.1 per cent; the lots numbered 2, 57.99 per cent;
the lots numbered 3, 58.69 per cent; and the lots numbered 4, 59.46
per cent. "[The steers fed linseed cake], which have made the great-
est increase in weight, also give the highest proportion of carcass
weight, while those which received common cotton cake are lowest
both in rate of increase and percentage of carcass weight, the decor-
ticated cotton cuke lot coming midway in ))oth cases.""
Heavy, medium, and light meal rations for fattening steers,
G. E. Day ( Ontario Agr. Col. andExpt. Farm Rpt. 1899, pp. 75, 76).— In
continuation of previous work (E. S. E.., 11, p. 664), 3 lots of 3 steers
each were fed for 168 days, beginning December ♦>. on different
amounts of corn and oats, equal parts. The aim was to feed lot 1 a
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
373
pound of this mixture; lot 2, f lb., and lot 8, ^ lb. per 100 ll)s, live
weight at the start, and to increase this as rapidly as was deemed ad-
visable. Lot 1 would not eat all the desired quantity, but was kept as
near the limit as was deemed safe. All the lots were fed hay and
pulped roots in addition to the grain.
The average daily gain of the 3 lots Avas 1.77, 1.7-1. and 1.62 lbs.,
respectively, the corresponding cost of food per pound of gain b(;ing
7.68, 7.22, and 7.21 cts. These results and those of previous tests are
briefly discussed.
Feeding experiments with steers to compare Liebig's meat
meal and cotton-seed meal, F. Albert {Landv:. JaJii'h.^ '£8 {1899),
jVo. 0-6, pp. 963-9'7ii). — The comparative value of meat meal and
cotton-seed meal was tested with 2 lots of 7 steers each at the Lauch-
stadt Experiment Station. Lot 1 was fed, per 1,000 kg. live weight,
.50 kg. of ensiled beet leaves, 2 kg. of meadow hay, 12 kg. of straw
and chafl', 4 kg. of palm-cake molasses, 2 kg, of meat meal, and 7.59
kg. of ground corn. This furnished 3 kg. of digestible protein and 17
kg. of digestible nitrogen-free material. Lot 2 was fed the same
ration except that 3.772 kg. of cotton-seed meal was substituted for
the meat meal, and the ground corn was diminished to 5.899 kg. This
furnished the same amount of digestible protein and nitrogen-free
material as the ration fed lot 1.
During the test the amount of ensiled beet leaves was diminished to
30 kg., and 20 kg. of beet chips was added to the ration of each lot,
more meadow hay and some alfalfa hav being fed also.
During the 151: days of the test, lot 1 made a total gain of 1,064 kg.;
lot 2, 1,029 kg. The steers were slaughtered and judged by an expert.
The conclusion was drawn that the meat meal used was a suitable feed-
ing stuff and without bad effects on the condition of the steers or the
dressed carcasses. The author also reports some ffgures regarding
the loss which steers suffer in transportation and the length of time
required to make good such losses.
Experiments in sheep feeding, G. E. Day {Ontario Agr. Vol. and
Exj)t. Farm Rpt. 1899, pp. 82, 83). — Continuing previous work (E. S.
R., 11, p. 666), a test of 42 days' duration is reported of the value of
tirst and second cuttings of alfalfa and red clover for lambs.
' ' Everything considered, it can not be said that either of the fodders showed marked
superiority over the other. The experiments indicate that the feeding values of red
clover and alfalfa hay are very similar. All animals continued in perfect health
from the beginning to the end of each experiment, indicating that alfalfa hay is a
safe fodder for sheep, if it is cut and cured at the right stage of growth, say in early
bloom."
A test is also briefly reported in which corn and peas were compared
as food for fattening lambs. Three equal lots were used. Lot 1 was
fed ground corn; lot 2, ground peas; and lot 3. a mixture of equal
374 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
parts of these grains. In every ease a pound of meal per lamb was
fed at the beginning of the test, the amount being increased until it
reached 1^ lbs. The test covered IW days. The average weekly gain
of the lambs in lot 1 was 2.52 lbs., 3.8 lbs. of meal being consumed
per pound of gain. The lambs in lot 2 made an average weekly gain
of 2.91 lbs., 3.3 lbs. of meal being consumed per pound of gain. The
average weekly gain of the lambs in lot 3 was 2.0 lbs., the meal con-
sumed per pound of gain being 3.68 lbs. ''According to the results
of the second trial, if pea meal is valued at $20 per ton, ground corn
would be worth $17.35 per ton."
Sugar-beet pulp for sheep, H. C. Price {BreecUn's- Gaz., o6 (1899),
jjjK SU, S55; Ayr.' Stad,'nt, 0 {1900), No. 6, pj). 111-113).— A com-
parison of sugar-beet pulp with other feeding stuffs for sheep is briefly
reported. The work was carried on at Cornell Uni\'ersity. Four lots
of 10 sheep each were used. Lot 1 was fed clover hay, lot 2 corn
silage, lot 3 oat straw, and lot 4 sugar-beet pulp, enough grain being
given in each case to make the nutritive ratio of the different rations
the same. The conclusions reached follow:
"Sugar-beet pulp may be successfully fed to fatten sheei^ at the rate of 12 to 15 lbs. a
day per head. At $1 per ton it is a cheaper food for fattening sheep than corn silage
at $3 or clover hay at $8 per ton. It can not become a stock food of importance out-
side of a radius of a few miles from the sugar-beet factory until some means is invented
for expressing the water out of it. The best results can be obtained in fattening
sheep on sugar-beet pulp and corn silage when some hay is fed with them. ' '
Experiments -with pure-bred s^wine, (t. E. Day ( Ontario Agr. Col.
and E,rpt. Farm Rpt. 1899, pP- T^-T^9,jigi<. 7). — Continuing previous
work (E. S. R., 11, p. 668), corn and barley were compared on 6 lots
of pure-bred swine. The test is briefly reported. The food required
per pound of gain in the difl'erent lots was as follows: Berkshire, 3.18
lbs.; Tamworth, 3.31 lbs.; Yorkshire, 3.35 lbs.; Chester White, 3.37
lbs.; Duroc Jersey, 3.37 lbs.; Poland China, 3.50 lbs. At the close of
the test the pigs were slaughtered.
"In each of 4 experiments the Yorkshires and Tam worths were pronounced by
the packers more suitable for the export bacon trade than the representatives of
other breeds. Generally speaking, the results of 4 experiments indicate that
economy of production is more dependent upon the individuality of animals than
upon their breed. The experiments indicate that it does not necessarily cost more
to produce a pound of gain upon a hog of suitable bacon type than upon a hog of
undesira1)le liacon type."
Experiments -with grade s"wine, G. E. Day (Ontario Agr. Col. and
Expt. Farm Rpi. 1899., pp. 80-8^). — The value of different rations, as
shown by the gains made and firmness of bacon produced, was tested
with 4 lots of grade pigs, weighing about 60 lbs. each. Corn, peas,
and l)arloy were each f(Hl alone and with middlings. The experiment
lasted from July 28 to October 10, and included 49 pigs. At the close
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTIOlsr. 375
of the test the pigs were slaug'htered iind judged by an expert. The
author\s conclusions follow:
"Exc'lusive corn feeding during a somewhat extended period gave very unsatis-
factory results in point of gain, and produced bacon of extremely soft, undesiral)le
character. The exclusive feeding of pea meal resulted in unthrifty animals and i^oor
gains; but a mixture of 3 parts pea meal and 1 part middlings by weight gave
good gains and produced bacon of excellent quality. An exclusive ration of barley
gave satisfactory gains and produced exceptionally firm bacon. A two-thirds ration
of barley with all the rape the hogs would eat, followed by about 3 weeks' exclu-
sive barley feeding at the close, gave economical gains on the whole and produced
bacon of good quality, though scarcely so firm as that produced by barley or by peas
and mi<ldlings.
"Barley appears to be an exceptionally safe and valuable food for swine, whether
fed alone or in combination with other foods. Peas should always be fed in combi-
nation with other foods, in which case they give good results. Exclusive corn feeding
is no doubt risky under any conditions, but the practice can not be too strongly
condemned when followed for any considerable length of time."
Fattening hogs "with drought-resisting crops, H. M. Cottret.l
and J. G. Hakey {Kaums ,sta. Bui. Do, pp. 69-9o, figs. it*). —Eight
series of feeding experiments with pigs are reported on the value of
crops which resist drought and are adapted to the Kansas uplands.
These include Katfir corn, soy beans, and alfalfa. Corn meal, cotton-
seed meal, and skim milk were fed in addition in some of the tests.
Pure-bred Berkshii-e and Poland China pigs were used in the lirst 3
series, and in the remainder, cross-bred pigs, mostly Berkshire-Poland
Chinas of average quality. Series 1 to 6 were made in the winter,
series 7 in the spring, and series 8 in the fall and winter. Care was
taken in each case to insure uniform lots. In the second series the
pigs were fed in closed sheds. In the other series they were fed in the
winter in sheds open to the south and in the summer had access to low
sheds without sides. All the lots were given salt, wood ashes, and
charcoal. The tests which had to do with soy beans were briefly
reported in a previous publication (E. S. R., 12, p. 1-12).
The results of the different series are given in full in tabular form
and are discussed in detail. General deductions are drawn from the
work as a whole. Among the more important are the following:
"[The fact that] average mixed-bred hogs require from 10 to 30 per cent more
food per hundred pounds of gain than the pure-bred hogs is a strong argument for
better breeding. . . . The hogs that made the best gains in these experiments were
well boned, with l)oth fore and hind quarters well developed, rather rangy, well
developed through the heart, with heavy-boned legs of fair length. The average
amount of feed required to produce 1 lb. of gain was 5.28 lbs. of grain, with variations
in feed ranging from 3.69 to 7.49 lbs. of grain. It is noticeable that the hogs requiring
the least amount of feed per pound of gain had soy-bean meal in their rations. The
6 lots of hogs having soy beans as part of their ration required an average of 4.11 lbs.
of grain per pound of gain, while the 19 lots not fed soy beans required an average
of .5.64 ll)s. of feed per pound of gain, an increase in food required of over 37 per cent.
The moral of this is, raise and feed soy beans. Skim milk and alfalfa hay also
greatly reduced the amount of grain recjuired per pound of gain.
8873— No. 4 ()
376 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. '
"Grinding Kafir corn gave greatest returns in our first experiment, showing a
saving of 13 per cent in amount of feed required per pound of gain. In all other tri-
als Kafir corn meal gave less gains than the whole grain, the loss from grinding being
9 and 14 per cent in the different trials.
"Soaking the Kafir corn resulted in losses of 7 and 17 per cent. Wetting the grain
at the time of feeding gave best results, and this is the method we recommend. We
put the whole grain dry into the trough and pour over it sufficient water or skim milk
to thoroughly wet the grain. When water is used we add enough to have a little left
m the trough after the grain is eaten. Kafir corn is dusty, and when fed dry makes
hogs cough. Grinding alfalfa hay resulted in a loss, and we recommend the hay to
])e fed W'hole, just as to cattle. Grinding the soy beans caused a loss of 11 per cent
in the one experiment where both ground and whole beans were fed.
"These experiments show that Kafir corn and either soy beans or alfalfa, properly
combined, produce good results in fattening hogs. On an upland farm an acre of
Kafir corn will produce more pork than an acre of corn. Kafir corn fed alone to
hogs does not give nearly so large gains as when fed with soy beans or alfalfa hay.
Kafir corn combined with either soy beans or alfalfa hay will produce more pounds
of pork per acre from upland than are usually produced from adjoining bottom lands
from corn. Kafir corn, or its near relatives, rice corn and Jerusalem corn, yield well
in every part of the State. The experiments reported in this bulletin show that, by
combining soy beans or alfalfa hay with Kafir corn, hogs may be fattened profitably
on every farm in the State. Corn should Ije raised where it will yield more than Kafir
corn, and Kafir corn where its yield is the higher. . . .
"The yields we have obtained from Kafir corn, soy beans, and alfalfa hay, the
sliowing of only one crop failure in 11 years, and the good results obtained from
fattening hogs with combinations of these feeds show a greater certaint}^ of crop and
more pounds of pork per aci-e than are usually secured liy ordinary feeds in other
States."
Report of the manager of the poultry department, AV. K. Gra-
ham ( Ontario Agr. Ool. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1899^ pp. 130-13 J/., fig.
1). — Brief" statements are made on the work of the poultry department
during the past year. The points touched on are summer Uwers,
early winter laj^ers, feeding, artificial incubation, artificial v. natural
incubation, Qgg preservation, raising ducks, fattening chickens, and
cramming machine.
The different methods of preserving eggs tested were (1) immersion
in solutions of water-glass of different strengths, (2) in lime solution,
(3) coating with vaseline, (4) packing in common salt, (5) packing in dry
oats, and (6) immersing in water-glass and packing in an &gg case after
drying. The author did not obtain as favorable results with solutions
of water-glass as other in\'estigators have. The eggs preserved in
limewater had a slight taste of lime. Those coated with vaseline kept
well, but absorbed a very undesirable flavor of the vaseline. Onl}" a
small percentage of the eggs packed in salt were bad, but all had
suffered a good deal from evapoi-ation. The eggs packcnl in oats were
musty and had evaporated fully as much as those packed in salt.
Those coated with pure water-glass were fairly well preserved, but
lacked flavor.
The comparative value of skim milU and boiling water for moisten-
FOODS ANIMAL PKODUCTTON.
377
mg food was tested with 2 lots, containing respectively 6 and 7
Fekin ducks. Lot 1 was fed shorts, bran, and corn meal, 1:1:1,
moistened with skim milk. Lot 2 was fed the same mixture, moist-
ened with boiling water. After the first week a little animal meal
was added to the ration of this lot. The lot fed skim milk made the
hotter gain in »> Aveeks. In 4 weeks following, when all had the
skim-milk ration, the gains were the same for l)oth lots. ''It wovdd
appear that there is no advantage in mixing the food with boiling
water."
Brief statements are made concerning the food eaten and gains made
by 115 chickens fattened in coops. In 38 days the chickens consumed
a total of 910 lbs. of oats, 305 lbs. of buckwheat, 900 lbs. of skim
milk, and 9 \h>'. of tallow, and made a total gain in Aveight of 216 lbs.
The possibility of influencing the color of dressed chickens by the
ration fed was tested with 2 lots, each containing 3 Plymouth Rock
pullets from the same hatching. Lot 1 was fed a mixture of finely
ground oats and buckwheat, moistened with skim milk, and lot 2, yel-
low corn moistened with water. After 11 days they were killed and
dressed. ''Those on the oat and skim-milk ration presented a creamy-
white appearance, while those fed on the yellow corn were of a deep
yellow color."
What to eat and why, W. O. Atwater {Set. Siftings, 17 {1900), Nos. 436, p. 273;
437, p. 286; 438, pp. 800, 301; 439, p. 315; 440, p. 329; 441, p. 343; 442, pp. 356, 357;
18 {1900), Nos. 443, p. 7; 444, PP- 20,21; 445, p. 55).— Reprinted from Farmers'
Bulletin 23 of U. S. Department of Agriculture (E. S. R., 6, p. 752).
Banana or plantain flour {Indian Forester, 26 {1900), No. 3, pp. 90-92).— From
articles in Belgkjae Colon iale and Revue des Cultures Coloniale, the composition of
unripe and ripe plantain is quoted, the food value of the fruit is discussed", and direc-
tions given for a number of dishes made from plantain flour. Two analyses of
l>anana flour are also quoted. (The term Ijanana and plantain seem to be used
interchangeably.)
Tolokno, a useful food, W. F. Weljamowitsch {Wojenno Med. Jour., 77 {1S99),
p. 1277; Chem. Ztg., 23 {1899), No. 29, Repert., p. 514).— Tolokno is a food product
much used in northern Russia and other parts of the Empire. It is made by soaking
oats for a day in water, heating them in an oven for a day, and then drying and
removing the hull.
Value of gluten in flour, R. Harcourt { Ontario Agr. Col. and Expl. Farm Rpt.
1899, pp. 40,41).— T\w author discusses briefly the importance of gluten from the
standpoint of baking quality of flour, tlie influence of climate and soil on the
character of the wheat, etc.
Analyses of cocoa, J. Hughes {Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 4 {1900), No. 5, pp.
288-290). — Analyses of a nmnber of brands of cocoa are quoted from the Ceylon
Tropica I Agricv Itur i.'it .
Contribution to the chemical examination of tea, A. Bevthien, P. Bohrisch,
and J. Deiter {Ztschr. Tntersuch. Nahr. v.. fienussmtl. , 3 {1900), No. 3, pp. 145-153). —
The author reports analyses of a number of sorts of tea.
Feeding stuff inspection, C. D. Woods and J. M. Bartlett {Maine Sta. Bui. 59,
pp. 22). — The points of the Maine law regarding the sale of feeding stuffs which the
authors fionsider of most interest to the dealer and consumer are noted, and analyses
378 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
made in accordance with the law are reported of cotton-seed meals, gluten meals
and gluten feeds of different brands, calf meal, linseed-oil meal of different brands,
corn-and-oat feed of different brands, corn, oats, and barley; cereal by-products,
poultry feed, rice feed, poultry meal, beefs craps, meat meals, and cattle or poultry
bone. The constituents reported are protein and fat. The violations of the State
law are discussed.
Feeding stuffs, H. B. McDonnell (Mari/lnnd Agr. Col. Quart., 1900, No. 8, pp.
1-14). — Theories of nutrition and other general matters are discussed, and the State
law regarding feeding stuffs quoted. A number of analyses, made in accordance
with this law, are reported, including corn, oats, and barley; cereal by-products,
ground rye, corn meal, ground corn-and-cob meal, corn chops, fine siftings from
ground corn, and a commercial mixed feed.
Fodders and feeds, L. A. Voorhees and J. P. Street {Neiv Jerseii Stas. Rpt. 1899,
pp. 120-125). — Analyses are reported of oats and peas, cowpeas, soy beans, velvet
beans, barnyard millet, pearl millet, crimson clover, sand vetch, green rye, green
barley, corn fodder, teosinte, leaming corn, red and white Kafir corn, flint corn, rural
branching durra, Southern white corn, evergreen broom corn, yellow millo maize,
sugar cane, alfalfa (different cuttings). Dwarf Essex rape, hay, clover hay (second
crop) , gluten meal, cotton-seed meal, dried brewers' grains, dairy feeds, corn feed,
wheat bran, wheat bran mixed with palm oil, grain hulls, mill sweepings, and beef
meal .
Miscellaneous cattle-food analyses, W. Frear {Penmylvanla Sta. Bid. 30, pp.
7-12). — Analyses are reported of cereal by-products, corn-oat-and-barley feed, buck-
wheat feed, buckwheat bran, buckwheat hulls, dried brewers' grains, cerealiue feed
No. 2, yellow dent corn, corn meal, ground corncobs, corn feed, adulterated cotton-
seed meal, gluten feed and meal — misbranded, kiln-dried feed, wheat bran, and a
condimental food.
Feeding and feeding stuffs, H. J. Wheeler and A. W. Bosworth {Rhode Island
Sta. Bid. 64, p}^. 103-124). — The authors discuss feeding stuffs and feeding standards
and give a brief table showing the digestible nutrients in the principal feeding stuffs.
The protein and fat in a number of samples of concentrated feeding stuffs sold in
Rhode Island are reported, and when such data were available, the results compared
with the manufacturers' guaranty of the composition of the feeding stuffs. The
materials examined include cotton-seed meal, gluten meal, barley sprouts, corn-oat-
and-barley feed, hominy feeds, cereal by-products, commercial mixed feed, and
provender.
Condimental stock foods, R. W. Clothier {Indnstrialist, 26 {1900), No. 34, pp.
457-461). — The composition of condimental stock food is reported and compared with
other feeding stuffs. A lot of 211 sheep fed alfalfa hay and ear corn gained 117 lbs.
more than a lot of 209 fed the same ration and condimental stock food in addition.
Distillery -waste, W Frear and C. A. Browne {Pennsylvania^ Sia. Bid. 50, pj>.
3-6). — The authors report the composition of distillery waste obtained in the manu-
facture of vinegar from fermented grain. In preparing this product for market the
greater part of the water is removed from the material, which is finally pressed and
dried. The sample analyzed represented the drained residue before drying.
Market prices of commercial feeds, L. A. Voorhees and J. P. Street (iVew
Jn-set/ Stds. Rpt. 1899, pp. 126, 127 ). — The market prices for several years of a con-
siderable nmiiber of commercial feeding stuffs are reiiorted.
Table of nutritive equivalents of different feeding stuffs, L. Granue.vi
{U Engrais, 15 {1900), No. 3, pp. 65, 66). — A condensation of an article previously
notedlE. S. Ii.,12,p. 80).
Pie melons for stock feed, 31. E.Jaffa {Pacijic Rural Press, 59 {1900), No. 17,
p. 261). — An analysis is reported.
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION". 379
Feeding value of beet tops and beet pulp [ I'ncijic liimil J't-fsi^, '>!> { iudu), Xn. 8,
pp. 117, lis). — The comparative value of beets and other feeds is discussed.
Cattle feeding in tbe United States with residuum beet pulps and molasses
{Sugar Beet, 21 {1900), No. 1, pp. 8, 9). — A brief account of the successful use of
sugar beet l)y-j)roducts as feeding stuffs.
Use and abuse of rations, A. M. Soflk ( TeiuwsHei- Sta. /!/>!. 1899, i^p. 31-33). —
Brief pojuilar notes are given on this snl>ject.
Investigations on the behavior of animal food in the human body, K. Micko,
P. MtJLLEK, H. PoDA, and W. Prausxitz [Zhchr. BioL, .i9 {1900), No. 2, pp. 277,
278). — A note on a series of investigations of which the following is the first.
Concerning plasmon, a new protein preparation, II. Poda and W. Prausxitz
{Ztschr. Biol., .i9 {1900), No. 2, pp. 279-312). — A fnll account of experiments briefly
reported elsewhere.^ Plasmon, a preparation made from the casein of skim milk was
consumed as jiart of a mixed diet by several men. The digestibilit}' of the ration
was determined and the balance of income and outgo of nitrogen. The principal
conclusions follow: Plasmon is well assimilated. Only very small amounts are
excreted in the feces. As shown by the balance of income and outgo of nitrogen,
plasmon can replace meat in the diet.
Comparative studies of the feces from plasmon and meat diet, K. Micko
(Z/.sr/(/'. B'kA., 39 {1900), No. 3, pjp. 430-450). — Continuing the work reported al)ove,
the author studied the feces when plasmon and meat were consumed, special atten-
tion being given to determining the ratio of nitrogen to ])hosphorus, the xanthin-
nitrogen and nuclein l)odies, casein, and paranuclein.
In the author's opinion the investigation showed that there was no appreciable
quantity of undigested plasmon or its phosphorus compoimds, casein or paranuclein,
in the feces from plasmon. It was apparently completely digested, surpassing meat
in this respect.
On the metabolism of matter in the living body, E. B. Rosa {Phjif. Rev., 10
{1900), No. 3,pj). 129-150). — A method for computing the balance of income and outgo
of oxygen and hydrogen from the data usually recorded in experiments with the
respiration calorimeter is described. The author T^elieves such calculations are useful
and that the weight of the subject should be determined at short intervals and this
and other data used as a check on the accuracy of the work.
Farm superintendence, G. E. Day {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expl. Farm Rpt. 1899,
pp. 83-86, fig. 1). — Brief notes are given on farm superintendence; cattle, sheep, and
swine kept at the station: methods of feeding; and the financial affairs of the agri-
cultural college.
White cattle: An inquiry into their origin and history, R. H. Wallace
{Reprint from Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, n. ser., 5 {1897-1899), Nos. 2, pp. 220-
273, figs. 32, plx. 7; 3, pp. 403-457). — A large amount of historical and other data
leads the author to the conclusion that the white breed, commonly called Park
Cattle, and White Cattle, are descendants of domesticated cattle which became feral
many generations ago. Scotland is regarded as the source of the present English
herds of white cattle. The origin of the Scotch herds is not definitely settled. The
present publication is regarded as an introductory. An extended bibliography of
the sul>ject is given.
Heavy, medium, and light meal rations for fattening steers, G. E. Day
{Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Bid. 110, pp. 1-4). — Noted from otlier pul)iications
(E. S. R., 10, p. 277; 11, p. 664; 12, p. 872).
Pasteurized v. raw skim milk for calves, (J. E. Day [Ontario Agr. Col. and
Expt. Farm Rpt. 1899, }). 67). — A brief account of a test in continuation of previous
work (E. S. R., 11, p. 666). The total gain in 4 weeks of 4 calves fed pasteurized skim
iMuncheuMed. Wchnschr., 46 (1899), No. 26.
380 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
milk as part of a ratiun vin>- 1 10 Ihs. and <>f 4 calvt-s fed raw skim milk under .similar
experimental conditions was 105 lbs.
Sheep, hogs, and horses in the Pacific Northwest, J. Withycombe, H. T.
French, and S. B. Nelson { U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers'' Bui. 117, pp. 28, figs. ^). —
Slurp husbandry, J. Withycoinhc (pp. 5-16). — The author discusses sheep husbandry
in the Pacific Northwest and in western Oregon with special reference to different
forage crops, methods of feeding, pasturage, etc. The management of breeding ewes
and lambs is also spoken of.
Hog raising in the Northwest, II. T. French (pp. 16-23). — Among the points treated
of are breeds and breeding, quality of product, and feeds and feeding stuffs. In
the author's opinion, hogs in the Northwest are generally very free from disease.
The horse hid usti-y of the Northwest, S. B. Nelson (pp. 23-27). — The horse industry of
the past decade is reviewed and the effects on the industry of new inventions dis-
cussed as well as the present and prospective demand and the liome market.
Alfalfa and. red clover hay for lambs, G. E. Day {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt.
Farm Bid. 110, pp. 6, 7). — Summarized from earlier publications (E. S. R., 11, p. 600;
12, p. 373).
Corn V. peas for fattening lambs, (t. E. Day {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm
Bid. 110, pp. 7, S). — Summarized from earlier publications (E. S. R., 11, p. 667; 12,
p. 373).
The Belgian hare, C C. Chapman {Pacific Rural Press, 59 {1900), No 3, p. 38).
DAIRYING^DAIRY FARMING.
A study of dairy co"ws, C. L. Beach {Connectieiit Storrs Sta.
Bui. £0, jjjj. J4).,fig8. 16). — In order to get some idea of the average
production of dairy cows in Connecticut the author collected data
during the summer of 1899 as to the production of a number of herds
supplying one of the large creameries in the State. A summary of
the results showed an average annual yield of butter of 199 lbs. for
392 cows representing 47 herds. Only 9 herds, comprising 68 cows,
averaged over 250 lbs. per year. Estimates by the author, based on
records of the college herd, show that under conditions existing in
the State cows yielding less than 250 lbs. of butter per year are not
kept at a profit.
The author discusses variations in the production of individual
cows, using illustrations from the records of the college herd, and
gives suggestions for increasing the average production and for judging
dairy cows.
A tabulated record of the college herd for 1898 is given showing
the cost of food and the amount and value of milk and butter pro-
duced by each cow with the corresponding profit or loss. The prin-
cipal facts presented in the record are summarized. The average
yield per cow was 5,653 lbs. of milk and 313 lbs, of butter. The best
butter cow produced 509 lbs, of butter, at a profit of $42.82 over cost
of food, and the poorest cow 172 lbs,, at a loss of $4,09. The two
most profitable cows for butter were also the most profitable cows for
milk. Of the 4 cows in the herd producing butter at a loss, 3 were
rcffistercnl coavs of the dairv breeds.
DAIRYING DAIRY FARMING.
381
The aiuitomicul ;ind phy.siolo^icul fetitiircs of the dairy cow tire
discussed at some length.
A comparative study was made of individual cows as regards type
and economy of production. In most cases 'I cows of the same breed
representing" diti'erent types were compared. Illustrated descriptions
are given of 12 of the cows of the herd, with deductions from their
records. The whole herd was divided into three groups correspond-
ing to the following types: (1) Dairy type, cows spare in form with
deep bodies; (2) beef type, cows with large frames and having a
tendenc}^ to lay on flesh easily; and (3) cows lacking in depth and
width of bod}'. The following table summarizes the record of the
college herd grouped according to types and breeds:
Average record of coirx of different 1iipe>> and breeds.
K um-
ber of
cows.
Cost of
food.
Amount
of milk
pro-
duced.
Cost of
100 lbs.
milk.
Amount
of butter
pro-
duced.
Cost of
lib.
butter.
Profit
from
milk at
Sl.OO per
100 lbs.
Profit
from
butter at
18c. per
lb.
Types:
Dairv
16
5
1
4
M
3
4
■25
Dollars.
41.66
39. 83
38. 59
43. 35
39.99
41.40
40. 65
40.80
Pounds.
6,190
5, 322
3, 916
Cents.
69
77
100
Pounds.
351
267
217
371
314
293
266
313
Cents.
12.0
14.9
18.1
12.1
13.2
14.3
16.0
13.6
Dollars.
20. 24
13.40
.56
16.46
15.20
10.00
21.01
15. 72
Dollars.
21.49
Lacking depth
Beef
8.36
.55
Breed:
Jersey
5,981 75
5, 523 76
23. 47
Grades
16.46
5, 140
6, 166
5,653
83
69
76
11.45
Ayrshires
7.32
Average of herd
15. 51
"The record shows that in our herd the dairy type i.s nearly equal to the Jersey
and excels the other breeds in production of butter. The dairy type i.s equal to the
Ayrshires and excels the other breeds in the production of milk. On the whole
the comparison seems to show that, under the present conditions, the type of the
cow is more essential than the breed as indicating the ability to produce milk and
butter economically. ' '
Exercise for covrs, B. Torssell {Ifeddel. K. Landtbr. Stijr. 1900^
No. 63, pp. 170-T7'2). — Ten cows were separated into two even lots,
one of which (lot A) was kept in the stable, while the other (lot B)
was driven aliout 8.5 kilometers back and forth daily for 10 days.
After 10 days the second lot was kept in, while the other one was exer-
cised in the same way as lot B in the tirst period. The average yield
and fat content of milk during a preliminary period of 3 da3^s and
during the experiment proper are shown in the following table:
Milk production vdth and without exercise.
Preliminary.
With exercise.
Without exercise.
Milk.
Fat.
Milk.
Fat.
Milk.
Fat.
Lot A, 5 cows
Liters.
63.47
58.33
Per cent.
3.48
3.46
Liters.
55.29
55.13
Per cent.
3.60
3.72
Liters.
.57. 91
54.87
Per cent.
3.42
3.48
Total
121.80
3.47
110. 42
3.66
112.78
3.45
382 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
In the authors opinion the coneki.sion .seems warranted that the pos-
sible lower production obtained by giving the cows exercise in winter
is more than compensated for ])v the favorable influence of this prac-
tice on the h(nihh and the hardiness of the cows. — r. w. woll.
Dairy husbandry, C B. Lane (JVmv Jersey Stas. Ept. 1899, pp.
189-196, WJ-:iG9, pi. i, dgm. 1). — Deductions from the results of
dairy experiments previously reported (E. S. R. , 11, p. 883) are quoted,
and a detailed account is given of dairy work during the j^ear.
Soiling crop.^ (pp. 192-196). — Tabulated data, including dates of
sowing and cutting, yield, and cost of production, are given for a long
list of forage crops grown for the dairy herd. Brief notes are also
given on the culture and growth of the different crops.
ExperiinenU icith, different rationa (pp. 202-220). — Seven tests of 14
days each and 2 tests of 7 days each were made with 2 cows to study
the influence of rations varying widely in character, upon the yield
and composition of milk and the economic production of milk and
butter. The nine rations compared included the following feeding
stuff's in various combinations: Wheat bran, dried brewers' grains,
linseed meal, oats, cornstalks, hay, silage, green clover, and sugar
beets. The nutritive ratios of the different rations varied from 1:4 to
1 : 14. The highest yield of milk and fat was produced on a ration
having a nutritive ratio of 1:6,5, and the lowest vield on a ration hav-
ing a ratio of 1:14. With one exception, changing from a wide to a
naiTower ration increased the 3deld of milk and fat, and changing
from a narrow to a wider ration decreased the yield. A diagram shows
the jdeld and composition of the milk of the cows on the changing
rations as compared with like data for cows in the same stage of lacta-
tion fed uniformly during the same period. The fat content of the
milk during the different periods ranged from 3.66 to 4.26 per cent.
Tabulated data in regard to the economy of milk and butter produc-
tion on the different rations show a net gain over cost of food of 32.9
per cent greater on well-balanced rations than on poorly balanced
rations. The results of the study are summarized as follows:
" (1) The feeding of irregular rations caufjed a wide variation in tlie yield of milk
and fat, and had a tendency to decrease the total yieUl.
" (2) The feeding of rations varying widely in respect to chai'acter and percentage
of coarse foods, and amount of different food compounds and total nutrients fur-
nished, had but little influence upon the composition of the milk.
'' (3) Milk and l)utter were produced more economically from well-balanced
rations than from rations containing a sufficient quantity of nutrients, Init not in the
proper proportion."
An experiment with 4 cows comparing a ''good" (balanced) and a
"poor" (unbalanced) ration was made in continuation of a similar
experiment already reported (E. S. K. , 11, [). 884). The same cows and
practically the same rations were used as in the earlicM- experiment.
DAIRYING DAIRY FARMING. 383
The feecliiio- p(>rio(l.s in the present case were shortened to 15 days.
On the hahmced ration 15.1 percent more milk and 21.9 percent more
fat was produced than on the unbalanced ration. The gain over cost
of food, however, was not marked. "As pointed out in the discussion
of the previous experiment, the advantage of the good and more ex-
pensive ration is a larger production from the same lunnber of animals,
and thus a reduction in the capital required. "
TJwyleld (Old cam/position of m !Jk oJdalned wlien the intervals hetween
milJiwgn are unequal and 'ir hen they are equal (pp. 220-257). — Seven-
day tests of 81 Holstein cows supervised by the station are reported l)y
J. G. Lipman. iuid the detailed data are summarized to show the aver-
age weekly variations in the fat content of the milk of individual cows,
proportionate yields of milk and fat at 3 daily mil kings at unequal
intervals, average yields of milk and fat per hour for the unequal
periods between milkings, and the average fat content of the milk of
the cows grouped according to age. Some of the author's deductions
from the study follow:
"The difference between the highest and lowest daily average per cent of fat for any
7 consecutive days is under normal conditions usually less than 0.45 per cent. . . .
"When the intervals between milkings are unequal, there is a tendency to produce
projwrtionately more fat after the shortest interval.
"When the intervals between milkings are unequal, there is a tendency for stall-
fed cows to give proportionately more milk at the morning's milking.
"When the intervals between the two afternoon milkings are equal, the yields of
milk are practically the same, but the yield of fat for the noon milking is greater.
"When the cows are on pasture, and the periods between milkings unequal, there
is a tendency to yield more milk, in proportion, at the noon milking."
The average fat content of the milk of 6 cows, 2 years old, was 3.33
per cent; 6 cows, 3 3^ears old, 3.62 per cent; 8 cows, -1 years old, 3.23
per cent, and 11 full-aged cows, 3.26 per cent.
In 2 experiments at the station to determine at what period of the day
the most milk and fat are produced and the highest and lowest percent-
age of fat found, 4 cows were milked at 5 a. m. and 5 p. m., and 5
cows were milked at 5 a. m., 1 p. m., and 9 p. m. In another experi-
ment to compare milking cows two and three times a day i cows were
milked at equal intervals twice a day during the first and third periods
and three times a da}" during the second period. Complete data for
the 3 experiments are tabulated and the following sununary is given:
"When the cows were milked at equal intervals twice daily, 51.9 per cent of the
total milk was produced in the morning, a,nd 41.8 per cent at night. Of the total
fat, 50.6 per cent was produced in the morning and 49.4 at night. Of the 76 tests
for percentage of fat, 59, or over three-fourths, were highest at night.
"When the cows were milked at equal intervals, three times daily, 36 percent
of the total milk was produced at 5 a. m., 32.8 per cent at 1 p. m. and 31.2 per
cent at 9 p. m. Of the total fat, 33.3 per cent was produced at 5 a. m., 35.1 per cent
at 1 p. m. and 31.6 per cent at 9 p. m. The highest percentage of fat occurred at
384
EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKI).
1 2'- lii-, <"■ tl"' I'uriod iieiu'csl tlic ikxhi limir, ami tlic lowest percentage in the
morning.
"When 4 cows were changed fruin twice to tliree times milking, they gained 3.03
per cent in yield of milk and 0.78 per t-ent in yield of fat. The average per cent of
fat decreased 0.09.
" When 4 cov\> were clianged from three times milking tn twice, they decreased
10.3 percent in yield of milk and 9.4 i)er cent in yield of fat, and the average per
cent of fat increased 0.04.
"The results of milking three times daily indicate that a third milking will not
pay as a regular farm practice."
Cost of jprod/ucing null- (pp. 25T-26U). — The cost of the milk pro-
duction of the herd is given for the 3'ear ended April 1, 1899. The
data contained in the present report, as well as similar data for the
two preceding years, were summarized in the bulletin of the .station
previously referred to.
Soiling crop rotation (pp. 261, 262). — A table gives the total yield
and amount of nutrients obtained per acre from the various combina-
tions of soiling crops grown during the year. A continuous supply of
forage was furnished the dairy herd from May 1 to November 1.
Dairying in relation to soil ed'ftaustion (pp. 263, 261). — The amount
of fertilizing elements contained in the feeding stuffs purchased and in
the milk produced by the station herd for 3 A^ears is given in tabular
form. The results show a decided gain to the farm in fertilizing
elements.
Record of tlie dairy herd (pp. 261—269). — A record of 12 cows is
given for the year ended April 1, 1899. The principal results are
summarized in the following table:
Records of best and poorest cows for milk (iiid tmlier production.
Annual
yield.
Value of product.
Gain over cost of feed
1 with —
Milk at Milk at
1 ct. 3 cts.
per lb. per qt.
Butter
at 20 cts.
per lb.
feed. Milkat
let.
per lb.
Milkat
3 cts.
per qt.
Butter
at20cts.
per lb.
Milk production:
Pounds.
10, 169
5, 090
6,965
484
247
318
SlOl. 69
50.90
69.65
8139. 95
70.05
95.85
896. 80
49.40
63.60
$46.32 1 855.37
46.32 4.58
46. 32 1 23 33
893.63
23.73
49 .=.:(
Butter production:
46.32
850 48
.. ..
46.32 1
3.08
46. 32 . .
17 28
The average waste for 3 years in handling, cooling, bottling, and
delivering milk was 9 per cent.
Report of the professor of dairy husbandry, H. H. Dean {Onta7no
Agr. Col. and I'U-pt. Farm Rpt. 180'J^ pp. oJf-7Jf.). — Notes arc given
on the work of the dairy school during the year, and various experi-
ments, partly in continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 11, pp.
681, 683), are i-eported.
Care of III ilk for chn^Kc making (pp. hU-h^S). — Experiments were con-
DAIRYING — DAIRY FARMING. 385
ducted during" the summer to stud}^ thl^ eti'ect of diU'erent methods of
treatment on the sweetness of milk and on the quality of curd and
cheese. During the hot weather aeration alone was not found suthcient
to keep milk sweet over nig'ht and in good condition for cheese making"
the following" morning. A small quantity of ice in a can set in the
milk was more effective than aeration. Milking and aerating in the
stable or pasture did not seem to att'ect th(^ occurrence of gassy curds,
nor did the rejection of the first milk drawn prevent this trouble. "A
good flavored starter in the milk seems to be the best remedy for gassy
and other bad flavors. . . . When the cows are healthy and are fed
on clean food and are milked in a cleanly manner, in a clean place,
aeration is probably of no particular advantage to milk for cheese-
making.'"
During July and August several experiments were made to deter-
mine to what temperature milk should be cooled on Saturday evening
in order to have it in good condition on Monday morning. The
results indicated that during the summer milk should be cooled to 58
to 00^, and in hot weather to 50 to 55° in order to keep it sweet over
Sunday.
Careful v. rough handling of curd (pp. 58, 59). — In each of 3 tests,
1,200 lbs. of milk was divided into 2 equal lots and treated alike, except
that one lot was handled very roughly at cutting and during heating,
while the other lot was handled as carefully as possible. Careful
handling increased the yield of cheese. The quality was practically
the same in each case.
Curing cheese at different temperatures (pp. 59-61). — Cheese made at
the college and at 2 factories was cured at temperatures of about 60,
65, and TO". Cheese cured at 60° lost about one-half per cent less in
weight than cheese cured at 70-^, and was also better in quality. The
results were the same with cheeses weighing 30 and 75 to 80 lbs. In
11 experiments cheese cured at 69° for one week and then finished at
60 or 65° was compared with cheese cured at 60, 65, and 69° for the
whole time. The results indicated no advantage in curing at high
temperatures for a week. The cheese cured at 60° scored the highest.
A bad flavor in cheese (pp. 61, 62). — Notes are given on the occur-
ence of a bad flavor in curd and cheese in a large number of factories,
and a method for treating the curd to overcome the difficulty is quoted.
Methods of coi drolling temperature hi cheese-curing rooms during hot
loeather (pp. 62-65). — Notes are given on the construction and cost of
subearth ducts in a number of factories visited by the author. The use
of water, fans, and compressed air for cooling curing rooms is also
briefly discussed.
Effect (f pasture on the fat content of milk (pp. 65, 'o'o). — The average
fat content of the milk of the dairy herd for 17 days before the cows
were turned out to pasture was 3.69 per cent in the morning and 3.8
886 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
per cent in the evening. For tlie tir.st 17 clays on pasture the average
fat content of the morning's milk was 4.36 per cent, and of the even-
ing milk 4:A7 per cent. The results agree with those previously
obtained.
Changes in colostrum Trdlk durvng 21 milkings (p. QQ). — Determina-
tions with the Quevenne lactometer and Babcock test were made of the
milk of 5 cows for the first 21 milkings after calving. The addition
of sulphuric acid to the first and second milkings gave a decided
purple tinge to the precipitate. This is suggested as a method for
detecting colostrum milk. The data for the tests are talmlated and
summarized as follows:
' ' There was a gradual decrease in the percentage of fat and the percentage of solids-
not-fat with three cows, and a decrease of the solid-s-not-fat in the milk of all five
cows from the first to the twenty-first milking. In the case of one cow, an Ayrshire
grade, the percentage of fat increased from the first to the twenty-first milking, while
another grade Ayrshire was lower in fat for the first eight milkings, then increased,
and afterwards decreased.
" Milk is not norn:ial until the eighth or ninth milking after calving, and in some
cases the twelfth or fourteenth milking contains an abnormal proportion of solids-
not-fat."
Dilution, creamers or '''' separators'''' (pp. 67, 68). — Tests were made of
the Hydro-lactic, Wheeler, and Brampton cans in comparison with the
Cooley can. Milk was diluted one-half and set at room temperature
in the Hydro-lactic, AVheeler, and Cooley cans. Undiluted milk was
set in the Brampton and Cooley cans, which were kept in ice water.
The results showed little or no advantage in the use of dilution creamers
as compared with ordinary cans in which milk is set in ice water with-
out dilution. Setting for but 3 to -i hours in the dilution process, as
recommended by the manufacturers of the dilution cans, was less satis-
factory than setting for a longer time. The dilution process lowered
the quality of the l)utter and lessened the value of the skim milk.
Rljyening cream uiith dijferent 2)<ii^C€ntages of starter (p. 68). — The
cream was ripened without the use of a starter as compared with the
addition of 5, 15, and 20 per cent starter. "The starter caused the
cream to ripen more quickly, but there was little or no difference in
the quality of the butter. This agrees with the results obtained for
the past two years."
Ripening cream at different temperatures (p. 69). — In each of 21
experiments made during July and August cream was divided into 2
lots, one of which was ripened at 70 to 75^ and the other at 55 to 60"^.
The yield and (piality of the butter favored ripening at the lower
temperature, agrtMung with results previously obtained.
Pasieurizing mill- and crtaiii forhutter nudi/ig {^p. 69-71). — Experi-
ments were conducted during April and May to stud}^ the effect of
pasteurization in butter making. Th(^ })utter made in the experiments
DAIEYING DAIRY FARMING. 387
was sent to two firms from which scorings were obtained. The results
are summarized in part as follows:
"There was less loss of fat in the skim milk from pasteurizing the whole milk
before separating.
"There was less volume of cream from pasteurized milk, but the cream was richer.
" B}^ using a starter after cooling there was no difficulty in ripening the cream from
l>asteurized milk.
"The pasteurized cream churned in less time than the raw cream.
"The yield of butter per 1,000 lbs. of milk was 0.89 lb. greater from the unpas-
teurized milk. ...
"All the trials indicated that butter from pasteurized milk had better keeping
qualities, although when first made there was little or no difference in the
quality. . . .
" Pasteurized skim milk kept sweet from 24 to 48 hours longer than the skim milk
from the separator where the whole milk was not heated to 160°."
Mangels v. turnips fed to cows for hutter inaking (p. 71). — Butter
made from cows fed mangels scored 2.3 points higher than that from
cows fed turnips.
The dairy herd (pp. 71, 72). — A tabulated record of the dairy herd
of 23 cows for the year is given, with a summary of the principal data.
Mill' tests at the fall fairs (p. 73). — Records of tests of 41 cows are
tabulated.
Foreign coloring matter in milk, A. PI Leach {Jour. Amer.
Chem. Soc, 22 {1900), No. I^, x>p. 207-210).— ''OvXoi 23,098 samples
of milk collected throughout the State [of Massachusetts] during 5
years (ISyi-lSyS) 151 samples, or 0.6 per cent, were found to contain
foreign coloring matter. Of these samples about 88 per cent contained
annatto, approximately 10 per cent were found with an aniline orange,
and about 2 per cent with caramel. . . . About 95 per cent of the
milks found colored in Massachusetts showed on analysis the fraudu-
lent addition of water."
The method employed by the author for the examination of samples
suspected of being colored is described in detail.
The ripening of cream, H. W. Conn {Connecticut Storrs Sta. Hal.
21^ pp. 2Jt). — This is a general discussion of the purposes, cause, and
control of cream ripening; the effect of different species of bacteria;
the use of pure cultures in the United States and Europe; residts of
the use of pure cultures; methods employed in the use of pure cul-
tures; and the use of starters with and without pasteurization. The
author's summar}' of the discussion follows:
"(1) The market price of butter depends in a large degree upon the character of
the ripening of the cream.
"(2) The only method the butter maker has of controlling this ripening is by the
use of 'starters,' followed by a maintenance of a proper temperature.
"(3) The most logical method of using these starters is first to pasteurize the cream
and then inoculate it with a pure culture of a favorable species of bacteria. This
method is almost universal in Denmark, but it produces very mild-flavored butter
388 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECORD.
and ha? not been extensively adopted elsewhere. It is better adapted to European
taste than to the taste of lovers of butter in the United States.
"(4) The use of starters without pasteurization has been quite widely adopted in
American creameries. This is a less logical method, but the results are satisfactory.
The butter obtained is more highly flavored than that from pasteurized cream.
"(5) The starter used may be either a commercial starter or a natural starter.
There is little to choose between them. The latter is more commonly used in the
United States. The question whether the one or the other should be used is largely
a matter of convenience.
"(6) The use of starters will not make good butter out of poor cream."
Report of the bacteriological department, M. N. B^ohs (Otifaino
A(//: Col. and E,qjt. Farm Rpi. 1SD9., pp. 00-lUO^fg. 1). — Mention is
made of the distribution of starters among various butter and cheese
makers, and brief notes are given on the use of starters.
Bacteriolooical examinations showed that cheese cured at a low tem-
perature had a higher bacteria content during the first few days than
cheese cured at a high temperature. Cheese made in the fall had a
higher germ content than cheese made in the spring and summer.
The superior flavor of cheese cured at a low temperature and also of
fall cheese is therefore attributed to the increased number of bacteria
present in such cheese. Bacillus col! communis thrived better in
cheese cured at a low temperature, and liquefying bacteria grew better
in cheese cured at a high temperature.
A species of Torula was isolated from samples of bitter cheese ob-
tained from several factories. The characters of this organism are
noted. This trouble which is known as "bitter milk" caused consid-
erable loss to cheese makers of Ontario during the summer. Further
investigations are necessary l)efore suggestions for the exclusion of
this germ from milk can be made.
Two samples of water used in factories where much trouble from
gassy curd was experienced were examined. In each case a different
species of gas-producing bacteria was isolated. A pure culture of
lactic-acid germs was used with one of the gas-producing species with
very beneficial results.
Practical hints for the dairyman, F. S. Cooley {Massachusetts State Bd. Agr.
Bpt. 1890, pp. 273-288). — This treats of soiling crops for dairy cows, cow stables,
selection and testing of cows, and the care of milk.
Dairying, W. R. Sessions {Massachusetts State Bd. Agr. Bpt. 1899, pp. 4-5-73). — A
general discussion of the subject.
Dairy farming, A. M. Soule ( Tennessee Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 25-28, figs! 3).— A. pop-
ular discussion on the selection, breeding, and testing of dairy cows, with sugges-
tions f(ir keeping a herd record.
Feeding the dairy cow, A. M. Soule ( Tennessee Sta. Bpt. 7899, pp. 29-31, fig.
1). — This discusses in a popular manner the composition of milk, general principles
of feeding, and the relative value of pasture and soiling crops for milk production.
Several rations for dairy cows are suggested.
Mangels v. sugar beets for milk production, G. E. Day ( Ontario Agr. Col. and
E.qA.Farin Bpt. 1899, pp.76, 77). — An experiment previously noted (E. S. K., 11, p.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 389
is summarized and a similar comparative test of mangels and sugar beets for
milk production is reported. The experiment included 4 co\a's and lasted 4 weeks.
" Everj'thing considered, these experiments indicate that there is very little, if any,
difference between mangels and sugar beets as foods for stimulating the flow of milk.
It must be remembered, however, that these experiments have no bearing upon the
relative value of these foods for maintaining life or producing fat."
Mangels v. sugar beets for milk production, G. E. Day ( Ontario Agr. Col. and
Expt. FuTin Bui. 110, pp. 46). — An account is given of 2 comparative tests of mangels
and sugar beets for milk production previously reported (E. S. R., 11, p. 688; 12,
].. .388) .
Milking record experiment, J. A. ^Mirr.w {Ann. Rpt. Field Expls. Agr. Dept.
Lhiiv. Col. Wales, 1899, pp. 26-30). — Records of 5 herds of 5 cows each for 3 months
were obtained for the purpose of comparing Welsh Black and Shorthorn breeds of
cattle for dairy purposes. The results, while not considered conclusive, showed a
much larger yield of milk in favor of the Welsh Black breed.
Concerning tlie cows' milk in Varna, Bulgaria, C. Strzyzowski {Oeslerr. Chem.
Zig., 3 (1900), Xo. 7, pp. 157, 158) . — The author reports analyses of 7 samples of milk.
He states that nothing corresponding to a modern milk control exist** in Bulgaria
and the milk supply has been little studied. Where a control exists it usually con-
sists in determining the specific gravity and testing for the presence of starch or brain
matter, although adulterations of this kind are said to occur very rarely.
On the variability of the dry matter of milk and its value for judging
market milk, A. Reixsch and H. LtJHRiG {Zisckr. Untersuch. Nahr. v. Genussmtl., 3
{1900), Xo. 8, pp. 521-531).
The value of a regulated milk control for cities, A. L.\mb {Ztsclir. Untersuch.
Xahr. v. Gennmntl., 3 {1900), Xo. 7, pp. 472-475, dgm. 1).
Milk and milk bacteria, S. Sekkowsky {Milch und, ihre Bakterien. Wa7'sau; 1900,
pp. 129; rev. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Xahr. u. Genussmtl., 3 {1900), Xo. 8, p. 591).
Lactic acid bacteria, M. E. McDonnell {Inaug. Diss., Kiel, 1899, pp. 60, pis. 3). —
This contains the results of extended observations and investigations on the growth
of lactic-acid bacteria in different media, milk fermentations, and the morphology
and physiology of lactic-acid bacteria, and their maximum, minimum, and optimum
temperatures. A classification is given of the different lactic-acid germs and the
propagation of pure cultures for dairy ])urposes is considered.
The coagulation of milk by rennet, Ditclaux {Ind. Lait., 25 {1900) , Xos. 30, pp.
233, 234; SI, pp. 241, 242; 32, pp. 249, ;?5C).— The action of rennet on the different
milk constituents is discussed.
EfiPect of sewage water on renneted milk, G. 8. Thomson {Jour. Agr. and Ind.
South Australia, 3 {1900) , Xu. 11, pp. 911-914, .figs. 3). — Sewage Avater obtained from a
drain running from a cheese-making room and added to pasteurized milk jiroduced
a stringy and gassy curd. This trouI>le was observed in 2 factories.
The effect of churning on fat globules, G. A. Flickinger {Tennessee Sta. Bpt.
1899, pp. 34-36, Jig. 1) ■ — A popular discussion.
The normal bacterial invasion of the cow's udder, V. A. Moore {Proc. Soc.
Prom. Agr. Sci. 1899, pp. 110-113). — The author calls attention to the Ijacterial inva-
sion of the udder as one of the sources of milk contamination, basing his discussion
of the subject mainly on investigations previously noted (E. S. R., 10, p. 1094; 12,
p. 184).
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE.
The problem of infection and immunity, A. D. Pawlowskt
{Ztschr. Hyg. u. InfectioTiskrmik., 33 {1900), No. 2,2)p. 261-31£).—ln
this article the author reports the results of extensive experiments
390 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
concerning the fate of pyogenic organisms in suscoptilile and immune
animals. After organisms have come to l)c located in the hypodermal
connective tissue, they are rapidly carried into the blood and internal
organs. This is accomplished largel}^ by means of the lymph currents.
The observed microscopical facts in connection with this problem lend
no aid to the theor}' that pathogenic organisms may be cai'ried from
the source of infection to other parts of the bod}^ through the agency
of phagocytes. Many pathogenic organisms which have become located
in the subcutaneous connective tissue are later excreted in the urine
and bile. This excretion is occasionally ver}^ extensive. The early
period of primary excretion of the pathogenic organisms is called b}^
the author the elimination period of infection. A bibliograph}' of 130
titles on the literature of the subject is appended to the article.
Report of the biologist, J. Nelson {^^eiv Jersey Stax.. Rpt. 1899^
jjp. '273-320, pis. Jt). — The author reports that among the college dairy
herd as many abortions occurred during the j^ear following the disin-
fection treatment as during the preceding year.
Details are given of a number of autopsies upon animals which had
been condemned after receiving the tuberculin inoculation. The author
gives a summary of observations extending over a period of 6 3'ears
upon the college dairy herd with reference to the extermination of
tuberculosis in this herd. From observations made during this time,
the author concludes that allowance should always be made for indi-
vidual differences in the reaction to the tuberculin test; that, as a
general theory, a resting period of several months should be allowed
between any 2 tuberculin tests; and that the course of the disease does
not seem to be affected by tuberculin injections, either by waj^ of aggra-
vation or alleviation of the disease. A general discussion is presented
of the contagiousness of tuberculosis, on the curative action of tubercu-
lin, on the advisability of a reinjection, the length of period between
injections, the rapidity of development of tuberculosis, and the detec-
tion of tuberculosis by physical symptoms.
The author made a study of a bacteriological disease of ducks which
resembled to some extent chicken cholera. An outbreak of this disease
occurred in a flock of 100 ducks and as the death rate became large it
was reconmiended that 1 per cent carbolic acid be given in the drinking-
water and that an astringent ])e given in soft feed. These remedies
seemed to have a decidedly beneficial effect in checking the disease.
The author made cultures of the micro-organism and inoculated one of
the partly recovered ducks from the diseased flock. A mild attack of
the disease followed this inoculation. The disease in question seemed
to be confined lai'gely to the small intestines. The liver appeared
normal and the oXXun- 2><>st-'inorteiii findings were not strictly like those
of chicken chohn-a. Inoculations of pure cultures of the bacillus in
guinea })igs were without result.
VETEKINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 391
The authcn- gives a detailed description of \'arious bacteriological
apparatus upon which improvements have been made, including a tube
carrier for a hand centrifuge, a thernio-regulator, sterile pipette for
plate cultures, and a test-tube holder. Notes are also gi^'en on the
use of the platinum loop and on methods of detecting tubercle bacilhis
in tissues.
Results of the Lorenz method of inoculation against hog cholera
■with Prenzlau vaccine during the years 1897-1899, E. Jokst
and A. Helfeks {Berliv. Tierdrtl. Wc/tnsc/ir., 1900, x\v>. 11, j)j?. liil-
12Ji). — The number of hogs inoculated was 217,376. In general the
inoculations were endured by the hogs without any disturbance of the
general health conditions. The number of deaths which were attributed
to inoculation by thi.s method was 40, of which 31 cases were not care-
fully investigated. One case showed necrosis of the cervical ligament,
3 erysipelas of the head, 1 peritonitis, 1 articular inflanunation, and 2
gastro-enteritis. The number of cases of hog cholera which developed
in consequence of the injection of cultures was 202. In these cases the
disease was manifested within from 2 to 7 days after the inoculation.
Sixty-four of these cases recovered spontaneously. The inoculation
failed to produce a sutiiciently complete immunity in 155 cases which
became later infected with the natural disease. The question whether
inoculated hogs transmit the disease to uninoculated hogs was answered
in the negative in nearly all the reports. Of the hogs which were
suffering with hog cholera, 68. S per cent were cured by the method.
Partial paralysis and crippling of sTvine, J. H. Reed and G. E.
Day {Oittario Agi'. Col. and Expt. Farm Bal. 110, pp. 8-l'2). — During
the winter and spring months many pigs become somewhat paralyzed or
lame from an apparent rheumatic affection. In paralysis the appetite
is variable and the hind limbs are so affected that locomotion is scarcely
possible. In rheumatic affections the symptoms are similar to those
of paralysis, with the exception that the joints are frequently swollen
and sensitive. This form of paralysis is usually the result of digestive
disturbances associated with constipation. These digestive troubles
are due to overfeeding or improper feeding and lack of exercise. The
rheumatic troubles are mostly caused by improper l)uildings, poor
ventilation, or damp sleeping places.
The curative treatment for these affections consists largely in cor-
recting these faults in diet or surroundings, the use of a tonic, such as
nux vomica, and suitable purgatives. Under the head of "Correc-
tives," the author refers to substances which are not strictly foods,
but which assist in bringing about a normal digestive action. Among
these substances may be mentioned fresh earth, ashes, and charcoal.
Suggestions are given as to proper plans for building the piggery, so
that damp floors may be avoided and proper \entilation secured.
8873— No. 1 7
392
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Toxicological experiments with nitrate of strychnine upon
geese, ducks, chickens, and pigeons, J. Schneider (J/r>??«/,>i/i. Prakt.
Tide I'll.. 11 {1900). ^o. 0, j^>p. ii?4J-i:^6'P).— The experiments reported
upon in this paper included h^'poderniic injeetioiis of strychnine in
the breasts of domesticated birds and the feeding- of strychnine by
way of the mouth. The g-eneral results o])tained from th(^se experi-
ments may be tabulated as follows:
Do»i' of iitrijclmlne per kUogram /Ire ireight.
Given hypodermically.
Therapeu-
tic dose.
My.
Oeese
Ducks
Chickens
Pigeons . .
1.0
- .75
Minimum
lethal
dose.
M<i.
1.0
0.1-1.1
3.0
1.0
Given bv wav of mouth.
Therapeu-
tic dose.
Mq.
O.C
1..T-2.0
2.0-3.0
G.O
Minimum
lethal
dose.
M'J-
2.5
3.0-4.5
30.0
8.5
From these data it appears that pig-eons are least susceptible to
internal doses of strychnine so long as the experiments are confined
to therapeutic doses, while chickens manifest the greatest resisting
power against lethal doses. The experimental birds which were killed,
whether by internal or hypodermic doses of strychnine, were cooked
and eaten without experiencing any peculiarity in the taste of the
meat or any efi'ects from the strychnine.
Handbook of meat inspection for veterinarians, physicians, and judg-es,
R. OsTERT.\(i {Handbuch der Fleischbescltau fiir Timirzte, Arzte nnd lilcliter. ,StuUgari:
Ferdinand Enke, 1899, 3. ed., pp. 903, figs. 251, pi. 1).— This book is a general treatise
on the subject of meat inspection, and contains discussions of the following related
matters: Government regulations of the sale of meat, inspection of animals before
slaughter, inspection of carcasses, the normal appearance of various organs, abnormal
physiological conditions, general pathology of slaughtered animals from the health
officers' standpoint, organic diseases of special importance, anomalies of the blood,
cases of poisoning, animal parasites, plant parasites, slaughter for acute infectious
diseases, post-mortem changes in meat, coloring and inflation of meat, preservation
of meat, boiling, and steam sterilization.
The taking- of samples for trichina inspection, C. No.\ck ( Deut. Thierarztl.
Wchnschr., S [1900), No. S, pp. 66, 67). — Detailed directions for the selection of
samples from jneat to be inspected in order that the inspection may give reliable
results.
The examination of condemned meat, H. L. I'.llekman [Tijdxclir. Ventrtxenijk
en Veeteelt, 27 {1900), No. 2, pp. 99-126). — A detailed account of the iiictiiods of
inspecting meat for the i)resence of various diseases.
The meat inspection law of the United States, A. Moli>ew (Zhclir. Fleixvh n.
Milrhliyg., lu (1900), No. 6, jip. 101-106). — A critical examination of the law of this
country concerning meat inspection.
The treatment of acute muscular rheumatism with acetanilid, E. Zincke
{Dent. Tlueriirzil Wvhnxchr., S (1900), .Yo. cS", ^v'- '^'-^ ^^"'O-— This article discusses the
symptoms of muscular rhciunatisni and reports the successful use of acetanilid in
treating it.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 393
The determination of tlie value of tetanus antitoxin and its use in human
and veterinary medicine, E. Behrixg [Dint'. Med. Wduischr., 26 {1900), No. 3, ^jp.
29-32). — The author ntutes that in order that tetanus antitoxin may ])e fairly tested
it is necessary that treatment with it shall be begun not later than 30 hours after the
appearance of tetanus symptoms. Intravenous injection is reconnnended in the
place of hypodermic.
Pathog-enesis of local lesions of infectious origin, M. dk Viedma {Gac. Miil.
Vd., Madrid, £4 {1900), No. 159, pp. 101-104). — A brief study of croupous and diph-
tlieritic membranes, gangrene, and tuberculosis.
The cocco-bacillus of Pfeiifer, G. Rosenthal {('onijil. Rend. Soc. Biol. Parix, 52
{1900), No. 11, pp. 266-2i;S) . — Experiments were tried with this organism in associa-
tion with other organisms of variable virulence. Mice inoculated with a mixture of
pneumococcus and this cocco-bacillus died of septicaemia. Rabbits inoculated in the
lung with a mixture of cocco-bacillus and an old culture of staphylococcus succumbed
to pulmonary congestion in the course of a few days.
The bacillus of Koch in the milk of human tubercular patients, H. Roc^ek
and M. Gakniek ((hmpt. Bend. ,Soc. Biol. Paris, 52 {1900), No. 8, pp. 175-177).—
The tubercle bacillus was found in the milk of a tul)erculous woman although there
was no evidence of mammary lesions. The author calls attention to the bearing of
this observation u]ion the question of the infectiousness of cows' nnlk.
Serum diag-nosis of tuberculosis, E. Bendix {Dent. Med. Wclnvichr., 26 {1900),
No. 14, pp. 224, 225). — Brief notes on the results obtained by the application of this
method to cases of tuberculosis of man.
The effect of different medicaments in the treatment of experimental tuber-
culosis, J. IIekicoi'KT and C'. Kriiet ( < 'miipt. Rend. Sue. Jliol. Paris, 52 {1900) , No. 12,
pp. 275-278). — The authors conducted numerous experiments in inoculating dogs with
tuberculosis and in testing the therapeutic value of various niedical agents. During
these experiments it was found that all such agents which were tried had a greater
or less effect in checking the progress of the disease. Among the substances which
were used, the following may be mentioned: Common salt, urate of sodium, aristol,
creosote, camphor, Liebig's extract of beef, bichlorid of mercury, iodin, terebinthinc,
lead, and thallium.
The present status of tuberculin injection, •with special reference to prac-
tical experiments -with this substance, Ostertag {Ztsehr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., lo
{1900), No. 7, pp. 121-130) . — The author discusses the literature of the subject with
I'eference to actual practical results which have thus far l)een olitained in different
countries in combating tuberculosis by means of tuberculin.
Attention is called to the importance of destroying all animals in which clinical
evidence of tuberculosis can be seen, and especially cows with chronic cough, chronic
diarrhea, and tuberculosis of the udder. The author believes that all dangerous
tuberculous animals may be destroyed and that by the aid of tuben;ulin herds of
cattle may be reared which are entirely free from tuberculosis.
The influence of oxygen under pressure on Koch's bacillus in liquid c^il-
tures, F. Akloixcj {Compt. Rend. Soe. Biol. Paris, 52 {1900), No. 12, pp. 291, 292). —
Oxygen under pressure of from \\ to 2\ atmospheres exercises a very marked restrain-
ing influence upon the development of Koch's bacillus in liquid media. The length
of time seems to be more important than the intensity cf the pressure. The influ-
ence of oxygen under pressm-e was sufficient to destroy completely the virulence of
cultures of the tubercle bacillus as shown by subsequent experiments in inoculating
rabbits.
The treatment of tuberculosis in the nineteenth century, Baumler {Berlin.
Klin. Wehnseln:, 37 {1900), No. 14, pp. 293-298). — An ai'count of the application of
various surgical and medicinal treatments for tuberculosis, together with notes on the
use of tuberculin for the diagnosis of the disease in its earlier stages.
394 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Tuberculosis in man and cattle, J. Law ( Countrij Gent., 65 {1900), Xo. 2457, pp.
176, 177). — A controversiial article in* which arguments are presented to prove the
identity of human and bovine tu1)erculosis.
Prevention of bovine tuberculosis, E. Nocard [Jour. Afjr. \^Parh'], 11 {1900),
Xo. 120, pp. 56-59). — A general discussion of the regulations which have lieen found
most effective in controlling this disease.
An experiment in producing immunity against foot-and-mouth disease by
feeding cooked milk from diseased animals, Schmidt {He.s.'^iscJte Lainln: Zt.'^-hr.,
70 [1900), Xo. 9, pj>. 108, 109). — The author conducted experiments during which 10
pregnant cows Avere fed with cooked milk from other animals which were suffering
from foot-and-mouth disease. Each cow received 2 liters of such milk a day, which
had been cooked for a quarter of an hour. None of these cows contracted the dis-
ease although they were thoroughly exposed to infection.
An attempt to produce immunity against foot-and-mouth disease by feed-
ing cooked milk from diseased animals, Schmidt {Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchn.^chr.,
1900, Xo. 8, pp. 86, 87). — The author states that he has recommended this method to
stock owners and farmers in producing immunity against foot-and-mouth disease. It
was observed that calves and pigs were rendered immune again.st the disease by this
method. Ten cows received daily 2 liters of milk from cows which ha<l had severe
attacks of the disease. The milk was cooked for 15 minutes. The cows were much
exposed to the disease but none of them contracted it.
Spaying cows, J. "Wester {Tljd.'<chr. Veeartsenijk en Veeteelt, 27 {1900), Xo. 2, pp.
127-162) . — This article contains an elaborate discussion of the spaying methods
which \\&\e been proposed l)y different authors, and a bibliography of the subject is
appended.
Milk fever, W. O. Robertson ( T>/. Jour., 50 {1900), Xo. 298, j>p. 183-189).— \
general discussion of the symptoms, etiology, and treatment of this disease.
The etiology of parturient paresis, W.A.Thomas {Amer. Yet. Rev., 23 {1900),
Xo. 11, pp. 798. 799). — The lesions of this disease are said to be in the brain and
spinal column.
Parturient fever, H. S. Smith {Anur. Vet. Rev., 23 {1900), Xo. 10, pp. 702-708).—
The author maintains that this disease is not due to disturbances of metabolic proc-
esses in the udder alone, but is due to general autointoxication. In the treatment
of cases of parturient fever, the author used iodid of potash by way of mouth and
not as injections in the udder. Good results were obtained by this method, and the
author suggests that hypodermic injections of iodid of potash might also give good
results.
General observations on the method of adherence of cestodes to the intes-
tinal wall, P. MixoAZZiNi {Extr. Arch. Ital. Biol, 32 {1899), Xo. 3, pp. 12, figs. 6).—
From a study of microscopic sections of the scolex of cestodes attached to the intes-
tinal walls, the author jiresents a detailed account of the exact manner of such at-
tachment.
Parasitological notes, B. Galli-Valerio {Centhl. Ball. u. Par., 1. Aht., 27
( 1900), Xii. 9, jij). 305-309, figx. 4) ■ — An account of an epizootic disease of laboratory
guinea pigs caused by Trichomoua.'i caviu'.
Poisoning with Agrostemma githago, K. Kronaciier ( Wclmsclir. TierlieUk. v.
V'lehzvcht, 44 {1900), Xo. 12, pp. 109-115). — The author discusses the clinical symp-
toms of 5 cows which were supposed to have been poisoned by this plant. From a
study of these cases, the author came to the conclusion that the seeds of this plant,
which were fed along with other material, had been crushed and that therefore the
saponin contained in them came in contact with the mucus lining of the stomacli
ami alimentary tract.
Pathological-anatomical conditions in poisoning by ricin, F. Miller {Beitr.
J'oth. A)iiil. II. Allg. J'ltth., 27 {1900), Xo. 2, pp. 331-348, pi. i).— Samples of the blood
VETEEINAKY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 395
of experimental animals were drawn aljout 14 hours after giving a lethal dose of
ricin. Immediate changes were found to have been produced in the relative pro-
portion of the small lymphocytes, the large lymphocytes with round nuclei, poly-
nuclear (-ells, and eosinophilous cells. The marrow of hollow bones, the liver, and
kidneys were also examined under the microscope, and detailed descriptions are
given of the changes in their miscroscopic structure under the influence of ricin
poisoning.
Treatment of infectious diarrhea of calves with tannoform, ScntJNHOPK
(Birllii. Ttcrdrztl. ]Vrlnts<'lir., 1900, Xo. U. pp. 101, 102).— T\w author reports that a
treatment of young calves with calomel and tannoform gave good results in prevent-
ing the appearance of this disease.
Husk or hoose in calves, M. J. Cleary {Irish Agr. Organization Soc. Leaflet 9,
J). I). — An account of the etiology and treatment of verminous bronchitis.
Public inoculation ag-ainst hog cholera in Wiirtemberg, Reixhardt {Deut.
Thierarztl. Vi'clni.^chr., 8 {1900), No. IS, pp. 109, 110). — A statistical account of the
number of animals inoculated, the quantity of inoculation material used for each
animal, and the jirice charged for the operation.
The preparation of a swine-plague serum, W. Niebel {Deut. Thierdrztl.
Wclimrl,,:, •S' (190fJ), Xo. 10, p. 83).
Hydrophobia in the horse, C. W. Eddy {Agr. Student, 6 {1900), Xo. 6, pp. 113-
115) .■ — Brief notes on the symptoms of this disease.
Rabies in the District of Columbia, D. E. Salmon ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau oj
Animal Industry Circ. 30, pp. 15). — A controversial article in reply to certain criticisms
upon the action of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia in issuing a muz-
zling order to prevent the spread of rabies. The circular is for the most part
occupied in establishing the proposition that rabies is a real disease.
The clinical diagnosis of rabies, Peter {Berlin. Tierdrztl. WcJmsehr., 1900, Xo.
12, pp. 133-136). — A report of detailed observations on the relative frequency and
value of various clinical symptoms in the diagnosis of rabies.
The lesions of rabies in dogs and post-mortem diagnosis of this disease,
O. Hebraxt {Ann. Med. Vet., 49 {1900), Xo. 2, pp. 76-81). — The most constant lesions
of this disease in dogs are found in the peripheral cerebro-spinal and sympathetic
ganglia, and consist in an atrophy, invasion, destruction of the nerve cells, and
formation of neomorph cells which appear between the nerve cells and their epi-
thelial capsule.
Fowl cholera, H. de Courcy {Irish Agr. Organization Soe. Leaflet 7, p. 1). — Popu-
lar notes on the nature and treatment of this disease.
Concerning diphtheria of birds, P. Cagny {Rec. Med. Vet., Paris, 8. ser., 7 {1900),
Xo. 4, pp. 83-8.5). — Brief notes on the relationship between fowl diphtheria and
diphtheria of man.
Report of the bacteriological department, M. N. Ross ( Ontario Agr. Col. and
E.I jit. Farm Rpt. 1899, ]>p. 9-J-96). — The author made a stud}' of the roup of chickens.
A number of experiments were conducted in inoculating chickens suffering from this
disease with antidiphtheria serum. Only 1 chicken recovered as a result of the
inoculati(jn, and it was doubtful whether this recovery was due to the serum or to the
good care given the fowls. The author reports a number of cases of mycosis in fowls,
and discusses the nature, cause, and methods of treatment of this disease.
Regulations for the control of contagious diseases of live stock, C. Curtice
{North Carolina Dept. Agr., Biol. Div., 1900, pp. 32, map 1). — This pamphlet contains
copies of the various regulations of the State regarding quarantine and the control
of contagious diseases in live stock, together with suggestions regarding the burial of
carcasses, the de.struction of cattle ticks, and the treatment of tick fever.
396 - EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING.
A new dairy barn, A. M. S0V1.1: (Teiinessee Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 9-18.,
jigii. 11). — A description, with drawings, is given of the barn completed
at the station in the early part of 1899, at a cost of about ^5,000:
"The building is a frame structure 54 by 73 ft. 6 iu., exclusive of the silos, which
are 18 by 30 ft., and an annex which is 18 by 50 ft. . . . The silos are situated at
the south end of the barn, some 10 ft. being under ground. This brings them on
a level with the basement, and, as they open into the cow stable, it materially lessens
the labor of feeding. . . .
"The annex on the west side of the barn in two stories high. In the basement
are .stalls for bulls and calves, while the upper story is devoted to the various wagons
and implements needed in farm work. . . .
"The barn is built into the side of a small hill. By the construction of a retaining
wall, which also forms the foundation of the two interior sills, and by projecting the
barn forward on the face of the slope, a stable is secured opening on the ground level,
and yet sufficiently protected on the north and west to keep it warm in winter. Thi.s
leaves two faces of the stable foundation exposed, so that a continuous row of win-
dows on the eastern and southern sides gives ample light and ventilation. This
method of construction brings the second floor on a level with the ground, and no
artificial bridges are necessary to enter the barn. . . .
"The roof is trussed from above so as to leave the storage space in the clear. . . .
"The factory system of exposed structural timbers was followed in the construc-
tion of the stable, and the spaces between the supporting timbers are inclo.sed with
matched ceiling and the whole painted white. This gives an attractive appearance
and permits the walls to be washed whenever necessary.
"The cow stable is situated in the basement, and is provided with a Portland
cement floor, having a sloising surface. . . . The mangers face the exterior walls of
the barn."
The construction of the mangers and stalls is the same as in the
Wisconsin Station barn (E. S. R., 11, p. 595), except that it has been
found necessary for experimental purposes to provide divisions between
the mangers.
' ' This has been cheaply accomplished by cutting out a section of board the shape
of the manger, hinging it over the lower angle of the stall division with hoop iron,
placing a 2 by 6 scantling at the near side of the manger, and fastening the division
tirmly by a sliding bolt lock. These partitions are so nicely adjusted that they
prevent the admixture of the different cows' feed, and at the same time just sufficient
space is left to enable the free movement of water through the entire length of the
feeding trough. Their mobility and ease of adjustment is a decided advantage
when it becomes necessary to scour the manger. Stalls are provided in the stable for
30 cows.
"The basement also contains a stock-judging room where specimens of the differ-
ent classes of live stock are brought in and conveniently examined and scored by the
agricultural students. . . . Box stalls are provided also in the basement for sick
animals and for calves. Closets are conveniently placed for tools and other sundries
needed in the stable. The milk room occupies the southeast corner, and is parti-
tioned off from the main stal)le so that the milk can be innnediately removed and
kept where there is little danger of its being tainted. This room contains the aerator,
milk scale, composite sample jars, tables, and other accessories needed for keeping
the various records. The milk is innnediately aerate<l and cooled after l)eing drawn
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 397
from the cow, and removed from the buildinis. In the snmmer time an electric fan
is nsed to cool the milk.
"The feed room is provided . . . with scales and the necessary apparatus. . . .
"There are 3 silos, rectangular in form, with rounded corners, 10 by 18 ft. and 24
ft. high. Their combined capacity is between 250 and 300 tons. The first 10 ft.
below the ground is constructed of brick and cement work. Above that point they
are built of wood and ))ainted with coal tar. . . .
"On the ground floor [of the barn] ample space is provided for storage. This part
of the 1)arn is arranged so that tlie teams can drive right through and dispose of their
loads. ... A tool room is conveniently located in one corner, and contiguous to
this is a storage box for sawdust, which is used for bedding and is carried down to
the stable by means of a chute.
"A large experimental seed room is on this floor, which contains the machinery for
threshing the grains from the experimental plats, and also space for storing and sort-
ing the same until such times as they may be needed for use. A loft is built above
this room so that in case of bad weather the grains harvested from the plats can be
drawn in and housed here until threshed. On this floor is located the cutting and
grinding machinery, the thresher, and the motor for supplying power. The motor
is so placed as to run the grinding and cutting machinery from the same position.
The other machinery is driven by means of shafting."
Irrigation {Tradesman, 44 {1900) , No. 2, p. 6^).— This article calls attention to the
growing importance of irrigation in the humid region and the need of the enactment
of proper laws for the control of the public water supply in the humid as well as in
the arid region.
The conquest of arid America, W. E. Smythe {New York and London: Harper
ct Bros., 1900, pp. XVI^.IX, ])l.^. 6, maps S). — This book, by the editor of Irrigation
Age, discusses the history, development, and present status of irrigation in the arid
region of the Unitetl States from the economic standpoint, and is based upon mater-
ials "gathered by ten years of life, work, and study in various parts of the West."
The first part of the book deals in a general way with the extent, characteristics, and
possibilities under irrigation of the arid region; the second discusses the social and
industrial development of the Mormon commonwealth in Utah, the Greeley Colony
in Colorado, Southern California, and the irrigated portion of the Great Plains; the
third discusses in some detail irrigation development in the several States of the arid
region; the fourth treats of such economic questions as the surplus people and the
means of colonizing them, and colony plans and institutions — their administration
and adaptation to changing conditions. A brief note on methods of irrigation is given
as an appendix.
The growth of irrigation in America, E. Mead {Irrig. Age, 14 (1900), No. 11,
jijj. S76-38.5).
Irrigation in Idaho, W. Fawcett {Set. Amer., 8.3 {1900), No. 10, p. 149, figs. 4).
Agriculture and irrigation in the Rio Grande Valley, C. W. Kindkick {Sci.
Anier. Sup., 49 {1900), No. 1275, p. 20440).— N brief note.
Water supply and irrigation in Porto Rico, G. E. ^Iitchell {Irrig. Age, 14
(1.000), No. 10, jip. S40, ,347). —A brief note.
Irrigation methods in China, G. E. Mitchell {Irrig. Age, 14 {1900), No. 11. pp.
380, .387).
Australian irrigation farms {Sci. Amer. Sup., 50 {1900), No. 1283, pp. 20561,
20562). — A description of government work in irrigation V)y artesian wells in New
South Wales.
Water measurement and manipulation in Colorado, H. A. Crafts {Sci. Amer.,
83 {1900), No. 6, p. 85, Jigs. 3). — A description of methods and results of irrigation in
the State.
398 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The maximum duty of water. The extent to -which tillage may take the
place of irrig-ation, F. H. King {Irriy. Aye, 14 {1900), Xu. 4, pp- 1^7-137). — A
paper read l)ef<ire a farmer}?' club in Kansas.
An irrigation plant in Provence, E. Farcy {Jour. Ayr. J'ral., 1900, II, No. 32,
pp. 206, 207, jiy. 1). — A brief de.scription is given of a plant in wliich water is raised
from a stream to a height of 25 meters by means of a turbine and pump, the turbine
being driven by water diverted from the stream by means of a barrage. The
arrangement of canals, siphons, and reservoirs and the results obtained from irriga-
tion are also noted.
The evolution of farm machines with some suggestions as to their use,
Ci. P. Smith {Mcmachuseti.^ State Bd. Ayr. Rpt. 1899, pp. 246-257). —This article dis-
cusses imijrovements made during the nineteenth century in plows, harrows, drills
and planters, weeders and cultivators, and mowers and reapers.
A station for testing agricultural implements at Paris, A. de Cekis {Jour.
Ayr. Prat., 1900, I, No. 23, pp. 832-834, fiy. i).— Mainly lists of names of men who
have taken part in the work of this station, which was founded in 1889, and of the
various machines which have been tested there.
The construction of county roads and bridges, J. C. Nagle {pp. 14). — An
address prepared for the Good Roads Club of Brazos County, Texas, July 22, 1899.
STATISTICS- MISCELLANEOUS.
Twelfth Annual Report of Louisiana Stations, 1899 [Loiikiano St us. Rpt.
1899, pp. 16). — An account is given of the work at the Sugar Station at Audubon Park,
the State Station at Baton Rouge, and the North Louisiana Station at Calhoun. The
report also contains an outline of the report of the Geological Survey of Louisiana
for 1899, notes on the soil survey of the State now in progress, the organization lists
of the stations, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1899.
Annual Report of New Jersey Stations, 1899 {Neio Jensen Stax. Rpt. 1899, pp.
XIX ^ .512). — This includes the organization lists of the stations; financial statement
of the State Station for the year ended October 31, 1899, and of the College Station
for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1899; a Feport of the director reviewing the different
lines of station work; and reports of the chemists, assistant in horticulture, assistant
in dairy husbandry, biologist, botanist, and entomologist containing articles abstracted
elsewhere.
Twelfth Annual Report of Tennessee Station, 1899 ( Tennessee Sta. Rpt. 1899,
pp. So). — This includes the organization list of the station; a report on the staff and
general work of the station, with a more detailed outline of the present and proposed
work of the agricultural department; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1899; outlme of a ten weeks' course in agriculture; a description of a new
dairy barn; and miscellaneous articles abstracted elsewhere.
Report of the experiment station at Lyngby, Denmark, for 1898, K.
Hansen {Tldsskr. Landbr. Planteuvl, 6 (1900), pp. 57-78).
Report of the experiment station at Tystofte, Denmark, for 1898, X. P.
Nielsen (Tidssli: Landbr. Planlearl, 6 {1900), pp. 79-81).
Report of the experiment station at Askov, Denmark, for 1898, F. Hansen
{Tidsskr. Landl>r. I'lantearl, 6 {1900), pp. 82-96).
Report of the experiment station at Vester-Hassing (Knoldgaard), Den-
mark, for 1898, A. J. Hansen {Tids.'ikr. Landbr. Plantearl, 6 {1900), pp. 97-109).
Crop Reporter {U. S. Dept. Ayr., Crop Reporter Vol. 2, Nos. 1-3, 2>p. 8 each). —
Beginning with No. 1 of the present volume this publication combines the monthly
crop reports and a publication for the exclusive use of crop corresi)ondents previously
issued by the Division of Statistics of this Department. In addition to statistical
STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS. 399
data on the condition of crops in the different States and Territories in May, June,
and July, these numbers contain statistics and popular arti('les on a variety of sub-
jects, such as New York State canals, agriculture in India, methods for estimating
areas of land, sheep grazing on forest reserves, principal crops of Germany for the
years 189;3-1S!)9, the distribution of the area of production, jute crop of India, the
origin of seedless orange culture in the United States, the 1900 wheat crop of British
India, and pear blight.
The cotton crop of 1898-99, J. L. Watkins (U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Sta-
tistics Bid. 17, nusr. so-., pp. 32). — This contains statistical data on the cotton crop of
the different States and Territories as shown by the movement of cotton from the
plantation to points of export or consumption and also statistical information on
cotton mills in the South and amounts of cotton purchased by them, the Sea Island
cotton crop of 1898-99, the value of the cotton crop of 1898-99, comparative acreage
and production, the cost of picking cotton, exports of cotton from United States
ports, consumption of American cotton by foreign countries, the world's consumption
of cotton, cotton acreage since 1894, and cotton (-rops since 1893. The total cotton
crop for the year is estimated at 11,189,205 commercial bales, valued at $305,467,041.
Of this the Sea Island crop amounted to 67,791 bales valued at $3,594,245.
The development of the American cotton industry, F. Hart [Jour. Franklin
Inst., 1.50 {1900), Xo. S, jip. 101-172).
Cotton movement and fluctuations 1894 to 1899, Latham, Alexander & Co.
{Nev) York: 1899, pp. 151, figs. 6).
The sugar industry and tlie manufacture of rum in Porto Rico, E. DelAfond
{Sucr. Tndig., 56 {1900), Xo. 2, pp. 40-42).
Sug-ar industry of Porto Rico, E. Delafond {Intrrnat. Sugar Jour., 2 {1900), Xo.
20, pp. 4S2, 433). — A discussion of the conditions and possible future of the pro-
duction of cane sugar in Porto Rico.
The peanut-oil industry, R. P. Skinner {JJ. S. Consular Rpts., 63 {1900), Xo.
236, jjp. S2-S?) . — The manufacture of peanut oil in France is described and statistics
are given concerning the source of the peanuts used for the i^urpose, their market
value, etc.
Agricultural returns for Great Britain for 1899 {London: Wyinan & Sons,
1900, pp. XL r/-f- 261). — This rejjort shows the acreage and produce of crops, prices of
grain, and number of live stock, with agricultural statistics for the United Kingdom,
British possessions, and foreign countries.
Station publications {Kansas Sta. Bui. 94, pp- 56-67). — A complete list of station
publications is given, those out of print being indicated. The principal subjects
treated in the publications are indexed.
Finances — meteorology — index {Maine Sta. Bid. 58, pp. 8-\- 159-171). — This was
published as a part of the Annual Report of the station for 1899 (E. S. R., 12, p. 297).
German Agriculture at the end of the nineteenth century, Werner and
Albert {Arh. I)eul. Laudtr. GeselJ., Xo. 51, pp. 96). — This is a memoir written on the
occasion of the World's Fair at Paris and summarizes the progress of German agri-
culture during the past 25 years along the following lines: Soil culture; agricultural
chemistry; manuring; field crops, including rye, wheat, barley, oats, potatoes,
legumes, sugar beets, fodder crops, and commercial crops; stock farming, dealing
with horses, cattle, sheep, hogs, and goats; and technical agriculture, such as dairy-
ing, sugar-beet manufacture, manufacture of spirits and starch. A final chapter on
the agriculture of Germany in the past, present, and future concludes the work.
The development of agricultural instruction in Germany and the sem-
inary for agricultural teachers in the University of Leipsic, G. John ( FiiJi-
ling's Landw. Ztg., 49 {1900), Xos. 11, pp. 406-411; 12, pp. 445-449; 13, pp. 473-479}^
8873— No. 4 8
NOTES.
Nebraska Station". — At a recent meeting of the board of regents, E. Benjamin
Andrews, chancellor of the university, was appointed director of the station, and
T. L. Lyon, who during the interregnum has been acting director of the station, was
appointed associate director.
Xew Hampshire College and Station. — Maricm Imes, M. S., has been appointed
instructor in veterinary medicine and assistant in dairy husbandry. RoScoe H.
Shaw, assistant chemist, resigned September 15 to take a position in the Wisconsin
University and Station. David B. Bartlett, B. S., has been appointed assistant in
bacteriology.
Ohio Station. — J. C. Burneson, V. S., has been appointed veterinarian of the
station.
Oklahoma Station. — At a recent meeting of the board of regents, A. B. McRey-
nolds was appointed assistant in chemistry, vice A. G. Ford, resigned.
Rhode Island Station. — Cooper Curtice has been engaged as biologist, rice G. W.
Field, resigned. The station has from time to time made exhibits of its products at
the county fairs, in connection with the educational exhibits of the college, which
have attracted considerable attention. Members of the station staff are preparing
timely not<^s on the work of the station for local agricultural papers, and are making
some little effort to visit farms in different sections with a view to getting into closer
touch with the farmers and with their needs. There has been an unusual demand
for the poultry publications of the station.
Tennessee Station. — The agricultural department has recently prepared a per-
manent exhibit of the products of the station farm for the past year for the use of the
Knoxville Chamber of Commerce, to be sent to the various farmers' meetings in
the State to inform them in a graphic way of the lines of work conducted and the
progress being made. It consists of twenty-five large, double, oak-framed cases that
can be closed and locked and transported readily from place to place. This exhibit
was prepared at a cost of about $500, provided by the Knoxville Chamber of Com-
merce. Already it has done much good and has materialh'' aided in drawing the
attention of the farmers toward the station and its work. It has proven the most
effective means yet found of demonstrating to the farmers the aid the station can be
to them in their work.
Texas College and Station. — J. W. Carson, who for some years was foreman of
the farm, has been elected superintendent of the farm. A. M. Ferguson, assistant
horticulturist, has resigned to accept the position of assistant botanist in the Univer-
sity of Texas.
Utah Station. — Ephraim G. Gowans, M. D., has been appointed biologist of the
station, and B. K. Jones, assistant at the Massachusetts station, has been appointed
assistant chemist.
Vermont Station. — A. W. Edson, A. B., has been appointed assistant botanist.
Wisconsin University and Station. — F. W. Woll, chemist, has been granted a
year's leave of absence, which he will spend in study in Germany.
400
O
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Asdslant Director.
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.
Chemistry, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — The Editoii and H. W. Lawson.
Meteorology, Fertihzers and Soils, (inclnding method.s of analysis), and Agricuiltural
Engineering — W. H. Beal.
Botany and Diseases of Plants — Walter H. Ev^ans, Ph. D.
Foods and Animal Production — C. F. Laxgworthy, Ph. D.
Field Crops — J. I. Schulte.
Entomology and Veterinary Science — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D.
Horticulture — C. B. Smith and V. A. Clark.
With the cooperation of the scientific divisions of the Department and the Abstract
Committee of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.
CONTENTS OF Vol. XII, No. 5.
Editorial notes:
Need of more perfect organization of the experiment stations 401
Differentiation of the investigator from the teacher 403
Fourteenth annual convention of the Association of American Agricultural
Colleges and P^xperiment Stations, E. W. Allen 404
Recent work in agricultural science 416
Notes •- 499
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
chemistry.
The relation of chemistry to the progress of agriculture, H. W. Wiley 418
The estimation of alumina and ferric oxid in natural jihosphates, F. P. Veitch. 416
A new method for the determination of aluminum, E. T. Allen and V. H.
Gottschalk 416
Estimation of calcium carbonate in soil, H. Schiitte 417
Direct estimation of calcium in the jiresence of iron and aluminum, L. Blum . 417
Soil humus — some sources of error in analytical methods, A. L. Emery 417
Gypsum and limestone, G. W. Shaw 419
J50TANY.
Progress of plant breeding in the LTnited States, H. J. Webber and E. A. Bessey . 421
Progress of economic and scientific agrostology, F. Lamson-Scribner. 421
Economic grasses, F. Lamson-Scribner 421
Report of the botanist, C. E. Bessey 419
I
II CONTENTS.
Page.
The accumulation of asparagin in legumes grown with insufficient liglit,
E. Breal - 420
Concerning the pectic matter of plants, A. Hebert 420
On the hybrid fecundation of the endosperm of maize, 11. de Vries 421
ZOOLOGY.
Eevision of American vole.s of the genus IMicrotus, V. Bailey 422
A review of economic ornithology in the United States, T. S. Palmer 423
METEOROLOGY CLI.M.VTOLOCJ Y.
]!sile floods and monsoon rains 424
AVork of the meteorologist for the benefit of agriculture, commerce, and naviga-
tion, F. H. Bigelow 424
Anemometer tests, C. F. !Marvin - 425
Meteorological tables, T. S. Outram 425
AIR WATER SOILS.
Soil investigations in the United States, M. Whitney - - - 426
A study of soil moisture, C. A. Keffer and J. D. Tinsley 425
Soil moisture, H. H. Nicholson 426
FERTILIZERS.
Alfalfa as a fertilizer, B. C. Buffum 427
Nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia on marsh soils, Clausen 428
The basic constituents of crops, E. Warington and E. Demoussy 428
Change in weight of some artificial fertilizers on exposure to the air, L. von
Wissell 428
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, M. B. Hardin 430
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, J. L. Hills, C. H. Jones, and B. O. White. 429
Commercial fertilizers, J. H. Stewart and B. H. Hite - - . 430
FIELD CROPS.
Report of the agriculturist, T. L. Lyon 430
Alfalfa as a hay crop, B. C. Buffum 430
Corn culture, C. W. Burkett --- 432
Report on tests of deep and shallow plowing for corn - 442
Results of experiments on cotton in Alabama, P. H. Mell et al 433
The southern or cow pea in Delaware, A. T. Neale and W. H. Bishop 435
A two years' test of 128 varieties of grasses and forage plants, T. L. Lyon 436
Rescue grass {Bromus unioloides), F. Lamson-Scribner 442
Analyses of forage crops, H. H. Nicholson - 442
Succulent forage for the farm and dairy, T. A. Williams 442
The influence of chlorin and other compounds in crude Stassfurt salts on the
composition and yield of potatoes, B. Sjollema 436
Sorghum for sirup, G. W. Shaw 443
Sugar-beet investigations in 1899, J. H. Stewart and B. H. Hite 437
Sugar cane — field and laboratory results for ten years, W. C. Stubbs 438
Work of the Hawaiian p:xperiment Station, 1899, W. Maxwell 440
Growth of the tobacco industry, ^NI. Whitney and M. L. Floyd 443
nORTICULTlTRE.
Report of the horticulturist, R. A. Emerson 449
Gardening under glass, W. F. ^lassey and A. Rhodes 444
Progress of commercial growing of plants under glass, B. T. Galloway 449
CONTENTS. . Ill
Page.
Forced peas in pots, G. Wythes 444
Experiments with tomatoes and potatoes, F. W. Rane 449
Apple production in Virginia, W. B. Alwood 445
Growing strawberries in New E^ngland, F. W. Rane 4.50
Analyses of strawberries, G. W. Shaw 445
Investigation and improvement of American grapes at the Munson Experi-
ment Grounds from 1876 to 1900, T. V. Munson 446
FORESTRY.
Progress of forestry in the United States, G. Pinchot 455
Forest reserves in the United States, H. Gannett 452
Practical tree planting in operation, J. W. Toumey 452
The practice of forestry by private owners, H. S. Graves 455
Pure woods or mixed woods, W. Schlich 453
Observations on the temperature, growth, and moisture content of various
trees, W. R. Lazenby 453
The production of high-class oak, ash, and larch timber, W. Schlich 454
SEEDS WEEDS.
Seed selling, seed growing, and seed testing, A. J. Pieters 458
Twenty-first annual report of the Swiss seed control station at Zurich, F. G
Stebler, E. Thiele, and A. Volkart 456
Effect of formaldehyde on the germination of cereals and on smut spores, S.
David 457
Canada thistle, L. H. Dewey 458
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Progress in the treatment of plant diseases in the United States, B. T. Galloway. 460
The diseases of beet seeds and means for combating them, Linhart 458
Bacteriosis of beet roots, A. Stift 458
An inquiry into the cause and nature of crown gall, J. W. Toumey 458
Some citrus troubles, H. H. Hmne 463
Stigmonose: A disease of carnations and other pinks, A. F. Woods 460
ENTOMOLOCiY.
Progress in economic entomology in the United States, L. O. Howard 467
Report of the division of entomology, L. Bruner 468
Insect pests 465
Insect record for 1899, C. M. Weed 468
The sweet-potato weevil (Cylus formimrii(s) , H. Tryon 465
Some scale insects upon Kansas grasses, E. A. Popenoe and P. J. Parrott 466
The forest tent caterpillar, C. M. Weed 466
Contribution toward a monograph of the American Aleurodida^, A. L. Quain-
tance 469
The red spiders of the United States, N. Banks 469
The crop pest law, W. B. Alwood 467
Spray calendar '. 470
FOODS— ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Development of the nutrition investigations of the Department of Agriculture,
A. C. True and R. D. Mihier 476
Cost and composition of bread in Oregon, G. W. >Shaw 476
The ideal ration for an army in the tropics, E. L. Munson 470
IV . CONTENTS.
Paga
The composition and physiological effects of beef hroth, A. (nuitier 470
A dietary study, G. W. Shaw - 476
Baking powders, II. K. Miller 477
Cattle foods, G. W. Shaw 471
Cattle foods — miscellaneous analyses, H. H. Nicholson 478
Changes in the chemical composition of feeding stuffs during storage, H. Witt. 471
Analyses of commercial feeding stuffs, J. L. Hills, C. H. Jones, and B. ().
White -172
Skim-milk calves, H. M. Cottrell, D. H. Otis, and J. G. Haney 472
Feeding steers; feed value of cotton seed and its products, J. H. Connell and
H.C.Kyle 473
Work of the breeders in improving live stock, J. Clay, jr 478
Pig feeding, J. S. Newman and J. S. Pickett 475
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.
Dairy development in the United States, H. E. Alvord 484
Investigation in milk production, T. L. Haecker 479
Feeding dairy cows, T. L. Haecker 484
Dairy value of pea-vine silage compared with that of June pasture, A. T.
Neale 481
On the influence of heredity on the quality of cow's milk, G. Cederholm 482
Galactase, E. von Freudenreich 484
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTFICE.
Some examples of the development of knowledge concerning animal diseases,
D. E. Salmon 488
Administrative work of the Federal Government in relation to the animal
industry, G. F. Thompson 488
Report of the animal pathologist, A. T. Peters 488
Remarks on the epidemiology and prophylaxis of malaria in the light of recent
researches, A. Celli - 485
The fatal effect of green sorghum, R. S. Hiltner 486
Report on cooperative experiments in the treatment of hog cholera, A. T. Peters,
C. M. Day, and C. H. Walker 487
Hog-cholera remedies, H. H. Nicholson 491
A note on serum diagnosis of glanders, Bourges and Mery 488
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING.
Irrigation and the associations syndicales, A. Chavard 492
Observations on Chavard' s paper, P. P. Deherain 492
Rise and future of irrigation in the United States, E. Mead 496
Experiments in grinding with small steel feed mills, F. H. King 492
Progress of road building in the United States, M. O. Eldridge 496
Silage and the construction of modern silos, F. H. King 495
STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS.
^Vnnual Report of Minnesota Station, 1899 496
Thirteenth Annual Report of Nel)raska Station, 1899 496
Agricultural experiment stations in the United States, A. C. True 497
Progress of agriculture in the United States, G. K. Holmes 497
Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1899 497
Proceedings of the Agricultural Students' Association, 1899-1900 497
Agricultural education in the United States, A. C. True - - 497
CONTENTS. V
Page.
Development of transportation in the United States, A. Sinclair 497
Our foreign trade in agricultural products, 1890-1899, F. H. Hitchcock 497
Development of agricultural libraries, C. H. Greathouse 497
A classification of the literature of agriculture enlarged from the decimal class-
ification of Melvil Dewey, J. I. Wyer 498
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED.
Experiment stations in the United States:
Alabama College Station:
Bulletin 107, December, 1899 433
Index to Vol. VII, Bulletins 101-107 and Twelfth Annual Report,
January-December, 1899 498
Arizona Station:
Bulletin 33, April 13,1900 458
Delaware Station:
Bulletin 46, May, 1900 4.35,481
Florida Station :
Bulletin 52, February, 1900 477
Bulletin 53, March, 1900 463
Kansas Station:
Bulletin 97, May, 1900 472
Bulletin 98, May, 1900 466
Louisiana Stations :
Bulletin 59 (second series ) , February, 1900 438
Massachusetts Hatch Station:
Bulletin67, May, 1900 468
Minnesota Station:
Bulletin 67, April, 1900 479, 484
Annual Report, 1899 425,496
Nebraska Station :
Bulletin 63, April 16, 1900 486
Bulletin 64, May 7, 1900 442, 497
Thirteenth Annual Report, 1899 419,
426, 430, 436, 442, 449, 468, 478, 487, 488, 491, 496, 498
New Hampshire Station:
Bulletin 71, February, 1900 4.32
Bulletin 72, February, 1900 468
. Bulletin 73, March, 1900 449
Bulletin 74, April, 1900 450
Bulletin 75, May, 1900 466
New Mexico Station:
Bulletin 31, December, 1899 425
North Carolina Station :
Bulletin 170, March, 1900 444
Oregon Station:
Bulletin 62, .Tune, 1900 419, 443, 445, 471, 476
South Carolina Station :
Bulletin 52, April, 1900 475
Bulletin 53, April, 1900 4.30
Texas Station:
Bulletin 55, December, 1899 473
Bulletin 56, November, 1899 446
VI CONTENTS.
Experiment stations in the United States — Continued.
Vermont Station : Page.
Bulletin 78, April, 1900 472
Bulletin 79, April, 1900 430
Bulletin 80, May, 1900 429
Special Bulletin, March, 1900 470
Virginia Station:
Bulletin 101, June, 1899 445
Bulletin 102, July, 1899 467
West Virginia Station:
Bulletin 64, January 1, 1900 437
Bulletin 65, April 15, 1900 430
Wisconsin Station:
Bulletin 82, April, 1900 492
Bulletin 83, May, 1900 495
Wyoming Station:
' Bulletin 43, March, 1900 - - 430
Bulletin 44, April, 1900 427
United States Department of Agriculture:
Yearbook, 1899 418,
421, 423, 424, 426, 442, 443, 449, 455, 458, 460, 467, 476, 478, 484, 488, 496, 497
Division of Agrostology:
Bulletin 14 (revised) 421
Circular 26 442
Division of Biological Survey :
North American Fauna, No. 1 7, June 6, 1 900 422
Division of Botany:
Circular 27 458
Division of Entomology :
Bulletin 8 (technical series) 469
Office of Experiment Stations:
Circular 44 497
Section of Foreign Markets:
Bulletin 19 497
Division of Forestry :
Bulletin 27 ..." 452
Division of Vegetal^le Physiology and Pathology:
Bulletin 19 460
Weather Bureau:
Anemometer Tests 425
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XII. No. 5.
Much attention has been given during the past 3^ear to questions
relating to the more perfect organization of the experiment stations.
As the stations develop, the importance of a clearer definition of
the functions of different officers in administration and investigation
becomes more apparent. Conditions which existed when institutions
for higher education and research were established in this country
have materially changed, and the old forms of organization are now in
many cases a serious hindrance to their best development.
The experiment station is by law organized as a department of the
college with which it is connected. It diifers from the ordinary col-
lege department in being charged with the work of investigation,
rather than instruction, and in having definite relations with a great
industry, for whose promotion it was especially established. Through
its correspondence, publications, inspection service, and association
with the farming community it has an increasing amount of business
not immediately relating to its investigations but requiring special
knowledge and skill for its successful discharge. To do most effective
work the operations of the station must proceed in accordance with a
well-matured plan which involves the cooperation of different mem-
bers of the staff.
So extensive and important has the business of the stations become
that their proper management requires the time and energy of an execu-
tive oflicer, or director. In some cases it may still be possible for the
director to conduct investigations in some special line or do a limited
amount of teaching, but as a rule he can do little beyond attending to
administrative duties. In a number of institutions prudential reasons
of various kinds have led to the combination of the offices of president
and director. Whatever justification there may have been for this in
the past, there is little excuse for it at the present. The duties of the
college president are too manifold and onerous to permit his giving
much attention to the special needs of an experiment station. His
directorship almost necessarily becomes a nominal affair. This arrange-
ment has not worked well, and should be universall}^ abandoned.
As regards the business of the station, the director should be clothed
with a large measure of authority and consequent responsibility; should
401
402 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
plan and supervise its work and expenditures, and control its staff to
such an extent as will bring them together to work as a unit for the
promotion of the station's success. The members of the staff should
be directly responsible to the director on all matters relating to the
station, whatever their position may be in other departments of the
college, and should expect to transact station business through the
director rather than through the college president or the governing
board, A proper independence in the conduct of investigations, or
parts of investigation, in their respective specialties, and just credit
for their share in the station's operations as set forth in publications,
or otherwise, may, it is believed, be amply secured for the expert offi-
cers of the stations at the same time that good discipline is maintained
and ample provision made for united effort.
No class of men need to readjust their professional code to the modern
requirements of the organization of great scientific and educational
enterprises more than college professors and scientific specialists. A
way must be found by which teaching and research can be conducted
on a system which combines liberty with law. The old regime of the
entirely independent teacher and investigator has passed away. The
specialization, which is simply a form of the division of labor well-
known in industrial pursuits, carries with it a necessity for combination
of workers in educational and scientific institutions as well as in manu-
facturing establishments. In a wa}^ hitherto unknown scientific men
will be called in the future to work together for common ends.
One of the greatest difficulties in the management of these institu-
tions arises from the fact that while specialization has narrowed the
field and outlook of the individual officer, there has not been a corre-
sponding recognition of the necessity of readjusting the form of
organization and the spirit of the worker to meet these new conditions.
At no time has there been greater need of the cultivation of an earnest
and enthusiastic eHpr'it du corps among the rank and file of educational
and scientific workers. Obviously it should especially be a virtue
characteristic of men connected with public institutions. The officers
of our agricultural colleges and experiment stations are pul)lic func-
tionaries employed to advance very important public interests. With
them the good of the community, as involved in the success of the
enterprise with which they are connected, should be the ruling motive
of action. The fame and emoluments of the individual worker should
be subordinated to the requirements of concerted action for a common
end. And yet in the long run it is believed the individual worker as
well as the institution will profit bj^ a loyal and self-sacrificing dis-
charge of common duties; for union of effort will bring greater suc-
cess, and whenever a college or a station is strong and flourishing
credit is reflected on every worker who has contributed to this issue.
EDITORIAL. 403
The tide is running strongl}^ toward a more compact organization
and a greater unification of the work. On the whole those stations
which have a strong organization and administration are meeting with
the largest measure of success.
Observation leads to the belief that a widespread differentiation of
the investigator from the teacher is gradually taking place. A certain
number of men are more and more devoting themselves to the work of
investigation and succeeding in it. Others are just as certainly losing
their interest and activity in such work. In this as in every other
walk of life the personal bent and natural fitness of the man manifests
itself as an important element of succ^ess which should be reckoned
with by those having the administration of our colleges and stations.
This differentiation of the investigator from the teacher is not prevented,
though it may be hindered, b}^ the double duty which is required of
many station and college men, but there is little doubt that in a large
majorit}' of cases the requirement of so large an amount of elementary
instruction from men who have been appointed upon the station staffs,
presumabljr by reason of their training and fitness for agricultural
investigation, is an arrangement which has little if anything but expe-
diency to commend it. From the point of view of the station this
expediency is exceedingly doubtful. As Dr. elordan very truly said in
his paper at the last convention of the Association of American Agricul-
tural Colleges and Experiment Stations, '"The interests of our stations
and, above all, the interests of our agriculture demand that the director
and leading members of the staff' shall be, first of all, workers for the
station, and shall give to its proper activities their highest thought and
their best energies. ... It is entirely out of the question for our
college professors to be tied to the insistent daily duties of instructing
students and at the same time maintain the close, well-informed, and
broadly helpful relation to the needs and conditions of agricultural
practice. The experiment station, with an annual income second to no
other department in most colleges, should not be in any sense an
appendix to class-room instruction, nor was it ever intended that this
should be the case. It should have a strong, well-defined, and inde-
pendent individuality."
Because a man is required to teach many hours he does not thereby
become a successful teacher. The research which he is compelled by
pressure of college work to carrj^ on during- vacations and at night
may nevertheless be his real mission. It will be well if boards and
presidents will consider more fully the actual state of things, and make,
as far as possible, such a readjustment that the investigator will be
left very largely to investigate and the teacher to teach.
FOURTEENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE ASSOCIATION
OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND EXPERI-
MENT STATIONS.
E. W. Allen, Ph. D.
Office of Experiment Stations.
This year being the twenty-fifth anniversary of the establishment
of aw-ricultural experiment stations in this country as State institu-
tions, it seemed especially appropriate that the convention of the
Association which represents the combined interests of these institu-
tions and the colleges with which they are affiliated should be held in
the State where the station movement had its birth. The sessions on
November 13 and 15 were held at New Haven, Conn., in the assembly
room of the Sheffield Scientihc School, and those of November 14, at
Middletown in Judd Hall and the chapel of Wesleyan University.
The meetings were well attended and the representation was quite
general, delegates being present from every section of the country
and a considerable number coming from the far West. In all, 116 dele-
gates and visitors registered, representing 38 States and Territories
and 68 institutions. The opportunity afforded for looking over the
two stations in Connecticut and those in some of the adjoining States
was embraced by many of the delegates who came from a distance.
GENERAL SESSIONS.
The general sessions were presided over by President J. E. Stubbs,
of the University of Nevada, who delivered the presidential address on
the first evening of the convention. This was a scholarly discourse
on the subject. What is of most worth in modern education? The
answer to this question the speaker conceived to be the exaltation of
ethical values, "for the reason that ethical values are fundamental and
paramount in the ideas and ideals of modern education — the ideas as
representing present methods, organization, and spirit, and the ideals
as setting forth the high aims of ceaseless progress toward educational
perfection.''' Modern education seeks the development and the train-
ing of those human powers which make for individual worth and social
well-being, and he urged the importance of maintaining this union
of training for service and of culture for life up to the end of the
broadest and most privileged education. He pointed out that "the
purpose to be achieved by educators of the present time should be to
404
CONVENTION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTUEAL COLLEGES. 405
make ethical or moral values the guiding and controlling principle in
the application pf scientific method to education and to the organiza-
tion of every school, college, or university." Speaking specifically of
the duty and obligations of the colleges and universities embraced by
the Association, he said: "They are indeed national institutions of
learning, and in their plans and systems of stud}^ and organization
they ought to give preeminence to those subjects which will secure the
best results in our national life. If, as has been said, philosophy is
the morality of science, and political economy is the morality of
industry, commerce and agriculture, and natural law the morality of
legislation, and social science the morality of history and politics, then
these moralities must be the crowning subjects of education in these
national institutions of learning. These represent the liberal element
that must pervade all technical courses of instruction. Systematic
moral teaching demands a first place."
The report of the executive committee, presented by H. H. Good-
ell, chairman, mentioned the favorable legislation secured at the last
Congress, providing that if at any time the proceeds from the sale of
public lands is insufiicient to meet the annual appropriations for the
land-grant colleges the deficiency shall be paid from any money in the
Treasury. A section has been incorporated in a bill now before Con-
gress, making the libraries of all the land-grant colleges depositories of
Government publications. Only 2.5 of these colleges are now desig-
nated depositories and their continuance as such is not insured. In
this connection, steps have been taken by the executive committee to
insure the more prompt delivery of public documents to the designated
depositories. In accordance with instructions from the last convention
the executive committee secured a place on the programme of the
National Educational Association for 1900, in order to present the
mission and scope of the land-grant colleges in the American system
of education, and the paper was presented by President Beardshear, of
Iowa, at the meeting held in Charleston, S. C. The committee called
attention to repeated violations of the franking privilege, and recom-
mended "that a codification of the postal regulations be made and sent
to each president and director, urging his strict compliance with the
law."
President Hadley, of Yale University, addressed the Association
briefly, after which a recess was taken to enable members of the Asso-
ciation to meet him.
The report of the treasurer showed that the expenditures during the
year had amounted to $2,019.08, leaving a balance of $112.97 in the
treasurA^
The report of the section on horticulture and botany, presented by
S. A. Beach, showed that in the work of teaching increased attention
is being given to physiological botany. Attention was called to the
406 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
growth of nature study and extension work and the recent establish-
ment of a chair of university extension at Cornell University. The
work of the station horticulturists as evidenced by their publications
was classified, showing- that much the largest amount of the printed
matter, aggregating nearly one-fourth, related to variety testing, horti-
cultural methods and management ranking second. In reply to the
question as to the lines of investigation considered of most importance,
the opinions of 44 horticulturists were summarized, bringing out the
fact that opinion is at present about equally divided in regard to the
importance of plant breeding and variety testing. "There is undoul)t-
edh' greater need for variety testing in some sections than in others.
In those States where horticultural interests have become well estab-
lished it is vastly more important to understand more fully the scien-
tific basis of horticultural operations than it is to increase the list of
horticultural varieties which are adapted to those sections." Pro-
fessor Beach referred to the frequent pressure on the horticulturists to
do work of a more popular character, and the numerous demands made
upon their time and f imds for work which is not strictl}' experimental,
showing that in many cases real investigation was practically pre-
cluded by the conditions imposed. He urged greater opportunities,
in the way of time, funds, and competent assistants, for conducting
more scientific investigations in horticulture.
In the report of the section on entomology H. Garman I'eviewed the'
present condition of entomological work at the colleges and experi-
ment stations, indicating that much progress is being made in the
specialization of the work of entomologists and in the improvement of
facilities for research and instruction. About [)() per cent of the col-
leges and stations now emplo}^ entomologists. He noted the growth
in recent years in the amount of inspection work required of station
entomologists and discussed the best methods of managing this work.
It was shown that the inspection of nurseries has led to the exercise
of greater care on the part of nurserymen, which has diminished the
prevalence of all kinds of injurious insects. The necessity for efli-
cient assistants, especiall}^ where inspection work is carried on, was
emphasized.
The report of the section on mechanic arts was read by C. S. Murk-
land. This traced the growth and popularity of the mechanic arts
department of the colleges, and pointed out the present relative sig-
nificance of its courses and the limitations of its work.
The committee on the collective experiment station exhibit at the
Paris P^xposition made its final report through H. P. Armsb}", its
chairman. This report described the plan of the exhibit, its prepara-
tion and installation, and recommended that the exhibit be kept intact
and installed as a permanent exhibit at some place in Washington.
The informal report which has been received of the recommendations
CONVENTION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 407
made by the class jury indicates a liberal recognition of the merits of
the exhibit as a whole, and of its separate parts. No formal notice
has been received, however, of the awards as finally made by the
superior jury, which passed upon the recommendations of all the
juries.
The report of the committee on engineering experiment stations was
presented by C. S. Murkland. No attempt had been made to secure
Congressional action during the past year and the outlook in that direc-
tion was considered less favorable than formerly. The committee
accordingly recommended its discontinuance. In adopting this recom-
mendation the Association recorded its judgment that "such stations
are demanded by the industrial necessities of the age and should
receive favorable consideration b}^ Congress in view of the inestima-
ble benefits that would accrue from them to the people."
The committee on graduate study at Washington made the follow-
ing recommendations, which were adopted by the Association: "In
view of the improbability that the Smithsonian Institution will adopt
the suggestions of this Association regarding the organization of a
Bureau of Graduate Study, your committee recommends that the
Association take no further action in this direction. The committee
also believes that for the present further advantage should be taken
of the foundation already successfully laid by the Secretary of Agri-
culture, and it therefore recommends that the Association express its
appreciation of the practical efforts which he has made on behalf of
this movement, and ask him to consider the practicability of enlarging
the present plan for graduate study in that Department, and, if he
deems it wise, to invite the cooperation of other departments of the
Government, in order that wider opportunities may be open to the
graduates of the institutions represented in this Association, as well as
of other institutions, to engage in graduate study and research in con-
nection with the work of the National Government."
Dr. Bernard Dyer, of London, England, attended the convention
as the representative of the Lawes Agricultural Trust, and delivered
a course of three lectures based principally on the investigations,
at the Rothamsted Experiment Station, of soils which have been in
continuous wheat culture. Samples of the soils from plats which had
received different fertilizing materials or none, representing different
depths up to 90 in., have been taken at intervals of several years,
the last series reported upon being taken in 1893, after being in
wheat for 50 years. In all, between 4,000 and 5,000 samples have
been studied. Dr. Dyer's lectures dealt with the results of these
studies as related to the principal fertilizing ingredients and chlorin in
the soils, their availability, migration in the soil and subsoil, leaching,
etc. The fallacy of soil analj^sis without reference to the form or
408 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECOKD.
uvuilability of the constituents was shown vci\y forcibly; for instance,
in some cases over a ton of nitrogen per acre was found within the
iirst 9 in. of soil, but the crop showed that it was starving for lack of
available nitrogen. As a rule, the Rothamsted soils contain only about
30 to 40 lbs. of nitrogen per acre which is available under the most
favorable conditions. Continuous wheat culture was shown to be of
necessity an extravagant practice, as the wheat is harvested before
nitrification in the soil is completed, and there l)eing no crop to take up
the nitrified nitrogen the nitrates are washed out b}^ the rains. The
indications are that very little nitrification takes place in the depths of
the subsoil, and that these stores of nitrogen are unavailable to plants
to any degree. A study of the drainage waters indicates that the
ammonia salts rob the soils of lime, rather than the nitrate of soda, as
sometimes claimed. Many other interesting points were brought out
in regard to the chloriu content of soils, the availability as afl'ected by
different fertilizer mixtures, and the effect of other conditions on the
rise and fall of the fertilizer elements in the soils. The investigation
is one of the most extensive and S3^stematic of its kind, and affords
much material for .careful study. It is expected that Dr. D3^er's lec-
tures will be published later by the Department.
Besides resolutions of thanks to Dr. D}^er, the Association adopted
a memorial expressing its high appreciation of the life and work of
the late Sir John Bennet Lawes and his associates at the Rothamsted
Station.
A carefully prepared and eloquent address on the career of the late
Senator Justin S. Morrill, of Vermont, was delivered by President
G. W. Atherton. President Atherton's close association with Senator
Morrill for many years and his intimate familiarity with the history
of the movement for the establishment of colleges and experiment
stations under national auspices enabled him to treat this subject in a
very thorough and satisfactory manner, so that his address will have a
permanent historical value. Bj^ vote of the Association it is to be
published separately.
One of the most important subjects on which the Association took
action was the report of the committee on cooperative work between
the Department of Agriculture and the experiment stations. This
was carefully prepared by a representative committee after consulta-
tion with the directors of the stations, and was unanimously adopted
by the Association. It commended the attitude of the present Secretary
of Agriculture towards closer cooperation between the Department
and the stations, and pointed out the different ways in which the two
institutions might aid each other. It also outlined the principles on
which, in the opinion of the committee, the joint work should be
arranged and conducted. It was held that both the Department and
the stations should feel entirely free to propose or decline cooperative
CONVENTION OJ^ AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 409
work; that in undertaking such work the autonomy of the stations
should be preserved, and the arrangements made between the stations,
as such, and the Department, as such, instead of through individuals;
that the cost of cooperation should be borne jointly by the station and
the Department; that the results of the investigation should be avail-
able to both institutions, priority of publication being a matter of
mutual agreement at the outset, and that reasonable mutual assurance
should be given of continuance until the work undertaken is completed.
"Your committee deems it very desirable that independent work be
not undertaken in the several States by the Department without the
knowledge of the station or consultation with the station, particularly
along lines of investigation in which the State station is engaged.
Whenever cooperation with practical men in the States is desired by
the Department in investigations, it is suggested that the State station
be the agency through which such cooperation is conducted."
The day spent at Middletown was especially interesting and enjoy-
able. A general session was held in the chapel of Weslej'^an University
in the forenoon, at which the delegates were welcomed by President
Bradford Raymond, and interesting papers presented by W. H. Jordan
on American agricultv^ral experiment stations, and by W. O. Atwatcr
on the History of the Connecticut experiment stations. Lunch was
served in the gymnasium, after which the Atwater-Rosa respii-ation
calorimeter was viewed in operation and explained by Professor Atwater
and his assistants. Section meetings were held during the afternoon,
following which an informal reception was tendered the delegates at
Professor Atwater's residence.
In his paper on the American stations Dr. Jordan reviewed the rise
and rapid growth of the experiment-station movement in this country,
and, after enumerating piany of the more important results of the
work of the stations, considered their general organization and the
relations of station workers to the colleges in the matter of teaching.
He pointed out ver}^ forcibl}^ the evils resulting to station work from
requiring excessive college duties, and urged the necessity for "a
station director who is that and nothing more. In the multitudinous
duties of administration, in the broad relations which he should sustain
with the agriculture of the State, in deciding upon the most useful
lines of work, in the sympathetic attitude of encouragement and if
possible of inspiration which he should maintain toward his associates,
there is abundant opportunity for the full exercise of the largest
ability and the most untiring energy. If there is any official in our
land-grant colleges other than the president who should not be halved,
it is the station director." He then considered the character of work
being conducted by the stations, as judged by their publications,
deploring the fact brought out that 41 per cent of the pages of the
bulletins issued in 1898 and 1890 "had no other purpose than the
410 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ditfu.sion of existing knowledge," and that the preparation of this class
of bulletins "appears to be materially increasing, when it ought .o be
decreasing.-' He made an earnest plea for greater attention to thor-
ough and conscientious scientific research and investigation, which he
held to be the prime object for which the stations were established and
in the end the most profita])le field of activit}'.
By vote of the Association Dr. Jordan's paper is to ))e published
separately.
A brief report by the bibliographer, A. C. True, enumerated some
of the more important pieces of bibliographical work in lines related
to agriculture which have appeared during the past year.
The report from the committee on uniform fertilizer laws, presented
b}' H. J. Wheeler, stated that no attempt had been made to secure
national legislation leading to uniform laws, but that several States
had taken steps in the direction of greater uniformity, and it was
believed that something might j^et be done.
The committee on nomenclature made no report, but proposed that
the committee be discontinued, which it was voted to do.
The committee on indexing agricultural literature made a report of
progress. Additional funds are hoped for to enaljle the Librarian of
the Department of Agriculture to begin the publication of such an
index.
The holding of a summer school for graduate students in agriculture
was discussed bj^ W. O. Thompson. The idea proposed was an inter-
collegiate school, the teachers to be drawn from the members of the
Association and the sessions to be held at different colleges in succeed-
ing years. The University of Ohio offered to finance the school for
the first year, and it was proposed that a canvass be made with a view
to holding such a session if there is sulficient encouragement in 1902.
The matter was referred to the executive committee for investigation
and report.
The committee on revision of the constitution submitted a report,
involving some quite radical changes, which was discussed at consider-
able length. A number of amendments to the constitution were offered
during the discussion, involving change of name of the Association,
method of nominating officers, etc. The matter was laid upon the
table until another year.
The committee on militar}^ instruction at land-grant colleges reported
that an effort had been made to secure the privilege of graduate study
at West Point to officers of college battalions. No definite action has
yet been taken.
The committee on methods of teaching agriculture reported progress
in completing the syllal)i for the three remaining subjects. The com-
mittee was continued.
The executive committee was instructed to send a greeting to the
CONVENTIOlSr OF AMERICAN AGRICULTUKAL COLLEGES. 411
experiment station at Mockern, Germany, on the occasion of the cele-
bration of its fiftieth anniversary.
A resolution offered by W. A. Henry expressing appreciation of the
manual on "Ag-ricultural Experiment Stations in the United States,"
prepared for the Paris Exposition, and requesting- a second and enlarged
edition, was adopted by the Association.
A committee, consisting of W. M. Hays,T. F. Hunt, A. A. Brighani,
L. H. Baile}", and H. P. Armsby, was appointed to confer with the
Secretary of Agriculture with reference to holding a conference of
persons interested in plant and animal breeding.
The Association endorsed the policy advocated by the Secretarj^ of
Agriculture of paying larger salaries to experts in the Department in
order to enable the Department to retain their services.
It was voted to reproduce at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo
the cooperative experiment-station exhibit prepared for the Paris
Exposition, "with such withdrawals or additions as may be deemed
wise by the Office of Experiment Stations." The executive committee
was instructed to take under consideration the appointment of a rep-
resentative from the Association to act in c®nnection with the dairy
exhibit at the Pan-American Exposition,
Resolutions on the death of J. H. Smart and G. E. Morrow, both of
whom have until recently taken a prominent part in the Association,
were unanimously adopted.
Invitations were received for the Association to meet in Michigan,
Mississippi, Maine, and Geneva or Ithaca, N. Y.
The following officers were elected for the ensumg year:
President, A. W. Harris of Maine; vice-presidents, J. K. Patterson
of Kentucky, W. H. Jordan of New York, R. H. Jesse of Missouri,
L. G. Carpenter of Colorado, and E. A. Bryan of Washington; secre-
tary and treasurer, E. B. Vooi'hees of New Jerse}^; bibliographer,
A. C. True of Washington, D. C. ; executive committee, H. H. Goodell
of Massachusetts, Alexis Cope of Ohio, G. W. Atherton of Pennsyl-
vania, and H. C. White of Georgia.
Section on agriculture and chemistTi/. — Chairman, C. D. Woods, of
Maine; secretary, H. J. Waters, of Missouri.
Section on horticulture and hotany. — Chairman, L. R. Jones, of Ver-
mont; secretary, W. J. Green, of Ohio.
Section on college viork. — Chairman, J. H. Raymond, of West Vir-
ginia; secretary, B. O. Aylesworth, of Colorado.
Section on entomology. — Chairman, M. V. Slingerland, of New York;
secretary, H. A. Morgan, of Louisiana.
Section on nieclianic o/rts. — Chairman, H. W. Tyler, of Massachusetts;
secretary, F. P. Anderson, of Kentucky.
11989— No. 5 2
412 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
MEETINGS OF SECTIONS.
SECTION OX AGKICULTUKE AND CHEMISTKY.
One session of this section was given up to discussions of investiga-
tions on tobacco, another to the energy of foods and feeding stuffs,
and the third to miscellaneous papers. E. H. Jenkins presented a
paper on Methods of experimenting with cigar wrapper leaf tobacco,
in whicli he discussed the conditions which should govern in coopera-
tive experiments, the relations of the station with the experimenter,
etc. The station should, if possible, own the land where the experi-
ment is made and alwa3's the crop, since the interests of the grower and
the experimenter are not the same. All the operations in the field
should be in charge of an experienced man, as no general directions
can be given in advance. Comparisons should be made onl}- after the
fermentation has taken place, that is, in the finished product, and the
product should be judged by dealers in the leaf, as the ''quality" is
subject to the whim of the cigar maker and the trade. Quality was
defined as the "fitness to meet the present tastes of the manufacturer
of cigars — nothing else." In conclusion, the work of the Connecticut
State Station covering a number of A'ears in cooperation with the Con-
necticut Tobacco Experiment Company and later in cooperation with
the Division of Soils of this Department, was reviewed and the
methods followed detailed.
The growing and curing of Burlej'^ tobacco was described in a paper
by M. A. Scovell, the practice of the most intelligent growers in Ken-
tucky and lower Ohio being given. The origin of the White Burley
by selection from the Red, and its characteristics and curing were
described. It is not fermented and is used mostly in the manufacture
of chewing tobacco. It can absorb as high as -10 per cent of its weight
in sugar and flavoring extracts, which adapts it to making plug tobacco.
"Perhaps the soil has the greatest influence of any one thing in
determining the qualit}^ of [Burley] tobacco, especially its color,"
although the season has a marked influence on the quality. There
was believed to be a good field for station work in experimenting with
fertilizers for Burley tobacco; curing, and selection to get a light leaf.
Milton Whitney described the work of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture with tobacco, mentioning briefly the lines of work which
have been taken up. In cooperation with the Connecticut State Sta-
tion Sumatra tobacco has ]>een grown under shade, which, it was stated,
experts can not distinguish from the imported leaf.^ It was believed
to be possible on the best tobacco soils to grow Sumatra which will be
^ The crop has since been sold at an average price .of 71 cents per pound, including
tops, butts, and trash. As high as $1.25 per pound was received for some of the
unsorted product.
CONVENTION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 413
equal to the imported article. Work has been taken up with the Penn-
sylvania filler tobacco, and it is believed that the Cuban type can be
approximated in parts of Pennsjdvania and more closely in Ohio. The
case rot, it was stated, causes a loss of about $1,000,000 annually in
Pennsyh'ania, which can be prevented by proper methods of handling,
and this matter is being* investigated. A soil survey is being made in
Pennsylvania and Ohio in order to determine the tobacco districts with
a view to selecting the best kinds to grow. In Florida, where the
finest type of cigar leaf tobacco in this country is being produced, the
quality varies greatly in adjacent localities. A soil survey will be
undertaken there to study this matter. Texas is believed to afford an
opportunity to develop the Cuban filler industry. A soil survey will
be made there also as a basis for this industry, as the regions especially
adapted are supposed to be limited. The tobacco exhibit at the Paris
Exposition, which was made under the supervision of the Division of
Soils, was described, together with the successful competition of the
American grown tobacco with the choice tobaccos of other countries.
A paper, entitled What is available energy, was read by W. O.
Atwater, defining this term and describing the means by which this
value is determined. The subject was discussed by W. H. Jordan,
H. P. Armsby, and C. D. Woods, indicating some confusion in the
use of the terms available foods, available energy, actual available
energy, etc
A paper by E. B. Voorhees on Cooperative field experiments, out-
lined the form which the cooperation with farmers should take and
the part to be performed by both the station and the farmer. A close
supervision over all the separate steps up to the weighing of the final
crop was advocated. He cited a number of evidences of the value
arid utility of cooperative fertilizer experiments in New Jersey. The
educational effect on the farmer himself was held to be one of the chief
elements of value.
C. S. Phelps described the cooperation between the Connecticut
Storrs Station and farmers in testing dairy herds. This work has
been in progress for 7 years and has been carried on at 10 separate
farms. It was held to be of use to the farmers in improving their
rations and to the station in affording a means of testing narrow
rations.
In a paper on Our new agricultural industry, I. P. Roberts described
the growth of the sugar-l)eet industry in this country and some lines
in which experimental work is still needed.
SECTION ON HORTICULTURE AND BOTANY.
A paper on Plant physiology in its relation to agriculture and hor-
ticulture, by A. F. Woods, outlined the requirements of the vegetable
physiologist, advocated more thorough training in this subject in
414 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
the colleges, and enumerated some of the problems which need
investigation.
Laborator}^ and field work for students in horticulture was discussed
by E. S. Goff, who laid much stress on the educational value of work
of this character, holding- that the student who is to become a horti-
culturist should be trained in the practical operations of the art.
F. W. Card discussed the Educational status of horticulture, empha-
sizing* the educational value of the study of horticulture, and John
Craigf described the nature study movement and its workings in New
York State.
G. E. Stone presented a paper on The function of the station botan-
ist, the central idea of which was that the function of the station bot-
anist is primarily research, the nature of which must bear intimate
relation to agriculture.
The grass and forage plant investigations in the Department of Agri-
culture and the experiment stations was reviewed by T. A. Williams,
especial attention being given to the history of this work in the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, the lines of work pursued by the Division of
Agrostology, and cooperative work with the experiment stations. In
conclusion, some of the important results of grass and forage plant
in\estigations were enumerated. The author urged the importance of
this line of investigation and pointed out the advantages of cooperation.
Progress of variety testing in experiment station work was the sub-
ject of a paper by F. W. Rane. He showed that "" while most stations
are doing more or less with varieties the general feeling seems to
prevail among station workers that after all it is not worth the time
and expense necessar3^" The really new introductions each year were
shown to be few, the total number for 1900, as shown by an examina-
tion of catalogues of 12 of the largest seedsmen, being 24 varieties
of vegetables. The view was expressed that by properly S3^stematiz-
ing the work the expense and labor of Aariety testing might be
reduced, and that if properl}^ managed it constituted a legitimate line
of horticultural work.
B. D. Halsted showed what the experiment stations have done in
originating varieties of plants by crossing and selection, the various
lines of activity in this regard at different experiment stations being-
summarized. Extensive work is in progress in the improvement of
corn, cotton, wheat, fruits, vegetables, and other agricultural plants.
The relation of the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction to experi-
ment stations was presented by J. G. Smith, who reviewed the history
of the section, the work which it is doing in cooperation with the
stations, and some of the more important results. W. E. Britton
described a vegetation house arranged for pot experiments.
CONVENTION OF AMEEICAN AGKICULTUKAL COLLEGES. 415
SECTION ON ENTOMOLOGY.
The attendance of entomologists at this convention was larger than
usual and a full programme was presented. W. E. Britton reported
experiments on the banding of trees to prevent their injury by the fall
cankerworm. Black Virginia oil was found to be better for this
purpose than printer's ink.
E. P. Felt presented Suggestions toward greater uniformity in nursery
inspection laws and rulings. There was said to be a growing demand
for fumigated trees, and the author believed it was better to educate
the public rather than to tr^ to enforce laws. Papers on Nursery
inspection and orchard insecticide treatment in Illinois, by S. A. Forbes,
and Pjxperience in nursery and orchard inspection and some recent
results with hydroc3"anic-acid gas in large buildings for the destruc-
tion of insect pests, by W. G. Johnson, described different phases of
this work, and the subject of fumigation was discussed at some length.
Notes on crude petroleum and its effect upon plants and insects were
presented by J. B. Smith. When the plants are dormant this may be
used even undiluted if the crude oil is pure, but if either gasoline or
paraffin has been removed the residue becomes dangerous to the trees.
The crude oil should not be used in summer or when the trees are in
foliage,
A power sprayer for asparagus was described by F. A. Sirrine. This
machine sprays the plants from four directions at once, thus making
the treatment ver}" thorough and effective. The same author described
a little-known asparagus pest {Agromyza simplex) which works in the
cambium layer principally, damaging seedling beds more particularly.
It is controlled by plucking and burning infested plants.
Other papers read before this section were Entomology in the South-
ern States, by H. Garman; Danger to American horticulture from the
introduction of scale insects, by G. B. King; Observations, on Artace
pimetistriga, by H. A. Morgan; and Entomological oecology, by C. W.
Woodworth.
SECTION ON COLLEGE WORK.
The only formal paper before this section was one b}^ J. K. Patterson
on the General drift of education at the land-grant colleges, the time
being occupied by discussion of various subjects.
RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.
CHEMISTRY.
The estimation of alumina and ferric oxid in natural phosphates,
F. P. Veitch {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc.,2^{1900), No. 5, pp. ^6-258).—
This article discusses the sources of error in older methods, reports the
results of a stud}^ of the various factors influencing the accurac}^ of the
determinations, and describes the following method, based upon the
results of these experiments:
"Treat 1 gm. of substance in a platinum dish with from 5 to 10 cc. hydrofluoric
acid, let stand in the cold from 2 to 3 hours, heat on the water bath to complete
dryness, add 2 cc. concentrated sulphuric acid, running well around the sides, and
heat at a low temperature until the substance no longer flows in the dish. By this
process fluorin is completely expelled. Cool and add from 10 to 20 cc. concentrated
hydrochloric acid, and warm a few minutes to soften the mass; transfer to a small
beaker, and boil until all aluminum compounds are surely dissolved ( 15 to 30 minutes ) ;
filter from undissolved residue, if any, vi^ashing the filter thoroughly, add 50 cc. 25
per cent ammonium chlorid solution and ammonia until alkaline, then hydrochloric
acid until the precipitate just dissolves. Cool, dilute to about 250 cc, and add 50 per
cent sodium thiosulphate solution, drop l)y drop, until the solution is colorless, adding
in all 20 cc. ; cover with a watch glass, boil half an hour, tilter, wash back into the
same beaker, and dissolve in boiling hydrochloric acid; reprecipitate exactly as before,
after adding 2 cc. of a 10 per cent ammonium phosphate .solution. Wash 20 times
with 5 per cent ammonium nitrate solution, and ignite to constant weight. For the
second precipitation ammonium thiosulphate may also be used, but it is not strictly
necessary."
A ne^w method for the determination of aluminum, E. T.
Allen and V. H. Gottschalk {Amer. Chem. Jour., i34- {1900)., No. 4,
2)2>. '292-30 Jf). — The method proposed is as follows:
"Dissolve the substance in which the aluminum is to be determined in water or a
mineral add. In case the latter is used, nearly neutralize with ammonia. Now dis-
solve a stick of potash in which the silica, iron, and alumina are known, in a meas-
ured (]uantity of water, and mix thoroughly. One to two grams of potash should be
sufficient. Pour the potash solution into a burette, and thence introduce into the
aluminum solution a quantity of the former, sufficient to redissolve the precipitate
which first forms. If the solution is still turbid no harm is done, but any consider-
able excess of potash should be avoided. [Soda] may be used as we! I as potash. Now
pass a stream of carbon dioxid into the solution. If the alkali is not in too great
excess, precipitation begins in a minute or two. Twenty minutes should suffice to pre-
cipitate 0.200 gm. AI2O3. The bulk of the alumina comes down in a few minutes, and
filtration then proceeds without difficulty. Transfer the precipitate for the most part
to a 9 cm. filter and wash several times without suction. The soluble impurities are
now mostly removed. Break the paper with a stirring rod, wash back completely
416
CHEMISTRY. 417
into the original beaker, and boil the i^recipitate a few minutes with about 150 to 200
t;c. water containing a little pure ammonium chlorid or nitrate. The boiling should
be continued only 2 or 3 minutes, otherwise the precipitate does not settle well.
As soon as it has settled, pass the supernatant liquid through a new filter, using this
time a pump and cone. Repeat the boiling and decantation once or twice, transfer
the precipitate to the filter, and wash several times with hot water. Suck dry and
transfer to a covered crucible, which has been weighed. Dry carefully over the
flame, burn the paper, and heat from 5 to 10 minutes at the highest temj^erature
of the blast lamp. Cool from 10 to 15 minutes in a sulphuric acid desiccator, and
make an approximate weighing. Heat again for 5 minutes, cool as before, and
weigh as directed. From the weight of the precipitate subtract the weight of the
impurities in the potash."
A study of the conditions affecting the accuracy of the method is
reported.
Estimation of calcium carbonate in soil, H. ScHtJTTE {Ztschr.
Angnr. Chrni., 1890. j>. HoJ^; ahs. in AnaJyst, 25 {1900), May,]). 132).—
It is claimed that the Stutzer and Hartleb method (E. S. R., 11, p. 110)
does not give accurate results when applied to some soils, especially
those poor in calcium carbonate and containing zeolites. Immendortt's
method, carried out as follows, is recommended: Extract the soil with
hot hydrochloric acid, make a portion of the solution alkaline with
ammonia, warm, clear up with a little acid, and boil. Add a large
excess of a strong solution of ammonium oxalate, boil for some time,
make alkaline with ammonia, and then faintly acid with acetic acid.
Determine the calcium oxalate by titration, or preferably (if the soil
contains much iron) collect it on a iilter, ignite, and weigh.
Direct estimation of calcium in the presence of iron and alumi-
num, E. Blum {Zts<-hr. Analyt. Chem., 39 {1900), No. 3, pp. 162-
155). — This method is used in estimating calcium in iron ores and l)last-
f urnace slags. The calcium is precipitated by ammonium oxalate, the
iron and aluminum being* held in solution by the presence of tartaric
acid added to the ammoniacal solution. By this procedure small
amounts of oxids of iron, aluminuu), and manganese are carried down
with the calcium oxalate, but this is said to be very nearly compen-
sated by the calcium that is not precipitated. This is a ver}^ short and
practical method, but can not l)e used with substances containing more
than 0.5 per cent of manganese. — c. b. williams.
Soil humus — some sources of error in analytical methods, A. L.
Emery {Jour. Amer. Chein. Soc.,22 {1900), No. 5, pp. 285-291).— Thvae
sources of error are discussed, namely, the expulsion of ammonia from
organic matter during leaching with caustic potash, the absorption of
ammonia by the humus extract when the soil is leached with ammonia
solution, and the loss of organic matter in washing with hydrochloric
acid to remove lime. The author proposes to overcome the first diffi-
culty by the following means: "The soil to be leached with caustic
potash is placed in a funnel which is closed at the top with a stopper
through which the leaching solution is admitted by a separatory funnel.
418 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
The glass support of a Gooch crucible serves ver}- well for the funnel
holding- the soil. The solution from the soil is run directly into dilute
sulphuric acid, the bottle containing the same being sealed with a U- tube
containing sulphuric acid. Gentle suction can be applied to this appa-
ratus, which greatly hastens the process without the least danger of
losing ammonia." For the second and third difficulties no remedy is
offered.
The relation of chemistry to the progress of agriculture, II. AV. Wiley ( U.
S. Dept. A(jr. Yearbook 1899, pp. 201-258, pis. 2). This is a review of agricultural
chemistry during the nineteenth century, treating especially of the progress made in
the United States. The subject is divided for the purpose of discussion as follows:
" ( 1 ) The relation of chemistry to agriculture at the beginning of the century.
" (2) The impetus given to scientific agriculture in its relation to chemistry by the
discoveries of Liebig, Gilbert, Boussingault, and other workers, which began to
produce effects about the middle of the century.
" (3) A resume of the relations of chemistry to agriculture up to and at the present
time, with a brief reference to the principal methods whereby chemical research has
been made useful to jiraetical agriculture."
On a ne\7 method of determining' aluminum, A. Stock {Compt. Rend. Acad.
Sci. Paris, 130 {1900), No. 4, PP- 175-178). — A method based on the separation of
iodin and the precipitation of aluminum hydrate when a solution of an aluminum
salt is treated with a mixture of potassium iodid and iodate is described.
A process for the determination of carbon dioxid in carbonates, R. E.
Devine {Jour.Amer. Chem.Soc, 22 {1900), No. 8, pp. 473-476, fig. 1) .—A description
is given of a method based on the principle of Pettenkofer's process, "namely,
absorption of the carbon dioxid by a measured amount of standard baryta water
(solution of barium hydroxid), and titration of an excess of the latter with a
standard acid." The apparatus used by the author in carrying out this method
is also descril)ed.
Note on the peculiar difficulties which beset the application of the ammo-
nia method to the analysis of sewage and sewage effluents, J. A. Wanklyn
( Chi'tn. News, 81 {1900), No. 2115, pp. 268, 269) .—The results of analyses of a number
of samples of sewage effluents are reported which go to show ' ' that no return of the
albuminoid ammonia in sewage or sewage effluent is trustworthy unless adequate
precautions have been taken to avoid mistaking urea for the complex nitrogenous
organic substances which yield albuminoid ammonia."
Apparatus for the determination of ammonia in water by the Wanklyn
method and total nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method, R. S. Weston {Jour. Amer.
Chem. Soc, 22 {WOO) , No. 8, pp. 468-473, figs. 2). — The apparatus described is a mod-
ification of the Johnson apparatus, improved by Hazen, Clark, and others, adapted
to water analysis. The apparatus is so arranged that both the distilling flasks and
the receivers are brought to the front and are thus readily accessiljle to the operator.
A new simple method for the quantitative determination of nitric acid in
water, N. N. Kostjamin {Vrach {St. Petersburg'], 21 {1900), p. 728; Pharm. Ztg., 4^5
{1900), p. 646; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 24 {1900), No. 62, Repert.,p. 218; and Chem.Centbl,
1900, II, No. 16, p. ^5).— The method is as follows: Put 5 cc. of the water in a por-
celain dish, add slowly (about 2 cc. per minute) and with constant stirring brucin-
sulphuric acid (1 part of brucin to 3,000 parts pure sulphuric acid) until the solution
shows a uniform clear rose color. The sulphuric acid sets the nitric acid free and
this forms, with the brucin, methyl nitrite (CH3NO.J, kakotelin (C2H3.(NO.J.Na05
-f H2O) , and oxalic acid. A table is given from which can be found the N2O5 corre-
sponding to the amounts of reagent used.
BOTANY. 419
Estimation of urea in urine, A. Jolles {Ztschr. Analyl. Chem., 39 {1900), No. 3,
pp. 137-14o) .
The iodin and bromin values of oils and fats, R. Williams {Jour. Soc. Chem.
Ind., 19 {1900), No. 4, pp. 300, 301).
Notes on linseed oil analysis, P. C. McIlhiney {Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 19 {1900) ,
No. 4, PP- 320, 321) .
On a new general reaction for albuminoid substances, A. P. Lidop {Zlmr.
Russ. FIz. KJiini. Ob.'<hch., 31 {1899), p. 7 SI; uha. in Bid. Soc. Chim. Parh, 23 {1900),
No. 13, p. 622) .
The composition of the albumin of the seed of the honey locust (Gleditschia
triacanthos) , ]M. Goket {Comjd. Rend. Acad. Scl. Paris, 130 {1900), No. l,pp. 60-63).
Gypsum and limestone, G. W. Shaw {Oregon Sta. But. 62, pp. 14-17). — Descrip-
tions and analyses are given of 12 samples of gypsum and 19 samples of limestone,
mainly Oregon products.
On an improved absorption apparatus for use in the analysis of essential
oils, A. C. Chapman and H. E. Burgess {Analy.^t, 25 {1900), Aug., pp. 197-199,
fig- !)■
A platinum crucible for the determination of alkali according- to Lawrence
Smith, J. KoxKiSBEKGER {Chem. Ztg., 24 {1900), p. 690; abs. in Clieni. Centhl., 1900,
II, No. 12, 2>. 6S9). — Instead of the deep crucible ordinarily used, the author employs
a crucible of the usual form with a close-fitting cylindrical cover for the fusion of sili-
cates with calcium carbonate and ammonium chlorid in the determination of alkalies
according to Smith's method.
An addition to the apparatus used in the estimation of nitrogen by the
Kjeldahl method, H. Mehring {Ztschr. Anali/t. Chan,., 39 {1900), No. 3, pp. 162,
163). — Instead of a bulb tube to connect the distilling flask with the condenser, the
author uses a wide tube bent twice at obtuse angles in opposite directions, with each
end drawn out to make connection. The end connecting with the flask is straight,
narrow, and vertical, and in it will form a column of water that will wash the vapor
forced through the condenser. The end connected with the condenser is in the shape
of a swan's neck. This ai^i^aratus is claimed to be durable and efficient. — c. b.
WILLIAMS.
Asbestos filters, O. Lohse and P. Thomaschewski {Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 39
{1900), No. 3,2)p. 15S-161). — To test the value of the Lohse asbestos filter the authors
have made many estimations of silver, barium, chlorin, nickel, and sugar (reduction)
with closely agreeing results. — c. b. williams.
A modification of the Bunsen vacuum pump, M. H. Ittner {Amer. Chem.
Jour., 24 {1900), No. 3, pp. 253-255, Jig. 1).
BOTANY.
Report of the botanist, C. E. Bessey {NehrmTia Sta. Rpt. 1899., pp.
28-SJf,). — This report contains notes on various plant diseases, poisonous
plants, weeds, grasses, forage crops, and the trees of Nebraska. The
occurrence of carnation rust is noted, and its prevention by proper
management of carnation houses is predicted. A potato disease which
produces brown discolorations within the tuber, eventually destroying
it, is reported to be rather widespread throughout the State. The
author plans to continue his studies on this disease until able to make
some definite suggestions regarding its nature and means of eradica-
tion. At present it is suggested that in planting no tubers showing
any well-marked brown discolorations should be used. Investigations
420 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
have been beg'un on the poisonous plants of the State and a report on
the subject will be made later.
Attention is called to the native thistle {Cnlcus imdulatus) and wild
mornino-gloiT {Convolvulus arvensis). Both of these weeds seem to
be spreading, and indications are that unless caref ulh' attended to they
will prove troublesome. The Russian thistle, which at one time
seemed to threaten the crops of the State, has ceased to be trouble-
some, and the author states that rarely is a large specimen seen in the
vicinity of the station.
The accumulation of asparagin in legumes grown with insuffi-
cient light, P:. BRiiAL {Ann. Agron., 26 {1900), No. 1, pp. 5-19).— Kn
account is given of some investigations on a number of white, blue,
and 3'ellow lupines grown from September until March in a well-
heated greenhouse, but which did not receive anj' direct sunlight after
10 a. m. The plants were grown in water cultures and received no
nitrogen, but were given potassium phosphate, potassium chlorid, and
magnesium sulphate. The seeds were first washed with corrosive sub-
limate, germinated between papers, and transferred to the water cul-
tures as soon as their roots were well formed. They made good growth
and showed no indication of etiolation.
A large number of plants were examined, the methods being given
in detail, and proportionatelv large increases w^ere noted in their
asparagin content. White lupines were found to contain as much as
50 per cent of their dry weight in asparagin, while the seeds contained
but 0.6 per cent. Blue lupines analyzed entire contained 37 per cent
of asparagin, and other plants kept for 15 da3's in the dark contained
M per cent of their dry weight. In April, the sun having ascended,
the house was well lighted and plants analyzed after that time showed
progressively less asparagin. Experiments with wheat, sunflowers,
and gourds showed no accumulation of asparagin. The results obtained
with lupines agreed with those of Prianisnikow.^
Other experiments are reported in the same article. Lentils deprived
of their cotyledons and placed with their roots in starch solutions took
up some of the carbohydrates, and some given both starch and mineral
matter made better growth than a check lot without starch.
White lupines were made to absorb considerable quantities of potas-
sium humate through tubes containing solutions of the compound
being thrust into their stems.
Concerning the pectic matter of plants, A. Hebert {Ann. Agron.,
'26 {1900), No. i, pp. SJf-50).—T\iQ author examined the pulp of ripe
fruits and the roots of carrots, beets, etc., for pectin, pectose, pectic
acids, etc. The principal substances found were pectin and pectic acid.
The pectins give viscid solutions in water and are coagulated b}' the
addition of alkalis. When treated with potash they give pectic acid.
'Landw. Vers. Stat., 52 (1899), No. 1-2, p. 137-164.
BOTANY. 421
The ferment pectase acting- upon pectin also gives pectic acid. By
hydrolysis the pectic bodies yield pectoses, and especially arabinose.
By oxidation they yield mucic acid. From this it is concluded that
pentosan and galactan are present in the molecule of pectic bodies.
It is claimed that the investigations of the author, as well as all
recent work, indicate that the pectic bodies are formed by the chlo-
rophyll of the plant.
On the hybrid fecundation of the endosperm of maize, H. de
Vries {Rev. Gen. Bot, 12 {1900). JVo. 1S6, pp. 129-137,2)1. 1).—K
review of some of the literature bearing upon the immediate effect of
pollen, or xenia as it has been called, is given, together with an account
of the author's experiments with maize. The experiments are fully
discussed and the conclusion reached that the effect commonly noted
as the result of crossing different races or varieties of maize is due to
double fecundation. Wherever a grain of corn shows the character-
istics of the male parent in the endosperm it is the result of hybrid
fecundation. Where the characteristics of the female parent are
exhibited it is a case of self-fertilization. The explanation of these
phenomena is to be found in the discovery of double fecundation by
Nawaschin and Guignard.
Progress of plant breeding in the United States, H. J. Webber and E. A.
Be8sey ( V. 8. Dept. Agr. Yearhonk ]Sn9, pp. 4(15-490, pis. ■i,fi{/s. ^).— The early horti-
cultural and agricultural conditions of the United States are described, together with
early methods of plant breeding. The improvements effected during the past cen-
tury are mentioned more or less in detail, being grouped under the different headings
of fruits, berries, vegetables, cereals, ornamentals, nuts, cotton, etc.
Progress of economic and scientific agrostology, F. Lamson-Scribner ( U. S.
Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1899, pp. 347-SG6, /zV/.v. 5) . —The early investigations relating to
grass and forage plants are briefly described, together with a description of the estab-
lishment and work of the Division of Agrostology of this Department. The grass
investigations which have been conducted in different parts of the country are out-
lined and descriiitions given of some of the more valuable grasses and forage plants.
Economic grasses, F. Lamson-Scribner (K 8. Dept. Agr., Division of Agrostology
Bui. 14, rev., pp. 85, pis. 3, figs. 91). — This bulletin, which is a revised edition of a
previous one (E. S. R., 10, p. 718), contains much of the economic information given
in Bulletin 3 of this Division (E. S. R., 8, p. 687).
Seedling forms of New Zealand phanerogams and their development, L.
Cockayne (Trans, and Proc. New Zealand Tnst'., 31 [1898), pp. 354-398, j)ls. .5). — A
biological study of a large number of seedling forms of New Zealand plants.
The mistletoe, J. Huberty (Bui. 80c. Cent. Forst. Belg., 7 [1900), Nos. 4, pp- 284-
290; 5, pp. 373-381; 6, pp. 443-451) .—The life history of the mistletoe is reviewed
at considerable length, and its method of attacking the host and the effect, as shown
by analyses of the wood of infested and sound ti-ees, is described. Various means
of destroying mistletoe are suggested, among which the cutting away of the branches
is prol)ably the most efficient.
Photometric investigations in vegetable physiology, Wiesner {Bot. Centbl.,
82 (1900) , No. 10-11, pp. 316-318) . — A summary is presented of the author's inves-
tigations on the various adaptations of plants to light in the arctic regions.
Formation of oil in the olive, G. Spampani {Bui. Soc. Bot. Ital., 1899, pp.
139-143; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. 8o<;. {London'], 1900, No. 3, pjj. 342, 343).— A
422 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
description is given of the mode of formation of oil in the fruit of the olive. This
takes place in the cells of the epicarp, especially in those of the mesocarp. The oil
is not transferred to the cells where it is ultimately found, but is formed in them.
In the case of the olive there is a marked illustration of the almost universal phe-
nomenon of the presence of oily substances in the active protoplasm. This oil is not
the result of the degeneration of the protoplasm, but is formed when that substance
is in its most active condition.
Anatomical studies of important fiber plants of Japan with special refer-
ence to their bast fibers, K. Saito {Bot. C'entbL, 83 {1900), No. 11, p. 351).
The latex system of lacquer trees and related species, T. Ixui {Bot. Centhl..
83 1900), No. 11, p. 352). — The endemic species of Rhus were examined and a lati-
ciferous system found in all but R. radkans. The method of secretion of latex and
effect of external factors ujjon its production are briefly shown.
On the selective power of root tubercle bacteria, L. Hiltner {Centhl. Bakl. u.
Par., 2. Abt., 6 {1900), No. 9, j)p. 273-281) .—Replying to arecent article by Stutzer,
the author maintains that within certain limits the pi'esence of bacteroids depends
upon the host as well as upon the kind of bacteria in the soil or medium.
Nitrogenous constituents of fungi, E. Winterstein (Bot. Centhl. Beihefte,9{1900) ,
p. 167; ahs. in Jour. lioj/. Micros. ,Sor. ILondonl, 1900, No. 3, p. 362). — The chemical
composition of fungi is said to differ in several important points from that of flower-
ing plants. In addition to carbohydrates, the membranes contain a nitrogenous sub-
stance, chitin. In neither tresh nor dry specimens of Boletus edulis, Cantherellus
cibarius, or Agaricus campestris was the author able to isolate proteids. From B.
edulis and A. campestris leucin was crystallized and the presence of tyrosin demon-
strated by Millon's reagent.
The influence of inorganic salts on the formation of conidia in Aspergillus
niger, A. Yasuda {Bot. Mag. [Tokyo~\, 13 {1899), p. 85; ahs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc.
[London'], 1900, No. 3, p. 364). — As the result of a series of experiments it was found
that the formation of conidia is retarded in proportion to the concentration of the
nutrient fluid. The size of the conidia also decreases under the same condition.
The conidia bearing hyphse become shorter, and the black color of the conidia is
greatly increased. When solutions are very concentrated, the formation ceases
entirely.
Fungi in juniper berries, A. Nestler {Ber. Deut. Bot. Ge'sell., 17 {1899), pp.
320-325, pi. 1; ahs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. ILondon], 1900, No. 3, p. 365).— It is
stated that the mycelium of a fungus is almost universally present in the so-called
berries of the juniper in the second year after their formation. Experiments on
infection seem to show that the change of color from green to black or blue black is
due to the action of the fungus. The exact nature of the fungus has not been deter-
mined, but the incipient forms of spores resembling those of Aspergillus were
observed. It is thought probable that there is more than one species of the fungus.
Investigations on the morphology of the stroma-forming Spheeriales, W.
RuHL.\ND {Sep. Iledwigia, 39 {1900), pp. 79, pis. 3).
ZOOLOGY.
Revision of American voles of the genus Microtus, V. Bailey
{U. jS. iJcjjt. Ayr.., iJlciuori of Biological iSnrvcy., -North Ainerican
Favnna 17., pp. 88., pis. 5., Jigs. 17). — This bulletin contains an account
of the habits, food plants, economic status, and injuriousness of the
voles, or meadow mice, together with brief notes on methods of pre-
venting injuiy by these animals. It is recommended that wire net-
ZOOLOGY. 423
ting, tent cylinders, burlap, twisted ropes of straw, or other substances
be wrapped around trees in winter to prevent injury to the bark by
voles. No direct remedy against these animals is suggested, l)ut it is
urged that means be taken to protect owls, hawks, and other animals
which feed upon voles. The greater part of the bulletin is occupied
with a systematic account of the species of the genus Microtus.
Seventy species and subspecies are recognized, being distributed in 8
subgenera.
Zoological yearbook for 1899, P. Maveti (Znologii^rher .Tahreftherichf. fiJr 1899.
Berlin: li. Frir>l/("ui(li'r ii- Son, 1900, pp.489). — This volume contains detailed lists of
literature upon the following groups of animals: Protozoa, Porifera, Cadenterata,
Echinodermata, Vermes, Bryozoa and Brachiopoda, Arthroi^oda, MoUusca, Tunicata,
and Vertebrata.
Cyanid of potassium for poisoning rabbits {Jour. Agr. and Ind. SovtJiAiMraFui,
8 {1900), No. 7, pp. 566-568). — About half an acre of land was inclosed by means of
wire netting in order to prevent rabbits from going to natural water sources. Water
which had been poisoned with cyanid of potash in the ratio of 1 : 1,000 was then
exposed in shallow tin vessels during the night. In the morning it was found that
about 1 gal. of water had been taken by the rabbits and 11 dead rabbits were found.
On the second morning 77 rabbits were found dead, the majority being fully grown.
The method is believed to be effective for the destruction of rabbits.
Rodents, 0. Lugger {Farm Students' Rev., 6 {1900), No. 21, pp. 17-19, filj>>. 3) .—Pop-
ular notes on rabbits and other rodents as related to agriculture.
A revie^wr of economic ornithology in tbe United States, T. S. Palmer {U. S.
Dept. Agr. Yearhook 1899, pp. 259-293, X)U. 3). — The author briefly reviews the inves-
tigations in the. different States and in this Department upon the economic relations
of various birds. An account is also given of the extent to which game birds are
used, the collection of birds' eggs for food, the use of feathers and guano, measures
for the destruction of injurious birds, preservation of beneficial birds, and the intro-
duction of birds.
How some birds help the farmer, V. H. Lowe ( Trans. New York Stale Agr. Sac.
and Neir York Bureau Far)iier.s' lust. Rpt. 1898, pp. 315-326, pU. 5). — Notes on the
economic relationship of the crow, blackbird, robin, Baltimore oriole, meadow lark,
downy woodpecker, hairy woodpecker, brown creeper, chickadee, native sparrows,
and cuckoos, with a short l)ibliography.
Some of the economic relations of birds and their food, F. E. L. Beal (7'ror.
New Jersey State Hort. Soc. 1899, pp. 104-129). — This article jiresents a general dis-
cussion of the agency of birds in controlling the multiplication of certain injurious
insects. The particular food habits of a number of birds are described, togetherwith
an accoimt of those families of insects which contribute most extensively to the food
of birds.
Birds, Annie M. Grant {Rhode Island State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1898, pp. 50-82, figs.
11). — This paper is a popular discussion of the benefits conferred upon agriculture
and horticulture by birds, with suggestions of measures for protection and preservation
of birds.
Our native birds, D. Lange {New York: Macmillan Co., 1899, pp. 162, figs. 10). —
A discussion of the causes of the decrease in the number of birds and methods for
protecting them.
How to encourage the nesting of insectivorous birds in fruit orchards,
Schwarz {Uessische Landw. Ztschr., 69 {1900), No. 1, pp. 6, 7, fig. 1). — A description
with illustration of a box for feeding such birds during the winter season.
A list of the insectivorous birds of New South Wales, A. J. North {Agr. Gaz.
4:2 A EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.
Neir South Wales, 11 {1900) , No. 1, pp. 1, 2, pi 1).— Notes on thf hal)its of species of
Struthiilea and Pomatoi^tomus.
An attempt to protect the green woodpecker, C. Sakce (Bclg. Jfort. el Agr., 12
{iftOO), Xo. •>, jtjt. -U, 4o). — Notes on the insectivorous habits of this l>ir<l.
Investigations on the stomach contents of the seed crow (Corvus frugile-
gns), M. HoLLRi-NG {Johre.'iber. Vers. >Stat. Pthmzcmrhutz, Hulk, 10 {1898) , pp. 11-
28). — A detailed statement is made of the stomach contents of 32-1 seed crows, 11
hooded crows, and 5 jackdaws. The majority of these birds were killed durinji; tlie
summer season, but the conclusions to be drawn from a study of the stomach c;ontents
are favorable for the birds.
Oysters and disease, W. A. Herdman and K. Boyce {London: G. Phillips ci- Son,
1899, pp. 60, plf. S; olix. in British Med. Jour., 1900, No. 2041, p. 3S8). — In this article
the authors discuss, among other matters, the greening of oysters. The conclusion
is reached that there are several distinct varieties of this phenomena. Some, like
the green oysters of certain rivers of the Essex coast, are healthy, wliile others,
such as Falmouth oysters, contain copper.
Eel worm in roses, B. D. Halsted {Florists' Exchange, 12 {1000), No. 4, PP- 84,
85, tig. 1) .—Brief notes on these worms, with the recommendation to heat the soil to
140° F. before planting.
Earthworms in the forest, E. Henry {Bui. Soc. Sci. Nancy, 3. scr., 1 {1900), No.
2, pp. ^^-<?^).— This article contains a brief historical account of the literature relat-
uig to the effect of earthworms upon the condition of the soil, and also brief observa-
tions upon their habits in the soil of forests. Notes are given on the action of earth-
worms in burying the various forest leaves and upon the apparent choice of kinds of
leaves by the worms.
METEOROLOGY— CLIMATOLOGY.
Nile floods and monsoon rains {Nature^ 62 {1900), No. 1608^ pj)-
391, 392). — This article discusses, on the basis of data furnished by
the meteorological reporter to the government of India, the relation
between the amount of the Nile floods and the abundance or deficiency
of the southwest monsoon rainfall in India. The relationship was first
suggested by Willcocks in a paper before the Meteorological Congress
at the World's Fair in Chicago (E. S. E., 5, p. 1086). It is claimed
that the observations which have been made "indicate that in at least
four out of five seasons in which there was a partial failure of the rains
in India there was a low Nile, and that generally the two countries are
similarly aflected by the meteorological conditions and the variations
of those conditions. The causes of these variations arc obscure and at
present very imperfectly recognized. "
Work of the meteorologist for the benefit of agriculture, commerce, and
navigation, F. H., Bigelow {U. S. Bept.Agr. Yearbook 1899, pp.7 1-92, ph. 2).— Th.\s
l)aper is devoted mainly to a history of the U. S. Weather Bureau and an account of
its working, it being stated that "a consideration of the development of meteoro-
logical science in the United States, especially in its practical application to agricul-
ture, commerce, and navigation, involves mainly a review of the United States
Weather Bureau and its work." The topics treated include The organic laws estab-
lishing the weather service, the three epochs of meteorological service, a preliminary
historical sketch of meteorology in the United States, the weather map, administra-
tion of the weather service, meteorological reports and storm warnings, instruction
AIR WATEE— SOILS. 425
in meteorology, means of instruction and information for the public, contril)uti()ns of
the Weather Bureau to nieteorologj', and latest •\'^ews on the theories of the origin of
storms.
Recent progress in ■weather forecasting, P. Holdefleiss {Filliling's Landw.
Zt<i.,49 {1900), Xu. 7, j)p.^0-ii73). — This is a brief review of a paper by W. J. van
Beljber on The scientific basis for forecasting the weather several days in advance,
published at Hamburg in 1899.
Anemometer tests, C. F. Marvin {U. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bur-eau Doc. 2^3, pp.
18,ph<.^,fi(js.o). — This paper, which is reprinted from the Morithly Weather Review,
28 {1900), No. -? (E. S. R, 12, p. 119), "aims to give briefly the results of a Hmited
series of experiments recently conducted by the writer to determine the law of action
of a small anemometer employed on kites to record the motion of the wind in the
free air. . . . The general question ( )f anemometer testing is also very briefly dis-
cussed."
Meteorological tables, T. S. Outraji {Minnesota Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 575-587). —
These tables give the monthly and annual mean temperature and precipitation for
the year 1898 and 6 months of 1899, with departures from the normal for 62 stations
in the State.
Meteorological observations, C. W. Peterson {RjA. Dept. Agr. Northivest Ter-
ritories, 1899, pp. 5-14). — Tabular statements are given of (1) the total annual pre-
cipitation from 1883 to 1899, inclusive, at 8 stations; (2) total monthly precipitation
during 1899 at 39 stations; and (3) the maximima, minimum, and mean temperature
during each month of 1899 at 34 stations. ' * A brief summary of the records of the
Dominion meteorological service of the temperature and precipitation conditions
prevailing throughout the Northwest Territories during each month of the year" is
also given. The meteorological stations (with voluntary observers) in the Territories
now number 44.
General summary of meteorological observations in Mexico during 1899,
E. E. ScHULZ {Rer. Vient. Bol. Met., 3 {1900), No. 1-2, pp. 145-158).
Contribution to the study of the climatology of the Valley of Mexico,
M. Moreno y Anda {Mem. i/ Rer. Soc. Cienf. "Antonio Alzate," U {1899-1900), No.
9-10, pp. 353-360). — This is a summary of observations on barometric pressure during
15 years (1884-1898) at the Tacubaya Observatory.
AIR— WATER— SOILS.
A study of soil moisture, C. A. Keffer and J. D. Tinsley {Neio
Mexico Sta. Bui. 31, 2U^- l^^fiKl- ^)- — Incomplete records of moisture
at depths of 6 to 9 in. and 21 to 2-1: in. in the soil of plats planted to
corn and cultivated in different ways during the season beginning-
April 17 and ending October 5, 1899, are reported and discussed.
The moisture determinations were made hj the gravimetric method
and by means of the electrical apparatus devised by the Division of
Soils of this Department. Practically all types of soil texture, from
adobe to pure sand, were represented in the plats used in this experi-
ment. Consequently a great variation in the moisture content and
requirements of the soils was observed. While the results are incom-
plete and not conclusive they indicate "the great variabilit}" in the
character and moisture content of the alluvial soils of the Rio Grande
valley."
426 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECOKD.
' ' [They also indicate] the importance of maintaining a sufficient moisture rupply
for the continuous, uninterrupted growth of the crop — the great quantity of poorly
developed corn in this field being assumed to be due to the check in the growth of
the second planting, caused by drought; and of bringing all parts of a field to as
nearly the same moisture holding capacity as possible by the application of correc-
tives, preferably in the form of green crops, to be plowed under during active
growth."
Soil moisture, H. H. Nicholson {WebrasTca Sta. Bj^t. 1899, j>P-
35-37). — A brief account is given of a stud}" of methods of determin-
ing the moisture content of soils, especial attention being called to
errors in sampling. An apparatus devised for taking soil samples at
different depths is described as follows:
" [It] consists of a 2 in. brass tube 24 in. long. In the side, 4 in. back from the
cutting edge, a section is cut out and then fastened to the tube by a hinge joint.
This pocket cover is held in place by a sleeve which screws down against a shoulder
just a])ove the cutting edge. To obtain a sample at a depth of 9 to 12 in. , for example,
the tulje is driven down 12 in. into the soil and then withdrawn. The core of soil
remains in the tube. The sleeve is unscrewed and slipped back and the cover raised.
Three inches of the cylinder of soil thus exposed is cut out with a spatula and dropped
into a tared box and weighed and dried. Results obtained thus far are highly
encouraging."
The diemical and geological history of the atmosphere, J. Stevenson {PMl,
Mag. and Jour. Sri., 5. .^er., .',0 {J 900), Tw. S04,pp.S12-S2.3; 805, pp. S99-407).—Th.\s
paper discusses "the question as to whether any notable change has taken place in
the chemical composition of the atmosphere in the course of geological history."
The author adduces evidence derived mainly from a study of the amount of carbon-
aceoiis and other oxidizable matter due to vegetation which is found on the earth to
prove "that there was a time when there was no free oxygen on the earth."
Movements of ground -water, B. S. Lyman {Jour. Franklin Inst., 150 {1900),
No. 4, pp. 285-299). — A critical review of reports on the principles and conditions of
the movements of ground water, by F. H. King and C. II. ychlichtcr, which have
already been noted (E. S. R., 11, pp. 517, 519).
Artesian -wells, L. Woolman {Rjd. State Gcologid of Neto Jcrseji, 1899, ]>p.'
55-189). — A record is given of size, depth, character of strata penetrated, quality of
water supplied, etc., of 98 artesian wells, mainly in New Jersey, Ijut including some
in other States.
The influence of forests on soil moisture, drainage, and ground water, and
the flo-w of springs, E. W. Ebermayek {Einfluas der Waldcr auf die llodenfcuchtig-
keit, auf da.i Sickerwas.ser, auf das Grundwasser, und aiif die Ergiehigkeit der Quellen.
Stuttiiart: Ferdinand Enke, 1900, pp. 51).
Chlorin in the natural waters of the State, W. 8. Myeks {R)>t. Slate Geologist
of JVeu: Jersey, 1899, p>p. 14I-I4S). — Determinations of total solids and chlorin in 89
samples and detailed sanitary analyses of 18 saujples of surface waters are reported.
This data is being collected with a view to preparing a map showing the normal
chlorin content of the potable waters of each locality in New Jersey.
The question of the hygienic importance of nitrites in drinking water, E.
ScHAER ( Ber. Dent. (Jhem. Gesell., 88 {1900), No. S, pp. 1232-1286).— T\w author agrees
with Spiegel (E. S. R., 12, p. 21) that in the present state of our knowledge the
determination of nitrites in water is neither positively nor negatively of decisive
importance.
Soil investigations in the United States, M. Whitney ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Year-
book 1899, pp. 385-340). — This article discusses the influence of traasportation facilities
FEETILIZERS. 427
on population and farm crops, early use of fertilizers, chemical investigation of soils,
Imcteriological investigation of soils, physical conditions and soil investigations, and
important soil investigations and their utility. It is a review of progress in this line
of investigation during the nineteenth century.
" Probahly the most important immediate results of practical utility to be derived
from these soil investigations are the mapping of large areas in important agricultural
districts. In the irrigation districts these investigations point out any source of alkali
which is to be feared, the cause of the accumulation, and give a basis for the intelli-
gent underdrainage when necessary to remove the salts and seepage waters. In all
cases the majis show the various types of soils, and the reports accompanying them
explain the differences in these soils so far as possible, and describe their character-
istics. The greatest value of these maps will be in the possibility of intelligent special-
ization. When a light loam is seen adjoining a heavier loam or clay the methods of
cultivation or cropping should not be alike, and will not be when the farmers realize
the importance of the differences in the properties of the soils. It is generally a waste
of energy to attempt thus to compete, or use the same methods, or even to grow the
same crops oftentime on soils of such different texture. The safest and altogether
most practical thing is to recognize the differences in the soils and the peculiarities of
each; use each for the particular crop or class of crops best suited to the conditions;
then attempt to improve each by the controlling factors, which are quite sure to be
revealed in the experience of changing climatic conditions and the development of
crops in the course of 2 or 3 years. The development of plants is a sure and
safe guide generall}^ to an experienced person as to the condition of the soil. This
specialization is unquestionably developing in this country as a result of competition
and of social conditions, and reliable and detailed soil maps will be the best possible
l)asis for this purpose."
On marsh formation on the west coast of Schles-wig and on the character
of the reclaimed lands, Becker {Jour. Landv., 48 {1900), No. 2, pp. 123-14-5, figs.
2). — The formation and character of these lands are described and physical and
chemical analyses and pot tests of samples of the soil are reported.
Dunes and their culture {Deut. Landw. Fresse, 27 {1900), Nos. 40, pp. 499, 600,
fi'jx. 4; 44, p. 551, figs. 3).
FERTILIZERS.
Alfalfa as a fertilizer, B. C. Buffum ( Wyoming Sta. Bid. J^Jf., j)j).
9J-106, j/l.'i. :3). — This l)ulletiii discusses briefi}^ the fertilizer require-
ments of soils of arid regions, especially of Wyoming, and the value
of alfalfa for increasing the nitrogen of the soil, improving the tilth,
and destroying weeds; and gives the history of an acre plat on the
Laramie Plains, one-half of which had been in alfalfa since 1893 and
the other half in other crops. The whole plat was plowed in the fall
of 1898 and seeded in the spring of 1899 to wheat, oats, and potatoes,
one-half of each of these crops being on the alfalfa land and the other
half on the part which had been under rotation with other crops. The
main results obtained are summarized as follows:
" The value of alfalfa harvested from one-half acre of land for 5 years at Laramie
was about $50 more than the cost of producing it.
"The value of potatoes and grain from an adjoining half acre for 5 years was about
$-14 more than the cost of producing at local prices.
"When the alfalfa land was plowed and planted to wheat it produced $8 to $12 more
value in wheat per acre than the land which had grown potatoes and grain before,
11989— No. 5 3
428 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
"When alfalfa land was plowed and planted to oats it i)roduced $16 worth of grain
more than land which had grown potatoes and grain before.
" When alfalfa land was plowed and planted to potatoes it gave $16 worth more of
potatoes per acre than was obtained from land which liad gnnvn jKjtatoes and grain
before.
" By growing alfalfa the above increase of yields and values were produced with
absolutely no cost for fertilizing the land."
Nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia on marsh soils,
Clausen {Lancho. Wchnhl. Schleswig-Hblstein, 50 {1900), No. S3, j)p-
562-56Jf,.,fg. 1). — Pot experiments with a soil containing 5 to 7 per
cent of line sand, 25 per cent of clay, and 2.5 per cent of calcium car-
bonate are briefly reported. The pots contained 5.5 kg. of soil. Oats
was the crop grown. Nitrate of soda was applied Ma}^ 26 at the rate
of 1.3 gm, per pot, sulphate of ammonia May 9 and 10 at the rate
of 1 gm. per pot. Similar experiments were made with beets in pots
containing 16 kg. of soil. The superiority of the sulphate was evident
during the growing period, and the yields of both oats and beets were
decidedly larger on the pots receiving sulphate. These results indicate
that on marsh soils containing a liberal supph' of lime, sulphate of
ammonia may with advantage be substituted for nitrate of soda, and
confirm the wisdom of the practice common in Germany of using
ammoniated superphosphates on such soils.
The basic constituents of crops, R. Warington and E. Democssy
{A)ui. A(//'o/t., )20' {I'.fUO), Nv. o.,pp. '£Jfi-257). — This is a translation and
discussion by E. Demoussy of an article by R. Warington.^
In this article the author attempts to show the relation between
salifiable bases in the ash of plants and their nitrogen content, assuming
that ""if the whole of the nitrogen in a crop has been derived from
nitrates and no subsequent loss of the bases of these nitrates has
occurred we ought to find in the plant ash an amount of salifiable base
equivalent to the nitrogen content in the crop." Applying this theory
to a number of diflerent crops it was found that the salifiable base
actualh" present, as shown by average analyses, varied from 20 per
cent to 1>2 per cent of the assumed nitrate base. Further investigation
of this subject by means of pot experiments and anah'ses of more
carefully selected material is suggested.
Change in weight of some artificial fertilizers on exposure to
the air, L. von Wissell {Jour. Landio.., JfS {1900)., No. 2, pp. 116-
121). — Fifty gram lots of Thomas slag, superphosphate, kainit, nitrate
of soda, and anmionium sulphate were exposed to the air in the open
and in a laboratory in flat porcelain dishes during dift'erent seasons of
the year. The dishes were covered with perforated filter paper and
were weighed almost daily (with the paper covers removed). There
was a small increase in weight of the Thomas slag after a few days'
'Agr. Students' Gaz., n. ser., 9 (1899), pp. i:«-138.
FERTILIZERS. 429
exposure to the air, the weight remaining constant thereafter. The
superphosphate increased or decreased in weight according to the tem-
perature and the moisture of the air. Kainit was the most hygro-
scopic of the materials tested. In one instance its weight increased '61
per cent in S days. The weight of the nitrate of soda fluctuated with
the temperature and moisture content of the air. In hot. dry weather
it lost nearly all of its water, while in one case in damp weather it
increased in weight 11 per cent. In case of annnonium sulphate the
increase in wciglit was not very large.
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, >]. L. Hills, C. H. Jones,
and B. O. Wiute ( Vermo7it Sta. Bui. 80, pp. ^^i-^4.5).— This bulletin
discusses the valuation and selling price of fertilizers, the usefulness
of a fertilizer control, guaranties and brand names, sources from which
plant food is derived, availability of organic nitrogen, and the selec-
tion and purchase of fertilizers; and reports analyses of 132 brands,
representing 19 companies. This includes 86 analyses reported in
previous bulletins of the station (E. S. R., 12, pp. 226, 430). "Six-
sevenths of the brands were up to or above guaranty, one-seventh fell
short somewhat, and one-twentieth failed to furnish a commercial
equivalent of their guaranties.*" While as a rule the quality of mate-
rials used in fertilizers was good, it was found that two-lifths of the
brands contained no water-soluble nitrogen, and that sulphate of
})otash was found in but one-seventh of the l^rands examinc^d. although
claimed to be present in three-fourths. The average selling price of
the fertilizers examined approximated $28.73, the a^•erage valuation
$18.08. The average composition of the fertilizers was but slightly
higher than last year. "Plant food is as cheap as it ever was; yet
buying mixed goods on time is still a more costly method of getting
plant food than is home mixing or ])uying on special order." A table
compares the analyses of 138 brands for 5 years.
Fertilizer experiments on the action of Thomas slag and nitrate of soda
as supplements to barnyard manure {FuJdln/fs Landw. Ztg., 49 [UiOO), No.
7, pp. 265-270, Jig. 1). — Experiments with fodder beets, turnips, and cabbages on
light marsh soil are reported. A decided benefit resulted from the addition of the
phosphoric acid to the manure, but there was no evidence that the supplementary
application of nitrate of soda was of any benefit except during the earlier stages of
growth when the supply of available nitrogen in the soil was small.
Nitrate of soda or ammonia? P. Wa(;ner {Hesmche Landw. Ztxrlir., 70 {J!)00),
No. S, pp. 91-O.i) . — A i)()pular discussion of the relative fertilizing value of these two
substances.
On phosphates, L. Schucht {Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 1900, No.'i. 20, pp. 489-49 1; 21,
pp. 512-') 1.')). — Discusses the occurrence, composition, and i^roperties of the principal
[)hosphatcs of tlie world.
Transformation of phosphates and potash salts in the soil, L. Grandeau
[Join: Agr. Prat, 1900, I,. No. 18, pp. 633, 6.34).—Th.\s is a brief note on tables and
charts prepared for the exposition at 'Paris, showing the manuring, culture, and
yields in field experiments carried on by the experiment station of Est since 1892.
480 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Attention is especially called to the total iihosphoric acid anil potash and that solu-
ble in 1 per cent citric acid in the soils of the differently fertilized plats.
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, ^I. B. IIardix {South. CaroUna Bui. 5S,j}p.
24)- — This bulletin reports analyses of 176 samples of fertilizers collected durinj!; the
season of 1899-1900, discusses the composition and valuation of commercial fertiliz-
ers, and gives regulations governing the sale of fertilizers in Houth Carolina and the
text of the law providing for the free anal^ysis of purchasers' samples of fertilizers,
recently i)assed by the State legislature.
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, J. L. Hills, C. H. Joxes, and B. O. White
( VeniKittt Sta. Bui. 79, pp. 189-198). — The results of analyses of 47 brands of fertil-
izers, representing 17 manufacturers, are reported.
Commercial fertilizers, J. H. Stewart and B. H. Hite ( lIV.s/ Virgima Sta. Bui.
65, pp. 181-196). — This bulletin gives analyses and valuations of 140 samples of fer-
tilizers registered for sale in West Virginia from January 1 to April 15, 1900, with a
schedule of trade values of fertilizing materials, and the text of the State law relating
to fertilizers.
FIELD CROPS.
Report of the agriculturist, T. L. Lyon {JVehraxhi Sta. Bj^^- 1899.,
l^p. 15-22). — Brief suiimiary of results obtained in soil tillage and
cultivation experiments, in tests with barnyard iiuuuire and other fer-
tilizers, and. with sugar beets, grasses, forage crops, winter Avheat, soy
beans, and chicory.
Shallow cultivation has given the best results with corn, sugar beets,
and chicory. With the 2 latter crops a portion of the land was mulched
with coarse sand and no cultivation given after the crops w^ere thinned.
The portions of the crops so treated gave larger yields than when they
were cultivated. The author believes that in years of ordinary rain-
fall in the region of the station, the only benefit from cultivation
during the growing season is from the removal of weeds and the pres-
ervation of moisture by means of the soil mulch produced.
Harrowing oats in rows 6 in. apart has resulted in considerably
increased yields. Refuse lime from sugar-beet factories was used on
corn, sugar beets, and alfalfa. Onl}^ the alfalfa seemed especiallj^
benefited by the application. With this crop the refuse lime occasioned
an increase of nearly 1 ton of hay per acre.
The leaf disease {Cercospora heticola) affecting beets was held in
check b}' Bordeaux mixture. Hungarian brome grass {Broiiius inet'-
i/i!x) has given the greatest promise of the grasses tested. Out of 100
varieties of wheat tested, Turke}^ Red, Big Frame, and Currell and 3
Russian varieties proved hardiest.
Alfalfa as a hay crop, B. C. Buffum {Wyomhu/ Sta. Bnl. J^S., 2)p.
Jf7-Dl.ji</.^. 8). — Results arc reported of investigations at the station
and elsewhere in the State on the culture of common and Turkestan
alfalfa. The growth of alfalfa on alkali soils and the irrigation of
alfalfa are discussed and some figures given bearing on these '2, factors
in alfalfa growing in the State.
FIELD CROPS. 431
Alfalfa has ])cen successfully o-rowu at the station which is located
at an altitude of more than (5,000 ft. Directions arc given for the
preparation of the land, time and method of seeding it at this altitude,
cutting, and curing. Seeding without a nurse crop is advised when
difficulty in securing a good stand is met with. In tests at the station
an average decreased ^deld of one-half ton per acre followed the seed-
ing of alfalfa with oats for each of 3 succeeding years. The average
yield of alfalfa on different plats for from 2 to 5 years has varied from
4,950 lbs. to 7,161 lbs. per acre. At altitudes below 6,000 ft. the
average yield has been: At Lander, from 7,000 to 8,000 lbs. per acre;
Sheridan, 10,600 to 16,800 lbs.; Wheatland, 10,380 to 20,402 lbs. At
Laramie, Turkestan alfalfa has jnelded at the average rate of Y,625
lbs. per acre, as compared with an average yield for 3 years of 6,030
lbs. of common alfalfa grown on plats under similar conditions. The
Turkestan alfalfa has proven especially hardy at the station, having
successfully withstood the severe winter of 1898-99, without apparent
winterkilling, when all plats of common alfalfa were more or less
injured. The author states that the principal cause of winterkilling
of alfalfa seems to be the freezing of water around the crown of the
plant.
Alfalfa was grown oh plats containing different percentages of
alkali salts. The following table shows, in a measure, the tolerance of
this plant for alkali:
Tolerance of alfalfa for alkali.
Sodium
chlorid.
Alfalfa killed: Per cent. Per cent.
Salts ill first 6 in. of soil 0. 620 0. 029
Salts in soil from 6 in. to 1 ft. deep . 792 . 053
Alfalfa thrifty:
Salts in first 6 in. of soil 034 .000
Salts in soil from 6 in. to 1 ft. deep 270 .003
Irrigation after alfalfa is cut and late fall irrigation are advised. A
table is given showing the numbei" of times the alfalfa plats at the sta-
tion were irrigated, date of irrigation, and the amount of water applied
each time. The average amount of water used on alfalfa for the sea-
son would cover the ground 2.22 ft. deep.
Dodder is noted as one of the serious foes of alfalfa in W^^oming.
Plowing alfalfa under and cultivating the land for a year or two in corn,
potatoes, and the like is reconmiended. The experience of farmers in
different sections of Wyoming who have had experience in the growing
of alfalfa is noted, some letters being quoted.
Some of the conclusions of the author relative to alfalfa culture in
Wyoming are as follows:
"Alfalfa succeeds in all parts of Wyoming under 8,000 feet altitude where it can be
irrigated, and makes more fodder to the acre tliau any othei- hay plant yet intro-
duced. . . .
432 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECOKD.
"At high altitudes alfalfa requires careful treatment to secure a good stand and
become well etJtaljlished. Heavy seeding and planting with the press drill ai'e rec-
ommended.
"Two seasons are required to put the alfalfa into good i)roducing coiiditinn on the
Laramie Plains. . . .
"Alfalfa will not grow on wet land where tlie ground water stands as near the sur-
face as 1 or 2 ft. . . .
" Alfalfa grows better wliere there is some alkali salt in tlie soil, but will not stand
more than 1 per cent of our common white alkah in the first 6 in. of soil. It should
not 1)0 planted where there is enough alkali to form wliite incrustations ou the surface
of tlie soil during any part of the year."
Corn culture, C. W. Burkett {Heui TTampshire Sta. Bid. 71, pp.
Jf.7-''>8.,Jigs. 3). — Methods of culture, effect of witch grass in growing
corn, and depth of plowing in reference to corn production wei-<^ the
problems investigated in this experiment.
Meihoih of CKlt/rathig corn (pp. 47-53). — Certain corn plats weve
given no cultivation, others 5, and others 14 cultivations. Some of
the plats were cultivated deep and others shallow. The results ob-
tained in each case are tabulated and disctissed, and a summary given
of deep V. shallow cultivation experiments with corn at 17 experi-
ment stations. On the plats not cultivated the weeds grew luxuriantly
and the jdeld was redticed to 17.1 bu. of shelled corn per acre. The
plats cultivated shallow 14 times yielded at the rate of 80.6 bu. of
shelled corn per acre; cultivated 5 times shallow, the yield was 79.1
bu. ; and cultivated 5 times deep, 69.7 bu. per acre. The amount of
stover produced in each instance stood in aljout the same ratio as the
grain proditction. The plat which had received a mulch averaging
3 in. in thickness of old swamp hay and given no further attention
during the remainder of the season, yielded at the rate of 56.1 bu.
of shelled corn per acre. The mulch was not sufficient to keep all of
the weeds down. In the author's summary of the results of deep
and shallow cultivation experiments carried on at other stations it is
shown that out of 56 tests 36 were in favor of shallow culture, 12 in
favor of deep culture, and 8 were inconclusive.
Effect of witch grass on corn production (pp. 53-55). — In this experi-
ment witch grass was allowed to grow in the drilled rows of corn on
certain plats which were cultivated but one way. Other plats were
similarly cultivated except that the witch grass was removed from
between the hills with a hand hoe. The yield of the hoed corn was at
the rate of 81.6 Ini. per acre, and of the unhoed 61.4 bu. per acre. In
this experiment the increased yield of both stover and grain ]):ii(l many
times over for the c^xtra labor of hoeing.
Iffeci (f dcpiJi (f j>loiinng on yield <f corn (pp. 56-58). — Plats of
corn land were plowed in the fall 3, 5, 7, and 9 in. deep, respectivel}'.
The plats were similarly prepared in the spring and planted to Leam-
insr corn. No differcMice was seen in the growth of the corn on the
different plats until about the middle of the season when the deeper-
FIELD CKors. 433
plowed plat ,show(Hl a more vi<;'orou.s iind .strong'er orowth. At the
time the corn was put in the silo the plat plowed 3 in. deep yielded
14.2 tons of fodder per acre; 5 in. deep, 26.2; 7 in. deep, 29.4; and 9
in. deep, 28.2 tons per acre. It is concluded from this experiment that
for a deep soil deep fall plowing- is preferable to shallow plowing for
corn. With impoverished soil, deep plowing can not be practiced. If
the soil be shallow, it should be gradually deepened by subsequent
plowing.
Results of experiments on cotton in Alabama, 1*. H. Melt, et
AL. (A/aJMnua College Sta. Bid. 107, i>2>. 181-J,^3, pls.23, Jigs.3).^Th\^
bulletin was prepared l)y the station for the Paris Exposition, and covers
the following subjects: Varieties, culture, manuring, chemistry, and
diseases of cotton; the improvement of cotton by hybridization and
by selection, and the climate of the cotton belt. Thirty-seven previous
bulletins on the ditierent phases of cotton culture have been published
by the station. The present bulletin embodies the experience of the
station in its study of cotton culture up to the present time, covering
a period of 16 years. Such conclusions to date or such additional mat-
ter as has not been previously recorded will be noted.
The best average record of all varieties tested 4 or more years up
to the present time has been made by Truitt and Peterkin, the yield
of lint cotton of these 2 varieties for 7 years being at the average
rate of 425 lbs. for the former and 417 lbs. for the latter per acre.
For the purpose of classification, 70 varieties were studied compara-
ti\'ely in 1899, and a provisional classification of varieties made.
Results of fertilizer experiments at the station have shown that cot-
ton-seed meal and nitrate of soda are practically equally valuable as
sources of nitrogen for cotton. Cotton seed and cotton-seed meal were
about equally efiective. In 79 per cent of the tests with stal)le manure
V. cotton seed the yields were greater with stable manure. In 1898
cotton, cowpeas, and velvet beans were grown on contiguous plats.
The cowpeas and velvet beans were picked and removed from the field
and all the plats plowed in March, 1899, and planted to cotton. The
yield of seed cotton per acre was 1,.533 lbs. following cowpeas, 1,373
lbs. following velvet l)eans, and 837 lbs. following cotton. In 3 other
experiments the average increase of seed cotton per acre, due appar-
ently to the plowing under of velvet beans, was 660 lbs., a gain of 72
per cent as compared with the average yield of plats where the pre-
ceding crop had ])een cotton. In a cooperative experiment conducted
under unfavorable conditions, the average increase of seed cotton per
acre occasioned by turning under cowpeas was 125 lbs. An average
increase of 32 lbs. of seed cotton in 1899 was attributed to the residual
effect of appl3ing720 lbs. of rotted cotton seed in 1898. It is believed
that the average yield of cotton per acre in Alabama might be increased
at least 50 per cent through the general use of legumes as fertilizers.
434 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
As to the comparative merits of acidulated and raw phosphate for
fertilizing cotton and the residual effects of the same, the summarized
results of all the experiments made under the direction of the station
and bearing on this point seem to abundantly' demonstrate the superi-
ority of the acid phosphate.
The use of potash as a factor in controlling the black rust in cotton
is summarized as follows: "Not onl}^ kainit but other soluble forms
of potash, as the muriate, sulphate, and sili(^ate may, under suitable
atmospheric conditions, restrain the spread of black rust. The mini-
mum amount required to exert a notable rust-restraining influence is
not yet determined, but is between 50 and 100 lbs. of kainit per acre,
and apparentl}' nearer the latter figure."
Results of experiments in composting such materials as cotton seed,
fine stable manure, cotton-seed meal, and phosphate, taken as a whole,
offer no arguments in favor of the practice. Fractional applications of
fertilizers have not proven advantageous. The best time for applying
fertilizers is believed to be before the seed is sown. The results of
cooperative experiments have shown that practically all the cot-
ton soils of Alabama, except the central prairie region, are greatly
benefited b}'^ the addition of acid phosphate. Cotton-seed meal is
desirable on nearly all soils in the State except new lands and soils
containing considerable vegetal;)le matter. Kainit is less frequently
needed than either acid phosphate or cotton-seed meal. It is most
needed in the southern part of the State and on soils especialh' liable
to black rust. Fertilizer formulas suitable for different sections of
the State are tentatively suggested.
The section of the bulletin treating of diseases of cotton considers
the following subjects: Root knot, sore shin or damping off, cotton
wilt, rust, anthracnose of the stem, red rust, leaf blight, cotton mildew,
angular leaf spot, cotton-boll rot, anthracnose of the boll, and shedding
of bolls. Sulphur used at the rate of 16 lbs. per square rod seemed
to have no beneficial effect in freeing the soil from nematodes causing
root knot. In pot experiments injections into the soil of carbon
))isulphid seemed to be beneficial for this purpose. ]>ut satisfactory
results were not secured with it in field tests. Unpublished investiga-
tions of C. F. Baker are given as showing that the probable cause of
the cotton-boll rot (at least in the case under investigation) was pri-
maril}- due to the puncture of the boll by one of the small hoppers,
known as "sharp shooters," after which it was attacked by various
species of saphrophytic fungi which fed on the broken-down tissue of
the boll. A number of these fungi were isolated, but inoculation
experiments with them during dry weather failed to produce the
disease. The bibliography of cotton diseases contains 47 references.
A list of 64 varieties and species of fungi, recorded as growing on
cotton, is also given.
FIELD CROPS.
435
Orig-iiuil determinations aro reported oi" the composition of the cot-
ton plant at 5 dili'erent stages of growth. The following table shows
the composition of different parts of the entire mature plant:
Complete (tnali/sis of (he entire mature cotton plant.
Nitro-
gen.
Phos-
phoric
acid.
Pot-
asli.
Lime.
Mag-
nesia.
Ferric
oxid.
Silica.
Ash.
Pro-
tein.
Fiber. Fat.
Carbo-
hy-
drates.
Roots
Stalks
Leaves
Bolls
P. ct.
0. 18
.(i-l
i!83
8.5-t
.18
P.ct.
0.26
.21
.48
.78
1.40
.09
P.ct.
0.90
.85
1.09
l.tiO
1.13
.59
P.ct.
0.45
.78
5.28
.51
.32
.07
P.ct.
0.44
.28
.94
..55
.30
.14
P.ct.
0.25
.21
.43
.15
.03
.10
P.ct.
0.04
.10
1.70
.21
.02
.07
P.ct.
3.72
3.09
12. 55
4.74
3.65
1.25
P.ct.
3.00
4.00
14.06
11.44
22.13
1.12
P.ct.
40.62
45.31
8.71
45. 21
11.91
87.02
P.ct.
2.78
1.11
8.49
9.81
23. 05
.61
P.ct.
49.88
■ 40. 49
50. 19
29.07
Seed
Lint
39. 20
10.00
The fertilizer requirements of cotton as determined by the analysis
of the plant are discussed, and a summary is given of the effect on
butter of feeding cotton seed and cotton-seed meal (E. S. E,. , 3, p. 6).
The southern or cotv pea in Delav/are, A. T. 'Neale and W. H.
Bishop [Dehtimre Sta. Bui. JiG^ pp. 3-9., 12-2Jf). — Following a popular
comparison of the relative merits of crimson clover and cowpeas for
culture in Delaware are given some results obtained in cultural, ferti-
lizer, and variety tests with this crop. The actual cost of raising" and
ensiling l.oT acres of mixed Whippoorwill and Black cowpeas at the
station w^as at the rate of $1T.!>2 per acre (including a land rental of
$5 per acre) or $1.36 per ton of silage grown. Analysis showed that
about 5.25 tons of tlie silage contained more protein, fat, and carl^ohy-
drates than a ton of ordinary bran.
The botany of the cowpea is touched upon and some results obtained
in previous fertilizer tests with this crop are (E. S. R., 0, p. S02) given.
The varieties most suited for cultivation in Delaware are Whippoor-
w^ill. New Era, Black, Clay, Unknown, and Black-eyed. These varie-
ties are described and the characteristics of each noted. Twelve other
early varieties and 28 late varieties tested at the station are also briefly
characterized. New Era has given the largest yields of any of the
varieties tested at the station, the average for 2 years being 24,218 lbs.
per acre.
Experiments were made to determine the effect upon plant develop-
ment of cowpeas due to geographical differences in the source of the
seed and to variation in the amount of seed planted per acre. The
seed of a numlaer of varieties was obtained from nearly every Southern
State and grown at the station. No evidence was obtained in these
tests that seed grown in the far South required any longer season
for maturing a crop at the station than the same variety grown some
hundreds of miles farther north; and there seems to be some evidence
that Delaware grown seed is as good for crop production as that
obtained farther south. In 1898 seeding- Whippoorwill peas at the rate
436 ' EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
of 2 pk. per acre, jaelded better results than 1 pk. per acre and ahout
as good r(\sults as 3, 4, or 5 pk. per acre.
The rekition of the weather to cowpea production is discussed. In
1898 the average production of 5 different varieties of cowpeas was
about one-fourth hirger than in 1897. In 1898 the rainfall for the
months of June to October, inclusive, was 6.35 in. more and the aver-
age temperature 2.4° F. higher than for the same months in 1897, and
it was thought the increased 3'ields of cowpeas in 1898 might have
been due to these causes.
A two year's test of 128 varieties of grasses and forage plants,
T. L. Lyox ( J r/>/YAs/v/ ,Sta. Rj_>t. lSi)0,pp. I.i2-171). — A report is given
on the results of 2 years' testing of 128 varieties of grasses and forage-
plant seeds, which were contributed to the station by the Division of
Agrostology of this Department. The collection was composed almost
entirely of seeds of native or foreign wild grasses and of cultivated
foreign grasses, there being very few of the grasses ordinarily culti-
vated in that region. The test has continued through 3 summers and
2 winters, and while not long enough time has elapsed to indicate with
any degree of certainty the value of any of these grasses for this
region, it is demonstrated that a large number can not be successfully
grown. Of the number tested only 16 have survived the entire period
of the test, as follows: Agrojpyron repens^ A. tenerwn^ Arrhenatherum
elatlus^ Broinus ciluitns, B. inermis, B. tectorum^ B. unioloides^
Elyinus canadensis, E. glaucifolias, E. virginicus^ Eragrostis trichodes^
Festuca elatior arundinacea, F. ovina durluscula^ F. ovina elatior,
F. ovina sulcata., F. elatior pratensis., Hordeum pratense^ and Stipa
rolnista.
The influence of chlorin and other compounds in crude Stass-
furt salts on the composition and yield of potatoes, B. Sjollema
[Jour. Landw., ^7 (1899), No. ^, pp. 305-357). — Investigations were
made on the effect of chlorin compounds on the composition and 3neld
of potatoes, with special reference to those found in crude Stassfurt
salts. The article contains, besides an account of the author's experi-
ments, a review and discussion of the results ol)tained l)y other inves-
tigators along the same lines. Potassium chlorid, sodium chlorid, and
magnesium chlorid lowered the starch content materiall}^ each to
about the same extent. The reduction was greatest in the case of
varieties relatively rich in starch. New varieties and those making a
heavy growth of tops were especially sensitive to chlorids.
Investigations on the chlorin content of potato tul^ei's showed that
it is increased by the application of chlorids in the spring. With the
higher chlorin content of the tuber is associated a higher water con-
tent and a lower starch content. The potash cojitent of the entire
tu))er was about the same whether the chlorid or the sulphate was
applied, l)ut the potash content of the dry matter was nuich higher in
FIELD CROPS. 437
tlie former case— that is, with chloriii a less amount of org-anic matter
had been (^lalK)ratecl. This higher pereentao-e of potash was present
entirely in the original form of potassium chloric!, w4nch is, in the
author's opinion, the cause of the increased water content of potatoes
ii'rown with it. It is suggested that the low starch content of the tubers
may be accounted for by the presence in the sap of the relatively
large amount of potassium chlorid, thus interfering in some way with
the formation of starch. The relation of starch content to potash con-
tent was found not to lie uniform in different varieties. Some i-equired
a larger amount of potash to manufacture a given amount of starch
than did others.
Experimental inquiries were made with regard to the su))stitution
of soda or magnesia for potash. Soda was never found in the tu])ers,
at least not in any considerable quantity, though it was found in the
tops of plants to which it had been applied. Magnesia was found in
small quantities, about one-twentieth to one-tenth of the amount of
^otash present, but in the case of neither soda nor magnesia did addi-
tion of these elements diminish the potash requirements of the plant.
The yield of the tubers was only slightly reduced by application of
potassium chlorid, l)ut was much reduced 1)y additions of magnesium
chlorid or sodium chlorid. When either of the latter elements were
applied to a plat which had already received liberal applications of
potassium sulphate, the yield was considerably less than on a check
plat which had received no fertilizer at all, showing that the good
effect of the sulphate of potash is more than counteracted by the ill
effect of th€se chlorids; but magnesium sulphate and sodium sulphate
produced no unfavorable effect. On the contrary, experiments indi-
cated that these salts slightly increased the yield and starch content
of potatoes, and decreased the potash content of the tubers.
Sugar-beet investigations in 1899, J. H. Stewart and B. H. Hite
( ]I e^.y/ Y!r<jiula. Sta. Bid. (jJ^.^ pp. loo-176^ maj) 1). — The experiments
with sugar beets at the station in 1899 involved a study of the influence
of different fertilizers and of lime upon the sugar content and purity
of the juice, different dates of planting and harvesting, tests of varie-
ties, and cooperative culture experiments carried on with farmers
tnroughout the State.
Excessively wet weather interfered with the fertilizer and lime
experiments, but the results show that the stand of beets was practi-
cally the same on limed and unlimed plats. When lime was used alone
on the plats there was a slight improvement in the sugar content and
purit}^ of the juice; used with commercial fertilizers or barnyard
manure, it seemed to have the opposite effect. Stable manure seemed
to increase the impurities in the juice; while the use of acid phosphate
regularh" gave the highest coefficients of purity.
In the variety tests scarcely any difference was found between the
488 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
relative values of Vilmorin, Mangold, Zehringer and Kleinwanzlebener.
Beets planted May 20 contained more sugar in the juice and juice
of purer qualit}' than beets planted either before or after that date.
Not much variation occurred in the sugar content and purity of the
juice of beets harvested at different dates between September 18 and
November 9. Analyses and other data, such as dates of planting and
harvesting, character of soil and of the fertilizers employed, etc., are
given for 155 samples of sugar beets grown by as many different
farmers throughout the State. The average weight of the capped
beets grown was 14.9 oz., sugar in the juice 12.77 per cent, puritj^ of
the juice 76.15 per cent. The result of the season's work is considered
favorable and the work will be continued.
Sugar cane — field and laboratory results for ten years, W. C.
Stubbs {Lon'ixUina IStax. Btil. 59^ 2. scr., pp. 281^.-337). — This ])ulletin
covers experimental work on the preparation of the soil, kind and
quantity of cane to plant, proper fertilizers, and rational modes of
cultivation. Attention is called to drainage as the first and most
important essential in the preparation of the soil. Surface drainage
is usually practiced in Louisiana. The merits of tile drainage are
pointed out; but owing to the filling of the tiles b}^ silt natural condi-
tions are against its success in the locality.
During the 10 years' work at the station, foreign varieties of cane
from nearly every sugar-producing countr}' on the globe have been
tested. Owing to the great difference in climate, the trials have not
been satisfactory. The trials of seedlings are much more promising,
and 3 such have been found of value.
In trials covering 6 years of plant and first and second year stubble
for seed, purple plant has given slightly the best results as regards
sugar content, while striped first-year stubble has given the largest
yield in tonnage. When the results of both purple and striped varie-
ties are combined, first-^^ear stubble leads in tonnage, followed by
second-year stub])le. The inference drawn from the results of this
work is that good stubble cane is fully the equal, if not the superior,
of plant cane for seed.
It is estimated that one-sixth of the entire crop of cane in the State
is used for planting. Experiments carried on for 13 years to test the
availability of the less valuable upper third for this purpose are sum-
marized, showing the results of chemical analyses of cane grown con-
tinuously^ from tops, middles, and butts. The results show ])ut little
difference as regards the value of the different portions of the cane
for propagation, and the use of the upper third of the cane, which
possesses little or no sugar value, but serves rather to increase the
molasses output, is recommended from an economical standpoint.
In trials to determine the influence of planting large, medium. :ind
small canes, selected continuously from plantings of large, medium,
and small canes, respectively, the results show diminished yields from
FIELD CEGPS.
439
using small, inforior stocks, and the conclusion is reached that it will
be most profitable to plant large, strong, and vigorous canes for seed.
The composition of the roots, stalks, leaves, and tips of Louisiana
sugar cane was investigated, with the following result:
Analyses of sugar cane {ivater-free materials).
Propor-
tion of
whole
plant.
Organic
matter.
Ash.
Nitrogen.
Phos-
phoric
acid.
Potash.
Lime.
Purple cane, cut November 12:
Roots
Per cent.
4.50
57. 50
23. 13
14.87
4.70
56. 82
26.31
12.17
Per cent.
90. 882
97.076
86. .567
88. 170
90. 645
96. 728
84. 690
87.335
Per cent.
8. 624
2. 665
12.969
10. 773
8.849
3.055
14.853
11.592
Per cent.
0.494
.259
.464
1.057
.506
.217
.457
1.073
Per cent.
0.279
.248
.190
. 203
.308
.302
.214
.564
Per cent.
0.273
.289
.4.53
.545
..573
.578
.934
.696
Per cent.
0.400
Stalks
.124
.845
Tops
.566
Striped cane, cut I)ocember 23:
Roots
.361
Stalks
.144
.864
Tops
.415
The roots and stubble of cane are usually left in the soil, but it is a
common practice in Louisiana to burn the tops and leaves. "A ton of
purple cane as grown in Louisiana with its accompanying trash burnt
in the field will thus remove 2.98 lbs. of nitrogen, 1.04 lbs. of phos-
phoric acid, 1.22 lbs. of potash, and 0..52 lb. of lime. A ton of striped
cane, under similar conditions, will remove 2.38 lbs. of nitrogen, 1.30
lbs. of phosphoric acid, 2.34 lbs. of potash, and 0.58 lb. of lime."
The results of extended nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid experi-
ments with sugar cane are given in detail. Earlier work with these
fertilizers has been previously noted (E. S. E,., T, p. 078). Nitrogen not
to exceed 48 lbs. per acre has been found profitable, and the best
results followed when it was used in combination with phosphoric acid
and potash. vSulphate of ammonia was found to be the best form of
nitrogen for this crop, with cotton-seed meal a close second, followed
by fish scrap, nitrate of soda, and tankage, in the order named. The
increased cost of sulphate of ammonia in the local markets does not, in
the opinion of the author, justify its use over cheaper forms. Data as
to the amount of fertilizers applied and removed from plats devoted
to sugar culture for 10 years are given.
In the fertilizer test with phosphoric acid for cane, small applica-
tions, not exceeding 36 lbs. per acre, were found most profitable. The
soluble forms gave better results than the insoluble. Applications of
from 200 to 3(»0 lbs. of phosphoric acid arc considei'ed sulficient for a
good average crop at the station. Tests of the difi'erent potash salts
showed that this element was not needed in the station soils.
With regard to the efiect of the different fertilizers on the sugar
content the author states that heavy applications of nitrogenous fer-
tilizers applied late in the spring tend to produce immature canes low
in sugar content. Nitrogen should, therefore, be applied early in the
growth of the cane. Neither potash nor phosphoric acid by itself
has an influence on the sugar content, but when used with nitrogenous
440
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
fertilizers they cause a more rapid growth and a quicker maturit}' of
the cane.
In 1894. and every year since, experiments have been carried on in
making- 1, 2, and 8 applications of an equal amount of nitrogen in the
form of nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia. The results have
been contradictory and no conclusions are drawn.
In a comparison of deep and shallow cultivation of cane with plows
and cultivators, rcspectiveh', better results were obtained by shallow
cultivation Avith cultivators. The author believes that, should every
planter adopt the method of shallow cultivation of his soil after thor-
ough preparation, the yield of cane would be increased in the State
from 5 to 10 tons per acre.
Condensed tables of the weather record of 1897, 1898, and 1899 are
given.
Work of the Hawaiian Experiment Station, 1899, W. Maxwell
{Ho7iohihi: Hawaiian Gazette Company, 1899^ pp. 36). — This report
coA^ers results obtained during the 3" ear in fertilizer, irrigation, variety,
and seedling experiments with sugar cane. In the fertilizer experi-
ments sulphate of potash and double superphosphate were used alone,
together, and combined Avith different forms of nitrogen. Two varie-
ties of cane. Rose Bamboo and Lahaina, were used, the experiment
being thus carried out in duplicate. The yields of cane, leaves, and
sugar per acre, and the composition of the cane and leaA^es as regards
mineral matter and nitrogen for each variety groAvn, are shown in tab-
ular form, and the results discussed. In no case in these tests has the
use of phosphoric acid resulted in increased yields of sugar. The
yields when potash or nitrogen was used were considerably increased,
and to about an equal extent. When these elements Avere used together
still larger returns were obtained.
An analysis is given of the sugar-cane soils of the station, and the
percentages and total amount of the different elements and acids
immediately available to a depth of 15 in. are shown. The aA^ailable
amounts of the 4 most vital elements were as follows: Lime, 37,669 lbs. :
potash, 25,419 lbs.; nitrogen, 6,519 lbs.; and phosphoric acid. 45,937
lbs. The amount of these elements removed by the crop grown and
the total yield of dry matter of the crop are shown in the following-
table:
Yield of dry maiier in sugar cane and the amount of vital elements removed per aire.
Yield of
Removed per acre.
of dry
matter.
Lime.
Potash.
Phosphoric
acid.
Nitrogen.
Rose Bamboo:
Pounds.
47, G32
52,800
44,40:?
52,620
Pounds.
71
301
50
262
Pouitds.
25S
882
121
807
Pounds.
83
81
51
69
Pounds.
i:t{
Le,ave.s
Lahaina:
27y
nil
221
FIELD CROPS. 441
The great value of returning to the land partially rotted trash (leaves
and tops) and plowing under rather than burning is pointed out. If the
uiud press-cake and molasses are applied to the land, one-fifth of the
potash and one-third of the nitrogen removed in the cane is also saved.
In the irrigation tests 20 plats were regularly irrigated, receiving
from 46.5 to 48 in. of irrigation water, and 8 others received no irriga-
tion whatever. The average yield of sugar on the 20 irrigated plats
was 24,755 lbs. per acre, and on the unirrigated plats, 1,600 lbs. The
rainfall during the growth of the cane was 46.56 in., most of which
fell during the colder months. Some results obtained in overirrigation
are given and the evil effects of this practice are pointed out.
Experiilients in testing 13 varieties of cane .and in planting 1 and 2
continuous cut and luicut canes in the row, and l-e3'e pieces 6, 12, and
18 in. apai't, are luider way and are briefly reported upon. Some results
obtained in planting 1 and 3 eye pieces of plant cane 11 months old arc
given, showing that "1,901 pieces of cane, bearing 1,901 eyes, pro-
duced relatively as many canes as 2,411 pieces of cane bearing 7,233
eyes. Out of the 7,233 eyes, 4,697 died." The results lead the author
to urge experiments by planters in the use of less seed than is usually
planted.
The results of some analyses by the aspartic-acid method of soils
yielding from 1 to 4 and from 5 to 10 tons of sugar per acre are tabu-
lated, and some notes are given on the value of lime in sugar soils.
Important problems in plant breeding, W. Edler {Landw. Wchnhl. Sachsen,
2 {1900), Nos. 35, pp. 303, 304; 36, pp. 310, 311). — Some of the more important points
to be observed in the breeding of a number of the more prominent cereal and root
crops are discused.
Grain breeding, T. Mansholt (Filhling's Landw. Ztg.,49 {1900), Noa. 8, pp. 296-
299; 9, pp. 327-334). — A discussion of the i^rinciples and methods involved in the
improvement of grains by selection, etc.
The effect of size of seed on the crop, T. H. Middleton ( Vviven^Hy College, of Wales
apt. 1899, pp. 68-70). — Wheat, oats, and beans were used in this experiment and
large and small seed of each croj^ jilanted. The most striking results were secured
with wheat. The yields obtained from the large seed were almost double those
o1)tained from the small. The difference was less marked with oats. With beans
practically the same results were secured with small as with large seed.
Field experiments, J. A. Murray and T. H. Middleton ( Universitg College of Wales
L'pt. 1899, jip. 3-26, 31-42). — Results are given of a number of cooperative experi-
ments with fertilizers on grass lands, potatoes, and root crops.
Field experiments {Bd. Agr. [London] Rpt. Agr. Education, 1899-1900, pp. 37-42,
4-5-71, 74-89, 91-96, 99-107, 110-113, 117-124, 126-133) .—The experiments reported
have been carried out at eight different collegiate institutions. They consist of fer-
tilizer experiments with swedes, potatoes, hops, mangolds, grass lands, and jierma-
nent pastures; seeding experiments with alfalfa and sainfoin; and rotation experi-
ments. A number of the fertilizer experiments reported have been noted from other
sources.
Farm experiments at Dalmeny {Farm and Home, 19 {1900), No. 969, p. 294). —
A seniiofticial summary is given of the results secured in the experimental work
V)eing carried out on Lord Roseberg's farm. An application of 4 cwt. of ground
lime yearly has given better results than where much larger amounts have been
442 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
applied only at long intervals. Heavy applications of lime have been useful in
controlling the linger-and-toe disease of turnips, but are considered to have a preju-
dicial effect on nitrifying and other advantageous soil organisms.
Methods of applying fertilizers, Berthault {Ann. Acjrun., 26 {1900), No. 9,
pj). 417-4-iO). — Broadcasting, applying in drills or in small amounts about each plant,
etc., are consiilered for a number of crops.
Experiments with manures {Farmers' Gaz., 59 {1900), No. 39, p. 753; Agr. Gaz.
[ioHc/on], 52 {1900), No. 1394, p. 181). — Results secured in the use of different
amounts of city manure, in the substitution of commercial fertilizers for a part of the
city manures employed, and in the use of commercial fertilizers alone for growing
certain vegetal )les and farm crops are given.
Culture of textile plants, G. D'Utra {Rev. Ayr. Reunion, 6 {1900), Nos. 60, pp.
24I-24S; 61, pp. 281-290). — Discussion of the culture, fibers, and manufacture of dif-
ferent textile i^lants.
Azof barley {Ayr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 17 {1900), No. 6, pp. 322-324) .—This
barley w as tested by a number of farmers to determine its merits as a forage crop.
The results reported are somewhat contradictory.
Notes on cereals, T. H. Middleton ( Unirersity Colleye of Wales Rpt. 1899, pp.
61-67). — The characteristic differences between young oat and barley plants, barley
and wheat plants, wheat and rye plants, and wheat and oat plants are given, together
with the distinguishing characteristics of a large number of varieties of oats.
Report on tests of deep and shallow plowing for corn {Nebraska Sta. Bui. 64,
2)p. 94-97). — Of reports on tests of deep and shallow plowing for corn from 16 corres-
pondents living in different sections of the State, 9 show an increased yield of corn
resulting from deep plowing, 4 no difference in yield from either deep or shallow
plowing, and 3 an increased crop from shallow plowing. Relative to the effect of
drought on the corn on the shallow and deep plowing, 8 correspondents report that
the corn suffered more on the shallow plowing. In 5 cases there was no difference
and in 3 cases the corn on deep-plowed land suffered more.
Introduction of American varieties of maize, G. Valder {Agr. Gaz. New
South Wales, 11 {1900), No. 9, pp. 782-785) .—K\i\Q\axiei\&s of corn were imported
from the United States and distributed to farmers in New South Wales. The present
article tells of the growth of the corn and includes some notes on the different varie-
ties by growers. It has been noticed that the grain has been considerably improved
since it has been grown in New South Wales. It is larger, well developed, and has
a much better appearance for market purposes.
Rescue grass (Bromus unioloides), F. Lamson-Scribner ( U. S. Dept. Ayr., Divi-
s/o» of Agrosloloyii CIrc. 20, pp. 4, fy. 1) ■ — A brief description with notes on the his-
tory, cultivation, use, and feeding value.
Analyses of forage crops, H. H. Nicholsox {Nebraska ,Sla. Rpt. 1899, pp. 40-
^1-). — Analyses (food constituents) are given for green, air-dried, and water-free
Bromus inermis, oats and field peas, cowpeas and millet, sorghum, and alfalfa.
Succulent forage for the farm and dairy, T. A. Williams ( U. S. Dept. Agr.
Yearbook 1899, pp. 613-626, pis. 2) .—The topics, historical and popular, discussed
under the above heading are early forage conditions in the United States, place of
succulent forage crops on the farm, growth of the practice of soiling in the United
States, temporary pastures, history of the practice of ensiling, value of silage as a
forage for stock, and the best crops for succulent forage. Under the latter heading,
a number of the more important forage crops grown in this country are discussed.
Hemp (Cannabis sativa), S. S. Boyce {New York: Orange Judd Co., 1900, pp.
X^-112, figs. 13).— "A practical treatise on the culture of hemp for seed and fiber,
with a sketch of the history and nature of the plant." The work takes up tlu'
history, botany, and chemical composition of the hemp plant and its culture in
Europe and America. In the discussion of its culture in the latter country methods
of retting and preparing the liber and machinery for handling hemp are discussed.
FIELD CKUPS. 443
Winter oats for grain and pasture {Rural New Yorker, 59 {1900), No. 2637, p.
543). — The .successful culture of winter oats when seeded in August at the Delaware
Station are reported by A. T. Neale. The oats bore from 30 to 50 berries per stalk
and the yield was ))etween 7 and 8 tons of green forage per acre.
On the origin and variability of the potato, E. Andre {Rev. Ilort., 72 {1900),
No. 19, pp. 542, 543) . — The adaptation of the potato to great variations in climate
and soil and its variability in such locations are pointed out and some notes given on
the growth of potatoes in Colombia and Ecuador. Some suggestions are added rela-
tive to the introduction and improvement of native South American and Mexican
potatoes.
Potato growing experiments {Queensland Agr. Jour., 7 {1900), No. 3, p. 215). —
The summarized results of some fertilizer and cultural tests with potatoes are given.
The use of 20 tons of barnyard manure resulted in the largest yields and tubers of the
best cooking qualities. Sprouted seed tubers gave l)etter yields than nonsprouted.
Trials of potatoes at the Wagga Experiment Farm, G. M. McKeown {Agr.
Gaz. Neiv South Wales, 11 {1900), No. !>, p. 7<sv;).— Data as to the yields obtained in
tests of 10 varieties.
The effect of different potash salts on the composition and yield of pota-
toes, T. Pfeiffer {Landw. Vers. Stat., 54 {1900), Nos. 5-6, pp. 379-385) .—Work
along this line by the author has been previously noted (E. S. R., 10, p. 140). In
the present instance magnesium chlorid used in connection with potassium sulphate
decreased the percentage of starch in varying amounts in 4 varieties of potatoes.
Fresh tubers which had been fertilized with chlorid of potash contained about 0.12
per cent of chlorin, while those fertilized with sulphate of potash contained about
0.05 per cent.
The influence of manures on the quality of potatoes, J. W. Paterson ( West
of Scotland Agr. Soc. Bid. 4, pp- 27-35) . — The quality of potatoes as affected by dif-
ferent commercial fertilizers and ba-rnyard manure was investigated. In 12 out of 16
cases the use of barnyard manure injured the quality of the potatoes. The potatoes
showing the highest starch content had been fertilized with a mixture consisting of
672 lbs. of superphosphate, 224 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia, 112 lbs. of nitrate of
soda, and 224 lbs. of sulphate of potash per acre.
Indian millets or sorghums grown at Wollongbar, H. V. Jackson {Agr.
Gaz. New South Wales, 11 {1900), No. 9, pp. 759-763, figs. 36).— 'Notes on the cultiva-
tion of sorghum in India with data on the development of 45 varieties imported from
there and grown in New South Wales.
Sorghum for sirup, G. W. Shaw {Oregon Sta. Bui. 62, pp. 3-6). — A number of
varieties oi sorghum were distributed by the station in some of the districts of Oregon
which seemed most suited to the culture of this crop. Some data as to the growth
of the stalks and the sugar content of the juice of samples from 28 different localities
are tabulated. The crop made a fair growth in Jackson and Umatilla comities. Late
varieties matured with much uncertainty in the latter county.
Growth of the tobacco industry, M. Whitney and M. L. Floyd ( U. S. Dept.
Agr. Yearbook 1899, prp. 429-440, pis. 7) . — An historical review of the development of
the tobacco industry in Maryland and Virginia and of its extension to other States,
with an account of the use of Connecticut tobacco in the cigar industry; require-
ments of the foreign tobacco trade; manufacturing, smoking, and domestic cigar
tobaccos grown and handled in the United States; and statistics of the manufacture
of tobaccos, snuff, cigars, and cigarettes in this country, and of leaf tobacco exported
from the United States.
Fermentation of tobacco, T. II. Vernhout {Meded.'s Lands Planientuin, 1899,
No. 34, pp. 49, pis. 2; ahs. in Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. AhL, 6 {1900), No. 10-11, pp.
377, 378) . — Maintains that it is bacterial and that oxydase and peroxydase have no
part in the fermentation of Java tobacco.
11989— No. 5 4
•144 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD.
HORTICULTURE.
G-ardening under glass, W. F. Massey and A. Rhodes {North,
Carolina Sta. Bui. 170., pp. 2Jf). — Under this heading a test of the
main varieties of tomatoes for winter forcing is reported, and an essay
appended on the use of glass in North Carolina in gardening for the
market. Tomato plants were grown in 10-in. pots tilled with a mix-
ture of one-half ordinar}^ potting compost and one-half Jadoo iilier
and trained to single stems. Pollination was secured by removing
pollen with a camel's hair brush and applying the brush bloom by
bloom. The dates of gathering and yield of each picking from Janu-
ary to March, inclusive, are shown in tables for each variet3\ Com-
ments on the character and yield of each variety are appended. Maule
Earliest gave the largest yield of an}^ of the varieties tested. It was
also the earliest variet}'^ grown. The author believes that if this
tomato could be bred into a smooth variety it would leave little to be
desired as a tomato. In its present irregular shape it is considered
unsatisfactory for forcing. Maule Imperial, New Forcing, Stone, and
White Excelsior were all promising varieties for forcing. Tapping
the plants at noon for the purpose of pollination resulted in an imper-
fect setting of fruit and rapid falling off in size as compared with the
results obtained when hand pollination was practiced.
In the essay on the use of glass for market gardening in North
Carolina the subjects of cold frames, sowing lettuce seed for first and
second crops, l)nilding cheap greenhouses, etc., are discussed.
Forced peas in pots, G. Wythes {Garden., 58 {1900), No. 1505., 2)p-
mi, m2,fig. 1; Amer. Gar d., 21 {1900), No. S02,pp. 663, ^6'^).— Forcing
peas in pots under glass and A^arieties suitable for the purpose are dis-
cussed. In the author's experience the most satisfactory methods of
growing have been to sow from 8 to 12 seed in 9 or 10 in. pots and thin
to half the number when the seedlings are strong enough. The soil used
should be a firm loam to which bone meal or well-rotted manure has
been added, a space being left at the top for later top-dressings. The
peas may be planted in the early part of December and the pots placed
in cold frames. The sashes should be kept closed until the peas are
well above the soil. But little moisture and no heat is reqidred until
the plants become well rooted — probably in February. Liquid manure
is beneficial as growth proceeds. Sowing in small pots and trans-
planting to larger increases the labor without benefit to the plants.
In case pot plants can not be grown, planting out in frames early in
the year, say in January, is advocated. Robust plants which grow
from 2 to 3 ft. high are considered most suitable for this purpose.
For pot culture A'ery small varieties — 6 to 9 in. — are not in favor.
Though early they are less prolific than stronger-growing varieties.
One of the best varieties for early pot culture is May Queen. This
is a 3-ft. pea, hardy, pods freely, and the peas have a marrow-fat
HOKTICULTUEE.
445
flavor, llnder glass it seldom exceeds 2 ft. in height. Carter Daisy
is considered an excellent variety to follow May Queen. This variety
grows 2i ft. high, l)ut may be dwarfed by topping. Gradus, when not
forced too hard and grown as cool as possible, is another good variety
for forcing, as is also Early Morn. Carter Daisy has proven the most
v^aluablc for growing in a warin ])order in the open.
Apple production in Virginia, W, B. Alwoou ( Virgmid Sta. Bui.
lUl^pp. 107-125, riKip 1). — Statistics obtained in cooperation with the
traffic managers of Virginia railroads are given for the shipment of
apples from each station along the line of the different roads. Indica-
tion is made as to the destination of the shipment, whether to northern
or southern tide water, northern or western States, local markets
within the State, or to southern States. The matter is also grouped
with reference to the apple production of different counties. The
shipments of dried apples are noted in some instances. The data are
given in detail for 1809. Some data for 1897 and 1898 are also
reported. The total production and distribution for the apple crop
for 1899 is summarized as follows:
Apple shipvients inVb'yhihi. in. 1899.
Barrels.
Northern tide water shipments Ill, 589. 0
Southern tide water shipments 38, 452. 0
Northern and western distribution 14, 708. 5
Southern distribution 37, .380. 5
Local shipments in the State 10, 355. 0
Total production 212, 485. 0
Analyses of strawberries, G. W. Shaw {Oregon Sta. Bid. 6"2,2>p.
6-0). — Physiological, sugar, acid, and ash analyses are reported for a
number of varieties of strawberries and the averages of these analyses
compared with similar analyses made elsewhere and with analyses of
a number of other fruits and vegetables. The analysis with reference
to sugar and acid is. shown in the table below:
Analyses of strcnvherries.
i
>
<
3
Sugar.
2
'3
o
S
1
ax
<
Proximate compo-
sition.
Variety.
0)
PI
1
o
tuOCS
5^
Michael Early
Vick :
G-rams.
2.39
10. ()G
C. (U)
11.30
5. .%
4. 86
6.90
18.33
8.43
Perct.
94.47
97.27
96.80
97.00
97.54
97.69
96. 56
97.38
95. 36
Perct.
5. .53
2.73
3.20
3.00
2.46
2.41
3.44
2.62
4.64
Perct.
3.07
3.21
3.94
3.27
Perct.
1.59
.93
1.08
.88
Pirct.
4. 66
4.14
5.02
4.15
6.18
5.90
10.00
6.18
6.06
Perct.
1.08
.95
.89
1.01
.72
.80
.40
.19
Perct.
0.10
.18
.11
.18
.18
.12
.10
Perct.
0.62
1.12
.69
1.12
1.12
.72
.62
Perct.
91.52
81.70
90. 45
88.23
88. 22
88.14
87. go
88.72
89.02
Perct.
8.15
17.91
9.18
11. 45
11.42
11.20
12. 12
10.79
10.69
Perct.
0.33
.39
.37
.32
.36
66
Warfield
Glendale
Sharpless
Wilson
Oregon Everbearing .
.58
Magooii
49
Clark Seedling
5.44
.62
25
8.39
96. 66
3.34
3.79
...... 5.80
.75
.17
.86
88. 57
11.43
.41
446 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
A composite sample of the ash of the strawberries analyzed shows it
to contain 39.86 per cent potash, 13.1tl> per cent of phosphoric acid,
and 4.2 per cent of lime.
Investigation and improvement of American grapes at the
Munson Experiment Grounds from 1876 to 1900, T. V. ^NIunson
{7l.tw Sta. Bid. '>U. pp. 217-2H(J, pis. 20). — In this IjuUetin the author
surveys in outline the whole iield of his more than 20 years' work in
the study and improvement of grapes.
The wild or native grapes of the United States are considered in
great detail, the natural distribution of the different species being
noted and a table presented of their cultural properties, in which are
shown the soil preferred by each species; endurance to cold, heat, and
drought; resistance to phylloxera, mildew, and black rot; size of the
cluster and berry; persistence to pedicel; quality of fruit; season of
leating, flowering, and ripening; and vigor of growth.
In accordance with the cultural facts presented in the table Vitls vul-
pina^ V. rtipedriK^ and T^ Jongll, named in order of preference, are
recommended as excellent grape stocks on sandy soils for northern
regions of countries like California, France, and other temperate
climates where Vinifera grapes succeed. For moderatelv limy soils
Y. r}(p)estrls and T" doanlana are recommended and for very limy
soils, where the ground does not freeze over 18 in. deep. V. cJkiih-
pirii. For grape stocks for any soil in ver}' hot, dry regions, such as
southwest Texas and south California, Y. ehampAiii., Y. doanlana^ Y.
herlandieri., T. candicans., and Y. montieola are recommended. "The
last 3, being difficult to grow from cuttings, are better utilized in
h^^brid varieties with the first 2 and Avith Y. rufpestris. Y. inonticoJd.
Y. herlandieri^ Y. candicans, and Y. chamjnni, while doing finely in
sandy soil, grow the best of any species in very limy soils, up to (jO
per cent of carbonate of lime."
In breeding direct producers of fruit for market and table for the
North the best A'arieties of Y. lahrusca^ Y. rndpylna., Y. lincecum/i., Y.
hicolor^ Y rup)estrls^ and Y. doanlana are to be selected, using the
hardiest and healthiest varieties of Y. vinifera in attenuation of i to ^
or less, by using hybrids and hybrids of hybrids as parents. In the
breeding of direct producers for the South, the range is very great.
Any of the above may be used with the addition of Y. chamjnnl,
Y haurquiniana, Y. herlandieri, Y. raon.tlcola, Y. rot and if alia, and for
Gulf regions and Florida, Y. slmpsonl and Y. munso7iiana.
As to species for wine, "it is found that small-])erry species gener-
ally possess properties for wine making far superior to the large-berry
species, hence if one seeks to produce varieties for wine making he
should not neglect those with small berries. The species possessing
best wine properties are those in the sei'ii^s Kiparia\ Viniferte, iEsti-
vales, Cinerascentes, and Coriacete, especially the species mpesfrls, hovr-
quiniana^ lincecuinii^ herlandieri.^ chaiiijjlnl, doanlana^ and vinifera."
HORTICULTURE. 447
Reviewing these species selected for special purposes, it is found
that American viticulture is based on the following- species: J^njjeMri.'^^
hnKjJI^ riilpina, i)uj)iticola.i berlandlerl, hourqainiana^ vlmfera, lince-
(■H/iii/, hleolor^ cesti'valis, simpmni^ candicans^ doaniana^ chmnjnni^
lahnism, rotundifolia, and munwmana^ 17 in all.
"These with proper application as to climate and soil can well snpply all parts,
from Puget Sound and Dakota to Puerto Rico. All the other species can be neglected
without loss. An abridgement of the above, which would still supply nearly every
•equirenient, and ])e the best possible list for the number of species included, would
)e rupestrisi, vulp'ma, berlandieri, bourqubdana, vUilfent, Hiiceciiudl, simj)>fO)il, duaniana,
champini, labrnsca, and roiundifolia."
The work involved in hunting- the forests for desirable varieties of
grapes to be used as parents is noted, and a partial list of varieties of
grapes that have been or are growing at the Munson Experiuient
Grounds given. Following this the author discusses the ideal variety
of grape and the personal cpialifications necessary in an originator of
varieties and gives an account of the methods followed by himself in the
creation of new varieties by pure breeding, crossing, and hybridizing.
Crossing and hybridizing when the parent vines bloom at the same
and at diti'erent times are dwelt on at some length.
" When the intended parent vines do not bloom at the same time, then either the
earlier variety must be retarded by cutting off the primary shoots, thus forcing the
secondary later, or the later must be made to bloom earlier by prmiing close in the
fall, soon after the leaf fall, and the earlier delayed as directed above or by not
pruning until ])uds start in the spring or by both, if the natural times of flowering
of the 2 intended parents are wide apart, or else by saving pollen of the earlier to
apply to the stigma of the later. Pollen can be preserved for weeks and even a year
and still be efficient in impregnating."
Directions for collecting and preserving pollen and using the same
the following season are given.
The general laws of constitutional development in grapes with
reference to the parentage in pollination is stated by the author as
follows:
"The most vigorous and enduring progeny are produced by vines as mothers —
other things being the same — which have recurved stamens and well-developed pis-
tils, when pollinated by purely staminate vines, as, for example, when Moyer, Lind-
ley, Bright(m, etc., are pollinated by staminate seedlings of, say, Dracut, Perkins,
Presley, etc.
"Next in vigor are the progeny of mothers having reflexed stamens with large
pistils, impregnated by hermaphrodite vines; e. g., Brighton or Lindley by Concord,
Ives, Delaware, etc.
" The third in vigor and endurance would be the progeny of hermaphrodite vines,
such as Concord, Ives, Perkins, Catawba, and the majority of varieties in cultivation,
impregnated by staminate vines. But in this case the majority of the progeny will
be staminate vines.
"Fourth in vigor would be the progeny of hermaphrodite vines pollinated by other
liermaphrodite vines — for example. Concord iioUinated by Delaware or Ives — and still
weaker if jiollinated by itself or its own progeny, such as Moore Early, Worden,
Martha, etc., making 'in-and-in' breeding. The progeny of such impregnations gen-
448 EXPERIMENT STATIOK RECORD.
erally have hermaphrodite or self-poninatino; flowers, the kind preferred by vine-
yardists, who do not understand sex among vines, because tliey bear planted alone
in vineyards. Most hjdirids of Labrusca witli Vinifera have loeen of this class.
"More feeble still, when any progeny at all are produced, is that of vines with
recurved stamens, impregnated by varieties with recurved stamens, as in case Moyer
could be impregnated by Brighton or Lindley.
"In case a variety with recurved stamens should impregnate itself, if possible, we
W'ould expect the feeblest progeny. Such impregnations, however, are very rare, if
[occuiTing] at all. Pistillate varieties thus pollinated generally cast the pistils in a
few days afterwards, but the pistils may first enlarge a little. Prof. S. A. Beach has
designated such varieties 'self-excitant' or 'self-irritant,' but sterile."
Specific directions for sowing and planting seed, tending and culti-
vating the seedlings planted in the testing vineyard, noting and select-
ing the seemingly desirable varieties and breeding with special reference
to color of grape, season, size of cluster or berry, or for quality, are
given. Fn the authors experiments onl^^ about one rc^dly good variety
was obtained out of ever}" 1,000 carefully selected and hybridized grape
seed grown.
In the course of his work in breeding grapes, Munson has made obser-
vations on the prepotency of the diti'e rent species and the peculiar effect
of each on the offspring. Only a few of them need be mentioned here:
V. rnpeatru does not seem to be a good mother but in France is con-
sidered superior to all other species as a pollenizer of vinlft^ra to give
direct producers. V. herlandieri offers an excellent basis on which to
build for .large compound clusters and fine quality of berry. Y. lince-
cumi!^ in the opinion of the author, promises more for American grape
cidture than an}" other and possibly all other species combined. Among
the families of this group, America is uncommonly healthy and vigor-
ous, ver}^ prolific, and is a good table and wine grape, and one of the
best mothers. A hybrid of V. Mcolor and V. vulpina promises to give
rise to a family of ver}^ hardy varieties peculiarl}" adapted to the
extreme north. V. lahrusca is noteworth}* for the large number of
pure varieties for northern regions to which it has given rise. V.
K/'/Dpsonf endures great heat and drought and resists fungus diseases
well, especially black rot, and promises well as a base for Gulf State
\arieties for extremel}' late ripening. V. chaiiipini promises much in
hybrid combinations. It is a good graft stock for dry, ver}" lim}'^,
adobe, or sandy soils, either North or South.
Relative to prepotency or superior potency of one parent over the
other the author states as follows:
" Generally the more distinct and uniform a species the more prepotent it is over
less distinct and less uniform species. In conformit\^ to this, the more complex a
hybrid is, the less it shows of itself in combination with a jjure variety of a pure
species. Also, in conformity to this law, the more complex a hybrid is, the more
variable among themselves are its pure seedlings. AVe may expect the male parent
to more often control in appearance and quality in fruit and the female in vine; yet,
if we designate it a general law, there will be found many exceptions."
HORTICULTURE. 449
Report of the horticulturist, R. A. Emerson {Nebraska Sta. Rpl. 1899, pp.
50-61). — Outline of the horticultural work now being carried out at the station and
of experiments which have been discontinued.
Experiments conducted for 8 3'ears in the hybridizing and cross pollinating of
cucurbits have resulted negatively. In hybridizing different varieties of watermelons
with the pollen of pumpkins or squasli, no immediate effect of the pollen was dis-
cernible on the form, color, or flavor of the fruit or on the size, shape, or color of
seed.
New experiments are being undertaken with native ornamentals, cover crops for
orchards, orchard cultivation, and in ])lant breeding.
Progress of comniercial growing of plants under glass, B. T. Galloway ( V. H.
Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1899, pp. 575-590, pis. 3, figs. 6). — The historical development and
present status of commercial plant growing under glass is considered. It is estimated
that about 10,000 connnercial establishments in the United States are devoted to
growing plants under glass, 1,000 of which are engaged exclusively or nearly so in the
forcing of early vegetables which have a retail value of $4,500,000. The 9,000 com-
mercial florists' establishments are estimated to have on an average 2,.500 sq. ft. of
glass each, or a total of 22,500,000 ft. The estimated value of these establishments
is placed at 50 cts. per square foot of glass and the income to the producer at 50 cts.
per square foot annually, or §11,250,000; and double this amount from the standi^oint
of the retailer. The retail value of the cut flowers sold is estimated at $12,500,000,
distributed as follows: Roses, $6,000,000; carnations, $4,000,000; violets, $750,000,
chrysanthemums, $500,000; miscellaneous flowers, including lilies, $1,250,000. The
wholesale i^rice of roses, carnations, and violets in the 4 principal cut-flower markets
of the country for the years 1890-1899 has averaged $5.70, $1.51, and 92 cts. per hun-
dred, respectively. The American Beauty rose is excluded from the above average
on account of the high price it commands as compared with other varieties.
The percentage decrease in wholesale prices of roses, carnations, and violets in
each of the cities of Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, and New York during the past
5 years as conqiared with the preceding 5 years is shown in tabular form.
The Lafleur or English herbaceous graft, E. Marre {Prog. Agr. et V'd. {Ed.
L'Est), 21 {1900), Nos. I4, pp. 420-427 , figs. 8; 15, pp. 44-3-452, figs. .5) .—The nature,
value, and technique of this graft for vines is discussed at considerable length, illus-
trations being given of the more salient features.
The graft does not change the species, E. Brixguier {Mess. Agr., 5. ser., 1
{1900), No. 6, pp. 208-210). — A controversial article.
Top grafting and irrigation, J. I. Graham {Fruit Growers' Assoc. Ontario Rpt.
1899, pjj. 20-24) • — A practical paper on the apple, read before the association.
Winter cucumbers in pots ( Gard. Illus., 22 {1900), ^0. 1125, p. 397) . — A success-
ful method for growing cucumbers in pots is detailed.
The forcing of lettuce {Amer. Gard., 21 {1900), No. 306, pp. 727, 7^5).— Concise
cultural directions.
Growing rhubarb in the dark, S. S. Bailey {Rural Neiv Yorker, 59 {1900), No.
2644, p. 655). — The author reports the successful culture of rhubarb in a cellar. The
roots were dug in the fall and allowed to freeze, after which they were placed in sand
in the cellar and watered. Tiie rhubarb was large enough for use by February 5.
Brief suggestions regarding cooking rhubarb are added. Roots 3 or 4 years old are
considered most satisfactory for forcing, and where a cellar is not available the roots
may be placed in a box and covered with a barrel or other similar arrangement
which will keep them in the darkness.
Experiments with tomatoes and potatoes, F. W. Rane {Neut Hampshire Sta.
Bui. 73, pp. 76-86, figs. 4)- — The importance of the tomato industry is noted and
tabulated results given of tests of 15 of 4he newer varieties of tomatoes grown at the
station in 1899 and 48 varieties grown in 1898 and before. The usual data as to the
450 EXPERIMENT STATION RKC.'ORD.
average yield of ripe fruit per plant, date of first ripe fruit, average weight of green
fruit, etc., are recorded and descriptive notes given of 20 varieties of tomatoes not
previously mentioned in the station reports. Photographs are given of specimens of
each of these varieties.
The report on potatoes shows the results obtained in a test of 47 varieties. The
largest average yields for 3 years have been made by Late Pni'itan, Reeve Rose, Fill-
basket, Seneca Beauty, Sir William, White Beauty, Breck Cliance, Country Gentle-
man, Enormous, Harvest Queen, Red American Wonder — all yielding over 'S\r> bu.
per acre and mentioned in the decreasing order of their productiveness.
The tomato and its culture, M. Leixa {QneendamJ Agr. Jour., 7 (1900), No. 3,
j)j>. ;.^J9-M.^, Ji'j. 1). — Raising early plants, soil preparation, yields, and varieties are
])( Jimlarly considered.
Stripping bark from apple trees, N. O. Booth {Rural New Yorker, 59 (1900),
No. 2643, pp. 621, 622, figs. 6). — Some inconclusive experiments are recorded in remov-
ing strips of bark 2 to 3 in. wide from the trunks of a Rambo and a Ben Davis apple
tree. The effect of the gnawing of the bark by sheep is also noted. Stripj^ing is a
devitalizing process and is employed to throw trees into bearing. When the cam-
bium is not harmed the wound soon heals over. Abrasions of the cambium result in
more serious injury to the tree when they take a transverse rather than a longitudi-
nal trend.
Some data are given on the effect of removing strips of bark from a])ple trees every
10 days from March 20 to July 20.
New plums, L. Burbaxk [Rnral Neiv Yorker, 59 {1900), No. 2644, p. 6,55, figs. 4). —
Some new plums originated by the author are described.
Plantains and bananas, P. G. Wicken {Jour. Depi. Agr. West. Australia, 1900,
Aug., [>}>. 59-62). — Notes on methods of culture and uses of these fruits.
Lemon culture in Italy, H. Dixon {Agr. Gaz. Neiu South Wales, 11 (1900), No. .9,
pp. 719, 720, figs. 2) . — Methods of protecting the trees Jrom the sun and frost by
means of upright posts connected with horizontals and covered over with grass, straw,
etc., are noted.
liemon pruning (Pacific Rural Press, 60 (1900), No. 14, p. 209, figs. 5).— The
Baronio method of pruning lemons is illustrated and described. It consists in cutting
out the whole center of the tree, followed by cutting out the upright growing shoots
or suckers and encouraging the growth of small shoots or fruiting spurs on a flat
framework.
Orange-tree roots, J. H. Reed { California Cultivator, 14 (1900), No. 21, pp. 321-
323) . — The penetration of orange-tree roots in irrigated orchards is noted.
The persimmon in Iowa, F. 0. Harrington (Trans. Iowa Hort. Soc. 1899, pp. 251-
256). — The possibilities of persimmon culture in Iowa are pointed out, and detailed
directions given for all the different operations connected therewith.
Growing strawberries in New England, F. W. Rane (New Hampshire Sta. Bui.
74, ]>]». 8S-106, fuj>f. G). — Cultural notes, reprinted from a previous bulletin of the sta-
tion (E. S. R., 10, p. 48), and the results of tests of varieties are given. Tabulated
comparative data as to blooming i)eriod, first ripe fruit, yield, drought resistance,
etc., are tabulated for 86 varieties tested in 1899. Descriptive notes are given on 10
of the more popular varieties and on 29 of the later introductions. The following
varieties are considered of most merit: Beverly, Brandy wine, Bubac^h, Clyde,
Crescent, Greenville, Haverland, Lovett, and Warfield.
Eureka and Kansas raspberries, C. C. Nash (Amer. Gard., 21 (1900), No. 302,
p. 662). — From the results obtained in comparative tests with the black raspberries
in 1899, the author gives his preference to the Kansas variety. It produces plenty
of strong, vigorous fruiting canes on either sandy or clay soil, and is more hardy than
Eureka.
HORTICULTURE. 451
The alligator pear, D. Bois (nn: Jforf., 72 {1000), No. in, j)p. r,4G, r>47, 2)1. 1).—
TliiH tropical fruit {Prrxcti t/r(illssiiii<i) is illustrated and notes ^nvcn on its culture and
uses.
India rubber, J. Parkin [Indian Forester, 26 (1900), No. 7, />/>. .;i.i-329) .—Notes
on the origin, collection, and preparation of India rub])er.
Caoutchouc in German East Africa {Tropenpflanzer,4 {1900), No. 8, pp. 367-
■178). — The re])ort of the governor of (iernian East Africa to the home office. Notes
on culture experniients are recorded and some commercial data given.
Repeated tapping of Ficus elastica, A. Preyek {Tropenpflanzer, 4 [1900), No.
8, pp. 404-406) .—Trees were tapped in one experiment at intervals of 7 to 10 days
and the coagulated caoutchouc removed. The incisions were made close under each
other. About 7 J times as great a product was thus obtained with 5 tappings as is
usually obtained where only 1 tapping is practiced. In another instance the inter-
vals between tapjiings were reduced to 3 and 2 days, respectively, and 3 tappings
made. Again the product secured was nearly 3 times that secured with only 1 tap-
l)ing. ^The repeated tapping is said not to hurt the trees as in some parts of the
province of Subany, the practice of repeated tapi)ing of the same trees has been
carried on by the natives for years without harm.
Pecan groves, H. Eost {Pror. Texas Farmers^ Cong. 1900, pp. 130-1S8). — Varie-
ties to plant and the jjrofits in growing pecans are considered.
Flower odors ( Wiener. Illus. Gart. Ztg., 8 {1900), No. 9, pp. £60-^63) .—The classi-
fication of flower odors is considered. Deppino's classification of flower odors into
sympathetic and idiopathic kinds is used as the basis of the author's remarks, many
examples of the odors of flowers coming under the two headings being given.
Fall-sown asters {Amer. Gard., 21 {1900), No. 302, p. 660).- — In experiments on
the Amer lam Gardming trial grounds fall-sown aster seed withstood the rigor of
winter and came up abundantly in the spring. The plantlets were transplanted into
rows alongside of plants grown from spring-sown seed. The plants from spring-sown
seed promised better in the early part of the season, but as they began to come into
bloom they were attacked and destroyed by disease. The plants from the fall-sown
seed seemed more robust, grew well, and blossomed, and up to the time of writing
not a plant had been lost by disease. The results are considered suggestive for
further experimentation.
Different methods of orchid culture {Florists' Exclmnge, 12 {1900), Nos.33,p.
789; 34, ]>. 824; 35, p. 848). — Besides certain general principles and a discussion of
the usual methods employed in the culture of orchids, the late methods of certain
Belgian and French florists are discussed. The new feature consists in potting orchids
in leaf mold, a little sphagnum being placed in the bottom of the pots to prevent the
mold from washing through. Excellent results are reported by this method of cul-
ture, and the author recommends the method for trial in this country.
Orchids from seed, E. 0. Orpet {Amer. Gard., 21 {1900), Nos. 300, p. 634; 303,
p. 680; 306, pip. 728, 729, Jig. 1). — Some of the precautions to be observed in growing
on^hids from seed are pointed out.
Sweet-pea culture, H. H. Gibson {Farmers' Gaz., 59 {1900), No. 38, p. 74S).—T\\e
use of various manures in heightening the color of sweet peas is discussed and cultu-
ral directions given.
Sweet violets and their culture, R. Parker {Garden, 58 {1900), No. 1506, pp.
^40-248).- — Outdoor culture, winter forcing, and varieties for the open are discussed.
Hedges, wind-breaks, shelters, and live fences, E. P. Powell {New York:
Orange Judd Co., pp. 140.). — A treatise on the planting, growth, and management of
hedge plants for comatry and suburban homes.
School gardens, F. M. Powell {Trans. Iowa Hort. Sac. 1899, pp. 141-149). — A
somewhat extended review of the purpose and development of school gardens in this
and Euroi:)ean countries.
452 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
School g-ardens, E. Gany {lipl. V. S. Com. Education, lSUS-99, I, pp. 1067-1084;
Ininsl. /nun AV/'/r-s- JWIagugiral Ci/clopfdln). — Discusses the history of school jrardcns
ami gives <letaile<l directions for their iiianageineiit and use.
Report of the committee on school gardens and children's herbariums for
the year 1899, H. L. Clapp {Tram. 3/rf.t.s. Hort. Soc. 1899, pt. 2, pp. 2.55-280, ph.
7). — A uuuiber of school gardens in Massacthusetts are briefly described. Notes are
given on the character of each and on the use of the gardens by the cliildren. Ger-
man school gardens are commented upon. Suggestions regarding prizes for scliool
gardens, with a list of prizes and gratuities awarded for school gardens and herbari-
ums in ISMSt, are added.
Gardening' by the Columbia, Missouri, public schools, J. ('. Wiiitten {Amer.,
(iard., 21 {1900), No. 292, pp. 504-506). — Notes on methods of nature study and win-
dow gardening at the school and on results obtained.
FORESTRY.
Forest reserves in the United States, H. Gannett {Nineteemtli
Ann. Rpt. U. jS. Geol. Survey, 1897-98, j^t. 5 .,})}). J^OO.,i^J^- ^10,f(js. 2;
ahs. in Forester, 6 {1900), JVo. S^ pjp. 65, 56). — A preliuiinary statement
is g-iven of the forest areas of the United States, particular attention
being given to their geographic and economic consideration. It is
said that of the United States, exclusive of Alaska, 37 per cent of the
entire area is wooded.
A summary is given of the available information of the estimated
merchantable timber of various species occurring in the dill'erent
States. Reports are given on several of the timber reserves as fol-
lows: Black Hills Forest Reserve, H. S. Graves; Bighorn Forest
Reserve, F. E. Town; Teton and Yellowstone Forest Reserves, T. S.
Brandegee; Priest River, Bitterroot, San Jacinto, San Bernardino, and
San Gabriel Forest Reserves, J. B. Leiberg; Washington Forest
Reserve, H. B. A3^res; Eastern Part of Washing-ton Forest Reserve,
M. W. Gorman; Forest Conditions of Northern Idaho, J. B. Leiberg*;
and Pine Ridge Timber, Nebraska, N. H. Darton.
Practical tree planting in operation, J. W. Toumey ( ZT. S. Dept.
Agr., Division of Foredry Bui. 27, pp. 27,p>ls. J{.,Jigs. 2). — This bul-
letin describes some of the practical workings of the cooperation with
tree planters begun by the Division in 1899 under the provisions
of Circular 22 (E. S. R., 11, p. 745). In addition it describes the
result of successful plantings in the past both for general and for
special purposes. The form of tree-planting agreement which is
entered into in all cooperative investigations is given and the plan
explainoxl at some length. Under this cooperative system applications
foi" assistance were received from nearly every State in the Union,
morc^, than 90 per (-(Mit. however, coming from the treeless regions of
Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas.
Some of the difticulties attending tree planting are mentioned. The
chief object of the cooperative Avork of the Division is to assist tree
FOKESTRY. 453
planters in overcoming these adverse conditions, and to aid in tiie
establishment of plantations to the g-reatest possible value of their
owners. A number of plantations are described, and working plans
for others given. Suggestions are given for the care of nui'sery
stock and methods to l)e followed for the successful transplanting of
evergreens.
A catalpa plantation, located in the sandy valley of the Arkansas'
River in Kansas, is described at some length. This plantation consists
of 440 acres planted \\'ith hardy catalpa, the lirst planting having been
done in 1890 and the last in 1892. A measured portion of this planta-
tion was estimated to contain timber of a gross value of $2(57.15 per
acre as the residt of a 10-year crop. If from this gross amount the
expenses incurred as well as the interest on the gross investment be
deducted, there will be found a net protit of $197.. 55 per acre. This
profit can be considerably increased if only a portion of the trees be
marketed each yeai- for the next 10 years.
Pure -woods or mixed -woods, W. Schltch {(rani. 0/tron., 3. ser.,
27 {1900), Wo. 696, px). 257, 258).— The author gives the results of his
investigations on the subject of pure and mixed forests. The species
of trees suitable to be grown in pure woods ai'e beech, hornbeam, silver
tir, spruce, sycamore {Acer iMeudoplatanm)., white pine, and Douglas
tir. Those doing best in mixed forests are larch, birch, poplar, ash,
oak, and chestnut. The author states that only species which are
capable of preserving the yield capacity of the locality should be used
in pure woods. In the case of mixed woods one of the species of the
mixture must be a soil-improving one, and it should be more numerous
than the others. As a rule not more than 2 or 3 species should be
mixed on the same area unless placed in separate groups, representing a
series of small pure woods. Shade-bearing species may be mixed with
each other, provided their rate of growth in height is the same; ])ut
the slower growing must be protected against the other tree by giv-
ing it the start or cutting away the threatening individuals of the
faster-growing species. Shade-bearing and light-demanding species
may be mixed if the latter are the faster growing or have been given
the start. Light-demanding species should not be mixed with each
other except in very fertile localities, in inferior localities where
nothing else will grow, in temporary mixtures where one is used to
protect another, or if the wood is treated under very short rotation.
Whether the mixture should be arranged b}^ single trees or whether
each species should form separate groups depends upon various cir-
cumstances, the principal of which is the relative height growth and
shapes of the different trees.
Observations on the temperature, gro^vth, and moisture con-
tent of various trees, W. R. Lazenby {Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci.,
1899, j)jK o5-.!f.2). — A report is given on observations made to determine
454 EXPERIMENT STATION RKCOUD.
th(^ \iirifitions in temperatiiro of troos in wliich the temperature of oak
and pino trees of ditierent diameters were compared with the temper-
ature of the open tiekl. The author reports a variation of al)out 4 F.
between the temperature of the open Held at a distance of 10 rods
from the temperature readings of a nari-ow strip of woodland where
these experiments were conducted. The readings of the ditferent
thermometers for the month of February are given and comparisons
made with temperatures taken from apple trees in another series of
investigations. The records show that the temperature of trees of the
smaller diameter follow more nearly that of the atmosphere than in
the case of the larger trees. The temperature of the trees did not
respond to slight variations in the external temperatures and never
reached the same maxima and minima as shown by the thermometers
in the open air. Decided variations in the temperature of the open
air were followed by similar variations in the internal temperature of
the trees in from 24 to 72 hours, depending largely upon the diameter
of the trees.
The second part of the paper reports a summary of results of obser-
vations to determine the amount of growth made b}^ a series of trees
during the growing season of 1898. The moisture content of the same
trees was determined at the same time. The trees investigated were
the American elm, black walnut, Carolina poplar, magnolia, red oak,
sugar maple, and white ash. All these trees were 10 3'ears old, with
the exception of the Carolina poplar, which was 6 years old. In height
the trees varied from 15 to 25 ft., and in diameter from 3 to 5 in.
Measurements were made of the upright, terminal, and lateral branches,
and are recorded in tabular form. The percentage of moisture in the
same trees was determined, in which it is shown, as would naturally
be expected, that the softer woods contained the highest percentage of
moistui'c.
The production of high-class oak, ash, and larch timber, W.
ScHLicH {G'frd. Oht'on., 3. xer., 27 {1900). Xo. 697. pp. 27 J^, 275).—
Suggestions are given for the proper management of these species for
the production of timber in England. All are light demanding, are
thin crowned, and none of them improve the yield capacity of the
locality if raised in pure woods. The best way of rearing them is
said to be to mix them with the shade-producing, full-crowned species.
The species best adapted for this purpose is said to be beech.
Oak and beech mixtures and ash and ])eech mixtures are described
at some length. The growing of larch and beech is of particular
importance since the larch disease has spread throughout Great Brit-
ain. Oak, ash, and larch woods may be under planted with silver firs
instead of beech. Scotch pine has been used with favorable results in
the same wav.
FOKESTRY. 455
Progress of forestry in the United States, G. Pinciiot ( If. S. DepL Agr. Yearbook
1899, pp. 293-306, ph. 4, inap 1). — The early attitude of the inhabitants of this country
toward forestry is indicated. The develoi^nient of the forestry policy of the Govern-
ment is traced, and the administration of the national forest work and national parks
described. Notes are given on private and State forestry, and forest-fire legislation.
The establishment and work of the Division of Forestry of this Department are
described and some of the lines of investigation mentioned. Attention is briefl}'
called to forest associations and institutions of the United States offering instruction
in forestry. Arbor day as a factor in influencing respect for trees and prejiaring a
sentiment for practical forestry is mentioned.
Progress in tree planting in the TJnited States, J. AV. Toumey {Forester, 6
{1900) , No. 9, pp. 213, 214) ■ — In a paper read before the American Forestry Associa-
tion in New York, June 25, the author briefly reviewed the work of the Division of
Forestry of this Department, explaining the plans for cooperation, by which practical
assistance is given to farmers and other landowners in establishing plantations of
forest trees for economic purposes.
North American forests and forestry, E. Bruncken {New York: G. P. Fidnam's
Som, 1900, pp. 265).
The practice of forestry by private owners, H. S. Graves ( U. S. Dept. Agr.
Yearbook 1899, pp. 41.5-428, plx. 4). — The general movement in the United States in
favor of conservative forestry is said to have begun about 25 or 30 years ago. The
early efforts of private owners to preserve forests are described, the systems having
been devised by the owners themselves. In many cases these systems could be
materially improved, but the results show that more has been done in the way of
forestry in this country than is generally supposed. Forest management under sys-
tematic working plans is described, and methods for forest planting and controlling
forest fires are given.
Technical exploitation of forests, H. Vanutberghe {Exploitation technupw <les
foref.^. Pari.-i: Gaiitluer-Villar^, 1900, pp. 176).
Statistical report on the growth and development of various conifers in
Schovenhorst, etc., J. H. Schober {Berlin: .Tuima Springer, 1900, pp. 34).
Ancient pollard oaks {Garden, .57 {1900), No. 1479, p. 217, figs. 3). — Notes are
given on 3 pollard oaks which are thought to be 1,800 years old. The trees measure
20 ft. 9 in. and 28 ft. 4 in. in circumference at the smallest portion of their trunks.
Reproduction of timber in the black-jack forests of Oklahoma, W.L.Hall
{Forester, 6 {1900), No. 7, p. 164). — Notes the rapid reforestation of former areas cov-
ered with this oak. Associated with it are often found other oaks, hackberry, white
elm, etc Hardy catalpa, black locust, and black walnut have been successfully
introduced among tlie natural forest growth.
Extermination of the red cedar in Oklahoma, W. L. Hall {Forester, 6 {1900),
No. 7, p. 163) . — Notes the almost total extermination of a former abundant red cedar
crop by cutting for posts and removal of young trees for ornamental purposes. It is
said that at least 99 per cent of the latter died as a result of the transplanting.
Some timber trees of Queensland, J. W. Fawcett {Queensland Agr. Jour., 6
{1900), No. 4, pp- 313-315). — Descriptive notes are given on ^M5fop/iorosit?>'w;fe<ma, ^1.
intermedia, and A. lanceolata.
Notes on the timber trees of the Burnett district of Queensland, J. W. Faw-
cett {Queensland Agr. Jour., 6 {1900), Nos. 5, pp. 396-399; 6, pp. 505-508). — Brief
notes are given on 63 species oi timber trees and the characteristics and uses of the
timber are pointed out.
Fires in the forests of Pinus maritima, E. Muel {.Tour. Agr. Prat., 1900, I,
No. 17, pp. 598-600). — A tabular summary is given of the destruction done by forest
fires in the maritime provinces of France. In 1899 over 13,900 hectares were
burned over, at an estimated ](jss of 1,665,470 francs.
456 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
The composition of cork oak and its bearing on forestry, E. Gixstixiaxi (Jour.
Jgr. Prat., 1900, 1, Xo. Jl, pp. 7/^.3-745). — Analyses are given of the bark and wood,
and of the ash of bark, wood, roots, leaves, and acorns of the cork oak, and the bear-
iiijr these analyses have upon forests and forest planting.
The Robinia and its exploitation, P. ^Iouillefert [Jour. .{(jr. Prat., 1900, I,
Nos. 16, pp. 578-581 ; 17, pp. 603-1)05, Jhj. l) . — Notes are given on the value of Robiida
p.seudaeacia for forest planting.
On the ■working qualities of some colonial timbers, H. Stoxe (Agr. Jour.
Cape Good Hope, 17 {1900), No. 4, pp- 317-~'25). — A report is given of the results of
a series of technical tests of a number of species of indigenous and introduced timbers.
G-ro-wing Norway spruce for paper pulp, T. L. Duncan {Amer. Gard., 21 {1900) ,
No. 296, pp. 567, 568). — The author recommends the growing of Norway spruce
{Picea e.rcelsa) for paper pulp manufacturing. Data are given on the rate of growth
of a number of lots of this spruce in Minnesota, aufl under proper conditions of cul-
ture and fire protection it is believed that it would furnish a crop suitaljle for wood
pulp in from 25 to 30 years, a period much less than the time required for the growth
of the ordinary white and red siiruce.
A suggestion for the estimation of cord ■wood, G. F. Schwarz (i^o^'esto-, 6 {1900),
No. 4, pp. 76-78). — The author explains a system of estimating cord wood in standing
forests, which method is known in Europe as the ' ' absolute factor of shape. ' ' It is
considered a very accurate one and has been employed extensively in Denmark with
entire satisfaction. In a beech and oak forest in Germany this method was tested
and proved more accurate than measurements made by other systems. The method
is believed to possess certain advantages over the others and to be adaptable to the
varying conditions of American forests.
Practical estimation of timber, P. ]\Iouillefert {Jour. Agr. Prat., 1900, I, No.
12, pp. 427-4S0 ). — Fornuilas are given for the estimation of w^ood and timber in forests.
Railroad forestry, J. H. Sutoe {Sci. Amer. Sup., 50 {1900), No. 1286, jjp. 20619,
20620).
Means for preventing ■worm holes in timber, E. Mer {.Tour. Soc. Agr. Brabant-
Haniaut, 1899, />]>. 4-j4, 4-35).
Fireproofing ■wood {Sd. Amer., 83 {1900) , No. 4, pp. 49-55, Jigs. 4)- — A description
is given of a method of fireproofing wood for building purposes.
SEEDS WEEDS.
Twenty-first annual report of the Swiss seed control station
at Zurich, F. G. Stebler, E. Thiele, and A. Volkakt (Landtr.
Jahrl. Scliimdz^ IJ^. (1900), JVo. J,j)p. 48,Jigs. 2). — A report is o-iven of
the activities of the station during- the j^ear ended June, 1899. During
this period 8,478 samples of seed were tested, the investio-ations requir-
ing 21,274 tests. These trials served as the basis of a guarantee for
about 350,000 kg. of clover and grass seed. Most of the samples of
seed tested for consumei's were found in excess of the guarantee, few,
if an}', falling below the difference allowed by the regulations of the
station.
A tabular statement is given showing the result of the year's tests
of different seeds, and also the average percentage of purity, germina-
tion, and intrinsic worth of all seed examined since the establishment
of the station. Detailed statements are also given of the tests of clover
and urass seeds and o-rass seed mixtures.
SEEDS WEEDS. , 457
Experiments are brieflj' reported in which is shown the comparative
value of crops grown from seeds of different origin. Timothy from
American seed gave a slightly larger yield than that from German
seed. Alfalfa from American seed yielded least of 4 kinds. Alfalfa
f i-om different parts of Russia varied widely in the quantity of green
fodder produced. The relative yields of orchard grass from forest-
grown and field-grown seed were tested, to the decided advantage of
the ffeld-grown seed. Comparisons were made between the yields of
American, New Zealand, French, and Swiss grown orchard grass, in
which the yields secured for 3 years are shown. Except for the New
Zealand seed, which was considerably lower than the others, there was
but little difference in the different lots.
Notes are given on the weed seeds found in alfalfa seed from dif-
ferent countries, especial attention being paid to Cuscuta racemosa^ a
South American dodder which is said to occur in seed from that countr3^
The time required for the germination of seed of Pinus syVvestris
was investigated. Different lots of pine seed which showed varying
degrees of vitality were tested, the sprouted seeds being counted on
the sixth, ninth, twelfth, fifteenth, twenty-first, and thirtieth days.
It was found that of the germinable seed of the different lots, all but
about 10 per cent sprouted within 1.5 davs.
Effect of fornialdehyde on the germination of cereals and on
smut spores, S. David {Sltzber. Naturf. Gesell. Uni'V. Dorpat^ 12
{1899), Ao. 3, pp. 202-204., ^^^-^7).— Investigations are reported
showing the effect of formaldehyde upon the germination of wheat,
maize, oats, and barley and upon the spores of smuts of these cereals.
Different lots of seed were subjected to varying strengths of formalde-
hyde solutions for 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours, after which their ger-
mination was tested. The strengths of solutions used were 0.025, 0.05,
0.125, and 0.25 per cent of formaldehyde, and comparisons were made
with equal quantities of seed soaked in distilled water for equal lengths
of time. The effect of formaldehyde vapors was tested in a similar
manner.
The results of the experiments are shown in tabular form, from
which the effects of the treatments of seed upon their germination may
be seen. An injurious effect is noted upon different cereals, being
most marked in the experiments with oats. The extent of injury is
in proportion to the strength of solution and time of soaking. The
injury is manifested in retarded germination, in abnormal germination
in which no roots were produced although the seeds sprouted, and in
dead seed. The action of the solutions on the spores of smuts was
quit(^ marked, a few hours' treatment destroying the spores of Ustilago
avency^ U. hordei., JJ. maydis, and U. destruens adhering to the treated
seed. After treating the seed the injurious effects of formaldehA^de
may be diminished by soaking the seed in a weak solution of ammonia
for 15 minutes.
458 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOBD.
Seed selling', seed growing, and seed testing, A. J. Pieters ( U. S. Dept. Agr.
Yfitrhook JS'JO, pp. 540-574, plx. 5, Jiy. 1). — The beginning and development of
the seed industry in the United States, the methods of seed growing of different
kinds, the regions and conditions favorable for profitable seed growing, and seed
testing are described. The methods of seed testing pursued by different commercial
seedsmen and those followed by this Department are outlined.
Teclinical regulations of the Association of German Agricultural Experi-
ment Stations for seed testing (Lru/r^r. Ven^. Stat., 54 ( 1900), No. l-ri,pp. 01-100). —
Tlic rules i-elativi' to samjiles, sampling, and testing are given.
The after-ripening of oats, \V. Kinzel {Laiuliv. Vers. Stat., 54(1900), No. 1-2,
p. lo.y). — A rcjiort is given of tests nf the germination of oats at bimonthly periods
after harvesting. The percentage of germinable seed was found to steadily increase
for 8 to 10 months, after which there was a decrease.
Canada thistle, L. H. Dewey f 11. <S'. Dept. Agr., Division of Botany Circ. 21, pp. I4,
figs. 4). — Illustrative and descriptive notes are given on the Canada thistle, in which
its history, introduction, present range, and methods of distribution are discussed in
greater or less detail. Numerous methods of eradication are suggested, the success
of any of them depending upon the thoroughness with which it is carried out.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
The diseases of beet seeds and means for combating them, Lin-
hart {Oesterr. Ungar. Ztschr. ZucJierind.^ 1890; ahs. in Ztschr. Pflan-
zenkranh.^lO {1900), No. 2., pp. 116, 117). — A number of fungus and bac-
terial diseases of beets that seem to be communicated through the seeds
are described. The bacterial disease is attributed to Bacillus my coides.
Associated with it were found Bacillus suhfllis, B. fluorescens liquefa-
dens, and B. mesentericus vulgatus. B. mycoides is considered the
cause of the disease commonly known as bacteriosis and also that on
yOung plants known as black shank. The fungus diseases found were
those caused by Phoma hetce and Pythium debaryanum.
As a means for preventing these diseases it is recommended that the
" seed" bo soaked for 30 minutes in concentrated sulphuric acid, after
which they are washed for 10 minutes in a strong stream of running
water and then soaked 2 hours in milk of lime and washed 4 hours in
water. This troatmci^t does not injure the seed, while it destroys all
spores adhering to the hard seed coat.
Bacteriosis of beet roots, A, Stift {Oesterr. Ungar. Ztschr. Zuch-
erbuL, 1899., p>' ^^^/ '^'^^•^' '^^^' Jour. Boy. Micros. Soc. \^Londmi\, 1900,
No. 3, p. 373). — A description of diseased beets and results of inocu-
lation experiments with cultures of Bacillus hetcB are given. The
bacillus was cidtivated on agar. It is about 4 f^ long by 0. 9 to 1 yw broad.
Its ends are rounded and in hanging drops actively motile. Flagella
are numerous and very delicate. In cane-sugar-meta-peptone gelatine
sugar was completely decomposed without the evolution of gas, a fact,
it is said, which suggests that the conversion of sugar was due to
hydrolysis. The organism liquclies gelatine and on agar slants presents
a slight irregular growth.
An inquiry into the cause and nature of cro-wn gall, J. W, Toumey
{Arir^ciia Shi. Hnl. .',o^ pp. (iJi.jigs. ,11). — This bulletin is a continua-
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 459
tion of investigations reported upon in the Annual Report of the station
for 1899 (E. S. R., 11, p. 858). The previous publications relating to
this disease are briefly reviewed and the geographical distribution in
the United States outlined. The various field experiments that have
been conducted by the author are reviewed at considerable length,
together with his inoculation experiments. The investigations of the
author seem to indicate the parasitic nature of the disease and its ready
transmission in the soil or by means of inoculation experiments.
The crown gall, in the author's observations, has been noted upon the
peach, apricot, almond, prune, plum, apple, pear, English walnut, and
grape, and it is reported by others to occur on the raspberry, black-
berry, cherry, poplar, and chestnut.
The crown gall, according to the author, is annual in its period of
growth, beginning in the spring and maturing in the fall. However,
in Arizona galls sometimes develop late in the summer and continue
their growth throughout the winter when the normal tissues of the tree
ave dormant. At first appearance the galls appear as a clear, white,
translucent mass of soft, succulent tissue, a millimeter or less in diame-
ter and nearly or quite spherical. It is most frequently attached to the
host by a narrow neck i to i of the body of the gall. When grown
above ground or in water cultures, so as to have access to light, the
galls change to a light green from the development of chlorophyll in
their outer cells. At first the gall has a rather uniform outer surface,
which becomes warty after a time from unequal growth. The white
appearance of the gall is lost early in its life and the outgrowth becomes
a reddish brown. Any portion of the gall which has changed color has
lost the power of further growth. When "the galls decay, as is usually
the case at the end of the season's growth, it leaves an open wound
through the bark which extends some distance into the wood. The fol-
lowing spring a more or less interrupted circle of gall tissue forms
around the wound caused by the gall of the previous year. The galls
become larger and deeper each succeeding year until finally the stem
becomes so weakened that the tree breaks off.
The cause of the crown gall, in the author's estimation, is due to a
specific organism belonging to the slime molds to which the name Den-
(iropliagua globosus is given. The various stages of the parasite are
described at considerable length and a number of successful inocula-
tion experiments, in which sclerotia were used, are described. The
effect of the parasite on its host is noted and the various phases through
which the organism passes are described.
The organism which is considered new, both generically and specific-
all}^, is described as follows:
"Plasmodium parasitic; peridial wall brittle, nonpersistent, shining, breaking in
straight lines into small irregular pieces; capillitium fragmentary, formed of a few
irregular, branching tubules attached to the lower portion of the peridial wall.
11989— No. 5 5
460 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECORD.
"Sporangia sessile, occurring singly or in groups of 2 or 3, 1 mm. or less in diame-
ter, globular or slightly flattened and resting directly upon the tissue of the host,
deep orange, shining, opening irregularly; peridium thin, minutely granular when
highly magnified, the interior surface more or less covered with yellow protoplasmic
nodules of variable size and refractive power; cai)illitium of a few thick, blunt, spar-
ingly branched, and irregular nodular hollow threads; spores orange yellow, adher-
ing in masses, smooth, 1^ toS m in diameter."
Its affinities with Plasmodiophora, which causes club root, are indi-
cated, comparisons being drawn ))etween this organism and some recent
studies by Nawaschin on Plasmodiophora.
But little is known concerning the remedies for this disease aside
from negative results. The author's and others' investigations have
shown that sulphur is of no avail as a remedy. From the position and
character of the disease it seems evident no remedy will completely
overcome it after an orchard is once attacked. The safest advice is to
see that young trees when planted in orchards are not infested and
have not come from known infested nurseries. Where the disease has
established itself in an orchard, the life of the trees ma}- be prolonged
for a time by cutting off the galls from the crowns of the roots and
covering the injury with a mixture of copper sulphate and lime in the
form of a thick paste.
Stigmonose: A disease of carnations and other pinks, A. F.
Woods ( L\ S. Dept. Agr.^ Division of Vajetahle Physiology and PdthoJ-
ogy Bui. 19^2^P- 30^j)ls. 3, jigs. 5). — Previous publications by the author
on this same subject have been noted (E. S. E,., 9, pp. 657, 852). In the
present bulletin the investigations of Arthur and Bolley on this disease
have been thoroughly reviewed and no evidence found that this disease
is of bacterial origin. A full account is given of the investigations
conducted b}" the author, in which he found that the primary cause of
the disease was due to punctures made b}' aphides and thrips, while
another form of the disease is commonh^ caused by injuries produced
by red spiders. The effect of the disease on the plant as a whole
depends upon its vigor and the number of punctures, and the suscepti-
bility of different varieties to injur}^ seems to be, as a rule, proportionate
to the normal vigor of the variety. Methods are suggested for control-
ling the disease which can be successfully done by the proper selection
of cuttings, careful propagation of stock, good soil, proper amount of
moisture, light, and air, and by the reduction of aphides, thrips, and
red spiders to a minimum.
Progress in the treatment of plant diseases in the United States, B. T.
Galloway {V. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1899, pp. 190-200, fig». 2). — A review is given
of the work for the past century on the treatment of plant diseases, from which it
appears that the greatest progress has been made within the past 15 years. The
beginnings of modern research are placed at about 1870, since whicli time great
activity has taken place both in the United States and abroad. The period between
1888 and 1895 is (;liaracterized as an epoch-making one on account of the rapid strides
made in discovering the causes of j)lant (lisea*!('S and methods for their prevention.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 461
Some results of the work which have been obtained in this country are briefly out-
lined, examples being cited in grape diseases, nursery stock diseases, diseases of
cereals, etc.
Tlie diseases of cultivated plants, V. Peglion {Le malaUie crittogamiche delta
piante coltlvdti'. (hmli: (Mrln Ccmone, 1899, pp. VII^Sll).
Plant diseases investigated at St. Petersburg in 1898, K. S. Iwanoff {Ztschr.
PflanzenkranJ:., 10 {1900), X<>. J, pp. 91-102). — A Ijrief report is given on 160 species
oJE fungi which were observed on 230 species of host plants. They are classified by
hosts as follows: Cereals and grasses, clovers and legumes, potatoes, garden, plants,
fruit trees, berries, ornamentals, forest trees, and weeds. Among the number of
fungi were several new species.
Parasitic algae and fungi of Java, III, JVI. Raciborski {Batavia: Staaisdruck-
evei, 1900, pp. 49).
A monograph of the Erysiphacese, E. S. Salmon [Mem. Torrey Bot. Club, 9
{1900) , j)p. 1-292, ph. 9) . — A monograph of the species of powdery mildews is given,
together with notes upon their morphology and life history, relation of host and par-
asite, and the distribution of the powdery mildews. The author limits the family to
the genera Podosi)hfera, Spluerotheca, Uncinula, Microsphfera, Erysiphe, and Phyl-
lactinia. Of these, 49 species and 11 varieties are recognized. Under the discussion
of the various species notes of their economic importance are given. The species of
Oidium are considered as conidial forms and for the most part are not described.
Concerning the geographical distribution of rust fungi, P. Dietel {Naturw.
Wclmschr., 15 {1900), No. 19, pp. 2n-220).
The depreciation of the yield of wheat due to rust, A. Geegoire {Bui. Sta.
Agron. Gemblniu; 1900, No. 67, pp. 14, 15). — An account is given of pot experiments
conducted to determine the loss due to rusts of cereals. Six series were grown, in
which the loss of straw was from 8 to 23 per cent, with an average of 17 per cent, and
in grain the depreciation was from 21 to 40 per cent, with an average of 35 per cent.
The number of grains per head and average weight of the individual grain was con-
siderably lower for the plants affected with rust.
Recent investigations on rust of wheat, W. G. Smith {Nature, 62 {1900), No.
1606, pp. 352-356, figs. 2). — A review is given of the recent publications of Eriksson,
Klebahn, Carleton, and others on rusts of cereals.
Investigations of the rust fungi of cereals in Austro-Hungary, H. Zukal
{Ztschr. Pfianzenkrank., 10 {1900), No. 1, p)p. 16-21). — A report is given of studies on
the cereal rusts of Austro-Hungary. The species observed were Puccinia graminis on
rye, P. glumarum on wheat, P. simplex and P. graminis on barley, and P. graminis
and P. coronata on oats. The author tentatively adopts the name P. glumarum for
the rust on wheat. Culture experiments were made of the different species, and
negative results were obtained in experiments for preventing the attacks of rusts. In
relation to Eriksson's mycoplasma theory the author is led to believe some infection
may possibly be secured through mycelium carried in the seed grain. Investigations
on alternate generations showed that the rust fungi are not confined to certain definite
transition hosts for their phases.
Experiments with smuts of cereals, C. N. Grenfell {Agr. Gaz. New South
Wales, 11 {1900), No. 9, jyp. 742-747). — Inoculation experiments are reported with
Tilletia tritici, Urocystis occulta, and Ustilago segetum. Soaking seed in copper sulphate
as a means of preventing snmts was successfully investigated, the treatment tending
to reduce the amount of disease. It is claimed that ['.■^tilago segetiuii. decreases and
Urocystis occulta increases the tillering tendency of wheat plants. The infection of
the loose smut, U. segetum, is said to take place at an earlier stage of the plant than
the others, jirobably occurring in the seed.
Infection experiments with some TJredinesB, E. Fischer {Bot. Centbl.,83{1900),
No. 3, pp. 75, 76) . — Successful inoculations of Acteea spicata with teleutospores of a
462 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Puccinia from D'iticnm caninum are reported, from which it is claimed the ^cidium
adxx is to ])e associated with a Puccinia of the type of P. persistans on Triticum can-
inum. Basidiospores of Puccinia buxi sown upon young box leaves gave positive
results. The infection was one month in becoming manifest, and the teleutospores
were formed the following year.
Blight of maize, J. Marwick {A(jr. Jour. Natal, 3 {1000), No. 11, pp. 321-323).—
A popular account is given of a disease of maize due to some apparently unknown
cause. The affected plants are stunted in growth, have stripped leaves, and are
generally worthless.
The diseases of the sug'ar beet, A. Stift ( Die Krankheiten der Zuckerrube. Vieniia :
\V. Prick, UtOO, j>/>. Vni+115,pls. 15).
A contribution to the bacterial disease of sugar beets, A. Stift {Ztschr. Pflan-
zenkrnnk., 10 {1900), No. 1, pp. .5-15, fig-t. J). — An account is given of a bacterial
disease of sugar beets, a description of the organism isolated, and its effect as shown
by inoculation experiments and analyses of diseased roots.
The heart rot of beets, J. Parfondky {Jour. Soc. Roy. Agr. L' Est., Belg., 1900,
p. 326).
A new disease of radishes, G. R. B. von Mannagetta {Sitzher. Deut. Natuno.
Med. Ver. Biihmen-Lutos, 1899, No. 8, pp. 3).
Diseases of the potato and their treatment, II. Potel {Bol. Inst. Agron. Sao
Paulo, 10 {1900), No. 11-12, pp. 795-799).
The yellow blight of potatoes {Agr. Gaz. Neiv South Wales, 11 {1900), No. 8, p.
683). — A brief quoted reference to this disease in Ireland is given. It is said to be
accompanied by the stalk disease due to Peziza postuma and a root rot, neither of
which is characterized.
Results of seed treatment of potatoes, H. Koch {Deut. Landw. Presse,
37 {1900), No. 25, p. 295). — Seed tubers of 4 varieties were soaked for 24 hours in
Bordeaux mixture before planting. The plants from the treated seed were 3 or 4
days later in coming up than the untreated, but were stronger and more healthy. A
considerably increased yield, attributed to the treatment, is recorded for all the
varieties.
On the prevention of potato rot, T. Ritter von Weinzierl {Pub. K. K. Samen-
Control Sta. Wien, No. 199, pp. 3-5) . — Spraying with Bordeaux mixture, 2 kg. copper
sulphate, 2 kg. lime, and 100 liters water is recommended. Three applications are
advised.
A nematode disease of rye, L. Mangin {Jour. Agr. Prat., 1900, I, No. 20, pp.
707, 706").— Describes a disease of rye due to Tglenchus derastatrix. The nematodes
produce bulb-like enlargements of the roots. Rotation of crops is recommended as
the most favorable means of prevention.
The life history of the tobacco nematode (Heterodera radicicola) and its
destruction, J. Van Breda de Haan {Bui. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg, 1900, No. 4,
pp. 1-10).
Notes on some galls produced by Heterodera radicicola, M. Molliard {Rev.
den. lint., 12 {I'.iOo), No. 185, pj). 157-105, pi. 1, Jig. 1). — Histological structures of
galls on melons, colnis, etc., are <lescribed.
Nematodes and ammonium salts, H. d'Anchald {.lour. Agr. Prat., 1900, I, No.
20, pp. 711, 712) . — Gas liquor and solutions of chlorid and nitrate of ammonia are said
to be destructive to nematodes and the efficiency of the treatment lasts over 2 years.
In order that all nematodes should be destroyed repeated applications, extending
over several years, are reconmiended.
A new method of combating nematodes, H. Wilfarth {Ztschr. Ver. Deut.
Zuckerind., 1900, No. 529, I], pp. 195-204).
Demonstration of crown gall contagion {Pacific Rural Press, 59 {1900), No. 21,
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 463
/). S21, fir/s. 7). — Results of experiincnts ))y J. W. Touincy of tho Arizoiui Station
p. 458)."'
The scab disease of apples, pears, etc., and its treatment, Weiss {Prakl. Bl.
Pflanzenschutz, 1900, No. 2, pp. 9-11).
Apple mildew, P. Magnus {Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. AbL, 6 {1900), No. 8, pp. 253-255,
figs. 2). — A discussion as to the specific relationship of the fungus causing apple mildew.
The author doubts the occurrence of SpJueruiheca rnali on apple trees. As a preventive
the author speaks very highly of sulphur.
Means of protection from the so-called scab of pomaceous fruits, Fkank
{Sep. Arh. K. (inoinilhe'dmmte, Biol. Aht., 1900, pp. 4, fig- ^) ■
Canker in fruit trees and its treatment {Garden, 57 {1900),, No. 1478, pp. 197,
198). — A translatic m of an article treating of the attack of Nedriu d'dissima with sugges-
tions for its prevention.
Leaf curl in peaches and nectarines ( Garden, 57 { 1900) , No. 1479, p. 224, figs.
2). — Notes on Exoascus deformans and suggestions for its prevention.
The shot-hole fungus {Garden, 57 {1900), No. 1480, p. 345, figs. <?).— Figures and
describes the shot-hole fungus Cercospora circuincisru.
The biology and practical suggestions for combating hexenbesens in cherry-
trees, C. Freiherr vox TuBEUF {Arb. K. Gesundheitsainte, Biol. Abt. Leaflet 4, 1900,
pp. 4, figs. 4).
Witches brooms of Pinus sylvestris, A. W. Borthwick ( Tran.s. and Proc. Bot.
Soc. Edinburgh, 21 {1900), pp. 196, 197).
Some citrus troubles, H. H. Hume {Florida Sta. Bid. 53, pip. 147-173, pils. 6, figs.
5). — The author describes foot rot, scab, dieback, sooty mold, !)light, melano.se, and
leaf spot — diseases of citrus fruits — and the injuries caused by the presence of lichens
and moss upon the trees. Most of these diseases have been previously described in
U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology Bui. 8 (E. S. R.,
8, p. 58 ) , and the recommendations there given for the prevention of the diseases
are repeated. The leaf spot disease is described as being slightly injurious to orange
trees in some parts of the State. Large, somewhat circular, yellowish spots are
noticed upon the leaves which are attributed to Colletrotrichum glaosporioides. Spray-
ing trees with ammoniacal solutions or Bordeaux mixture is recommended. The
injury done by lichens and moss ( Tillandsia usneoide.^) is mentioned and the destruc-
tion of the lichens by spraying with strong Bordeaux mixture is recommended,
while the moss may be removed by pulling it from the trees.
Collar rot or mal-di-gomma of citrus trees {Agr. Gaz. Neiv SoiUh TFofes, 11
{1900) , No. 8, pp. 660-668). — This disease, which is also commonly known as foot rot, is
due to Fusariurn limonis. The symptoms of the disease, conditions favoring its spread,
means for its jirevention, and history of the disease in Australia are given. The treat-
ments recommended in U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Vegetable Physiology and
Pathology Bui. 8 (E. S. R., 8, p. 58), are suggested as means for prevention.
Chlorosis of fruit trees, C. Bouillot {Semaine Hart., 1900, pp. 23, 35, 36, 59, 60,
95).
Chlorosis of the vine, G. Curtel {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 130 {1900), No.
16, pp. 1074-1076; (d>s. iti .Tour. Boy. Micros. Soc. [London], 1900, No. 4, pp. 488,489) .—
The physiological injuries inflicted by chlorosis of the grape have been investigated
and it is shown that there is an evident weakening of the respiratory activity, a
diminution in the proportion of gases exchanged, a diminution and final cessation
of assimilation, and a great weakening of the fmictions of transpiration. The appear-
ance of chlorosis and the lowering of the transpiratory function appear to be indis-
solubly connected.
Notes upon grape mildew, B. D. Halsted {Asa Gray Bid., 8 {1900), No. 4, pp-
464 EXPERIMENT >;TATION RECORD.
7'V, 7fl). — Notes on the ocfurrence of Flu-vnajjani ritim/ii on <rrap('vineH at the New
Jersey Experiment Station.
Permang-anate of potash, for grape mildew, A. Simkon {Prog. Agr. ft Vit. {Ed.
L'E.'^t), Jl {lUOO), No. 36, pp. 327, ,)-?<?) .—The addition of 50 gm. of permanganate
of potst-^h to a hectoliter of Bordeaux mixture ii^ said to increase the efficiency of the
fungicide when used in coml)atin<i: grape mildew.
Practical instruction in combating Peronospora, A. Bizzozero {Instruzioni
pratk-he per combattere la 2)eroiiospora. Parma: Rossi- Uhaldi, J 900, pp. 29).
The California vine disease in Avellino, C. Cas.vli and T. Ferraris {Giom.
Vit. e Enologia, 7 {1900), pp. 10, ph. 2).
Brown spot diseases of grapes and Plasmodiophora vitis, J. Behrens {Sep.
Weinhax n. WeinJiande!., 1899, No. 33, pp. 2).
Grape scald, L. Degrully {Prog. Agr. el Vit. {Ed. L'Est), 21 {1900), No. 32, pp.
189,190, pi. 1). — A serious affection of grapes is reported in which the fruit and leaves
are injured. They present some of the characteristics of grapes in the last stages of
black rot, white rot, etc. The cause of the trouble is thought to be the unusual hot
weather. In some parts of France the grape crop which had been especially promis-
ing is very seriously injured and less wine will be made than last year.
Some injuries to grapes, E. Bringuier {Mess. Agr., 5.ser., 1 {1900), No. 8, pp.
301-319) . — Notes are given on a number of injuries to which grapes are subject, such
as freezing, malnutrition, fungi, etc.
A stunted condition of grapevines, L. Ravaz {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. L'Est),
21 {1900), No. 21, pp. 608-610, pi. i).— Under the name "cabuchage" the author
describes a diseased condition of grapes which he says is the same as court-noue — a
stunted growth due to a number of causes.
Stunted growth (court-noue) of vines, L. Ravaz {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed U Est),
21 {1900), No. 24, pjp. 694-703, pi. l,figs. 12). — This is essentially the same article as
that noted from another source (E. S. R., 12, p. 260). The author states that varie-
gation is a common accompaniment of the disease.
The successful prevention of grape diseases, W. Seelig {Proskauer Obstbau-
Ztg., 1900, No. 4, })]>■ 49-51).
Diseases of chestnuts in Savoy and Valais, L. Crie {Bui. Min. Agr. \^France'\,
19 {1900), No. 1, pp. 120-134). — A report on observations in these two regions on the
various causes of disease and injury to chestnuts. A number of fungi are reported as
causing great injury, among them are Agaricus melleus, Torula exitiosa, Phyllosticta
maculiformis, Polyporus sulphureus, etc.
A disease of Tradescantia, A. Howard {Anii. Bot., 14 {1900) , No. 53, pp. 27-38,
pis. 2). — A rather sevei'e attack of Tradescantia zebrina and T. _/?«?;(nw;j/.s(.s in green-
houses is reported. Dead leaves and stems covered with fungi as well as numerous
dark spots and patches were aVjundant. Among the fungi was a species of Botryo-
sporium. Inoculation experiments were successfully carried on, the mycelium usually
penetrating the epidermis, infection through the stomata being rarely observed.
Tlie affinities of the fungus are discussed at length. The species seems to agree with
the descriptions of B. diffusum, a common saprophyte on rotten wood, branches, and
leaves.
Natural methods for the prevention of plant diseases, H. Muller-Thurgau
{Schweiz. Landu: Centbl., 1900, No. 3, pp. 69-86).
The use of copper sulphate and sulphur as preventives of plant diseases,
J. Behkexs {Wriiiihl. fjiiidw. Vcr. Baden, 1900, No. 9, pp. 1 10-113).
The causes of injuries due to spraying with copper fungicides, Weiss
{Prakt. Bl. Pjtanzea.^rlintz, 3 {1900), No. 2, pp. 13-15).
A competitive trial of spraying apparatus {/Jsrhr. Pflanzcnkrank. , 10 {1900),
No. 1, pp. 42-53, figs. 12). — A report is given of the relative efficiency of a number of
forms of spraying apparatus in applying various ftingicides and insecticides.
ENTOMOLOGY. 465
ENTOMOLOGY.
Insect pests (Agr. Bvl. Malay Pe/dnsiila [ Gard. and Forest Dept. ,
Straits Settlemeat], 1900, No. 9, pj). 252-279).— This article contains a
general classification of the different groups of insects, with notes on
the life history and habits of the members of each group, which are
injurious in the Malay Peninsula.
An account of the bee-hawk moth {Cephonodes hylas) is given by
A. L. Butler (pp. 263-266). This insect has caused great damage to
coffee in the neighborhood of Petaling. The caterpillars strip the
leaves entirely from the coffee trees and feed also upon the green bei'-
ries after the leaves have been devoured. The transformation from
the caterpillar to the pupal stage takes place just beneath the surface
of the ground. The duration of the egg stage is from 5 to 7 days, of
the larval stage from -i to .5 days, and of the pupal stage from 10 to 14
days. The bee-hawk moth has few natural enemies which are suffi-
ciently numerous to keep the insect in check. Only a few species of
birds were ol)served feeding upon the caterpillars, and experiments
with geckos indicated that these animals do not feed upon the insect.
Among the other economic insects upon which notes are given, the
following may be mentioned: Tinea granella, Attacaft atlas, the l)anana
weevil {Sphenophorus sordidus), IlyJotoma mctorlna, the coffee locust
{CyrtacantJiacris v!grorar!a)^ and white ants.
The sweet-potato -weevil (Cylas formicarius), H. Tryon {Qaeen.s-
land Agr. Jour., 7 {1900), No. 2, pp. 176-189, pis. ^).— This insect
was first mentioned as injurious to sweet potatoes in Colombo in 1856.
The distribution of the species includes Ceylon, part of the West
India Islands, the southern portion of the United States, and various
parts of Australia. Its first injurious occurrence in Australia was
reported in 1886, since which time it has gradually l)ecome a formid-
able enemy to the cultivation of sweet potatoes. In some cases the
insect causes the almost complete loss of a crop of sweet potatoes, and
is a serious enemy to the crop in all cases, since even when the infes-
tation is of the mildest sort, the presence of the larva3 and adults of
the beetle may not always be detected in the sweet potato until it is
cut open. The beetle and larva are found in the stems near the sur-
face of the ground and later throughout the substance of the tubers.
In the worst cases of infestations none of the tubers attain full develop-
ment, but are pierced in all directions with the burrows of the weevils.
The tunnels made by the larv»- in the tissue of the vines and tubers
vary from 2 to -1 mm. in diameter and are not readily recognized until
exposure to the air and water has brought about a discoloration of the
tissue.
The author gives a description of the insect in all its stages. In
Australia the sweet-potato weevil is found in its mature form at all
466 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
times of the year. Its food plants include the nienil)ers of the niorn-
ing-giorv family, but the sweet potato is the plant which is most
severely attacked. The mature insect feeds not only upon the stems
and tubers, but also upon the succulent veins on the undersurface of
the leaves, as well as the leaf petioles. The eggs are usually deposited
along the course of the vine, but most frequentl}^ as near the base of
the stems as possible. About 30 days are required for a complete life
cj'^cle, and there are several generations during the 6 months which
constitute the life of the sweet-potato plant.
The author discusses the subject of the origin of this insect without
coming to positive conclusions. The probability in the case is that
the sweet-potato weevil originated in the same country with the sweet
potato. It may therefore be considered as plausible that the sweet-
potato weevil came from South America.
Severe repressive measures should be adopted against this insect,
since its continued presence in a locality renders the raising of sweet
potatoes practicall}' impossible. Ordinarily, it is not the first genera-
tion of beetles which attacks the tubers, and the first indication of
attack is in the stems. It is therefore advisable to cover the tubers
more deeply so as to prevent, as far as possible, the beetles from gain-
ing access to them. The author advises also that sweet potatoes be
planted in flat culture without throwing the ground into furrows.
The SAveet potatoes will then be covered more deeply and be more inac-
cessible to the sweet-potato weevil. It is further advised that when
it is found that the tubers are already infested, they should be disposed
of as soon as possible in any wav which will destroy the beetles con-
tained in them. A bibliography of the literature of this insect is
appended to the article.
Some scale insects upon Kansas grasses, E. A. Popenoe and
P. ,T. Parrott {Kamas Sta. Bui. 98, pp. 131-lJf.6, pis. 6').^The authors
made a studv of the species of Coccidse which occur upon the native
grasses of Kansas. Some of these grasses are important forage plants,
and the injury caused to them by the attacks of the scale lice is
considerable.
A table is given for the determination of the difl'erent genera of
Coccidte found upon the grasses of Kansas. These genera are Erio-
coccus, Gymnococcus, Pseudolecanium, Antonina, and Aspidiotus. A
list is given of the species of these genera which occur in Kansas, with
the name of the host plant in connection with each species. The num-
ber of species thus discussed is 8. Descriptions and brief notes are
given of all these species, some of which are described as new.
The forest tent caterpiUar, C. M. Weed {JVew Hampshire Sta.
Bui. 7-j. j>i>. 107-132, jig.s. IJf.). — This bulletin is a revised form of Bul-
letin 6i4 by the same author (E. S. R., 11, p. 269), with additional notes
concerning outbreaks of the insect in 1899 and notes on the bird
ENTOMOLOGY. 467
enemies of this insect. It is stated that the insect was more widely
distributed and did more damage during 1899 than in any previous
year in which record was kept.
On the authority of Miss Soule, orioles, blackbirds, cedar birds,
vireos, robins, catbirds, and sparrows are reported as doing eflfective
work in checking the ravages of the tent caterpillar. The same rem-
edies are recommended which were outlined in Bulletin 64.
The selectmen of the town of Claremont ottered a bounty of 5 cents
a quart for the cocoons of this insect, and large numbers of cocoons
are reported as having been collected.
The crop pest law, W. B. Alwood ( Virginia 8ta. Bui. 10^2^ j>P-
127-152, map 1). — This bulletin contains a copy of the act of the Vir-
ginia State legislature to create and maintain a State board of crop
pest connuissioners, approved March 5, 1900, and a copy of the rules
and regulations adopted by the State board of crop pest commissioners
for the prevention of the spread of injurious insects and plant diseases
within the State. The purpose of the act is to enable a close super-
vision to be maintained over the nurseries of the State and shipments
of nursery stock into the State from outside sources. Certificates of
inspection will be required from all shippers outside of the State.
The insect pests and plant diseases included under the Virginia law are
San Jose scale, woolly aphis, peach yellows, black knot of plum trees,
and fire blight of pear and apple trees.
Portions of Virginia Station Bulletin 79 and the latest report of the
State inspector are slightly revised and republished in the present
bulletin.
Progress in economic entomology in thfe United States, L. O. Howard ( U. S.
Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1S99, pp. 135-156, p/. 1). — -The author presents a historical
account of the development of economic entomology in this country, in which the
States of Massachusetts, New York, Illinois, and Missouri played an important part.
In the line of insecticides, attention is called to the progress made in the use of Paris
green and other arsenical compounds, kerosene emulsion, and hydrocyanic-acid gas.
A handbook of the g-nats and mosquitoes, giving the anatomy and life his-
tory of the Culicidae, G. M. Giles {London: J. Bole Sons & Danielsson, 1900, j>p-
374, pis. 8, figs. 9). — This is a general treatise on mosquitoes, and treats of the follow-
ing subjects: Position and terminology of the Culicidte, anatomy of the adult mos-
quito, anatomy of the larvae, characters of the larvse of the various genera of Culicidse,
anatomy of the pupae, life history, distribution, and classification of the family.
The second half of the work is devoted to a systematic account of the species of
this family group and the following genera: Megarhina, Anopheles, Psorophora,
Sabethes, Culex, ^des, Corethra, and Mochlonyx.
Report on injurious insects and plant diseases in 1899, W. M. Schoyen
{Beretning om Skadeinsekter og Plantcsygdon))ne i 1899. Chrisiiania: Grondahl ct Sons,
1900, pp. 42, figs. 18). — This is the annual report of the government entomologist of
Norway, and contains notes on a large number of injurious insects and fungus dis-
eases, among which mention may be made of the following: Aphis granaria, Thrips
secalina, ergot, Charstxis graminis, Melolontlm Idppocastam, potato scab, bacterial disease
of tomatoes, cabbage-root maggot, I'sUa rosw, onion maggot, oyster-shell bark-louse,
468 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
codling moth, Cheimatobia brumala, Xematns ribesii, Lophyrus ritpns, Chrrmes ahieiis,
and Tthizotrofjus .^nlstifialis.
Report of the division of entomolog-y, L. Brunek {Ncbrasbi Sin. Jijit. is:j9, pp.
45-49). — The work of the (Uvision lui!^ inclmled experiments^ in controlHng the native
and migratory locusts in the State by means of fungus diseases. No ))eneticial results
were obtained by this method. Individual farmers were urged to make thorongl;
trials of the hopper dozer. Brief notes are given on the chinch bug, the fall arm>
worm, and the Hessian tly.
Insect record for 1899, C. M. Weed {New Hampshire Sta. Bui. 72, pp. 59-74, .fif/"-
11). — The author presents brief popular notes on the life history, habits, and means
of combating the tent caterpillars, Cacrena cerasivorana , plum curculio, fall webworm,
white grubs, oyster-shell bark-louse, scurfy bark-louse, apple aphis, and the red-
legged locust.
The storeroom beetle or bookworm (Sitodrepa panacea), S. F. Aaron [Sci..
Amer., 82 {1900), No. 22, p. S47, figs. 4)- — The author gives notes on depredations
comnntted by this insect upon a number of substances, such as cork, chocolate, books,
and herbarium specimens.
The destructive Hessian fly, M. V. Slingerlaxd {Rvral New Yorlrr, 59 {1900),
No. 2639, pp. 573, 574,fig»- 3). — Brief notes on the appearance, life history, injuries,
natural enemies, and means of comV)ating the Hessian fly.
The grass thrips (Anaphothrips striata), H. T. Ferxald and W. E. Hinds
{Massachusetts Hatch Sta. Bui. 67, pp. 12, pi. 1) . — -This bulletin is a simplified form of
an article on the same subject in the Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural College
for 1899 (E. S. R., 12, p. 266).
The destructive green pea louse, W. G. Johnson {Rural New Yorker, 59 {1900) ,
No. 2636, pp. 525, 526, figs. 2). — This insect is reported as injurious to red and crim-
son clover, as well as to fipld peas. Experiments were tried in planting peas in rows,
which method rendered it possible to use the brush and cultivator method in the
destruction of the pea louse. By means of a pine switch the vines were vigorously
brushed just ahead of the cultivator, and the lice thus knocked upon the ground
were buried to some depth. The operation may be repeated every 3 days during the
height of the outbreak of the pea louse. The author states that no spraying method
has been devised which will warrant the expense attached to the operation.
liucern springtail or Smynthurus, W. L. Summers {Jour. Agr. and Ind., Sorith
Australia, 4 {l^'OO) , No. 1, pp. IS, 19). — This insect having proved injurious to lucern,
experiments were conducted with various insecticide methods for combating it. Kero-
sene emulsion, Paris green, and London purple were tried without satisfactory
results. Grazing sheep on affected land, harrowing, rolling, and flooding were tried
with some success. The remedy which is considered most effective is the application
of fresh gas lime. This substance is applied after cutting the lucern, 2 or 3 appli-
cations being necessary each year. About 700 to 1,000 lbs. per acre is required for
each application.
A new method of combating the gypsy moth, Rorig {Arb. K. Gesundheitsamte,
Biol. Abt., I {1900), No. 2, pp. 255-200, figs. ,i ; ahs. in Dent. Landw. Presse, 27 {1900),
No. 74, pp. 015, 916, figs, .i) .
The fruit moth (Ophiuza lienardi), C. W. Mally {Agr. .Tour. Cape Good Hope,
17 {1900), No. 1, pp. 41-44). — According to the reports of correspondents this insect
has caused injury to the following fruits: Apples, pears, plums, grapes, peaches, figs,
oranges, guavas, liananas, pineapples, loquats, and medlars.
The San Jose and other scale insects, W. Lochhead {Ontario Dept. Agr., 1900,
pp. 4S,figs. 21). — This pamphlet contains a general account of the distribution, injuri-
ousness, life history, habits, and insect enemies of the San Jose scale. The following
treatments are recommended: Hydrocyanic-acid gas, whale-oil soap, crude ijetroleum,
and diluted kerosene. Brief descriptive and economic notes are also presented con-
ENTOMOLOGY. 469
oerning the following scales: The Curtis scale, Forbes scale, Putnani scale, English
walnut scale, oyster-shell l)ark-louse, scurfy bark-lonse, and the New York plum
scale.
A prospectus of an aphis fauna of Italy, G. del Guercio {Nuove Relaz. R. Staz.
Eni. Agr., 1. ser., 1900, No. 2, pp. 1-286, pi. 1, figs. 33). — This article contains detailed
descriptive notes on a large number of species, together with tables for the identifi-
cation of the species. In connection with the discussion of the more important
economic species, notes are given on the injurious effects, natural enemies, and means
of combating the Aphididte.
Report of the spread of Phylloxera vastatrix in Austria during 1898-99
(Bericht uber die VerbreUung der Reblaiis in Osterreich in den Jahren 1898-99. Vienna:
Ministry of Agriculture, 1900, pp. 170, map 1). — This pamphlet contains the reports of
fruit inspectors and horticultural experts on the condition of phylloxera in different
parts of Austria. Numerous tables are given showing the localities infested, the
extent of such infestations, and the rapidity of distribution of the phylloxera in
different localities. During the year 1898-99, 190 new localities were found to be
infested. The distribution of the insect progressed much more rapidly in 1899 than
in 1898 on account of the dryness of the former year. The chief remedy against the
phylloxera is bisulphid of carbon, of which increasing quantities are purchased from
year to year. During the 2 years in question 12,376,000 American grape roots and
scions were received for planting.
A new strawberry pest, M. V. Slingerland {Rural New Yorker, 59 {1900), No.
2636, p. 526, fig. 1). — The author gives brief notes on the destructive habits of
Harpulus ailiginosus in attacking strawberries. The beetles have also been noticed
feeding upon the seeds of ragweed. The author recommends the destruction of rag-
weeds in and near strawberry gardens and the use of the lantern trap for catching
the adult beetles.
The small ermine moths {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London'], 7 {1900), No. 2, pp. 167-169,
fig. 1). — Hijponomeuta padella and //. evonymella are briefly described. The caterpil-
lars of this species hatch either in the autumn or spring and live gregariously in
detached colonies inside of small tents. As remedies against these insects, hand
picking, spraying with water under high pressure, kerosene emulsion, and tobacco
decoctinn are reconnnended.
Contribution tow^ard a monograph of the American Aleurodidae, A. L.
QuAiNTANCE {U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Entomology Bui. 8, tech. ser., pp. 1-64,
pis. 8). — The author gives a systematic account of this family, including the genera
Aleurodes and Aleurodicus. A detailed description is given of all species of this
genera known to occur in America, with analytical tables for their determination.
In connection with each species brief notes are given on the food plants.
The red spiders of the United States, N. Banks ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of
Entomology Bui. 8, tech. ser., pp. 65-77, figs. 16). — The author gives a brief account
of the anatomical structures and habits of the genera Tetranychus and Stigmseus,
together with descriptions of a number of new species.
Forest insects of the Baltic provinces, F. Sintenis {Sitzber. Naturf. Gesell. Univ.
Dorpitt, 12 {1899), No. 2, pp. 173-198). — The author gives lists of insects injurious to
pine, fir, and various deciduous trees in the Baltic provinces, and also lists of insects
in this region which attack animals and man in the forest. Brief notes are given on
some of the more important of these insects. Among the beneficial insects the
author mentions Formica rufa, Pompilus viaticus, Ammophila salndosa, etc.
New parasites of borers, L. Zehntner {Meded. Proefstat. Suikerriet. West Java,
1900, No. 46, pp. 13, [A. 1). — A species of Elasmus and a species of Macrocentrus were
found parasitic upon Scirpophaga intacta. An undetermined brachonid species is
found parasitic upon Diatrxa striatalis, and another brachonid species upon Sesamia
nonagrioides.
470 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
Insects that eat potato beetles, M. V. Slingerland {Rural New Yorker, 59
{1900), No. 2637 , p. 54-'). — Brief notes on PerUluK rircvmeinchw.
Cost of fumigating- an orchard of two hundred and seventy-five trees,
W. J. Allen {Agr. Gaz., New South Wales, 11 {1900), No. 9, pp. 754-756).— Orange
trees of medium size were fumigated with hydrocyanic-acid gas, at an average cost
per tree of 9 ctn.
Petroleum as an insecticide, G. Davis {Rural New Yorker, 59 {1900), No. 2637,
p. 542). — The author relates experiences with kerosene oil sprayed upon peach trees
at the time of budding. A serious injury to the tree resulted from the use of kerosene.
Use of nicotine as an insecticide, E. Laurent and M. Cornu (Mess. Agr., 5. ser.,
1 {1900) , No. 6, pp. 232-235). — A solution of nicotine was prepared with the following
constituents: Water, 5; nicotine, 1; methyl alcohol, 10; black soap, 10; carbonate of
soda, 2. The insects upon which experiments with this solution were made included
the caterpillars of Bombyx neustria, Liparis dispar, red spiders, bark lice, thrips, etc.
The mixture was found to be exceedingly effective against caterpillars, and killed
the common species of plant lice within 20 minutes.
Spray calendar ( Vermont ,Sta. Spec. BuL, Mar. 1900, pjp. 4, fiff- -?)• — Brief notes on
formula' for the preparation of the more common insecticides and fungicides, with
reference to their use in the treatment of common insect and fungus diseases.
FOODS— ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
The ideal ration for an army in the tropics, E. L. Munson {Jour.
Mil. 6'erv. Itist. United States, 26 {1900), No. 105, pp. 309-31^6).—
On the basis of a review of the literature of the subject and of per-
sonal observation, the author concludes that in the tropics less meat
and similar nitrogenous food is required than in temperate or cold
regions, while the proportion of other constituents of the diet, whose
principal function is to yield energy, is also somewhat less. The daily
dietary standard proposed for United States troops serving in the
tropics is as follows: Protein, 100 gm. ; fat, 65 gm., carbohydrates,
650 gm. ; and fuel value, 3,491 calories. The diet suggested consists
of such articles as fresh beef, bacon, fresh lish, flour, ))eans, potatoes
and some other vegetables, rice, and sugar; in other words, of articles
to which the soldier is accustomed and which are supplied under the
existing regulations, the chief changes being in the quantities and
combinations used. On an average, the -l dietaries which are pro-
posed as illustrations would furnish 109 gm. of protein and 3,375
calories.
The composition and physiological effects of beef broth, A.
Gautier {Bietet. and Hyg. Gaz., 16 {1900), No. 5, p. ^75).— Abstract
of an article published in Le Bulletin Medical. The composition of
beef broth made by boiling 1 kg. of lean beef in 3 kg. of water, with
and without the addition of salt and vegetables, is reported. When
salt and vegetables were added the dr}" matter per liter of broth
amounted to 27.3 gm. Deducting 7 gm. for the weight of the salt
added, this was 1 gm. more than was obtained when the broth was
FOODS — -JLNIMAL PRODUCTION.
471
made with meat and water only. The principal deductions, as given
in the abstract, follow:
" Contrary to what might have been thought, the common salt does not aid in
dissolving meat in hot water, and . . . the vegetables furnish only 1 additional gram
of dry extract per liter. . . .
"On account of the aUjuminoid su])stances it contains; on account of its sapid and
aromatic suy)stances which act by stinuilating the sense of taste and the secretion of
the stomach; in virtue of its creatin and xanthin bases, which, in small doses,
play, like caffein (which itself belongs to the xanthin group), the nMe of cardiac
and muscular tonics; owing to its organic phosphorized derivatives of lecethin;
owing, linally, to its assimilable soluble phosphates, well-made beef broth is at
once a food properly so-called, a stomachic which excites the gastro-intestinal secre-
tions, and a general tonic. This suffices to explain the vogue which the good beef
broth of our housewives has always had — and deservedly so, whatever may have
been the prevailing theories."
Cattle foods, G. W. Shaw {Oregon Sta. Bid. 62, pp. 13, IJi).—
Analyses are reported of a number of feeding stuffs, including red
clover {Trifolium pratense), T. tridentatum, T. erioceplialwm, alsike
clover {T. hyh'ldum), T. ciliatum, T. incarnatuni, T. sp., meadow
foxtail {Alopecurus pratensii), English rye grass [Lolitmi p>erenne),
cheat {Bromus secalinus), vetch ( Viciasatwa), sweet vernal {Anthoxan-
thum odorcd'iDii), spurry {Spergula maxima), orchard grass {Dactylis
glomerata), tall oat grass {Arrlienatherum, avenaceuTn), meadow fescue
{Festuca pratensis), timothy {Phleum pratense), oat straw, wild barley
{Ilordeum maritimum), English fescue, native grasses (mixture), sach-
aline, sugar-beet pulp, salsify, wheat shorts, wheat, oats, and bran
mixture (equal parts), oat chop, and wheat chop. The composition
of a number of these materials is shown in the following table:
Composition of some Oregon clovers.
Trifolium. frirknfnfum .
Trifuliiiiii rn'dccjilialuin
Tiijhiiinii nliiilHiii
TrifoUmn incaniatum .
Trifolium sp
Per cent.
9.51
8.58
10.29
11. .51
10.05
Per cent.
7.00
7.03
10.06
10.92
10.66
Ether
extract.
Per cent.
1.80
2.38
1.94
3.16
3.04
Nitrogen-
free
extract.
Per cent.
47.21
51.26
45.93
37.89
55. 02
Crude
fiber.
Per cent.
27.20
21.55
22.20
29.09
12.07
Per cent.
7.28
9.20
9.58
7.43
9.16
Changes in the chemical composition of feeding stuffs during
storage, H. Witt {K Landt. Akad. Handl. Tidskr.,39 {1900), No. 3,
p>2>. 139-lJi,6). — The author analyzed samples of feeding stuffs collected
in Northern Sweden by Kellgren and Nilson from 1889 to 1894 (E. S.
R., 4, pp. 768, 971; 5, p. 808) in order to ascertain what changes, if
any, occur in the chemical composition of the air-dry fodders during
prolonged storage. The samples were kept in the dark in tightly
stoppered bottles. The average results of 2 sets of analyses of 25 sam-
ples of grasses and legumes showed that before storage the dry matter
472 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
contained 2.18 per cent of ether extract, 2.30-t per cent of total nitro-
gen, and 0.296 per cent of nitrogen not digested by pepsin and trypsin.
After storage the amount of ether extract was 2.03 per cent, total
nitrogen 2.296 per cent, and nitrogen not digested by pepsin and
trypsin 0.388 per cent. When treated with pepsin only, 0.472 per
cent was not digested. A second series of analyses of 24 samples
showed that on an average the nitrogen content was 2.409 per cent
before storage and 2.4 after storage. The author's general deduction
was that under the experimental conditions the nitrogen content of
the feeding stufts remained practically constant, while the digestibilit}^
of these constituents decreased somewhat. The percentage of ether
extract pi'esent changed somewhat, but not regularly. — f. w. woll.
Analyses of commercial feeding stuffs, J. L. Hills, C. H. Jones,
and B. O. ^Y iiiTii {Vermont Sta. Bui. 78, pp. 165-186, fig. i).— The
commercial feeding stuffs collected in the fall of 1899 and anal3"zed in
compliance with the State law regulating the sale of such materials,
including 265 samples of cotton-seed meals, linseed-oil meals, gluten
meals, gluten feeds, oat feeds, corn-and-oat feeds, provenders and
similar products, wheat feed, poultry feeds, and animal meals.
"No cases of adulteration were found among the cotton seed, linseed, or gluten
products, although certain brands do not grade as high as others and are open to
improvement. There seems decided tendencies toward greater uniformity of quality
with several brands. Many brands of oat feeds, dairy feeds, corn-and-oat feeds,
provenders, and the like were found to contain a large quantity of oat hulls, more
than they should carry were the goods made from 'pure grains ground together.'
Such feeds are of inferior quality, and their purchase is of very doubtful advisability.
The more highly concentrated feeds cost more, but for the purpose for which such
materials are generally bought — to furnish protein — are much less expensive than
low-grade goods."
For purposes of comparison, an average table is given, showing the
average composition of the commercial feeding stuffs sold in New
England markets, 1898-1900.
Skim-milk calves, H. M. Cottrell, D. H. Otis, and J. G. Haney
{Kani>as Sta. Bui. 97, pp. 117-132, figs. 7). — The possibility of raising
calves on skim milk suitably supplemented by other foods is discussed
and a test with 13 calves (9 heifers and 4 steers) from scrub cows
reported. Four or five da3^s after birth the calves were taken from
the cows. Skim milk was then gradually substituted for whole milk.
The amount fed was in(U'eased, and finally reached 22 to 24 lbs. per
head per day. In addition to skim milk, 4 of the calves were fed
flaxseed made into a jelly with hot water and 4 were fed Blatch-
ford's calf meal mixed with water to form a gruel. Some dry Kafir
corn meal was also fed ]K)th lots. The remaindtM' of the calv(\s included
in the test received dry Kafir corn meal in addition to skim milk. As
the test progressed, corn meal was sometimes substituted for Kafir
corn meal Avith all the calves. The heifer calves were given some
FOODS — ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 473
bran, soy-1)oan meal, oil meal, and ground oats in place of Kafir corn
meal to prevent their l)ecoming too fat, as it was the intention to
use them for dairy purposes later on. All the calves were fed hay and
later were pastured. The skim milk fed 6 of the calves was obtained
from a crc^amery and was sterilized. During this process some water
was added to the milk. At first the calves did not relish the sterilized
skim milk on account of its peculiar odor, but they soon became accus-
tomed to it and ate it with relish. The remainder of the calves were
fed milk from a hand separator. All the milk was warmed before l)eing
fed. The authors state that no diiference was detected in the condition
of the calves fed the 2 sorts of skim milk. The skim milk was dis-
continued when the calves were 6 months old. The heifer calves then
weighed on an average 375 lbs. and the steer ^'alves 383 lbs. Those
fed creamer}" skim milk gained on an average 250 lbs. ; those fed hand
separator skim milk 251 lbs., about 2,500 lbs. of skim milk being con-
sumed in each case. The authors consider these figures remarkable,
since the creamery skim milk contained 10 to 12 per cent of water
added in the process of sterilizing. The calves fed the ration contain-
ing flaxseed meal gained on an average 1.55 lbs. per day; those fed the
ration containing Blatchford's calf meal, 1.0 lbs.; while those fed only
dry Kafir corn meal, in addition to skim milk, gained 1.S2 lbs. Blatch-
ford's calf meal cost $70 and the flaxseed meal $125 per ton. '' Neither
paid. And this experiment shows that such expensive feeds added to
skim milk are not onl\" unprofitable but useless, having practically no
effect on the gain."
The average cost of a pound of gain the authors calculate to be 2.5
cts. The feeding was continued after weaning, the feeding stuff's used
being Kafir corn, corn fodder, sorghum, and alfalfa hay. As year-
lings the steers averaged 724 and the heifers 564 lbs.
Feeding steers; feed value of cotton seed and its products,
J. H. CoNNELL and H. C. Kylp: {Ttxm Sta. Bui. 55., pp. 13 1-2 ll^., pi.
1). — Feeding steers (pp. 131-177). — Two tests with steers were under-
taken to study the value of corn meal, oats, and hay when added to a
cotton-seed meal and cotton-seed hull ration. The first test was made
with 2 lots of 7 and 2 lots of 14 steers each. The test proper began
December 24 and covered 140 days. For loo days lot 1 was fed cotton-
seed hulls and cotton-seed meal; lot 2, cotton-seed hulls, cotton-seed
meal, and sorghum hay. For the remaining 40 days of the test, corn-
and-cob chop was added to the ration of both lots. During the whole
test lot 3 was fed cotton-seed hulls, cotton-seed lueal, and corn-and-
co)> chop; and lot 4, cotton-seed hulls, cotton-seed meal, corn-and-col>
chop, and oats. The amounts of feed consumed and the gains made
by the different lots are given in full. Results are discussed for 100
days and for the whole pei-iod. The financial statement is based on
cotton-seed hulls at $3, cotton-seed meal at $15, sorghum hay at $0,
474
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
oats at $14.48, and corn-and-cob chop at $8.32 per ton. The cost of
the gains made is also discussed on the basis of different rates for the
feeding stuffs. At the close of the test the steers were sold in St.
Louis at $4.35 per hundredweight. The average results of the whole
test are shown in the following table:
Results ofjirst feeding test with steers.
Lot 1 (cotton-seed hulls, cotton-
seed meal, and, during the
last 40 days, corn-and-cob
chop)
Lot2 ( cotton-seed hulls, cotton-
seed meal, sorghum hay, and,
during the last 40 days, corn-
and-cob chop )
Lots (cotton-seed hulls, cotton-
seed meal, and corn-and-cob
chop)
Lot4 (cotton-seed hulls, cotton-
seed meal, corn-and-cob
chop, and oats)
Weight at
begin-
ning of
test.
Pounds.
745. 49
777. 51
749. 35
737. 45
Live
weight
gains.
Pounds.
243.86
272. OS
273. 46
263. 49
Cost per 'Shipping
pound of weight at
gain. station
Cents.
4.000
4.263
3.639
3.837
Pounds.
927.50
996. 16
965.49
943.23
Shrink-
age in
ship-
ment.
5.9
6.7
6.6
Dressed
carcass.
Per cent.
57.19
56. 20
57.43
.56. 75
Waste
fat per
steer.
Pounds.
37.0
37.5
33.3
33.8
The second test was made with 6 lots of 7 grade Shorthorn steers
about 2 years old, and covered 140 daA's. After they arrived at the
station the}?^ were fed for a preliminary period of 20 days, at first a
ration composed of 12 lbs. of cotton-seed hulls and 3 lbs. of cotton-
seed meal; later 18 lbs. of hulls and 4i lbs. of meal; and finally 20 lbs.
of hulls and 4 lbs. of meal. During the test proper lot 1 was fed for
100 days cotton-seed hulls and cotton-seed meal; and lot 2, cotton-seed
hulls, cotton-seed meal, and sorghum hay. At the end of this time
corn-and-cob chop was added to the ration of both lots. During the
whole test lot 3 was fed cotton-seed hulls, cotton-seed meal, and a
small amount of corn-and-cob chop. Lot 4 was fed the same basal
ration and a large amount of corn-and-cob chop. Lot 5 was fed a small
amount of corn-and-cob chop and oats, and lot 6 a large amount, in addi-
tion to the same basal ration. The steers were sold in St. Louis and
slaughtered. As in the previous test, the results are discussed in
full. They are summarized in the following table:
FOODS AFTMAL PKODUOTION.
47;
Results of second fcrding test with steers.
Lot 1 (eotton-seert hulls, cotton-
seed meal, and, dnrinKthc last
•10 days, corn-and-cdh clinii)---
Lot 2 (cotton-sot'd hulls, cotton-
.seed meal, sorghum hay, and,
during the last 40 days, corn-
and-cob chop)
Lots (<'(itt(in-scc(l hulls, cotton-
seed meal, and a small amount
of corn-an<i-('ci)i chop)
Lot 4 (co(i(in-s('c(l hulls, cotton-
seed meal, and a large amount
of corn-and-ciib chop)
Lots (cotton-seed hulls, cotton-
seed meal, a small amount of
corn-and-cob chop, and oats) . .
Lot 6 (cotton-seed hulls, cotton-
seed meal, a large amount of
corn-and-cob chop, and oats) . .
Weight at
begin-
ning of
test.
Live
weight
gains.
Pounds^
Pounds.
745. 49
243. 86
777. 51
272. 08
750. 71
281.43
74S. 00
265. 50
747. .57
271. 14
727. 33
255.84
Cost per
pound of
gain.
Cents.
4.000
Shipping
weight at
station.
Pounds.
927. 50
4. 263
3.422
996. 16
977.21
3.856 1 953.78
3.875 : 965.21
3.800 021.25
Shrink-
age in
ship-
ment.
Dressed
carcass.
Percent.
Per cent.
6.5
57. 19
5.7
56.20
7.3
57.55
6.6
.57.31
6.8
55.63
6.5
57. 88
Waste
fat per
steer.
Pounds.
37.0
37.5
34.3
32.3
33.3
34.3
The author's conchisions follow:
"Sorghum hay is more than equal to cotton-seed hulls, when fed with hulls and
cotton-seed meal. The common practice of 'topping out' the hull and meal ration
with corn chops is not so profitable as to feed the same amount of corn chops from
the beginning. Steers fed 100 days only will make rapid gains on the several rations
used.
"When corn chops is combined with hulls and meal, a feed of 2 lbs. of chops made
more gain at less cost than when 4 lbs. of chops were used. Equal parts of oats,
corn chops, and cotton-seed meal, combined with hulls, make an excellent ration.
Corn chops and shelled oats are of equal value for fattening steers when fed with
hulls and meal. Steers eating corn chops shrink largely in live weight, wdien shipped,
if the chops is combined with hulls and meal."
jFeed value of cotton seed and its j>roducts (pp. 178-214). — The com-
position and feeding value of cotton seed and its products are discussed
at considerable length, the experience of the station and a number of
individual feeders l>eing cited in detail.
Pig feeding, J. S. Newman and J. S. Pickett {South Carolina Sta.
Bui. 52^ pp. P2,Jigs. Jf). — Peanuts, sweet potatoes, and field peas were
compared with corn with 4 lots of pigs each containing a sow and two
barrows. Part of the pigs were 8 and the others 11 months old at the
beginning of the test, November 23. In the 84 days of the test the
pigs fed peanuts made an average daily gain of 4.32 lbs, ; those fed
sweet potatoes, 2.59 lbs.; those fed field peas, 3.34 lbs.; and those fed
corn, 4.17 lbs. The amounts of the difi'erent feeding stuffs consumed
per pound of gain were 6.7, 26.2, 6.7, and 9.2 lbs., respectively.
On the supposition that the yield of corn was 15, Spanish peanuts
90, cowpeas 10, and sweet potatoes 200 bu. per acre, and that pork was
worth 5 cts. per pound, the authors calculate that (when fed to pigs)
corn is worth 16. 97; peanuts, $24.37; sweet potatoes, $18.24; cowpeas,
$6.12 per acre.
11989— No. 5 6
476 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Ill curing the haiiLs of pigs fed peanuts there was a shrinkage of 22
per cent; in the case of those fed sweet potatoes and cowpeas, 27 per
cent; and of those fed corn, 2H per cent. The mean atmospheric
temperature was recorded during the test, but no variation in the gains
made was attributed to this cause.
Development of the nutrition investigations of the Department of Agri-
culture, A. C. Thfe and K. I). :Milxek ( U. K Dept. Ayr. Yearbook 1899, pp. 403-
414)- — The development of the nutrition work of the Dev)artment is treated of and a
brief historical account given of some of the American investigations which antedated
this.
Cost and composition of bread in Oregon, (i. W. Shaw {Oregon Sta. Bid. 62,
pp. 9-12). — The cost and composition of 25 samples of bread collected in eastern and
western Oregon are. reported and the results compared with those of similar investi-
gations in other regions. The composition of whole wheat and wheat flour from
eastern and western Oregon is also given. The author notes that samples of bread
made from eastern Oregon flour have a higher percentage of protein than those made
from flour from the western portion of the State. This variation in i)rotein content
was also found in the flour from the different regions.
The gluten constituents of wheat and flour, and their relation to bread-
making qualities, H. A. Guess {Jour. Ariur. ('hem. Soc, 22 {1900), No. 5, pip.
263-269). — The gluten and gliadin content of a number of samples of wheat is
reported. Analytical methods are described.
A dietary study, G. W. Shaw {Oregon Sta.Bwl. 62, pp. 17-20).— A. dietary study
which covered 1 week is briefly reported. It was made with a family consisting
of 2 men and 3 women. The usual methods were followed. In calculating the cost,
the different food materials were estimated at their usual cost in the Corvallis
market. On an average the food actually eaten furnished per man per day 105 gm. of
protein, 87 gm. of fat, 543 gm. of carbohydrates, and had a fuel value of .3,809 calories.
The cost of the daily diet, including material wasted, was 17j cts. per man per day.
Canned fish, A. Rossing {Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 39 {1900), JVo. 3, jyp. 147-152). —
It was found that the inside of tins in which sterilized codfish and lobsters had been
preserved for several years was covered with ii white (boating, composed of stannic;
oxid, phosphoric acid, and iron. Imperfect sterilization has no connection with this
corrosion, which seems to be due to the action of phosphates and ammonia contained
in the codfish and lobster. — c. b. Williams.
Observations on the food supply of some West Indian Islands, F. Watts
( Wed Indian BuL, 1 {1900), No. 3, pp. 270-2S1).— The Y>ruicii>a[ vegetable foods in the
Leeward Islands are described. An analysis of sweet potato flour is quoted, as well
as the protein and energy supplied by the Leeward Islan<l Prison diet and the diet of
laborers. The latter flgures are regarded as approximations only.
The food supply of the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, and Germany,
R. F. Ckawpokd (.1A///r7-'.s (,'az., 23 {1900), Nos. 43, pp. 532, 533; 44, pp. 543, 544; 4^,
p. 556; 46, pp. 568, 569; 47, pp. 581, 582; 48, p. 594; 49, pp. 604, 605; 52, p. 605).— A
paper read at a meeting of the Royal Statistical Society, November, 1899. Many
statistics are quoted.
Flesh foods, with methods for their chemical, microscopical, and bacterio-
logical examination, C. A. Mitchell {London: Ckas. GriffinA Co., Ltd., 1900, pp. 322,
pi. l,Jigs. 58; noted in. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 19 {1900), No. 8, p. 788) .—A laboratory
manual.
Preservation of eggs {Sci. Amer. Sup., 49 {1900), No. 1273, p. 20405).— A note
on a method proposed by K. Reinhard which consists in dipping the eggs into sul-
phuric acid, thereliy forming a coating of calcium suli)hate on the shells.
Starch sugar and starch sirup and their use in the adulteration of ' ' golden
FOODS ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 477
sirup," Frdhling and A. KdssiNG {Internat. Sugar Jour., IS {1900), No. n, pp. 317-
319). — A discusHioii of adulteration and the food value of the adulterant.
Report on the olive oils of Tunis and the utilization of residues from oil
making, Milliau, Bertainchaud, and Malet {Bui. Dir. Agr. et Com. ITunin'], 5
{1900), Xo. 14, pp. 21-63, figs. 7). — The report contains statistics of the amount of oil
produced in Tunis, its value, methods of manufacture, analyses of different samples
of oil, and composition and value of oil residues for feeding and for fertilizers.
Cider vinegar: Its solids and ash, R. E. Doolittle and W. H. Hess {Jour.
Amer. Chem. Soc, •J-2 {1900), No. 6, pp. 218-220). — The authors report upon adulter-
ated vinegars offered for sale which contain the normal amount of solids aiid ash.
The results of investigation into their character showed that in one case the vinegar
was composed of dilute acetic acid, glucose, and soda ash, and in another of acetic
acid, boiled cider, and lime.
Baking powders, H. K. Miller {Florida Sta. Bui. 52, pp. 131-143). — Baking
powders of different classes are described and an examination of a number of sam-
ples of baking powder purchased in Flf)rida reported.
Considering the poisonous properties of respired air, E. Formanek {Arch.
Hijy., 3S {1900), No. 1, pp. 1-66, fig. 1). — An extended review of previous work on
this subject is given together with the results of a number of experiments. The
principal deductions follow: In addition to carbon dioxid and water, the respired
air from the lungs of man and animals contains no poisonous substance, with the
exception of occasionally a little ammonia. This, however, is not a metabolic
product, but a product of decomposition in the mouth, especially when the teeth are
decayed or in the case of certain diseases. The presence of ammonia is sufficient to
account for the poisonous properties which other investigators have found in respired
air. The bad effects experienced in overcrowded rooms are discussed at some
length. They are not regarded as due to any single cause.
The influence of certain alcohols, E. Laborde {Jour. Pharm. et Chem., 6. ser.,
10 {1899), pp. 484-4S8; PuhUr Health, 12 {1900), No. 12, p. 885) A definite
quantity of coagulated egg albumen was digested with acid pepsin or alkaline trypsin
in the presence of 50 cc. of 20 and 5 per cent solutions of different alcohols, control
experiments being made with water. It was found that isobutyl alcohol, glycerole,
and malic acid, when present in small quantity, favored digestion with pepsin, and
that methyl alcohol had a slightly accelerating influence. But digestion was mark-
edly retarded by ethyl and propyl alcohol, lactic and tartaric acid, manitol, and
glucose. When trypsin was the ferment used methyl and isobutyl alcohols, glyce-
role, and glucose increased digestion, and ethyl and propyl alcohol, lactic, malic and
tartaric acids, and manitol diminished it.
The quantitative effect of pepsin, J. ScHtJTz {Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 30 {1900),
No. 1-2, pp. 1-1 4)- — Experiments are described which have to do with the quantita-
tive results obtained in artificial digestion by means of pepsin.
Concerning certain quantitative relations in pepsin digestion, Huppert
{Arcli. Physiol. [Pfiilger'], 80 {1900), No. 8-10, pp. .^70-5;,^e).— Investigations carried on
by the author and E. Schiitz are reported.
On the occurrence of proteolytic and amylolytic ferments in the contents
of the human colon, J. C. Hemmeter {Arch. Physiol. [Pfiiiger], 81 {1900), No. 4-5,
pp. 151-166). — An experimental study of the ferments which are found in feces.
Normal feces yielded an extract which digested dried pulverized blood fibrin and egg
albumin in alkaline or neutral solution, while but little if any reaction took place in
an acid solution. The amylolytic ferment found in the feces was active in an alkaline
solution but not in an acid solution.
Concerning the organic phosphorus in feces from woman's milk and cow^s'
milk, P. MtJLLER {Zt.fchr. Biol., 39 {1900), Nj. 3, jip. 451-481). — Experiments are
reported with children fed mother's milk and cows' milk, with a dyspeptic
child fed cows' milk, with adult men consuming milk, with adult men consuming
478 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
beans, Avith nursing calves, and with a fasting dog. Special attention was paid to
studying the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus in feces. The author believes his
experiments show that no more material rich in phosphorus is retained in the intes-
tinal tract of normal nursing children when cows' milk is consumed than when
woman's milk is consumed. Further, that the casein phosphorus is as well assimi-
lated ])y adults on a mf)derate milk diet as l^y infants.
Cattle foods — miscellaneous analyses, H. H. Nicholson {Nflrntska ,Stit. Rpt.
1899, pp. SS, 39). — Analyses of oat hay, corn fodder, old-process oil meal, potatoes,
hog millet, dried peas, squaw corn, corn, wheat, rye, and corn gern).
Cotton seed, W. C. Mackenzie {Jour. Khedir. Ayr. Soc, i^ {1900), No. 1, pp.
7-11].- — A num])er of analyses of Egyptian cotton seed are reported and cotton seed
in general discusHed.
Ijinseed cake v. cotton cake, Patterson {Farmers' Oaz., 59 {1900), p. 370). —
A brief account is given of a comparison made with steers of cotton-seed cake and
linseed cake with and without maize meal. Swedish turnips, hay and straw were
fed in addition to the other feeding stuffs.
Dangers attending the use of grain as feed for stock, il. I^ellekin {Jour.
Agr. Prat., 1900, I, No. 23, pp. 816-818). — A general discussion.
The assimilation of iron, E. Abderhalden {Ztsclir. Biol., 39 {1900), No. 2, pp.
193-270). — Experiments with rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, cats, and dogs are described.
Concerning the nutritive value of the heteroalbumoses of fibrin and the
proteoalbumoses of casein, L. Blum {Ztxrlir. Plnjsiol. ('lion., 30 {1900), No. 1-2, pp.
15-44)- — The author describes a number of experiments with dogs. Final deduc-
tions are not drawn. In the author's opinion further investigations will show that
the products of digestion of the proteid molecule vary considerably, as his experi-
ments indicate that certain albumoses (the prott^oalbumoses of casein) are well suited
to replace albumin, wliile others (the heteroalbumoses of tibriii) are less suited.
The development of the energy of motion of for'ward progression in a
horse, P. Le Hello {Rev. Sei. Parw, 4. .ser., 13 {1900), No. I4, pp. 417-4^1, figs. 8).
Work of the breeders in improving live stock, J. Clay, .)r. ( T. S. Dept. Agr.
Yearbook 1899, pp. 627-642).' — A general article giving historical and statistical data.
The principles of sheep breeding, J. S. H. Schmidt {Queensland Agr. Jour., 4
{1899), No. 6, pp. 432-440; 5 (1899), Nns. 1, pp. 15-26; 3,2)p. 270-275; 4,pp. 356-361;
5, pp. 443-452; 6 {1900), Nos. 1, pp. 5-8; 2, pp. 86-88; 3, pp. 172-176).— A general
discussion of sheep and sheep management.
Economic value of goats {.Tour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 4 {1900), No. 7,j)p. 443-450). —
The advantages of goat keeping are pointed out and the subject discussed in a general
way.
Pigs and their management ( (laeenslund Ayr. Jour. , 5 {1899), No. >!, pp. 537-546;
6 ( 1900), Nos. l,pp. 12-17; 2, pp. 93-100; 3, pp. 190-196; 4, pp. 267-276; 5, pp. 356-360).—
An illustrated general article, summarizing some of the principal experiments on the
suVjject.
Pig feeding experiments ■with OhlendorfiF's meat meal, Lilienthal {Deut.
Landu: Prcsse, 27 {1900], Nos. 40, pp. 510,511; 4^, pp- 519, 520). — From experiments
reported in detail the conclusion is drawn that this meat meal can be profitably fed
with proper precautions to young and growing pigs.
Queensland Agricultural College. Experimental pig feeding, J. Mahon
{Quiciislmu] Ayr. Jour., o' {190(J), No. 5, jiji. 365-368, pi. 1). — A comparison of boiled
mangels and swill with boiled mangels and barley as a food for pigs showed that
much better results were o])tained with the former, the gain being 1.65 lbs. per head
per day as compared with 0.06 lb. From a iinancial standpoint the addition of the
barley was judged to be profitable.
Note on Bunsen's ice calorimeter, .1. W. ]\Iellor {Jour. I'liyx. C^hrm., .} (1900),
No. 2, pp. 135, 136, Jiy. 1).
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 479
DAIRY FARMING -DAIEYING.
Investigation in milk production, T. L. Haecker {Minnesota Sfa.
Bui. 67., pp. oSS-blG^ 550-556, fidjH. 30, d(jms. 3). — This is a detailed
report of dairy work covering a period of 3 years, 1894-1896.
System of l-eeplmj dairy records (pp. 334-340). — Illustrations from
the milk and feeding records of the dairy herd are given and briefly
discussed.
Herd record for 1891^ (pp. 340-355).— The herd included 26 cows, 10
of which remained during the year. A full account is given of the
management and record of the herd. Tables show the nutrients in the
rations fed, the milk and fat produced, amount and cost of food con-
sumed, etc. The 10 cows produced during the year on an average
4,909.7 lbs. of milk, containing 232.8 lbs. of fat, at a cost for food of
$29. 72. The corresponding averages for 1893 were 6,407. 7 lbs. of milk,
306.9 lbs. of fat, and $37.82, cost of food.
Ooiiiparing wheat with harley and corn (pp. 356-365). ^-A ration con-
taining 7 lbs. of wheat was compared with a ration containing 4 lbs. of
barley and 3 lbs. of corn. In addition each ration contained the same
quantities of bran, oil meal, timothy hay, and roots. The test was
made with 12 cows, divided into 2 equal lots, and covered 4 periods of
2 weeks each. The rations were changed during alternate periods.
The production of milk and butter fat was practically the same on the
two rations. Slightly more digestible protein was required for the
production of butter fat when the wheat ration was fed. The results
are considered as showing no practical difference in the feeding value
of ground wheat and ground barley and corn.
Convpa/ring prairie hay with tiinothy (pp. 366-379). — Prairie hay and
timothy hay were compared in rations containing grain and silage
in addition. The test included 12 cows and lasted 8 weeks. The cows
produced more milk but less butter fat on timothy hay than on prairie
hay. AVhen prairie hay was fed more dry matter was required for
the production of milk and less dry matter for the production of butter
fat than when timothy hay was fed. The general conclusion is drawn
that the two kinds of hay have equal feeding value. The cost of pro-
duction of 1 lb. of butter fat was 13.3 cts. on timothy hay and 11.5 cts.
on prairie hay.
Herd record for 1895 (pp. 380—415). — A .description is given of each
of the 13 cows remaining in the herd during the year, together with
a detailed account of the feeding and care of the herd. Results for
the year ai'e tabulated and discussed. The average production per
cow was 7,418.6 lbs. of milk, containing 302.3 lbs. of fat. The average
cost of food was 128.47.
Eight cows of the herd were divided into 2 groups according to type.
Group 1 contained cows spare and angular in conformation and having
480 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
deep bodies through the middle, and group 2 cow.s having a tendency
to lay on flesh. The average production of the 4 cows in group 1 was
8,288.1 lbs. of milk and 445.97 lbs, of butter, and of the 4 cows in
group 2, 6,817.6 lbs. of milk and 303.01 lbs. of butter. The cost of
food was respectively 130.82 and $28.21.
The herd was increased during the winter of 1895-96, and a record
of each cow from the begiiniing of lactation in the fall until tlie herd
was turned out to pasture in the spring was compiled separately.
Sixteen of the cows were divided into the 2 groups noted above.
The cows in group 1 produced on the average 90.14 lbs. more butter
than the cows in group 2 and at an average cost of 1.95 cts. less per
pound.
Record of cows durim/ 2^eTiod of lactation (pp. 416-440). — An indi-
vidual record is given of 15 cows during a period of lactation. The
average production of milk per cow was 7,227 lbs., and of butter 335
lbs. Variations in the amount and cost of butter production of indi-
vidual cows are noted. A summary of the records of 12 cows classified
according to the types mentioned showed an average production for
group 1 of 6,720 lbs. of milk and 446 lbs. of butter, and for group 2 of
5,077 lbs. of milk and 229 lbs. of butter, the net return in the 2 cases
being respectivel}' $38.11 and $10.37.
Herdrecord for 1896 {^^. 441-457). — The herd contained 13 cows.
The results for the year are summarized in tables. The average yield
of milk was 7,454 lbs., containing 299.39 lbs. of fat and costing $22.12
for feed. The herd was again divided according to type. The cows
in group 1 gave an average yield of 8,580.3 lbs. of milk and 460.02
lbs. of butter, and the cows in group 2 6,248.9 lbs. of milk and 270.86
lbs. of butter. The cost of food in the two cases was respectively
$23.35 and $22.11. In discussing results the author says:
"Five years of careful investigation in regard to the cost of production of butter
between cows spare and angular in form, and cows carrying considerable superfluous
tissue and having an inherited or acquired disposition to convert feed into flesh,
show that in every instance the cow that carried the least flesh charged the least for
butter, and just in so much as one cow was a little smoother and plumper than the
other would her butter product cost more than that of the other."
The records also indicate that cows of the spare and angular type
remain in good service for a very much longer period than cows having
a tendenc}^ to lay on flesh.
Yariation hi productive capacity of dairy cows and cost of jy^odiic-
tion (pp. 458-481). — The author reviews work previously reported
(E. S. K., 6, p. 925) and discusses at greater length the records of the
herd noted above, especially as regards cost of milk and butter pro-
duction, variation in the production of cows of diflerent types, varia-
tion in the amount of dry matter required for the production of butter
fat, amount of dry matter required for food of maintenance, and
testing dair}' cows.
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.
481
"The records show that under the systeiu (if feeding it required from 8 to 9.G lb«.
of dry matter over and above that calculated for food of maintenance to produce a
pound of l)utter by cows under normal conditions, Vjut this might be materially
reduced if the ration ccmtained more grain and less roughage and the nutrients were
adjusted to the exact requirements of the cow."
Comparing the cost of hutter and meat lyroduction (pp. 482-495). —An
account is given of an experiment conducted with 4 steers and 4 cows
during the winter of 1896-97 to compare the cost of butter and meat
production. The test covered 2 periods of 5 weeks each. The results
are discussed at some length and summarized as follows:
" (1) With 100 lbs. of grain and an equal amount of hay and roots 4 steers made a
gain of 24.19 lbs., and 4 cows with the same amount and kind of feed produced
12.04 lbs. of butter.
" (2) The 4 steers consumed feed valued at $8.51, gained 424 lbs., being an average
daily gain of 2.52 lbs., costing 2 cts. per pound and returning a ])Ound gain for 8.2 lbs.
of dry matter consumed.
" (3) The 4 cows consmned feed valued at $11.84, yielded 255.42 11 is. butter fat,
being a butter equivalent of 297.99 lbs. at a cost for feed of 3.97 cts. ])er pound, pro-
ducing a pound of butter to 16.28 lbs. of dry matter consumed.
" (4) Type has not so much significance with a steer as it has with a dairy cow for
the reason that a steer not of good type may be a large feeder and a good digester and
convert all the food taken over his needs for maintenance into gain, while a cow not
of the dairy type has the alternative of converting food either into milk or gain, and
she may choose the latter at a time when the owner wants only the former.
"(5) Any sudden change in feeding or handling may cause a loss in weight or
shrinkage in yield of milk and butter fat."
Variation injioin and 2Jerce7itage of fat in mill' (pp. 496-516). — Tables
show the daily and weekly variations in the yield and fat content of the
milk of one cow during the first 4 weeks of lactation. Results for 4
years are summarized as regards the efi^ect on the yield and fat content
of milk due to changing from dry feed to pasture. The following
table gives the data for the dairy herd for 4 years during the 8 weeks
preceding and the 8 weeks following a change from stable to pasture,
the 8 weeks in each case being divided into 4 equal periods:
Average record of dairy herd for 4 years before and after turning out to 'pasture.
Total
yield of
milk.
.\verage
fat con-
tent of
milk.
Total
yield of
fat.
On dry feed:
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
On pasture:
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
Pounds.
14,463.4
14,047.7
13, 692. 9
13, 669. 0
14. 635. 2
1.5,219.4
14. 710. 3
13, 524. 5
Per cent.
4.11
4.23
4.29
4.15
4.27
4.06
3.96
4.11
Pounds.
594. 80
594. (iO
587. 63
566. 77
624.64
618. 62
583.20
555. 26
Dairy value of pea-vine silage compared v^ith that of June pas-
ture, A. T. Neale {Vdairarr Sta. UkI. .^6', j/p. 9-lS). — During the
482
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
winter 9 head of young cattle were fed a ration averaging 25 lbs. of
pea-vine silage and 6 lbs. of hay. at an average daily cost of 3.5 cts.
per head. The animals improved rapidly, showing that the ration was
suitable for growing stock.
Three cows were fed during the winter a ration containing 50 lbs. of
pea- vine silage and a grain mixture of corn meal and cotton-seed nleal.
The nutritive ratio was 1:4.75. There were no striking variations in
the results. During one week in May green rye was substituted for the
silage. The cows were then turned out to pasture, the grain ration
remaining the same. "The change from silage to pasture indicated a
possible gain of one-half pound of butter per cow per week." Owing,
however, to the higher price of butter earlier in the season there was
a net gain of 32 cts. per week from the 3 cows in favor of silage. The
relative cost of silage and pasturage is considered, showing an excess
against silage of $2.91 per acre.
On the influence of heredity on the quality of co-ws' milk, G.
Cederiiolm {Landtmanneii^ 11 {1900)^ y<>. 10^ pjj. 157-161). — The
author has accumulated evidence bearing on the question of the influ-
ence of heredity on the quality of a cow's milk, during systematic tests
of the large dairy station herd of cows at Aalberga, Sweden, for a
period of 5 years. Appreciating that the system of feeding, time of
calving and of lactation, age of cows, and other factors may render
uncertain comparisons of the average quality of the milk of different
generations, the variations in fat content possibl}^ due to these factors
were first ascertained in studying the results of these tests. The sys-
tem of feeding practiced and the method of handling the cows were as
uniform as possible throughout the year, but marked differences were
nevertheless found in the milk produced by the whole herd during the
different months of the year. The following table shows the average
qualit}^ of the herd milk during each month, and also the average
percentage of fat in the milk of cows that calved in the different months:
Average fat content of milk of cows calving in different months.
Month.
Herd milk.
Milk of cows
calving in
different
months.
.Tanuary
Per cent.
3.62
3.54
3.53
3.45
3.37
3.27
3.40
3.61
3.57
3.56
3.70
3.66
Per cent.
3.48
Febnmrv
3.48
Marcli
3.45
April
3 40
Mav
3 42
.lune
3.41
,Iulv
3.50
August -__ _
3 40
ScpteinbiT
-
3 53
October
3.47
November
3.55
December _
3 48
.Vverage for year
3.43
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.
483
Since the number of cows calving was about the same during the
different months of the year, the changes found in the fat content of
the herd milk can not be due to inequality in numbers, and it is seen
that but slight variations occur in the average quality of the milk of
cows that drop their calves in different months of the year.
The milk of cows that milked longer than 11 months was found to
contain, on the average, between 8.6 and 3.8 per cent of fat.
No decided effect of age on the quality of milk was found, there
being an extreme difference of less than 0.1 percent in the average
fat content of milk from cows from 3 to 13 years old; data for about
60 cows were included in each of the groups for the different years.
The author concludes that the data obtained furnish evidence as to
the influence of heredity on the quality of the milk. Tables are given
showing the average fat content of the milk of dams and their daugh-
ters for each of 5 sires used, a summary of which follows:
Increase or decrease in the average fat content of cows' milk as compared with that of their
dams' milk.
Ossian 530.
Bill 717.
McDonald 628.
Dash 2d 660.
Dash 517.
Fat content of
dams' milk.
a
7.
o
a
6
0)
ft
a
o
0
6
i
o
0)
ft
0)
3
2;
i
O
o
ft
1
a
3
I— t
ft
i
12;
o
PI
i
2
o
ft
2.81-3.0
1
1
1
1.15
.94
.75
3. 01-3. 1
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
0.50
.18
.32
.16
".'61'
.25
3.11-3.2
'6:i6'
5
5
1
7
4
2
1
0.37
.32
.67
.29
.06
.01
2
2
0.40
.19
2
0.30
3.21-3.3
3.31-3.4
3.41-3.5
'6.'26'
1
4
1
.05
1
.34
3.51-3.6
0.27
.06
1
1
1
.31
.37
.49
3.61-3.7
3.71-3.8
3.81-3.9
1
.27
3.91-4.0
1
.67
Average . . .
al6
.42
a26
.21
al2
.09
a5
.38
aA
.80
a Number of daughters included.
Three of the bulls caused a marked improvement in the quality of
the milk produced by their offspring, while in case of one bull
(McDonald 628) there was an improvement in 7 cases and a deteriora-
tion in 5 cases (on the average an increase of 0.09 per cent), and Dash
2d 660 in all cases had daughters that gave poorer milk than their
dams. This bull was out of a cow, GuUros 2d 551, that produced milk
of a poor quality, the average percentage of fat in her milk being
3.06. In general the greatest improvement was observed in case of
cows producing the poorest grades of milk. The data so far secured
on this point are not considered sufficient to permit of definite con-
clusions as to the relative influence of the ancestors of a cow on the
quality of milk produced by her, l)ut they show, at any rate, that the
bull exerts a decided influence for better or worse on the milk product
of his progeny. — f. w. woll.
484 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
G-alactase, K. v^on Frf.udenreich {Laixlir. Jahrh. Schweiz^ llf.
{1900), Xo. 2, pp. J^-n5; Ann. Af/r. Su!.s.^c, 1 {1000), Xo. S,pp. 77-81^).—
Experiments were conducted in duplication of some of the work
reported by Babcock and Russell (E. S. R., 10, p. 785). Skim milk to
which 10 to 20 per cent of ether had been added was kept at room
temperatures and also at 35 C. The soluble nitrogen in the milk at
different periods from 1 to 8 months was determined in one series of
experiments by the method employed bj^ Babcock and Russell (heating
with acetic acid) and in another series by the use of the Chamberland
filter. In each series the nitrogen was determined in the filtrate by
the Kjeldahl method. The results of the experiments confirm the
work referred to.
Bacterial growth of Tyrothrix tenuis in skim milk and also in bouil-
lon cultures was prevented b}^ the addition of 10 to 12 per cent of
ether. The addition of 20 per cent of ether to the milk as compared
with 10 per cent increased the swelling of the casein which was precip-
itated in a flaky gelatinous form, but did not increase the soluble
nitrogen. Milk heated to destroy the galactase and treated with ether
showed no increase in soluble nitrogen. The presence of O.B to 0.5 per
cent of lactic acid decreased markedly the action of the enz3mi. For-
malin lessened the action of galactase and to a less extent that of jjep-
sin and pancreatin, which had been added to sterilized skim milk.
Dilution of the milk did not lessen the action of galactase. Heating
to 85° destroyed it. Sterilized skim milk to which 20 per cent of
ether had been added was inoculated with a few drops of an emulsion
of spores of Tyrothrix tenuis and incubated at 35° C. Another sample
was similarly treated, except that the bacterial culture was previously
heated to 100° C. to destroy the enzyms present. There was an increase
in the soluble nitrogen in the first case and none in the second, which
was considered as showing that bacteria and their spores may contain
proteolytic enzvms. Galactase would not pass through a porcelain
filter.
The author does not believe that galactase plays the principal r61e
in the ripening of cheese, especially Emmenthaler, but thinks that in
rendering the casein soluble it possil)ly prepares for and facilitates the
work of the bacteria which cause the ripening and produce the flavor.
Dairy development in the United States, H. E. Alvord ( U. S. Dept. Agr.
YearJxjok 1899, j>jt. oSl-'/OJ, ph. 8, Jigx. /;.-'). — This is an account of the development
and present status of dairying in the United States. The progress made in the dif-
ferent periods of the nineteenth century is described. The establishment, features,
and management of cheese and butter factories are considered. Notes are given on
the introduction of dairy cattle and efforts at herd improvement. The centrifugal
cream separator and the Babcock milk tester are described. The article closes with
statistical information on the number of cows and quantity and value of dairy
products.
Feeding dairy cows, T. L. li.vECKKK [Mimienula /^tu. Bal. 67, pp. 517-549). — This
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 485
is a reprint in a somewhat revised form (if an article pi'eviously noted (E. 8. R., 10,
p. 1095).
Feeding- for milk, J. Mahon {Querndavd Agr. Join:, 7 {1900) No. 1, pp. 24, ^f)) ■
On the influence of tlie lactation period on the productive capacity of cows,
F. W. WoLL {Breeders' Gaz., 38 {1900), No. 9, pp. 239-240; Hoard's Dairi/man,, 31
{1900), No. 31, pp. 626, 627). — Variations in the yield and quality of milk during
lactation are discussed and illustrations t^iven from the records of the Wisconsin
Station herd.
The quality of Scandinavian milk, R. H. Wallace {British Food Jour., 2 {1900),
iVo. 22,]jp. 276, 277). — A brief discussion concerning the average composition of milk
in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark.
Variation in lactic acid bacteria in relation to fermentative power, N. P.
ScHiEKBECK {Orers'. K. Dandr VIdnisk. Si-ld: Forliandl, 1900, No. 2, pp. 113-137).
Determination of the extent of milk adulteration, H. Hopt {Molk. Ztg., 14
{1900), No. 14, pp- ^^^1 '^^^)- — Directions are given for calculating the percentages of
skim milk and water added to milk as adulterants.
Acidity of milk and the action of rennet, T. Aupsberg {Molk. Ztg., 14 {1900),
No. IS, jyp. 293, 294). — Notes are given on the determination of the acidity of milk,
and 4 experiments are rejwrted in which rennet tests were made of milk of different
degrees of acidity. An increase in the acid content of milk of a low degree of acidity
lessened in a much greater proportion the time required for coagulation than the
same increase in the acid content of milk of a high degree of acidity.
Present views on the ripening of Cheddar cheese, J. McCreath {Dairy, 12
{1900), No. 142, pp. 281, 282).
Annual report of the experiment station for cheese making at Lodi, 1899
{Arm. R. Staz. Sper. Caseif. Lodi, 1900, pp. 110). — In addition to a general review of
the work of the station during the year, this contains reports on several lines of
investigation, includmg margarin in cheese, false "erborinatura" in Stracchino Gor-
gonzola cheese, method for determining the fat content of cream and calculating its
equivalent in butter, the manufacture of casein for industrial purposes, cooperative
dairying, white clover soils of Lombardy, and the deficiency of lime in meadow soils
of lower Lombardy.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE.
Remarks on the epidemiology and prophylaxis of malaria in
the light of recent researches, A. Celli {Briti.sh Med. Jour., 1900.,
No. Wlf.!^ pp. 301-306). — Man is the temporary host and the mosquito
is the definite host of the malarial parasite. The species of mosquitoes
which are capable of carrying the specific malarial parasites and of
affecting man belong to the genus Anopheles. In Ital}^ Anop>}ieles
clamgei\ A. hifurcatiis, A. supeipietui<, and A. pxetidopictus are injuri-
ous. It is improbable that species of Culex or other blood-sucking
insects carry the malarial organism. Anopheles lay their eggs in
slowly running or stagnant waters, where the larvte of the genus Culex
are seldom found. The larvte offer slight resistance to desiccation.
Freezing, especially if the ice be continuous, is unfavorable to the
immature forms, as is also continued putrefaction in the water. In
Italy mosquitoes begin to bite man about the second half of June and
continue to do so until hibernation. The species of Anopheles do not
486 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
make the humming sound which is characteristic of Culex, and are,
therefore, often present in rooms without being suspected.
The author discusses at some length the relationship of agriculture
to malaria, and states his belief that the plowing of new soil does not
contribute to the spread of malaria.
The fatal effect of green sorghum, R. S. Hiltner {Nehraska Sta.
Bui. 63, pp. 71-6%). — The use of sorghum as a forage plant in the
State is becoming more extensive, and with its increase in importance
for this purpose the number of deaths caused by feeding it increases.
During the past year 144 fatal cases in cattle were reported.
The work reported in the present bulletin was undertaken for the
purpose of determining, if possible, the nature and cause of these cases
of poisoning. Frequent reports are made of bloat caused b}" the use
of sorghum for forage. It has been supposed in some cases that the
cause of death from using sorghum was to be found in the presence of
parasitic fungi on the leaves of the plants. In a numl)er of instances
it has been believed b}^ stockmen that plants were maliciously poisoned
with strychnine, Paris green, or arsenic. Analyses made by the station
of plants thus suspected indicated no trace of any such poison. Another
suggestion made to explain poisoning ))y sorghum is that the plant
takes up an unusual quantity of potassium nitrate during certain sea-
sons or in certain localities. A number of samples analyzed indicated
only a trace of nitrates. The most commonly believed theory for the
explanation of poisoning by sorghum is that the plant under certain
conditions develops a poisonous principle. The chemical department
of the station undertook an investigation of this matter. In reports
from stockmen it was noted that the sj^mptoms were nearly uniform
in all parts of the State and that the poisoning was not confined to
animals of any particular age.
Samples of sorghum which had caused the death of cattle were
analyzed in a fresh green condition and also after drying. Aqueous
extracts were made and tested for chemical poisons, but none were
found. No chemical compound was discovered which could be con-
sidered poisonous. It is of importance to note in this connection that
the nitrogen content of the samples which were analyzed was not above
the average. The opinion is somewhat widespread that the second
growth of sorghum is more dangerous than the tirst growth. This
may have been the experience of stockmen in some localities, but when
all cases which have been re[)orted from different parts of the State
are considered it is found that the lirst growth is not alwa3's harmless
and the second growth is not always poisonous. The majority of cases
of poisoning i-eported were due to eating the second growth of sor-
ghum. It should l)e stated, however, that the tirst growth is not fed in
a green state to the same extent as the second growth, and this fact may
account for the more extensive poisoning from second-growth plants.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 487
The author concludes that the toxic effect of this plant which is
manifested at certain times is not due to a poisonous principle inherent
in the plant and is not peculiar to the second growth alone. The
problem is, therefore, still unsolved.
Report on cooperative experiments in the treatment of hog
cholera, A. T. Peters, C M. Day, and C. H. Walker {JV^ehrasJca
Sta. Rpt. 1899^ j)P- 64.-90). — The authors decided to test the value of
inoculations with attenuated virus in the treatment of hog cholera.
Twenty pigs weighing from 40 to 60 lbs. each were inoculated with
0.2 cc. of unattenuated virus, 2 pigs being inoculated each day. The
first inoculation was made when the virus was 3 days old. Of this lot
the first pig became sick 16 days after the inoculation, or 4 days after
the period of incubation, while the last pig to show signs of hog chol-
era was taken sick 22 days after the period of incubation. It is there-
fore apparent that the infection was not the result of the artificial
inoculation, but of hog-cholera germs present in the pens. Six pigs
were inoculated with virus made according to the method of Dr. Bil-
lings. Thirty-one days after the first inoculation it was thought safe
to inoculate a second time with 0.3 cc. of virus. The second inocula-
tion was made July 25 and on August 1 all the pigs refused food.
All of these pigs with but one exception ultimately died, and the
exposure experiments with this one demonstrated that it had become
immune to hog cholera.
The authors conducted experiments with virus prepared according
to the Pasteur method of making blackleg virus. In general the
spleen was selected as the organ from which the virus was prepared.
May 3, 3 pigs were inoculated with this virus. One pig showed mild
S3'mptoms of hog cholera May 23 which continued to the 29th, when
recovery apparently took place. May 31 these pigs were fed upon the
viscera of a pig that had died of hog cholera. The inoculated pigs did
not contract the hog cholera, while the check pigs all died of the disease.
Experiments were conducted in inoculating pigs with a mixture of
antitoxic serum and virulent culture. The injection had no perceptible
effect upon the pigs thus treated, and after 42 days they were exposed
to hog cholera in a badly infected pen. All the pigs took sick within
the period of incubation, thus showing that this method does not
increase their resistance to the disease. Experiments with the Lorenz
method gave entirel}' negative results. A modification of the Lorenz
method was tried in which the pigs were first inoculated with virulent
culture and later with a dose of serum. The pigs thus treated did not
contract the disease until 28 days after receiving the inoculation.
These pigs resisted infection 21 days longer than the pigs treated by
the ordinary Lorenz method.
In experiments conducted for the purpose of determining the value
of gradually increasing doses of antitoxic serum in the treatment of
488 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
hog cholera. 10 pigs were inoculated in this manner and after exposure
to the disease did not become sick until after the period of incubation,
and 1 animal showed complete immunity.
During the experiments conducted at the station it was noted that
all etiorts to secure perfect disinfection of pens were unsuccessful. A
direct experiment was tried for the purpose of testing the disinfection
of the pens. A pen which had been used for inoculating purposes
was selected for this purpose. All refuse was swept up and burned
and the floors were thoroughly soaked and washed in a strong solution
of zenoleum, the walls and partitions being treated in like manner.
The floor was removed and all refuse found ])elow the floor was collected
and burned. The floor was then covered with a thick coating of air-
slaked lime. Two healthy pigs were placed in this pen July 30. Both
of these pigs contracted the disease and died. Experiments conducted
by the station with powdered virus indicated that this method is very
efficacious if carried out under the best conditions. Such conditions,
however, can not be found in old pens in which diseased hogs have
been confined. The best conditions for conducting such experiments
are to be found on the farm, in new pens, or on uninfected ground.
A note on serum diagnosis of glanders, Bourges and Mery
{Arch. Med. Exper. et Anat. Path., Paris, 1. ser., 12 {1900), JVo. 2,
pp. 182-188). — The experiments of the authors on this subject included
a studj^ of the reactions of glanderous serum in horses which were not
affected with glanders, in glanderous horses which exiiibited clinical
symptoms of the disease, and in horses which reacted to the mallein
test but showed no clinical symptoms.
The general conclusions of these experiments may be stated as fol-
lows: If the blood of a horse agglutinates the glanders bacillus when
diluted to the extent of 1 to 300 parts or more, the presumption is that
the horse is glanderous. Agglutination in cases of less dilution does
not necessarily imply the presence of glanders in the horse.
Some examples of the development of knowledge concerning animal
diseases, D. E. Salmon ( JJ. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1899, pp. 93-134) ■ — The author
presents a brief historical account of the study of glanders, cowpox, horse pox,
contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle, anthrax, blackleg, and Texas fever.
Administrative work of the Federal Government in relation to the animal
industry, (i. F. Thompson ( f/. S. Dept. Agr. yearbook 1899, pp. 441-464). — An his-
torical account is given of the quarantine and administrative work of this Depart-
ment in combating contagious pleuro-pneumonia, Texas fever, sheep scab, hog
cholera, blackleg, bovine tuberculosis, in the inspection of animals intended for
slaughter, and in thi; inspection of meat.
Diseases of animals {Rpt. Provincial Bd. Health Ontario, 1899, ))p. 33,34). —
Brief reports are given on cases of canine rabies, anthrax, and blackleg.
Report of the animal pathologist, A. T. Peters {Nebraska Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 25-
28). — Tlie division of animal pathology has devoted attention to hog cholera, black-
leg, calf cholera, ergotism, keratitis, cattle itch, foot disease, lumpy jaw, tuberculosis,
and glanders.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 489
Prophylaxis of infectious diseases of animals, Nocard (Ulng. Agr. Gem-
hloux, 10 {1900), No. 11, pp. 657-676) .—The author diseusse.s in a general way methods
of producing immunity by means of the inoculation of pure or attenuated virus and
by serum therapy.
Phagocytosis and the blood-destroying- leucocytes, C. Rouget ( Cornpt. Rend.
Soc. Biol. Paris, 52 {1900), No. 13, pp. .'y07-.i05).— A controversial article on the prob-
lem of the nutrition of leucocytes. The author believes that the phagocytes derive
nourishment preferably from dead material.
The structure of bacteria, Feinberg {Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Aht., 27 {1900),
No. 12-13, pp. 417-426, pis. 5) . — The author made a study of a number of bacteria,
among which may be mentioned the anthrax bacillus and the tubercle bacillus. It
was found that in all cases a double stain could be used successfully on these organisms.
As these stains were such as are usually employed in differentiating nuclear and pro-
toplasmic substances in ordinary cells, it is concluded that bacteria possess a similar
differentiation of the cell body.
Adaptation of pathogenic bacteria to different species of animals, T. Smith
{Sep. Philadelphia Med. Jour., 1900, May 5, pp. 12). — In this paper the author classi-
fies infectious diseases into 4 groups: Diseases common to man and animals and
transmissible from one to the other; diseases common to man and animals but
not transmissible; diseases transmitted from animals to man but usually not from
man to man; and symbiotic relations, requiring 2 hosts for the life cycle.
The elimination of bacteria by means of the kidneys and liver, Metin
{Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 14 {1900), No. 6, pp. 415-419). — The organisms which were used
in these experiments included Bacillus snbtilis, Sfaplu/loccocus aureus, B. anthracis,
and B. prodigiosus. Great difKculty was experienced in devising a method for draw-
ing the urine directly from the bladder without allowing any blood to become mixed
with it. The method adopted by the author consisted in exposing the bladder by
laparotomy, cauterizing a small area of the wall of the bladder, and withdrawing the
urine by means of a fine-pointed needle. The experimental animals were rabbits
and guinea pigs. From a series of such experiments the author concludes that the
kidneys and liver are impermeable to bacteria introduced into the organism by either
intravenous or hypodermic methods. In cases where colonies of the micro-organism
which were injected into the experimental animal developed in test tubes this micro-
organism has become mixed with the bile or urine by means of a mechanical injury
to the surrounding tissues produced in securing this substance for examination.
The rapidity of growth of the tubercle bacilli, P. Romer {Centbl. Bakt. u. Par.,
1. Aht., 27 {1900), No. 20-21, pp. 705-^709).— The author found during experiments in
cultivating tubercle bacilli on different media that the most rapid growth was i)ro-
duced in a culture media in which the tubercle bacillus became covered with a slimy
film.
The grovrth of the tubercle bacillus on acid brain culture media, M. Ficker
{ ('entbt. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Aht., 27 {1900), Nos. 14-15, pp. 504-511; 16-17, pp. .591-597).—
During extensive investigations carried out by the author it was found that the
tubercle bacillus made a more vigorous growth on acid culture media prepared from
sputum, jiotatoes, blood serum, and various organs of the human and animal body
than upon neutral or alkaline culture media prepared from the same substances. On
acid brain culture media, consisting of agar or serum and brain substance, the tubercle
bacillus seemed to find especially favorable conditions for ra]Md and intense growth.
The influence of the organism of cold-blooded animals on the bacillus of
human tuberculosis, V. Sion {Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Aht., 27 {1900), No. 20-21,
jtp. 710-720). — The author's experiments indicated clearly that the tubercle bacillus
does not produce any of the characteristic lesions of tuberculosis in frogs. The
bacillus does not become generally distributed through the body of these animals.
The author maintains that the tubercle bacillus does not undergo any changes in
490 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
fomi or character while hving for a considerable time in the body of frogs. It was
impossible to note any such changes in the bacillus after remaining from 6 to 9
months in the organism of the frog. The pathological properties of the tubercle
bacillus were not modified by this long sojourn in the frog. Experiments showed
that bacilli which had remained 6 months in the peritoneal cavity of the frog caused
death from generalized tuberculosis in the guinea pig at the usual time after inocu-
lation.
Generalized tuberculosis in the horse, J. M. Kxipscheer {Tijdschr. ]'reartsenijk
en Veeti-i'Jt, ,.'7 (1000), Xo. J, pp. lGJ-167) . — A discussion of clinical symptoms and
poM-ini>iltiii lindinirs.
The susceptibility of the ass to tuberculosis, V. (taltier {Jour. Med. Yet. et
Zootech., 5. ser., 4 {1900), pp. 17-8^, ficjif. 2). — It has long been known that the ass
possesses a high resisting power to tuberculosis. During experiments which were
conducted by the author it was found that of 11 asses which were inoculated in the
jugular vein with tubercle bacillus all became infected, and 8 died. The other 3
recovered. The author concludes that, although the ass is very resistant to this dis-
ease, it may become infected naturally or experimentally.
The diagnostic and therapeutic significance of tubercle bacilli and other
bacteria in sputum, L. Brieger {Berlin. Klin. Wchn.^chr., 37 {1900), No. IS, pp.
272—274). — Notes on the frequency of tubercle bacilli in the sputum of tuberculous
patients.
Tuberculins and their use, E. A. de Schwei.vitz {Jour. Ainer. Med. Assoc, 34
{1900), Xo. 15, ]jp. 898-900) . — The author describes the difference in the methods of
production and the nature of the old and new tuberculins. It is stated that the
prospect of using the products of the tubercle bacillus freed from necrotic princii)les
for the treatment of incipient tuberculosis is somewhat encouraging.
Tuberculin, and the early diagnosis of tuberculosis, B. FrXxkel {Berlin.
Klin. Wclinschr., 37 {1900), No. 12, pp. 255-258) . — A discussion of the value of tuber-
culin in the practice of human medicine.
Morphological changes in anthrax bacillus during its dissolution by
pyocyanase, R. Emmerich and Saida {Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Ahi., 27 {1900), No.
22-23, pp. 776-787, pi. 1). — The authors experimented with a proteolytic enzym
obtained from Bacillus jyyocyaneus. A study was made oi the effect of this enzym
upon a number of pathogenic bacteria, but the anthrax bacillus was finally selected
as being the niost favorable for this study. From inoculation experiments the
authors believe it was demonstrated in the case of anthrax that a cure or artificial
immunity is brought about by the dissolution t)f the specific bacteria by means of
l)ai'teriolytic enzyms. It has generally been Ijelieved that these enzyms exist only
in the animal body. The authors were able, however, to produce the substances
artificially.
A method of curing anthrax in horses, M. L. Yudin {Arch. Vet. Nauk.,30
{1900), No. 6, III, pp. 106-110) . — The author gives a description of a method of curing
anthrax in horses which was adopted in the Russian fifth army corps in 1830. Good
success is reported from the application of this method.
New experiments in vaccinating reindeers, N. I. Ekkert {Arch. Vet. Nauk., 30
{1900), No. 4, J I, i>i>. 145-194). — The author conducted an extensive series of exper-
iments in innnunizing reindeer against anthrax. As a result of these experiments,
it is concluded that it is po.ssible to confer immunity against anthrax upon reindeer
by means of vaccination. In the extensive tundra regions of the government of
Archangel a method for i)roducing immunity is recjuired which can be applied on a
large scale and in a raj)iil manner. The veterinary department is engaged in solving
the jiroblems presented l)y these peculiar conditions.
Malignant catarrhal fever of cattle, O. Oppexheim {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr.,
1900, No. 8, pp. 87, 88) . — From a careful study of a number of cases of this disease
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND 1>RACTICE. 491
the author })elieves that many supposed cases of cerebral inflammation are identical
Tvith catarrlial fever.
Methods of fighting' contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle, M. G. Tarta-
KOVSKY and E. P. Dziiunkovski {Arch. Vet. Nauk, 30 {1900), No. 5, II, j)p. 213-232).—
A report of experiments with vaccine, methods for the treatment and prevention of
this disease, together with a study of the micro-organism.
Tick heart -water experiments, C. P. Lounsbury {A(jr. .lour. Cape Good Hope, 16
{1.900), No. 11, pp. 6S3-6S7). — The author conducted experiments for the purpose of
determining the means by which heart water is communicated from one animal to
another. The results obtained from these experiments indicate that the transmission
of the disease is l:»rought about by the agency of the bont tick {Amblyomma hebncum).
The evidence obtained witii regard to Rhrpicephahu^ erertsi was not conclusive.
The plague, P. Rubay {Ann. Med. Vet., 49 {1900), No. 2, pp. 81-87] .—A discussion
of the antipest-serum treatment, of the relative degree of immunity possessed by dif-
ferent organisms toward this disease, and on the agency of various animals as carriers
of the plague.
Tag-sore in Algeria, Nocard {Rec. Med. Vet., Paris, 8. ser., 7 {1900), No. 4, pp.
86-90). — The author calls attention to the fact that this disease is apparently always
present in Algeria, and believes that this is partly due to the fact that the disease
assumes an unusually mild form in Algeria.
Enzootic occurrence of cancer in animals, R. Behla {Berlin. Tierdrztl. WcJins-
chr., 1900, No. 10, pp. 109-113). — The author gives a statistical account of the increas-
ing prevalence of cancer in different countries. Attention is called to the many
unsolved problems in connection with the etiology of malignant tumors in animals
and man and to the importance of solving these problems as soon as jjossible.
Hog-cholera remedies, H. H. Nicholson {Nebraska Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 43-io) . —
Analyses are reported of a number of worthless patent remedies which have been pro-
posed for the cure of hog cholera.
A case of chronic glanders in man, R. von Barazc {Arch. Path. Anat. u. Physiol.
\_Virchoiv'], 159 {1900), No. 3, pp. 491-520, pi. 1). — A bacteriological and pathological
examination of a chronic case of glanders in man, together with a discussion of the
literature of the subject and a bibliography.
The recurrence of glanders, Leblanc {Rec. Med. Vet. Paris, 8. ser., 7 {1900), No.
4, pp. 80-83). — This article contains observations on the recurrence of glanders after
apparent recovery or after mallein injections have failed to produce reaction. The
author believes that mallein, although a very reliable agent for detecting glanders,
is not infallible, since many cases have been observed where glanders has developed
in horses after they had ceased to react to the mallein test.
The resistance of rabies virus to putrefaction, S. von Ratz ( Centbl. Bakt. u.
Par., 1. AlA., 27 {1900), No. 24, pp. 825-827). — The author's experiments consisted
in the production of acute cases of rabies in experimental animals and the inocula-
tion of other animals with material taken from the brain of the first series of animals
at periods of different lengths after death. The results indicate that rabies virus
resists the action of putrefaction for a long time, but that its virulence is gradually
modified.
The influence of injections of normal nerve substance on canine rabies
and rabies toxine, V. Babes {Cmtbl. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Abt., 27 {1900), No. 16-17,
pp. 464-468). — During the author's experiments on this subject it was found that
injections of normal nerve substance had the effect of curing a large percentage of
dogs which had been inoculated with attenuated rabies virus. A similar treatment
was found to V)e beneficial to epileptic and melancholy people. It was shown,
however, that although the development of rallies in dogs could be prevented by
injections of normal nerve substance, this treatment did not confer immunity upon
the dogs.
11989— No. 5 7
492 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Poultry pests (Affr. Gaz. New South Wales, 11 {1900), No. 3, pp. 2 13-220) .—EnQi
notes on the gapewonn, Hetemkis papiilom, H. hifle.ra, diphtiieritic roup, and a
number of fleas, lice, and mites which infest poultry.
Favus in poultry, F. V. Theobald {Jour. Bd. Agr. [Loudon], 7 {1900), No. 1,
pp. 17-19). — A brief account of the etiology, symptoms, and treatment of this disease.
An infectious disease of ostriches, Makx {Ceiithl. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Abt., 27
■ {1900), No. 24, pp. SJ..'-824). — The author gives the details of the appearance of a
bacterial organism found in the blood of ostriches suffering from an apparently new
infectious disease. Experiments with this organism showed that it was not espe-
cially virulent for pigeons, but that small birds and mice were very susceptible to its
action. Small birds contracted the disease when fed pure cultures of the micro-
organism.
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING.
Irrigation and the associations syndicales, A. Chavard {Ann.
Agr'on.^ 26 {1900), JTo. 7, pjj. o32-3Jf.Ii). — This paper discusses the
importance of irrigation, especially in the south of France, and recom-
mends that the construction of reservoirs and canals and the division
and distribution of water be placed in the hands of the agricultural
syndicates which are organized in ditierent parts of France mainly for
the purpose of the cooperative purchase of fertilizers, seeds, agricul-
tural implements, and occasionally for insurance against losses from
hail and from the death of stock. An instance of such management,
which has been attended with highly satisfactory results, is cited in
detail.
Observations on Chavard's paper, P. P. Deherain {Ann. Agron.,
26 {1900) y jVo. 7, 2^P' 3Ji,Ji,-3If.7). — In this note attention is called to the
fact that France already has 22 large irrigation canals, many of which
are very old, constructed at great cost and requiring 1,200,000 francs
annualh' for their maintenance. These canals are capable of irrigating
254,641 hectares, but of this irrigable area only 51,122 hectares is
actually irrigated. In other words, only one-fifth of the water sup-
plied by the canals is used. While admitting, therefore, the impor-
tance of increased provision for irrigation in many localities, the author
suggests that more efforts should be directed toward disseminating
information regarding the need and profits of irrigation.
Experiments in grinding Tvith small steel feed mills, F. H. King
{Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 82,2>P- ^'^ififj^- ^4)- — This bulletin records the
resttlts of something over 400 tests "to determine the rate at which
feed for stock on the farm may be ground with several of the types of
small steel mills now on the market; the power required to run them,
and the approximate cost of grinding." The following mills were
tested: (1) The O Aermotor grinder, used only with the 12-foot geared
Aermotor windmill; (2) the N Aermotor grinder, designed for use
with the 16-foot geared Aermotor windmill; (3) the No. 3 Appleton
Prize Pulley Mill; (4) the No. 2 Bowsher: (5) the Giant; (6) No. 0 Ideal;
(7) the No. 6 Smalley Monarch; and (8) the Yessot Little Champion.
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 493
''The powers used to drive the several grhiders were (1) a 5-horsepower liorizontal
Fairbanks gay engine; (2) a 22-horsepower Webster vertical gas engine; (3) a 16-foot
geared Aermotor windmill, and (4) a 12-foot geared and roller-bearing Aermotor
windniil'. . . .
"The two engines were able to show very nearly their rated capacity by brake
tests made upon the countershaft from which all of the mills except No. 1 were
driven. An adjustable platform was provided upon which the several mills could
be placed so as to be driven under every way like conditions. The fuel used by
the engine was the city illuminating gas, costing $1.25 per 1,000 cubic feet, and
the amount used was measured with a meter placed next to the engines. The wind
velocities under which the windmill trials were made were obtained with the aid of
a Kobinson anemometer. ...
"In each trial an effort was made to regulate the feed so as, if possible, to fully
load the power which was being used at the time. This, however, could not always
be done with the 5-horsepower engine, especially when the coarser grades of meal
were being ground. The usual i)ractice was to start the mill with grain enough in
the hopper to get it regulated and adjusted to the engine and, at a signal, as the last
of this left the hopper, a weighed quantity of grain was placed in the mill and the
exact time required to run it through noted, together with the amount of gas con-
sumed or the miles of wind passing the windmill. . . .
"To secure a reliable basis of judgment for estimating the amount of work done in
each grinding trial it was necessary to know the degree of fineness of meal produced
as well as the amount ground in a unit of time. . . .
"In the trials of grinding (!orn an effort was made to produce four grades of meal,
(1) very coarse, suitable for feeding sheep; (2) coarse; (8) medium, suitable for
cattle, and (4) fine, suitable for hog feeding. . . .
"The first degree of fineness was such as would not pass a screen of 8 meshes to
the inch; the second that passing a screen of 8 but stopped by one of 10 meshes;
the third that which would pass a screen of 10 meshes but be stopped by one of 16
meshes to the inch, while the fourth grade was that passing the screen of 16 meshes
to the inch."
With the O Aermoter g-rincler and 12-foot roller-bearing- Aermotor
windmill the rate of grinding- in case of corn was '"about 25 bu. per
hour with a wind velocity of 31.8 miles, the meal ])eing a little coarser
than ' medium.' Corn and oats were ground at the rate of -110.3 lbs.
per hour with the wind at 26.48 miles. With a wind velocity of 26. H7
miles oats were ground at the rate of about 5.5 bu, per hour and rye
at the rate of 15.35 bu. with the wind 25.35 miles. The rye was
ground a little tiner than ' medium"" and the oats a little coarser.''
From data recorded in this and in a previous bulletin (E. S. R., 10,
p. 695) it appears that between October 1 and May 1 —
"There were 87 days when a man could attend the mill and grind 10 hours with a
wind velocity not less than 15 miles per hour, and much of the time higher than
this. He should therefore be able to grind more than 46 bu. per day and on the
average more than 100 bu. per week. The 87 grinding days, during the 7 months,
places the grinding days, on the average more than two per week, and if it
is supposed that this is twice too high it would still be possible on the average to
take advantage of high winds during the working hours and grind about 50 bu. of
corn, or 2,800 lbs. per week. Counting the man's time who tends the mill $1 per
day, the cost of grinding would be only about 85 cts. per cwt.
"Some grinding of other grains than corn with the 12-foot windmill was also done,
494
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
but the number of trials was limited. With corn and oats, half and half by measure,
the rate was 4,103 lbs. per 10 hours with a wind of 26.48 miles 5er hour. This is
9S\ bu. ])er day of 10 hours. /
" In grinding clear oats four trials were made with wind velocities of 19.46, 23.38,
24, and 26.67 miles per hour, and 10 hours' work at the observed rates would repre-
sent a grinding of 38.7, 50.2, 45. 6, and 54.6 bu., respectively. At wind velocities of
25.35 and 25.18 miles per hour rye was ground at the rates of 153.4 and 136.8 bu. per
10 hours."
The observed work ])erformed 1)}' the mill wsis found to agree fairly
well with that calculated on the assumption that the effective energy
of the mill increased with the square of the velocity of the wind for
velocities ])etween 7 and 36 miles per hour.
The results of the trials of the N Aermotor grinder and 16-foot wind-
mill show "that up to 20 miles per hour of wind velocitv the capacity"
of the 16-foot windmill was materially greater than that of the 12-foot
wheel; but at higher velocities the reverse is true."
None of the other mills were as effective with the windmills as the
gTinders especially designed for them.
The results obtained with the other mills, using 2i and 5-horsepower
engines as the motive powers, are summarized in the following table :
The computed number of bushels of grain ground to a grade of 4o ])er cent of the finest
degree in 10 hours, together with the cost of fuel for the same time.
5-horsepoM'er
engine.
2i-horsepower
engine.
Name of mill.
Bushels
per 10
hours.
Cost of
gas per 10
hours.
Bushels
per 10
hours.
Cost of
gas per 10
hours.
Corn:
254.6
278.5
255.4
203.6
190.8
311.1
SI. 71
1.81
1.67
1.72
1.74
2.04
130.3
128.0
110.3
114.6
104.3
114.0
$0.88
.89
Giant
.88
Ideal
.92
.88
.89
249.0 1.78
110.6
95.0
70.2
58.5
.89
239.3
113.4
157.0
1.94
1.66
1.72
1.01
.96
.78
"It will be seen from this table that as an average of all the grinding trials with the
5-horsepo\\ er engine the cost of fuel per day was $1,775, and for the 25-horsepower
engine, $0,885. This is at the rate of 3.55 cts. and 3.54 cts. per hoi'sepower per hour
for fuel where gas costs $1.25 per thousand cubic feet.
" The average amount of corn ground per horsepower per hour was 4.822 bu., equal
to 270 lbs., and this is 2,700 lbs. per horsepower for a 10-hour day."
It is estimated that at the rates ordinarih'- paid the grinding of feed
for 3<,) cows for 200 days amounts to al)out $57; the same amount of feed
may be ground with a 5-horsepower engine, under the conditions
obtaining in these trials, for about $13.50.
It is stated that $57 '"is 10 per cent interest on a much larger sum
than would be required to tit up an automatic grinding plant with the
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 495
12-foot windmill, the price of the mill and 90-foot tower being $160,
and the capacity of such a grinding- plant would be many times ^\ hat
would be demanded for a herd of 30 cows."
Silage and the construction of modern silos, F. H. King ( Wis-
consin Sia. Bui. 83, pp. 68, figs. 28). — This bulletin discusses the value
of silage as a feeding stuff; the essential conditions for preserving
silage; the details of construction, cost, and efficiency of silos of dif-
ferent kinds; the selection and culture of crops suitable for ensiling;
the preparation of silage; and the losses which occur in the prepara-
tion and feeding of silage.
' ' The problems of silage and silo construction have been studied now continuously
for nearly 10 years. Two bulletins on the subject have been issued [E. S. R.,9, p.
393], and the present one embodies the knowledge which has been gained through
a personal inspection of more than 200 silos, one-half of which were visited the past
year, together with the conclusions regarding the essential conditions necessary to
the making and jireserving of good silage which have been reached through experi-
mental studies extending over 7 j^ears."
The cylindrical silo has generally proved most satisfactor3\ Various
tj'pes of it, constructed of brick, stone, and wood, and lined and ven-
tilated in different ways, as well as stave, pit, and rectangular silos, are
described.
It appears that the unavoidable loss, i. <?., "the loss of feeding value
which can not be prevented in the interior of a silo with air-tight lin-
ings when filled in the best practicable manner," may be as low as 2 to
4 per cent and in good practice need not exceed 4 to 8 per cent. An
account is given of comparative experiments on this point with 3 types
of silos — (1) a silo (with doors) made of Washington cedar staves accu-
rately beveled and tongue-and-grooved, (2) a silo (without doors) made
of 2 by 4 pine staves not beveled or tongue-and-grooved, (3) a galvan-
ized iron cylinder with water-tight bottom and sides. The first and
second silos were without bottoms, but stood on a level cement floor.
The silos were filled with corn, cut in short pieces, at the same time
and in the same way.
"When full, the silos were covered with 3 layers of acid and waterproof paper cut
to a circle to fit closely, and upon this was placed a layer of sand about 5 in. deep.
The silos stood in the warm plant house from August 29 until INIarch 1, when they
were opened."
The losses from the top laj-ers of silage in the 3 silos were 50.75,
49.71, and 9.21 per cent, respectively; middle layers, 13.15, 14.98, and
7.01 per cent; bottom layers, 31.75, 26.16, and 0.51 per cent.
"The large losses from the bottoms of the two stave silos were due to air entering
between the ends of the staves and the cement floor, and the greater losses from the
[cedar stave] silo at both the bottom and toj) were due to the additional leaks al)out
the doors.
"The metal silo was absolutely air-tight everywhere excejit at the top, and the
three cases illustrate in an extremely forceful way how important it is to exclude the
air from the silage.
496 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
" [In an 80-ton silo with galvanized-iron lining] there was lost only 6.38 per cent
of the dry matter pnt into it in 1897, including that spoiled on the top and above the
doors, but only 3.66 per cent of that below the 2 surface layers. Even in the small
1,580-pound metal silo the total loss, including that spoiled on top, was but 8.57 per
cent, while the mean loss from the middle and bottom layers was only 5.3 per cent,
and yet the silage had stood under the conditions of summer temperature and sun
during 180 days.
"The observations with these silos prove that where the linings are strictly air-
tight very small losses need ])e sustained even in small silos and that when the air is
not excluded the losses must increase in proportion to the openness of the silo lining."
Attention is called to the loss which occurs at the top of silos and
that due to slow feeding.
"The data which have been collected show that silos left without covers of any
sort from early September until March without being disturbetl develop about 28 lbs.
of spoiled silage per square foot of surface, while silos opened from the middle of
October to the middle of December have an average of about 16 lbs. of spoiled silage
per square foot of surface. These rates give 2,832 and 4,956 lbs. of loss for a silo 15
ft. in diameter, which is 1.4 and 2.5 per cent on 100 tons of silage. . . .
"Next to the losses due to the surface decay between filling and opening the silo
the most serious one is that which is due to too slow feeding."
Rise and future of irrigation in the United State, E. Mead ( U. S. Dept. Agr.
Yearhooh 1S99, pp. 591-612, jjIx. '>). — The topics discussed in this article are: Remains
of ancient irrigation works, early irrigation in California, beginnings of modern irri-
gation, objections to corporate canals, water-right problems of the arid regions, the
appearance and resources of the arid regions, present and future of irrigation, and
the commercial importance of irrigation.
Progress of road building in the "United States, M. O. Eldridge ( U. S. Dept.
Agr. Yearbook 1899, pp. 367-380, pis. 4) ■ — This is a review of the history and present
status of road building in the United States and includes discussions of the following
topics : Road methods of the first settlers, forced-labor s}'stem and roads of the early
colonists, inauguration of turnpike roads by chartered companies, era of speculation
and restoration of forced-labor system, national highways, introduction and develop-
ment of steam railroads, difficulties of transportation and of travel, estaljlishment of
the Office of Public Road Inquiries, and progress of the movement in the United
States for good roads.
Soiling, ensilage, and stable construction; being a revised edition of Soil-
ing, summer and winter, F. S. Peer {Xeiv York: M. F. yfrDisfield, 1900, pp. 241,
figs. 34).
STATISTICS— MISCELLANEOUS.
Annual Report of Minnesota Station, 1899 { Minnesota Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp.
XX-r610). — The report proper i-ontains a financial statement for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1899, and a detailed review of station work during the year. Sleteorologi-
cal observations are given and Bulletins 60-64 of the station, treating of the following
subjects, are reprinted: Beef cattle and swine (E. S. R., 11, p. 175); butterfiies and
moths injurious to our fruit-producing plants (E. S. R., 11, p. 170) ; wheat — varieties,
breeding, cultivation (E. S. R., 11, p. 638); miscellaneous analyses (E. S. R., 11, p.
812); composition of tomatoes (E. S. R., 11, p. 843); proteids of wheat fiour (E. S. R.,
11, p. 872); black or summer rust of wheat (E. S. R., 11, p. 861); and Hessian fly,
migratory locusts or grasshoppers (E. S. R., 11, p. 864) .
Thirteenth Annual Report of Nebraska Station, 1899 {Xel>r<i.'<ka Sta. Rpt.
STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS. 497
1899, pp. 171) . — This contains the organizatiui; Ust of the station; a report of the act-
ing director on the staff, equipment, pubhcations, and work of the station; a fiinar-
cial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1899; and reports of the heads of
departments, parts of which and several miscellaneous articles included in the report
are abstracted elsewhere.
Agricultural experiment stations in the United States, A. C. True {U. S.
Dept. ^[gr. Yi'arlxiok 1S9D, pp. 513-548, pis. 3). — This is an account of the history
organization, e<iuipment, lines of investigation, and the general results of the work
of the experiment stations, together with an account of early experimental work by
agricultural colleges and other institutions, a discussion of the relations of the sta-
tions to the Federal Government and to several associations, and an account of the
establishment and work of tliis Office.
Agricultural experiment stations in the United States, A. C. True ( U. S. Dept.
Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Circ. 44, pp- 8). — A general review of the history and
organization of the stations, with tables showing their location, directors, principal
lines of work, and revenues for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1899.
Progress of agriculture in the United States, G. K. Holmes ( U. S. Dept. Agr.
Yearbook 1890, jrp. 307-384)- — A general and statistical review of the development of
agriculture in the United States, from the crude beginnings by the Indians until the
present time.
Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1899 {U. S. Depit. Agr. Yearbook
1899, pp. 880, pis. fJ3,Jlgs. 33). — This consists of a general report by the Secretary on
the operations of the Department during the year, 26 papers, noted elsewhere,
revie^\■ing for the most part the progress in agricultural science in the United States
during the nineteenth century, and the usual summary of useful information on
various subjects of interest to the farmer published in the form of an appendix.
Proceedings of the Agricultural Students' Association, 1899-1900 {Ne-
braska Sta. Bid. 64, pp. 85-107). — The proceedings of the association at its February
meeting, including reports on home reading courses and on cultural experiments
with corn (see p. 442), are given. Suggestions are made for experimental work to be
carried on under the supervision of the heads of different departments of the college.
Agricultu.ral education in the United States, A. C. True ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Year-
book 1899, i)p. 157-190). — An outline of the origin and development of the system of
agricultural education in the United States is given as an introduction to the article,
the main purpose of which is "to present a general view of the different agencies for
education in agriculture in this country as thej^ exist at the close of the nineteenth
century, and to indicate the directions in which the movement for the diffusion of
knowledge on agricultural subjects among our people is tending."
Development of transportation in the United States, A. Sinclair ( U. S. Dept.
Agr. Yearbook 1899, pp. 643-663). — An historical account of the beginning and devel-
opment of railroads in the United States, including a discussion of passenger traffic;
a statistical review of the increase in population, agricultural production, and rail-
road mileage; a discussion of freight and passenger rates; and other topics connected
with transportation.
Our foreign trade in agricultural products, 1890-1899, F. H. Hitchcock
( V. S. Dept. Agr., Section of Foreign Markets Bui. 19, pp. 62). — This is a statistical review
of the foreign trade of the United States in agricultural products during the 10 fiscal
years, 1890-1899.
Development of agricultural libraries, C. H. Gre.\thouse ( V. S. Dept. Agr.
Yearbook 1899, pp>. 491-512, ph. 4, fig- 1)- — This gives an account of agricultural books
in college, general, and private libraries in the United States at the beginning of this
century, traces the growth of agricultural libraries, gives a descriptive account of the
agricultural libraries of the present time, and offers suggestions for permanent libraries
for farmers.
498 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
A classification of the literature of agriculture enlarged from the decimal
classification of Melvil Dewey, J. I. Wyek {XehrasJca ,Sta. Rpl. 1899, pp. 91-121).—
"This classifu-ation of the literature of agriculture is the result of an attempt to
arrange satisfactorily, in minute subject order, the literature on agricultural topics
which has accumulated at the University of Nebraska liljrary during the past 10
years." The classification includes nearly 600 heads, and is designed to provide for
the most specialized agricultural literature, except in the department of floriculture.
An index is added.
Bulletins of Alabama Station {Index to Vol. VII, Buls. 101-107, pp. 425-452).
The new agriculture of the tropics, G. E. W. {Sci. Amer., S3 {1900), No. 5,
p. 67). — A discussion of tlie agricultural products of the tropics and the impiovement
of soils and plants by the application of scientific methods.
Danish agriculture in 1899, R. Schou ( Tidsskr.Landokon., 1900, No. 1, pp. 1-26).
Crops in Denmark in 1899, K. Hansen {Tidsskr. Landokon., 1900, No. 2, pp.
46-74).
Agricultural syndicates in France, H. W. Wolff {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England,
3. ser., 11 {1900), pt. 2, pp. 252-262). — Popular article pointing out the benefits to
French agriculture of the formation of cooperative societies among the farmers for
the purchase of seeds, fertilizers, farm implements, feeds, etc., needed by farmers,
and for the sale of farm products.
NOTES.
Colorado College and Station. — Carl H. Potter, assistant in horticulture, has
])een granted leave of absence for one year on half pay. Mr. Potter will remove to
the vicinity of Grand Junction, and will there act as field agent and investigator for
the agricultural college. The resignation of C. F. Mergelman as florist has been
accepted, to take effect January 1. Joseph Lownes, who has for two years been
assistant chemist at the station, died December 9. A short course of two or three
weeks for canal superintendents and State water commissioners has been authorized
by the State board of agriculture, to be given in the spring. This is intended to give
them fuller knowledge of their duties in the distribution of water, which 'is an impor-
tant part of their work.
Georgia Station. — This station is erecting a greenhouse in addition to the propa-
gating house already in use, and will undertake investigations and experiments in
winter forcing of vegetables, etc., and such lines of biological work as require such
facilities.
Iowa College and Station. — The main building of the agricultural college, one
of the oldest on the campus, was destroyed by fire December 8, 1900. The building
contained the botanical department of both the college and station, which suffered
heavily. The Parry herbarium was saved, except the duplicates, which were nearly
all burned. A part of the grass collection was saved and a few of the other speci-
mens. The general collection contained about 80,000 specimens, more than 50,000
of which were burned, besides several thousand duplicate specimens. This collec-
tion included many Western plants, repre«enting four years of collecting, and sets of
plants from Porto Rico, Cuba, and Mexico. Much of the library of the botanical
department, as well as the private library of the botanist, was destroyed, and most
of the microscopes and other apparatus were burned. A manuscript on the grasses
of the State and one on thistles were also lost, together with a number of smaller
papers ready for publication.
Kansas College and Station. — Tait Butler has been elected to the chair of veteri-
nary science made vacant by the resignation of Paul Fischer.
New Mexico College and Station. — All departments of the college and station
were represented in the exhibit made at El Paso during the midwinter carnival in
Januar}\ The biological department of the college has received a large amount of
zoological matei'ial, principally for study and dissection by students, which makes its
equipment in these lines by far the best in the Territory. One of the finest wild
roses in America has been discovered and described by the station botanist, having
been found growing wild in the Organ and Sacramento mountains. Not long since
a small weed, growing profusely on the mesas and in the valleys, was found to pos-
sess qualities which apparently make it valuable as a substitute for litmus, and it
is more than possible that this little weed can be demonstrated to be valuable to
commerce.
Tennessee University and Station. — M. Ja(!ob, V. M. D., a graduate of the veteri-
nary department of the University of Pennsylvania and formerly house surgeon of
that institution, and more recently connected with the meat-inspection service of the
Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department, has been appointed instructor in
veterinary science at the university and consulting veterinarian of the station.
National Irrigation Congress. — The ninth annual session of the National Irri-
gation Congress was held in Chicago, 111., November 21-24, 1900. There were in
11989— No. 5 8 ^ 499
500 EXPERIMENT STATIOTST RE(^ORD.
attendance about 200 delegates, including several representatives of this Department.
Ehvood Mead, expert in charge of irrigation investigations of this Department, pre-
sided and delivered the presidential address. In this he briefly reviewed the origin
and the history of the Irrigation Congress, and discussed the relation of the great
irrigation problems to the States and to the nation. He advocated the union of land
and water under one control, and he pointed out that many of the great irrigation
questions were not sol«ly State questions ))ut that "there are certain matters which
only the nation can deal with." The settlement and development of the irrigated
region "requires new laws for tlu- distribution of the irrigable lands to the people"
and laws for the division of the waters of rivers between the States. "The work
wliich lies before us is beyond the means of local effort or individual enterprise.
The adjustment of the diverse and conflicting interests of individuals, comnuniities,
and different States requires not only wise national laws, l)ut administrative ability
of high order in their execution. The framing of these laws is a task which ought
not much longer to be deferred."
Special prominence was given in the session to the question of the storage of
water. Resolutions were adopted urging upon Congress that "national appropria-
tions commensurate with the magnitude of the problem should be made for the
preservation of the forests and the reforestation of denuded areas as natural storage
reservoir.?, and for the construction by the National Government, as part of its
policy of internal improvement, of storage reservoirs and other works for flood pro-
tection, and to save for u.se in- aid of navigation and irrigation the waters which now
run to waste, and for the development of artesian and subterranean sources of water
supply. The waters of all streams should forever remain subject to public control,
and the right of the use of water for irrigation should inhere in the land irrigated,
and beneficial use be the basis of measure and the limit of the right." The work of
the various branches of the National Government in the investigation of problems
relating to irrigation was commended, and the necessity of providing liberal approi
priations for this imjiortant work was emphasized. The officers chosen for the
ensuing year are as follows: Thomas F. Walsh, Washington, D. C, president; J. B.
Prince, New Mexico, first vice-president; F. B. Thurber, New York, second vice-
president; H. B. Maxon, secretary.
Miscellaneous. — There has been begun by Dr. Alexander Ramsey a bibliography,
guide, and index to the l)acteria. It is published in The Scientific Roll and Maga-
zine of Systematized Xoles, the first number of which appeared in October, 1900. The
conductor of the magazine requests all authors on bacteriological subjects to com-
municate with him in care of R. L. Sharland, publisher, 38 Churchfield Road, Acton,
London, W., England.
E. Rathay, professor and director of the Qinological and Pomological Station of
Klosterneuburg, Austria-Hungary, died September 9, 1900, in his fifty-sixth year.
Prof. A. B. Frank, professor of botany in the Agricultural High School at Berlin
and director of the T)iological division of the imperial })oard of health, died recently
at the age of (31 years.
Thomas A. Williams, assistant chief of the Division of Agrostology of this Depart-
ment, died suddenly at his home Deceml)er 23, 1900, of heart trouble. Professor
Williams had been connected with the Division of Agrostology since 1896, and through
his ability and industry had risen to an important place in its activities. He was
widely known among Ijotanists and station workers, by whom he was regarded as
an efficient and untiring worker in his chosen field, and was highly esteemed.
W. P. Cutter, for several years past Librarian of this Department, has resigned
to accept a position in the Congressional Library. He has been succeeded by Miss
Josephine A. Clark, formerly assistant Librarian.
0
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
I'Mitor: K. W. ALLEN, Pii. D., A>isidaid DIrcrlur.
EDITOKIAI- DEPAKTMENTS.
Chemistry, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — The Editor and H. W. Lawsox.
Meteorology, Fertilizers and Soils (including methods of analysis), and Agricultin-al
Engineering — W. H. Beal.
Botany and Diseases of Plants — Walter H. Evans, Ph. D.
Foods and Animal Production — C. F. Lan(;worthy, Ph. D.
Field Crops — J. L Schulte.
Entomology and Veterinary Science — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D.
Horticulture — C. B. Smith.
With the cooperation of the scientific divisions of the Department and the Abstract
Committee of the Association of OtHcial Agricultural Chemists.
CONTENTS OF Vol. XII, No. 6.
Editorial notes: Page:
Some recent bibliographic helps 501
Protection of crops from hail 502
Convention of Association of Otficial Agricultural Chemists, 1900, D. W. May. 503
Recent work in agricultural science 510
Notes 600
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
CHEMISTRY.
Comparative methods of determining nitrogen in nitrates, L. von Wissell 510
The determination of perchlorates in potassium and sodium nitrates, N. Blatt-
ner and J. Brasseur 510
^Method of determining chlorid, chlorate, and perchlorate in the presence of
each other, N. Blattner and J. Brasseur 510
Experiments in the determination of cell-wall material, hemicelluloses, and
cellulose in j)lants, A. Kleiber 511
The relation of the reducing power of normal urines to the amount of certain
nitrogen compounds pre.sent, J. H. Long 512
The nucleic acid of the embryo of wheat and its protein compounds, T. B.
Osborne and G. F. Campbell 512
The proteids of the egg yolk, T. B. Osborne and G. F. Campbell 513
The protein constituents of egg white, T. B. Osborne and G. F. Campbell 514
On the chemical properties of the fat in Norwegian creamery butter, F. H.
Werenskiold 515
Nut oils, L. H. Merrill 516
Limestones, petroleum, etc., A. M. Peter and H. E. Curtis 516
I
II CONTENTS.
BOTAXy.
Page.
Twigs of common trees and shrubg, F. H. Hillman 519
A study of the root systems of cultivated plants grown as farm crops, A. M.
Ten Eyck 51(5
Sugar-producing plants, L. (Jeschwind 518
Hydrocyanic acid in plants, M. Soave 518
Soil inoculation for promoting the growth of legumes, F. T. Shutt 518
METEOROLOGY.
How to prevent hailstorms, P. X. Kritski 520
Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XX VIII, Nos. 4-6 520
]Meteorological summary for 1898, V. E. Muncy 521
A I R WATER SOILS.
Mineral waters, A. M. Peter and H. E. Curtis 526
Field operations of the Division of Soils, 1899, M. Whitney et al 522
A study of the physical properties of clay as related to soil structure, V. H.
Davis 525
The moisture of the soil under the pine forest of the Khrenov estate, G.
Morosov - - 525
Drainage for alkali spots, C. E. Mead 526
Description of a soil map of the Connecticut Valley, M. Whitney 527
FERTILIZERS.
On the availalnlity to grass of nitrogen in form of nitrate of soda, cotton-
seed meal, and fine, hard bone, E. H. Jenkins and W. E. Britton 527
On the availability to Hungarian grass of nitrogen in form of nitrate of soda,
cotton-seed meal, and raw, boiled, and steamed bone, E. H. Jenkins and AV.
E. Britton 528
On the availability of the nitrogen of hard raw bone as affected by applications
of slaked lime, E. H. Jenkins and W. E. Britton 528
The comparative value of nitrate of sodium and sulphate of ammonium as
manures, R. Warington 529
Niter earth, wood ashes, and phosphatic material, A. ]M. Peter and H. E.
Curtis 530
FIELD CROPS.
Field experiments at the experiment farm at Lauchstiidt in 1897 and 1898, ]M.
Maercker 531
Field experiments with farm crops, W. Saunders, J. H. Grisdale, W. T. ]Mac(jun,
R. Robertson, S. A. Bedford, A. :Mackay, and T. A. Sharpe 535
Corn culture in North Carolina, B. Irby 538
Crops for alkali soils, C. E. ]\Ieail 538
Grasses and forage crops, C. A. Keffer 538
Kentucky forage plants — the grasses; analyses of some Kentucky grasses, H.
Garman and A. ]\I. Peter 547
Drought-resisting ff)rage plants at the cooj^erative range experiment station,
Highmcre, S. Dak., J. H. Shepanl and I). A. Saunders 547
CONTENTS. Ill
Pago.
Eesults of manuring, C. E. Mead 539
Sugar-beet investigations, J. I). Towar 540
Sugar beets in 1898, R. H. McDowell and N. E. Wilson 541
Sugar beets in 1899, N. E. Wilson and R. H. McDowell 542
Analyses of sugar cane and sugar beets, A. M. Peter 547
On the effects on tobacco of shading and the application of lime, W. C^.
Sturgis 542
Experiments in curing and in fermenting wrapper leaf tobacco, season of 1899,
E. H. Jenkins 544
The area of leaf surface on the topped tobacco plant, E. H. Jenkins 547
Physiological studies on Connecticut leaf tobacco, O. Loew 545
HORTICULTURE.
The report of the horticulturist, L. C. Corbett 558
Fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental shrubs at the Ex})erimen!al Farms
in Canada, W. T. ]\Iacoun, W. S. Blair, S. A. Bedford, A. Mackay, and T.
A. Sharpe 548
On the use of commercial fertilizers for forcing-house crops, E. H. Jenkins
and AV. E. Britton 549
Tomatoes, F. S. Earle 551
Watermelons and muskmelons in South Dakota, N. E. Hansen and W. S.
Thornber 552
The apple orchard, J. C. Whitten 553
A chemical study of the apple and its products, C. A. Browne, jr 554
Observations on the fertilization of peach orchards, E. H. Jenkins 558
Plums — a comparison of varieties, W. J. Green 557
An observation of the effects of nitrogenous fertilizers on California privet,
W. E. Britton 557
Note regarding the effect of the winter upon chestnut grafts and scions, W.
E. Britton 558
FORESTRY.
Forest trees and shrubs, A. Mackay .559
Importance of forest tree growing, D. C. Burson 559
The forestal conditions and silvicultural prospects of the coastal plain of New
Jersey, J. Gifford 560
Forest planting in Norway, Deinboll 560
Conifers at Murthly Castle, Scotland , 560
SEEDS WEEDS.
Influence of varying the temperature on the germination of seeds, W. Kinzel. 563
Tests of the vitality of vegetable seeds, E. H. Jenkins 563
Testing grass seed, C. D. Woods 565
Spraying for the destruction of mustard, F. T. Shutt 564
Results of experiments on the spraying of charlock, P. S. Foulkes 564
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Some important fungi and fungicides, C. O. Townsend 572
Miscellaneous notes on fungus diseases, W. C. Sturgis 565
A contribution to the knowledge of cereal rusts, H. Klebahn 567
Parasites of wheat, L. Mangin 567
On the so-called ' ' grain ' ' of wrapper tobacco, \V. C. Sturgis 567
IV CONTENTS.
Page.
Further notes on the pole burn of tobacco, W. C. Sturgis 568
On fractional fertilization of muskmelons as a preventive of disease, W. C.
Sturgis 568
Notes on some tomato diseases, F. S. Earle 569
Observations on tomato blight, C. E. Mead 570
Fruit diseases and how to treat them, L. C. Corbett 573
Dry rot, brown sjxit, or Baldwin spot of apples, W. T. Macoun 570
On the prevention of raspberry antiiracnose by cultural methods, W. C.
Sturgis 570
White rot of the grape, L. Ravaz 571
Stem-rot disease of carnations, W. E. Britton 571
ENTOMOLOGY.
Report of the entomologist, J. Fletcher 574
Report of the entomologist, A. D. Hopkins 580
Insect notes, W. E. Britton 580
Some insects of the year 1899, R. H. Pettit 575
How insects are studied at the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, F. M.
Webster 580
A recent observation on Filaria nocturna in Culex, G. C. Low 575
Note on Collops bipunciatus, T. D. A. Cockerell 580
The clover-root borer {Hi/lastes obscurus) , F. M. Webstei- 576
Combating the gypsy moth {Forthttria dispar) , Y. Sjostedt 576
A new method of combating the gypsy moth, Rurig 577
Washes and sprays for combating plant lice, woolly aphis, and similar pests,
E. Fleischer 578
Some important insecticides, fungicides, and apparatus for their application,
W. G. Johnson, C. O. Townsend, and H. P. Gould 581
Some important spraying apparatus and other accessories, H. P. Gould 581
A test of si)ray nozzles, N. O. Booth 578
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Preliminarj' report upon the composition and properties of the fat in "firm"
and " soft " pork, F. T. Shutt 581
Coffee substitutes, C. D. Woods and L. H. Merrill 586
Inspection and analyses of foods, M. A. Scovell 586
Feeding-stuff inspection, C. D. Woods and J. M. Bartlett 587
Potato pomace, J. M. Bartlett 587
Feeding nonsaccharine sorghums, C. E. Mead 587
Feeding experiments with steers to test the value of cocoa shells, F. Albert... 582
The value of maize-germ-molasses feed for fattening lambs, F. Albert 583
Experiments with lambs to study the effect of different concentrated feeding
stuffs on the charat^ter of the tallow, F. Albert 583
Feeding experiments with pigs on the value of sugar and iiiHuence of increased
protein consumption, F. Albert 583
Report of the poultry manager, A. G. Gill^ert 585
Feeding chickens for growth, G. M. Go well 585
Breeding for egg production, G. M. Gowell 586
DAIRY FARMING — DAIRY'ING.
Feeding experiments with palm-nut cake, palm-nut residue, linseed meal,
castor-bean meal, and peanut meal for milch cows, E. Raniin, C. ^lomsen,
and T. Schuniachcr 589
CONTENTS. V
Page.
Influence of intervals between milkings on quality of milk, A. W. Stokes 590
Investigations of milk from mountain pastures (Satermelk), B. Ramstad 590
The germ content of milk, O. Appel 591
Butter, A. M. Peter 593
Nevada butters, N. E. Wilson 593
Examination of butter color, F. II. Werenskiold 591
Experiments with calcium chlorid for rendering heated milk suitable for cheese
making, Klein and A. Kirsten 591
VETERIXAKV SCIENCE AND I'RACTICE.
Tuberculin experiments in cattle, F. Hutyra 594
Experiments in feeding tuberculous milk, meat, and various organs, V. (jaltier. 594
The prevention of Texas cattle fever and the amended laws controlling conta-
gious and infectious diseases, C. McCulloch 597
Poisoning from ground sesame cakes, Deyerling 595
African horse sickness, J. McFadyean 595
Immunization against rabies l)y means of normal ncrxe tissue. A. Aujeszky .. 596
STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS.
Twenty-third Annual Report of Connecticut State Station, 1899 599
Eleventh Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1898 599
The Maine Experiment Station, C. D. Woods 599
Twelfth Annual Report of West Virginia Station, 1899 599
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED.
Experiment stations in the United States:
Alabama College Station:
Bulletin 108, April, 1900 551 , 569
Connecticut State Station :
Twenty-third Annual Report, 1899, Part III 512, 513, 514, 527,
528, 542, 544, 547, 549, 557, 558, 563, 565, 567, 568, 570, 571, 580, 581, 599
Kentucky Station:
Bulletin 86, January 1, 1900 586
Bulletin 87, May, 1900 , 547
Eleventh Annual Report, 1898 516, 521, 526, 530, 547, 593, 599
Maine Station:
Bulletin 62, April, 1900 599
Bulletin 63, April, 1900 587
Bulletin 64, June, 1900 585, 586
Bulletin 65, June, 1900 516, 565, 586, 587
Maryland Station:
Bulletin 65, March, 1900 572, 581
Michigan Station:
Bulletin 179, February, 1900 540
Bulletin 180, March, 1900 575
Missouri Station:
Bulletin 49, January, 1900 553
Bulletin 50, April, 1900 578
Nevada Station :
Bulletin 42, December, 1898 593
Bulletin 43, December, 1898 541
Bulletin 44, December, 1899 542
Bulletin 45, December, 1899 519
VI contp:n"ts.
Experiment stations in the United States — Continned. Page.
New Mexico Station:
Bulletin 32, December, 1899 538
Bulletin 33, April, 1900 526, 588, 539, 570, 580, 587
North Carolina Station:
Bulletin 171, :May, 1900 538
North Dakota Station:
Bulletin 43, March, 1900 516
Ohio Station:
Bulletin 112, December, 1899 576
Bulletin 113, December, 1899 557
Bulletin 114, January, 1900 580
South Dakota Station:
Bulletin 66, March, 1900 547
Bulletin 67, April, 1900 552
Virginia Station:
Bulletin 103, August, 1899 597
Bulletin 104, September, 1899 597
West Virginia Station:
Bulletin 66, February, 1900 573
Twelfth Annual Keport, 1899 558, 580, 599
United States Department of Agriculture:
Rejiort 64 522
Report 65 545
Bureau of Animal Industry:
Circular 31 597
Division of Soils: ' "' '
Circular 7 527
Weather Bureau:
Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XXVIII, Nos. 4-6, April-June, 1900. . 520
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XII. No. 6.
""A scientitic hit)lioorapliy is for facts what a dictionary is for
words." This is the estimate of M. E. Duclaux, director of the Pas-
teur Institute, in his introduction to the Bihllogi'ajihia lactarla of
Henri de Rothschild, which has just been issued. This is proba?jly
the most complete and s\'stematic bibliog-raphy of milk which has ever
been prepared. It contains 8,375 titles, arranged l)y subjects, with
the entries in chronological order under each subject; an author index
with reference to the papers by number, and a chronological list of
inventions of apparatus for handling and treating milk.
The review of literature goes back to the beginning of the sixteenth
century, the oldest paper cited bearing the date of publication of 1500.
The American work is very fully represented, the references cited
indicating a surprising amount of research of American literature and
great familiarity with the sources of publication.
The amount of labor involved in the preparation of such a bibliog-
raphy can scarcely be realized. Dr. de Rothschild has of course had
the aid of a corps of assistants, and enjoyed splendid library facilities.
His own private lil)rary is said to be the most complete in dairy litera-
ture to be found anywhere. The value of such a bibliography to the
investigator or the writer will be readily appreciated. It makes acces-
sible for all time the principal literature relating to the subject which
has been published during four centuries. The value of the under-
taking is enhanced by the expressed purpose of the author to issue an
annual supplement to this volume, covering the current literature.
The preparation of ])il)liographies of su])jects related to agriculture
has received an increasing amount of attention in recent years. This
attention is well merited, for perhaps in no other line are the articles
more widely scattered. The collection of these papers in a systematic and
thorough manner adds very greatly to the facilities of the investigator
in agricultural science, and the use of such bibliographies becomes
more and more desirable as our research progresses. Appreciating the
importance of such ])ibliographical helps, the National Department of
Agriculture has of late issued a number of important contributions.
Among these the index to literature relating to animal industry, by
(t. F. Thompson, is especially noteworthy. This is an index to the
bulletins and reports issued by the Department of Agriculture from
501
502 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
its establishment in 1887 to the close of 189S. It contains 67<) pages,
with some 80,000 entries. It covers a wide range of subjects relating
to domestic animals, their care and management, diseases and treat-
ment, together with animal products, such as milk, butter, cheese,
eggs, wool, meats, etc. This volume, together with the Handbook of
P^xperiment Station Work, which is in process of revision, will fur-
nish a very complete record of the work done by the l)e])artment and
the experiment stations along these lines.
Two new abstract or bibliographic journals of interest to station
workers have recentl}' made their appearance. The tirst of these is
announced as a bibliography, guide, and index to bacteria, and is enti-
tled the Scf'f'nt/ti'e Roll (incl Mdciazine of Slystriitaftc Kotrx. The
editor is Dr. Alexander Ramsey, of England. The great interest
which at present attaches to work in bacteriology in its different lines
should make such a journal in English a welcome addition to the cur-
rent periodical literature.
The other journal referred to is the Geologwchex CentralhUdt, devoted
to the publication of reviews of contributions in geology and all related
sciences. The abstracts are printed in (Tcrman, French, or P^nglish.
The journal will appear semimonthly, and is under the editorial man-
agement of Dr. K. Keilhack, of Berlin, who has associated with him-
self a long list of collaborators representing diti'erent countries.
Another new monthly periodical, dating from the beginning of the
present year, occupies a quite novel field and indicates the extent to
which specialization in periodical literature is being carried. It is
devoted to the subject of hail and the protection of crops from it
(Zrt GrUe et la Defenxe des Reeoltex). Much attention is being given to
this in the vine-growing regions of France, Italy, and Austi'ia. It is
estimated that the loss from hail during the eight years from 18;>0 to
1897 amounted in the Department of Rhone alone to over $9,000,000.
Systematic cannonading with a smoky powder has been recommended
and quite extensively adopted as a means of dispersing destructive hail
storms. This practice was tirst adopted in Italy, and was introduced
into France in 1899. The cannonading stations are established and
maintained at private expense. The most systematic organization of
stations is at Denice, near Villefranche, where 52 cannon covering an
area of 1,000 hectares (nearly 2,500 acres) are operated.
The new journal is a monthly, and is published in the interest of
viticulturists who have taken active measur(»s in the direction of hail
protection. The initial immber contains, in addition to the plan and pur-
pose of the journal, an account of the Hail Protection Congress held
at Padua, Italy, November 25-28, 1900, a reprint of an old article on
cannonading to dissipate storms, published in 1760, and a reprint of
an article bv Gastine and Vermorel which is to be noted later.
CONVENTION OF ASSOCIATION OP OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL
CHEMISTS. 1900.
D. W. May,
Office of Experiment Stationit.
The seventeenth annual convention of the Association of Official
Ao-ricultural Cheiiiists met in the lecture hall of the Columbian Uni-
versit}', Washington. D. C, November 16, 17, 1900. Eighty -five
members and visitors were in attendance. The meetings were presided
over by the president, B. W. Kilgore.
In his address the president of the Association faA'ored a national
I)ure-food law, and suggested phases for the cooperation of the official
agricultural chemists. The importance of a national standardizing
bureau under government control was also emphasized. Under the
subject of fertilizers the results of analyses, especially as printed on
liags. the misleading naming of special l)rands, and the importance of
a statement setting forth the materials composing the brands, were
<{uestions brought to the careful attention of the Association. The
value and the results of individual effort in the development or
improvement of methods of analysis were strongly brought out. As
an example of this, the president cited the development of the method
of estimating potash. Especial attention was called to the examination
of human foods, and the importance was urged of placing the subject
in subdivisions under experienced members of the Association.
Adjournment was taken to accept an invitation of the National
Grange to attend a meeting of that order then in session in the city.
FKKTILIZKRS.
The work on methods of fertilizer analysis during the past year was
confined to testing some of the newer methods not yet adopted hy the
Association, or some particular points in the official methods. No
changes in the present methods were made, although several points
W'ere recommended for testing the coming year.
Potash. — The referee, L. S. Munson, being absent, the report on
potash was read l)v the secretary. Samples were sent out for the pur-
pose of testing the application of the method of determining water-
soluble potash in fertilizers made up entirely or in part of organic
material: also to ascertain whether in mixtures of acid phosphate and
potash salts it was possible to obtain the theoretical amount of potash
added.
503
504 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Elovon analysts reported. The results <)})t:iine(l foi- water-soluljle
potash were very irregular, showing- a variation oi 0.47 per eent in a
total of less than 2 per eent of potash present. In the ease of obtain-
ing the theoretieal amount of potash in mixtures of acid phosphates
and potash salts the results were more regular, but still showed a" wide
variation. The average of the results with the mixture gave 6.12 per
eent of potash, while the theoretical amount was 6.'4o per cent. Work
along these lines will be continued.
H. A. Huston suggested that the loss of potasii might have been
occasioned b}' continued l)()iling, as reported by the Kentucky Station
several years ago.
Nitrogi^n. — Owing to the continued bad health of the referee, F. S.
Shiver, the report on nitrogen was presented by the associate, W. K.
Perkins. The work has been limited to a stud}' of methods for deter-
mining availaV)ility of organic nitrogen by the neutral permanganate
(Street) and pepsin-hydrochloric acid (Jones) methods. While the
work of the year has not materially approached the settlement of the
question of the value of the two methods, the associate believed that
by closely following certain points in manipulation as outlined the
permanganate method can be made to give good results. It was
suggested that the work on the tw^o methods be continued.
Some of the work on avaihibility of nitrogen carried on at the Rotli-
amstead Experiment Station was discussed ])y Dr. Bernard Dyer.
A paper by W. A. Withers and G. S. Fraps on the Rate of nitrifi-
cation of certain fertilizers was presented by the former. The exper-
iments reported showed a very close correspondence ])etween the rate
of nitrification during 3 weeks and the availabilit}" as shown ))y chem-
ical and vegetation tests, except in the case of sulphate of ammonia.
The latter seemed to be nitrified much more slowly than the organic
compounds, yet in many of the field experiments it gave results qlosely
approximating those given by nitrate of soda. The nitrification of
all materials tested, except bone, was facilitated by adding calcium
carbonate. This investigation will be contimied.
C. B. Williams presented a report on Variable ammonia residts in
mixed fertilizers. In tests of methods of analysis on fertilizers con-
taining fish scrap, blood, tankage, or nitrate of soda, results show^ed
that where the samples were put through a 1.25 mm. siev« (No. 20)
the differences ranged from 0.27 to 1.96 per cent. When put through
sieves of 0.625 mm. (No. 40) the difi'erences ranged from only O.02 to
0.14 per cent. In all these determinations the modified Kjeldahl
method was used with 0.7 gm. of substance. It is hoped to supplement
these results by fui'ther Avork during the coming season.
After some discussion on the added value of a fertilizer having its
nitrogen in the form of nitrates, a motion was adopted expressing the
CONVENTION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS. 505
desiral)ility of clettM'iniiiing- and reporting upon the forms of nitrogen
in the analysis of commercial fertilizers.
The Jones and Street methods for nitrogen were recommended for
further trial at the hands of the referee for next season.
Phoxplior'te acid. — The report was presented by the referee, E. G.
Runyan. Results were reported from 19 analysts on the samples sent
out for determination of the total phosphoric acid b}- the official gravi-
metric method, optional v'olumetric method, and volumetric by shak-
ing at room temperature. In 16 reports the several methods agreed
fairly well, and may be considered quite satisfactory.
Results on the determination of iron and alumina in phosphates were
reported by T analysts. These were rather discordant, although agree-
ing more closely than the previous year. While the results reported
on the determination of iron by the permanganate method do not agree
very well, the referee believes this to be the best means for determin-
ing iron in phosphates. The results of tests of the acetate and the
phenylhydrazin methods of alumina determination do not warrant the
drawing of definite conclusions, but the referee lielieves that some form
of the acetate method will prove to be the better.
H. J. Wheeler presented a paper upon Increased accuracy in phos-
phoric acid determination. In this he asked the special attention of
the Association to the work of Gooch and Austin (E. S. R.. 11, p. 107),
and suggested certain modifications of the official method of determin-
ing phosphoric acid. By the proposed modification close approxima-
tions to theoretical results are obtained, and the laboratory is freed
from the strong odor of ammonia and the expense materiall}' reduced.
P. MacFarland read a paper on basic slag, in which he reviewed
the sale of this material in Canada and the trials of the official chemists
in the Dominion in establishing a proper valuation of the soluble phos-
phate content. He presented the results of certain modifications in
the methods of analysis of this product, and asked the cooperation of
the Association in the further study of the question. After some dis-
cussion the question of the adoption provisionally of the 2 per cent
citric acid solution method of Wagner and the consideration of the
paper presented Avas referred to the referee for another year.
C. B. Williams described Kilgore's modification of the volumetric
method of estimating phosphoric acid. By this method 30 phosphoric
acid samples xn^y be analyzed with ease daily. From a large number
of comparative tests with the gravimetric method the results were in
all cases reported as extremely satisfactory.
SOILS.
The report on soils by the referee, B. L. Hartwell, covered the past
2 years. At the meeting in 1898 the Association reconmiended work
upon the so-called international method of determining assimilable
50() EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
pota.sh by using dilute nitric acid as a solvent, a further trial of Holle-
mann's method for the determination of the active lime compounds by
using water saturated with carbonic acid, and further tests with alka-
line ammonium chlorid as a solvent for potash. The results of the
work covering the period indicated were presented. The data, so far
as obtained, do not justif}' drawing any definite conclusions and the
work will be continued.
The referee also read a paper on A pot experiment to test field
observations concerning soil deficiencies. Attention was called to the
fact that often after a lapse of time a second analysis of a gi\en soil
failed to account for elements added in fertilizers or for amounts
removed by crops. This difficulty was believed to be probably due to
failure of the soil sample to properly- represent the area from which
it was taken. It was suggested that soils intended for field experi-
ments should have applied to them other lacking ingredients than the
one to be tested, and that soils intended for testing methods for
determining assimilable plant food should ))e subjected to pot experi-
mentation before being distributed bv the referee.
After some discussion a recommendation was adopted instructing
the referee on soils to consider methods for the mechanical analysis
of soils and the statement of the results, and also to consider the
method of soil sampling suggested by Dr. Dver.
The following provisions were also adopted as official: The use of
fifth-normal nitric acid as well as hydrochloric acid of the same
strength in determining phosphoric acid; the employment of a 3 mm.
sieve where 100 gm. or more of a sample is used for the determina-
tion: and the statement in the report of soil examination of such addi-
tional data as to enable calculating the total amount of the several
ingredients in a given area of soil to the depth at which it was sampled.
I.IQUOK AND FOOD ADULTERATION.
The report on liquor and food adulteration was presented ])y William
Frear. No recommendations were made. A list of definitions adopted
tentatively for certain classes of products was presented, and a collec-
tion of data of analyses of foods, condiments, and liquors. A reso-
lution was adopted by the association placing the subject of liquor and
food adulteration under fifteen heads, as follows: (1) meat and fish, (2)
fats and oils, (3) cereal products, (4) infant and invalid foods, (5) sac-
charine products, (6) canned vegetables, (7) tea, cofiee, cocoa, etc., (8)
spices and condiments, (9) vinegar, (10) flavoring extracts, (11) fruit
products, (12) fermented and distilled liquors, (13) baking powder and
baking chemicals, (14) preservatives, and (15) coloring matters. The
referee was authorized to associate with himself other members of the
Association to investigate the several subjects and prepare reports.
CONVENTION OF OFT ICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS. 507
ASH ANALYSIS.
The it'tVivo, A. E. Shuttleworth, outlined the work on ash and the
method of procedure. Results were reported from 8 analysts. The
writer stated that the place to begin the improvement of the method
of analyses is in the preparation of the ash. Volatilization and fusion
are two noteworthy sources of error. The use of calcium acetate solu-
tion overcomes the difiiculty of fusion, and a closed platinum apparatus
prevents volatilizatioii. These were adopted by the Association as
official. A paper by G. S. Fraps was submitted on the Loss of sulphur
in preparing- ash of plants. Two methods were tested. Ten grams
of substance were burned alone at as low temperature as possible, and
10 gm. were burned after the addition of a solution of calcium acetate.
In no case was all the sulphur of the plant contained in the ash, and
the loss with the calcium acetate was from 6 to 100 per cent more than
when the substance was burned alone.
FOODS AND FEEDINCr STUFFS.
The report was presented by W. H. Krug and covered the results
for 2 years. Three samples consisting of wheat, bran, and peas were
sent out. From the results obtained, three suggestions were made by
the referee: (1) That the present methods for moisture be further
studied with the view of fixing the time required and the exact tem-
perature at which the determination must be made; (2) the further
study of the effect of various methods of distillation on the results
obtained by the phloroglucin method; and (3) the determination of the
effect of the length of time which the precipitated distillate stands
upon the amount of phloroglucin obtained.
G. S. Fraps presented Notes on the determination of pentosans and
crude fiber. Attention was called to probable sources of error in the
official method of distillation in determining pentosans, in the quality
of phloroglucin used, and in the composition of the products obtained
by distillation of pentosans with hydrochloric acid. A method devised
b}' Kcmig was proposed foi" preparing crude fiber practically free from
pentosans (E. S. R., 10, p. 411). A method of purifying phloroglucin
was adopted; also several changes in manipulation in the provisional
method for the determination of pentosans by means of phloroglucin.
DAIRY PRODUCTS.
In his report the referee on dairy products, J. B. Weems, outlined
the work of the past year, which was the investigation of the official
and provisional methods and their modifications in determining casein
and albumen in milk. The results of the different analysts were pre-
sented and certain changes in the methods reconuuended. The Frear
alum method was sul)stituted for the magnesium sulphate method for
determinino- the casein in milk.
508 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
E. E. Ewell presented a method for the determination of the specific
gravity of fats. The question of making determinations at lOC^ C.
instead of at the temperature of boiling water was referred to the ref-
eree for next 3"ear.
TAXXIX.
The report on tannin was presented by O. Carr. W, H. Krug read
a paper on Comparative hide-powder tests. He suggested that in addi-
tion to the present requirements a clause be inserted to the effect that
the hide powder used in the determination of the nontannins shall be
neutral.
A paper by H. W. Wiley and W. H. Krug reported results of a
Comparison of the international tilter-tube method and the official hide-
powder method. The results show that the lilter-tube method gives
lower nontannins and correspondingly higher tannins than the official
method. Attention was called to the necessity, in the interest of com-
merce, of a uniform international method.
The use of the centrifugal and the pasteur filter in the estimation of
tannin was adopted.
FUXGICIDES AXD INSECTICIDES.
The report of the associate referee, L. A. Voorhees, consisted largely
of a further compilation of methods. The methods of 13 analysts
were given in full, and the}" were adopted provisionally for trial and
comparison in actual analytical work.
No report on sugar analysis was rendered by the referee on that
subject. The referee for next year was instructed to investigate and
report upon the relative value of the present official method and the
German method for the optical determination of sucrose l)y inversion.
H. W. Wiley presented a report of the meeting of the International
Congress of Chemists.
The secretary was requested to insert in the next edition of the
methods of analysis the latest revision of the table of atomic weights
reported by the committee of the American Chemical Society.
The report of the abstract committee was made by W. H. Beal.
Resolutions were adopted indorsing the movement toward the estab-
lishment of a national standardizing liureau.
OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION.
The officers elected for the ensuing year are as follows: President,
L. L. Van Slj^ke, Geneva, N. Y.: vice-president, H. J. Wheeler,
Kingston, R. I.; secretary, H. W. Wiley. Washington, D. C. ; addi-
tional members of executive conunittee. ^^^ R. Perkins, Agricultural
College, Miss., and F. W. Traphagen, Bozeman, Mont.
CONVENTION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS. 50U
The referees as announced are as follows:
Phosphoric acid: Referee, H. K. Miller. Tjakc City. Fla. ; associate
referee, C. H. Jones, Burlington, Vt.
Nitrogen: Referee, W. R. Perkins, Agricultural College, Miss.:
associate referee, F. W. Morse, Durham, N. H.
Potash: Referee, C. L. Hare, Auburn. Ala. : associate referee, L. S.
Munson. Washington, D. C.
Soils: Referee, ]VI. E. Jaffa. Berkeley. Cal.: associate referee, F. P.
Veitch, Washington. IX C.
Ash: Referee, G. S. Fraps, Raleigh, N. C. : associate referee, Fj. W.
Magruder, Richmond, Va.
Dairy products: Referee, J. A. LeClerc, Geneva, N. Y.; associate
referee, G. W. Cavanaugh, Ithaca, X. Y.
Foods and feeding stuffs: Referee, W. H. Krug, AVashington, D. C. ;
associate referee, C. A, Browne, jr.. State College, Pa.
Liquors and food adulteration: Referee, W. D. Bigelow, Wash-
ington, D. C. (meat and fish, fermented and distilled liquors); asso-
ciate referees, A. McGill. Ottawa, Canada (cereal products); P. T.
Aschiuann, Pittsburgh, Pa. (infant and invalid foods — carbohydrate);
L. M. Tolman and L. S. Munson, Washington, D. C. (fats and oils,
fruit preparations, coloring matters, canned vegetables); A. E. Leach,
Boston, Mass, (confections and saccharine products); A. L. Winton,
New Haven, Conn, (spices and condiments, baking powders, and bak-
ing-powder chemicals); W. Frear, State College, Pa. (vinegar); A. S.
Mitchell, Milwaukee, Wis. (flavoring extracts); W. M. Allen, Raleigh,
N. C. (preservatives).
Sugar: Referee, E. E. Ewell, Washington, D, C. ; associate referee,
G. L. Spencer, Washington, D, C.
Tannin : Referee, W. K. Alsop, New York, N. Y. ; associate referee,
V^\ H. Teas, Ridgway, Pa.
Fungicides and insecticides: Referee, L. A. Voorhees, New Bruns-
wick, N, J. ; associate referee, J. K. Haywood, Washington, D. C.
The committees will remain the same as last vear (E. S. R.. 11,
p. 210).
RECENT WORK IX ACiRlCUETlRAE SCIENCE.
CHEMISTRY.
Comparative methods of determining nitrogen in nitrates, L.
VON WissELL {Jviii-. Landu'., J^S {19u0}, jVo. '2^ pp. 10'>-llo,jig. i).—
Comparative tests of the following- methods are reported: (1) The
Mockern method^ (rediu'tioii in alkaline solution with zinc and iron
powder), (2) the Ulsch method," (3) the Devarda method (reduction
in alkaline alcoholic solution with ammonium-copper-zinc alloy — E. S.
R., tt, p. 67B), and (i) Forster's modification of the Kjeldahl method,
using sidphuric acid containing salicylic acid. The Devarda method
gave in all respects the most satisfactory results. Of the other three
methods the Ulsch and the Forster methods gave equally good results,
while the results ])y the Mockern method were too low. The author
considers the Devarda method the quickest and most convenient of the
methods tested.
The determination of perchlorates in potassium and sodium
nitrates, N. Blattner and J. Brasseur {C'hem. Ztg., 2.!f (1900), JVb.
72, J). 767; ah.s. /// 0/>e)n. CenthL, 1900, If, N'o. U, 2U>- '''^0, 781).—
The authors' method (E. 8. K., 10, p. 4-10) is modified as follows: Heat
5 gm. of the dried and finely powdered nitrate with T to 8 gm. of pure
calcium hydrate (5 gm. of water and 100 gm. of caustic lime) in a plat-
inum or porcelain crucible for 15 minutes over a Bunsen flame, cool
and wash into a 125 cc. flask, and allow to stand for 1 hour for the
complete diflusion of the soluble salts. Fill to the mark, allowing 3
cc. for the volume of the undissolved lime, shake and Alter, neutral-
ize 100 cc. of the Altered solution with dilute nitric acid, using methyl
orange as an indicator, and titrate according to Mohr Avith potassium
chromate and decinormal silver solution.
Method of determining chlorid, chlorate, and perchlorate in the
presence of each other, X. Blattner and .]. Hhasseli{ {CJk-ik. Zt(j.,
2J^ {1900), j>. 793; ahs. Jn. Che in. CeiifhJ., 1900, II, No. 15, j). 820)'.—
The method is as follows: Dissolve 20 to -tO gm. substance in 200 cc.
of water. Determine chlorln in 50 cc. of this solution l)y titration
with decinormal silver solution. Conduct sulphurous acid through
another 50 cc. of the solution or add 50 cc. of a saturated solution of
' Landw. Vers. Stat., 1892, p. 165. -Ztschr. Analvt. C'lieiii., 1891, j). 175.
510
CHEMISTRY. 511
_ !
sulphurous acid and boil gently to drive off excess of SO2. This treat-
ment reduces the chlorate to chlorid. Neutralize with pure calcium
carbonate and titrate for chlorin. The perchlorate is determined by
the method described above.
Experiments in the determination of cell-v/all material, hemi-
celluloses, and cellulose in plants, A. Kt.kibkji {Lmidir. Vei's.
Stat, SJf. {1900), jVo. 3-4, j)jy. 161-31J).— The author reports a com-
parative study of the Henneberg (Weende), Lange (E. S. R., 8,
p. 741), Hofl'meister (E. S. R., 10, p. 606), and Schulze (E. S. K., 8,
p. 741) methods of determining crude fiber, on a variety of coarse
fodders, palm cake, etc. Concordant results could not be obtained by
the Lange method, duplicates differing b}^ as much as 60 per cent.
The author agrees with Suringar and Tollens (E. S. R., 8, p. 742) that
the cellulose is attacked to a considerable degree in this method.
Both the Hoffmeister and Schulze methods, which are similar in that
potasium chlorate is employed, gave crude fiber containing too much
protein. The results by the Schulze method were, however, more
concordant than by the Hoffmeister method. The author modified
these 2 methods by boiling for 2 hours with 1.25 per cent sulphuric
acid, obtaining materially lower results, indicating that the crude
fiber as determined by the original methods contains considerable
quantities of material easily soluble in dilute acids (hemicelluloses).
The results with this modification were almost invariably concordant.
The author believes that if the Hoffmeister or Schulze methods are to
be used at all they should be used with the modification proposed,
although he does not claim that the method is free from o))jecti()n, as
the cellulose obtained may not be true cellulose and may contain
oxycelhdose.
An attempt Avas made to determine the total amount of cell-wall
constituents in plants by treating 3 gm. of air-dry substance with
200 CO. of 0.1.5 per cent potash solution for 2 to 3 days, collecting on a
dried and weighed filter, washing with cold and warm water, with cold
and hot alcohol, and finally with ether, and then drying to constant
weight. The ash and protein were determined and deducted. This
method and the use of alkali solution made l)y dissolving 5 gm. of
potassium hydrate in 1 liter of water gave practically the same results.
The end product by both methods contained quite large amounts of
protein. In the case of substances rich in starch the material was
treated with malt extract. The results of these determinations as
given by the author are not considered altogether reliable, being pos-
sibly too high in some cases and in others too low. The results were
considerably higher than those for crude fiber in the same materials.
Experiments were also made in the determination of hemicelluloses
by treating the cell-wall material, as obtained above, with 1.25 per
cent sulphuric acid, but the question as to how long the treatment
13411— No. 6 2
512 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
should be continued, the difference in time required by different
materials, and other details prevented obtaining- reliable results. In
all cases the treatment with 1.25 per cent sulphuric acid dissolved con-
siderable amounts of the nitrooen-free c(^ll-Avall constituents.
The relation of the reducing povrer of normal urines to the
amount of certain nitrogen compounds present, J. J I. Lonc; {Jaur.
Ainer. Chem. Soc.^ 22 {1900}^ Jto. 6', jjjk J09-o27}. — The nature of the
reducing bodies, behavior of uric acid with copper solutions, the deter-
mination of creatinin, uric acid, urea and ammonia, and the ratio of urea
to uric acid are discussed on the basis of the investigations I'cported.
While it is not considered possil)le to draw any exact generalizations
regarding the relation between the character of the food and the
results obtained, "the urines showing the highest reduction ratio for
uric acid and creatinin, as compared with the total reduction, were
from men with the strongest physique with a diet containing much
meat. On the other hand, the lowest uric acid and creatinin reductions
correspond to cases of slighter physique and lower nutrition. . . .
But from most of the urines no characteristic relation is apparent."
The nucleic acid of the embryo of -wheat and its protein com-
pounds, T. 1). OSBOKNK and (i. F. CaMTBELL {('ohlKcfii-id Sfdfr Std.
Bpt. 1899, pt. 3, pp. 305-SS9; Jowr. Amer. Cliein. Soc, 22 {1900),
No. 1i,p>p). J75-^Xj).— The authors used for their investigations a
quantity of wheat germ meal from which the bran and endosperm had
been very thoroughly removed. By methods which they describe in
detail they found that the embryo of the wheat kernel contains the fol-
lowing substances:
(1) A nucleic acid, in considerable quantit}", which is not identical
with any nucleic acid heretofore described.
"This acid is insoluble in water, forms soluble as well as insoluble compounds with
proteid substances, and on hydrolysis yields guanin, adenin, phosphoric acid, and
other products not yet identified."
(2) Leucosin and an albumin (constituting about 10 per cent of the
embryo), formerly found l)y the writers in small ([uaiitities in the
whole kernel of wheat, rA^e, and l»arley, and al)undantly in malt.
"By saturating extracts of the kernel or of the embryo with sodium chlorid, the
leucosin is largely precipitated, from the former as a substance readily soluble again
in water, from the latter as an insoluble compound containing about 30 per cent of
luick'ic acid. From the latter pre<'ipitate, dilute salt solution extracts a small amount
of nearly phosphorus-free proteid, which behaves like a gloliulin, l)eing precipitated
by dilution or by dialysis, but liaving essentially the same ultimate composition as
leucosin. By dialyzing the aqueous extract in water, nearly all the leucosin con-
tained in it is precipitated, not like a globulin, but as an insolulilc compound con-
taining about 20 per cent of nucleic acid."
(3) A globulin. ])recipittited in s])lu'r()ids by dialysis and by dilu-
tion as a coherent deposit. The yield was about 5 per cent of the
embryo.
CHEMISTRY. 513
"Our preparations of this globulin contained from 6 to 17 per cent of nucleic iicid,
most of them from 12 to 15 per cent. From this the proteid could not be separated
by fractional precipitation. . . .
"In composition and properties this globulin agrees with that found by the writer in
the kernels of wheat, rye, and barley. So far as we have been able to observe, it
differs from edestin, the crystalline globulin obtained from seeds of hemp, llax, and
squash only in containing two-thirds as much suli)hur."
(4) Two proteoses, too-ether constituting about 5 per cent of the
embryo.
"About one-third of the total nitrogen of the embryo is not extracted by water
and salt solutions and appears to belong to insolu1)le compounds. This nitrogen is
accompanied by phosphorus corresponding to about 6. 75 percent of nucleic acid, which
would contain two-thirds of this insoluble nitrogen. It seems probable, therefore,
that this insoluble nitrogen belongs largely to insoluble compounds of nucleic acid
and protein. . . .
"The ])roteidsof the embryo differ from those of the dormant endosperm, of this
as well as of other seeds, in the facility with which they undergo (ihanges. These
changes are the result of a redistribution of acids among the protein and other basic
molecules, so that compounds form in the extracts of the embryo which contain
various proportions of nucleic acid according to the changing conditions.
"The writer has shown that the glol)ulin, edestin, fonns crystalline compounds
with one and with two molecules of acid and also compounds with a greater number
of acid molecules. There is reason to believe that all other native protein substances
form similar compounds; in other words, that proteins are distinctly polyacid bases
and tiiat the at-id characters which proteids display are due to acids united to their
protein molecules, probably in the same maimer as in the salts of the jjurin bases.
"These nucleic acid compounds of the protein constituents of the wheat endjryo
appear to be compounds of this order. According to this view, no special distinction
can be made between nucleins and nucleoproteids, the former being simply com-
pounds containing a greater number (jf molecules of nucleic acid united to one
molecule of protein.
"That the wheat embryo in fact contained the same nucleic acid compounds as
we have oV)tained innn the extracts is highly improbal)le. All that we can conclude
is that the embryo contains the different i^rotein substances described, together with
nucleic acid, and that these may unite to form a number of different compounds
according to the conditions which prevail at any given time."
The proteids of the egg yolk, T. B. Osborne and G. F. Camp-
bell {Connecticut ^tate Sta. lipt. 1809, j^^- '^i ]PP- oo9-3JfxS; Jour.
Amer. Chem. Soc, 22(1900), No. 7, pp. 413-422).— The authors found
that sodium chlorid solutions dissolve from egg yolk a large amount
of protein matter resembling a globulin, but which is believed to be a
mixture of compounds of ])rotein matter with lecithin.
"Preparations of these compounds contain from 15 to 30 per cent of lecithin. The
more soluble products obtained by fractional precipitation contain larger proportions
of lecithin than the less soluble — that is, they are more acid compounds. These
compounds might well be called lecithin-nucleo-vitellin.
"The lecithin thus combined is not removed by ether, Ijut readily by alcohol.
The insoluble lecithin-free proteid, obtained by treating the lecithin compounds with
alcohol, has a constant composition when obtained from successive fractional precip-
itations of the lecithin compound. . . .
"This sul)stance on digesting with jjcpsin yields i)aranuclein of variable composi-
tion. When the analyses of the nucleovitellin and the paranuclein are calculated
514
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
free from phosphoric acid H3PO4, possibly identical with 'paranucleic acid,' the
composition found for the organic part of all of these preparations is so nearly the
same as to show that the proteid and the nuclein are both compounds of one and
the same proteid body, vitellin, with a phosphoric acid, possibly H3PO4, HgPaOg, or
some very simple organo-phosphoric acid."
The protein constituents of egg white, T, B. OsBorne and G. F.
Campbell {Connecticut State -Sta. Rpt. 1899^ pt. 3^2)^.31^8-375; Jour.
Amer. Chem. Soc, ^2 {1900), No. 7, jpp. 4.22-4S0).—ln a previous paper
(E. S. R., 11, p. 309) the author .stated that with the substance com-
monly called ovalbumin there is associated one or more other proteid
bodies, the properties of which were not definitely ascertained. The
present investigation, which was on a larger scale, confirms this con-
clusion and presents much additional information respecting these
other proteid bodies.
In addition to ovalbumin the authors find in egg white ovomucin,
conalbumin, and ovomucoid. The properties and composition of each
of these bodies are described at length. Ovalljumin is the chief con-
stituent of egg white, constituting over 50 per cent. Ovomucin is a
glycoproteid and constitutes about 7 per cent of the proteid matter of
egg white. Conalbumin is obtained from the fractions from which
the proteids of egg white are obtained after separating the crystalized
fractions. It is separated by heating to 65"^ and is designated conal-
bumin "on account of its close relation in properties and composition
to ovalbumin. What this relation may be, we have not determined.
Conalbumin and ovalbumin may be different compounds of the same
protein, or the former may be a derivative of the latter involving a
molecular change." Ovomucoid, a glycoproteid, is obtained after all
the proteids coagulable by heat have been separated, being precipi-
tated by ammonium sulphate solution. The composition of these
proteids is shown in the following table:
Composition vf ovomucin, ovalbumin, conalbumin, and ovomucoid.
Carbon.
Hydro-
gen.
Nitrogen.
Sulphur.
Phos-
phorus.
Oxygen.
Per cent.
50.69
50.95
52.75
52.25
49.02
48.90
Per cent.
6.71
6.85
7.10
6.99
6.45
6.61
Per cent.
14.49
14.82
15. .51
16.11
12.71
12.16
Per cent.
2.28
1.94
1.62
1.70
2.38
2.34
Per cent.
Per cent.
25 83
Do
25. 44
Ovalbumin (average of 6 preparations) .
Conalbumin (average of 3 preparation.s) .
Ovomucoid
0.122
22. 898
22. 95
29.44
Do
29.99
The purest preparations of ovalbumin, having a constant specific
rotation and the same composition and temperature of coagulation,
all gave solutions when boiled with acids which yielded considerable
quantities of crystalline precipitates with phenylhydrazin. The
amount of osozone actually obtained corresponds to from 2 to 2.5 per
cent of carbohvdrate calcidated as glucone. The authors discuss the
CHEMISTRY. 5l5
origin of this carliohydrate material, concluding- that it "does not
originate in admixed ovomucoid, but is derived from the substance
constituting the crystallized ovalbumin."
" We have stated our belief that crystalHzed ovalbumin is a compound of some
acid with protein substance and consider it quite probable that this acid contains
the carbohydrate group.
" AVe have been unable to obtain any evidence of carbohydrate in edestin, the crys-
tallized globulin of hemp seed, nor, according to Hammarsten, can a carbohydrate
be split from casein, vitellin, myosin, and fibrinogen. This subject requires further
careful study before a definite conclusion can be reached. At present the preponder-
ance of evidence indicates that the carbohydrate is not derived from the jjrotein
molecule, but from substances combined with the protein as it is obtained from the
tissues or secretions."
On the chemical properties of the fat in Norwegian creamery
butter, F. lI.A\'r:KENSKiOLr)(^I^//'.s'(6c7'. Ojfent. Forand. Landhr. Fremnie,
1899, jy^p^ 117-127). — Samples of butter churned in 9 Norwegian cream-
eries were taken at regular intervals by authorized agents under
conditions that precluded chances for adulteration, 254 samples being
taken during 1S1H>. The following data show the extremes obtained
during the year:
Specific gravity (at boiling point of water) 0. 8636- 0. 8678
Specific gravity (at 100° F.) 9082- . 9130
Refractive index (at 45° C. ) 39. 0 -43. 7
Volatile acids (Reichert-Wollny num])er) 21. 2 -34. 7
The variations obtained are believed to be too narrow for Norwegian
butter. The author finds that poor nutrition, exposure to cold, and
dift'erences in the system of feeding practiced in summer and in winter
are the chief causes of the variations in composition. A higher
specific gravity and content of volatile acids and a lower refractive
index were obtained in winter than in summer in the case of all cream-
eries. As a general rule cold weather occurring when the cows were
on pasture depressed the specific gravity and the Reichert number and
increased the refractive index. — f. w. woll.
A systematic handbook of volumetric analysis, F. Sutton {London: J. & A.
Churchill, 1900, pp. XI ^640, figs, iifi).— The eighth edition of this well-known
treatise, revised and enlarged. "A considerable number of additions and alterations
have been made to methods given in former editions, and several substances not pre-
viously treated have been introduced."
The determination of nitrogen in nitrate of soda, O. Bottcher {Jour. Landw.,
43 (1900) , Xo. 3, pp. 287-2S9) . — A reply to a criticism by L. von Wissell (see p. 510)
of the method projjosed by tlie author (the so-called Mockern method).
A reply to the above remarks, L. von Wissell {Jour. Landw., 4S {1900), No. 3,
pp. 291, 293).
Note on the determination of nitric nitrogen by Schloesing's method, C
Davidson {Chem. Xeirn, 81 {1900), No. 2101, pp. 97, 98, fig. 1).
A modification of Peligot's absorption apparatus for ammonia determina-
tions, F. Pannertz {ZtHchr.AiKilyt. Chtnn., 39 {1900), Xo. 5, pp. 318-320, fig. 1).—
The lower U-tube of the Peligot apparatus is so arranged as to prevent regurgitation
of the liquid in the absorption bulb. — c. b. Williams.
51(5 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
Preparation of sodium cobaltinitrite and its application for the detection of
potassium, E. Biilmaxx {ZtJichr. Anali/t. < 'lifm. ..!!>{ l!'O0). Xd. .5, jip. 2S4-iS0). — The
author claims that this reagent is more sensitive tliaii platinum t'hlorid and far less
expensive. — c. h. williams.
The estimation of formic acid in the presence of acetic acid, F. Spakre
{Ztxchr. Anahjt. Chem., o9 (1900), Xo. 2, p]>. 105, 106). — The author strongly recom-
mends the method of Portes and Ruyssen, but thinks they intended to instruct the
employment of a 1 per cent solution of the substance instead of a 10 jjer cent, as the
amount of mercuric chlorid indicated to be used is not sufficient for a 10 per cent
solution. C. B. WILLIAMS.
Refractometric butter analysis, A. Partiieil and J. vox Velsex {Arch.
Pharm., 238 {1900), pp. 261-279; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Sac [JjDidoii], 7S {1900), No.
4oo, JI,p. 633).
On the determination of the iodin value, J. J. A. Wi.is {Aii(ihi><l, 25 {1900),
Feb., pp. 31-35).
Detection of cane sugar in milk sugar, J. Laxdin {Chem. Zli/., 24 {1900),
Xo.21,p. 211).
Methods of sugar analysis of the laboratories of the French Ministry of
Finance, E. 3Iascakt {/t.sclir. Ver. Dent. Znrlrriiid., 1900, Xo. 5.J7, J I, pp. 937-939).
The quantitative determination of volatile oils in spices, K. Maxx {Chem.
Zlg., 24 {1900), Xo. 13, p. 124).
Determination of tannins, L. Speciit and F. Lorexz {Chem. Ztg., 24 {1900), Xo.
17, pp. 170, 171, fig. 1).
Nut oils, L. H. Merrill {Mdliw Sia. Bui. 65, pp. 108-111) .—The autlior reports
determinations of the refractive index, specific gravity, iodin absorption number,
and the calories per gram of oils of the following nuts: Beechnut, Brazil nut, butter-
nut, filbert, hickory, pecan, pistachio, pine nut, walnut, peanut (raw and roasted),
and cocoanut. The method of analysis is given and the properties of nut oils are
briefly discussed.
liimestones, petroleum, etc., A. M. Peter and H. E. Curtis {Kentuck!/ Sta.
Rpt. 1898, pp. XXII, XXIII). — Analyses of 6 samples of limestone, 2 of petroleum,
and 1 of an unidentified mineral are re{)orted.
The -wide occurrence of indicators in nature, G. S. Fraps {Amer. Chem. Jour.,
24, {1900), No. 3, pp. 271-276). — "Some 74 kinds of colored flowers, both wild and
cultivated, the leaves of 5 varieties of coleus, the cowpea bean, the blacklierry, mul-
berry, smilax berry, strawlserry, and the red beet were extracted with water or
dilute alcohol and the extract tested for indicators." The results show that nearly
all of the extracts possessed indicator properties, and some were quite sensitive.
The materials are grouped in -1 classes as regards their behavior with acids and
alkalis.
A burette for accurate gas analysis, A. II. White {Jour. Amer. ('Item. Sac, 22
{1900), Xo. 6, pjp. 343-349, figii. 5).
A convenient micro-polariscope for food examination, A. L. Winton
{Reprinted from .Tour. Apjil. Mirms., 2 {1899), Xo. 10, j>j). 550, .551, figs. ^).— This
instrument and its use arc briefly descril)ed.
A simple thermoregulator, F. Bolm {Zt?,c]ir. Aiudgt. Chem., 39 {1900), X'o. 3, pp.
315-317, figs. 2). — The efficiency of the regulator depends very much upon the con-
struction of the bath. Asbestos-lined, water, or oil baths are recommended by the
author. — c. b. williams.
BOTANY.
A study of the root systems of cultivated plants grovrn as farm
crops, A. M. Ten Eyck {\<>rt/i huloia Sfa. liul. J^.J, pp. 'jJo-o'jO^
ji<j>i. 12). — In a previous puhliriitioii (E. S. 11., 11, p. 215) a prelimi-
BOTANY.
517
nary report is given on the root systems of wheat, oats, and corn,
with some discussion of the root systems of othcM- crops. The present
bulletin is devoted to investioations in the same line conducted in 1899,
and includes :i l)rief review of the study of the roots of wheat, oats,
and corn, and of the manner in which the root samples were prepared.
A further investigation of the root system of flax showed that flax
possesses a very intricate S3^stem of rooting, and while the roots are
not as long, they more completelv occupy the upper layers of the soil
than the roots of wheat or oats. The roots of field peas were investi-
gated on plants 86 days after planting. The vines at this time were
5i ft. long, while the roots n^ached only to a depth of 3 ft. and were
rather sparingly supplied with branches and fibers. Like the roots of
the flax, the bulk of the fibrous roots lie within 8 or 10 in. of the sur-
face, showing that in practice peas do not requii'e a deep soil.
The roots of 1 and 2 year-old plants of Bromux inermis were exam-
ined. At 1 year old the roots had attained a depth of over -l ft. and
formed a good sod. The roots of the 2-year-old grass were traced to
a depth of .5^ ft., and the author l)elieves they probably went a foot
deeper. Comparisons were drawn between the root systems of native
prairie grasses, timothy roots, and the roots of B ramus inermis, show-
ing that the native prairie grasses do not make as h^avy a sod as the
cultivated ones, the prairie-grass roots in the sample examined reach-
ing less than 3 ft. in depth.
In the previous investigation the specimens of potato roots were
considered unreliable on account of the plants having been injured by
frost. In the investigations here reported, samples were taken of an
early and a late variety of potatoes, from which it was seen that the
main portion of the root growth is superficial. Forty-three days after
planting, the principal part of the root development was found to lie
within 8 in. of the surface of the ground. The lateral roots had
extended from hill to hill and interlaced. Some of the principal lat-
eral roots were found to be only 2i in. from the surface at 6 in. from
the hill. This root development would indicate the necessity of shal-
low cultivation of this crop, and this was confirmed in experiments with
deep and shallow cultivation, the results showing a decided advantage
for the shallow cultivation of potatoes unbilled. The samples of a late
variety of potatoes showed that late potatoes root more freelv and
more deeply than early ones, and as a result will not stand as close
planting as the early varieties. When the hills are a1)out 3 ft. apart
each way, the soil is very fully occupied by the roots to a depth of 3 ft.
From examination of the roots of sugar beets it was found that this
crop does not develop lateral roots near the surface of the ground.
Tlie greatest amount of branching and fibrous growth of beet roots
takes place in the space between 8 and l-t in. in depth.
The effect of subsoiling on root growth and development of sugar
518 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
beets was inyestigated, with the result that on the subsoiled plats there
was a considerably better development of feeding roots, and the main
root was more s^'mmetricalh^ developed.
The soils in which the various roots g-row are described at some
length, and general remarks and conclusions similar to those in the
previous bulletins are given.
Sugar-producing plants, L. Geschwind {Ami. Ag?'07i., 26 {J,900),
JS^o. 'S', j>j>. -jSo-JfOO). — The author has given a brief report on the
present state of information relative to sugar producing plants, divid-
ing them into the following categories: (1) Those which have been
shown experimentally to contain sugar, but whose utilization in an
industrial manner has not been attempted; (2) those plants used in
producing sugar, but which are more or less local in their use; and (3)
those which furnish the greater portion of the sugar of commerce. In
the first category are mentioned carrots, melons, cucumbers, gourds,
agaves, etc. In the second class are described various species of palms,
maize, sorghum, and sugar maple, while in the third are described
sugar cane and sugar beets.
Hydrocyanic acid in plants, M. Soave {N'uov. Giorn. Bot. Ital.^
6 {lH99),i>p. 219^338; ah. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soe. [London], 1900,
No. 3, p. 343). — From a series of experiments upon the bitter almond and
Pangmm edvle it is concluded that cyanogen compounds in plants are
transitional substances from which are obtained nitrogenous food mate-
rials by the plants. From the time the seeds begin to swell, so long
as the embr^^o is dormant, the bitter almond contains no trace of hj^dro-
cyanic acid. It makes its appearance only when the seed begins to
germinate and then onh" in the stem, none being observed either in
the ]'oot or the cotyledons. Sweet almonds are said to contain no trace
of amygdalin.
Soil inoculation for promoting the grovrth of legumes, F. T.
Shutt {C((h(«I<i Krj>f. Fdi'm.s Rj>ts. JS99, j)j>. 150, 151, pi. 7).— A re-
port is given of the use of Nitragin, in which a second year's growth
of clover which had been inoculated is compared with similar plats
without treatment. While in the hrst year's crop the diti'erence was
slight, the second year's growth on the inoculated plats was more than
3 times that of the untreated. The author states that the results of
his 3 years' investigations indicate the possil)ility of obtaining a good
crop of clover on very poor soil with the aid of Nitragin, provided the
soil is drained, the season favorable, and there is present a sufficient
supply of mineral plant food. Certain difficulties to the introduction
of Nitragin are mentioned, among them the difficulty of ot)taining the
cultures and the necessity of protecting from strong light and keeping
at a low temperature. It is suggested that it is possible to o})tain the
same results by taking soil from fields that have grown good crops of
clover and sowing over poor soil.
BOTANY. 519
Twigs of common trees and shrubs, F. H. Hillman {Nevada Sla. Bui. .^.5,
pp. 16, Jigs. 18). — This bulletin is the first of a proposed series of studies in plant life,
and describes the twigs and buds of poplars, elms, maples, and willows.
Notes on some Andropogons in Jamaica, W. Harris {Bui. Bot. Dept. Jamaica,
n. ser., 7 {1900), X<i. 10, pp. 152-154). — Notes are given on some of the economic
uses of Andi'opogon .^(juarro.'^Hs, A. srJuenanthu.^, and A. nardus.
Influence of copper salts on plants, E. Chuard and F. Porchet {Bui. Soc.
Vaud. ScL Nat., 4- .ser., 36 {1900), No. 135, pp. 71-77). — Experiments made by the
authors tend to show that the favorable effects of compounds of copper on the growth
and fertility of plants have been exaggerated. The increase in the amount of sugar in
the fruit of grapes and gooseberries sprayed with Bordeaux mixture is said not to
exceed 1 or 2 per cent. Copper was not found present in the leaves. The deeper
color of the leaves, they claim, is not due to an increase in the amount of chlorophyll.
The effect of carbon dioxid upon water transportation in plants, P. Kos-
AROFF {Bot. Centbl., 83 {1900), No. 5, pp. 138-144)- — A series of experiments is reported
with water cultures of Phaseolus vulgaris, leafless stem of Eupatorium, leaf of Acer, and
twigs of Sparmania, Morus alba, and Prunus cerasus, in which the effect of carbon
dioxid on water transportation was shown. Carbon dioxid solutions greatly check
the ability of plants placed in the solution to take up water. This was found to be
true for herbaceous and woody plants. It proved injurious to all living tissues with
which it came in contact. The wilting of plants subjected to a continued exposure
to carbon dioxid is attributed to the reduction of transpiration.
The electrical effects of light upon green leaves, A. D. Waller {Science, n.
ser., 12 {1900), No. 297, pp. 377,378). — A brief abstract is given of the paper in which
appears the result of the author's investigation upon the action of light upon green
leaves, being accompanied by electrical effects. Young leaves were placed upon a
glass plate and connected with a galvanometer, one portion being shaded and the
other exposed to the light. The deflection of the galvanometer during the illumina-
tion was sufficient to indicate an electric current in the leaf from the excited to the
protected part. The amount of current in some cases was measured, and the effect
of various gases, as shown upon the electric current, is given.
The influence of temperature on protein metabolism, D. Prianishnikov {Ber.
Dent. But. Gesell., 18 {l900),*No. 6, pp. 285-291). — Experiments with pea seedlings
showed that the energy of protein metabolism increases with the increase in tempera-
ture up to at least 37° C.
Formation of resin in plants, A. Tschirch {FesUch. Schwendener, Berlin, 1899,
pp. 464-470; ahs. in Jour. Rog. Micros. Soc. \_London'], 1900, No. ^,p. 214)- — The mode
of formation of oil cells in Oinnamomum cassia is described in detail. They are said
to be developed from small cells filled with protoplasm by the gradual suberation of
the cell walls, accompanied by the formation of a layer of nuicilage. Later the
inner strata of the mucilage layer are absorbed and the protoplasm fuses with the
remainder of the mucilage, the resin-bearing layer resulting from their union. Small
drops of oil are formed which gradually pass into the cavity and the resin-bearing
layer is ultimately almost entirely resorbed. Similar phenomena are said to occur
in other resin-ljearing plants.
On artificially" changing the coloring of flo^wers, M. Miyoshi {Boi. Centbl.,
S3 {1900), No. 11, pp. 34s, 346). — A brief account is given of experiments with alum,
hydrochloric acid, and caustic potash in changing the coloring of flowers. Watery
extracts were made of various red, purple, and lilac colored flowers and dilute solu-
tions of the chemicals mentioned added. The alum changed the lilac to blue and
the rose color to lilac. Hydrochloric acid changed the lilac and the light red to a
copper red, and in some cases the lilac was changed to green or brown. Potash
transformed the rose and lilac to green or yellow. Similar results were obtained
when cut flowers were placed in solutions of the above, or by watering with them
520 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
plants grown in pots. The experiments were conducted with Hydrangea, f'alisiephus
chinotsis, Campaivila alliariifoUo, and Licolis radiata.
The limit of coneentration of nutrient solutions for fung'i, T. Bokorny
{Allg. Emu. u. llopfcn Zt(j., 1900, Xo. 51, p. 553).
A classification of the fleshy Pezizinese, E. J. Ditrand {Bui. Torrey Bot.
Cbih., 21 {1900), Xo. 9, pp. 463-495, plx. '!).
METEOROLOGY.
How to prevent hailstorms, 1*. X. Kritski [Trudl Iinj?. Voln.
Eh>n. (^h.sh.,1899, No. 2,])p' 103-205).— The cause of hailstorms being,
according' to the author, the accumulation of electric energy in the
clouds, he proposes to diminish this accumulation and thus probably
entirely prevent hailstorms by means of a kite similar to that used
])y Franklin in his famous experiments. The kite is to be made of a
rectanouliir piece of light fabric stretched over a wooden frame. For
a wind with a velocity less than 7 meters per second kites al)out 4 meters
in length and 2.6 in width are recommended; for a wind with a greater
velocity than T meters per second ^."2 hy 2.1 meters are suitable. The
tail consists of a cord 8 mm. in thickness to which 3 cones are consecu-
tively attached. The first cone has a diameter of 450 mm. and is situ-
ated 10 meters from the kite, the second 300 nmi. in diameter is situated
4 meters from the first, and the third of the same diameter is situated 3
meters from the second. To the kite are attached 4 copper rods each
350 nun. long and 4.5 mm. in diameter. The rods each terminate in a
point either made of platinum or plated with the latter and are in metal-
lic contact with the wire (or rope) to which the kite is attached. The
other end of this wire ma}' be in contact with the earth, or with some
device for storing and utilizing the electricity drawn from the sky.
The kite wire need not be more than 3,500 ft. long (the mean height
of the clouds). The kites should be kept fl}' ing until the danger of the
hailstorm has passed. — p. fireman.
Monthly Weather Revie-w {C^. jS. Dept. Ayr., WeatJi.tr Bureau.,
Monthly Weather Bevieic, 28 {1900), JVos. 4, pp. Ul-191,Jigs. 4-, charts
9; r>^pp. 193-238, f(js. .f, c/iart.^ 8; 6, pp. 239-278, fg. 1^' charts 8). —
In addition to the usual reports on forecasts, warnings, weather, and
crop conditions, meteorological tallies and charts, and lists of recent
papers on meteorology, these numbers contain the following articles
and notes:
No. 4, special contributions on Special report on the floods in tlie Colorado \-a\-
ley, Texas, April 7 to 17, 1900, and other floods during the same period (illus. ), by
I. M. Cline; The drougiit of 18U9 in southwest Missouri, by J. S. Hazen; The clima-
tology of Habana, Cuba, by E. del IVIonte; Phenological observations on the Potomac,
by F. W. Very; and notes by the editor on death of Mr. Cyrus Ellenberger, storm
waves not tidal waves, an ice storm, storm in Yucatan, local anemometric i)eculiari-
ties, the seasonable rain in Colorado, freshets in James River, \'irginia, i)hcnology in
Ohio, hail and its methods of formation, studies in raindro[)s, the fonnation of large
raindrops, photography in meteorology, a new meteorological journal, the effects of
METEOROLOGY. 521
diminished ]ire88ure on cooking, sudden temperature changes in Montana (illus. ),
weather forecast cards by rural delivery, ice and navigation at St. Michael, Alaska,
Oregon weather and Bering Sea ice, the Brooklyn museum of meteorology, lectures
on meteorology, meteorology in the universities, the Weather Bureau and the uni-
versities, the climatology of California, and isotherms for a given altitude.
No. 5, special contributions on Special report on the floods in the Brazos River
Valley, Texas, April 27 to May 17, 1900; also freshets in other streams (illus.), by
I. M. Cline; Oregon weather and Bering Sea ice, by E. A. Beals; Local storm at
Springfield, Mo., by J. S. Hazen; Prof. P. E. Doudna, by F. Cajori; Halo at Detroit,
Mich., ^lay, 1900 (illus.), by J. K, Hooper; Lake levels ami wind phenomena (illus.),
by A. J. Henry; and notes by the editor on rainfall in Jamaica for 1899, Oregon
weather and Bering Sea ice, seasonal forecasts in Colorado, the thunderstorm of May
16 in Idaho, the Hawaiian standard of time, heavy rainfall in local storms, the June
rise of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, a meteorological library, monument to
Cantoni, lectures on meteorology, the drift of the Gulf stream near Key West, Fla.,
eclipse shadow bands and correlated atmospheric; phenomena, storm warnings on
the Oregon coast, index to the monthly reports of the California section, and Cape
Nome temperatures.
No. (), special contributions on Extension of Weather Bureau work, by E. B.
Garriott; Rainfall and drainage in the Upper Chagres River, by H. L. Abbot; Cloud-
burst at Erwin, Tenn., by S. G. Worth; The seismograph at the observatory at Carson
City, Nev. (illus.), by C. W. Friend; Droughts, famines, and forecasts in India, by
E. D. Archibald; and notes by the editor on meteorological cablegrams, a local
weather sign, climatology in California, meteorological conditions favorable to spon-
taneous combustion, Weather Bureau service in Haiti, the laws of atmospheric circu-
lation, prevention of hail by cannonading, the Weather Bureau in Dominica, W. I,,
the Nile floods and the Indian monsoons, another use for the kite, a new meteor-
ological journal, weather cablegrams from the Azores, and i)ineapple growing in
southern Florida.
Meteorological summary for 1898, V. E. Muncy {Kentuch/ St<l. Rpt. 1898, jyp.
XXXI Y-XX XIX). — Tabular monthly sununaries are given of observations at Lex-
ington, Ky., on atmospheric pressure, temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, and
wind. The mean barometric pressure for the year was 29.01 in., the highest 29.66,
lowest 28.29; mean temperature 64.40° F. ; the highest 9(), July 2; lowest — 1, Decem-
ber 14; total annual ])recipitation 60.52 in.
Meteorological observations, W. T. Ellis etal. {Canada Expt. Farins Rpts. 1899,
pp. 41, 42, 2'21-229, 258,335, 388, 425). — Summaries are given of observations during
1899 on temperature, precipitation (rainfall and snow fall), and sunshine at Ottawa;
Nappan, Nova Scotia; Brandon, Manitol«i; Indian Head, Northwest Territories; and
Agassiz, British Columbia.
Meteorological conditions of the cultural year 1898-99, P. de Calume
{Expose Cult. Expcr. Jard. Gand, 1898-99, pp. 1-5). — A summary of observations,
mainly on temperature and precipitation, during the year ended October 31, 1899.
Normal distribution of rainfall in the Madras Presidency, C. Benson {An
accuunt af tlic iioriiKd d'lstrdmtion of the ralnfaJI in tlw Madras Presidency J>ased on. the
records of tirenty-fire years. Madras: Priutrd 1/y the Superintendent, Governuient Press,
1899, ]ij). "20, charts 10) . — This is a report of the deputy director of the Department
of Land Records and Agriculture. The rainfall conditions are charted and discussed
with the following arbitrary divisions of the year: (1) The hot weather, April and
May; (2) the southwest monsoon, June to September; (3) the northeast monsoon,
October to Decend)er, and (4) the dry weather, Januarj"^ to March.
Storms and hail during the years 1897 and 1898 in Steiermark, Karnten,
and Ober-Krain, K. Pkohaska {Mitt. Natnrw. Ver. tSteiennark, 1897, No. 34, pp.
522 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
141-ni'>; 1898, No. 33, pp. 141-169). — These reports record ol)servations on lijjrhtning
strokes, tlunidcrstornis, hailstorms, etc.
The influence of forests on climate, J. Schubert ( Wetter, 17 {1900), p. 209).
On the influence of forests on the temperature of the air, IMurrKicii (Meleor.
Ztxfhr. [Vinuiii'\, 17 (lUOO), p. 356).
The climate of Sweden according- to Elcholm, Engel {GeocjrapMe, 1900, p.
199).
The Manila observatory, J. Algue {Nat. Geogr. Mag., 11 {1900), No. 11, pp.
4^^7-438, tigs. 2). — An account of the history and work of this institution for meteor-
ological inquiries.
AIR— WATER— SOILS.
Field operations of the Division of Soils, 1899, M. Whitney
ET AL. ( f \ S. J),pt. A(jr. , R2'^- ^^'^^ PI'- ^^^1 P^-"'- ^'^9 ./'V''*- ^^^ ^'^^' 1IM])S
11). — This is a report of progress by the Division of Soils in surveying,
investigating, and mapping the soils of the United States. It contains
the following papers: (1) A review of the operations of the year by the
Chief of the Division, which summarizes methods used and results
ol)tained; (2) a soil survey of the Pecos Valley, New Mexico, by T. H.
Means and F. D. Gardner, which has already been noted (E. S. R., 11,
p. 912); (3; a soil survey of Salt Lake Valley, Utah, by F. D. Gard-
ner and John Stewart, which has also been noted elsewhere (E. S. R. ,
12, p. 317); (4) reconnoissances with reference to topography, soils, and
alkali of Sanpete, Cache, and Utah counties, Utah, and Cache a la
Poudre Valley, Colorado, by T. H. Means; (5) a soil survey in the Con-
necticut Valley, by C. W. Dorsey and J. A. Bonsteel, which treats of
th(^ clinuite. topography, geology, soils, and the culture of tobacco in
that valley; (6) application of the theory of solutions to the study of
soils, l)vF. K. Cameron; and (7) the method of mechanical analysis as
applied to alkali soils and the influence of salts (sodium chlorid, sul-
phate, and (carbonate) upon the rate of evaporation from soils, by L, J.
Briggs.
Ai'eas aggregating aljout 720, 000 acres have l)een studied and mapped
(on a scale of 1 in. to the mile). The maps show the areas of the dif-
ferent kinds of soils found in the districts studied, and, for the arid
region, the alkali conditions (the distribution and relative intensity of
total alkali and of black alkali) and the depth to standing water. The
soil survey of the Connecticut Valley forms part of a general plan to
investigate and map the tobacco soils of the United States (PI S. R.,
10, p. 531).
"The map shows the distribution of the soiLs of the valley, whicli are described
with all necessary detail in the accompanying report. The sides of the valley are
formed for the most part from the glacial deposits of Triassic sandstone, and in the
northern part of diabase. The soils of the valley proper are sediments which have
been washed over and assorted in the great lake which is supposed to have covered
this area in prehistoric; times. iSomeof the soils occur in well-detined terraces, which
fcjrmcd tlie shores of the old lake, or which were formed subsequently by the river
and streams. Over much of the area, however, these terraces are ill-defined or
AIR WATER SOILS. 523
entirely larking, and, from the differences in elevation of the same soil forinatinn in
different parts of the valley, there are even evidences to disprove the terrace theory
of the physiography of the country. Certain it is, however, that the soils were laid
down by water, and that in so doing they were sorted out in various grades of fine-
ness. Beginning with the present meadows, which are composed of very fine sand
and silt, the Podunk region is in a well-defined terrace elevated aljout 20 ft. above
the meadows and is composed of one grade coarser material, but still so fine as to be
just distinguishable by the eye.
"The Hartford loam, forming the principal tobacco soil, in extent at any rate, is a
grade coarser than this, while the Windsor loam, believed to be the original bottom
of the old lake in its shallowest portion, is very coarse sand containing some gravel.
These Windsor sands produce the finest wrapper leaf when the season is favorable,
but a good crop is secured only one or two years out of live. "
The reconnoissances of the Sanpete, Cache, and Utah couiities, Utah
and the Cache a la Poudre Valley in Colorado show that the presence
of injurious amounts of alkali in the soils of those reg-ions is duo to
defective drainage, and the introduction of a system of underdrainage
by means of tile is recommended.
In the paper on the theory of solutions as applied to the study of
soils there are presented:
" (1) An outline of the theory of solutions, showing that a solute by virtue of the
presence of the solvent behaves as though it were a gas, and that electrolytes present
the added phenomena of electrolytic dissociation or ionization.
"(2) A demonstration that the reactions under investigation are of a reversible
type, and in consequence the Mass law is applicable to a study of the equilibria
among the solutes.
" (3) An application of these views, showing how the solubilities of the sulphate
and carbonate of lime in nature are increased by the presence of a solute which
dissociates but yields no common ion.
" (4) An announcement of the presence of sodium carbonate in the waters of the
Great Salt Lake, Utah, and an explanation of why this fact has isreviously escaped
observation, based on the relation which obtains between the ionization products
and the solution constant. A similar explanation is offered for the scant amount of
lime in the waters of this lake.
" (5) An examination of the hypothesis of Hilgard as to the role of carbon dioxid
in the genesis of alkali, in which it is demonstrated that the phenomena ol)served
are more satisfactorily accounted for in terms of the theory of solution, and that the
carbon dioxid nuist be regarded as a contril)uting cause, but not a necessary one.
"(6) An examination of the Hilgard method for the reclamation of black alkali
soils, with an explanation of the reactions observed and of the inqiortance of the
controlling conditions respecting drainage and the accumulation of carbon dioxid,
empirically announced by Hilgard.
"(7) An examination of the reaction between calcium sulphate and the carbon-
ates of ammonium. The use of gypsum for conserving anmionia in manure piles is
explained. Some errors, with the reasons therefor, which may accompany the use
of ammonium carbonate in analytical operations involving salts of the alkaline earths
are pointed out.
" (8) A. discussion of some analytical prol)lems in a chemical examination of alkali
soils. The nature of the problems is made clear. The relative merits of leaching
the soils and taking a solution in contact with the soil in preiiaring the sample are
discussed, and the advantages in favor of the latter procedure indicated. The neces-
sity of making a direct estimation of each constituent is demonstrated.
524 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
" (9) A plea for the rational statement of analytical data, inasmuch as it is the
ions which are determined and not the salts. Fnrthermore, it is the ions with which
we are generally concerned in the study of any particular problem.
"(10) A field method for the (>stimation of sulphates, chlorids, and carbonates,
involving 3 titrations whicli may all be made on the same sample in one vessel,
Its use in retionnoissance work is described.
"(11) A rapid method for the estimation of sodium carbonate in the presence of
the bicarljonate, <lepending on the conversion of the alkaline carbonate to the neutral
acid carbonate, with the formation of a neutral suljjhate by the addition of acid
potassium sulphate. The use of the method in the lal)oratory and in the field is
described, and its probable availability for technical work is suggested. The objec-
tions to the use of sulphuric acid in determining 'alkalinity' are made evident.
" (12) Observations on the hydrolysis of so<lium carbonate and sodium silicate and
the inversion of sodium bicarl)onate and sodium bisilicate to the normal salts are
described l)riefly.
" (13) A discussion on the formation of hardpan and similar deposits, in which it
is pointed out that the hydrolysis of the salts of weak mineral acids and subsequent
desiccation and deposition of the solution products must be taken into account in any
hypothesis as to their genesis.
"(14) An explanation of the solution and hydrolysis of certain minerals and the
consequent alkalinity they display.
" (15) Suggestions for the study of the functions of fertilizers, in which the impor-
tance of considering the solution phenomena which their j^resence may effect in the
ground waters is made evident.
" (16) Some observations on selective absorption and other physico-chemical phe-
nomena which are incidental to a complete study of the properties of a soil."
A paper on methods of mechanical analysis as applied to alkali soils
discusses the dis in teg-ration of such soils during the progi'css of analysis
due to the solvent action of the water used in making the mechanical
separation, and describes apparatus and methods applicable to such
soils, attention lieing called especiall}' to the advantages of the cen-
trifugal method for this purpose. The treatment after ignition of the
mechanical separations with carbon dioxid, according to Hilgard and
Jafla, to convert the oxids of the alkaline earths into car])onates, is
recommended, and the application of the electrical method (E. S. B. ,
11, p. 325) to the determination of the water-soluble content of soils in
connection with their mechanical analysis is explained.
The conclusions from the investigations on the influence of sodium
clilorid, sulphate, and carbonate upon the rate of evaporation of water
from soils are summarized as follows:
"(1) Salts influence the evai)oration of water from the surface of a soil by changing
the surface tension, the viscosity and the vapor pressure of the system, and the ]iliysical
character of the soil, particularly at the surface.
" (2) The surface tension and viscosity influence the rate of evaporation only through
the modification of the rate of capillary movement. Both surface tension and vis-
cosity increase with increase in concentration. An increase in surface tension increases
the rate of capillary movement, while increase in viscosity diminishes it. These two
factors consequently oppose one another.
"(3) The rate of capillary movement within a soil is of secondary importance to
the physical character of the surface, as modified by the })resence of crystallized salts.
"(4) The relative rate of evai)oration from a soil moistened with piu"e water and
AIK WATER — SOILS. 525
salt solution, respectively, is the same as for the water and solution without tlu^ soil,
providing no surface mulch is formed.
"(5) The rate of evaporation gradually decreases with increase in concentration.
"(6) The diminution of evaporation with increasing concentration is much less
than the corresponding diminution in vapor pressure. This is due to the fact that
the atmosphere is never vajior free, and that the diffusion of water vapor is retarded
by the surrounding air.
"(7) The diminution of evaporation of soils containing solutions of 'alkali' salts is
much greater than can be accounted for through the influence of the lower vapor
pressure, and is due to the formation of a mulch at the surface of the soil through the
crystal lizati(^n of the salts."
A study of the physical properties of clay as related to soil
structure, V. H. Davis iA(/r. student, 7 {1900), No. i, p2>. lo-IS).-~
This i.s iin abstract of a thesis presented to the faculty of the Ohio
State University in li»()(). Tests of the tensile strength of wet ground
brick and clay from the university campus by a modihcation of G. E.
Ladd's method and of the breaking strength of dry Ijrick of the same
material are reported. It Avas found that the tensile strength of a wet
substance ha\'ing no inhercMit plasticity, such as the ground brick used
in these experiments, was practically independent of the size of the par-
ticles. With a substance naturally plastic, like the clay, the tensile
strength increases as the size of the particles decreases. A great differ-
ence was found in the breaking strength of the wet and dry substances.
The conclusion is drawn '"that fineness of particles accompanies plas-
ticity and is essential to it, but is not in itself a cause of plasticity, and
that the real cause is yet to be determined.""
The moisture of the soil under the pine forest of the Khrenov
estate, G. ^Iouoso\' {Srl.sk. KI(o.z. i Lyosor., I'.Xj {lUUO), JIar.., pp.
JiSl-519). — The forest is situated on dune hills. The moisture was
determined at the depths (»f 10 cm., 25 cm., 50 cm., 1 meter, 1^ meters,
and 2 meters. The author's results corroborate those obtained b}^
Visotski, who arrived at the following conclusions: (1) The upper sur-
face of the soil dries out most where it is most open, as, for instance,
on black fallow, and k>ast under forest; (2) the soil as a whole dries
out most under virgin soil covered with grass, next under forest, and
least under l)lack fallow; and (3) the subsoil dries out most under forest,
next under virgin soil, and least under black fallow.
In addition the author found that: (1) The subsoil under forests in
the spring is more moist than in the open, and only later on does it
dry out more than under the latter; (2) the soil is not in all cases more
moist under forests than imder treeless areas. There are certain sandy
soils covered with pines in which the upper layers, except in the early
spring, are drier than in treeless areas. — p. fireman.
The air, II. Blucuer {Die Luft. litre Znmmmoisetzuug luul Untersnchung, ihr Ein-
fluns unci ihre Wlrkiingini, sowie ihre lechnlsche Aasnutzung. Leipsic: Olto Wigand, 1900,
pp. XII-^322,figs. -?^).— ^This book treats of the constituents and impurities of air,
its physical projierties, including the meteorological phases of the subject; physical.
526 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
chemical, and loacteriological studies of the air, as related to its properties and varia-
tions; the influence of the air on organic and mineral substances and on the plant
and animal worlds, including weathering, decomposition, respiration, nitrification,
assimilation of nitrogen by plants, transmission of plant and animal diseases, etc.;
and the technical uses of air in pumps, windmills, etc., and in compressed and liquid
form. The book contains name and subject indexes and numerous references to
literature.
The carbon dioxid of the atmosphere, E. A. Letts and R. F. Blake (*S'(/. I'roc.
Hoy. IhihJin So<:, !> [lUOO), IJ, j>jt. 107-270; abs. in Jour. Ckem. Soc. [London], 78
{1900), Xo. 455, II, j>. 6V,>).
Well waters from farm, homesteads, F. T. Shutt {Canada E.vjit. Far.nx Ilpts.
1899, pp. 155-157). — Analyses of 49 samples of water from different parts df Canada
witli reference to sanitary condition are reported.
Mineral waters, A.M.Peter and H.E.Curtis {Kentuchj Sta. Jipt. 1898, pp.
XXIII-XX VIII) . — Partial analyses of 19 samples are reported.
A comparative study of the methods used for the measurement of the tur-
bidity of water, G. C. Whipple and D. D. Jackson {Tech. Quart., IS {1900), No. 3,
pp. 274--~94, figs. 4) ■ — On the basis of the investigations here reported, the use of the
silica standard for tlie determination of turl)idity in water is recommended.
The question of the drying up of rivers in its past and present status, E.
Oppokov {Sehh. Khoz. i Lijesov., 197 {1900), June, pp. G3S-706). — On the basis of obser-
vations on the Dnieper and Volga the author combats the prevalent opinion that
Russian rivers are decreasing in volume. He concludes that the life of rivers and the
quantity of water in them depend chiefly on the size of their drainage basins and the
quantity and conditions of the precipitation. The influence of a decrease of the area
of forests and marshes is only of secondary importance and is commonly greatly
exaggerated. — p. fireman.
A normal chlorin map of Long- Island, G. C. Whipple and D. D. Jackson
( Tech. Quart., 13 {1900), No. 2, pp. 145-148) .—This map, based on analyses of 80 sam-
ples of water, shows that, except at the eastern end of the island, the normal chlorin
is below 6 jmrts jier million of water.
Drainage for alkali spots, C. E. Mead {New Mexico Sta. Bid. 38, pp. 39, 40). —
A brief account is given of an attempt to remove the soluble salts from a "chico" or
alkali spot l)y means of open ditches and flooding.
The condensation of water vapor by the soil, E. Wollnv {FahVvnff ><■ Landv.
Zlg., 49 {1900), Nos. 19, pp. 700-705; 20, pp. 739-746) .—The author discusses thisisub-
ject at some length and concludes that the power of soils to condense water vapor
from the air is of no practical value, either directly or indirectly.
Lectures on some of the physical properties of soil, R. Warington {Oxford:
Clarendon Pres-f; London: Heitri/ Froirdr, 1900, pp. XV-^231, figs. 6). — This book gives
the sut)stance of a course of lectures delivered in 1896 by the author as Sibthorpian
Professor of Rural Economy in Oxford University. It does not claim to be a text-
book dealing exhaustively with the physical properties of soils, but lectures dis(;uss-
ing with some fullness particular phases of the subject. "In these lectures the
attempt has been made to treat every su))ject from an experimental point of
view, and a considerable sjjace will be found occupied by accounts of the investiga-
tions which appear to have thrown most light upon the subjects discussed." Lib-
eral use is made of station literature, especially that published by the American sta-
tions, since the English literature on the subject is very limited. Acknowledgment
is made of special indebtedness to the work of Hilgard, King, and Whitney. The
book contains chapters on the physical constitution of soil, relations of soil to water
and to heat, and movements of salts in the soil. It is the intention of the author to
follow^ this work with a treatise on the chemistry of soil on a similar i)lan.
The action of the wind on the soil, M. Stahl-Schhoder {Selsk. Khoz. i Lijcsov.,
FERTILIZERS. 527
196 {1900), Feb., pp. 363-378). — The author discusses the influence of winds on the
moisture, temperature, and gas content of the soil; on chemical composition; and as
a geological agent. — ^p. fireman.
The humidity of the soil and subsoil in ■wooded and bare steppes in Russia,
G. WissoTZKY {Ann. Sci Agron., 1900, II, No. 1, pp. 120-138, figs. 4). — The drying
action of forests on the soil moisture is shown in this article, also that there exists
in soils what is termed a "dead" zone which is never reached by the percolating
rainfall.
Description of a soil map of the Connecticut Valley, M. Whitney ( [7. S. Dept.
Agr., Division of Soils Circ. 7, pp. -^).— This circular describes briefly the conditions
in the Connecticut Valley and the soils represented on a map published in connec-
tion with a more detailed report on the subject (see p. 522).
Canadian soils, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1899, jtp. 132, 133). —
Anal}-ses of ?> samples of soil, 1 from Manitoba and 2 (virgin and cultivated soil) from
New P)runswick, are reported and discussed.
Economical improvement of exhausted soils, F. T. Shutt ( Canada Expt. Farms
Rpts. 1899, pp. 133-137) . — Tliis is a general discussion of this subject, treating of the
effect of continuous cropping without the application of manure and the features
which characterize partially exhausted soils, including poor texture, deficiency of
humus and nitrogen, and sourness and deficiency of lime.
Reports of the work of the western expedition for the reclamation of
marshes, 1873-1898, I. I. Zhilinski {Selsh. Khoz. i Lyesov., 198 {1900), July, pp.
2,^9-234) . — This is a review of two reports, aggregating about 1,040 pages, with an
atlas containing 77 maps, plans, etc. , published by the Ministry of Agriculture and
Imperial Domains at St. Petersburg. The work done by this expedition was con-
fined chiefly to that section of European Russia which embraces the governments of
Minsk, Grodno, and Volyn. The entire work cost 4,780,000 rubles ($3,680,600).—
p. fireman.
FERTILIZERS.
On the availability to grass of nitrogen in form of nitrate of
soda, cotton-seed meal, and fine, hard bone, E. H. -iKNKiNsand W.
E. Britton ( Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1899, pt. S.jjp. 197-203).— The
experiments here reported were in continuation of those of previous
3^ears (E. S. R., 11, p. 722). January 7, 18!>9, nitrate of soda, cotton-
seed meal, and raw-knuckle Ijone Hour were each applied to 4 pots
seeded to grass, of the series used in the previous experiments, at rates
furnishinj^- 0.1333 gm. of nitrogen per pot. The experiments were con-
ducted and the yields and nitrogen content of the crop were recorded
as in previous years.
"The yields in 1899 were without exception much less than in 1898. This may
have been due to a lack of available potash in the second year, to difference in the
amount of sunlight, or to possible change in the mechanical condition of the soil,
caused by the watering.
"The important fact brought out l)y the cultures is that in this soil and under the
conditions of our experiment, while the nitrogen of nitrate of soda and cotton-seed
meal very largely increased the crop and the crop nitrogen, the nitrogen of fine,
hard, raw-knuckle bone had absolutely no effect of this kind.
"There is no evidence that the fertilizer nitrogen of hard raw bone, applied 2
years ago, has yet been assimilated in any amount by grass which has been growing
continuously in the soil with it."
13411— No. 6 3
528
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
On the availability to Hvingarian grass of nitrogen in form of
nitrate of soda, cotton-seed meal, and ra-w, boiled, and steamed
bone, E. H. Jenkins and ^^^ E. Bkitton {('<)/uirrt!riif State St//. Jijjt.
1899, j)t. 3,2^P- 201^.-210). — This is a contiimation of experiments of
previous years (E. S. R., 10, p. 28-1-). The soil used was a lii^ht sand
contaiiiiiig 0.1095 per cent of nitrogen and having- a faintly aeid reac-
tion to litmus paper. To the soil of each pot were added 6.(i gm. of
freshly slaked lime free from magnesia, l.s gm. of muriate of potash
containing 48.54 per cent of potash, and \.'l gm. of dicaleium phos-
phate containing 11.5 per cent of phosphoric acid, besidcis the nitrog-
enous fertilizers tested. The experiments were conducted as in
previous years. The results are summarized in the following table:
Percentagi's of crop mcrc(if<e and of fertilizer nitrogen recovered in lluiifjariun grass.
Fertilizer used.
Nitrogen
content.
Rate of
applica-
tion
per acre.
Crop in-
crease.
Fertilizer
nitrogen
recov-
ered in
crop.
Nitrate of soda
Per cent.
16.08
16.08
8.42
8.42
4.16
4.16
3.98
3.98
2.31
2.31
2.77
2.77
Pounds.
462
231
871
436
1,760
880
1,840
920
3,170
1, 585
2, 650
1,325
Per cent.
46
25
28
18
-1.7
. 7
16.3
4.3
19.1
4.8
5.3
3.0
Per cent.
79
Do
62
38
Do
44
Hard raw bone
1.3
Do
•26 6
Soft raw bone
8 8
Do
10.0
Steamed bone
8 .">
Do
13 9
Boiled bone
— 1.2
Do
— 32 3
"Inspection of these figures shows tliat from 62 to 79 percent of tlie fei'tilizer
nitrogen in form of nitrate of soda and from 38 to 44 per cent of the fertilizer nitrogen
in form of cotton-seed meal were available and taken up by the crop.
"The results where bone nitrogen was applied are very irregular, and much less
nitrogen was present in some crops which had grown in pots to which bone Avas
added as a fertilizer than in crops from pots which had no fertilizer nitrogen added
to them. In no case where bone was used as a fertilizer did more than about 85 per
cent of the fertilizer nitrogen become available to the crop. In every case the larger
application of bone had a better effect than the smaller one."
On the availability of the nitrogen of hard ra-w bone as affected
by applications of slaked lime, E. H. .Jenkins and AV. E. Bkitton
{(h/o>crt;r,ft State Sta. A'j>t. IS99, pt. 3, PI). 211-216, 2>l' i).— Exper-
iments on this subject, similar to those described above, were made
with 3 light sandy loams deficient in available plant food. The
pots used were brought to a uniform weight of t^ lbs. b}- putting
in gravel, and 14 lbs. of soil containing 15.69 per cent of moisture was
placed in each pot. The fertilizers used per pot were 1.8 gm. of
muriate of potash, 1.2 gm. of dicaleium phosphate, and 6.4 of fine,
hard knuckle bone. Two pots received no lime; two, %.& gm. of lime;
iyfOj 13.2 gm.; t\yo, 19.8 gm. ; and two 26.4 gm. of freshly slaked but
FEETILIZERS. 529
diy lime (•ontaining' only traces of niag-nesia. Hungarian grass was
the plant grown. From the data for crop increase and nitrogen in the
crop the following conclusions are drawn:
"(1 ) All application equal to 1,800 lbs. of slaked lime per acre decreased the yield
of grain liy 11 per cent, of straw (including roots and stubble) by 19 per cent, and
of crop nitrogen by about 14 per cent.
"(2) An application equal to 3,600 lbs. of slaked lime per acre, instead of further
decreasing the yield, increased the yield of grain by 13 per cent and of crop nitrogen
by 10 percent, while the yield of straw and stubble was 14 per cent less than where
no lime was applied.
"(3) Applications equal to 5,400 and 7,200 lbs. of slaked lime per acre increased
the croi) as follows:
Percentage increase over crops from soil to which 'no lime was added.
.5, 400 lbs.
of lime
per acre.
7, 200 lbs.
of lime
per acre.
Increase of grain
Increase of straw
Increase of crop nitrogen.
Per cent.
36.8
1.2
38.1
Per cent.
43.7
1.9
54.1
"In these cultures, therefore, in which hard raw bone was used as a fertilizer,
ap]>lications of large quantities of slaked lime (two and three times as much lime as
l)one) increased the grain in the crop by 36 to 44 per cent and the crop nitrogen by
38 to 54 i)er cent over the yield from pots to which no slaked lime was added; but
the yield of straw was not increased by the use of lime. From this series alone can
not be calculated the actual percentages of the fertilizer nitrogen recovered in the
crop, for the yield of crop nitrogen from the soil without fertilizer is not determined
nor the effect of the lime in making the soil nitrogen available. Further experi-
ments are being made on these points. These cultures, however, prove that slaked
lime has made very much more available the nitrogen of the soil, or more probably,
the nitrogen of the bone which without lime was almost inert as a fertilizer."
The comparative value of nitrate of sodium and sulphate of
ammonium as manures, R. Warington {Jour. Roy. A(jr. Soc. Kng-
land, J. .s-(/'., 11 {1000), jtt. 2, No. ^'2, pp. J00-S46).—A general discus-
sion of this subject based largely upon the results of experiments at
Rothamsted and Woburn. It is shown that ammonium sulphate is
slower in action than sodium nitrate because it must first undergo
nitrification. When the conditions are unfavorable to nitrification,
that is, when the soil is deficient in lime and the season is dry, sodium
nitrate, being soluble and immediately av^ailable as plant food, gives
better results than ammonimn sulphate. In a wet summer, however,
and on a soil abundantly supplied with lime, ammonium sulphate fre-
quently gives better results than sodium nitrate. ' ' This influence of cli-
mate is most clearly seen in the case of cereal crops, or on grass lands;
it is less perceived in the case of crops like potatoes and mangels, which
have a longer period of growth.'' It is stated that the slower action of
ammonium sulphate as compared with sodium nitrate is not entirely
530 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
due to the time required for the nitrification of the salt itself, but is
partly due to its action in retarding" nitrification in the soil.
"An api^lication of nitrate of sodium does not apparently interfere with the ordi-
nary course of nitrification in the soil, this goes on as if no nitrate lias been employed;
but when an ammonium salt is applied to the soil, nitrification seems to proceed
first on the ammonia, and the nitrogenous organic matter of the soil in contact with
the ammonia is protected for a time from decomposition, and reserved for a later
action. This effect of adding ammonium salts to a soil will be distinctly increased if
the proportion of carbonate of lime in the soil is very small, so that the immediately
available base is used up by the ammonium salts, and a fresh supply is obtained only
by subsequent weathering."
Averaging the results of a long series of field experiments at Roth-
amsted, it is found that the effectiveness of ammonium sulphate as com-
pared Avith that of sodium nitrate was for cereal crops as 1>3 to 100 for
the grain and 79 to 100 for straw, for ha}" as 88 to 100, and for mangels
82 to 100. In experiments with potatoes the product from the ammo-
nium sulphate was on an average fully equal to that yielded l)y sodium
nitrate. In experiments on turnips in Scotland and the north of Eng-
land, in which small quantities of ammonium sulphate and sodium
nitrate were applied, the 2 fertilizers were about equally effective.
The profitableness of fertilizing, E. Wollny {Illus. Landw. Ztg., 20 {1900),
Nos. S3, pp. 789, 790; 84, pp. 800, 801; 85, pp. 809, 810) .—A popular discussion of
this subject.
Tlie decomposition of organic substances and the forms of humus in their
relations -with agriculture, E. Wollny {Ann. Sci. Agron., 1900, II, Aw. l,pp. 33-
119, fi(p. 2; pp. 338-450). — This is the conclusion of the article which has been
referred to in previous numbers of the Record (E. S. E., 11, p. 917).
Niter earth, ■wood, ashes, and phosphatic material, A. INI. Peter and H. E.
Curtis {Kentucky Sta. Rpt. 1898, p. XVI). — Analyses of 4 samples of niter earth, 3
samples of wood ashes, and 1 sample of phosphatic material are reported.
Utilizing blast-furnace slag as a fertilizer, A. D. Elbers {Tradesman, 44 {1900),
No. 7, pp. 91, 92). — This article treats briefly of "the practicability of using highly
calcareous slag for agricultural purposes in place of ordinary lime, chalk, and marl."
It does not deal with the phosphatic slags.
Researches on the injurious effects of nitrate of soda, P. de Caluwe {Expose
Cult. Exper. Gand, 1898-99, pp. 54-66, pis. 3). — A detailed account of the experiments
noted above.
Commercial fertilizers in Indiana, H. A. Huston {Purdue Unir. S/tec. Bid. 1900,
Aug., pp. 24). — This is a report of analyses of 481 samples of fertilizers examined
during 1899, with a discussion of the results.
"[Of the samples examined] only 39 were up to the legal standard in every par-
ticular. One hundred and twenty samples fell below the legal standard in one or
more ingredients, but the differences are so small that a purchaser, while not getting
the full amount legally due him, yet got so nearly that amount tliat he was not
seriously misled in regard to the relative amounts of each ingredient present, nor
was he subjected to any considerable financial loss. . . .
"Three hundred and twenty-two samples differ so nuicli from the legal standards
that the j)urcha-ser would be seriously deceived. In many cases less than one-half
the legal ainoimt of one or more ingredients was present."
Fertilizers and amendments, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1899, pp.
137-14^). — Analyses of the following fertilizing materials are reported and their value
FIELD CROPS. 531
and use briefly discussed: Marsh mud, swamp muck (19 samples), tannery ashes
from the furnace and from the heap, wood ashes, fish pomace, sewage sludge, and
poudrette.
FIELD CROPS.
Field experiments at the experiment farm at Lauchstadt in
1897 and 1898, M. Maercker [Laiidw. Jahrh., 28 {1899), No. 5-6,
pp. 617-9Ji.]^ '.)'.)o-10If7 , dgi)i. 1). — A special feature of the experiments
has been the different methods of fertilizing adapted to crops grown
in succession according to the Norfolk syetem of rotation, /. e.., winter
wheat, sugar beets, spring barley, and potatoes. Other special fea-
tures have been the utilization of barnyard jnanures from different
sources and when preserved by different methods. Earlier work has
been noted (PI S. R., 10, p. 533).
When alfalfa hay was grown on a clay soil at the station its chemi-
cal composition was but little affected by fertilizing with Thomas slag
alone or combined with kainit and gypsum. Its feeding value was
decreased, if anything, by the use of these fertilizers. The use of 600
kg. of Thomas slag and 1,000 kg. of kainit combined per hectare
greatly increased the yield of an old alfalfa field and had a remarkabl}^
good effect on newly seeded fields. Thomas slag alone gave indiffer-
ent results. The addition to the Thomas slag and kainit of 1,000 kg.
of gypsum per hectare increased the 3aeld nearl}' 25 per cent. It is
thought this same result would have been obtained by a larger use of
potash. Fifty per cent of the potash in the kainit applied was utilized
by the crop when gypsum was applied at the same time, whereas with-
out it 11.3 per cent was utilized. The application of 2,000 kg. per
hectare of Thomas slag at one time in combination with 1,000 kg. of
kainit, in the expectation that about 500 kg. of the slag would be
needed yearly for the crop, nearly doubled the yield the first year, paid
the whole cost of the fertilizer, and left a profit of nearly $6 per hec-
tare ))psides.
In the tests with varieties of winter wheat. Square Head sorts
have regularly sui-passed all other varieties in the yield of both grain
and straw, and the use of Improved Square Head seed gave average
results which exceeded by 263 kg. per hectare the yields obtained from
seed wheat of the same variety generally grown in the vicinity of the
station. In the opinion of the author the profit in growing wheat
depends as much upon the use of selected seed as upon the cultural
methods followed or the fertilizer employed. The Square Head varie-
ties Strube and Beseler No. 3 stood up the best under heavy applica-
tions of nitrogenous fertilizers of all the varieties tested. Rimpau
Bastard was the earliest variety grown and proved best adapted for
poor soils. Fall applications of nitrate of soda have not proven profit-
able. Applying one-half of the nitrate of soda at the end of February
532 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
tiiul the other half at the end of May increased the grain yield 308 kg,
per hectare over applying the same total amount early in the spring.
In general, no spring applications of nitrogenous fertilizers are made if
the wheat crop presents a good appearance. Commercial fertilizers
were most efi'ective on wheat when the crops immediately preceding
had received either green or ))arnyard manures. Increasing the appli-
cation of nitrate of soda beyond 200 kg, per hectare, while protital)le
in a few cases, in general tended to produce straw, which lodged badl}'^
and caused a decrease in the yield of grain. Thomas slag was most
effective in the presence of nitrogenous fertilizers. Phosphoric acid
in a water-soluble form has given better results with wheat than appli-
cations of equal amounts of citrate-soluble phosphoric acid.
Variety tests with winter rye resulted in placing Heine Zeelander
and Lowchow Petkuser at the head of the list of desirable varieties for
growing at the station. Treating rye seed with Alinit did not increase
the ^nelds.
Of the peas grown, Strube Early Victoria was the earliest and best
yielding variety. A light application of barnyard manure or of nitrate
of soda in the early stages of growth was found very beneficial for
peas, and is recommended,
Oats followed different combinations of leguminous plants used as
nitrogen gatherers. The best yield of both grain and straw followed
a mixture composed of 50 per cent horse beans, 25 per cent peas, and
25 per cent vetch. Results obtained with Nitragin were conflicting.
An application of 200 kg. per hectare of nitrate of soda increased the
crop of oats following alfalfa 101 kg. over an application of 100 kg, of
nitrate of soda. Winter oats were not grown with profit.
Of a number of varieties of barley grown, Hanna stood first as
regards yield, both in 1890 and 1897. In 1898 Selchower headed the
list. Heine Improved Chevalier barley has regularly produced the
largest yields of straw. The Hanna barley ripened from 5 to 10 days
earlier than any other sort grown. It also proved especially well
adapted for culture on light soils when fertilized with potash and phos-
phoric acid, a feature which it is thought will contribute largely toward
furthering the culture of barley in Germany. The variety Goldthorpe,
though below some others in yield, was, nevertheless, one of the most
satisfactory grown. In extract material, color, fineness, and size of
grain, it outranked every other variety grown. Its chemical compo-
sition was least injuriously affected by fertilizers. It stood up well
under all conditions. It was not a good variety for light soils, but
proved especially valuable on soils too rich in nitrogenous fertilizers
for the satisfactory culture of other varieties. Potash fertilizers on
barley usually increased the grain yield, and whenever that occurred
an improvement of the quality of the grain for brewing purposes by
FIELD CROPS. 533
an increase in starch content and a corresponding decrease of the pro-
tein content followed. Sylvanit as a source of potash proved a com-
plete su1)stitute for kainit, and is preferred by the author for barley.
While the yields obtained with nitrate of soda were somewhat larger
in all cases than with Peruvian guano, the composition of the grain
was nuich blotter on plats fertilized with Peruvian guano, the color of
the grain was l)etter, and the extract on an average -1.3 per cent higher.
The iuitlior considers Peruvian guano a far better fertilizer for barley
than nitrate of soda. P^xperiments during the unfavorable season of
1898 showed sulphate of ammonia to be as satisfactory a source of
nitrogen as Peruvian guano. Winter barley gave better yields on
light soils than rye, and was fairly satisfactory as a barley for brew^ing
purposes.
In experiments with sugar beets large leaf development and high
sugar content of the root were found to be interrelated. Beet seed
grown l>y reliable seedsmen gave better yields and produced beets
having a higher sugar content and percentage purity than seeds of the
same variety grown by a sugar-beet factor^^ Potash applied to sugar
beets increased the yield considerably, but tended to decrease the
sugar content of the beet roots. Up to a certain limit each application
of 100 kg. of nitrate of potash increased the average yield of sugar
beets 2,. 500 kg. per hectare. Sugar beets grown after catch crops
turned under in the fall resulted in considerably increased yields over
sugar beets grown after catch crops plowed under in the spring. Con-
siderable decrease in yield regularly followed the omission of phos-
phoric acid from fertilizer formulas employed. The use of phosphatic
fertilizers exerted no regular or marked influence on the sugar content
of the beet roots. Superphosphate proved better than Thomas slag as
regards the yield of roots. Catch crops used as nitrogen gatherers
for sugar beets regularly increased the yield. They were most effective
with regard to yield and profit when accompanied by applications of
phosphoric acid.
Sheep manure on sugar beets increased the yields over deep-stall
manure and had no depressing effect on the percentage sugar content
and purity. Supplementing either deep-stall or common-stall manure
with 200 kg. of nitrate of potash per hectare resulted in a profit, but
doubling or trebling this amount did not increase the profits..
Of the varieties of potatoes grown in 1897, Prof. Maercker and
Geheimi-at Theil gave the best yields. 26,'l00 and 22,833 kg. per hec-
tare, respectively. In 1898 Silesia led with a yield of 31:,317 kg. per
hectare. The use of kainit decreased the average starch content of the
potatoes grown 1.91 per cent. On the station soil phosphoric acid
used alone increased the yields 501: kg. per hectare. When used in
combination with barnyard manure it increased the yields 2,060 kg.
534 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
per hectare. The use of nitrate of potash proved most profitable
when combined with phosphoric acid, barnyard niaiiurt\ or oreen
manures.
In 1897 and 1898 barnj^ard manure from deep stalls produced yields
of 321 and 165 kg. per hectare, respectivel}', more than barnyard manure
obtained from common stalls. Plowing under catch crops in the fall,
rather than the spring, has given best results for potatoes.
Some experiments were made with field-crop seeds. A portion of
the seeds grown at the station were sent out to farmers for comparison
with the seeds usually employed by them. In general, the station-
grown seeds gave considerably better results.
In investigations with green manures it has been found that these
manures possess the same high value for better soils as for lighter soils.
Green manuring was found profital)le with every crop, but proved
especially valuable for sugar and fodder beets, potatoes, and carrots.
The most suitable plants for green manuring consisted of a mixture
of 5() per cent of horse beans, 25 per cent of vetch, and 25 per cent of
peas. Plowing the green manure under in the fall gave best results,
except with crimson clover or a mixture of hairy vetch and rye, which,
when sown late in the season, made its greatest development in the
spring. Phosphatic and potash fertilizers were profitably used with
green manures, but nitrogenous fertilizers were hardly necessary.
The experiments to determine the economic use of barnyard manure
involved the utilization on difl'erent crops of barnyard manure from
deep and from common stalls, of sheltered and unsheltered manure,
barnyard manure sprinkled with a weak solution (li to 2 per cent) of
sulphuric acid, and manure preserved with a mixture of marl and
peat and with ''sulfarin," a fertilizer-preserving mixture composed
of sulphate of magnesia containing 15 to" 18 per cent of free sulphuric
acid. The best results with sugar beets and potatoes have been obtained
with barnyard manure from deep stalls preserved under shelter. When
barnyard manures were used, the further addition of commercial ni-
trogenous manures was not profitable. Additions of phosphoric acid,
on the other hand, gave largely increased returns. Treating barnyard
manures with a li to 2 per cent solution of sulphuric acid preserved
the ammonia in the manures and pi'ofitably increased the yields. The
use of "sulfarin '" in preserving barnyard manure rendered the manure
much more effective, but its high cost made the use of sulphuric acid
for this purpose more economical. Treating stall maiuii'e with 5 per
cent of its weight of marl incrcnised the potato crop 211 kg. per hec-
tare Wh(Mi 2 per cent of peat moss was added, the yield was increased
IHo kg. pel- hectare. These results wer(^ not quite as good as those
o}>taine(l with the barnyard maimre treated with sulphuric acid. The
method used for incorporating siil])imri(' acid with the maiuires has
been noted elsewhere {K. S. R., 11. p. 725).
FIELD CROPS, 535
WhtMi marl is used us a bariiyard-nuuiuro preservative about 20 lbs.
per head per day is required for large stock, when the marl contains but
20 per cent of carbonate of calcium. If the marl contain 50 per cent of
carbonate of calcium, only about 12^ lbs. per head per day are required.
Marl is nuich more effective if used in connection with peat moss.
About 2 lbs. of peat moss should be kept in the gutter behind each
animal to absorb all liquid manure and should be changed about twice
each week.
Field experiments -with farm crops, W. Saunders, J. H. Gris-
DALE, W. T. Macoun, R. Robertson, S. A. Bedford, A. Mackay,
and T. A. Sharpe {Oniada Exj^t. Farms RiJts. 1899, jy^x 5-33, 35-38,
65-72, 105-109, 113-117, 229-21^9, 283-310, 337-362, 389- J^IO, jigs. 6).—
As in previous years, variety, cultural, and fertilizer tests with cereals,
root, and forage crops have been carried on at the government experi-
mental farms in Ottawa, the Maritime Provinces, Manitolia, British
Columbia, and the Northwest Territories (E. S. R., 11, p. 831). The
results of the variety tests with the different farm crops in lst)9 have
been previously recorded (E. S. R., 12, p. ll^-l). The cultural experi-
ments consisted of early, medium, and late sowings of oats, barley,
spring wheat, peas, turnips, mangels, carrots, sugar beets, potatoes,
and ffax; distance experiments with corn, soy beans, horse beans, and
potatoes; early and late harvesting of root crops; rotation tests; thick
and thin seedings of grasses; spring and fall plowing and summer fal-
lowing; growing mixed grain crops together, etc. The fertilizer
experiments include tests of barnyard manure and different conmier-
cial fertilizers and of the relative value of clovers, rj^e, peas, tares,
alfalfa, rape, and brome grass as green manures. The results of these
experiments are tabulatiHl in detail and in some instances averaged for
preceding 3^ears.
On the whole the crops obtained at the experimental stations in 1899
have l)een above the average for the country, due, it is thought, largely
to a more thorough preparation of the soil, greater care in the preser-
vation and use of barnyard manure, the careful selection of well-
matured and plump seed of the most productive sorts, and early sow-
ings. The relative earliness of ripening of the different cereals, which
is considered almost as important as productiveness, has been further
investigated and the result reached that, as a rule, "any great increase
in earliness and ripening of grain is accompanied bv a decrease in
yield."
The results of experiments in earh% medium, and late sowings of
oats, barley, and wheat for 10 years, and of peas for 5 years at the
Ottawa farm are summarized and are shown to have been uniformly
in favor of the second sowing; that is, about 1 week after the ground
is in that condition where sowing is practicable. A further delay of
1 week has caused an average loss with oats of over 15, barle}' 23,
536 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORO.
spring wheat 30, and peas -1 per cent. A\'itli a delay in sowing of 4
weeks, the average loss with oats has been -is, l)arley -J-B, spring wheat
56, and peas 30 per cent. These results are largel}' in harn)onv with
like data reported from the branch stations. Early sowings of man-
gels, carrots, and beets at all the stations have resulted quite uniformly
in favor of the practice. At the Central Station the yield of potatoes
decreased regularh' with the lateness of planting after May 26, when
the first crop was put in the ground. With the flax crop in 181H> the
results in the Maritime Provinces, Northwest Territories, and British
Columbia seem to be in favor of medium sowings.
In the distance experiments, corn was grown in rows 14, 21, 28, 35,
and 42 in, apart, respectively. In general the heaviest 3-ields of green
silage corn were obtained from the rows 21 and 28 in. distant, when
cut in the early milk stage. With soy beans and horse beans the
largest yields at Ottawa, Manitoba, and the Northwest Territories were
obtained when the rows were 21 in. apart. Twenty-four in. for soy
beans and 30 in. for horse beans were found to be the best distances in
the Maritime Provinces; while 35 for soy beans and 28 for horse beans
were found best in British Columl^ia. Leaving a part of the turnips
in the ground 3 weeks after the first pulling, October 14, resulted in
considerably increased yields at the Ottawa Station.
Spring-plowed land has usually proved better than fall plowed for
wheat in Manitoba, while summer fallowing has given better results
than either. Seeding wheat with a press drill has given better aver-
age yields of grain for 8 years in the Northwest Territories than seed-
ing with a hoe drill. Likewise at the same station seeding wheat 2 in.
rather than 3 in. deep has given the better average results for the same
period, while the use of li to li bu. of seed per acre has resulted more
satisfactorily than when only 1 bu, per acre has been sown.
Of all the different fertilizers used at the Central Farm on spring
wheat, barle}', corn, mangels, and turnips, the best average results for
12 3'ears have been obtained with ])arnyard manure (about equal parts
horse manure and cow manure), and slightly better results have been
secured from the use of fresh manure than from well-rotted manure.
At the same station oats grown after grain crops seeded with clover in
1897 gave an increase in yield of straw of 17 per cent in 1898 and 35
per cent in 1899; and of grain of over 28 per cent in 1898 and 29 per
cent in 1899, as compared with the yield from the grain plats on which
no clover had been turned under.
Growing oats after pasture grass and clover has resulted in better
yields of grain than growing after either brome grass, pasture grass, or
barley seeded with clover. Potatoes grown after a crop of barley and
clover gave a 28 per cent higher yield than when grown after peas
and carrots.
On a rather rich moist sandv loam soil at the station in Manit()))a,
FIELD CROPS. 537
green luiimirino- for wheat and oats was without benefit, the best
results ])eing secured from summer fallowing'. So}^ bean was one of
the best preparatory crops for barley. At the Experimental Farm
for the Northwest Territories plowing under green crops preparatorj^
for a crop of wheat was without benefit, the soil being seemingly suf-
ficiently well supplied with hunuis and nitrogen. In the Maritime
Provinces barn^^ard manure alone, and mixed with commercial fertili-
zers, has given better results with farm crops than complete commer-
cial fertilizers or single elements.
Inoculating clover seed with Nitragin seemed slightly beneficial in
Manitoba and the Northwest Territories, while in British Columbia
better results were secured from untreated seed.
Some experiments were made at the difierent stations to learn the best
amounts of mixed grasses to sow for the heaviest yields, and whether
better results could be obtained from mixing grain than from seeding
alone. In the Maritime Provinces seeding mixtures composed of 2
bu. of oats, 1 bu, of barley, and i bu. of peas, at the rate of 3 bu. per
acre, gave higher yields of grain than smaller amounts. At the Mani-
toba Station there was an average difference in yield of but 55 lbs. per
acre in favor of sowing mixed grains, rather than growing the grains
separately. In British Columbia a mixture of 1 bu. each of peas, oats,
and wheat gave a slightly higher yield than a similar mixture of peas,
oats, and barley. In seeding experiments with different grasses the
average results for 3 years at the Manitoba Station showed that
with timothy and western rye grass, 10 lbs. of seed is sufficient, while
with brome grass and bald rye grass, 20 lbs. gave the best results,
and with American lyme grass, 15 lbs. was most desirable.
At the Central Farm an experiment was conducted in planting
potatoes at different depths from 1 to 8 in. Level cultivation was
adopted and so but little soil was thrown on the potatoes after they
were planted. The best average yields for 2 3^ears were obtained
when the potatoes were planted but 1 in. deep. "Notes were taken
on the depths at which tubers were formed and it was found that most
of them were within 4 in. of the surface of the soil, even where the
seed had been planted 0, 7, and 8 in. deep. Where the sets were
planted less than -1 in. deep, nearly all the tubers were found between
that and the surface of the soil.'"
Experiments with oats for the prevention of smut were carried on
at nearly all the stations. Soaking oat seed for 1 hour in formalin
(4^ oz. to 10 gal. of water) or i hour in a copper sulphate solution
(1 \h. to 5 gal. of water) has quite uniformly prevented loss from
this source.
A variety test with 48 varieties of tobacco was conducted at the
Central Station, as to time of ripening and productiveness. The results
are tabulated but no conclusions drawn.
538 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Com culture in North Carolina, B. Irbt {North Carolma Sta. Bnl.
171, j)p. J?-4'J). — This is a popular pi'actical bulletin on corn culture,
dealint;- in detail with the following- subjects: Kinds of land suited for
corn culture, preparation of the soil, planting, fertilizers to be used
on corn, methods of corn cultivation, rotations for corn, varieties best
adapted to the South, harvesting the crop, selection and improvement
of seed, protection against weevils and moths, and the comparative
food value of corn and other forage crops. Dent varieties of corn are
considered best for the South, and for grain and stover purposes the
One-Hundred-Day Bristol, Delaware Count}' Dent, Leaming, Golden
Beauty, Chester County Mammoth, White Cap Early Dent, among
the 3'ellow varieties, and Mortgage Lifter, Hickory King, Mammoth
White Hite, Kiley Favorite, Cory Klondike, Snow Flake, Mosby
Prolilic, and Red Cob, among the white varieties, are considered best.
For grain and silage purposes Cocke Prolific, Northern White Field,
Blount Prolific. White Dent, Red Cob Ensilage, and Southern Horse
Tooth, are recommended.
Sowing the seed with a planter is advised when as much as 10 acres
of corn is grown. The seed for planting should be selected from the
stalks in the field I'ather than in the crib.
Crops for alkali soils, C. E. Mead {New Mexico Sta. Bui. 33, pp.
37-39). — A brief accoiuit of the successful culture of sugar beets and
sorghum on alkali patches or "chico spots," which are common on
many of the farms in the northwestern part of New Mexico. Sugar
beets grew especially well on these alkali spots, the roots being of
large size and good shape analyzing 18 to 20 per cent of sugar in the
juice with a purity of from 80 to 90.
Tn the sorghum experiment the soil of a "chico spot" was removed
to a depth of al)out 1 ft. and distributed over the remainder of the
plat as evenly as possible. The excavation thus caused was filled with
soil containing very little if any alkali. It was leveled and the Avhole
plat drilled to sorghum. " In the fall, when the cane was stacked, the
stalks on the 'chico spot' were large and tall and most of them
matured their seed, while those on other parts of the same plat were
small, short, and of a sickly-looking color and in very few instances
could a ripe head be found. There was a difi'erence of fully 2 ft. in
the height of the canes on the plat in favor of the ones grown over the
'chico' land, and the heads of these were large and well filled with
grain, while the same can not b(» said of the others."
G-rasses and forage crops, C. A. Keffek {Neio Mexico Sta. Bui.
32, pp. 19-3J{). — The author discusses briefly the importance of com-
bining li\'e stock and crop interests on the same farm in New Mexico
and urg(\s the gi'owing of certain forage c - for summer feeding
during periods of drought. Forage ci-ops j,.own at the station and
considered valuable are Broi/iu.s inerniiKi, Italian rye grass {Lol'imn
FIELD CROPS. 539
italicimi)^ Pei'eiinial ryo gra.s.s (Z. i^erenne)^ reed fescue {Fextuai elatior
arimdinacea)^ Eiii>'li,sh ])lue «Tass {J^\ prafenKis)^ orchard g'rass {Dactijlh
glomerata)^ Hungarian alfalfa and alfalfa from India and Africa,
Japanese barnyard millet, .sorghuiri, Kafir corn, mile maize, and cow-
peas. The cultural operations employed with a luunber of thes(^ crops
are given, together with notes on the grazing of horses on the -lapan-
ese barnyard millet and of feeding sorghum to milch cows. The
sorghums were greatly relished by the cows and temporarily increased
the milk flow. Feeding the sorghum with alfalfa was found more
desirable than feeding either alone. Kafir corn fodder containing
fully ripe seed was relished by horses. The leaves and seeds were
eaten clean and likewise the upper portions of the stalks. No differ-
ence was noticed in the relative growth of brown and white Kafir corn.
The effect of a second irrigation of alfalfa to induce germination
was studied. After the first irrigation the plats formed a hard surface
crust about i in. thick and cracked into large cakes in drying. Some
seed germinated and were just showing their seed leaves in the cracks
when a portion of the plat received a second irrigation. Plats thus
irrigated gave a poorer stand of alfalfa without exception than those
irrigated but once. This was due largely to the filling up of the
cracks in the crust with sediment and thus smothering many of the
young alfalfa plants.
Observations on the loss in the first stages of growth of alfalfa
plants due to crowding show that the alfalfa plant is extremely tena-
cious of life and has great endurance in extremes of drought, there
being but few deaths even where the plants were most crowded.
The value of the cowpea as a hay crop and green manure is dis-
cussed and some cultural data given on inconclusive experiments in
growing this crop at the station.
Results of manuring, C. E. Mead {Wew Mexico Sta. BaJ. J3, j7p.
Jf-l-J^d). — Oats were grown on land a part of which had 1)orne a crop
of hairy vetch the preceding season. At the time of heading the oats
on the vetch portion of the plat averaged about 3i ft. in height, while
the remaining portion of the plat averaged about 2 ft. At harvest the
yield on the vetch land was 25 bu. per acre, while the remainder of
the plat gave but 18 bu. per acre.
In another experiment oats were grown after field peas, the vines
and pods of which had been turned under. The yield of grain from
this plat was at the rate of 47 bu. per acre. The yield the preceding
season on similar soil not fertilized with pea vines was at the rate of
9,6 bu. per acre.
Other experiments with corn grown on land fertilized with liarnyard
manure and on new land are reported. The barnyard manure had a
good effect on the physical condition of the soil and considerably
increased the yield of corn, al)out the same results being obtained as
when corn was grown on new laud.
540 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Sugar-beet investigations, J. D. Towar {Michigan Sta. Bui. 179^
pp. 93-llo,ji<js. 6). — These inve.stij^ations include fertilizer experiments
with beets on different soils ;it the station and in cooperation with
farmers in different parts of the State, variet}^ tests, and trials of plant-
ings at different dates.
Subsoiling is shown to be practicable and not so difficult as is usually
supposed. Spring subsoiling for beets proved disastrous at the station
in 18!>0, as the ground did not regain a sufficient amount of moisture
to sui)port the crop.
In a fertilizer test at the station on sandy soil of medium fertilit}'^,
cow manure, salt, ashes, lime, hen manure, complete fertilizers, and a
commercial l^rand of sugar-beet fertilizer were used, besides various
single elements applied alone and combined in two's. The details of the
results obtained are tabulated. On the plats receiving the lime a slightly
greater development of leaf was observed than occurred on the unlimed
plats. At harvest time an average increased yield of 1,210 lbs. of
beets per acre was obtained on the limed plats, while the percentage
of sugar remained practically the same. There was a slight decrease
in the percentage of purity. In this and other experiments at the
station nitrate of soda has proved superior to sulphate of ammonia for
sugar beets as regards yield, sugar content, and purity. Beets on
plats fertilized with nitrate of soda in this experiment germinated
earlier and made a greater development all through the first half of the
season than on any of the other plats.
Fertilizer experiments were also conducted on thoroughly subdued
and well drained muck land at the station, using nearh' all of the fer-
tilizers noted above. During the season the l)eets seemed to suffer
more from drought on this muck soil than on heavier land, while at
harvest time they were apparently making stronger growth than at any
previous period. It is thought that if the season had been prolonged
a month good yields of beets would have been obtained. The highest
yield, 23,81-4 lbs., was obtained on the plat fertilized with unleached
wood ashes at the rate of 1 ton per acre. The use of potash regularly
resulted in increased yields. An injurious effect seemed to follow
the use of phosphoric acid. Applications of a layer of sand proved
especially valuable on this soil. The use of lime resulted in decreased
yield, and in beets having a low sugar content and purity.
In culture experiments at the station plantings of beets wepe made
weekly from April 22, when the soil temperature was about 50° F., to
May 27. There was a decided advantage as regards yield in favor of
the earlier plantings, while the sugar content svas slightly higher and
the percentage of purity averaged 3 per cent higher. The author
considers it safe and wise to plant beets as early in the spring as any
other farm crop.
In order to determine the effect of fall growth of beets samples
FIELD CROPS. 541
were uiuily/ed at ditiViviit times. From Oetoher 19 to NovtMiihtT 1
the suiifar ('oiiteiit of the beets averati-cHl 14.74 per cent, thi^ purity
82.28, iind from November 4 to 23, 13.89 and 81.03 per cent, respec-
tively. It is thought that this decrease in sugar content and purity
was more than made up by the increased growth of the Ixn^ts. On
muck soil this increase in growth from October 20 to November 23
amounted to 2,893 lbs. per acre. The analyses of about 4(50 samples
of sugar beets between October 15 and Decem])er 1 showed a similar
decrease in sugar content and purity as the season advanced.
Seven varieties of sugar beets were grown in 1898 and again in 1899.
In 1898 Zehringer, Kleinwanzlebener, Vilmorin Improved, Vilmorin
Blanche, and Schreiber Elite were the best varieties grown, while in
1899 Zehringer, Russian, Rolker EE, and Rolker ZZ gave the most sat-
isfactory results.
The relation of the size of the beet to its sugar content was studied,
and some figures are given on the subject. In general the smallest
beets were richest in sugar and the largest poorest in this constituent.
In the cooperative experiments beets were grown on sandy soil,
sandy loam, and clay loam, and various fertilizers applied alone and in
combinations. Data regarding the yield, sugar content, and purity
of beets grown on each plat are tabulated. No particular!}^ significant
yields were obtained on any of the plats. The best results followed
the application of 480 lbs. per acre of a mixture of 120 lbs. of nitrate
of soda, 240 lbs. of phosphatic rock, and 120 lbs. of muriate of
potash. Relative to the use of nitrate of soda the author states that
when used alone it "generally produced beets of a low percentage of
sugar, but when used in connection with sufficient amounts of the
other 2 elements normal beets are produced."
The yields of beets obtained on clay loam, sandy loam, sand, clay,
and muck in the cooperative experiments with farmers in 1897 and
1898 are summarized. The results indicate that "a mixture of equal
parts of sand and clay, or var3"ing 10 per cent from equal parts, is a
superior sugar-beet soil." Fairly good results were obtained in these
experiments on muck soil, a result which it is thought will prove of
considerable economic importance to the State because of the abun-
dance of these soils.
Results secured with sugar beets at other stations are noted and
illustrations given of diseased roots and roots grown under unfavor-
able cultural and soil conditions.
Sugar beets in 1898, R. H. McDowell and N. E. Wilson {Nevada
Sta. Bid. 1^3^ pp. SO, map l,pls. 5,figf<. 2). — Cultural experiments with
sugar beets are reported in continuation of previous work (E. S. R.,
10, p. 631). As a rule 8 irrigations are given sugar beets in Nevada.
Eight varieties were grown in 1898. The sugar content of the juice
of 25 samples grown at the station and over the State averaged 17.67
542 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
poi- coiit, with a purity coefficient of 79. IS per c(Mit. The ripening of
2 crops of beets in one season is reported l»y a orower in Lincohi
County. Suggestions regarding seed, cultural operations, and imple-
ments, factorj^ devices for unloading ])eets rapidly, etc., arc* included
in the bulletin, and a map showing the sugar-l)eet area of the State.
Portions of the State are considered very well adapted to sugar-beet
culture.
Sugar beets in 1899, N. E. Wilson and R. H. McDowell {Nevada
Sta. Bill. .^,jq>. 21, f<jx. 2). — In previous 3''ears (see above) e-xperi-
ments have been conducted largely for the purpose of making a survey
of the State relative to its sugar-beet producing powers. In 1809 the
principal attention was given to the possibility of producing beets of
a high saccharine content on a commercial scale in those sections
which had previously shown most promise. Considera1)le tabular
matter is given, which shows that the average of 183 samples analyzed
in 1899 contained 1G.2 per cent of sugar in the beet, having a purity
of 81:. 68 per cent.
"The locality giving the best results is the Lovelock ^'alley, situated in the south-
eastern part of Humboldt County, on the Humboldt River. The soil in this valley
is peculiarly rich and fertile, and has been formed by the growth and decay of tules,
which have been covered by sediment, thus forming alternate layer after layer of
decayed tule and sedimentary silt to a great depth. In one instance borings have
been made to the depth of 480 ft., showing the same formation the entire distance.
The soil is free from rocks, and is very friable and porous, thus affording an excellent
opportunity for the beet to go down into the soil, resulting in an ideal shape, with no
side roots. Many of the beets from this section this year were from 18 to 27 in. in
length and in good proportion otherwise. From 20,000 to 30,000 acres of this land
could be obtained for beet growing in the advent of a factory for the manufacture of
the product. ' '
The factor^" conditions of a number of otlier localities are noted,
and I'emarks made on water and limestone for factory use.
On the effects on tobacco of shading and the application of
lime, W. C. Sturgis {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1899^ jit. 3, j>I>-
'252-261). — The report is in part a continuation of work previously
noted (PI S. R. , 11, p. 755). The soil used was a close clay one, packing
hard after rains, and similar in character to the East Hartford tobacco
lands where the calico disease prevails. The land was laid out in 2
long plats running north and south with a 6-ft. alley between them.
The western plat was shaded with a screen of lath, cutting off' half of
the light and placed about 5 ft. from the ground. Both plats were
divided into 4 smaller plats, receiving, in addition to other fertilizers,
300, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 lbs. of air-slaked lime per acre, respectively.
On the unshaded plats which received the heaviest ajjplications of
lime the calico disease did not occur, although there were a few rusty
leaves. Rusty leaves were also noticed on the shaded plat which
received the most lime. On the unshaded plat which received lime at
the rate of 500 lbs. per acre 17.5 per cent of the leaves were affected
FIELD CROPS. 548
with calico, while on the corresponding shaded plat only 2.5 per cent
were affected. Ten per cent of affected leaves occurred on the
unshaded plat given but 300 lbs. of lime and 5 per cent on the cor-
responding- shaded plat. On the whole, the shaded plats contained a
smaller percentage of leaves affected with calico than the unshaded.
The author considers that the experiments were conducted on too
small a scale to form the basis for final judgment.
Another effect, apparently due to shading, was the increased preva-
lence of the so-called ""natural spot." Fully 30 to 40 per cent of the
shaded plants were sprinkled with small whitish spots of dead tissue,
while not more than 1 or 2 of the unshaded plants showed them.-
Relative to the effect of shading on the growth of the plants and the
qualit}^ of the leaf it was found that the shaded plants grew much
slower than the unshaded, and showed the ))ud lower down and were
therefore topped unnecessarily low. After topping the shaded plants
filled out and produced unusually large, thin leaves of a verj^ dark
color. The unshaded plants were ready for cutting 2 weeks before the
shaded plants. The difference in the weight of cured leaves from the
shaded and the unshaded plats was quite marked. The average weight
of plants from the shaded plats was 0.27 lb. and from the unshaded
plats 0.34 lb. The stalks also of the shaded plants were noticeably
smaller and lighter than the others, a fact due in great measure, it is
thought, to lower topping. The greatest yields from both the shaded
and unshaded plats were obtained where the larger amounts of lime
were applied.
"The total thickness of the leaf was decreased by shading by over 30 per cent; the
upper epidermis by 31 per cent; the palisade layer by 35 per cent; the spongy paren-
chyma by 27 per cent; the lower epidermis by 14 per cent."
The quality of the finished product was judged by experts.
' ' The tobacco, on the whole, was pronounced of poor quality ; that from the unshaded
plats was coarse, with harsh and wiry veins; that from the shaded plats was objected
to as having been immature when cut and consequently of very poor color and of so
thin and smooth a texture as to be practically worthless. It was noticeable that in
the case of both the shaded and the unshaded tobacco the plats which received the
largest quantity of lime showed a good deal of ' white vein. ' The best of the unshaded
tobacco was adjudged to be that which had received lime at the rate of 1,000 lbs. per
acre. The best of the shaded tobacco was that which received lime at the rate of
2,000 lbs. per acre. On the whole, the shaded tobacco was pronounced far inferior to
the unshaded. This latter opinion did not prove to be shared universally; one expert
buyer, who knew nothing of the history of the tobacco, pronounced in favor of the
shaded tobacco, both as regards texture and quality. . . .
"No difference could be observed, as regards the character of the ash, between the
tobacco which had the least amount of lime and that which had the most; in both
cases the ash was grey, flaky, and deficient in firmness. The burn of the tobacco
from all the plats was equally poor."
The results of the experiment suggest ''that the use of lime may not,
in all cases, exercise the deleterious effect on tobacco that some grow-
13411— No. 6 4
544 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ers suppose it to, and that there is some reason for thinking that its
use niav tend to decrease the prevalence of calico.'"'
Experiments in curing and in fermenting -wrapper leaf tobacco,
season of 1899, E. H. Jenkins {Connecticut State Sta. Rj^t. 1899^
}>t. J, pp. '286-297). — These experiments in curing^ to])acco in a barn
provided with hot-air flues and in fermenting Connecticut tobacco in
bulk are similar in character to those carried on by the station in 1898
(E. S. R., 11, p. 730). The curing- barn is again described and some
data are given on outside and inside temperatures of the barn on difler-
ent days and at difl'erent times during the night. The night tempera-
ture of the air inside the barn is usually much warmer than the outside
temperature, while the reverse is frequently true in the daytime. The
general method in controlling the curing is to open the barn wide on
clear bright days and air it thoroughly. As soon as the outside tem-
perature falls to that of the inside, the barn is closed except under the
sills and in the ridge; the tires are started and run through the night.
"The object was to assist the upward air current which naturally moves
at night and to keep the tobacco from the night chill, thus making the
temperature of the curing much more nearly uniform."" Curing under
these conditions in 1899 was much more rapid than where no artificial
heat was used and proved valuable as a means of controlling the pole
burn. The system of heating adopted is not entirely satisfactory as
certain dead-air spaces occur which favor the development of pole burn.
The experiments in curing are to be continued.
Some observations on the temperature of tobacco fermented in cases
were made during the spring and summer of 1899. The cases held
about 300 lbs. and were piled in an unheated storehouse, as is customary
in Connecticut. Weekly readings for 4 cases from March 4 to August
5 taken with telephone thermometers are recorded. Some of the
tobacco lay 9 weeks after the experiment began before reaching a tem-
perature of 70 -* F. It is believed "the greatest danger to cased tobacco
from mold and mustiness is when it lies cool, damp, and unfermented,
waiting for sufficient heat from the air to penetrate it and start the
fermentation."
The experiments in fermenting Connecticut tobacco in bulk noted in
1898 (E. S. R., 11, p. 730) were repeated in 1899 in cooperation with
the Division of Soils of this Department. The bulk was built up on a
slightly raised platform 12 ft. long and 5 ft. wide, with vertical headers
of boards at each end. A layer of hot trash tobacco, which had been
sprayed with warm water and allowed to ferment for 4 days, when it
reached a temperature of 131° F., was first put down and then alter-
nated with layers of first wrappers, butts on the outside, the tips toward
the center. No pressvire was applied. The hands of tobacco were
simpl}' laid on the pile. Number 2 wrappers, which were too dry to
ferment, "were brought into 'case' by dipping the butts about 2 in.
FIELD CROPS. 545
deep Into wunn AViiter tmd then holding tlio hands by their butts and
shaking- them vigorously until the water was well distributed." rhey
were piled on the bulk without layers of trash. The whole bulk weighed
about 5,500 lbs. It was covered with trash, woolen blankets and rub-
l)er blankets. The temperature of the room was maintained at from 80
to )S5' ' F. and the humidity such that a hand of unfermcnted tobacco
luiHg in the room remained pliable.
Five days after the bulk was built, the temperature near the bottom
of the pile had reached 115° F., while near the top it was 121° F. At
this point the bulk was torn down and the leaves shaken out a little
and the pile rebuilt. Between December 23 and January 1 the tem-
perature in diti'erent parts of the pile ranged from 110 to 118° F.
The bulk was again rebuilt, and the highest temperature reached dur-
ing the next 23 days was 113° F. (near the top), while near the bottom
of the bulk the highest temperature reached was only 91° F. Exam-
ination of the leaf during the latter part of January showed that
the gum was gone and the whole body of the leaf thoroughly fer-
mented. Later the fermented tobacco was examined by experts.
"The unanimous opinion of all these gentlemen was that the [fermentation] process
was a remarkably successful one. The leaf was of a perfectly even color from the
tip to the stem end.
" The gum was all gone, the leaf was light and elastic, and there had not been the
slightest damage during the fermentation. Particular attention was given to the
leaves on which the butts of the next layer of leaves rested, as the dealers thought
that there some damage must have been done. Careful search was made, but not a
single damaged leaf could be found in the bulk. Another point was that of water
stain. As stated above, all the hands — except those of lirst wra^jpers — had their
))utts dij^ped in warm water and the leaves shaken out, immediately before putting
into the fermenting room. A few of the second wrappers came out of the fermenta-
tion with some water stain near the midrib of the leaf, but none on the margin, but
the most of the dipped leaves showed no traces of water stain. The second wrappers
were dipped just at nightfall and in great haste and probably not sufficient care was
taken in shaking them out. If they had been left a few days longer in the first bulk,
probably there would have been no water stain, even in the overwet leaves.
"Our experience has shown that unfermented leaf will bear a good deal oi wetting
if it is warm and goes at once into active fermentation. But under no other circum-
stances will it bear wetting."
By comparing the weights of the fermented and unfermented leaf, it
was found that a quantity of tobacco weighing 3,076 lbs. before casing
and fermenting in bulk was decreased in weight only 8 lbs. after fer-
menting and 3 of the grades of tobacco fermented were damper at
the end of the process than before they were dampened at the begin-
ning of it. The fermented tobacco dried out somewhat rapidly in the
cases.
Physiological studies on Connecticut leaf tobacco, O. Loew
(U. S. Dept. A(//:, Rpt. 65^ pp. f)7). — A report is given on some physi-
ological investigations of tobacco. The work deals with a number of
546 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
questions relating to the physiologj^ of the leaf and the ehemico-phj^si-
ologicUl changes which take place in processes of curing and sweating.
The acidity in the plant was greater in the morning than in the
evening. "The custom of harvesting tobacco on bright sunny days
has, therefore, a sound physiological foundation." The upper leaves
contain more acid than the lower leaves. The acidity of the lamina
decreased as the process of curing in the plant proceeded.
The presence of diastase in tobacco leaves was determined by the
author, as was also a proteolytic enzym. The latter differs from the
ordinar}' trypsin in that it can not attack fibrin and casein under
ordinary conditions, while it can attack dissolved albumen. The pres-
ence of a cellulose-dissolving enzym (c3^tase) in tobacco leaves was not
determined with certainty. In tests with oxidase and peroxidase both
seemed to have the main character of albumoses. Oxidase in the juice
of the tobacco leaf diluted with about 20 parts of water was killed by
heating to Q6 to 67° C. for 3 minutes. The presence of certain alkalies
increases the resistance of oxidase to heat, Avhile acids decrease it.
Peroxidase in an alcoholic mixture was killed at the temperature of
70° C, while in a mixture of ammoniiun sulphate the enzym was not
killed after heating for a short time to 93° C.
Since manganese has been found as a regular ash constituent of the
oxidases, it was thought desirable to see what woidd be the iniluence
of fertilizing tobacco with solutions containing manganese. A 0.1 per
mille solution of sulphate of manganese was used to water some tobacco
plants until each had received 0.6 gm. of that salt. Examination of
the ripe leaf showed no noticeable increase of oxidase or peroxidase
in the plants so treated.
A third oxidizing enzym in the tobacco plant, to wijich the name
catalase is given, was observed. It occurred in the uufiltered juice of
fresh tobacco leaves.
"This enzym is killed at 72 to 75° C. (161 to 167° F.). It is an oxiilizing enzym,
[but] it differs essentially from the ordinary oxidase and peroxidase.
"This enzym is the most durable of those in the tobacco leaf mider ordinary cir-
cumstances, since it occurs in tobacco even over 6 years old, in which no trace of
other enzyms, not even of the peroxidase, can be found.
"It is certainly an important factor in the heating up of the tobacco pile, as recent
experiments with fermenting tobacco have shown.
"The general occurrence of this enzym in plant as well as in animal cells suffices
to indicate a highl}' important physiological role. It is probably intimately con-
nected with the proce.ss of respiration. The following two hypotheses as to its func-
tion appear the most probable to the writer: (1) Since many oxidative processes lead
to the formation of hydrogen peroxid as a by-product, it is important that such a
poisonous by-product be at once destroyed when accidentally formed in the cells in
the course of the respiratory oxidations. (2) This enzym may have the office of
loosening affinities in fatty acids and sugar in order not to tax the chemical energy
of the protoplasm itself too heavily when these compounds are consumed for the
purpose of respiration."
FIELD CROPS.
547
The mosaic disease of the tobacco plant is discussed in considerable
detail, some figures being given to show the decreased malic-acid con-
tent of the pith, midrib, and lamina of the leaves of diseased over
healthy plants.
Tests for oxidase in fresh-cured and fermented tobacco are given in
detail, and some results obtained in testing for these enzynis in differ-
ent tobaccos are reported. Methods of testing for catalase and the
results obtained with various tobaccos, as well as of cigars of com-
merce, are also recorded. The "grain" of tobacco was found to be
formed during the curing process.
Other subjects discussed in this bulletin are the contents of the
tobacco leaf, ripening, behavior of the oxidizing enzyms in the curing
process, development of the brown color in curing tobacco, cromo-
gens of tobacco, sunburn of tobacco leaves, "white veins," "salt-
peter" on tobacco, bacterial hypothesis of sweating tobacco, sweating
musty tobaccos, aroma of tobaccos, nitrite content in sweated tobaccos,
and the amount of heat produced by sweating in bulk.
Report on field experiments 1899, D. A. Gilchrist {Jour. Univ. Extension Col,
Reading [Englaml], Sup. 9, 1900, pp. 7-47, 52-54, 59-68) .—TYie experiments here
recorded were made at a number of different centers. The data given cover the results
obtained in fertilizer tests for meadow lands and pastures, oats, mangels, swedes, and
potatoes; the use of various seed mixturesfor hay and pasture; tests of varieties of oats;
and rotation experiments. Suggestions for the manuring of various crops are added.
Kentucky forage plants— the grasses; analyses of some Kentucky grasses,
H. Garman and A. M. Peter (Am/'/cAv/ Sta. Bid. 87, pp. 55-122, 'ph. 14).— In part 1 of
this publication notes are given on 141 species of native and introduced Kentucky
grasses. Many of the grasses have been grown for a number of years on experi-
mental plats at the station and their comparative values noted. Considerable data
on the appearance, growth liabit, and value as forage crops of the more important
species are recorded, inchiding some statistics on the State production of corn and
wheat.
Part 2 gives the results of analyses with reference to food constituents of the air-
dry and water-free material of 79 samples of grasses cut at different stages of growth
and comprising 31 species. Analyses of the hay and seed are frequently included.
Drought-resisting forage plants at the cooperative range experiment sta-
tion, Highmore, S. Dak., J. H. Shepard and D. A. Saunders {South Dakota Sta.
Bui. 66, pp. 35-52).— ^hQ data here given with the different forage plants liave been
reported by the Division of Agrostology of this Department (E. S. R., 12, p. 332).
The mechanical and chemical analyses of the soils of Highmore are added.
Analyses of sugar cane and sugar beets, A. M. Peter {Kentucky Sta. Rpt. 1898,
pp. A'TT/-A'A'/).— Tabulated results of analyses with reference to sugar content of 8
samples of sorghum and 105 samples of sugar beets.
The area of leaf surface on the topped tobacco plant, E. H. Jenkins {Con-
necticut State Sta. Rpt. 1899, pt. 3, p. I'57).— This was determined by stripping off
the leaves from the topped tobacco plant, carefully tracing the outlines of each leaf
on rectangular sheets of paper whose area and weight were known and then cutting
out the traced leaves with scissors. By weighing the leaf figures and cuttings sepa-
rately it Avas calculated that the 18 leaves taken from the topped tobacco plant
investigated had an area of 27.2 sij. ft. "Reckoning 7,700 plants to the acre it would
548 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
appear that the leaves from 1 acre of Connecticut Habana tobacco at harvest time
wnnld cover 4.S acres."
Bacteria for lupines — inoculation tests -with soil, V. Sciireiber {Bev. Gen.
Agron., 9 [1900), Xu. 7, pp. S02-304) ■ — The use of 6,000 kg. per hectare of soil from an
old lupine field resulted in an increase of yield of lupines grown on uninfected soil
from 17,600 kg. per hectare where no inoculating soil was used to 40,100 kg. per
hectare.
The eflfect of quicklime on the root bacteria of legumes, Salfeld ( Dent.
Landw. Presse, 21 {1900), No. 15, p. 932). — The author's experiments with quicklime
on poor sandy soil in 1894 led him to the conclusion that it was harmful to the
growth of root tubercles on field j^eas, lentils, garden peas, and Lathyms dymenuni
(E. S. E., 6, p. 533). Later field and pot experiments have shown that the poor
results obtained in 1894 on the limed plats must have been due to some other cause,
since the legumes have been grown with 3 times as much quicklime applied per acre
and the bacteria in nowise hindered in their action. On the other hand, the pres-
ence of the lime seemed to permit of their greater development.
HORTICULTURE.
Fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental shrubs at the
Experimental Farms in Canada, W. T. Macoun, W. S. Blair,
S. A. Bedford, A. Mackay, and T. A. Sharpe ( Cam,ada Expt. Farms
Rj>ts. 1899, 2U^- 73-9 J^, 100-lOJ^, 109-112, 123-127, 259-281. 315-33^,
362-383, 1^,11-1^2 If,, figs. 12). — Separate reports are here given for tests
of large numbers of varieties of vegetables and orchard and small
fruits. At the central station in Ottawa, and at each of the liranch
stations in the Maritime Provinces, Manitoba, Northwest Territories,
and British Columbia, lists of seeds and cuttings distributed b}' the
stations, and of the vegetables recommended to farmers are given,
together with notes on the character and adaptability of various fruits,
flowers, and shrubs to their respective localities. The report of the
horticulturist, W. T. Macoun, at the Central Station includes an account
by two farmers of the successful growing and fruiting of apples,
plums, cherries, pears, and small fruits in high latitudes (-18° 26"),
where temperature variations ranged between — 40° and +104° F.
The secret of success in these regions seems to lie largely in removing
the snow from the roots of the trees dui-ing the winter so that the
ground will freeze to a depth of 4 or 5 in., after which snow and straw
may be placed at the base of the trees in order to prevent alternate
thawing and freezing before fine weather comes in the spring. Many
varieties of apples do not succeed in Ottawa. Thej^ are subject either
toBun scald, root killing, or killing of the terminal branches. Experi-
ments in top grafting to overcome these obstacles are being conducted.
Experiments in spraying plums, cherries, and apples with whitewash
in winter to retard the blossoming period in spring are reported at
the same station. The retarding of the swelling of the buds was quite
marked with plums and cherries, but the ditlcrence in dates of bloom-
HORTICULTURE. 549
ing- wiis very slight. A considerable number of the l)lossonis of the
])Uini were killed by the whitewash. The whitewash appeared to have
but little efi'ect in retarding the swelling of the apple buds. A record
of the relative dates of blossoming of the different varieties of apples
at the Central Station is given.
Roses at the Maritime Experiment Farm have been successfully
protected during the winter by placing barrels with the heads knocked
out over the base of the bushes and packing with various materials,
one of the most satisfactory of which was clean straw. Notes on the
culture and dates of blooming of 58 varieties of hardy flowers are
recorded, as is also data for an experiment on the effect of removing
the suckers from the base of sweet corn in the production of ears. No
conclusive results were obtained. Soaking sweet-corn seed 24 hours
in warm Avater before planting proved of no value.
On the use of commercial fertilizers for forcing-house crops,
E. H. Jenkins and W. E. Britton {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1899^
pt. S^iJjj. 219-235, plan 1). — The work here reported was begun in 1894,
and the results secured up to 1897 have been published (E. S. K., 10,
p. 246).
Tomatoes (pp. 219-224).^ — Previous experiments with this crop have
shown that larger crops of tomatoes, normal in size, color, taste, and
chemical composition, could be grown in a soil of coal ashes and peat
moss by the aid of commercial fertilizers than in a rich compost with
or without commercial fertilizers. Experiments in 1898 showed that
28 oz. of nitrogen, 6 of phosphoric acid, and 21 of potash applied to
each 100 sq. ft. of liench space of coal ashes and peat moss was exces-
sive and injured the plant. Lorillard proved superior to either Acme
or Essex Hj^brid for forcing.
In 1899 soils of compost and of coal ashes and peat were placed in
alternate plats throughout the forcing house and 2 crops of Lorillard
tomatoes grown. Three plats were filled with compost which had
been "sterilized" by heating 1 hour with steam. Nitrogen was fur-
nished to the different plats in the form of nitrate of soda, cotton-seed
meal, and fine bone, respectively.
"There was practically no difference in the average yields from plats dressed with
nitrogen in nitrate of soda, cotton-seed meal, or ground bone. The yield from plats
dressed with bone was slightly below the others. The soil of coal ashes and peat on
the average yielded more tomatoes than the compost.
"Sterilizing the compost by heating for 1 hour witli steam caused it to produce a
heavier growth of plant ani a smaller yield of fruit. A poor subsoil which was used
in the benches, whether fertilized with chemicals or not, produced only about J as
much weight of tomatoes as the compost. Sutton Best of All gave a slightly larger
yield than Lorillard as well as fewer and heavier fruits per plant. It was somewhat
later in blossoming and maturing fruit. It does not appear to be greatly superior to
Lorillard as a forcing variety."
The pollination of tomatoes in this experiment was secured b}' hold-
550 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ing a spoon or ladle under each blossom and tapping the flower lightly
from above. The jarring of the flower shakes the pollen into the
spoon and brings the stigma into contact with it, pollination thus being
secured. A new method was tested in 1899. The corolla of the flower
was pulled away after it had fully opened.
[lu doing this] "the anthers are broken open and the pollen, if ripe and dry,
escapes into the air and some usually reaches the pistil of the flower and fertilizes
it. . . . Blossoms pollinated in this manner produced as many fruits as where the
spoon method was used. . . . The spoon method, however, took less time and it
seems more likely to effect cross-fertilization."
LetUice (pp. 22^326). — Results obtained subsequent to 1896 have been
reported (E. S. R., 8, p. 405). The plats in the forcing house were 5f
in. deep and contained 11:.5 sq. ft. of surface each. Ten plats were filled
with a rich compost of rotted turf and horse manure, and 10 with coal
ashes sifted through a sieve with -1 meshes to the inch. The coal ashes
were mixed with 5 per cent peat moss passed through the same sieve.
During the season 3 crops of White Tennis Ball lettuce were grown on
each of the plats. The yield of lettuce was smaller on sub-watered
than on surface-watered plats with both kinds of soil. With the mix-
ture of coal ashes and peat moss, applications of 162.9 gm. of nitrate
of soda, 49 gm. of dissolved boneblack, and 88.8 gm. of muriate of
potash gave as good results as larger amounts of these ingredients.
"The yield from plats of coal ashes alone was decidedly less than from the mix-
ture of ashes and peat moss. From the compost soils to which only small quantities
of nitrate were added no larger yields were got than from the corresponding ashes
and peat plats, but when to the compost were added the same amounts of fertilizers
as to the ashes and peat, the yields were larger from the compost. In all cases more
marketaljle heads were got from the compost plats."
The following year mixtures of from 9 to 12 per cent of peat moss
with coal ashes proved a better soil medium for lettuce than mixtures
containing less than these amounts. In soil containing 12 per cent of
peat moss, 1,000 plants, roots and heads, removed -113 gm. of nitrogen,
equivalent to 6i lbs. of nitrate of soda; 185 gm. of phosphoric acid,
equivalent to 3 lbs. of dissolved boneblack, and 697 gm. of potash,
equivalent to 3y g lbs. of muriate of potash.
In 1898 a black swamp muck of the neighborhood, which contained
no fiber, proved inferior to peat moss as a soil medium for lettuce.
"A number of comparisons were made of the growth of lettuce on rich ci)mi>ost and
of its growth on the same kind of compost which had been sterilized by heating it for
1 hour with live steam, which raises the temperature of the soil to above 100° ('....
In every case a better crop was grown on sterilized soil than on the corresponding
plats untreated. Lettuce transplanted only once was much larger and heavier than
that which was twice transplanted. Fertilizer chemicals depressed the yield in each
case, while the addition of lime did not greatly affect the weight or quality of the crop. ' '
Carnations (pp. 226-235). — For a previous report see E. S. R., 10,
p. 245.
HORTICULTURE. 551
"In the season of 1897-98 the largest number of blooms per plant was produced on
rich compost to which nitrate of soda, dissolved boneblack, and muriate of potash
had been applied at the rate of 620 gm., 154 gm., and 422 gm., respectively, per 100
sq. ft. of bench space, while the compost without fertilizers gave a slightly smaller
yield of blooms than the soils made of coal ashes with 3 per cent of peat, to which
were added 1,240 gm. of nitrate of soda, 462 gm. of dissolved boneblack, and 844 gm.
of muriate of potash per 100 sq. ft. of bench space."
In 1899, 7 carnation plats were filled with a mixture of LS-t l])s. of
bituminous coal ashes and 5i lbs. of peat moss, 8 with compost,, and 2
with compost sterilized by heating for 60 minutes in steam. All the
plats filled with ashes and peat and one of the compost plats were fer-
tilized with various amounts of nitrogen in the form of nitrate of soda,
cotton-seed meal, or bone dust, phosphoric acid in the form of dissoh^ed
boneblack, and potash in the form of muriate. The varieties Day
Break, Thomas Cartledge, and Lizzie McGowan were used in the test.
"The 4 plats which contained the mixture of coal ashes, peat, and commercial
fertilizers yielded a larger number of blooms, a greater weight of blooms, and
blooms of somewhat larger size, on the average, than the 2 plats which contained
rich unsterilized compost.
"Plat 183, of sterilized compost, yielded more blooms than any other in the
experiment, though the average weight of blooms was not as great as of those grown
in the coal ashes and peat moss. The other plat of sterilized soil, No. 185, gave a
very small yield. We believe this is explained by the fact that, through an over-
sight of the attendant, it was omitted in the watering on a bright day and the plants
were badly wilted. This plat yielded less than any other.
"The. comparison of the different forms of nitrogenous fertilizer indicates that
fairly good results may be obtained with either nitrate of soda, cotton-seed meal, or
bone. Plat 1 78, to which bone was added, yielded a larger number of blooms than
any other. The blooms on the average were not larger than those from plats where
nitrate or cotton-seed meal was used. The nitrate plats produced blossoms having a
greater average weight, diameter, and length of stem than those from plats where
other forms of nitrogen were used."
Representative blooms from difi'erent plats were analyzed, and from
the results the amounts of fertilizing* materials removed were calculated.
Tomatoes, F. S. Earle {Alalxinui College Sta. Bid. 108, jjj). 36,
Jigs. 2). — The author purposes to give in this bulletin an outline of the
methods employed by the best commercial tomato growers in the lati-
tude of the station. The topics discussed include soils and fertilizers,
plant growing, cultivation and training, pruning, diseases and insects,
varieties, and marketing Some results obtained in tomato growing
at the station are included under the difi'erent headings. The diseases
are noted elsewhere.
An account is given of growing Irish potatoes, peppers, eggplants,
and tomatoes on plats fertilized alike as regards acid phosphate and
cotton-seed meal. Two of the plats received in addition kainit at the
rate of 1,500 lbs. per acre, 2 lime at the same rate, 2 were used as
checks, and 2 others had Bordeaux mixture poured along the furrows.
552 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The object of the experiment was to prevent the bacterial wilt. This
was not present, })ut the Sclerotiuni wilt, black rot, and Alternaria
leaf blight were more or less prevalent. The effects of the different
treatments are noted in some detail. The Bordeaux mixture largely
prevented the Alternaria leaf blight. The Sclerotium wilt was espe-
cially abundant on the potatoes where kainit had been used, a decreased
yield of 60 per cent occurring on these plats. Tomatoes on the kainit
plats were remarkably healthy, and their longevity considerably pro-
longed.
Lemon Blush has been one of the most satisfactory varieties of toma-
toes grown at the station for midsummer and fall crops, and is recom-
mended for home use. In planting for the market it is recommended
that 4 or 5 of the best kinds of tomatoes be planted rather than to rely
on any one variety alone.
Watermelons and muskmelons in South Dakota, N. E. Hansen
and W. 8. Thornbp:r {South DahAa Sta. Bui. 67^ pp. 55-102.,ph. 7). —
Results are here reported in tables and descriptive notes of tests
of a large number of varieties of foreign and American watermelons
and muskmelons during the j^ears 1898 and 1899. Most of the
foreign melons were of Russian and Asia Minor origin. The results
of the tests show that the American muskmelons are much better
adapted to the locality of the station than any of the foreign varieties
tested. The smaller varieties proved earlier than the larger ones and
are therefore preferred for localities where the growing season is short.
From the standpoint of productiveness and quality Jenny Lind was
the best variety grown. Larger earlier sorts were Earliest Ripe,
Extra Early Citron, and Nectar of Angels. Other smaller varieties
which were both productive and of excellent quality as well as early
are as follows: Emerald Gem, Pi'olilic Nutmeg, Newport, Rocky ford,
Burpee Netted Gem, Round Netted Gem, and Shipper Delight. Large
varieties which were both productive and of excellent quality but late
were Early Bristol, N. K. and Co. California Cream, and Chicago
Market.
Of the 52 foreign watermelons tested, only 1 was found superior in
earliness to the 106 American varieties grown. From the earliest
watermelon of this variety pure seed was selected and sown. By con-
tinued selection it is hoped to increase the earliness of this variet}'.
American varieties ripe September 6 were Light Green Rind Icing,
Pride of Georgia, Russian Mennonite No. 7, Peerless, U. S. Dept. Agr.
No. 23, Salzer Fourth of July, and Phinncy Early Oval. Varieties
ripe September 13 were Vick Early, Ruby Gold, Green and Gold,
Phinney Improved, U. S. Dept. Agr. Nos. 72, 18, 92, and 88, Mountain
Sweet, BIa(;k Diamond, Fordhook Early, Wisconsin Hyl^rid, Extra
Earlv. and Jones.
HORTICULTURE. 553
A few varieties of citrons were grown as well as the orange melon
and vegetable pomegranate. Suggestions regarding the preparation
and us(> of the lattei- are given.
The apple orchard, J. C. Written {Missouri Sta. Bui. ^, pp. 21,
figs. 6').— For the past 5 years, experimental orchard work has been
under way at the station along several lines.
Previous preparation of the soil (pp. 3-7).— In 1895 young apple
trees were planted on old, well-tilled heavy clay loam. Before plant-
ing, half the orchard was plowed deep and subsoiled while the other
half was simply plowed deep. Subsequent cultivation was the same
on both halves. No difference was noticed in the growth of the trees
on the two portions of the orchard or in the subsequent condition of
the land, and the amount of washing seemed to bo about the same on
both halves. The author states that while subsoiling may be benefi-
cial on some soils, on soils similar to those noted only deep thorough
plowing is necessary.
A young orchard was planted on newly cleared tmiber land. The
location was a steep rocky bluff. Strips 6 or T ft. wide were plowed
for the trees. The remainder 6f the land was left undisturbed to pre-
vent washing. The trees planted on the land thus prepared made an
excellent growth; the apple roots followed the decaying timber roots
down among the rocks and the natural woods' mold and the sprouts
which were left to decay formed an excellent mulch to prevent the soil
from washing. The author considers this land, which is too rocky and
steep for ordinary cultivation, an ideal place for an orchard. It
requires much less cultivation than land that has long been tilled and
thoroughly subdued. In clearing such lands for orchards, the author
advocates the cutting of the trees as near the ground as possible to
facilitate cultivation.
When orchards are planted on the hard-pan lands of the State, the
hard pan may be loosened by exploding a small charge of dynamite in
the bottom of each tree hole. This method, however, is expensive.
It is recommended, therefore, to prepare the soil by previous cropping
with clover or cowpeas.
TJie relation of cidt'i'vation to the development and growth of apple
trees (pp. 7-15). — This subject has been studied for a period of 5
years. ' ' Measurements have been taken of the average annual growth
of trees receiving good cultivation, of those receiving partial cultiva-
tion, of those in clover and some in blue grass sod. In taking these
measurements, a strenuous effort has been made to truly represent the
average growth of trees under these various conditions of culture.
Measurements have been confined to the leading branches of normal
trees. Where trees have suffered from blight, accident, or other con-
ditions unusual to other trees in the same orchard, they have been
554 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
rejected. Wherever pruning has abnormally affected the growth,
siuli tree.s have not been considered. Measurements were made of
all the leading- branches on about 600 trees, through four seasons"'
growth." The observations have been made on Ben Davis, Jonathan,
Jenet, and miscellaneous varieties of apples. The rainfall for the
growing season of each of the years 189-i to 1898 inclusive is also
given. Tabular results of the measurements show that the greatest
growth has been made by those orchards that have been cultivated
most, and that " cultivated trees make a more uniform grow"th"*than
trees not cultivated." The more the trees are cultivated the less they
are affected by drought. This is considered the most important point
in the cultivation of orchard fruits in Missouri.
' ' The unfavorable effects of drought on uncultivated trees are more aJDparent the
succeeding season than they are during the dry year itself. A marked falling off in
heiglit growth, and a generally devitalized condition of the trees, may be looked for,
in uncultivated orchards, for a year or two following an excessive autumn drought.
"During 1898 more trees died as a result of the previous dry autumn than died
during 1897. The unfavorable effects of this drought are yet (1899) apparent in
uncultivated orchards." . . .
" During a dry summer and autumn, the orchard soil should be kept in good tilth
until the crop of fruit and the wood growth are mature, or until rains come.
"During a wet summer and autumn, cultivation should cease early enough (August
lirst) for the growth to be checked and the wood ripened for winter.
"Failure of the wood to mature in autumn may be as often due to ceasing culti-
vation too early as it is to continuing cultivation too late. This is particularly true
when trees are loaded with fruit. ' '
Crops to he grown in orchards (pp. 15-19). — The value of small fruits,
garden vegetables, cowpeas, soja ])eans, clover, rye, and buckwheat
is discussed. It is stated that nothing should be grown in the orchard
which will prevent the cultivation of the tree rows. On steep hill-
sides clover is considered an especially desirable crop to grow to pre-
vent washing. It should be sown in strips running across the hillsides
}>etween the rows and the trees gi\'en (^lean cultivation until they are
well established.
Cultural methods — implement (pp. 20, 21). — The value of different
cultural methods in the orchard is considered. Relative to the culture
of other orchard fruits the author states that peaches should be given
the same attention as apples.
"Standard pears and cherries usually succeed best if the land is cultivated until they
reach bearing age, and then seeded to clover. Dwarf pears should be given the best
of cultivation. Plums do best under clean cultivation, but the Americans will suc-
ceed fairly well in clover or even in blue-grass pasture. Japanese plums should be
treated about the same as the peach."
A chemical study of the apple and its products, C. A, Browne,
JR. {PciLiisyli'aiua JJcpt. A<jr. Bui. J^', pp. J^(j' Rj.)t. 1S99., ^^P- ^SJf.-
572). — The following analyses of 25 varieties of apples represent only
sound, ripe fruit which, except th(> summer apples, had been stored in
HOETICULTURE.
555
a cool cellar from 1 to ii months after picking-, to insure the conversion
of the residual starch into sugar:
Composition of the apple.
Variety.
Season.
Num-
ber of
ap-
ples.
Wa-
ter.
Sol-
ids.
In-
vert
sugar.
Su-
crose
Total
sugar.
Total
sugar
after
in-
ver-
sion.
Free
malic
acid.
Ash.
Sugar
coeffi-
cient.
Summer .
....do....
....do....
....do....
....do....
Autumn .
....do....
10
10
4
10
6
6
6
6
3
10
6
6
4
3
3
3
2
8
6
8
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
P. a.
84.70
83. 82
86.17
84. 42
Sfi. 18
85. 70
83. 86
80.36
84. 30
76. 64
83.20
85.04
82.43
82. 94
80.02
82.54
86.-54
85.28
85. 62
84.30
82.39
84.36
82.90
84.69
81.68
82.25
84.96
P.ct.
15.30
16.18
13.83
15.58
14. 82
14.30
16.14
19. 64
15. 70
23. 36
16.80
14.96
17. .57
17.06
19.98
17. 45
13.46
14. 72
14.38
15. 70
17.61
15.64
17.10
15. 31
18. 32
17.75
15. 04
P.ct.
6.67
7.24
7.84
5.34
7.51
7.97
6.60
7.70
7.94
11.75
7.11
6.90
8.92
9.44
8.92
8.19
7. 27
7.40
6.60
10.32
6.36
8.13
8.65
8. .51
8.43
8.81
7.40
P.ct.
3.53
3.84
2.05
4. 11
2.98
3.62
4.92
6.81
3.87
4.79
5.27
3.59
4.29
3.25
5.75
5. 06
2.60
3.63
3.74
1.74
6. 13
2.64
4.33
3.08
4.65
3.85
3.50
P.ct.
10. 20
11.08
9.89
9.45
10.49
11. .59
11. 52
14.51
11.81
16.54
12.38
10.49
13.21
12.69
14.67
13. 25
9.87
11.03
10.34
12.06
12. 49
10.77
12. 98
11.59
13.08
12. 66
10.90
P.ct.
10.38
11.28
9.94
9.66
10 <M
11.78
11.78
14.87
12.01
16.79
12. 66
10.68
13.44
12. 86
14.98
13.62
10.01
11.22
10. 54
12. 15
12.81
10.91
13. 21
11. 75
13.32
12.86
11.08
P.ct.
1.11
.87
.84
.76
.10
.38
.61
.65
.48
.70
.68
.55
.67
.53
.86
.62
.45
.52
.51
.36
.80
.99
.46
.32
.74
.26
.66
P.ct.
0.37
.31
.27
.28
"■"."ig
.25
.27
.27
.32
.26
.26
.33
.24
.29
.30
.17
.22
.24
.23
.27
.26
.22
.22
.34
.30
.28
P.ct.
67.84
Karly Harvest
YclldW Tran.sparent
Early Strawberry
Sweet KdUKh
Biitter-.sweet
Fall Rambo
09. 72
71.87
62. 00
71.79
82. 38
72. 99
Winter . .
....do....
75. 71
76. .50
....do....
71.87
....do....
75.36
....do....
71.39
... .do ... .
76.49
Do
....do....
75.38
Spitzenburgh
Do
....do....
....do....
do
74.98
77.48
74.19
....do....
76. 22
....do....
73. 29
....do....
77. 39
.do
72.74
Ewalt
....do....
69. 76
do
77. 25
Fallawater (Tulpahocken).
....do....
....do....
76. 75
72.71
Sweet Vandevere
Bedford Red
....do....
....do....
72. 45
73.67
83.57
16.43
7.02
3.99
11.91
12.12
.61
.27
73.76
1
The following table gives the results of the analysis of the ash of
the apple:
Coiiipo.'iitioii, uf the (/.•<h. of upplc.
Constituents.
Per cent.
Constituents.
Per cent.
67.85
14.55
.60
4.52
2.57
6.97
0.59
I'otassiuiii iihiispliate {K3PO4) . .
.95
Soilium ehlcirid (NaCl)
.80
Calcium snljiliate (CaS04)
Silica (SiOo) "
.40
Total
Magnesium phosphate (MgaPoOg)
99. 80
"While the above analysis shows that the ashes of apples contain a considerable
quantity of carbonate of potassium and a small amount of the oxids of calcium and
magnesium, the statement should he made that these compounds do not exist in the
fruit itself, inasmuch as the reaction of the latter is uniformly acid. The various
bases which appear in the above analysis as oxids and carbonates exist in the apple,
for the most part, in combination with malic acid as malates. ' '
556
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The chemistiy of the growth of the apple is discussed, and the fol-
lowing- table is appended, showing the analysis of the Baldwin apple
at diHerent periods of growth:
Coniposition of a Baldwin apple at differeid periodn of (jrowtli.
1899.
Aug. 7
Sept. 13
Nov. 15
Dec. 15
Condition.
Very green .
Green
Ripe
Overripe . .
Per (A.
81.53
79.81
80. 36
80.30
Per ct.
18.47
20.19
19.64
19.70
Invert
sugar,
Perct.
6.40
6.46
7.70
8.81
Su-
crose.
Perct.
1.63
4.05
6.81
5.26
Total
Total Xr
sugar. .!^«er
sion.
starch
Free
malic
acid.
Ash.
Perct. Perct
8.03 1 8.11
10.51 j 10.72
Perct.
4.14
3.67
.17
Perct.
1.14
Perct.
0.27
14.51 14.87
14. 07 14. 35
.65
.48
.27
.28
Sugar
coeffi-
cient.
Perct.
47.16
53.10
75.71
72.84
For a guide in afterripening and storing, the author advises follow-
ing the rules laid down by Thomas, which are, in effect, to keep a uni-
form temperature as near the freezing point as practicable and exclude
air currents and bad odors.
The first result of afterripening is the conversion of the residual
starch of the apple into sugar, at the conclusion of which the apple
Diay be said to be chemically ripo. The sugar content is now at its
highest. A table shows the later changes taking place in the Sweet
Vandevere apple in afterripening.
The most notable change is the inversion of the sucrose.
The depletion of the soil by removing a crop of apples and the
amounts of fertilizing ingredients stored up in the trees are discussed.
Under the head of apple products, a number of original analyses are
presented, and the author discusses the disposal of the large residuum
of unmarketable fruit. Attention is called to the importance of the
evaporating industry. A table of best varieties for evaporating is
listed, methods outlined, and the chemica] composition of product
given. A popular treatise is given on cider making, together with
directions for the pi-oper fermentation and racking. European and
American methods are compared and tables shown of fermented and
unfermented juices. The manufacture of cider jelly and its chemical
composition are described. An anal^^sis of adulterated apple jelly is
presented and attention called to the amount of fictitious fruit jellies
on the market. Glucose is the most common adulterant.
The method of making and the chemical composition of apple butter
is treated. Attention is called to the danger arising from boiling this
product in copper or brass kettles.
In the discussion of apple pomace, the author calls attention to the
low value of this product as fuel, fertilizer, or food. It has some
value in each of the above uses, but it is far more profitable to add
small amounts of water to it and i-epress, using the juice o])tained for
jelly or vinegar. The chemical composition of first and second press-
ings is tabulated.
HORTICULTUKE. 557
An outline is given of the inaniifacturo of vinegar ])oth l)y the slow
and tlie quick fermentation processes. The product of the latter
process is apt to be more uniform, though the former possesses the
finer flavor and aroma. Tables of analyses are presented of pure cider
vinegar completely and incompletely fermented. The latter contains
alcohol. The adulteration of vinegars is shown, with tables of analj^ses
of the same. The most common adulterants are caramel, molasses,
sugar, glucose, and cider jelly. The presence of adulterants can usu-
ally be determined by polarized light. The methods of analysis are
explained and the results amplified by tables.
Plums — a comparison of varieties, W. J. Green ( Ohio Sta. Bui.
113^ P2>. lol-l(J-).,ji(j.^. lo). — The station plum orchard was started in
1893. Up to the present time about 175 varieties have been planted
and nearly one-half of these bore fruit in 1899. The different varieties
are classified into groups, the characteristics of the groups noted, and
the varieties under each group which have been grown at the station
are characterized. Native plums are divided into several groups. It
is said of them that as a whole they are less injured by the curculio,
are not so liable to rot, and arc hardier than the European varieties.
They are infertile when planted alone, and where a few varieties are
planted care should be taken to select varieties which bloom at about
the same time in order to insure fertilization of the blossoms. The
following are considered the best varieties among the several groups:
Americana growp — American Eagle, Champion, Hawkeye, Illinois,
Ironclad, Louisa, Rollingstone, and Weaver. Miner grouj) — Forest
Rose, Miner, Prairie Flower. Wild Goose groivp — Choptank, Milton,
Poole Pride, Wild Goose, Whitaker. WaylaTid group — Golden Beauty,
Reed, Sucker State, Wayland, Moreman. O/iiehisa'w group — Newman,
Pottawattamie, Yellow Transparent. Tri-flora grouj)^ or Japanese
phims — Abundance, Chabot, Burbank, Ogon, Red June. Domestica
grou]) — Arch Duke, Bradshaw, Coe, Golden Drop, Grand Duke, Ger-
man Prune, Gueii, Imperial Gage, Lincoln, Prince of Wales, Reine
Claude de Bavay, Yellow Egg. Hybrid plurn — Gold and Juicy.
An observation of the effects of nitrogenous fertilizers on Califor-
nia privet, W . E. Britton {Conjwcticuf State Sta. Rpt. 1899, pt. J,
pp. ^17., '218., fig. i).^In connection with the propagation of California
privet {Ligustrum ovalifoliunfi) for use as a hedge, observations were
made on the effect of nitrogen in the form of nitrate, cotton-seed meal,
and ground bone. The privet was grown in 5-in. pots of sandy soil,
practicalh' free from humus, to which 1 gm. of carbonate of lime, 0.8
gm. of dissolved l)oneblack, and 0.4 gm. of muriate of potash were
added. To a part of the pots 0.2 gm. of nitrogen was used in the form
of sodium nitrate, cotton-seed meal, or fine, hard, raw bone. Others
received no nitrogen. "The plants in soil to which nitrate had been
added were much larger than an}- others and the foilage was of a darker
558 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
green color. Tliose in soil to which cotton-.seed meal was applied made
only a fair growth, while the effect of the bone fertilizer was scarcely
apparent," At the end of the experiment the check plants measured
from 7 to 1(J in. high; plants fertilized with nitrate of soda, 24 to 30
in. high; Avith cotton-seed meal, 15 to 10 in. high, and with fine raw
bone, 9 to 10 in. high.
Note regarding the effect of the -winter upon chestnut grafts and
scions, W. E. BKrrTON {C'o/uiecttcut SStatu Sia. Rpt. 1899^ j^^- '^i J'-
^J5).— Chestnuts grafted at the station in 1898 (E. S. R., 11, p. 742)
were examined during the summer of 1899. The early set scions that
had made the largest growth were found to be least injured by the
winter. Scions set later than June 15 were all dead.
"One scion set May 6, which made a growth of over 6 ft. in 1898, lived through
the Avinter and made a total growth of over 21 ft. in 1899. Others set the same day
and which grew well in 1898, also made a good growth in 1899 and were then killed,
presumably by the extreme drought which prevailed through the latter part of the
season. So that with the combined effect of winter and drought, the percentages of
scions set in 1898 and now alive is very small."
The scions set in 1899, although apparently health3% appeared to
have been injured by the winter. Others started and were killed by
drought. But few were alive at the end of the season.
The report of the horticulturist, L. C. Corbett ( TIV.s/ Virr/inia Sta. Rpt. 1899,
pp. 36-45, fig.^i. .5). — An outline is given of the work of this department in hand and
of that contemplated. A detailed account, with illustrations, is given of an improved
auxanometer and a transpiration apparatus, with some explanations as to the uses of
these instruments in studies of jilant physiology.
The cultivation of horse radish ( Queensland Agr. Jour., 7 {1900), No. 3, p. 233). —
Methods of culture observed in Bohemia are given.
Canning corn and vegetables, R. H. Price {Farm and Ranch, 19 {1900), No. 42,
pj). 10, 11). — Some of the advantages of running a cannery in connection with truck
gardening operations in Texas are noted and data given showing the cost involved.
The propagation of high-grade fruit, G. E. Powell {Ontario Fruit Growers
Assoc. Rpt. 1899, pp. 32-47). — A popular article dealing especially with the propaga-
tion of the apple and the use of crimson clover as a cover crop for the apple orchard.
Observations on the fertilization of peach orchards, E. H. Jenkins {Con-
necticui State Sta. Rpt. 1899, pt. 3, pp. 283-285). — A report of progress on experiments
in fertilizing Mountain Rose, Champion, and Early Rivers peaches with ashes and
different amounts of muriate, and sulphate of potash, and cotton-seed meal. The
orchard was set in 1894 and a crop of peaches was secured in 1899. The yields
secured from the different plats are reported as a matter of record. No conclusions
are drawn.
Distribution of sugar, acid, and tannin in pears, W. Kelhofer {JaJiresher.
Wadcn.vreil, ti, p. 68; abs. in Jour. Client. Soc. [Jjondon], 78 {1900), No. 453, II, p.
497). — Determinations of these constituents in the skin, fruit, core, and whole pear
are reported. The amounts found in the whole pear were as follows: Sugar, 8 per
cent; acid, 12.61; tannin, 2.05.
Prune curing in France {California Fruit Grower, 25 {1900), No. 632, p. 1). — The
process of curing in vogue at Agen is described.
Drying fruit, Held {Wi'irltemherg. Wchnhl. Ixindw., 1900, No. 31, p. 50.^).— Brief
direction.s for preparing and drying apples, pears, quinces, and cherries.
FORESTKY. 559
Leng'th of canning season, H. Dyer {Pacific Rural Press, 60 {1900), No. 4, p.
63). — A tal)le is given showing the duration of the fruit-canning season in California
for 37 consecutive years for fruits and vegetables. The whole season extends from
April 0 to December 1.
Commerce in larg-e fruits, J. W. Robertson ( Ontario Fruit Growers' Assoc. Rpt.
1899, 2>p. 76-91). — A popular discussion of the shipment of apples from Canadian
ports, together with statements of dealers and others regarding the requirements of
foreign markets.
Grafting- tlie mango tree, H. K.'niGm: {Queensland Agr. Jour., 7 {1900), Nos. 1,
pp. 41, 43, ph. 2; 2, pp. 149-151). — The author states that this fruit can be easily and
successfully grafted at any time whether the sap is active or dormant. The first
three months of the growing season, however, when the sap is most active, is pre-
ferred. Pieces of bark without any portions of adhering wood are recommended for
use as grafts. Sections of the mango tree, it is said, will keep good for grafting pur-
poses from 3 to 6 months, depending upon the variety and constitutional vigor of
the specimen. Directions for grafting mangoes and illustrations of grafts are given.
Pruning the magnolia, S. Mottet {Rev. Hort., 72 {1900) , No. 17, pp. 490, 491) . —
All the principal branches of Magnolia ahovata lenei were severely headed in before
the flowers opened in the spring. As a result scarcely any flowers were produced
that year, but the following spring an unusually abundant florification took place.
FORESTRY.
Forest trees and shrubs, A. Mack ay (Canada Expt. Farms Rjyts.
1899, 2^I>- o7'2-37(j). — A report is given on the forest trees and shrubs
under observation at the Northwest Territory Farm. Since 1896
investigations have been conducted on the cost of planting and culti-
vating forest trees. This test is closed with this report, as the trees
now cover the ground so that no further cultivation will be giv^en. It
was found that the cost of planting and cultivation of box elders set
at different distances from 2^ to 4 ft. varied from $6.55 to $7.60 per
half acre. For green ash set 2i ft. apart each way, the cost was
$7.61. When the seed was sown directly in the ground the cost was
somewhat greater than when the trees were started in a nursery and
afterwards t ransplanted.
The arboretum is said to contain at the present time 371 species and
varieties of trees and shrubs, a considerable portion of which, it is
believed, will prove hardy in this climate. A list is given of 10 forest
trees suitable for the Northwest Territories. The species recommended
are box elder, American cottonwood. Balm of Gilead, American larch,
American elm, green ash, sharp-leaved willow, trembling-leaved pop-
lar, Riga pine, and Norway spruce. Each of these trees is described
briefly and its relative value for different purposes indicated.
Importance of forest tree growing, D. C. Burson [Forester, 6
(1900), JVo. o',pj)- '^'^ 1 ''j8)' — P^xtracts are given of a paper read by the
author, in which some of the more important uses of timber are men-
tioned. The rapidity with which the forests are disappearing and the
vast extent of wood-working industries are said to attract immediate
attention to the financial side of forest tree growing. It is stated that
13411— No. 6 5
560 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
10,000,000 acres of forests are denuded annually, and these should be
replanted in order to preserve the equilibrium. By the proper selec-
tion of soil, choice of trees, care in plantino- and cultivating, it is
believed that this could be successfully done.
The forestal conditions and silvicultural prospects of the
coastal plain of Nevr Jersey, J. Giffokd {lipt. State Geol. New
Jen^cy^ 1899^ pp. ^So-SlS., ph. 16). — The coastal plain of New Jersey
is said to embrace about 2,500 square miles, 75 per cent of which is
wooded. It is slightly rolling, seldom exceeding 200 ft. above sea
level. Light sandy soils predominate, although there are many places
where heavy clay and coarse gravel are found as well as clay loams
and mucky swamp lands. The different species of trees found in this
region are enumerated, their uses and distribution being described.
Suggestions are given for forest policy to be adopted by the State as
well as silvicultural methods. By selection of proper species, plant-
ing, and proper care in the prevention of forest fires, the author
believes the region could l)e reforested so as to be of greater economic
value than at present. Descriptive notes are given on a number of
regions in Europe which are similar to southern New Jersey where
reforestation has l)een successfully carried out.
Forest planting in Nor-way, Deinboll {Forester., 6 {1900)., No. J,
yp. Jf9-62). — The former condition of the forests of Norway are
described and their present character contrasted. It is stated that a
large part of the country is almost barren of timber, so much having
been cut awa}^ that one-half the country has not enough timber for
building purposes and one-fourth not enough for fuel. The amounts
cut each season are mentioned and the necessity for replanting is shown.
The first artificial planting was begun in 1869 at Bergen, Norway. At
the present time the government maintains six large and a number of
smaller planting schools, which annually plant about two and a half
million trees. The necessity for extending this work is shown and
suggestions oflered of possible means for the improvement of forest
conditions.
Conifers at Murthly Castle, ScotlBnei {Garden, 57 {1900), N>. 1^87,
pp. oo8, 3G9.,ji(jx. J). — An account is given of the rate of growth and
present condition of a number of species of coniferous plants which
have been growing for nearly half a century on this estate. The results
do not represent single individuals, but a large number of representa-
tives of the different species. A number of the trees are said to have
been severel}^ injured by the cold weather of the winter of 1894—95,
when for sev(n'al days the temperature was below zero F. The results
of some of the measurements as well as the ages of the trees are given
in the following table:
FORESTRY.
5«1
Groirfh of nnufers at Murthlii CaMlr, Scotland, March :U, H'ftO.
Aliir:
rill II
Aral
Ahin
Ahir:
Ah in
Ahir:
Alii I.
Ahii.
Alii'-
Ahin
Species.
)/(( (lifimitea
; //)' ir.icsi
X iiiiiiilicola
niriii iiiihricatn
■/lilisiljio
: iiiai/iiifira
-.(hilni/hsi
■ uniiiflis
: iilhi liiana
: »-)?-/7/,v
iiiiriliiianniaiia
liiiuki riana
Cir-
Date of
cum-
plant-
Height.
ference
ing.
5 feet
Feet.
high.
Feet.
1867
74.11
10.7
1845
105.10
11.3
1850
79.2
6.2
1847
51.0
4.8
1847
42.6
7.10
1867
43.3
3.8
1847
97.4
9.1
1852
79.10
6.1
1860
72.1
6.4
1847
92.8
6.6
1854
74.0
4.9
1862
39.6
4.0
Species.
Cednif! driiditr
Ceilnislihnini
Cnjiiliiiiii lilt japonica .
Liliiiri ilriis (Irriirrens . .
T/lllJit ijiillllltrd
Ciiiiri>'xii>' /iiirsoniana .
Ahii^iija,ini^i><
Ahiis riitr/ii ,
Ahiiyruiiriilnr
AhiiK (irinihiliH
Pill IIS Jiffni/i
English yew ,
Date of
plant-
ing.
1852
1862
18.59
1885
1885
1885
18.52
Height.
Feet.
61.2
67.0
41.7
38.0
57.0
48.7
24.0
20.9
20.1
49.0
57.0
30.0
Cir-
cum-
ference
5 feet
high.
Feet.
7.4
12.5
4.3
4.5
3.7
4.2
1.7
1.4
1.5
3.0
4.9
14.3
Wh.at the experimental farms have done to stimulate tree planting,
W. SArxDEKs (Canada E.rpt. Farm.? lipls. i<S',w, })j>. 4~-45)- — Experimental forent tree
planting was begun in 1888 and has been c-arried on at the Central Farm as well as
a number of branch stations since that time. There are now growing on the 5
experimental farms a total of 245,000 trees. In addition there have been distril)iited
from this station 1,261,000 forest trees and 14,000 lbs. of forest tree seeds. The results
of this work are said to ])e everywhere apparent, small jilantations of forest trees fur-
nishing shelter for gardens, buildings, and stock, as well as making dwellings more
attractive. Experiments have shown that the box elder is one of the most promising
forest trees and, as it begins to produce seed when 6 or 7 years old, it is possible to
reproduce this species quite rapidly.
Forest belts, W. T. Macoun {Canada Expt. Farnift Rpt,^. 1899, pp. 117-123).— In
the Report for 1897 (E. S. R., 10, p. 855) the condition of the forest belts at that time
was reviewed and measurements given of the trees at the Central Experimental Farm.
In the present report additional measurements are given, this time the diameter of
the trees at the height of 4 ft. 6 in. from the ground being recorded. Owing to
unsuitability of soil and climate, the specimens of red maple, Norway maple, Euro-
pean mountain ash, buttonwood, horse chestnut, and Kentucky coffee tree have
been removed. An account is given of the trees planted in forest belts in 1899, in
which about 5,000 trees of 10 varieties were set out. The condition of the arboretum
is outlined, together with brief notes on the additions to the arboretum and botanic
garden.
Forest tree shelter belt, S.A.Bedford {Canada Exptt. Farms Repts. 1899, pp.
319-321). — A report is given on the forest tree shelter belts which were planted at
the iSIanitoba Farm in 1889. This shelter belt was comjiosed principally of box
elder, elm, ash, birch, Cottonwood, poplar, spruce, pine, and arbor vittt. The pines
and spruces have been injured by the more rapid growing of the deciduous trees.
For general planting of wind-breaks in Manitoba, the author recommends the use of
box elder, elm, ash, and poplars. The box elders andpoj^lars should be about 2 years
old, and the elms and ash 4 years when islanted, and should be set 4 ft. apart each way.
Close planting will insure straighter and taller trees and sooner cover the ground,
stopping evaporation and preventing the growth of weeds.
Notes are given on a new plantation which was set out in the spring of 1898 of
maples, ash, and sand cherry. The additions to the arboretum of new trees and
shrubs are mentioned and notes given on the value of different species for construct-
ing hedges.
Some observations of Ohio woodlands, J. E. CrxxiNGHAM {Forester, 6 {1900),
No. '>, pp. 103, 104) ■ — The j)ast and present condition of Ohio forests is reviewed,
562 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
and it is stated that in 1896 17.4 per cent of the lands which had been previously
well forested remained in timber. Certain regions are almost entirely denuded and
it is suggested that efforts should be made to maintain at least 15 per cent of the
area permanently in forests.
Forest conditions of Cuba, J. Gifford {Forester, 6 {1900), No. 5, jtp. 97-100,2)1. 1,
jUj. 1) . — A brief survey of the forest conditions of Cuba, as observed by the author in
crossing the island, is given. Even in the mountainous districts the forests are said
to be sparse and thin. It is said to be a common practice to burn over uncultivated
lands for the improvement of pasturage. A number of the more common forest trees
occurring in Cuba are descri)>ed and suggestions given for future plantings.
Silvicultural prospects of the island of Cuba, J. Gifford {Forester, 6 {IDOO) ,
No. 8, pp. 177-183, pi. 1, fig. 1). — Attention is called in this paper to the great advan-
tages of this region in the production of wood and other forest products. The
necessity for a botanic garden or experiment station in this region is also shown.
Forestry in western Australia, J. Foley {Forester, 6 {1900), No. S, pp. 59,
60) . — The forest conditions of western Australia are briefly reviewed and contra.sted
with the same in this country. Attention is called to some of the more important
forest trees of the region, 3 species of Eucalyptus being described, and also the san-
dalwood tree. It is believed that the conditions would be found favorable for the
introduction of some of the American species of maple, hickory, jiine, fir, black wal-
nut, catalpa, and white oak.
Reforestation of Campine, L. Neve {Bui. Soc. Cent. Forst. Belg., 7 {1900), No. 5,
pp. 382-394). — Suggestions are given for the clearing and reforestation of this
district. Working plans are suggested, in which the cost of reforestation and the
returns to be expected are shown. It is claimed that this region may be reforested
with Pbms sylvestris and at the end of the twentieth or thirtieth year it should pro-
duce a revenue of about 7 per cent. The author believes that the average revenue in
no case would fall below 4 or 5 per cent, and the advantages to agriculture would war-
rant the reclamation of this region.
Shrubs and trees, W. S. Blair {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1899, pp. 260, 261).—
Lists are given with brief notes of some 70 species of hardy shrubs and coniferous
trees growing at the ^laritimt' Experimental Farm.
Notes on some coniferous trees of North America, N. I. CR.\n.\y {Bui. Soc.
Cent. Forst. Belg., 7 {1900), Nos. 3, pp. 163-176; 4, PP- 249-255; 5, pp. 340-351; 6, pp.
415-418; 7, pp. 493-499; 8, pp. 555-558, ph. 6). — Notes are given on the distribution
and extent of the coniferous forests of North America and some of their associate
deciduous trees. In all, 140 species of trees are mentioned.
Descriptions are given, in which the distribution, habitat, principal characteristics
of the trees, the quality of wood, and the uses of nearly all of the more common
Coniferpe of North America are mentioned.
The conifers of Holland, B. Stoffel {Bui. Soc. Cent. For>^t. Belg., 7 {1900), No. 4,
pp. 290-294) . — Descriptive notes are given of a number of the conifers growing in
Holland, the most important of which are Picea excelsa, Pmus sylvestris, Abies pec-
tinata, P. strohus, and Oregon pine.
Notes upon the black locust, K. Bund {Bui. Soc. Cent. Forst. Belg., 7 {1900),
No. 1, pp. 22-27). — Notes are given on the growth and forest value of Rohinia pseuda-
cacia. The soil requirements of this tree are shown and the plants which characterize
such soils are mentioned. Methods are given for the planting of the lilack locust tree
which in 25 years should attain a height of 20 meters and a diameter of from 0.1 to
0.2 meter. After the twentieth to the twenty-fifth year, the rate of growth is not so
rapid. Directions are given for the planting and treatment of the locust tree in
nurseries.
The white alder {Bid. Soc. Cent. Forst. Belg., 7 {1900), No. 3, j}p. 191-193).— A
description is given of this tree, which is believed would prove a valuable addition
SEEDS WEEDS. 563
to the forests of Belgium, especially in the coppice. Three distinct varieties are
recognized, the one in which the leav^es are greatly elongated and stems more erect
being preferred to the others which are of lower or intermediate growth.
The paper industry and forests, C. W. Lyman {Forester, 6 {1900), No. 6, pp.
125-130) . — The different sources of paper are briefly indicated and descriptions given
of some of the trees that are known to be of value as a source of wood pulp. The
processes of pulp manufacture are briefly described, and it is said that in 1899 there
were 197 mills in operation in 24 States, having an estimated daily capacity of 3,810
tons. The total consumption of timl^er for pulp manufacture is said to be about
800,000,000 ft. Large as this consumption appears, it is said to be but 0.4 of 1 per
cent of that consumed for lumber and fuel.
Forest fires in 1899 {BnL Soc. Cent. Ford. Belg., 7 {1900), No. 1, pp. 61-63).—
During the season of 1899 the forest fires in Belgium Imrned over 373 hectares, causing
a loss of 94,100 francs.
Unextinguished camp fires, C. S. Crandall {Forester, 6 {1900) , No. 3, pp. 65, 66). —
As a means for causing forest fires, the camp fire is discussed, and accounts are given
of a number of forest fires which can be traced to this source and also of several forest
fires which were prolmbly prevented by the discovery and extinguishing by the author
of fires that were beginning to spread from abandoned camps.
Forest laws in the United States, T. Cleveland, .ir. {Forester, 6 {1900) , Nos. 7,
pp. 153-160; 8, pp. 183-186; 9, pp. 210-212; 10, pp. 238-240) .—The forest laws of
various States and of the Federal Government are briefly reviewed, together with the
results obtained in the application of these laws. As a conclusion to the review of the
various legal enactments, the author states that "the forest movement has acquired an
impetus that can not be checked. That movement has found effective expression in
State and Federal laws. These laws are laying the foundation for a perfect system of
forest management, and forest management has already reached practical success."
SEEDS— WEEDS.
Influence of varying the temperature on the germination of
seeds, W. KijsZel {Liiuhv. Ytr.^. Stat., oJ^ {1900), Xo. 1-2, j>p- l-^-'f--
139). — Seeds of conifers, grasses, lupines, buckwheat, and hemp were
germinated under similar conditions except temperature. One lot was
kept uniformly at 20° C. , and the other at 80° for 6 hours, after which
the temperature fell to 20°. The effect of this treatment upon the
germinative energy and upon the total germinations is shown. The
germination of Phius i^ylvestrw was lower in the lot which had been
exposed to the higher temperature. With Picea excwl^d and Larix
sp. the germination was accelerated by the treatment, and in the case
of the latter the total germination was a few per cent higher. In the
case of the grasses the sprouting was diminished in the case of FeHtuca
ovina and both germinative energy and total germinations increased
with Holcus Immtii.^ and Anthoxcmthum odoratum. The germination of
Cynosurus c^'htatus was accelerated, but the totals were greatest for
the constant temperature. Contrary results were obtained with differ-
ent lots of lupine seed, and the hemp and buckwheat seed kept con-
stantly at 20° C. gave the best germinations.
Tests of the vitality of vegetable seeds, PI H. Jenkins ( Connect-
icut State Sta. Rpt. 1899^ p^t. 3, pp. 298-304) ■ — A report is given on
564 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
tests for vitality of 291 samples of seeds, chiefly of garden vegetables.
Since November, 1896, 214 samples of onion seeds, representing the
crops of 1896, 1897, 1898, and 1899, have been tested, the results show-
ing that the vitality seems to depreciate with increased age. Compari-
sons are also made between Connecticut and California grown seed,
from which it appears that the California seed sprouts better than the
home-grown. Comparisons of the vitalit}^ of crops of Connecticut-
grown onion seeds in the je^rs 1894-1899 are summarized. The
sprouting capacity of different varieties was again tested, with the
result that the 3 Globe varieties appeared to be essentially alike, while
the White Portugal was distinctly inferior to them.
Spraying for the destruction of mustard, F. T. Shutt {Canada
Expt. Farnix Rpii<. 1899 ^2)j>. 191^-196). — A number of experiments are
reported in which different strengths of sulphate of iron and sulphate
of copper were tested for the eradication of wild mustard or charlock.
This weed has become one of the most persistent in Canada. The
author spra3^ed barley plats with 5 and 10 per cent solutions of
iron sulphate or 2 and 5 per cent solutions of copper sulphate, at
the rate of 50 gal. per acre. At this time the grain was between 15
and 20 in. high and the mustard just coming into ffower. The iron
sulphate solutions were without lasting effect upon the mustard. The
copper sulphate damaged the barley to some extent and the stronger
solution it is thought lessened the yield slightly, but ])oth strengths
almost entirely destroyed the mustard plants present.
In order to ascertain the effect of these solutions upon this weed at
younger stages of growth, mustard seed was sown on plats in the farm
and when the plants were from 6 to 9 in. high were sprayed with the
5 per cent solution of iron sulphate and the 2 per cent solution of cop-
per sulphate. The iron sulphate solution did not kill all the plants,
while the copper sulphate destroyed all within a few days. From the
data at hand the author feels warranted in making the following
sugestions:
"A 2 per cent solution of sulphate of copper (that is, 2 lbs. in 10 gal. of water) is,
all things considered, the most effective, safest (as regards the grdin crop), and most
economical to use. The spraying should be done thoroughly, and for that purpose
.50 gal. per acre will be required. If a heavy rain follows the spraying within 24
hours the operation will have to be repeated. In order that the work may be effect-
ive, spraying should not be delayed after the mustard plants have reached a height
of 6 to 9 in. If allowed to grow taller than this, stronger solutions would be neces-
sary and in larger quantities, as the grain would then largely protect the mustard."
Results of experiments on the spraying of charlock, P. S.
FouLKEs(-/(7W/'. IJnic. KdcJi.swn Col.^ Rcddhaj [Juigl(iiid\, Sip. 9, 1900.,
pp. 55-59). — Experiments were conducted on crops of wheat, barley,
and oats for the destruction of charlock. A]3plications of copper sul-
phate solutions of from 1 to 6 per cent at the rate of from 25 to 50
gal. per acre were emplo^'ed. The applications were made at differ-
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 565
cut times uiul under varying" <'limatic eoiiditions. An almost total
failure i.s reported from one series of experiments; elsewhere the
effect of spraying- was to retard the growth of the charlock. It is
concluded from the experiments that if care is taken in the spraying
and the application be made on a clear, still, bright day, spra3dng for
charlock is undoubtedly an effective means for its destruction. The
application should be made before the plants come into flower, and a
2 per cent solution at the rate of 50 g-al. per acre gave the best results.
If these conditions are complied with, one spraying should be suf-
ficient to destroy the weeds. If the weather is unfavorable or if rain
falls within -24: hours after spraying, a second application should ])e
made.
Seeds and seed tests, C. T. Musson {Agr. fkiz. New South Wales, 11 {1000), No.
10, pp. sr)6-862). — An account is given of seed tests performed at Hawkesbury Agri-
cultural College and the importance of seed testing is shown. The methods pursued
are described and comparisons given between the standard germinations of a num-
ber of seeds and the percentages of germination obtained at this station.
Tests of the vitality of grain and other seed for 1899, W. T. Ellis {Canada
Expt. Faniix ]t[)ts. ISH',), pji. .)8-40). — A talnilated report is given of the results of
seed tests for vitality made during the season, 2,058 samples of seed being tested,
more than four-fifths of which were wheat, barley, oats, and peas. A report is also
given showing the results of grain tests made for each of the 8 provinces of Canada.
Testing grass seed, C. D. Woods {Maine Sta. Bui. 65, pp. 112-114). — Notes are
given on 103 samples of (dover and grass seed which were examined by the station
during 1899. Tables are given showing the results of the separate analyses as well as
the kinds of weed seed found in the different samples examined.
The worst weeds of the Northwest, J. Fletcher ( Canada. Expt. Farrm Rpts.
1899, j)j). 184-194, Ji'js. 8). — Lists are given of weeds of the Northwest Territories,
they l)eing divided into the worst weeds and occasional weeds. The plants in ques-
tion are popularly described and, so far as known, remedies are suggested for their
destruction. The following list of weeds are considered especially noxious and every
effort should be put forth to destroy them when detected or prevent their introduc-
tion to new localities: Stink weed or penny cress, wild oat, Canada thistle, tumbling
mustard, hare's ear mustard, false flax, ball mustard, wild mustard, shepherd's purse,
lamb's quarters, wild bu(;kwheat, Russian pigweed, cow cockle, great ragweed, Canada
fleabane, blue bur, peppergrass, and squirrel-tail grass.
A brief description is given of weeders for use in extensive operations, and notes
are given on the condition of tjie wheat crop relative to the occurrence of weeds and
weed seeds. The crop of this season is said to have been exceedingly free from
weed seeds.
Destruction of weeds by chemical means, (). Luggar {Far)n Studeuls' Rcr., 5
{1900), No. 11, jip. 16S-1G5, fig. 1). — A poi>ular article on weed destruction by spray-
ing with solutions of iron or copper sulphates.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Miscellaneous notes on fungus diseases, W. C. Sturgis {Con-
necticut Stide Sta. R])t. 1800, j>t. J, pp. 277^82). — ISotesare given on
the downy mildew of melons, a destructive disease of potatoes, injury
to peas, leaf spot of alfalfa, and a disease of peppers.
566 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The downy mildew of melons {Plasmopara cuhensf's), while common
upon cucumber.s, has been previously reported but once as occurring
upon nmskmelons within the State. During August a number oi
specimens were sent to the author from vines which were badly
infested with the disease, every leaf on a 2-acre field being dead.
Investigation showed the fungus mentioned above. The same disease
is liable to attack cucumbers, and spraying experiments for its pre-
vention do not seem to have been conducted with uniform success.
The use of Bordeaux mixture as a partial preventive, or forcing the
melons and cucumbers by starting them earlier in the season and trans-
planting so that the fruits will be matured l^efore the usual time for
attacks of this mildew, are recommended.
The disease of potatoes described was characterized b}^ the blacken-
ing and shriveling of the stalks which upon examination appeared to
be hollowed from an inch or so below the surface to 2 to 8 in. above.
The similarity in appearance between these Lollow stalks and the injury
caused ]jy potato-stalk borers led to a careful search, but no insects
were found. A microscopical examination showed neither fungus nor
bacteria. Upon the author's recommendation, all diseased vines and
those for a hill or two beyond the limit of the affected area were col-
lected and burned, and no further trouble was experienced by the
grower.
A serious injury to peas is described, which is caused l)y the leaf-
spot fungus Ascochyta. There seems to be reason to believe that the
fungus attack is not primarily above ground but that it may be present
in the seed. Should the disease threaten serious injury in the futui'e,
it would be advisable to obtain seed from regions where it is not pres-
ent, and to select land which has not borne peas for a number of years.
In case it is necessary to use the same land for two or more successive
crops, as soon as the crop is harvested, all vestige of vines should be
gathered and burned.
A ])rief note is gi\'en on leaf spot of alfalfa {Pseudopeziza medicag-
hiis). This disease has been fully described in the report of the Iowa
Station for 1897 (E. S. R., 10. p. 263). If the disease appears early in
the season, the alfalfa should be cut and fed immediately. If later in
the season, one practical means of combating it is by continuous crop-
ping, or watching for its appearanc(^, which would generally be at a
few points in the tield, and cutting and burning the affected plants.
The disease of peppers described is that of anthracnose {Colletoti'l-
chuvi nigrum). This is reported to have occurred during the past sum-
mer in fields in which at least 25 per cent of the fruit was rendered
worthless b}- the fungus. No experiments have been attempted for
its prevention, but based on experiments conducted elsewhere it is
thought that irrigation and mulching would prove advantageous.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 567
A contribution to the kno^vledge of cereal rusts, H. Klebahn
{Ztsclir. Fflaiizenkrcmh., 10 {1900), ]\\). '2,j)j^. 70-90, fg.^. J).— Investi-
gations are reported on the occurence of rusts on wheat, barley, and
rye, inoculation experiments with sporidia upon the teleutospore hosts,
rust spores in the air, investigations on the alternate generations of
rusts, wintering of rusts, eti'ect of using seed from infected plants, and
studies on the anatomy and biology of the yellow rusts.
The author's investigations led to the following conclusions : The
sporidia of cereal rusts can not infect cereals, nor can the sporidia of
any of the heteroecious rust fungi infect their teleutospore hosts.
From carefully conducted experiments there seems little to substan-
tiate the claim that rusts may be communicated by sowing seed from
infected plants. Such cases may be usually traced to outbreaks of the
disease in the early spring. The probable agency of winds and ani-
mals in transmitting rusts is recognized, and further investigations
along this line are in progress. There appears to be too little atten-
tion paid to the secidial phases of the rusts, and these should be known
for every species. The brown rust of rye {Puccinia disj>e7'm) has its
secidia upon Anchusa arve^isis and A. offinalh, but not the wheat brown
rust {P. triticinti), nor P. simplex. The anatomical and biological
investigation of P. glumaris showed some important specializations
that require further study. There was no indication that any of the
rust fungi, which were without a perennial mycelium, are able to
infest their host plants the following growing season, the presence of
disease being attributed to a new infection.
Parasites of ■wheat, L. Mangin {Overs. K. Dmiske Yidensl'. Selsk.
F(yr1iandl., 1899, pp. 213-272, pis. 3, figs. 17; cibs. in Jour. Roy.
Micros. Soc. [London], 1900, No. 3, p. 366).— In this paper the con-
ditions of wheat attacked by Septoria grrmiimcvi and Z/p>tosphwria
herpotrichoides are described. The spores of S. granmvum put out
germinating filaments which perforate the epidermis, never entering
through the stomata, their action being purely chemical. The specific
characters of the fungus are constant and its ascospore form is as jei
unknown. The second disease, to which the name "pietin'' is given,
is caused by the Leptospheeria and is often accompanied l>y a number
of other fungi, among them Ophioholus granmiis, Pyrenophora triclios-
tonia, and xVspergillus circinattis, the latter being considered a new
species. Cultures, according to the author, demonstrated that Dlc-
tyosporiwn opaciun is the conidial form of Lcptospjluerla herpotrieJioides.
On the so-called " grain " of wrapper tobacco, W. C. Sturgis
{Connecticut State Sta. Ppt. 1899, pt. 3, 262-264, pt. 7).— It is stated
that tobacco leaves used for wrappers frequently exhibit, after curing,
numbers of minute, blister-like pimples thickly scattered over the
surface of the 'leaf, giving it a somewhat granular appearance. This
568 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
"grain" oi'curs on all kinds of tobacco which have been examined.
Microscopic oxaniinations of the l)listors show a dense deposit of ciy-s-
talline substance which tests hav(^ shown to be oxalate of lime. This
being the case, it might be supposed that the addition of lime to soil
would make the "grain" in cured tobacco more prominent, but speci
mens taken from different plats showed that there was no relationship
apparent between the amount of lime used as fertilizer and that
occurring in the leaves. As to Avhether the "grain" is formed during
the process of curing or is present in the growing leaves, nothing-
definite can be stated as yet. The author believes it probable that-
tobacco plants under certain conditions take up greater quantities of
lime than thev can utilize and deposit it in the tissues, and that it
becomes visible only after the shrinkage in thickness incident to the
process of curing.
Further notes on the pole burn of tobacco, W. C. Sturgis ( Con-
encticat State Sta. Rpt. 1899, pt. 3, pp. 265-269). — In the Annual
Report of the station for 1891 (E. S. R., 3, p. 773) the pole burn of
tobacco was described at some length, and the isolation of a number
of bacteria from the surface of leaves, as well as species of Clado-
sporium, noted. Recently leaves were collected which showed the
beginnings of pole burn, the tissues along the larger veins being of a
darker color and extremely tender. These areas w^ere su])jected to
examination and 2 series of cultures maintained, one of which developed
an Alternaria and a species of yeast, while the other, which had been
sterilized, developed a bacillus. From a doubl}^ sterilized leaf were
developed in the course of 10 days a large colony of a bacillus of the
type of Bacillus stibtilus, and smaller colonies related to B. tnegathe-
rmm, and a few small colonies of Micrococcus.
The author concludes, as far as the organisms associated with the
earliest stages of pole burn are concerned, that Alternaria is the only
one which occurs in any abundance, and that it occurs onlv on the
surface of the leaf and not in the internal tissues. The presence at this
time of Alternaria and other organisms not found previously merely
indicates that under certain atmospheric conditions any saprophytic
fungus which ma}' be ])resent in the curing barn may attack the dead
tissues of the leaves and start in them a process of disintegration,
which will almost surely be followed by true bacterial decay.
The remedial measures recommended in the previous report are
reaffirmed.
On fractional fertilization of muskmelons as a preventive of
disease, W. ('. Sturgis {Connecticut State Sta. Iipt. 1S99, j^. 3, pp.
270-273, dgrti. l).—\n the report of the station for 1898 (E. S. R., 11,
p. 754) an account was given of favorable results attending the use of
tobacco stems as a mulch for melon vines. An experiment was planned
to test the effect of small applications of plant food from time to time
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 569
throughout the growing season for the prevention of the wilt disease.
A fertilizer consisting of 4 parts of potash, 4 of nitrogen, and 1 of
phosphoric acid was applied to hills of melons at different times during
the growing season, with the result that such plants maintained their
vigor, and on the fertilized plats there was no yellowing of vines or
spotting of leaves.
The conclusion was reached that the diseases ordinarily present and
abundant in other parts of the field were primarily due to a deficiency
of available plant food, and that the indications of actual disease were
merely incidental. The fact that where additional fertilizer was applied
there was an almost complete absence of the wilt and spotting of the
leaves is believed by the author sufficient to warrant further experi-
ments along this line.
Notes on some tomato diseases, F. S. Earle {Alabama College
Sta. Bui. IDS, pj). 19-33). — Notes are given on bacterial black rot,
bacterial wilt, sclerotium wilt, leaf blights, and leaf mold or mildew.
The black rot or blossom end rot, as here described, is attributed to
an undescribed species of Bacillus. This disease has been under inves-
tigation for a number of years, and a preliminary paper upon it was
read by the author before the Botanical Club during the meeting of
the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1899.
This paper is printed in full, from which it appears that this disease
has been known for a long time. It has been usually attributed to
attacks of fungi, the principal ones being Jlaerosparmm tomato and
Fusariu7n solanL It has been shown by the Vermont Station (E. S. R. ,
8, p. 992) that these fungi are unable to produce the disease. Toma-
toes attacked by this disease show small, irregular, watery areas,
usually at the blossom end. Investigations by the author have shown
that this region is crowded with bacteria, which have been isolated, and
inoculation experiments conducted by which the disease has been
readily reduced. The bacillus is of medium size, stains readily, and
as yet no spore formation has been detected. It grows readily on the
flesh of sound green tomates, causing rot, but can not penetrate the
cuticle unaided. It is strictly aerobic, developing only on the surface
of culture media. It fails to grow on a number of other plants, such
as the fruit of sweet peppers, onions, cabbage, kohl-rabi, etc. Sum-
marizing his studies, the author concludes that the cause of the ])lack
rot, or blossom end rot, is a bacillus. The method of infection in
nature has not been fully determined, but it is probable that it is
through the agency of minute insects. The presence of species of
thrips in considerable abundance suggested this insect as a possible
agency in spreading the disease. When the bacillus is carried deeply
into the tomato by an open wound, as is done by the boll worm, the
result is a wet rot, qui(;kly involving the entire fruit. In seeking a
remedv for this disease, the author believes that insecticides, rather
570 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
than fungicides, should be tested. Experiments are planned by which
the author hopes to demonstrate the agency of thrips in distributing
the bacilli and in inducing the disease.
Experiments on the control of the bacterial wilt and the sclerotmm
wilt by means of culture and the use of fertilizers are reported else-
where (p. 552).
Observations on tomato blight, C. E. Mead {Nenjo Mexico Sta.
Bid. 3S^ pp. Ii.It,., I/j). — Fourteen varieties of tomatoes were grown
under the supervision of the author to ascertain the variet}"^ best
adapted to the climate, both for its jdeld and blight resistance. In
conseiiuence no spraying was done. Diseased plants began to appear
early in June, and it seemed evident that there was considerable ditier-
ence in the susceptibility to blight. The varieties Stone and Dwarf
Aristocrat seemed to be most resistant, while Mayflower was very
badly attacked. The previous recommendation that tomatoes be grown
in the shade during the hot weather to check the attacks of blight was
investigated by growing tomatoes alternating with rows of corn, but
there was no appreciable difl'erence between the number of blighted
plants in the shade and open ground. As mechanical recommenda-
tions the author suggests the early removal of all diseased vines from
the field, thorough ridding of plants of insect pests, and the mainte-
nance of a thorough state of cultivation of the soil.
Dry rot, brov^n spot, or Bald-win spot of apples, W. T. Macoun
{Canada E.qA. Fanm RpU. 1899. pp. 96-99).— A report on this dis-
ease was made in 1896 (E. S. R., 9, p. 850) in which it was described at
considerable length. During subsequent years it has been under
investigation, and in 1897 and 1898 19 varieties of apples at the Experi-
mental Farm were affected, some crops having been so badly injured
that the fruit was almost worthless. Although the trees had been
thoroughly sprayed the fungicides appeared to have been without effect
in reducing the disease.
From replies to circulars sent out 1)}' the author to the different fruit
regions of Canada and the United States, it appears that at least 60
varieties are affected, the Baldwin seeming to ])e attacked the most.
It is thought possibly this may be due to the fact that this apple is
more extensively grown than any other variety in those regions where
the spot is most prevalent. In range it extends from the Atlantic to
the Pacific, being most prevalent in eastern Ontario, Quebec, British
Columbia, and the eastern United States. Opinions of growers differ
as to the cause, and the author quotes extensively from the Vermont
Station Report for 1899 (E. S. R.. 12, p. 258). As yet no remedy is
known.
On the prevention of raspberry anthracnose by cultural
methods, \V. C. '^TX^iiGi'siCoiDiectlcut State /Sta. Rpt. 1S99., pt. 3,
pp. 7Jr-'ii76). — The raspberry anthracnose is briefly described and the
investigations of Thaxter (E. S. R. , 2, p. 482), and the experiments
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 571
conducted at the New York State Station (E. S. R., 9, p. 762), are
reviewed. The hitter seemed to indicate that for the prevention of
this disease the use of fungicides was valuable, although the increased
yield did not justify the expense.
An account is given of a badly infested plat of vines, in which severe
pruning, followed l)y thorough cultivation and throwing the dirt over
the diseased stems, resulted in an excellent growth of young shoots
nearly free from the disease. As a possible explanation for this, it is
stated that the diseased canes were largely removed l)y the pruning,
and an unusually dry season prevented the development of the fungus.
White rot of the grape, L. Ravaz {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {ltd. VKst),
'21 {1900), No. 37, pp. 3So-3S7,p>l. i).— This disease is said to be due
to the fungus Coniothyrium diplodiella or Charrinnia diplodiella.
The fungus is considered as a semiparasite, being incapable of invad-
ing sound tissue, but whenever by accident the epidermis of the
grapes is broken it readil}^ attacks and destroys the fruit. This
disease is said to be a quite common accompaniment of hailstorms, the
hail injuring the grapes and permitting the entrance of the fungus.
Experiments with fungicides for the prevention of the disease have
shown that the spores of white rot will germinate in much stronger
solutions of copper than those of the black rot, on which account any
fungicide should be considerably stronger. As this fungus is depen-
dent upon external agencies for its infection of the grape, preventive
treatment can not be recommended as in the case of other diseases.
It is stated that this fungus, unlike the Botrytis which causes the gray
rot of grapes, does not produce an}^ oxidizing diastase which is con-
sidered the cause of the condition of wine known as "casse."
Stem-rot disease of carnations, W. E. Brixton ( Connecticut State
Sta. Rj>t. 1899, pt. 3, pp. ^i^-^5<S^).— This disease was previously
described by the author (E. S. R., 10, p. 262), the cause being deter-
mined to be a species of Fusarium. Other investigators have recorded
similar diseases of cotton, tomatoes, nuiskmelons, and watermelons.
In 1897 the author found snapdragon plants affected by a similar dis-
ease. In 1898 asters were similarly affected, so that it seems probable
that carnation, snapdragon, and aster plants are attacked by the same
or closely related organisms.
The methods by which the spores are wintered over and the infec
tion of the plant are unknown. Attempts to inoculate healthy plants
above ground have failed, while seemingly healthy plants one after
another became diseased in a field as well as after being set in the
forcing-house benches. On account of the extreme susceptibility of
the variet}', William Scott, this was discarded.
A series of culture experiments was conducted, in which the soil
was removed from around plants to a depth of about 2 in. After the
stems had become dry, they were coated with Bordeaux mixture, and
the soil replaced. From time to time a number of plants were noticed
572 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
to be badly diseased or dead, and were removed. The experiment Avas
eonduc-ted with soils consisting- of ooal ashes and peat and of compost.
The axerage mnnber of diseased plants was 4.3 and 3.4, respectivel}-,
for the 2 soils.
From the fact that health}' plants, one after another, ])tH-ame diseased
in the benches, that coating them with fungicides did not pi-event
attacks, or removing diseased branches save any of the plants, the
author is led to believe that the fungus gains access to the tissues of
the host either through the rootlets or some portion of the root system
considerably below the surface of the soil, and Avhen the top begins to
wilt, the plant is already in the last stages of the disease.
Some important fungi and fungicides, C. O. Townsend {Maryland Sta. Bid. 65,
jyp. 04-69, fi(i». 2) . — Popular def^criptioiiH are given of the causes of various plant dis-
eases and directions given for the preparation and application of fungicides for their
prevention.
Experiments on club root (finger and toe) {Jour. U)dv. Extension Col., Reading
[EiKjlinid], Siqi. !i, moo, j>p. 47-52; uho Bd. Aijr. [Londoti] Rpt. Agr. Education and
Rcvcarcli, 1S99-1900, pp. 96-98). — An account is given of soil treatment with lime,
basic slag, caustic lime, chalk, and gas lime for the prevention of club root of cru-
ciferous plants. All the lime prei:)arations were found to give favorable results fmm
their use.
The potato disease {Gard. Cliron., S. ser., 28 {1900), No. 717, pp. 222, 223).—
The writer reports a very serious outbreak of potato rot in Ireland whereby the croji
will be very materially lessened. Spraying was not practiced to any considerable
degree.
Some tobacco diseases, J. F. Goutieke {Jour. Agr. I'rai., 1900, J, No. 16, pp.
569-571). — Notes are given on the injury done by the oroban(;he ( Phelipea ranio.^n) and
descriptions of the mosaic disease of tobacco.
The smuts observed in Belgium during 1898, H. V^andekvht {Rev. Ghi. Agron.
Louvaiii, 9 {1900), No. 7, pp. 297-302). — A report is given of 48 species of smuts,
representing 10 genera, that have been observed in different parts of Belgium. The
distribution of these different smuts throughout the country is indicated.
Smut of sugar cane, C. A. Barber {Dept. Land Records and Agr., Madra^s, Vol. II,
Bid. 39, pp. 155, 156, pi. 1 ) . — Notes are given on a serious outbreak of I'sfilago sacchari.
The smut is described and l)urning affected areas is recomm('n<led.
Concerning the proper use of artificial fertilizers for sugar beets and the
relation with beet diseases, F. Kudelka {Bl. ZurkerrHdjcnbuu, 7 {1900), No. 8, pp.
113-121).
Virescence and fasciation due to parasites, M. Molliard {Rev. G&n. Bot., 12
{1900), No. 140, pp. 323-327, fign. 3). — A case of virescence in Trifolium repens, due to
attacks of Polythrincium trifolii, and a fasciation of Raphanus raphanistrum are described
and figured.
Investigations on Rhizoctonia violacea, M. (tuntz {Fi'ihling'.'i Landw. Ztg., 48
{1899), No. 19, pp. 731, 732; ahs. in Vmtbl. Bakt. n. I'm:, 2. Aht., 6 {1900), No. 15, pp.
506, 507). — In an alfalfa field which had been devastated by this root parasite, pota-
toes, Jerusalem artichokes, and bush beans were planted with the result that some
of each kind of plant were killed by the fungus.
The genetic relationship between Roestelia koreaensis and Gymnosporan-
gium japonicum, M. Sni km (Z^r//r. PHaii:rntr<(idc., 10(1900), Nii.l,pp. 1-5, ph. 2). —
The relationship existing between these two fungi is shown by cultures ujjou Juiii-
perus and pear leaves.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 573
Note on Glceosporium. cactorum, J. F. Clakk (Amrr. Florist, J.~> [I'.ion), Xo. 67/,
Itp. 841, 842, Jig. 1). — Notes the occurrence of thin fungus on a number df sjiccies of
cacti.
Fruit diseases and how to treat them, L. C. C'oebe'it ( West Virginia Sta. Bid.
G(J, }>]>. lf)D-,2o5, Jigs. 2.>). — A nunil)er of the more common fruit diseases are popularly
described and suggestions given for their prevention. A spray calendar is given for
jireventive treatment of the diseases of the apple, cherry, currant, grape, nursery
stock, peach, apricot, nectarine, pear, plum, raspberry, blackberry, and strawberry.
Formulas and directions for making insecticides and fungicides complete the bulletin.
The destruction of pear rust, C. Freiherr von Tubeuf {Arh. K. Gesundheit-
saiiitc, Biol. Aht., Leajhi ^i, Aj>r., 1900, pp. 4, Jigs. 5).
American gooseberry mildew in Ireland, G. Massee {Gard. Citron., 3. ser., 28
{1900), No. 7 IS, p. 143, Jig. 1). — Notes the appearance of Sphnrotiieca mors-v.rx in Ire-
land and recommends spraying with a solution of potassium sulphid for preventing
its attack.
Currant leaf spot, Weiss {Prnkt. Bl. Pjlanzensdmtz, 3 {1900), Xo. 1, pp. 1-3). —
Notes on Glcvosjxn'iinn ribis and means for its prevention.
Banana disease {Trinidad Bot. Depi. Bid. Misc. InJ'orm., 1900, No. 24, p. 254). —
Notes the destructive occurrence of Marasmus semiustus on banana plants. Experi-
ments show that under good cultural conditions the fungus lives as a saprophyte,
l)ecoraing destructive when the plants are weakened from any cause.
The diseases and enemies of coffee, G. Delacroix {Les maladies et. les ennemis
des cajeiers. Paris: Challamel, 1900, 2. ed. enl., pp. 216, Jigs. SO).
The black rot in Jura during 1899, F. Jouvet ( ^'lgne Amer. et Viticitlt. Europe,
24 {1900), No. 5, p]). 146-149). — Outbreaks of black rot were observed June 5 or 6,
followed by second, third, and fourth appearances June 10 to 12, July 28 to 31, and
August 5 to 7. Spraying experiments were conducted in which the best results were
obtained from 5 applications of Bordeaux mixture. The addition of resin was with-
out value, as shown by the results.
Notes on oidium in Burgundy, P. Pacottet {Rev. Vii. , 1900, No. 332, pp. 473-476),
The prevention of Oidium tuckeri, J. Wortmann {Mitt. Weinbau u. Kellerw.,
1900, No. 1, pp. 1-6; ahs. in Centhl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. Aht., 6 {1900), No. 9, pp. 301, 302).—
Notes the serious occurrence of this mildew in 1899. Investigations lead to the belief
that it is wintered over in the bark of the vine. Sulphur is recommended as a pre-
ventive means.
Combating oidium on grapes, Kulisch {Landw. Ztschr. Elsass-Lothringen, 1900,
No. 17, pp. 238, 239).
Diseases of plants, E. Hartki {Lehrbuch der Pflanzenlranklieiten. Berlin: J.
Springer, 1900, pp. IX-^290; noted inAllg. Forst u. Jagd Ztg., 76 {1900), June, pp. 205,
206). — A third and revised edition of "The diseases of trees."
Fungus diseases of shade trees, W. Lockhead and M. W. Doherty {C'anad.
Hort., 23 {1900), No. 4-,pp- 133-141, Jigs. 12). — Notes are given on tree-root rot {Agari-
cusmelleus), root rot of conifers {Trametes radiciperda), heartwood rots {Polyporus
sidphureus, P. betulinus, etc.), apple-tree canker {Nectria ditissima), spruce canker {N.
cucurbitida) , coral spot canker (A^. cinnabarina) , larch canker {Peziza uillkomii) , pine
tree fungus ( Trametes pini), pine cone fungus {Peridermium jyini) , cedar apples ( Gym-
nosporangium sp. and Ea'stelia sp. ), lichens, maple-leaf blotch {Rhytisnia arerinuni),
and pine-leaf cast {Loijhoderniinm pinastri) , together with suggestions for iireventing
injurious attacks upon their hosts.
Notes on the Peridermium of Pinus strobus {Bui. Soc. Cent. Forst. Belg., 7
{1900), No. 8, p>p. 577-579). — This fungus is said to have spread rapidly through the
forests of Belgium during the past 2 or 3 years and is becoming a serious enemy to
the plantations of white pine. The different forms of the fungus, one of whicli grows
on pines and the other upon species of Ribes, are described. It is said that the Peri-
574 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
(Icnirmiii developed in July and August on the bark of I'lrms si/ln'stris is not to be
confounded with that r)c'curring on P. strohus.
Some causes of pine-leaf cast, Frombling {Ztschr. Fnrvt. v. J(i(/t/ir.,^j (1900),
No. S, pp. 4'^3-4<i7). — Unfavorable atmospheric conditions are said to cause pine-leaf
cast.
Combating' pine-leaf cast, Kiexitz {Ztschr. Forst. n. Ju<jdii:, 32 {1900), Xo. (J, pp.
3(>4-37-J). — Spiay:'n<_'^ young pine trees with Bordeaux mixture between the first and
fifteenth of August is reconnnended for the prevention of leaf cast.
A fungus disease of cottonwood, H. A. Bedford {Canada Expt. Farma Jtpt,^.
ISOO, p, 322) . — It is reported that for the past 2 or 3 seasons the cottonwood {Popxdus
deltoidea) has been seriously affected by a fungus disease which destroys the leaves.
During the summer a growth, resembling rust, makes its appearance on the leaves,
especially on the young succulent ones, which in a short time are discolored and fall
from the tree. In the following spring a large portion of the wood is found to be in
a dying condition. The value of fungicides for controlling this disease will be a sub-
ject of investigation during the coming season.
The influence of copper fungicides on the quality of -wine, E. Chuard ( Chron.
Agr. Canton Vaud, IS {1000), Xo. IS, pji. 4-'> 1-4-'j7 ) . — The claim is made that in years
when atmospheric conditions are favorable for ripening the grapes the application of
copper solutions has no effect upon the quality of wines, Init in cold seasons unfavor-
able for ripening the fruit that process is further retarded by the action of the fungi-
cide on the jilant whereby its functions of growth are prolonged and the maturation
delayed.
Formalin as a fungicide for bean anthracnose, S. A. Bedford {Canada E.vpt.
Farma Rpts. 1899, p. 323). — A series of experiments were conducted in which beans
were soaked for 2 hours in a solution of 1 oz. of formalin to 1 gal. of water. The
germination of the beans was not aiipreciably affected b}' either this or stronger solu-
tions, and the test seems to indicate that formalin is a useful deterrent to the bean
anthracnose.
Potassium permanganate as a fungicide, M. Truchot ( Vigne Amer. el Vit'ic%iU.
Europe, 24 {1900), Xo. (i, ]>p. 187-190). — The addition of 125 gm. of potassium per-
manganate to 100 liters of copper fungicide or a simple solution of 125 gm. of potas-
sium permanganate, 3 kg. lime, and 100 liters of water are recommended as fungi-
cides for spraying grapes.
Acetate of copper as a fungicide, J. Durand ( Vigne Amer. et VUicult. Europe, 24
{1900), Xo. 4, ]ip. 118-120). — In efficiency and ease of ajiplication this compound is
thought to etpial Bordeaux mixture.
Preparation of Bordeaux mixture, G. Battanchon ( Yig)ie Amer. et VHicuU.
Europe, 24 {1900) , Xo. 7, pp. 198, 199) . — Directions are given for the ])roper prepara-
tion of a neutral Bordeaux mixture. The method described is essentially that given
in Farmers' Bulletin 38 of this Department (E. S. K., 8, p. 240).
ENTOMOLOGY.
Report of the entomologist, J. Fletcher {Canada Expt. Farms
EpU. 1800, 2>p- loO-lS}f.,Ji(j^. lo). — Brief popular notes are given on
a large number of injurious insects. The Hessian fl}" is reported as
having been unusually destructive during the past year. From an
examination of specimens collected in various parts of jVIanitoba. it is
believed that there is only one brood of the Hessian fly in that region.
The remedies recoinmeiided against this insect are late sowing of wheat,
burning of rubbish, and l)urning or plowing under the stul »1 )le. / Vyr/-
ENTOMOLOGY. .575
notus klemalis and J/e/'i-sus de,strt/.ei(//' are reported as parasites of the
Hessian fly. The destructive pea aphis caused serious losses to sweet
peas and lield peas at Ottawa and other points. Experiments were
conducted in spraying plants Avith the tobacco and soap mixture com-
posed of 10 lbs. of tobacco leaves and 2 lbs. of whale-oil soap to the
barrel of water. Most of the plant lice were destroyed. Brief notes
are given on Crlocerls aspuragl and C. 12-ptinctata. As remedies
against these insects the author recommends dusting plants in summer
with lime, spraying with arsenites, beating the plants, and the use of
trap plants.
The black violet aphis was ver}^ destructive to violets under glass at
Toronto. Fumigation with tobacco is not to be recommended, since
violets are usually injured by this substance. The use of hydrocyanic-
acid gas for greenhouse fumigation is preferred. Descriptive biolog-
ical and economic notes are also given on Bryolna pratensiH^ Phlydum'ta
fervKgal !s^ and Lyda ninltisignata.
The report on the apiary at the Central Experimental Farm is made
by J. Fixter. Eighteen colonies of bees were removed from winter
quarters on April 1, and 0 were placed in the house apiary, ♦> in the
sheltered apiary, and 6 in the exposed apiar3\ It was noted that
while the weather was cool with cold winds, ])ees which were sheltered
were flying, while those which were exposed did not leave the hive.
Brief practical suggestions are given on the management of ])('(>s in
summer.
Some insects of the year 1899, E. H. Petit {Michigan Sta. Bui.
180, j)j). lJ7-14-l,Jig-'i. lo). — The red spider is reported as injurious to
plum, apple, peach, chestnut, and honey-locust trees. The greatest
amount of damage was done to apple, plum, and peach trees. The red
spider was observed usually on the underside of the leaves, but on
both sides of chestnut leaves. Various distortions were produced in
the leaves b}- the attack of these mites.
The European fruit scale {Asjndiutus ostreceformis) is reported as
injurious to soft maple, currant, mountain ash, and apple trees. The
natural enemies of this insect observed in Michigan are Smilia misella
and Chilocorus hivulnerita. A detailed description is given of this
species of scale louse.
Economic and biological notes are presented on the following species:
Ti.'icheria vialifoliella., Loxostege sticticalis^ Si/stena tceniata hlandu.,
Disonycha triangularis, Epicauta cinerea^ Diahrotica viUata, Typo-
'pharus canellus., Euphoria inda,, and Sda7idr!a nihi.
Brief suggestions are given regarding formulas and the use of the
more common insecticides.
A recent observation on Filaria nocturna in Culex, G. C. Low
(British Med. Jour., 1900, A^a W59, pp. lI^oG, 1J/j7, pi. ./).— The
author studied the life history of this Filaria in Cultx ciliaris. In
13411— No. 0 6
576 p:xpp:himent station record.
order to stud\' the unutomy of the mosquito with reference to the pos-
sible niig-ration of the worms, sections of infected mosquitoes were
made after embedding in celloidin. It was found that the young
filari^e, after reaching- their highest stage of development, did not
remain passive in the thoracic muscles but left that tissue and. travel-
ing forward in the direction of the head, passed into the loose cellular
tissue which a])ounds in the prothorax in the neighborhood of the
salivary glands. After a short stay in the thorax the worms passed
forward into the head and coiled up in the connective tissue below the
cephalic ganglion and the salivarj^ duct. From these positions the
filaria? make their way into the proboscis through an independent
opening in the labium. From this position it is easy to understand
how they may infect man.
The clover-root borer (Hylastes obscurus), F. M. Webster {Ohio
Sta. Bui. 112,2)j>. lIf^j-lJi.9^ jfl. 1). — This insect passes the winter in
Ohio in all stages, but chiefl}" in the adult condition. The author gives
brief descriptions of the insect in its different stages. A table is pre-
sented showing the condition in which the insect is found during the
different months of the year. At the beginning of the year adults and
larva? are present, but pupa3 are seldom seen. The first eggs were
found on May IT. and pupa? which were found on March 2 and Ma}^ 31
came from hibernating larv». The new brood of larvae begin work
during the first week of June. The insect does not attack young
clover during the first j^ear, but seems to prefer clover during the
second year from the seed. The injury is done largely before the first
of August.
An experiment was tried at the station in devising a method for
combating this insect. In June. 1897. a plat of ground 16 by 20 ft. was
seeded to red clover. On Jul}- 7, 1899, an examination of the clover
plants disclosed the presence of larvae of this insect. On the following
day the plat was plowed to a depth of from 4 to 5 in. An examination
of this plat on August 10 resulted in finding onty a single pupa and 3
nearly full-grown larvae 2 or 3 in. below the surface, while other larvae
and pupte were found deeper in the soil. On August 11 an insect
cage was placed over a part of this plat to prevent the escape of adult
insects. The plat was examined on October 19 with the result that
only 4 live beetles were found. The beetles were abundant at the
same time in outside fields.
The author believes that deep and thorough plowing immediatelv
after harvesting the first crop of clover will result in the destruction
of th(» majority of these insects.
Combating the gypsy moth (Porthetria dispar), Y. Sjostedt {Med-
del. K. Landthr. Sti/r., 1000, No. l,pp. 29, ph. 2, figs. ^).— The author
reports an unusually serious outbreak of the gyps}" moth during the
past 2 years in the southeastern part of Sweden, in Blekinge and Kal-
ENTOMOLOC4Y. 577
mar counties. Tho g3'p.sy moth was roported from Karlskrono in 1840
and even as late as 1891 was considered a rare insect in that region.
The area which was infested during- the out})reak under discussion
amounted to about 100 sq. kilometers. The food plants which the insect
seemed to prefer were oak, poplar, willow, birch, apple, peach, beam
tree, spruce, blueberr}', clover, and grasses. The infested country was
of a rough nature and contained many large stone piles and stone walls,
in which the eggs were laid.
A government appropriation was secured and work was begun in the
spring in the destruction of the eggs. The egg masses were treated
for this purpose with black varnish, ^ kg. of this substance being suffi-
cient to treat 200 egg masses. In all, 2,025 kg. of black varnish and 660
kg. of Raupenleim were employed in the spring work. The total num-
ber of eggs destroyed ])y these methods was estimated at 377,500,000.
The spring work extended from April 11 to May 13, and during this
time 7,941 stone piles and 36,048 meters of stone wall were examined.
The number of men employed varied from 88 to 115, and the total num-
ber of days' work in the spring operations was 1,839. The first gypsy
moth larvffi hatched out during the last days of April while the tem-
perature varied from zero to 18° C. In general, the larvpe were found
to hatch during the time between the first appearance of green and the
development of the leaves. During the summer the infested area was
carefully examined, the work extending from Jul}' 10 to July 21.
Stone walls which were badly infested with eggs were surrounded
with a line of narrow boards which had been smeared with Kaupenleim
in order to prevent the escape of the larvte. The total number of
da^'s' work in the spring and summer operations was 2,290 and the
total expense was about $925.
Among the natural enemies of this insect, the author mentions star-
lings, cuckoos, crows, magpies, and a number of parasitic Hymenoptera
and Diptera. The author's observations upon the life history of the
gypsy moth ma}^ be summarized as follows: The eggs which have sur-
vived the winter hatch at about the time of the first vegetative devel-
opment. The number of eggs in 20 egg niasses which were carefully
counted varied from 172 to 682, with an average of 339. The larvae
undergo 4 distinct developmental stages. The larval period varies from
9 to 10 weeks and the pupal stage from 12 to 14 days. The males appear
during the last week in July and the females during the first week in
August. The deposition of the eggs begins in from 2 to 6 hours after
fertilization and occupies from 7 to 12 days.
A new method of combating the gypsy moth, Rorig {ArJj. K.
Gesundheitsamte, Biol. Aht., 1 {1900), No. 2, pp. 255-260, figs. 2).—
The author, after inspection of the work of the gypsv moth commis-
sion in Massachusetts in fighting this insect, came to the conclusion
that the methods adopted there did not give hope of ultimate success.
578 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORt.
In (lermany the j^ypf^v moth has never become so injurious as in the
United States, but the author suggests that it may ])ecome so at any
time.
The methods for destroying the eggs of the gypsy moth which have
thus far been practiced are collecting and burning, painting with Rau-
penleim, and treatment with a mixture of tar and kerosene. The
author's chief objection to these methods is that some of the eggs in
each cluster ma}' be brushed from the tree and escape destruction.
He has devised a cheap and convenient apparatus which is claimed to
be well adapted for the destruction of the eggs. This consists of a
tank which holds about 200 cc. of kerosene. The escape pipe is in the
form of a small tube, and the whole apparatus may be carried in
the hand or at the end of a pole of any required length according to
the height of the Ggo; clusters. A string attached to a valve and
extending down the pole allows the operator to regulate the amount
of kerosene discharged upon each egg cluster.
Washes and sprays for combating plant lice, woolly aphis, and
similar pests, E. Fleischer {Ztsrhr. J^faiinenkranl., 10 {1900), JTo.
2,pj?. 65-70). — The author conducted experiments with Halali, kero-
sene emulsion, Verminol, insect soaps, and Sapokarbol. A 2 per cent
solution of Halali was ineU'ective and the author found that in order
to destroy all insects a 16 per cent solution must be emplo3'ed. The
substance was found to be somewhat injurious to the plant tissues.
The kerosene emulsion employed contained extracts of tobacco or
quassia. A 5 per cent solution was found to be very effective and did
not cause injury to the plants. The author believes that Halali is a
very good remedy for plant lice, but that the practical objection to it is
the high price. The kerosene 'emulsion, Verminol, and insect soap are
not believed to possess advantages which outweigh their costliness.
The author especially recommended Sapokarbol as a remedy for the
destruction of woolly aphis.
A test of spray nozzles, N. O. Booth {Missouri Sta. Bui. 50., pp.
85-115., Jigs. 10). — A comparative study was made of 30 kinds of noz-
zles from different manufacturers, with reference to the following-
points: Height of spray or distance which the spray could be thrown
perpendicularly with various pressures; width, shape, and distribution
of the spray at the point where it was considered most efficient; size
of the drops; amount of liquid discharged by each nozzle in a given
time; liability of the nozzle to clog; liability to dribble; durability,
and method of attachment.
The author classities the different nozzles in the following manner:
Class I. Nozzles which throw a solid more or less round stream.
Class 11. Nozzles in which the spray is somewhat broken directh' b}^
the action of the margin of the outlet. Class III. Nozzles in which
the stream, after having passed the outlet proper, is broken into a
ENTOMOLOGY. 579
spra}' by striking against the projecting parts of the nozzle. Class lY.
Nozzles in which a I'otary motion is given to the liquid in a chamber
near the outlet. Class V. Nozzles in which the liquid escapes in 2
converging streams which, acting upon each other, break the liquid
into a spra3%
In determining the height of spray, no account was taken of the
highest point to which isolated drops were thrown, but an attempt was
made to establish what is called the spraying distance, or the distance
from the mouth of the nozzle to the point where the bulk of the spra}'
is best broken up. It was found practically impossible to determine
in what shape the spray is most desirable. The most essential points
seemed to be the securing of a spray which, when passed at a uniform
rate over any surface, will cover every part touched with a film of
liquid of equal thickness. In order to compare the different nozzles
with reference to this matter, they were made to throw a spray at the
spraying distance of each one down into galvanized-iron boxes 6 in.
square, which were placed closely side by side. In each case the fluid
was allowed to run until those cans which received most were nearly
full.
For determining the size of the drops thrown by difl^erent nozzles,
a barrel and a half of brownish -black ink was made with logwood and
the spray was directed against blank sheets of paper placed at the best
distance for each nozzle. The papers were then photographed.
The quantity of water discharged by the different nozzles was deter-
mined in quarts per minute at a pressure of 30 lbs.
In testing the matter of clogging a 6-lb. Bordeaux mixture was used,
and it was found that when this mixture was carefully and cleanly
prepared none of the nozzles clogged during the 5 minutes which were
allowed for the test.
Tests showed that many otherwise excellent nozzles had the disad-
vantage of dribbling to a considerable extent.
The question of durability is one not easv to determine, since in
most cases it will be considered better to bu}" a new nozzle than to
continue the use of one which has become defective through wear.
The author states that no general-purpose nozzle has Ijeen perfected.
The choice of a nozzle must necessarily depend largely upon the kind
of Avork for which it is to be used. One of the most important points
in determining the choice of a nozzel is the distance to which the spray
must be throwni.
Bees and bee culture, A. Kunakhovich {Sel-^k. Khoz. i Lyesov., 195 {1899), Oct.,
pp. 14-5-210; Nov., }>]>. 327-406, figs. 50). — An elaborate discussion of the problems
connected with apicultnre, including the anatomy of the bee, varieties of bees, bee
food, bee products, breeding of bees, natural swarming, artificial swarming, removal
of queens, a system of apiculture with 2 queens in each hive, an economical study of
apiculture, honey plants, etc.
580 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
An unusual application of propolis by bees in the wild state, X. Tapie
{Rev. Internal. Apicult., 22 {WOO), Xo. 9, pp. 165-167).— The author made observa-
tions on a swarm of bees which was living in a cavity under a large rock. The bees
had constructed a wall of prnpolip for protective purposes.
Report of the entomolog-ist, A. D. Hopkins {]VeM Virginia Sla. Rpt. 1899, pp.
25-36). — The chief work of the entomological department of the station for the year
was upon forest insects and Hfe zones. The author gives a detailed statement of
^•arious trips made in the State for the purpose of studying these matters. Progress
is reported in the study of timothy varieties. Recent reports from correspondents
concerning the San Jose scale indicate that this insect has not become a serious pest
in any counties of the State west of the mountains.^
Insect notes, \V. E. Brixton ( Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1899, pt. 3, pp. £40-244). —
Xotes are given on the appearance of the pea-plant louse {Nectarophora destructor)
in the State. It is reported that Schizoneuru rileyi was injurious to the branches of
elm trees during the season. Irregular, warty growths are produced on the branches
or tnmks of the trees by this insect. The spruce-bud louse {Adelges abieticolens) was
found infesting the twigs of spruces. Notes are given on a number of scale insects,
including Lecaniurn armeniueiim, which was found upon grapes and other fruit trees.
A l)eetle whi(!h infested wheat middlings and did considerable damage in such situa-
tions proved to be Lxmophhu.-i pu»illv.s. Garden primroses and also the native evening
primrose were badly injured by the attacks of Haltira marevagans. It is stated that
fall cankerworms are much less numerous than during previous years.
Ho^w insects are studied at the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station,
F. M. Webster {Oldu Sta. Bui. 114, pp. 165-173, ph. 2). — The author presents a popu-
lar account of the insectary and breeding cages at the experiment station, and of the
methods of collecting, rearing, preserving, and labeling insects.
Note on Collops bipunctatus, T. D. A. Cockerell {Neiv Mexico Sta. Bui. 33, pp.
50, 51). — A brief account of the known distribution of this insect.
The female of Eciton sumichrasti, with some notes on the habits of Texan
ecitons, W. M. Wheeler {Amer. Nat., 34 {1900), No. 403, pp. 56.3-574, Jigs. 4). —
Notes on the appearance and biology of species of the foraging ants.
Synopsis of food habits of the larvee of the Sesiidae, W. Beitenmuller
{Oniud. Ent., 32 {1900), No. 10, pp. 301-303). — The author gives brief notes for the
purpose of indicating the host plants of these insects and the parts of the host plants
which are attacked.
The Coccidae of Brazil, A. Hempel {Rev. Museu PauUsta, 4 {1900), pp. 365-537,
pl.s. 8). — Descriptive, biological, and economic notes on a large number of species of
Coccidse, some of which are described as new.
Effect of lime on the oyster-shell bark louse, W. T. Macoun {Canada E.vpt.
Farm.'i Rpts. 1899, p]). 94-96). — Daring the previous year in experiments conducted
for another purpose it was noted that whitewash was a very effective remedy for
the oyster-shell hark lou.se. Further experiments are now in progress, from which no
definite conclusions can be drawn as yet. The insecticide as used in this experiment
is composed of 6 gal. skim milk, 30 gal. of water, 60 lbs. of lime, and 10 lbs. of salt.
Certain trees which were not treated with whitewash received a spray of tobacco
water and whale-oil soap made by using 10 lbs. of tobacco, 2 ll)s. of soap, and 40 gal.
of water. The trees were sprayed June 1 and again June 6, with the result that nearly
all the insects were destroyed.
An enemy of the Colorado potato beetle, C. E. Mead {Nea- Mexico Sta. Bui. 33,
pp. 47-4^^). — This article has been previously noted (E. S. R., 11, p. 767).
Preliminary notes on the rate of growth and on the development of
instincts of spiders, Annie B. Sargent (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1900, No2,
pp. 395-411, ph. 2) . — This paper contains a record of observations on Argiope cophinaria
and Agalena naevia. It was observed that incu'ase in size takes place between the
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
581
molts and is dependent on the food. Moltinj^ did not ocxmr at regular intervals, but
according to the amount of food. CannibalLsni was not noted while the young were
in the cocoon. Experiments indicated that young s{)iderH could withstand a very cold,
moist atmosphere but not a warm, dry one.
Inspection and care of nursery stock, \V. E. Bkitton {Conncclicui State tSta.
apt. 1S99, pt. 3, pp. 245-^51) .—A revised form of Bulletin 129 of the station (E. 8. R.,
11, pp. 270,271).
Bisulphid of carbon for the destruction of insects in stored seeds {Amcr.
Gard., 21 {1900), No. 30S, p. 679). — Brief notes on the method to he adopted in using
this insecticide.
The chemistry of insecticides, F. T. Sjutt ( Canada E.cpt. Favtnf^ BcptK. 1899. pp.
148, 149). — An analysis of Paris green intlicated the presence of 44.2 per cent arse-
nious acid, 4.56 per cent of which was soluble in water. A kerosene-carbolic emul-
sion containing 2 gal. kerosene, 1 gal. of water, li lbs. of soap, and 2 pt. of crude
carbolic acid is reported as effective in the destruction of the oyster-shell bark- louse
and tree borers. The emulsion as just given should be diluted in 8 parts of water.
A correspondent suggested the addition of blue vitriol to the kerosene emulsion for
use on dormant trees. Experiments indicated that the blue vitriol caused the imme-
diate separation of the constituents of the emulsion, and therefore this combination
can not be recommended. A Bordeaux mixture, 4:4:40, was mixed with a strong
decoction of tobacco in equal proportions. A slight separation took place after long
standing, but it is believed that if this mixture be sprayed in a fresh condition the
tobacco would have no injurious effect ujion the Bordeaux mixture.
Some important insecticides, fungicides, and apparatus for their applica-
tion, W. G. Johnson, C. O. Townsend, and H. P. Gould {Maryland Sta. Bid. 0,5,
pp. 53-63). — A popular account of the insecticides most commonly applied in the
destruction of biting and sucking insects, with brief notes on the time of application
of these insecticides and formul;e for their preparation.
Some important spraying- apparatus and other accessories, H. P. Gould
{Maryland Sta.. Bui. 65, pp. 70-S9,figs. 16). — This article contains a popular discussion
of bucket pumps, knapsack pumps, barrel pumps, kerosene pumps, horizontal pumps,
nozzles, suggestions for the use of sjiraying apparatus, and a spray calendar.
FOODS -ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Preliminary report upon the composition and properties of the
fat in " firm " and " soft " pork, F. T. Shutt {Canada E.cpt. FariHS
Rpti<. ISOO^ pp. lol-loo^ pi. 1). — In view of the importance of firm
pork for the bacon industr}-, analyses were made of the ham and
shoulder in what was regarded as firm pork of excellent ciuality and
in soft pork of very inferior quality. The results follow:
Composition of fatty tisaue infirm and ,s(ft pork.
Firm pork:
Ham
Shoulder .
Soft pork:
Ham
Shoulder
Per cent.
15. .56
6.53
12.50
2.67
Salt. Nitrogen.
Per cent.
2.73
1.12
1.84
.48
Per cent.
0.504
.285
.243
.142
Nitroge- Fat by
nous differ-
tissne. I ence.
Per cent.
3.15
1.78
1.52
.89
Per cent.
78.56
90. 57
84.27
95. 96
bacon.
Per cent.
50.05
58.33
66.37
76.94
Palmitin
and
stearin
in bacon.
Per cent.
28. M
52.24
17.90
19.02
582 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
"It is to be observed that the percentage of -water in the fatty tissue of the 'firm'
is greater than in the fatty tissue of the corresponding part of the 'soft' bacon.
Also, that the percentage of tissue other than fat, that is, of a nitrosenous nature,
was also greater in the 'firm' than in the 'soft.' This falls into line with the results
[previously] stated, . . . since the water for the most part is contained in or held
by the nitrogenous tissue. This would indicate that the walls of the cells containing
fat proper are thicker in the 'firm' than in the 'soft' or 'tender' bacon. Further,
it is to be noticed that the amounts of salt present are also larger in the ' firm ' than
in the ' soft ' bacon. This is accomited for by the assumption that the salt, like the
water, is iield liy the nitrogenous tissue to a greater extent than in the fat.
"The pen-entages of fat are, from a consideration of the foregoing statements, neces-
sarily greater in the 'soft' than in the 'firm' bacon. The fat proper consists of olein,
fiuid at ordinary temperatures, and palmitin and stearin, solid at ordinary tempera-
tures. The data show that the percentage of olein is much greater in the 'soft' than
in the 'firm' bacon, while as a natural consequence the percentages of palmitin and
stearin are greater in the 'firm' than in the 'soft' bacon. These facts furnish the
cause of the greater softness in the 'soft' or 'tender' bacon."
The composition of the rendered fat of firm and soft porlv was also
determined, as well as the usual constants.
"[In the author's opinion] the melting point of the fat from the 'soft' bacon is
I)ractically 10° C. lower than that of the 'firm' bacon. The specific gravities in both
series are so close that it is not possible to use this constant as a means of differentia-
tion or for deducing therefrom any information respecting the relative composition
of the fats. The saponification equivalent likewise appears to be of little value in the
diagnosis. The Reichert number shows the practical absence of volatile fatty acids
in both series, though there is an indication of larger traces of the presence of such
in the shoulder fat than in that of the ham. The ' iodin absorbed ' is of great value
in this investigation. From it may be calculated the percentage of olein or liquid fat
present in a fat. The data here presented clearly demonstrate the larger amount of
olein in the 'soft' fat, a fact that gives the explanation for the greater softness or
tenderness of the 'soft' bacon."
These investigations are being continued, and in order to determine
the effect of food on the composition of the pork, the olein, palmitin,
and stearin, and the ratio of the two latter to the former was deter-
mined in the bacon of several young pigs ranging from 23 to 42 lbs.
in weight.
Feeding experiments ^vith steers to test the value of cocoa
shells, F. Albert {Lindw. Juhrh.. 28 {1S09), Xo. 5-6, pj). 972-975).—
A test was made at the Lauchstadt Experiment Station to investigate
the feeding value of cocoa shells, a by-product from chocolate manu-
facture. Two lots of steers were used. Both lots were fed diffusion
residue, alfalfa ha}', straw, molasses bran, cotton-seed meal, and wheat
bran. In addition, lot 1 was given cocoa shells, 0.5 kg. per 1,000 kg.
live weight being fed at the beginning of the test, and the amount
gradually increased to 10 kg.
During the test lot 1 made an average gain of 1,8 kg, per head and
lot 2, 1,7 kg. The author concludes that cocoa shells are a satisfac-
tory and healthful feeding stuff and that steers readily learn to eat
them. Cocoa shells aiv regarded as intermediate in feeding value
between meadow hav and wheat bran.
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 583
The value of maize-germ-molasses feed for fattening lambs,
F. Albert {Landa\ Jahrh., 28 {18.99), iVo. 5-G, pp. 987-99^). —At the
Lauchstiidt Experiment Station the value of a feeding stuff made of
maize germ and molasses was tested. Two lots of 17 and 20 lambs
each were used. The test proper began Jul}' 28, 1897, and closed
October 1.5. Feeding a constant basal ration of 70 kg. of beet chips,
15 kg. of pea straw, 3 kg. of ground peas per 1,000 kg. live weight,
a mixture of 7.5 kg. of the molasses feed, 1.128 kg. of wheat bran,
and 1.276 kg. of rape-seed cake per 1,000 kg. live weight, was com-
pared with one of 1 kg. of wheat bran, 4.325 kg. of rape-seed cake,
and 6.283 kg. of corn meal. About the middle of the test the amount
of molasses feed was increased to 10 kg.
The average daily gain of the lambs on the molasses feed was 0.154
kg. when 7.5 kg. was fed, and 0.127 kg. when 10 kg. was fed. Lambs
fed the corn-meal ration gained on an average 0.108 kg. per head daily.
The principal conclusions were that maize-germ-molasses feed is
very satisfactory for lambs, and gives better results than corn meal.
As shown by slaughter tests, it produced better flesh than the similar
ration without molasses.
Experiments ^vith lambs to study the effect of different con-
centrated feeding stuffs on the character of the tallo-w, F. Albert
{Landw. Jahrh., 28 {1899), No. 5-G,pp. 57J-557).— The effect of dif-
ferent feeding stuffs on the tallow was tested with 4 lots of cross-
bred English lambs at the Lauchstadt Experiment Station. After a
preliminary period of about 2 months, the feeding test pi'oper began
Februar}' 25 and closed June 14. The lambs were shorn about a
month before the beginning of the test. All the lots were fed a basal
ration of ensiled beet pulp, meadow hay, and straw. In addition, lot
1 was fed maize and sunflower-seed cake; lot 2, ground peas and wheat
bran; lot 3, peanut cake and barley bran; and lot 4, wheat bran and
rape-seed cake. The character of the fat of these diflerent f(>eding
stuff's was investigated. A number of lambs sickened or died during
the test, and at the close lot 1 contained 7 lambs, lot 2 4, and lots 3
and 4 8 each. The average daily gain ranged from 0.148 to 0.203 kg.
per lamb. The lambs were slaughtered and the tallow and other fat
examined. The principal conclusions were that the fat consumed in
the concentrated feeding stuffs may exercise a marked influence upon
the character of the tallow. Especially good results, both as regards
the improvement of the flesh and tallow, were obtained with sunflower-
seed cake. Good results also attended the feeding of rape-seed cake
and bran. Peas and peanut cake gave less satisfactory results.
Feeding experiments -with pigs on the value of sugar and influ-
ence of increased protein consumption, F. Albert (Z«;w7^o. JciIli'L.,
28 {1899), No. 5-6, 2U^- 9It3-96^.—A test was made at the Lauchstadt
Experiment Station with (i lots of 2 pigs each to determine the feeding
58 4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
value of sugar and to learn the amount of protein and non-nitrogenous
material best suited for fattening pigs. Lots 1 and »> were fed a
normal ration consisting, per 1,000 kg. live weight, of 80 kg, of cooked
potatoes, 80 kg. of skim milk, 10 kg. of barle}^, furnishing 5 kg. of
protein and 28 kg. of non-nitrogenous nutrients. The nutritive ratio
was 1:5.7. Lots 2 and 5 were fed a ration rich in protein, receiving
per 1,000 kg. live weight, 80 kg. of cooked potatoes, 40 kg. of skim
milk, 5 kg. of meat meal, and 12.5 kg. of ground barley. This ration
had a nutritive ratio of 1:4.92, and furnished 7.5 kg. of protein and
28 kg. of nitrogen-free nutrients. Lots 3 and 4 were fed a ration
deficient in protein consisting, per 1,000 kg. live weight, of 80 kg. of
cooked potatoes, 20 kg. of ground barley, and 10 kg. of sugar, furnish-
ing 2.5 kg. of protein and 40 kg. of nitrogen-free material. This
ration had a nutritive ratio of 1:15.
This ration was fed from February 27, 1898, to April 27, this being-
regarded as a preliminary period. From April 27 until the close of
the test proper, June 15, the amount of potatoes fed the diti'erent lots
was reduced to 60 kg. The amount of the other feeding stuffs was also
changed somewhat, but the proportion of protein to nitrogen-free
material was aljout the same.
At the beginning of the preliminary period the pigs weighed about
50 kg. each. During the test the pigs of lot 1 and 0 gained 0.718 kg.
per head per day; those in lots 2 and 5, 0.661 kg.; and those in lots
3 and 4, 0. 929 kg. The pigs receiving the large amount of protein
had not gained as much as was expected; therefore, the test was con-
tinued 77 days with lots 2 and 5, the ration being increased l>y the
addition of 12 kg. of sugar per 1,000 kg. of live weight. One pig was
dropped out on account of illness. The average daily gain of the
others was 0.525 kg. All the lots were slaughtered and the flesh
judged by an expert. The ratio of dressed weight to live weight was
practically the same, ranging in the different lots from 76.1 to 76.6
per cent. In the author's opinion the differences between the individual
members of the lots were more marked than between the diflerent lots.
The belly fat and the lard of the diflerent lots were examined.
The principal conclusions follow: A ration containing 5 kg. of
digestible protein and 28 kg. of digestil)le nitrogen-free material per
1,000 kg. live weight suffice for producing a gain of 0.5 kg. per head
per day. Increasing the digestible protein did not have a beneficial
effect. Meat meal is a suitable nitrogenous feeding stuff when only
gains in weight are considered. Sugar, when fed in a ration furnish-
ing 5 kg. of digestible protein and 4() kg. of digestible nitrogen-free
nutrients per 1,000 kg. live weight, gave very satisfactory results.
Better results may be expected if a ration containing sugar and having
a wide ruitritive ratio supplements for a few weeks a period with a
normal ration. Definite results regarding the effect of the different
rations on the composition of flesh and fat were not drawn.
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 585
Report of the poultry manager, A, G, Gilbert {Canada Expt.
Farms Jipts. 189D, pp. 205-2'2:J, pL 7).— The work of the poultry
department during- the year i.s briefly reported. General!}' speaking,
pullets laid more eggs than year-old hens or those 3 or -i 3-ears old.
The eggs of older liens were larger and if sold by weight would be
more valuable. The weight of a dozen eggs ranged from 1 lb. and 11
oz. in the case of the Barred Plymouth Rock, White Brahma, Black
Minorca and Andalusian hens, to 1 lb. and 4 oz. in the case of Brown
Leghorn pullets. Brief statements are made on the poultry hatched,
the rations fed to old hens and pullets. In a test comparing whole
ground grains with poultry having limited runs the following results
were obtained: Five Barred Plymouth Rock cockerels fed whole grain
gained in 14 weeks 18 lbs. 12f oz.; 5 White Plymouth Rock cock-
erels fed ground grain gained in the same time 20 lbs., 3i oz. ; and 5
Silver Laced Wyandottes fed a mixture of whole and ground grains
gained 15 lbs., 14i oz. In every case the chickens were fed per head
daily 12 oz. of grain (wheat, barley and corn, 2:1:1). Crossbred
cockerels, when confined in small coops and fed an ordinary ration,
gained in 4 weeks from 12f oz. to 1 lb. 5 oz. The 3 best birds at the
end of 5 months weighed on an average of 5 lbs. 1 oz. each.
Brief statements are made concerning the breeding pens, the feed-
ing of chickens and pullets, and other points usually touched upon in
these reports.
Feeding chickens for growth, G. M. Gowell {Maine Sta. Bui.
6J^,p)2). 89-96). — A numl)er of tests with chickens are I'eported. In the
first, the effect of small coops v. houses with small yards, on rapidity of
growth, was studied. Forty Barred Plymouth Rocks, White Wyan
dottes, and light Brahmas (Eaton strain), were confined in small coops
such as are used liy English and French chicken and poultry f atteners,
4 chickens being placed in each coop. All were fed porridge made of
skim milk and mixed meal containing corn meal, wheat middlings,
ground oats and animal meal, 10:8:5:4. Twenty chickens of the same
breeds were confined in houses with small yards and fed the same
ration. All the chickens were 130 days old at the beginning of the trial,
which covered 35 da3's. The average gain of the chickens confined in
coops was 2.23 lbs., and of those in houses with yards 2.47 lbs., the
amount of dry meal required per pound of gain being 5. 94 and 6.52 lbs-.,
respectively. The author calculates that the value of the chickens was
increased $19.39 b}^ fattening. "" In these tests greater total and indi-
vidual gains and cheaper flesh production were secured from birds with
partial liberty than from those in close confinement. The labor was
less in caring for the yarded l)irds. The cooped birds were very quiet
and did not appear to suffer from confinement."
To determine the effects of age on gains in weight, 45 Plymouth
Rock chickens, 177 da3's old at the beginning of the trial, were fed
under the same conditions as above, 20 chickens being confined in coops
586 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
and the remainder in houses with small j'ards. In 21 days the average
gain of the chickens confined in coops was 0.S7 lb., 8.2 lbs. of grain
being required per pound of gain. The average gain per chicken of
the lot fed in houses with j'ards was 0. 92 lb. , the grain required per
pound of gain being 7.36 lbs. The profits are estimated at 8.25 cts.
per chicken. In the author's opinion these tests show that it is more
profitable to fatten young chickens, for although the difference in age
of the lots in the 2 trials reported was not great, much more satisfac-
tory results were obtained with the j^ounger birds.
The effect of green food was tested with 24 Plymouth Rock chickens
140 days old at the beginning of the trial. They were confined in
lots of 4 in small coops and fed for 4 weeks on a ration of mixed
meal and skim milk as described above. Two of the lots received
no green food; the others were fed once a da}" all the finely chopped
green rape they would eat during the last 2 weeks of the trial. When
no green food was supplied, the gains ranged from 3.7 to 4.3 lbs. per
coop; when rape was fed, fi'om 3.5 to 4.4 lbs.
Breeding for egg production, G. M. Gowell {Maine Sta. Bui.
BJf,, pp' '^^-10'2). — A record is given of the eggs laid by the hens em-
ployed in experiments on the possibility of securing breeds which
shall excel in egg production. Of the 236 hens employed, 39 laid 160
or more eggs and 35 laid less than 100 eggs in a year. Great vari-
ations were observed in the la3dng capacity of the hens and in the regu-
larity of la^nng, although all the hens were given the same food and
care, and the chickens in each breed tested were selected for their uni-
formity. It was noticed that the eggs from hens that laid the greatest
number were on an average smaller in size than those from hens pro-
ducing fewer eggs, and the percentage of infertility was also greater
in the former case than in the latter.
Coffee substitutes, C. D. Woods and L. H. Merrill {Maine Sla. Bid. 65, pp. 10-'^-
107). — The composition of 8 sorts of cereal coffee is reported and the food value of
this class of goods discussed. It was found that, as claimed, the sanijiles examined
were free from true coffee. The infusion did not have a high food value, containing,
when made according to directions, from one-third to one-twentieth as much solid
matter as skim milk.
Inspection and analyses of foods, ]M. A. Scovell {Kentucky Stn. Bid. SG, pp.
51). — As an aid to the interiiretation of the Kentucky pure-food law, a number
of provisional definitions of food materials and articles used in their i>reparation
are suggested, and the analyses made in accordance with the law are reported of
727 samples of dairy products, spices, flour, vinegar, etc. Of these, 290 were found
to be adulterated.
Fodders and feeding stuffs, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpis. 1899, pp.
14.I-I47). — Analyses are reported of l)road-leaf hay {Spartino cijnonuroides) , hay tea,
cotton-seed meal, the seed of lamb's-quarters {Chenopodium album). The latter had
the following percentage composition: Water, 9.82; fat, 6.78; protein, 14.19; carbo-
hydrates, 63.91; crude fiber, 1.27, and ash, 4.03. Judged by composition only, the
author believes the seed "to have a comparatively high feeding value. Its percent-
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 587
ages of fat and jirotein — the twx) luot^t important nutrients — place it approximately
midway between corn meal and bran. Since these seeds are very small and jiossess
a hard integument, it seems most probable that if fed without previous grinding or
boiling the greater number of them would pass through the animal undigested, in
which case not only would they be of no food value, but harm would be done by
their dissemination over the farm in the resulting manure."
Feeding-stuflf inspection, C. D. Woods and J. M. Bartlett {Maine Sta. Bui. 63,
pp. 75-88). — Analyses of feeding stuffs made in accordance with the State law are
reported, the constituents determined being protein and fat. The materials examined
include cotton-seed meals, gluten meals, linseed meals (old and new process), corn-
and-oat feeds, oat chop, oat feeds, dairy feeds, poultry food, rice feed, mixed feeds of
different sorts, animal meal, beef scraps, ground beef scraps, ground beef cracklings,
and a i-aw ground l:)one meal.
Rice flour and bran as a feeding' stuff, C. Dusserre {Chron. Agr. Canton ]^aud,
IS {1900), Xo. 16, pp. 472-474)- — The value of these feeding stuffs is discussed.
Potato pomace, J. M. Bartlett {Maine Sta. Bui. 66,2yp- 115, 116). — Two analyses
of potato pomace (the residue from the manufacture of starch) are reported.
Tlie employment of the residue from wine making- as a feeding stuff, S.
Bieler {Chron. Agr. Canton Vaud, IS {1900), Xo. 16, pp. 374-377).— A. discussion of
the methods of preserving and feeding the residue from wine making.
Feeding nonsaccharine sorghums, C. E. Me.\d {Xew Mexico Sta. Bui. 33, pp.
46, 47). — Brief statements are made concerning a practical test of the feeding value
of brown durra, red and white Kafir corn, black rice corn, large African millet, and
yellow millo maize forage. In general, satisfactor}' results were obtained.
Concerning the formation of glycogen from protein, B. Schondorff {Arch.
Phgsiol. [Pfliiger], S3 {1900), Xo. 1-2, pp. 60-85) .—On the basis of experiments with
frogs fed casein, the author concludes that glycogen can not be formed in the body
from a proteid which does not possess a carbohydrate group.
The relation of nitrogen to chlorids in the stomach contents during diges-
tion, J. Winter and Falloise {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, ISO {1900), Xo. 24, pp.
164G-164S).
On the relation of the reducing po"wer of normal urine to the amount of
certain nitrogen contents present, J. H. Lonci {Jour. Amer. Cliem. Sac, 22 {1900),
Xo. 6, pp. 309-327). — The reducing power of uric acid and creatinin in relation to the
total reducing power of urine was investigated.
Concerning the substances in the blood soluble in ether, E. Weigert {Arch.
Phi/siol. [P^fliiger], 82 {1900), X^o. 1-2, pp. 86-100). — Artificial digestion experiments
are rejiorted. In the author's opinion his experiments show that blood contains a
substance soluble in ether which is not fat.
Concerning digestion in birds, L. Paira-Mall {Arcli. Phi/siol. lPfli}ger'\, 80
{1900), Xo. 11-12, pp. 600-627). — An experimental study of the physiology of diges-
tion in birds, with a critical review of the literature of the subject.
Steers, J. H. Grisdale {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1899, pp. 54-58, pds. 3). — The
gains made by 8 lots of 4 steers each during a period of 16 weeks are tabulated,
together with the cost of the gain and the net profit. No conclusions as to the rela-
tive effects of the different rations are given. The gains made by 29 steers fed in the
spring are briefly reported. On a ration of silage, hay, and mixed grain the average
daily gain was 2.06 lbs. Brief statements are also made concerning feeding tests
made with steers in 1900.
Steer feeding experiments, 1898-99, R. Robertson {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts.
1899, pp. 252-254) -—X test of the comparative value of different breeds of steers at
the Nappan Experimental Farm is briefly reported. Thej^ were fed from December I
to March 16 such feeding stuffs as mixed meal, turnips, silage, hay, and straw. Four
588 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Polled Angus steers gained 965 lbs. ; 4 Herefords gained 805 lbs. ; 4 Shorthorns, 760
lbs.; and a second lot of 4 Shorthorns, 675 lbs., while 4 scrubs gameji 755 lbs.
Cattle, S. A. Bedford {Canada Expt. FarmsBpis. 1899, pp. 311, 312). — Brief statistics
are given of the Brandon Experimental Farm herd, and of a test made with 2 lots of
3 grade Shorthorn steers each as to the comparative value of wheat and oat straw.
The steers were fed for 110 days, silage and chopped grain being given in addition to
the straw. During the last 55 days flaxseed was also fed. They were purchased at
3 cts. and sold for 4.85 cts. per pound. The average daily gain per head of lot 1 (fed
wheat straw) was 1 lb. 3 oz. and of lot 2 (fed oat straw) 1 lb. 1 oz., the profits on the
2 lots being $20.11 and $19.64, respectively.
Cattle, A. M.\CKAY (Canada Expt. Farms. Rpts. 1899, pp. 383-385).— Barley, oat,
and wheat straw, and native and brome grass hay, when fed in addition to silage
and meal, were compared with 5 lots of steers at the Indian Head Experimental
Farm. The lots fed straw contained 4 animals and those fed hay 2 animals each.
In 4 months the gain per steer on the different rations was 126.25, 91.66, 162.5, 127.5,
and 180 lbs., respectively. In every case the cost of a pound of gain was 7 cts.
Sheep fattening experiments in 1899, J. Grude {Tkh^kr. Norslr Landbr., 7
(moo), Xo. 2, pp. 77-S.j). — A test with 2 lots of 100 lambs each to compare linseed
cake and oats when fed with hay and turnips showed that in 30 days on the former
ration the gain per lot was 399.5 kg. and on the latter 320 kg. On account of the
high price of the oil cake, oats were considered the more economical feed. — f. w.
WOLL.
Experimental pig' feeding, J. Mahon (Queensland Agr. Jour., 7 (1900), No. 1, jyp.
83, 24) . — In a test with 2 lots of 4 pigs each on the value of molasses added to a
ration of ground barley, the amount of food required per pound of gain by the lot fed
barley was 5.5 lbs., and the amount required by the lot fed barley and molasses was
5.08 lbs.
Some experiments in pig feeding (Jour. Bd. Agr. ^London], 7 (1900), No. 1, pp.
28-33). — A discussion of experiments by Campbell at Yorkshire College, Leeds, and
by Harris at Calne. The latter were made with the aid of the Wilts County Council
and other local assistance.
Pigs, J. H. Grisdale ( CVr;tf«?(f Expt. Farms Rpts. 1899, pp. 60-62) .—Eviel state-
ments are made concerning the pigs kept and the feeding tests carried on. In a test
of the value of rape, begun August 2, 6 pigs were fed until November 30 and 5 until
December 29 on a quarter of an acre plat of rape, and during part of the time were
given some grain or mangolds also. The 2 lots produced 1,434 lbs. of pork, the cost
of a pound of gain being 3.42 cts. According to the author this is materially less than
the average cost of pork produced on grain alone.
Swine, R. Robertson (Canada E.rpt. Farms Rpts. 1899, pp. 255, 256). — The author
gives details of the work of the year with swine at the Nappan Experimental Farm.
When fed an average of 20 lbs. per head daily of skim milk in addition to meal, 3
Berkshire pigs, weighing 77 lbs. at the start, gained 358 lbs. in 110 days. Three
Berkshires, weighing 216 lbs. at the start and fed on an average of 25 lbs. daily of
skim milk in addition to meal, in 125 days gained 469 ll)s. In 165 days 4 York-
shires weighing 132 lbs. at the start and fed the same ration gained 768 lbs. A test
from which definite conclusions were not drawn is also reported on the comparative
value for pigs of wheat shorts, buckwheat, corn meal, and crushed oats, 2:1, and pea
meal and crushed oats, 2:1. Corn meal and pea meal made firm pork, that of the
pigs fed com meal being slightly more satisfactory. Pork made from buckwheat
was soft.
Swine, S. A. Bedford (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1899, pp. 312, .5i^).— The Bran-
don Experimental Farm herd of swine is described as well as a test on the value of
coarse grain with a small proportion of bran for pigs. Four Berkshire pigs fed Ijran,
oats, and barley in about the proportion of 1:7:2 gained 166 lbs. in the 11 weeks of
DAIKY FARMING DAIRYING.
589
the lirs^t peiiod at a cost of 2.7(5 c.•t^^. per pound. During a seeond period of 4 weeks
there was a gain of 84 lbs. at a cost of 2.42 cts. per pound, on a ration of bran, oats,
and barley 1:1:2. In a third period of 5 weeks the gains amounted to 126 lbs., the
cost of a pound of gain being 1.98 cts. The grains were fed in the same proportion
as during the second period. The financial side of the test is also discussed.
Poultry, S. A. Bedford {Canada Expt. Farms Bpts. 1899, pp.314, 315). — The
advantage of a long and a short period of fattening was studied with cockerels and
• lucks at the Brandon Experimental Farm. Eight cockerels weighing 28 lbs. 12 oz.,
fed a mixture of equal parts of ground oats, wheat, and barley, mixed with water to
the consistency of thin porridge, gained 6 lbs. 1 oz. in 21 days, the cost of a pound
of gain being 3J cts. In a second period of 14 days the gains amounted to 4 lbs. and
the cost of a pound of gain was 7 cts. Five crossbred Pekin ducks under a year old
were confined in a yard and fed well-moistened chopped wheat, oats, and barley,
1:1:1. They were given some vegetable matter such as cabbage and turniii leaves
and supplied with water. The ducks weighed 23 lbs. 2 oz. at the beginning of the
test. In 24 days they gained 5 lbs. , the cost of a pound of gain being 84 cts. During
the second period, which covered 9 days, there was a gain of 15 oz., the cost of a
pound of gain being 17i cts.
Preservation of eggs, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1899, pp. 223-
226). — The author reports comparative tests of the value of limewater, water glass,
glycerin, and distilled water for preserving eggs. Some eggs were also coated with
paraffin and kept in bottles. The experiment demonstrated, in the author's opinion,
' ' the value of saturated limewater as an egg ^preservative. As far as our experience
goes, no other fluid is its equal, the eggs from this preservative being far and awaj'
superior to those kept by the other methods here stated."
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.
Feeding experiments with palm-nut cake, palm-nut residiie,
linseed meal, castor-bean meal, and peanut meal for milch covrs,
E. Ea^oi, C. Momsex, and T. Schumac'hp:r {MUch Zfjj., '29 {1900), Xo.^.
19, pp. 291-WJf,- 20, pjj. 309-311; 22, pp. 31^0, 3J^1; 23, pp. 353-355,
figs. If). — These feeding stuffs, fed in like quantities in rations other-
wise identical, were compared in tests with 6 cows, covering in all a
period of about 3 months. The tests proper lasted 4 days each and
were preceded by preliminar}" periods varying from C to 11 days. The
peanut ration was tested in the first and seventh periods, the palm-nut
cake in the second and fourth, and the others in intermediate periods.
Some of the principal results are shown diagrammaticall}' , and are
summarized in the following table:
The yield and quaUty of milk and butter fat from ernes fed different ratiems.
Katiou.
Yield of
milk per
1,000 kg.
live
weight
per day.
Yield of
fat per
1,000 kg.
live
weight
per day.
Fat con-
tent of
milk.
Solids-
not-fat
in milk.
lodin ab-
.sorption
number
of fat.
Peanut meal
Kg.
•J7.35
24. 09
24. 23
28. .31
23.79
o.'gi
.98
.91
1.03
.79
Per cent.
3.38
4.14
3.82
3.71
3.38
Per cent.
8.78
8.52
8.94
8.82
8.76
37 •'
Palm-nut cake
27 5
Palm-nut residue
27 7
Linseed meal
47 2
Castor-bean meal
47 1
590 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The castor-bean meal, tested as a new feeding .stuff, contained only
1.23 per cent of fat. This material is prepared by a patented process
in which, according to a statement l)v the firm furnishing the meal for
the test, all traces of injurious properties are removed. The material
was costly as compared with other feeding stuffs, and the results of
the test showed that it was not well suited for feeding dairy cows.
Influence of intervals between milkings on quality of milk, A.
A\'. Stokes {Dairy. 12 {1000), So. IJfJ, pp. .119, 320).— X herd of 21
cows was milked at -1 a. m. and 1 p. m., making the intervals between
milkings, therefore, !) and 15 hours respectivel}'. Samples of the
milk of each cow were taken at both milkings on August -1, 10, and 24,
and September 11, and analyzed. Analytical data for 2 milkings at
the beginning and end of the test are given. Sixteen of the cows
gave milk on one or more occasions having less than 3 per cent of fat
or less than 8.5 per cent of solids-not-fat. Of the 84 samples taken at
the 1 o'clock milkings none contained less than 3 per cent of fat. Nine
cows, however, gave milk containing less than 8.5 per cent of solids-not-
fat. Of the 81: samples of morning's milk, 17 contained less than 3 per
cent of fat and 19 less than 8.5 per cent of solids-not-fat. The milk
drawn after the long interval was therefore poorer in quality than that
drawn after the short interval. " It would seem as if the cows, as it
were, took toll of it and reassimilated from it parts that they required
for their own sustenance, if the milk were not drawn off' at certain
intervals. "
Investigations of milk from mountain pastures (Satermelk),
B. Ramstad {Aarahr. Offtnt. Foranst. Landhr. Fi'iinine, 1890, pp.
349-361).— The milk produced by cows on mountain pastures has the
reputation of being richer in fat and more palatable than the winter
milk, due possibly to its deep 3'ellow color. Goats' milk, on the other
hand, retains its bluish-white color when produced in the mountains.
Investigations by V. Dircks in the seventies showed, as the average of
a large number of determinations, a daily yield of 4.3 liters of milk
per cow on mountain pastures, with an average fat content of 3.9 per
cent. In further study of this subject the author visited 7 mountain
dairies {sdte7's) in different parts of the interior of Norway, measured
the milk of the cows in the various herds, and made separate analyses
of the morning and evening milkings of each cow for 2 days. Samples
of the mixed herd milk of the goats were also taken and anaWzed.
The evening's milk was generally lower in fat than the morning's
milk, the difference in some cases amounting to 2 per cent. The aver-
age percentage of fat in cows' milk was 3.807 per cent, agreeing closely
with Dircks' figures, and also with the average of analyses of milk pro-
duced in the neighboring vallej's during the same time of the year
(Juh' and August, 1898), which was 3.77 per cent.
The altitude of the pastures and their quality and location do not
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 591
seem to have an appreciable influence on the fat content of the milk.
The same observation was made in the case of the milch o-oats.— f. w,
WOLL.
The germ content of milk, O. Appel {Molk. Ztg., 14. {1900), No.
17,2>1>- ^''"'^ 278). — Experiments were made to determine the presence
or absence of bacteria in the cow's udder. In one series of the experi-
ments milking tubes were used and in another the milk for examina-
tion was drawn direct! v into flasks. Determinations were made of the
number of bacteria present in samples of milk taken at the beginning,
twice during the process, and near the end of milking. In the second
series of experiments germ-free milk was obtained near the end of
milking. The decrease in the germ content of the milk during milk-
ing was less marked when milking tubes were used. The introduction
of the tube was thought to carry germs into the interior of the udder.
Pure cultures of Bacterium lactis aerogenes and other bacteria were
added to sterile milk and injected into the udder. A swelling of the
udder and marked changes in the milk followed such inoculation.
No bad eft'ects were observed as a result of injecting sterile milk or
water. The different experiments are considered as showing that bac-
teria are not normality present in the udder. The author also discusses
the number and character of the germs found in milk and their
destruction l)y heat.
Examination of butter color, F. H. Werenskiold {Aarsher. Offent.
Foramt. Landhr. Fremme^ 1899, pp. 16'2, 163). — The author examined
9 samples of l^utter color, of which number 6 gave no reaction for
aniline color and 3 were pure annatto color. The following method of
determining the strength of color was used: A standard solution of 1
gm. potassium bichromate dissolved in a liter of distilled water was
placed in a Hehner colorimeter; 0.5 cc. of the butter color was dis-
solved in 100 cc. of petroleum ether and compared with the standard
solution. From 48 to 64 cc. of the aniline-free butter colors was
required to give the same tint as the standard solution, while in ease
of the aniline colors from 31.3 to 50,3 cc. was required. — r. w. woll.
Experiments -with calcium chlorid for rendering heated milk
suitable for cheese making, Klein and A. Kiksten {MUcli ZUj. 29
{1900), Nos. 12, pp. 177-179; 13, pp. 196-199; U, pp. 210-213; 16,
pp. 2Jt.2-2JiS; 17, pp. 258, 259). — A brief summary is given of an inves-
tigation previously noted (E. S. R., 10, p. 1()!»2), and 5 series of experi-
ments in continuation of that work are reported in detail.
The present investigation included in all 56 trials with skim milk
and 2 with whole milk. Of this number 18 were control tests with
unheated milk. In the remainder the milk was heated to 85° C. for
10 minutes, to 85-90^ for 15 minutes, or to 100^ for 2 minutes, and
calcium chlorid equivalent to 25 gm. of calcium oxid per liter of milk
was added. In different experiments after heating and cooling and
13411— No. 6 7
592 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECOKD.
before adding the calcium chlorid and rennet, 2^ per cent of the milk
was replaced l)y skim milk which had hoen kept at ■^0'-' C. for 1 to 2
hours or by skim milk to which different pure cultures had been
added; 5 per cent was replaced by fresh whole milk; or ^ per cent was
replaced by partly ripened cheese which was thoroughly powdered
and mixed with the milk. In a large num))er of the experiments the
curd was subsequently heated at 40 or 45^ C. to hasten the separation
of the whey and to increase the adhesiveness of the curd. The data
for all of the experiments are given in taliular form and are discussed
at some length.
The results in general agree with those obtained in the earlier exper-
iments. By the use of calcium chlorid and pure cultures normal cheese
of different kinds was made from skim milk and also from whole milk
which had been heated at a high temperature. In 23 of the tests in
which normal cheese was made from heated milk the average yield of
ripe cheese was increased 32 per cent over that from unheated milk.
The average increased yield of dr}^ material in the cheese amounted to
12 per cent. This gain is considered more than sufficient to pa}^ for
the cost of heating and a clear profit where pasteurization is required.
Heating at 100'-' increased the yield over heating at 85-90^, due to a
more complete coagulation of the soluble casein. In none of the
experiments was the subsequent heating at 45 - sufficient to reduce the
percentage of whey in the curd or ripe cheese to that in cheese made
from unheated milk.
A sour milk cheese of normal quality was prepared from heated milk
to which 10 per cent of sour milk was added without the use of cal-
cium chlorid. This is noted as essentially the same result as that
secured by Hamilton (E. S. R., 12, p. 288).
Evolution and development of the dairy coav, Kate M. Bcsick {Amer. Cheese-
■/iKilrr, 15 {1900), Xo. 177, pp. 0, 7). — A general discusision.
Studies on the milk production of individual cows, F. Hcbxer {Molk. Ztg.,
14 (IHOO), Xn. 26, pp. 437-440). — A nuinthly record of 40 cows for one year is given,
with a sunnnaiy of the prinei])al data and notet^ on the management of the herd.
Feeding experiment with palm-nut residue, P. Yieth {Milch Ztg., S9 {1900),
Xo. 19, pp. 294, 295). — In an experiment with 6 cows, covering 4 periods of 10 days
each, the residue from the manufacture of oil from palm nuts was compared with an
equal quantity of a mixture of cotton-seed meal and bran (1:3) in rations otherwise
alike. The results as regards both the total yield of milk and the yields of fat and
solids were slightly in favor of the ration containing the palm-nut residue. The cost
of the palm-nut residue was also 4 per cent cheaper than that of the contrasted feed-
ing stuffs.
Value of molasses as food, P. Hoppe {Ztachr. Yer. Deut. Zuckerind., 1900, Xo. .535,
II, lip. 71-->-70.'; (0,ii. in ./our. Chem. Sor. [London], 7S {1900), Xo. 436, II, p. 681).— In
experiments with cows, 5 kg. of molasses per day was fed without injury to diges-
tion. As a rule, the milk yield was increased, although the percentage of fat waa
distinctlv diminished.
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 593
Record of dairy herd, R. Robertson ( Canada Expt. Farms lipts. 1S99, pp.
250-252). — A record of 31 cows for one year, allowing yield and fat content of milk,
cost of feed, etc. The profit from individiml cows ranged from §2.68 to $27.83.
How to distinguish between good and bad milk, E. H. FARRixciTox i^Araer.
Chccseniakcr, 15 {1900), Xo. 177, p. 4)- — A description of the Wisconsin cnrd test.
Human milk, E. F. Ladd {Sanitary Home, 2 {1900), No.S, pp. i^^-i^".?).— Analyses
are given of 11 f?amples. The fat content varied from 1.5 to 7.32 per cent and the
casein from 0.63 to 2.66 per cent.
Notes on the purification of milk, 0. Krohnke {Milch ZI;/., 25 {1900), No. 23,
pp. 356, 357). — A discussion of different methods.
Contamination of dairy produce and its causes, G. S. Thomson {Jour. Agr.
and Tnd., ,Snut]i Aitntralia, 4 {1900), No. 3, pp. 257-263). — This is a general discussion
of the subject. The appearance of cultures made from moldy cream and butter, dirt
from hands of milker, sterilized and contaminated milk and cream, good and impure
factory water, etc., is shown in plates. Different micro-organisms found in milk are
also figured. Notes are given on colostrum milk and its detection.
Cream ripening by direct inoculation, A. Zoffmann {Mildi Ztg., 29 {1900), No.
17, pp. 259, 260). — The author notes the preparation of a pure culture for adding
directly to cream, thereby avoiding the trouble required in preparing the usual
starter. One hundred grams of the author's culture ripened about 250 liters of pas-
teurized cream in 16 to 20 hours. In 4 comparative tests, the yield of butter is
reported as considerably increased and the quality noticeably improved by the use of
the author's culture as compared with the use of a buttermilk starter.
Butter, A. M. Peter {Kentucky Sfa. Rpt. 1898, pp. XIII-XY). — Tabulated analyses
showing content of fat, water, salt, and curd are given of 140 samples of butter made
at the station in churn tests of 7 Jersey cows.
Nevada butters, N. E. Wilson {Nevada Sta. Bid. 42, pp. 13, dgm. 1). — Brief
notes are given on butter and its composition and analyses of 7 samples of creamery
butter and 9 of dairy butter from different parts of the State are reported in tables
and also diagrammatically. The results are compared with analyses of Connecticut
dairy and creamery butter, California butter, and butter exhibited at the American
Dairy Show at Chicago in 1882. The average composition of the samples of butter
analyzed M^as as follows: Dairy butter — water 10.75, fat 84.74, casein 1.24, and ash
3.07 per cent; creamery butter — water 12.27, fat 83.47, casein 1.18, and ash 2.77 per
cent.
Grading butter and its educational value, G. S. Thomson {Jour. Agr. and
Ind., South Australia, 4 {1900), No. 3, pp. 263-265). — Notes are given on the system
of grading butter employed in South Australia.
Loss due to bad flavor, gas, and overripe milk, H. H. Deax {Amer. Cheese-
maker, 15 {1900), No. 177, p. 1). — Contains suggestions on cheese making with brief
statements of results of experiments at the Ontario Agricultural College.
Influence of salt on the color of butter, A. V. Braxth {Milcli. Ztg., 29 {1900),
No. 17, p. 265) . — Several experiments are briefly reported in which the discoloration
of butter was considered due to chemical impurities in the salt.
Microbes in cheese making, H. W. Conn {Pop. Sci. Mo., 58 {1900), No. 2, pp.
148-155) . — A general discussion of the ripening of soft and hard cheese. Problems
for investigation along this line are pointed out.
Cheese making, J. W. Decker {Columbus, Ohio: J. W. Decker, 1900, pp. XIII-\-
192, pis. 25, Jigs. 43). — This is intended primarily as a text-book and embraces a sec-
ond revision of the author's work on Cheddar cheese making, and in addition a dis-
cussion of the manufacture of Swiss, brick, Limburger, Edam, and cottage cheese.
References to original publications are given.
594 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE.
Tuberculin experiments in cattle, F. Hutyra {ZUchr. Ticrmed.^ Jf.
{1900), JVo. 1^ pp. 1-27). — The author believes that in the application
of the tuberculin test it is quite sufficient to take the bod}" tempera-
ture only once before inoculation with tuberculin. After inoculation
it is not necessary to take the temperature until the ninth hour, and
then every 3 hours rather than every 2 hours. All animals are to be
considered as tuberculous which show a temperature reaction of 1.5°
C. after injection with tuberculin; also all animals which show a tem-
perature reaction of 1 to 1.4^ C, accompanied with other clinical
symptoms. On the other hand there is no good reason to condemn
animals when the temperaturG reaction is not greater than 1.4° C. and
is unaccompanied with other clinical symptoms, provided that a careful
examination of the animals has not disclosed an}' pathological changes
or clinical evidence of tuberculosis.
The author has brought together in tabular form the clinical records
of a large luimlier of animals upon which experiments were made.
Experiments in feeding tuberculous milk, meat, and various
organs, V. Galtier {Jour. JLed. Yet. d Zootech.^ 5. scr.. 4 {1900), pp>.
l-o). — An emulsion prepared from 2 spleens and 2 lungs of tuberculous
rabbits was mixed with a liter of cow's milk. This mixture was fil-
tered and divided into 4 equal parts. One part was not heated, while
the other 3 parts were subjected for 6 minutes to temperatures of 70,
80, and 90° C, respectively. Four guinea pigs which were inocu-
lated with the unheated milk died of generalized tuberculosis. Of the
4 guinea pigs which were inoculated with milk heated to 70°, 3 showed
tuberculous lesions, and were killed on the fifth da}^ after inoculation.
On the same day one of the 4 guinea pigs which had been inoculated
with milk heated to 80° showed tuberculous lesions, while the 4 which
had been inoculated with milk heated to 90° were all health3^
Several other similar experiments were conducted by the author,
the results of which may be stated as follows: Milk is not thoroughly
sterilized b}" subjection for 6 minutes to temperatures of 70, 75, 80, or
85° C. Exposure to these temperatures for 6 minutes onh' attenuated
to a slight extent the virulence of the tubercle bacillus, and tubercu-
losis is produced by inoculation of even small doses of milk so treated.
Exposure to a temperature of 75° for 20 minutes is not sufficient to
destroy all the tubercle bacilli.
Feeding experiments were conducted by the author upon young pigs
with tuberculous material which had previously been sterilized in an
autoclave at 110° C. As a result of these experiments the author con-
cludes that the consumption of tuberculous organs which have pre-
viously been sterilized does not produce poisoning or tuberculosis
even when taken in considerable quantities and repeatedly.
VETEEINAKY SCIENCE AND TRACTICE. 595
Poisoning from ground sesame cakes, Deyerling {D<mt. Thier-
drztl. Wchnschr., 8 (1900), No. 5, ^>/>. 73, 7^).— The author makes a
report upon the symptoms and circumstances of poisoning in the case
of 111 cattle from eating* ground sesame cake. The animals had pre-
viously been fed small quantities of this substance, together with other
fodder materials. At 5 o'clock in the afternoon all these animals
received 1^^ l))s. of ground sesame cake in the place of cotton-seed meal.
The animals also received quantities of sugar-beet leaves and hay and
straw. About 15 minutes after feeding one animal was observed to
be bloated, and within a short time all the animals manifested the same
symptoms. These symptoms included tympanites, coughing, and diffi-
cult breathing. The animals all recovered.
In order to make sure that the ground sesame cake was the cause of
the trouble the author obtained permission to experiment furthei" with
this substance. A few of the animals were fed ground sesame cake in
addition to the regular ration which all received. The same s^'mptoms
were developed as ])efore.
African horse sickness, J. McFadyean {Jour. Comj). Path, and
Ther., 13 {1900), JVo. 1, pp. 1-20). — The author makes a report on 14
experhuents for the study of the symptoms, etiology, and treatment
of this disease. It was shown that the pathogenic organism readily
passes through the pores of the Berkfeld or Chamberland F. filter,
even when they are suspended in liquids containing a considerable
amount of albumin. The experiments carried out by the author indi-
cate that the disease may be transmitted to healthy horses by hj^po-
dermic inoculation with the fresh blood of a diseased horse, and also
by intrcxlucing the material into the stomach. It would appear that
under normal conditions the disease is most frequently transmitted by
ingestion of the virus. So far as the author's observations go, it seems
probable that the disease is not ordinarily acquired by inhalation.
The pathogenic organism of this disease has been called tedemamyces
and has been believed to be a facultative parasite which is able to mul-
tiply rapidly outside of the animal body under favorable conditions of
heat and moisture. It is believed by some that the organism is fre-
quently taken into the body by eating dew-laden grass, but there is
ver}^ little evidence to sustain this belief.
An elevation of temperature is the first s3nnptom of infection by the
African horse sickness. This rise of temperature takes place in from
•i to 7 days after inoculation and is not accoiupanied by rigor. In
5 cases of the disease produced experimentally, death occurred on the
eighth day. The duration of the disease appeared to be the same in
cases produced by inoculation and in those produced b}^ ingestion of the
virus. Detailed notes are given on the pathological anatomy in cases
of death from this disease.
596 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
Immunization against rabies by means of normal nerve tissue,
A. AuJESZKY {CenthL Bald. a. Par., 1. Alt., 27 {1900), Na. 1. pp. b-
10). — Two dogs, weighing 6 and 5.5 kg., respectively, received a h3'po-
dermic injection dail}^ from January 2-i to Februar}' 11 of 10 cc. of an
emulsion which had been prepared from the spinal cord of healthy-
cattle, in normal salt solution. On February 15 the dogs were inocu-
lated in the ear with rabies virus. Injections were continued until
February 26, so that each dog during the course of 34 days received
30 gm. of spinal cord. The control rabbit died on the thirty-fifth day,
while the dogs remained health}'.
Three dogs, weighing 8, 8.7, and 6.5 kg., respectively, received injec-
tions of normal nerve tissue as in the previous experiment. Ten days
after the beginning of these injections the}' were inoculated in the ear
with rabies virus. The dogs showed symptoms of rabies sooner than
the control animals.
Three other dogs, weighing 6, 8, and 5 kg., respectively, received
injections of nerve substance as in the other experiments. When
inoculated with laboratory rabies virus, the dogs remained well, but
the control animal was also unaffected. When bitten by a rabid dog,
all showed symptoms of the disease within a short time.
From these investigations it is concluded that hypodermic injections
with emulsions of normal nerve tissue are not sufficient to protect
animals against the more virulent rabies virus. ' In the first-mentioned
experiments, where this method seemed to be sucessful, the virulence
of the rabies virus was not determined, and it is possible that it was
not strong enough to produce rabies.
The prophylaxis of malarial fever by means of protection against mosqui-
toes, E. Di Mattei {Centhl. Bnkt. u. Far., 1. AbL, 28 {1900), No. 6-7, pp. 189-195).—
An experiment was conducted by the author on 4 men in Catania for the purpose
of determining whether malarial fever could be contracted without the agency of
mosquitoes. The 4 men who submitted to the experiment slept in an exceedingly
malarial district for 32 nights with doors and windows open, but covered with close
netting which prevented the entrance of all mosquitoes, and no case of malaria devel-
oped in any of the 4 men.
The influence of tetanus toxin on the central nervous system, ]M. Joukowsky
{Ann. List. Pasteto', 14 {1900), Xo. 7, pp. 464-478, pi. 1) . — In cases of poisoning from
tetanus toxin, modifications in the nerve cells of the medulla and to a certain extent
in those of the cerebrum are to be noted. The modifications of the cell nuclei are
varialjle and can not be considered characteristic of this disease. Another patho-
logical condition is more uniformly observed and consists in the accunuilation of
mononuclear migratory cells around the nerve cells. These migratory cells penetrate
the protoplasm of the nerve cells, especially in the anterior group of cells of the
anterior cornua. This phenomenon is to be considered as a phagocytosis.
Text-book of special pathology and therapy of domesticated animals, F.
Friedbergek and E. Fuohxer {Lehrhnch der .ipeciellen Pathologie mid Therapk der
Hausthiere. Stuttgart : Ferdinand Fnke, 1900, 5. ed., ml. 1, pp. 867). — This volume con-
tains an elaborate discussion of the various diseases of the digestive organs, liver,
diaphragm, s})lcen, urinary and genital organs, heart and larger blood vessels, skin,
locomotor organs, and nervous system.
Analyses of urine for the detection of antipyretics, A. Petermaxx {Bid. Sta.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 597
Agron. Gembloux, 1900, Xo. 6S, pp. 9-11). — The veterinan' service having heard
rumors of the fraudulent ui«e of antipyretics for the purpose of preventing the reaction
of cattle to the tuberculin test undertook the analysis of the urine of tested animals
for the purpose of determining whether such substances had been used fraudulently
or not. Salicylate of soda and salol are the substances which have thus far been
detected and they were present in the urine in the form of salicylic acid. For the
purpose of coming to more definite conclusions in this matter further investigations
will be made on antipyrin and coloiing matters in the ui-ine.
Changes in tlie kidneys during pulmonary tuberculosis in relation to the
excretion of the tubercle toxin and the tubercle bacillus, G. b'ArrictO [Centbl.
Buki. u. Par., 1. Aht., 28 {1900), No, S-9, jip. 235-22S) .—Dnv'mg pulmonary tubercu-
losis it was found that alterations were produced in the blood vessels, interstitial con-
nective tissues, glomeruli, and epithelium of the kidneys. At first the tubercle toxin
is present only in small quantities and is not accompanied by the tubercle bacillus,
but after pathological changes have been produced in the kidneys by the action of the
toxin the tubercle bacillus soon invades the kidneys and may in many instances be
the primary cause of death.
Transmission of tuberculosis through the meat and milk supply, J. J. Repp
{Reprint from Pidladelphia Med. Jour., 1900, Aug. 11, pp. 22). — The author presents
a critical account of the literature relating to the transmission of tuberculosis from
animal to animal and from animal to man by means of meat, artificial inoculation,
milk supply, and other natural methods. The author believes that the results thus
far obtained indicate that tuberculosis may be transmitted to the lower animals by
the ingestion of tuberculous meat or milk and that the meat and milk of certain
tuberculous animals contain living virulent bacilli.
Acceleration in the culture of the tubercle bacillus, W. Hesse {Centhl. Bakt.
u. Par., 1. Aht., 28 {1900), No. 8-9, pp. 255-257).— A- controversial article regarding
the method already proposed by the author for the speedy cultural diagnosis of 'the
tubercle bacillus.
Texas fever in the South, R. W. Cl.\rk {Farm Students' Per., 5 {1900), No. 10,
p. 149). — A brief discussion of the nature of Texas fever and of the great economic
importance of imnuinization methods against this disease.
The prevention of Texas cattle fever and the amended laws controlling
contagious and infectious diseases, C. McCulloch ( Virginia Sta. Bid. I04, pp.
165-180, fig. 1) . — This bulletin contains a brief review of the experimental work
done on the cattle tick and Texas fever by the Bureau of Animal Industry of this
Department and the agricultural experiment stations in Texas, Missouri, and Louisi-
ana. Appended to this review is a copy of the act of the general assembly of
Virginia providing for the jirotection of domestic animals and for the establishment
of quarantine laws, rules, and regulations.
Blackleg: Its nature, cause, and prevention, V. A. Norgaard ( U. *S'. DejA.
Agr., Bureau of Animal Industrij Circ. 31, pp. 22). — This circular is an abstract of the
author's article on the same subject in the Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau
(E.S.R., 10, pp. 991-993).
Blackleg vaccine, E. P. Niles {Virginia Sta. Bui. lOS, pp. 153-1G3, figs. 2). — A
revision of Bulletin 90 of the station (E. S. R., 11, p. 494).
The Cyprus sphalangi and its connection with anthrax, G. A. Williamson
{Briti.^ih Med. Jour., 1900, No. 2070, pp. 558-361, figs. 7). — The insects called sphalangi
in Cyprus belong to the genus Mutille. A number of cases of anthrax in man are
reported by the author, with accounts of the circumstances surrounding the cases.
The author believes that the anthrax bacillus is frequently carried upon the spha-
langi insects, and that human beings may become inoculated with the disease either
from the bites of the infected insects or from their contact with wounds.
Variations in the power of anthrax bacillus in liquefying gelatin, T.
Matzuschitka {Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 1 Abt., 28 {1900), No. 10-11, pp. 303, 304).— Cnl-
598 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
tures of anthrax bacillus which had been maintained for 1 j years upon a 10 per cent
gelatin medium at the living temperature, and which had been transferred at inter-
vals of 2 or 3 months during this time, lost the jiower of liquefying gelatin to such an
extent that this process took place only to a slight degree after 50 days. The anthrax
cultures which had lost this characteristic of liquefying gelatin remained as virulent
as other anthrax cultures. The power of liquefying gelatin gradually returned after
4 to 6 transfers upon agar medium at a temperature of 37° C.
Th.e practical ■working- of reg-ulations for combating foot and mouth disease
{ArcJi. lA'ut. Lmid/r. liuths, J4 [rjoO), }ip. ..'4-^--'74)- — After a discussion uf the ])r<)hlem
at the twenty-eighth meeting of the German Agricultural Conunission, it was
resolved that the present regulations regarding this disease are not well adajjted to
prevent the spread of the disease, and that at the same time they work unnecessary
hardships upon certain stock owners and shippers. It was further resolved that a
commission be selected to report upon more suita})le regulations regarding this matter.
Contribution to the study of antileucocyte serums — their action upon the
coagulation of blood, C. Delezenne {Cornpt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 130 {1900),
No. 14, pp. 938-94-0). — The author's experiments were conducted on dogs and rab-
bits. It was found that the antileucocyte serum when mixed with the blood of the
dog in a glass vessel hastened the process of coagulation. When injected directly
mto the circulation the serum had the opposite effect.
Antirabies vaccinations at the Pasteur Institute in 1899, E. Viala {Ann.
Imi. Paskur, 14 {1900), Xo. 7, pp. 4S7-491) .—Briei notes on the history of the 1,614
cases treated, including o])servations on the rabid animals.
A parasite the supposed cause of some cases of epilepsy, G. H. French
{Canad. Ent., 32 {1900), No. 9, pp. 263, 264, fig. !)• — Gastrophilus epilepsalis is described
as a new species, which was found in great numbers in the intestines of a boy suffer-
ing from epileptic spasms. After a prolonged anthelmintic treatment the boy recov-
ered, and it is believed by the author that this species was the direct cause of epilepsy,
It is not i^ossible to determine in this case the origin of the infestation.
Statistics on parasites of slaughtered animals of European Russia, Sibe-
ria, and the Caucasus for 1896 and 1897, G. Gueix {Izv. MoscfMr SehkoMiOz lust.,
5 {1899) , No. 3, pp. 234-283). — These statistics are taken from the reports of 40 slaugh-
terhouses and cover 1,959,688 cattle, 149,329 calves, 1,479,923 sheep, 510,842 hogs,
and 13,036 horses. The most common parasite in all these animals was Txnla echi-
noccocus. The liver fluke was the second most frequent in adult cattle, calves, and
sheep. Other parasites which occurred with more or less frequency were T. medio-
canellata, T. dentlculata , T. expanm, Sirongiilus parado.rus, S. micrurus, S. filaria, S.
contortus, Ascaris megulocephala, and Trichina .spiralis. — p. fireman.
G-regarines and the intestinal epithelium, L. Leger and O. Duboscq {Compt.
Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 130 {1900), No. 23, pp. i5(56-i56<?).— The author made a study of
the life history of gregarines in the alimentary tracts of insects. The study was prin-
cipally confined to Anthrenus museorum and (xryllus do7ne.slicus. In the intestines of the
former species the gregarine P(/.rm/rt ?ho6ms2/ was found in abundance, while Diplocyslis
major was the common species in the intestines of the cricket. The author was unable
to find these species inside the epithelial cells during any stage of their development.
Nodular disease of the intestines of sheep, D. Hitcheon {Agr. Jour. Cape
Good Hope, 17 {1900), No. 2, lyp. 89-91). — The author made a study of this disease of
sheep. It is stated that no remedies are known which will kill the embryo worms
in the intestinal nodules and restore the intestines to a healthy condition. It is pos-
sible, however, to expel the worms from the intestines by the use of cathartic remedies.
Worms in sheep {Jour. Agr. and Ind., South Australia, 4 {1900), No. 1, pp. 22-26.) —
Brief notes are given on nematode worms in lambs, together with a discussion of the
more approved remedies for ridding lambs of these parasites, and methods of pre-
venting infestation.
VETEKINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 599
A biological note on Gastrophilus equi, J. Erickssox {Ent. Tiili^kT., 21 {1900),
No. 1, ]>p. 47, -fS).
Dehorning steers, J. H. Grispale [Canada Expt. Farms lipts. 1899, pjp. o8, 59). —
The author reports observations upon a number of steers which were dehorned.
No definite statement is made as to the exact cost of dehorning, and no decided dif-
ference was noted in the effect of different instruments used in the process. These
instruments were a saw and 2 forms, of patented horn clijipers. Some loss of weight
was noted during the first few days succeeding the operation, and a corresponding
loss of weight was observed in check animals, which were apparently worried by the
action of the animals which were dehorned. All animals recovered their original
weight within about a month.
A contribution to the study of so-called disinfectant soaps, with special
reference to creolin soaps, C". Tonzig [Extr. Gaz. Osp. e Clin., 21 {1900), No. 6, ])j).
12). — From experiments conducted with various soaps, to which different disinfect-
ants had been added, the author concludes that simple soaps are not rendered any
more effective liy the addition of creolin, l)ut that on the contrary they lose a por-
tion of the disinfectant power which they possessed. Corrosive sublimate when
added to soaps is transformed into the inert oleate and stearate of mercury, while
boric acid and salicylic acid become transformed into soda and potash salts.
STATISTICS— MISCELLANEOUS.
Twenty-third Annual Report of Connecticut State Station, 1899 {Connrrti-
cxd State Sta. Ilpt. 1S99, pt. 3, pp. I-XV). — These pages contain the organization list
of the station, reports of the director and board of control, and a financial statement
for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1899.
Eleventh Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1898 {Keutiicki/ Sta. I'pjt.
1898, pp. XXXIX A- 236) . — The report proper contains a list of officers of the sta'Jon;
a financial statement for the fiscal year ended .June 30, 1898; a general review of
station work 1)y the director; and reports of the heads of the divisions of chemistry,
entomology and botany, horticulture, and meteorology, parts of which are noted
elsewhere. Eeprints of Bulletins 72-79 of the station on the following subjects are
appended: Potatoes — Tests with fertilizers (E. S. R., 10, p. 344), exiieriments for
the control of potato scab (E. S. R., 10, p. 363); strawberries (E. S. R., 10, p. 355),
the chinch bug (E. S. R., 10, p. 372), earthworms a source of gapes in poultry
(E. S. R., 10, p. .393), commercial fertilizers (E. S. R., 10, pp. 336, 734; 11, p. 137),
wheat (E. S. R., 10, p. 842), red rust of wheat (E. S. R., 10, p. 864), ginseng— its
nature and culture (E. S. R., 10, p. 958).
The M.aine Experiment Station, C. D. Woods {Maine Sta. Bid. 62, pp. 45-74)- —
This bulletin contains a l)rief historical and descriptive account of the station from
its establishment in 1885, a summary of the more important experimental work
undertaken, and lists of the subjects treated in the 15 annual rejiorts and 61 bulletins
issued by tlie station since its organization.
Twelfth Annual Report of West Virginia Station, 1899 ( Wi:M Virginia Sta.
Rpt. 1899, pp. 4.5) . — A financial statement is given for the fiscal year ended June 30,
1899. A report of the director gives a general review of station work during the
j^ear and reports of the agriculturist and chemist review in greater detail the work
of their respective departments. Reports of the entomologist and horticulturist are
noted elsewhere.
A half century of agricultural experiments at Rothamsted, A. Ronna {Ann.
Sci. Arjron., 1900, II, No. 1, pp. 139-160).
The work of the society for agricultural education, W. J. Beal {Science, n.
ser., 12 {1900), No. 296, pp. 328-334).— This is the president's address at the twenty-
first meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science.
ISill— No. 6-^8
NOTES
Alabama Caxebrake Statiox. — W. Munford, of Uniontown, Ala., has been
appointed a member of the board of control in place of S. H. Knight, deceased. The
station has begun to print short articles in local newspapers. Experiments have
been started for the purpose of getting a grass for winter pasturage.
Colorado Statiox. — F. M. Rolfs has been appointed assistant horticulturist to suc-
ceed Carl H. Potter. A. H. Danielson, B. S., of Wyoming, has been appointed assist-
ant agriculturist and photographer of the station and A. F. Lindon, B. S., foreman
of the farm.
CoxxECTicuT State Statiox. — George F. Campbell has resigned hig position as
chemist of the station and M. C. Williams has been appointed in his place.
North Dakota College axd Statiox. —The large barn of the college and station
Avas destroyed by fire January 4, resulting in the loss of considerable important data
relating to feeding experiments. Feeding experiments will necessarily be suspended
until a new barn can be erected. The barn and contents were insured.
Oklahoma College and St.\tiox. — The vacancy caused by the resignation of
J. G. Kerr, assistant in agriculture in the college and station, has been filled by the
appointment of J. S. Malone, B. S., a graduate of this college.
South Carolina Station. — A cottage for the station foreman has l)een completed.
A two-story barn, 28 by 50 ft., and a building for fertilizers, with stalls for experi-
ments with pigs underneath, have also been completed. A chemical investigation of
rii*^ its products and by-products, has been partly completed, and the results will
soon be issued in bulletin form.
Texas College and Station. — E. A. White, recently connected with the Baron de
Hirsch School at Woodbine, N. J., has succeeded A. M. Ferguson as assistant in
horticulture at the college and station.
Miscellaneous. — A recent report of the Somerset County (England) Education
Committee, as noted in Nature, records the presentation by Lord Portman of an
experimental farm 5 miles from Taunton, consisting of 142 acres, 80 of which are in
pasture. The donor has made considerable alterations and additions to the farm
buildings to adapt them to the requirements of the county committee. The primary
object of the farm will be experiments on the profitable feeding of farm animals of
different kinds, and incidentally experiments will be made on the improvement of
land and the best method of growing various field crops.
In a review in Nature of the last report of the Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm,
Dr. ^Maxwell Masters suggested the advantage of conducting such a series of experi-
ments on poor soils also, so as to afford a basis for comparison. Following this sug-
gestion, a control station has, according to Nature, been established on a relatively
barren soil.
The first number has just been received of the new Journal of Hygiene, edited by
Dr. George H. F. Nuttall, lecturer in bacteriology and preventive medicine in the
University of Caml)ridge, P^ngland. It contains, among others, papers on Pathogenic
microbes in milk. The red color of salted meat, x\rtificial modification of toxins, with
special reference to immunity, and Studies in relation to malaria. The journal will
appear quarterly and will be devoted mainly to original contributions.
600
0
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.
Chemistry, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — The Editor and H. AV. Lawson.
Meteorology, Fertihzer.s and Soils (including methods of analysis), and Agricultural
Engineering — W. H Beal.
Botany and Diseases of Plants — Walter H. Evans, Ph. D.
Foods and Animal Production — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D.
Field Crops — J. I. Schulte.
Entomology and Veterinary Science — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D.
Horticulture — C. B. Smith.
With the cooperation of the scientific divisions of the Department and the Abstract
Committee of the Association of OfBcial Agricultural Chemists.
CONTENTS OF Vol. XII, No. 7.
Page.
Editorial note: The scope and management of the veterinary work of the
experiment stations 601
New building for the College of Agriculture at the University of Illinois 604
Recent work in agricultural science 609
Notes 699
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
chemistry.
Phosphoric acid in the presence of saturated solutions of calcium bicarbonate,
T. Schloesing 609
A method for the rapid gravimetric estimation of lime, W. H. Hess 609
The weight unit as the basis for calculating results of physical analysis of soils,
A. Mitscherlich 610
Determination of tannin and of gallic acid, F. Jean 610
Trials of some methods for cellulose determination, C. Beck 610
Puritication of phloroglucinol, G. S. Fraps 61 1
botany.
Fodder and forage plants exclusive of the grasses, J. G. Smith 615
Studies on American grasses. A revision of the North American species of
Bromus occurring north of Mexico, C. L. Shear 615
Hybrid conference report 612
Changes resulting from etiolation, G. Andre 613
Some injurious effects produced by fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas,
W. R.Beattie 613
Importance of bacteria to the development of plants, J. Stoklasa 614
Recent investigations on soil inoculation, J. Stoklasa 614
I
II CONTENTS.
ZOOLOGY.
Page.
The crows of Germany in their relation to agriculture and forestry, Rorig 616
Legislation for the protection of birds other than game birds, T. S. Palmer 616
Protection and importation of birds under act of Congress approved May 25,
1900, James Wilson 617
Directory of State officials and organizations concerned with the protection of
birds and game, T. S. Palmer 617
Revision of the pocket mice of the genus Perognathus, W. H. Osgood 617
METEOROLOGY.
Report of the director of the New York AVeather Bureau, 1898, E. A. Fuertes. 618
Meteorological observations, J. E. Ostrander, A. C. Monahan, and C. L. Rice. 619
Meteorology, W. Frear and C. W. Norris 618
WATER — SOILS.
Miscellaneous water analyses 622
On the movement of water and salt solutions in soils, S. Kravkov 620
Muck experiments, J. D. Towar 620
The reclamation of salt land in Egypt, G. Bonaparte 621
The needs and treatment of the Warwick Plain and other sandy soils of Rhode
Island, H. J. Wheeler and G. E. Adams 621
Cooperative soil test experiments, J. D Towar 623
Examination of mineral specimens 623
FERTILIZERS.
On the composition of the gas confined in barnyard manure, P. P. Deherain
andC. Dupont 623
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, C. A. Goessmann 626
Commercial fertilizers, H. J. Wheeler, B. L. Hartwell, et al 626
Analyses of commercial fertilizers 626
Investigations on the action of the phosphoric acid and nitrogen in Leipsic
poudrette and in von Krottnaurer's Blankenburg fertilizer, 0. Bottcher 624
The occurrence and composition of lime in ]\Iaryland, together with the results
of experiments in testing its use in agriculture, H. J. Patterson 624
Experiments in denitrification, T. B. Wood 626
FIELD CROPS.
Subexperiment farms, W. M. Hays et al 627
Report of agricultural investigations in Alaska in 1899, C. C. Georgeson 630
Diversified farming in Oklahoma, J. Fields 640
Field crop tests, H. T. French 641
Notes on clover, J. D. Towar 631
Corn experiments, L. Foster and L. A. ]Merrill 631
Corn silage, sugar beets, and mangels — a comparison of their yield and cost
of production, H. J. Waters and E. H. Hess 632
Experiments with barley, roots, and grass lands in 1899, H. C. Sheringham et al. 633
Some hay, forage, and pasture plants for Arkansas, R. L. Bennett 634
Effect of liming upon the relative yields and durability of grass and weeds,
H. J. Wheeler and J. A. Tillinghast 634
Potato experiments in 1899, G. Martinet 636
Notes on sand lucern, J. D. Towar 636
Sugar beet and sorghum investigations in 1899, A. D. Selby 636
CONTENTS. Ill
Page.
The culture and handling of tobacco in Maryland, J. H. Patterson 637
Wheat experiments, J. D. Towar 639
Winter wheat, J. Atkinson 639
HORTICULTURE.
On the limits of the possibility of grafting plants, L. Daniel 642
Preventing frost injuries by whitening 643
Variety tests of fruit, O. M. Morris 648
Keport on the condition of olive culture in California, A. P. Hayne 643
Small fruits in 1899, G. C. Butz and J. F. Pillsbury 645
Liquid dressings applied to strawberries during the fruiting season, Duke of
Bedford and S. U. Pickering 645
IVIanurial experiments with strawberries, Duke of Bedford and S. U. Pickering. 646
Grape growing, O. M. Morris 648
Rubber cultivation for Porto Rico, 0. F. Cook 646
FORESTRY.
Miscellaneous notes in botany and forestry, W. A. Buckhout 649
Tree planting 652
Report of the commissioner of forestry, J. T. Rothrock 651
Some cooperative experiments with forest tree seeds, G. C. Butz 651
Forest protection and restoration, T. P. Lukens 651
Forest influence on water flow, H. S. Graves 651
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
The fungus infestation of agricultural soils in the United States, E. F. Smith.. 653
The black rot of cabbage and similar plants in Europe, H. A. Harding 654
Observations on a disease of plum trees, Duke of Bedford and S. U. Pickering. 654
Fungus diseases of citrus trees in Australia and their treatment, D. McAlpine. . 654
Fungus diseases of the grape 657
The Graphiola disease of palm leaves, K. von Tubeuf 655
A disease of conifers, G. Massee 656
ENTOMOLOGY.
Apiary experiments, C. P. Gillette 658
Bee poison and bee stings, J. Langer 660
On the metamorphosis of the young form of Filaria bancrofti in the body of
Culex ciliaris, the house mosquito of Australia, T. L. Bancroft 660
Miscellaneous msects, H. E. Summers 664
Natural enemies and insecticide treatments for the larvae of Pieris brassicse, G.
del Guercio 661
Moth borer in sugar cane {Diatriea saccharalis), H. Maxwell-Lefroy 661
A report on methods of combating the grajje Cochylis by winter treatment,
J. Laborde 662
The grape-cane gall maker and its enemies, F. M. Webster 662
Insects affecting the grape, E. E. Bogue 664
Insecticide methods, H. E. Summers 665
Fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas, A. D. Hall 662
FOODS — ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Nutrition investigations in California, M. E. Jaffa 677
Cellulose and pentosans in feeding stuffs, I. Shirokikh 665
IV CONTENTS.
The digestibility of some nonnitrogenous constituents of certain feeding stuffs,
G.S.Fraps./- 667
Stock feeding, F. C. Burtis 677
Cod-liver oil for calves 668
The value of whole milk for the production of veal, H. Hayward 669
Corn, Kafir corn, and alfalfa as beef producers, F. C. Burtis 670
Cattle feeding, H. T. French 670
Economical production of beef, C. F. Curtiss and J. A. Craig 671
Steer feeding, D. O. Nourse -'. 672
Fattening range lambs, C. F. Curtiss and J. A. Craig 673
Fattening lambs in comparison with yearlings, C. F. Curtiss and J. A Craig. . 673
A study of pork production from the standpoint of the farm and the market,
C. F. Curtiss and J. A. Craig 673
Poultry experiments 674
DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.
Corn silage, sugar beets, and mangels— a comparison of their value as dairy
foods, H. J. Waters and E. H. Hess 678
Rye meal and Quaker-oats-feed for milk production, H. Hayward 678
The feeding value for milch cows of the solids-not-sugar in molasses, E. Ramm
and C. Momsen 679
The composition of milk and milk products, H. D. Richmond 679
INIilk preservatives, C. B. Cochran 680
Investigations on the cause of the rancidity of butter, R. Reinmann 680
Examinations of the chemical properties of Danish butter fat, E. Holm and P.
Y. F. Petersen 681
On the biology of peptonizing milk bacteria, O. Kalischer 682
Studies on the enzyms of cheese, O. Jensen 682
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE.
Report of the State veterinarian, L. Pearson 684
Summary of the year's pathological investigations, J. A. Gilruth 684
Annual report for 1899 from the principal of the Royal Veterinary College,
J. McFadyean 685
Flmmodiophora hrassiae as a cause of tumors in animals, W. Podwyssotzki 685
White scour in calves 686
A report on tuberculosis of cattle, L. Pearson and M. P. Ravenel 686
The danger of spreading tuberculosis by means of milk and regulations for
preventing this danger, Kiihnan 687
Experimental researches on symptomatic anthrax, E. Leclainche and H. Valine. 687
Experiments in the treatment of infectious mammitis of cows, E. Zschokke.. 687
Means of preventing Texas fever, L. L. Lewis - 691
Blackleg: Its nature, cause, and prevention, A. T. Peters 691
Stomach worms in sheep, J. F. Hickman 688
The action of desiccation and heat on sheep-pox virus, L. Duclert and A. Conte. 689
Hog cholera, L. L. Lewis 692
A diagnostic lesion in rabies, J. A Gilruth 690
TECHNOLOGY.
studies on cider 693
Investigations into the manufacture of cider, F. J. Lloyd 693
Wines and wine making, A. G. Ford 693
CONTENTS. V
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING.
Wells and windmills in Nebraska, E. H. Barbour 694
Water resources in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, A. C. Lane 694
Road improvement in New York 697
Barns, D. 0. Nourse 695
STATISTICS — MISCELLANEOUS.
Annual Report of Oklahoma Station, 1900 (i97
Annual Report of Pennsylvania Station, 1899 697
A report on the work and expenditures of the agricultural experiment stations
for the year ended June 30, 1899, A. C. True 697
Crop Reporter, Vol. II, Nos. 4-6 698
Changes in railroad freight classifications, E. G. Ward (398
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED.
Experiment stations in the United States :
Arkansas Station:
Bulletin 61, July, 1900 634
California Station:
Bulletin 129, May, 1900 643
Colorado Station:
Bulletin 54, May, 1900 658
Idaho Station :
Bulletin 24, May, 1900 641, 670
Iowa Station :
Bulletin 48, June, 1900 671, 673
Bulletin 49, June, 1900 664
Bulletin 50, June, 1900 665
Bulletin 51, August, 1900 639
Maryland Station:
Bulletin 66, May, 1900 .' 624
Bulletin 67, June, 1900 637
Massachusetts Hatch Station:
Bulletin 68, July, 1900 626
Meteorological IBulletin 139, July, 1900 619
INIeteorological Bulletin 140, August, 1900 619
Meteorological Bulletin 141, September, 1900 619
Michigan Station :
Bulletin 181, April, 1900 620, 623, 631, 636, 639
Minnesota Station :
Bulletin 68, June, 1900 627
Nebraska Station:
Bulletin 65, June 4, 1900 691
North Carolina Station :
Bulletin 172, May, 1900 611,667
Ohio Station:
Bulletin 115, January, 1900 636
Bulletin 116, February, 1900 662
Bulletin 117, April, 1900 688
Oklahoma Station:
Annual Report, 1900 622,
623, 640, 648, 652, 657, 664, 670, 677, 691, 692, 693, 697
VI CONTENTS.
Experiment stations in the United States — Continued. Page.
Pennsylvania Station:
Bulletin 51, April, 1900 645
Bulletin 52, June, 1900 678
Annual Report, 1899 618, 632, 649, 651, 669, 678, 697
Rhode Island Station:
Bulletin 66, April, 1900 634
Bulletin 67, May, 1900 626
Bulletin 68, June, 1900 621
South Carolina Station :
Bulletin 54, June, 1900 626
Utah Station:
Bulletin 66, April, 1900 631
Bulletin 67, April, 1900 674
Virginia Station:
Bulletin 105, October, 1899 672
Bulletin 106, November, 1899 695
United States Department of Agriculture:
Division of Agrostology :
Bulletin2 (revised) 615
Bulletin 23 615
Division of Biological Surv^ey:
Bulletin 12 616
Circular 28 617
Circular 29 617
North American Fauna No. 18, September 20, 1900 61 7
Division of Botany:
Circular 28 646
Office of Experiment Stations:
Bulletin 82 630
Bulletin 83 „ 697
Bulletin 84 677
Office of Public Road Inquiries:
Circular 35 697
Division of Statistics:
Circular 12 698
Crop Reporter, Vol. II, Nos. 4-6 698
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Fig. 5. New Agricultural Building, University of Illinois 604
6. First-floor plan, Illinois Agricultural Building 605
7. Second-floor plan, Illinois Agricultural Building 606
8. Third-floor plan, Illinois Agricultural Building 607
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XII. No. 7.
The proceedings of the American Veterinai\v Medical Association for
1900, recently issued, contains a paper on the work of the veterinary
section of the experiment stations, by Dr. John J. Repp, of the Iowa
Station, This article is worthy of the thoughtful attention of those
interested in the development or proper direction of the veterinary
feature of experiment station work.
Dr. Repp has taken a census of the opinion of station veterinarians
as to their true functions, the work which it is of most importance for
them to do, and the general conditions pertaining to their departments.
He finds the conditions far from satisfactory, or such as could reason-
ably be expected to materially advance the cause of veterinary science
in very many instances. Only one station veterinarian has no other
duties than station work, and in only two cases are the other duties
light. In all other cases the burden of the work done is in some other
line tnan that of station veterinarian. Most of the men are reported as
being so loaded down with other work that they have very little time
for station work. It should perhaps be remembered that thus far
veterinarians have been employed by a number of institutions prima-
rily to give instruction in veterinary medicine, and their station duties
have been made distinctl}' a secondarj' matter, because of lack of funds
to equip and run a department of veterinar}^ research. As a matter of
fact, however, at fully half the stations where veterinarians are em-
ployed as anything more than consulting experts they receive one-half
their salary or more from station funds, and in a number of cases three-
fourths. Lack of time for investigation or inability to utilize advan-
tageously the fragments of time left from college duties is, unfortu-
nately, not confined to the veterinarians, but is far too prevalent for
the best interests of investigation.
Dr. Repp considers separately the various taxes upon the time of
the station veterinarian aside from his research work. Of these the
most onerous and diflicult to avoid are prescribing treatment for sick
or diseased animals on the basis of correspondence or otherwise, and
examination of pathological and bacteriological specimens for the pur-
pose of diagnosis. Under a strict construction such work is very
properly held to be without the scope of the station veterinarian, at
601
602 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
least when it is of such a character or reaches such proportions as to
be a hindrance to the real work of investigation. This touches a ques-
tion of policy which affects nearly everv department of the station.
It is a difficult matter to make a general decision affecting all work of
this kind, but it should be kept well within bounds, and there is per-
haps reason why it should especially be restricted in the veterinary
department.
The station veterinarian is not employed as a doctor, but as an
investigator. He can not_underlake..to give up his time to public
doctoring, anj^ more than the station chemist can to being a public
analyst. Both would soon be swamped with mere routine work that
would more than absorb their entire time if this practice were encour-
aged. The station is maintained for the greatest good of the greatest
number. No station veterinarian can, even if he devotes all the time
and facilities of his department to that one end, doctor or prescribe
for all the animals which sicken on the farmers' hands; but one farmer
has just as much claim upon him for this service as another. As a mat-
ter of fact veteriuar}^ science or practice is not materiall}' advanced bj'
this general practice; no progress is made, as the same ground is likely
to be gone over j^ear after 3'ear, and the greatest good of the greatest
number of stock owners is not subserved. Such work is not onlj^
unsatisfactory, but even risky for both the advisor and advised, for
the descriptions of diseases which are sent in are often such as to make
a diagnosis questionable; and furthermore, the station veterinarian, if
he is a skillful investigator, may not necessarily be a good practitioner.
In States where a veterinarian is employed as a State officer, we do
not find him spending his time prescribing for sick animals Avhich are
affected with ordinary ailments. He leaves that to the local veterina-
rians, while he attends to the larger problems of protecting the health
of the live stock at large, restricting epidemics and removing the
causes of contagion.
The field of activity of the station veterinarian is even more
restricted than that of the State officer, and while a little advice now
and then can be given without much trouble, as a rule farmers should
be encouraged to employ private practitioners for their animals when
occasion calls for their services. We can not agree with the position
taken by Dr. liepp that the station veterinarian should render the
service as a private individual and then demand a fee for it, when the
requests come to him by virtue of his connection with the station.
Such requests are in line with all sorts of inquiries which come to the
chemist and the agriculturist and the entomologist, and the attempt
to collect fees for the service rendered in such cases would be a dan-
gerous one for a station to follow. Carried out consistently it would
do far more to promote dissatisfaction than refusal to comply with the
requests. But we agree with him entirely that such duties should not
EDITORIAL.
603
be imi^osed upon the veterinarian to a point where, in his own juclg-
ment, the}^ are a drag upon his more legitimate work.
Dr. Repp calls attention to the opportunities for cooperation with
the veterinarians of the State, which he has found very helpful in his
own case. By keeping- in close touch with these men the station vet-
erinarian is informed of the conditions about his State and can often
take advantage of opportunities which arise for investigation in the
field. To a certain extent these practitioners will become the medium
through which the station's more technical work reaches and benefits
the farmer.
Cooperation between the station veterinarians in difierent States
where similar problems are presented is recognized as both practicable
and economical. It is a recognition of the maxim that "two heads are
better than one," and will often enable each to bring to satisfactory
issue pieces of investigation upon which working alone little, or at
best very slow, progress could be made. The more limited the time
and facilities of the veterinary department the greater would appear
to be the advantage of cooperation with other stations.
And, finally, efl'ort should be made to secure from the State addi-
tional appropriation for the veterinary work where the stock interests
warrant it. In doing this the stations should steer clear of being
loaded down with a lot of routine work supposed to be in the interest
of the advancement of the stock interests. This is a danger which
has often to be met in securing State legislation for aid in a specific
line. If interest is aroused it maj' take the form of a demand for
speedy relief from a specific disease or along a particular line, which
will involve the station veterinarian in much administrative or rou-
tine work which will not advance the science of treatment of disease.
There are a number of instances of this kind which serve to illustrate
the disadvantage rather than the aid which has followed such legisla-
tion. A small appropriation — only enough, perhaps, to pay the salary
of a competent assistant — will often open the way for a more thorough
line of investigation and be of more real aid in promoting such work
than ten times that amount carrying with it duties of inspection, dis-
tribution of antitoxins, virus, etc. The Hatch fund should serve as a
nucleus around which funds from the State far developing work in a
number of difierent lines, as suggested by the agricultural interests of
the State, should be gathered. And in this connection it should be
remembered that veterinary work is of necessity quite expensive if it
is to be developed so as to form one of the features of the research
work of a station.
XEW BUILDING FOR THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AT
THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS.
The new agricultural building of the University of Illinois, erected
at an expense of $150,000, is nearing completion. It consists of a
main portion 248 ft. in length, from 50 to 100 ft. in depth, and 3 stories
in height, with 3 wings, each 45 by 116 ft. and 2 stories in height,
connected with each other and with the main portion by corridors, all
built around an open court. It is constructed of brick and terra cotta,
upon a Bedford stone foundation, and roofed with slate. The entire
floor space is a little over 2 acres. All partitions, except those of the
Fig. 5. — New Agricultural Building, University of Illinois.
corridors, are entirely independent of the construction of the building,
so that the interior arrangement could be changed, if ever necessary,
without interfering with the solidity of the construction. The inner
walls are finished by painting directlv upon the surface of the brick.
The floors are of the so-called slow-burning mill construction, made by
laying 2 by 6's face down directly upon the beams, covering these with
2 in. of cinders, and upon this laying the upper floor. The building
is unusually well lighted by something over 450 windows.
604
AGRICULTURAL BUILDING, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. 605
606
EXPEKIMENT STATION RECOED.
AGRICULTURAL BUILDING, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. 607
The main building (figs. 5 and 6) contains offices, class rooms, labora-
tories, and seminary rooms, as well as the general offices and the
assembly room. The general offices are directly opposite the main
entrance of the building, on the lower floor. The entrance is into a
lol)by 16 ft. square opening into the main office room, 30 by 50, with
excellent accommodations for 6 stenographers. Opening off this main
room are a stationer}^ room 16 by 20 ft., a fireproof vault somewhat
larger, a faculty room, 2 private offices, a storage room, and a mailing
room. The space underneath, about 50 by 60 ft., is cemented and will
serve as a mailing room for bulletins. The south end of the lower
floor is for class rooms and laboratories for horticulture and farm
crops, and the north end for animal husbandry and dairy husbandry.
On the second floor of the main building (fig. 7), directly over the
general offices and extending to the roof, is an assembly room capal)le
of seating between 1:00 and 500 people, including gallery accommoda-
tions. Upon the south are cloak and retiring rooms for men students
KEY-
^. J3GniCULTUT\B
W. TiOTITICULTUBS
y.s.y£Tzm:Kflnr soEiMCE.
ZX.S.EXFSmMENT dTMTJOU
T+iIRD FLOOR PLAN
Fig. 8. — Third-floor plan, Illinois Agricultural Bailding.
and upon the north similar accommodations for women students. It
is designed upon occasion, when association meetings arc held in the
assembly room, that these small rooms may be used by visitors for
similar purposes and for committee meetings. The south end of this
floor affords further accommodations for work in farm crops, and also
a suite of offices for the department of economic entomology. At the
north end is located the main office of the department of agronomy,
with class rooms adjoining; also the laboratories of soil physics and
soil biology. On the third floor (fig. 8) are the experiment station
laboratories, vault for the storage of negatives, blue-print room, and
the office and class room for veterinary science; also museum for the
department of horticulture, etc. The attic is spacious and well lighted
and affords excellent storage for lighter materials.
608 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Both floors of the south wing are given up entirely to the subject of
farm machiner}', and contain two laboratories, each 45 by 70 ft. These
laboratories are supplied with line shafting so that any machinery can
be set in motion when necessarj'. This wing is supplied with an office
room, class room, and seminary room for students in the subject of
farm mechanics.
The east wing contains the stock-judging room, 45 by 70 ft., extend-
ing the height of both stories and giving excellent light from above.
It is well heated with steam, supplied Avith a tan-bark floor, and so
arranged that animals are fastened in the middle of the room. At the
north end of this wing are operating and dissecting rooms for the
veterinary department, together with lockers and toilet facilities.
In the north wing the lower floor is devoted to dairy manufacturers,
containing bottling and cheese rooms, creamery, wash room, sterilizers,
refrigerating plant, and toilet rooms. The second floor is occupied by
the department of household science.
The main building is provided with tw^o elevators, and each of the
wings with one. The building is heated b}" steam from the heating plant
some 800 ft. awa}" and lighted by electricity from the same source, all
pipes and wires reaching the building by a tunnel and being distrib-
uted in the subbasement. The interior finish is of yellow pine, except-
ing in the general offices, which are of oak, and the assembly room,
which is of poplar painted white.
At first some doubt was expressed as to the appearance of so large
a pile of brick, but capable critics pronounce the building a decided
success in every way. This opinion is based not upon anj- attempt
at ornamentation, but upon the general effectiveness of proportions
and fitness for the work it is designed to accommodate, and all agree
that there is about the building an air of solid dignity that well l^efits
the home of the college of agriculture and the experiment station.
RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.
CHEMISTRY.
Phosphoric acid in the presence of saturated solutions of cal-
cium bicarbonate, T. Sghloesing {Co7npt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris,
131 {1900), JVo. 3, pp. 11(9-153,' Jour. Agr. Prat., 1900, II, No. 3%,xyp.
1S8-190; ahs. in Bui. Soc. Chinn. Pari.% 2J^ {1900), No. 16-17, pi?. 709,
710). — This ai'ticle reports experiments in which phosphoric acid soki-
tions of known strength were added to a clear saturated sohition of
calcium bicarbonate, the mixture being agitated by means of a current
of air free from carbon dioxid. Free carbon dioxid was gradually
evolved, and quantities of the bicarbonate corresponding to the dioxid
driven off were decomposed, the phosphoric acid being precipitated in
the form of tricaleium phosphate. By gradually increasing the amount
of phosphoric acid solution it was possible to precipitate almost the
whole of the calcium present, provided the solution was allowed to
stand sufficiently long (12 hours). It was shown in these experiments
that tricaleium phosphate is ver}- slighth' soluble in water free from
carbon dioxid. At 16 to 20*-' C. 1 liter of pure water dissolved 0.71
mg. of phosphoric acid. In 1,200 cc. of water, to which had been
added 50 ce. of a saturated solution of carbon dioxid, 6.9 mg. of phos-
phoric acid was dissolved; in 1,000 cc. of water with 250 cc. of satu-
rated solution of carbon dioxid, 18.5 mg. of phosphoric acid; and in
1,250 cc. of w^ater saturated with carbon dioxid, 91.9 mg. phosphoric
acid. It thus appears that the solubility of the phosphate increased
with the proportion of carbon dioxid present in the solvent. Trical-
eium phosphate is, however, practicably insoluble in carbon dioxid in
a saturated solution of calcium bicarbonate. The bearing of this fact
on the action of phosphatic fertilizers in the soil and on the formation
of natural phosphate deposits is discussed.
A method for the rapid gravimetric estimation of lime, W. H.
Hess {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, m {1900). No. 8, pp. 1^77, -^7<§).— The
method proposed is described as follows:
"The lime in the sample is precipitated and separated as the oxalate in the usual
way, and the ignition is carried to the point of removing the filter from the residue
of lime. The crucible is allowed to cool partially, when a portion of chemically
pure dry ammonium nitrate, approximately equal in bulk to the lime in the crucible,
and about twice as much chemically pure fused ammonium sulphate are added. A
tight-fitting cover is now placed on the platinum crucible and then gentle heat ib
applied. It has been found very convenient to incline the crucible at an angle of
609
610 EXPERIMENT STATION RECuRD.
about 30°, allowing the tip of the crucible cover to project outward and then apply
the flame to the tip of the cover, gradually ]>ringing the flame under the crucible as
the reaction grown leii^s and less violent. The reaction is complete when fumes of
ammonia salts are no longer driven off. Intense ignition is unnecessary and is to be
avoided. The crucible should be weighed with its cover."
The weight unit as the basis for calculating results of physical
analysis of soils, A. ]\IrrscHERLiCH {F'uhUixfti Lamhv. Zt(j.,Jt.9 [1900),
JTo. 7,j:>p. 259-265). — While the results of chemical analysis of soils
are usually calculated to the weight basis, it is frequently considered
desirable to calculate the results of physical analyses to the volume
basis. Two methods of doing this are described: (1) One-tenth liter
samples of the air-dried soil which has been put through a 1.5 mm.
round-hole sieve and as uniformly compacted as possible are weighed
and the moisture determined by drying over concentrated sulphuric
acid. From the data thus secured the volume weight is calculated.
(2) The specific volume is determined bj^ means of a picnometer in
the usual way, and the water capacity is determined by shaking up
the soil (in vessels of known capacity) with water so that the air is
completely displaced, the mass being allowed to stand and the excess of
water finally removed. The resvdts of these 2 determinations furnish
the basis for calculating the volume weight. From the results of tests
of these methods on a series of soils the following conclusions are
reached: The volume unit is not a safe basis for quantitative ph3^sical
investigations of the soil unless the specific volume is determined in
each case. For quantitative investigations the results may be calcu-
lated from a weight to a volume basis with negligible error by assum-
ing an average specific volume of 0.380, adding, in case of hunuis
soils, a correction obtained b}' multiplying the humus content by O.003.
Determination of tannin and of gallic acid, F. Jean (Bev. Chim.
AnaJyf. ctAppL, 5 {1900), Xo. I^, pp. 13Jf-lJf,0).—T^hQ method is based
upon the following principle: When iodin solution is added to a solu-
tion of tannin or gallic acid, rendered alkaline with bicarbonate of
soda, the iodin forms with the astringent matter a soluble red com-
pound, while starch is not acted upon. Briefly stated, the method is as
follows: The total astringent material is first determined l^y titrating-
against the iodin solution. The tannin is next precipitated with albu-
min, and the remaining gallic acid titrated, a correction is made for the
albumin solution, and the tannic acid determined b}- difference. No
figures are given showing comparative results with other methods. —
H. SNVDER.
Trials of some methods for cellulose determination, C Beck
{Ztschr. TJntersxLch. JSfahr. n. (rcnxsxhitJ., o {1900), Xo. 3, pj). 158-
IGIi). — From tests of Le])l)iirs hydrogen-peroxid method (E. S. R., 8,
p. 857) and Konig's glyccrin-sulphuric-acid method (E. S. R., 10, p.
411) in comparison with the Henneberg (Weende) method, the author
concludes that Lebbin's method ''has neither scientific nor practical
CHEMISTRY. (Ml
value;" that Konig's method may perhaps be especiall}' useful in exam-
ination of fodders and feces, but that for the comparison of fine-g-round
feed the Henneberg method is most reliable.
In a reply to the above in the same number (pp. 104-166) Konig
shows that Beck did not follow closely the directions for his method,
and points out that the greatest disadvantage of the Henneberg method
is encountered with fine grain feed.
No. 6 (pp. -loT-lrll) and No. 8 (p. 539) of the same journal contain
controversial articles by Beck and Lebljin on the merits of the latter's
method, in the course of which some additional precautions to ])e
observed are pointed out, and Leb])in corrects an error in the original
description of his method, 10 volume per cent of hydrogen peroxid
being intended instead of 20 per cent.
Purification of phloroglucinol, G. S. Fraps {JVorth Carolina Sta.
Bid. 172, 2>- ^^^}- — I'ti^^ author prepared phloroglucinol l)y the follow-
ing method, which gave results in the determination of furfurol closely
corresponding with those obtained by the use of Merck's phloroglu-
cinol free from diresorcinol:
"About 300 cc. hydrochloric acid 1.06 .sp. gr. , in heated in a beaker, 11 gni. com-
mercial phloroglucinol added, with stirring, and the heating continued until it has
almost all dissolved. Some impurities resist solution, and they may be disregarded.
Pour the hot solution into sufficient of the same hydrochloric acid to make the vol-
ume 1,500 cc. Let stand at least one night (better several days), to allow the diresor-
cinol to crystallize out, and filter immediately before using. The solution may turn
yellow, ))ut this does not interfere with its usefulness. One hundred cubic centime-
ters of hydrochloric acid 1.06 sp. gr., dissolves 0.7 gm. of pure phloroglucinol."
Progress in agricultural chemistry, A. Hebebrand [CJiem. Zfg., 24 {1900), Xos.
91,2>p. 995-998; 93, jip- 1016-lOlS). — A brief review of recent investigations relating
to soils, fertilizers, and plant and animal production.
The reduction of nitrates by lactic acid, L. Vanino and 0. Hauser {Ztschr.
Anuh/t. Chem., 39 {1900), No. 8, pp. 506, 507). — The authors in their experiments
found that the nitrates of the heavy metals were usually reduced by lactic acid, while
with the chlorids and sulphates there was little or no reaction. The temperature of
reduction was quite different for the different nitrates. — c. b. Williams.
An improved method for determining the total and permanent hardness
of water, C. Achille {Staz. Spcr. Jgr. Ital., 33 {1900), No. 4, pp. 365-372).
A ne-w method for the determination of aluminum, E. T. Allen and V. H.
GoTTscnAi.K {Amcr. Clicm. Jour., 24 {1900), Xo. 4, pp. 292-304).
The influence of temperature on the specific rotation of saccharose, F. G.
WiECH.MAXN {Zt!<rl,r. ]'c): Deut. Zuckerhid., 1900, Xo. 537, II, pp. 902-936, fig. l) .
The gravimetric determination of solids in milk and the diflferences result-
ing, from the use of different methods, H. LtJnRic; {Milch Ztg., 29 {1900), Xo. 24,
p/). 371-373) . Comparative determinations by different methods are reported and
the results are discussed.
Determining butter fat in oleomargarine {Analyst, 25 {1900), Dec, pp. 309-
313). — The Public Analysts, England, adopted the Reichert-Wollny method for de-
termining mixtures of butter fat and oleomargarine in carrying out the inargarin
clause of the food and drugs act. A table was adopted for estimating the percentage
of butter fat in the mixture.
15440— No. 7 2
612 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD.
A comparison of the analytical and calculated results in the estimation of
the dry matter in milk, G. Ambuhl {Chem. Ztg., 24 {1900), Xo. 81, pp. 871, 872) .—
The dry substance was calculated by the method of Fleischmann, and compared
with analytical results in 116 fresh and 1 and 2 day old samples of milk. In 96.5
per cent of the comparisons, the results differed less than 0.1 per cent. With 48 the
calculated results were greater than the determined estimated, in 54 less, while in 14
the results were the same in both cases.
Detection of maize in wheaten flour, G. Embrey (Analyst, 25 {1900), Xo. 297,
pp. 315-317). — A discussion of methods.
Beeswax, J. "Weeder {Chem. Ztg., 24 {1900), Xo. 89, jyp. 967, 968).— Studies of
methods of analysis and of waxes from various countries.
The determination of free sulphuric acid in wines, F. Carpentieri {Staz. Sprr.
Agr. Ital, 33 {1900), Xo. 4, pp. 307-340).
The adulteration of coffee with water and borax, E. Bertarelli {British Food
Jour., 2 {1900), Xo. 21, p. 242). — The author's observations were made on "Santos,"
one of the inferior grades of coffee sold in Italy. Upon roasting this coffee its weight
decreases about 20 per cent; and some manufacturers, to make up this deficiency,
soak the berries in water containing borax, the borax being added primarily to
harden the coffee grains and prevent the detection of added water.
"Whenever the moisture in roasted coffee exceeds 4 per cent, adulteration may be
suspected; and if borax is detected in the sample, the addition of water is certain, as
this salt is always added to disguise the addition of water." In examining low-
grade coffees one should always be on the alert for adulteration with water and
borax. — c. b. williams.
Investigation of the Halphen color test as to its value for the detection of
cotton-seed oil, R. D. Oilar {Auu?,'. Chem. Jour., 24 {1900), Xo. 4, Jip- 355-373).
The detection of methyl alcohol in mixtures, S. P. Mullikex and H. Scid-
der {Amer. Chem. Jour., 24 {1900), Xo. 5, pjp. 444-452).
Progress of starch manufacture, H. Hanow {Chem. Ztg., 24 {1900), Xo. 82, pp.
889,890). — Gives statistics and late improvements in the methods of manufacture.
Errors in experiments with calorimetric bomb, LrcioN {Ztschr. Angew. Chem.,
1900, Xo. 36, jJ- 910). — The error due to the presence of traces of hydrogen in the
oxygen used in determining the heat of combustion of fuel is pointed out.
The rapidity of the combustion in the calorimetric bomb, H. Thiele
{Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 1900, Xo. 25, pp. G07-G09, figs. ,9) .—The article has especial
reference to determinations of the heat of combustion of fuel.
BOTANY.
Hybrid conference report {Jour. Roy. Ilort. Soc. [Lo9ido7i], 24-
{1900), 2>2>. SJfS., figs. 12 If). — Besides an account of the arrangements
for the conference, a list of the principal plants exhibited, and accounts
of the conferences at Chiswick and Westminster, Jul}' 11-12, 1899,
the full text is given of the papers presented at the conference. The
following is a list of the papers:
Hybrids and cross breeding as a method of scientific investigation, W. Bateson;
Fertilization of the genus Anthurium, M. dela Devansaye; The hybridizing of mon-
strosities, H. de Vries; HyVjridization and its failures, G. Henslow; Notes on some
experiments in hybridizing and cross breeding, C. C. Hurst; Work of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture on- plant hybridization, H. J. Webber; Structure of
certain new hybrids (Passifiora, Albuca, Ribes, Begonia, etc.), J. H. Wilson;
Hybridization viewed from the standpoint of systematic liotany, R. A. Roh'e;
BOTANY. 613
Hybridization in the United States, L. H. Bailey; On self-sterility, F. Ludwig;
Crossings made at the Natural History Museum of Paris from 1887 to 1897, L. Henry;
Can hybrids be obtained by grafting? E. Juan; Observations on some hybrids
between Drosera Jiliformis and D. intermedia, J. M. Macfarlane; Eucalyptus hybrids
in the Mediterranean region, Trabut; On the particular influence of each parent in
hybrids, L. Wittmack; Principles of hybridizing holding good in the majority of
cases, M. Leichtlin; Breeding suitable food plants, W. M. Hays; On the use of trans-
parent parchment paper boxes for artificial fertilization, H. de Vries; Hybrid Cine-
rarias, R. I. Linch; Creation of an important variety of Crocus mfivus, Attempted
hybridization of Dioscorea, and Notes on a hybrid of Mirabilis, P. Chappellier; A
few notes on reproduction in hardy plants by means of hybridizing species and
crossing varieties, C. Stuart; Fern crossing and hybridizing, C. T. Druery; Hybrid
ferns, H. B. May; Hybrids between the common lilac and the laciniated Persian
lilac, E. Lemoine; Hybrid clematis, A. G. Jackman; On the crossing of Anthurium
scherzeriununt, Bromeliads obtained by hybridization, and Gloxinias and their artifi-
cial fertilization, M. Duval; Notes on Hybrids, T. Meehan; Chrysanthemums, H.
Weeks; On the cross fertilization of the fuchsia, J. Lye; and Notes on some hybrids,
AV. Smythe.
Changes resulting from etiolation, G. Andre ( Compt. Rend. Acad.
ScL Far Is, 130 {1900), M. 18, 2)p. 1198-1201; ahs. in Jour. Roy.
Micros. Soc. {Londoti], 1900, No. J^, p)- 4^9). — According to the author,
the etiolation of maize and lupines is not identical. In each case the
total amount of carbon is reduced by about one-half, while the pro-
portion of nitrogen remains about the same. The amount of asparagin
in the lupine is much larger than that of the maize, the latter plant
having apparently used up a portion of the asparagin for the pro-
duction of new albuminoids. Silica in maize is 30 times more abun-
dant in the etiolated plant than in the seed, and 15 times more than
in the lupine. The relative amount of lime is the reverse in the 2
plants when etiolated. In the case of maize etiolated plants contain
more potassium than the seed, while in the lupine this is not the case.
The amount of phosphoric acid is said to be more abundant in
etiolated plants than in others.
Some injurious effects produced by fumigation -with hydro-
cyanic-acid gas, W. R. Beattie {Florists' Fechange, 12 {1900), Xo.
29, p. 709). — Attention is called to the fact that under certain condi-
tions it is possible to do serious damage to plants when fumigated with
hydrocyanic-acid gas. A house devoted to a general collection of
plants was fumigated with one-tenth gram of 98 per cent potassium
cyanid per cubic foot of space. The gas was allowed to remain in
the house for 20 minutes. All the usual precautions were taken, but
many of the plants began to show effects of burning after 36 hours.
The damage is attributed to a number of causes. The house was
new and tighter than the average greenhouse, and, being unshaded,
the sun had produced a vigorous gix)wth of the plants, which were
easih" injured. The effect of the gas was most noticeable on tomato
plants, cardoons, grape cuttings, sweet peas, and Kenilworth ivy.
614 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Among the plants not injured were varieties of cabbage, cauliflower,
kale, celer}', ferns, palms, loquats, and several species of cactus.
In general, it is stated that houses of mixed plants should not be
fumigated with hydrocyanic-acid gas. A better way would be to pro-
vide a small room, conveniently located, to which the plants to be
fumigated could be transferred.
Importance of bacteria to the development of plants, J. Stok-
LASA {Bdliia. Ztschr. Zucktrmd., 2If, {1900)^ j^>p. 222-227; ahs. in Jour.
Boy. Micros. Soc. [^London\ 1900., No. 4, j9. J^98). — A large number of
experiments were conducted by the author with Brassica oleracea
grown in vessels containing sterilized loamy sand. In one case the
sand remained sterile; in others it was inoculated with mixtures of
the following soil bacteria: BaclUm mycoldes., B. fluoi'escens lique-
faciens., B. proteus vulgaris, B. suhtilis, B. hutyricus, B. megatherium,
B. urem., B. mesentericus vidgatus, and B. coli commAinis. To the
inoculated vessels were added 5 gm, of dextrose. In every case
the total weight of the dried plant and seed were greater in the
inoculated than in the sterile vessels. From this the author concludes
that in the absence of micro-organisms 'vegetation is abnormal and
that incompletely developed seed is produced.
Recent investigations on soil inoculation, J. Stoklasa {Deut.
Landw. Presse, 27 (1900), No. 7, jjp. S89-S91; ahs. in Ann. Agron..,
26 {1900), No. 17, pp. 353-355).— T\\.ii most important point in this
report is the isolation by the author of a second germ without which
Bacillus megatheriuni is unable to fix atmospheric nitrogen. This
new organism was isolated from humus soils, and the author attrib-
utes manj'^ of the failures with Alinit to its absence from the soil.
The author recommends important changes in the method of applying
Alinit. It is advised that 2 gm. of Alinit be mixed with G kg, of
molasses and 10 liters of water. With this mixture 100 kg. of soil is
moistened, the amount being sufficient for a half acre. This mixture
is to be protected from strong light, sown and well harrowed into the
soil some little time before seeding. By following the directions out-
lined, good results are claimed for Alinit when used with a number of
crops.
In addition to B. megatherium, the ability to aid in the lixation of
free nitrogen, as shown in experiments with oats, is said to be pos-
sessed by B. jluorescens Uquefaciens, B. proteus vulgaris, B. hutyricus,
B.'mycoides, and B. mesentericus vulgatus.
Plant kingdom, A. Exglek (Dos Pflanzenreich. Leipsic: W. Englcmann, 1900,
pp. .fo, figx. 10). — This publication, which is the first of a series to be issued descrip-
tive of all the known species of plants, contains descriptions of the genera and species
of Musacefe Ijy K. Schumann. It is the plan of the editor to publish as frequently
as material is prepared similar conspectuses of the different families of plants. In
addition to the systematic description, notes are given on the literature, morphology,
and anatomy of the plants, and also their geographic distribution.
BOTANY. (515
First annual supplement to the fourth State catalogue of Ohio plants,
W. A. Kellermax {Bui. Oliio State I'nii., 4. ser. {1900), No. 28, pp. 10). — A list Ih given
of plants which have hitherto not been reported in the State catalogue of the plants of
Oliio. The (listriliution of the different sj)e('ies l)y counties is shown.
Fodder and forage plants exclusive of the grasses, J. G. Smith ( V. S. Dept.
Agr., Division of Agroi^tology Bui. 2, rev., jyp. 86, ph. 2, figs. 46). — This is a revised
and enlarged edition (E. S. E., 8, p. 306). INIany of the plants here described were
either unknown or have become of increasing importance since the first edition. In
the present enumeration 333 species of forage and fodder plants are described, 168 of
which belong to the Leguminoste and 30 to the Salsolacefe.
Studies on American grasses. A revision of the North American species
of Bromus occurring north of Mexico, C. L. Shear ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Dirhion of
AgroMology Bui. 2S, pp. 66, figs. 40). — The present paper contains descriptions of 6-4
species and varieties, 45 of which are native and 19 introduced. Of this number the
author describes 3 species and 15 varieties as new.
Under a discussion of economic importance, Bromus p)umpellkmus, a native of the
northern Rocky Mountain region is said to be very promising and, since it is closely
related to B. hwnnis, is adapted to similar conditions of soil and climate. Nearly all
of the introduced species are said to show decided weed propensities and are quite
trou1>lesome, especially in the Western coast region.
Enumeration of the plants producing caoutchouc and gutta-percha col-
lected in the islands of Sumatra, Borneo, and Java, J. G. Boerlacje {'Slmifls
Plantentuin, Bui. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg, 1900, No. 5, pp. 29). — A list, together with
brief notes, is given of 76 species of caoutchouc and gutta-percha bearing plants, rep-
resenting 20 genera.
Investigations on lenticels, H. Devaux {Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., 8. ser., 12 {1900),
Nos. 1-4, pp. 1-240, jilx. 6, fig.-<. 7). — A report is given on the occurrence and distribu-
tion of lenticels in phmts, and special studies on their structure, origin, evolution,
physiology, and function. An extensive bibliography completes the publication.
The role of laticiferous tissues, L. Gaucher {Ann. Set. Nat. Bot., 8. ser., 12
{1900), No. 5-6, pp. 241-260, figs. 9).
The relation between the habitat and form of Cruciferae, E. Steiger ( Ver-
haudl. Naturf. Gesell., Basel, 12 {1900), No. 3, j)p. 373-401).
Sugar as an aid to the growth of plants, J. Golding {Jour. Soc. Clwm. Iml., 19
(1900), ]>p. 324, 32.5; ahs. la Jour. Chem. Sor. [London], 78 {1900), No. 455, 11, p. 617).
Recent investigations on the diastatic functions of plants, L. Breaudat
(.■]///(. Ilyg. et Med. Colon., 1900, No. 2, jJp. 203-205).
Notes on carbon assimilation, X. Wetterwald ( Verliandl. Naturf. Gesell., Basel,
12 {1900), No. 2, pp. 225-243).
The origin of tannin in galls, H. Kraemer {Science, n. .^er., 12 {1900), No. 303,
pp. 583, 584). — Notes are given on the origin of tannin in galls produced on Quercus
coccinea and Q. imhricaria. If examined in a young state, while the larvaj, which are
supposed to be those of Cynips aciculata, are immature, a large amount of starch is
observed. When the winged insects are developed, specimens treated with copper
acetate solutions showed numerous brownish-red tannin masses adhering to the
yellowish-brown crystals of gallic acid. The gallic acid ajipears to be formed at the
expense of the starch in the gall, during the chrysalis stage of the insect.
A mold isolated from tan-bark liquors, Katharixe L. Goldex {Science, n. ser.,
12 {1900), No. 303, p. 582). — A note is given on a ))right pink mold isolated from tan-
bark liquors which were obtained from a tanning factory emijloying the liming pro-
cess. The mold has a characteristic powdery appearance, due to the great numl^er
of spores formed. The organism fermented sucrose, dextrose, and maltose. Three
distinct enzyms were developed by the action of the mold — a tryptic, a diastatic, and
a rennet enzviu — all of which were fairlv active.
616 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED.
ZOOLOGY.
The crovrs of Germany in their relation to agriculture and for-
estry, RoRiG {Arh. K. Gesundheitnamte., Biol. Alt.., 1 (1900), JVo. J,
pjj. 28o-Ji.00-\- 1-151). — During the progress of the investigations here
reported the author examined the stomach contents of 5,148 crows
which were killed during 1896 to 1899. Of this number, 3,259 were
Corvtts cm'one and C comix, while 1,523 were C. frugilegus. Tables
are given showing the weight and percentage of the various elements
of food found in each of the 3 species; and 151 pages of tabulated
material is presented showing the total results of examination of stom-
ach contents. Wheat constituted 5.7 per cent of the total food; rj^e,
5.5 per cent; oats, -1.7 per cent, and barley 8.2 per cent. Various
fruits and garden vegetables, in a greater or less quantity, were found
in the stomach contents.
Experiments showed that crows which were fed upon an exclusively
vegetable diet died within a short time, and that, therefore, animal
food was absolutely necessary for these birds. The animal food eaten
by crows included mice, insects, fish, rabbits, pheasants, small birds,
and birds' eggs. Vegetable substances constituted 70 per cent of the
total food, and animal substances 80 per cent. The insects and other
animals which were destroyed by the crows were for the most part
injurious to agriculture or forestry, and hence the author considers the
crows to be beneficial birds.
The above results are for the two first-mentioned species. In con-
sidering the seed crow it was found that plant substance constituted
about one-half the food, and animal material one-fourth, while the
remainder consisted of gravel and mineral substances. The animal
food included mice, insects, meat, frogs, snails, and earthworms.
The author discusses various methods which have been adopted for
preventing damages from these birds, including the treatment of seeds
with various substances supposed to be distasteful to the crow.
Experiments were made with asafoetida, quassia bark, and kerosene.
These substances did not affect to any great extent the germinating
power of the seeds, but did not prevent the crows from eating the
seeds.
Legislation for the protection of birds other than game birds,
T. S. Palmer ( U. S. Dept. Agr. , Division of Biological Survey Bui.
12.. PP- 91/.., 2)ls. 2, figs. 8). — The author discusses the desirability on
general principles of protecting birds which can not be considered
game birds, gives a brief history of the progress of protective legisla-
tion in the different States, and considers the various definitions of
game birds in these State laws. A special account is given of several
birds which the author believes have been erroneously considered
game birds in such enactments. These birds include pigeons, doves,
ZOOLOGY. 617
flickers, bobolinks, meadow larks, blackbirds, and robins. The defini-
tion of various classes of birds other than game birds which are pro-
tected is in most cases loose and ambiguous. A brief digest is presented
of the legislation of various States upon the subject of plume birds.
Attention is called to the widespread prejudice against birds of prey,
and it is suggested that at least a number of hawks should be protected
on account of their known feeding habits. A table is given showing
the species of birds protected in each State and in the Canadian Prov-
inces. A digest is also presented of ihe regulations regarding the per-
mits for collecting birds and eggs for scientific purposes in different
States. The author discusses the Hoar Bill, the Teller Bill, and the
Lacey Act.
Appended to the bulletin is a compilation of the State laws for the
protection of birds and the laws of the Canadian Provinces on the
same subject.
Protection and importation of birds under act of Congress approved May
25, 1900, James Wilson ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Biological Survey Circ. 29, pp.
6). — This circular contains a copy of the Lacey Act for the protection of birds and a
commentary by the Secretary of Agriculture, explaining the powers and limitations
of the Department of Agriculture in this matter and the methods which must be
adopted by importers or shippers of animals included in the act.
Directory of State officials and organizations concerned with the protection
of birds and game, T. 8. Palmer {V. S. Dept. Agr., Divis^iun of Biological Surreg
Circ. 2S, pp. 8). — This list is printed also in the Yearbook for 1899 (pp. 710-717).
Distribution of the seed crow in Germany, Rorig {Arh. K. Gesundheitsamte,
Biol. Aht., 1 {1900), No. 3, pp. 271-284, pis. 2).— The author made a detailed study
of the distribution of Corims frugilegiis in the various provinces of Germany. Notes
are given on the present position of large colonies of these birds, their nesting habits,
and upon the means which have been adopted for destroying the birds. Bounties
are offered in a number of localities for seed crows.
Revision of the pocket mice of the genus Perognathus, W. H. Osgood ( U. S.
Dept. Agr., Divi.^on of Biological Survey , North American Fauna No. 18, pp. 63, 2>ls. 4,
Jigs. 15). — This bulletin contains an account of the literature relating to the genus
under discussion, and a discussion of the distribution, color and pelages, habits,
classification, and new species of this genus. An analytical key is presented for the
determination of species and subspecies, all of which are described.
The destruction of mice by means of oats treated with strychnin and
sugar, A. Schxeebeli {Ann. Agr. Suisse, 1 {1900), No. 7, pp. 269-275). — On account
of the mildness of two successive winters the fields in the canton of Zurich were
badly overrun with mice, and great damage to crops resulted. The usual methods
for the destruction of these animals proved insufficient during these successive inva-
sions. Recourse was had to inoculation with the bacillus of mouse typhus and to
poisoning by means of oats treated with sugar and strychnin. Satisfactory results
were obtained by the latter method, and it was observed that dogs and cats which
ate the poisoned mice were not affected.
Oligochseta, W. ^Iichaelsen {Das Tierreich. Berlin: R. Friedldnder d- Son, 1900,
No. 10, pp. XXIX ^ 574, figs. 13) . — A general systematic account of the earthworms,
with extensive bibliographical references.
Arsenical soap and its supposed preservative action upon the skins of
museum specimens, L. Vieira {Ann. Sci. Nat., 6 {1900), pp. 29-32). — From a quite
618
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
extensive experience with mounted specimens of birds and animals in museums the
author concludes that the use of arsenical soaps upon such specimen.* has no influ-
ence in preventing the attacks of museum pests upon the specimens. Anthrenus varius
was found to deposit its eggs and multiply as rapidly in skins which had Ijeen treated
with this soap as in those which had received no treatment.
METEOROLOGY.
Report of the director of the New York Weather Bureau, 1898,
E. A. FuERTES {Bjjt. ^w Toi'l' State Dept. Agr., G {1S9S), IL pp.
l-Ji-73, charts 28). — This report includes dailj^ and monthly summaries
of observations on temperature at some 96 stations in 61 counties of
the State, on precipitation at 120 stations, and on atmospheric pressure
at 8 stations, a review of the crop conditions during- the year, and
descriptions and brief historical accounts of some of the stations of the
bureau.
The average temperature for the State during 1898 was 48.1° F. ; the highest was
103°, at Primrose and West Point, July 3; the lowest, — 40°, at Elizabethtown, Febru-
ary 3. The average pressure was 30.03 in.; the highest, 30.71 in., at AUmny, March
26; lowest, 28.97 in., at Number Four, February 15. The average precipitation was
43.56 in.; the greatest, 69.2 in., at Brentwood; the lowest, 28.8 in., at Ogdensburg.
The average snow fall was 62.4 in., ranging from 143 in. at Number Four to 40 to 65
in. in the interior of the State, and 30 to 40 in. on the coast. The numljer of days on
which precipitation amounted to 0.01 in. was 137. The average cloudiness was 54
per cent.
The prmcipal features of the season from October, 1897, to Septeml^er, 1898, are
shown in the following table:
MontJdy temperature and jirecipitation and departures of each from the normal.
Year and month.
Mean
tempera-
ture.
Departure.
Average
precipita-
tion.
Departure.
1897:
°F.
51.0
37.6
28.2
23.5
26.3
40.0
42.8
56.3
66.8
72.2
70.0
63.8
°F.
+2.8
+0.6
+1.0
+1.6
+2.8
+9.8
-1.0
+0.2
+1.0
+2. 4
+2.5
Inches.
1.06
4.81
3.83
4.32
2.96
2. 22
2.92
4.33
3.06
3.12
6.00
2.96
Inches.
-2. 45
+1.51
+0. 94
1898:
+0.89
+0.05
—0. 51
+0. 25
Mav
+0.86
—0.72
Julv
-1.03
+2. 34
-0.41
"The average temperature for the year was unusually high, a deficiency obtain-
ing for the month of April only .... The crop season on the whole was fairly
successful. ' '
Meteorology, W. Frear and C. W. Norkis {Pc/insi/Ivajua Sta.
Bpt. ISOO, pp. 257-277, j?-b'4-J4J).— "The work of the past 2 years
has been chiefly a continuation of the preceding j^ears [E. S. R., 9, p.
815], including observations of the kind usually made 1)V the United
METEOKOLOGY.
619
States Weather Bureau upon atmospheric phenomena and upon the
amount of sunshine. ■■ Monthly summaries of observations are given
in the body of the report and the detailed record in an appendix. The
summaries for 18'J7 and 181>S are as follows:
Summari/ of meteorological observations, 1897 and 1898.
Whole year.
Growing
season
(Apr.-Sept.).
Whole year.
GroNving
season
(Apr.-Sept.).
Barometer (inches):
Mean
Highest
Lowest
Temperature (°F.):
Mean
Highest
Lowest .
Greatest daily range
Mean daily relative humidity (per
cent).
Rainfall (inches):
Total
Greatest monthly
Greatest daily . .*
Number of days on which 0.01 in.
or more of rain fell.
Mean percentage of cloudiness
Number of days on which cloudi-
ness averaged 80 per cent or more.
Average hours of sunshine per day..
Wind (miles):
Total movement
Maximum velocity per hour
Greatest daily movement
Last frost in spring
First frost in fall
30.050
30.720 (Jan. 31).
29.340 (Mar. 24)
48.9
92 (JulvlO.Sept.
16).
-5 (Jan. 26) ....
40 (Sept. 16)
82
43.44
5.69 (Julv) .
1.32 (Nov.l)
138
.56. 10.
111...
61.8 .
92...
30.035
30.533(Mar.26)..
29.482 (Feb. 15)..
49 9
'.\ 95' (July 3)".'
24 0 (Jan. 30, Feb.
2,4).
40 39(Dec.31)
77.6 81..S
23.62 .34.35
6.51 (Oct.)...
1.30 2.11 (Oct. 21)
74 137
47.8.
36...
56..
118.
18,990
34 (Dec. 24) ..
390 (Apr. 27).
6 h.4 m.
Mav 8 . .
Sept. IS .
18.735
40 (Dec. 5)
580
63.6.
95 (July 3).
17 (.\pr. 5).
35 (May 9).
78.
1.21 (Aug. 4).
65.
.50.50.
49.
Mav 9.
Oct. 3.
The principal periods of crop development in the seasons of 189T
and 1898 are stated.
Meteorolog-ical observations, J. E. Ostrandee, A. C. Monahan, and C. L. Rice
{3fa.mtchusetts Hatch Sta. Met. Bids. 139, I40, I4I, pp. 4 mc/i).— Daily and monthly
summaries of observations at Amherst, Mass., on pressure, temperature, liumidity,
precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during July, August,
and September, 1900, with notes on the general characteristics of the weather of those
months.
Meteorolog-y, V. Boxame [Rap. An. Sta. Agron. {M<nmtiui<], 1898-99, pj>. 1-15). —
Observations on temperature, pressure, humidity, and rainfall during 1898 and 1899
are reported. The distribution of the rainfall and other features of the seasons of
the two years are discussed.
Meteorological influences on the growth of beets in 1899, L. Kuntze {Ztschr.
Yer. Deut. Zuckerind, 1900, No. 529, II, pp. 1.53-158).— The influeuce of the season
on the growth of sugar beets is briefly discussed.
An electric frost alarm, L. Burixg (Queensland Agr. Jour., 7 {1900), No. 4, j^p.
346, 347, figs. 2). — This is a description, quoted from Garden and Field, of an appa-
ratus constructed by J. Richard, of Paris. The essential feature of the alarm is a metal
tube, similar in construction to the one used in a Bourdon pressure gage, filled with
amyl alcohol. The motion caused l:>y the expansion or contraction of this tube with
the change in temperature is communicated by means of a metal rod to a clockdike
apparatus which operates a pointer on a thermometric scale. This apparatus can be
set so that at a given temperature an electric current Avhich rings a bell will be started.
620 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
WATER— SOILS.
On the movement of water and salt solutions in soils, S. Krav-
Kov {Jow. Landw., J^8 {1900), No. 3, pp. 209-222).— The movement
of water was studied with diluvial sand (subsoil) in glass tubes 3 meters
long and 3.6 cm. in diameter. The downward movement of water
was the most rapid, the lateral movement next, and upward capillary
movement slowest. The rapidity and height of capillary rise was
almost in inverse ratio to the moisture content of the soil, /. e., the
drier the soil the more rapid and the higher the rise. The greater the
depth of water maintained over the surface of the soil the more rapid
the percolation.
In the experiments with salt solutions, tenth-normal, fifth-normal,
and normal solutions of potassium and sodium phosphates (KgHPO^,
NagHPOJ, potassium and ammonium sulphates, sodium nitrate,
chlorid, and carbonate were used in glass tubes 50 cm. long and 2 cm.
in diameter filled to a height of 45 cm. with soil (421 gm.). The solu-
tions were maintained at a depth of 0.5 cm. over the surface of the
soil and the ratepf percolation noted. It was found in the experiments
with diluvial sand that the salts which are more readily absorbed b\^
soils percolated more rapidly than those which are not absorbed,
although the differences were very small. In experiments with loamy
sand it was found that the addition of any of the salts lessened the
capillary rise of water, the nonabsorbable salts being more active in
this respect than the absorbable. Those salts which tended to loosen
the soil had the least retarding effect on the movement of water in the
soil.
Experiments on the effect of various salts applied in solid form gave
generalh' inconclusive results. It was observed, however, that gypsum
and calcium carbonate hastened the capillary rise of water.
Muck experiments, J. D. Towar {^lichigan Sta. Bui. 181, pj). 157-
ISIf^Jigs. 5). — This is an account of experiments during 1898 and 1899
on tenth and twentieth acre plats of swamp or muck land on the station
farm to test the effect of different methods of fertilizing, as follows:
Applications of leached ashes, 5 tons per acre in 1898; unleached wood
ashes, 1 ton per acre; sand, 1 in. thick over the surface in 1898; air-
slaked lime, 2 tons per acre in 1898; commercial fertilizer, containing
2.53 per cent of ammonia, 11.24 per cent of available and 0.26 per cent
of insoluble phosphoric acid, and 1.61 per cent of potash, 400 lbs.
per acre in 1898, 200 lbs. per acre in 1899; a home-mixed fertilizer,
having approximately the same composition as the commercial ferti-
lizer, 355.2 lbs. per acre in 1898, 170.6 lbs. per acre in 1899; stable
manure, 20 loads per acre in 1898; nitrate of soda, 400 lbs. per acre
in 1899; dissolved phosphate rock, 800 lbs. per acre in 1899, and
muriate of potash, 400 lbs. per acre in 1899. Three plats received no
WATER — SOILS. 621
fertilizer, and one of these was thoroughly rolled. The nitrate of
soda, dissolved phosphate rock, and muriate of potash were used singly
and combined by twos.
A variety of Held and garden crops were grown. No definite results
were obtained the first year, although in every case the fertilizers
increased the vield, the barnyard manure giving the best results. The
yields on the different plats are tabulated.
"(1) In general, the result of the muck experiments indicate a uniformity in the
requirements of the various crops and that stable manure meets those requirements
in fuller measure than anything else. It appears that the legumes tried — garden
peas and soy beans — are the only exceptions to this rule. . . .
"(2) Air-slaked lime, which in the past has been highly recommended as a treat-
ment for muck land, acted on this even slightly acid muck in opposition to our
expectations, for where it was applied at the rate of 2 tons per acre the yield was
generally less than where nothing was applied. The yield apparently increased as
the C[uantity applied was enlarged.
"(3) Sand has given contradictory results, though frequently its yield is higher
than the adjacent 'nothing' plat. These results are in no measure the entire benefit
to be derived from this one application, but it is still a problem whether it will pay
to apply sand to a muck field at the rate of 140 loads per acre.
"(4) Leached ashes gave results similar to those from sand, and though yet incon-
clusive, we believe that where this material may be had for a few cents per wagonload
and is within 4 or 5 miles it may be applied with profit.
" (5) So far the complete fertilizers do not give results that will warrant their pur-
chase in considerable quantities for muck land.
"(6) Unleached wood ashes gave very satisfactory results, as did also the mixture
of- phosphate rock and potash salts, indicating the lack of mineral manures and an
abundance of nitrogenous manures in this soil." '
The reclamation of salt land in Egypt, G. Bonapaete {Jour.
Khtd'iv. Agr. Soc. and School Agr., 2 {1900), JVo. 4, pp. 170-175,
Jjg. 1). — The origin and composition of alkali, or sahach.^ as it occurs
in Egypt, the injuries which it causes to plants, plants which are
resistant to alkali, and methods of reclaiming alkali lands {ard sahach)
are briefly treated. An effective method of removing the excess of
salts practiced in Egypt is as follows: Open drains 70 cm. to 1 meter
deep are placed at intervals of 50 meters one wa}^ and 150 the other,
in the latter case alternating with the irrigation laterals. The main
canals are 1,000 meters apart. The water is maintained at a depth of
10 cm. over the soil for 6 months. Rice, barnyard grass {Panicum
ems-gaUi), and a sedge {Cyperus Icevigatiis), used in making mats, are
then usually planted.
The needs and treatment of the War-wick Plain and other
sandy soils of Rhode Island, H. J. Wheeler and G. E. Adams
{Rhode Mand Sta. Bui. 68, pp. 159-174)'— T^^Q district known as the
Warwick Plain is "essentially embraced within a line extending from
Apponaug to Pontiac, then along the Pawtuxet River to its outlet,
^ The results obtained with sugar beets in these experiments have been reported in
an earlier bulletin (E. S. R., 12, p. 540).
622 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD.
and thence around the shore to Apponaug." The soils of this district
are with few exceptions comparatively level and naturally poor and
sandy. They are also frecjuently acid. An anah^sis of a sample of
the soil collected near Greenwood is reported, which indicates that
there is "a great need of most, if not all, of the kinds of plant food
which are liable to be lacking in soils." Plat experiments with fer-
tilizers on table beets and nuiskmelons at 2 places in the AVarwick
Plain and pot experiments at the station with Imrley on soil from one
of these localities are reported, with a discussion of the needs of the
soils and the best means of their improvement. AVhile the soils are
deficient in all of the principal elements of plant food, potash is appar-
ently less needed than either phosphoric acid or nitrogen. ''Lime is
probabh' needed as plant food, and particularly to overcome the aciditj^
of the soil." Small applications of lime which has been exposed to
the air for a long time are recommended, as well as the stocking of
the soil with humus by the growing of leguminous plants for green
manure.
Examination of water for household and industrial uses, H. Boursaclt
{Recherche des eciux potables et indnstrielles. Paris, 1900, j)}). 200, figs. 16).
Miscellaneous water analyses {OkJahoma Sta. Ilpt. 1900, px>- 73-75). — A brief
statement of analyse? of 18 samples examined mainly with regard to their mineral
constituents.
Lower Michigan mineral waters, A. C. Laxe ( Water Supply and Irrigation
Papers, U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 31, 2ip- 97, p>l. 1, maps 3, figs. 2). — "A study into the
connection between the chemical comi)osition of these mineral waters and their mode
of occurrence."
Underground temperatures during a hot w^ave in South Australia {Science,
n. ser., 12 {1900), No. 309, p. 851). — Refers to "an interesting case of slow penetra-
tion into the ground of the high temperatures of a hot wave ' ' described in a report
by Sir Charles Todd on "Rainfall in South Australia and the Northern Territory
during 1S97."
Analyses of soils, C. F. Juritz {Rpt. Senior Analyst, Cape Good Hope, 1899, pp.
41-71, map 1, dgms. 3). — This is an account of the work on the systematic soil survey
of the Cape of Good Hope to the end of 1899. This work has been rejiorted on from
time to time and noted in the Record (E. S. R., 12, p. 122).
Soil investigations of the Tokay w^ine regions, B. vox Bitt6 {Landir. ]'ers.
Stat., 54 {1900), No. 5-6, pp. 337-348) . — This is a brief record (mostly in tabular form)
of examinations, mainly with reference to content of calcium carbonate of the soils
of this region, undertaken with a view to determining their adaptability to the
American grape.
The rational analysis of clays from the agricultural point of view, E.
Vax dex Bkoeck {Bui. Soc. Beige Geol., U {1900), No. 3, pp. 161-166). — This is a
discussion of the results of analyses of samples of Tertiary clay from the vicinity of
Brabant by the hydrofluoric acid method proposed by A. Proost, which, it is claimed,
affords a truer index of the fertilizing constituents of the soil available for the use of
l)lants tlian the (mlinary method using hydrnchlnric acid.
Investigations on the potash in cultivated soils, C. Disserre {Ann. Agr
Suisse, 1 {1900), No. 2, pp. 66, 67). — Attention is called to the greater efficiency of
the hydrofluoric acid method than of the hydrochloric acid method in determining
the reserve potash of the soil, and tests of the relative action of different fertilizers
FEETILIZERS. 623
in rendering the potash and lime of the soil soluble are reported. The most effective
agents in rendering soil potash soluble in distilled water v.-ere gypsum and sulphate
of ammonia. The substances which were most active in rendering the lime soluble
were potassium chlorid and annnonium sulphate.
The effect of sand and lime on heavy marsh soils, Kl.\usen {Landv\ Wchnbl.
Srlde.wig-Holstein, 50 {1900), No. 46,j)p. 794-798, fig^. ^).— Beans, fall wheat, clover,
barley, and oats were grown in pots of (1) heavy marsh soil alone; (2) heavy marsh
soil mixed with 15 per cent of sand which contained 3.58 per cent of calcium car-
bonate found underlying the marsh soil; (3) mixed with 15 per cent of sand free
from lime; (4) mixed with marl containing 3.58 per cent of calcium carbonate; (5)
mixed with quicklime equivalent to the amount of calcium in (2); and (6) mixed
with noncalcareous sand and calcium carbonate equivalent to the amount of carbon-
ate in (2).
Detailed and summarized results are given. They are believed by the author to
show that the value of the calcareous sand is due primarily to the lime which it
contains. Its moditication of the physical character of the soil is of secondary
importance. The sand which contained no lime was valueless and in some instances
its use resulted in decreased yields. The legimiinous plants were more responsive
on the limed or marled soils than the cereals. In general it is concluded that the
effect of the calcareous sand in ameliorating heavy marsh soils can be secured much
more cheaply by the tise of marl at the rate of about 6.7 tons per acre.
Cooperative soil test experiments, J. D. Towar {Michigwi Sta. Bid. 181, pp. 147-
157). — Cooperative experiments with fertilizers on corn, potatoes, field beans, and sugar
beets at 13 different places in Michigan are reported. The soils experimented with are
described and the fertilizers applied and the yields obtained in the different exper-
iments are tabulated. "While the results in many cases are inconclusive, in a few
instances they furnish the basis for some deductions as to the fertilizer requirements
of the M'ils tested.
Examination of mineral specimens {Oklahoma Sin. Rpt. 1900, pp. 68-72). —
Examinations of 141 samples are briefly reported.
FERTILIZERS.
On the composition of the gas confined in barnyard manure,
P. P. Deherain and C. Dupont {Ann. Agron., 36 {1900), JS^o. G, pp.
273-291^). — Observations made on 2 comparative!}^ large heaps of
manure are reported. The observations included determinations of
the temperature and humidity of the heaps at stated intervals and
chemical examination of samples of gas collected from the top, center,
and bottom of the heaps during August and September, 1899. In the
chemical examination of the gas, determinations of carbon dioxid,
oxygen, methane (CH J and hydrogen, and other observations were
made. The results show that there was generally sufficient carbon
dioxid present in the heaps to prevent the dissociation of ammonium
carbonate except in the upper portion of uncovered heaps after a
heavy rainfall. Aerobic fermentation was alwaA's in progress in the
upper part of the heaps and extended to the lower layers when the
manure was not closely packed. Wetting the heaps reduced this
fermentation. Fermentation resulting in the formation of free hydro-
gen was observed only in cases of closely packed manure and was
624 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
often accompanied hy the abundant evolution of carbon dioxid. It
occurred only in neutral or slightly acid manure and ceased when the
manure was moistened with the liquid which drained from the heaps.
Since this fermentation is sometimes accompanied by loss of nitrogen
in the free state it should be prevented by keeping the manure
heaps moistened with liquid manure. Fermentation resulting in the
evolution of methane was found to occur in well-packed manure. In
such cases the gas resulting from fermentation is composed solely of
methane and carbon dioxid and no nitrogen is lost in the free state
under such conditions. The abundant evolution of carbon dioxid
which accompanies the marsh gas fermentation also prevents dissocia-
tion of ammonium carbonate. This desirable fermentation is promoted
b}- keeping the heaps of manure wet with the liquid portion.
Investigations on the action of the phosphoric acid and nitro-
gen in Leipsic poudrette and in von Krottnaurer's Blankenburg
fertilizer, O. Bottcher {Deut. Landw. Presse^ 27 {1000), Xr>, 77, jjp.
9oo, 95 Ji). — The first of these fertilizers is prepared by drj-ing fecal
matter with sulphuric acid; the second bv treating slaughterhouse
refuse, etc., in the same manner. Analyses of samples of the two
products and pot experiments to test their fertilizing value are reported.
The samples of poudrette examined contained from -i.S to 5.38 per cent
of phosphoric acid, 1.96 to 2.9 per cent being soluble in citrate solu-
tion, and 0.42 to 0.69 per cent soluble in water; 4.19 to 5.54 per cent
of nitrogen, 2.16 to 2.4 being in form of ammonia; and 3.78 to 5.1 per
cent potash. In the 2 samples of the other fertilizer examined the
phosphoric acid varied from 6.4 to 8.3 per cent, 0.1 to 0.35 per cent
being soluble in citrate solution and 4.4 to 6.2 per cent soluble in water;
6.49 to 6.34 per cent of nitrogen, 0.31 to 0.39 per cent being in the
form of ammonia and 0.15 to 0.21 being in form of nitrate. These
fertilizers were compared with double superphosphate and nitrate of
soda on oats grown in a moderately compact loam soil. As regards
the action of the phosphoric acid the 2 fertilizers were but slightly
less effective than the double superphosphate, while as regards nitrogen
they were scarcely half as effective as nitrate.
The occurrence and composition of lime in Maryland, together
•with the results of experiments in testing its use in agriculture,
H. J. Patterson {2Laryland Sta. Bui. 66^ 2^^- 91-130, maps 2). — This
bulletin includes a general discussion of the relation of lime to agri-
culture; the action of lime on soils; the time and methods of apph'ing
lime; methods of determining the need of lime; descriptions of differ-
ent kinds of lime used in agriculture; the occurrence and composition
of lime in Maryland, including analyses of 121 samples of limestone,
2 of oyster shells, 27 of burned lime (stone and oyster shell) 5 of gas
lime, and 90 of marl; and accounts of experiments with lime made at
the station since 1889.
FERTILIZERS. 625
In 1889, 1890, and 1891, g3TSum 370 lbs. per acre, quicklime 2,000
lbs. per acre, and shell marl 8,000 lbs. per acre, were compared on
corn and wheat on a well-drained sandy loam soil, "The results show
that the sulphate of lime and the quicklime produced marked effects
the first 3'ear of application, but that the carbonate showed no effect
until the second year. In the sum total of the 3 years' crops all of the
applications proved to be quite beneficial, and the quicklime produced
the greatest increase in yields."
In another series of experiments with corn and wheat carried out
during 1890 and 1891, stone lime 2,000 lbs. per acre, oyster-shell lime
2,000 lbs. per acre, ground oyster shells 2,000 lbs. per acre, marl 4,000
lbs. per acre, and gypsum 233 lbs. per acre, were compared on stiff cla}'
naturally inclined to be wet. In all cases the yields were increased by
the application, the ground oyster shells being especially effective, and
much more so than the marl.
An account is given of a series of experiments begun in 1893 and
partly reported in a previous bulletin (E. S. R., 10, p. 633), to test the
effect of lime (20 bu. per acre) on a rotation of corn, wheat, and hay.
The results up to the close of 1899 are reported. The figures show
"that the application of lime to this land was a beneficial and profitable
procedure." In a series of experiments begun in 1896 on stiff clay
land, inclined to be a little wet, varying amounts of lime (10 to 60 bu.
per acre) were compared on the above rotation. The experiments
have been partly reported (E. S. R., 10, p. 633). The results for 4
3"ears (1896-1899), show "that small applications of lime have proven
to be as efficient at the end of 4 years as the larger applications, and
that the relative profits, up to date, are in favor of appljnng 20 bu.
per acre. It is of interest to note that in the hay crop the 10 bu. of
lime gave the largest net return."
Since 1896 experiments have been in progress to test the effect of
lime in connection with green manure. Stone lime was applied at the
rate of 10 bu. per acre, cowpeas were sown, which were turned under
for wheat, the wheat was followed by clover, which was cut for hay,
and the land planted to corn. The net gain from the wheat, hay, and
corn was ^•4.97 in case of cowpeas alone and $5.03 in case of cowpeas
and lime. The combination of cowpeas and lime seemed to have a
more lasting effect than cowpeas alone.
During 5 years (1895-1899) experiments have been made to test stone
lime at the rate of 1,400 lbs. per acre, oyster-shell lime 1,400 lbs.,
magnesium oxid 1,400 lbs., barium oxid 1,400 lbs., shell marl 13,000
lbs., finel}' ground oyster shells 2,600 lbs., gj^psum 4,125 lbs., gas lime
2,925 lbs., finel}^ ground South Carolina rock 2,925 lbs., and soft-coal
ashes 13,000 lbs. per acre. Corn was grown during 4 years, wheat
one (1897).
626 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The reported results show that —
"(1) The best yields were obtained with the lime in the form of a carbonate, the
finely ground oyster shells standing first and the shell marl standing second. This
was further substantiated when the stone lime was applied as a top-dressing and
given an opportunity to form carbonate of lime by absorption of carbonic acid from
the atmosphere.
"(2) Pure magne-sium lime, which is commonly claimed to l)e poisonous to the
soil and crop, gave the highest yield.
" (3) Barium oxid, which is not a plant food, produced very nearly as much
increase in the yields as the calcium oxid, and more increase than the sulphate or
phosphate of lime. This would seem to indicate that there was some effect produced
on the soil rather than that the plants needed lime as a plant food.
. "(4) The lime applied so as to slake in the soil produced a slightiy better total
yield than when first slaked and harrowed in.
" (5) Stone lime and shell lime were of about the same value on the soil.
" (6) Lime with fertilizer was more profitable than fertilizer alone.
" { 7 ) All the applications of lime increased the yields. ' '
Experiments in denitrification, T. B. Wood {Bd. Agr. \Lon(lon\
Rpt. Ayr. Education and Research ^ISDO-IOOO^ pp. 12!^^ 12o). — Experi-
ments on oats with nitrate of soda alone and combined with fresh (long)
and well-rotted (short) manure on a heavy and rather wet clay soil in
1S98 and on a lighter humus soil resting* on bowlder clay in 1S99 are
briefly reported. The manure was used at rates of 10 and 20 tons per
acre. The average 3delds were greater with nitrate alone than with
nitrate and manure, the difference being especially marked in case of
the long manure. With nitrate alone there was an increase of grain
of 9i bu. per acre in 1S99; with nitrate and long manure there was
practically no increase.
Analyses of coniinercial fertilizers, C. A. Goessmann {Mnssachv setts Hatch Sta.
Bill. 68, pjy. 28). — This bulletin reports analyses of 275 samples of fertilizing materials,
including wood ashes, limekiln ashes, leather-scrap ashes, cotton-hull ashes, silicate,
muriate, and sulphate of potash, kainit, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, bone,
tankage, apatite. South Carolina rock phosphate, odorless phosphate, castor pomace,
stable refuse, cotton waste, and mixed fertilizers.
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, J. Hamilton and W. Freak {Pcnnsyjranla
Dept. Arjr. Ept. 1899, pt. 1, pp. S,.^l-.974) .—This includes the text of the Pennsylvania
fertilizer law, notes on valuation of fertilizers, tabulated analyses and valuations of
fertilizers examined durinsr 1899, and a list of fertilizer manufacturers securing
licenses for the sale of fertilizers in Pennsylvania in 1899.
Commercial fertilizers, H. J. Wheeler, B. L. Hartwell, et al. {Rhode I.'<l(tnd Sta.
Bui. 67, pp. 151-156) . — Analyses and valuations, accompanied by guarantees, of l-i
samples of fertilizers are reported, with a schedule of prices used in the valuation of
fertilizers and brief notes on the conduct of the fertilizer inspection.
Analyses of commercial fertilizers {South Carolina Sta. Bid. 54, pp. IS). — This
bulletin includes a table of prices of unmixed fertilizing materials and tabulated
analyses and valuations of 154 samples of fertilizers examined during the season of
1899-1900.
Analyses of fertilizing materials, P. Boname {Rap. An. Sta. Agron. [J/f/fuvV/i/.*],
1898-99, pp. 18-M). — Analyses of ashes of bagasse and dry cane leaves, calcareous
sea sand, and lime used fur agricultural purposes are reported.
FIELD CROPS. 627
The rational use of chemical fertilizers, P. Liechti (Ann. Agr. Suisse, 1 {1900),
No. 7, pp. 2.^3-268, fi(js. 4)- — The extent of the use of fertilizers in the Canton of
Berne is discussed and an account is given of pot experiments by the Wagner method
with oats to test the relative efficiency of different fertilizers on soils of different
character. Analyses of the various soils experimente<l with and the details of the
experiments are given in full, with a discussion of the practical application of the
results.
The use of lime upon Pennsylvania soils, W. Frear (Pennsylvania Dept. Agr.
Bui. 61, pp. 170, figs. 3, map 1). — This is a detailed discussion, based upon investiga-
tions at the Pennsylvania Station and elsewhere, of the agricultural uses of lime; the
limestones of Pennsylvania; the burning, slaking, and quality of different kinds of
lime; the functions of lime in plants and soils; the influence of liming upon soils and
the relative value of magnesian limestones; and methods of liming. An appendix
gives analyses of Pennsylvania limestones compiled from various sources.
Field experiments with night soil near Posen {Mitt. Dent. Landw. GeselL, 15
{1900), Xo. 37, pp. 223-238).
FIELD CROPS.
Subexperiment farms, W. M. Hays et al. {Minnesota Sfa. Bui.
68, pp. oo7-7J0, Jigs. 38, dgnis. 24). — Results are here recorded of
experiments conducted at the 3 subexperiment farms in the State, pre-
ceded in each instance hy general notes on the purpose of the farm
and its method of management b}' W. M. Liggett.
Experiments at Coteau farm (pp. 563-651). — This farm is located in
southwest Minnesota, where droughts are frequent and often severe.
The work of the farm has therefore been mainly directed toward
ameliorating their effects by different systems of tillage, manuring and
cropping, the use of shelter belts, etc.
In a study of the amount of soil moisture best suited to the growth
of flax in upland soil containing 13.02 per cent of organic matter and
in lowland .soil containing 28.6 per cent, the best result in the case of
the upland soil was obtained when 30 per cent of water was used.
With lowland soil 100 per cent of water gave the strongest flax.
These results are believed to show that the larger the amount of
organic matter in the soil the greater the endurance of plants to
extremes of drought and rainfall.
The results obtained in farm tillage experiments are reported in
crop yields and soil moisture content and shown by tables and a com-
prehensive .S3'stem of charts. The moisture content of the upper 2 ft.
of a soil which had been in wheat and yielded about 2 tons of grain
and straw per acre averaged about 15 per cent less than a cultivated
soil which had borne no crop. Using SO lbs. as the average weight of
the soil, it is estimated that for each pound of dry matter produced in
this case some 261 lbs. of water was required.
The losses of moisture in a field of corn occasioned by the growth
of 3,540 lbs. of weeds per acre was very marked, especially at depths
of from 3 to 6 in., and the corn crop was reduced from 12,762 lbs.,
15410— No. 7 3
628 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
where thorough cultivation was given, to 6,989 lbs., or more than 50
per cent, where the weeds (mostly pigeon grass) were allowed to grow
freel}'. It is believed that the weeds evaporated more moisture per
pound of dry matter than the corn. This point is being further
studied.
Compacting the lower portion of the furrow slices with a subsurface
packer has had little or no effect in increasing the moisture in the
lower portion of the slices, either when the ground was fall or spring-
plowed or when coarse manures were plowed under. Subsoiling for
corn has apparently reduced the jield of grain 19 per cent and of
stover 15 per cent. With wheat the grain yield was slightly reduced
and the weight of straw slightly increased on the subsurface-packed
plats. Out of 17 comparisons with oats, potatoes, turnips, fodder,
corn, wheat, and sugar beets, 14 show a decreased yield from subsoil-
ing. The conclusion reached is that " subsoiling is expensive and not
profitable under most conditions in Minnesota."
With wheat the average results for 3 years show equal 3'ields from
spring and fall plowing. Practical experience, however, suggests
early fall plowing as being more desirable, from the standpoint of
economical farm management and weed destruction. A fall-plowed
seed bed absorbed more moisture and resulted in an increased yield of
2.6 bu. of grain over an un plowed stubble land. The unplowed stub-
ble seed bed did not conserve moisture as well as the plowed laud and
more weeds grew on it. Harrowing growing wheat when it is a few
inches high has resulted in an average decreased yield for 2 years of
0.6 bu. per acre. In experiments in broadcasting v. drilling wheat,
drilled wheat has averaged 9.5 bu. per acre for 2 j^ears and broad-
casted 6.25 bu. The drilled wheat was more deeply and strongly
rooted and was less injured by frost. Seeding wheat at the rate of
about \ bu. per acre in drills 1-t and 21 in. apart and cultivating
between the rows has not given as good yields as the usual method of
seeding li bu. per acre in drills 7 in. apart without cultivation.
Manuring increased the yield of grain and slightly reduced the ratio
of grain to straw. It seemed to decrease the moisture content of the
plowed ground the first year, while increasing it the second.
The moisture content of soils surface cultivated, mulched, plowed,
and plowed and subsoiled was studied. "At the depth of 3 to 6 in.
the surface-cultivated soil had only about 1 per cent more moisture
during most of the season than the soil which was compact to its sur-
face, and late in the season it had no more." When the soil was
plowed 6 in, deep and subsoiled 7 in. deeper, the moisture in the sub-
soil was much better conserved by the loosened earth than in bare
compact soil. Plats mulched with a layer of straw ^ in. deep con-
tained 5 per cent more moisture than bare soil, fluctuated with
weather changes less sharply, and retained their warmth longer. 1
FIELD CROPS. 629
The author briefly summarizes the results of the tillage experiments
for the conservation of moisture as follows:
" Soil moisture is conserved by plowing, which loosens the soil to the depth of
several inches; by cultivating between the rows, which keeps loose the upper 2 in. of
soil; by mulching, which allows the rain to penetrate the soil but not leave it; and
by having the plowed furrow slice cleanly fallow all or part of the year, thus avoid-
ing the draft of growing plants on the soil moisture. It is dissipated by growing
crops which pump into the air enormous amounts of water; liy weeds which are per-
niciously active pumps in proportion to the useless growth they make, and l)y leav-
ing the soil compact, allowing capillary water to rise to the surface, there to
evaporate. ' '
Among- the meadow and pasture crops grown, Bromus inermis is
the only new grass whose merits have been proven. The yields
obtained from 3U mixtures of pasture plants are tabulated, and several
mixtures especially adapted to different soils and for different pur-
poses are recommended.
The number of days of pasture furnished b}^ several annual pasture
crops for steers and sheep are also shown. The practice of growing-
succulent forage crops for feeding off during the dry midsummer and
early spring and late fall is commended.
The value of the shelter belts of willow hedge at the farm as an aid
in growing crops and establishing deciduous trees is considered and a
diagram given of the arrangement of the Coteau farm hedges. A
four-year-old willow hedge already stands 1.5 ft. high.
Hm'thvjest eTperiment farm (pp. 652-687). — The northwest experi-
ment farm is located in the rich lowlands of the Red River Valle}' on
ground t^'pical of that region. Results secured in variet}^ tests with
a number of grains, grasses, clovers, and forage crops are recorded,
as are also data obtained in seeding grasses and clovers with different
nurse crops.
Minnesota No. 103 and Wellman Fife have given the best average
yields with wheat; Minnesota No. 190, Early Gothland, and Black
Russian, in the order named, with oats, and Golden Queen, Odessa,
and French Chevalier with barlej". Bromus inermib' has proven one
of the most promising of the grasses tested. AVith this grass and with
manmioth clover, and mixtures of timothy and clover, best results have
been obtained when seeded without a nurse crop. Red clover has given
the best results when drilled in with barle3\
^Wrf/u-ast suhcj'periment fari/i {pp. 688-730). — This farm is located
in the pine region of northern Minnesota, and is made up of a number
of different soil types, namelj^, poor sandy loam, on which jack or
Norway pines grow, light-colored clays, swampy soil of the t3"pe called
"Muskeg," and various mixtures. The general work and equipment
of the farm is noted, and some results obtained in field tests with grains,
forage crops, potatoes, vegetables, and orchard and small fruits are
recorded. Thus far Blue Stem wheats have vielded from 2 to 3 bu.
630 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
more per acre than Fife varieties and have been less affected by rust.
The Improved Ligowa oat stands at the head of 23 varieties tested.
Six-rowed types have given the best j'ields of barley, and of these
Manshury is much the best. White Canada held peas have yielded
the best of the peas grown. With forage plants red and alsike clovers
have done better on light soils than the true grasses. Bromus inermls
has given the best results of the grasses tested on light soil. American
Wonder has given the highest average yield of the potatoes grown for
3 years — 260. -1 bu. per acre. The farm is considered as being very
nearly the most northerly point at which apples can be grown. The
varieties thus found hardy are Silken Leaf and Christmas; crab apples,
Martha and Virginia.
Report of agricultural investigations in Alaska in 1899, C. C.
Georgesox {U. S. Dept. Agr.^ ^^'<^'« of Experiment Stations Bui,
82, p^p. 55, ph. 17). — This bulletin deals more especially with the estab-
lishment of agricultural experiment stations at Sitka and Kenai, and
the growing of cereals, forage plants, flax, and vegetables at these
stations and at Kadiak.
Experiments in making and storing silage and in making hay from
native grasses have been successfully carried out during the year.
New lands have been cleared, and the value of lime in correcting the
acidity of fresh soil demonstrated. The Alaskan soil is fertile, and
when properly drained and treated is productive. All of the common
hardy vegetables, such as potatoes, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, peas,
onions, carrots, parsnips, parsley, lettuce, celery, radishes, turnips,
beets, and the like, of excellent qualitj^, have been grown successfully,
and many garden flowers do well. Tomatoes, beans, cucumbers,
melons, and sweet corn are not successful. Red, mammoth, alsike,
and white clovers grow luxuriantly. They have withstood the win-
ters, and the earlier blooms matured seed. Vetches, lupines, rape,
field peas, and timothy have likewise grown vigorously, and yielded a
large amount of forage. Wheat, barley, oats, flax, rye, and buck-
wheat have all matured. Some of the serious drawbacks to grain
growing in Alaska are the heavy growth of straw induced hy the moist
climate and the difficulty of harvesting on account of the abundant
fall rains which set in early in September and even in August. Flax
grows especiall}' well, producing straw from 2i to 3 ft. high and of
good fiber. Flaxseed has regular!}- matured.
Notes on the growth of each of a number of varieties of all the
above noted crops are recorded in the report and many details given
regarding the clearing of land, drainage and improvement of peat
lands, Alaska as a stock country, value of silos in Alaska, difficulties
in the way of securing homesteads, etc. Letters are reported from a
number to whom seeds were distributed giving the results obtained.
Meteorological data showing the temperature and weather conditions
in 1899 at a number of different localities are appended.
FIELD CROPS. 631
Notes on clover, J. D. Towar {Michigan Sta. Bui. ISl, 2'J'- ^'^^i
165). — The great difficulty in .securing a good catch of clover when
seeded with wheat, as was fornierh^ the practice in Michigan, led to
experiments in seeding this crop alone on well prepared ground. Two
eighth-acre plats -i rods apart were used in the test. On 1 plat clover
was seeded with wheat; on the other the ground was well prepared
and the clover seeded alone. Both plats were seeded the same day.
The clover seeded with the wheat was an entire failure, though the
wheat 3'ielded at the rate of 42 bu. per acre, while on the plat seeded
to clover alone a good stand was secured, and a vield of 4:.U67 lbs. of
hay was obtained as a first crop.
Experiments were begun in 1899 to determine the most desirable
time to seed clover in Michigan. From results secured up to the
present time from April to June seems to be the most satisfactory
time for seeding.
Corn experiments, L, Foster and L. A. Merrill ( Utah Sta. Bui.
6G.,2^p. 101-117, ^p(/s. If). — Different varieties of corn were compared
and tests made of the relative value of deep and shallow tillage, of hill-
ing and level tillage, and of thick and thin planting. Earlier results
secured along these lines at the station have been noted (E. S. R.,
6, p. 527). While corn does not produce as much forage per acre in
Utah as alfalfa, it is considered a valuable adjunct to the latter and
a desirable crop to grow in rotations, taking the place of an occa-
sional summer fallow in freeing the land from weeds. The climatic
conditions for growing corn are not especially favorable in Utah, the
.seasons being rather too short and the general temperature too low,
especially the night temperature. It has been demonstrated, however,
that "all of the best flint varieties, the small dents, and the semidents
will fully mature in the localitj'of the experiment station." The dent
varieties, however, after being a few j^ears under cultivation tend to
take on the appearance of the flints. From 3 to 5 irrigations were
given in the different years.
The 3'ield of IT varieties, including flint, dent, and semiclent corns,
during periods of .5 to 10 years, are tabulated by years and averaged.
A white flint corn, the varietv usuall}' grown in the Cache Valley,
has given the largest yields in 7 out of 10 years, and the highest aver-
age by 0.8 bu. of all the varieties tested for 10 years — •4G.22 bu.
per acre. Next in order of productiveness are Angel of Midnight,
North Dakota, and Golden Beauty, all flint varieties. The average
number of days from planting to cutting corn in Utah has varied with
the varieties tested from 116 days in the case of Vf hite Flint to 1.51
da^'s with Long Yellow Flint.
In the deep and shallow tillage experiment, corn was given shallow,
medium, deep, and no tillage, and was scaritied and mulched with
sowed dirt. The test covered 5 years and the results are tabulated
for each year. On the whole medium tillage has given slightly the
632 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
best results. Two seasons out of 5 the plat not tilled gave better
3'ields than any of the tilled plats, while 4 3'ears out of 5 the plat
receiving- sowed dirt gave better yields than the plat receiving no
tillage.
The experiments in hilling v. level culture cover a period of 7
years. Some plats were given level culture or hilled one wa}^ while
others were given level culture or hilled both ways. The average
results are in favor of level culture both ways. For 8 years corn has
been planted in hills at the rates of 3, 6, and 9 kernels per hill, respec-
tively. The yield of corn fodder obtained each year is tabulated.
The result in favor of planting 6 kernels to the hill was so decisive
in the average of the 8 years that the authors feel justified in drawing
the conclusion that seeding under or over this amount will not give
as good results. Results secured at other stations in tests of hill v.
drill culture of corn are discussed. In general they "show but very
little difference between hill and drill planting."
Corn silage, sugar beets, and mangels— a comparison of their
yield and cost of production, H. J. Waters and E. H, Hess {Penn-
fiyJvania Sta. lipt. 1899^ ]j}). 10.lf.-l 11). — Further data on the cost of
growing and 3'ield of dry and digestible matter per acre of corn, sugar
beets, and mangels are given (E. S. R., 6, p. 446). Three varieties of
corn and one each of sugar beets and mangels were grown on an upland
clay soil of moderate fertility, uniformh' prepared and fertilized. A
portion of the corn was grown on unfertilized land and the results
included in the general averages with corn. The corn was grown in
rows 42 in. apart with the kernels 14 in. distant in the row. When
harvested it was hauled to the barn, cut into f in. lengths, and ensiled.
"The beets were planted in rows 34 in. apart and thinned to one plant
every 7 to 10 in. in the row. The}' were cultivated with a horse hoe 6
times and hand-weeded twice. All vacancies were filled b}^ transplant-
ing." The yield of green and dr}' matter for each crop is tabulated,
and the relative cost of production compared.
The 3"ield of air-dry substance of the mangels averaged 4,554 lbs.
per acre, sugar beets 4,683 lbs. per acre, and corn 6,763 lbs. per acre.
It is thus seen that the corn idelded about 46.6 per cent more dry mat-
ter than the roots. Taking the averages obtained with the corn per
acre as a unit, it is calculated that it would require 1.40 acres of man-
gels or 1.44 acres of sugar beets to produce as nmch dr\' matter as one
acre of corn.
The cost of the labor and material required to grow, harvest, and
store the beets was at the rate of $57.54 per acre, while the cost of
growing and ensiling corn was $16.17 per acre. "In other words,
4,615 lbs. of air-dr}' substance in roots cost $57.56 as compared with
6,763 lbs. of corn at a cost of $16.17." Or. reduced to a uniform
basis, it cost 5.17 times as nmch to produce lOO lbs. of air-dry sub-
stance in the roots as in the corn.
FIELD CROPS. 683
A resume is given of the cost of growing sugar beets at other sta-
tions which shows a variation of from $33.85 to $60.50 per acre, with
an estimate of $35 per acre as the lowest average cost under the most
favorable conditions; while the cost of growing corn in Illinois has
been reported as $10.51> per acre (E. S. R., 10, p. 5-iO).
Experiments with barley, roots, and grass lands in 1899, H. C.
Sherixc4ham et al. {An7i. Rpt. Field Expts. Irish Agr. Organiza-
tion Soc.^ 1 {1890)^ 2U^' ^~V^i fi{l^- 6')- — Barlev was grown in 4 of the
more important barley counties of Ireland and fertilized with ditierent
commercial fertilizers. Roots were grown in 3 counties, barnyard
manure and commercial fertilizers ])eing used, while in 2 others fer-
tilizer experiments were made for the improvement of permanent
grass lands. The results secured in the barley experiments show the
necessity of early seeding (February or early Mdrch), The drills
should be 8 in. apart rather than -li in. Chevalier barley is advocated
for seed. But little advantage was found in sweating barley for seed
purposes. It is recommended that phosphatic manures always be
applied with nitrate of soda. After a straw crop nitrogenous manures
in moderation should be added to superphosphate and potash manures
for barley in order to secure a full crop. Nitrogenous manures
should never be applied alone.
With the root crops it is shown that heav}" dressings of barnyard
manure for turnips are not necessary, and that even better crops can
be obtained by replacing a portion of the manure with superphos-
phate. On heavy soils barnj^ard manure proved of little use, but on
porous soils it gave good results, particularly when applied with
about 300 to 400 lbs. of superphosphate j)er acre. The experiments
also show that turnips can be successfully produced with commercial
fertilizers alone. Phosphoric acid is the ingredient they most require
and is best supplied in superphosphate. Kainit on light soils appeared
to be a profitable manure when used with superphosphate, but on heav}^
soils it was injurious. If barnyard manure is not used, nitrogen in
the form of nitrate of soda should be applied.
The results on the old pasture lands showed in part that a nitroge-
nous manure was of but little benefit, while kainit had an inju-
rious effect. Phosphatic manures used alone gave excellent results,
while the best results were obtained from a judicious mixture of both
nitrogenous and phosphatic manures. Sulphate of ammonia and
Peruvian guano are considered the best forms of these manures.
The effect of manures on the percentage composition of the herbage
was also studied. The tabulated results show "that the nitrogenous
manures produce an injurious effect upon the herbage, reducing the
percentage of clover and increasing the percentage of rough, coarse
grasses and weeds. On the other hand phosphates and potash, when
applied together, and particularly when lime was added to the mix-
634 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ture, largeh' increased the percentage of clover, reduced the percent-
age of weed.s. and greatly improved the general quality of the hay."
Some hay, forage, and pasture plants for Arkansas, K. L. Ben-
nett {Arka7isas Sta. Bui. 61. j^P- 1'^)- — The most desirable and satis-
factory hay plant for summer growing in Arkansas, considered from
the standpoint of food produced and fertilizer added to the soil, is the
cowpea, the Whippoorwill and Wonderful varieties being preferred.
Detailed directions for growing, handling, and stacking the crop are
giAcn, including descriptions of a stack frame for curing hay in unfa-
vorable weather.
As a crop for winter growing for ha}', soil protection, and soil improve -
ment, hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa) has proved most satisfactory, followed
in order by crimson clover and red clover. The value of each of these
crops in difi'erent portions of the State is considered in detail and cul-
tural directions given. Corn and sorghum are considered the best for-
age crops for the State. Sorghum is preferred for summer feeding
for hogs and dairy cows. Cutting ma}' be begun as soon as the stalks
begin to head out. Hogs like it best when the stalk is sweet and the
grain in the milk stage. In order to preserve the sorghum in this .state
it is recommended to pile the stalks in large piles and cover with straw.
Early amber is the variety usually grown.
The results of 7 years' tests at the station indicate that the grasses
best adapted to the soils and climate of the State are orchard grass,
Bermuda grass, and hairy vetch for permanent meadows, and Ber-
muda grass and hairy vetch for permanent pastures. The character-
istics of these grasses and the method of cultivation and coml)ining to
suit the soils in the different parts of the State are discussed. The
prejudice against Bermuda grass held by many farmers, because of its
weed-like tendencies, is considered unfounded, since by proper methods
of rotation and cultivation the grass is easily controlled. Alfalfa is con-
sidered a valuable plant for permanent meadows and pastures where both
surface and subsoil are well drained. Considerable care is required
in getting it started, but after being once started it is permanent.
A list of the more valuable clovers and other legumes, forage plants,
and grasses that have been tested at the station for 10 years is appended.
Spanish peanuts and chufas are considered superior to other plants for
hogs. Peanuts are considered the better of the two since they yield
better and add more fertility to the soil.
Effect of liming upon the relative yields and durability of grass
and -weeds, II. J. Wiieelkk and J. A. Tillixghast {Rhode Island
Sta. Bid. 06, 2)j}. 137-lJfjG, ^p)/s. 11, dgm. 1). — All the plats used in
these expei'iments have received like amounts of potash and phos-
phoric acid since 1890. (certain plats have received in addition each
year when manure Avas applied i, f , and full rations of nitrate of soda,
sulphate of annnoni:i. and dried blood, respectively; full rations in
FIELD CROPS. 635
each instance representing equal amounts of nitrogen. A definite
portion of the southern end of each plat, except the control plat, was
limed in 1893 at the rate of 2^ tons of air-slaked lime per acre. The
north end of 3 plats received in addition lime at the rate of 5 tons per
acre in 1891, and in 1892 an additional amount equivalent to 3.3 tons
per acre. Indian corn, oats, clover, and barley were grown on the
plats up to the fall of 1897, when they were seeded down with a mix-
ture of 15 lbs. each of meadow-oat grass, awnless brome grass {Bro-
iiius iner)iiis)^ Kentuck}' blue grass, and orchard grass. The Ken-
tucky blue grass failed to germinate. The yield of green material
obtained on the limed and unlimed sections of the different plats for
each of the years 1897 and 1898 are tabulated. The herbage on defi-
nite areas of the limed und unlimed portions of each plat was sorted,
weighed, and photographed.
In 1897 the average yield of green material on the limed portions of
the plats was at the rate of 6.72 tons per acre, and on the unlimed
portions 3.86 tons per acre, a gain of about 7-1: per cent b}' liming.
In 1898 the average yields on the limed and unlimed sections were at
the rate of 5.02 and 1.96 tons per acre, respectively, a gain of 156.1
per cent b}- liming. Considerable variation in yield occurred on the
differently fertilized plats. The largest 3-ield of green material in
both 3^ears was obtained on the limed plats fertilized with a full
ration of nitrate of soda (-180 lbs. per acre), followed by full rations
of sulphate of ammonia and dried blood. Considei'able green mate-
rial in each instance was grown on the unlimed portions of these plats.
In the case of the nitrate of soda plat, this consisted mostlv of grass,
while with sulphate of ammonia, sorrel was the chief constituent.
The especially good showing as regards vields of grass of the unlimed
section of the nitrate of soda plats is thought to be due to the gradual
neutralization of the soil acidity by years of continuous application of
this fertilizer.
As regards the growth of weeds on the different plats, the percent-
ages on the limed section in 1897 ranged from 8.1 to 28.9, though in
only one case did it exceed 18.3. On the unlimed sections the per-
centages ranged from 3.5 to 99.1, and in 3 instances it equaled or
exceeded 81.8. The bulk of the weeds on the unlimed section was
made up of sorrel.
The weights and percentages of each species of herbage found on
the different plats in 1898 is shown in tabular form. With orchard
grass and awnless brome grass marked increase in yield regularly
resulted from liming. Meadow oat grass was helped some by liming,
but was less dependent on its presence than either orchard grass or
awnless brome grass. Timoth^^ w^as not sown on the plats, but
appeared in nearly every instance on the limed sections and but twice
on the unlimed sections, indicating the value of neutral or slightly
636 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
alkaline soil for this plant. Redtop appeared in but 4 instances, 3 of
which were upon unlimed soil. This is in accord with previous obser-
vations at the station to the effect that redtop can succeed on a soil
too acid for the successful growth of either blue grass or timothy.
Clover was found upon every one of the limed plats, but was wholly
absent on the unlimed sections, and the best clover was found i;pon
the plats which had received potash and phosphoric acid but no
nitrogen.
Potato experiments in 1899, G. Martinet (^1;;/^ Ag7'. Suisse,
1 {1900), No. '^^pp. Ji5-49, dgm. 1). — A record is given of the results
obtained in tests of a large number of varieties of potatoes in 12 dif-
ferent localities and of the effect on yield of growing potatoes at
different altitudes.
As a result of the tests of varieties, Silesia and Cygnea are recom-
mended for the general crop.
In order to determine the effect of altitude on the yield of potatoes,
2 varieties grown at an elevation of 580 meters were planted at an
elevation of 780 meters in comparison with the same varieties regularly
grown there. Converseh% tubers grown at the higher altitude were
planted at the lower altitude in comparison with the same varieties of
native-grown tubers. The results show that the total jdelds of both
varieties were higher by from 5 to 10 per cent at the higher altitude
than at the lower, and that the seed tubers from the higher altitudes
gave the better yields under all circumstances.
Notes on sand lucern, J. D. To war {Michigan Sta. Bui. 181. p>P'
165, 160). — Sand lucern was sown on 2 tenth-acre plats on light
drifting sand at the station at the rate of 15 lbs. per acre. The lucern
was given entire possession of the ground. No crop was produced
until the second 3^ear, when it was mowed 3 times, yielding at the rate
of 6,800 lbs. per acre on one plat and 5,917 lbs. on the other. The
plant withstood the severe winter of 1898-99, when fruit trees,
wheat, clover, and other hardy plants were killed, and the following
season produced 4 crops, amounting to 10,580 lbs. on the better plat.
The first cutting was obtained May 31.
Sand lucern is a legume, closely resembling alfalfa. It is recom-
mended for light sandy soils where the moisture is a considerable dis-
tance below the surface. Samples of seed have been distributed to the
farmers throughout the State for experimental planting.
Sugar-beet and sorghum investigations in 1899, A. D. Selby ( Ohio
Sta. Bui. 116, pp. T7b-19o). — Sugar hacU (pp. 175-188). — The coopera-
tive cultural experiments with sugar beets reported in 1897 and 1898
(E. S. R., 11, p. 14:2) were continued in 1899. Five hundred lbs.
of seed, made up of -1 varieties, was received from this Department
and distributed by the station to the farmers throughout the State.
An uneven stand was obtained bv manv farmers. Germination tests
FIELD CROPS. 637
seemed to show that the trouble was not clue to poor quality of seed.
In order to prevent this loss, earlier planting — in March or early
April — is advised. The results obtained in the different sections of
the State are tabulated in detail for each grower, summarized, and
compared with the results of previous j^ears. The data secured from
the northern section of the State were especially satisfactory. The
sugar content of 355 samples averaged 13 per cent and the purity 81.5
per cent. For the whole State the averages were 12.7 and 80.2 per
cent, respectively.
The striped blister beetle was especialh^ injurious to the sugar beet
in many sections of the State during the season.
Sorghuiii (pp. 189-193). — Five varieties of sorghum seed obtained
from this Department were distributed to 122 growers in 51 counties
of the State, especially to the central and southern sections. The
varieties distributed were chiefly Colman, Folger Early, and Early
Amber, with Collier, Oomseana, and Denton in small quantities. The
reports are not ver}" definite as to Denton and Collier. Oomseana is
highly spoken of, particularly for forage purposes, and some report
favorabl}^ as to its sirup-making quality. This is a slender, leafy vari-
ety, apparently adapted to forage uses. Early Amber has commonly
succeeded best for sirup making, because maturing earlier in this
State than the Colman, which generally made a larger growth than the
other sorts. The Colman receives commendation from some for sirup
making and universall}^ as forage for green feeding. Folger Early is
reported as standing up better than Colman and ripening ealier than
Oomseana.
One of the main objects of the experiment was the distribution of
seed to be used by the farmers in the production of seed for future
crops. In most instances this result was secured. The detailed report
on the growth of sorghum is recorded in letters from 6 farmers, and
analyses are given with reference to the sugars found in the sorghum
juices and of the composition of 3 samples of sorghum sirups.
The culture and handling of tobacco in Maryland. J. H. Pat-
terson {Maryland ^ta. Bui. 67, pp- lol-lo2, jig><- S)- — Among the
topics treated are the methods of selecting, grading, packing, and top-
ping Maryland tobacco; varieties for Maryland and methods of improv-
ing them; uses of green manure for supplying humus and improving
the j-ield and quality of tobacco; fertilizers for tobacco; root system
of the tobacco plant; methods of tillage; and the relation of original
and natural vegetation to the adaptability of soils for tobacco culture.
Trials in growing cigar tobacco at the station have shown that with
imported Cuban seed, planted on good soil, a large tobacco of fair
(juality can be produced. The expense of growing, however, more
than counterbalanced the increased price received for the tobacco. The
bulk of the crop grown in Maryland is smoking tobacco.
638 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
Old tobacco lands at the station which were deficient in organic mat-
ter and produced crops with a large proportion of ground leaves were
brought into good condition by the use of green manures, supplemented
with commercial fertilizers. Crimson clover was the crop used for
turning under. It is seeded immediately after the tobacco crop is taken
off in the fall, usuall}" the last of August or first week in September,
and turned under the following spring in May. B}' this method of
culture the qualit}" of the tobacco has been greatly improved, and
within 3 years the j'ield increased more than threefold. When crim-
son clover will not do well, cowpeas are advocated. The lack of oi-ganic
matter in the soil is considered one of the chief causes of the deterio-
ration in quality of the tobacco grown in some sections of the State and
the consequent low prices.
In experiments with commercial fertilizers for tobacco, the use of
lime and magnesia in large quantities tended to cause a growth that
ripened unevenly and was hard to cure, though the combustibility
was slightl}' improved. "On the whole, the application of lime imme-
diately before planting tobacco can not be recommended. Phosphoric
acid seemed to have but little bearing upon the combustibility, but
generally produced a marked increase in the jneld." Potash salts
seemed to be the most potent factors in afiecting the composition.
The use of forms containing considerable amounts of chlorin resulted
in tobacco of poor quality and combustibility, while the use of the
sulphate and carbonate forms has improved the qualitj^ and increased
the 3-ield. The following fertilizers are considered as being adapted
for use in growing tobacco in ^Maryland: Dissolved South Carolina rock,
dissolved bone, dried fish, bone tankage, cotton-seed meal, nitrate of
soda, sulphate of ammonia, high-grade sulphate of potash, carbonate of
potash and magnesia, and cotton-hull ashes. These should be used
with green manures. The fertilizer used at the station with good
results consisted of 1,300 lbs. of dissolved South Carolina rock, -iOO
lbs. of tankage, 100 lbs. of nitrate of soda, and 200 lbs. of high-grade
sulphate of potash. Sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda are con-
sidered particvdarly valuable for use in the plant l)ed for growing strong
early plants.
The relationship existing ])etween the vegetation and good tobacco
lands, and also the harmful effect on quality of growing certain crops
on tobacco lands, is illustrated by a table showing the relative rates at
which chlorin and potash are removed from the soil by certain plants
common in tobacco sections.
The pine lands (commonl}" a species of red pine) arc considered to
be the best to))acco lands in Maryland, and chestnut lands stand next,
while "oak and hickory lands arc commonly regarded as poor tobacco
.soil.'- In the fonner case the ratio between chlorin and potash
removed is comparatively narrow, while in the latter it is very wide.
FIELD CROPS, 639
The much larger amounts of chlonn removed b\' the pine and diest-
nut tree.s suggests a reason for the improved quality of the tobacco
grown on such lands. Frequently old fields are allowed to lie idle for
a time with the idea of reclaiming them for tobacco. Broom sedge
{Androjxxjon virginicus) is one of the most common plants on these
fields, and later " old field pines" usually come in. The large relative
amounts of chloyn taken up by these plants explains the improvement
of such lands for tobacco.
The root system of tobacco at different stages of growth is shown in
a number of figures. Frequent and shallow cultivation of tobacco is
recommended.
Wheat experiments, J. D. Towar {2Ilehigan Sta. BuL ISl, j)p.
166-109). — These consist of variety and cultural tests and experiments
in top-dressing v. plowing under manure. In the variety tests 12
different sorts were used. The 3 best sorts in the order of their pro-
ductiveness were Gold Coin, Dawson Golden Chaff", and International
No. »3. all yielding between 31 and 32 bu. per acre.
The cultural experiments with wheat involved 5 different methods
of preparing the seed bed. The ground was oat stubble. Plat 1 was
gang-plowed -l in. deep and followed by 2 harrowings and the grain
drill; yield, 23.74 bu. per acre. Plat 2 was plowed 8 in. deep, imme-
diately after removing the oat crop, followed promptly l)y the roller
and the harrow, and harrowed thereafter at intervals of about 10 days
until the wheat was sown; 3"ield, 23.65 bu. per acre. Plat 3 was allowed
to lie until the day before the wheat was sown. It was then plowed,
rolled, and harrowed twice with a spring-tooth harrow and once with
the Acme; 3'ield, 19 bu. per acre. Plat 4 was harrowed twice with a
spring-tooth harrow immediately after the removal of the oat crop.
Two weeks later the operation was repeated. It was plowed the da}^
before the wheat was sown as in plat 3, but only one harrowing was
found necessary; yiekl, 22.93 bu. per acre. Plat 5 was treated the
same as plat 3, but had been spring plowed for oats instead of fall
plowed, as was the case with plat 3. Yield 16.3 bu. per acre. The
largest ^deld was, therefore, from shallow plowing (plat 1), but the
author is not convinced that this method of preparation is the best.
As a result of this experiment it is concluded that "whatever opera-
tions may be performed to conserve the moisture immediately after
removing the oat crop will result in an increased yield of the succeeding
wheat crop."
The results obtained in top-dressing and plowing under manure were
practically identical.
Winter wheat, J. Atkinson {lotoa Sta. Bui. 51^ JW- ^Jf-'^O).- — The
acreage of winter wheat is being gradually extended in Iowa. The
3'ield obtained from winter wheats has been about double that obtained
from spring wheats, the average for 10 years with winter wheats being
45.1 bu. per acre.
640 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
Nineteen varieties of winter wheat, chosen because of their supposed
hardiness, were grown in 1899-1900. Five of the varieties winter-
killed and 10 others partialh', while the remaining -i passed through
the winter without the slightest injury. These 4, in the order of pro-
ductiveness, were Turkish Red, Bearded Fife, Buda Pesth, and Bul-
garian. The yields varied from 55.3 in the case of the first to 51.3
with the last. Turkish Ked is recommended as the variety best suited
to the conditions of the State.
In a test of bald v. bearded wheat, the average yield in 1899-1900
for 6 bearded varieties was -17. 5 bu. per acre, while for 8 bald varieties
the average jield was 17.3 bu.
The milling Cj[ualities of the 2 classes of winter wheat, hard and soft,
were investigated, samples of 3 varieties of each being submitted to
milling experts for their judgment. The average markings were as
follows: Hardxoheats — Turkish Red 99, Buda Pesth 97, and Bulgarian
96: .so/?— Hybrid Prolific 90. Early Ripe 82, and Kentucky Giant 85.
It will be noticed that the first 3 wheats mentioned were almost equal
in quality to the best spring wheats.
In cultural tests Turkish Red wheat grown after rape yielded at the
rate of 59.8 bu. per acre; grown after flax, 58; after buckwheat, 55.3;
after millet, 5-1.7 bu. per acre. Oat stubble was prepared for wheat
by plowing under early in August. It was then worked down with a
harrow and roller and harrowed once a week thereafter until the wheat
was sown in September. Manuring for wheat is not advised. It
resulted at the station in considerable lodged grain. From the results
of trials in seeding wheat at different dates in September, the author
recommends the sowing of wheat as soon after the first week in Sep-
tember as there is moisture enough in the soil to germinate the seed.
When clover or timothy is seeded with wheat, both should Ije sown
in the spring and harrowed in. Fall sowings are liable to winterkill.
Seedings of winter oats have uniformly winterkilled at the station, and
farmers are advised to plant this crop, if at all, only in very small
quantities. United action by farmers in burning over spring-wheat
stubble where the Hessian fl}- is troublesome, followed b}^ deep plow-
ing, is urged as means for the control of this pest.
Diversified farming in Oklahoma, J. Fields {Oldcdioma Sta. Rpt. 1900, 2'>P-
33-44, figs. 3). — The chief features of i^resent Oklahoma methods of farming are out-
lined, suggestions Ijeing given regarding the desirability of more diversitieil farming,
and the culture and value of several staple crops for this purpose.
Seed selection, E. Gain (.S'to. Agron. Nancy Bui. 3, 1900, pp. 16-25). — A popular
consideration of the principles involved, methods to be followed, and the value of
seed selection in increasing the yield of farm crops.
The assimilation of matter by two cultivated plants, A. von Sigmond {Jour.
Landw., 48 {1900), No. 3, pp. 251-264). — Preliminary observations on the increase of
dry matter and the taking up of total ash constituents, and nitrogen h\ maize and
tobacco are reported and discussed. The investigations are to be prosecuted further
before conclusions are drawn.
FIELD CROPS. 641
Field experiments at Grignon, P. P. Defierain {Ann. Agron., 26 {1900), No.
8, pp. 369-383). — Data secured in variety, fertilizer, and irrigation experiments with
jiotatoes, beets, sainfoin, and alfalfa during the unfavorable season of 1899 are recorded.
Field crop tests, H. T. French {Idaho Sta. Bui 24, l^p. 13-18).— 'Notas and tal)U-
lated data on the successful culture at the station of potatoes, millet, and Dwarf
Essex rape. Of 13-t varieties of potatoes tested, the varieties Cream City, Ford No.
1, Large Puritan, Cambridge Prolific, and Rural New Yorker No. 2, with yields of
384, oa6, 349, 342, and 301 bu. per acre, respectively, were the most prolific sorts.
Cost of growing corn, B. W. Sxow {Amer. Agr. {mid^ ed.), 65 {1900), Nos. 25, pi^.
739, 740; 26, p. 764; 66 {1900), iVo.s. 1, p. 4; 2, p. 28; 3, p. 52; 4, P- 76).— Statistical
data as to the cost of the various cultural operations in growing 4,051 acres of corn in
21 States.
Culture experiments witli different varieties of lupines, Edler {Landiv.
WeluihL Sdde.'<irig-HoIsiein, 50 {1900), No. 30, pp. 5 18-5:.' 1).— Yellow, black, blue,
and white varieties of lupines were grown comparatively on sandy and sandy loam
soils. Data as to yields, time of blossoming, alkaloid and albuminoid content of the
seeds, etc., are recorded.
Winter oats, M. Fischer {Fidding's Landic. Ztg., 49 {1900), Nos. 19, pp. 718-732,.
figs. 3; 20, pp. 766-771, figs. 3; 21, pp. 806-810). — The close relation between winter
oats and wild oats and the apparent frequent degeneration of the former to the latter
forms are discussed.
Seed potatoes from different soils, Duke of Bedford and S. U. Pickering
( Wohnrn Expt. Fruit Farm Bpt. 1900, pp. 236, 237, 258).— In this experiment tubers
which have been grown in one instance on light soil and in another on heavy soil
were used for seed in comparison with home-grown tubers. The yields obtained
from the home-grown tubers were on the average 8 per cent higher than those obtained
from the imported seed.
Crops of potatoes obtained from sets of different sizes, Duke of Bedford
and .S. U. Pickering ( lYohurn ExpA. Emit Farm Rpt. 1900, pp. 233-235, i?.55).— Large,
medium, and small whole tubers of 3 different varieties were used for seed. The
best results in each case were secured from the medium size potatoes, the increase
being 24 per cent heavier than from small seed and 34 per cent heavier than from
large seed. No difference in the size of the tubers obtained from planting different
size seed was observable.
The effect of planting potatoes at different times, Duke of Bedford and S. LT.
Pickering {Wohurn Expt. Fruit Farm Bpt. 1900, pp. 228-232, 2.58). — Planting pota-
toes in midseason — about the end of April — has given better average results than
planting either earlier or later. The Bruce has been the most satisfactory variety
grown.
Sugar plants, L. Geschwind {Ann. Agron., 26 {1900), No. 8, p)p. 383-409) . — A
popular consideration of the nature of sugar-producing plants under the following
heads: (1) Plants containing sugar, but of little if any industrial importance, such
as carrots, melons, agaves, etc. ; (2) plants used in the production of sugar on a small
scale, like palms, corn, sorghum, and sugar maples; and (3) plants utilized in the
manufacture of sugar industrially, %. e., cane and sugar beets.
The sugar-beet industry in New York, C. A. Wieting {Bpt. New York State
Dept. Agr., 6 {1899), I, pp. 101-118) .—The history of the development of the sugar-
beet industry in New York is briefly noted, and an account given of cultural experi-
ments in 1897 and 1898. The sugar-beet factories located at Rome and Binghamton
in the State are descrilied.
• Conservation of beet tops {Deut. Landic. Presse, 27 {1900), No. 89, p. 1088). —
Different methods of conserving sugar-beet leaves for fodder, as drying, collecting in
heaps and fermenting, feeding green, etc., are considered.
642 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Some experiences with seedling canes in British Guiana, F. J. Scard ( West
Indian Bid., 1 {1900), No. 4, PP- 380-386). — A number of promising seedling canes
have been grown in comparison with the Bourbon variety. The results obtained
have been contradictory.
Tobacco culture, J. C. Espin {Bui. But. Dept. Trinidad, 1900, Oct., j)p. 291-304). —
This bulletin deals popularly with the culture of tobacco, including harvesting, cur-
ing, packing, and baling in Cuba and neighboring islands.
Experiments with grain and the necessity of regularly conducted field-
fertilizer experiments, M. Fischer {Fii]dAii(/i< Landw. Ztg., 49 {1900), Xos. 6, pp.
220-229; 7, pp. 248-256). — Fertilizer experiments with wheat after potatoes and with
oats are reported, the purpose of which is to show that because of the wide variation
in soils and conditions of different localities, each farmer must carry out his own
experiments on his farm. Before beginning such an experiment, a definite plan
should be outlined. A general scheme is submitted covering fertilizer trials on light
and heavy soils. The 3 jwints covered are (1) determining the fertilizing elements
needed; (2) the most profitable amomit of fertilizer; and (3) the most suitable form
of the fertilizer.
Experiments on wheat at Ghizeh, G. P. Foaden {Jour. Khedir. Agr. Soc. and
School Agr., 2 {1900), No. 4, pp- 160-169). — In variety tests at the station Indian
wheats have been found much superior to the ordinary wheat of Egypt. JNIuch bet-
ter crops have been secured by watering twice, i. e., when the crop is about 14 in.
high and just when the flowering stage is reached, than when only 1 watering is
given. When the crop is not watered at about the time it is coming into ear, the
grain is often small and shriveled in appearance. In the fertilizer experiments the
most beneficial results were obtained by the use of nitrate of soda.
Analyses of varieties of wheats {Ann. Agr. Sui-^s^e, 1 {1900), No. 2, pp. 74, 75). —
Analyses, with reference to protein, of 30 varieties of wheat.
Weak straw, J. A. Murray {Ann. Rpt. Field Expts., Univ. Col. Wales, 1899, pp.
79, 80; abs. in Jour. Chern. Soc. [London'], 78 {1900), No. 453, IT, p. 498). — Analyses
are reported of two lots of rye straw (1) manured with phosphates, nitrogen, and
potash, and (2) with phosphates and nitrogen only. The straw in the latter case
was too weak to stand, and when dried was so brittle that it could almost be reduced
to powder by crushing in the hand. Results indicate that the weakness of the straw
was probably due to a deficiency of oil.
HORTICULTURE.
On the limits of the possibility of grafting plants, L. Daniel
{Compt. Rend. Acad. !Scl. Far is., 131 {1900), Xo. o, pp. 192^ 193; Jar-
din, 11^ {1900), No. 325, pp. 271, 272).— Kn account is given of 12
unusuftl unions between plants belonging to different families, obtained
by grafting b}' approach. Successful grafts were made between seed-
lings of the following plants: Kidney bean and cocklebur, kidney
bean and castor-oil bean, sunflower and melon, cabbage and tomato,
chrysanthenumi and tomato, Jerusalem artichoke and black night-
shade, coleus and acaranthus, cineraria and tomato, aster and phlox,
coleus and tt)mato, maple and lilac, zinnia and tomato.
The most perfect grafts in these experiments were made between
plants nearest alike in vigor and vegetation. The nature of the tissue
of the diflerent plants also played an important role. The tomato and
HOETICULTURE. 643
cabbag^e and the artichoke and nightshade gave good unions on account
of their herbaceous nature and rapid growth, while astor and phlox,
somewhat advanced in growth, and year-old maple and lilac united
with difficulty except on very young shoots.
The success of these experiments leads the author to conclude that
the old idea that only plants belonging to the same family can be
grafted on each other does not apply to grafting by approach.
Preventing frost injuries by -whitening {Pacific Rural Press^ 60
(WOO), JVo. 1<S\ p. 276). — The text is here given of a paper prepared
by J. C. Whitten for the American Pomological Society. The earlier
work of the author along this line is reviewed (E. S. R., 9, p. 835),
and results secured in 1898-09 added. In order to measure the differ-
ence in temperature between the whitened and natural colored buds,
fruit twigs of the summer's growth were bored out for about ■4 in.
of their length and slender thermometers inserted. The twigs were
tied so they would all stand vertically and thus receive the sun's rays
at the same angle.
"During stormy weather the natural twigs registered a higher temperature than
the whitened ones. During very bright sunlight in midday the natural twigs were
15° warmer than the whitened ones. The whitened twigs were nearly of the same
temperature as the atmosphere. When the sun came out suddenly bright, however,
the whitened twigs did not warm up so rapidly as did the atmosphere. The differ-
ence of 15° in temperature explains why whitened twigs do not swell enough to
endanger themselves to subsequent injury from cold."
Report on the condition of olive culture in California, A. P.
Hayne {Calif Oimia Sta. Bui. 139, j)j). 34, l^ls. 5). — The generally
unsatisfactor}^ state of the olive industry in California induced the sta-
tion to make investigations as to the causes of the depression. Grow-
ers and manufacturers in all parts of the State were visited and the
culture and commercial status of the olive studied.
The causes of failure in olive culture were found to l)e improper
selection of soil, neglect of tillage, irrigation, proper pruning, and of
controlling insect pests. Commercial conditions tending to harm the
industry were competition with cotton-seed oil and other oils sold as
olive oil, poor harvesting and manufacturing methods, and the selec-
tion of unsuitable varieties. Each of these factors is taken up and
discussed, and suggestions offered regarding the principles, and, in
many instances, the details to be observed in the different operations
of successful culture and maiuifacture. In pruning, care should be
taken to have plenty of one-year-old wood on the tree. Vertical
branches should be deflected to induce fruiting, and feeble trees renewed
by pruning for wood branches. Low pruning is generall}^ advised,
except in low, frosty land. The use of about a dozen stands of bees
in each 20 acres of orchard at blooming time has proven practical in
insuring a good "set" of fruit.
15440— No. 7 4
6-44 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The black scale {Lecanium olece) with its accompanying fungus, the
black smut {MelioJa sp.), as well as some other scales, were found in
olive orchards, most frequently along the coast, in the foggy region.
They have been successfully combated by washes, fumigation, and in
some instances, bv the Australian ladybird. A disease of the fruit,
lirst ol)served in California in 1897 and since spread all over the State,
is noted. It is described as a dry rot, and manifests itself in 3 ways:
(1) "It starts at the blossom end and works toward the stem end of
the drupe, finally causing it to fall to the ground or dr}' out on the
tree. (2) The decomposition of the flesh cells and the destruction of
their contents is first noted at the pit itself, from which point it works
outward until it reaches the skin. (3) The decomposition seems to
start at the outer surface of the drupe in small isolated spots, from
which it Avorks inward until it reaches the pit."
Each of these diseases seems to be restricted to certain varieties.
Thus, in the first instance, the varieties Nevadillo Blanco, Rubra, and
Pelureur de Grasse arg^ attacked; in the second, Mazanillo, Obliza,
and some of the large, fleshy olives; and in the third, the variety
Columbella.
The author states that the production of olive oil can not be made
profitable unless the grower receives at least 75 cts. per quart for this
product. A good demand for large, sound olives for ripe pickles was
found to exist all over the State at 75 cts. per gallon, with lower
prices for smaller grades. There was a steady market also for stand-
ard size green pickles. The author believes olives should be grown
for pickles and the small size disposed of to oil makers.
Pickling olives is discussed in considerable detail, as is also the pres-
ervation of the product from bacterial growths. The essential factors
in pickling are care and skillf ulness. The fruit used should l)e graded
for size and color and not be 43ruised. The latter item was found to
be the most general cause of all the failures investigated. The varie-
ties Sevillano, Ascolano, St. Agostino, Cucco, Polymorpha, Macro-
carpa, Obliza, and all the very large, flesh}' olives are so delicate that
they are used almost entirely for green pickles. Large Mission is
considered the best variety for ripe pickles for marketing. The value
of other varieties for difi'erent purposes is noted.
Both pure water and h^e processes of extracting the bitterness or
tartness of olives are described and formulas given for salting, etc.
E. W. Hilgard makes the following remarks on the general subject
of pickling in conclusion to the bulletin:
" The stronger the lye used in extracthig the tartness of the ohve the more the
flesh is softened and the more ditficuh it will be to make the pickle keep. More-
over, the stronger tlie lye, and therefore the shorter the time of extraction, the
greater the liability to its being overdone or underdone. It is far better, by repeatedly
using a weak lye, say not exceeding 2 oz. per gallon, tojirolongthe time of extraction and
thus to be able to gage exactly and leisurely the right moment for stopping the process.
HORTICULTURE. 645
I should never expect any fruit extracted within 4 or 5 hours to keep beyond 6
months. As many days will be found to be a wiser economy in the end, the weak
lye being removed as often as may be found necessary by its l>ecoming saturated
with the 'tartness.' This is easily determined by its ceasing to feel 'soapy' between
the fingers. This test is also useful in case an impure 'concentrated lye' has been
used.
' ' The use of salt brine is advisable at any time when the fruit appears to be softening
too much, which may readily happen, especially in the case of that which has been
grown on low or over-irrigated ground, where it becomes pulpy and large. Such
fruit can be firmed, and properly reduced in size, and made to keep by the timely
use of brine of properly graduated strength. This use need not be deferred until
after the lye has been washed out; the salt in nowise interferes with its action. I con-
sider close attention to this point of extreme importance in respect to the keeping
qualities of ripe pickled olives; and it is readily seen that here again the use of good
judgment and close observation is of the utmost importance, and that no routine
prescription will answer.
" Different varieties of olives must never Ije treated together. When one is done
just right another will be found overdone or underdone. The same consideration
applies to fruit of greatly different sizes. No uniformity of texture, flavor, or color
can he expected when different varieties and sizes are pickled together."
Small fruits in 1899, G. C. Butz and J. F. Pillsbury {Pemi-vjl-
vania Sta. Bui. 51, pp. 6). — Results are here reported of tests of 61
varieties of strawl)erries, 39 of wliich are described, 30 raspberries, 25
blackberries, 12 currants, and 12 gooseberries. Earlier work at the
station with the same fruit has been noted (E. S. R., 11, p. 452). The
strawberr}" crop for the season was unsatisfactory, owing- to dry
weather and consequent small yields.
A comparison was made of the matted row and hill systems of cul-
tivation to determine their relative merits in the production of large-
sized berries. The results show that with a little more than one-half
of the varieties grown the increase in size of the berries in the hill
SJ^stem of culture over the matted row varied from 0.02 gm. to 4.44
gm. per berry, while with the remainder the increase in favor of the
matted row varied from 0.11 to 2.63 gm. per berry.
Summer pinching has been the system of pruning used with rasp-
berries and has proven ver}-^ satisfactory. All the varieties are kept
at a height of 2i ft. except Shaffer Colossal and Columbian, which are
allowed to grow 3i ft. high.
Liquid dressings applied to strawberries during the fruiting
season, Dukk of Bedford and S. U. Pickering ( Wohuni Eoopt. Fruit
Farm Rpt. 1900, ])]). 83-92, 251).— Six different plats, each contain-
ing 528 strawberry plants, received liquid dressings during the time the
fruit was swelling, as follows: Nothing, water only, and water with
either ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, or ammo-
nium sulphate mixed with sulphate of iron, respectively. The manure
applied in the different cases was equivalent to an application of about
15 tons of London citv manure per acre. Each plant received about a
quart of the different solutions, applied weekly throughout the month,
646 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
a quantity equivalent' to about 0.1 in. of rain, and therefore possibly
not sufficient to insure the proper effect of the nutrients dissolved in it.
"The dressings had a retarding influence on the ripening of the crops, especially
with one year plants, owing probably to the period of growth being prolonged thereby.
The results with the crops during 4 seasons do not prove decisively the existence of
any benefit from such dressings. The 2 plats dressed with nitrates and also that
which received iron sulphate show a possible excess of 10 to 34 per cent over the
undressed plats, but the differences on which this effect depend are uncertain, inas-
much as they are not greater than those between the 2 sections of the undressed
plats."
Manurial experiments with strawberries, Duke of Bedford
and S. U. Pickering {WoJmrn Ex-jjt. Fruit Farm Rpt. 1900, j)})- 93-
97, 251, 252). — As this experiment has been conducted for only S
years, it is stated that the results are quoted with considerable reser-
vation. The soil used was light in character. There were 6 plats
each made up of 288 plants. One plat received no fertilizer, 2
received 12 and 30 tons, respectively, of London city manure, and the
remaining 3 plats a mixture of mineral fertilizers and nitrate of soda
in quantities equivalent to the above amounts of London city manure
and applied fractionally. The purpose of the test was to ascertain the
respective merits of city manures and commercial fertilizers and the
effect of altering the amounts applied.
On the whole the different dressings have had but little influence on
the crops, the excess obtained from the manured plats for the 3 years
being on an average but 6 per cent. One year the yield from the fer-
tilized plats was 11 per cent less than from the nonfertilized, while in
2 other years the increase was 27 and 8 per cent, respectively. The
London city manure gave slightly better results on the average than
were obtained from the use of commercial fertilizers and slightly
higher results, especially the first year, were secured with applications
of 30 than with 12 tons. "With artificial manures the indications of
the effect of increasing amounts are pretty well balanced in opposite
directions in different seasons, the mean result for the B years showing
a small but insignificant balance in favor of the smaller dressing."
Rubber cultivation for Porto Rico, O. F. Cook ( U. S. Dept. Agr.^
Division of Botany Give. 28, j^j?. i-v').— This circular is a part of a
report now in preparation on the useful plants and agricultural possi-
bilities of Porto Rico. Rubber stands third in importance of the com-
mercial products of vegetable origin now imported into the United
States, the receipts during 1899 being valued at ^32,500,000. At the
present time the largest amounts of i-ul)bor are obtained from the
tropics of Africa and South America. The extent of the wild supply
is unknown, since large portions of these countries have not 3'et been
explored either geographically or botanically. This factor, taken in
connection with the possibility that new species will be discovered
HOETICULTURE. 047
V, hifli will yield rubber more profitably, the possibility of the dis-
co \'ery of new sj'nthetical methods for producing rubber from tur-
pentine or of methods for extracting a substitute from certain rapid-
growing- shrubs, as '"'' Synatlievemas rnexlcanaH^'' the many failures in
part or wholh' that have attended attempts to build up plantations
outside of the natural rubber districts, and the increased cost of using
civilized help in the management of tropical plantations, suggests
caution in investing large sums of mone}^ in the rubber industry.
The fact that a species may grow luxurianth^ in a new district seems
to be no indication whatever that it will profitably produce rubber.
Usually the opposite results follow. From 5 to 15 j^ears is given as the
probable time required for the growth of rubber trees before they
can be tapped for rubber.
The botanical sources of rubber are discussed, and mention made of
experiments, generally unsatisfactory, in cultivating Para rubljer
{Hevea brasUiensis), Ceara rubber {Minihot glaziovii)^ and Central
American Yxxhhev {CastiUoa elastica) in regions outside of the native
habitat of the species. Rubber culture as a feature of mixed farming
is thought to be the most rational method to follow in Porto Rico
until the possibility of its successful production is more definitely
established. Experimental plantings of the most promising rubber
trees now known and of new sorts as fast as they are discovered by
planters to be carried on in connection with other farming are
advocated.
Other factors in rubber production, such as harvesting and coagulat-
ing the latex, are touched upon and concluding general notes given on
the future of rubber culture.
How to store winter cabbag-e, A. G. Miller (Rural Xem Yorlrr, 59 {1900), Xo.
2648, p. 718, fig. 1). — Directions are given for building a cellar for storing winter cab-
bage. Methods of handling the cabbage before being stored are also noted.
Lima bean, growing in Ventura County, E. P. Hall [Pacific Rural Press, 60
{1900), Xo. 12, pp. 181. ISJ). — A discussion of cultural methods in Ventura County,
Cal.
Tomato tests on the American Gardening grounds {Amev. Gard., 21 {1900),
Xo. 311, pjK 805, 806). — Of 46 varieties grown during the season, Stone has again been
found preeminently the best all-around sort. Trucker Favorite is another good variety.
This has a pink skin and is preferred to Beauty, a very similar tomato, but smaller
and with a tendency to crack at the Ijase. Other varieties mentioned are Royal Red,
Trophy, Early ^lichigan, and Honor Bright. Enormous is good for exhibition pur-
poses. Golden Jubilee proved by far the best of the yellow varieties tested, and
Burpee Cluster the best of the small-fruiting or cluster kinds.
Analyses of some edible mushrooms {Ann. Acjr. SuUse, 1 {1900), Xo. 2, pp. 73,
7-^).— Analyses with reference to dry matter and protein are given for 10 species of
edible mushrooms.
The effect of pollination, >\ Keep {Canacl. Hort., 23 {1900), Xo. 12, pp. 515-517,
figs. 2). — The effect on the fruit of j^lanting Keiffer and Duchess pears in alternate
rows is discussed and illustrations given of the cross pollinated fruit. The quality of
the Duchess was impaired by cross pollination with Keiffer; but Keiffer was much
648 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
improved in quality, color, and especially in form and ai)pearance, by cross polli-
nation with the Duchess.
Grafting with fruit bud twigs, C. Trebigxaud {JanUn, 14 {1900), Xo. 338, pjj.
312-315, figfi. 2). — The utility of this method of grafting, conditions on which suc-
cess depends, method and best time of making the graft, etc., are considered. The
author foiwid it valuable in growing the choicer varieties of pears. Vigorous trees
Avhich fail to produce fruit may be grafted with fruit buds from other trees in August
or September, and fruit ()l)tained on the twigs the following season.
Variety tests of fruit, O. M. Morris {CMahouta Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 116,117).— X
list of the varieties of apples, jiears, cherries, plums, apricots, and peaches that set
fruit at the station in 1900.
The pruning of the lemon, C. W. Lepfingwell, Jr. {California Cultivator, 15
{1900), Xo. 13, pp. 193, 199, 200). — Popular discussion of California methods.
Pruning the lemon tree, R. C. Allen {Pacific Rural Press, 60 {1900), Xo. 13,
p. 197). — Discussion of principles and methods.
Budding orange trees, AV. Cardwick {Bui. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, n. ser., 7 {1900),
Xo. 11, 2)P- 169-172, fig. l). — The preparation of lemon, shaddock, and large sour
orange trees for budding, the condition of trees from which sweet orange buds are to
be taken, and methods of budding are popularly discussed.
The olive in Algeria, Tkabut {Bui. Agr. Algerie et Tunisie, 6 {1900), Xos. 16, pp.
425-472, figs. 32; 17, pp. 481-508, figs. 15). — An historical account is given of olives
and varieties in Algeria, with extensive notes on methods of propagation and the
manufacture and commerce of olive oil.
Germination of the olive, G. Sani {Atii R. Accad. Lincei. CI. Sci. Fis. Mat. e Xat.,
9 {1900), I, pp. 47-51; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London'], 78 {1900), No. 455, II,
p. 613) .
Manurial experiments with bush fruits, Duke of Bedford and S. U. Pickerinci
{Woburn Expt. Fruit Farm Rpt. 1900, pp. 98-105, ;?5^).— Data are recorded of ferti-
lizer experiments with different amounts of London city manure and certain com-
mercial fertilizers for gooseberries, currants, and raspberries. The results obtained
are largely negative owing to the soil being sufficiently supplied with all the different
elements of plant food.
Fruit pulp, W. Boulter {Ontario Fruit Groiccrs^ Assoc. Rpt. 1899, pp. 116, 117). —
The report of a committee appointed to study the desirability of shipping raspber-
ries as pulp into England. If the berries will bring 5 cts. per quart at home it is not
advisable to ship abroad as pulp.
Grape growing, O.M.Morris {Oklahoma Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 90-103, figs. 10). —
A pojiular treatise on the propagation, cultivation, pruning, and trellising of grapes.
Grapes have proven the most uniformly hardy and productive of the fruits grown in
Oklahoma. Moore Early, Concord, and Worden are considered the 3 best black
grapes; Delaware and Catawba the best red grapes; and Niagara, Moore Diamond,
and Goethe the best white or j)ink grapes, the varieties under each color being men-
tioned in the order of earliness. Grapes that are gaining favor are Herliemont,
Jaeger Cottage, and Brilliant, while Eommel, Admirable, Early Ohio, Fern Munson,
and Green Mountain are other especially promising varieties.
Viticulture in Herault in 1900 {Bui. Soc. Cent. Agr. IL'rault, 87 {1900), Jan.-
June, Ai>pe>id. pp. 90, figs. 25). — A symposium composed of the following papers:
Production and consumption of wine in Herault, J. Leenhardt-Pomier; Vines, L.
Eavaz; Cellars, P. Ferrouillat; Climatic conditions, F. Ploudaille; Geology of the
region, fl. Lagatu; Composition of the wines, L. Roos; and The historic and economic
.situation of viticulture, Coste.
American vines and the phylloxera situation in Sw^itzerland, J. Difour
(Ann. Agr. Suisse, 1 {1900), Xo. I. pp. 44, fig^- H)- — The nature of the different
American grapes used for stocks in districts affected by the jihylloxera and methods
FOKESTRY. 649
of propa,2:ating them are described in the tirst part of this work, while in the second
jtart some resuhs obtained in experiments with different American species and
hybrids to determine their relative value on different soils in the Canton de Vaud
are recorde<l.
Chestnut culture, E. B. Exgle {Pennsylvania Dept. Agr. Rpt. lS99,pt. 1, pp. 301-
312, figs. 10). — Popular discussion of the culture, propagation, insects, diseases, and
varieties of chestnuts. With reference to propagation the author states that "seed-
lings grown from Paragon nuts grow more vigorously, form a better union, and make
a larger percentage of good trees than seedlings grown from native chestnuts. ' '
Oacao industry in Grenada, G. W. Smith and D. Morris {West Indian Bid., 1
( 1900), No. 4, pp. 415-4''^2). — Suggestions regarding the management of cacao groves
nid the renovation of old plantations.
Walnut culture in California, J. 31. Dickenson {California Cidtivalor, 15 {1900),
Xo. 12, pp. 177, 183, fig. 1). — Culture and management.
Notes on the Gladiolus, H. H. Groff {Amer. Gard., 21 {1900), Nos. 304, p. G98;
310, pp. 792, 798; 312, p. 830; 313, pp. S4S, 849) .—The characteristics of different
strains and hybrids are discussed.
A summer's work abroad, in school grounds, home grounds, playgrounds,
parks, and forests, MiraL. Dock {Pennsylvania Dept. Agr. Bui. 62, pp. 33, pis. 9). —
The author visited England, Edinburgh, and Germany, and spent a few days in
Switzerland and Paris. Six public bath houses, 14 school buildings, and 110 parks
and playgrounds were visited and a tour made through the Black Forest. The more
striking features met with in the journey are recounted and furnish much suggestive
matter relative to the management and improvement of Pennsylvania school grounds,
public parks, and forests, as well as similar institutions in other States.
FORESTRY.
Miscellaneous notes in botany and forestry, W. A. Buckhout
{l\nnsyicania Sta. Rpt. ISOO^pp. '2IiJ5-'2o6.^ p^s. o.,jig. i, charts 3). —
The writer reports upon the time and rate of formation of the annual
ring- of wood in the European larch and the white pine. Observations
were made during the years 1897, 1898, and 1899. In the case of the
larches the growth of wood began during the last week in April, with
seasonal difi'erences due to temperature, moisture, etc., although their
effect was hardly appreciable. The beginning' of wood formation
practically coincided with the appearance of new leaves on the larch.
Diagrams are given showing the variations in seasonal growth with
both species. The absolute growth of the white pine was considerably
greater than that of the larch, and the growing season of the pine con-
tinued into September while the larch made little or no growth after
July. The pine showed greater uniformity in amount of yearh' growth,
only yV i"- difference occurring during the 3 years in question, while
the larch showed a difference amounting to i\ in. It is thought prob-
able that the specimens of larch taken for the experiment were hardly
representative, as from their appearance they had probably passed
the time of maximum yearly growth. While there have not been suf-
ficient experimental plantings to give definite data, the author believes
that the larch, while not as long-lived or producing as great a bulk of
wood as the pine, can be advantageously grown for many purposes.
650 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Notes are given on the depreciation of forest trees and results of the
faihire to cut trees at maturity. Numerous examples are g'iven of
depreciation in value attributed to decay, and various signs of decay
are pointed out.
The undesirability of i-ed and black oaks, because of fungus diseases,
is mentioned. These oaks, particularly the l)lack oak, are specially
subject to a disease of the same nature, if not identical, with the canker
of the apple tree {Nectr'ui ditissiina). It is said that few trees incurring
this disease overcome or outgrow it and, as a rule, they fail completely
before attaining a diameter of 10 in. at the base. The disease is much
more common in sprout or coppice growth than in seed-grown trees.
A judicious selection should be continualh^ carried on during the earlj''
years of forest growth, cutting out the undesirable species and par-
ticularly every tree which shows the beginnings of disease. The white
oak seems to be entirely free from this disease, while most of the other
species are affected to a greater or less degree.
Notes are given on the injur}' produced on white pine by the pine
weevil. It is said that one of the most serious obstacles to the growth
of the white pine is the pine-tree weevil {Pissodes st?'ohl), a small beetle
which la^^s its eggs in the 3"0ung terminal shoots and occasionally in
the uppermost laterals. The young grubs bore through the bark to
the wood, completely destroying the shoots. The ravages of this
insect are said to be very common, destroying during the past year the
tops of at least 10 per cent of the white pine trees, as well as seriously
attacking Norway spruce and other ornamentals.
Notes are given on various shade trees for street planting. The
tulip and magnolia on good loamy soils, with plenty ^f room and good
drainage, are said to be well adapted to this purpose. They should
not be set closer than 50 ft., and 00 ft. is better. The same conditions
appl}' to the sycamore and elm trees. Maple trees vary considerably
with the different varieties. The silver maple gives the quickest
results with possibly one exception of an}' shade tree, but for best
growth requires a moist fertile soil. The hard maples are considered
among the most desirable for shade trees, succeeding well on a variet}'
of soils, and are believed to be nearly free from insect or fungus attacks.
The European species, while generally more rapid in growth during
early life, are said to soon reach the limit of growth and never make
as large trees as the American species.
The Cottonwood and other poplars, on account of their rapid growth, .
are frequentl}' recommended for street trees, but they do not last as
well as some other A-arieties and become very unsightly with age. The
tendency to sprout from the root is also considered objectionable. The
objections urged against the cotton wood are said to apply to ailanthus,
and in addition this tree has an irregular habit of branching, so that
old trees become verv unsvmuietrical.
FORESTRY. 651
Report of the commissioner of forestry, ,1. T. Rothrock {Pen it -
sylvania De^A. Agr. Rpt. lS99^pt. Upj^- 1'2S-139). — Brief accounts are
g'iven of forestry operations which have been begun. An attempt has
been made to start pUmtations of Carolina pophirs {Prqjulux dtlfo^dts)
for paper manufacture. Attention is called to the value of the chest-
nut as a source for tanning extracts, and the effect of forest tires in
destro^'ing' this ci'op.
The losses hy forest tires in Pennsylvania during- the j^ear 1898 are
mentioned, from which it appears that 22,853 acres were burned over
at a loss of |53,0(X). The timber cut during the same period was
130,000 acres, including 107,000,000 ft. (b. m.) of white pine, 858,000.000
ft. of hemlock, 410,000,000 ft. of other lumber, and 531,000 cords of
bark peeled.
An estimate is made of the timber lands as they now exist in the
State, the area Ijeing given by counties. From the tabular statement
given, it appears that there are 2,765,000 acres of full-grown timber
land, 2,!>11,00() acres of half -grown timber land, and 1,113,000 acres of
brush land.
Some cooperative experimients -with forest tree seeds, G. C.
BuTZ {Ptiiihsijlvait/a Sta. Rpt. ISO'.) ^ pp. '2'27-'2Jf4). — A report is given
of cooperative experiments begun in the fall of 1896 in connection with
the Division of Forestry of this Department. The plan of the experi-
ment was to studj' the climatic effect upon several widely distributed
.species of forest tree seedlings. The species chosen for the lirst year's
planting were black walnut, bur oak, hickor^^, honey locust, box elder,
green ash, and white ash. Tabulated data are given showing the
results of the different plantings, in which the time of germination,
height of tallest seedlings, average rate of growth, effect of spring
frost, and date of fall of the leaves of each species are given. Com-
parisops are noted showing the results of fall and spring planting of
seeds. The spring planted seeds were stratified during the winter, and
in the case of the walnut, bur oak, box elder, and W'hite ash, the spring
planting gave the highest average of germinations.
Forest protection and restoration, T. P. Lukexs {ForeMei\ 6
(lOUO), 2'o. J, pj/. 100, 10 1). — The forest conditions of southern Cali-
fornia are briefly reviewed, and it is urged that means should be taken
to repair the injur^^ due to forest fires, overpasturing, etc. In refor-
esting this region, the author suggests the planting of pine seeds on
burned areas as soon as possible, in order that the trees may keep above
the brush growth which follows forest fires. Growing at different
tdtitudes. it is said that different species of pines, cedars, spruces, and
firs ma}' be found adapted to the conditions found in that region. This
reforestation, it is believed, can be donc^ at no great expense, ^20 per
acre being the estimated cost of seed and all labor.
Forest influence on water flow, H. S. Graves {Forester, 6 {1900),
No. 5, 2*V' 11-^' 11^)- — ^ V)rief report is given of an investigation of the
652 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Mill Creek watershed in Pennsylvania. As a result of this investigation
it is stated that a more uniform flow of water can be obtained b}- proper
management, and in addition the forest can eventually be made a source
of considerable income. The entire watershed was originally covered
with hemlock and mixed hard woods, although at present no consider-
able area of the virgin forest remains. About four-fifths of the entire
tract has grown up in second growth, and one-fifth is or has been
recently under cultivation. It is suggested that this region should be
replanted, the large open areas with white pine, alternating with fields
seeded to black locust, in which oaks and chestnuts should be planted
later. Under the system of planting and management suggested it is
believed that within 10 or 20 3-ears many of the trees would become
of marketable size, so that it would be a source of considerable income
to the management.
Tree planting- [Oklahoma Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 118, 119, fig. i).— The results of the
tree-planting oiierations of the station for the year are briefly reviewed, in which
the number of trees planted in February, 1900, and those living June 1 are given.
The trees were young seedlings and set in rows 4 ft. apart and from 2 to 4 ft. apart in
the row. In all, 35,000 trees of the following varieties were planted: White ehn,
soft maple, catalpa, Ij^ack locust, box elder, white ash, and honey locust. The pro-
portion of those dying from varying causes ranged from 2 per cent in the case of the
soft maples to 65 per cent in the case of the white ash.
Sowing tree seeds, etc., Pineliurst Nurseries, N. C. {Amer. Gard., 21 {1900),
No. 304, pp. 093, 694). — Directions as to time and method of planting a large num-
ber of trees and shrubs.
The forests of Indiana, J. P. Brown {Forester, 6 {1900), No. 5, pp. 110-113).—
An address in which the past and present conditions of the forest" of the State are
reviewed. Notes are also given on the rate of growth and durability of a number of
species of trees.
Forest conditions in the Klondike {Sci. Amer. Sup., 40 {1900), No. 1267, pp.
20311^ 20312). — Popular description of the forests of the interior of Alaska and adja-
cent regions.
The pine forests of northwestern Germany, Erdmann {Allg. Forst u. Jagd Ztcj.,
76 {1900), Jan., pp. 11-22). — Describes the pine forests occurring upon the clay regions
of northwestern Germany.
Forest management in Germany, Eberts {AUg. Forst u. Jagd Ztg., 76 {1900),
pp. 50-56, 102-106, 167-170, 197-200). — The systems of forest wardens and manage-
ment for Hesse, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Meiningen, Saxony, and AVurttemburg are
described.
Some forest problems in northwestern Russia, II. Mayr {AUg. Forst u. Jagd
Ztg., 76 {1900), pp. 81-91; 117-131, 156-160) .—The forests, their value, and their
necessities are described.
Investigations of the more important deciduous trees of Japan, S. Kawai
{Bui. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tohjo, 4 {1900), No. 2, pp. 97-152, I-IX, 11-18, pis. 9).—
The timber characteristics of a large number of the deciduous trees as shown by cross
radial and tangential sections and bark appearance are given.
The genus Tilia in Japan, H. Shirasawa {Bid. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo,
4 {1900), No. 2, pp. 153-165, j^ls. 2). — The Jajmnese species of Tilia are mentioned
and 2 new species described, T. kiusiana and T, ma.i'imoivicziana.
The forests of Java and their exploitation, Seiht {Allg. Forst u. .Tagil Ztg.,
70 {1900), pp. 160-167, 192-107, 236, 241, 27 1-27 9) .—T\\Q wooded area of the island
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 653
is estimated at 126,447 square kilometer8. The rainfall and climate are discussed,
the forests described, the relative value of the woody species indicated, and methods
of management described.
Mixed forests of pine, fir, and larch., Eeiss (Allg. Forst u. Jcujd Ztg., 76 {1900),
June, pp. 189-192). — The requirements of each species are described, their value as
components of mixed forests mentioned, and methods suggested for securing such
mixtures.
On the growth of oak and other deciduous species in beech forests, H.
Bertog {Ztschr. FoM n. Jagdiv., S3 {WOO), Xo. 4, pp. 188-212, figs. 10). — Notes on the
requirements and growth of various species of oak, ash, maple, etc., growing in beech
forests.
Comparative ash analyses of red fir and European spruce, E. Hoppe {Ccnthl.
Gesam. Forstw. Wien, 26 {1900), No. 2, ptp- 49-54). — Comparative ash analyses of
Psendot^uga donglasi and European spruce are given.
Physiolog'ical investig-ations on the increase in diameter and the quality
of the timber of Pinus sylvestris, F. Schwarz {Physlologisclie Vatersuchuugcii iiber
Dickenwachstum und Holzqualitat von Pinus .sylvestris. Berlin: P. Parey, 1899, pp. 371,
ph. 9, figs. 5; noted in Allg. Forst v. Jagd Ztg., 76 {1900), Mar., pp. 106-110).
On the estimation of the yield of oak forests, Wimmenauer {Allg. Forst u. Jagd
Ztg., 76 {1900), Jan., j^p. 2-9). — Tables are given for estimating the yield of oak for-
ests. The characteristics of the various forests where the tables have been tested are
given. Qnercus pendunculatu and Q. sessiliflora were the dominant species, with beech,
ash, alder, linden, elm, and several conifers forming the secondary growth.
Rapid estimation of the cubic contents of fir trees {Rev. Fau.v et Forcts, 3. ser.,
4 [1900), Xii. 1, jip. 17-21). — Formulas are given f(_)r the estimation of the contents of
workable timber in fir trees. It is leased ujion the rule that the cubic contents of a fir
tree 24 meters in height equals 10 times the square of the diameter of the tree at the
height of a man.
An international commission on timber physics, Schwappach {Ztschr. Forst u.
Jagdu-., 32 {1900), No. 4, pp. 230-233). — An account is given of previous attempts in
the formation of such an international commission for securing uniformity of methods.
The influence of forests upon the temperature of the air, Mcttricii {Ztsrhr.
Forst It. Jagdu:., 32 {1900), No. 3, pp. 147-167). — Gives records made at periods of 2
hours daily for 3 years in which the temperature of a forest and an open field are
compared.
Pasturing- forests, A. Mathey {Le pasturage en foret. Dijon, 1900; rev. in Bev.
Faux et Forets, 3. ser., 4 {1900), No. 5, pp. 156-1.58). — The results of the author's
personal observations upon the effect of pasturing ff)rests.
Annual review of the literature of forestry, T. Lorey {Allg. Forst n. Jagd Ztg.,
76 {1900), Sup., pip. 1-98). — Briefly reviews the forest literature relating to forest
botany, zoology, etc.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
The fungus infestation of agricultural soils in the United States,
E. F. Smith {Pr<>c. Arnt>\ Aasoc. Adc. Sci, J^S (1880), jk MJ).— The
results of the author's studies on parasitic Fusariums, as shown by his
completed experiments on soil infections with the watermelon fungus,
are given. It is shown that related species of Fusariums prove equally
destructive to other plants, such as cabbage, tomato, sweet potato, etc.
It is also shown that these fungi live in the soil over winter and attack
the plant from the earth. A soil once infected with anv of these
654 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
resistant fungi becomes worthless for growing agricultural plants sub-
ject to it for a long series of years. On this account the greatest care
should be taken to avoid the spread of these parasites to land which is
now free from them.
The black rot of cabbage and similar plants in Europe, H. A.
Hardinc4 {(''riitll. Jhilt. II. l\ir.^ 2. Al>f., G {lOUO), Xo. 10, pp. oOo-SlJ.
pis. ^,Ji(js. 2). — An account is given of the author's investigations in
Europe of the black rot of cabbage and similar plants, which has been
attributed to a l)acterial parasite, Pmudoin<>na>< compestrw. He reports
having observed the disease in the open held in about a dozen localities
in northwestern Europe. The organism was isolated, cultivated, and
comparisons made with the organism described by Smith and Russell
in this country.
Infection experiments were conducted in pots in which the organisms
isolated from diseased cabbages in New York and in AYisconsin were
compared with the organism isolated from Swiss crucifers. At the
termination of the experiments the organisms were compared, and no
differences were noted Ijetween the bacteria derived from the different
.sources.
Observations on a disease of plum trees, Duke of Bedford
and S. U. Pickering ( WoJjur?i E:rpt. Fruit Farm Rpt. 1900, p>i).
^18-227). — In a previous report (E. S. R., 9, p. 761) a description is
given of a fungus disease which was proving fatal to standard plum
trees at Harpenden. The disease at that time was attributed to
Nectria dltissima, but subsequent investigations showed that this fun-
gus was not the primary cause of the disease. In 1898 -11 per cent
of the whole plantation had been killed b}^ the disease. The fungus
seems to spread very rapidly. Trees which failed to show any signs
of the disease M'hen examined in the winter, were badly attacked
before the following midsummer. From the tables given, it appears
that old trees, 9 years or more old, were the greatest sufferers. Sub-
sequent examinations in another locality of a disease which was
believed to be the same showed the trouble was due to Eutyp>eUa
prunastri. Successful inoculation experiments were conducted, which
produced s} mptoms very similar to those exhibited bv the trees at
Woburn Farm. While not affirming that the diseases are identical,
it is believed that the trees in each locality Avere suffering from the
same cause. A curious feature in connection with this disease was the
sudden disappearance of the disease in 1899. This sudden disappear-
ance is explained by the possibility that the fungus fruits only under
special climatic conditions, which were absent at this time.
Fungus diseases of citrus trees in Australia and their treat-
ment, D, McAlfine {2£tlhi>urnt: Depart mcitf vf A<jrledture, 1899.,
pp. 132., p)l^- ^^' — General descriptions and suggested methods of
treatment are given of the principal diseases of citrus trees occurring
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 655
in Au.straliu. In all, 82 species of fungi have been identified, 51 of
which are new to science. Of these, 38 are said to be parasitic on
different parts of citrus trees or fruits.
False melanose, anthracnose, sooty mold, black scurf, scabbing,
wither tip, bark blotch, collar rot, and root rot of lemon are described
at considerable length. The false melanoae, which attacks not only
the fruit but leaves and young shoots, is said to be due to Gladosporium
hninneo-atrum^ n. sp. The anthracnose, which is attributed to PJioma
cltricarpa, n. sp., is said to be quite common on fruits sold in the
vicinity of Melbourne and Sydney. It causes considerable damage to
the orange and lemon crops, spreading i-apidly from fruit to fruit and
from tree to tree. It is not to be confused with the leaf spot occur-
ring in Florida on sweet and wild orange trees, which is caused by
attacks of Colletrotrichum adustum. The sooty mold of oi-ange and
lemon, caused by Cajmodium citricolum^ is described at considerable
length, and the relation between this disease and certain insects
pointed out. The black scurf of citrus fruits is caused by Ckmio-
thtciam scabrum, n. sp. The s3'mptoms of this disease are said to be
verj^ characteristic. It first begins as small black depressions, caus-
ing the skin over a considerable area to become a yellowish green. It
gradually spreads and forms large sooty, black patches, the epidermis
cracking into minute irregular areas. In addition to making the fruit
very unsightly, it renders it extremely liable to saprophytic fungi,
causing deca3\ The scabbing of fruits and leaves is described, in
which 11 difi'erent species of fungi are concerned, (3 of which are
found upon the leaf. The wither tip of orange and lemon is attrib-
uted to Phoma omnivora, n. sp. It resembles to some extent the
disease known in Florida as die-back, and the striking differences
between the two are pointed out.
The lemon bark blotch, due to Ascochyta corticola, n. .sp., i&
described. In this disease the trees from the collar upward for 0 or 8
in. become shriveled and studded with small brownish, thickly
clustered bodies. The disease finally works all around the tree and
the tree dies.
The collar rot, caused by Fusarlwn limonis, and the root rot of
lemon, due to Plioma omnivora, are described. In part 2 technical
descriptions of all the fungi found upon citrus trees are given.
The G-raphiola disease of palm leaves, K. von Tubeuf {Garten-
tJora^ Jfi {1900)^ Xo. 6', j)!-)- l¥>-l'^0,Jig. i).^The author describes a
disease of palm leaves which is characterized by the appearance of
small black areas on both sides of the leaves. These occurring very
abundantly give a blackened and unsighth^ appearance to the leaves
and ultimately cause their destruction. The disease seems to be widely
distributed and is caused b}" Gmpldola j:>h(jcnici8^ which occurs princi-
pally on the leaves of Gltanuvroim hujiiilw, but has not been previously
656 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
observed on the leaves of the date pahii. Diseased leaves should be
cut oil' and burned in order to prevent the spread of the disease.
Sound plants may be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, or the leaves
may be washed with soapsuds or a weak solution of lysol to prevent
the germination of spores.
A disease of conifers, G. Massee {Gard. Chron.,3. ser.^ 27(1900),
No. 686,2^' ^01^ f 9- !)• — A report is given of attacks of Sclerotinict
fuckeliaha on Sequoias and other coniferous trees. When first
observed, the portions attacked seemed to be covered with a dense out-
growth of gray mold. After the twigs were dead, numerous small
black sclerotia. about the size of a pin's head, were found embedded in
the bark and also in the tissues of the diseased and fallen leaves. Arti-
ficial infection of conidia have shown that Scotch fir and, perhaps,
most conifers are susceptible to this disease. Other groups of plants,
such as cherries, etc., have been artificially inoculated, but, on the
whole, coniferous seedlings appear to suffer the most. When the dis-
ease appears, it spreads very rapidly, especially during damp, cloudy
weather, and spraying with dilute Bordeaux mixture or what the
author calls "violet mixture" should be resorted to as a check to pre-
vent further spread. Experience has shown that plants once attacked
invariably die; hence all diseased plants should be promptly removed
and burned. The "violet mixture" recommended is said to adhere to
the foliage better than the Bordeaux mixture and does not leave a
white deposit on the plant sprajxd. It is composed of copper sulphate
2 lbs,, copper carbonate 3 lbs. Dermanganate of potash 3 oz., and
water 18 gal.
New species of fungi, Flora W. Pattersox {Bvl. Torrey Bot. Club, 27 {1900),
No. 5, pp. 282-286). — Descriptions are given of 17 new species of fungi, many of
which are parasitic. Stemphylium butryi is described as growing in butter, the sur-
face of which gradually becomes a bluish black color.
New species of fungi, J. B. Ellis and B. M. Everhart {Bui. Torrey Bot. Club,
27 {1900), Xo. 11, pp. 571-578). — Descriptions are given of 27 new species of fungi,
many of which are parasitic. The specimens are from various American localities.
The rusts of cereals, E. Marchal {Jour. Soc. Agr. Brabant-Hainaut, 1900, pp.
286-288).
The cereal rusts of Belgium, H. Vaxderyst {Rev. Gen. Agron. [Lourain'], 9
{1900), No. 8, p)p- 359-368). — The author reports having observed 189 species, repre-
senting 17 genera, of Urediuie in Belgium during the season of 1898. Brief notes are
given on their distribution throughout the country.
Depreciation of the yields of cereals due to rusts, A. Gregoire {Jour. Soc.
A'jr.Brabant-IIa'mauf, 1900, p. 173).
The fungus diseases of the potato and their treatment, H. Potel {Bol. Imt.
Agron. Sao I'niilo, 10 {1S99) , No. 11-12, pp. 795-799).
Fungus diseases of sweet potatoes, H. Potel {Bol. Agr Sao Paulo, 1. ser.
1900, No. 1, 2>p. 45-48).
The potato disease, its history and prevention, Lavergxe {Santiago, 1900,
pp. 10).
A disease of potatoes and melons in Santiago and Coquimbo, Lavergne
{Santiago, 1900, pp. 12).
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 657
A sorghum disease in TJsambara, Stuhlmann [Tropenpflanzer, 4 {1900), Xo.ll,
pp. 561, 563). — A brief note is given on a disease of sorghum in Africa. The cause
is not definitely known, and some varieties seem more subject to it than others.
Fungus diseases of the sugar beet {Beet Siujar Gaz.,2 {1900), No. 9, pip- 5-8,
fif/s.S). — Notes are given on root rot due to Rhizoctonia and on the leaf spot dis-
ease caused l)y Cercospxira hetiroJa.
The practical workings of seed treatment for prevention of diseases of
sugar beets, B. Frank {Bl. Zuckerruhenbau, 6 {1899), No. 5, pp. 65-68).
Notes on some fungus parasites of fruit trees, L. De Nobele {Bui. Arbor,
et Flor., 1900, 2}p. 147-150).
Combating Fusicladium on fruit trees {Deut. Landw. Pr esse, 37 {1900), No. 91,
pp. 1106, 1107, Jigs. 3). — The value of Bordeaux mixture as a means for the pre-
\-ention of scab of apples and pears is shown. Three applications^are recommended
and the leaves in the autumn should be collected and l)urned.
Fungus pests of citrus trees {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 17 {1900), No. 7, p>p>.
431-434)- — Brief popular descriptions are given of a number of principal fungus pests
on citrus trees, which have been observed in Australia. The diseases described are
false melanose, withered tip, anthracnose, sooty mold, black scurf, scab, bark Idotch,
collar rot, and root rot. Suggestions are given for the prevention of these different
diseases, and among the fungicides recommended are Bordeaux mixture, a dilute
solution of copper sulphate, ammoniacal copper carbonate, carbolic acid, sulphur, etc.
Some fungi of the cacao tree, J. H. Hart ( West Indian Bui., 1 {1900), No. 4,PP-
433-437, j)l. 1) . — Notes are given of attacks of Phytopthora omnivora, Nectria bainii,
and an undescribed species of Nectria, all of which proved considerably injurious to
the production of pods of cacao. The Phytopthora is said to diminish the weight of
the pods fully 25 per cent. The beans are reduced at the same time and there is
quite a depreciation in their quality.
Concerning the bacterial diseases of strawberries, P. Yoglino {Attn. Accad,
Agr. Torino, 43 {1899).
Fungus diseases of the grape {Oklahoma Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 104-107 , figs. 3). —
Brief descriptions are given of anthracnose, black rot, brown rot or downy mildew,
and shelling or rattles of grapes, with suggestions for their prevention.
Rust, leaf spot, and anthracnose of grapes, L. Baldrati {Italia Agr., 1900,
No. 6, pp. 4)-
Observations on grape anthracnose, J. Capi's {Observations sur V anthracnose
maculee. Bord/'mi.r, 1900, pp. 15).
Variations in the maturing of Plow^rightia morbosa spores, W. A. Riley
{Bnl. Torreg Bot. Club, 37 {1900), No. 5, pp. 386, 3S7).—\\\\\\b studying the black
knot fungus considerable variation was noticed in the time of maturing the asco-
si:)ores. January has been given as the time for their maturation in INIassachusetts,
but in New York the first appearance was noted on March 7, and only by the mid-
dle of April were they fairly abundant. Examinations made as late as May 9 showed
75 per cent of the spores immature.
Practical directions for combating Peronospora, A. Bizzozero {Istruzioni
pracliche j>er combattere la peronosiiora e la crittogama. Parma, 1900, j^P- 39) .
On the use of copper sulphate as a remedy for Peronospora, L. Sostegxi
{Extr. Giorn. Viiicol. e Enologia, 7 {1899), jjp. 15) .
The occurrence of the California vine disease in Avellino, C. Gasali and T.
Ferraris {E.rtr. Giorn. Viticol. c Enologia, 8 {1900), pjp. 10, pis. 3).
Liver of sulphur for combating oidium, G. Battanchon ( Vigjie Amer. et Viti-
cult. Europe, 34 {1900), No. 7, pp. 190-301).— K formula of potassium sulphid 500
gm., black soap 500 gm., and water 100 liters is given. The etficiency of the liver of
sulphur is said to be increased by adding the soap.
658 EXPEKIMEJJfT STATION RECORD.
A new disease of the leaves of Aucuba japonica, C. Massalongo {Bui. Soc.
But. ItuL, lUOO, pp. 100, 167).
Notes on outgrowths on the green parts of Hibiscus vitifolius, Dale {Proc.
Camh. Phil Soc, 10 {1900), Xo. 4, pp. 192-209, pAs. 3).
A disease of birch trees, E. Paulson {Nature, 62 {1900), No. 1610, p. 599). — A
brief note on the ofcurrence of a destructive disease of birch trees in parts of Eng-
land. The cause of the disease is thought to ])e Mdanconis stUbostoma, since that
fungus is found abundant on both living and dead trees.
A contribution to the knowledge of an oak root parasite, K. Hartig {C'entbl.
Gesam. Forstw. Wien, 26 {1900), No. 6, pp. 243-250, figs. 10). — Notes are given on
the life history of Rosellinia querdna, a destructive parasite of oak roots. The most
serious injury is to seedlings, although the author reports the peritheciaof the fungus
on old plants. The spores germinate readily in water after 24 hours, and retain
their vitality for at least a year. The mycelium attacks the cellulose of the root,
dissolving it and also uses up the starch in the roots.
Preliminary note on some witches' brooms, R. A. Robertson ( Trans, and Proc.
But. Soc. Edinburgh, 21 {1900), pt. 4,pp- 313-318, figs, i').— Notes are given of witches'
brooms observed on the larch and Picea nobilis. These formations are well known
on some coniferous trees, but on the species mentioned they are comparatively rare.
Other witches' brooms are reported as occurring on ash {Fra.rinus excelsior), and
upon Cratxgus oxyacantha. The author states he has been unable to find any record
of such outgrowths occurring on either of these species.
The adhesiveness of potassium permanganate as a fungicide, G. Chappaz
{Prug. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. U Est), 21 {1900), No. 47, p. 625).— Xa a result of a single
application in June, traces of the permanganate were found upon the grape leaves in
autumn.
A disinfecting machine for cereals, F. Falke {Lnndir. Wchn,'>chr. Sadisen, 2
{1900), Nos. 41, p)p- 305-367; 42, pp. 374, 375). — A description is given of a machine
designed for the rapid treatment of cereals with formalin or formalin and ammonia
for smut prevention. Comparative figures are also given in which the efficiency of
the treatment is shown as well as the effect upon the germination of the seed.
A review of the literature relating to plant protection during 1899, M.
HoLLRUNG {Jnkresbericht i'dier die Neuerungen und Leistutigea nuf dem (-iehiele drs Pfian-
zenschutzes. Berlin, 1900, pp. 303) . — Brief reviews are given of the general literature
relating to fungus diseases and insect enemies of plants and the means taken for com-
bating them. In the second part the literature pertaining to these injurious agents
is grouped according to the host plants, the principal groups being: Injuries to
plants without reference to the hosts; injuries to cereals, to fodder grasses, root crops,
garden crops, forage crops other than grasses, large and small fruits, grapes, tropical
plants, forest trees, and ornamentals. The means for coml)ating these diseases are
divided into natural and artificial methods, the latter referring to chemical and
mechanical agencies, while the former refers tt) parasites, etc. An annotated list of
nearly a hundred pages of titles of publications in addition to those abstracted at
greater length completes the volume and serves to give some idea of the extent of the
literature upon the subject.
ENTOMOLOGY.
Apiary experiments, C. P. Gillette ( Colorado iSta. Bui. 51^.., pp.
28^ pis. G). — The general problem with which this bulletin is con-
cerned is the question to what extent and in what form wax can be
best furnished to bees for their use in building com)). As is well
known, it is generallv believed that bees use wax from artificial foun-
ENTOMOLOGY. 659
dations to extend the cell walls and the comb midrib. This belief
was shown to be well founded by a simple experiment, during- which
sheets of thin foundation rendered black by the addition of lanipldack
were employed. It was found that the wax used both for the exten-
sion of the midrib and th«> formation of cell walls contained lampblack.
The author measured a number of artificial foundations of comb
midrib built upon such foundations and a natural midril) of comb.
The evidence confirms that obtained by weighing the same structures,
that heavy foundations are somewhat thinned by the bees in construct-
ing comb upon them, but that these fovmdations are not thinned in
any case to the lightness of natural comb.
To determine whether the use of artificial foundations results in
thicker cell walls in the comb, experiments were made with several
kinds of foundation, measurements being made with the camera lucida
and a compound microscope. The cell wall in natural worker comb
varied from 0.045 to 0.07 mm., with an average of 0.06 mm. None of
the artificial foundations gave as thin cell walls except, perhaps, the
thin and extra thin super foundations. The author concludes from
this experiment that it is a mistake to make deep cells in artificial
foundation unless their walls can be rendered as thin as those of the
natulral cell walls. The only cell walls which were brought to the thin-
ness of the natural comb were those which were built on foundations
with a light base and with little wax in the cell walls. To study the
efl'ect of foundations upon the resulting comb, pieces of natural comb
and comb on different kinds of foundation were cut into l)locks of known
area and weight, the cell walls were then removed from the midribs,
and the two portions weighed separately. The weights of the midribs
and cell walls of natural comb were compared with corresponding parts
of comb from artificial foundations. The evidence leads to the con-
clusion that heavy foundations result in combs which are heavier than
the natural combs, and that the increased weight is due both to thicker
midribs and thicker cell walls, but more especially to the latter. The
evidence shows also that if the cell walls are high the}^ are not often
thinned by the bees in constructing the comb.
Studies of the extent to which the use of foundation lessens the secre-
tion of wax by bees were made by a similar series of weight deter-
minations. The evidence furnished by the weights of -iO samples of
comb indicates that the wax secretion by bees is not any more influ-
enced by furnishing them with a heavy foundation than by the use
of a light foundation.
With regard to the methods of using foundation in sections, the
author found that by using a long piece of foundation gradually taper-
ing to a point, with a broad base attached to the upper edge of the
section, the bees showed a tendency to form worker comb throughout.
15440 — No. 7 0
660 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
The best results, however, were obtained by using a long narrow
piece placed across the top of the section, or a rectangular starter
extending about halfway' down the section.
The use of wooden or tin separators between the rows of sections is
strongly advocated by the author, since by their use the sections are
rendered much more regular.
By determinations of the weight of diilerent samples of comb honey
it was found that the weight of the wax in thick combs is proportion-
ateh" less than in thin combs, the proportion varjdng from 1 : 19 to 1 : 28.
The author tried a number of substitutes for pollen, the substances
being laid upon flat boards in the vicinity of the apiary. A small pile
of each kind of meal was put upon the different boards, and notes were
taken upon the apparent frequency with which the different kinds were
visited. The order of preference appeared to be as follows: Ground
whole kernels of oats, corn, wheat, fine wheat bran, cleaner dust,
cotton-seed meal, wheat bran, pea meal, wheat flour, rye flour, bean
meal, and barley meal.
Bee poison and bee stings, J. Laxger {Sitzber Dent. Natui^w.
Med. Ver. Bohmefi, n. ser., 10 {1899), jjp. 291-310). Bee poison has
an acid reaction, but its toxic action is not due to formic acid. It is
free from bacteria and has the effect of slightly checking the growth of
micro-organisms. The author made observations on the sensitiveness
of different persons to bee poison. Of the individuals upon whom
observations were made, 11 were not sensitive to the poison, and 153
were sensitive when they first began the business of bee culture.
Brief notes are given on the various remedies which are popularly
employed for the treatment of bee stings. The author recommends
that in the case of persons who are oversensitive to the action of this
substance, chemical antidotes should be applied at the point of the
sting by means of a hypodermic syringe.
On the metamorphosis of the young form of Filaria bancrofti in
the body of Culex ciliaris, the house mosquito of Australia, T. L.
Bancroft {flour. andProc. Roy. Soc. New South Wales., 33 {1899), jjp.
4^-62, Jigs. 8). — The author gives a brief critical account of the litera-
ture relating to this subject. It was found by experiments that the
FilarijE do not develop so rapidly in the body of mosquitoes as had
hitherto been suspected. According to the author's experiments, the
time required for this development is 17 or 18 days. The Filaria is
fir.st taken into the alimentar}' tract along with the blood sucked from
the host of the mosquito and later penetrates into the thorax. All
FilariBB which are for an}^ reason unable to make their waj'" to the
thorax of the mosquito ultimatel}^ die or, at least, fail to produce
young Filariaj. The juices of the alimentar\' tract seem to have an
injurious effect upon them and the}" are in some cases killed outright
and digested by these fluids. In dissecting mosquitoes infested with
ENTOMOLOGY. 661
Filariae in water, it was found that the Filarise died after remaining 3
or 4 hours in water. It is therefore believed b}" the author that infec-
tion of man by Filarial can not take place from drinking w^ater.
An account is given of ^'arious details in the life history of the F.
hrnicrofti.
Natural enemies and insecticide treatments for the larvae of
Pieris brassicae, G. del Guercio {Atti. R. Accad. Econ. Agr. Georg.
Firenzt\ ^. ser., m {1900), No. '2, pp. 21^2-251^, figs. ^).— Hand picking
of the larvfB and eggs of this species is more practicable than in the
case of P. rapce and P. napi for the reason that in the latter 2 species
the larvtB are found on the under side of the leaves and the eggs are
laid in small clusters or isolated.
The insecticides used against P. hrassicce included superphosphate
of lime, emulsions of potash and soda soaps, emulsions of petroleum,
benzine, and bisulphid of carbon, emulsions of heavy oil of tar and of
creolin, carbolized extract of tobacco, and a solution of alkaline tar.
Applications of superphosphate of lime at the rate of 500 kg. per
hectare had no noticeable effect upon caterpillars. Emulsions of potash
soap, in which the soap constituted from li to 2^ per cent of the
emulsion, were quite effective remedies. Soda soaps in from 2i to 3i
per cent solution of water gave good results. Emulsions of oil of tar,
creolin, and similar substances when used as insecticides against the
larvae of the cabbage butterfly left a disagreeable odor upon the cab-
bage plants and are therefore not recommended.
The author describes and gives brief notes upon a considerable num-
ber of insect parasites and enemies of the cabbage butterfly. The
percentage of caterpillars parasitized by the more important species
are tabulated and the importance of insect parasitism of the cabbage
butterfly is discussed in connection with this table.
Moth borer in sugar cane (Diatrsea saccharalis), H. Maxwell-
Lefroy ( West Indian Bid., 1 {1900), No. Ji,pp). 327-353,figs. it*).— The
author reviews the literature relating to this subject. Detailed descrip-
tions are given of the insect in all its stages. The eggs are laid on the
surface of the leaf in clusters numbering about 19. The author gives
notes on 2 insect parasites, TricliogTaimna pretiosa and Coi'dyceps
harheri. As soon as the young leaves of the sugar cane are up, the
moth borer begins its attack which results in producing " dead hearts"
earl}'' in the year. The attacks of the moth borer render subsequent
infestation by the rind fungus {Tncliosphceria sacchari) more easy.
All varieties of cane are attacked b}' the moth borer, which has been
found also upon a considerable number of other plants. A detailed
discussion is given of the remedies which have been recommended by
various committees of planters and b}^ agricultural societies. The
more important remedies may be briefl}" stated as follows: Careful
selection of canes for planting, pruning of dried and decayed canes,
destruction of diseased canes and the stumps of canes, and the use of
662 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
lantern traps for catching the moths. The author recommends also
the collection of eg-gs which may be recognized on leaves. Care should
be exercised, however, to leave all parasitized eggs so that the para-
sites maj" hatch and assist in reducing the numbers of the moth borer.
An extensive bibliography of the subject is added to the article.
A report on methods of combating the grape Cochylis by
winter treatment, J. Laborde {Bui. Min. Agr\ [France]., 19 {1900),
No. J, 2^^- 373—392). — The author states that the name Cochylis has
been applied to two insects, Tinea ambiguelki and Eudemis hotrana.
The insects were studied in the laboratory in all of their stages. Sev-
eral parasites were reared from each of these insects. Chrysalids
maintained for 2-i hours at a temperature of —10 to 12° C. were
unharmed by the exposure. Chrysalids of Eudemis plunged for one
minute in water at a temperature of lO"^ died to the extent of 20 per
cent. A similar exposure in water at 50° C. killed all the chrysalids.
Among the chief remedies applied by the author mention should be
made of scraping the bark, plunging the grape stocks in hot water,
and painting with various mixtures. It is stated that painting with
a mixture composed of lime, heavy oil, and bisulphid of carbon is very
effective in destroying the insects and may be used without causing*
injury to the grape vines.
The grape-cane gall maker and its enemies, F. M. AVebster
{Ohio .St((. Bui. 116, pp. 195-198, pi. 1). — The author's observations
on this insect are conhned to vineyards near Gypsum, Ohio. The galls
produced by the beetle are always provided with an opening which
does not heal until after the escape of the adult insects. The author
believes that the complete life cycle is passed inside the galls. Fallen
leaves collected near a vineyard on Maj^ 0, 1898, were placed in the
insectary and adult beetles began to emerge from the mass of leaves
on May 23. In the vineyard, near where the leaves were collected,
numerous galls containing larvae were found on June 24. All stages
of the insect were found in these galls on August 11, and at this time
some of the adults were already emerging. The life history of the
insect may therefore be described as follows: The eggs, deposited in
May or June, hatch into larvae which live in the galls formed on the
canes and finally transform into adults which leave the vines and pass
the winter under fallen leaves or matted grass.
Catolaccus tyloderrnce is mentioned as an important parasite of this
insect. The beetle seems to prefer the Concord variety, and it is
recommended that this variety be planted in the central portion of the
vineyard. The author suggests as a preventive measure the collection
and destruction of fallen leaves and other ruljbish in the vicinity of
vineyards.
Fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas, A. D. Hall {Bd. Agr.
[London]. Rpt. Agr. Education and Rc^tarcli, 1899-1900, jyp. 71-73). —
Experiments were conducted for the purpose of determining the
ENTOMOLOGY. (^63
value of hydrocyanic-acid gas as a remedy for the black currant bud
mite. Two thousand infested currant bushes were tied in bundles,
placed in a heap on the ground, and the whole covered with water-
proof cloth. In a small vessel in the center of the heap of bushes the
author placed 100 cc. of water, an equal quantit}' of strong- sulphuric
acid and 36 gm. of 98 per cent C3"anid of potash. After 1 hour the
cloth was removed and a microscopical examination failed to show
any living mites or eggs. The bushes were subsequently planted out
and kept under observation. At present indications point to a complete
destruction of the mite. Successful results with the same treatment
were also obtained with large bushes planted in the field. The author
believes the results of his experiments should encourage fruit growers
to make a thorough trial of fumigation with h3'drocyanic-acid gas for
such insect pests as do not yield to ordinary treatment. Brief sugges-
tions are given concerning the application of this method to green-
houses and against the mealy bug and other insect pests.
An historical account of apiculture in connection -with its fate in Siberia
and Transbaikal, A. Kuznetzov {latoriclieakn ocherk pchclovodstva v myazi .s sudboyu
ego V Sibiri i Zabaikalye. Chita: 1899, pp. IS; rev. in Sehk. Khoz. i Lyeifov, 196 {1900),
Jan., pp. 191, 192). — In Siberia apiculture has undergone its greatest development in
Altai. Detailed accounts are given by the author of the conditions which are favor-
able to the rearing of bees and upon the connection of this industry with fruit raising.
The migration of insects, K. Sajo (Prometheus, 10 {1900), Nos. 515, pp. 737-741;
516, pi>. 758-761, figs. 9; 517, pp. 770-772, fig. 1; 518, pp. 785-789; 519, pp. 802-806;
620, pp. 817-821) . — The author presents a general discussion of the means of distri-
bution of insects with special reference to their larger migratory movements. The
cHmatic and other conditions which may in any way influence such movements of
insects are also considered. Among the species to which special attention is given
mention may be made of Blissus leucopterus, B. doria:, Barw scolopacea. Phylloxera vas-
tatri.r, Otiorrhynchus ligustici, Porthetria dispar, Cheimatobia brumata, Vatiessa cardui,
species of Pieris, and Pachytylus niigratorius.
Experimental proof of the mosquito malaria theory, P. Manson {British Med.
Jour., 1900, No. 2074, PP- 949-951, figs. 2). — An experiment was tried in imj)orting
mosquitoes from Italy which had sucked the blood of malarial patients. These mos-
quitoes were allowed to puncture the skin of the hand with the result that a typical
case of malarial fever developed. A wooden hut, constructed in England, was shipped
to Italy and placed in a locality which was ascertained to be intensely malarial. Five
persons entered on a residence in this hut early in July. On Sejitember 21, when
the last report was made, no case of malaria had developed among the experiment-
ers, although the neighbors were all suffering from malaria or had had attacks. For
the control of malaria the author recommends the drainage of the l)reeding pools of
Anopheles and protection from mosquito bites.
The relationship of drinking wrater, -water logging, and the distribution
of Anopheles mosquitoes, respectively, to the prevalence of malaria north of
Calcutta, L. Eogers {Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 7 {1.900), July, pp. 90-98). — The
author, while admitting the agency of mosquitoes in transmitting malaria, believes
that a total destruction of mosquitoes, even in a small area, is practically impossil)le.
The kissing bug, P. J. Parrott {Indv8triali.'it,27 {1900), No. 1, pp. 1-4, figs.. 3). —
Notes on the more common species of bugs in Kansas which have received this pop-
664 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
ular name, among which the following may be mentioned: Mdanolestes picipes, Con-
orhinus sanguisiuja, and Opsiccctus pcrsonatus.
Observations on itch, mites, J. Braxdl and F. Gmeixer ( Wchnschr. Tkrheilk. u.
Yiehzurht, 44 {1900), No. 15, pp. 137-143). — An account of the literature which deals
with the effects of various insecticide substances upon species of mites affecting
domestic animals.
The Hottentot bug (Euryg'aster maurus), T. Zolotilov {Selsk Khoz. i Lyesov,
196 {1900), Feb., 2ip. 441-4oO). — This insect is reported as injurious to grain, both
when young and when filling. Rye, wheat, corn, and sunflowers are attacked; also
oats to a slight extent. Barley and millet are not injured by this species. As remedial
measures the author recommends burning the stubble and planting barley and millet
around the fields of wheat and r\'e. — p. fireman.
Men and horses partially incapacitated by the bites of Simulium in a
Hampshire wood, J. Cantlie {British Med. Jour., 1900, No. 2052, p. 1053). — Brief
notes are given of an attack of a species of Simulium upon men and horses. Con-
sideral)le Incal pain and (edema were produced by the bite.
Miscellaneous insects, H. E. Summers {Iowa Sta. Bui. 49, pp. 9, figs. 7). — The
Buffalo tree hopper {Ceresa bubalus) is believed to have been the most important
apple insect in Iowa for the past two years. It attacks also the cherry, and has been
occasionally observed laying its eggs in the pear, plum, peach, cottonwood, maple,
willow, and elm.
The snowy tree cricket {Oceanthus niveus) is considered the most serious insect
enemy of the raspberry in the State. The box-elder plant bug {Leptocoris triiittatus)
sometimes causes injury to the fruit of the peach, plum, and apple. The approved
remeilies are recommended for the destruction of each of these insects.
Some insects injurious to fruit, B. F. MacCartxey {Pennsylvania Dept. Agr.
Bpt. 1899, pi. 1, pp. 88-122, figs. 44) ■ — This report contains popular notes on a large
number of insects affecting apple, pear, plum, peach, cherry, grape, raspberry, black-
berry, currants, gooseberries, strawberries, shade trees, and clover.
Report on a disease of plum trees in the neighborhood of Villeneuve-sur-
Lot, Prillieux and Delacroix {Bui. Min. Agr. \_France'\, 19 {1900), No 1, pp. 67-
75). — The authors report serious dei^redations by Scolytus rugulosus upon plum trees.
Brief notes are given upon the life history and habits of this beetle. It is believed
that the beetles may be instrumental in carrying the spores of certain fungi which
assist in the weakening or destruction of the trees. It is recommended that very
badly infested trees should be destroyed with the insects and that plum orchards
should be well cared for in order to keep the trees in vigorous condition and thus
render them more resistant to the attacks of the bark beetle.
The San Jose scale, J. M. Southwick {Rhode Island State Bd. Agr. Bid. 7, pp. 6) . —
Brief biological and economic notes on this insect.
Treatment of the ■woolly aphis, H. Dauthenay {Rev. Hort., 72 {1900), No 19,
pp. 657, 558) . — Brief notes on the results of experiments with two insecticides made
as follows: (1) Water, 10 liters; acetic acid, 1,000 gm.; salicylic acid, 2 gm.; red oxid
of mercury, Igm.; and fuchsine, 25 gm.; (2) creolin, 35 gm.; black soap, 35 gm.;
and water, 1 liter.
Plant lice, E. Henning {Landtmannen, 11 {1900), No. 31, pp. 490-492, fig 1).— Bio-
logical and economic notes on phylloxera, woolly aphis, Tctraneura idini, and Ajiltis
persiac niger.
Kerosene emulsion and lysol as remedies for plant lice on fruit trees
{Landtmannen, 11 {1900), No. 26, pp. 420-422, figs. 2). — Kerosene emulsion proved
to be especially effective as an insecticide against these insects.
Insects affecting the grape, E. E. Bogue ( Oklahoma Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 108-
115, figs. 4)' — Notes on the habits, life history, and remedies for the stem borer, gray
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 665
skeletonizer, spotted vine chafer, brown-backed skeletonizer, grapevine leaf folder,
rose chafer, and grape-berry moth. Formulas are given for preparing Bordeaux
mixture, ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate, potassium sulphid, Paris green,
kerosene emulsion, hellebore, and pyrethrum.
Some results of experiments in spraying at the Central Experiment Farm
in 1899, W. T Macoun {Ontario Fruit Growers' Assoc. Rpt. 1899, pp. 100-109). —
During experiments in spraying trees with whitewash to determine the effect of this
substance in retarding bug development in early spring, it was noticed that the oyster-
shell bark louse, which had resisted all other insecticide applications, was entirely
destroyed. The whitewash was made of 6 gal. of skim milk, 24 gal. of water, and
60 lbs. of lime. The author believes that this remedy may prove effective in com-
bating the San Jose scale. Brief notes are given on the means of distribution of the
codling moth.
The advantages of fumigation, J. AV. Jeffrey {California Cultivator, 15 {1900),
No. 7, pp. 97, 103). — A popular discussion of the method of fumigation and of prac-
tical advantages derived from its application.
A note on the use of bisulphid of carbon on a large scale, V. Vermorel
{Note sur I'emploi du sulfure de carbone en grande culture. Villefranche {Ehdne) and
Montpellier: Progres Agricole et Viticole [1900}, pp. 12). — This pamphlet contains a
brief account of the value of bisulphid of carbon in treating grapevines for phylloxera
and in similar applications of this substance. The influence of bisulphid of carbon
upon the soil is also discussed.
Insecticide methods, H. E. Summers {Iowa Sta. Bui. 50, pp. 13-23) . — The author
presents a general account of mechanical and chemical methods for combating inju-
rious insects. Among the former are included barriers, trunk washes, worming,
hopperdozers, burning, and hand picking. Among the chemical methods reference
is made to Paris green, London purj^le, arsenite of lime, arsenate of lead, resin lime
mixture, kerosene, kerosene emulsion, tobacco infusion, whale-oil soap, pyrethrum,
hydrocyanic-acid gas, carbon bisulphid, and Bordeaux mixture.
Russian literature in entomology since 1896, N. Kulagin {Opuit o liiera-
turyepo nasyekomuim zal896. Moscow: Ministrij of Agriculture and Imperial Domains,
1900, pp. 61; abs. in Selsk. Khoz. i Lyesov, 196 (1900), March, pp. 719,^ 720).
FOODS— ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Cellulose and pentosans in feeding stuffs, I. Shirokikh (Selsk.
Khoz. i Lyesov., 195 {1899), Oct., pp. 121-lU)-—^'^^ gi'eat diversity
of views regarding the nutritive value of cellulose is, in the opinion of
the author, largely due to the fact that the crude fiber has been con-
sidered, rather than the cellulose and the pentosans separatel}'. He
reports an investigation in which these were considered separatel}".
To study the digestion of cellulose, experiments were made with
sheep and rabbits. The sheep were fed from 4 to 7 days and then
killed 6 to 12 hours after the last meal. The digestive organs, with
their contents, were then detached and cut into 13 parts. The con-
tents of each part were weighed separately, then dried and analyzed.
When ha}' and coarse fodders were fed, it was found that while the
food is in the paunch a larger or smaller part of the cellulose (up to
one-third of the total quantity) dissolves, and in the third stomach a
smaller percentage of it is found than in the food as eaten. As the
666 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
food passes from the third to the fourth stomach (abomasum), and
especially from the latter into the small intestines, the percentage of
cellulose falls very low, which is connected chiefly with the admixture
of the intestinal juice but also probabl,v with the solution of cellulose.
From the middle of the small intestines the percentage of cellulose
again increases, this increase continuing to the excretion of the feces,
except in the blind intestine, where the increase is prevented by the
more energetic decomposition of the cellulose, which exceeds the
absorption of all the dissolved parts of the food.
With tender or green food the results were somewhat diilerent.
Thus, in the case of one sheep fed green oats the percentage of cellu-
lose in the paunch remained unchanged, and, what is especially impor-
tant, even on passing into the third stomach the percentage of cellulose
was not lowered but increased slightly. The amount of the other com-
ponents of the fodder, except the starch, also remained practically
unchanged. In connection with this circumstance the following is
noted: When ha}" (clover and timothy) was fed, judging from the
feces 72 hours were required for the passage of the fodder through
the alimentar}" canal, and it is assumed that the fodder remained in the
paunch for 48 to 54 hours, while the remaining 24 hours, or possibly
only 18 hours, were required for the passage of the small intestines
and the blind intestine. On the other hand, when grass was fed, the
fodder remained in the alimentary canal not longer than 36 hours, of
which only 12 to 18 hours were required in the paunch. As to the
changes of the cellulose content in the parts of the alimentary canal
beyond the third stomach, no difference is observed when feeding with
hay and with grass.
In herbivora, other than ruminants, the changes of the cellulose
content are different. Experiments were made with rabbits, of which
3 were fed with haj^, 1 with green grass, 2 with peas, and 3 with hay.
The latter were young rabbits. The experiments showed concordantly
that here the main part of the cellulose is decomposed in the blind
intestine.
In the foregoing experiments onh" the comparative amounts of cel-
lulose in the various parts of the alimentary canal were considered.
The absolute amounts of cellulose digested were studied in an experi-
ment with a horse and a sheep. The experiment with the sheep lasted
6 days, 965 gm. of meadow hay per day being consumed. The horse
received an average of 18 lbs, of hay per day. The digestibility was
as follows:
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
667
Fiber, cellulose, and pentosans digested by a horse and sheeji
Organic matter
Pentosans
Crude fiber
Cellulose
Experiment with a sheep.
Experiment with a horse.
In the
hay con-
sumed.
Gm.
795
171
288
260
In the ' Coefficient
feces ex- ; of digesti- '
creted. , bility. I
In the hay
consumed.
am.
281
65
105
74
Per ct.
64
62.6
65
71.5
Gm.
6, 263
1,005
1, 938. 2
1,760
In the
feces ex-
creted.
Gm.
3,042
670
1, 306. 5
862
Coefficient
of digesti-
bility.
In the case of the sheep the digestibilit}- of the fiber corresponds to
the mean value given by Woltl' for sheep. The digestibility of the
pure cellulose is greater than that of the fiber. The digestibility of
the pentosans, on the contrary, is not only lower than that of cellulose
and fiber, but is somewhat lower than that of the total organic matter.
This is still more marked with the horse.
Considering the ratio between the cellulose and the pentosans as
found in the experiment with sheep, it is shown that the ratio in the
hay is first altered in the third stomach. This may be due to the fact
that cellulose is more easily decomposed bv micro-organisms than
pentosans, and hence is destroyed in the paunch to a greater extent.
In the small intestines, where the intestinal juice is supposed to take
part in dissolving the cellulose and the pentosans, the ratio remains
unchanged ; but in the blind intestine, where the cellulose is again
subjected to strong decomposition by bacteria, the ratio of pentosans
increases. In the case of the rabbit, the difierence in the digestibility
of the cellulose and the pentosans is also more marked in the blind
intestine.
On the basis of these experiments it is stated that the digestion of
starch difiers essentiallj' from the decomposition of cellulose in the ali-
mentary canal. The products of the digestion of starch and cellulose
must, therefore, be ver}- difl'erent. Hence the nutritive value of the
substances in question must be quite difl'erent, not to mention the dif-
ference in loss of energy due to digestion.
As to the nature of the digestion of pentosans, the similarit}' of the
changes in the different parts of the alimentary canal indicates that
the nature and the products of their digestion resemble those of cel-
lulose rather than those of starch. — r. fireiman.
The digestibility of some nonnitrogenous constituents of certain
feeding stuffs, G. S. Fraps {Xortk Cdi'ollna Sta. Bid. 172, pp. J4D-G8,
70-80). — Using the data obtained in digestion experiments made with
sheep on several feeding stuffs, reported in earlier bulletins of the
station (E. S. R., 10, p. 667; 11, p. 276). and one on timothy hay not yet
reported, the author estimated the digestibility of several constituents
668
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
of the carbohydrate group. The methods followed are described.
The following tabic summarizes the results obtained:
Coefficients of digestibility of different constituents of the carbohydrate group — Experiments
with sheep.
Timothy hay No. 1
Crab-grass hay No. 1
(average of 2 sheep) .
Crab-grass hay No. 2
and cowpea meal
(averageof 2sheep)
Whole ration
Cowpea meal
Crab-grass hay No. 1
and corn bran (av-
erage of 2 .sheep) :
Whole ration '.
Corn bran ,
Green rape No. 1 (av-
erage of 2 .sheep) ..
Green rape No. 2 (av-
erage of 2 sheep) ..
Crab-grass hay No. 1
and rice bran (aver-
age of 2 .sheep):
Whole ration
Rice bran
Timothy hay No. 2
( average of 2 sheep ) .
Per ct.
70.9
86.7
88.5
81.0
.59.7
G4.7
51.3
Per ct.
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Per ct.
60.3
49.7
76.6
95.4
74.6
80.3
65.9
80.4
Per ct.
53.5
47.5
74.8
95.0
73.5
79.5
92.5
87.9
64.6
79.9
Per ct.
55.8
65.9
76.1
69.2
71.6
94.6
91.9
60.4
53.5
5.5.9
Per ct.
58.1
66.6
76.1
70.4
71.6
9.5.7
93.2
64.4
57.3
Per ct.
50.1
77.7
97.4
77.1
86.1
91.4
86.5
66.6
85.0
Per ct.
52.3
64.4
39.2
59.8
50.8
90.0
84.0
55.8
19.1
53.8
Per ct
46.9
69.9
46.3
84.6
75.9
60.3
Per ct.
53.3
64.6
39.2
61.7
50.8
90.4
84.6
Per ct.
34.2
The experiments are discussed in relation to similar work at other
stations. The author's principal deductions follow:
" Sugars are found in all feeding stuffs, sometimes in large percentages are com-
pletely digested, and their determination is of importance in the case of hays and
cotton-seed meal. Subtraction of sugars from the nitrogen-free extract of hays
reduces its digestibility appreciably. With concentrated feeding stuffs the reduction
is slight.
' ' The total pentosans are distributed between the nitrogen-free extract and the crude
fiber. The former are here called true pentosans, the latter pseudo-pentosans. The
true pentosans have a higher coefficient of digestibility than the pseudo-pentosans.
They form from 79.3 to 100 per cent of the total pentosans. True pentosans and
sugars make up from 22 to 52.6 per cent of the nitrogen-free extract.
" The constituents of the nitrogen-free extract can be arranged in the following
order, according to their digestibility: (1) sugar, (2) starch, (3) pentosans, (4)
remainder. Crude fiber may be divided into pseudo-pentosans and residue. The
pseudo-pentosans make up from 0 to 14.4 per cent of the crude fiber, and are less
digestible, as a rule."
Cod-liver oil for calves {Bd. Agr. [London], Rpt. Agr, Educa-
tion and Research, lHOD-1900, ^p. 107-109).— The Yorkshire College
reports tests of the value of cod-liver oil as a substitute for milk fat
and for meal in feeding calves. Calves fed on whole milk for 12
FOODS AL'IMA.L PRODUCTION. 669
weeks gained 1,8 lbs. per day. Those fed about a half ounce of cod-
liver oil in addition to separator skim milk gained 1.6 lbs. per day;
while those fed separator skim milk and a mixture of linseed meal, oat
meal, rice meal and locust-bean meal, 2:1:1:1 (so-called calf meal),
gained 1.3 lbs. per head daily.
"The result of the experiment indicates that cod-liver oil can be recommended
with some confidence as a substitute for cream and also for meal in rearing cahes,
but caution should be exercised in the use of cheap brands of cod-liver oil ; in the
above experiments the oil used was of the very best quality. No experiments were
made to demonstrate whether more than 2 oz. of oil per day would be beneficial.
A larger quantity appeared to keep the bowels too open, but this looseness of the
bowels seemed to be quite distinct from ordinary scour, inasmuch as the calves were
not unthrifty."
The value of -whole milk for the production of veal, H. Hayward
{Penmylvania Sta. Jijjt. 1899^ 2^P- lJt''2-159). — Details are given of 2
tests of the value of whole milk for calves. In the first test 6 calves
from 3 to 11 da3^s old, ranging in weight from 59 to 85 lbs. at the
beginning of the trial, were fed. The average weekly gain ranged
from 9.1 to 16 lbs. in the first 4 weeks. Up to this time the calves had
consumed on an average 393.2 lbs. of milk containing 17.5 lbs. of
fat. If they had been sold at this time at li cts. a pound, the author
calculates that they would have brought $4. 73 per calf, an equivalent
of $1.20 per hundred for the milk consumed. "If the amount of but-
ter fed the calves during this period is estimated in the usual way by
adding 12^ per cent to the butter fat, the equivalent price of butter
would have been 21 cts. per pound." The feeding was continued for
4 weeks longer, the average weekl}^ gain being 12^, 13.8, 6.75 and 13.2
lbs. , respectively. The amount of milk required per pound ranged
from 7.4 to 18.1 lbs., and the amount of fat from 0.38 to 0.77 lb. Two
of the calves were sold at the end of the sixth week of the test, 2 at
the end of the seventh, and the remaining 2 at the close of the trial.
On the basis of the data obtained in this and the following tests the
author calculates the relative value of butter fat when made into but-
ter or when used for the production of veal, when this ranges from 4
to 6i cts. per pound. .
A second test was made with 8 calves weighing from 58 to 80 lbs. at
the beginning of the trial, the calves being fed whole milk from about
5 to 7 weeks. According to the author, "with a feeding period a lit-
tle over 6 weeks in length, the average veal calves paid 95.7 cts. per
hundred for milk testing approximately 4.05 per cent, or 20.9 cts. for
butter thus consumed. The average yearly price paid for butter on
the Elgin Board of Trade in 1898 was 18.8 cts. If from this is
deducted the cost of making, the net price will be a little more than
15 cts., or about 6 cts. less per pound than could be obtained for it if
fed to veals and sold at 4^ cts. per pound at 6 weeks of age."
From the 2 tests the followino- conclusions are drawn: "New whole
670 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
milk fed to average calves until they were 7 weeks old 3ielded more
satisfactory^ returns than if it had been manufactured into butter and
sold at the average market price for creamer}^ butter. There w^as little
diflference in the amount of milk required to produce a pound of gain
from the tirst to the seventh week of feeding, the average being 9.8
lbs. of milk testing 4.2 per cent fat."
Corn, Kafir corn, and alfalfa as beef producers, F. C. Burtis
{OMaJtoiiKi Std. lipt. 1900^ pj), SJf-S9). — Using -4 lots of 5 steers each,
averaging about 976 lbs. in weight the feeding value of Kafir corn meal
and corn-meal feed with alfalfa hay and with corn stover was tested.
In 112 days the average daih" gains of the steers on the different rations
were as follows: Kafir corn meal and alfalfa, 2.31 lbs.; corn meal and
alfalfa, 2.51 lbs.; Kafir corn meal and Kafir corn stover, 2.33 lbs.; and
corn meal and Kafir corn stover, 2.01 lbs. The grain eaten per pound
of gain by the 4 lots was 7.35, 7, 10.58, and 9.3 lbs., respectively.
The corresponding cost per pound of gain was 5.21, 1.92, 5.56, and 5.18
cts. The coarse fodder eaten with a bushel of grain varied from 0.13 lb.
in the case of Kafir corn meal and corn stover to 0.56 lb. in case of
Kafir corn meal and alfalfa.
Cotton seed and cotton -seed meal were substituted for the coarse
fodder and the feeding continued for 35 days, the average daily gains
of the 1 lots being 2.6, 3.2, 2.15, and 2.99 lbs., respectively. The grain
eaten per pound of gain was 8.02, 6.51, 8.73, and 7.01 lbs., respectively,
while the corresponding cost per pound of gain was 5.9, 1.8, 6.31, and
5.08 cts.
The steers were shipped and slaughtered. When dressed, the car-
casses weighed from 59.21 to 61.71 per cent of the weight before
slaughtering. The total profit on the steers was $152.18. Four pigs
ran after each lot of steers, but the results obtained are not reported.
In the author's opinion the test emphasizes the value of alfalfa hay,
and should encourage Oklahoma farmers to raise more of this crop.
Cattle feeding, H. T. French {Idaho Sta. Bui. ^^ pp. i^).— The
possibility of profitably fattening steers under local conditions was
tested with 3 lots of 1 animals each. The steers were kept in stalls and
spent a portion of each day in small 3^ards. The test began January 1
and covered 3 months. The first month the average daily ration fed
all the steers consisted of 30 lbs. of silage, 10 lbs. of grain (chopped
wheat and bran, 4.6), and 5 lbs. chopped oat hay. During the second
month, 20 lbs. of mangel-wurzels were substituted for the silage fed lot
1, the grain and oat hay being also somewhat modified. Lots 2 and 3
were fed much the same ration as during the first month. During the
third month of the trial the rations fed all the lots were much the .same
as during the second, except that 10 lbs. of roots per steer was added to
the rations of lots 2 and 3, the silage being decreased an equal amount.
Each lot weighed somewhat over 3,100 lbs. at the beginning of the trial.
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 671
The average daily gain of the steers of the 3 lots was 1.20, 1.72, and
1.37 lbs. The steers were slaughtered, the average dressed weight
being a little over 60 per cent of the live weight. According to the
author, the quality of the meat was all that could be desired. The fat
and lean were well distributed, and the fat was light in color. The
tinancial aspect of the test is discussed, the average prolit per steer
being estimated at $12. 52.
" While the average daily gain was not wholly satisfactory, it will compare favor-
ahly with that made by cattle fed in the corn States. The resnlts are sufficiently
encouraging to warrant more stock feeding in this section. Two-year-old steers can
be matured on the grains and fodders produced in this section. There is a profit in
keeping steers for winter feeding instead of selling an inferior and cheaper product in
the fall. Corn silage can be successfully used in feeding steers in this locality."
Economical production of beef, C. F. Curtiss and J. A. Craig
{Iowa Sta. Bui. JfS., pj). 31^-372.^ jigs. 9). — Feeding tests extending
over a number of j^ears are reported. Regarding the possibilities of
combined dairying and feeding for beef production, a feeding experi-
ment with 11 steers, begun in December, 1896, and covering 2 years,
is reported. The feeding of these animals as calves has been pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 9, p. 973). During the test considered as a
whole, the steers were fed skim milk, different grains, and coarse fod-
ders, etc. The average daily gain in the whole period was 1.72 lbs.
per head; the cost of a pound of gain, 1.09 cts. The steers were
sold in Chicago, the dressed weight being 61.1 per cent of the live
weight. The total profit per head was §12.22.
" From the results so far olitained through these trials it is evident that a system
whereby dairying and meat making may be combined is the most promising in prof-
its. Xot only do the steers from cows bred with this combination in view yield as
much prolit as those from the range, but the returns from the cows when used for
dairy purposes makes the combination much more remunerative. The data secured
through the actual work of establishing a herd of this kind and the actual test of the
cows in the dairy and steers in the feed lot show that it is not only jjossible to C(Hn-
bine these qualities to a profitable degree, but also to perpetuate them if the herd is
bred especially for them.
" In the economical production of beef through a combination of dairying and
beef making it is very necessary that the calves are removed from their dams when
2 or 3 days old so as to develop and preserve the milking qualities of the cows.
This necessitates the feeding of skim milk to the calves and .... the best returns
are made when corn meal is fed as an additional food in preference to oil meal, oat-
meal, or flaxseed."
The value of wide and narrow rations was tested with 2 lots of 7
steers each (this comparison being a part of the first test reported
above). The ration was made up of a number of grains and coarse
fodders. From July 16, 1897, to August 1, 1898, lot 1 was fed a nar-
row ration, the nutritive ratio being 1:3: 9, and lot 2 was fed a wide
ration, the nutritiv^e ratio being 1: 7.6. The average daily gain of the
steers in lot 1 was 1.93 lbs., the dry matter eaten per pound of gain
7.63 lbs., and the cost of food per pound of gain 1.02 cts. Similar
672 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
values for lot 2 were 1.91 lbs., 7.73 lbs., and 3.52cts. After the close
of this period the steers were fed until December 9, 1898, a ration
with the nutritive ratio of 1:6.5. During this period the average
gains of the 2 lots were 1.12 and 1.32 lbs.; the dry matter eaten per
pound of gain, 20.5-1 and 17.13 lbs., and the cost of food per pound of
gain, 9.16 and 8.92 cts., respectiveh'.
"The results support the statement that the narrow ration is hkely to give the
greatest gains, while the wide ration is more favoral)le to cheap gains. The relative
cheapness of these rations will largely depend on local conditions, whether or not
the farm grains grown in the community are representative of the carbonaceous or
nitrogenous foods."
In testing the possibility of profitably fattening range steers, 17 such
animals were fed January 26, 1898, to April 6, 1900. During the win-
ter corn and corn fodder were the principal feeding stuffs used, as it
was desired to make the test with such foods as were generally avail-
able locally. During the summer the steers were pastured. The av-
erage daily gain per steer during the whole test was 1.35 lbs.; the cost
of a pound of gain, 1.10 cts; the dry matter eaten per pound of gain
was 10.19 lbs. the first winter, 11.75 lbs. in the second, and 12.96 lbs.
in the third. At the conclusion of the test 3 of the steers were sold
in the local market for 4.5 cts. per pound, and the remainder in Chi-
cago for 5.15 cts. per pound. The authors compute that in this test
the profit was |8.16 per steer.
" The feeding of range steers with the application of present prices for feeders and
the fattened product does not permit of securing much profit in comparison with the
returns that may be secured from a herd and its products bred for the special pur-
pose of meeting the conditions of a combination of dairying with beef making."
Steer feeding, D. O. Nourse ( Virginia Sta. BuL 105^ pp. 183-
187). — Whole corn and corn-and-cob meal in combination with other
foods were compared for a period of 1 weeks with 7 steers, each
weighing about 1,200 lbs. A steer fed corn on the ear, bran, whole
oats, and hay lost in this time 5 lbs. One fed corn-and-cob meal,
ground oats, bran, and hay gained 78 lbs. When cotton-seed meal
replaced ground oats in the ration, a third steer gained 91 lbs. With
corn silage in addition to this last ration, one of the steers gained 18
lbs., and with corn stover in place of hay and silage another gained
2 lbs. With 2 steers corn-and-cob meal was the onh^ grain fed. One
received hay and the other corn stover as coarse fodder. The former
gained 9 lbs. and the latter lost 53 lbs. According to the author—
" Ground corn seemed better than whole corn, especially when fed dry. A consid-
erable variety of food seems desirable. Corn alone, as it is with other foods gener-
ally, does not give the l)est returns. Corn silage, as one portion of the coarse fodder,
is desirable.
' ' The largest gain obtained Mas with rations containing cotton-seed meal. The only
animal refusing grain at any time was one whose grain ration was comjiosed of corn
alone."
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 673
Fattening range lambs, C. F. Curtiss and J. A. Craig {I<mia Sia.
Bid. Ji8.,2>J>- ^o^-.'ioG). — In discussing the fattening of range lambs 2
trials are reported. One of these has been noted from a previous
publication (E. S. E.., 9, p. 9T7). In the second trial, which included
191 lambs and covered 105 daj^s, the average daily gain per laml) was
0. 23 lb. , the cost of food per pound of gain -l. 3 cts. , and the dry matter
eaten per pound of gain 10. 7-1 lbs. The food supplied included oats,
bran, corn, oil meal, roots, hay, and corn fodder. Judged by results
of the 2 experiments, the authors believe that "there are fair profits
to be made from fattening range lambs under the conditions of our
State."
Fattening lambs in comparison -with yearlings, C. F. Cuktiss
and J. A. Ckaig {Iowa Sta. Bui. Ji,8.,2>2>- 457-Ji.60). — Two tests on the
comparative economj' of feeding lambs and yearlings are reported, the
results of the first being quoted from a previous publication (E. S. R.,
9, p. 75). In the second test 10 laml)s and 10 yearlings were fed for
91 and 70 days, respectively, oats, corn, oil meal, hay, beets, and corn
fodder. The average weight of the lambs at the beginning of the
trial was 90.2 lbs. and the j^earlings 117.7 lbs. The average daily gain
in the 2 lots was 0.29 and 0.23 lb., respectively; the cost of food per
pound of gain 1.78 and 5.51 cts., and the A.vj matter eaten per pound
of gain, 11.22 and 11.65 lbs. Both lots were sold and slaughtered.
The dressed weight of the lambs was 50.7 per cent of the live weight;
of the yearlings, 55.6 per cent. The authors believe these trials show
the superior value of lambs. "In view of the fact that the lambs also
bring a higher price on the market and they may be also marketed
earlier, the selection of them for winter feeding seems to be much
more preferable than to buy yearlings for this purpose."
A study of pork production from the standpoint of the farm
and the market, C. F. Curtiss and J. A. Craig {Loioa Sta. Bid. 4S,
yp. 373-Ii61.,]_)l. l.)figs. ^^, dgnis. 2). — The work reported extended over
3 years, beginning with 1896. Data are reported on pigs and sows
before weaning and on pigs alone after weaning. In these tests the
comparative value of Berkshires, Poland Chinas, Chester Whites,
Duroc Jerseys, Yorkshires, and Tamworths was tested, crossbred
Tamworths and Yorkshires being also included in the first trial.
Considering the difl^erent breeds in the order mentioned the average
cost of a pound of gain in the 3-year test by the sows and pigs
before weaning was 1.29, 3.15, 3.27, 5.61, 1.83, and 2.22 cts., respec-
tiveh'. The cost in the case of the crossbred pigs was 6.80 cts.
The average cost of a pound of gain by pigs of the diflerent breeds
after weaning was 2.33, 2.23, 2.16, 2.27, 2.11, and 2.42 cts., respec-
tiveh', and 2.81 cts. bj" the crossbred pigs (tested only 1 year). In the
third trial the comparative value of wide and narrow-rations was also
tested with 2 lots of 5 Durocs each. The cost of food per pound of
674 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
gain on the narrow ration was 2.26 cts. and on the wide ration
2.01 cts.
The value of different breeds for dressed pork and bacon is dis-
cussed, many statistics of the export trade of pigs and the manufac-
tured bacon being given. Considering the average cost per pound of
gain before weaning, the breeds ranked as follows: Yorkshire, Tam-
worth, Poland China, Chester White. Berkshire, and Duroc Jersev;
considering the average cost per pound of gain after weaning: York-
shire, Poland China, Duroc Jersey, Berkshire, Taraworth, and Chester
White. The Yorkshires gave the largest dressed weight in proportion
to weight before slaughtering, being followed by the Poland Chinas,
Tamworths, Chester Whites, and Berkshires and Duroc Jerseys in the
order mentioned. As regards the total value of cuts in carcasses, the
breeds ranked as follows : Yorkshire, Tam worth, Poland China, Duroc
Jersey, Chester White, and Berkshire; as regards quality of meat, i. e.,
a satisfactory mixture of fat and lean, they ranked as follows: Tam-
worth, Berkshire, Chester White, Duroc, Poland China, and Yorkshire.
The Tamworths were considered most suitable for export trade, the
Yorkshires least so, while the Berkshires, Chester Whites, Durocs,
and Poland Chinas ranked next to the Tamworths, in the order men-
tioned.
In connection with one of the tests reported above, extended chem-
ical studies of the composition of the Hesh of the different breeds were
made b}" the Division of Chemistry of this Department (E. S. R.,
10, p. 877).
"While the testimony of these experiments is most strongly directed toward
emphasizing the necessity of securing the right type of a hog as represented in the
bacon breed, yet the results show that the question of feedmg is one of equal
importance. ... It was very manifest that the feeding of a wide ration or one rich
in carbonaceous materials resulted in a carcass excessively fat, while the feeding of a
naiTow ration, or one rich in nitrogenous materials, made a carcass containing more
or less meat or muscle. [?. c, type for bacon.]
.... "If a division of this industry into the raising of bacon hogs as well as the
production of lard pigs is brought about, so that the 2 types are distinctly recognized
in the market, it would seem very evident that it would materially help the price of
the lard hog. The creating of a demand for a new product would necessarily lighten
the competition in the other direction, which it is natural to suppose would result in
stronger prices. Instead of desiring to check the development of bacon production
it would seem the best policy for the hog breeder to try and encourage it by produ-
cing the type and feeding for the purj^ose of satisfying the bacon market."
Poultry experiments ( Utah Sta. Bui. 67., pj). 121-159., j?^-^- ^)- —
Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 11, p. 480), tests are reported on
the relative value of pullets and hens, early and late hatched pullets,
and the effect of exercise on egg production. The feeding value of
corn, dried blood, and sunflower seed as a part of the ration was also
tested. The test began with 1.5 lots of 5 pullets or hens each and
covered 1 year. The breeds used were Leghorns, Wyandottes, and
Plymouth Rocks. With the exceptions noted, all the lots were fed
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 675
in the morning" a mash composed of bran, ground oats, and corn,
2:1:1, seasoned with salt and cayenne pepper. Four lots, however,
had dried blood added to the mash — that is, these lots were fed a ration
with a narrower nutritive ratio than the other lots. Wheat and oats
were fed in the middle of the forenoon on alternate days, and late in
the afternoon wheat. One lot received sunflower seed in the place of
wheat in the forenoon, and another lot corn in place of wheat both
morning and evening. Cut bones and butchers' scraps were fed three
times a week, and in the winter green food in addition. Most of the
feeding stuft's wel'e analyzed. The lots with exercise were compelled
to scratch for their grain ration, which was scattered in straw. The
others were fed from troughs. From these and the earlier tests the
author draws a number of deductions, some of which follow:
"As to the effect of exercise on food consumption, the average . . . for 3 years
shows that the pen with 'exercise' consumed 62.4 cts. worth of food, and the pen
'without exercise' 60.8. In the case of 2 other pens the average was 63.5 cts. and
62 cts., respectively, per fowl in favor of 'no exercise.'
"During the year the Leghorns consumed an average of 62 cts. worth of food per
fowl. The Wyandottes consumed 81.6 cts. per fowl, and 2 pens of Plymouth
Rocks averaged 87.7 cts. per fowl. The Leghorns consumed during the year an
average of about 75 lbs. of total food, or about 55 lbs. of dry matter per fowl; the
Wyandottes 100 lbs. total food, 73 lbs. dry matter, and the Plymouth Rocks about
110 lbs. total food, and about 80 lbs. dry matter. The 3 years' results from Leg-
horn pullets show an average of 162 eggs per fowl per year at a food cost of 4.6 cts.
per dozen. These results are not from selected or ' i^edigree' layers.
"The record of weights of fowls shows that Leghorns weigh about 10 per cent
more during their second year than during the first year as pullets. During the third
year there is practically no increase in weight.
"The largest egg production was during the period of greatest food consumption.
The smallest egg yield was when the food consumption was least. The hens attained
their greatest weight immediately preceding the periods of greatest egg production.
After the periods of heavy laying they showed a loss in weight.
"Five pens of Leghorns 2 and 3 years old laid eggs averaging 1.56 lbs. per dozen.
Five pens of Leghorn pullets laid eggs averaging 1.37 lbs. per dozen. The eggs from
the pen of Wyandotte pullets averaged 1.56 lbs. per dozen, and those laid by 4 pens
of Plymouth Rock pullets averaged 1.52 lbs. per dozen. Eggs from different hens
of the same breed varied in weight. The eggs from 5 pens of Leghorn pullets
averaged 1.44 lbs. per dozen. Tlie eggs from the same pens during the second year
averaged 1.54 lbs. per dozen. In other words, the size of the eggs was 8 per cent
greater the second year than the first.
"A test of wheat v. corn gave results in favor of wheat for egg jDroduction. In
the case of Leghorn pullets the addition of dried blood to the ration considerably
increased the egg yield. With Plymouth Rock pullets no effect was noticed on the
yearly record. With both, the pens having dried l)lood l>egan laying earlier than
the others. The discarding of corn (except the little used in the mash) and substi-
tuting a small quantity of sunflower seed did not materially affect the egg yield,
there being but a slight increase. Owing to the greater cost of the sunflower seed,
the financial results were in favor of the corn. The results of a test with Leghorn
pullets showed that a nutritive ratio of 1:4.95 was much superior to one of 1:6.66.
With Plymouth Rocks the results were inconclusive."
15440— No. 7 6
676 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
A caponizino- exporiinont is also briefly n-poi'ted. A cockerel and
capon, each weighing 1.9 lbs. at the beginning of the test, were fed
for about 10 months under the same conditions. The capon then
weighed 7 lbs., the cockerel 6.4 lbs. Although there was little differ-
ence in weight in the two cases, the meat of the capon when cooked
was regarded as of superior equality, as was also the appearance of the
dressed bird.
Aspects of mental economy, 'SI. V. O'Shea {Bid. Unir. Wiscormn No. 36, pp.
S-3-19S, fiy.'<. IS, rlun-tii S) . — As stated in the subtitle, the autlior discusses some phases
of the dynamics of the mind and records observations on the students at the Univer-
sity of Wisconsin. These include the kind and amount of food consumed, statistics
regarding living habits, etc. On the basis of his observations and a review of some
of the literature of the subject, a number of deductions regarding the value of differ-
ent foods, etc., are drawn. These are not always in harmony with the commonly
accepted conclusions of j^hysiologists and specialists in nutrition. The lack of refer-
ences to the great mass of the recent scientific work on the topics discussed is
noticeable.
Compendium for food chemists, A. Bujakd and E. Baier {Hilfsbuch fur Nah-
ning-vnitlelchemiker. Berlin: J. Springer, 1900, 2. ed., pp. XXIII+454-^165,figii. 8; rev.
in Zfschr. Unter.mch. Nahr. u. GenvssmtL, 3 {1900), No. 8, pp. 590, .55i).— This edition
has been revised and enlarged.
Flesh foods -with methods for their chemical, microscopical, and bacterio-
logical examination, C. A. ^Mitchell {London: (_']iiir1es Grij^in tt- Co., Ltd., 1900.
2>p. XV+oSe, 2)J. l,fig)<. 58). — As the suljtitle explains, this book is designed as a
practical handljook for physicians, analysts, inspectors, and others interested in the
topics discussed. The structure and composition of flesh foods, their methods of
examination and preservation, and similar topics are treated of, the author's purpose
being to collect and summarize the records of the many investigations which have
been reported in English and foreign publications relating to these subjects.
Air, water, and food from a sanitary standpoint, Ellen H. Richards and
A. G. Woodman {New York: John Wiley & Sons; London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.,
1900, pp. 226, j)l. l,fig^- 1^)- — I" ^ manner designed to suit the needs of students
the authors treat of such topics as air, the problem of ventilation, water — its sources
and properties; water as a possible carrier of infection; food and nutrition, and food
adulteration. The important analytical methods necessary for chemical analyses and
examinations connected with these topics are described. Many tables useful in com-
puting results of analyses and a somewhat extended bibliography of the subjects
treated of are also included.
Chemical foods in modern times, E. Eichengrun {Ztschr. Angeic. Chem. 1900,
No. 11, pp. 261-269). — In an address the author discusses some of the recent food
preparations, such as albumoses, peptones, malt preparations, and the like.
Certain determinations introduced in the analysis of bread, A. Scala {Staz.
Sper. Agr. ItaL, 32 {1899), pp. 489-498). — The composition (including calculated
digestibility and power to absorb water) of a number of ,'^amples of bread is reported.
One of the samples was made in part and another entirely from Indian corn.
The acidity of flours, Marion and Magnet {Ann. Chim. Anal, ef AppL, 5 {1900),
p. 164; nhx. iu Bid. Am>c. Beige. Chim., 14 {1900), No. 5, p. ^^5) .—Experiments are
reported and iiiodifications of Balland's method of determining acid suggested.
The manufacture and adulteration of sausages, ]M. H. Martel {Public Health,
12 {1900), No. 8, pp. 636-638). — This is an abstract of an article in La Pressc Mcdi-
cnle, January 24, 1900. The author describes and discusses the principal methods
of adulterating sausages — /. e., (1) by the addition of antiseptic substances, of pre-
FOODS ANIMAL PKODUCTION. 677
servative salts in excess, or of coloring matters; (2) by the addition of starch, flour,
rice flour, and breadcrumbs; (3) by the use of flesh of animals which have died nat-
urally or have been slauglitered on account of disease; (4) by the use of parts of ani-
mals not usually eaten (as the hides of oxen); and (5) by the use of the flesh of such
animals as the dog, cat, and horse. The methods of detecting adulteration are dis-
cussed in some considerable detail.
Notes on vinegar, J. Edmunds (BritiKh Food Jour., 2 [1900), No. 20, pp.
210-214). — Discussing malted vinegars, the author states that on account of watering
and bad brewing most of them contain only about 3 per cent of acetic acid. These
vinegars tend to spoil and hence manufacturei.A often have to resort to the addition
of suli^huric acid to preserve them. A good malted vinegar should contain about 6
per cent of acetic acid, but not more than 0.01 to 0.03 per cent of sulphuric acid. —
C. B. AVILLIAMS.
Nutrition investigations in California, M. E. Jaffa ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of
E.rperintinit SUtfum^f Ihil. 84, pp. ■!!>) ■ — Four dietary studies of infants, one of a foot-
ball team, and one of a family are reported, as well as digestion experiments with an
infant and determinations of the balance of income and outgo of nitrogen. A num-
ber of foods were analyzed in connection with the studies.
Composition of Apios tuberosa, C. Brigheiti {Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 33 {1900),
pp. 72-7.'i; uhx. In Jour. Chein. Soc. [Londori], 78 {1900), No. 453, II, p. .^9,?) .—Anal-
yses of the ground nut.
The digestibility of some nonnitrogeneous constituents of certain feeding
stuffs, Cr. 8. FRAPS [Jovr. Airier. Chem. Soc, 22 (1900), No. 9, pp. 543-553).— 'Noted
from another report of this work. (See p. 667.)
How far is sugar to be recommended as a feeding stuff? F. Lehmann {Braun-
Kchireig. Lmidir. Ztg., t:s (l'.H)i)), No.^. 10, }>p. 39, 40; 11, pp. 40, 47; 12, pp. 51-53; 13,
pp. .57-59). — A general discussion, quoting the work of a number of investigators.
Beet molasses feeding stuffs, Gerlach {BI. Zuckerri'ibeiihau, 7 {1900), No. 6, pp.
92-94). — The value of several molasses feeds is discussed.
Analyses of prickly pear, F. B. Guthrie {Agr. Gaz. Neir SouthWaleH,ll {1900),
No. 8, pp. 671-674, 1^1 ■ 1). — Analyses of the leaves of different sorts of prickl}- pear
are reported and their feeding value discussed.
Stock feeding, F. C. Burtis {Oklahoma Sta. Rpf. 1900, pp. 120-131). — A general
article on feeding farm animals, with tables showing the composition of common
feeding stuffs.
Experimental pig feeding, J. ]VIahon {Queensland Agr. .Tour., 7 {1900), No. 1,
]>}). 23, 24). — Results of tests for the purpose of ascertaining the value of cane molassea
when combined with other foods. Pigs fed ground barley required 5.5 lbs. for a
pound of gain and those fed barley and molasses, 5.08 11 )s.
Pig-feeding experiments {Bd. Agr. [Londonl, Rpt. Agr. Education and Research,
1S90-1900, ]>]>. 113-116). — Two pig-feeding experiments at University College, Not-
tingham, are briefly reported. In the first scalded maize meal was compared with
raw maize meal, no advantage being found for the former method of feeding. Both
lots were fed whey in addition to the maize meal. In the second test sweet and sour
separator skim milk were compared; some grain, principally maize meal, being fed
in addition. The conclusion w'as drawn that the feeding value of skim milk was not
increased Ijy souring, but, if anything, slightly diminished.
Swine feeding especially relating to the use of succulent foods, C. S. Plumb
{Nat. Farmer and Slock Grower, 4 {1900), No. 1, pp. 74-78). — A popular article
gathered from various sources and read before the Indiana Swine Breeders' Associa-
tion, January, 1900.
Fundamental principles of feeding horses for light and heavy work, J.
Shirokikh {Arch. Vet. Nauk., St. Pelersburg, SO {1900), Nos. 2, II, pp. 64-87; 3, II,
pp. 122-142). — A general discussion of the subject.
678 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Trout culture for farmers, W. E. ]\Ieehax {Pennsylvania Dipt. Agr. lipt. 1899,
pt. 1, pp. 312-323). — Raising trout is recommended as a profitable enterprise for
farmers, and directions are given.
Trade in agricultural commodities — animals for slaughter and meat prod-
ucts, A. DuLAC {A>in. Agron., 26 {1900), No. 9, pp. 430-472). — A comprehensive
article on the commercial side of animal husbandry, with special reference to ani-
mals bred for slaughter.
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.
Corn silage, sugar beets, and mangels — a comparison of their
value as dairy foods, H. J. Waters and E. H. Hess {PeiDiaylvania
Sta. B^jt. 1899^ pp. 111-123). — A feeding experiment with 3 lots of 3
cows each and covering 3 thirty-day periods is reported. During
the entire test all the cows were fed daily 7 lbs. of mixed grain and 6
lbs. of field-cured corn stover. During periods 1 and 3 all the cows
received in addition silage, sugar beets, and mangels, each in quanti-
ties furnishing 2 lbs. of digestible dry matter. During period 2, in
addition to the grain and stover, lot 1 received 6 lbs. of digestible dry
matter in silage; lot 2, 6 lbs. in sugar beets; and lot 3, 6 lbs. in man-
gels. The results of the test showed a slight increase in the amount
of butter, and percentages of fat and solids-not-fat in changing from
the mixed ration of silage, sugar beets, and mangels to silage alone,
and a slight decrease in changing from the mixed ration to either sugar
beets or mangels alone. They are considered, however, as showing
no practical difference in the effect of silage and roots upon the yield
and quality of milk, but the mixture of silage and roots is considered
slightly better than the same quantity of either fed separately.
A brief summary is given of previous experiments at the station
along this line (E. S. R., 3, p. 718; 6, p. 446; 7, p. 976).
Rye meal and Quaker-oats feed for milk production, H. Hay-
ward {Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. 52, pp. S). — An experiment covering 3
periods of 35 days each was conducted with 9 cows to compare Quaker-
oat feed and rye meal as feeding stuff's for milch cows. The cows were
divided into 3 lots. All 3 lots during the first and third periods andl
cow in each lot during the second period were fed a control ration
made up of 2i lbs. of cotton-seed meal, ?>\ lbs of corn meal, 2 lbs.
of new process linseed meal, and timothy hay ad Uhliuin. Dur-
ing the second period the corn meal was replaced, respectively, l)y the
same quantity of Quaker-oat feed and rye meal, and these contrasted
rations were each fed to 1 cow in eafh lot. Variations in the live weight
of the animals were .small. The average cost per pound of milk and
fat was highest on the rye-meal ration and lowest on the corn-meal
ration.
"Rye meal, fed as part of a properly balanced ration, did not materially decrease
the flow of milk, but was nearly if not quite as efficient as a.n equal weight of corn
DAIKY FARMING DAIRYING. 679
meal. The very slight difference observed is probably referable to the slightly
greater digestibility of the corn meal.
"Quaker-oat feed, similarly fed, caused somewhat more decrease in the production
of milk than did rye, but the effect was very slight and no greater than would be
ex})ected from the j)r(il)ably lower digestibility of the Quaker-oat feed."
The feeding value for milch covrs of the solids-not-sugar in
molasses, E. Ramm and C. Momsen {MiJch ZUj., 29 {1900), No. 28,
pp. Ji^SS-JfoG). — A brief .suiiimarv is given of a feeding- experiment pre-
viously reported (E, S. R., 9, p. 876), in which molasses proved supe-
rior to sugar. In the experiment here reported 5 cows w ere fed for 4
periods of 4 da^'S each (preceded by preliminary periods) a basal
ration of hay, straw, roots, and peanut meal. In addition molasses
(Jiestmelassc) was fed during the first and fourth periods, raw sugar
during the second period, and raw sugar and molasses distilhny resi-
due {JI(ia.ssesc/de//ip//) during the third period, the sugar content of
the 3 rations being the same. The cows produced the most milk and
the least butter fat when fed the sugar ration, and the most fat and
solids when fed the sugar and molasses distillery residue. The con-
tent of fat and solids in the milk produced on the molasses ration was,
respectively, 3.20 and 11.65 per cent, on the sugar ration 2.81 and
11.32 per cent, and on the sugar and molasses residue ration 3.39 and
12.06 per cent. The results are therefore considered as showing that
molasses has a greater feeding value for dairy cows than sugar, and
that the constituents in molasses other than sugai' are especially valu-
able in the production of })utter fat.
The composition of milk and milk products, H. D. Richmond
{Analyst, 25 {1900), Sept., pp. 225-231).— Bata are summarized for
over 29,000 samples of milk analyzed in the laboratory of the Ajdes-
bur}' Dairy Company. The average for the year was 12.67 per cent
of solids and 3.71 per cent of fat; the lowest fat content occurred in
June and the. highest in October. The author deduces a considerable
number of analyses to show that ""all milks, abnormal or otherwise,
conform to the following two rules, which are practically different
modes of expressing the same fact: {r() The solids-not-fat, less the milk
sugar, calculated on the milk devoid of fat, amount to at least 4 per
cent; {h) the sum of the specific gravity degrees and the fat, less 4
times the milk sugar, exceeds 16."
Timpe's ^ view that there is a constant relation between the proteids
and fat in genuine milk and his proposition to detect adulteration b}'^
a divergence from this relation are discussed at considerable length.
The author takes exception to Timpe's deductions.
Tests were made of paraphenylene-diamin and metaphenylene-
diamin for distinguishing between fresh and boiled milk. The latter,
together with amyl alcohol, was recommended as the best reagent.
1 Chem. Ztg., 23 (1900), p. 1040 (E. S. R., 12, p. 286).
680 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The composition of clotted cream, the water content of butter, and
analyses of 2 samples of ))utter made with a butter increaser are given.
The latter contained over 20 per cent of water.
Milk preservatives, C. B. Cochran {Pennsylvania Dept. Agr. Jipt.
189D,2)t. 1,2'P- 2'^'^-'^<'^'9)- — The author discusses the use of l)oric acid
and formaldehyde in preserving- milk and the physiological action of
these antiseptics on man and the lower animals. The literature of the
subject is reviewed, tests are given for the detection of boric acid and
formaldehyde, and results of experiments by the author are briefly
noted. The antiseptic power of formaldehyde in milk was found in
experiments to be about 50 times as great as that of boric acid. No
dijS'erence was observed in the artificial digestion of pure milk and
milk to which formaldehyde had been added at the rate of 1 to 10,000.
Formaldehj'de added in large quantities (1:1,000 to 1:200) to milk at
the time of renneting or 6 hours before retarded or prevented coagu-
lation and in other respects modified the action of the rennet. Min-
nows and tadpoles withstood quite well a 1 to 50,000 solution of
formaldehyde, remaining alive from 1 to 6 days, while they died in a
few hours i;i a solution of corrosive su])limate of the same strength.
" When we bear in mind the fact that minnows are exceedingh' sensi-
tive to most poisons and that the formaldeh3'de must have been
present in the blood and in every tissue to the extent of 1 part in
60,000, it shows that some animal tissues, at least, stand formaldehyde
very well." Microscopical paramecia showed considerable ability to
withstand dilute formaldehyde for a time. The author prefers for-
maldehyde to boric acid as a milk and cream preservative, on the
ground that it is less injurious and that "it is impossible to use
formaldehyde in excessive amounts, since its presence is then betrayed
by the sense of taste."" Objections to the use of preservatives in milk
are considered.
Investigations on the cause of the rancidity of butter, R. Rein-
MAXN {CtntU. Bali. u. Par., '2. Alt., 6 (1900), A^os. J, pp. IJ 1-139;
6, pjp. 166-176; 7.^ pp. 209-2111). — From a review of the literature on
the subject and the experiments covering a variety of conditions, the
author arrives at the following conclusions: (1) The amount of free
acid formed in butter bears no relation to the rancid taste and odor.
(2) A high content of casein and milk sugar in butter is very favor-
able to rancidity. (8) The oxygen of the air is not of the importance
in the production of rancidity in butter which has been claimed, since
sterile cream l)utter does not become rancid with the free access of
air. (1) Light does not appear to be of any importance in this con-
nection. (5) Under ordinary conditions butter made from sterilized
cream does not become rancid. Rancidity can l)e induced, liowever,
in a few days by working into it a very small quantity of rancid
butter. (6) The question as to whether the rancidity of butter is due
to the action of micro-organisms or ferments is still an open one.
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.
681
Examinations of the chemical properties of Danish butter fat,
E. Holm aud P. V. F. Petersen (46. Rpt. Kgl. Yet. LandhoJidjskolen
Lah. Landokon. Forsog \^Copenliagen\ 1900., pp. 106). — This work was
extended over 4 years, 1896 to 1900, 7,834 samples of butter from
about 800 creameries being examined, as well as butter from indi-
vidual cows on different farms.
Exam! nation of hatter f<d in Danish creamery hutter. — The refract-
ive index of all samples ranged between 48.6 and 54.9, over 80 per
cent of the samples being between 51 and 52. There was practi-
cally no difl'erencc in the index of butter from dili'erent parts of
Denmark, and but slight difference between that from large estates
and creameries. Regular seasonal changes were observed in the
refractive index, Reichert number, and iodin number. The average
refractive index for 4 j^ears, Reichert number for 3 years, and iodin
number for 2 years are shown l)elow:
Average residtf! for DauisJi butter fat per month.
April
May
June
July
August . -
September
October
November
December
January
February
Marcb
Average
Refractive
index.
51.0
.il.l
51.1
51.6
52.1
.52.0
52.8
51.0
.50.2
50.5
.50.6
.50.8
51.3
Reiche-t
number.
30.1
30.0
30.4
30.2
28.8
27.5
27.5
29.6
30.7
30.9
31.0
30.9
29.8
Iodin
number.
033.4
a 35. 0
a 37.1
a 38. 4
a 39.0
41.6
44.0
36.6
33.0
a 33. 3
a 34. 5
a34.1
30.7
a One year only.
The highest values for refractive index and iodin number are coin-
cident with the lowest Reichert numbers, a gradual increase or decrease
of the latter being accompanied by a change in the opposite direction of
the former. A difference of 1° in the refractive index was found to
correspond to a difference of about 3 in the iodin number.
Forty -i"our samples of artificial butter of Danish, Swedish, Norwe-
gian, Dutch, and German origin gave refractive indexes ranging from
57 to 61.5", the minimum, therefore, being 2.1° above the maximum
for pure Danish butter. Mixtures of artificial and natural butter fat
containing 10 to 90 per cent of the latter gave a refractive index iden-
tical with the calculated index in all cases.
The authors show that the quality of butter and its commercial
value stand in no relation to its composition, and that a perfect guar-
antee of purity can not be established by means of chemical standards.
Examination of hutter fat from, individual cows. — Six cows were
selected from each of 3 Danish dairy farms, 2 of each lot being fresh
milkers, 2 in about the middle of their lactation periods, and 2 old
682 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
milking cows. The results of examinHtions of the butter, monthlj^, for a
3'ear showed in the case of both new and old milkers that the refractive
index of the butter fat and the iodin number increased considerabl}'^
when the cows were let out in the spring, and decreased when the}''
were changed to stable feeding in the fall.
The changes in the refractive index and iodin num])er during the
period of lactation follow each other closelv, decreasing during the first
3 months after calving, to increase from that time on until the cows
are drv; while the Reichert number changes but little up to the fifth
month after calving, from which time on there is a stead}^ decrease
till drving-off time.
The variations in the case of individual cows are tabulated and com-
pared with those for creamery butter. The general conclusion is
drawn that variations in the chemical properties of Danish export
butter are not due to adulteration, as has occasionallv been claimed,
but are caused by the natural variations in the butter fat from the
individual cows. — f. w. woll.
On the biology of peptonizing milk bacteria, O. Kalischer
{Arch. Ilyg., 37 {1900), No. i, 2)p. 30-5S).~V\\& author's investigations
were made with a bacterium belonging to the group of hay or potato
bacilli, which, according to Fliigge, are not killed b}' heating milk to
90-95°. It possessed the property of curdling milk by means of a rennet-
like ferment and then of dissolving the precipitate of casein by means
of a peptonizing ferment. The investigations showed that its growth
in milk was accompanied by a diminution in the milk sugar, which is
believed to be directl}' connected with the life process of the bacteria.
The inversion of the sugar took place entirel}' within the cell, and no
ferment capable of inverting milk sugar was formed. The only
decomposition products of the milk sugar which could be identified
with certainty were volatile acids. The fat was not attacked b}- the
bacteria, and no diastatic ferment was elaborated. The products of
its action on casein were albumose and later peptone, together with
ammonia, volatile fatty acids, and a number of other substances. By
fermentative action alone there was produced from the casein peptone,
leucin, and tyrosin, the aromatic oxy acids, and ammonia in small
qnantit}'. Except in its ability to produce oxy acids, the digestive fer-
ment corresponded entirely to trj'psin. The rennet ferment produced
by the bacteriuni was very analogous to ordinary' rennet.
Studies on the enzyms of cheese, O. Jensen {Ann. Agr. Suisse^
1 {1000), No. 6, 2)p. 150-10,S).—Tho. o])ject was to study the enzyms
found in cheese, and the I'ole thi^y play together with bacteria in the
ripening processes. Lim burger is taken as a representative of the
soft, while Emmenthaler is chosen as a type of the hard cheeses.
The author finds 2 enzyms active in the ripening processes of the
2 cheeses, galactase of milk and pepsin of rennet. These cnzvms
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 683
pas8 into the curd in the process of manufacture in sufficient quantity
to produce transformation in the casein. The soft cheeses, by reason
of the methods of their manufacture, are from the first richer in enzyms
than the hard cheeses, those made by pressure.
To determine the presence of galactase the methods of Bal)cock and
Russell were followed (E. S. R., 11, p. 578). As an antiseptic to pre-
vent the g'rowth of bacteria 1 per cent formalin was usuall}' employed,
but in some cases ether was used, owing to the restraining action of
formalin upon the action of galactase. This action of formalin is used
as a means of showing the degree of the activitj^ of galactase in cheese
ripening. Anah'ses of the 2 cheeses at different periods are given,
showing the content of soluble nitrogen, nitrogen not precipitated by
phosphotungstic acid, nitrogen in the form of ammonia, and lactic acid.
Just after making Limburger cheese contains a considerable amount
of lactic acid, which favors the action of the pepsin and restrains the
action of the galactase. At the beginning the ripening of Limburger
cheese is due wholly to the action of the pepsin. This action is limited
little by little by the action of more energetic enz3'ms, while the acid
present is diminished b}' the ammonia formed. This action is nat-
uralh' most active at first at the surface of the cheese, the action pro-
ceeding toward the interior. From the investigations the author
concludes that the transformation of the casein during the ripening of
Limburger cheese is the result of a digestive fermentation in which
the surface of the cheese is the point of beginning, and that this fer-
mentation is due to the action of j^east or bacteria aided at the outset
by a digestive pepsin operating throughout the mass.
The previous work of the author on the ripening of Emmenthaler
cheese has been noted (E. S. R., 11, p. 980). The ripening of this cheese
is accompanied by the processes of salting and drying that in a measure
restrain the different fermentations. Owing to the pressure in the
manufacture this cheese contains at the beginning less lactic acid than
the soft cheeses, which is perhaps favorable to the action of the galac-
tase while in a measure restraining the action of the pepsin. From his
investigations the author concludes that the transformation of the
casein during the ripening of P^nmienthaler is the result of a bacterial
fermentation, in a degree digestive, equally distributed in the cheese
and probably aided in the beginning by the action of galactase.
Variations in the fat content of the milk of individual cows, I. Boy-Esens
{Milch 7A(j., 29 {1900), Xo. 32, pp. 501-503) .—llni' vnmAsU of data from the records
of a number of herds.
A new apparatus for the condensation of milk and other liquids, O. Hen-
zoLi) {MUrh Ztij., 29 {1900), No. 26, pp. 401-403, fifjK 3). — The apparatus is figured
and described and tests are reported. Nt> vacuum is required.
Milk poisoning- in Malta, T. Zammit {British 3Icd. Jonr., 1900, No. 2054, Jip-
1151, 1152).
The variability of lactic acid bacteria with reference to their capacity for
souring milk, N. P. Schierbeck {Arcli. Ibig., 3S {1900), No. 3, j}p. 294-315).— It
684 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD.
was found possible l)y experimental means to produce a variation of the lactic acid
bacteria exhibiting a very marked decrease in fermentative aljility, and this variation
was perpetuated without change through a long series of inoculations. The culture
obtained is not regarded as a new type, since the decrease in ability to produce acid
appears to be due to unavoidable conditions in the nutritive medium.
Butter making for select trade and exportation, ]\I. E. 3IcDonxell {Pennsyl-
vania Dcjif. ^l</r. Rpl. 1S9'J, jit. 1, pp. ,/ij.)-.'77)- — The author gives notes on the dairy
industry in Europe and discusses methods of manufacture and cjualities required in
butter, especially that intended for shipment to foreign countries. The topics con-
sidered include the liandling of milk, pasteurization of cream and skim milk, selec-
tion and use of a starter, securing unifcjrmit}' in ripening, and churning, working,
salting, coloring, i)acking, and storing butter.
The suppression of goat's milk in the manufacture of Emmenthaler cheese,
R. Steixegger {Milcli Ztg., 29 (1.900), No. 31, pp. .^6, .^57).— Experiments are cited
as showing the inferiority of goat's milk as compared with cow's milk in the manu-
facture of this cheese.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE.
Report of the State veterinarian, L. Pearson {Pennsylvania
Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1S99, pt. 1, pp. 1^-181^).— \t is stated that the
repressive measures adopted against glanders have resulted in the
nearly complete extermination of this disease in the State. Anthrax
was reported from 12 counties during the year, and animals were
vaccinated against this disease on 83 different farms. The author
believes that the spread of anthrax is due largely to the neglect of
anthrax carcasses, which should be burned with great care. Blackleg
was reported from 8 counties during the year. It is recommended
that blackleg carcasses should be burned, as in the case of anthrax.
Rabies occurred in 12 counties among dogs, horses, hogs, sheep, cattle,
and man. Observations made on cerebro-spinal meningitis indicate
that contaminated water may be favorable to the outbreak of this dis-
ease. During the year, 56,387 doses of tuberculin were sent out from
the laboratory for testing dairy cows and breeding cattle in the State.
Hog cholera occurred in 16 counties. The outbreaks in most instances
were traceable to infected hogs shipped from the West or South.
Malignant dysentery of calves may be controlled, according to the
author, by the removal of cows from the infected premises 6 or 8
weeks before the calves ai'c l^orn. Brief notes are also presented on
actinomycosis, contagious ophthalmia, and sheep sea)).
Summary of the year's pathological investigations, J. A. Gil-
RUTir ( Veterinarian ., 7S {1900), Xo. 870, pp. 301-315). — Brief notes are
given of an out>)reak of actinomycosis. The author studied a number
of cases of parasitic gastritis in calves. The disease was quite general
and occurred chiefly during the winter months. The symptoms were
acute and watery diarrhea lasting from 14 to 28 days, and resulting
in death. The disease was due to a parasitic worm {Strongyhis cer-
vicornis). The author believes the predisposing causes to this disease
VETEKINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 685
were found in improper feeding- iind lack of .slielter, which lowered the
vitality of the animals.
Red water is reported as prevalent in certain districts, especially on
dairy farms, where it was invarial)l\' associated with injudicious feed-
ing of turnips.
The chloral hydrate treatment for milk fever is reported as giving-
satisfactory results in the hands of many farmers. The Schmidt treat-
ment has been tried with still better results.
Notes are also given on the etiology and treatment of cirrhosis of the
liver in cattle and sheep, septicj^mia in domesticated animals, acute
congestion of the kidneys in lambs, etc.
Annual report for 1899 from the principal of the Royal Veteri-
nary College, J. McFadyean {Jour. Roy. A(jr. /Soc. England ., 3. s,'/'..,ll
(1900), J^l). l.,2W- 93-109). — The author gives brief notes on the preva-
lence during the year of anthrax, glanders, pleuro-pneumonia, rabies,
and swine fever. Considerable work was done on tuberculosis in cattle
and in sheep, 11,151 tuberculin tests in cattle having been reported
during the year. The percentage of tuberculous animals was 21. Brief
notes are given on the symptoms and course of tuberculosis of the
udder. One case of tuberculosis in sheep is reported and the author
states this is the first indubitable case among British sheep. Suspected
material from this sheep was inoculated into rabbits and resulted in
producing the typical lesions of tuberculosis.
The author makes a report on a new disease of the dog which was
observed in various parts of southern England and is believed to be
identical with the disease which was reported as very fatal to dogs in
parts of Germany during the autumn of 1898. The principal sjnnp-
toms of the disease were prostration and vomiting. About 75 per cent
of the cases were fatal and the average duration of the disease was
from 4: to 0 days. The disease is readily distinguishable from distem-
per by the fact that it attacks more frequently old dogs.
Brief notes are presented on sarcoptic mange of cattle, the African
horse-sickness, and the curability of glanders. The last two subjects
have already been referred to at greater length (E. S. K., 12, p. 202).
Flasmodiophora brassicee as a cause of tumors in animals, W.
PoDWYSSOTZKi {Ccnthl. B<(lt. X. Par., 1. Aht.^ ^27 {1000), Xo. J, ^>p.
97-101). — The author instituted experiments in hypodermic and intra-
peritoneal inoculations of this organism in rabbits, guinea pigs, frogs,
and axolotl. Tumors of true parasitic origin were produced and the
author states the results of his experiments as follows: Tumors may
be produced in animals by inoculation with Vlamnodloplwra Jjrassicw.
The tumors are of mesodermal origin and arise as the result of a
hypertrophy and proliferation of the thick connective tissue. Spores
of this organism are formed in the cells of the tumors either singly or
in large numbers. The spores are present in larger numbers in the
68(3 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
older tumor cells than in those of more recent origin. The nucleus of
the cells which are filled with spores is rich in chromatin considerabl}'
enlarged and shows a decided proliferation. In some of the spores a
progressive metamorphosis of their nuclear substance occurs, as the
result of which 2 or 3 nuclei appear in the place of one. In the
tumors produced by Plasuwd'iojjhora hrai<sic<£, the phagocj^tosis which
was caused b}' the presence of the organism seemed alwaj^s sufficient
to bring about the ultimate destruction of all the parasites.
White scour in calves {FarmerM Gaz.^ oO {1900). Xo. o^p- ^^)- — Ten
cows were divided into 2 lots of 5 each. In lot A the cows were fed
in the ordinary way, but the calves, as soon as ])orn, were put in a
clean house, and fed 4 times a day a small quantity of new milk with
a little warm water in it. Each calf was fed separately, and after 3
weeks received a little separated milk and barlev meal. In lot B the
cows were fed for al)out a month before calving on 10 lbs. of bran and
meal mixed in the morning and evening. The milk from these cows
was given to their own calves, each calf being fed 3 times a day for a
fortnight. After this period they were fed twice a day on fresh milk
mixed with separated milk and barle}" meal.
The results of these experiments indicate conclusively the impor-
tance of careful feeding of calves and constant attention to cleanliness.
Ko calves died from lot A while 2 died out of lot B, and of 14 calves
treated in the ordinary Avay. 9 died.
A report on tuberculosis of cattle, L. Pearson and M. P. Rav-
^.^^^.{PeHnsylmnUi Dej>t. Ayr. Epf. 1899, 2>t. 1, JW- 333-533).— The
authors present a general historical account of the development of
knowledge concerning this disease, together with a discussion of the
means and extent of distribution, prevalence, importance, and meth-
ods for controlling this disease. From numerous tests made bv the
Pennsylvania Live Stock Sanitary Board, 12.2 per cent of cattle in the
State reacted to tuberculin.
Experiments were conducted with guinea pigs which were kept in a
compartment in the lower end of nosebags attached to tuberculous
cows. The guinea pigs were thus forced to breath the air expired by
the tuberculous animals. Twelve guinea pigs were used in these
experiments, and were exposed for periods varying from 2^ to 26
hours. None of them became infected. Two lots of guinea pigs
inoculated with tuberculosis were kept in light and dark boxes, respec-
tively. One lot was placed in a box with a glass front and the top and
back made of wire netting covered with white cloth. The other lot
was placed in a box of equal size made of wood painted black inside
and a wire netting Imck covered with l)lack cloth. The guinea pigs in
the light box lived from 5^ to 6 days longer than those in the black
box. This experiment indicates the effect of light in checking the
development of tub(M"culosis.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. <^87
Experiments were made upon 3 tuberculous cows well fed upon a
wide ration, with the result that all 3 cows improved noticeably in
condition for a period of a year before jaelding to the general prog-
ress of the disease.
The authors discuss the problem of checking tuberculosis l)y good
conditions of life and sanitation, the relation of l)ovinc tuberculosis to
})ublic health, the disposition of the Hesh of tuberculous animals, the
pathological anatomy and bacteriology of tuberculosis, the nature of
tuberculin, the ,s\'mptoms of tuberculosis, the value of the tuberculin
test, and the measures adopted in different countries for the suppres-
sion of this disease. An account is given of the regulations of the
State sanitar}^ board for the control of tuberculosis. Detailed reports
are given from herd owners on losses from tul>erculosis and on the
condition of inspected herds.
The danger of spreading tuberculosis by means of milk, and
regulations for preventing this danger, Ki hnan {B<d!n. T'ltnirrdl.
Wchnschr.^ 1900^ JV^o. 5, x*P- 4^-52). — This article contains a critical
review of the literature upon the subject of tubercle bacilli in cows
milk. The commission of the German Dairy Union has recently
adopted resolutions, which are in the nature of a proposed bill, pro-
viding that all milch cows are to be inspected with reference to the
presence of tubercle bacilli in their milk. The milk of suspected cows
before being used must be heated to a temperature of .SS-* C. Every
cow which is found suffering from tuberculosis of the udder is to be
destroj^ed, and indemnity is provided ranging from $12 to $75.
Experimental researches on symptomatic anthrax, E. Le-
CLAiNciiE and H. Vallee {Aim. List. FaHteur., IJ^. {1900)., Xo. ^, pp. 202-
^^^). — The authors give a brief critical review of the literature relat-
ing to the micro-organism of symptomatic anthrax and discuss the
biology of this organism. The organism is strictly anaerobic, and it is
difficult to obtain pure cultures. The organism of S3^mptomatic anthrax
produces a toxin which is capable in itself of producing serious lesions
and death. The pure spores when deprived of the toxin are unable to
germinate or produce an infection even when introduced into the
tissues in large doses. The resistance of the organism to s3'mptomatic
anthrax depends upon phagocytic action. All conditions which pre-
vent or hinder phagocytosis are favora))le to infection.
Experiments in the treatment of infectious mammitis of cows,
E. Zschokke {Lamho. Jahrh. ScJucels, 1.'^ {1900), jVo. 2., pp. o6-G^S). —
The author presents tables showing the percentage of infectious mam-
mitis as determined l)y the examination of milk samples, from 1894 to
1899. Tables show that the disease has become more frequent from year
to year. It is most common during the summer months, or during the
time when the greatest yield of milk is obtained. The d'sease appears
as an enzootic or epizootic. From 2 to 4 animals became infected one
683 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
after the other in each of 4 different localities. In some cases the
micro-organisms occurred in short chains or masses, while in others
they were in long chains. These are believed to be mere forms of one
species of streptococcus. Inoculations of 20 cc. of fresh milk from a
cow suffering from infectious mammitis were made into the udder of
2 healthy cows and 2 goats. One of the cows and one of the goats
developed the disease in the ordinary period of from 8 to 5 days. The
other goat proved to be inmiune, while the second cow gave signs of
the disease after a period of 2 weeks. Therapeutic experiments were
tried on a pregnant cow, which was infected in 3 quarters of the udder
with this disease. The green fodder which the animal had recently
received was replaced with hay. After a period of 20 days the milk
of this animal became clear and there was less sediment, and one week
later the streptococci entirely disappeared from the udder. The ani-
mal had recovered without treatment. Experiments in injecting iodid
of potash 1:1,000 parts and itrol 1:4,000 parts in lukewarm water into
the infected quarter of the udder after milking were without effect in
destroying the micro-organisms. The same was true where antistrep-
tococcus serum was tried, up to 30 gm. per day for 4 days.
The colloidal silver preparation also had no effect in curing the
mammitis, 50 gm. of this substance in a 1 per cent aqueous solution
being injected into the jugular vein. Better results were obtained by
the use of citrate of silver in the form of a salve containing 2 parts
citrate of silver, 10 parts of camphor, and 88 parts of oil. This salve was
thoroughly rubbed into the skin of the udder for a period of 8 days in
the case of a cow infected with mammitis in all 4 quarters. The milk
gradually became clearer and the immber of streptococci diminished
until the milk was found to be normal at the end of 16 days. Experi-
ments with a salve containing cantharides indicated that this substance
when thoroughly rul)bed upon the skin of the udder produced a cure,
or decided improvement, in every case. The secretion of milk, how-
ever, was much diminished, and either ceased entirelv or remained
much below the normal. It was found that even when all possible
antiseptic precautions were observed the disease was spread by draw-
ing milk from an infected quarter of the udder and that the other
quarters of the same udder, or the udders of other cows, were more
apt to become infected than when the milk from infected udders was
not drawn. Accordingly it is recommended to cease milking parts of
the udder affected as soon as the disease is discovered.
Stomach -worms in sheep, J, F, Hk^kman {Ohio Sta. Bid. 117,
jyp. 107-212., Jigs. 2). — Rather serious losses of sheep have been expe-
rienced in Ohio since 1896 from attacks of a stomach worm {Strongylm
contortu^i). The author gives a }>rief description of the worm and an
account of the method of infection, the symptoms, and the forms of
treatment which have already been recommended for this parasite.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 689
Expciiiiu'iit.s with the turpentine remed}' were not satisfactory, and
in the siunnier of 1898 the author began experiments with the benzine
treatment as recommended ])v Prof. C Julien. Gasoline was substi-
tuted for benzine as beino- more conveniently purchased. One table-
spoonful of common gasoline was emulsified in about -i oz. of flaxseed
tea and given as a drench to each lamb. This treatment seemed to
check the trouble, and no deaths occurred after the treatment was
})egun. In applying this method the lambs were housed in the even-
ing and kept with nothing to eat until 10 o'clock the following day.
The gasoline was then administered and the lambs kept without food
or drink for 8 hours longer. This treatment was given for 3 da3's in
succession, and after an interval of a week the same 3 days' treatment
was repeatetl. If improvement is not noticed in all the flock, the third
treatment should be given after an interval of 10 days.
In the spring of 1899 the station began an experiment to determine
the method of infection by this worm. A number of lambs of dift'erent
breeds were divided into 2 equal lots, lot 1 being kept in after reaching
the age of 1 month, and lot 2 allowed to feed on the pasture with the
ewes. In lot 2, 7 lambs died and all of them were given the gasoline
treatment. Lot 1 was kept in until the middle of September, when
they were allowed to pasture on a patch of rape. No deaths occurred
in this lot.
The feed for lot 1 up to Septeml)er 20 cost a])out 14^ cts. per head more
than for lot 2, l)ut T head of lambs were lost from lot 2, so that the
estimated cost of each lamb up to September 5 was 6.5 cts. in lot 1,
and 91 cts. in lot 2. The gain in weight w^as greater in lot 2 than in
lot 1, the dift'erence varying from 3 to .5 lbs.
The labor involved in keeping the lambs housed is perhaps the
greatest objection to this method of preventing infection, but this
difficulty would be partly removed by ha^'i ng rape for earlv pasture
for these lambs, and by turning them on second crop clover.
Certain difliculties have been experienced by some sheep men in
administering the gasoline treatment, but the author thinks these difli-
culties can be largely avoided ))v setting the sheep on its rump before
giving the drench.
In the experiments carried on by the station, 1,000 doses of gasoline
were given with the drench bottle with the loss of but one sheep.
The condition and behavior of sheep subsequent to treatment with
gasoline indicates that this method does not injure the digestive system.
The action of desiccation and heat on sheep-pox virus,
L. DucLEiiT and A. Conte (.1/^/^ J^cole Xat. Agr. Mont^^elUer^ 11
{1899-1900)^ l)p. i4^i-X5.^).— During experiments conducted by the
authors it was found that desiccated sheep-pox virus preserved for 14
hours at the freezing point did not lose its virulence. Previous exper-
iments had shown that a temperature of 25° C. was most favorable for
690 EXPEKIMENT STATION KKCOKD.
producing a gradual modification of the virulence of this virus.
Desiccated sheep-pox virus was subjected to this temperature for
periods varying from 14 to 24 daj's. The inoculation of experimental
animals was performed each day during the time that the virus was
exposed to this temperature. A gradual diminution in virulence was
noticed after the sixteenth day. A temperature of 30' C. was found
to produce a too rapid and irregular modification of the virulence.
A diagnostic lesion in rabies, J. A. Gii-kutii ( Yetermm'ian^ 73
{1900)^ X<>. 870, 2>p. Slo-SW). — The lesions heretofore described as
diag'nostic of rabies, such as vascular lesions, pigmentary atrophy,
rabic tubercles of Babes, and the cellular lesions of Golgi, are consid-
ered unreliable. Peculiar lesions have been discovered in the periph-
eral, cerebro-spinal, and sympathetic ganglia which are regarded as
specific in character. The action of the rabies virus is made manifest
by proliferation of the cells of the endothelial capsule, which causes
a destruction of a number of nerve cells. It is stated that the com-
parison of a section of a normal spinal ganglion of the dog with a
similar one taken from an animal dead of rabies renders the diagnosis
extremely easy.
An outline of a law regulating- the slaughter of animals and inspection of
meat {AfcJi. l>fiif. Landu-. Riith><, 24 {lUOO), jqi. 4o-oS). — A report on the diseussion
of this 8ul)ject at the twenty-eighth meeting of tl\e German Agricultural Commission.
Remarks on plague in the lower animals, F. G. Clemow {British Med. Jour.,
1900, Nos. 2054, pp. 1141-1146; 2055, pp. 1216-1219).— The author gives detailed
notes on the occtirrence of plague in a large varietj' of animals, among which mention
may be made of monkeys, rats, mice, squirrels, guinea pigs, marmots, rabbits, dogs,
cats, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, vultures, etc. Rats may become infected with
this disease from the soil, grain, flesh of other animals, rag8, and insects.
An experiment in the transmission of syphilis to two calves, JNI. P. Ravexel
{Jour. Com}). Med. and Vet. Arch., 21 {1900), Xa. .5, jq). ;?0'-^-;?6'6').— Two experiments
were made upon calves, during which syphilitic material was rubbed into scarifica-
tions of the skin. The subsequent history of these cases indicated clearly that the
disease was not transmitted to the calves. Both calves were tuberculous, and this
may be of significance from the known fact of the especial susceptibility of tubercu-
lous human patients.
An outbreak of tuberculosis among cattle at an altitude of 7,000 feet,
S. W. McClure {Jour. Cornp. Med. and Vet. Arch., 21 {1900), Xo. 7, p. 410).— Fixe
years previous to the outbreak of tuberculosis on this ranch, a Jersey bull had been
imported from an eastern breeder. The bull later developed symptoms of tubercu-
losis and died. Three other cattle belonging to the herd died with the same symp-
toms. On investigation by the author, 5 other animals were found to be tuberculous
and were killed and examined. These cattle had not been in a stable, but were
allowed to range freely under conditions which would seem to be exceedingly unfa-
vorable for the development of tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis of the udder in cows, A. Bekgstraxd {Lundtmannen, 11 {1900),
Xo. 27, pp. 425-428). — This is a detailed discussion of the results obtained by Kiihnan
in his investigations on this disease.
Tuberculosis of the udder, H. Lermat {Jour. Agricok [Paris'], 11 {1900), Xo.
126, p. 16l).—Bne-i statistical notes on the prevalence of mammary tuberculosis.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 691
Note on examination of milk for tubercle bacilli, E. W. Hammond {Jour. Comp.
Med. and ]\'t. Arch., £1 {1900), No. 7, p. 59.5).— The author dihites milk which is to
be examined with an equal quantity of water. It is then centrifugalized for about
half an hour by means of an electric centrifuge. The sediment is then removed with
a fine pipette and a drop of this substance placed on a clean cover glass, dried, and
finally stained by the ordinary method: As a result of diluting milk with an equal
quantity of water, so little fatty material is thrown down in the sediment that it is
unnecessary to use ether or other reagents to dissolve out the fat.
Tuberculin investigations {Landtmannen, 11 {1900), No. 25, pp. 402-403). — A
summary of the results from tuberculin injections with notes on the tuberculin prob-
lem in different parts of Sweden. Rather conclusive evidence is obtained in 1 case
of the transmission of tuberculosis from man to animals.
The most important tuberculins; their preparation and differences, Baier-
MEiSTER {Arrh. TI'/.w. v. Prnli. Tliierh., 26 {1900), No. 4-5, jn'- 56»l-.5,'-^).— The author
gives a detailed discussion of the different methods of lareparation and different com-
position of about 30 kinds of tuberculin. Some tuberculins contain certain constitu-
ents of the media upon which the tubercle bacilli were grown while other tuberculins
are so prepared as to exclude all substances except the immediate products of the
tubercle bacillus.
Measures to be adopted against outbreaks of anthrax in summer, W. W.
Flach {Landtmannen, 11 {1900), No. 20, pp. 309-315). — A general account of the
means of transmission of anthrax, together with a discussion of the sanitary measures
which should be adopted to prevent the spread of this disease.
Means of preventing Texas fever, L. L. Lewis ( Oklahoma Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp.
26-28). — Popular notes on the etiology and methods of treatment for this disease.
Blackleg: Its nature, cause, and prevention, A. T. Peters {Nebraska Sta.
Bid. 65, pp. 107-132, figs. 8.) — This l)ulletin contains a popular discussion of the
general subject of blackleg, including the symptoms and etiology of the disease, and
detailed directions for making preventive vaccinations against blackleg.
A comparative study of the bacillus of malignant oedema and of blackleg,
E. Leclainche and H. Vallee {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 14 {1900), No. 9, pp. 590-596). —
From inoculation experiments Avith these micro-organisms, the authors conclude that
there is a close biological connection between the two. The organisms may be dif-
ferentiated by the fact that in the serous fluid of specific oedema, in the peritoneum
of the guinea pig, the bacillus of malignant oedema appears in the long forms which
are regularly absent in the case of the bacillus of blackleg. The methods of immuni-
zation which are applicable to blackleg may also be used against malignant cedenia.
Immunization of an animal against blackleg does not imply an added resistance to
the l)acillus of malignant (edema.
Pneumomycosis due to Aspergillus fumigatus, L. Pearson and M. P. Ravenel
{Jour. Comp. Med. and Vet. Arch., 21 {1900), No. 8, pp. 451-465, figs. 4).— T^^Q authors
give a critical review of the literature of this subject, together with notes on the cul-
tivation and description of the mold. A Jersey cow after giving evidence of a diseased
condition for a period of 6 months died, and upon examination the lungs were found
to contain large quantities of the hyplue and fruiting heads of Aspergillus fumigatus.
The lung most affected was exceedingly emphysematous and gave a crackling sound
on being rubbed. The cow did not react to the tuberculin test which was given
some time before death, but upon post-mortem examination 4 or 5 caseous calcareous
nodules were found in which the tubercle bacillus was present. It is suggested that
the infection by the mold may have interfered with the turberculin test.
On carcinoma in cattle, L. Loeb and G. Jobson {Jour. Comp. Med. and Vet.
Arch., 21 {1900), No. 7, pp. 385-.394) .—In the 2,.514,446 head of cattle received at the
Chicago Stock Yards during the year 1899 49 cases of carcinoma were found. In all
15440— No. 7 T
692 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
60 cases of carcinoma were examined by the authors, of which 59 were in cows and
only one was in a steer. One of the most frequent locations for the beginning of
carcinoma in cattle is in the eyelid in cases where foreign bodies enter the conjunc-
tival sac through the running of the tear fluid and the motion of the nictitating
membrane of the eye. In the study of these cases the authors noted a constant
aliscnce of metas^tasis in the deep lymph glands and other organs.
Sorghum as stock food, W. Thompson ( West Virginia Farm Rev., 8 {1900), No. 9,
pj). 287, 288). — This article is reprinted from the Louisiana Planter. The author
relates the circumstances of loss of stock from eating sorghum on his own estate, and
suggests that the explanation of fatal results from eating sorghum is not to be found
in poisonous principles, but rather in the sticky nature of sorghum leaves, which
causes them to adhere to the larynx, thus strangling the animals.
The susceptibility of camels to rinderpest, Tartakowsky [Arch. Sci. Biol. \_St.
Petersburg'], 8 {1900), No. 1, pp. 11-.36). — Numerous experiments l)y the author indi-
cate that while rinderpest assumes a mild form in the camel, the disease may, never-
theless, be carried by such animals and they should be included in quarantine
regulations for the j^revention of rinderpest.
Hog cholera, L. L. Lewis {Oklahoma Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 29-32). — Brief notes on
the causes, symptoms, and treatment of this disease.
Swine fever, A. H. Cory {Qveensland Agr. Jonr., 7 {1900), No. ,8, pp. 279-281). —
The author describes the chief symptoms of various infectious swine diseases, of
which swine fever, swine erysipelas, and swine plague are the most important.
Some difficulties associated with the eradication of swine fever, E. Pe.\^cey
{Jour. Comp. Path, ami Titer., 13 {1900), No. 3, pp. 236-2,39) .—^otes on methods for
diagnosing this disease and for distinguishing it from swine erysipelas and from
necrotic pneumonia of swine. These 3 diseases are considered by the author to be
the epizootic diseases of the pig.
Second contribution to the study of the morphology of Bacillus mallei, B.
Allerio {Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Abt, 28 {1900), No. 12-13, pp. 353-369, figs. 26).—
The author describes in detail the various forms assumed by the glanders bacillus
when grown upon different cultural media. "White mice have been quite generally
stated to be refractory to glanders. Inoculation experiments by the author on
white, gray, and black mice resulted in the death of the white mice after 18 days
with numerous small glanderous tubercles. The black and gray mice did not become
infected.
Hydrophobia, 0. W. Eddy {Agr. Student, 6 {1900), No. 8, pp. 158, 159).— A dis-
cussion of the symptoms of rabies, especially in the dog, with notes on the mortality
of this disease.
The rapid diagnosis of rabies, M. P. Ravenel and D. J. McCarthy {.Tour.
Comp. Med. and Vet. Arch., 21 {1900), No. 7, pp. 404-406). — The authors examined
the spinal cord, medulla, and intervertebral ganglia in 6 cases of rabies which were
submitted for diagnosis. Two of the cases were dogs and 4 rabbits. The tissues
were sectioned for the most part without embedding, although celloidin was used in
some ca.ses. In all cases constant changes were noted in the intervertebral ganglia.
The garrglia from rabbits showed the most advanced changes. In l^oth dogs distinct
changes were produced in the cells of these ganglia and their capsules. The medulla
of all cases were examined for the rabic tubercles of Babes. These tubercles were
present in 5 out of 6 cases, ]mt the method is not considered so practical for raj^id
diagnosis as the other just described.
Antirabies vaccination in St. Petersburg, V. Kraiouchkine {Arch. Sci. Biol.
[St. Petersburg], 8 {1900), No. 1, pp. 96-101).
TECHNOLOGY. 693
TECHNOLOGY.
Studies on cider {Semaine Agr., 20 (1900), JVo. 2004, jj. 2oo).—A
brief review is here given of a report by L. Seguin and F. Pailliert of
investigations on the comparative value of diffusion and of grinding
and pressure for cider-making at the National School of Agriculture
at Rennes. The results secured in these trials are summed up as fol-
lows: (1) By difl'usion as concentrated a must can be obtained as the
pure juice of the apple; (2) cider obtained from the same lot of apples
is of equal value, whether made from juice obtained by diffusion or by
pressure; and (3) fermentation takes place with equal rapidity in apple
nmsts of equal density, whether ol)tained by diffusion or by pressure.
From analysis it was found that maceration increased the yield, and
also the sugar, acidity, mucilage, and the ash in the musts and dimin-
ished the tannin in solution, "If the pulps are exposed for a long-
time to the air or frequently shoveled over, the tannin disappears and
the musts are nearly colorless.''
Investigations into the manufacture of cider, F. J. Lloyd (Jjd.
A(j/'. \Lond()ri\ Ri>t. A(ji'. Education and RtseareJi, 1899-1900, j^p. 133-
136). — The specilic gravity, solids, and acids of 64 samples of fresh
juice from the press examined during 7 years (1893-1899) are reported,
and accounts are given of the successful use of thin cloths in the presses;
the injury to cider by the evolution of hydrogen sulphid in casks which
had been sulphured, or "matched," previous to use; an examination
of early -made juice which showed that it does not contain anything
which should prevent the production of good cider, in spite of the tra-
dition that early-made cider is never good; a trial of selected yeasts
which showed that "a far better cider can be produced b}^ the emplo}"-
ment of a selected yeast than hj the uncontrolled miscellaneous fermen-
tation which is now mainly relied upon to produce cider;" and an
investigation of -'oily'' cider which indicated that this trouble, like
ropiness in milk, is due to a living organism, the nature of which was
not determined. Mixing oily cider with pomace and repressing was
apparently effective in correcting the defect.
Wines and wine making, A. G. Ford {OMahoma Sta. Bj)t. 1900,
pjK 76-83). — This article discusses the principles of wine making-,
describes the methods in common use, and reports analyses of 17 sam-
ples of Oklahoma wines, analyses of 7 of these samples being repeated
at the end of a year to determine the changes which had taken place.
It was found that at the end of the year there was a slight decrease
in alcohol and an increase in acids and solids.
The practical recommendations made areas follows: "Everything
about the winery should be kept perfectly clean; only sound, ripe
grapes should be used ; the temperature during fermentation should
be kept between 75 and 85° F. ; the wines should be racked until no
further sediment is deposited."
69-1 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Theoretical and practical treatise on the manufacture of beet sugar,
P. HoRsiNDEON ( Traite theorique ef pratique de la fabrication du sucre de betterave.
Paris: E. Bernard & Co., 1900, 2. ed., vols. 2, pp. XI +1092, ph. 5, figs. 207).
Cane sugar, W. L. Bass {New York: W. L. Bass, 1900; pt. 1, pp. 47, figs. 5; pt. 2,
pp. 52, figs. 19; pt. 7, j}p. 36, figs. 3; pt. 10, pp. 23, fig. i).— Contents: pt. 1, Defeca-
tion and elimination; pt. 2, Transportation; pt. 7, Scum and by-i)rodncts; pt. 10, Bag-
ging and handhng.
Rational fermentations (vinegar, cider, hydromel, alcohol), G. Jacquemix
(Lis firiNeiitatii»ix ratioiriu'lh's iri))s,cidri's, Injdromi'Jx, alcools). MalzeviUe — Nan^n: E.
Thomas. 19111). pp. VII + S'78, pis. 20, figs. 57).
Cotton-plant by-products [Tradesman, 44 {1900), Xo. 7, p. 60) . — Discusses briefly
the proposed utilization of cotton hulls for paper niaking and a process for removing
gum from the oil, thus giving it quick-drying properties and fitting it for use as a
substitute for linseed oil.
On the peat industry, H. Steinmetz (A". Landtbr. Akad. Ilandl. Tidskr., 39 {1900),
Xo. 2, pp. 109-111) .
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING.
Wells and •windmills in Nebraska, E. H. Barbour ( Water SujyjjJy
and Irrigation Papers^ U. 8. Geol. Su'rvey, No. 29, pp. 85, j?ls. 27,
jig^. 25). — In addition to an account of homemade windmills and other
water lifts which have already" been reported on in a bulletin of the
Nebraska Station (E. S. R., 11, p. 896) this bulletin discusses the
importance of the water resources of Nel)raska; the action of water
underground, including sheet water, artesian water, conservation of
soil moisture, pollution of water, surface and seepage water, and
fluctuations of water level; methods of raising water in general; pre-
cipitation in Nebraska; surface water available for irrigation; supply
for towns and cities; salt water; and })lowi»ng wells.
"The subject-matter of this paper is related to water conservation in the small
way. Throughout the Great Plains region the supply of water is so scanty and so
widely disseminated that as a rule it will Ije impracticable to provide great storage
reservoirs or other works of considerable magnitude. On the other hand, for the
iitilization of the resources there must be innumerable attempts to employ the small
amount of water almost everywhere available; and this can be done most econom-
ically through the wse of the ever present force of the wind. Thus windmills through-
out at least one-fourth of the United States must ever be inseparably connected with
the utilization of weMs and with the development of the country."
Water resources of the Louver Peninsula of Michigan, A. C.
Lane ( ^Vattr Supply and Irrkj. Paperti, U. S. Geol. purvey., No. 30,
pp. 97., ph. 7, iiga. lli). — ''This material is a portion of the outcome
of Dr. Lane's studies in connection with the geological surve}^ of the
State of Michigan, supplemented b}^ statements received in reph' to
circulars sent throughout the Lower Peninsula of Michigan to well
drillers and others likelv to be well-informed and interested in the
subject. The facts thus gathered have been collated with the result of
2 months' field work during the autumn of 1897." Onlj^ the general
conclusions from this work are presented in this bulletin, detailed data
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 695
regarding analyses and descriptions of the supply at different places
being omitted. The report discusses the uses of the waters of this
region for navigation, transportation, power, and domestic and tech-
nical purposes, as well as the climate of the region and its superficial
geolog}" and topograph}', and deeper wells and Paleozoic stratigraphy.
Barns, D. O. Nourse {Vir<jinia Sta. Bid. 106., pp. 191-208., j^^-"^- ■^•>
figs. 2). — The specifications of a wooden hillside barn erected at the
station at a cost of between $6,000 and i^7,000 are given in full and the
plans are briefly discussed. The main features of the barn are a hay
and grain barn facing north, back of which are box stalls with storage
space above, silos at the ends, and 2 wings with stalls for stock,
running north and south, and partly inclosing an open court.
"The hay and grain barn, 40 by 100 ft. in size, faces the north, and loads may be
taken in at this side and on the second floor. By this means all grain, as corn, oats,
mill feed, etc., naay be conveyed to bins at the left, and run by chutes to the mixing
and feed room below.
"Over these bins is a large space, in which hay or fodder may be kept. At the
right, on entering the driveway, is a sjiace 40 by 42 ft., and extending from 12 ft.
beloM' driveway to comb of roof 30 ft. above it. This can be conveniently divided
into 9 spaces for various kinds of hay, to be fed to classes of animals as desired. All
hay is miloaded from wagons by hay carrier. . . . While unloading, the wagon
stands on a set of five-ton hay scales, offering an easy opportunity for weighing all
hay and grain i^roducts. Close by the cribs is a corn mill, and the meal, as it is
ground, drops to the feed room below". . . .
"Beneath the driveway will be placed a gasoline engine to run the machines men-
tioned, besides the silage cutters, etc. The walls of the engine room are to be of
metal, excejjt the back, which will be the foundation wall. . . .
"At the eastern end of the lower floor is situated an office. . . . Next that is a
herdsman's room. ... In the rear of this room is an ai^artment set off for keeping
the supplies needed about the barn — shovels, forks, sacks, oil, rope, etc.
"Leaving the hay barn downstairs, we step into a long feeding passage in front of
the box stalls. Of these there are 10, each 9 by 10 ft. in size, arranged with a small
door leading to the passage in front, and most of them with doors outward to the
open court. These are used for bulls, farrowing cows, and young calves. Above the
passage mentioned is a long room, 10 by 80 ft., entered by a door from the driveway
above, that will be u.sed for various purposes, mainly for the keeping of rough fod-
ders used in experiment work."
Of the 2 wings opening out of the feeding passage the west is
arranged for 12 horses, 2-1 head of 3^oung heifers and bulls, and 1-0
steers; the east is arranged to accommodate 52 milch cows. Special
precautions were taken to provide an abundance of light and air in
these wings.
"They are 10 ft. from the floor to the plate behind the cattle, 18 ft. 6 in. to the
plate over the animals' heads, and 23 ft. 6 in. to the comb of roof. . . .
"The center over feeding floor runs up with vertical sides above the roof over the
cattle. By this means we get windows that swing on pins in the center of sash, that
may be opened for ventilation. By a series of cords that run through sash pulleys,
these windows may be partly or fully opened, and all on one side at once. These,
with the ventilators on the top of the wings, windows in rear of the animals, and the
696 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
many doors, offer ample means for obtaining fresh air, and at the same time, all
odors of the cattle are kept from the feed. The floors under the cattle are of 2-in.
oak, laid with lead joints, making them water tight. The manure gutters are 18 in.
wide, 6 in. below the floors on which the cattle stand, and 4 in. below the floor in
their rear. Length of floor for stock depends on size, from 4 ft. for yearlings, 4h ft.
for mature Jerseys, to 5 ft. for heavy steers. Feeding floor in front of all is 9 ft. wide.
Various means for confining the animals are used for illustrative purposes. . . .
"Connected with the east wing, where the dairy cattle stand, is a small room to
receive the milk, prior to taking it to the creamery. It is fitted with a sink and
water supply, scales for weighing milk, bottle rack for samples of milk used in test-
ing, etc. In rear of all animals the sides of the building are all ceiled and
painted. . . . The stables are fitted with four manure carriers. "
Connected with each end of the feeding passage is a circular wooden
silo of somewhat over 200 tons capacity, resting on a rock foundation
and having an earth floor. These silos were constructed with a special
view to making the sides air-tight. In each silo there are three 2 by
4 ft. doors opening into a chute connected with the feeding passage.
Ample protection against lire is provided by tire hydrants and hose
in difl'erent parts of the liarn.
Agricultural hydraulics, Vol. Ill, P. L. Salvador {Ilydraulique agricole. Paris:
Vve. a Duimd, 1900, Vol. Ill, pis. 4-S, pp. VIII +563, figs. ^75).— This is one of the
volumes of the Bihliotlieque du conducteur de travaux publia, published under the aus-
pices of the ministers of public works, agriculture, public instruction, commerce and
industry, interior, colonies, and justice, of France, and discusses, in their engineering,
agricultural, and legal aspects, sanitation and reclamation of swampy lands; warping;
reclaiming of soils beneath the level of the sea (polders); drainage of the soil; and
agricultural utilization of sewage. In the treatment of each subject the general prin-
ciples and conditions are discussed and notable examples of work in the particular
lines are described. The various laws of France relating to the subjects treated are
given. The book is a valuable compendium of information both for the engineer and
agriculturist, but its usefulness as a book of reference is seriously impaired by lack
of an index.
Rating- the current meter, C. T. Johnston ( Wyoming Ind. Jour., 2 {1900), No. ly
pp. 10, fig. 1). — A brief account is given of the apparatus and methods used at Chey-
enne, Wyo., in testing the meters employed in the irrigation investigations of this
Department.
Lifting water by compressed air, C. Howell {Tradesman, 44 {1000), No. 6,
jip. SU, 90, figs. 3). — This is an account taken from the Metal Worker of the successful
use of compressed air in pumping water for city purposes.
The limited water supply of the arid region, F. H. Newell {Nat. Geogr. Mag.,
11 {1900), No. 11, pp. 438-443). — In this article the importance of storing water is
shown, but it is claimed that the number of places where the conditions are suitable
for the construction of storage reservoirs is limited, and that such enterprises are
expensive and as a rule afford little oi^portunity for ])rivate profit.
Water rights according' to the explanations of the civil department of
cassation of the senate, D. Flexor {St. Petersburg: Min. Agr. and Imp. Domains,
Division of Land Amelioration, 2. ed., pp. XII-\-15l).
On the influence of plant cover on the flow of streams, E. Wollny ( VrtljscJir.
Bayer. Landir. Hath., 5 {1900), No. 3, pp. 380-445). — A discussion, based on observa-
tions by the author, of the influence of plant cover, especially forests, in mitigating
floods and droughts.
STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS. 697
Reasons for irrigation investigations and forest preservation, E. S. Net-
TLETON ( Wyomiyig Iml Jour., 2 {1900), No. 6, pp. 145, 146).
The evolution of the plow, F. W. Taylor {Agr. Student, 7 {1900), iVo. 1, j^P-
14, 15).— An abstract of a thesis presented to the faculty of the Ohio State University
in 1900.
The evolution and comparison of reaping machines, M. F. Miller {Agr.
Stitdpiit, 7 {1900), No. 1, jjp. 9-11). — An abstract of a thesis presented to the faculty
of the Ohio State University in 1900.
Common roads, J. D. Harper {IndustrlaUst, 27 {1900), No. 5, pp. 52-56, figs. 6).—
A brief nontechnical article on the construction and maintenance of dirt roads.
Road improvement in New York ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Public Road Inquiries
Circ. 35, pp. i.5).— This circular gives the text of the New York road law approved
March 24, 1898, with explanations of its provisions and practical operation by W. W.
Armstrong.
The application of acetylene illumination to country homes, G. G. Pond
{Pennsylvania Dept. Agr. Bui. 57, pp. 85, pis. 2, figs. 5).— This bulletin deals with the
history, manufacture, properties, and impurities of acetylene, and describes the vari-
ous appliances employed in its preparation and utilization. A bibliography is given
which consists of a "limited list of references, excluding all works in languages other
than English and entering only to a very slight extent into the less popular
periodicals. ' '
STATISTICS— MISCELLANEOUS.
Annual Report of Oklahoma Station, 1900 {Oliahoma Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp.
11-141). — This includes a report of the director on the work, publications, and staff of
the station; a paper on the work of the experiment station, by J. Fields; a summary
of a large number of press bulletins issued by the station; a number of articles noted
elsewhere; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900; and a list of
the publications issued since the organization of the station.
Annual Report of Pennsylvania Station, 1899 {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1899,
pp. 343). — This includes the organization list of the station, a financial statement for
the fiscal year ended June 30, 1899, a report of the director summarizing briefly the
work of the station during the year, several articles noted elsewhere, lists of exchanges
and available station publications, and reprints or more detailed accounts, including
full experimental data of work reported in Bulletins 4-1-52 of the station under the
following headings: Commercial butter cultures (E. S. R., 11, p. 83); heated milk for
butter making (E. S. R., 11, p. 84) ; variety tests of wheat (E. S. R., 11, p. 731) ; tests of
the sugar beet in Pennsylvania (E. S. R., 12, p. 44); winter?', spring bran (E. S. R.,
12, p. 71) ; field experiments with fertilizers on tobacco (E. S. R., 12, p. 339) ; distillery
waste, miscellaneous cattle-food analyses (E. S. R., 12, p. 378) ; small fruits in 1899 (E.
S. R., 12, p. 645) ; and rye-meal and Quaker oats feed for milk pr()duction (E. S. R., 12,
p. 678).
Fifth Annual Report of Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, 1899
{Pennsylvania Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1899, j^t. l,pp. 1080). — Included in this report area
number of articles noted elsewhere in this issue and reprints of Bulletins 54-59 of the
department on the following subjects: Analyses of commercial fertilizers (E. 8. R.,
12, p. .39), the composition and use of fertilizers (E. S. R., 12, jj. 38), nursery fumigation
(E. S. R., 12, p. 369), the application of acetylene illumination to country homes
(see above), a chemical study of the apple and its products (E. S. R., 12, p. 554),
and fungus foes of vegetalile fruits (E. S. R., 12, p. 359).
A report on the work and expenditures of the agricultural experiment
stations for the year ended June 30, 1899, A. C. True {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office
698 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
of Experiment Stations Bui. 83, pp. VI-\-lll). — This includes a critical review of the
conduct and general management of the stations, with brief abstracts of all station
publications received during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1899; and general statis-
tics relative to organization, publications, principal lines of work, revenue, expendi-
tures, etc.
Crop Reporter ( U. S. Depi. Agr., Dimion of Statistics Crop Reporter, Vol. II, Nos.
4-6, pp. 8 each; Sup., ])p. 4). — These numbers contain statistical data on the condition
of crops in the different States and Territories on August 1, September 1, and Octo-
ber 1, 1900, and a number of articles on miscellaneous subjects, including the follow-
ing: Foreign wheat and rye crops, the introduction of Hungarian and macaroni
wheats, supplementary forage crops, protection of birds, the exportation of corn,
recent railroad statistics, foreign crops, the contribution of the Department of Agri-
culture to the material wealth of the country, the United States cotton exhibit at the
Paris Exposition, estimated wheat crop of the world, the grain crops of France,
exports of cotton from the United States, the growth of the cotton-mill industry in
the South, and exports of wheat from Argentina and India. A supplement to No. 4
contains information on the condition of crops abroad at harvest time and on the
outlook as to yield and quality in various countries.
Cotton seed and its products ( Tradesman, 44 {1900), Xo. 8, p. 61). — The value
of cotton seed and its jiruducts during the year ended June 30, 1900, is estimated to
have been about $42,000,000.
Mineral products of the United States, calendar years 1890 to 1899,
D. T. Day {Chart, Dept. Interior, U. S. Geol. Survey). — Among other statistics are data
showing that the output of phosphate rock in 1899 was 1,515,702 long tons, valued
at S5,084,0'r6, as against $1,308,885 tons worth $3,453,460 the previous year. The
most valuable output previous to 1899 was 941,368 tons worth $4,136,070 in 1893.
Chang-es in railroad freight classifications, E. G. Ward ( U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Division of Statistics Circ. 12, pp. 43). — This reports the results of an investigation
undertaken to determine the effect of the changes in the classification of freight
made January 1, 1900, upon the cost of transporting commodities between Xew York
and Chicago.
Papers read at the spring meeting of the Pennsylvania State Board of
Agriculture {Pennsylvania Dept. Agr. Bpt. 1899., pt. 1, pp. 185-359). — The following
subjects were discussed: The soil — its care and culture, the possibilities of Pennsyl-
vania as a fruit-growing State, bacteriology for the farmer, fruit-culture for profit,
potato culture, forage crops, successful dairying, feeding and management of dairy
cattle, the dairy interests of Pennsylvania, the leaves of plants and their relation to
plant diseases, breeding and care of swine, Ijusiness methods on the farm, the rural
school problem, and our country schools.
Farmers' library list, Mira L. Dock {Pennsylvania Dept. Agr. BuL 65,2)p. 30). —
This gives a list of some 400 books suitable for an agricultural library, with name of
publisher and retail price of each.
Agricultural education in English rural schools ( West Indian Bid., 1 {1900),
Xo. 4, pp. 428-444). — Outline suggestions for teaching agriculture in English rural
schools as issued bv the board of education in England.
NOTES.
Colorado Station. — B. U. Dye, of Rockyford, has been appointed a member of the
governing board of the station to succeed A. L. Kellogg; J. L. Chatfield has been
reappointed, and Gov. J. B. Ormau succeeds Gov. C. H. Thomas as an ex officio
member of the board.
Maryland College and Station.— W. G. Johnson, entomologist of the station
and professor of entomology in the college, has resigned to accept a position on the
editorial staff of the American Agriculturist, with headquarters at New York City.
H. P. Gould, assistant entomologist, has been placed temporarily in charge of the
work of the department, until the vacancy is provided for by the board of trustees.
Farmers' institutes in the State have been more largely attended than ever before,
and the interest manifested in the meetings has been very great.
New Hampshire College. — A course in forestry has been established in this col-
lege, to extend over one year. It is in charge of F. W. Rane, who now becomes
professor of horticulture and forestry. No entrance examination is required, and a
certificate will be given after the satisfactory completion of the course.
Virginia Station. — C. \V. McCulloch, assistant veterinarian of the statiorj, has
resigned, and H. Bannister, D. V. M., of Roanoke, Va., a graduate of the Veterinary
College of the University of Pennsylvania, has been appointed in his place.
Utah St.\tion. — John Stewart and B. K. Jones, assistant chemists, resigned their
positions January 1, 1901.
Necrology.— Prof. Max von Pettenkofer, renowned for his investigations in medi-
cine, hygiene, and physiology, died by suicide at Mvmich February 10, 1901, at the
age of 82 years. Professor Pettenkofer was born December 3, 1818, at Lichtenheim,
Bavaria. He graduated in medicine at Munich in 1843, and three years later became
an associate professor in the medical faculty at Munich, being advanced to full pro-
fessorship in 1853. In the meantime he had succeeded his uncle as director of the
court pharmacy at Munich, which under him became in effect a scientific labora-
tory. Early in his career Professor Pettenkofer became interested in public hygiene,
and the results of his studies aroused much popular interest, leading to the establish-
ment of chairs of hygiene at the higher educational institutions in Bavaria. One of
his greatest achievements was the study of cholera, and the hygienic and sanitary
measures necessary to control the disease and prevent its spread. This work led him
to studies of typhus, and in general those diseases in whose dissemination soil, water,
and air are important factors. He founded the Archiv fiir Hijgiene, and was for a
long time coeditor of the Zeitschrift filr Biologic, both of which have for years been
leading periodicals in their lines. To those interested in problems relating to the
nutrition of man and animals, Pettenkofer' s most interesting investigations had to do
with the respiration apparatus. In 1862, a description of his apparatus, designed
for experiments with man, was published, and the result of experiments with it
appeared at frequent intervals later. The apparatus differed from earlier forms in
many important particulars. It was adapted for use in experiments with farm
animals by a number of German investigators, while a form suited to experiments
with dogs and small animals was devised by Voit, who was long associated with
Pettenkofer in this line of research. The results obtained by Pettenkofer and his
699
15440— No. 7 8
700 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
associates were of the greatest importance as contri})utions on the fundamental laws
of nutrition and bearing on the details of practical feeding. His labors as a teacher
continued until 1894, shortly after the semicentennial of liis doctorate was celebrated.
At this time his colleagues and scientists in institutions in other countries united to
do him honor. It is difficult to overestimate the influence which a man of Petten-
kofer's stamp exercises upon students in a half century of active work.
Martin Ewald Wollny, the distinguished agricultural investigator, died at Munich
January 8, 1901. He was born at Berlin, March 20, 1846. His studies at the Agri-
cultural Academy of Proskau and the universities of Halle and Lt'nsic were inter-
spersed with several years of practical experience on farms, and he received the
degree of doctor of philosophy from the latter university in 1870. In 1871 he was
made professor of agriculture in the Agricultural Academy of Proskau, where he
remained 3 J years, being called thence to the professorship of agriculture in the
agricultural department of the Munich Technical High School, where he remained
until his death. Professor "Wollny was one of the first and most prominent of inves-
tigators to clearly recognize the importance of the physical properties of soils — mois-
ture, temperature, aeration — in the production of plants, and for 20 j-ears the journal,
Forschungen auf dem Gebiete der AgrikiilturpJiym/c, founded by him, was largely filled
with accounts of the researches which he made in this field. He was a prolific
writer and contributed extensively to other journals, several of his resumes appearing
in the Record. He was also the author of a large number of books and pamphlets,
of which the following are the more important: Dei- Einfluss der Pflanzendecke und
Beschatiung auf die pliysikallschen Eigenschaften und die Fmchtbarkeit des Bodens (1877) ,
Ueber die Anwendung der Elektrizitdt bei der PflanzenkuUur (1883), Ueber die Thdtigkeit
niederer Organismen im Boden (1883), Sttat und Pjiege der landw. Kulturpjfanzen (1885),
Die Krliur der Getreidearten (1887), Welrhe MuorgaUungen eignen sich far die Aniegung
von liimpauschen DammkidMrenf (1890), and Zersetzung der organischen Stoffe und die
IIu in usbiJdungen (1897 ) .
Prof. F. H. Werenskiold, director of the agricultural-chemical control station at
Christiania, and a quite prominent contributor to the literature of agricultural inves-
tigations in Norway, died suddenly November 13, 1900, at the age of 49 years.
Miscellaneous. — The agricultural council of the Russian Ministry of Agriculture
and Imperial Estates has taken steps in the direction of improving tlie character of
the live stock and the live-stock industry in general of that country. At present
this industry is said to be far liehind that of other countries, the animals kept l>eing
inferior and stock raising receiving comparatively small attention from the fanners.
The council has recommended the holding of live-stock shows, with prizes for
excellence, the establishment of breeding farms and furnishing of expert assistance
in purchasing good breeding animals, the maintenance of local breeding establish-
ments where the service of pure-bred animals can l)e secured, and loans to munici-
palities and societies for the purpose of purchasing pure-bred animals and providing
for their care. In order to carry out the above measures the Ministry of Agriculture,
with the concurrence of the Minister of Finance, has recommended an appropriation
of 5,000,000 rubles (about $2,000,000) to begin this work and a quadrennial appro-
I)riation of 1,125,000 rubles.
Science reports that an anonymous gift of £50,000 has been made to the Woman's
Agricultural College at Reading, f^ngland.
Prof. T. Pfeiffer, director of the agricultural-chemical laboratory of the University
of Jena, has been called to Breslau to succeed Prof. A. Stutzer, who has gone to
Konigsberg. Professor Pfeiffer is succeeded at Jena by Dr. Immenhoff, for several
years first assistant at the Moor Experiment Station at Bremen.
o
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: K. W. Al.LEN, Pir. D., Assist, mt ])nrrl,n-.
EDITORIAL DKPAKTMEXTS.
Chemistry, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — The Editor and H. W. Lawsox.
Meteorology, FertiUzers and Soils (including methods of analysis), and Agricultural
Engineering — W. H. Beal.
Botany and Diseases of Plants — Walter H. Evans, Ph. D.
Foods and Animal Production — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D.
Field Crops — J. I. Schulte.
Entomology and Veterinary Science — E. ^'. Wilcox, Ph. D.
Horticulture — C. B. Smith.
With the cooperation of the scientific divisions of the Department and the Abstract
Committee of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.
CONTENTS OF Vol. XII, No. 8.
Editorial notes: Page.
Investigation of soils in Eussia 701
Variety testing at Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm 703
Russian soil investigations 704
Recent Avork in agricultural science 713
Notes 799
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
chemistry.
Thomas slag and the determination of itsphosphoric acid content, A. N. Papez. 713
The determination of potash by means of phosphomolyl)dic acid, Wavelet 713
A short method for determining potash in potash salts, H. Neubauer 714
On cellulose determination, C. Councler 714
The detection of foreign coloring matters in canned tomatoes, G. Halphen 715
Miscellaneous analyses, H. J. Wheeler 717
K«)T,\XV.
The plant covering of Ocracoke Island, T. H. Kearney 720
Xenia, or the immediate effect of pollen, in maize, H. J. Webber 717
On the poisonous properties of compounds of sodium, potassium, and ammo-
nium, H. Coupin 717
Effect of chemical media on the growth of fungi, L. Planchon 718
The nodule organism of the Leguminosa;, R. C Smith 719
I
II CONTENTS.
FERMENTATION HACTEKIOLOGY.
Page.
Studies in systematic bacteriology, F. 1). Chester 721
Descriptions of certain species of bacteria isolated from cultivated soil, F. D.
Chester 721
Tobacco bacteria, C. J. Koning 720
Formation and structure of bacterial spores, Miihlschegel 721
>rETEOKOLOGY.
Atmospheric radiation, F. "W. Very 723
On solar changes of temperature and variations in rainfall in the region sur-
romiding the Indian Ocean, N. and W. J. 8. Lockyer 724
Eeport of the meteorologist, W. H. Bishop 724
Report of the meteorologist, N. Helme 724
WATER — SOILS.
Third report of work in the study of the fertility of soils, S. Bogdanov 725
The amount of humus in soils and the percentage of nitrogen in the humus as
affected by applications of air-slaked lime and certain other substances,
H. J. "Wheeler, C. L. Sargent, and B. L. Hartwell 727
The causes and the importance of the decomposition of nitrates in soils,
W. Kriiger and W. Schneidewind 728
Furtlier observations upon the need of lime in Rhode Island soils, H. J.
"Wheeler and G. E. Adams 732
The chemical functions of certain soil bacteria, F. D. Chester 729
FERTILIZERS.
On the question of the j^reservation of manure and urine, J. Konig 733
The method of making manure-preservation experiments, T. Pfeiffer, F. Mos-
zeik, and O. Lemmermann 733
Denitrification and the action of barnyard manure, T. Pfeiffer and O. Lemmer-
mann 734
The fifth year's observations upon the effectiveness of nitrate of potash, as
I compared with like amounts of nitrogen and potash in form of muriate of
' potash an<l nitrate of soda, H. J. "Wheeler and J. A. Tillinghast 735
Observations upon the growth of plants on an acid upland soil, limed and
unlimed, H.J. Wheeler and J. A. Tillinghast 735
On the application of lime upon a sour soil before and after seeding to grass,
H. J. "Wheeler and J. A. Tillinghast 737
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, H. J. Wheeler, B. L. Hartwell, et al 737
Fertilizer inspection, C. D. Woods and J. M. Bartlett ■. . 737
FIELD CROPS.
On the relation of climate to the size of grain of cereals, J. L. Jensen 737
Alinit in the culture of cereals, L. Malpeaux 739
Fertilization of grain and grass lands, A. T. Neale 739
Comparative trial of different clover and grass mixtures for seeding, H. J.
Wheeler and J. A. Tillinghast 740
The Golden "S^ine lield pea; its composition and yield per acre, J. Stewart 740
Chemical composition of maize and its products, H. W. Wiley 745
Rice — preparation, cultivation, flooding, and harvesting, W. C. Stubbs 741
Progress of the beet-sugar industry in the United States in 1899, with a sup-
plementary report on the cane-sugar industry of the Hawaiian Islands 742
Investigation of Sumatra tobacco, A. Van Bij lert 743
CONTENTS. Ill
J[OKTICULTURE.
Page.
Vegetable growing in sonthern Arizona, A. J. McClatchie 753
The liorticultural division, F. W. Card and G. E. Adams 746
An examination of the behavior of different varieties of strawberries, Duke of
Bedford and S. U. Pickering 747
Experiments on different methods of treatment applied to apple trees, Duke
of Bedford and S. U. Pickering 749
The formation of fruit buds, G. H. Powell 753
Pecan culture, H. H. Hume 751
Artificial pollination of carnations, Amelung 752
Live covers for country homes, B. D. Halsted 754
FORESTEY.
A short account of ihe Big Trees of California 754
The Big Trees of California, W. R. Dudley 755
Tree planting in Oklahoma, W. L. Hall 755
"When increase in thickness begins in trees, G. T. Hastings 755
Damage to timber by acid fumes, H. S. Graves 756
SEEDS WEEPS.
Crimson clover seed, A . .J, Pieters 758
The germination of seeds from different-sized fruits and from cells containing
different numbers of seeds, Duke of Bedford and S. U. Pickering 758
Investigations on germination, L. Maquenne 758
The effect of calcium hydrate upon germination, E. Windisch 759
Rice weeds in Louisiana, W. R. Dodson 760
Charlock spraying, T. H. Middleton 759
I)ISE.\SES OF PLANTS.
Upon the after effect of sulphur when applied to soils for the purpose of pre-
venting potato scab, H. J. Wheeler, B. L. Hartwell, and N. L. C. Moore 760
Experiments in the prevention of tomato blights, G. H. Powell 761
Report on the treatment of apple scab, 1898, F. D. Chester 761
Peach-leaf curl, its nature and treatment, N. B. Pierce 762
Treatment for the prevention of brunissure, E. Zacharewicz 763
Carnation-stem rot, F. W. Card and G. H Adams 763
Botrytis and Sclerotinia: Their relation to certain plant diseases and to one
another, R. Y,. Smith 764
Two diseases of red cedar, caused by Polyporus juniperinus n. sp. and P.
carneus, H. von Schrenk 765
ENTOMOLOGY.
A list of works on North .\merican entomology, N. Banks 774
Notes on the mosquitoes of the United States, L. O. Howard 768
On the resting position of Anopheles, L. W. Sambon and G. C. Low 769
Notes on insect pests from the entomological section, Indian Museum, E. Barlow 770
Experiments in rearing the San Jose scale, L. Reh 770
Field experiments with the strawberry root aphis, G. H. Powell 771
The currant gall mite {Phytoptvs ribin) , Duke of Bedford and S. U. Pickering. . 772
Regulations of foreign governments regarding importation of American plants,
trees, and fruits, I>. O. Howard 775
Physiological test of hydrocyanic-acid gas on strawberry plants, G. H. Powell. 775
IV CONTENTS.
FOODS ANIMAL I'KOl JlCTION.
Page.
A report of investigations on the digestiltility and nutritive value of bread,
C. D. Woods and L. H. Merrill..... ". 776
Experiments on the preservation of meat and li.«h with salts, E. Pettersson . . . 776
Contribution to the estimation of assimilable protein in feeding stuff s, K. Bulow. 777
Forage value of the Golden Vine field pea 778
Feeding with Florida feed stuffs, H. E. Stockbridge 778
Preserving eggs, E. F. I^add 780
Sheep and wool: A review of the progress of Amerirau sheep husbandry, J. R.
Dodge 781
Principles of breeding, A . A. Brigham 781
)>AIRY FARMINd — ])AIHYIXG.
Experiments with dairy cows, F. B. Linfield 781
The composition of human milk, Backhaus and W. Cronheim 784
On the composition of Danish butter, H. Faber 784
The effect of food and of the individuality of the cow on the taste of milk and
its tolerance, Backhaus 784
The production of aseptic milk, Backhaus and O. Appel 785
The Cambridge Sentinel milk sterilizer 785
VKTEKINARY SCIKN'CE AND I'KACTICE.
Charbon, W. H. Dalrymple 787
Bacteriological work, F. D. Chester 787
Pleuro-pneumonia in dairy herds, M. A. O' Callaghan 788
Water hemlock poisoning, E. F. Ladd 791
The stomach worm {Strongylm contortus) in lambs, A. G. Hopkins 788
Grul:)er's reaction in hog cholera, R. R. Dinwiddle 788
Rabies 789
An organism pathogenic to rats, J. Danysz 789
TECHNOLOGY. ,
Preservation of unfermented grape must, F. T. Bioletti and A. M. dal Piaz 794
Utilization of pure yeasts in \«'ine fermentation, R. Chodat 794
Keeping cider, Schellenl )erg 794
ACiRICULTURAL ENCilNEERINCi.
Water resources of Porto Ric(j, H. M. Wilson 795
STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS.
Eleventh Annual Report of Delaware Station, 1 899 797
Thirteenth Annual Report of New York Cornell Station, 3900 797
Twelfth Annual Report of Rhode Island Station, 1899 798
Ex {jeriment Station Work— XV 798
Timely hints for farmers 798
Agricultural exports of the United States by countries, 1895-1899, F. H. Hitch-
cock : 798
Agricultural imports of the United States by countries, 1895-1899, F. H. Hitch-
cock 798
List of free employment agencies for the use of farmers 798
CONTENTS. V
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED.
Experiment stations in tlie United States: Page.
Arizona Station:
Bnlletin34, June 30, 1900 798
Bulletin 35, August 15, 1900 753
California Station:
Bulletin 130, August, 1900 794
Delaware Station:
Eleventh Annual Report, 1899. . 721, 724, 729, 739, 753, 761, 771, 775, 787, 797
Florida Station:
Bulletin 54, August, 1900 751
Bulletin 55, September, 1900 778
Louisiana Stations:
Bulletin 60 (second series), 1900 787
Bulletin 61 (second series), 1900 741, 760
Maine Station:
Bulletin 66, August, 1900 737
New Jersey Stations:
Bulletin 144, June 30, 1900 754
New York Cornell Station :
Thirteenth Annual Report, 1900 797
North Dakota Station:
Bulletin 44, June, 1900 780,791
Rhode Island Station:
Bulletin 69, June, 1900 735
Bulletin 70, July, 1900 737
Twelfth Annual Report, 1899 717,
724, 727, 732, 735, 737, 740, 746, 760, 763, 781, 798
LTtali Station:
Bulletin 68, June, 1900 781
Bulletin 69, June, 1900 740,778
LTnited States Department of Agriculture:
Farmers' Bulletin 119 - 798
Farmers' Bulletin 120 774
Report 66 781
Bureau of Animal Industry:
Bulletin 25 l 789
Division of Botany:
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, Vol. V,
No. 5, August 1, 1900 720
Circular 18 ( revised ) 758
Division of Chemistry :
Circular 6 745
Division of Entomology:
Bulletin 24 (new series) 774
Bulletin 25 (new series) 768
Circular 41 (second series) 775
Office of Experiment Stations:
Bulletin 85 776
Section of Foreign Markets:
Bulletin 20 798
Bulletin 21 798
VI CONTENTS.
United States Department of Agriculture — Continued. Page.
Division of Forestry:
Bulletin 28 754
Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology:
Bulletin 20 762
Bulletin 21 765
Bulletin 22 717
Division of Statistics:
Circular 13 798
Weather Bureau:
Bulletin G 723
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XII. No. 8.
The 83'stematic investigation of the soils of Russia was begun over
twentv years ago by Prof. Y. Dokouchaj'ev, of the University of St.
Petersburg, under the auspices of the Imperial Economic Societ3^
This work began with the study of the characteristic soil type known
as chernozem, but has been extended, mainly by a system of coopera-
tion between Professor Dokouchayev and his pupils in different parts
of Russia, to include all of the principal soil types of European Russia.
Prominent among these collaborators is Prof. N. Sibirtzev, of the Agri-
cultural and Forestry Institute of Novo-Alexandria. The work is
supported partly by Government institutions and partly by private
contril)utions. The published accounts of these investigations include
a hundred or more papers in .scientitic journals and official reports and
documents.
In eastern European Russia an important series of soil investigations
has been carried on l)y Pi-ofes.sors Sikorzhinski and Rizpolozhenski. of
Kazan University, and their pupils, working independently of Dokou-
chayev and his associates. This work is supported by the local govern-
ments and by agricultural societies. The published accounts of it
include over twenty papers, reports, etc.
The development of soil studies in Russia also owes much to the
skillful and accurate anal3'tical work done by the late P. Kostichev,
of St. Petersburg, as well as to that of Prof. G. Thoms on the soils of
the region Riga, who also pursued their investigations independently.
It is with the work of Dokouchayev, however, that scientists are
most concerned. He has founded a new school of soil investigation,
the fundamental idea of which is the conception of the soil as an inde-
pendent natural body. With tlie collaboration of Sibirtzev, this idea
has been utilized in the elaboration of a so-called genetic or natural
classification of soils, which, in the stud}' of soil formations, requires a
differentiation between the parent rock species and the cultivated hori-
zon. His classification differs fundamentally from the petrographic
and physico-chemical classifications commonly followed by investiga-
tors who have dealt with soils which have been profoundly modified
under culture, rather than with those in a largely virgin condition, as
in Russia and in the western United States.
701
702 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
The article in this iind the succeed i no- nunilier of the Record, which
is based upon a .suiniiiarv hy Dr. P. Fireman of an article (in Russian)
by Sibirtzev, discusse.s this classitication. and the soil types of Russia.
As will be seen, it groups the soils of the world in seven main zones
or belts, as follows: (1) Lateritic soils, (2) aeolian or loess soils, (3) soils
of the dry steppes, (4) chernozem, (5) gra}' forest soils, (6) sod or podzol
soils, and (7) tundra soils. The grouping is more complete for the
northern than for the southern hemisphere, but even in the former it
is not claimed that the zones aiv continuous oi' imiform. This is but
natural, as in some cases certain soil-forming factors within the zones
ma}' predominate oyer the combined action of the other conditions
and agencies inyolyed, and thus impart special features which are not
distinctiye of the prevailing zonal tj^pe. Alkali soils, humus calcareous
soils, and marsh soils are examples of intrazonal types.
In addition to these zonal and intrazonal soils there is a third class,
incomplete or azonal soils, which are composed almost exelusivel}' of
unaltered parent rock with little or no tine earth and humus, and which
stand on the borderland between true soils and rocks. In this group
are classed soils formed rji situ and alluvial soils. Of course, in nature
there must, under any conditions, be man}' transitional or modified
types or forms which are difficult of classijfication. The subdivision of
the various genetic types into groups and subgroups requires, there-
fore, not onh' a study of the dynamic forces which impart to the soil
its fundamental characteristics, but also a comparative study of the
changes in the composition and structure of the soil and of the parent
rock, that is, petrographic, physical, and chemical examinations. In
this respect the system of Dokouchayev and Sibirtzev harmonizes with
the commonly accepted classification of the German and other Russian
investigators, including Mayer, Schiibler, Knop, Senf t, Ramann, Feska,
Kostichev, and others.
Turning from a consideration of the system followed to the results
accomplished, we find that the work of soil investigation in Russia has
been prosecuted with such vigor and thoroughness that not only has
Professor Sibirtzev been able to give in a recent report a soil map
showing in colors the areas occupied by the principal types of soils of
European Russia (about 22), but'also a very complete characterization
of these soils, including their origin and history, topographic features,
vegetation, climatic conditions, relation to moisture, physical and chem-
ical properties, and behavior under culture. An abstract of this report
will appear in a future luimber of the Record. As a comprehensive,
S3'stematic, and thorough piece of work which has been fruitful of
remarkable results, these Russian soil investigations are worthy of the
careful stud}' of all interested in the subject. They should be of
especial interest to American investigators, since the soil conditions
of Russia are to a considerable extent duplicated on this continent, a
EDITORIAL. 708
fact wiiioh has been recognized hy Hilgard and others, particularly in
the .study of the yirg-in soils of America.
As bearing- on the much discussed question of the merits of yariety
testing and the ditiiculty in drawing safe deductions from the results,
the work reported from the Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm with
.strawberries can hardly fail to be of interest. The report is giyen in
abstract in the present number (p. 7-1:7) and eyidences much skill and
pains in conducting the test of 85 yarieties of strawberries for 5 suc-
cessiye years. This station is a priyate institution, and the work was
not undertaken on account of an}' popular clamor for immediate infor-
mation. The conclusion reached b}' the authors is that the results
•'haye entirely failed in proying accurately the respectiye merits of
dilferent yarieties of strawberries." Plants of the same yarieties
grown under the same conditions but of different ages furnished data
from which entirely different conclusions might be drawn, according
to the season selected for the comparison. Likewise, different yarie-
ties of the same age grown under precisely the same conditions, so far
as could be determined, gaye similar irregular yariations in different
years. In the same season great yariations were found to occur owing
to minute yariations in the position of the plants. ""One yariety may
in one season 3aeld only one-fifth that which it giyes in the next, or
one-fifth of what it giyes in some other position; whereas in the case
of another yariety the results are entirely reyersed and the yield in
the next season or in the other position is .5 times greater instead
of 5 times less." The writers go so far as to condemn yariety testing
in general, and maintain that such work will not lead to a better knowl-
edge of the respectiye merits of yarieties than might be gained from
general repute or from experienced nurserymen. This, of course,
would not apply to new yarieties or those untried in the section.
While many will not agree with the broad conclusions reached, the
results furnish a striking illustration of the discrepancies to be met
with in yariety testing, and the warning which the article sounds
against extensiye work of this character is in accord with the yiews
held b}' many experiment station workers in this country.
RUSSIAN SOIL INVESTIGATIONS.^
The systematic study of Kussian soils may l)e said to have begun 22
years ago, when Prof. V. V. Dokouchayev. commissioned by the
ancient and renowned '"Imperial Free Economic Society," took up
the study of the Russian chernozem. Energetic and deeply devoted
to his work, he soon gathered around himself a number of gifted and
enthusiastic young scientists, who at once attacked various questions
relating to soils. Professor Dokouchayev succeeded in organizing in
various parts of Russia special soil investigations at the expense of
Government institutions and private persons. To Professor Dokou-
chayev belongs the honor of founding a new school in soil investiga-
tions, a school which views the soil as an independent natural body.
Among the pupils of Professor Dokouchayev the most celebrated is
N. Sibirtzev, the author of the classification of soils, described in this
article.'^
The second place in importance among the Russian soil investi-
gators unquestionably belongs to P. Kostichev, an independent
worker. An eminent chemist and agriculturist, he contril)uted much
to the knowledge of soils b}- his skillful and accurate anah'ses of soils.
The following statement regarding the classification of soils and the
characteristics of Russian soils are taken from the reports of Sibirtzev
referred to above.
GENETIC CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS.
The conception of a soil as a natural body having a definite genesis
and a distinct nature of its own has led to attempts to create a natural
classification of soils on a scientific basis. To this important branch
of the study of soils the Russian investigators have made important
original contributions, and established new principles for the system-
atic study of soil formations, not confounding the latter with either
rock species or with the cultivated horizon of the ground. The
' Translated and condensed from the original articles of N. Sibirtzev, by Dr. Peter
Fireman.
^Genetic classification of .soils, N. Sibirtzev (Zapiski Novo-Alexand. Inst. Selsk.
Khoz. Lyesov. Memoirs of the Instit. of Agric. and Forest, at Novo-Alexandria,
Government of Lublin, IX (1895), pt. 2, pp. 1-23). Brief survey of the chief .soil
types of Russia (Ibid., XI (1898), pt. 3, pp. 1-40). The latter memoir was pre-
sented in French ( Etude des sols de la Russie) to the Seventh International Geological
Congress at St. Petersburg, in August, 181)7.
704
KUSSIAN SOIL INVESTIGATIONS. 705
scientists of WestoiMi Europo have been at a disadvantage regarding
this question, since tiiey have for the most part had to deal with soils
only slightly developed, shallow or easily washed away, mixed with
various geological deposits, and at the same time strongly altered bj^
cultivation. In reality the ''tilled layer of the soil'' of Western
Europe, under the influence of the intensive and deep cultivation there
practiced, is an artificial mixture of natural soil and of the underlying
primitive rock. This accounts for the geo-petrographic and the
physico-chemical classification of soils in vogue among the scientists
of Western Europe.
America, with its virgin soils, vast, frequently still untilled plains,
prairies, forests, deserts, and barren alkali lands, and clearly defined
climatic, physico-geographical and geo-botanical zones oflers an excel-
lent field for the study of natural soils. As a matter of fact the
American investigators of the soil, especially Hilgard. have already
come to a clear recognition of the soil as an independent formation
and have established natural soil types.
The study of soils which has been so industriouslv carried on in
Russia the last 20 to 30 years under the leadership of Dokouchayev and
Kostichev has for its starting point the idea of the soil as a natural
body which occupies an independent place in the series of formations
of the earth's crust.
According to the definition of Professor Dokouchayev, under the
term '\soir' must be understood the surface horizons of the rocks,
more or less altered luider the simultaneous influence of water, air.
and various organisms, living as well as dead. In other words, the soil
is the superficial horizon of rocks in which the general processes and
phenomena of weathering, transportation of particles, etc. , combine with
the biological processes and phenomena due to the influence of plants,
animals, and micro-organisms. Weathering of rocks which takes
place independently of the action of organisms yields products which
must be considered as rocks, and the study of such products belongs to
petrography. These products may replace and may be converted by
cultivation and fertilizing into artificial soils, but must be distinguished
from natural soils. However, such soils are of rare occurrence. It
is well known that many organisms, such as nitrifying bacteria, lichens,
alpine plants, etc., play an important part even in the first stages of
the disintegration of the massive and sedimentary rocks. On the other
hand, in the class of natural soils should not be included the mechanical
deposits of dead organisms or their excretions (peat beds, guano,
and the like) and those derived from rocks of organic origin.
As a superficial geo-biological formation of the earth's crust, the soil
diflfers from the parent rock from which it is derived in composition,
complexity of the dynamic factors, and external morphological pecu-
liarities. Natural soils vary with (1) the petrographic type of the
706 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
parent rock; (2) the nature and intensity of ttie processes of disintegra-
tion, in connection with the local climatic and topographic conditions;
(3) the quantity and quality of that complexity of organisms which
participate in the formation of the soil and incorporate their remains in
it; (4) the nature of the changes to which these remains are subjected
in the soil, under the local climatic conditions and physico-chemical
properties of the soil medium; (5) the mechanical displacement of the
particles of the soil, provided this displacement does not destroy the
fundamental properties of the soil, its geo-biological character, and
does not remove the soil from the parent rock;^ and (6) the duration
of the processes of soil formation.
All those may be termed genetic conditions of formation of natural
soils. Such existing types of natural soils always correspond to a defi-
nite combination of the soil-forming factors. The parent rocks, the
organisms (with their subsequent transformations), and the physico-
geographical conditions of the country, including climate (humidity,
temperature), recent geo-physical history and relief, are the chief
agents of soil formation. The correlation among these factors may
assume various forms, a certain connection or parallelism being observed
either among all or only a part of them. Thus, the composition and
distribution of the ancient sedimentary and crystalline rocks do not,
of course, depend on those conditions (even climatic) of the country to
which the formation of the existing soils is subject. But the weather-
ing of the rocks and, in general, all the physical and chemical processes
which take place in the soil are influenced by climatic conditions.
Climates in which wet and dry seasons alternate produce laterites, the
climatic conditions governing the biological processes which result in
the formation of lateritic soils. Eolian loess and pulverulent rocks
which resem))le it are characteristic of continental regions with a dry
climate. From this point of view the nature of a given soil type pre-
sents, in a certain measure, a function of the climate.
The soils of a given territorj^ are also influenced by the life activities
and the dead remains of plant and other organisms. The soils influence
the development and the life activity of these organisms and their
decomposition after death. On the other hand, the character of the
plant growth, for example, plays not only a direct, but an intermediate
role in the formation of the soil. The relief of the soil has an impor-
tant influence in determining the drainage, temperature, etc. And
lastly, the relative duration of the soil-forming processes which have
gone on since the removal of the glacial or water cover, as for example,
the successive changes which have taken place in the climate, the en-
croachments of the forests upon the prairies, the spread of marshes,
the drying up of the soil, etc., must in their turn influence the character
^Otherwise the soil is converted into alluvium, diluvium, etc., or, in general, into
mechanical deposits of secondary formation.
RUSSIAN SOIL INVESTIGATIONS. 707
of the soils. The knowledge of the laws and the forms of these
influences make it possible to obtain from the study of soils a ])asis for
the reconstitution of the recent past of the country and for sketching-
its recent geo-phj^sical history. The essential factors determining the
characteristics of natural soils are as follows:
(1) The conditions and the factors of the origin of the given soil
type (the material and the organic agents); (2) the morphological
properties of the soil, /. t^. ,its color, depth, constitution,^ structure,
transition into the parent rock, etc.; (8) the physical, chemical, and
chemico-biological properties; (4) the moditication with the t3^pe; and
(5) the geographical and topographical distribution.
The natural classification of soils can be elaborated, taking the genetic
principle as a starting point. In establishing the chief groups of soils
the existing types of formation of soils in nature must be recognized,
the homogeneous or similar combinations of soil-forming agents (such
as climate, parent rocks, organisms, relief of country, etc.) must be
formulated. As is well known, the weathering of the rocks alone, pro-
vided it takes place under similar physico-geographical conditions,
may efl'ace to a considerable degree the difierences which exist among
the rocks, and may give alluvial products of line earth more closely
resembling one another than the original rocks; this similarit}^ is more
manifest when the biological factors also tend to produce a uniform
result. We can, consequently, establish an ensemble of natural con-
ditions which will produce as a result soils, say, of the chernozem
group. A characteristic feature of these soils is the jjeculiar accumu-
lation of humus under the sod. Wherever analogous conditions pre-
vail soils of the chernozem type are formed. Similarly, we know
the climatic conditions which favor atmospheric-eolian weathering,
the pulverization of the soft rocks, and where these conditions obtain
eolian dust soils result. The soils of these groups in their principal
features are the natural resultant of the physico-geographical type of
the given continental region or zone. The soil of the difl'erent zones
will, of course, not be uniform, but will exhibit similarity to the extent
to which their content of line earth and humus reflect the analogous
influences of a definite and constant combination of geo-physical fac-
tors of soil formation.
In this way the fir.st cltiss of zonal soils is determined. In the proc-
^ A vertical section of a soil always shows two, three, or even iiujre horizons,
detailed descriptions of which are given in Russian works on soils. Of these horizons
the most remarkable are: (1) The upper horizon, the most tmiformly and strongly
colored by humus; (2) the lower horizon, distinguished from the upper by its
structure and color and gradually merging into the subsoil; and (3) the subsoil or
parent rock preserving its fundamental petrographic features. The first two horizons
taken together give the depth of the surface soil. Sometimes in these horizons sub-
horizons can be distinguished, with peculiar differences in composition, structure,
and tint (alkali soils, forest soils, etc.).
708 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
esses of their formation general octodynaniic and special biological
phenomena manifest themselves in accordance with the ph3'sico-geo-
graphical types of continental zones. Such are the following types of
soils: ^
(1) Lateritic soils. These are the soils of the tropical and subtrop-
ical regions with alternating wet and dry seasons.
(2) Atmospheric-eolian soils. Formed of the dust rocks in the
central regions of the diii'ei-ent continents under arid conditions.
(3) Soils of dry steppes or steppes deserts. Being formed of argil-
laceous and arenaceous primitive rocks, they are chestnut and fawn-
colored.
(4) Chernozem soils. These occur in connection with the grass
steppes or prairies of the temperate or warm-temperate regions. They
develop best from argillaceous rocks.
(.5) Soils of wooded steppes and deciduous forests (gray soils), re-
sembling chernozem soils, but differing from them in the conditions of
their origin, and in their morphological and other properties.
(6) Sod soils and podzol soils ' ^\'hich are peculiar to the temperate-
frigid zone. They are typically developed under mixed woods and
bushes and are ordinarily accompanied by concretions.
(7) Tundra soils. These are formed from the clays and argillaceous
sands of the tundras, in a cold climate with a ver}^ long winter. They
are characterized, to a greater or less degree, by being perpetually
frozen (the subsoil waters are in a solid state).
The groups of soils named represent the soil zones or belts into
which the surface of the continents may be divided.
The lateritic soils belong to the coastal zone of tropical and sub-
tropical continental regions which is broken and cut up bv seas. After
them follow toward the north and south, in the order indicated in the
above enumeration, the regions with the other soil types. In the zone
of the continental plateaus and the inclosed or partlv inclosed plains
of the northern hemisphere — in central and southwestern Asia (China
Persia, Arabia, Turkestan), in the Caspian region, in northern Africa,
and in the western and southwestern States of North America are found
the atmospheric-eolian soils and the soils of the steppes deserts. In
the southern hemisphere are corresponding zone soils covering central
Australia, inland sections of southern Africa (the countr}- of the
Hottentots, the region to the south of the sources of the Zambezi
^Only the best known types are mentioned here, use being made of the results of
fitudies of the natural soils of Russia, Western Europe, of some regions of Central
and Southern Asia, of America, etc., partly of Australia, and Africa.
^Podzol soils are unproductive soils consisting mainly of very tine sand, but contain-
ing more organic matter than their color would indicate. They resemble ashes in
appearance, hence the name "podzol," which indicates this resemblance. They
correspond nearly with the Bleisand of Germany.
EUSSIAN SOIL INVESTIGATIONS. 709
River), tind Argentina. In the open orass plains, .such as tlie Hungarian,
Russian, and Siberian steppes or American prairies in the northern
hemisphere, and tlie eastern provinces of Argentina (Entrerios, Cor-
rientes, Buenos-Ayres) in the southern hemisphere, occur the soils of
the chernozem group. In Asia, Europe, and North America between
the chernozem and tundra soils those of the fifth and sixth group are
situated. In the southern hemisphere there is no such complete
grouping of soils as in the northern. This is due to a different con-
figuration of the southern continents.
The system of soil zones enumerated above is only an ideal general
scheme. In reality no one of these zonal types of soils embraces the
continental surface of the globe in a continuous belt. All of them
extend in interrupted bands and spots, now expanding enormously in
breadth, now becoming narrow, now intermixing with one another at
their boundaries, now forming circumscribed areas separated by
greater or smaller distances from the principal zones. The reason for
this is found in the effect of local orographic, geological, and climatic
peculiarities, which interfere with the development or cause a dis-
placement of certain soils.'
The division into types distributed in zones or belts does not begin
to exhaust the whole \'ariety of natural soils. As stated above, among
the soil-forming factors there are some which maA' individualize them-
selves by diverging from the concordant action of the other factors.
Thus, for example, a particular composition of the parent rock may
retain its influence on the soil and thus impart special features which
are not proper to the dominant zonal type; a similar effect may be
caused by the local saturation of soils with water, due to the config-
uration of the surface. Humus soils of this second class may be called
intrazonal or semizonal. They are dispersed among the main zones in cir-
cumscribed areas and spots, occurring chiefly, although not exclusively,
in connection wiih some of the zones. Certain types of the intrazonal
soils are met with in those zones whose general conditions fa^or the
most or interfere the least Avith the action of the individualizing factor.
There are undoubtedly very man}- types of intrazonal soils. We shall
mention the following as examples: (1) Alkali soils, which form when
the parent rock contains soluble salts and the drainage is poor. Since
the salt contents of the rock may depend on causes purely geological,
ha\'ing no direct connection with the other soil-forming factors, there
is, generally speaking, no zonal regularity to be observed in the distri-
bution of alkali soils. However, they occur mostly in the arid regions
^In Russia, e. g., the soils of the steppes deserts extend to the south and south-
east of the chernozem, and in North America to the west and southwest (in con-
f(jrmity with the increasing aridity of the chniate). It may he added that vertical
zones may also be observed on broad slopes and plateausi which appear in a measure
as local repetitions of the horizontal zones in an analogous order.
710 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
of Europe, Asia, America, Africa, and Australia, /. r., in the second,
third, and part of the fourth zones. {'2) Humus-calcareous soils.
Hunuis-containing soils are formed from calcareous rocks (limestone,
marble, chalk, etc.) accunudating nuich humus in consequence of the
rapid leaching out of the calcium and magnesian carbonates and the
retarded decomposition of the organic remains in the feebly alkaline
medium. (3) Marsh}" soils. Under this term are understood soils
which owe their origin to the influence of stagnant waters (water-
logged soils) dispersed over the surface of continents, wherever the
relief and the hydro-geological conditions favor their formation. They
occur most frequently in temperate and frigid zones, although some-
times found in the arid zone. They are formed (a) in a medium of
fresh water (sour meadows, the marshes of the lowlands), or (b) in sec-
tions which are or have been subject to inundations by the sea or by
the waters of estuaries (sea marshes, salt marshes, delta marshes, etc.).
The different stages in the formation of the swamps, the diverse com-
position of the organisms, the character of the aqueous medium, the
drying up of the marshy basin due to various causes, give to the soils
of this type a great variet)\
Lastlv, there are many natural soils which are composed of the
unaltered parent rock (when forming in .s!fi() to the almost complete
exclusion of line earth and humus, or which are formed l)y a mixed
process (1) by the mechanical deposition of particles, mineral as well
as organic (alluvium); and (2) by the periodic action on the alluvial
deposits of the special factors which form humus soils. The soils of
this nature stand, so to speak, on the border line between soils proper
and rocks, in one case merging into soils, in another approaching rocks.
They form the third class of incomplete or azonal soils; they are met
with everywhere. When they are formed in situ, outside of alluvial
depressions and valleys, the}^ can be divided into two large groups,
(1) crude soils and (2) skeleton soils. By crude soils are meant those
in which there is a considerable quantity of cla3^-like particles (clays,
silt, and fine sand), but in which the horizon of vegetable humus is
not clearly defined. Every humus soil passes downward into a crude
soil, but the term is applied here only to those soils which are wholly
or almost wholly crude. The name skeleton soil is applied to those in
which granular and sandy, gravelly, or pebbly elements, or in general,
the skeleton mechanical elements which take the place of the humus
and fine earth, entirely predominate.
Among the conditions which conduce to the formation of crude and
skeleton soils are the following:
(1) Unalterability or difficult alterability of the parent rock or of
the rocky components of the soil (sand, rock fragments, pebbles, com-
pact sedimentary rocks, etc.).
EUSSIAN SOIL INVESTIGATIONS. 711
(2) The Avashinji- off of the huinu.s horizon l)y the snow and rain
waters (crude soils on hills and slopes).
(3) The short duration of the processes of soil formation (undevel-
oped soils on comparatively recently uncovered or deposited rocks).
(4) The interference with the soil-forming processes l)y unfavorable
climatic influences (especially in deserts and arctic regions).
The fundamental feature of alluvial soils is their formation with the
aid of mechanical transportation and deposition of particles by water.
Such are the soils of the river valle3^s. Alluviums, however, must not
be confused with alluvial soils. The former are purely mechanical
deposits of varying depth — geological formations — while an alluvial
soil is the horizon of this deposit which has been subjected to the
action of the general dynamic agents of weathering and to the influence
of organisms.
To sum up the above considerations, natural soils may be divided
into the following genetic classes and types:
Class I. — Zonal soils, complete.
Type 1. Lateritic.
2. Atmospheric eolian.
3. Soils of the steppe, deserts or dry steppes.
4. Chernozem.
5. Soils of wooded steppes and gray forest soils.
6. Sod soils and podzol soils.
7. Soils of the tundras.
Class II. — Intrazonal soils.
Type 1. Alkali lands.
2. Humus-calcareous soils.
3. Marshy soils, etc.
Class III. — Incomplete or azonal soils.
Soils formed in situ.
(a) Crude ) . .
(h) Skeleton r* "^^"^"^ ^'"^''P'-
Alluvial soils (of different types).
In nature transitional forms are found among the soils of the various
genetic types. These transition types may result (1) from the fact that
the soil-forming agents (e. g., the climatic conditions) do not change
suddenly, but more or less graduall}^, and thus can produce interme-
diate results; or (2) from the changes which take place in the soils
themselves in the course of their formation and development. Soils
may pass through various phases and forms of development in corre-
spondence with the external influences which act upon them. Thus,
some alkali soils, losing little l)y little their salts by leaching, are con-
verted into soils of dry steppes or even into chernozem. Alluvial soils,
having passed out of the sphere of river inundations, approach the
local zonal types. If a locality, for one reason or another, loses its
16466— No. 8—01 2
712 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
drainage, the soils may become swampy, and, lu.ce ve)'sa, marshy soils,
by dr^'ing and drainage, lose their characteristic peculiarities and
approach other local types. If, during the period of formation of
chernozem, the steppe or prairie is encroached upon by forests, the
latter change the structure and composition of the soil in the direction
of soils of wooded steppes and forest soils, etc.
The genetic t3'pes of soils are large categories which include many
subtypes, groups, and subgroups. A detailed classification of soils
ma}' be based on two kinds of facts: (1) On the degree or force and
on the variation of those d3namic processes which impart to the
soil the fundamental features of the given genetic type. Thus, for
example, there exist conditions which lead to the formation of cher-
nozem soils, but these conditions may vary, ma}' deviate from a certain
juean, and, in consequence of these fluctuations, from one and the
same or a similar parent rock there may result unlike chernozems with
a difl'erent content and quality of humus. (2) On the changes in the
composition and structure of the soils in connection with the compo-
sition and structure of the parent rocks. The su})divisions of this cate-
gory are based upon (a) the physical properties of the soils, / . e. , their
skeleton and fine earth; (Jj) the chemical and chemico-petrographic
peculiarities of the soils. Chernozem, for instance, may be argilla-
ceous, subargillaceous, subarenaceous, marl}', phosphoritic, etc. The
division of the genetic types and subtypes of soils into groujxs and
subgroups, a division liased on the mechanical, physical, and chemical
properties of the soil mass, connects the system here described with
the common soil classifications of the German and Russian authors
(Mayer, Schiibler, Knop, Senft, Ramann, Feska, Kostichev, and
others). It is believed that a soil classification such as that described
above, which is based on the quantitative contents in the soil of skele-
ton and tine earth and on the particular character of these two con-
stituents (mechanico-physical groups and subgroups), is more general
than the commonly accepted system. Following these subdivisions,
or, more properly, within them, are the chemical sul)divisions based
on (1) the chemico-petrographic composition of the soil skeleton, (2)
the composition of the siliceous substances of the tine earth of the
soil (the chemical nature of the soil clay, of the zeolitic compounds,
etc.), and (3) the oxids and salts containing no SiOg, their quantity and
nature (carbonates of alkaline earths, of alkalis, ferrous and ferric oxid,
phosphates, sulphates, their solubility in water, etc.).
(Concluded in next number.)
RECENT WORK IN AfxRICULTURAL SCIENCE.
CHEMISTRY.
Thomas slag and the determination of its phosphoric acid con-
tent, A. N. Papez {Ztschr. Lanchv. Versuchio. Oesterr.^ 3 {1900)^ j)P-
C95-71S; ahs. in Chem. Centhl., 1900, IT, Ko. '21^, p. /j^/5).— The
author made comparative tests of methods of determining solubilit}" in
citrate solution, citric acid, and formic acid, as well as of determining
total phosphoric :icid. The results with citi'ate solution are considered
unreliable. Those with citric acid and formic acid solutions were
more satisfactory. For preparing the solution for the determination
of total phosphoric acid the author recommends boiling 0.5 gm. of the
slag with 100 cc. of nitric acid of specific gravity 1.25 for 15 to 20
minutes. The phosphoric acid may be precipitated by means of the
ordinar}^ the Wagner, or the concentrated molybdic solutions. The
use of different kinds of magnesia mixture did not affect the results.
The determination of potash by means of phosphomolybdic
acid, Wavelet {Ann. Chim. Analyt. et Appl., 5 {1900). jp- 289-'29'2;
ah. in Chem. Cenibl.. 1900, II, No. W, j). 6^95).— The directions
given are as follows: Dissolve 10 gm. of the substance in 200 cc. of
water and to 20 cc. of this solution add an excess of the molybdic solu-
tion (prepared as described below), evaporate to dryness on the water
bath, grind the residue to a powder, add 40 cc. of nitric acid (1 to 10),
heat on the water ])ath, and filter after cooling. Wash the precipitate
thoroughly with dilute nitric acid, dissolve in ammonia, and determine
phosphoric acid in the solution by means of magnesia mixture in the
usual way. Potash is calculated l)y multiplying the weight of the
magnesium pyrophosphate by 0.64.
The potash may also be determined by titrating the ammonium-
magnesium phosphate with lead nitrate. For this purpose dissolve the
precipitate on the filter in 20 cc. of nitric acid (1 to 20), add phe-
nolphthalein and neutralize with ammonia, add 1 cc. of acetic acid,
make the volume to 100 cc, and to 50 cc. of this solution add 5 cc. of
5 per cent sodium acetate solution, and 3.5 per cent lead nitrate solu-
tion until a drop of the solution gives a yellow coloration with potas-
sium iodid solution. A blank test is made for correcting the results.
713
714 EXPEEIMENT STATION RKC'OKD.
The peix'outagc of pota.sh is calculated by nmltiplyiiig the corrected
number of cubic centimeters of lead nitrate b>' 1,99.
Thephospho-molybdic sohition used is prepared by dissolving 140 gm.
of sodium carl )oiiatc(Xa2 CO Jand 20 gm. of sodium phosphate (Na„HPO,)
in 500 to t)00 cc. of water, adding 70 gm. of freshly ignited moh'})dic
acid (M0O3), 200 cc. of nitric acid, making the volume to 1 liter, allow-
ing to stand 24 hours, and filtering. This reagent gives with potas-
sium, annnonium, and thallium salts as well as alkaloids, a yellow pre-
cipitate soluble in ammonia and insoluble in nitric acid. The molyb-
denum content of this precipitate varies, but the ratio of potash to
phosphoric acid remains constant at 1.00.
A short method for determining potash in potash salts, H. ]Seu-
BAUER {Zt^chr. Analyt. Chern., 39 {1900), No. S, pp. J^l-oOi^.—X
method for the estimation of potash in crude salts containing mixtures
of sulphates and chlorids of potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcimn.
To a 25 cc. solution of 0.5 gm. of substance a few drops of hydro-
chloric acid are added and enough platinic chlorid for precipitating
the potash as double chlorid salts. The solution is evaporated to dry-
ness in a water bath, moistened with about 1 cc. of water, and rubbed
with a glass rod with a flattened end. About 30 cc. of alcohol are
added in successive portions of 10 cc. and the mass rubbed after each
addition. The material is covered and allowed to stand half an hour,
receiving an occasional rubbing during that time. It is then trans-
ferred to a Gooch crucible and washed with ether. The crucil)le is
then gently heated while a current of hydrogen gas is introduced
through the lid. After 5 minutes the flame is increased to a dull red
heat and continued for 20 minutes. The residue in the crucible is
first moistened with cold water, then washed about 15 times with hot
water, and finally with a 5 per cent nitric acid solution, without the
use of a filter pump, for about 30 minutes. The washing should Ije
thorough in order to remove the salts. After this the residue is
washed with hot water, ignited, and weighed. The factor 0.48108-is
used for estimating the K.,0.
On cellulose determination, C. Councler {(linn. Ztg., 2J^ (1900),
JVo. So, pp. oOH,.jGO). — This is a comparison of the Schulze-Henneberg,
MiiUer, and Lange methods, and a modification of the Miiller method
proposed by the author. In the Midler method the dried sul)stance
is extracted with a mixture of strong alcohol and benzol, and then
with hot water. The residue is treated with bromin water and then
with dilute ammonia, heating nearly to boiling. This treatment with
bromin water and animonia is repeated a number of times until the
material is not colored when heated with dilute ammonia. It is then
washed with water and with boiling alcohol and dried at 110 to 115° C.
"While Midler claims that 3 or 4 treatments with l)romin and ammonia
are suthcient, the author finds that sometimes as manv as 20 are
CHEMISTRY. 7J 5
required, lie bus attempted to shorten the method })y previously
heatinj^ the sample with calcium l)isulphite solution (8° Baume) for 4
to 8 hours at 11<> to l-iC-^ C. in a sealed tube, and then proceeding as
before.
Widely different results were obtained ])y the -i different methods,
the modified Midler and Lange methods giving the lowest results.
The Schulze-Henneberg and Miiller methods are both believed to be
too complicated and tedious, and the author believes that an exact and
simple method for determining cellulose has yet to be devised.
The detection of foreign coloring matters in canned tomatoes,
G. Halphen {Jour, rharm. H Chim.. 6. ser., 11 {1900), pp. 169-172;
ahs. ill Ai)'/h/.^t, 2o {1900), Aug., p. 206). — Directions are given for
detecting coal-tar colors and cochineal. The desiccated pulp is treated
with glacial acetic acid for 10 minutes and the liquid then mixed with
twice its volume of 90 per cent alcohol and filtered after 10 miiuites'
standing. The ffltrate is diluted with 10 times its volume of water
and tested with a small amount of silk floss, the liquid being boiled
for at least 15 minutes. In the presence of coal-tar colors the silk
assumes a rose or salmon coloi*.
In testing for cochineal the dried residue is thoroughly mixed with
h3"drochloric acid and the paste shaken with twice its volume of 90 per
cent alcohol. The filtrate is diluted as before and shaken with amyl
alcohol. The 2 layers formed are separated with the aid of carbon
bisulphid. If cochineal is present the filtrate will have a rose color,
and the coloring matter may be extracted with amyl alcohol, forming
a 3'ellowish red solution. The latter may be tested with uranium
acetate, with which it gi\'es a characteristic green coloration.
Handbook of industrial organic chemistry, S. P. Sadtler (Philadelphia: J. B.
Lippincott Co., 1900, 3. ed., pp. XVIII'^543, Jigs. 126). — In this edition every chapter
has been revised and new matter added, those on natural and artificial dye colors
being largely rewritten. "Some old and less important matter has been omitted and
tl>e bibliographical data and statistics have been brought up to date.
Commercial organic analysis, A. H. Allen {Philadelphia: P. Blakiston'ii Son &
Co., 1900, vol. 3, pjt. 1, pp. XVl-'ro<S9). — This is a revision and enlargement by J.
!Merritt jMatthews, and treats of tannins, dyes and c(.)loring matters, and writing inks.
The oil chemist's handbook, E. Hopkins {Xeto York: Joint Wiley & aS'oh.s-, 1900,
pp.YIII+72).
Synoptic tables for the analysis of fertilizers and soil amendments,
P. Gori'iL {Tableaux .'ii/i)oj>ti(jue.'< pjoirr V analyse des ein/raix et des anie}nlenient><. Paris:
.7. B. Bailliere d- fils, 1900, pp. SO, Jigs. 3). — These tables give concise directions for
the preparation of reagents carrying out the determinations and calculating the
results in the analysis of the ordinar}^ fertilizing materials and 'Amendments, includ-
ing fei'tilizing chemicals, guano, dried blood, horn, meat, solid and liquid manure,
poudrette, vinasse, sewage, lime, limestone, marl, and gypsum.
The preparation of an exact standard acid, G. L. Hicjgins {Jour. Soc. Chem.
Lid., 19 (1900) , Xo. 11, pp. 938-962, Jigs. 2). — The method and apparatus used in the
preparation of a standanl acid from gaseous liydrochloric acid are described.
The determination of potash by means of phospho-molybdic acid (Ann.
71G EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Chhn. Anahjt. el Appl, o {1900), pp. 343-S47).—A letter to the editor by von Garola
calling attention, in connection Avith Wavelet's article noted above (p. 713), to Rau-
lin's work on tlie t^anie subject.^
Tlie electrolysis of copper sulphate as a basis for acidimetry, C. A. Kohn
{Join-. Six: cliciii. JikL, 19 {1900), Xo. II, p. 9fJJ). — Tests of this method of preparing
a standard acid are rej)orti'd.
Estimation of nitrites in the presence of nitrates, II. Pellet {^[nn. <'hiin.
Anahjt. et Appl., 5 {1900), p. 361; ahs. in Chen). ZUj., 24 {1900), Xo. 92, Repcrl., p.
339). — This method depends upon the fact that nitrites in the presence of ferrous
salts and acetic acid are broken up, while nitrates are not affected. The total nitro-
gen of the nitrites and nitrates is determined by treatment with ammonium-ferrous
sulphate and hydrochloric acid, and measuring the nitric oxid. The nitrites are
then determined in a second sample by treatment wath ammonium-ferrous sulphate
and acetic acid. Or both nitrites and nitrates may be determined in the same sample
by first treating with the iron salt and acetic acid, and after reading off the volume
of gas, adding hydrochloric acid to decompose the nitrates.
Estimation of nitrites with nitrates, L. de Koxin'ck {Ann. Chini. Analyt. et Appl.,
S {1900), p. son; (ilis. In Client. Ztg., 24 {1900), Xu. 92, Repert., p. 339). — In order to
determine the nitrates with nitrites, by the method of Pellet, as noted above, the
author finds that 30 to 40 cc. of fuming hydrochloric acid should be added. With
this precaution the method was found accurate.
Contribution to the determination of the oxidizable substances in water,
E. Ruppix {Ztudir. Untersuch. Xahr. u. Genmsmtl., 3 {1900), pp. 676-681; ahs. in Chem.
CenthL, 1900, II, Xo. 20, p. 1088).
The determination of air in water, H. Pellet {Ann. C'khn. Analyt. et A])pl., 5
{1900), pp. 369, 370; iibs. in Chem. Centbl, 1900, II, Xo. 20, p. 1089, fig. 1).
The analysis of sour milk, F. J. Lloyd {Jour. British Dairy Farmers' J.ssor. , 15
{1900), pt. 2, pp. 98-105). — By means of a number of series of experiments the author
shows the decrease in the total solids of milk after souring. The result corrected by
adding one-third of the percentage of lactic acid to the total solids was approximately
accurate. This was true for milk 48 hours or 5 weeks old. When the samples con-
tained other than lactic acid micro-organisms, the rule did not apply. The author
recommends sterilizing reserve samples of milk to overcome the difficulty and i)revent
any injustice on a revision of the analysis.
Nicotin in tobacco, G. d'Utra {Bol. Ayr. Sao Paulo, 1. ser., 1900, Xo. S, pp.
138-152). — Determinations of nicotin in samples of a large number of different kinds
of tobacco are reported and discussed, and the agricultural applications of nicotin
(tobacco extracts) are explained.
On the presence of invertin and sucrose in grapes, V. INIartixaxd ( Compt.
Rend. Aixnl. Sri. J'ari.<^, 131 {1900), Xo. 20, pp. 808-810).
The estimation of free sulphuric acid in wines, F. Cakpextieki {Staz. Sper.
Ayr. Ital., 33 {1900), pp. 307-340).
The estimation of the dry matter m wine by a specific g-ravity method,
F. Cakpextieki {Staz. Sper. Ayr, Ital, 33 {1900), pp. 341-356).
The adulteration of olive oils, W. K. Ferrein {Farmazeft, 7 {1900), p. 1007;
ahs. in Chem. Xty., 24 {1900), Xo. 92, Repert., p. 339).— The. substances used in adul-
terating olive oil are given and the methods of determining the amounts of the
adulterants.
On the simultaneous occurrence of saccharose and gentianose in the fresh
roots of gentian, E. Bourquelot and H. Herlssey {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sri. Rarix,
131 {1900), Xo. 19, pp. 750-752).
Production of nitric acid from air by means of the electric flame, A.
1 Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 110 (1890), p. 289.
BOTANY. 717
McDouGALL and F. Howlks {Mem. Mavchesicr Lit. and Pliil. Soc, 44 {1900), pt. 4,
No.l3,2)p. 1-19; ubs. in Jour. Chcm. Soc.. [London'], 7S{1900), No. 456, JT, p. 651). —
Reports testa of the influence of different forms of combustion chamber, strength of
current, mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen, and temperature upon the rate of forma-
tion of nitric acid.
On the simultaneous production of two nitrogen salts in the crater of
Vesuvius, R. A'. Mattelxxi {Contpt. Bend. Acad. Sci. Povw, ISl {1900), No. 23, pp.
963-965).
Miscellaneous analyses, H. J. Wheeler {Rhode Island Sta. Itpt. 1899, pp. 146-
151). — Analyses are reported of salt, sodium carbonate, double carbonate of potash
and magnesia, nmriate of potash, sulphate of potash, carbonate of potash, acid phos-
phate, floats, Thomas slag, aluminum phosphate, waste liquor from rendering Avorks,
nitrate of potash, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, dried blood, cotton-seed meal,
and soot.
On an improved Geissler potash apparatus, J. Wetzel {Ber. Deut. Cheni.
GeselL, 33 {1900), No. L'^, pp- 3393, 3394, Jig. 1). — -The improvement consists of the
introduction of small movable glass funnels into the absorption bulbs, which collect
and hold the gas bubbles for some time beneath the surface of the potash solution,
thus insuring more complete absorption.
BOTANY.
Xenia, or the immediate effect of pollen, in maize, H. J. Web-
ber {U. S. Dept. Ayr.. Dlrh'wn of Vegetable PhyslejJogy and
Pathology Bui. '22, P2^. Jf-Jf.^ jjls. Jf). — The author reviews much of the
more recent literature on the supposed immediate'' or direct effect of
pollen on the character of seeds and fruits, and gives in detail the
records of a number of experiments and results in crossing different
varieties and races of corn. The results obtained are discussed at con-
siderable length, and it is shown that in the experiments, particularl}^
in the case of dent races with a starchy endosperm crossed with sweet
corn with a sugar}- endosperm, there was no indication of modification
of the chemical constitution. It seems probable that in a great
majorit}^ of cases the results conlirm Correns's proposition, viz, that
the influence of foreign pollen exhibits itself only in the endosperm,
all parts which are outside of this remaining entirely uninfluenced, and
that the influence extends only to the color of the endosperm and the
chemical composition of the reserve materials — the starch or dextrin
therein. In all cases the size and form of the kernels remain
unchanged. The experiments and observations of the author favor
the theory that xenia in maize is caused by fecundation of the embryo
sac nucleus by one of the male nuclei, as suggested by De Vries and
Correns; and the evidence now available seems to indicate that those
cases of supposed xenia where the pericarp is influenced must be due
to other causes or explained as errors of observation.
On the poisonous properties of compounds of sodium, potas-
sium, and ammonium, H. Coupin {Rev. Gen. Bot., 12 {1900), Xo.
13'7\pp. 177-19->). — A report is given on the toxic equivalent of the
principal compounds of sodium, potassium, and ammonium in regard
718
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
to youug- plantlet.'^ of wheat when grown in distilled water. The toxic
equivalent is the mininnnn weight of the .substance dissolved in 100
parts of distilled water which will kill the plant. The figures given in
the accompan}'ing table are the average of a large number of experi-
ments, and show the relative poisonous properties of the substances
named. The more common of the substances experimented with are
iiiven in the following table:
Amount of different substances required to till vheot ]>lanilets in irater cultures.
Substance.
Per cent.
Substance.
Per cent.
1.8
1.9
1.6
1.2
.1
1
.Oo
.Ob
.33
.14
.09
.04
1.7
3
3.9
. 12.5
.25
. 12.5
0.125
Pf)tassi\uii chniiniite
. 0625
AmuKUiium chroinate
.0635
Sodium bichromate
.0064
Potassium liichromate
. 03125
Ammouium liichromate
.025
Sodium suljihatc
.8
Pota^^sitUii sul[iliate
2.3
Ammouium suljihate
2.5
1.5
Potassium pliosjiliate
6
.4
1.1
Potassium carlxiuate
1.7
.3
.058
Potassium chlorate
.2
Effect of chemical media on the growth of fungi, L. Planchon
{Ajut. ScJ. jy"t. Bot., S. .srr., 11 {1000), pj). l-24S.j>Is. 4,Jt(js. 63; ahs.
in Jour. Roy. Micros. Sac. \London\ 1900, Xo. .4,7^. .^^).— The results
of a large number of experiments on the growth of 20 species of
Dematiete in a number of ditferent nutrient fluids and chemical solu-
tions are given. The terms fumagoid, alternarioid, macrosporoid,
etc., are noted to denote the different growth forms in the various
species. The best culture medium was found to be potato acidified
b}' lying for a quarter of an hour in 1 per cent sulphuric acid. It is
found that plants of this class are more subject to morphological
diversity, depending on the chemical composition of the medium, than
are the Mucedinew. These modifications affect the vegetative change
more than the reproductive organs and are believed to be a mode of
defense against desiccation and the injurious effects of the medium.
The most common forms of such modifications are the thickening and
encysting of the cell wall, a change in the form of the filament itself,
the production of chlamydospores of isolated cells capable of germina-
ting, or of toruloid forms in which the mycelial filament has entirely
disappeared. All kinds of transitional forms between the extremes
were noted. The author, as a result of his investigations, regards
Dematiuni prdlvhmii and C/adosporii//// /ic/lH/n/m as distinct species.
Two new species of Altenaria are described, ^1. variant and A.
polpnorpha.
BOTANY. 719
The nodule organism of the LeguminosEe, R. G. Smith ( Centhl.
Bakt. u. Par., 2. Alt., 6(1900), M. 11, pp. 371, 372).— A brief note is
given of the investigations of the author on the organisms producing
tubercles on the roots of Leguminosa?. The organisms were grown
in a number of media, and the author states that the appearance of
these organisms depends very largely upon the medium and upon the
method which is emplo3'ed in preparing them for o})servation.
As a result of his observations, he claims that these organisms are
true yeasts, and accounts for their different forms b}' the differences
produced by medium and ffxation. The motile character gf the
organism has been mentioned by a number of investigators, but
apparently no one has been able to discover the flagellum. By using
undiluted, young peptone-glucose cultures, ffxing in formalin and
staining with Coerner-Fischer stain, the author was able to discern
adhering to the capsule an exceedingly thin terminal flagellum about
2 pi long, bearing upon the distal end a tuft. The observation of the
delicate tilaraent is aided by the presence of this terminal tuft.
Attempts were made to prove the fixation of nitrogen with pure
cultures in artificial media, but without success. In his investigations
Jjt/riUus incgafhiv'mni was found to accompany the tubercle organism
very frequently, and ffxation experiments were tried with it without
success.
Agricultural botany, J. Perctval (New Yorli: Henry Holt & Co., 1900, pp.
XII-t798, fig>i. J65). — This work on botany by the professor of botany of the South-
eastern Agricultural College, Wye, England, is designed to meet the necessities of
agricultural students. Much of the material found in the ordinary text-books is
omitted and the matter arranged so as to not only cover the essentials of the science,
but is applied to the crops of the farm, orchard, and garden. General morphology
and physiology are treated at considerable length, the illustrations being drawn as
far as possible from the well-known plants of the field and garden. Laboratory
exercises are provideil, in which the subjects for study are all drawn from common
plants, the object being to secure familiarity with the structure and functions of the
plants with which the agricultural student is most familiar. The classification and
special botany of the principal farm crops of England are quite fully given, the
material being grouped by natural orders. The botanical characteristics of the plants
are described, their cultural varieties discussed, and notes given on their cultivation,
handling, and uses. Under the Graminefe special chapters are, in a similar manner,
devoted to the true grasses, to cereals — in which oats, barley, rye, and wheat are
considered — to the common grasses of the farm, and to the subject of grasses and
clovers for temporary and permanent pastures. Special studies are also given of the
weeils of the farm, farm seeds, fungi as related to farm crops, and bacteria as related
to farm life, in every case the practical considerations being kept in the foreground.
Botany — an elementary text-book, L. H. Bailey {New York: The MacmUlan
Co., 1900, pp. XIV~ .3.5n, tig.''. oOJ). — This book is intended for the elementary student
and in jjopular, though exact, language describes the nature of the i)lant, its rela-
tions with its surroundings, the minute structure of plants, and studies of the kinds
of plants. The histological studies given are only those required for a proper under-
standing of the primary functions and actions of plants. The author does not
believe in the extensive use of the compomid microscope by the elementary student,
720 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
and hat- arranjied the studietJ fj(j as to secure familiarity with the things of everyday
life. A feature of the work is its iUustrations, which are nearly all new and well
chosen to illustrate their respective topics.
The plant covering- of Ocracoke Island, T. II. Kearney {U. S. Dept. Acjr.,
Diris'ioa of Butanij, ('untiibutiDHx from Ihe I'. S. Xational Jlerbdrwm, vol. 5, No. 5,
pp. 261-319, Jign. IS). — An ecological study is given of the North Carolina strand
vegetation as shown upon Ocracoke Island. The climate and physiography of the
island and geology of its soils are described, together with the plant formations as
exhibited in the strand flora, salt-marsh vegetation, pasture, and cultivated plants.
The ecological forms and adaptations to environment of the different plants are
discussed, and the anatomy of some of the more important species of the strand
flora is figured and described.
Geographical distribution of the species of Cuscuta in North America,
Alida 31. CuNMNcuAM [I'roc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1SU8, jijk 214, 21.5). — Notes are
given on the geographical distribution of the dodders into the different life zones
as defined by Dr. C. H. Merriam, of this Department.
The absorption of w^ater by decorticated stems, G. E. Ripley {Proc. Indiana
Acad. Sci., lS!tS, jqi. 169-174)- — A number of exjieriments are reported in which the
ability to take up water by stems which had had their cortex removed was compared
with those in which the wood had been cut out, and both compared with normal
stems. The experiments showed that the woody tissue is the principal path for the
passage of water through stems, and the removing of the cortex delayed the wilt-
ing of the stems for some hours beyond that in which it took place in normal stems.
Transformations of organic substances during germination, G. Axdre
(('ouipt. Bend. Acad. Sci. Parin, 1.30 {1900), No. 11, pp. 72S-7S0). — From experiments,
made chiefly on Phaseolus, it is concluded that the regeneration of insoluble albu-
minoids takes place at the expense both of asparagin and of the nitrogen of the amid
acids. This is said to take place concurrently with the absorption of phosphoric acid
by the plant. Starch and cellulose decrease progressively from germination until
the time when the weight of the plant is greater than that of the seed, while the
amount of cellulose not saccharized by dilute acids continually increases, this being
due in a large degree to the transformation of starch.
FERMENTATION—BACTERIOLOGY.
Tobacco bacteria, C. J. Koning {Lidische Merc\iui\ 1899, July 8;
(lbs. hi Jour. Roy. Jl/'cro.^. Soc. [Zondo?}]., 1900, JVo. 4,J>' oOl). — Accord-
ing to investigations conducted by the author, DSploeoecus tahac! and
Bacillus tabaci I play an important part in the fermentation of
tobacco. B. tabae! I is motionless, aerobic, and varies mtich in size
in artificial cultures. It does not stain h\ Orannn's method nor form
spores. It is killed in 2(i minutes at 00'-' C. and in 5 hours at 50^.
Peculiar ycast-like appearances were observed in agar cultures some
weeks old hut on transference to fresh media normal growth returned.
Asparagin is decomposed with the formation of annnonia, nitrates are
reduced to nitrites, glucose consumed, and gelatin liquefied. On natu-
rally acid tobacco extract the bacillus does not grow well, doing better
when the acidity is diminished. Diplocoecus tnhaci forms small round
yellow colonies on gelatin plates, grows best at room temperatures,
and forms ammonia from asi)aragin. It is an essential aerobe and
grows well on acid media. Gelatin is slowly and feebh' liquefied by it.
FERMENTATION BACTERIOLOGY. 721
Other bacteria were observed which are believed to have a .share in
raising- the fermentation teuiperatun^ and also connected with the fer-
mentativ(> processes.
Formation and structure of bacterial spores, Muiilsciiegel
{CentU. BaU. u. Par., 2. AU., 6 {1000), Ms. 3,pj). 65-71; -k, jpp. 97-
108). — Spore formation is said to be usually preceded by the appear-
ance of globules in the protoplasm, after which toward one pole there
appears a gray speck having approximately the same size as the future
spore when the globules disappear. Spore formation is apparently
brought about under the incentive of a nucleus, by the combination of
the globules with the interstitial plasma. This may be demonstrated
b}' staining reagents. The structural dilferentiation of the spore pro-
ceeds from within outward, ending in the formation of a membrane
composed of 2 la^^ers, the endosporium and the ectosporium. The
ditficulties frequently experienced in staining spores is said to be due
in great measure to the resistance of the spore plasma and in a lesser
degree to the membrane. The endosporium is stained with difScult}^
and may allow pigments to permeate it without its becoming afl'ected.
The endosporium is converted into the sheath of the young rod and
the ectosporium is cast off during germination.
Studies in systematic bacteriology, F. D. Checter {Delavxire Sta. Bpl. 1899,
pji. o4-'>2). — The uutlior has df voted considerable time in perfecting a method of
bacterial investigation and in devising a scheme for bacterial description. The result
of his labor is given in the report. The outline he proposes for the study of system-
atic bacteriology follows very closely the Migula system with few mcxlitications. A
number of terms are proposed and delined which the author thinks will prove useful '
in descriptive bacteriology. A proposed synopsis is given of the groups of bacteria,
in which the groujis of the genera Bacterium, Bacillus, Pseudomcinas, Microsi^ira,
and Mycobacterium are distinguished.
Descriptions of certain species of bacteria isolated from cultivated soil, F.
D. Chester {Delaware Sta. Bj>t. 1S99, pp. 52-75, ph. 2). — Descriptions of a number
of soil bacteria are given, the following being described as new: Bacterium fermen-
tatiorm, B. radiaium, B. amhigwtrn, Bncillu-9 delavariensis, B. soli, and MicroKpira
tenuis.
A key to species of bacteria, L. Heim (.16.s\ in '/Axclir. Aiujeo:. Mlkro.^., 0 (1900),
No. 7, pp. 18S-191). — Brief keys are given for the recognition of the more common
species of Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Sarcina, Bacterium, Bacillus, and Spirillum.
Bacteria, A. Ramsey {Sei. Boll, 1 {1900), No. 1, pp. 1-32).— X general bibliog-
raphy of bat'teriological literature is given. The tojiics are arranged chronologically
and the entries in the present number cease with 1S75.
Bacteria as friends and foes of the higher plants, T. 31. Fries {Sremla Inld-
gArdsfi),-. Tidahr., 1900, Nos. 1, pp. 8-6; 2, pp. 20-25).
On the structure of bacteria, Feinberg (Jno^ vl«zc/_7e)', 17 {1900), No. 12-1.'/,
pp. 225-237, pU. 5). — From .studies of the bacilli of anthrax, tuberculosis, swine
plague, and of other organisms, the author concludes that bacteria possess a differ-
entiated plasma and nuclear structure.
Researches on nitrifying organisms, K. De.moushy {A)m. Aijron., 26 {1900),
No. 6, pp. 295-316). — Eesumcs are givi'u of the following articles which appeared in
Arch. Sci. Biol. Rustse during 1899: On the culture of the nitrifying organisms of
722 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
the soil, )>y Om^liansky; The influence of organic substances on the acti\nty of nitri-
fying microbes, Ijy S. Winogradsky and Y. Om^liansky; The influence of free
carbon dioxid on nitrification, by Godlewski; and Nitrification of organic nitrogen,
by V. Onu'liansky, with comments on some of the articles by the abstractor.
Concerning tlie flagellae, reserve material, nucleus, and spore formation
of bacteria, A. Meyer {Flora, 86 {1900), pji. 428-468, pL 1; ahs. in Centbl. Bali. u.
Par., ,?. Abt., 6 {1900), No. 10, pp. 339-341).
Do anaerobic organisms require oxygen? "SI. AV. Beijerinck {Arch. Neerland.,
2. s>'):, 2 {1899), p. 397; abs. in Centbl. Bakt. n. Par., 2. Abt., 6 {1900), No. 10, p. 341).—
The author states that obligate anaerobes as well as facultative ones require a small
quantity of free oxygen for their maintenance.
A contribution to the knowledge of thermophilous bacteria, G. Mich.velis
{Avcli. Hyg., 36 (1899), ]>. 285; ahs. in Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. Abt., 6 {1900), No. 5,
p. lo4)- — Four species of thermophilous bacteria were isolated from spring water
whose optimum temperature for growth was between 50 and 60° C, with 57° the
average. No growtli takes place below 37° C. The organisms are spore forming,
2 to 4 /< in length. Their reaction toward various media, etc., are described.
Oxalic acid formation by bacteria, W. Zopf {Ber. De'ut. Bot. Gesell., 18 (1900),
No. 1, pp. 32-34, fig. 1). — The author reports the formation of oxalic acid from grape
sugar in cultures of Bacillus aceti, B. acetigenum, B. acetosum, B. ascendens, B. kiitz-
ingianinn, P>. paKteurianvm and B. xylinum.. These bacteria were grown in a nutrient
media containing 10 per cent gelatin, 1 per cent jieptone, 1 per cent meat extract,
with from 2 to 3 per cent grape sugar. Similar experiments were conducted with
the same organisms in which the grape sugar was omitted from the nutrient solution
and no oxalic acid was formed.
The physiology of Bacillus prodigiosus, G. Ritter {Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 2.
Abt., 6 (1900), No. 7, pp. 206-209).- — A contribution to the knowledge of B. prodigiosus
in which the behavior of the organisms in a number of media is described.
Bacterial studies in sugar manufacture, O. Laxa {Centbl. Bakt. v. Par., 2.
Abt., 6 {1900), No. 9, pp. 286-29.5).
The fermentation of cellulose, A'. Omeliaxsky {Arch. Sci. Biol. {St. Petersburg'],
7 (1899), No. 5, pp. 411-434)-
Are bacteria the cause of tobacco fermentation? O. Loew (Centbl. Bakt. n.
Par., 2. Abt., 6 (1900), No. 4, pp- 108-112). — A contnjversial article in which the
author maintains that tobacco fermentation is not bacterial.
Enzyms, J. GRtiss {Fest.^ch. Schirendener, Berlin, 1899, pp. 184-201, pi. 1; abs. in
■Tour. Roy. Micros. Soc [London}, 1900, No. 2, p. 223). — Notes are given on some of
tlie properties of the enzym of Penicillium glaucum. This enzym is said to possess
tlie power of energetically splitting up cane sugar, but has a less powerful action on
starch and reserve cellulose and has none of the properties of oxidase. Malt, on the
other hand, has the action of ;k -oxidase. It acts energetically on starch, less so on
cane sugar, and very sliglitly on reserve cellulose.
A proteolytic enzym in germinating seeds, V. IIaki.ay (Compt. Rend. Acad.
Sci. Paris, 131 (1900), No. 16, j^P- 623-626). — The presence of a proteolytic ferment
in fungi has been previously noted by Bourcjuelot and Herissey (E. S. R., 10, p.
929). In the present paper the author gives a report of experiments made w'ith
germinating lentils, in which he found a proteolytic ferment analogous to tryj)sin.
It is l)elieved that such a ferment will be found in all germinating seeds. The fer-
ment found in the lentil seeds .seems to be identical with that reported above in the
fungi.
An enzym causing cleavage of protein in germinating barley, W. Wix-
niscH and B. SciiEtJ.iroKX ( W'chn.^chr. Bran., 17 {1900), No. 24, pp. 334-336).
A proteolytic diastase of malt, A. Fernbach and.L. Huijekt {Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sci. Paris, 130 {1900), No. 26, pp. 1783-1785).— An account is given of the
METEOKOLOGY. « 2d
isolation of a jjroteolytie dias'tase from liarlcy malt, and some of its properties are
described.
The influence of phosphates and other mineral substances on the proteo-
lytic diastase of malt, A. Fernbach and L. Hubert ( Comjyt. liend. uicad. Scl.
Park, 131 {i'MO), Xo. 4, J>P- -'93-395).
METEOROLOGY.
Atmospheric radiation, F. W. Very (17. S. Dept. Agr., Weafhrr
Bureau Bui. 0\ pp. 13 J^., fys. 23). — This paper gives the results of
investigations carried on during- the past 8 years to determine the
law of radiation as dependent upon pressure or density of the air.
The apparatus and methods used are described in detail, and the results
of studies of the influence of various conditions upon radiation are
reported.
"The results of the present research prove that within moderate depths of only a
few meters the radiation of dry air, purified from carbon dioxid, increases quite uni-
formly with the depth; that the radiation of a 1-meter layer of purified air at 50° C.
and near atmospheric pressure (735 mm. ), as compared with one at 0° C, is 0.00068
radim, representing a transformation and transfer of thermal energy ot 0.(i0068 small
calories every vsecoud through each square centimeter of limiting surface; that the
radiation of a like depth of carboii dioxid at the same temperature is three and one-
half times that of air, or 0.00238 radinj, which is very nearly a maximum for this tem-
perature, further increase of the radiant depth being unattended liy a corresponding
addition of radiant energy, showing that equilibrium between radiation and emission
has been almost reached at this depth; that the radiation from a layer of steam 5 ft.
deep at one-sixth of atmospheric pressure is two and one-half times that from a like
body of dry air at temperatures near the boiling point of water, and eight-tenths of
the radiant emission from the black solid body; while for smaller depths the radiant
power of water vapor is relatively greater, a steam jet of small dimensions radiating
over four times as strongly as one of air, a ratio which would doubtless have been
considerably greater if the air had been perfectly dry.
"There appears to be no reason to doubt that the radiation of a moderate depth
of homogeneous air at a given temperature depends on the ])roduct of the depth by
the density, and remains the same when depth and density vary inversely; but the
absorption of a given mass of aqueous vapor has been found to be smaller when dis-
tributed through a large volume of air than when concentrated. The phenomena are
conditioned by molecular relations. Reciprocal Aariation of depth and density does
not change the number of molecules which are engaged in the radiant transaction in
a homogeneous medium; but dilution by another substance involves a partition of
energy among molecules whose radiant and absorbent properties are dissimilar.
"As an absorbent of terrestrial radiation aqueous vapor is very much more efficient
than any other atmospheric ingredient ; but as radiators when in large masses, the
substances which compose the atmosphere do not differ as widely as might be sup-
posed, and the position of chief radiant may be assumed in turn by either aqueous
vapor, carbon dioxid, or the permanent gases, according as the depths and tempera-
tures of the emissive and absorbent layers change. The depth of gas which gives
maximum radiation at short range is an insignificant quantity compared with atmos-
pheric dimensions, and radiation from either the atmosphere of the earth or the solar
chromosphere is a superficial phenomenon, even when the masses of heated gas
measure thousands of miles in thickness. The fineness of the chromospheric lines in
the solar spectrum, although the shifts of the Fraunhofer lines indicate pressures of
724
EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
man}' atmosphere.-s at the base of the chromosphere, is a sufficient demonstration
that only the outer layers radiate. If the emission proceeded also from the depths of
the chromospheric ma-ss, the lines of hydrogen and some other elements would bo
gi'eatly widened; and if the earth's atmosphere radiated unimpeded througliout its
depth, its thermal changes and its radiant effects would l)e enormous. Instead of
this, we find the atni()si)here playing the part of a conservator of thermal energy, and
nuist gratefully admire the beneficent arrangement wliich i)ermits the earth to be
clothed with verdure and alnindant life."
On solar changes of temperature and variations in rainfall in
the region surrounding the Indian Ocean. i\. and W. J. S. Lock-
YER {Xatuiu. GJ [IDUO), So.s. IG^J, j^>p. 107-109; 1023, 'pi>- 1^8-133,
figs. 3; Proc. Roy. Soe. [Lcmdon], 67 {1901), No. UO, pp- ^OQ-JfSl,
figs. 3).- — A .study of the chemical origin of spectrum lines most
evidenced in sun spots at the maxima and minima periods and of the
rainfall of India, Mauritius, and other regions is reported. The con-
clusion is reached "that there is a considerable rise al)ove the mean
temperature of the sun around the jear of sun-spot maximum and a
considerable fall around the 3'ear of sun-spot minimum." An analysis
of the data relating to rainfall in India during the southwest monsoon
and in Mauritius showed that the largest amount of rain fell in India at
sun-spot maximum and in Mauritius at sun-spot minimum, although
the maximum rainfall in Mauritius generally gave rise to a secondar}^
maximum in India, which therefore " has two pulses of rainfall, one
near the maximum and the other near the minimum of the sun-spot
period." All famines in India during the last 50 years and all periods
l)etween 1849 and 1878, w^hen the Nile was lowest, occurred in the in-
tervals between these two "pulses".
Report of the meteorologist, W. H. Bishop [Delaware Sta. Rj?f.
1899, pj). 180-193). — Monthly summaries of observations at 6 different
places in Delaware on temperature, pressure, precipitation, relative
humidit\-, and prevailing winds during the year ended June 30, 1899,
and a summar}- of observations on temperature and precipitation dur-
ing the calendar year 1898 are given.
The summary for 1898 is as follows:
Aniival Kummary uf meterological observations i)i Delaware, 1898.
Temperature.
Total
rainfall.
No. days on
which 0.01
in. or more
of rain fell.
Locality.
Highe.st.
Lowest.
Mean.
Dcg. F.
98 (Julv)
T)nj. F.
n.4(F("h1
Deg. F.
52.9
.54
54.3
56.8
.5.5.5
54.7
Inches.
50.62
51.02
42. 20
42.06
43.84
48.50
103
102 (.lulv) i 5 (Feb.)
99 (July) 1 6 (Feb.)
99 (.July) 10 fKcb.1
97
Dover
98
Milford
93
98 (Julv)
98.5 (July)
11 (Feb.)
6 (Dee.)
96
119
Report of the meteorologist. N. Hei.me {RJiode Island Sta. Bj)t.
1899, pp. 199-209). — This includes general notes on the weather and a
WATER S()IL^^. 725
tabulated vecord of observations at King-ston on temperatui'e, precipi-
tation, cloudiness, and prevailing' winds during each of the first six
months of 1899, with a summary for the period from January 1, 1890,
to June 30, 1899, inclusive. The summary for 6 months of 1899 (.Tan-
uarylto June30, inclusive) is as follows:
Temperature (degrees F. ). — Maximum, 95, June 6; minimum, — 10, February 10;
highest monthly mean, 67.4, June; lowest monthly mean, 23.5, February; highest
daily mean, 80, June 6; lowest daily mean, —1.5, February 10; range for six months
105. Prccip'datiou (inches). — Total (rain and melted snow), 26.79; greatest monthly,
9.67, March; least monthly, 1.87, June; greatest in 24 consecutive hours, 2.76,
March 19; snow fall — total, 34.25; greatest monthly, 24.5, February; least monthly,
0.5, April. TIt'((//'^'r. — Number of clear days, 77; number of fair days, 44; number
of cloudy days, 60; numV)er of days on which there was precipitation of 0.01 in. or
more, 59. Prcrailhuj wind, southwest.
The rainfall in Mav was the smallest recorded at Kingston during
the 11 years that records have been kept.
On the study of distant storms by means of the electroradiophone, T.
ToMMAsiXA [Vdinpt. J!ni<L Acad Sri. Paris, l.U (1!)00), No. J.i, pp. S7i;-S7S).
Seasonal variations in temperature at various altitudes in the free atmos-
phere, L. Teisserexc 1)E Bokt {(hmpt. Bend. Acad. Sci. Parh, ISl {1900), No. ,22,
pp. 920-922, fig. 1). — The results of observations cm temperature in different seasons
of the year by means of balloons are charted and discussed. These show that there
is a very marked seasonal variation in temperature up to an altitude of 10,000 meters,
the variation diminishing as the height increases.
On the gaseous projectiles of cannon proposed for the prevention of the
formation of hail, G. G.vstine and V. Vermorel {Compt. Rend. Acad. Set. Paris, 1.11
{1900), Xo. 19, p)>. 766-768). — Various forms are discussed, those producing annular
motions of the air Avhen discharged being considered most effective.
Temperature at the experimental farm at Wollonbar, Ne-wr South Wales
{Rpt. Under Sect. Mines and Agr., New Sovtii. Wales, 1899, pp. S9, 40). — A tabular
statement of maximum and minimum temperatures, rainfall, and numl)er of cloudy
and dry days during each month of 1899.
Meteorological observations at Hawkesbury Agricultural College, Rich-
mond, New South "Wales (Rpt. Under Sect. Mines and Agr., New South Wcdes, 1899,
J). 15). — A tal)ular record is given of the rainfall and highest, lowest, and mean tem-
peratures during each month of the years 1893 to 1899; evaporation for each month
of 1898 an<l 1899; and velocity of the wind during parts of 1898 and 1899.
Actinometric measurements in the Pamirs, B. W. Stankewitcii ( Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sei. Pari.% 131 {1900), No. 22, pp. 879, 880).
WATER SOILS.
Third report of work in the study of the fertility of soils,
S. BoGDANOv {Seld: Khoz. ! Lycsor., 19S {WOO), July, pp. 59-112;
Aiuj., p>p. 2Jf,l-'288). — This is a continuation of previous work (E. S. R.,
11, p. 130). The author elaborated some years ago a method of deter-
mining the fertility of a soil on the basis of a simpliiied chemical
anal^'sis. The method has been put to repeated tests in the course of
several years and proved relial)le in every instance. The chief features
726
EXPERIMENT STATION RIOCOKD.
of the method uro as follows: The soil containiiiu- a medium amount of
moisture is placed in a thermostat for 48 hours at 'HP C, and nitrogen
in the form of annuoiiia and nitric acid is determined. The results
thus obtained are assumed to indicate the amount of nitrogen assimilable
by oats (the cereal with which the author chiefly experimented). The
phosphoric acid is then determined in a solution obtained by digesting
the soil for 24 hours with a '2 per cent solution of acetic acid, using the
soil and solution in the ratio of 1:4. This gives the available phos-
phoric acid. All other assimilable substances are determined bj^
analyzing an aqueous solution obtained ])y shaking for 48 hours 1 part
of the soil with 100 parts of water. The results thus obtained serve
as a guide in determining the fertilizer needs of a soil. Culture exper-
iments made on the basis of such results corroborated the correctness
of the judgment based on them. In the present report, which covers
the years 1808 and 1899, experiments are described which were insti-
tuted to subject the author\s method to further tests. Man}- new soils
from various localities in Russia were studied. Not onlv oats, but
also barle}", millet, peas, tlax, buckwheat, nuistard, and sugar beets
were grown. In all cases the kind of fertilizer required was reliably
indicated by the chemical analysis.
The results of numerous culture experiments to determine the easily
assimilable substances in soils of different degrees of fertilit}' carried
out during several years are reported. A jneld of oats on 2 kg. of
soil of less than 2 gm. of dry grain and 6 to T gm. of dr}^ crop above
the ground is considered low; 3 to 4 gm. of dry grain and 6 to 12 gm.
of dry crop above ground, medium; over 4 gm. of dry grain and over
12 gm. of dr}' crop above the ground, high. The following table gives
the mean of the author's figures for easily assimilable fertilizing con-
stituents in the soil corresponding to different yields of oats and also
Hellriegel's figures for nitrogen:
Assimilable plant food in the soil corresponding iritli different yields of oats.
Author's data.
Hellriegel's
Potash.
Phosphoric
acid.
Nitrogen.
■ figures for
nitrogen.
Low yield
Per cent.
0.001
. 002
.003
Per criit.
0. 001
.002
. 003
Per cent.
0.003
.CX)7
.011
Per r(nt.
0.002
Medium vield
.005
High vield
.008
Experiments with barley were more limited than Avith oats. The
author concludes, however, that the nitrogen content of the soil cor-
responding to a medium yield of barley is 0.0051 to 0.0083 per cent.
Hellriegel's figure is 0.0042 to 0.0070 per cent.
WATER SOILS.
727
Experinient.s with sugar beets gave the following results:
Assimilable plant food in the soil corresponding with different yields of sugar beets.
High yield
Mediiim yield
Low vield
Nitrogen.
Per cent.
0.0140
.0069
Phosplioric
acid.
0. 0026
.0008
Experiments with white mustard showed that, while it resembles
oats and barley with respect to assimilating nitrogen and phosphoric
acid from the soil, it is strikingly sensitive to the sulphuric acid con-
tent of the soil. Other things being equal, the yield was increased
1^ to 2 times when a fertilizer containing sulphuric acid was added.
From his own results and from those of Hellriegel, the author has
prepared the following table, which indicates the contents of easily
assimilable substances in the soil in the cases of low, medium, and high
yields of oats and other plants which do not differ strikingly from one
another in their plant-food requirements:
Assimilable plant food in the soil^ corresponding tvith different yields of oats and plants of
similar requirements.
High yield . . .
Medium yield
Low yield
Nitrogen. P^°^R^«"« Potash.
Per cent.
0. 0108
! .0000
. 0021
acid.
Per cent.
0.0050
.0022
.0010
Per cent.
0.0060
.0020
.0010
— P. FIREMAN.
The amount of humus in soils and the percentage of nitro-
gen in the humus as affected by applications of air-slaked
lime and certain other substances, H. J. Wheeler, C. L. Sar-
gent, and B. L. Hartwell {Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. 1890, pjy.
lo2-159). — This is an account of studies of the changes in humus and
nitrogen content of soil which had lieen used in pot experiments with
corn, oats, and rye during 1893, ISOi, and 1895. Humus was deter-
mined by treatment with hj^drochloric acid according to Hilgard, fol-
lowed b}^ extraction with ammonia according to Huston and McBride's
method.
"The nitrogen in the humus was determined by using a 2 J per cent solution of
potassium hydroxid in place of the solution of ammonium hydroxid of like strength,
which was employed in the determination of humus. Aliquot portions of the extract
were then neutralized with sulphuric acid, and after evaporating to dryness in a
K-eldahl flask, the nitrogen was determined as usual by the method of Kjeldahl.
The soils were air-dried before analyzing, and the different samples contained from
2.00 to 2.75 per cent of water determined at 100° C."
^Calculate" I to dry matter.
16466— No. 8—01 3
728
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
At the Ijcgiiming of the pot experiments with the soil used in this
investigation muriate of potash was applied at the rate of 7.36 gm. and
dissolved boneblack at the rate of 22.07 gm. per pot in every case.
These amounts Avere afterwards increased to 10 and 25 gm. respectively.
In different cases ammonium sulphate and nitrate of soda were applied
in amounts furnishing- 2.6.5 gm. of nitrogen per pot. Where lime was
used the maximum amount applied was 147.2 gm. per pot (4 tons per
acre). Gypsum was also applied in some cases at rates furnishing the
same amount of calcium oxid as the lime. The results of the deter-
minations of humus and nitrogen are given in the following table:
TJie infiuenre of lime and other siihMances on the humus and nitrogen content of soils.
FertilizatioTi.
rnmannrerl
Ammonium sulphate
Ammonium sulphate, air-slaked lime (1 ton per acre)
Ammonium sulphate, air-slaked lime (4 tons per acre)
Ammonium sulphate, calcium sulphate (land plaster) at rate cquiva
lent in CaO to 4 tons of air-slaked lime per acre
Without nitroffcu and lime
Air-slaked lime ( 4 tons per acre)
Nitrate of soda
Nitrate of soda and air-slaked lime (4 tons per acre)
Humus
nitrogen
in dry
soil.
Per cent.
0.130
.128
.133
.120
.139
.129
.139
.143
.133
Humus
in dry
soil.
Per cent.
3.86
3.93
3.77
3.63
3. 0.=)
3.75
3.51
3.93
3.42
Nitrogen
in dry
humus.
Per cent.
3.37
3.26
3.53
3.47
3.81
3.44
3.68
3.64
3.89
"From the foregoing it will be seen that without exception the addition of air-
slaked lime or gypsum resulted in lowering the total amount of humus, as compared
Avith the unmanured plat, yet in every instance the jjercentage of nitrogen in the
humus had been increased. In fact, the latter statement applies also even where no
nitrogen was added.
"Where lime was not applied, but nitrogen was employed in form of sulphate of
ammonia, which in the acid soil proved poisonous to plants, it will be ol)served that
the percentage of nitrogen ui the humus was even less than where no manure was
used. On the contrary, where nitrogen in the form of nitrate of soda was added
without lime, the percentage of nitrogen in the humus was greater than in the case
of the unmanured soil.
"It is also of special interest to observe that in the case of the unlimed soil which
received potash and phosphoric acid but no nitrogen, the percentage of humus
became less than in the unmanured soil; while, on the contrary, where nitrogen was
applied as nitrate of soda and as sulphate of ammonia to unlimed soil, it is i^ossible
that a slight increase in the percentage of humus resulted. The differences are not
great enougli, however, to furnish any positive evidence in this respect."
The causes and the importance of the decomposition of nitrates
in soils, W. Kruger and W. Schneidewind {Landw. Jahrh.^ 29
{1900)., No. Jf-5., j)P- '7p-770, pin. 2). — In continuation of previous
investigations, the authors report pot experiments to determine the
action of various kinds of carbonaceous materials and the effect of
well-rotted and fresh mixtures of manure and litter on the activity of
the denitrifying organisms, as well as ffeld experiments on denitrilica-
tion, comparing the results by the 2 methods, and discus.sing the inffu-
WATEE SOILS.
729
ence of the previous handling- of the manure on its subsequent behavior
in the soil.
Of the various carbonaceous substances tested (pentosans and crude
liber from wheat straw, cotton, straw, peat, and pentosans from peat)
the first was most active in promoting denitrification and decreasing
the yield.
The application of sterile fresh manure resulted in no increase of
3'ield, while well-rotted manure produced a decided increase. In the
field experiments, also, it was found that the use of fresh manure
resulted in a decided decomposition or transformation of the nitro-
genous compounds of nitrate of soda or of urine. On the plats
receiving applications of a mixture of solid and liquid cow manure
with straw there was a yield of 825 lbs. less of dry matter and 61.36
11)S. less of nitrogen than on the plats receiving only liquid manure
(urine). While the results of the field experiments agree in this case
with those of the pot experiments in showing that there is an important
decomposition or transformation of nitrates under certain conditions
of manuring, it is not considered safe to make too close an application
of the results of pot experiments in field practice.
The chemical functions of certain soil bacteria, F. D. Chester
{Ddaware jSta. BjA. 1S99, pp. 76-85., Jigs. ,y).— This article records
observations on the production of ammonia and the reduction of
nitrates to nitrites by soil bacteria and on the relation of the growth
of these organisms to the reaction of the media.
The apparatus used in studying the production of ammonia in neu-
tral l)ouillon and for determining the amount of anmionia produced
are described. The following tal)le gives the amounts of ammonia in
milligrams per 100 cc. of culture produced b}^ the diiferent organisms
xstudied during 7, 1-1, and 30 days' growth at room temperature:
Ammonia found in cultures of soil organisms in neutral hnuillon.
Amount per 100 cc. of culture.
The bouillon used in these cultures contained 1.11 per cent of organic
matter and 0.18 per cent of nitrogen. "The largest quantities of
ammonia produced after 30 daj's' growth was for Bacterivm mi/coides
and Bacillus suhtilis, 45.5 and 46.2 mg. per 100 cc. respectively. In
730
EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
other words, onlj" about two-tenths of the total nitrogen in the medium
was converted into ammonia."
The ammonia produced was determined by distilling with calcined
magnesia. It was found that the uninoculated bouillon gave 3.4 mg.
of ammonia per 100 cc. by this treatment, and consequently this cor-
rection was made in the results obtained with the diti'erent cultures.
To determine the effect of an abundant supply of air upon the deni-
trifying action of soil bacteria Bacillus j)ulvmatHSV7iis grown in peptone
solution containing 0.1 gm. of nitrate of soda per liter in a flask abund-
antly supplied with purified sterile air and also in a flask without
aeration. "At the end of 5 days 7 mg, of nitrite of soda per 100 cc.
were found in the aerated culture and 30 mg. in the nonaerated. At
the end of 10 days 20 mg. of nitrite of soda were found in the aerated
and -40 mg. in the nonaerated culture."
The denitrifying action of a number of soil organisms was studied.
The various organisms were grown in a neutral 1 per cent Witte peptone
broth containing 0.1 gm. of nitrate of soda per liter, in Erlenme3"er
flasks plugged with cotton wool and kept at room temperatures.
Nitrite was determined by the Griess colorimetric method. The
results were as follows:
Nitrite in cultures of soil bacteria.
Amount of nitrite of soda in 100 cc. of culture.
Name of species.
5 days'
growth.
10 days'
growth.
15 days'
growth.
30 days'
growth.
Nitrates in
culture at
end of 30
days:
tested with
dijihe-
nylamine.
Mg.
0.4
5.0
1.5
10.0
0
2.0
10.0
5.0
10. 0
Mg.
0
0
10.0
10.0
0
Trace.
10.0
2.0
7.0
Mg.
0
0
10.0
10.0
0
Trace.
0
2. 5
7.0
0
1.0
7.0
0
0
0
1.0
5.0
Mg.
0
0
BuclUt(.'< pidviiKitus:
Var. A
0
Var. B
Trace.
Bacilhis 6
0
0
0
Bacterium fermentaUonis:
Var. A
Var. B
0
Trace.
The organisms studied were found to grow best in neutral or slightly
alkaline media. In media containing carbohydrates the organisms
produced considerable amounts of acid, including acetic, formic,
propionic, butvric, and lactic acids. "All soils containing larger or
smaller quantities of vegetable matter are liberally supplied with car-
boh\^drates in one form or another, hence all soils have a tendenc}^ to
become acid as a result of the development of soil microbes."
The following table shows the amounts of free acid stated in the
number of cubic centimeters of tenth-normal sodium hydroxid re-
WATEK — SOILS.
731
quired to neutralize 100 cc. of the culture produced by various soil
organisms during different periods of growth.
Free acid in cultures of different soil organisms stated in cubic centimeters of tenth-normal
sodium hydroxid required to neutralize 100 cc. of the cultures.
Name of species.
Bacterium my co ides.
Bacillus subtilifi
Bacillus ptilvinatus .
Bacterium fermentationis .
BariUiis delnmrieDsis .
Jlniirriiini riidiiiliiiu ..
j;iiii,'n'iiiii (iiiihiiiiiii'm.
BaciUa^^oli ...'.
Microspiru tenuis
In 2 per
cent fflucose
bouillon; 5
days' growth;
direct titra-
tion for free
acid.
Cc.
6.20
15.20
In 2 per
cent peptone
broth, with
an excess
of chalk;
4 weeks'
growth; by
distillation.
Cc.
G.32
9.80
19.30
In 4 per
cent glucose
bouillon,
with an ex-
cess of chalk;
4 weeks'
growth; by
distillation.
In 2 per
cent glucose
bouillon; .'i
days' growth;
direct titra-
tion for free
acid.
Cc.
15.2
16.0
13.0
11.8
8.2
12.1
22.5
17.0
4.0
0
0
0
12.0
12.0
20.0
12.0
5.0
0
0
0
Composition of the air at various altitudes, G. Hinrichs {Compt. Bend. Acad.
Sci. Paris, 131 {1900), x>P- 4-f^> 443; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Sac. ILondon'], 78 {1900),
No. 456, II, p. 649) . — Eeports calculations of the proportions of carbon dioxid, oxygen,
argon, nitrogen, and hydrogen at different altitudes.
The regeneration of confined air by means of sodium dioxid, G. F. Jaubeet
{Compt. Ecnd. Acad. Sci. Fari.% 131 {1900), No. 18, pp. 715, 716).— This is a brief
note referring to the proposition of Desgrez and Balthazard (see below) to use sodium
dioxid to purify air vitiated by respiration, and calling attention to the work of the
author on this subject during the past 3 years. The principal ol^jection urged to the
use of sodium dioxid for this purpose is its high i^rice.
The regeneration of confined air by means of sodium dioxid, Desgbez and
Balthazard {Compt. liend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 131 {1.900), No. 20, p. 812). — A reply
to the above referring to previous communications^ and denying Jaubert's claim to
priority.
Well waters— a study, A. McGill {Trans. Ottawa Lit. and Sci. Soc, 1S99-1900,
No. 2, pp. 133-148, figs. 4). — This article discusses the origin and movement of ground
water, the origin and sources of contamination of well waters, and means of detect-
ing and preventing such contamination.
On the presence of oxysulphocarbonates of iron in the water of the Rhone,
H. Causse {Comi)t. liend. Acad. Sri. Piri^, 131 {1900), No. 23, 2n>. 947-049).
Underground temperature at Oxford in the year 1899 as determined by
five platinum resistance thermometers, A. A. Ra.mbant {Proc. Roy. S:>c. ILoii-
donl, 67 {1900), No. 437, pp. 218-222). — Observations with thermometers of the Cal-
lendar and Griffiths^ pattern at depths of 6J in., 1 ft. 6 m., 3 ft. 6J in., 5 ft. 8J in.,
and 9 ft. 11 J in. are very briefly reported and discussed and the method of standard-
izing the apparatus is described. A comparison is made of the calculated and
observed results which seem to indicate a high degree of precision in the observa-
tions.
1 Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 128 (1899), pp. 361-363; 131 (1900), No. 7, pp.
429-431.
2 Nature, 53 (1895), pp. 39-46, figs. 4.
732 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
Humus in soils, G. d'Utra {Bol. Agr. Sao Paulo, 1. ser., 1900, No. 3, jjp. 152-
260). — Analyses of 146 samples of soil from different parts of Sao Paulo, Brazil, show-
ing moisture, organic matter, phosphoric acid, lime, potash, nitrogen, and humus
are reported and discussed. The humus varied from 0.02-i to 3.11 per cent, the
nitrogen from 0.002 to 0.38 per cent, potash from 0.01 to 0.59 per cent, phosphoric
acid from trace to 0.36 per cent, and lime from trace to 0.80 per cent. The soils are
generally deficient in humus. The percentage of nitrogen in humus showed wide
variations.
On certain conditions affecting the nitrification of soils, J. Neish {Jour.
Jamaica Agr. Soc, 4 [WOO), No. 11, pp. 645-631).— \ jjopular discussion of this sub-
ject, emphasizing particularly the importance of thorough tillage as a direct means of
promoting nitrification.
Further observations upon the need of lime in Rhode Island soils, H. J.
Wheeler and G. E. Adams (Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 160-162).— \ brief
account is given of 4 cooperative experiments on grasses conducted for the purpose
of further studying the lime requirements of Rhode Island soils. "The results
obtained in 1899 fully corroborate those of previous years (E. S. R., 11, p. 918), and
together they indicate that a need of lime is quite general in Rhode Island soils."
Preliminary analytical studies of the soils of the Province of Bari, Italy,
G. D'ADDiEcio {Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital, 33 {WOO), No. 1, pp. -?5-.^t().— This article
includes a classification of the soils of this province, descriptions of samples analyzed
and of analytical methods employed, chemical analyses of 9 samples, and general
conclusions and practical applications of the results.
Soil exhaustion, G. E. Stone {Massachusetts State Bd. Agr. Bid. 6, jip. 29-36,
figs. 3). — Notes are given on some of the causes of soil exhaustion in ^Massachusetts,
and suggestions are made for its restoration.
The future of desert countries, A. Souleyre {Rev. Sci. Puri.% 4- scr., 14 {1900),
Nos. IS, pp. 543-560, figs. 3; 22, pp. 681-68S; 24, p>p. 743-749).
The weathering and erosion of north, and south slopes, G. Culbertson
{Proc. Indiana Acad. Set., 1899, pp. 167-170, fig. i).— Examinations of the slopes of
a number of ravines indicate a decided variation in the rate of weathering when the
valleys trend from east and west to southeast and northwest approximately, but little
difference where the valleys trend approximately north and south. The differ,
ences are doubtless due to greater expansion and contraction, and alternate thawing
and freezing on the slopes with southern exposure.
The physical geography of the region of the great bend of the Wabash,
W. A. 3IcBeth {Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1899, pp. 157-161, figs. 3, map i).— Discusses
the glacial action in this area.
Studies on the formation of loess, Tutkowski {Scottish Geogr. Mag., 16 {1900),
No. 3, pp. 171-174; ul>s. in Bid. Sor. Jhlge deol, 14 {1900), No. 3, p. 180).— This is a
discussion, based on geological and soil studies in Russia, of Richthofen's theory
of the formation of loess during interglacial or post-glacial periods. The author
advances the theory that the formation of loess soUs is due to the desiccating and
transporting action of the foehn. He considers as normal loess soils only those
which are found in European Russia, North America, and China. The formation
of the so-called loess of France and Belgium he believes to be due to other agencies.
Iowa geological survey, S. Calvin and H. F. Bain {Ann. Rpt. Iowa (leol. Survey,
10 {1899), pp. 666, jjIs. 11, figs. 102, maps 10). — This contains, besides administrative
reports, papers on Statistics of mineral production of Iowa in 1899, by S. W. Beyer;
The succession of fossil faunas in the Kinderhook beds of Burlington, Iowa, by
S. Weller; Geology of Lyon and Sioux counties, by F. A. Wilder; The flora of Lyon
County, by B. Shimek; Geology of Osceola and Dickinson comities, by T. H.
MacBridc; (ieology of Hardin County, by S. W. Beyer; Geology of Worth Covmty,
by I. A. Williams; Geology of Dubuque County, by S. Calvin and H. F. Bain; and
FERTILIZERS. 733
Forestry notes for Dubuque County, by T. H. MacBride. The articles on the geology
of the different counties deal with location, previous geological work, physiography,
stratigraphy, and economic geology, including mineral products, water supply, and
soils. Special attention is given to the loess and glacial drift soils of the Pleistocene
deposits of the different counties.
FERTILIZERS.
On the question of the preservation of manure and urine,
J. KoNiG {VrtIJ8ch7\ Bayer. Landw. JEtaths.^S {1900), Su^). No. 3,
pj). 500-510). — The author briefly reviews the work of other investi-
gators on this subject and reports observations on the losses of nitrogen
in form of ammonia from solutions of ammonia, ammonium carbonate,
ammonium sulphate, and urine with and without access of air, and
with and without addition of phenol. The conclusion is reached that
the main precaution to be observed in preserving* manure from loss of
nitrogen is to exclude the air. Unless the air is excluded, preserva-,
five materials are of little value. The following practical rule, which
is shown to rest on a scientitic basis, is given: Protect the manure and
urine from air, sun, and rain, and apply in well-rotted condition to
soils kept open and well aerated by marling or liming.
The method of making manure-preservation experiments, T.
Pfeiffek, F. MoszEiK, and O. Leivoiermann {Landw. TT/'.y. Stat., -5.^
{1900), No. 5-6.) 2^P' 349-378). — The errors incident to such experi-
ments and means of overcoming them are discussed, the methods used
by the authors are described, and a series of experiments are reported.
The contradictory results often obtained in laboratory experiments
on the preservation of manure are ascribed to the use of inaccurate or
dissimilar methods. Moreover, the results obtained in such experi-
ments can not be applied in practice without danger of serious error.
The authors have undertaken to devise a system of investigation Avhicli
reduces as far as possible the sources of error and makes the results of
more scientific and practical value. As a check on the determinations
of nitrogen at different stages they recommend the determination of
the income in food and outgo in excrement and animal product of the
nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash. The stud}' of the losses of
nitrogen nuist begin in the stall. Contradictory results have fre-
quently been due to variations in the amount of the easil}^ and diffi-
cultly decomposable nitrogen compounds. The difficulties pointed out
b}' Holdefleiss (E. S. R. , 11, p. 32) regarding the taking of samples,
correction for uneaten food, etc. , may be overcome by the use of the
balance of nitrogen and mineral matter referred to above. As
Maercker has shown, the preservation experiments should always be
accompanied b}^ fertilizer experiments.
Experiments with 8 cows in two l-l-day series are reported. In one
series the manure remained under the animals 8 days, in the other only
734 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
24 hours, the manure for each series being kept separate. The liquid
excrement was weighed and examined dail}'. The precautions observed
in the sampling of the feed and litter; the construction of the stalls,
manure heaps, and liquid manure pits; the weighing and sampling of
the solid and liquid manure; the determination of the milk production
and increase in live weight; and the analytical methods used are
described. The balance for the first and second periods gave a loss of
8.3 per cent of nitrogen, a gain of 2.7 per cent of phosphoric acid, and
no change in the amount of potash. The balance for the heaps of
mixed solid and liquid manure (after an average of 107 days) showed
a loss of 19.1 per cent of nitrogen, and an increase of 3.6 per cent of
phosphoric acid and 0.8 per cent of potash. The results obtained
indicate the reliability of the methods used, but investigations with a
view to their improvement are to be continued.
Denitrification and the action of barnyard manure, T. Pfeiffer
and O. Lemmerjiaxn {Landic. Vers. Stat., 5 If. {1900), Xo. 5-G,2)I>' 386-
Ifi'2). — From the results of an extended series of experiments in pots
and on plats in continuation of those previousl}' reported (E. S. K., 11,
p. 134) the following conclusions are drawn: The utilization of the
nitrogen supply of the soil is unfavorably influenced both by an increase
of organic matter and of denitrifying organisms. B}^ the addition of
barnj^ard manure denitrification is promoted, both by the organic
matter and by the bacteria, which are thus supplied to the soil. The
injurious effects noted in pots during the first season disappear during
the second. An increase of organic matter b}" the addition of a solu-
tion of calcium citrate, as well as the use of a pure culture of denitri-
fying organisms, resulted in the evolution of free nitrogen. The loss
of nitrogen in the free state as a result of the application of barn^^ard
manure in pot experiments is considered of only secondary importance
in comparison with other factors influencing the utilization of nitrogen
by the crop. The utilization of applications of nitrate of soda on light,
sandy soils is serioush^ interfered \\ath b}' applications of cattle or horse
manure at rates of 800 metric centners per hectare (17.81 tons per acre).
Since the same manure gives ver}" different results in pots and on plats,
the authors caution against the direct application of the results of pot
experiments with manure in actual practice. The variable action of
the nitrogen of manure can not be explained b}' ordinary analyses, in
which the contents of ammoniacal, amid, and digestible proteid nitrogen
are detemiined. It is claimed that the variable action of different kinds
of manure is explained by variations in the extent of denitrification.
In the authors' experiments no relation was found to exist between the
content of nitrogen-free organic substances, particidarly pentosans,
and the action of the nitrogen. There is wide difference in the ease
and rapiditr with which the nitrogen compounds of different kinds of
manure undergo decomposition, and in the authors' opinion this is one
FERTILIZERS. 735
of the main causes of the variations in the action of the nitrog-en.
When the conditions in the preparation of the manure ai-e such as to
result in the removal of a large part of the nitrogen-free organic
matter, the transformation of the nitrogen into forms which are readily
assimilable by plants is almost entirely prevented. Neither ammonia
nor elementary nitrogen is formed, and even amids are formed from
proteid nitrogen to a very limited extent. An important after-effect
of the nitrogen of manure was noted. A part of the nitrate nitrogen,
in case of applications of manure, is fixed, and may result in a direct
increase in the utilization of nitrogen or may exert an after-effect in
increasing the yield of the succeeding crop. The theory of Gerlach
that there are certain kinds of manure which produce more nitrates
than they destroy, and thus do not cause a loss of the nitrogen of
nitrates used in connection with the manure, is not su])stantiated
by the authors' experiments.
The fifth year's observations upon the effectiveness of nitrate
of potash, as compared -with like amounts of nitrogen and potash
in form of muriate of potash and nitrate of soda, H. J. Wheeler
and J. A. Tillinghast {Rhode Idand Sta. Iij>t. 1899, 2>P- 17Jf-176). —
The experiments of previous A'ears (E. S. R., 11, p. 91-1) on this subject
were continued during 1899. The results obtained are briefly sum-
marized in this article.
"The data for the 5 years since this experiment was l:)egun show as yet no striking
differences between the results with nitrate of potash and those secured with Hke
quantities of nitrogen and potash as nitrate of soda and muriate of potash. It is evi-
dent, therefore, that with the amounts of nitrogen and potash employed neither the
chlorin nor the soda has as yet proved of positive advantage either as a direct or
indirect manure. Incidentally, the experiment has shown the inferiority of gypsum
(land plaster) as a source of lime for a sour soil, as compared with air-slaked lime."
Observations upon the growth of plants on an acid upland soil,
limed and unlimed, H. J. AVheeler and J. iV. Tillingiiast {Rhode
LJand Sta. Bid. 69, jjj). 177-204; fiy^- 7). — This is an account of a
continuation during 1899 of observations which were begun in 1893
(E. S. R., 11, p. 915). During this period nearly 200 different kinds
of plants have been tested. Ko lime has been applied since 1894.
The kinds and amounts of other fertilizers used in 1899 were the same
as in the previous year. Data for grow^th and 3'ield of crops on the
different plats are reported in detail. The principal restilts may be
summarized as follows:
Plants benefited hy J fining. — Orange quince, black Tartarian cherry,
early Richmond cherry, Burbank Japan plum, American linden, Amer-
ican elm, rhubarb, Australian saltbush, hemp, asparagus, red rasp-
berry (Cuthbert), red and white currants, barle}', oats, spring wheat,
mangel-wurzels, chicorv, onions, English turnips, sweet peas, balsams,
and poppy.
736 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Plants not henefitedhy liming. — Norway spruce, cranberr}^ cowpea,
and flax.
Plants (jiving inconclusive results with liming. — Concord grapes,
blackberry, raspberry (Ohio Blackcap), spring- rye, serradella, and
carrots.
Of the plants tested the following were more benefited by nitrate of
soda than b}^ sulphate of ammonia: Rhubarb (on limed plats), Austra-
lian saltbush, hemp, asparagus, currants, serradella, mangel-wurzels^
onions. English turnips, sweet peas, balsams, and poppy. The plants
on which sulphate of ammonia proved superior to nitrate of soda were
blackberry, raspberry, cowpea, chicor}', and flax.
"As a result of the observations thus far made here, it may be said
of -wheat, as of barley, oats, and rye, that no regularly recurring
advantage of nitrogen in nitrate of soda, as compared with nitrogen in
sulphate of ammonia, has been observed." In case of carrots results
were inconclusive.
Investigations on losses from manure heaps by soaking into the soil
beneath, P. Rippert (Fiililhufs Landw. Zty., 49 {WOO), No. :';J,pi>. SJ9-SS5, firj. 1).-
Examinations of the soil under manure pits lined in various ways and unlined showed
the presence of large amounts of nitrogen compounds which had leached from the
manure. There were also present large numbers of various kinds of organisms which
transform nitrogen compounds and facilitate their escape in the drainage. The con
struction of pits which will not be subject to such losses is discussed.
Examination of soil to different depths underneath manure heaps, A.
Emmerling and H. Wehxert {Landw. Wcluibl. ScJdesing-JIolstein, 49 {1899), No. 49,
pj>. 904-908). — Investigations similar to those noted above, except that no study was
made of the organisms present.
The fertilizer and phosphate industry, L. P. Brown {Tradesman, 44 {1901),
No. 9, pp. 92-97). — It is estimated that there is at least §100,000,000 invested in the
United States in plants confining themselves strictly to the manufacture of artificial
fertilizers.
"When to this are added the large sums invested in phosphate mines in Florida,
Tennessee, and South Carolina, in pyrite mines in Virginia and Vermont, and in
the plants for recovering animal ammoniates at packing houses in Chicago, Kansas
City, Omaha, etc., in the cotton-seed oil mills, and in independent sulphuric acid
plants, selling their products mainly to manufacturers of fertilizers, it would seem
that §300,000,000 would be a low estimate at which to put the total American invest-
ment in the fertilizer and kindred industries."
The article discusses the sources of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, the
manufacture of sulphuric acid, the phosphate mining industry, and the present
status and outlook of the fertilizer industry.
Phosphate rock, E. W. Parker {Tradesman, 44 {1901), No. 9, p. 81).— hi an
extended article on the development of the mineral resources of the Southern States
the author gives some statistics of the phosphate industry. These show that while
a little phosphate rock was mined in North Carolina in 1899, practically the entire
product came from Florida, Tennessee, and South Carolina in the order named.
The total production of these States in 1899 was 726,420 long tons, valued at
$2,804,061; 430,192 tons, valued at $1,192,916; and 356,650 tons, valued at §1,078,099,
respectively. " South Carolina, which now ranks third, was the only State produc-
ing phosphate rock in 1880, at which time the output amounted to 190,763 long
FIELD CROPS. 737
tons, valued at $1,001,556. Mining Ijegan in Florida in 1889, and in 1890, 45,501
long tons, valued at $338,190, were produced. The discovery of phosphate rock in
Tennessee was made in 1893, but actual mining did not begin until the following
year, when 19,188 long tons were produced."
Report on the phosphate deposits of Egypt ( Geological Survei/ of Eynpt.
Cairo: National Printing De^d., 1900, pp. 27, maps S). — Descriptions, with analyses,
are given of phosphate deposits in 3 localities, namely, in the peninsula of Sinai,
lower Egypt, and Dakhla Oasis. The deposits are said to be very extensive.
The analyses reported show that the proportion of tricalcium phosphate varies from
12.9-1 to 60.97 per cent. The phosphates are not suited to the manufacture of super-
phosphates.
On the application of lime upon a sour soil before and after seeding to
grass, H. J. Wreeler and J. A. Tillixghast {BJtodi- Island Sta. Rpt. 1S99, jip.
171-173). — A brief account is given of plat experiments at the station during 1898
and 1899, which "illustrates in the most striking manner that in seeding sour (acid)
land to timothy, lime should be thoroughly worked into the soil before the seed is
gown. A top-dres»ing of lime applied subsequently to seeding, while it may prove
somewhat helpful, exerts but little benefit in connection with timothy as compared
with lime harrowed into the soil."
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, H. J. Wheeler, B. L. Hart^ell, et al.
{Rhode Island Sta. Bid. 70, pp. 11). — Analyses and valuations of 55 sam]iles of ferti-
lizers are reported.
Fertilizer inspection, C. D. Woods and J. M. Bartlett {Maine Sta. Bui. 66, pp.
117-132). — A previous Imlletin (E. S. R., 12, p. 324) reported analyses of most of the
samples of fertilizers furnished by manufacturers as required by the State law. The
present bulletin contains analyses of 157 samples of fertilizers collected on the open
market by agents of the station and also of manufacturers' samples received after the
previous bulletin was issued. Attention is called to the fact that 70 brands of ferti-
lizers offered for sale in the State ' ' carried, in the case of at least one of the ingredients,
a different statement on the bag from the certified statement filed with the station.
... In about one-third of the cases the figures on the packages are but slightly
lower than the certified guarantees. ... A comparison of the results of the analyses
of the samples collected by the station with the percentages guaranteed by the man-
ufacturers shows that many of the manufacturers do not intend to do much more
than make good the minimum guarantee, and it is not surprising that this results in
some of the goods falling lielow the guarantee in one or more ingredients."
The collective exhibit of German fertilizers and chemical products, Mai-
zieres {U Engrais, 13 {1900), No. 39, pp. 924-926). — This article contains, among other
data, statistics of the consumption of Stassfurt potash salts in different countries.
FIELD CROPS.
On the relation of climate to the size of grain of cereals,
J. L. Jensen (r/f7.s-.yAT. Landhr. Planteavl,5 {1899), x>P- 138-U7).—T\xq
author secured 731 samples of barley, oats, rye, and wheat through
Danish consulates in foreign countries for the purpose of studying
questions relating to grain rusts and their prevention. All but 26 of
the samples came from 12 different countries in Europe and America
and, in addition, 83 samples were obtained from Danish farmers. The
average weight of 10,000 kernels was determined for each cereal from
each country. The data were then averaged for the -1 cereals men-
738
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
tioned, placing the different countries in the order of decreasing grain
weights, the results being as follows:
Average grain vreighis of cereals from different countries.
Italy
Spain
Great Britain
Denmark
France
Netherlands.
Belgium
Number
Weight !
of sam-
of 10,000 !
ples.
kernels, i
Orams. \
52
418
12
392
72
365
83
362
47
3.58
52
354
48
347
Country.
Sweden
Germany
Prussia..
Norway
United States
Russia
Number
of sam-
ples.
83
109
Weight
of 10.000
kernels.
Gravis.
329
325
317
306
285
25C
The countries mentioned were placed in 0 groups, according to their
climatic characteristics, Russia, with strongly marked continental cli-
mate and warm summers, forming Group I; and Italy, Spain, and
France, with insular and coast climate and warm summers, forming
Group VI. The different groups furnish the following avera,ge data
as to grain weights of the leading cereals:
Grain veighfs according to climatic conditions.
Group. Countries.
Barley.
Oats.
Rye.
AVheat.
Average.
Ratio
I
Grams.
333
347
399
410
440
465
Grams.
245
253
302
322
311
329
Grams.
178
194
231
244
266
296
Grams.
244
346
353
3M
405
468
Grams.
250
285
321
332
355
389
Grams.
IOC
II
United States
11^
III
128
IV
V
Denmark, Sweden, Norway
Great Britain, Netherlands, Bel-
133
142
VI
Italy, Spain, France
156
Average continental climate
Average insular and coast climate . .
360
4.S8
267
321
120
201
268
133
314
409
130
1
The results of the investigation plainly show that the grain weights
of cereals decrease in the same ratio as the continental character of
the country becomes more marked and vice versa. The grain weight
increases as the country has insular or coast climate and, in connection
Avith such climate, it also increases with increasing temperature within
the limits included by the material at hand. The different kinds of
grain samples from each country were mixed and sown on experi-
mental plats the following spring. Examinations of the grain weights
of the oats and the barley harvested showed that the percentage
increa.se in the grain weight was largest in case of the samples of
Group I, viz, 12 and 20 per cent for barley and oats, respectively, and
decreased almost regularly till Group YI was reached, which showed
a percentage increase of 0 and 2 per cent for barley and oats, respec-
tively. The cause of the increase in the grain weights of groups IV
to Vi is found in the favorable conditions of heat and rain in Denmark
during the season when the crops were grown. — f. w. woll.
FIELD CROPS. 739
Alinit in the culture of cereals, Ij. Malpeaux {Ann. Agron., 26
(1900), yo. If, 2>j). 196-211). — The author briefly reviews the work of
investigators in difl'erent countries of Europe on the use of Alinit, and
gives the results of his own experiments in inoculating wheat and
oats with it. Both pot and field trials were made, and the soil used
varied from sterile sand to rich garden soil.
In sterile soil Alinit did not increase the 3'ields of either grain or
straw, and the use of sugar did not add to its efficiency. In field soils
of average fertility the same results were obtained. In garden soils
the use of Alinit resulted in increased yields, seemingly due to its
presence, but the increase in yield was not as great as that obtained
when nitrate of soda was used.
It is concluded that to be profitable Alinit must be used in soils rich
in vegetable matter and therefore favorable to the growth of nitrifying
bacteria. From the results obtained in these experiments the author
believes that it will be necessary to renounce the hope of replacing
nitrogenous manures by inoculation of seed with pure cultures of iiitro-
gen-fixing l)acteria.
Fertilization of grain and grass lands, A. T. Neale {Delairare
Sta. Rpt. 1S99, pp. 2Jfr-26). — The yield of the hay crop on land fer-
tilized in 1897 with basic slag, ground bone, and acid phosphate,
respectively, and with mixtures of either basic slag or ground l)one
with acid phosphate is given for 1899, in addition to the data already
recorded for the 2 years preceding (E. S. R., 11, p. 141). The rela-
tive value of the 3 fertilizers in combinations are compared and the
profits and losses for the whole 3 years' experiments discussed. Ground
bone cost §24 per ton. It was practicalh" without effect on the grain
yield of rye, but considerably increased the following crop of grass.
Basic slag cost §9 per ton. It was also negative in effect on grain, but
was twice as effective as ground bone in increasing the hay yields.
The profits and losses secured for the whole 3 years of the experiment
are summed up b}^ the author as follows:
' ' The sum total of 3 years' crojjs from unfertilized land is §48. 16 per acre. Fer-
tilized land in 2 instances only equaled or exceeded this amount, viz, where the
acid phosphate was used alone, from which $52.89 represents values after fertilizer
hills had been paid; and where the mixture of this phosphate with basic slag was
used, this netted S50.29.
"An investment in acid phosphate of §1.36 per acre paid for itself the first year, and
during the entire interval of 3 years returned §4.73 profit per acre, or nearly 3 times
its first cost. Of the gross return due to this phosphate, viz, §6.09 per acre, 66 per
cent must be credited to the grain and .54 per cent to the grass.
"The slag and phosphate combination returned a net profit of §2.13 per acre. Its
gross return was §4.83, of which 70 per cent should be credited to the hay crop and
30 per cent to the grain.
"The gross return from bone and phosphate amounted to §5.11 per acre, insuf-
ficient to meet bills for fertilizers, which amounted to §5.80 per acre."
740 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
Ill the author.s opinion the results o))taine(l in this experiment point
strongly to the use of acid phosphate as the most profitable fertilizing
ino-rodient in of^-ain and ofrass culture.
Comparative trial of different clover and grass mixtures for
seeding, H. J. Wheeler and J. A. Tillikghast {Rhode Idand ASfa.
Itj)t. 1S99, pj). 168-170). — A number of grass and clover mixtures
were used for seeding different plats for the purpose of determining
the relative yields and periods of maturity.
On the grass plats a mixture of Jj/'ornu.s ineynnls, meadow fescue, and
orchard grass was used on one plat, orchard grass alone on another,
and Bi'onim hiermi^ and meadow fescue on a third. On the clover
plats common red clover and alsike, respectively, were combined with
timothy and redtop. The grass plats were ready to cut about 3 weeks
before the clover plats. })ut the yields on the latter were more than
double those obtained from the grass plats. For practical purposes
the combination of clover, redtop. and timothy is believed to be the
best mixture tried. On large farms the hay crop can be better cared
for if mixtures are used which mature at different dates.
The G-olden Vine field pea; its composition and yield per acre,
J, Stewakt {Utali Std. Bnl. 69, pp. 313-328). — The chemical compo-
sition (food value) and yield per acre of the whole plant and the
leaves, stalks, and pods at different stages of growth were investigated.
"Three-fourths of the plant consists of leaves when it is young and
one-fourth of stalks. At maturity a little more than two-fifths are
leaves, a little more than one-fifth stalks, and a little less than two-
fifths pods. . . . The percentage of leaves decreases from youth to
maturity; the percentage of stalk increases until the pods begin to
form, and then decreases.'-
On June 19, when the peas were about 9 in. high, 88. 3 per cent of
the whole green plant was water. The greatest jneld of both green
and dry matter in the whole plant occurred July 10, after which no
further growth of leaves or stalks took place. Two-thirds of the
whole crop at this time consisted of leaves. Two weeks later, or Jul}^
2-i. the pods contained their greatest weight of both green and dr}'
matter. The yield of dr}^ material Juh^ 10 was, for the whole plant,
4,997 lbs. per acre, divided as follows: Leaves 3,347 lbs., stalks 1,391
lbs., flowers 259 lbs. When the pods were mature, July 24, the total
yield of dr}' matter was 3,496 lbs., divided as follows: Leaves 1.699
ibs., stalks 689 lbs., pods 1,108 lbs.
The peas developed rapidly after the}' had become thoroughly estab-
lished. Over four-fifths of the entire weight of the crop on July 10
had been produced during the 3 previous weeks. The following taljle
shows the percentage composition of the whole plant and of different
portions on the da}' when the yield of dry matter was greatest — July
10 — and 2 weeks later, when the pods were mature:
FIELD CROPS.
Compomtion of Golden Tine feld j^eas.
741
July 10— just coming into bloom.
July 24 — pods mature.
Whole
plant.
Leaves.
Stalks.
Flowers.
Whole
plant.
Leaves.
Stalks.
Pods.
Ash
Crude fiber
Fat
Nitrogen-free extract .
Protein
Per cent.
11.33
18.11
3.19
40.70
26. 67
Per cent.
12. 25
10.75
4.02
41.46
31. 52
20. 95
10. 57
Per cent.
9.70
37.21
1.34
38.96
12.79
0.69
6.10
Per cent.
8.11
10.84
2.54
40. 15
38.36
Per cent.
10.68
21.08
3.51
44.69
20.04
16. 02
4.02
Per cent.
14.07
16.09
4.67
46.84
18.33
13. 15
5.18
Per cent.
9.33
42.70
1.19
41. 52
5.26
4.06
1.20
Per cent.
6.32
15.30
3.20
43.33
31.85
27.87
3.S8
i
With the above percentages and tallies showing the total yield of
green and dry material at diflerent dates, the amounts of the different
food constituents and ash contained in the plant at various stages of
growth are worked out. Thus July 10, when the plants were just
coming into bloom, the date of greatest total yield, the nitrogen-free
extract constituted 2,033 lbs. of the total yield, protein 1,333 lbs.,
crude fiber 905 lbs., ash 556 lbs., and fat 159 lbs. These constituents
were greatest for the whole plant, leaves, and stalk on this date. The
leaves were especialh^ rich in food constituents, containing "about
ten-thirteenths of the protein of the plant, about thirteen-twentieths
of the nitrogen-free extent, and about thirteen-sixteenths of the fat,
while they contained very little more than one-third of the crude fiber."
These data suggest the early blooming- period of Golden Vine field
peas as the most suitable time for harvesting to secure the greatest
amount of dry matter and of food ingredients.
Rice — preparation, cultivation, flooding, and harvesting, W. C.
Stubbs {Loiusiana Sta.s. Bnf. 61^ -2. se/:, pj>. J7G-4-01, jd-s. lU). — The
lands best adapted to this crop, methods of soil preparation, planting,
flooding, and harvesting the crop, varieties cultivated in both the allu-
vial and prairie sections of Louisiana, composition of rice and its
straw, etc., are popularly discussed. Some data regarding the pro-
duction of rice in Louisiana, irrigation methods emploj^ed, money
invested in irrigation plants, and the acreage under irrigation are
included.
In 1899 Louisiana produced 107,792,000 lbs. of rice. It is estimated
that about 8,000 square miles of the alluvial and prairie lands of the
State could, with some expenditure of money, be brought under culti-
vation and irrigation where they would be valual)le for rice cvilture.
With the present yields something like 5,000.00().0»><) lbs. of clean rice
could be raised on this land, which is about 12 times the present con-
sumption of rice in this country. At the present time there are about
•100 miles of canals constructed in the State which irrigate some 225,000
acres of rice. These canals are filled mainly b}' the aid of pumping
plants.
742 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
Considerable data obtained by addressing letters of inquiry to rice
planters are included on the management of rice plantations.
Progress of the beet-sugar industry in the United States in
1899, with a supplementary report on the cane-sugar industry of
the Ha-waiian Islands (U. S. IIout<e Repre^entativtss^ 56. Cong.., 1.
:St-'<>iion., iJoc. 609^ pp. 200, i!t(q)s If, dgm. 1). — This report is similar in
character to that published in 1898 (E. S. R., 11, p. 535), and deals
with the present status of the sugar-beet industry in this country' and
of the cane-sugar industry in the Hawaiian Islands,
Report of tJie special agent, C. /. 6V/y^>>' (pp. 11-181-). — A consider-
ably detailed report is given of the operations of the sugar-beet
factories in the different States during the season, data as regards
capacity of plants, quantity of beets worked up, sugar produced, etc.,
being included. Sugar-beet factories are now in successful operation
in California, New Mexico, Utah, Nebraska, New York, Oregon,
Minnesota, Illinois, Washington, Colorado, and Michigan. The
greatest activity in beet-sugar production during the year occurred
in Michigan, where 8 new factories were put in operation. Some gen-
eral information regarding the culture of sugar beets is reprinted
from the report of 1898, and the feeding value of sugar-beet pulp for
cattle and sheep is further discussed. The conditions incident to the
distribution of the bounties offered by certain States for the production
of beet sugar are recorded. Many reports from the directors of the
experiment stations giving data in regard to the culture, sugar content,
and purity coefficient of beets grown at the stations are given in the
report. A considerable portion of these data have already been pub-
lished in ])ulletins by the different stations.
In the discussion of the general conditions affecting the sugar
industr}' of the Hawaiian Islands their locality", topograph}^, and
climate, soil, and trade conditions are set forth at length, the purpose
being to show in a measure the probable future productioii of cane
sugar and the bearing this will have on the sugar-beet industry in this
country. The main factors which will control the production of sugar
cane in the islands are the limited land areas suitable for the purpose
and the cost of pumping irrigation water where irrigation is necessary
and water can not 1)e obtained by other means.
The production of sugar in the islands for 1900 is estimated at
310,000 tons, and the amount produced each 3'ear is increasing. Care-
ful estimates place the limit of production for the islands at 500,000
tons. Present methods of cane culture and sugar manufacture in the
islands are carried on largely b}' animal and steam power and are in a
high state of development. It requires 18 months to produce the first
crop of cane. Planters ratoon once and sometimes twice where they
can produce 30 tons per acre, but a considerable acreage is produced
without ratooning at all. The yield generally averages 5 tons of
FIELD CROPS. 748
sugar per acre, but sometimes runs as high as 14: tons. The cost of
production varies from $22.50 to ^-i-i per ton of sugar in the data
given, and will average 135 or more. The profit per ton of sugar
varies from $25 to $35.
Conditions that will tend to increase the cost of production are the
probable higher wages that will have to be paid for lal)or when pres-
ent contracts with Chinese and Japanese laborers expire. The annexa-
tion of the islands to the United States wall prevent the emigration of
Chinese to the islands and prohibit the importation of contract laljor
from other countries.
Statistics regarding public lands in the islands, sugar factories,
imports and exports, lal)or, and wages are given, with descriptions of
all the principal sugar plantations and factories in operation in the
islands.
Re])ort of the chemist, 11. W. 117% (pp. 136-193).— In 1898, 12,110
lbs. of sugar-beet seed was distril)uted by the Division of Botan}" of
this Department, nearly one-half going to 29 of the experiment sta-
tions, and the remainder to individuals and associations. In 1899, 96-1
samples of beets from 41 States and Territories were received, and the
data secured in their analysis bv the Division of Chemistr}^ are shown
in tables and summarized for 3 j^ears. From the data at hand the
adaptation of the different States foi' sugar production is summed up
as follow^s: Beet sugar can be produced profitably in California, Colo-
rado, Michigan, Nebraska, Nevada, New York, Pennsylvania, Utah,
Wisconsin, and Wyoming. It can not be produced with profit in Arkan-
sas, District of Columbia, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, North Carolina,
Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Tennessee. It may possibl}- be pro-
duced at a profit in Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana,
Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New
Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon,
South Dakota, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington.
The methods employed by factories in Michigan for determining the
deductions to be made for tare, the analysis of beets, etc., are given
in detail.
Investigation of Svimatra tobacco, A. Van Bijlert {Meded. ^ S.
Lands Plantentuin, 1899, No. 30, jjp. 156). — The author gives au
account of work done on texture and chemical composition of 15
samples of unfermented Sumatra tobacco. Since this tobacco is used
exclusively for cigar wrappers, the flavor and fragrance received no
attention, but the weight, clasticit}-, burning quality, white ash,
amount of leaf surface, together with color, spotting, etc., were care-
fully noted.
The relation between weight and the extent of leaf surface is given,
the different measurements and weights being tabulated. From this it
appears that there is no constant relation between the character of the
16166— No. 8—01 1
Ti-l EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
soil and the weight and surface area of the leaves, nor is there a con-
stant relation between surface area and weight of a scjuare meter; and,
consequently, no relation between surface area and the number of
square meters of leaf surface in 1 kg. of leaves. It also appears that
the texture and weight of leaves vary as much on similar soils with the
same treatment as the}' do on different soils or with different treatment.
The results of chemical aiiah'sis are shown in 6 tables and discussed
at length, and the methods of analysis employed are described.
The most common cause of failure of the crop or of unsatisfactory
quality is drought. It is held that the soils on which tobacco is grown
to-day have not as great power to retain moisture as they once had.
Ten years ago the crop was not ruined until ■iO days had passed with-
out rain; a few years later 24 days of drought brought failure; and at
present planters complain of the extremely dry weather when but 15
dsijs haye passed without rain. The decrease in the power of soils to
hold water is attributed to a change in their texture and in the humus
content brought about by continuous tobacco growing and frequent
burning. Tobacco grown on virgin soil oi' on low land where the
ground water is near the surface can successfullj" withstand a drought
that will prove disastrous to plants grown on an old field. The author
points out that it is more important to know the number of da3"s of
continuous drought than to know the number of inches of rain that
have fallen in a given time.
Success in tobacco growing depends primarily upon the suppl}" of
fresh water. The weather and the texture of the soil are important
only as thej affect the water supply and the formation and movement
of salts. That the size of the soil particles is of little importance is
shown b}^ the fact that tobacco differing but slightly can be raised on
white clay or on coarse sand.
Good tobacco can be grown in the neighborhood of the sea if the
location is sheltered from the sea breeze so that the salt particles are
not carried to the land. Good tobacco can not, however, be produced
on soil which contains salt, and the presence of salt-loving wild plants
indicates a soil unfit for tobacco growing.
The quality of the leaf is injured when it contains large proportions
of lime, chlorids, sulphates, or nitrates. Potash is desirable since it
adds to the burning qualities of the leaf. Guano is a frequent source
of injur}^ because it affords such a ready suppl}' of nitrates. This is
particularly true during periods of drought, when the nitrifying bac-
teria are especially active and the nitrates are not washed out of the
soil b}^ the rains. During such dry periods the plants do not make a
vigorous root development and consequently they reach only a small
quantity of the potash which is fixed, while the mobile salts and the
lime arc carried up l)y the ascending water current and brought within
reach of the plant. The nitrates are absorbed by the plant and stored
in the leaf and injure the quality of the tobacco. — H. m. tieteks.
FIELD CROPS. 745
Researches on the veg-etation of some forag-e plants, Monvoisin {Aym. ^igron.,
36 {1900), Xu. J, PIJ.77-10S). — The development of the roots and stems of vetch,
crimson clover, lentils, sainfoin, alfalfa, bluemelilot, Siberian nielilot, burnet, English
and Italian rye grass, milfoil, and other forage plants, as regards ash and nitrogen
content at different periods before and after flowering, was studied. The mineral
matter of the plants examined was found in greatest abundance in the roots of annuals
at a period intermediate Ijetween flowering and the end of vegetation. The total
nitrogenous matter was found to be greatest about the last of April and diminished
from that date. The roots of legumes were richer in nitrogen than the roots of
grasses. The nonalbuminoid nitrogenous materia" was great(>st at the end of the
vegetation period. The i)lants constantly lost in dry matter after maturity.
Results of a comparative culture experiment with French a,nd American
alfalfa, F. F. Bkui.iuing, Jr. {Orgaaa Yer. Ondleer. llijks Laudbouwschool {1900), No.
154, T'- 14'^)- — An account of plat experiments on sandy soil with Poiton, Province,
and American alfalfa. Plats of each were planted the middle of April, 1899, and
were cut August 1, and October 19, and a third time June 11, 1900. At the last
cutting the plats were very weedy and the percentage of weeds in each plat was
determined. The results recorded show that the Poiton alfalfa was the best for this
sandy soil, and the American the poorest. — h. m. meters.
The cassava plant — its uses and possibilities, D. R. Pillsbuky {Tradesman, 44
{1901), Xo. 9, })p. 146-148). — This article discusses the history, varieties, and uses
as a food and feeding stuff and for the manufacture of beverages and starch of this
plant.
The races of corn, A. S. Hitchcock {Amer. Gard., 21 {1900), No. 314, pp- 869,
870). — Dent, sweet, flint, pop, and soft corn are briefly characterized.
Chemical composition of maize and its products, H. W. Wiley ( U. S. Dept.
Agr., Division of Chemistry Circ. No. 6, pp.13). — This is a translation into the French
language by E. Gain of Bulletin No. 50 of the Division of Chemistry of this Depart-
ment (E.S.E.,10,p.624).
Flax culture experiments of the German Agricultural Society in 1899,
KuHNERT {Mitt. Deut. L'lndw. GeselL, 15 {1900), No. 5, pp. 49-53) .—The results of
seeding different amounts of flax on various soils as regards yield of seed and fiber
are reported. The soils used were medium clay, heavy clay, clay loam, sandy loam,
and clay loam containing humus. Four plats of each soil were used, and 150, 180,
210, and 240 kg. per hectare of seed sown. The largest amount of seed obtained per
hectare, an average of 1,610 kg., was from the heaviest seeding. The Ugliest seeding,
however, yielded within 4 kg. of this amount, 1,606 kg. per hectare. The greatest
total amount of fiber and the greatest amount of long fiber was obtained from the
plats seeded at the rate of 150 kg. per hectare. These results are at variance with
those obtained in preceding years, and the test is to be continued.
Experiments on hops, 1900 {Jour. Southeast. Agr. Col. Wye, 1900, No. 9, p)p.
o-lS). — Data for cultural and fertilizer experiments at several different centers.
Experiments on the g-rowth of wheat and maize at the Caw^npore experi-
mental farm, India, J. W. Leather {Dept. Land liecords and Ayr., North ar stern Prov-
inces and Oudli, Bid. 8, pp. 34, dgms. 2). — An account is given of .growing wheat and
maize for a number of years in succession on the same land with and without ferti-
lizers, and the results obtained are compared with those secured at Rothamsted and
Woburn. Cattle and sheep manure and poudrette have proven about equally valu-
able as a fertilizer for wheat, and wheat alternated with corn has given better results
than wheat grown in continuous cultivation.
Applying manures, Berthault {Semaine Agr., 20 {1900), Nos. 1013, pp. 330,331;
1015, p]). 346, 347). — The relative value of applying manures broadcast, in drills, and
locally about the plant is considered for a number of farm crops.
A field experiment with Nitrag-in (kidney vetch), 0. Burciiard {Landv).
Wchnhl. Schleswig-IIohtein, 50 {1900), No. SO, pp. 517, 518).— The yield of kidney
7-iG EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.
vetch on uninoculated soil was at the rate of 12,750 lbs. of green fodder per hectare.
"When the soil was inoculated Avith pure cultures mixed with sand and harrowed
deep into the soil the yield was at the rate of 15,286 lbs. per hectare. When the
seed wa.'^ inoculated before sowing the yield averaged 14.644 lbs. per hectare.
Memoranda of the Rothamsted experiments, 1900, J. H. Gilbert {Report
to the Luwes A(jr. Trust Committee, 1900, pp. 119, ficjs. 2, dgms. 3). — This report adds the
data secured in 1900 to that obtained during the pi'eceding 56 years and summarizes
the whole. This work has been previously noted (E. S. R., 11, p. 842).
HORTICULTURE.
The horticultural division, F. W. Card and G. E. Adams {Itliode
Island St a. Bj>f. 1899, x>l>. 127-138, figs. 2).—A.n outline is given of the
work done during the season with orchard fruits and in the pot cul-
ture of lettuce.
An experiment has been undertaken to see if one of the typical neg-
lected and unprohtable orchards of the State can not be regenerated
and put on a paying basis by ordinary attention to sprajdng, manur-
ing, and cultivation. Under this treatment the trees have taken on a
new lease of life and the indications are that the orchard can be made
to yield good returns in the future.
A record is being kept of the blossoming period of all fruit trees at
the station. Wild Goose plums blossomed too late to be cross fer-
tilized, and hence produced no fruit.
In experiments in crossing sweet and sour varieties of cherries for
the purpose of increasing the vigor of the sweet varieties and the
qualit}" of the fruit of the sour varieties, the pollen of the sour cher-
ries failed to fructifj' the sweet varieties, though the fruit developed
to a considerable size and formed stones, but these contained no
embryo. Better results were obtained when the sour clierries were
crossed by the sweet varieties. The following crosses residtedin per-
fect fruit: Early Richmond by Florence, Earh^ Richmond by Black
Eagle, Montmorency by Empress Eugenia. Montmorency l\v Florence,
and Montmorenc}' by Black Eagle.
Some experiments were undertaken to determine whether commer-
cial fertilizers could be profitably substituted for barnyard manure in
forcing lettuce. The experiments were made in pots with light, sand}',
lettuce soil obtained from Auburn and with the somewhat heavier soils
of the station. Manure, sand, muck, chopped-clover haj', and moss
were used with the commercial fertilizers to lighten the station soil.
The result of this one test seems to indicate that as good lettuce can
be grown with chemical fertilizers as with stalile manures "provided
something is used to lighten the soil and give it as good ph3'sical con-
dition as is given by the use of stable manure." The chopped-clover
hay used in the experiment did not have the desired effect in lightening
the soil. Rotted peat and sphagnum moss, however, seemed to be
verv effective for this purpose.
HORTICULTURE. 747
Radishes were grown in the pots after the lettuce was removed. The
largest yields were obtained from the soils in which stable manure was
used; the smallest from those in which muck and chemicals were
used.
An examination of the behavior of different varieties of stra-w-
berries, Duke of Bedfokd and 8. U. Pickeuin(t ( Wohid-n Exptl.
Fruit Farm Rpt. 1900, pp. 35-82, 2J^9-251).^1\\ this experiment 85
varieties of strawberries have been grown for 5 years, 13 plants of
each variety having been planted every j^ear, so that in 1899 each
variety was represented l)y plants of 5 different ages. Plants were
set 2 feet apart each way. Crops from each 13 plants were gathered
separately each year, and the berries counted and weighed. Other
data, such as dates of first ripening in different j^ears, meteorological
conditions, deterioration of cropping power in different varieties and
in size of berry, the flavor, color, firmness, and character of varieties,
etc., were secured and are in part recorded. A comparison was also
made with the same varieties of berries grown in various other parts
of the experimental ground as regards these same points. The
various features of the experiment are discussed at length. The
years 1896 and 1898 were much better strawberrv years than 1897 and
1899, as shown by the larger average jdelds, increased size of the
fruit, greater yields per plant, etc., when all the varieties and ages
are considered. Nevertheless, no connection could be traced between
the crops ol^tained and the meteorological conditions observed either
during or preceding the ripening period, and these observations include
data on temperature, rainfall, humidity, and surface temperature.
Both the actual and relative size of the crops obtained from plants
of the same or different ages varied much in different years. For
example, weights of crops from 1 and 2 year old plants in 1896
stood in the proportion of 193 to 100, respectively, while in the fol-
lowing year the proportion was ■! to 100. The relative weights of the
berries for 1, 2, and 3 year old crops were 100 : 100 : 172 in 1897 and
32 : 100 : 77 in 1898; and there was as much variation with one variety
as with another. The weight of the crops increased rapidly up to 3
years, 1, 2, and 3 3'ear old plants standing in the proportion of 31 :
100 : 122, and there was no diminution in the crop the following 2
j'ears. In fact, there was a further increase the fifth 3-ear to 134, but
since this result depends on the observations of one season onl}' not
much stress is put upon it. While the total yield of berries increased
with the age of the plant, the size of the berries decreased. If the
size of the berries for the 2-year old plants is taken as 100, the pro-
portion for the different years would be as follows: First j^ear, 115;
second, 100; third, 96; fourth, 91; fifth, 82. If the value of the
crop is assumed to be proportional to the jnelds and the size of the
berries, the value of the crop from the different plants from 1 to 5
748 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
years old will show the following- ratios: 34 : 100 : 117 : Hi : 110,
respectively.
As regards the ripening period the averages obtained from a consid-
eration of the data secured with all varieties show that ''the cropping
season of the older plants lasts longer than that of the 1-year-old
plants, . . . but the advantage does not seem with any certainty to
increase with the age of the plants beyond 2 years.'' The l-3'ear
plants ripened their fruit earlier 3 years out of -1 than the older plants,
but in 1899 the reverse was uniformly true.
A table is given in which the 20 varieties of berries that stood lirst
in order of merit of some one qualitj^ are arranged in 7 columns, and
these data are finally condensed into a list of 11 varieties which stood
highest as regards the sum total of all qualities. No variet}^ stood first
in all 7 qualities or even in 5. Three varieties appeared in 4 columns
and 8 in 3 columns. The variety La Constante stands at the head of
the list with a mark of 173, whereas by the system of valuation adopted
a marking of 6 is the best attainable. It is urged b}' the avithors that
too much value must not be placed on the list of best varieties because
of the great variation in behavior exhibited by different varieties when
placed under slightly different conditions, as shown by the supple-
mentarj' plats.
In other parts of the experimental field 4 suppl omenta r}- collections
of strawberries were grown. The largest collection consisted of 64 of
the varieties experimented with above. The plants in the supplemen-
tary beds were set a little closer together in some instances. The
results obtained in these experiments wdth the different varieties fre-
quently varied widely from the results obtained with the same varie-
ties grown in the main bed. The variation was not at all in any one
direction, nor was it constant as regards any one quality or character.
Leaving out exceptional cases the variation on one supplementar}' plat
was from 22 to 177 or as 1 : 8 in 1896; in 1898 the variation on this same
plat was from 5 to 184 or as 1 : 87. A similar lack of consistency in the
behavior of the A^arieties was observable during each year of the experi-
ment on each supplementary" plat and with all ages of plants.
"Without impugning our ground or manure there would seem to l>e ample
explanation for the variations noticed when dealing with a short-lived, low-growing,
and somewhat delicate plant. The crop must depend largely, if not chiefly, on the
progress of events during the l)lossoming period, a slight difference in moisture of
the soil, a slight depression in the ground, an almost imperceptible shelter from
radiation, or a screening from ventilation, an accidental breath of wind, or a day
earlier or later in the expansion of the flowers, may make all the difference whether
the blossoms were affected by a night frost or not.
"Although these results may be regarded as unsatisfactory irom the point of view
of a mere 'testing of varieties,' they will have served their 2>urpose well if they
have done nothing more than prove the futility of experiments directed to this
object only.
"Without implying that such a 'testing' may not have its uses in some cases, we
HORTICULTURE. 7 49
do not hesitate to say that a large proportion of the energy of many horticultural
stations is entirely thrown away in making large collections of different varieties with
the sole object of recording, often in a very slipshod and unscientific manner, their
behavior at tlie station in question. Such work, indeed, does not deserve the name
of experimental work, and even when conducted on rigorous quantitative principles,
it is not likely to yield results of greater value, from the 'testing' point of view, than
have our results with strawberries, nor to lead to a better knowledge of the respec-
tive merits of the varieties than might be obtained either from general repute or from
an experienced Jiurseryman."
Experiments on different methods of treatment applied to
apple trees, Duke of Bedford and S. U. Pickering ( Wohurn Expt.
Fridt Farm Rpt. 1900, pp. 106-209, 262-257, i?Z*'. U, dgms. ^).— The
larger part of the experimental work here reported was conducted
with dwarf trees of Bramley Seedling, Cox Orange Pippin, and Potts
Seedling. Each trial row usually contained 18 trees, 6 trees of each
variety. Some of the experiments were repeated with Stirling Castle
and others with standard trees of Bramley Cox and Lane Prince
Albert. All the trees were planted in 1894-95 when the dwarfs were
3 and the standards 1 years old.
The problems investigated consisted of modifications in some one
respect of the normal treatment adopted for a set of trees, and involved
studies in pruning, root treatment, manuring, and planting. The nor-
mal treatment consisted in planting the trees in trenched ground and
subsequenth" keeping the surface clean, cutting back after planting,
pruning moderatel}^ in autumn, shortening growths when it appeared
necessary in summer, and fertilizing with mixed minerals in autumn
with a dressing of nitrate of soda in Februarj'. The results obtained
were measured by (1) weighings of a cerfain number of air-dr}^ leaves
from the trees: and (2) measurements made in 1898 of the height,
spread, and girth of the stem of the trees. Two crops of fruit were
also obtained in a few instances, and in 1 or % cases trees were lifted
and weighed. The data secured on the different phases of the experi-
ment are recorded in considerable detail and discussed at length.
'SMien trees were not cut back at planting nor subsequentl}^ pruned
the}' were straggling in form and there was a general loss in vigor of
growth. Nevertheless, the amount of fruit borne by such trees was
in excess of the average. When the trees were cut back at planting
and not subsequently pruned thev assumed the general straggling
form noted above but suffered no loss in vigor of growth. The experi-
ments were slightly in favor of immediate cutting back on setting out
rather than waiting until a j^ear later. Summer pinching and summer
pruning produced no noticeable results with the young trees under
investigation.
Root pruning trees has resulted in checking both vigor and growth.
Trees root-pruned every year were in 1898 but little more than half
as large as normal trees and those pruned every other year onl}' about
750 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
f as large. "The crops })orne by these trees, however, were heavy in
proportion to their size." Trees carefully lifted ever}^ j'ear and
replanted at once suffered no injurj' thereb}-, but when left 3 daj^s
before planting, in imitation of connnercial nursery methods, material
iniur3' resulted, amounting -t years after the transplanting to a loss of
2S per cent in size.
The effect of growing grass about trees was most striking.
"The grass-grown trees are, after 5 years, scarcely bigger tlian Mhen planted, and
the actual increase in weight which they show during this time is about 18 times
smaller than in the case of similar trees in tilled ground. The effect of w-eeds has
been distinctly less than that of grass, and that of careless planting, combineil with
weeds and total neglect, is scarcely greater. The grassed or weed-grown area, in the
majority of cases extended to about 6 ft. beyond the stems of the trees, but in the
case of 2 of the varieties of standards the extent was only 3 ft., and in these
instances recovery began in 1897 and now appears to be complete, so far as the vigor
of the trees are concerned, although they have not made np for the loss in growth
experienced before 1897. In the case of the other trees, where the ground is more
efhciently grassed over, there seems to be some signs that recovery is now beginning.
With those trees which have been recovering since 1897 the majority of their roots
are still within the grassed area, and it seems impossible, therefore, to attribute the
effects of the grass to a competition of food between the roots of the grass and those
of the tree. We believe one of the main causes of the effects to be due to the large
increase in the evaporation from the soil which is known to be produced by grass,
the trees l)eing thereby made to suffer from drought, with consecjuent deprivation
of other nourishment as well ; but we have reason to consider that the grass acts,
also, by preventing the access of air to the roots of the trees. Further experiments
have been undertaken to elucidate this action more fully."
Carelessly planted and neglected trees largel}" recovered when cul-
ture and attention were resutned after the first year. In these experi-
ments carelessly planted trees resulted in an increase in growth of wood
and in total weight of the tree — a surprising result which is being*
further studied. Mulching the ground with clean straw, hardening
by rolling, or repeated digging of the soil instead of hoeing produced
no appreciable results.
The effect of planting trees in hills with the ground worked from 2
to 3 ft. deep, of planting in soil mixed with flints, gravel, chalk, peat,
or compost, and of planting trees too high and too low were studied.
Decided results were secured only when the method employed fav-
ored an increased moisture supply to the roots — /. c, with peat and
compost. Both the leaf size and wood formation were increased by
the use of these materials, due not so much, it is thought, to their
manurial value as to their increasing the porosity and moisture of the
soil. p]ach of the months of November, January, and March has
proved equall}^ favorably for setting out trees.
In certain experiments the blossoms were removed, resulting in a
small excess in the growth and leaf weight.
HOETICULTURE. 751
"Witli Stirling Castle, the normal trees of which have borne much more fully
than those of the other variety, the excess was much larger, amounting to 30 to 40
per cent. These trees were allowed to fruit in 1899, and immediately the excess in
the size of the leaf disappeared. The crop of these trees in this one year, although
it was an unfavorable year for fruit, was greater than those of the other trees
throughout the 4 seasons during which the latter had been bearing."
Pecan culture, H. H. Hume {Florida Sta. Bui. oJ^., ^yp. 185-211^
j)ls. 3^ jigs. 0). — The botany, methods of propagation and culture, varie-
ties, and the adaptation of pecans to Florida conditions are considered.
A large portion of northern Florida is believed by the author to be
especially adapted to the profitable growth of pecans. The nut does
not appear to be exacting in soil requirements. Trees in Florida are
found growing on soils ranging from a black hummock to the less fer-
tile high pine lands. The opinions of writers vary as to the best soil.
Directions for growing trees from seed planted in the nursery are
given. The seed bed should be prepared as for vegetables and the
nuts planted on their sides 3 in. apart, in rows 2i ft. apart, and cov-
ered 3 in. deep. They should be planted soon after they are ripe and
cultivation and fertilization given the same as with other young trees.
Varieties do not come true from seed. Grafting and budding are
therefore resorted to in propagating desirable sorts. Annular and
veneer shield budding or cleft and whip grafting are most couMnon.
Various other species of Hicoria have been used for stocks, but the
pecan is considered most satisfactory^
A successful method of propagation recommended by a pecan grower
is to plant common pecans and a big paper-shell variet}' close beside
each other, and when 2 years old to use the paper-shell as scion and
the common pecan as stock. The scion should contain 3 buds. It is
taken before growth starts in the spring and kept in moist sand. Later,
when the stock has plent}^ of sap and is putting out leaves, the ground
is cleared away from the crown and an oblique cut i to 1 in. in length,
made from the crown upward. A similar cut is made on the scion.
The graft is held in place by a mixture of clay and gra}^ moss, well
mixed and kneaded, and earth heaped over the stock. The pecan is
considered difficult to work, which fact largely accounts for the high
price of pecan nursery stock.
The orchard where the trees are to be set should have Ijeen in some
cultivated farm or garden crop. Forty feet is believed to l;)e sufficient
distance apart for trees in Florida. If the triangular method of plant-
ing is adopted, 40 trees can be grown on an acre. Planting between
the latter part of November and lirst of ]March is recommended. The
trees ma}' be set in the permanent orchard when 2 j^ears old. If
budded or grafted they will be 3 j^ears old. A small amount of ferti-
lizer, thoroughly incorporated with the soil about the newl}' set tree,
is desirable. Clean cultivation may be given from March to July,
752 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
followed by a cover crop of beg"gar weed, cowpea.s. or velvet beans; or
crops of cotton, velvet beans, melons, etc., mav be grown between the
rows, the area devoted to these crops being more and more restricted
as the trees develop.
Pecan trees have a large tap root. When transplanting, this should
be cut 15 or IS in. from the crown or back to solid wood and all injured
roots removed. Root pruning trees in the nurserv row is recommended.
Examples of successful orchards grown from tap-root pruned trees
are also noted. Pruning the tops of 1 and 2 year old trees at time of
setting is not considered advisable as it tends to the development of
shoots. Older trees when transplanted will require some top pruning.
In general, the pruning necessary for a pecan tree is confined largely
to forming the head. This should be started 3 or 4 ft. from the
ground, and the strong upright center limbs cut l)ack to induce groAvth
of the lateral branches and give the tree a rounded form.
Some notes on the production of new varieties by crossing are given,
and 18 varieties grown either in Florida or Georgia are described.
The points considered desirable in estimating the value of the pecan
are quality and flavor, plumpness of kernel, ease with which the kernel
separates, size, and thickness of the shell. A thin-shell A'ariet}', other
factc^i's being equal, is most desirable; Stuart, Van Deman Centennial,
and Frotscher are considered standard varieties. A list of nurserymen
handling pecan stock is added. j
Artificial pollination of carnations, Amelung {Crartenfiora., Jfd
(1900), JTo. 17, ])]). JiSS-Jf-GJi-, figs. 5). — An account is given of cross
pollinating Dlanthus chinensis with the pollen of D. caryopliylliis for
the purpose of combining the vigorous growing habit and strong stems
of the first with the rich color and odor of the latter. Incidentall}'
pollen from 1). harhatus and D. pliimarius was also used to fertilize
the Chinese carnation. The pollen of D. harhatus was effective, and 70
good seeds were obtained; ))ut that of I). 'plHinariun exerted no influ-
ence Avhatever. Some loO seeds were obtained when D. chinensis was
pollinated by D. caryojjhyllus. These were sown. None of the result-
ing carnations were alike in t3'pe, form, or leaf formation. Out of 60
blossoms oidy 8 were well filled. Ten of the more promising plants
were set in pots, poUinat'^d with D. caryop/tylhis, and the seed harvested
in the fall. This seed, when sown the following spring, produced
plants which ])lossomed at intervals between June 1 and Septeml>er 30.
Selected plants were again pollinated with J), caryophyllus and the
operation repeated 3 tini(\s. Tho result of the experiment at the end
of 6 years is a plant which blossoms earlier than JJ. caryophylJus and
has a stronger stem. It is believed that after a few years this strain
can be so fixed as to come true to seed. The experiment is further
believed to show that it requires at least 10 years before satisfactory
results can l^e oljtained in cross pollinating carnations.
HORTICULTURE. 753
Gardener's assistant; a practical and scientific exposition of the art of
gardening- in all its branches, K. Thompson {London: (rrenliam Pub. Co., 1900,
rev. rd., To/. /, pp. 208, ph. o, fuj^ ..'09).
Amateur's practical garden book; containing the simplest directions for
the growing of the commonest things about the house and garden, C. E.
HuNN and L. H. Bailey [Ne^i: York: MacmiUan Co., Gardencraft, ser. 1900, pp. 250,
figs. 169). — The topics treated are arranged alphabetically. The more common fruits,
nuts, vegetables, flowers, herbs, horticultural operations and tools, insects and dis-
eases, etc., are considered in an elementary way.
Vegetable growing in southern Arizona, A. J. McClatchie {Arizona Sta. Bid.
35, pp. 114-14S, figs. 5]. — Cultural directions based on the results of station experi-
ence are given for growing all the more common garden vegetables. The region in
southern Arizona where the station is located is essentially a desert one, with hot
days, cool nights, and rapid changes from winter to summer. Irrigation is essential.
The kind of vegetable to be planted each month of the year is specifically noted and
directions given for preparation of the soil, cultivation, irrigating, etc. The necessity
for planting only good seed is pointed out.
Vegetables out of season in every garden, E. K. Toogood {Southampton: Too-
good & Sons, 1899, pp. 103, figs. 73). — Notes on forcing structures and appliances
and directions for forcing a large numlDer of vegetables and small fruits, with data as
to time of sowing and date of maturing.
The formation of fruit buds, G.- H. Powell {Delaware Sia. Rpt. 1899, pp. 1.50-
153). — A study is being made of this subject in the laboratory and field, but results thus
far obtained are reserved for a future report. Inconclusive data obtained in thinning
experiments with Burbank and Poole Pride plums are included. Thinning slightly
increased the size of the fruit but reduced the quantity and likewise the profits per
tree. The value of thinning in the case of the Burbank it is thought nmst be found
in the subsequent Ijehavior of the tree. With Poole Pride the main advantage seemed
to be the excellent condition in which the trees were left for future crops. Branches
of unthinned trees were bent to the ground with the fruit and so broken that a
renewal of the tops will be necessary before further crops can be grown.
Fruit culture in Queensland, A. H. Benson {Queensland Agr. Jour., 7 {1900), No.
6,p)p. 432-438, pis. 11). — A short account of some varieties of citrus fruits of approved
merit now fruiting in the colony, with general notes on seedlings.
The chemical composition of Finnish cranberries, F. Stolle {Ztschr. Deut.
Znckennd.,.50 {1900), Xo. -533, pp. 609, 610; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 19 {1900), No.
9, p. 841). — The details of the chemical method employed in isolating the sugar con-
tained in the fruit are reported. The sugar in the cranberry was found to be pure
invert sugar, and the acid, gloxylie acid.
Catalogue of fruit trees under test at the experimental farm at Agassiz,
British Columbia, ^V. Saunders and T. A. Sharpe {Canada Cent. E.vpt. Farm Bui.
3,2. ser.,ijp. 71). — Alphal)etical lists of the apples, crab apples, pears, plums, cherries,
peaches, apricots, nectarines, quinces, medlar trees, and mulberries growing at the
station with notes and a select list of the varieties suitable for cultivation in British
Columbia.
Root system in the orange orchard as affected by irrigation, cultivation,
and fertilization, J. H. Reed {Pacific Enral Press, 61 {1901), No. l,j)p.4,5). — Paper
road by th(» author before the University Farmers' Club Institute at Riverside, Cal.
Messina V. California lemons, J. S. Van Epps {Pacific Fruit World, 10 {1901),
No. 15, p). 3). — The total weight and the weight and percentage of the peel, pulp,
soluble solids, and free and combined acids of a box of California and a box of
Messina lemons each containing 300 lemons are given. The California lemons con-
tained al)out one-third more acid than the Messina.
The California Smyrna fig on a commercial basis, G. C. Roeding ( California
754 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Fruit Grower, 25 {1900), Xo. 656,2)p.4-6). — Paper on thi^; subject discnssing in detail
Smyrna and Adriatic classes of figs, caprification, gathering and curing, etc.
Phylloxera resistant vines for California, F. T. Bioletti {Pacific Rural Prrss,
60 {1000), Xo. 25, }jp. 388, 389). — Paper read by the author at the California Fruit
Growers' convention.
Preservation of grape posts, Schellexbero {Jaliresber. Vers. Stat. u. Schule,
WcuJcnsu-eil, 1897-98, pp. 43,44). — Posts saturated with solutions of copper sulpliate,
carbolic acid preparations, or creosote, respectively, resisted rot much longer tlian
posts not so treated.
Growing flowers for perfume, 0. B. Salisbuey {Anier. Gard., 21 {1900), Xo. 313,
pp. 847, 848, fign. 3). — An account, with some statistics, of the perfume industry of the
city of Grasse in southeastern France.
Culture of flowers from seeds and bulbs, E. K. Toogood {SoutJiampton: Toogood
& Soii.'<, I'.iOO, pp. 190, fig. 54). — Simple directions for the culture of hardy flowers.
Live covers for country homes, B. D. Halsted {Xeiv Jer.^ey Stag. Bui. 144, pp. 39,
pU. 15, figs. 13). — A pojjular treatise on all the more common hardy climbing vines
used in this country for ornamental purposes and shade for houses and other build-
ings. The ivies, grapes. Wistarias, Ampelopsis, trumpet creeper, Clematis, honey-
suckle, climbing roses, pipe vines, matrimony vine, Akebia gninita, moonseed, climb-
ing bittersweet, Actinidia, hop, and Madeira vine, and Cobea annuals are given most
attention. The success or failure with many of these at other stations in different
parts of the country is noted. Directions for setting vines are given, with notes on
their care, diseases, etc., and a brief presentation of the objections from a sanitary
standpoint sometimes urged against vines on houses.
Culture of Erica wilmorei and of similar species, H. Dauthenay {Rev. Ilnrt.,
72 {1900), Xo. 23, pp. 663, 664). — Details regarding propagation, care, and diseases.
Auricula (Primula auricula), J. Douc;las {Garden, 58 {1900), Xos. 1515, pp.
399-401; 1516, pp. 4II, 412). — Paper on the classes of auriculas, general culture,
propagation by seed, repotting, insect pests, and best varieties, with notes on alpine
auriculas.
FORESTRY.
A short account of the Big Trees of California ( U. S. Dept, Agr.^
Division of Forestry Bui. '28^ pp. 30., pis. 15, maps 2). — This is a
reprint of a report on the Big Trees of California which was issued as
a Senate document. It contains a statement relative to the discovery
of the groves and their distribution throughout California. The Big
Tree is found only in small groves scattered along the west slope of
the Sierra Nevada Mountains, from the North Fork of the American
River to the head of Deer Creek, a distance of 2t)0 miles. But 10
main groups are known, and the total number of large trees in these
groups are but a few thousand, while the specimens which are remark-
able for their size do not exceed 500. The different groves are
described in detail, and notes are given on their age, geological his-
tory, etc. The Big Tree reproduces itself but slowly and with much
uncertaint3\ In some groves a number of seedlings of varying size
are found, while in others young trees are almost wholly wanting.
A botanical description of the Big Tree is given, together with notes
on its nomenclature, in which it is stated that the proper botanical
FORESTRY. 755
name of the tree should l)c Sequoia vjashingtoniaoia, instead of S.
gi(j(int((i.
The Big Trees of California, W. R. Dudley {Forester, 6 {1900),
Wo. 9, pp. 206-2 10, fig. i).— The author gives a concise statement of the
facts observed in an investigation of the Big-Tree regions of California,
in which he visited various groves, took the measurements of the trees,
studied their habitat as closely as possible, and incidentalh' secured
information relative to their ownership. It is said there are 33 distinct
groves of Sequoia gigantea, 8 of them north and 25 south of Kings
River, California.
The result of lumbering these trees is mentioned, and the milling
capacity of the various mills situated in the vicinit}^ of the different
groves is shown. The agitation that is going on for the acquirement
of these groves by the Government, and their future protection, has
both a sentimental and an economic value. South of the Kings River
these trees are said to be an important factor in stream protection, and
as such their preservation becomes an important forestry question.
Tree planting in Oklahoma, W. L. Hall {Forester, 6 {1900), No. 6,
pp. 130. 131). — The forest conditions of Oklahoma are briefly described,
together with the soils and distribution of streams. Under proper
management it is said that many thousand acres of land at present
almost worthless could be made to produce valuable timl)er at slight
expense. In this region planting white elm, green ash, mulberry,
catalpa, locust, Russian mulberry, hackberr}', black walnut, and black
cherry may be usually relied upon to be successful. Plantings of these
trees should be on the lower slopes and in the valle3'S, l)ut if upland
planting is attempted it is stated that it should be carried on in a
limited way with such trees as black locust, Russian mulberry, white
elm. and haekberry.
When increase in thickness begins in trees, G. T. Hastings
{Science, n. ser., 12 {1900), No. 303, pp. 5S5, 580). — A brief summary is
given of observations made upon the beginning of increase in thick-
ness in a number of trees. It was found that in the broad-leaved
species examined no increase of thickness occurred until the buds had
opened and the first leaves expanded. The first formation of new
wood was in the neighborhood of the terminal bud, and was not con-
tinuous around the stem. The growth progresses gradually from the
1-3'ear-old twigs to those 2 and 3 years old, and when the new wood
begins to be formed on the 5 or 6 year old twigs, the process becomes
ver}' rapid, occurring over the entire tree. Growth usually begins
and extends more rapidly on the upper and more exposed limbs, some-
times a week before any .sign of growth being observed on the lower
ones.
In the pines the increase in thickness began on the 2 and 3 year old
twigs before it was noticed in 1-year-old twigs, or before the buds had
756 EXPERIMEJNT STATION RECORD.
opened. By the time the buds were well opened growth had extended
from the terminal shoot down the trunk and was just Ijeuinning on the
lower branches. This exceptional behavior is attributed to the fact
that the leaves, as in the case of the pine, remain on the twigs for 2 or
3 3"ears. In the case of hemlock, which retains its leaves for 6 or 7
years, the growth at the end of May was greatest on the 6-year-old
twigs, and decreased up to the 1-year-old twigs, where it was very
slight. In the case of the bald cypress {Taxodium dhtlchiiin) the
conditions were quite similar to those observed for the broad-leaved,
deciduous trees.
Damage to timber by acid fumes, H. S. Graves {Forester, 6 (1900),
jVo. 0\ jj/>. iJo, 136). — An example of injury to timber by acid fumes
is reported h\ the author as occurring at Ducktown, Tenn., where
there are extensive copper mines. The crude ore is roasted in order
to drive off a portion of the sulphur. The fumes, containing a large
amount of sulphurous acid, are carried to a considerable distance, all
grass being destroyed for about one-third of a mile, and at a distance of
one-half mile certain trees are only able to maintain a sickly existence.
It was found that the white pine was among the most susceptible.
Trees of this variet}" have been killed at a distance of 7 miles from the
roasting sheds.
A provisional list of trees, in the order of their relative degree of
sensitiveness, is given. Tlie list, beginning with the most sensitive, is
white pine, hemlock, river birch, mulberrj^, white oak, chestnut oak,
chestnut, black oak, red oak, ash, willow, beech, poplar, blue beech,
bellwood, locust, honey locust, red maple, Virginia scrub pine, black
gum, sourwood, and dogwood. The last 3 trees in the list are said to
be very hardy and are found growing in excellent condition within
half a mile of the works.
The forests, L. Boppe and A. Jolyet {Lcs Forets. Paris: BailUerc & Son, 1901,
pp. XI -f- 48S,figs. 94). — This book is largely based'upon lectures delivered by the first
author at the National Forestry School at Nancy. In the first chapters the tree.as
an individual is considered, followed with descriptions of all the more important
species of forest trees. The forest, its soil, climatic and reciprocal relationships are
discussed; after which especial attention is given to forest protection and reforesta-
tion. In the chapters on exploitation and protection especial attention is given to
the injuries to forests by man, in which fires and pasturage play an importaut part.
Many valuable suggestions are given relating to artificial reforestation, the value of
different species for different surroundings and uses being discussed. Directions are
given for the preparation and management of forest nurseriesand forest planting.
Plants suited to the different conditions are presented, attention l)eing paid to refor-
estation of nouagricultural lands, mountains, and the fixation of sand dunes.
The forests of Canada, De Sehille {Bid. Soc. Cent. Ford. Belg., 7 {1900), No. 6,
pp. 4-51-465). — Tlie forests of Canada are described at some length, the different
regions being taken up in more or less detail. The coniferous sj^ecies occurring in
these forests are mentioned and their distril)ution l)riefly outlined. Thirty-one
species of conifers are found in the region indicated.
FORESTEY. 757
Forest problems in Michigan, C. AV. Garfield {Forester, 6 {1900), No. 11, pp.
255-2.58). — lu a paper read liefore the American Forestry Association, June 26, the
author reviews the prehminary movements which led up to the establishment of a
State forestry commission in Michigan. The text of the law, which provides for a
permanent forestry commission and defines its powers and duties, is quoted. The
organization of the forestry commission is given and a brief account of the efforts on
the part of this commission to enforce the law and create a public sentiment favorable
to it.
Adirondack forestry problems, B. E. Fernoav {Forester, 6 {1900), No. 10, pp.
229-234). — The acquirement of forestry lands by the State of New York is briefly
reviewed, together with the legislation which has made it possible to acquire and
control these forests. The main problems remaining for solution are silvicultural
ones, and these will be concerned with the treatment of virgin land, culled lands,
slashes or burns, and swamps.
The legislative outlook for forestry in Wisconsin, E. Brunkex {Forester, 6
{1900), No. 11, pp. 259-262). — The forestry conditions of AVisconsin are briefly out-
lined and statements given relative to the prospect for legislation to correct some of
the more prominent evils.
The forests of East and West Prussia {Ztsclir. Forst. n. Jagdw., 32 {1900), No. 7,
pp. 3S1-406). — The extent and distribution of the forests are described.
A classification of standing timber, C. Broilliard {Rev. Faux et Forcfs, 3. ser.,
4 {1900), No. 5, pp. I4O-I49). — Different schemes of classification of standing timber
are giveji which are varied to suit different species of trees.
Comparison of the strength of Ceylon timbers with that of European tim-
bers, W. C. Unwin {Indian Forester, 26 {1900), No. 10, pp. 521-523).— The v,-eigh.t
per cubic foot, crushing strength, "shearing" strcngtli, etc., are given of 22 varieties of
Ceylon timbers, comparisons being made with the same factors for oak, elm, ash, and
red pine.
Second growth pine vs. agriculture, W. M. Hays {Forester, 6 {1900), No. 9, pp.
214-216). — Attention is called to the low value of some of the sandy pine lands in
Minnesota and elsewhere after they have been denuded of timber. Such lands are
quickly exhausted when cultivated, and their greatest economic value can probably
be secured by maintaining them permanently under forest conditions.
The natural spreading of timber areas, C. E. Bessey {Forester, 6 {1900), No.
10, pp. 240-243). — The natural spreading of pine forests and deciduous trees in the
prairie regions is shown, and causes sought. The x>rincipal cause of tliis spread is
attributed to the fact of stopping prairie fires and of adjacent tillage.
Cutting, burning, and fire protection, H. B. Ayres {Forester, 6 {1900), No. 11,
pp. 266, 267). — A brief review is given of some of the problems relating to cutting,
burning, and fire protection of forests. It is stated that investigations made by the
TJ. S. Geological Survey show that in 14 townships during 1899 more than 800, 000, 000
ft. of white and Norway pine was destroyed by fire. The necessity for systems of
management which will prevent such wholesale loss is shown.
Some important foreign trees for use in reforestation, E. Hexry (>S'ta. Agron.
Nancy, Bui. 3, 1900, pp. 26-39) . — A brief review of the forest conditions existing in
France and elsewhere is given, in which the necessity for forest conservation is
shown. Notes are given on the value of the black locust, white pine, and Douglas
fir for forest planting in the east of France. The results of a number of experiments
with these trees made in different parts of Euroi^e are given, in which the author
concludes that these trees are all available for reforestation experiments in France.
Profitable reforestation, E. Henry {Rev. Faux et Forets, 3. ser., 4 {1900), No. 11,
pp. 321-329). — An account is given of operations in reforestation. Oaks were used
and the value at the end of 34 years is said to represent 6 per cent annually on the
investment.
758 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD.
Notes on successful raforestation, E. Hexry {Sta. Ayron. Xancy, Bui. J, IDOO,
pp. 31-41). — An iu'fount is^ given of the ssuwessful reforestation of 2 tracts of land in
eastern France, in wliich the Austrian pine {Pimts laricio) was the principal species.
The seed of this, and white pine, larch, and spruce were sown in oats, the entire
expense of preparation of the land and sowing the tree seed being nearly borne by
the yield of oats. At the end of 34 years the value of the forests in which the Aus-
trian pine predominated was estimated, and the statement is made that it is equal to
a 6 per cent com])ound interest on the capital invested.
SEEDS— WEEDS.
Crimson clover seed, A. J. Pieters ( U. S. I)ej>t. Agr. . DivlsUm
of Botany Oirc. IS, rev., pp. 7,Jif/s. 3). — In a previous edition of this
circular (E. S. R., 11, pp. 748) a description was given of the crimson
clover seed and methods for its inspection. The results of a year's
experience have justified the fear expressed that unless care was taken
to test the germination of crimson clover seed, much poor seed would
be planted and disappointment follow. During the past season more
than 100 samples of crimson clover seed were sent to the Seed Lab-
oratory for examination. Their germination varied from 0 to 99.75
per cent. The purity in most cases was good, though one sample sold
as crimson clover proved to be common red clover, while another lot
of seed, imported as crimson clover, was yellow trefoil. A. detailed
report is given upon a number of analyses made, in which comparisons
are drawn between the market price of the seed and the actual value
of the good seed in the sample. The statement is made that as a gen-
eral principle seed should be used that is grown in the neighborhood
where it is to be planted. As between imported and American-grown
seed, the latter is to be preferred. However, imported seed of good
vitality will generally give satisfaction in the region south of the Ohio
River.
The germination of seeds from different sized fruits and from
cells containing different numbers o* seeds, Duke of Bedford
and S. U. Pickering ( Woharrt Expt. Fruit Farm Rp)t. 1900, p>l>- ^10-
217). — ^In the previous report (E. S. R., 9, p. 757) the germinative
poAver of seeds of crab apples taken Irom large and small fruits was
reported upon. The results obtained at that time seemed to be in
favor of the seeds from smaller f '-uits. In the present report details
of experiments are given with crab apples, apples, and pears, the
results of which are summarized. The general conclusion reached is
that neither the size of the fruit nor the number of seeds per fruit
has any certain or appreciable effect on the germinative power of the
seed and proba))ly not om tiie vigor of the seedlings.
Investigations on germination, L. Maquenne {Ann. Agi'on., 26
{1900), ^h. 7, ijp. 32 1-332). -^Y\\i^ author states that the 2 conditions
which are perhaps most important in the germination of seed are the
SEEDS— WEEDS. 759
vitality of the embryo and the amount of humidity sufficient to secure
the dissolution and transportation of the reserve material in the seed,
and in this eontril)ution he makes a preliminary report on the relation
between these 2 factors. The amount of moisture normally in seeds
and the amount present as shown by evaporation in vacuum of a num-
ber of seeds is gi\en, and the transformation of the reserve materials
in vye, peas, and white lupines is shown.
In conclusion the author states that all his observations tend to
show the preponderating role of diastases in the preservation and
development of seeds. Those causes which retard the alteration of
diastases also maintain the germinative power, and it is believed pos-
sible to indelinitely prolong the vitalit}" of seeds by placing them under
conditions in which the diastases are rendered absolutely inactive. One
of the most important factors in this is the presence of moisture, all
traces of which must be removed for the prolonged preservation of
seed.
The effect of calcium hydrate upon germination, R. Windisch
{Lanchv. Vers. Stat., 5J^ {1900), jSTo. 3-Ii,, pp. 28S-309).— The effect of
soaking seed of various kinds in water containing from 0.172-1: to 5 per
cent of calcium hydrate, as shown in their germination, is reported.
The seeds experimented with were wheat, barley, rye, oats, maize,
rape, flax, blue and white lupines, chickpea, fodder vetch, soy beans,
and horse beans. Equal lots of seed were soaked for the same time
in distilled water and the germination of the 2 lots compared. The
results, which are tabulated, show that wheat was uninjured by any
of the treatments and the other cereals not to any appreciable extent.
In some casesthe germination of theVeed soaked in the lime solutions
was retarded and with some seeds the total germinations were consid-
erably reduced. This seemed to be especially true with the lupines,
hemp, fodder vetch, horse beans, and soy beans.
Charlock spraying, T. H. Middleton ( C%w. Col. Wales, Aheryj.
stvnjtJi, Agi'. iJejA., Ann. Rpt. Field Expts. 1899, pp. Jf3, 4.J1,; Bd. Agr.
\Lond(yii\, ]i2)t. Agr. Education and Research, 1899-1900, pp. 89, 90). —
An account is given of sprajdng experiments for the destruction of
charlock in a field of black Tartarian oats. Copper sulphate solutions
in 1.5 and 2.25 per cent solutions were employed at the rate of from
38 to 70 gal. per acre. A few days following the spraying, the oats
had a brown tint and seemed to have suffered especially from the 2. 25
solution. A fortnight later the unsprayed plats were ii mass of yellow
bloom, but on the sprayed portion but few weeds were to be found and
the oats, instead of having been injured, appeared to have been dis-
tinctly benetited by the treatment. From4he success which attended
this experiment the author feels warranted in recommending such
treatment for the destruction of charlock and gives directions for its
proper application.
16106— No. 8—01 5
760 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
liist of seeds of hardy herbaceous plants and of trees and shrubs (Roy.
Gard. Ken; Bui. Mi.^c. Tuforui.. 1901, App. J, pji. 40).
A new seed-sorting- apparatus, G. Martinet [Ann. Agr. Snme, 1 {1900), No. 2,
pp. 56-59, fig. 1). — In this apparatus seeds are allowed to drop through a funnel
which is curved at its lower extremity in a horizontal direction. The falling seeds
acquire a certain momentum and are projected at different distances, according to
their size and weight, into partitioned receptacles. The lighter seeds drop into the
first receptacle while the heavier seeds are throwni farthest and intermediate grades
fall between. A blast of air directed against the seeds as the)' leave the funnel aids
in the separation.
Some results are recorded which show the germinating jiower of seed collected in
the different receptacles.
Rice weeds in Louisiana, W. R. Dodsox {Louisiana Stas. Bui. 61, 2. ser.,j)p., 402-
437, fig^. 17). — An account is given of the more important weeds occurring in the rice
fields of Louisiana, and the methods of their distribution are discussed at consider-
able length. Various means of destruction are suggested; among them, l^urning, late
plowing, flooding, hand weeding, etc. Among the weeds the most troublesome is
that known as red rice, which is a variety of the cultivated rice. Among the other
weeds described are the large indigo {Sesban or Seshania macrocarpa), the curly indigo
{jEschynomene virginica), tadpole grass {Rhynchospora corniculata) , bull grass {Pani-
cum agrostidiforme) , etc.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Upon the after effect of sulphur -when applied to soils for the
purpose of preventing potato scab, H. J. AVheelek, B. L. Hart-
well, and N. L. C. Moore {Rliodt Island Sta. Jij)f. 1S99, pjj. 163-
167): — In a previous bulletin of this station (E. S. R., 8, p. 797) the
effect of sulphur applied at the rate of 600 lbs. per acre in the pre-
vention of potato scab was described. In 1897 similar experiments
were continued in which sulphur at the rate of 300 lbs. per acre was
used, the seed tubers being rolled in sulphur and the sulphur not
adhering to the tubers being dusted OA'er them before covering in the
hills. As a result of this treatment the number of scab))y tubers was
reduced about 9 per cent. An injurious action of sulphur upon the
plants was noticed where no lime had been applied to the soil. The
germicidal action of sulphur is explained by the acid liberated b}' the
oxidation of the sulphur. On neutral or slightly alkaline soil a more
marked influence as a preventive of scab would be expected.
In 1898 experiments were conducted to ascertain the after effect of
applications of sulphur under various soil conditions. These experi-
ments were conducted in galvanized-iron pots, the soil having lieen
taken from pots which had been used the 2 previous years in experi-
ments on potato scab. Each pot received a fertilizer of nitrate of
soda, acid phosphate, muriate of potash, and high-grade sulphate
of potash. Different pots received lime, wood ashes, or some form
of calcium. Comparisons were made with and without sulphur. The
experiments were conducted with oats and millet. The results, which
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 761
show the weights of air dry plants in the different pots, are tabulated,
in which it appears that "sulphur employed in considerable quantities
upon soils which are acid or which contain but a limited excess of
basic ingredients is capable of causing much subsequent injury to
crops, the extent of the same being greatest upon acid or neutral
soils." It is further stated that the application of sulphur to soils for
the preyention of potato scab regardless of the character of the soil
is liable to occasionally cause much injury. The authors state that
sulphate of ammonia, which has a high manurial yalue, giyes promise
of being more satisfactory and economical than flowers of sulphur as
a means of lessening the tendency to scab in contaminated soils which
are fayorable to the growth of the fungus.
Experiments in the prevention of tomato blights, G. H. Pow-
ell {JJtIaivare Sta. Rpt. ISOO^pJ)- 1-^-^-ioO). — Reports are giyen of
experiments in spraj'ing tomato plants in 1898-99 with Bordeaux mix-
ture for the preyention of tomato blights. In 1898 yarious plats
were sprayed at different times and with different numbers of appli-
cations. The results obtained were of a decidedly conflicting nature,
some of the check plats yielding more than some of the sprayed ones.
The results obtained indicated that Bordeaux luixture did not check the
progress of the disease, although it was yisible upon the foliage
throughout the season.
In 1899 the experiments were repeated. One lot of 100 plants was
covered with Bordeaux mixture from the time of their appearance
aboye ground until the ripening of the first fruits; a similar lot was
kept thoroughly spraj-^ed from the time the plants were set in the field
to the ripening of the first fruits; a third lot was sprayed from the
time of setting first fruits to their ripening, and a fourth lot was
retained as a check. Records were kept of the numl^er, weight, and
diseased character of all the fruits, the results of which are shown in
tabular form. The plants sprayed from the time of their appearance
in the seed bed gained at the rate of 2.1:5 tons per acre; those sprayed
from the time of setting in the field, 1.21: tons; while those sprayed
from the time of the setting of first fruits until their ripening gained
2.25 tons per acre. The tomato blight appeared on none of the plants
until late in the summer, after which all the plants seemed to be
affected alike, the foliage dropping from the sprayed as well as the
check plants.
The yalue of Bordeaux mixture in these experiments seems to be
shown in the increased yigor of the plants, haying stimulated them to
a more rapid growth. It was of particular merit in keeping down the
attacks of flea-beetles, and spraying the seed bed is thought advisable
by the author, especially if it should be on land preyiously set to
tomatoes.
Report on the treatment of apple scab, 1898. F. D. Chester
762 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
{DelavMTe Sta. Rpt. 1899^ 2'P- 37-30, (Icjm. 1). — In eontinuatiou of
previous investigations, the fourth year's report is given of spraying
experiments conducted on Winesap and Strawberry apple trees. Bor-
deaux mixture, composed of 6 lbs. of copper sulphate, 6 lbs. of lime,
and 50 gals, of water, was applied to the trees, the first application
being made when the buds were swelling, the second just after the
petals had fallen, and the third at the time the fruits were about the
size of peas. At the third spraying 4 ozs. of Paris green was added
to each barrel of fungicide.
The effect of the spraying, as shown by the yield of Winesap apples,
is reported, the Strawberry apple trees not having produced any fruit.
At the close of the season the Strawberry apple trees had produced
an abundance of fruit buds, with good foliage, while the unsprayed
trees had lost their leaves and were in poor condition. The 3neld of
the Winesap apples is tabulated, from which it appears that the trees
receiving 3 sprajdngs bore- 68.2 per cent first class, 16.6 per cent sec-
ond class, and 15.2 percent third class fruit which were badly scabbed,
while the unspra^'ed trees produced 11.7 per cent first class, 33.1 per
cent second class, and 52.2 per cent third class fruit.
Peach-leaf curl, its nature and treatment, N. B. Pierce {U. S.
Dtjif. -b/''-. Division of Yc'ijctalAr IVrys/o/ogy <ind Pathology Bui. 20,
J)]). 20Jf^ ph. 30, figs. 10). — The authors investigations show that peach-
leaf curl has a widespread distribution and in humid localities is a
hindrance to peach culture. The disease is caused l)y the parasitic
fungus, Exoascus defonnans, the ravages of which are largely depend-
ent upon the atmospheric conditions prevailing while the trees are
leafing out. Rains and cold weather at that time increase the severity
of the disease by favoring the growth of the parasite. For this rea-
son, orchards near large bodies of water and in low, damp situations
are more subject to leaf curl than those in dry regions or elevated
situations. An extensive account is given on the life history of the
fungus causing the disease. The mycelium of diseased leaves is found
to be connected through the leaf petiole with the mycelium of the
infected limb. Much of the spring infection probably occurs through
the wintering mj-celium of the branch, but this is not considered the
common mode of infection of the leaves. It seems that most of the
spring infections of the peach occur from spores that winter on the
tree and about the newly formed buds, and most of the infected leaves
fall off without infecting the branch which bears them. The mycelium
of badly infected leaves sometimes passes into the l)ranch and this
mycelium in some instances may follow the branch for 1 or, at most, a
few internodes and possibl}^ infect some adjoining buds. Badly infested
branches usually die during the year, while in a comparatively few
instances they ma}' support a li\ing mycelium capable of inducing
spring infection upon opening buds. Most of the spring infections
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 763
are due to the spores of the fungus and not to a perennial m3'celiuni as
was formerly believed.
Leaf curl has been successfully treated since about 18S0 and copper
sulphate sprays are found to be more effective than sulphur or other
fungicides. On the whole, Bordeaux mixture in the proportion of 5
lbs. of copper sulphate, 5 lbs. of lime, and 46 gal. of water, gives the
best results. This should be applied shortly before the opening of the
fresh buds. In this way 95 to 9S per cent of the spring foliage may be
saved. By thorough spra^-ing with Bordeaux mixture, gains of
$427.80 per acre are recorded where trees were planted at distances 25
ft. each way. The trees should be spraj^ed each season, as the experi-
ments prove that treatment one season may not prevent disease the fol-
lowing 3'ear. The proper time for winter spraying and the number of
applications depend on the locality, season, etc., but the most good is
likely to follow if applied from 1 to 3 weeks before the opening of the
blossoms in the spring. A proper time to apply the spra}' is in calm
weather, during the middle of the day. Of nearly 200 varieties of
peach and nectarine examined, it was found that ver}^ few were wholly
free from this disease, while some were very subject to it; but it was
demonstrated that a single winter treatment will prevent disease even
upon those varieties which are most subject to it.
Treatment for the prevention of brunissure, E. Zacharewicz
{Frog. Agr. ct Yli. {Ed. L Ed), 21 {1900), jYo. 1^7, 'pp. 637, 638).— An
account is given of experiments to combat brunissure in vineyards
whose 5aeld of grapes had greatly depreciated on account of this
disease. In October, 1898, the vines were given a thorough spray-
ing with a 30 per cent solution of iron sulphate. In November a
fertilizer composed of sulphate of potash, superphosphate of lime, and
plaster was given the different vines, followed in March by an appli-
cation of nitrate of soda. A second spraying was given, in which a 20
per cent solution of iron sulphate was used. In 1899 the vines which
had received this treatment were much more vigorous than the others,
and the yield was materially increased, although the disease had not
entirely disappeared. A similar treatment was given them in 1900
with very satisfactory results, the disease having almost entirely disap-
peared on the treated vines, although abundant on those not having
been given any preventive treatment.
Carnation-stem rot, F. W. Card and G. E. Adams {Rhode Island
Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 131-135). — A series of experiments are reported
upon which were conducted in 1899 with the hope of ascertaining
methods for caring for carnations which are attacked by stem rot
caused by different species of fungi. Fifteen hundred cuttings of a
very susceptible variety (Flora Hill) were secured and divided into
lots of 100 each and submitted to different treatments. Healthy and
diseased cuttings were grown in clean sand and sand on which carna-
764 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
tions had been previously grown. Chemical fertilizers and stable
manures were compared, and the effect of dipping- cuttings in Bor-
deaux mixture before planting- was tested. The results of the different
treatments are given at some length, but delinite conclusions are not
warranted from the experiments of a single season.
The most marked results were obtained in the use of fresh clean
sand. Dipping the cuttings in Bordeaux mixture before placing in
the cutting bed was attended with considerable loss, so that it is
believed such treatment is unsafe. The general belief that stable
manure in the soil favors the progress of the disease was not sus-
tained in the trials made by the authors. The most important points
for practice brought out b}' their experiments seem to be the superior
value of sand and soil in which carnations have not been previously
grown. It is said that one of the species of fungi causing the disease
is believed to be the same as that producing the rot of sugar beets
and the damping off of other plants. Should this prove true upon
further examination, soils where such plants have been grown should
not be used for growing carnations.
Botr5rtis and Sclerotinia: Their relation to certain plant diseases
and to one another, R. E. Smith {Bot. Gaz.^'29 {1900)^ Xo. (J, pp. -369-
Jf07\ ph. J, figx. o). — A report is given of several 3'oars'' investigation
of a disease of hothouse lettuce, and incidentally diseases of a number
of other plants are mentioned and described. In the course of the
author's studies it became apparent that there were different forms of
lettuce diseases, all of which were generally characterized by the name
of lettuce rot. The first form described is characterized b}^ a soft, dark,
decayed spot on the stem of the plant near the surface of the soil. This
spreads rapidly, penetrating the stem and involving the bases of the
lower leaves. With further progress of the decay, the center of the
head becomes attacked and soon collapses into a fetid, slimy mass.
Plants growing finely and approaching maturity suddenly collapse;
the stem at the surface of the ground and the bases of the leaves are
found to be rotted, and in a day or two the plant is completely gone.
This form of disease is what the author characterizes as the Botrytis
tvpe and is due to Botrytis vulgaris. A second form, known as the
no-Botrytis type, is far more common. In this disease no conidial
form has ever been found. In general effect the disease is similar to
that already described and is entirely indistinguishable from it.
Affected plants wilt and collapse, and in a few days are entirely
destroj^ed. Associated with the usual mycelium in the stem is an
abundant white, woolly mycelium proceeding from the affected plants
to the svu'rounding cell, where it flourishes luxuriantly, often spread-
ing to and attacking adjacent plants. No reproductive bodies could
be obtained, but infection experiments were easily performed by the
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 765
use of diseased tissue or masses of mycelium. The results obtained
in these experiments show that the cause of this disease is an active "
parasite capable of causing- the disease at any age of the plants, but at
the same time the organism is able to flourish under purely sapro-
phytic conditions. It was found that sterilizing the soil to a depth
of 3 in. completely prevented the occurrence of this t3^pe of disease.
The third type in its etl'ect upon the host is similar to those just
described, but no Botrytis appeared. From the sclerotia placed in
wet sand numerous trumpet-shaped Peziza apothecia appeared, and
the fungus was determined as a typical form of Sclerotinia Uhertiana.
The author's conclusions are that the lettuce "drop'' in Massachusetts
is caused by 2 distinct species of fungus, Botrytis vulgaris and Sclero-
tinia Uhertiana. These 2 fungi are remarkably alike in many respects,
and have a similar effect upon the host plant. Most of the diseases
were caused by degenerated forms of Sclerotinia which have almost
entirely lost the abilitv to reproduce themselves b}^ spores and have
become highly specialized as a vegetative facultative parasite. The
disease caused by Botrytis vulgaris and the typical form of Sclerotinia
Uhertiana in mature plants is rare.
Notes are given on a number of diseases which have been attributed
b\' difl'erent authors to Sclerotinia and Botrj^tis. Among those
described are diseases of hemp, rape, potato, cucumber, and various
rots of vegetables and fruits. Of diseases due to Botrytis alone the
author describes a new disease of the linden, in which the branches
and upper part of the stem show no abnormal symptoms, while the
lower part from the surface of the ground to a height of several
inches showed numerous excrescences breaking through the epidermis.
This disease seems to be, as far as the author's observations go, a nur-
sery stock disease that results in the bark of the lower part of the
stem being destroyed and the wood laid bare. It is believed that this
disease is caused solely by Botrytis cinerea., which in this case is a true
parasite. A disease of rose twigs in hothouses, due to Botrj^tis, is
briefly described, and a number of other diseases due to this group of
fungi is mentioned.
The author concludes that there is no connection whatsoever between
Sclerotinia Uhertiana and Botrytis cinerea. The connection between
the 2 species which has been f requentl}" claimed is due to their simul-
taneous occurrence and similarity of mycelium as well as their effect
on the host.
T-wo diseases of red cedar, caused by Polyporus juniperinus
11. sp. and P. carneus, H. vox Schrexk {U. S. JJtpt. Agr.. Dii'lslon
of Vegetahle Physiology and Pathology Bui. 21,2)p- ^^,i->^'S. 6').— Exam-
ination was made b}- the author of the cause of a diseased condition
noticed in the wood of the red cedars of the United States, Juniperus
7G6 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
virginiana and J. harhadensis. Hitherto but few diseases of the red
cedar have been described, the most important being the so-called cedar
apples, due to a species of Gvmnosporangium,
The m3'celia of 2 fungi were observed growing in the heartwood of
manv trees and bringing about characteristic changes which rendered
the wood unfit for lumber. A study conducted in central Tennessee
and southern Missouri showed that these 2 forms of decay were present
in each region. The most striking form is one called white rot of the
red cedar, due to P(Ay por us juniper Inua. It causes long holes in the
heartwood, which often unite, making tubes through the entire trunk.
At first the holes are separated h\ long stretches of wood which is
apparenth' unchanged, but closer examination shows this wood is of a
reddish-brown color instead of the deep red of sound wood. The
holes are lined with a brilliant white coating, which consists of almost
pure cellulose of the original wood, the incrusting lignin substances
having been removed. In the larger holes the amount of wood fiber
which has been reduced to cellulose is very considerable. In the older
holes the white lining is almost absent, the walls at this time being
covered with a felt of soft brown mycelium.
The changes which the fungus causes in the wood are described at
considerable length. The fungus apparenth' enters the trunk through
a dead branch and when the hj^phse reach the heartwood they grow
both upward and downward. This disease is seldom noticed in trees
25 years old, but is most abundant in those considerably older. A
study of the fruiting body of the fungus has shown that it is a new
species, and a description is given of it.
The second disease is described as that called red rot, or peck}- cedar.
This is perhaps more common than white rot and has been observed in
cedar trees over a considerable portion of eastern United States and
also in specimens received from Bermuda, and has also been observed
on arbor vitaj in Maine, where it produces the characteristic brown
pockets. Wood affected with this disease is full of these spots. In
the early stages these are free from one another and are more or less
filled with a brown metamorphosed wood substance, which is cracked
so as to form small cubes adhering to the walls of the pockets. The
pockets are of different sizes, varying in length from 1 in. to several
feet. In cross section the}^ are nearly circidar when small l)ut become
irregular when old, and frequentl}- a number join together, making
large irregular holes full of brown wood which has the appearance and
properties of brown charcoal. The line of demarcation between the
brown wood and the normal heartwood is ver}^ sharp.
The structural changes caused by this fungus are described, as well
as the nwcelium and fruiting body. Although mature spores have not
been found, on account of its flesh-colored hymenium it was regarded
as a form of Poly par us came us.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 767
The fungi causiiig the 2 diseases above described are believed to be
wound parasites which gTOW in the heartwood of living trees, render-
ing the wood unlit for commercial purposes. Frequentlj^ diseased
trees are cut and sold us an inferior grade of fence posts, although
apparently they last almost as long as sound ones. The natural supph''
of red cedar still availal^le is verv small and any remedies which might
be suggested in connection with these 2 diseases must be applicable to
trees growing under modern methods of forestry for lumber or orna-
ment. After a tree has once become affected, remedies will not avail.
The more important fungus diseases of agricultural plants and means for
their prevention, E. Hotter (Die widitigsten Pilzkrankheiten der landwirthKchaftUchen
K'ulturyewdclise and iJire Bekampfung. Graz: Leuschner & Lubensky, 1900, pp. 60,
figs. 47).
Some parasitic fungi of cultivated plants, G. Bkiosi and F. Cavara {Ifunghi
parassiti. deUe jhhiiIc coJtivati' od nlill essicrati, delineati e descritti, Fasc. XIII, XIY.
Pavia, 1900; abs. in Bot. Centbl, 84 (.1900), Xo. 1, ]3p. 14, 15). — In a list of 50 species
of parasitic fungi, the authors have described the following new species: Ovularia
medicagunk, parasitic on alfalfa leaves; Melogramma henriquetii, on branches of cork
oak; Eamularia vallisumhrosx, on narcissus leaves; Cercospora ariminensis, on sulla
leaves; C. heHanthemi, on helianthemum; C.hypophyUa, on Posa canina; C.ticinensis,
on leaves of Scanbucus nigra; Ascochyta polemonii, on polemonium; and Lepothyrium
peronx, on peony leaves. ^
Potato and apple scab, G. E. Stone {Massachusetts State Pd. Ayr. Leaflet Xo. 7,
jjp. 4, figs. 2). — A popular description is given of the potato scab, caused by Oospora
scabies, and the treatment of the seed tubers with corrosive sublimate or formalin
solutions recommended. The apple scab, due to Fusicladium dendriticum, is l>riefly
described, and as remedies the author recommends 5 sprayings with Bordeaux
mixture in which Paris green is added to the second and third for the destruction
of the cankerworni, curculio, etc.
The black knot of the plum and cherry, G. E. Stone {Massachusetts State Pd.
Agr. Leaflet Xo. S, j)}). 4, figs. 2). — The black knot of the plum and cherry, caused by
the fungus Plowrightia morbosa, is popularly described and remedies suggested.
Spraying with Bordeaux mixture and careful attention to orchards, and the removal
of all badly infested trees, are recommended.
The black leaf spot of maples, E. Marchal and J. Huberty {Pal. Sac. Cent. Forst.
Belg., 7 {1900), Xo. 1, pp. 1-4, fig. 1). — A description is given of the leaf si:)ot caused
by the fungus Rhytisma acerinum. This disease usually makes its appearance in
Belgium in the month of July and may prove of considerable injury, especially to
nursery stock.
An experiment in its prevention is brief!}' outlined, in which nitrate of soda at the
rate of 250 kg. per hectare was used as a fertilizer with decided advantage. The dis-
ease was very abundant in maple plantations surrounding the plats, as well as on the
check plat, but the area receiving the nitrate of soda remained absolutely free from
the disease.
A red mold, R. G. Curtis {Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1898, pp. 202-208, pis. 4). —
Descriptive notes are given in which the characteristics exhibited during the growth
of a red mold are described.
Notes on Aspergillus oryzse, Katherine E. Golden {Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci.,
1898, j:>p. 189-201, jils. 5). — Notes are given on the history, morphology, and physio-
logical characteristics of this well-known Japanese mold. The author's investiga-
tions showed, so far as her experiments went, that there was no indication that
768 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
A. orijzx has the power of causing alcohoUc fermentation or of being transformed
through any conditions into a yeast, as has been frequently claimed.
Notes on Peltandra rust, F. H. Blodgett {Science, n. ser., 12 {1900), No. 803,
pp. 581, 582). — An abstract is given of a paper in which a rust of Peltandra is
described. The disease was first noticed in the New York Botanical Gardens where
acme leaves were infested upon nearly every plant. TTsually the upper portion of
the petiole was most severely attacked. In the worst cases the midrib and its
branches and the petiole nearly to the water, would be covered wdth the rust. In
such cases the plants suffered severely from a bacterial rot. The fungus causing this
rust is determined as Cxomurus caladii.
Anew parasite of Polygonatum, A. Jaczewski {Hednngia, 39 {1900), No. 3,
Beihefte, p. 81, fg. 1). — Ciilindro.'^pormm komaroui is described.
Tlie perithecial form of Cercospora cerasella and its development, R. Ader-
HOLD {Btr. Thnt. But. Gi'.ml., IS {1900), No. 6, pp. 240-249).— M>jcoi<ph,rrella cerasella
is described as the perithecial form of Cercospora cerasella. It is fomid on fallen cherry
leaves where it winters.
The mistletoe as an enemy to orchard and forest trees, E. S. Ztjrn {Prakt.
Bl. Pflanzemchutz, 1900, Nos. 3, jjp- 19-21; 5, p>p. 34, 35).
The resistance of cereal smuts to formalin and hot water, W. Stuart {Proc.
Indiana Acad. Sci., 1898, ptp. 64-70) . — Experiments are rejiorted in which the resist-
ance of the smuts of wheat and oats to formalin and hot water was tested. Seed of both
these cereals w-as subjected to hot water treatment at temperatures ranging from 110
to 140° F.; and other lots w-ere soaked in ^ to J per cent solution of the formalin, and
the effect of the treatment as shown in the germination of the seed and cultures of the
fungus spores is given in tabular form. It appears that the spores are much more
easily injured than the grain, either when given the hot water or formalin treatment.
The essential feature in either treatment is to bring the solution in contact with the
seed for sufiicient time to enable it to reach the smut spores. The advantage possessed
by formalin over hot water lies in the greater ease of its application.
The injurious effects of sulphur upon grapes in jstrong sunlight {Hessische
Landif. Ztschr., 70 {1900), No 42, pp. 584-586). — Rather serious injury to the foliage
and fruit of grapes is attributed to applications of sulphur during a period of clear,
bright days with a rather high temperature.
ENTOMOLOGY.
Notes on tlie mosquitoes of the United States, L. O. Howard
{U. S. Ucpt. Agr.^ Dioia'wn of Entomohxjy Bui. ;^J, a. ser., pj?. 70,
jigs. 22). — ^The author discusses the subjects of the abundance of mos-
quitoes, Alaskan and other far-northern mosquitoes, length of life of
the adult mosquito, life histor}^ of mosquitoes in general, food of adult
mosquitoes, and the distance to which mosquitoes can fly.
Observations were made and experiments conducted to determine
how long mosquito larva? can live out of water or in wet mud. Some
cases have been reported where mosquito larvae are said to have lived
in the muddy bed of dried-up ponds for a period of a week or more.
Experiments in glass vessels indicated, however, that the larvae could
not live longer than 48 hours in mud. The synoptic tables published
in Circular -iO of the Division of Entomology for the identification
of mosquitoes in the United States are reproduced. The life history of
'Culex is reprinted from Bulletin -i, n. ser.
ENTOMOLOGY. 769
The adult of Anopheles quadriniaculatu'^ is readily distinguished from
species of Culex by the attitude of the body when at rest, the position
being- such as to keep the body in a straight line, whatever the angle
made with the substratum may be, and the note of the female which is
lower in tone than that of species of Culex. The eggs of Anopheles
are laid in a loose mass floating upon the surface of the water, each
Qgg lying upon its side instead of standing upon its end as in the case
of Ciilex. They are not firmly attached together. The larva of A.
quadrlmacidatiis remains habitualh' at the surface of the water. Its
breathing tube is shorter than that of Culex and its body is held
parallel to the surface. The natural food of the larvae consists of
spores of Alga?, minute sticks, and bits of cast larval skins. In the
final larval stage of this species the diameter of the thorax becomes
much greater than in previous stages as compared with the rest of the
body. The generation studied by the author occupied 3 days in the
Qgg stage, 16 days in the larval stage, and 5 days in the pupal stage,
making a total period of 21 days in the earlier stages. Natural breeding
grounds for this species were found in Maryland, Virginia, and the
District of Columbia. Three species of this genus have been recog-
nized in the United States, A. (jvadrimacidatus^ A. punctipennis, and
A. crucians. Brief notes are also presented on the genera Psorophora,
Megarhinus, and ^des.
The natural enemies of mosquitoes are the larv?e of dragon flies and
the larvae of Dytiscidae, H^^drophilida?, and Gyrinidw, beside fish,
nig'hthawks, whippoorwills, bats, etc.
Of the artificial remedies for use in houses the best results have been
obtained by burning pyrethrum powder, and catching mosquitoes on
the walls in kerosene cups, in cases where screening and mosquito bars
do not successf ull}' keep out all the mosquitoes. In the destruction of
larvae in breeding places, the use of a kerosene film upon the surface
of stagnant pools is again recommended. Permanganate of potash
which was heralded in the newspapers as a certain remedy for mosquito
larvw, is thoroughly discredited by experiments. Tar and its com-
pounds have also been recommended, but experiments indicated them
to be rather unsatisfactory as compared with the heavier grades of
kerosene. The planting of eucalyptus trees in the neighborhood of
houses seems to have the effect of keeping the mosquitoes away. The
most eflicient remedy, however, for the mosquito nuisance is the
thorough drainage of all pools in which the larv^ee breed.
On the resting position of Anopheles, L. W. Sambox and G. C.
Low {British Med. Jour., 1900, Xo. 2077, p>. 1158).— T\iq authors
made extended observations on the habits of Anopheles claviyer, which
is said to be the most common species of this genus in Italy. It is
maintained that previous statements that standing on its head is a com-
mon resting position of this species is incorrect. Species of Culex
770 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
and Anopheles frequently rest with the third pair of legs lifted awa}'
from the support. The authors noted that the legs of ^1. claviger were
stretched out with the tarsi pointing downward, while those of certain
species of Culex were curved upward. The habit of resting, with the
body at a very wide angle to the substratum, was noted in A. i}><endo-
jylvtus. In ^1. .^uperplduff the resting po.sition was the same as in A,
claviger. The authors state that the resting attitude of these mos-
quitoes can not be used for the purpose of distinguishing the genera
Culex and Anopheles, but may furnish characters for scpai'ating
species of Anopheles.
Notes on insect pests from the entomological section, Indian
Museum, E. Baklow {[ndhin JLis. X<>f,.'<, J {1000), Ao. 1. pp. llf-JIf.,
ph I). — Serlca asscmbensis is reported from x\ssam as destructive to tea
plants. The author gives a brief description of this beetle. The
insect occurs in large numbers and conunit^ serious depredations upon
tea plantations. Experiments conducted by tea raisers indicate that
ordinary insecticides are not verj' effective against this beetle. ILfe-
ru.'ila cingala depredates upon the tea plant. A Tachinid parasite,
Exorista heteruMce^ was 1)red from this insect.
Ilisjya (snescens is reported as destructive to rice crops. The insect
makes its appearance in June and Juh'. It attacks first the leaves and
later the heads. Epocroinia dorsal is is reported as an enemy to the
3'oung wheat crop in Bomba}^ and other parts of India. Hieroglyplius
furcifer is another grasshopper which is said to be verj^ injurious to
rice and grass crops.
Brief economic and biological notes are given on the sorghum borer
moth ( Ghilo simplex) and HeliotMs armigera.
Detailed tables are given showing the amount of damage done by
locusts, especially by Acridiurn p^eregrinum; and brief accounts of
injects injurious to mango trees, grapes, teak trees, and sal trees.
Experiments in rearing the San Jose scale, L. Reh {Bot. Mus. ,
Ahf. J[ii,irizri,xi'lnttz^ Hajulnwg. 2 {ISU'J- lOOO). p>p. 21, jig. i).— In ordei*
to rear the San Jose scale upon American apples, it is necessary to
have sound, fresh apples which will remain fresh until after the repro-
ductive period of this insect. Beside these conditions, a suitable tem-
perature nmst be maintained. The author made observations upon 5-1
larvae which were reared from San Jose scale upon apples. These
hirvffi issued in May, June, July, and August, The greater numl^er
of them were found in Ma}'. He studied the distribution of these
larvfB upon the apple, and found that 38 per cent crawled into the
basin of the apple, and 62 per cent mto the cavity at the stem end.
Detailed notes are given on the appearance of the larvai in different
stages, the secretion of the scale, and the loss of locomotion. The
author observed that the old females shed their scales and secreted
masses of a white woolly substance 2 or 3 days previous to the begin-
ENTOMOLOGY. 771
ning of the reproductive period. The majority of larvee reared inthi&
manner fails to come to maturity, partly for the reason that the apples
begin to decay and fungus nn'celia interfere with the life of the larvas.
Two stages were distinguished in the life of the sessile protected
larvre; one in which the appendages assisted the animal in locomotion,
and a second in which the soft parts of the appendages were resorbed
and the appendages became immoval)le. The author believes that
more emphasis should be laid on the fact that the exuvia; contribute to
the formation of the permanent scale, and that 2 independent scales
are formed out of wax previous to this time. A bibliography of the
subject is appended to the article.
Field experiments with the strawberry root aphis, G. H. Powell
{Delaware Sta. Rpt. lS99^j_>]). 167-162). — A number of experiments
were conducted with remedies against the strawberrv root aphis.
Infested strawberry plants were dipped in a strong solution of tobacco
water before being set in the field, with the result that no apparent
effect was produced on the root aphis. Experiments were tried to
determine the effect upon the root aphis of fertilizing soil with muriate
of potash, kainit, and tobacco. Kainit was applied in quantities vary-
ing from 500 to 1,250 lbs. per acre, muriate of potash from 150 to
600 lbs., and tobacco from 500 to 2,000 lbs. The results of this
experiment indicated that it is unsafe to apply muriate of potash to
strawberry plants in rows; that not more than 750 lbs. of kainit should
be applied to the acre; that no injury resulted from the tobacco dust;
and that the different treatments had no effect on the multiplication of
the insect.
In another experiment the svirface soil was removed from the sides
of several infested rows and the trenches thus formed were filled with
tobacco dust and covered with soil. Upon examination a month later,
after copious rains had fallen, no effect was noted on the aphis.
Experiments were tried in scattering tobacco dust over the strawberry
plants and on the soil for from 3 to 4 in. each side of the row. Appli-
cations of tobacco dust were made in April, June, July, and August.
As no decrease in the number of aphis was noted, even where tobacco
had been applied at the rate of 1 ton per acre, the experiment was
abandoned.
In 1898, a piece of ground at the experiment station, which was
infested in 1897, was planted with Lima beans and cowpeas. In 1899,
this ground was again set in strawberries. The rotation of crops had
the effect of greatly reducing the seriousness of infestation.
Brief notes are given on the life history and habits of this insect,
but the life history is thus far not worked out completely. The expe-
rience of strawberry growers indicated that the most serious infesta-
tion occurs on land that has been planted to corn during the previous
year. An apparent explanation of this fact is to be found in the
772 EXPERDklENT STATION RECORD.
ag-cncy of ants in spreading infestation by the aphis. The same species
of ants attiMid on the corn aphis and strawl)orry root aphis.
The currant gall mite (Ph5rtoptus ribis), Duke of Bedford and S.U.
Pickering {Wohu/'n Evpt. Fruit Faina Bjtt. 1900, 2>2>. 7-SJf,Jigs. J^). —
Experiments with insecticide treatments against this insect were made
by the authors with the assistance of Miss Ormerod and Mr. Newstead.
The mites are found in large numbers in each infested bud, 3,000
being found in some buds. This species is so minute that its trans-
portation by wind and other agencies is rendered comparatively eas}'.
Its period of activit}' extends apparent!}' over the whole season during
which currants bear leaves. During the time that the mite is inclosed
in the bud it is well protected from the action of insecticides. In 1896
Baldwin Black currants showed signs of being infested b}^ the mite
and the galls were removed. The infestation increased, however,
during the next year and extended to the Black Naples currant. The
galls were again removed, but a further increase in infestation was
noticed the following year. Although the affected buds were removed
each year, the number of infested buds on the currant bushes was
doul)led in 1 case and increased fourfold in another. The method
of removing the infested buds seems, therefore, to promise little
success. In the first series of experiments with insecticides from
December, 1897, to Octol)er, 1898, each experiment involved 30 bushes
in a double row sul)iected to the same treatment. All liquid insecti-
cides were applied from a rose can or spraying apparatus. Some of
the Imshes were lifted and dipped bodily into some insecticide, while
still others were painted with the insecticide. The insecticides Avhich
were used included carbolic acid 0.8, 1.6, and 2.1 per cent, calcium
sulphate 1.5, 3, and 1.5 per cent and mixed to the consistency of paint,
3 qts. to 10 lbs. of cla}', kerosene emulsion in a mmiber of strengths,
Antinonnin, and turpentine. One week after each treatment twigs
from bushes in all experiments where insecticides had been used at
their maximum strength were subjected to microscopical examination.
The results for the most part were of a negative character. Bushes
treated with Antinonnin were reported to have been infested with the
greatest number of mites on Februaiw 26. while on March 22 similar
observations were made as to both mites and eggs on bushes treated
with Antinonnin. On April 22 currant bushes which were treated
with the strongest Antinonnin and carbolic acid showed about 50 per
cent of the mites dead. On August 20 following the bushes which
were treated with the strongest Antinonnin and strongest carbolic acid
were reported to be free from mites. In all other cases the mites were
found to be swarming with the single exception of bushes treated
with turpentine. The success with turpentine, Antinonnin, and car-
bolic acid was, however, onh' apparent, since the currant bushes were
killed l)y the insecticides. Currant bushes sprayed with the strongest
ENTOMOLOGY. 773
solution of cak'iuin sulphid were badly affected. Petroleum emulsion
was less injurious than any of the other insecticides. In cases where
the bushes were lifted and dipped in solutions of carbolic acid or
calcium sulphid of various strengths, the results were equally
unpromising-.
Another series of experiments was carried on from December, 1898,
to October, 1899. Each experiment involved 60 currant bushes, half
of which were Baldwins and half Black Naples. The substances
employed in these experiments were undiluted methylated spirits,
naphtha and saturated solutions of naphthaline in naphtha, formalin
in 2, 0.6, and 0.1 per cent solutions, undiluted kerosene, and kerosene
emulsion in 2 strengths. In none of these experiments did the insecti-
cide treatment have any effect on the mites. No appreciable eff'ect on
the foliage was produced bv the methylated spirits, naphtha, naphtha-
line, or formalin. In the use of kerosene emulsion it was noted that
so long as weaker grades were used, the injury to the foliage was
greater as the strength of the solution increased. AVhen much greater
strengths were used, there was much less injury, and in the case of
pure petroleum there was no injury whatever to the foliage. The
authors explain this result by the insolubility of kerosene in ^v^ater,
the coating of moisture on the leaves preventing it from coming into
direct contact with the leaf tissue. An increase as well as a decrease
in the strength of the kerosene emulsion beyond a certain point ma}^
render the emulsion less injurious to the foliage and also less destruc-
tive to insects.
A series of experiments was conducted for the purpose of deter-
mining whether this species of mite may not find shelter in the ground
or about the roots of currant bushes as well as in the buds. The
experiment showed conclusively that the mite does not hibernate
anywhere except in the buds and that infestation maj^ often be
due to transportation of the mites by wind. The authors exper-
imented with hydrocyanic-acid gas during which 1 oz. of potas-
sium cyanid, 1 oz. of sulphuric acid, and 2 oz. of water were used
for every 150 cubic feet of space. In order to confine the gas the
plants were covered with a box which was inclosed with tarred felt.
After this treatment the mites were found to bo uninjured. Another
insecticide, consisting of a solution of nicotin and camphor in diluted
alcohol, was tried with negative results. Dipping currant bushes in
water at various temperatures was found to furnish a rather efficient
means for destroying the mites. A 5 minute immersion in water at
115^^ F. destroj'ed the adult mites but did not destroy the eggs. Higher
temperatures, such as l-tO or 160*^ F., were found to produce disastrous
effects upon the currant bushes. A general inspection of infested
bushes disclosed the fact that in any particular variety the infestation
by mites was most pronounced in the strongest and healthiest bushes.
77rl: EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
Of the varieties which the authors had under observation, Baldwin
was perhaps most infested, while the Old Black was least infested.
The authors conclude that until an immune variety is produced the
best means of eradicating the pest appears to be wholesale cutting
down of all bushes on any plantation which has become infested and
burning them on the spot.
Bees and tlie fruit grower {Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 4 {1900), Xo. 5, pj). 285-
287). — A popular discussion of several problems concerning the relationship of bees-
to fruit.
Swarm catcliing' and hiving, A. Gale {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 11 {1000),
No. 10, j/p. 878-881). — Practical notes on the habits of swarming in beea and on
methods of securing and hiving swarms.
Races of Caucasian bees in connection with, the general problem of the
races of bees, G. A. Kozhevnikovuim {Porodui Jcavkozskikh pjchd v svyazi k voprosu
oporodaJdi pchel voohshche. St. Petersburg, 1900, pp. 24, pi. 1). — The author discusses
the peculiar characteristics of Caucasian varieties of bees as compared with many-
varieties of other regions.
Directions for the reeling of silk-worm cocoons, V. P. Ivonov {Nastavlenie k
razmotkije kokonor. Tifis, 1899, pp. 35).
A list of works on North American entomology, N. Banks ( U. S. Dept.
Agr., Division of Entomology Bal. 24, n. ser., pp. 95). — This bulletin contains a list
of comprehensive works most useful for the study of North American insects; works
on bibliography; and systematic works on single orders, including Hymenoptera,
Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Neuroptera, JNIallophaga,
Thysanura, Myriapoda, and Arachnida; works on economic entomology; publica-
tions of the TJ. S. Entomological Commission and Division of Entomology; and
important periodicals containing articles on entomology.
The asparagus fly and means of combating it, P. GRtJXDLER {Atti Mem. Ital.
E. Sor. Agr. Gorizia, n. ser., 40 {1900), No. 10, pp. 325-328, figs. 2; trans, from Landiu.
Ztschr. Oberosterr., 1900, No. 12). — The asparagus fly { Trgpeta ftdminans) lays its eggs
in the substance of young asparagus plants, especially under the scales. The larvfe
which hatch from these eggs burrow in the substance of the plants. The treatment
for these insects which is recommended by the author is sjaraying with Paris green.
Another enemy of the sugar cane ( Trinidad Bot. Dept. Bid. Misc. Inform. 25,
1900, p. 289). — lUtynchophorus palmarum, commonly known as the palm beetle, is
reported as attacking canes growing in the station grounds at St. Clair. The larvae
made a burrow completely through the cane from top to bottom, destroying all the
soft inner portion. This beetle is rather common in Trinidad and usually attacks
palms. It is not believed that the habit of injuring sugar canes will become general.
The principal insects affecting the tobacco plant, L. O. Howard ( U. S. Dept,
Agr., Farmers' Bui. 120, pp. 32, figs. 25). — A revised edition of the author's article in
the Yearbook for 1898 (E. S. R., 11, pp. 471, 472).
Insects injurious to the apple tree with suggestions as to their control or
extermination, .T. ]\[. Soutiiwick {Proridence: Rhode Island State Bd. Agr., 1900,
2)p. 12). — Brief poi)ular notes on a considerable number of insects injurious to the
apple tree.
The reappearance of the elephant beetle, W. W. Froggatt {Agr. Gaz. New
South W(des, 11 {1900), No. 10, pp. 847-851). — Orthorrhinus cylindrirostris is reported
as injurious to grapevines, orange trees, apple trees, chestnuts, etc. The eggs are
deposited in the substance of the bark. The larvse upon hatching burrow downward
into the main roots and then retrace their course to a point near where the egg was
deposited and here i>upate. Since there is no open passage into the l)urrow of this
ENTOMOLOGY. 775
insect, the remedies usually applied in such cases are not effective against the ele-
phant beetle. Hand picking and jarring are to be relied upon to reduce the numbers
of the beetle.
Practical suggestions for combating the coffee borer {Planting Opinion, 5
{1900), No. 40, pp. 6S7-GS9). — Planters usually adopt a method of cultivating shade to
protect coffee plants against the attacks of Xylotrechus quadrupes. If affected coffee
trees are to be burned for the purpose of destroying the insect, this measure should
be adopted before the insect has escaped, or previous to April 15. The author rec-
ommends that the adult insects should be caught by systematic efforts extending
over the whole season during which they may be found. It is also recommended
that the stems of coffee bushes be scraped and cleaned. The borer requires fissures
in the bark for the purpose of depositing its eggs, and egg laying would thus be ren-
dered difficult hy making the surface smooth.
Calcium carbid as a remedy for phylloxera, F. Vassiliere {Bui. Agr. AlgP.rie
et Tunisie, 6 {1900), No. IS, jyp. 538, 539). — From experiments made by the author
it is concluded that calcium carbid applied at the base of the grapevine in the form
of powder, or in small fragments, constitutes a very valuable remedy against phyl-
loxera.
On the cause of the resistance of American vines to phylloxera, V. Peglion
{Atti R. Accad. Econ. Agr. Georg. Firenze, 4- ser., 23 {1900) , No. J, pp. 183-^1) -—This
article constitutes an historical and critical discussion of American vines in America,
the hereditary transmission of resisting power to phylloxera, injuries of the root sys-
tem in relation to the resisting power, and the determination of the degree of resist-
ance. A bibliography of the subject is appended.
The gall of the Monterey pine, W. A. Cannon {Amcr. Nat., 34 {1900), No 406,
pp. 801-810, figs. 6). — Pinus radiuta growing on the grounds of the Leland Stanford
Junior University was severely attacked by a species of gall gnat. The gall consisted
of a malformation of the leaves. The gnat larvae were found in pockets of the swollen
leaves, entirely surrounded by vegetable tissue. In the fall such leaves contain 4 or
more larvae. In February eggs were to be found deposited between the leaf fascicles,
on the outside of the young shoots, and between the scales. . In consequence of the
presence of the larvae, the epidermis of the scales and leaves was modified in structure
and function. The hypertrophy of the vegetable tissue was apparently not caused by
any substance deposited with the eggs.
A contribution to our knowledge of the spiders of Victoria, including
some new species and genera, H. R. Hogg {Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 13 {1900),
No. l,pp. 68-123, ph. 5). — Brief biological and economic notes on a number of species
of spiders, together with descriptions of new species.
Regulations of foreign governments regarding importation of American
plants, trees, and fruits, L. 0. Howard {U. S. Dept. Agr., Divii^ion of Entomology
Circ. 41, 2. ser., pp. 4). — This circular contains a brief statement of the requirements
regarding shipments from America to Austria-Hungary, Belgium, British Columbia,
Canada, Cape of Good Hope, France, Germany, Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzer-
land, and Turkey. A list is given of places at boundary lines of different countries
where plants may be introduced.
Physiological test of hydrocyanic-acid gas on strawberry plants, G. H.
Powell {Ddaimre Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 163, 163). — Experiments were made for the
purpose of determining the effect of hydrocyanic-acid gas on strawberry plants, dur-
ing which 1,500 Brandywine and Bubach strawberry plants were fumigated in a box
containing 60 cubic feet of space. At the time of treatment the plants were moist.
The period immediately succeeding the setting of the plants was unusually hot and
dry. The results of the experiments indicate a slight injury to all the plants. The
application of 0.1 or 0.2 gm. of cyanid of potash per cubic foot for 10 minutes did but
little harm.
16466— No. S— 01 6
776
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
FOODS— ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
A report of investigations on the digestibility and nutritive
value of bread, C. D. Woods and L. H. Merrill {U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Office of Exptr'irntrd Stations Bid. 85., pl^. 51). — The authors report
the details of a number of experiments with health}^ men on the digesti-
bility^ of white bread, whole-wheat bread and graham bread. In some
cases the bread was eaten alone, in others materials such as milk, sugar
and butter were eaten in addition. With a view to learning the actual
amount of nutrients digested, 2 methods of stud3'ing the metabolic
products in the feces were investigated, nameh^, (1) treatment with
a pepsin solution, and (2) with ether, alcohol, hot water and cold lime-
water. The metabolic nitrogen in the feces on a carbohydrate diet
and during fasting was also studied. Artificial digestion experiments
with 3 sorts of bread were made; the value of skim milk v. water in
bread making was tested, and the loss of materials in bread making
was investigated. The average coefficients of digestibility of the dif-
ferent sorts of bread and the digestibility of protein as shown in the arti-
ficial digestion experiments and when corrections are made by the 2
methods of estimating the metabolic products are shown in the table
Avhich follows:
Average digestibiliti/ of hrecul of different kinds.
Total or-
ganic
matter.
Protein.
Fat.
Carbohy-
drates.
Natural
digestion.
Artificial
digestion.
Natural,
corrected
by
method 1.
Natural,
corrected
by
method 2.
Heat of
combus-
tion.
Per cent.
96.0
95.7
91.0
Per cent.
85.41
88.63
77.02
Per cent.
93.26
91.49
86.97
Per cent.
94.72
96.22
91.58
Per cent. Per cent.
90. 67 73. h
Per cent.
98.3
97.2
92.4
Per cent.
91.1
Entire wheat bread...
Graham bread
90.37
83.88
57.8
58.1
89.6
84.4
When skim milk and water were compared for bread making, it was
found that the skim-milk bread contained somewhat more protein than
the water bread. As shown by methods of artificial digestion there
was little difi'erence in the 2 sorts of bread. The results obtained
in studying the losses of material in bread making are not discussed at
length.
Experiments on the preservation of meat and fish -with salts,
E. Pettersson {Arch. Ilyg., 37 {1900), No. 2-3, j^P- 171-238).— Bac-
teriological studies are reported of meat and fish preserved with dift'er-
ent strength solutions of salt, saltpeter, boric acid, and borax. The
experiments are discussed in detail. Among the conclusions are the
following: The principal efl'ects of common salt as a general preserv-
ative are the retarding of the growth of micro-organisms, hinder-
ing even when present in a weak solution the deep-seated decomposi-
F00D8 ANIMAL PKODUCTION.
777
tion of protein, and the diminution of the chemical activity of certain
micro-organisms.
Saltpeter, even when mixed with a small quantity of salt, prevents
for a long time the formation of hj'drogen sulphid, and. therefore, in
the author's opinion, is useful in pickling meat and lish. Boric acid
was found to be a satisfactory means of checking the growth of rod-
like forms and cocci. However, it did not check the growth of yeasts.
Borax was found to be a very active agent for checking bacterial
growth. Even when mixed in small quantitj^ with salt it materiall}^
increased the keeping quality of the materials preserved. For other
reasons, however, the author does not recommend the use of borax
and boric acid.
Contribution to the estimation of assimilable protein in feeding
stuffs, K. BuLow {Jour. Landin., J^S (1900), jVo. 1, j>P' l-S8).—l\\
order to study the true digestibility of nitrogen, digestion experiments
were made with sheep by the usual method, and the feces were treated
by the Kiihn method of artificial digestion with pepsin and by the
Stutzer method with pepsin and trypsin. The different feeding stuffs
were also digested artificially by the Kiihn and Stutzer methods. The
effect on digestibility of rapid drying of feeding stuff's was also tested.
The following table summarizes the average results of the diffei'ent
tests:
Digestibility of nitrogen of feeding atuffs estimated by dif event methods.
Total nitrogen.
Albuminoid nitrogen.
Feeding stuffs.
Appar-
ent di-
gesti-
bility.
Digestion as Artificial diges-
corrected by — ^ tion by —
Appar-
ent di-
gesti-
bility.
Digestion as
corrected by —
Artificial diges-
tion by-
Pepsin
meth-
od.
Trypsin
meth-
od.
Pepsin
meth-
od.
Trypsin
meth-
od.
Pepsin
meth-
od.
Tryp.sin
meth-
od.
Pepsin
meth-
od.
Trypsin
meth-
od.
Meadow hay No. 1 . .
Meadow hay No. 2. .
Per ct.
51. 3.5
53.33
65. 21
74.05
95.16
87.39
Per ct.
69.32
72. 07
79.06
88.74
97.41
93.62
Per ct.
83. 05
86.48
98. 34
89.85
99.02
95.60
Per ct.
66.92
67. 15
76.02
90.21
95.47
88.60
Per ct.
77.69
80.29
84.55
92.31
97.99
92.55
Per ct.
39.74
45.83
48.43
68. 42
94.97
85.49
Per ct.
62. 04
67. 57
68. 96
86.23
97.25
92.66
Per ct.
79.03
84.31
82.72
87.70
98.98
94.89
Per ct.
59.05
61.86
64.46
88.14
95.26
86.89
Per ct.
72.38
77.12
77.11
90. 08
97. 89
91.43
Wheat bran
Meat meal
Poppy-seed cake . . .
The author's principal conclusions follow: Treating samples of feed-
ing stuffs and feces with pepsin solution according to Kuhn's method
rendered the nuiximum amount of available protein soluble. A por-
tion of the nitrogen remaining after such treatment is rendered soluble
b*^ an alkaline trypsin solution. Drying the feeding stuffs renders a
portion of the protein insoluble in digestive juices; therefore the dry-
ing of feeding stuffs before samples can be ground for analysis should
be conducted at a temperature not exceeding from 55 to 60° C. The
results of the Stutzer-Pfeiffer method of estimating the digestibility of
protein does not agree with the results obtained in actual experiments
with animals. The pepsin-trypsin method gives too high results,
778 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
while those obtained under experimental conditions with only 250 cc.
of pepsin solution were too low. The Kiihn method of artiticial digfes-
tion, on the other hand, shows the amount of protein which is actually
soluble in the intestinal tract. This method does not do away with the
necessity of natural digestion experiments, but is of yalue when rapid
results are desirable, and under other conditions. The accuracy of the
Kuhn method has been shown by comparison with results of experi-
ments with ruminants. AVhether the method is equally applicable for
comparison with mammals. esDeciall}' man, must be determined by
additional experiments.
Forage value [of the G-olden Vine field pea] ( Vtah Sta. Bui. 69^
pj). o^S-SJfO). — Artiticial digestion experiments were made with the
whole plant, leaves, stalk, and flower, of the Golden Vine field pea, and
the results discussed, as well as the food yalue of this plant and other
related topics. The digest! bilit}^ of the protein of the whole plant
varied from 68.21 to 73.99 per cent; that of the albuminoids, from
56.57 to 63.07 per cent. The digestibility of the protein of the leaves
varied from 65,05 to 75.95 per cent; that of the albuminoids, from
56.55 to 63.82 per cent. The range in digestibility of the protein in
the stalks was from 61.03 to 80.22 per cent; that of the albuminoids,
from 4Q.bl to 62.18 per cent. In the case of the flowers, the digesti-
bility of the protein ranged from 62.68 to 81.88 per cent; that of the
albuminoids, from 59.02 to 78.88 per cent.
According to the author the digestibility of albuminoids is practi-
call}^ the same in the whole plant, leaves, and stalks. When just
coming into flower, the coeflicient of digestibility of this constituent
is about 62, the greatest variation being about ■l.S per cent in the
whole plant, 5.7 per cent for the leaves, 12.7 per cent in the stalks,
and 19.86 per cent in the flowers and pods. The total protein is more
digestible than the albuminoids and the variation is also greater. In
the whole plant the variation is about 7 or 8 per cent; in the leaves,
10.9 per cent; in the stalks, 19.2 per cent, and in the flower and pods,
19.2 per cent. The leaves were found to contain 7.68 per cent nuclein;
the stalks, 2.56 per cent. The protein of the Golden Vine field pea is
considered slightly more digestible than that of alfalfa, being most
digestible when the plant is just coming into flower. It is more
digestible in the stalks than in the leaves. In the flowers a great
increase in digestibility of protein occurred simultaneously with an
increase in percentage of nitrogen-free extract. Pound for poun^
pea-vine hay appears to be more valuable than lucern hay. The facts
point to early bloom as being the most suitable time to cure for hay.
The loss of nutrients, especially protein, after early bloom is very
conspicuous.
Feeding with Florida feed stuffs, H. E. Stockbridge {Florida
Sta. Bui. 55, pp. 215-308, jpls. 11, Jigs. 2, dgins. 2). — The conditions
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 779
which go^'ern stock feeding in Florida are described, the general prin-
ciples of feeding discussed, and feeding tests reported with steers and
pigs and on the digestibility of cassava by a steer. Some Florida
feeding stuffs were compared with 3 lots of local range steers and 1
lot of 3 grade steers. Lots 1 and 4, the latter being grade steers,
were fed hay, cotton-seed meal, and cassava, about in the proportion
of 2:1:7, the ration containing 36 lbs. of cassava per thousand
pounds live weight. Lot 2 was fed cotton-seed hulls and meal, 5:1,
while lot 3 was fed hay (either pea vine, or a mixture of crabgrass,
beggar weed, and cowpea), cotton-seed hulls, wheat bran, and corn
meal 3:7:8:7. In 70 da3^s the average dail}^ gains made by the 4 lots
were, 2.43, 2.41, 1.95, and 1.83 lbs., respectively. The steers were
slaughtered, the dressed weight of the 4 lots being 56.23, 64.55, 54.31,
and 55.78 per cent, respectively, of the live weight, the hind quarters
constituting in the several cases, 46.36, 49.39, 48.10, and 46.78 per
cent of the total dressed weight. It is said that the beef was con-
sidered excellent in a local market where it was sold. The profits per
lot were $28.75, $23.81, $11.57, and $25.41, respectively.
The authors point out that the greatest gains were made on the
rations containing cassava, and that the native grade steers made
greater gains than grade animals, although the latter furnished the
largest proportion of hind quarters and the heaviest net weight.
In the feeding test Avith pigs 4 lots (1 lot containing 1 animal, the
others 4 each), of Florida razor-back pigs, and 1 lot of 4 crossbred
animals were used. Lots 1 and 2 (the former being the crossbred
pigs) were fed cassava, wheat middlings, and cowpeas, 4:2:1.5; lot 3,
corn and wheat middlings, 2:3; lot 4, sweet potatoes and wheat mid-
lings, 1:1, while lot 5 was fed corn only. All the pigs weighed not
far from 100 lbs. each at the beginning of the test and in 45 days
the total gain per pig in the 5 lots was, 72.8, 32.5, 40, 31.6, and 25.9
per cent, respective^ ; the cost of the gains in the several cases being,
lot 1, 2.9; lot 2, 3.1; lots 3 and 4, 5.6 each, and lot 5, 7 cts. The
dressed weight ranged from 65.63 per cent of the live weight in the
case of lot 5 to 77.53 per cent in the case of lot 1. According to the
author, although the results were favorable for fattening razor-back
pigs, yet greater gains were made by the blooded pigs. Corn was
regarded as a good feeding stuff, but was most satisfactory^ when
given in combination with other feeds.
The digestibility of cassava was tested with a steer on a ration made
up of this material, cotton-seed hulls, and cotton-seed meal, about in
the proportion of 12:5:1. The usual methods were followed. From
the digestibilit}' of the ration as a whole the digestibility of cassava
alone was calculated to be as follows: Dr}^ matter 52.12, protein
24.06, fat 59.28, nitrogen free extract 55.47, crude fiber 79.87, and
ash 64. 96 per cent.
780 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.
Food and its relation to health, II. SxYnErf (Farm Slurlents' Rev., 5 (1900), Xo.
96, pp. S3,S4)- — A general article. Among other jxjints, the author dih-cusses the
length of time required to digest foods and the desirability of consuming a mixture
of slowly and rapidly digesting foods.
Sugar as food, G. H. McRpnY( IJ. S. Consular Rpis., 63{1900), Xo. .?3S,pp.321-324).—
A brief statement based on some of the recent European work on the food value of
sugar.
Nutritive value of alcohol, W. O. Atwater {Harper's Mo. Mag., 101 {1900), Xo.
605, jyp. 675-684).— The problem of the nutritive value of alcohol is discussed, the
important work of earlier investigators cited, and the author's recent experiments with
the respiration calorimeter described in a popular way. Since alcohol is a source of
energy in the body, the author considers it a food.
The food value of milk proteids; their properties and use for different
preparations, -with especial reference to "Eulactol," II. Lukk; [Molk. Zt</., 14
{1900), Xos. 29, jjp. 493-495; 30, pp. 509-511). — The value of foods prepared from
milk proteids is discussed and an experiment wdth man reported on the digestibility
of " Eulactol " when forming part of a mixed diet.
A new skim milk product [Nutrium], {Farm Stiuknls' Rev., 5 {1900), Xo.
6, p. 94). — A food product called " Nutrium " made from skim milk, evaporated and
ground is descri])ed and an analysis given.
The iron content of egg yolk, Schmidt {Ztschr. Angew. Cliem., 1900, Xo. 28, p.
705). — It is reported that the iron content of egg yolk was increased by feeding iron
saccharate to hens, and it is claimed that the iron so incorporated in the eggs is more
assimilable than most iron preparations.
Preserving eggs, E. F. Ladd {Xorth Dakota Sfa. BuL, 44, pp. 571-574). — The
success attending the preservation of eggs with water glass led the author to reprint
an earlier publication of the station (E. S. R., 11, p. 279) on the subject, with a brief
introductory statement.
Eggs in cold storage, J. Stephenson {Agr. Gaz. Xetv South Wales, 11 {1000), Xo.
7, 2^P- 551-555). — Methods and results of storing eggs in the Government export
stations of New South Wales are treated of.
On the preservation of fresh eggs, H. Borntraeger {Oeste-rr. Chem. Ztg., 3
{1900), Xo. 12, pj. 295). — The author reports the examination of eggs which had been
spoiled by an attempt at preservation in weak (10° Be) water glass solution which
was, however, very alkaline. The eggs absorbed water glass, which rendered the
white and part of the yolk gelatinous and as translucent as horn.
The utilization of fruit in Germany {Se\. Ainer. Sup., 50 {1900), Xo. 1282,
p. 20549). — Thi.s article is based on a consular report discussing the food of the
German people, the increasing use of fruit, and the manufacture and regulations gov-
erning the production of jams and marmalade.
Compressed yeast— a study of the Boston yeast supply, C. W. Perley
{Amer. Kitchen Mag., 13 {1900), Xo. 2, pp. 43-48). — The author examined a number
of samples of compressed yeast and determined the amount of carbon dioxid pro-
duced by each, the relative number of yeast plants present, and the quality of bread
made from diSerent samples of yeast.
Food adulteration in Europe, J. T. DuBois {XJ. S. Consular Rpts., 63 {1900),
Xo. 238, pp. 316-320). — The a<lulteration of a number of the more common food
materials in Europe is discussed.
Food preservatives and coloring matters in food, A. S. Grunbaum {British
Med. Jour., 1900, Xo. 2068, pip. 424, 425).— Xn address before the sixty-eighth meet-
ing of the British Medical Association, Ipswich, 1900.
The use and abuse of food preservatives, S. Rideal {Sci. Amer. Sup., 49
{1900), Xo. 1270, pp. 20363-20366). — A general discussion which summarizes much
experimental work of the author and other investigators. Reprinted from the
Journal of the London Society of Arts.
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.
781
The value of grape marc as a feeding stuff, L. Degrully {Prog. Agr. et Vit.
{Ed. UEd), -21 {1900), Xo. 39, j)p. 389-392). — The composition of grape inarc or
pomace is quoted and information on the vahie of this material as a feeding stuff is
sunnnarizcd.
The significance of carbohydrates in muscle, F. S. Lee and C. C. Harkold
{Science, n. ser., 11 {1900), No. 285, p. 952). — Abstract of a paper presented before
the New York Academy of Science, Section of Biology, May 14, 1900.
The influence of experimental modifications of the organism on the con-
sumption of glucose, A. Charrin and A. Guillemonat iCompt. Rend. Acad. Sci.
Park, 131 {1900), No. 2, pp. 126-128). — Experiments with rabbits are reported on
the effect of injecting subcutaneously vegetable acids, mineral acids, and sugar
solutions.
Concerning metabolism in the horse, T. Pfeiffer {Landw. Vers. Stat., 54
{1900), No. 1-2, pp. 101-112). — A controversial article.
Sheep and wool: A review of the progress of American sheep husbandry,
J. R. Dodge ( V. S. Drpt. Agr., Rpt. 00, pp. 03,Jigx. 3). — The author reviews the his-
tory and development of the sheep industry in this country, tracing the history of
domestic wool, variations in price, and other questions of commercial importance.
Principles of breeding, A. A. Brigham {Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp.
182-198). — A descriptive popular article on poultry breeding.
About foods and feeding, S. Beale {Country Gent., 15 {1900), Nos. 2463, p. 305;
2464, P- 325). — A general article on poultry feeding.
On the breeding, care, and agricultural value of guinea fow^l, E. S. ZtJRN
{Filhling's Landiv. Zig., 49 {1900), Nos. 9, pp. 337-340; 10, pp. 372-375).— X general
discussion.
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.
Experiments -with dairy cows, F. B. Linfield ( Utah Sta. Bid.
68,jjj}. 167-309.) figs. 7, dgms. 9). — ^-1 study of the records of the dairy
herd for 5 years (pp. 167-237). — The dairy herd consisted of from 7 to
15 grade cows each year for the 5 years. During this time a record
of 23 cows for one year or more was obtained. Some of the more
important data are summarized in the following table:
Average annual record of dairy herd.
Cow.
Weight of
cows.
Time in
herd.
Lacta-
tion
period.
Cost of
food.
Yield of
milk.
Fat
content
ofmiIl£.
Yield of
butter
fat.
Yield of
butter.
Net re-
turns
with but-
ter fat at
16 cts. per
pound.
No. 1
Pounds.
1,332
1,126
1,029
1, 032
993
979
1,116
1,01.5
1,048
1,057
9.S0
1, 14.5
7.55
874
986
1,063
966
863
Years.
5
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
2
5
2
5
1
2
2
2
1
1
Days.
288
303
295
326
331
328
358
337
346
331
3.53
339
338
365
328
277
320
365
$21.81
21.24
21. 94
23.70
19.32
22.46
24.16
20.64
24.22
20. 07
23.43
21.83
22.22
18.54
19.49
21.13
21. 69
17.91
Pounds.
5,813
5,818
5,962
5,477
3,931
5,282
7,282
5,956
.5,335
5,569
5,409
6,539
5,502
4, .584
4,218
7,254
6,862
4,oa5
Per ct.
3.2
3.89
4.6
4.9
3.78
4.29
4.31
4.41
4.07
4.14
4.1
4.11
4.73
4.44
4.83
3.73
4.04
.5.02
Pounds.
186.3
226.2
272.8
267.9
148.9
226.6
314.5
262. 0
217. 5
230.7
223.9
269.0
260.5
203.7
204,3
271.3
277.4
202.5
Pounds.
217.8
264. 5
320. 6
312.6
174.4
263.7
S67.0
305.7
2.53. H
269.2
261.3
315.9
303. 9
237.6
238.3
316.5
323.7
236.3
88.61
No. 2
15.03
No. 3
22. 03
No. 4
19.20
No. 6
4. .50
No.7
No. 8
13.79
22.79
No. 9
18.84
No. 10
10. 58
No. 11
16.84
No. 12
12. 41
No. 13
21.21
No 15
19.46
No. 17
14. 05
No. 18
13.20
No. 21
22.28
No. 22
22.70
No. 23
14.50
Average
1,020
329
21.43
5,601
4.23
237. 0
276. 5
16. 20
782 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
Excluding the 2 poorest cows, Nos. 1 and 6, and 3 heifers, Nos. 17,
18, and 23, the remaining 13 cows gave an average yearly production
of G,019 lbs. of milk and 255.1: lbs. of butter fat, the average returns
per cow being |il8.24 over an average cost for food of $22.21.
A summary' of the records by years shows an increase in the average
production from 268.6 lbs. of butter in 1891-95 to 286.8 lbs. in 1898-99,
with a decrease in the cost of production of 1 lb. of butter from 8.67
to 7.3 cts. These results are attributed to good feed and care, the use
of cheaper feeding stuffs, an improvement in the herd due to breeding,
and the elimination of a few unprofitable cows.
A study was made of the influence of the weight of the cow, period
of lactation, dehorning, methods of feeding, type, and change of
milkers upon the yield and quality of milk and the economy of pro-
duction. Some of the author's conclusions are as follows:
" In the majority of instances the largest production was associated with the lowest
live weight, while the least production was associated with the highest weight. A
tendency to lay on flesh, therefore, would appear to be opposed to the largest dairy
production. . . .
"As the period of actation advanced the cows decreased in their milk yield about
9 per cent each month. The percentage of fat in the milk increased slightly, more
particularly after the sixth month of lactation.
"The effect (jf turning cows from dry feed to fresh spring pasture was to increase
markedly the yield of milk and butter fat and to increase slightly the percentage of fat
in the milk. . . . Fresh milch cows gave the greatest increase in yield of milk and
butter fat when turned to pasture, but the test of the milk was not affected. . . .
Cows changed from dry to green feed in the stable did not give an increase in pro-
duction like cows turned to pasture. It would seem, therefore, that the increase in
production following from the pasture feeding is due mainlj'^ to the change in the
habits of the cow and in the manner of gathering her food.
"Cows bred to drop their calves during the early winter season, when turned to
pasture gave nearly as large a production as when they came in fresh, and they
maintained the increased flow on pasture longer than cows that came in at other
times. . . .
"A change of milkers may not, as a rule, be advisable, yet a change from a poor
to a good milker, even though the good milker was a stranger, showed an immediate
increase in milk yield."
Dehorning had no marked effect upon milk production. In a
discussion of the tj^pe of cow in relation to dair}' production, brief
descriptions and illustrations from photographs are given of 7 of the
cows of the herd.
Data are given showing the variations in the different constituents
of the milk of a number of cows, and methods of testing cows and
sampling milk at creameries are discussed. "The cows, as a rule,
gave less Ijut richer milk from the shorter milking period in the da5\
. . . The daily variations in the composition of the milk of a cow, the
variations from morning to evening, and in the first, last, and average
milk, arc variations in fat only, and do not, as a rule, extend to the
other solids."
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 783
White?' feeding experiments (pp. 239-265). — One feeding test was
made each winter for -i years. The first test included 9 cows and cov ■
ered 24 weeks, and the remaining tests included -i cows each and
covered 16, 19, and 16 weeks, respectively. In each test a comparison
was made between alfalfa alone and alfalfa and corn fodder. Different
quantities of grain, ranging from 1 to 8 lbs., were fed daily in the
different tests. The nutritive ratio of the alfalfa ration was 1:1.6,
and of the alfalfa and corn fodder ration 1:6. The results are tabu-
lated and discussed. There was a waste of about 10 per cent in feed-
ing lucern and 25 per cent in feeding corn fodder. The cows gained
slightly in Aveight on the alfalfa ration and lost on the alfalfa and
corn fodder ration.
' ' Calculated from the amount eaten, the ration of alfalfa and corn fodder produced
milk and butter fat for a little less outlay in dry matter than the ration of alfalfa,
but calculated from the amount fed there was practically no difference. Considering
the cost of production, and charging the cows with the amomit fed, the corn fodder
ration was a little the more costly, but the difference was small . . . The cost of
producing milk and butter fat varied according to the amount of grain fed. The
ration containing the smallest amount of grain was the most economical. . . .
The wider ratio required less dry matter t(j produce 1 lb. of butter fat, or 100 lbs. of
milk."
SimiiiyiT feeding experiments (pp. 267-305). — One test was made
each 3'ear for 1 years to compare soiling and pasturing. In all 9 cows
were pastured for al>out 16 weeks and 9 were fed in the stable on soil-
ing crops for the same time. The pasture-fed cows produced on the
average more milk and fat and made a greater gain in live weight than
the cows fed in the stable. The flow of milk, however, was not so
evenly maintained during the whole period.
A comparison was made in 5 experiments of the results obtained
from 1 acre of land when the crop was pastured and when it was soiled.
"One acre of soiling crops furnished feed for 2 cows for 108 days, produced 3,145
lbs. of milk and 147.9 lbs. of butter fat, valued at $23.67. One acre of pasture fur-
nished feed for 2 cows for 102 days, and produced 4,047 lbs. of milk and 189.8
lbs. of butter fat, valued at $30.37. This shows au advantage of §6.50 in favor of the
acre of land used as a pasture compared with the same area used for soiling crops.
These results are not conclusive, however, for the soiling crops."
The efl'ect of feeding grain to cows on pasture was studied during
4 years. In all 28 cows were used in the tests, 11 of which were fed
4 lbs. of grain per head daily. The records of the cows fed grain
were compared with those of the cows on pasture alone, for the 4
months each summer during which the grain was fed, and also for the
4 months following during which all the cows were fed alike.
"The cows which received grain while on pasture jiroduced more milk and butter
fat than those not receiving grain, yet not enough extra to pay for the grain fed.
The cows fed the grain on pasture maintained their flow of milk better throughout
the milking season than did those not receiving grain, and thus during the fall
784 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
months they produced considerably more than the cows not fed grain — enough more
to more than pay for the grain fed."
Notes are given on the nature of the pasture used in the experi-
ments, on the management of cows on pasture in relation to bloat, and
on the relative effects of soiling and pasturing on lucern and mixed
grasses.
The composition of human milk, Backhaus and W. Cronheim
{Btr. Laiuho. Just. Uni i:. Kvnigshtrg, 5 (1900), j?p. 61-73). — Analy-
ses of 12 samples are reported, made in connection with an investiga-
tion of the best method of modif^'ing milk for infants' use. The
results are compared with those of Camerer and Soldner. In agree-
ment with these investigators it was found that there was a discrep-
ancy between the total solids and the sum of the constituents of the
total solids as determined separately, amounting to from 0.68 to 2.045
per cent. This is held to represent an unknown constituent which
passes into the filtrate when the albuminoids are precipitated with
alcohol. Various attempts were made to determine the character of
this substance, and the means of isolating it.
Two complete ash analyses of human milk are given. These showed
14.79 and 11.75 per cent of phosphoric acid, 17.3(3 and 15.52 per cent
of calcium oxid, and 33.74 and 27.33 per cent of potassium oxid, respec-
tively. These data are said to be higher in potash and lower in phos-
phoric acid and calcium oxid than the generally accepted average, for
the ash of cows' milk which has been used in making modified milk.
On the composition of Danish butter, H. Faber {Analyst^ 25
{1900)., Aug.., pp. 199-201). — Data obtained in connection with the
])utter shows in Copenhagen are given for 12,000 samples of milk
during 9 years. "The average is about 14 per cent [of water], most
samples having from 13 to 15 and very few less than 12 per cent or
more than 16 per cent." Analyses of Danish butter imported into
England during 1898 and 1899 are given by months, the Reichert-
WoUny figure, index of refraction, and Beechi test being reported.
"In Denmark cows are generally housed from the middle of October to the middle
of May, and the calving takes place in autumn and winter. Correspondingly, we
find the Reichert-Wollny figure higher in tlie winter and spring than in summer,
and lowest in the autumn, the maxima (32.6 and 32.5) for the 2 years occurring
in JIarch, the minima (24.3 and 25.6) in October. The effect of moving the cows
from cold fields to warm byres in October, additional to the increased numT)er of
of new-calved cows, finds its expression in a rapid rise in the Reichert-Wollny
figure from October to November. ' '
The effect of food and of the individuality of the co-w on the
taste of milk and its tolerance, Backhaus {Bcr. Landir. Inst.
Univ. Kunigi^erg, o (1900), jfjj. 110-126). — Cows were given a number
of different sorts of coloring matters, condiments, lactic and ])utyric
acids, etc. , and the effect noticed upon the color and taste of the milk
DAIEY FARMING DAIRYING. 785
and the manner in which it agreed with people. A nunil^er of feed-
ing stuffs were also tested. In no case was the taste ol- the tolerance
of the milk affected by feeding large quantities of caraway, fennel,
anise, gentian, onion, lactic acid, or butyric acid. Methyl Adolet was
transmitted from the food to the milk, but most other coloring mat-
ters gave negative results. An undesirable taste in the milk of some
cows was not corrected by changing the food or giving large quanti-
ties of ground oats. No disturbances in the agreement of the milk
with the children receiving it could be attributed to changes in the
food, and none of the feeding stuff's used, including cotton-seed meal,
palm-nut cake, and sesame cake, imparted any taste to the milk;
neither did these make any material change in the fat content of the
milk. The milk of individual cows was found to differ considerably
in taste and in the way in which it agreed with children. The milk
of some cows was considerably off' ffavor, the reason for this being
attributed to special chemical properties of the constituents and the
presence of unorganized ferments. In practice it is recommended to
use the milk as quickly as practicable and to employ mixed milk
from a large number of animals in order to diminish as far as possible
any objectionable quality.
The production of aseptic milk, Backhaus and O. Appel {Ber.
Landin. Injit. Univ. Konlgsfjerg, 5 {1900), pp. 73-102). — This was
largely a bacteriological study of the organisms in milk produced
under various conditions. It was found possible, by the observance
of every precaution in the care of stables and handling of the cows and
the milk, to produce milk of relatively low germ content. A number
of factors which inffuence this are noted. The germ content was found
to be much larger in summer than in winter. Bacteria multiplied
more rapidly in wooden buckets than in tin cans, but in the case of
new buckets tannin was believed to check the action after a time.
The germ content was not increased by feeding green fodder. Better
results were obtained with hand milking than with the use of milking
tubes, the latter giving a higher germ content at -i different stages of
the milking. A considerable number of trials with fractional milking
showed the germ content to decrease regularl}' as the milking pro-
gressed, and in a few cases the last portion was sterile. The former
recommendation to separate the ffrst quarter from the last three-quar-
ters is confirmed. As the result of fractional milkings the authors con-
clude that the milk in the udder of healthy cows is sterile. Sterile
milk and water introduced into the udder suff'ered no change, and it is
believed that the conditions within the udder are unfavorable to the
life of the germs most commonly found in milk.
The Cambridge Sentinel milk sterilizer {.lour. Expt. Med., ^
{1899), JSfo. £, p. 217; abs. in Nature, 63 {1900), No. 1634, p. 166). ~
This is a simple sterilizer made for domestic use. In one form a bell
786 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
rings automatical!}' when a temperature of 85^ C. is reached; in
another the gas is turned off at that temperature. The automatic
mechanism is actuated b}" the melting of an easily fusible alio}-. Tests
of the apparatus indicated that there was considerable dift'erence in the
temperature at which the automatic apparatus worked, due to the
amount of liquid in the sterilizer. With a small quantit}^ the bell or
cut-off did not work until a temperature of over 95' was reached.
The criticism is made that a temperature of 85^ is higher than is
necessary, 65 to 68° C. continued for 20 minutes being sufficient.
Handling- the dairy cow, C. F. Curtiss {Chicago Dairy Produce, 7 {1901), Ko.
65, pp. 30, 31). — Address on feeding and Ijreeding before the Iowa State Dairy Asso-
ciation.
Bibliography of milk, H. de Rothschild {Bihiiographia lactaria. Paris: Octave
Doin, 1901, p. 5S4). — This is a general bibliography of the subject of milk up to the
close of 1899, with an introduction by E. Duclaux. It is the most extensive bibliog-
raphy of the subject ever prepared, including 8,375 titles and dating back to the
beginning of the sixteenth centurj'. The titles are arranged by subjects, with entries
in chronological order under each subject. An author index and a list of inventions
and patents are also given. The subjects covered are the production, composition
and properties, handling, bacteriology, adulteration, and utilization of milk as food.
Butter and cheese are not included, but koumiss and kephir and condensed and
modified milk are included.
The acidity of milk, P. Veith and M. Siegfeld {Milch Zfg., 29 {1900), No. 38,
pp. 593-597). — From many investigations the conclusion is reached that the natural
acidity of milk does not approach a fixed amount, l)ut may show a wide variation.
Evening's milk averaged a slightly higher acidity than morning's milk. The varia-
tions in acidity were not particularly marked during different portions of the year,
but depend more upon the conditions of milking and handling.
Individual variations in milk secretion and the return for food eaten,
Backhaus (i?er. Landiv. Inst. Univ. Konigsberg, 5 {1900), pp. 103-109). — This is an
individual record for 10 cows. The relation of the milk production to the food units
consumed and to the cost of food is brought out. The results show wide differences
between cows in these respects and indicate very strongly the importance of testing
cows, as previously advocated by the author.
Some experiments on the production of acetic acid in milk by lactic-acid
bacteria, C. Barthel ( a>/;^W. Bah. n. Pa,-., 2. Alt., 6 {1900), No. 13, pp. 417-420).—
Experiments were made with skim milk inoculated with pure cultures of lactic acid
bacteria, the flasks containing the milk being in some cases charged with carlionic
acid and then sealed, and in others having a current of oxygen conducted through
them. Acetic acid was produced under both conditions, although the amount was
much larger in the presence of oxygen. The conditions most favorable to the pro-
duction of acetic acid were found to be those which are known to be most favorable
for the growth of lactic-acid bacteria.
Milk inspection, Peters-Hiltner {Chicago: Alex. Eger, 1901, pp. 96). — A manual
adapted to the needs of commercial analysts, market inspectors, and health officers.
JMetliods of analysis are given and a i)ibliography ajipended.
Rennet action and rennet testing, P. Veith and M. Siegfeld {Milch Ztg., 29
{1900), Nos. 42, pp. 6:57-659; 43, pp. 673-675). — Experiments are reported on the
efiect of acidity, and of soluble lime salts on the action of rennet and on the means
of determining the strength of rennet. At jsresent the only means is said to l)e an
actual trial with milk.
VETEEINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 787
Some lactic-acid bacteria found in ripe cheese, G. Leichmann and S. von
Bazakewski [Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. AbL, 6 {1900), Nos. 8,pp, 245-253; 9, jjp. 281-
285; 10, pp. 314-331). — In a study of the flora of ripe Emmenthaler, Chester, and
Gouda cheese the authors isolated 5 forms which they designate provisionally as
Bacterium casei 1, II, III, and IV, and Streptococcus casei The characteristics of
these different forms and their behavior under a variety of conditions are described
in detail.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE.
Charbon, W. H. DalrtjNIple {Louisiana Stas. Bid. 60, 2. ser., j)j).
3Ii.l-370). — During- the summer seasons of 1898 and 1809 anthrax pre-
vailed in an epizootic form throughout the State. This disease has
acquired an increased economic importance in the State on account of
the recent extensive importation of vakial)le beef cattle. The author
believes that the onh^ method by which anthrax can be controlled or
eradicated is by the combined effort of stockmen in the State, sup-
ported by a rigidly enforced law. The bulletin contains a copy of the
British anthrax order which is considered by the author a good basis
for a law against anthrax in Louisiana.
Detailed notes are given on a trip of inspection made through the
State for the purpose of determining the extent of anthrax, the con-
ditions under which infection takes place, and the sanitar}^ measures
adopted. In general it was found that the carcasses of animals which
had died of anthrax w^ere either not destroyed, or if so onl}- after a
considerable period had elapsed during which contagion might have
been spread by flies and carnivorous animals. The author believes
that the most important factors in the spread of anthrax in the State
are the neglect to destroy diseased carcasses and the prevalence of
horseflies. It is recommended that kerosene be spread upon the sur-
face of pools visited by horseflies in order to destroy these insects.
A few outbreaks of anthrax were apparently due to eating infected
feeding stuffs, such as elevator feed and rice bran. Such contamina-
tion of feed is to be considered accidental and has no connection with
any particular feeding stuff. The author states that gratifying results
have followed the use of preventive vaccination where this method
has been employed in the State.
Bacteriological work; F. D. Chester {Delaware Sta. Rj)t. 1899^
2?}). SO-SJ). — The author gives a brief report on culture tests for
anthrax in 4 suspected cases. A quantity of hog-cholera serum re-
ceived from a pharmaceutical firm was used in laboratory experiments
on guinea pigs. In order to determine the virulence of the culture
of nog cholera, 5 guinea pigs were inoculated with varying quantities
of a culture in neutral bouillon, with the result that the animals died
in from 7 to 19 days. In another experiment -1 guinea pigs were
inoculated each with 0.1 cc. of the culture and on the following dav
788 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
3 of the animals received qiiantities of hog-cholera serum varying
from 0.3 to 1 cc. The 3 animals treated with hog-cholera serum died
in from 6 to 7 days. It was apparent from the experiment that this
serum was too weak to be of value in the treatment of hog cholera.
Brief notes are added on bacteriology and post-mortem examina-
tions of hogs in outbreaks of hog cholera.
Pleuro-pneumonia in dairy herds, M. A, O'Callaghan (Agr. Gas.
JVcw South Wales, 11 {19U0), Xo. S, jjjj. ^^7-6>.ii).— Pleuropneumonia
is said to break out occasionalh' on a small scale among the dairj'
herds and other cattle of Australia. The author recommends that in
all eases where any outbreak of the disease is suspected, the owner of
the animals should take the temperatures of his whole herd twice a
day. Any animals which show a temperature above 103° should be
isolated at once from the herd in order to prevent the spread of the
disease.
A method of preventive inoculation which is in common practice
among stock raisers is to saturate cotton threads with the serous fluid
taken from the pleuro cavity of diseased animals and to draw these
threads under the skin near the end of the taiL The virus upon the
threads has the effect of producing a mild form of the disease, which
confers immunity against the fatal form.
The stomach -worin (Strongylus contortus) in lambs, A. G.
Hopkins {./oar. Oomjx JSM. and Yd. Arcli., 21 {1000), Xo. J, jyj). 277,
278). — This parasitic worm was found to be the cause of rapid
emaciation, loss of weight, dullness, coughing, and other s3'mptoms
of disease in lambs. In the treatment of this disease tonics were
administered with practicall}^ no results. The lambs were then divided
into 2 lots. Lot 1 was given benzine in doses of 2 drams in 2 oz. of
milk on 3 successive mornings, while lot 2 was given creolin in doses
of 1 dram in 2 oz. of milk for the same length of time. This treat-
ment was applied during fasting of the lambs. Previous to the treat-
ment the lambs were losing weight. When weighed lO days after the
experiment, gains of from 2 to 5 lbs. were noted, which gains were
also recorded at subsequent weighings which took place every 2 weeks.
The medicines were administered as a drench.
Gruber's reaction in hog cholera, R. R. Dinwiddie {Jour. Comj).
Med. and Yd. Arch., 21 {1000), A\>. 0,pp. J;v^<§-JJ^).— The observations
recorded in this paper were confined chiefly to experimental animals,
including rab])its. pigs, and guinea pigs. Nearly all tests were made
with dried blood. Dilutions were made with sterile normal salt solu-
tion in the proportion of 1:10, 1:20, and 1:-10. When onl3'^ one slide
was prepared for diagnostic purposes a dilution of 1:20 was found
most reliable Avithin the limits of half an hour. The blood of 26
rabbits with a dilution of 1:10 was tested with the result that no
reaction was obtained in 22 cases. In the other 4 rab])its apparent
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 789
reactions were obtained which were not considered t3"pical. No
reaction was obtained with normal blood from 12 guinea pigs which
were tested, and similar results were obtained from testing the normal
blood of hogs. After inoculation with the hog-cholera bacillus the
agglutinating property appears in the ])lood within from -1 to 6 days
in rabbits, guinea pigs, pigs, and cattle. When inoculations are made
with cultures of feeble virulence, the appearance of the agglutinating
property in the l^lood is frequently delayed several da3\s beyond the
usual time. In animals which survived the inoculation the persistence
of the agglutinating reaction seemed to depend upon the severity of
the disease.
Rabies {U. 8. Dejjt. Agr., Bureau of An i mal Indmtry Bui. 25^j>2^'
^5).— -This bulletin contains a report of the Committee on Public
Health of the Medical Society of the District of Columbia upon the
general subject of ralnes, with special reference to local conditions.
The Medical Society of the District of Columbia, at a meeting held
April 11, 1900, referred an investigation of the matter to the Commit-
tee on Public Health to recommend such action as might be considered
advisable.
The main body of the report is controversial in nature, in which
the position is taken that rabies is an acute specific disease due to a
specific virus, and is produced ordinaril}^ by the bite or saliva of an
infected animal. It is stated that the Bureau of Animal Industry
demonstrated by biological test in the District of Columbia 2 cases in
1895, 5 in 1896, 3 in 1897, 7 in 1898, 19 in 1899, and 15 up to the end
of March, 1900. The committee gives a general discussion of the
symptoms, period of incubation, diagnosis, rate of mortality, treat-
ment, and methods of prevention of rabies. These subjects are further
discussed in appendixes to the bulletin, and also the subject of the
muzzle as a means of prevention.
An organism pathogenic to rats, J. Danysz {Ann. In.st. Pastew\
IJf. {1900}, JVo. 4, pp. 193-201).— K cocco bacillus which resembles
Bacillus coll was isolated from an epidemic of field mice and was found
to be slightly pathogenic to rats. A number of experiments conducted
in -feeding cultures of this bacillus to rats indicated that 2 or 3 out of
every 10 rats thus fed ultimatel}^ died with a disease similar to that
produced in mice by the same Imcillus. It was found upon further
experimentation that this bacillus became gradualh* weakened in its
virulence in passing from rat to rat. Experimental passages of the
bacillus through a series of rats demonstrated this fact, as well as the
gradually decreasing mortality in the number of rats exposed to infec-
tion from this disease. From these results it was believed that the
reason for the gradual diminution in virulence of the bacillus was to
be found in the regular alternation of media from the intestine to the
blood. The bacillus was carefully cultivated on a bouillon medium.
790 EXPEKIMENT STATION BECOKD.
with the result that the virulence was considerably increased for rats.
A number of cultures of increased virulence were then distributed in
ditlerent cities, and experiments conducted in the destruction of rats.
The results indicate that this organism furnishes an effective means
for ridding cities of rats, but in no case can be relied upon to utterly
exterminate the rats in any locality.
The prophylaxis of paludism {Rev. Sci. IParisI, 4- ser., U {1900), No. 7, pp.
208-211). — Brief notes on the biology of mosquito larvse and a discussion of the
methods for their destruction.
The propagation of the filarise of the blood exclusively by means of the
puncture of peculiar mosquitoes, B. Grassi and G. Noe {British Med. Jour., 1900,
No. 2079, pp. 1S06, 1307). — Experiments by the authors demonstrated that the larvfe
of tilaria are found in Anophelen cktviger. The larvse of filaria sucked up with blood
by the mosquitoes migrate into the Malphigian tubes, where they continue their
development. At the completion of the larval development the larva? pass into the
body cavity, move forward toward the head, and collect in the prolongation of the
body cavity within the labium. Experiments on dogs showed that when Anopheles
bites these animals the larvte pass out of the labium and are thus inoculated into the
bitten animal.
The communicable diseases of domestic animals that materially affect the
live-stock industry, W. C. Rayen {Jour. Comp. Med. and Vet. Arch., 21 {1900), No.
3, pp. 134-139). — Notes on tuberculosis, Texas fever, blackleg, and hog cholera.
The significance of atmospheric infection in the more important animal
diseases and means for controlling the danger of such infection, K. Kasselmann
{Zf.^chr. Tiermed., 4 {1900), Nj.^. 2-3, pp. 124-142; 4, pp. 260-282; 5, pp. 321-343).—
An elaborate critical discussion of the literature of the subject with special reference
to tuberculosis, glanders, anthrax, blackleg, rinderpest, sheep pox, contagious pleuro-
pneumonia of cattle, influenza, swine plague, pneumonia of horses, and foot-and-
mouth disease. In the general discussion of methods for preventing infection of
domesticated animals through the air, the author classifies such measures into 3 groups:
Those which tend to prevent the inhalation of micro-organisms in the air, those
which prevent the entrance of micro-organisms into the atmosphere, and those
which are concerned with destroying micro-organisms in the air. A bibliography of
80 titles is appended.
Colloidal silver, M. Klimmer {Ztschr. Tiermed., 4 {1900), No. 4, PP- 289-300).—
From cxiieriments with this substance in veterinary practice, the author concludes
that colloidal silver is best administered with the addition of albumen, gelatin, or
gum arable, in order to protect it from the action of the salts which are found in
animal fluids. Colloidal silver injected hypodermically in a physiological salt solu-
tion containing albumen is almost completely absorbed. When injected intra-
venously or hypodermically, it is for the most part excreted in feces. Colloidal silver
injected intravenously produces an elevation of temperature in healthy and diseased
horses. In the intestines it has only a very slight antiseptic effect.
The value of iodin-protein compounds in veterinary practice, Roder {Arch.
Wiss. XI. PraJct. Thierh., 26 {1900), No. 4-5, iJp. 325-33.5) .—The author experimented
with several forms of iodin-protein compounds in the treatment of diseases of
animals. The results indicate that iodin has the same therapeutic effect when
given in combination with protein, but does not have the harmful secondary effects
which are noted when it is given alone. The author recommends iodin combined
with protein for the treatment of actinomycosis.
Gangrenous sloughing of the tail of domestic animals, Ellinger {Berlin.
Tierarzll. Wchnschr., 1900, No. 43, jyp- -50.5-507).— Various names have been given to
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 791
this disease, which consists in the death and faUing off of the tip of the tail and
sometimes the whole tail. It has been observed especially in cows and young pigs.
The cause of the disease is not well understood, but apparently a number of causes
might produce this affection of the tail. Among such causes may be mentioned
mechanical injuries which result in the interruption of the blood circulation in the
tail, the presence of ammonia vapor in unusual quantities, and ergot. The author
reviews the literature relating to this subject and describes an outbreak of the
disease among pigs in Roumania.
The clinical value of a leucocyte count in the diagnosis of septic infections,
CI. D. Head {Jour. Comp. Med. and. Vet. Arch., ;SI {1900), No. 3, pp. 129-134).— Oavq-
ful counts of the leucocytes in healthy dogs showed a variation of from 6,600 to 9,600
per cubic millimeter, with an average of about 8,000. The presence of septic infec-
tion causes a more or less pronounced leucocytosis. In dogs and rabbits a great
increase in the number of leucocytes was noted during septic processes. In one
case the number per cubic millimeter rose to 36,300 from a normal average of 9,200.
Attention is called to the diagnostic value of a leucocyte count in veterinary practice.
Water hemlock poisoning, E. F. Ladd {North Dakota Sta. Bui. 44, pp- 563-569,
fig. 1). — On account of the unusual dryness of the season, it is reported that animals
grazed in low marshy places more extensively than in ordinary years. Water hem-
lock is frequently found in such localities, and several cases of poisoning have been
apparently traced to the action of this plant. In the case of 2 cows good evidence
was ol)tained against water hemlock. An examination of the blood and stomach
contents revealed the presence of the active principle of water hemlock.
The article contains a reprint of a previous paper on the same subject (E. S. R., 11,
p. 287).
Poisoning from Glyceria spectabilis infested with TJstilago longissima,
J. Eriksson {Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank., 10 {1900), No. l,pp. 15, 16').— About 100 cattle fed
with this grass developed symptoms of poisoning within Ig hours after feeding.
Nearly all of the animals recovered after about 3 hours. In another locality 3 cows
ate a quantity of this grass and were affected so severely that the owner slaughtered
them. The grass in both cases was badly smutted.
Treatment of tuberculosis by muscle plasma or zomotlierapy, J. Hericourt
and C. RicnET {Her. Sri. [/'or/.s], 4. ser., 13 {1900) , No. 10, jip. .W6-30S). — The authors
conducted experiments upon 16 dogs with 18 other dogs as checks. The experiments
showed that cooked meat did not have the same effect as raw meat upon tuberculous
animals. The dogs were fed upon raw meat, and in nearly every case resisted the
progress of the disease to a greater extent than did the checks, and in many cases
final recovery took place.
Treatment of infectious diarrhoea of calves with tannoform, SchiImmhof
{Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 1900, No. I4, pp- 161, i^^).— Immediately after the birth
of calves the author gave 0.05 gm. calomel mixed with sugar, and 15 minutes later 4
gm. tannoform mixed with sirup and meal. These doses were given 3 times on the
first day, twice on the second day, and once on the third day. Fairly satisfactory
results were obtained in checking the disease.
A review of contagious abortion, P. P. Smith {Jour. Comp. Med. and Yet. Arch.,
21 {1900), No. 3, pp. 151-155). — Brief historical notes on the development of the
knowledge concerning this disease.
Schmidt's treatment of parturient paresis, A. G. Alversox {Jour. Comp. Med.
and Vet. Arch., 21 {1900), No. 3, pp. 168, 169). — The author gives short notes on 6
cases in which he administered potassium iodid infusions with success in only one case.
Parturient paresis, A. H. Haktwig {Jour. Comp. Med. and Vet. Arch., 21 {1900),
No. 3, pp. 142-145). — The author reports results of applying the Schmidt method in
the treatment of this disease. Detailed notes are given on 6 cases in which potassium
iodid infusions were injected into the udder with recovery in 5 cases. In one case
16466— No. 8—01 T
792 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
which developed 8 weeks after calving and in which there were symptoms of mammitis,
potassium iodid infusions were not given. The udder was su])jected to friction, was
frequently immersed in hot water, and was relieved of its contents as often as possihle.
The cow recovered.
Parturient apoplexy and its treatment, Witt (Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchvschr.
{1900), No. 22, j)p. 253, 254). — The author treated 57 cases of this disease by means
of infusions of potassium iodid with recovery in 50 cases after from 6 to 12 hours.
The author takes issue with Schmidt in his theory of the nature of the disease and
the effect of the potassium iodid treatment. The author noted a relatively lax and
soft condition of the udder in 80 per cent of the cows which were treated and a
complete or nearly complete cessation of milk secretion in every case. It is believed,
therefore, that the cerebral anemia observed in many cases of parturient apoplexy is
not due to any increased blood pressure in the udder. The action of potassium iodid
infusion has been exj^lained as checking the secretion of milk. The author maintains,
on the contrary, that whenever milk secretion is partly checked soon after calving
parturient apoplexy is likely to be developed, and that the treatment of the disease
consists in stimulating the udder to its customary secretory activity. The author
believes that in ordinary cases recovery takes place very rapidly after milk secretion
is resumed.
Is a post-mortem examination necessary in the diagnosis of anthrax,
Steixbach (Berli)i. Tkmrztl. Wclinschr., 1900, No. 41, ])p. 481, ^(S'-^).— According to
the author's experience, a post-mortem examination is necessary in suspected cases of
anthrax in which a microscopic examination of the blood failed to give a positive
diagnosis.
Dehorning {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 17 {1900), No. 7, j^P- 387-390).— A brieli
account of this operation, taken in part from the Sydney Telegraph.
Three important diseases affecting sheep, J. D. Stewart {Agr. Gaz. New
South Wales, 11 {1900), No. 10, pp. 837-S4G). — Notes on stomach worms, lung worms,
fluke worms, and foot rot. The author recommends the most approved remedies
for the treatment of each of these diseases.
Etiology of louping ill, J. McFadyean {Jour. Comp. Path, and Ther., 13 {1900),
No. 2, pp. 145-154). — The author gives a general historical account of this disease.
The name louping ill has apparently been applied to a number of distinct diseases,
such as pya^mic spinal meningitis, gastritis, enteritis, and disorders of brain func-
tions. The relationship of grass ticks to louping ill is believed by the author to be
a problematical question. The author concludes that the etiology and pathology of
the disease are still obscure and that the whole subject needs a careful investigation.
Periodical ophthalmia of the horse, L. Bernhard {Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr.,
1900, No. 26, pp. 301-304). — Detailed notes on the symptoms of the disease, together
with an account of its prevalence.
Malignant oedema in horses, S. v. Ratz {Monatsh. Frakt. Thierh., 11 {1900),
No. 9, pp. 411-416). — Detailed reports are given on the clinical symptoms and post-
mortem findings of 2 cases of this disease in horses. The bacilli were strikingly
similar to those of blackleg. White mice inoculated with oedematous material died
2 days later.
The pathogenic organism of horse sickness, Rickmann {Berlin. Tierarztl.
Wchmclir., 1900, No. 27, pp. 314-316, fig. i) .— It was found by experiment that if
virulent blood from a case of this disease was passed through a Chamberlain filter it
ceased to be virulent. A microscopic examination of such blood revealed the pres-
ence of micro-organisms similar to those of malaria.
The horses of South Africa and their most important diseases, especially
malaria, ZUrx {Zt-schr. Tiermed., 4 {1900), No. 2-3, pp. 14^^-163).— The author gives
a description of the tsetse fly {Glossina mor.ntan,^) and discusses its agency in the
transmission of malaria to horses. A number of species of flies of the same genus
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 793
are found in South Africa and many of them have been suspected of carrying malaria.
The author offers a critical review of the literature of this subject. Notes are also
given on anthrax and strangles. Detailed directions are given for the application of
the most important methods for destroying mosquitoes and the tsetse fly and for
keeping these insects out of stalls and stables.
Chronic tuberculosis in the horse, M. Schwammel {Ztschr. Tiermed., 4 {1900),
No. 2-3, pp. 182-186). — The author reviews briefly the literature on tuberculosis in
the horse. Detailed notes are given on a post-mortem examination of a case of
chronic tuberculosis in the horse. I^ general the post-mortem appearances were
similar to those of bovine tuberculosis. The disease was readily distinguishable from
glanders by the fact that the characteristic lesions of glanders were absent. The
horse had been kept on an estate where from 60 to 80 per cent of cattle were infected
with tuberculosis. Some of the cattle were draft oxen and had been allowed to
stand temporarily in the same stall where the horse was kept. It is believed that
the disease was transmitted in this manner.
The hyphomycetous nature of the glanders bacillus, H. Coxradi (Ztsc/ir.
Hyg. u. Infcctiomhmn'k., 33 {1900), No. 2, pp. 161-177, pis. ;i').— The author gives a
review of the Uterature on the subject of the morphological structure of the glanders
bacillus. From a bacteriological study of the organism of glanders, the author
believes that it does not belong properly to the bacteria, since it was shown that the
normal developmental processes of the organism lead to stages which show a mono-
podial branching and false branching similar to that of Cladothrix. The organism of
glanders is believed by the author to be closely related to the Actinomyces group fungi.
Pathological-anatomical studies of the Borna disease, H. Dexler [Ztschr.
Tiermed., 4 {1900), No. 2-3, pp. 110-121, figs. 3). — An examination of the cervical
region of the spinal cord in cases of this disease disclosed the presence of a recent
inflammation of the membranes which had progressed for some distance into the
substance of the brain and spinal cord. From a careful study of cases of the Borna
diseace, the author considers as diagnostic. certain structural changes in the central
nervous system, especially in the substance of the cervical region of the spinal cord,
the piamater of the hemispheres, the lateral plexus of the cerebellum and in the
cortex of the cerebrum. The author concludes that the Borna disease should be
characterized as a meningo-encephalitis and myelitis.
The etiology of rabies, S. v. Ratz {Monatsh. Prakt. Thlerh., 11 {1900), No. 9,
pp. 402-410). — The author gives a critical review of the literature relating to the
230ssible hereditary transmission of rabies. From the brain of a pregnant cow which
had died of rabies, material was taken for the inoculation of rabies with the result
that the characteristic symptoms of rallies were produced in the experimental animals.
Material taken from the foetal brain failed to produce rabies in rabbits. The author
made a number of experiments in inoculating animals with material from the brain of
dogs which had died of rabies. The dogs were allowed to remain buried for varying
periods before the material was taken from the brain for inoculation. The results
of these experiments indicate that the virus of rabies is present in the brain of dogs
which have been buried from 14 to 24 days. Putrefaction, liowever, had the effect
of weakening the virulence.
Experiments on the action of Epicarin in the treatment of mange of dogs,
Regenbogex {Monatsh. Prakt. Thierh., 11 {1900), No. 4, PP- 14-'^-149) . — Experiments
made by the author for the purpose of determining the value of epit;arin in the treat-
ment of dog mange gave the following results: Epicarin given internally in 0.5 gni.
per kilogram of body weight is not poisonous. Isolated Sarcoptes sqnamiferus and
Acarus folliculorum were killed much less quickly by alcoholic solutions of epicarin
than by solutions of cresol preparations. The treatment of mangy dogs was not
satisfactory, since considerable time and trouble were involved in the application of
the method and the results were uncertain.
794 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
TECHNOLOGY.
Preservation of unfermented grape mtist, F. T, Bioletti and
A. ]S1. DAL PiAZ {Calif()i'iu(( Sfd. Ihil. UO. pp. 12,f(js. .^). — The com-
position of pure grape mu.st and of the products sonietinies found on
the market is discussed, as well as the causes of spoiling of grape juice
and the chemical and physical means of preventing fermentation.
Chemical methods, /. e.^ the use of germ poisons or antiseptics, are
condemned. The physical methods, especially those depending upon
the application of a temperature sufficiently high to kill all germs, are
considered safest and most relial)le. Such a method is described in
some detail. It is recommended that onl}" clean and perfectl}^ sound
grapes, picked and handled when cool, should be used. After the
juice is expressed it is allowed to settle :2tl: hours and then run through
a continuous pasteurizer in which it is heated to 80^ C. (176° F.), but
comes out not w^armer than 25° C. (77° F.). It is again allowed to
settle in closed sterilized casks and filtered. For this purpose a filter
so constructed that the must passes upward through the filtering
medium under pressure is recommended. The filtered juice is placed
in bottles previously sterilized, and the stoppered bottles are kept in
a water bath heated to 85° C. (185° F.) for 15 minutes (for quart
champagne bottles). B}^ this means the contents of the bottles are
heated to about 75° C. (167° F.). If a higher temperature is used
for the second sterilization than for the first the must becomes cloudy.
To prevent the growth of mold on the corks in storage the}^ may be
dipped in hot paraffin or 2 per cent bluestone solution.
Utilization of pure yeasts in -wine fermentation, K. Chodat
{Arch. Sci. Phyy. d Sat., S {1800), pp. J,SW, oSO; ahs. In Jour- P"'/-
Mia^os. Soc. \London\ 1900, No. 2,p)p- ^^7, ^55).— The advantages of
the use of pure yeasts in wine fermentation are pointed out and details
of an investigation of a red wine of Crete are given. Six species of
Saccharomyces w^ere isolated from this wine, one of which belonged to
the S. apiritTafus group, the rest l^eing true yeasts. The amount of
alcohol produced b,v these different yeasts in sterile must is given, and
the quantity of glucose destroyed in the production of alcohol or in their
own maintenance varied from 7 to 81:. 1: per cent of the amount present.
Keeping cider, Schellexbeko {Jaliresber. Yers. Stat, u Sch>de,
Wadensioeil, 1897-98., p)?- '5-:^--^6').— Three casks, each containing 600
liters, were filled with pear cider of like quality. After fermen-
tation the cider was left with the dregs in one case, drained off in the
.second, and filtered through a cellulose filter in the third, after which
the cider in all 3 casks was left in a storage cellar. The summer fol-
lowing the cider in the first cask tasted of the dregs and was of poor
(juality; that in the second Avas clear and tasted pure. The cider in
the third cask was the b(^st in qualit}' of all. It was not only clear
and pure tasting, but had also a fresh, lively character. The conclu-
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 795
sion i.s reached that both the keeping quality and character of pear
cider is improved bj' filtration after fermentation.
In another experiment pears, still hard, but which fell easily from
the trees, yielded 58 liters of juice per 100 kg-, of fruit. Good, ripe,
mellow fruit yielded 65 liters per 100 kg. of fruit; while overripe
fruit yielded but 57.2 liters per 100 kg. of fruit.
The keeping quality but not the taste of pear cider was improved
by the addition of sugar and water to the juice before fermentation.
Wine making- in hot climates, L. Roos, translated by R. Dubois and W. P.
Wilkinson (Mclhoimie: florcrnmeiii, 1900, i^p. i^73, pl'^. 4, . figs. .59). — This is one of the
pul )lications of the Viticultural Station of the Department of Agriculture of Victoria,
Australia, located at Rutlierglen.
The use of yeast in making- currant wine, W. Keliiofer {Jaliresber. Vers. Stat.
u. Schide, Wademiveil, 1897-98, pp. 53-57). — Pure yeast cultures, beer yeast, dry
pressed yeast, and no artificial addition of yeast whatever, were used in making
currant wine. The chemical composition of the wine produced in each case is tabu-
lated. The conclusion is reached that when pure yeast for wine-making can not be
olitained, a good wine for household purposes can he made by the use of fresh beer
yeast at the rate of 50 cc. per hectoliter of juice. Next in value would be newly-
made dry yeast, using 20 gm. for each hectoliter of juice. The fermentation of
berries and juice together resulted in bad-tasting wine which easily spoiled.
Wine making- in Russia, M. Ballos {St. Petersburg: Department of Agriculture,
1899, pt. 5, pp. XV— 455; rev. in Selsk. Khoz. i Lyesov., 196 {1900), Feb., p. 469).— This
volume is devoted to a descrijition of the industry in Southern Russia.
The briar root industry in Italy (>S'c(. Amer. Sup., 50 (1900), Xo. 1292, p.
20718). — A record of the production of the root of Erica arborea for use in making
tobacco pipes.
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING.
Water resources of Porto Rico, H. M. Wilson ( Water Supp^i/
and Irrhjaflon Papers^ U. S. GtoJ. Survey, JSfo. 32^ pj). Jt-8^ j9/.s-. X5,
rnajys 2, figs. 10). — This is a report based on notes, sketches, and pho-
tographs collected b}^ the author "during a brief journe}" made
through the Island of Porto Rico in January, 1899. The object of
this trip was primarily to study the topographic characteristics and
the water resources of the island, but incidentally numerous memo-
randa relative to the soil, agricultural products, and forests were
obtained."
The following topics are discussed: Topographic relief — coastal to-
pography, and physiography and scener}^; climatolog;\' — precipitation
and temperature; hydrograph}' — irrigation; agricultural lands and
soil — old fields and fertilizers, and agricultural products; forestry;
water power and supply; and transportation facilities.
On about three-fourths of the area of the island (north side) the
rainfall is sufficient for crops.
"The other one-fourth, including all the region near the coast and from Cabo
Rojo on the extreme west to beyond Guayama on the east, must be irrigated if the
soil is to produce the full measure of crops of which it is capable. The total area of
these iiTigable lands is, however, relatively small. . . .
796 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
"The soil on these lands is in every case of the very best kind for agriculture with
irrigation. It is usually an open, porous, limestone soil of sandy and gravelly tex-
ture, mixed with a little earthy loam. It is fairly deep and is underlain by a porous
limestone or coral, which affords the best drainage and probably renders it safe from
the danger of producing alkali. . . .
"While the precipitation is insufficient, the perennial flow of the streams is unu-
sually abundant for a land requiring irrigation. The minimum discharges of these
streams where they would be diverted in the foothills are moderate in amount and
yet nearly sufficient for the irrigation of such areas as they command. ^Moreover,
the flood disc'Harges of these streams occur at frecjuent intervals throughout the year,
but are especially well distributed throughout the summer or rainy season. They
afford an abundant surplus for storage. The shapes of the smaller parting vallej's
and of the lower canyons through which the rivers emerge from the mountains give
every indication that abundant opportunities will be found, on fuller investigation, for
the construction of storage reservoirs at moderate expense and at relatively small cost."
Irrigation has been practiced to some extent, especially on sugar
cane. The irrigation works which have been constructed correspond
in general typo with those of Mexico, but are usually of a more sub-
stantial character. Temporary distributaries, however, are used to a
considerable extent in the irrigation of sugar cane.
"The volume of water available for utilization either as supply for domestic pur-
poses in the various cities or for conversion into power through the agency of water
wheels is relatively great. While this is especially true of the north side of the
island, it applies also in a measurable degree to the south side."
The soils of the island are primarily of two classes — calcareous and
clay. In some localities they have been over cultivated without fer-
tilization and are now abandoned, but as a rule "the soil of Porto
Rico is so deep and fertile, the precipitation so abundant and well
distributed, and the temperature, though tropic, so mild as to render
it possible to cultivate almost all the land on the island."
Supplies of fertilizers — green sand marl, guano, phosphates, etc. —
are abundant.
Road making and maintenance, T. Aitken {London: Charles Griffin & Co.,
190U, jip. Xyi^440, pis. l-i,fi(js. lis, dgms. 3). — "This treatise is divided into two
parts. The first relates to the making and the maintaining of macadamized roads,
while the second part deals with carriageways and footpaths." There is a prelimi-
nary historical sketch of road making and maintenance. Chapters are devoted to
the following subjects: Resistance to traction — wheels and weights on them; laying
out new roads, and the improvement of existing lines of communication; earthworks,
drainage, retaining walls, culverts, bridges, and protection of roads; road materials
or metal; quarrying; stone breaking and haulage; road rolling and scarifying; the
construction of new, and the maintenance of existing roads; carriageways and foot-
ways— preliminary remarks — foundations and pitched pavements; wood pavements;
asphalt jjavements; brick pavements, tar macadam, and miscellaneous materials used
for carriageways — conclusions; footways, curbs, channels, gullies, paving materials
for footpaths; and subways. Methods of carrying out the work and the cost of each
operation in the systematic making and repairing of roads and streets and the con-
struction and maintenance of carriageways and footways are given .in detail, the
information being for the most part the result of practical experience extending over
a number of years. The methods apply especially to English conditions.
STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS. 797
Some preliminary notes on the hygienic value of various street pave-
ments as determined, by hacteriological analyses, S. Bukrage and D. B. Luten
{Proc. Lidiana Acad. ScL, 1899, pp. 61-67, Jigs. 7). — Examinations of cultures exposed
on an ordinary surveyor's tripod over various kinds of pavements are reported. The
conclusion is reached from these observations that " if the amount of dust floating
over any given pavement is a measure of the sanitary value, the pavements in ques-
tion will take the following rank: Wood, brick, sheet asphalt, and macadam."
Hydrography of Nicaragua, A. P. Davis {Tireatleth An)i. Rpt. U. S. Geol. Sur-
voj. lS9S-!tfl, pp. ,')6.J-0.j'7, j)ls. IJj^figs. 4)- — This paper gives the results of observa-
tions made during 1898 in connection with the investigations of the Nicaragua Canal
Commission. It deals with general topographic features, rainfall, temperature and
relative humidity, evaporation, resources and productions, population, the ship
transit problem, and investigations by the Nicaragua Canal Commission, 1898.
Report of progress of stream measurements for the calendar year 1898,
F. H. Newell [TwentieUi Ann. Rpt. U. S .Geol. Survey, 1S9S-99, pA. 4, pp. 1-562, ph.
63, figs. 218) . — This is a detailed report of measurements which have been published
in previous bulletins of the Survey (E. S. R., 11, p. 1094).
Influence of vegetation on the water flow of rivers, E. AVollxy ( Ir/Zj-sc/o-.
Buyer. Landv\ Hath., 5 {1900), No. 3, ]ip. 3S9-445).
Mitigation of floods in the Brisbane River, A. C. Gregory ( Queendand
Geogr. Jour., v. .svr., 15 {WOO), Xo. 1, pp. 41-54).
Bearing-testing dynamometer, M. J. Golden {Proc. Tudiana. Acad. Sci., 1899,
j>p. 83-85, fig. 1). — A machine used by the author to determine the amount of jiower
lost by fricti(jn in different forms of shaft bearings is descril)ed.
The stave silo, J. H. Grisdale ( Canada Cent. Expt. Farm Bid. 35, pp. 11, figs. S). —
Brief directions are given for the construction of a stave silo similar to that described
by the New York Cornell Station (E. S. R., 11, p. 294), and of a cheap rectangular
silo, with notes on crops for silage and methods of filling a silo.
A mechanical cotton picker {Sci. Amer., 82 {1900), No. 21, p. 330, fig. 1). — Brief
technical description.
STATISTICS— MISCELLANEOUS.
Eleventh Annual Report of Delaware Station, 1899 {Delcnvare Sta. Rpd.
1899, pp. :J01). — This includes a iinancial statement for the fiscal year ended June
30, 1899, the organization list of the station, summarized and detailed reports of the
work of the different departments during the year, a number of articles abstracted
elsewhere, and reprints of Bulletins 42, 44-46 of the station on the following sub-
jects: The European and Jajianese chestnuts in the eastern United States (E. S. R.,
10, p. 962), sorghum in 1899 (E. S. R., 11, p. 141), the root pruning of young fruit
trees (E. S. R., 11, p. 845), the southern or cowpea in Delaware (E. S. R., 12, p. 435),
dairy value of jiea-vine silage compared with that of June pasture (E.S.R., 12, p. 481).
Thirteenth Annual Report of New York Cornell Station, 1900 {Xew York
Cornell R] it. 1900, pjp. XL— 562). — The report premier incl udes the organization list
of the station and V^rief reports on the work and expenditures of the station by the
director, treasurer, and heads of departments. The report of the assistant professor
of dairy liusl)andry and animal industry gives in addition a statement of conditions
governing butter tests of thoroughbred c-ows made by the station and directions for
station representatives in conducting official tests of dairy cows. Appendix I con-
tains reprints of Bulletins 171-182 of the station on the following subjects: Concern-
ing patents on gravity or dilution separators (E. S. R., 11, p. 389), the cherry fruit
fly — a new cherry pest (E. S. R., 11, p. 866), the relation of food to milk fat (E. S.
R., 11, p. 1081), the problem of impoverished lands (E. S. R., 11, p. 1022), fourth
report on Jajaanese plums (E. S. R., 11, p. 1045), the peach-tree borer (E. S. R., 12,
p. 63), spraying notes (E. S. R., 12, p. 163), the invasion of the udder by bacteria
798 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
(E. S. E., 12, p. 184), introduction to lield experiments with fertilizers (E. S. R., 12,
p. 125), the prevention of peach-leaf curl (E. 8. R., 12, p. 259), pollination in
orchards (E. S. R., 12, p. 237), and sugar-l)eet investigations for 1899 (E. S. R., 12,
p. 335). Appendix II contains a detailed statement of receipts and exjoenditures of
the station for the fiscal j-ear ended June 30, 1899. Appendix III contains reprints
of publications on nature study.
Twelfth Annual Report of Rhode Island Station, 1899 {Rhode Island Sta.
apt. lSU9,pp. IX-\'227). — The report of the director gives a general review of the work
of the station during the year and departmental reports review in detail the different
lines of work and contain a number of articles noted elsewhere. A financial state-
ment for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1899; lists of donations, exchanges, and sta-
tion publications; and an index to the report and Bulletins 52-55 of the station
issued during the year, are included.
Experiment Station Work— XV (T. *S'. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bid. 119, pp. 31,
figs, o ). — Tliis numljer contains articles on the following subjects: Storing ajiples with-
out ice, cold storage on the farm, mechanical cold storage for fruit, keeping qualities
of apples, improvement of blueberries, transplanting muskmelons, banana flour, fresh
and canned tomatoes, purslane, mutton sheep, effect of cotton-seed meal on the
quality of butter, grain feed of milch cows, and protection against Texas fever.
Timely hints for farmers {Arizona Sta. Bid. 34, PI>. 65-115, figs. 14) ■ — This bul-
letin is a collection of popular articles issued by the experiment station from Octobei"
1, 1899, to June 15, 1900. The following subjects are discussed: Green manuring
plants for orchards, planting eucalypts in Arizona, improvement of Arizona soils,
winter irrigation of orchards, the crown gall, desirable varieties of peaches, the
danger of introducing insects on trees, what to plant on arbor day, winter remedies
for injurious insect«, care of milli for the factory, black alkali, white alkali, selecting
dairy cows, the adobe hole, dehorning cattle, date palm culture, summer cultivati(jn,
and grazing v. irrigation.
Agricultural exports of the United States by countries, 1895-1899, F. H.
Hitchcock {V. S. Dept. Agr., Section of Foreign Markets Bid. 20, p. 8S). — Statistical
tables are given showing the character and value of the agricultural products exported
from the Ignited States to each country of destination during the 5 fiscal years
1895 to 1899. The average annual value of the agricultural exports during the 5
years was §694,874,000. The United Kingdom received 53.37, Germany 13.60, and
France 6.22 per cent of the total exports. Of the products exported cotton, bread-
stuffs, and meat products amounted respectively to 30.71, 30.56, and 20.36 per cent.
Agricultural imports of the United States by countries, 1895-1899, F. H.
Hitchcock ( V. S. Bepd. Agr., Section of Foreign Markets Bid. 21, pip. 74)- — Statistical
tables are given showing the character and value of the agricultural products
imported into the United States from each country of shipment during the 5 fiscal
years 1895 to 1899. The average annual value of the agricultural imports during the
5 years was $366,964,708. Brazil supplied 14.75, the United Kingdom 9.30, Cuba
7.47, and Germany 6.57 per cent of the total imports. Of the products imported,
sugar amounted to 22.90 per cent, and coffee, 20.86 per cent.
The production and consumption of corn in United States, Hungary,
Roumania, and other countries, E. Rabate (Jour. Agr. Prat., 1900, II, Xo. 4^,
pp. 721-725). — Statistics and discussion.
List of free employment agencies for the use of farmers ( V. S. Dept. Agr.,
Division of Statistics ('ire. 13, pp. 4~)- — "A list of free employment agencies, and other
institutions and individuals w'illing to act as such, whicli are likely to be able to
supply farm laborers, domestic servants, or other employees for permanent or tem-'
porary employment in the country." The list includes nearly 1,000 names arranged
by counties in the different States.
NOTES.
Tennessee Station. — The executive committee of the station has been reorganized
with J. W. Caldwell, of Knoxville, as chairman, and J. B. Killebrew, of Nashville, and
Harris Brown, of Gallatin, as additional members. At the semiannual meeting of
the board of trustees Andrew M. Soulewas elected vice-director of the station, in addi-
tion to his duties as professor of agriculture and agriculturist. The vice-director w411
henceforth supervise the work and business of the station under the direction of the
president. There are 35 students attending the dairy school, and a keen interest and
appreciation of the work the station and college of agriculture are doing is evidenced
on every hand. The agricultural yearbook for 1891 was recently issued, and has
proved very jiopular among the farmers all over the South. In fact, the demand for
publications has become so great that with the limited resources at the command of
the station it is becoming a difficult prol)lem to meet the call for station literature.
Fifth International Congress of Zoology. — The preliminary announcement of
the Fifth International Congress of Zoology, to be held at Berlin, August 12-16, has
been received. In addition to the regular sessions of the congress and of sections,
various excursions are planned to zoological museums, gardens, institutes and other
institutions likely to be of interest to zoologists, a reception, and a banquet. The
formal meetings of the congress will conclude Friday noon, and in the afternoon the
delegates will proceed to Hamburg, visiting the national-history museum and the
zoological gardens, and on Sunday (August 18) an excursion to Heligoland to visit
the biological station there is planned. Anyone interested in zoology may become
a member of the congress on payment of $5, which will insure a report of the con-
gress. All correspondence relating to the congress or to the programme should be
addressed to the president of the congress, 43 Invalidenstrasse, Berlin, N. 4.
Agricultural Experimentation and Education in the "West Indies. — At the
third agricultural congress, held at Barbados, January 5, Dr. D. Morris, commissioner
of agriculture for the AVest Indies, described the progress which is being made
under the Imperial Department of Agriculture in the direction of agricultural experi-
mentation and investigation. "During the year three new experiment stations
have been establishment at Montserrat and one at Tortola for the Virgin Islands.
At the present time there are 9 botanic stations maintained from imperial funds
under the charge of the Imperial Department of Agriculture. In addition, there are
20 substations, or experiment plats, started at Grenada, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, and
Dominica to encourage the improved cultivation of cacao, coffee, limes, and other
crops. There are 12 central, manurial, and local stations associated with the sugar-
cane experiments at Barbados, 7 similar stations at Antigua, and 3 at St. Kitts-Nevis.
Experimental cultivation with food and other crojis will be carried on in connection
with all the agricultural schools. ' ' During the past year lectures to teachers in charge
of elementary schools have been carried on in every part of the West Indies, and the
belief is expressed that within a year or two, in the smaller islands at least, every
teacher in charge of a school should be qualified, not only to give a certain amount
of instruction in the principles of agriculture, but also to interest the children by
simple experiments followed by practical demonstrations in the cultivation of plants
suited to the district. The first agricultural school in the West Indies affording
16466— No. 8— 01 8 799
800 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.
secondary education for boys was opened at St. Vincent in September, and a similar
school was opened at Dominica in December, 1900. It is planned to estaljlish two
more agricultural schools the present year, one at St. Lucia and another, combining
the characters of an agricultural school and grammar school, at St. Kitts. Seven
scholarships in agriculture at Harrison College, Barljados, have been established by
the Imperial Department of Agriculture. Agricultural fairs have been successfully
conducted, and have proved of value in stimulating effort toward better production.
The Department of Agriculture has encouraged these by prizes amounting to £350
and the distribution of 100 diplomas.
^IiscELLAXEors. — Cougress has ordered a reprint of 5,000 copies of Bulletin No. 80
of this Office, the account of the agricultural experiment stations of the United States,
prepared for the Paris Exposition. Of this revise the Department of Agriculture is
to have 2,000 copies.
Science states that a committee has been appointed by the president of the British
board of agriculture to conduct experimental investigations regarding the commu-
nicability of glanders under certain conditions, and the arresting and curative powers
of mallein when repeatedly administered. The committee consists of A. C. Cope,
chief veterinary officer of the board of agriculture; J. McFadyean, principal of the
Royal Veterinary College; William Hunting, veterinary inspector; and J. Mcintosh
IMcCall, assistant veterinary officer of the board of agriculture.
As a result of correspondence of a committee of the Society of Plant Morphology
and Physiology with the editor of the Botanisches Cenfrnlblatt, urging certain changes
in that journal, the editor announces that hereafter the regular series of the Central-
blatt will be confined to abstracts and reviews of new literature. The original articles
will be published in the Beihefte or supplements issued from time to time, and the
regular series of the Beihefte can be subscribed for separately. An American ])oard
of editors of the Centralblatt, to be selected by the society, is also provided for. It is
thought that these changes will make the Centralblatt a more valuable medium through
which American botanists may keep posted on the progress of their science and the
new literature relating to it.
o
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Pn. D., Assistant Director.
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.
Chemistry, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — The Editor and H. "W. Lawson.
^Meteorology, Fertilizers and Soils (including methods of analysis), and Agricultural
Engineering — ^W. H. Beal.
Botany and Diseases of Plants — Walter H. Evans, Ph. D.
Foods and Animal Production — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D.
Field Crops — J. I. Schulte.
Entomology and Veterinary Science — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D.
Horticulture — C. B. Smith.
With the cooperation of the scientific divisions of the Department and the Abstract
Committee of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.
CONTENTS OF Vol. XII, No. 9.
Editorial notes: Page.
Cheese curing in the light of the enzym theory 801
The agricultural appropriation act 803
Russian soil investigations 807
Recent work in agricultural science 819
Notes 899
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
CHEMISTRY.
The qualitative detection of mineral phosphates in Thomas slag, N. von
Lorenz 819
Estimation of alkali carbonates in the presence of bicarbonates, F. K. Cam-
eron 819
Methods of determining proteid nitrogen in vegetable materials, G. S. Fraps
and J. A. Bizzell 819
A new method for the determination of nitric nitrogen, J. F. Pool 820
Estimation of nicotin, amount of nicotin in New South Wales tobaccos,
G. Marker 820
The adulteration and analysis of the arsenical insecticides, J. K. Haywood. . . 820
Composition and analysis of London purple, J. K. Haywood 821
Paris green and London purple in Montana, F. AV. Traphagen 822
Detection of coal-tar dyes in fruit products, A. L. Winton 821
The influence of carbon bisulphid and common salt on the losses of nutrients
and the character of the fermentation of ensiled fodders, I. Kalugin and
S. Parashchuck - 822
II CONTENTS.
BOTANY.
Page.
Some native forage plants of the State, E. V. Wilcox 827
Some new species of the genus Cratsgus and notes on some dichotomous Pani-
cums, W. W. Ashe 827
Flowers and fruits of common trees and shrubs, F. H. Hillman 827
Recent investigations concerning the effect of perchlorates on the growth of
crops, P. de Caluwe 824
Electricity in plant culture 825
On the embryo of mummy wheat and barley, E. Gain 825
Injuries to plants by London fogs and smoke, G. Henslow 826
ZOOLOGY.
The food of the bobolinks, blackbirds, and grackles, F. E. L. Beal 828
Results of the biological reconnoissance of the Yukon River region, W. H.
Osgood and L. B. Bishop 830
Information concerning game: Seasons, shipment, and sale, T. S. Palmer and
H. W. Olds 830
Wild animals and birds which may be imported without permits, J. Wilson . . 830
Laws regulating the transportation and sale of game, T. S. Palmer and H. W.
Olds 831
METEOROLOCJY — CLIMATOLOGY.
Monthly Weather Review, Vol. X XVIII, Nos. 7-9 831
Report on the international cloud observations, F. H. Bigelow 831
Climatological atlas of the Russian Empire 834
Amount of chlorin in rain water collected at Cirencester, E. Kinch 832
Rain, river, and evaporation observations in New South Wales, 1898, H. C.
Russell 833
Sununary of weather at the North Louisiana Experiment Station during 1892-
1899, J. G. Lee 834
Meteorological summary for 1899 834
WATER — SOILS.
Principles of water analysis as applied to New Mexico waters, A. Goss 834
The purification of water, especially the removal of lime and magnesia, K.
Schierholz 835
AVater supply and sewerage 835
Nitrification and catch crops, P. Boname 836
New researches into Pouillet's phenomenon (the heat developed in wetting
powders), T. Martini 837
Recent observations on the diluvial formation in the Netherlands with special
reference to charting, II, H. Van Cappelle 837
On the causes of the treeless conditions of the steppes, S. Kravkov 838
FEKTILIZEKS.
The influence of the distribution of fertilizers on their action, J. M. Pomorski. 839
Field experiments with phosphoric acid in various forms, F. W. Dafert and O.
Reitmair 839
The action of burnt lime and marl <hi light sandy upland soils, Neul)erth 840
Inspection and analyses of fertilizers, W. F. Hand et al 841
Analyses and valuations of fertilizers, L. A. Voorhees and J. P. Street 840
Another warning in regard to compost peddlers, W. A. Withers 841
CONTENTS. Ill
FIELD CROPS.
Page.
Field experiments, J. G. Lee 841
Report of the agriculturist, E. R. Lloyd 849
Report of the assistant agriculturist, R. S. Shaw 849
Results of fertilizer experiments Avith sulphate of ammonia, Kloepfer 843
Fertilizer experiments with Thcmas slag and nitrate of soda supplementary to
barnyard manure, Lilienthal 843
Inoculation of soils, G. W. Herrick .• 843
Researches on the culture of blue lupines, P. P. Deherain and E. Demoussy. . 844
Varieties of cotton, E. R. Lloyd 844
Potato improvement and culture, M. Fischer 845
Lime experiments with potatoes on light marsh soil, Lilienthal 845
Experiments in the culture of the sugar beet in Nebraska, H. H. Nicholson
and T. L. Lyon 846
Report of wheat raisers, J. Fields 850
Experiments with wheat, 1900, F. C. Burtis and J. G. Kerr 846
Field experiments with wheat, J. F. Hickman 848
HORTICULTURE.
Cabbage — fertilizers, varieties, shipping; cauliflower — varieties and shipping,
B. C. Pittuck and S. A. McHenry 850
The use of chemical manures on garden vegetables, G. Truffaut and Denaiffe. . 851
Report of the horticulturist, S. M. Emery 853
Top-working apple trees, G. H. Powell 852
Tests of small fruit, J. Troop 854
Strawberries, F. S. Earle 854
Resistance of strawberries to frost, E. V. AVilcox 854
Experiments on the use of nitrate of soda in the culture of grapes, E. Marre . . 852
Experiments with manures on vines, E. Zacharewicz 852
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Some field experiments with formalin, M. B. Thomas 855
Treatment of seed oats for smut, E. V. Wilcox 859
Seed treatment for the prevention of beet diseases, M. Hoffman 855
Potato scab, E. V. Wilcox _ 859
The rotting of greenhouse lettuce, G. E. Stone and R. E. Smith 856
Orange culture and diseases, J. Borg 857
A tig disease, G. Massee 858
The sulphuring of grapes, F. Simonet 858
IMercury in the products of vines sprayed with mercurial mixtures, L. Vignon
and J. Perraud 858
ENTOMOLOGY.
Proceedings of the twelfth annual meeting of the Association of Economic
Entomologists 860
First report on insect pests for 1899, F. V. Theol^ald 862
Report of the botanist and entomologist, G. W. Herrick 867
The Hessian fly in 1899 and 1900, F. M. Webster 862
The Hessian fly in West ^'irginia and how to prevent losses from its ravages,
A. D. Hopkins <S63
Losses caused by the grain aphis, E. V. Wilcox 868
Experiments with insecticides upon potatoes, C. D. Woods 863
IV CONTENTS.
Tlie economic entomology of the sugar beet, S. A. Forbes and C. A. Hart 868
Economic and biological notes on insects injurious to herbaceous crops in the
Yalley of Bientina, G. del Guercio 865
The effect of scale lice ujjon vegetable tissues, J. Kochs 865
Injurious fruit insects; insecticides; insecticide ajiparatus, R. A. Cooley 869
How to control the San Jose scale, C. L. Marlatt 869
Economic and biological notes on Simxthis nemomna 866
Observations on the development and use of the locust fungus in German
southwest Africa, Rickmann and Kaesewurm 866
FOOnS — ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Beans, peas, and other legumes as foods, Mary H. Abel 876
Studies on the amount of nutrients required by man at rest, K. Elkholm 871
On the elimination of nitrogen, sulphates, and phosphates, after the ingestion
of proteid food, il. C. Sherman and P. B. Hawk 871
Digestion trials, J. Fields and A. G. Ford 872
Digestion experiments with sheep, J. M. Bartlett : . . 873
A comparison of determined and calculated heats of combustion, L. H. Merrill . 873
Experiments on the influence of asparagin and ammonia upon the metabolism
of protein in herbivora, O. Kellner et al 874
Inspection of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs during 1900, W. H. Jordan
and C. G. Jenter 877
Analyses of commercial feeding stuffs, J. L. Hills, C. H. Jones, and B. 0. White. 877
Methods of steer feeding, G. C. Watson and M. S. McDowell 875
Principles and practices of stock feeding, J. L. Hills 877
Feeding experiments, E. R. Lloyd 878
Sheep-feeding experiments in Nebraska, E. A. Burnett 875
Roots and other succulent foods for swine, C. S. Plumb 876
Live stock; poultry, J. G. Lee 878
Index relating to animal industry, 1837 to 1898, G. F. Thompson 878
DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.
Dairy husbandry, J. S. Moore 883
Sugar-beet pulp as a food for cows, H. H. Wing and L. Anderson 878
The liability of the total solids of milk to change with age and its effect in the
control of market milk, A. Reinsch and H. Hihrig 879
Studies of the market milk of Helsingfors, with special reference to its bkcteria
content, O. von Hellens 879
Preservatives in dairy produce, G. S. Thomson 879
Composition of butter made in the Netherlands and conditions which control
the changes in composition, J. J. L. Van Rijn 880
The influence of certain conditions in churning on the amount of water in
butter, J. B. Weems and F. W. Bouska 881
The result of working on the w'ater content of butter, J. Siedel and Hesse 881
The chemical action of molds on butter, J. Hanus and A. Stocky 882
Cream testing, C. H. Eckles 882
The source of separator slime, P. Vieth and I\I. Siegfeld 883
A study of butter increasers, J. B. Weems and F. AV. Bouska 883
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE.
Communications from the official veterinary sanitary reports for the year 1898,
J. Esserand W. Schiitz ". '. 884
Texas fever in the Argentine Republic 885
Parturient apoplexy under Schmidt's treatment, J. H. Tennent 886
CONTENTS. V
Pafre.
Report of veterinarian, J. C. Robert 890
List of plants of known or suspected poisonous properties which occur within
the State, E. V. Wilcox 891
Lupines as plants poisonous to stock, E. V. Wilcox 891
Cattle poisoning bj' the tall larkspur, E. V. AVilcox 891
Poisoning of stock by the water hemlock, E. V. Wilcox 891
Tlie poisoning of cattle by smutty oat hay, E. V. Wilcox 891
Ergotism in horses, E. Y. Wilcox 891
A preliminary report upon forage poisoning in horses (so-called cerebro-spinal
meningitis), L. Pearson 886
The action of certain somnifacients on the horse, E. S. Muir 887
Experimental studies of rabies. Vera Solomon 887
Common diseases of the fowls — their control and treatment, F. D. Chester 894
Hemorrhagic septicaemia of ducks and chickens, A. Ralneaux 888
Roup of chickens, E. V. Wilcox 894
The internal chicken mite, E. V. Wilcox 894
AGKICULTURAL EXGIXEERING.
The use of water in irrigation 895
Irrigation in New Jersey, E. B. Voorhees 895
Storage of water on Gila River, J. B. Lippincott 896
STATISTICS — MISCELLAXEOUS.
Thirteenth Annual Report of Kansas Station, 1900 897
Thirteenth Annual Report of Maryland Station, 1900 897
Thirteenth Ajinual Report of INIississippi Station, 1900 897
Sixth Annual Report of Montana Station, 1899 897
Experiment Station Work— XVI 898
Press Bulletins Nos. 35 to 70, Kansas Station 898
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED.
Experiment stations in the United States:
Alabama College Station:
Bulletin 109, July, 1900 854
Delaware Station:
Bulletin 47, September, 1900 894
Bulletin 48, October, 1900 852
Illinois Station:
Bulletin 60, August, 1900 868
Indiana Station:
Bulletin 82, :March, 1900 876
Bulletin 83, August, 1900 854
Iowa Station:
Bulletin 52, September, 1900 881, 882, 883
Kansas Station:
Bulletin 99, October, 1900 898
Thirteenth Annual Report, 1900 897
Louisiana Stations:
Bulletin 62 (second series), 1900 834, 841, 878
Maine Station:
Bulletin 67, September, 1900 873
Bulletin 68, October, 1900 863
VI CONTENTS.
Experiment stations in the United States — Continued. Page.
Maryland Station:
Thirteenth Annual Keport, 1900 834,897
Massachusetts Hatch Station:
Bulletin 69, September, 1900 856
Mississippi Station :
Bulletin 62, April, 1900 844
Bulletin 68, June, 1900 843
Bulletin 64, August 15, 1900 841
Thirteenth Annual Keport, 1900 849, 867, 878, 883, 890, 897
Montana Station:
Bulletin 22, June, 1899 827, 854, 859, 868, 891, 894
Bulletin 23, May, 1900 869
Bulletin 24 (Sixth Annual Report, 1899) , July, 1899 849, 853, 897
Bulletin 25, .April, 1900 822
Nebraska Station:
Bulletin 66, August 29, 1900 875
Bulletin 67, August 29, 1900 846
Nevada Station:
Bulletin 46 (Nature Studies, II) , June, 1900 827
New Jersey Stations:
Bulletin 145, October 1, 1900 840
New Mexico Station :
Bulletin 34, June, 1900 834
New York Cornell Station:
Bulletin 183, September, 1900 878
New York State Station:
Bulletin 176, September, 1900 877
North Carolina Station:
Bulletin 173, June, 1900 841
Bulletin 174, June, 1900 819
Bulletin 175, August, 1900 827
Ohio Station:
Bulletin 118, June, 1900 848
Bulletin 119, June, 1900 862
Oklahoma Station :
Bulletin 46, May, 1900 872
Bulletin 47, September, 1900 846, 850
Pennsylvania Station :
Bulletin 53, September, 1900 875
Texas Station:
Bulletin 57, July 1900 850
Vermont Station:
Bulletin 81, September, 1900 877
Bulletin 82, September, 1900 877
West Virginia Station:
Bulletin 67, August, 1900 863
United States Department of Agriculture:
Farmers' Bulletin 121 876
Farmers' Bulletin 122 898
Division of Biological Survey:
Bulletin 13 828
Bulletin 14 831
Circular 30 830
CONTENTS. YII
United States Department of Agriculture — Continued. Page.
Division of Biological Survey — Continued.
Circular 31 830
North American Fauna, No. 19, October 6, 1900 8.30
Division of Entomology:
Bulletin 26 (new series) S60
Circular 42 (second series) 869
Office of Experiment Stations:
Bulletin 86 895
Bulletin 87 895
Division of Publications:
Bulletin 5 878
Weather Bureau:
Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XXVIII, No. 7, July, 1900 831
Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XXVIII, No. 8, August, 1900 831,834
Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XXVIII, No. 9, September, 1900 . . . 831
Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, 1898-99, Vol. II 831
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XII. No. 9.
The ph3\sical and chemieul processes involved in the ripening or
curing of cheese are extreme!}' complex, and exact knowledge relating
to them has been sadly wanting until ver}- recent years. As a cheese
matures or becomes lit for consumption not only is there produced
the characteristic flavor that is peculiar to the type of cheese made,
but with all kinds, regardless of the quality of flavors formed, a pro-
found physical transformation of the casein occurs. In this change
the tirm elastic curd " breaks down;" i. e.^ becomes plastic, and, from
a chemical point of view, the insoluble casein is converted into various
soluble decomposition products.
In discussing these ripening phenomena, the production of flavor
and the breaking down of the casein — /. e. , the formation of proper
texture — have been'regarded as diflerent phases of the same process.
But, as later shown, these changes are not necessarily so closely
correlated.
The theories that have been advanced in the past as explanatory of
the ripening changes in cheese have been suggestive rather than
founded on experimental data, and it is only within the last five years
that carefully controlled scientific studies of this problem have been
made.
At the present time two theories have been advanced whicli purport
to account for the changes involved. One of these, which is essentially
European, ascribes the ripening changes wholly to the action of living-
organisms — the bacteria present in the cheese. The other originated
in this country, and asserts that there are digestive enzyms inherent
in the milk itself that render soluble the casein of the milk.
The adherents of the bacterial theory are divided into two classes.
One, led by Duclaux, considers that the breaking down of the casein is
due to the action of liquef3'ing l^acteria (Tyrothrix forms). On the
other hand, von Freudenreich has ascribed these changes to the lactic-
acid type of bacteria, which develop so luxuriantly in hard cheese.
Within the limits of this article it will be impossible to give a crit-
ical review of these theories that would do justice to the question at
issue. But in view of important practical results recently obtained by
Babcock and Russell, of the Wisconsin Experiment Station, it is
sui
802 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
deemed advisable to review the theory proumlg-ated by them and show
its relation to their later work.
In 1897 they announced the discovery of an inherent enzym in milk
which they termed galmtase^ and which has the power of digesting
casein of milk and producing chemical decomposition products similar
to those that normally occur in ripened cheese. The theory has been
advanced by them that this enzym is an important factor in the ripen-
ing changes, and, as in their experiments bacterial action was excluded
by the Use of anaesthetic agents, they conclude that so far as the break-
ing down of the casein is concerned bacteria are not essential to this
process.
In formulating a theory of cheese ripening, they have further
pointed out the necessity of considering the action of rennet extract
as a factor that is concerned in the curing changes. They have shown
that the addition of increased quantities of rennet extract materiallj'^
hastens the rate of ripening, and that this is due to the pepsin which is
present in all commercial rennet extracts. They tind it easily possible
to differentiate between the proteolytic action of pepsin and galactase,
in that the first-mentioned enzj^m is incapable of producing decompo-
sition products lower than the peptones precipitated by tannin. They
have shown that the increased solubility (ripening changes) of the
casein in cheese made with rennet is attributable solely to the products
peculiar to peptic digestion. The addition of rennet extractor pepsin
to fresh milk does not produce this change unless the acidity of the
milk is allowed to develop to a point which experience has shown to
be the best adapted for the making of Cheddar cheese. The rationale
of the empirical process of ripening the milk before the addition of
the rennet extract is for the first time thus explained.
In stud3ang the properties of galactase these investigators further
found that this enzym, as well as those present in rennet extract, is
operative at very low temperatures, even below the freezing point.
These results have not yet been published, but were presented at a
recent convention of the Wisconsin Cheese Makers' Association. When
cheese made in the normal manner was kept at temperatures ranging
from 25 to 45° F. for periods averaging from 8 to 18 months, it was
found that the texture of the product simulated that of a perfectly
ripened cheese, but that such cheese developed a very miid flavor in
comparison with the normally cured product. Subsequent storage at
somewhat higher temperatures gives to such cheese a flavor the
intensity of which is determined by the period of .storage. This indi-
cates that the breaking down of the casein and the production of the
flavor peculiar to cheese are in a way independent of each other and
may be independently controlled, a point which is of great economic
value in commercial practice.
Although it is generally believed that cheese ripened at low temper-
atures is apt to develop a more or less bitter flavor, the flavors in these
EDITORIAL. 803
cases were found to be practically perfect. Under these conditions of
curing bacterial activity is practically inoperative, and these experi-
ments furnish an independent proof of the enzym theory.
Not only are these experiments of interest from the scientific point
of view, as throwing light on the obscure processes of cheese curing,
but from a purely practical standpoint they open up a new field for
commercial exploitation.
The inability to control the temperature in the ordinary factory
curing room results in serious losses on account of the poor and uneven
quality of the product, and the consumption of this dairy product has
been greatly lessened thereby. All of these conditions may l^e avoided
by this low-temperature curing process, and it seems quite probable
that the cheese industry is on the eve of important changes in methods
of treatment.
With the introduction of cold-storage curing, and the necessity of
constructing centralized plants for this purpose, the cheese industry
will be difi'erentiated into the manufacture of the product in factories
of relatively cheap construction, and the curing or ripening of the
cheese in central curing stations. In this wa}^ not only are the losses
which occur in present practice obviated, but the improvement in
quality of the cured product will be more than sufficient to cover the
cost of cold-storage curing. It is important to note that this latest
advance in methods as applied to commercial practice is the outgrowth
of scientific studies on the theoretical side of the subject of cheese
ripening, and well illustrates how dependent practice is on the pursuit
of pure .science.
The passage of the agricultural appropriation act for the 3'ear 1901-
1902 marks an epoch in the histor}- of the development of the national
Department of Agriculture. Not only does it carry the largest appro-
priation ever made for the Department and provide for further exten-
sion of its work in various lines, but it inaugurates a scheme for the
partial reorganization of the scientific branches of its work. Three of
the present divisions are raised to the grade of bureaus, and a number
of other divisions are associated into one large Bureau of Plant Indus-
try', corresponding in a general way to the present Bureau of Animal
Industry.
Starting first as an appendix to the Patent Office for the distribution
of seeds, the Department of Agriculture was formall}'^ organized in
1862 as an independent department in charge of a commissioner, and
in 1889 was raised to the dignity of an Executive Department. The
passage of the Hatch Act providing for agricultural experiment stations
about that time increased its responsibilities and extended its field of
usefulness.
The growth of the Department has been steady and uninterrupted.
The importance of its work has been recognized by steadily increasing
804 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
appropriations, and the relations maintained with the experiment sta-
tions furnisli a means of carrying its investigations into every section
of the countrv, in cooperation with these institutions, and serve to
broaden its influence. As an institution for agricultural investigation
it is now without a counterpart in any country, and there are few, if
an}^ scientific institutions which include so large an aggregation of
scientists and experts devoting their attention to investigation and
research. The Department is coming to be generally recognized as
one of the great scientific institutions, not alone in this country, but
of the whole world. The formation of bureaus is a fitting step at this
juncture, for it is a recognition of the growth which has been made
and the need for a more compact form of organization. The creation
of these four new bureaus, in addition to the Weather Bureau and the
Bureau of Animal Industry, is a following out of the general divisions
into which the subject of agriculture seems logicallj" to fall, associating
such lines of work as relate closely to each other and providing for the
closest cooperation practicable among them.
The new Bureau of Plant Industrj^ embraces the divisions of Botany,
Vegetable Physiolog}^ and Pathology, Agrostology, Pomology, and
Gardens and Grounds, and is under the directorship of B. T. Galloway,
To this bureau has also been assigned the Section of Seed and Plant
Introduction, together with the general supervision of the experiments
in tea culture, A horticulturist will be added to the list of specialists,
with the intention of developing the work of investigation along that
line. From the standpoint of administration the arrangement will be
an economy of time and will give greater opportunities for investiga-
tion to the chiefs of the divisions.
In recognition of the plan for a sj'stematic surve}^ of agricultural
soils and for extension of the work in forestry, the divisions of Soils
and Forestr}' are given bureau organizations and are raised to that
designation. The fourth bureau provided for is the Bureau of Chem-
istrj^, to which additional scope will be given.
The appropriation act makes frequent mention of cooperation between
the diflerent divisions of the Department and also with the agricultural
experiment stations. The establishment of the Bureau of Plant Indus-
try will favor the extension of this cooperation and will assist in adjust-
ing the lines of work and preventing any tendency to duplication.
Of the new bureaus the Bureau of Plant Industry receives the largest
appropriation, namely, $231,080, The amounts appropriated for the
diflerent lines of investigation in charge of this ))ureau, aside from
certain salaries, are $60,000 for investigations in vegetable pathology
and physiology, $20,000 for pomological investigations, $45,000 for
botanical investigations and experiments, $20,000 for grass and forage
plant investigations, $20,00() for seed and plant introduction, $7,000
for tea-culture experiments (an increase of $2,000), and $20,000 for
EDITORIAL. 805
gardens and grounds. The total appropriation for the Bureau of Plant
Industry represents an increase of 861,900 over the combined appro-
priations for the previous j^ear of the divisions associated in it. A new
feature of the botanical investigations is the study of useful plants of
the tropica] territory of the United States, together with plants likely
to be of value for introduction into those sections. Furthermore, inves-
tigations are to be made on " the varieties of wheat and other cereals
grown in the United States and suitable for introduction, in order to
standardize the naming of varieties as a basis for experimental work of
the State experiment stations and as an assistance in commercial grad-
ing;" and in cooperation with the Bureau of Chemistry the cause of
deterioration of export grain, particularh" in oceanic transit, is to be
investigated, together with means of preventing such loss. Special
mention is made in the appropriations for this bureau of the employ-
ment of scientific aids, a class of emploj'ees drawn from the Agricultural
Colleges, which has previously been arranged for in the Department.
The Bureau of Forestry receives $185,440, an increase of 1105,440
over the previous year. The appropriation for the Bureau of Soils is
8109,140, which is an increase of §77,840. This is to enable an exten-
sion of the tobacco investigations, which remain in charge of this
bureau, and the investigation and mapping of soils in the United States.
The Bureau of Chemistry receives 835,800, and in addition to its other
duties is charged with the investigation of food preservatives and col-
oring matters ' ' to determine their relation to digestion and to health
and to establish the principles which should guide their use."
The Weather Bureau receives increased appropriation for general
maintenance, and 846,000 for the erection and equipment of buildings
in six different places, and for laying a cable between the mainland and
Tatoosh Island, Washington, making the total appropriation 81,148,320.
The maintenance fund of the Bureau of Animal Industry is increased
850,000, and the inspection work is extended to include dairy prod-
ucts intended for exportation to foreign countries. Such products,
the same as meats, may be marked, stamped, or labeled, so as to secure
their identity and indicate their purity, qualitv, and grade. This is
an entireh" new provision, which it is hoped will tend to place Ameri-
can dairy products on a better footing in foreign markets. An appro-
priation of 825,000 is made, in addition to one of 850,000 last year, for
animal quarantine stations, giving a total for the bureau of 81,154,030.
The appropriations for agricultural experiment stations has reached
the sum of 8789,000, including 833,000 for the Office of Experiment
Stations, as heretofore, and 812,000 each for stations in Alaska,
Hawaii, and Porto Rico. The Hawaii station will be located near
Honolulu on a Government reservation originally set apart by the
provisional government for the use of an experiment station. It is
intended to make the work there supplementary to that of the experi-
800 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
ment station whii-h has been maintained l)v the Hawaiian sugar plant-
ers, and attention will be given to other Held crops and the develop-
ment of animal industry and horticulture. Jared G. Smith, recently
in charge of the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction of this
Department, has been placed in charge of the Hawaii station, and will
take up the work there al)out the middle of April. Fifty thousand
dollars was appropriated to continue the irrigation investigations, and
$20,000 for nutrition investigations, the latter being an increase of
$2,500.
The Division of Statistics receives $156,160, the same as last year,
the Division of Entomology $36,200, and the Division of Biological
Survey $32,800. The fund for publications is increased b}- $50,000
for farmers' bulletins and a small amount for distribution, making the
total for the Division of Publications $198,020 aside from the general
printing fund, $110,000. Other appropriations are as follows: Seeds
$250,000, exclusive of the $20,000 mentioned for seed and plant intro-
duction, an increase of $100,000; librar}-, $16,000; public-road inqui-
ries, $20,000, an increase of $6,000; investigating the production of
domestic sugar, $5,000; Arlington farm, $10,000; office of the Secre-
tary, $71,670; Division of Accounts, $18,900; Museum, $2,260, and
contingent expenses, $37,000. The grand total, including' the regular
appropriations for the experiment stations, is $1,582,1:20, an increase
of $558,920 over last year.
An important item of the appropriation act is the authorization of
the Secretary of Agriculture to submit plans and recommendations for
a fireproof agricultural building, to be erected on the grounds of the
Department, and appropriating $5,000 for the preparation of such
plans. The Department long since outgrew its original accommoda-
tions, and for 3'ears has been badh' cramped for room. The present
main l)uilding has been condemned as unsafe, and from the nature of
its construction the risk of fire has always to be met. Besides erecting
a number of small buildings, which are mere temporary makeshifts, it
has been necessary to rent several residences in the neighborhood and
adapt them to laboratory and office purposes. Laboratory buildings
for the Division of Chemistry and the Bureau of Animal Industry
have been specially erected by private parties and rented to the Depart-
ment. The amount now paid for rental for these buildings, together
with the additional expense required for watchmen, aggregates about
$10,000 annuall3^ The position to which the Department has now
attained, the demands of its work, and the safety of its liljrary, records,
and collections, make a modern agricultural building a practical neces-
sity if not an imperative need.
RUSSIAN SOIL INVESTIGATIONS/
In the previous article the system of soil classification adopted by
Dokouchaj^ev and his collaborators was explained. This classification
was in brief as follows: (1) Zonal soils, including lateritic soils, eolian
or loess soils, soils of the dry steppes, chernozem, gray forest soils, sod
and podzol soils, and tundra soils; (2) intrazonal soils, including alkali,
humus-calcareous and marsh or swamp soils; (8) incomplete or
azonal soils, including crude and skeleton soils, and alluvial soils. The
following article discusses the characteristics of these various types of
soils as they occur in Russia.
BRIEF SURVEY OF THE CHIEF SOIL TYPES OF RUSSIA.
ZONAL SOILS.
Russia, being a country of temperate and cold climates, has no
lateritic soils.
Loess soils. — Loess or eolian soils occur in the hot, windy, dry
climates of Turkestan and the trans-Caspian region, alternating with
sandy and alkali soils. The loess soils are yellowish, bright orange,
or straw colored. The percentage of humus does not exceed 2.5, and is
usually less than 1. About one-half of the soil particles are less than
0.01 mm. in diameter. The other half is usually a mixture in which
particles ranging in diameter from 0.01 to 0.05 mm. predominate. In
a grayish loess soil from the vicinity of Tashkend there was found
tine sand 65 per cent, ferric oxid 3.6, alumina 10, calcium carbonate
7 to 15, potash 2.8, and phosphoric acid 0.28 per cent. The amount
of zeolites present ranged from 15 to 20 per cent and more. Loess or
eolian dust soils are widely distributed, e. g. , not only in the Aral-
Caspian basin, but in China, northwestern India, Arabia, Africa, and
the drier portions of North America.
Soils of the dry steppes. — In European and Asiatic Russia, between
the loess and chernozem, are found the brown and chestnut soils of the
dry steppes. The area occupied by these soils in European Russia
includes the vast regions between the Ural River and the lower Volga
(with the exception of the sand}' soils) and between the lower Volga
and the district of Manitch, extending also into the steppes of Crimea
^ Concluded from p. 712.
807
808 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
and over the coast of the Black Sea. In Asiatic Russia these soils
cover parts of Uralsk, Turgai, Akmollinsk, and Semipalatinsk. The
annual rainfall of this soil zone varies from 30 to -iO cm., one-third of
which occurs during the three summer months. The natural vegeta-
tion consists mainly of drought-resisting grasses and other plants
which dry up early in the season and are driven about over the steppes
b}" the winds. The predominating parent rocks of these soils are
brownish, greenish gra}", and reddish Post-Tertiary clays, compact,
frequently marly, and containing gypsum and soluble salts in some
instances. In other cases they are loess-like or sandy. Rock fragments,
pebbles, etc., are also found in the soils. The conditions in this soil
zone are not favorable to rapid weathering. Light brown or brown-
gray soils, poorer in humus, occupy the southern or more strictly
desert portion of the belt. The chestnut soils, richer in humus, and
merging into the chernozem, are found in the northern portion. The
upper horizon of the first class of steppe soils is not more than 1 ft.
in depth and gradually merges into the subsoil. The humus content
is variable, but averages about 2 per cent. The humus is very slightly
soluble in water except when alkaline salts are present. The richness
of the humus in nitrogen is a characteristic feature of these soils. In
a sample of steppe soil which contained only 1 per cent of humus there
was found 0.12 per cent of nitrogen, equivalent to 12 per cent of nitro-
gen in humus. A similar observation has been made by Hilgard
regarding the nitrogen content of the humus in soils of the arid region
of America (E. S. R., 6, p. 197), The amount of zeolites found varied
from 8 to 12 per cent. The amount of matter soluble in cold 1 per
cent hydrochloric acid, excluding the carbonates, was 1^ to 2 per cent.
The upper horizon of the chestnut soils is from 1 to li ft. deep. These
soils contain on the average from 3 to 4 per cent of humus, the amount
sometimes being as high as 5 per cent. From 2 to 3 per cent of the
soil is soluble in cold 1 per cent hydrochloric acid. A bulk analysis
of subsoil from this zone showed silica 68.2 per cent, alumina 11.56
per cent, iron oxid 3.56 per cent, lime 1.63 per cent, magnesia 1.92
per cent, potash 1.98 per cent, soda 1.36 per cent, carbon dioxid 3.74
per cent, and phosphoric acid 0.15 per cent. Similar soils are found
in California, Colorado, New Mexico, and other parts of the arid
region of the United States.
Chernozem. — The southern third of European Russia is preemi-
nentl}^ a region of chernozem. The area occupied by it reaches
approximately 216,000,000 to 270,000,000 acres. The chernozem
zone extends from the southwestern boundaries of Russia, over the
basins of the Dnieper, Don, and part of the Volga, to the southern
half of the Ural Mountains. It also extends beyond the Ural River
and into Asiatic Russia, although it does not form a continuous belt
over the mountainous region of eastern Siberia. All of the chernozem
soils of Russia are found between 11 and 57° north latitude.
EUSSIAN SOIL INVESTIGATIONS. 809
The chernozem territory is au undulating- plain with occasionally
exten.si\'e elev^ations and furrowed by ravines and river valleys.
There is no doubt that in prehistoric times it was flatter and more
uniform than at present. The climate is preeminently continental,
but with less pronounced characteristics than in the zone of the dry
steppes. The annual rainfall fluctuates between -iO and 50 cm., 30 cm.
occurring- during- the period of plant growth. Agriculture suffers
occasionally from droughts and from high w'inds which are sometimes
intensely cold and at other seasons hot and di-y. It is believed that at
an early period of the history of the steppes, when their surface was
more uniform and retained the cover of dead vegetation, the moisture
conditions of the soil during winter were better than they are at pres-
ent, although it is not likely that there was ever an excess of water.
The chernozem zone of southern Russia has never been an uninter-
rupted swamp, as has been maintained by some scientists who believe
the chernozem to be derived from the decomposition of peat. It was a
prairie with a luxuriant growth of grass. Its natural plant cover
consisted mainly of thick tall grasses interspersed here and there with
bushes and shrubs. There were originally no forests except on the
sandy strips and in the river valleys. The investigations of Ruprecht,
Middendorf, Krasnov, Tanfilyev, Korzhinski, and other geobotanists
have explained the complex character of the vegetation of these
steppes meadows.^
Chernozem is as a rule formed by the admixture of humus with loess,
but it is also sometimes derived from other parent rocks. In general,
it may be stated that calcareous formations which 3deld fine particles
on weathering- are more favorable than other rocks to the formation
of chernozem. In addition to this, there must be a particular com-
bination of topography, vegetation, climatic conditions, etc., favorable
to the accumulation of hunms in the soil. Chernozem is usually black,
the shade varying in intensity and passing- sometimes into chocolate
and cinnamon. Its average depth is about a meter, but this varies,
the sandy chernozems being generallv deeper than the clayey. The
structure of the uncultivated soil is granular, the aggregates being
from 2 to 4 mm. in diameter. As the soil merges into the subsoil this
structure disappears and the soil becomes more compact and irregular
in color, graduall}" assuming a brown color as it merges into the parent
^ The list of plants growing on these steppes includes Adonis vernalis, A. wolgensis,
Pxonia tenuifolia, Lavatcra thuringiaca, Linnm pereiuw, L. flavum, Medicago fahxtia,
Aster amellus, TrlfoliumspY)., Oxgtrojns pilosa, Onobrychis mtlva, Vicia tenuifolia (and
others), Centaur ea mar Hchalliana, C. rathenica, Scorzonern jjurpiirea, Hicracium virosum,
Campanula sibirica, Echium rubrum, Lychnis chalcedonica, Tliymus marschallianus, Salvia
pratensis, S. nutans (and others), Nepeta nuda, Phlomis tnberosa, Ajuga genevensis,
Euphorbia procera, Asparagus officinalis, Poa pratensis, Festuca ovina, Siipa pennata,
S. capillata, and others.
17622— No. 0 2
810 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
rock. The percentage of humus i.s quite ^iiriaVjk^, but in general
declines quite uuifornily from the center toward each edge of the cher-
nozem zone. This variation is so uniform that it has been utilized by
Dokouchayev in the establishment of so-called isohumic bands.
On the basis of humus content the chernozem may be divided into
four genetic subtypes: (1) The humus or rich chernozem of the eastern
central belt, which contains more than 10 per cent of humus: (2) the
medium or ordinary chernozem, which occupies the larger part of this
soil zone and contains 6 to 10 per cent of hunuis: (3) the southern
chocolate-colored chernozem, which merges into the chestnut soils of
the dry steppes, containing 4 to 6 per cent of huuuis; and (1) the
northern cinnamon-colored chernozem of central Russia, which occurs
in strips and spots, alternating with forest and light loess soils, and
which contains 'A to Q per cent of humus.
The chernozems also show wide variations in the composition of
their mineral constituents, being clayey, sandy, calcareous, peatv,
alkaline, etc., according to the sources from which they are derived or
the conditions of their formation. The humus is but slightly soluble
in water. The total nitrogen content varies from 0.2 to 0.7 per cent
in the soil or from 5 to 8 per cent in humus. The clay content varies
from 20 to 40 per cent, zeolites from 15 to 35 per cent. Cold 1 per
cent hydrochloric acid dissolves from 3 to 5 per cent of matter from
the soil, excluding carbonates. The absorptive power varies from 20
to 43 per cent. The silicates of chernozem have undergone a high
degree of weathering and decomposition. Thus, of the 2 to 2.4 per
cent of potash, from one-fifth to one-half dissolves in 10 per cent hydro-
chloric acid. Of the 8 to 10 per cent of alumina from one-half to four-
tifths dissolves in the same reagent. The phosphoric acid varies from
0.12 to 0.3 per cent. In the upper horizon of the soil the carbonates,
mainly calcium carbonate, do not usually exceed 1 to 3 per cent, but in
chernozems derived from limestones the carl)onates sometimes reach
10 to 15 per cent. The sandy portion of the chernozem is very fine,
consisting of quartz, with an admixture of mica, feldspar, and other
silicates. According to Kostichev, the mijieral portion of chernozem,
excluding the carbonates, is very similar in composition to the loess
from which it is derived, there being a slight increase of phosphoric
acid, due to the accumulation of hunuis. In the foothills of the south-
ern Ural Mountains there occurs a variety of chernozem which contains
as much as 2 per cent of phosphoric acid.
It may be said in general that the chemical properties of chernozem
are more favora))le than the physical. The particles are as a rule too
tine, from 60 to 80 per cent of the particles being ordinarily less than
0.05 mm, in diameter, and the proportion of silt (particles less than
o.ol mm. in diameter) sometimes reaches 58 ])ei- cent. Particles larger
than 0.5 mm. in diameter are either entirely absent or present in very
RUSSIAN SOIL INVESTIGATIONS. 811
small quantities. As long as the chernozem preserves its natural
g-ranular structure the high percentage of fine particles has compara-
tively little influence upon its relation to water, but in cultivation under
the climatic conditions prevailing in the steppes of southern Russia
these soils to a lai-ge extent lose this structure and consequently pre-
sent the properties of fine porosity, high capacity for absorbing and
retaining water, and low permeability. With irregular rainfall fol-
lowed by droughts the moisture of the surface soil has been observed
to decrease to t! per cent (one-seventh of its water capacity), and the
soil dries and hardens, resulting occasionally in serious failures of
crops.
The chernozem of Siberia has not been very fully studied. Analysis
shows that it contains from 5 to 11 per cent of humus and from 0,28
to 0.6 per cent of nitrogen. In the eWey types there is from 15 to 25
per cent of zeolites, 7 to 10.5 per cent of alumina soluble in sulphuric
acid, and 0,16 to 0,2<S per cent of phosphoric acid. The soils of the
Amur prairies are generally richer in humus than the ordinary cherno-
zems of Russia. Soils of the chernozem type are found alternating
Avith alkali lands and sandy soils in Banat and in the plains of eastern
Hungary, which are separated by the Carpathian Mountains from the
steppes of southern Russia,
The chernozem zone also embraces a considerable part of the United
States. The soils of the humid prairies in Wisconsin, Minnesota,
Iowa, Missouri, and other States are quite similar in character to the
chernozems of the Amur region. In States such as the Dakotas, Mon-
tana, Nebraska, Kansas, and Arkansas, where the rainfall is deficient,
the soils are similar to the ordinary and the chocolate colored cherno-
zems of the steppes of southern Russia, In the more strictly arid
States, such as Arizona, southern California, etc., are found analogues
of the chestnut and light brown soils of Russia.
It is of interest to note that there is a southern chernozem zone
represented b}' the soils of the pampas of Argentina. Especially fine
examples of this type of soil are found in the Province of Entrerios.
Gray forest ^r;/^*'.— Under this name are included the soils of the
wooded steppes, adjoining the chernozem or even penetrating" far into
the region of chernozem, but which have been modified b}' forest veg-
etation. They merge by a gradual transition into chernozem on the
one hand and peaty soils or podzols on the other. They extend in a
narrow, rather regular, not alwa^'s continuous belt across central
Russia from the governments of Lublin and Volinsk on the west to the
basin of Kama and Viatka on the east. In the chernozem zone they
are found usually along the rivers and valle^^s, where the soils are well
drained and free from alkali. The observations of soil experts and
geobotanists show concordantly that fine grained soils, which possess a
great capacity for humidity and a low degree of permeability, and those
812 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
which contain a large amount of .sokible salt;-; are unfavorable to forest
groM'th, particularly if the soils receive a limited supply of moisture;
but that as soon as these conditions are corrected and the forest vege-
tation has gained a foothold in the steppe on the slope of some ravine,
it is at once in condition to protect itself against the unfavorable
climatic and soil influences. It gathers the snow, moderates the winds,
lowers the rtuige of the temperature, prepares for itself the soil neces-
sar}-^ for its growth, and advances little l^y little into the neighboring-
steppe. The different stages in this process of transformation of
chernozem may be observed in progress under natural conditions and
may be duplicated under artificial conditions. Prof. Kostichev tilled
a cylindrical vessel with chernozem, covered it with a layer of leaves,
and maintained it in a moist condition. In three years the chernozem
was transformed into a gray soil with 2^ per cent of hunuis.
The upper horizon of these soils in virgin condition is 1^ to 3 dcm.
in depth, gra}^, gray-cinnamon, or dark gray in color and almost struc-
tureless. The lower horizon, 3 to i dcm. and more in depth, is ash-
gray, sometimes friable, but more frequently of a crmnby structure.
It consists of brown-gray rounded or polyhedral aggregates mixed
with fine quartz and siliceous flour. An admixture of humus gives to
this powder an ash-gray color. Lower down the aggregates become
larger, the amount of the ash-gray powder decreases, and the horizon,
gradually assuming a brown color, merges into the subsoil.
The parent rocks (subsoils) of the forest lands are usually weathered
morainic clays, diluvial clays (sometimes loess-like), leached loess, and
ancient sedimentary rocks — clays, marls, etc. — also weathered and
leached.
The content of humus fluctuates in the upper horizon between 3 and
6 per cent; in the lower horizon it rapidly falls to 2 and even 1 per
cent. The solubility of the humus in water is greater than in the case of
the chernozem. The total amount of nitrogen varies from O.Ol to 0.16
per cent (-t to 5 per cent of the humus). The amount of zeolites does
not exceed 20 per cent, frequently falling as low as 10 or 12 per cent.
The total amount of mineral substances decomposed ])y 1 per cent
cold hydrochloric acid is ordinarily about one-half that found in
chernozem. The potash varies from 1 to 2.4 per cent, lime from 0.4
to 1 per cent, and phosphoric acid from 0.1 to O.l-l per cent. As high
as 0.28 per cent of calcium carbonate has been observed. The soils
are much less soluble in 10 per cent hj^drochloric acid than chernozem.
The ash-coior(Hl powder of the lower horizon is considered to be a
product of the action of humus acids upon the silicates, causing the
separation of a part of the silica in pulverulent form.
The mechanical composition of these soils is variable. In the forest
subclays of the Nijni Novgorod, Orlov, or Poltava governments the
amount of particles less than 0.01 mm. (20 to 25-32 per cent) was to
that of the larger ones (80 to Y5-68 per cent) as 1; 4, 1: 3, 1: 2. The
EUSSIAN SOIL INVESTIGATIONS. 813
general absence of structure of the upper horizon contri))ute,s to its
pulverization in plowing, resulting- iu an increased capacity for
humidity and decreased permeability.
The su])clays of the wooded steppes occupy in all respects an inter-
mediate position between the chernozem and the ''forests" subclaj^s
proper, approaching first one then the other in character. By a study
of the distri])ution of the forest subclays and the subclays of the
wooded steppes in the territory of the chernozems Dokouchayev was
able to determine the areas which have been in the past occupied by
forests, but which are now under cultivation. Tantil3"ev has latel}-
prepared a map of the prehistoric steppes of P]uropean Russia.
Wooded steppes and true forest soils extend into Siberia. Soils iden-
tical with or very closely resembling them are also found on the plains
of western Europe, namely, in Galicia. Hiuigaiy, and in central Ger-
man}'. There is little doubt that this type of soils occurs on the
American continent where the prairies begin to be replaced by forests.
Sod and j>odz<>l so'ils. — The Russian term " podzol " very nearly
corresponds with the German '" Bleisand" (lead sand), with this differ-
erence, however, that the term is applied not only to sandy but also
to more stick}-, clayey soils if they have been affected to a marked
degree l)y chemical leaching processes under the influence of the sol-
vent action of humus acids. In the regions where podzol soils occur
the climatic and other conditions are especially fav^orable to the
decomposition and leaching of the soil conjstituents by the solvent and
reducing action of th« hunms.
The upper horizon of the podzol is light gray or gray, frequently
with a light cinnamon tint, and 1 to \\ dcm. in depth. It has no
marked structure, and its coherence varies with the content of clay,
sand, and humus.
The underlying horizon is much lighter, sometimes almost white,
sometimes with a yellowish or pale-blue tint. This is the podzol
proper. It presents a mass of fine particles, flour-like in a dry state,
sticky in a wet state, very rich in silica. The thickness (depth) of the
podzol layer varies from a few centimeters to over 4 decimeters. The
subsoil or the parent rock is most frequently red-brown sandy morainic
clay with pockets of podzol, or argillaceous sand, but the subsoils may
also l)e pebbly clays, feebly coherent and friable sands, clay or loamy
yielding rocks, or even loess-like deposits.
When the second horizon is near the surface the whole soil is called
podzol; when it is not individualized, indistinct, or entirely absent, a
sod or peat soil results. Between the flrst and the second there exist
in nature gradual transitions, as can be seen in northern Russia on
every cultivated field and under every forest.
Concretions are ordinarily found in podzol soils in the form of bullet-
like grains, small veins, or continuous layers in the lower part of the
814
EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
.second horizon or at the border Ix'tMccn th<» latter and the parent
roek.
The soils of this group oceup}^ not h'ss than two-tifths of the area
of European Russia, the greater part of Poland being inehided. At
the north they extend as far as Archangel and penetrate in strips and
circumscribed areas into the borderland of the tundra soils. At the
south they comprise parts of the governments of Perm, Kazan, Nijni
Novgorod, Vladimir, Riazan, Kaluga, Oryol, Chernigov, Volyn, and
Lublin, where they intermix with the forest sulx-lays and the cher-
nozem. Typical podzols are found especially in the governments
of Mogilyov, Smolensk, Vitebsk, Tver. Novgorod. Pskov, and St.
Petersburg.
In podzol soils which wore once covered with woods and are now
cultivated the content of humus is not large, varying from a few
tenths of 1 per cent to 2 or 3 per cent, rarely more.' In the lower
horizon the amount of humus rapidly falls to 0.1 to ().?> per cent. The
nitrogen fluctuates between 0.1 and 0.1.5 per cent in the upper horizon.
The solubility of the humus is remarkably high. From soil of the
upper horizon water extracts from one forty-eighth to one-twentieth
of the total hunms and of the lower horizon from one twenty-seventh
to one-tenth. Nitric acid is often found in these extracts.
The soils contain on an average 95 to 07 per cent of mineral matter,
of which 80 per cent and more is silica. The amount of zeolites
usually does not exceed 10 to 12 per cent, frequently falling much
lower (T to 5 per cent); the amount of substances soluble in 1 per cent
cold hydrochloric acid is i-arely more than 2 per cent. The total
quantity of phosphoric acid varies from 0.05 to 0.08 per cent, but is
larger in soils containing a large amount of organic matter. The
investigations of Kostichev have proved that in this case it is present
mainly in combination with the humus. The absorptiAe capacity does
not in general exceed 12 to 13 per cent.
The podzol soils vary widely, according to the nature of the parent
rock. The composition of samples of three different horizons of a
podzol soil from the Novgorod Government is given in the following-
table:
CotiipusKio)! of a podzol from ihe Xorgorod (rorcnuiient.
Litue.
Mag-
nesia.
Alumina.
Iron Phosphor- „.,.
oxld. ic acid. ^uica.
Per cent.
Upper horizon 2. 8
Lower horizon (podzol proper) . .3
Subsoil
Per cent.
1.172
.790
1.030
Per cent.
0.378
.2-40
.340
Per cent.
7.032
4. 790
7. 210
Per cent.
1.84
.67
1.G2
Per cent. I
0.08.5
.050
Undeter-
mined.
Per cent.
81.02
90.70
84.50
' If the upper horizon is turf-hke it contains sometimes up to 15 per cent and more
of partly decayed organic matter.
RUSSIAN SOIL INVESTIGATIONS. 815
If the second horizon is near to the surface or the whole soil is
transformed into podzol the land is, of course, very poor. In sandy
soils the second horizon contains much less of the alkalis, lime, mag-
nesia, iron oxid, alumina, and phosphoric acid than is found in clayey
soils of this class.
The relation of sand to tine earth in podzol soils varies from 5:1 to
7:1. The capacity for water is only from one-half to two-thirds that
of chernozem, while its permeability is 2 to 6 times as great. On the
better class of podzol soils, when well provided with moisture, the
crops, although not large, are more uniform and constant than on
the chernozem, especially if well fertilized. In the true silty podzol,
however, there is frequently more than TO per cent of tine earth in
the form of quartz dust. It absorbs moisture with avidity and retains
it for a long time, turning into a sticky dough-like mass. On drying
it breaks up into dust or hardens and forms crusts. This is one of
the worst and most unproductive soils, both on account of its poverty
in fertilizing constituents and of its unfavorable physical properties.
Soils of the podzol type are found in Siberia, northern Germany,
France (the landes), Holland, Denmark, and Scandinavia, and North
America (mainh^ in the British possessions).
Tundra xoils. — The soils of the arctic tundra of pAiropean Russia
and Siberia may be classified as rocky, turfy, clayey, and sandy. The
level surface and the treeless condition of the tundra of the basins of
the Petchora, Obi, and Yenisei Rivers impart to it a steppe-like appear-
ance. The vegetation consists of lichens, mosses. Arctostaphylos,
Andromeda, Empetrum, Eahun cliaiitmmm'us, Vaccinium, Carex, etc.
Betuhi nana and the polar dwarf willows appear as almost the only
representatives of bushes. The humus is crude and accumulates only
in the surface horizon of the clayey or sandy soil, to a depth of 3 to ,5
cm.; ever^^where can be seen denuded places, surrounded by mosses or
lichens. The temperature fluctuations are striking. The summer is
very short; even in July the temperature falls at night to + 3-' C, and
at the end of the month even to —2°; in August it snows, and soon the
long winter, with its icy winds, begins. The perpetuall}^ frozen layer
l)egiTis in the clayey tundra at a depth of 0.7 to 1 meter and in the
sandy at a depth of about 1^ meters. The turfy tundras are charac-
teristic mounds of turf, frozen inside, which are 15 to 20 meters in
length and \ metei-s in height. The forest penetrates into the tundra
from the south, along the river banks, where the perpetually frozen
horizon is deeper than in other places.
INTRAZOXAL SOILS.
Alkali -soils. — Alkali lands are found in the southern part of Euro-
pean Russia, in southwestern Siberia, in the Transcaspian region, and
in Turkestan. In the territor}^ of the chernozem they occur in spots,
816 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED.
usually (HI the gently sloping- southern declivities or on the slight
depressions of the steppes. Sometimes these areas occupy dozens of
square kilometers and contain saline lakes, but more frequently they
are scattered over the steppes in small spots. In a vertical section of
a chernozem alkali soil there are seen: (a) The upper horizon, black,
dark gray, dai'k brown, oi* gray, sometimes homogeneous, sometimes
pervaded by a whitish dust; from 1 to 3 dcm. deep; (b) a light gray or
whitish horizon. 1 to 3 dcm. deep (sometimes almost absent), merging
into (c) a brownish or vellowish compact and sticky clay.
On the surface of the alkali soil, especially after a rain, appear
efflorescences or crusts consisting of whitish siliceous powder and
minute saline crystals. The content of humus in the upper horizon
is in general much less than in the adjacent chernozem, but sometimes
reaches 8 per cent and more. The water extracts are colored light
cinnamon or light cherrv from the alkaline humates in solution. The
solubility of the hunuis reaches one-seventieth in the upper horizon
and one twenty-tifth in the second horizon (b), /. t.. it is twice or three
times as great as in the chernozems. This is due to the greater humid-
ity of the alkali soils and brings them into close relation with the soils
of the podzol type. The whitish color of the lower horizon and the
siliceous dust of the efflorescences and crusts is due to the same cause.
Of the mineral salts soluble in water in the alkali soils of the chernozem
zone there occur sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate, sodium chlorid,
calcium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, and calcium bicarbonate. Many
alkali soils are marly. The total amount of salts extracted by water
varies according to Kostichev and others from 0.5 per cent to 5 per
cent and more. With regard to physical characteristics, the alkali soils
of the chernozem territory are distinguished by becoming very com-
pact and hard upon drying.
The alkali soils of the dr^' steppes and of Turkestan are mosth'
yellowish and brownish in color, like the zonal soils which surround
them, but dark colored alkali soils are also met with. The white
incrustations consist of sodium sulphate, sodium chlorid, magnesium
sulphate, calcium sulphate, and carbonates. Extensive alkali deserts
without an}' cultivation whatever occur, as well as saline nuid flats.
In general the alkali lands of European and Asiatic Russia bear a
close resemblance to those of Hungary, India, Aral)ia, the western
States of North America, Argentina, Australia, and other level and
dry regions.
//>n/n(.s-raIcareo}(.^ soiJs. — The soils which are formed fi-oni lime-
stones and marls are frecjuently skeleton soils and contain little humus,
especially if distril)ut('d over steep river ])anks and along ravines, but
from the sume parent rocks — soft limestones, chalk, and chalky marl —
originate gray and dark gray soils, sometimes very rich in hunuis. In
the southern part of Poland they attract especial attention, being in
RUSSIAN SOIL INVESTIGATIONS. 817
marked contrast witn the .surrounding light gray podzol soils. They
are known under the local terms of ''rendzina'' or "borowina,"" The
upper horizon of the rendzina is most frequently gra}', without a
cinnamon tint, not rarely spotted with white undecomposed chalk;
lowei" down the color becomes lighter and the soil graduidl}' merges
into the marly, sticky clay which is mixed with chalky gravel. Still
lower lies the white parent rock — chalk or limestone. The content of
hunnis varies from 3 to 5 per cent and more; its solubility from one
one-hundredth to one one-hundred-and-thirtieth. The amount of cal-
cium carbonate varies from 8 to IT per cent and more. The clayey
character of the mineral matter renders the soil sticky in Avet weather
and hard in a drought. However, lighter sandy rendzinas also occur.
Marsh or stvamp soils. — Soils of this type extend largelv throughout
the whole northern half of Russia, but are of little economic impor-
tance. In the basin of the Pripet Ri\er they occupy more than 2,000
square kilometers. Throughout the podzol soil areas spots and strips
of grassy marsh soils are formed under the influence of excessive
.stagnating water. The vegetation consists of species of Carex,
Scirpus. Phragmites, Acorus, Menyanthes, Parnassia, Nasturtium,
Ranunculus, Butomus, Sagittaria, etc. The roots of these plants
penetrating into the slimy mineral rock over.saturated with water,
give humus which slowly oxidizes and Avhich accumulates in large
amounts (4 to 20 per cent). The borders of the marshes are frequently
cultivated and are known as " black earth"" in contrast to the adjacent
light sod and podzol soils.
The thickness of the dark-colored horizon varies from 2 to 8 and
more decimeters. The solubility of the humus of the soil as a whole
is not great (g^ro to -^^j^)^ but rapidly increases with the depth in the
.soil, being one-tenth at a depth of 1 meter. The abundance of mois-
ture which dissolves humus acids favors the decoloration and leaching
of the lower horizons of the soil, making them very similar to the
podzols. Under the marshes are frequently found white, light gray,
or bluish, and grayish-white .slime, either clayey or sandy. The total
quantity of nitrogen in the upper horizon varies from 0.3 to 4 per
cent.
In the mineral part of the soil the proportion of the clay and sand
is variable. Brown veins and concretions of limonite, vivianite, iron
sulphid, etc., are usually present. A considerable amount of carbon-
ate and sulphate of calcium are also characteristic of many marshy
.soils which contain animal remains (shells of mollusks. etc.).
1N('<):\I1'I.ETE OK AZONAL SOILS.
To this cla.ss belong the crude and skeleton soils originating from
compact, pebbly, conglomerate, and sandy rocks, and morainic and
alluvial soils, which are more or less widely distributed throughout
818 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Kussia. The Russian rivors, with the exception of some which flow
through mountainous regions, overflow regularly in the spring. The
alluviums which they deposit consist of sands, clays, and sandy or
marly clays, containing some limonite, peat, vivianite, etc.
The prairie vegetation which springs up after the water has receded
results in an accumulation in the upper horizon (soil proper) of
varying <|uantities of humus.
The petrographic character of these soils approaches that of the
soils from which the alluvium is derived — in northern Russia the
podzols, in southern the chernozems.
RECENT WORK I\ AGRICliLTlRAL SCIENCE.
CHEMISTRY.
The qualitative detection of mineral phosphates in Thomas
slag, N. vox LoKENZ (ZAsy-///', Landw. Versuohir. Ocsfe/'r.,J {1000), j).
68^; ahs. hi Chew. Ztg., % {1900), M. 96, Repert., X). 355).— K filter
paper about 5 cm. in diameter is moistened with about 1 cc. of 5 per
cent soda sohition and spread over the convex side of a large watch
glass which is suspended for about 5 minutes ov^er a beaker in which
10 gui. of the Thomas slag has been stirred up with 'M) cc. of concen-
trated sulphuric acid. The filter paper is then washed ofi' into a
beaker with 2 to 8 cc. of water and the solution tested for liuorin
with calcium chlorid in presence of acetic acid. The presence of
fiuorin is taken to indicate the presence of mineral phosphates.
Estimation of alkali carbonates in the presence of bicarbon-
ates, F. K. Cameron {Aine,: Cher,,. Jour., 'M {1900), No. 6, pj>.
4.71-486). — Titration in the cold with a solution of acid potassium
sulphate, using phenolphthalein as an indicator, is claimed to give
satisfactory results in the examination of alkali soils. The reaction
which occurs is as follows: Na,CO,+ HKSO,= HNaC03+ NaKSO,.
The reaction products are neutral to ordinary indicators. Chlorin
may be determined in the solution after the determination of the car-
bonate by adding a slight excess of the sulphate and titrating with
silver nitrate solution, using potassium chromate as indicator. The
method also seems to l)e adapted to the determination of silicates,
borates, phosphates, and the salts of weak acids in general.
Methods of determining proteid nitrogen in vegetable materials,
G. S. Fkaps and J. A. Bizzell {Nortli Carolina Sta. BaJ. ll'J^., pp.
95-10Ji).—T\^Q, authors report a study of phospho-tungstic acid and
bromin as precipitants for the proteids of vegetable materials. The
phospho-tungstic acid method as proposed by Mallet and the bromin
method as proposed by Wiley for animal materials (E. S. R., 10, p. 819)
were modified and compared in a series of determinations with the
copper hydroxid method as proposed by Stutzer and adopted by the
Association of OiEcial Agricultural Chemists. A variety of vegetable
and animal materials were used in the comparative determinations.
Tests were made of the efi'ect of temperature and of the quantity of
819
820 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECORD.
the reagent used in the phospho-tungstic acid method. Zinc sulphate
a!> a precipitant of proteid.s was also compared with the reagents on
several materials. The following conclusions are drawn:
"Phoppho-tungstic acid does not precipitate proteidy completely at 90 or 100° C.
"With phospho-tungstic acid as the precipitant, at 60°, very nearly the same
results are obtained on vegetable materials as by the Stutzer method.
"Bromin is not a suitable precipitant for pnjteids in vegetal )le materials.
''The Stutzer method seems to be the metliod lea«t o])t'n to ol)jections."
A ncTV method for the determination of nitric nitrogen, J. F.
Pool {Jour. Plmnn. et Chiin.. 6. .ser.. 11 (1900), JVo. G, j)- '285; abs. in
Attn. Agroii., 26 (1900), Mj. 11., x?. oSo). — The solution containing the
nitrate is evaporated to dryness with sodiinn chlorid and decomposed
with sulphuric acid in an atmosphere of carbon dioxid. The hvdro-
chloric and nitric acids thus formed react upon each other, liberating
chlorin according to the following formula:
OHCl + 2HN0, = 2NO + 4H,0 + HCl,.
The chlorin is driven off from the solution, after dilution, and con-
ducted into a solution of potassium iodid, the iodin set free being
determined by titration with sodium hyposulphite. From the data
thus obtained the nitrogen present is calculated by means of the above
equation.
Estimation of nicotin, amount of nicotin in Ne^v South Wales
tobaccos, (t. Hakker ( (Jheiii. Neir><^ HI {1900)., p. 273; ahs. in. Jour.
CJuiu. ^oc. [Londrni], 78 {1900), No. Jfo7, //, p. 775).— Comparative
tests were made of the methods of Kissling and Biel. The original
forms of these methods gave similar results, but the modification of
BieFs method involving the weighing of the double sulphates of nic-
otin and ammonia did not give satisfactory results. The same was
true of attempts to estimate nicotin volumetrically in the presence of
ammonia. No loss of nicotin was observed during the evaporation
of its solutions in ether. Four varieties of New South Wales tobacco
examined gave the following percentages of nicotin: Manila, 1.95;
Tamworth, 2.30; Tumut. 3.84; and Bathurst, 4.53.
The . adulteration and analysis of the arsenical insecticides,
J. K. Haywood {Jour. Aruer. Chem. Soc, 22 {1900), ^^o. 9, pp. 508-
582). — The author reviews the work reported by a number of the
experiment stations on the composition and adulteration of insecticides
and reports trials of a number of methods of analysis that have been
suggested. His conclusions are as follows:
" (1) Water can be determined in Paris green and Sclieele green by drying at the
temperature of boiling water for 12 to 15 hours.
"(2) The best method for determining the total arsenious oxid in Paris and
Scheele greens is the Thorn-Smith method [E. S. R., 11, p. 614].
"(3) The best method for determining the soluble arsenious oxid in Paris and
.Scheele greens is by extracting with 500 cc. of water at room temperature.
CHEMISTEY. 821
" (4) Hot water extraction can not l)e used to extract solul^le arsenious oxid.
"(5) A good method for determining copper in Paris and Scheele greens is the
volumetric method based on the titration of the iodin set free from potassium iodid
by a copper salt in acetic acid solution."
Composition and analysis of London purple, J. K. Haywood
{Jour. Amer. Cliem. Soc.,22 {1900), No. l'2,pp. 800-809). -The author
finds London purple to consist of calcium arsenite, calcium arsenate,
and an organic dye.
^After a trial of several methods of analysis the following was found
very satisfactory in determining the arsenic in London purple: Two
grams of substance is dissolved in 80 cc. water, 20 cc. hydrochloric
acid added at 60 or 70^, and the whole filtered and washed to a volume
of 300 cc. An aliquot of 100 cc. is treated with sodium carbonate in
excess and made up to 500 cc. , using a few drops of ether to destroy
bubbles; 250 cc. of this solution is filtered, starch solution added and
a standard iodin solution until the blue color appears. The residt
represents the arsenious oxid as such in 50 cc. of the original solution
or in i gm. substance.
To determine the total amount of arsenic 50 cc. of the original solu-
tion, representing ^ gm, of substance, is heated in a water bath to 80^,
after which 50 cc. of hydrochloric acid and 3 gm. of potassium iodid are
added. After standing 15 minutes the arsenate is reduced to arsenite
by the action of the potassium iodid, the iodin being set free. The
solution is then rinsed out in a large beaker and tenth-normal sodium
thiosulphate added, drop by drop, to get rid of the iodin. On account
of the dark color the end point is' hard to read without practice.
Tests are made from time to time with a drop of the solution on starch
paste. After the operation is completed the solution is immediatel}'
made alkaline with solid sodium carbonate, again made slightly acid
with hydrochloric acid and finally alkaline with sodium bicarbonate.
Starch paste is now added and deci-normal iodin until the blue color
appears. The figure thus obtained gives the total amount of arsenic
present as arsenious oxid.
Methods are also given for determining the calcium oxid and the
solul)le arsenious and arsenic oxids in London purple.
Detection of coal-tar dyes in fruit products, A. L. Winton {Jour.
Amer. Chem. Sog.,22 {1900), No. 9, pp. 582-588).— The author mentions
the increased use of coal-tar colors in the preparation of fruit jellies
(frequently artificial), fruit preserves, soda-water sirups, etc. In the
absence of special methods for detecting these, he has adapted a num-
ber of methods originally devised for wines. Working descriptions
are given for Arata's wool test, the amyl alcohol tests (alkaline solution
and acid solution), Girard's tests for acid fuchsin, and Cazeneuve's
method, together with precautions which have been learned by
experience.
822 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The main reliance is based upon Arata's test, the other tests men-
tioned being- employed either to confirm the results or to supply evi-
dence in cases where that test fails. This is made b}' boiling- 100 cc. of
the liquid to be tested for 10 minutes with 10 cc. of ]0 per cent potas-
sium Insulphate and a piece of white wool or woolen cloth which has
been previously heated to boiling in a very dilute solution of sodium
hj'drate, and thoroughlv washed with water. If after washing the
wool with boiling water and dr^-ing, it remains dyed and the color is
not changed b}' ammonia, or if changed is restored bj^ washing, coal-
tar dyes, chiefly of the azo-group, arc indicated.
The influence of carbon bisulphid and common salt on the
losses of nutrients and the character of the fermentation of
ensiled fodders, I. Kaluchn and S. Parashchuck {Zap. jVovo-Alea-
undr/ Iihsf. SrlsJi. Khoz. i Lyemr.^ 1899, pp- '^'^^' <'^>^- ^'^ SelsJ,'. Klioz. t
Lyesov.^ 196 {1900), Fih.^p. IfJO^ J^71). — The experiments were made
with red clover, cabbage, and fodder carrots, which were stored in
excavations in the ground. The close packing of the fodders was found
to aid their preservation, the structure of the fodders being maintained
and an agreeable odor produced; the loss of organic substances was
reduced except that of proteids, whose decomposition was considerabl}'
increased. Close packing caused an increase in the formation of free
organic acids. Loose packing, on the other hand, was not favorable
to preservation, the structure of the fodder being- lost, the fodders
becoming covered with mold and acquiring a disagreeable odor, and
the loss of organic substances increasing except in the case of proteids.
The addition of carbon bisulphid contributes to a fine preservation of
both closely and loosely packed fodders. Their structure is maintained
and the}" acquire an agreeable honey -like odor after the carbon bisul-
phid has evaporated. The addition of carbon bisulphid considerablj'
diminishes the loss of all organic nutritive substances, especially when
the fodder is loosel}" packed, and arrests in a considerable measure the
development of free organic acids. — p. fireman.
On carnosin, a new organic base of meat extract, W. Gulewitscji and S.
Amiradzihi [Ba-. Deal. Chfiii. (JeneU., .33 {1900), No. 12, pp. 1902, 1903).
Qualitative test for boracic acid, E. W. and M. L. AVade {Jour. Amcr. Chem. Soc,
£2 {1900), No. 9, p. 619). — Thi.s depends upon tlie characteristic red color inijiarted
to turmeric paper by the vapor resulting from boilinitr 0.1 <rm. of the subntance with
0.5 {•('. of hy(h'ocliloric acid and 10 cc. of wood alcohol.
Paris green and London purple in Montana, F. W. Tuaphaoen [Montana Sta.
Bui. 25, pp. 7) . — The author made analyses of 6 samples of J'aris jj;reen and 2 samples
of London purple bought of dealers in the State. It was found that arsenious oxid
was present in Paris green in the proper proportion and nearly all in an insoluble
form, the largest amount of soluble arsenious oxid in any sample being 1.29 per cent.
Of the 2 samples of London purple which were analyzed 1 contained 50.89 per cent
combined arsenious oxid, 0.54 ])er cent free, while the other contained 34.51 per cent
ivrsenious oxid combined and 2.07 per cent free.
CHEMISTRY. 823
Estimation of fat in condensed milk, A. E. Leach {Jnur. Amer. Chem. Soc, 22
{I900)y No. 9, pp. oSr>-.'>91). — The author describes a modified form of the Babcock
test for use where sugar lias been added, which has proved not only much quicker
than the method of extraction and easier of manipulation, but also more accurate.
In this method the proteids are precipitated with copper sulphate solution and sep-
arated l)y whirling in a centrifuge, carrying down the fat also, and the supernatant
liquid pipetted off. After washing the precipitated proteids and fat twice by shaking
with water, the Babcock test is made as usual, the reading 1)eing multiplied by 1.8
to give the percentage of fat.
A rapid method for the detection of ' ' aniline orange" in milk, H. C. Lythgoe
{.rour. Atner. Chan. Soc, 22 {1900) , Xo. 12,2>p. SIS, 814). — The name " aniline orange "
is used to designate all azo-colors used in coloring milk. The use of these coloring
matters in milk is found to be on the increase, and the following method is submitted
for detecting them: To about 15 cc. of milk in a casserol, add an equal amount of
hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.20 ) and thoroughly mix, breaking up the curd into rather
«'oarse lumps. If aniline orange is present, the curd will be colored pink.
A simple method for determining alum in vrine, F. Lopresti {Staz. Sper. Agr.
Hal, 33 {1900) , pp. 373-377; abi^. In Chem. Centbl, 1900, II, Xo. 24, p. 1216).— Alnm is
sometimes added to a poor wine to cover or to improve its character. To determine
the presence of alum, concentrate 50 cc. of the wine to ^ of its volume, decolorize
with animal charcoal, neutralize the filtrate with sodium or potassium hydrate,
make up to 50 cc, and test the solution with a drop of freshly prepared logwood.
If the wine is free from alum the solution will be orange yellow; if alum is present
the solution will be violet or blue.
Detection of foreign coloring matter in spirits, C. A. Cramiton and F. D.
Simons {.Tour. Amer. CJifut. Soc, 2,' [1900), Xo. 12, p]). 810-813).— A method by
the same authors has been previously noted (E. S. R., 11, p. 312). The present
method is found to be a much more satisfactory and convenient test. The 2 foreign
.'substances used in coloring spirits are caramel and prune juice, and this method is
based upon the insolubility of these coloring matters in ether. Details and tests of
the method are given.
Determination of the acidity of flours, H. Kreis and C. ARACiOX {Jour. Suisse
('him. Pharni.. -18 (1900]. ]>. €4; "''•-■• '" BvJ. Assoc Beige Chim., 14 {1900), Xo. 5,
p. 232).
Recent studies on the solubility of lime in sugar solutions, J. Weisberg
{Bal. Soc. Chun. ParU, 3. .src, 23 {1900), Xo. 18-19, p)p. 740-74-5; abs. in Chem. Xeivs,
82 {1900), Xo. 2142, pp. 284, 28.5). — Determinations of the solubility of lime in
different forms at ordinary and at high temperatures are reported. Even at temiier-
atures of 80 tf) 90° C. the solubility was considerable — much greater, in fact, than
that found by Lainy.'
Sixth annual report of the Michigan dairy and food commissioner {Mlchi-
(inn State Dairy and Food Coin. llpt. 1899, pp. 237). — This volume contains the com-
missioner's report and the usual statistics of inspections, analyses, and prosecutions
under the State pure-food law, as well as a financial statement, report on cheese
factories and creameries, and a digest of laws and opinions.
Report of the chemical division, B. C. Aston {New Zealand Dept. Agr. Rpt.,
1900, pp. 127-137) . — Complete or partial analyses were made of a number of samples
of soils, waters, fertilizers, seed of Chenopodium albutn, sugar, crystallization pre-
ventive, vinegar, etc. Liquor o1)tained from a silo press was examined and found to
<^ontain 9.7 per cent of soluble alV-.uminoids.
iSucr. Indig. et Coloniale, 11 (1876-77), p. 234-237.
824 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
BOTANY.
Recent investigations concerning the effect of perchlorates on
the grovrth of crops, V. de Caluwe {O/yaa/i Yer. Oudlc< r. liijks.
Laiidhoua'schooJ, 12 {1900), M. 11(3, j^P- 105-109, figs. .?).— During-
recent years it has been noted that grain fields, especially rye, are
more or less seriously injured when fertilized with nitrate of soda
containing perchlorates. The plants thus poisoned remain stunted;
the leaves are short, stiff, and twisted, and the color is a very dark
green. It has been a matter of dispute whether the injury was due to
perchlorate of soda or of potash, though the evidence points to the
former as the principal cause of the disease. The experiments carried
on b\^ the author in 1898 and 1899 demonstrated that sodium per-
chlorate is more injurious than potassium perchlorate.
For all of the experiments except one a field of rye that had
been sown in the fall of 1898 was selected. This was cut up into plats
and treated with sodium nitrate and with varying amounts of per-
chlorates of soda and of potash. There were (1) plats on which no
fertilizer was used; (2) those to which only sodium nitrate was
applied, and (3) those that received sodium perchlorate or potas-
sium perchlorate without sodium nitrate. In the first series of experi-
ments mixtures of 1, 2, and ?> per cent of the perchlorate and chlorate
of potash with sodium nitrate were used. Check plats in each series
received the equivalent of 2 per cent chlorate and perchlorate, but no
nitrate of soda. The fertilizer was applied Februarj^ 23, 1899, and in
April the s3'mptoms of perchlorate poisoning were clearl}^ evident.
The plats treated with chlorate did not show the symptoms of per-
chlorate poisoning, but the leaves were pale and etiolated in spots.
The plats receiving chlorates and perchlorates, but no nitrate, showed
very few symptoms of either the perchlorate or chlorate poisoning,
although the growth was weak, owing to the absence of nitrates. The
plats treated with sodium nitrate alone gave an inci^ease of 31 to 33
per cent over the untreated plats, those to which chlorates as Avell
as nitrate had been applied gave an increase of only -1 to 7 per
cent, while on the 2 plats treated with perchlorates and nitrate there
was a decrease in yield. The possible good effect of the nitrate was
counteracted by chlorate and perchlorate, and the injurious effect of
the latter was shown to be greater than that of the former.
The tests to determine the effects of sodium perchlorate were carried
on at the same time and in a similar manner, except that twice as many
plats were used and the percentages of perchlorates for the different
plats varied from 0.75 to 2.6 per cent. Two plats were given per-
chlorate without nitrate. The injurious effects of the perchlorates
were evident before the end of March. As compared with the plats
treated with nitrate of soda alone the plats that received sodium per-
BOTANY. 825
chlorate gave a decrease of from 3 to 50 per cent. Where only 0.75
per cent of perchlorate was used the poisonous effect was evident and
the crop 3 per cent smaller than on the check plats. The plats treated
with perchlorates without nitrates gave only half a crop, although the
plants did not appear as badly injured as did those of some of the other
plats. In November some plats were treated with sodium perchlorate,
others with potassium perchlorate mixed with nitrates. The injurious
effect was soon apparent, even when onl}'' O.Oi per cent of sodium per-
chlorate had been used, but in this case the plants eventually outgrew
the effects of the poison. When 2 to 3 per cent of sodium perchlorate
was used many of the plants were killed. The effect of the potassium
perchlorate was ultimatel}' outgrown, even when as much as 3 per cent
of it had been mixed with nitrate of soda.
Experiments on turnips followed b}" rye showed that turnips are
poisoned by perchlorates and that more than one crop ma}' be injured
by an application of nitrate of soda containing perchlorate. Oats and
corn are also liable to injury, but do not suffer as seriousl}^ from it as
rye. — h. m. pieteks.
Electricity in plant culture {Nature, 61 {1900), No. 1590, j)- 602). —
A brief account is given of experiments conducted in Russia by
Spyeshneff' and Kravkoff. The former reported results of the well-
known experiments with electrified seeds, in which he ascertained that
such seeds germinated more rapidly and gave yields from 2 to 6i times
higher than seeds not subjected to the preliminary electrification. In
another series of experiments copper and zinc plates were placed verti-
cally in the soil and connected by wires. Potatoes and roots grown
in the space between gave crops 3 times heavier than those grown in
the test plat at the side.
In a third series of experiments by this author wooden posts were
planted about 10 yards apart and provided at their tops with meta,!
aigrettes connected by wnres, so as to cultivate his plants under a net-
work of wires. Among the most striking results obtained in this experi-
ment was in the ripening of barley, which was accelerated 12 days.
The other investigator undertook a series of laboratory experiments
upon bags of soil submitted to electric currents. The temperature of
the soil was raised by these currents. Its moisture at first decreased,
but afterwards increased to a considerable degree, and finally it is
claimed the amount of vegetable matter in the soil was increased by
the electric current.
On the embryo of mummy -wheat and barley, E. Gain {Cornpt.
Rend. Acad. Scl. Pari^, 130(1900), No. 21^, pp. i6l^^-i^/^6').— An account
is given of a number of investigations on specimens of wheat and Ijar-
ley which were taken from ancient tombs and are probably from •1,000
to 6,000 years old. Transverse and longitudinal sections were made
of a large number of grains to ascertain what changes they had under-
17622— No. 9 3
826 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
gone. The author states that in order to have the seed germinate, it
is necessary that the reserve material shall remain chemically unchanged,
that the embryo shall preserve its structure, that an enzym be pres-
ent for the reduction of the reserve material and that the embryo
shall remain in contact with the reserve material for the proper transfer
of the elaborated reserve material. Examination of a large number of
specimens failed to show a single instance in which the embryo
remained in contact with the reserve material. The embryo main-
tained its cellular structure, but had undergone very decided chemical
changes. The scutellum and the rest of the embryo had become a
reddish-brown color, and numerous microchemical reactions gave very
different results for the embr3'os of the mumni}' cereals and those of
more recent ones. The reserve material had apparently undergone no
chemical change.
In conclusion it is stated that these mummy cereals, although exteri-
orly in a tine state of preservation, did not possess the necessarj^
organization for germination. Their reserve material had been
chemically unchanged and was capable of utilization b}' a viable
embryo, but the embryos in every case were so transformed as to be
without the ability to grow. This chemical alteration seems to have
taken place at a ver}" remote period. It is the author's expectation
to compare specimens of these mumm}' cereals with others less old to
ascertain just what changes have taken place.
Injuries to plants by London fogs and smoke, G. Henslow
{^Garden, 57 {1900), JVo. 14^7, jyp. 353, 354). — -^^ account is given of
the injury caused by fog and smoke to plants, particularly in green-
houses, in the vicinity of London. The most important and harmful
ingredients of fog and smoke are said to be carbon, hydrocarl>on
derivatives, and sulphurous acid. One of the sources of injury is in
the deposition of carbonaceous matter on the glass whereby the light
is shut off. In similar ways the transpiration of the plant is largeh'
affected, and both mechanical evaporation and transpiration are greatl}'
impeded. The poisonous ingredients of fog are chiefly sulphurous
acid and vaporized h3'drocar])ons which pass into the houses and injure
the foliage of plants. The author says: "The amount of sulphurous
acid has been found in anah'ses in dull weather in London to be
ordinarih' about 6 parts per cent {<), and in a thick j^ellow fog it
amounts to about 20 per cent" (?). Artificial experiments with various
amounts of sulphurous acid in water produced precisel}' the effect
that was produced by the fog. The protoplasm of the plants was
destroyed, a decomposition of chlorophyll grains and the formation
of chlorophAllan taking place. Experiments with a number of hj-dro-
carljon derivatives have shown similar effects, pyredin causing' a rapid
destruction of protoplasm, a limpness of the leaves, and subsequent
browning. The action of these su))stances is usually first noticed upon
the flowers. If the buds have expanded, the flowers become checked
BOTANY. 827
and smaller, while if the injuiy takes place at a period just preceding
the opening- of the flowers, the flowers become yellow by the forma-
tion of chlorophyllan, and brown by the presence of tannins. In some
cases buds are severely injured while expanded flowers are unaffected.
In general, all flower buds opening during a fog perish.
Outlines of plant life, C. R. Barnes {New York: Henry Holt ttr Co., 1900, 2>P-
SOS, figs. 250). — An abridged edition of Plant Life by the same author (E. S. E., 10,
p. 4i6).
Some native forag-e plants of tlie State, E. V. Wilcox {Montana Sta. Bid. 22,
P2). 54-36). — Xotes are given upon a number of indigenous forage plants which are
valual^le as forage or for hay. Among those mentioned are sagebrush, wild licorice,
wild geranium, five-finger, lupines, and vetches. In addition, sweet clover is said to
have been introduced and become quite abundant in a number of localities.
Some new species of the genus Crataegus and notes on some dichotomous
Panicums, W. W. Ashk {Xorth Carolina Sta. Bui. 175, pj). 109-116). — Descriptions
are gi\en of 21 new species of Crataegus and 7 new species of Panicum, belonging to
what is known as the Dichotomous group.
The importance of the green leaf for the life of the plant, Z. Kamerling
{Reprint from Arch. Java Sttikerind. 1900, No. 5, pp. 20, p>U. 3). — A lecture delivered
in which is presented the general subject of the role of chlorophyll in plant life. — h.
M. r.
Flowers and fruits of common trees and shrubs, F. li. Hillman {Nevada Sta.
Bui. 4'j, Nature Studies 2, pp. 15, figs. 24). — The general structures of flowers and
fruits are described and the flowers and fruits of a number of the more common trees
and shrubs are figured and discussed.
Nuclear phenomena in certain stages in the development of the smuts,
E. A. Harper {Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, 12 {1900), ])t. 2, pp.
475-497, pis. 2).
The resin ducts and strengthening cells of Abies and Picea, H. B. Dorner
{Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 1899, pp. 116-129, figs. 11). — Studies are rejiorted on the
structure of the leaves of the native species of fir and spruce, in which diagnostic
characters are sought in the resin ducts and strengthening cells occurring in them.
Caoutchouc-yielding plants, P. Yax Eomburgh {Teysmannia, 9 {1900) , No. 7, 2^p.
342-345). — The author mentions 4 species of Urceola as producing caoutchouc of
good quality but in small cpiantity. U. brachtjsepala grows in 8 or 9 years to a height
of 13 meters with a steni circumference of 30 cm. From 2 average jalants of this
species he obtained 50 gm. of caoutchouc. U. javanica is characterized by its large
horn-shaped fruits, the weight of which is said to lie so great that thej^ sometimes
break down the trees upon which the plant finds support. This is a serious objec-
tion to the cultivation of the plant. U. elastica, which grows to great size, and
U. maingcdji each yield small quantities of good caoutchouc. — h. m. p.
The influence of the assimilable nitrogen in the soil on the activity of the
root tubercles of leguminous plants, BRunxE {Landiv. Wclinsckr. Prov. SacJisen, 2
{1900), No. 40, p. 423). — A brief article describing, in a po^jular manner, the results
obtained by different investigators.
Influence of weather conditions on the root tubercles of leguminous plants,
Bri-hxe {Landir. Wcltnsclir. Pror. Sarlisen, 2 {1900), No. 45, pp. 412, 4iJ).— These
notes, based on the work of Xobbe and Hiltner, treat of the relation between the
transpiratiozi of the plant and the activity of the root tubercles of legumes. The
autht ir concludes from the results obtained by these investigators that leguminous
plants for green manuring should be sown in season to allow them to develop} suf-
ficiently to insure activitv of the root tubercles.
828 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
ZOOLOGY.
The food of the bobolinks, blackbirds, aiid grackles, F. E. L.
Beal ( U. /S. Dept. Aijr. , Dirision of Jjlologlcal Survey Bui. 13, pjj.
77^ figs. 6). — In this l)ulletiii the author discusses the food habits of
the bobolink, cowbird, yellow-headed l)lackbird, red-winged blackbird,
California red-winged blackbird, rusty blackbird, Brewer's blackbird,
crow blackbird, and boat-tailed grackle.
It is stated that a study of the stomach contents of blackbirds con-
firms to some extent the popular estimate of their grain-eating habits,
but shows also that these birds destroy large quantities of seeds of
noxious weeds and a great number of insects. In general, it was
found that the vegetable portion of the food exceeded the animal por-
tion and that the latter consisted mainly of insects. The vegetaljle
food comprised for the most part grain, grass, and weed seeds. The
author states that the animal food of the 9 species of blackbirds
must be considered for the most part in their favor, as the insects
eaten are injurious.
Of bobolinks, 291 stomachs were examined, coming from 19 States
and taken during 5 months from May to September. The food con-
sisted of 57.1 per cent animal and 42.9 per cent vegetable matter.
Most of the stomachs were collected in Northern States, but the author
believes that the great damage done by bobolinks to the rice crops is
due to the immense numbers of bobolinks and the fact that the rice
iields lie in the direct course of their spring and fall migrations. It is
concluded that the harm done b}' the bobolink far outweighs its behetits.
Of the cowbird, 544 stomachs were examined from 20 States, taken
during every month of the year. The animal matter contained in
these stomachs was 22.3 per cent, while the vegetable matter vvas TT.7
per cent. Corn, wheat, oats, and buckwheat were found in the stom-
achs, grain as a whole amounting to 1(3.5 per cent of the food of the
year. Weed seeds amounted to 60 per cent of the whole food. The
author summarizes the results of the investigation of this bird as fol-
lows: Twenty per cent of the cowl)ird's food consists of noxious
insects; 10 per cent of grain, about half of which is waste grain; while
more than 50 per cent consists of noxious weed seeds.
Of the yellow- headed blackbird, 138 stomachs were received from
10 States during 7 months. The food consisted of 33.7 percent animal
and 66.3 per cent vegetable matter. Grain, collectively, amounted to
38.9 per cent of the total food. While a considerable portion of this
grain was undoubtedly waste, the bird may evidently do great damage
to grain fields. The author concludes that this species feeds princi-
pally upon insects, grain, and weed seeds, that in general it does much
good l)v destroying noxious insects and troublesome weeds, but that
where grain is very abundant it may b(; injurious to such crops.
Of the red-winged blackbird, l,u;3«8 stomachs were collected from 80
ZOOLOGY. 829
States during a whole jcsiV. The food consisted of 73.4 per cent vege-
table and 20.0 per cent animal matter. Grain, collectiveh', amounted
to 13.9 per cent of the food of the 3'ear, but it appeared that half of this
was waste grain. Weed seed was apparentl}' the favorite food of this
l)ird, as the total amount of grass and weed seeds constituted 54.0 per
cent of the 3'ear's food. The author concludes that judging b}^ stom-
ach contents the red-winged blackbird is a very useful bird.
Of the California red-winged blackbird, 01 stomachs were examined
and of the total food 1.0 per cent was animal matter, while 98.4 per
cent was vegetable matter and mostly grain. It would appear from
these facts that this species may do great damage where it is abundant
in grain-growing sections.
Of the rusty Ijlackbird, 132 stomachs from 10 States were examined.
The stomachs contained 53 per cent of animal matter. Corn was found
to be the favorite grain food of this bird and constituted 17.0 per cent
of the year's food. Grain, collectively", amounted to 24.4 per cent of
the food for the year. The author believes from a study of this bird
that the animal food is always preferred when available.
Of the Brewer's blackbird, 140 stomachs were examined from 0
States. The animal matter constituted 31.8 per cent and the vege-
table matter 08.2 per cent of the food. Grain collectively amounted
to 00. 3 per cent of the total food for the }■ ear. Although this record
is against Brewer's blackbird, the author states that comparativeh'
few complaints have been received regarding the injuries of this spe-
cies to grain iields.
Of the crow blackbird, 2,340 stomachs were examined, of which 37
contained traces of birds' eggs and 1 contained the bones of a young-
bird. The food as a whole comprised 30.3 per cent animal and 09.7
per cent vegetable matter. Insects constituted 27 per cent of the
entire food for the 3'ear. Corn, oats, wheat, rye, and buckwheat were
found in the stomachs of the crow blackbird, corn being evidently the
grain preferred by this species. Among the large number of stomachs
examined, 450 were of nestlings, the food of which consisted of 74.4
per cent animal and 25.0 per cent vegetable matter. Insects amounted
to 70 per cent of the total food of the nestlings, while corn constituted
15 per cent of the total food. The author concludes from the examina-
tion of these stomach contents that the crow blackbird is a useful 1)ird
and one against which no general war of extermination should be
waged.
Of the boat-tailed grackle, 110 stomachs taken in every month of
the year were examined. The food comprised 39.8 per cent animal
and 00.2 per cent vegetable matter. Grain constituted 40.8 per cent
of the total food, and of this all but a mere trace was corn. The
author concludes that wherever this grackle is abundant it maj^ become
very injurious to the corn crop.
830 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
In connection with nearly all the species discussed the author insists
upon the fact that the feeding- hal)its of blackl»irds are during the
greater portion of the year benelicial, and that the damage to grain
crops is for the most part confined to limited seasons, and is especially
noticeable where the birds congregate in great numbers.
Results of the biological reconnoissance of the Yukon River region, W. H.
Osgood and L. B. Bishop ( U. X J)<2'f- -^'J''-j ^''"''•'•■"^" of Biologind Survey, North Ameri-
can Fauna Xo. 19, 2)p. 100, jjIs. 7). — This bulletin treats of the following siibjects:
Itinerary; a description of the faunal districts of the Yukon River region; a review
of previous work done in this region; an annotated list of species and subspecies of
mammals, some of which are described as new. The foregoing subjects are by W. H.
Osgood while L. B. Bishop contributed an annotated list of the species of birds found
in the region under discussion.
Scientific names in natural history, K. Sajo {Prometheus, 11 {1900), Xos. 547,
pp. 417-420; 548, pp. 433-437). — The author criticises the habit of forming several
specific names in the same genus which have the same significance, although pos-
sessed of a different form. The publication of specific descriptions in little known
periodicals or those having a small circulation is also criticised. The author believes
that this habit is partly responsible for the undue multiplication of synonyms.
The jackal plague {Agr. Jour. Capje Good Hope, 17 {1900), Xo. 9, i>p. 525-528). —
Brief notes on the extent of the depredations committed by jackals and foxes upon
the sheep industry.
The value of birds to the commonwealth, F. 31. Chapman ( Connecticut State
Bfl. Agr. RpA. 1899, pjx 76-113, jigs. SO). — Brief poimlar notes on the economic rela-
tions of a number of common species of birds.
A report on the family of bee-eaters ( Meropidae ) , K. A. Satuxix and F. F.
Kavraiski {TriKli Karhc. Srhelhrrod. ShintzU {T[tiis),9 {1900), Xo. 2, ptp. 5J).— The
authors investigated the feeding habits of Merops apiuster and M. persicus, the 2 com-
mon European species of bee-eaters. Extended observations were n:iade on these
birds at the apiary connected with the sericultural station, and a report is made on
the number of bees found in all the stomach contents which were examined, and
upon other insects which were found to serve as the food of these birds. Observa-
tions are recorded from a number of correspondents in the different governments of
Russia on the habits of the 2 species of birds in different localities. A map is given,
showing the distribution of the birds in Russia.
Methods of destroying injurious animals, II. L. A. Blaxchox {IJArt de
detrulre ks animaux nuisibles. Farts: J. B. BaiUiere cO Son, 1899, x>p. 292, figs. 112) .—
In this book the author has brought together and discussed in a summary manner
the various methods which have been recommended for destroying noxious animals
of all kinds. The volume contams a consideration of the following subjects: General
methods of destruction and legislation against injurious animals; and special methods
adapted for the destruction of injurious mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, Crustacea,
moUusks, and worms. Injurious insects are discussed under the headings of insects
injurious to furniture, clothes and carpets, man and domestic animals, and field and
garden crops.
Information concerning game: Seasons, shipment, and sale, T. S. Palmer
and II. W. Olds ( C. N. Dept. Agr., Dlris'ioa of Biological Survey Circ. 31, pp. 20).—
This circular contains a copy of the Lacey Act, a tabulated statement concerning the
close seasons, the shipment of dead and live game, and the sale of game in the differ-
ent States.
Wild animals and birds which may be imported without permits, .T. Wilson
( V. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Biological Survey Circ. 30, p. i).— This circular contains a
list of mammals, birds, and reptiles Avhich may be imported freely without permits.
METEOKOLOGY CLIMATOLOGY. 831
Laws regrulating- the transportation and sale of game, T. S. Palmer and
H. W. Olds {U. S. Dept. Ayr., Dicision of Biological Surveij Bui. 14, pp. S9, j>/s. 9). —
This bulletin contains a compilation of the sections of various State laws which relate
to the transportation and sale of game, and also tables and diagrams showing close
seasons, species prohibited from shipment or sale, limits of game bags, and regula-
tions concerning nonresident licenses.
METEOROLOGY— CLIMATOLOGY.
Monthly Weather Review {JJ. S. Dept. Ap'., Weather Bureau,
Mvnthhj W.atJor E,euir^^S{1900), Ms. 7,x>i). 279-320, pis. 3, jigs. 2,
cluirts 8; <§, ^j>p. 321-370, figs. ^, charts 8; 9, pp. 371-Jf.2Jf., fig. 1, charts
13). — In addition to the usual reports on forecasts, warnings, weather
and crop conditions, meteorological tables and charts for the months
of July, August, and September, 1900, these numbers contain the
following articles and notes:
Xo. 7, special contributions on Fog studies on Mount Tamalpais (illus. ), by A. G.
McAdie; Electric phenomena in the Euphrates Valley (illus.), by E. Huntmgton;
Sudden disappearance of ice on the lakes, by H. H. Ten Broeck; Meteorological notes
from Porto Eico, by E.. M. Geddings; Forecasting for the farmer, by C. D. Eeed; and
Thunderstorms near "Washington, by II. "W. and H. S. Cragin; and notes by the editor
on electric jihenomena in the Euphrates Valley, notable lightning, the French edi-
tion of the Monthly Weather Eeview, Eafinesque on atmospheric dust, lightning
from a cloudless sky, "Weather Bureau station on Turks Island, wells and storms, the
frecpiency and extent of destructive hail, atmosi^heric conditions favorable to cotton
spinning, aurora in Florida, and progress in wireless telegraphy.
No. 8, special contributions on Nile floods and monsoon rains (E. S. E., 12, p. 424);
Meteorological observations during the burning of the plant of the Standard Oil Com-
pany at Bayonne, N. J., July 5, 6, and 7, 1900, by "W^. H. Mitchell; Observations for
local thunderstorms at Sky land. Page County, Va., August, 1900 (illus.), by H. "W.
and H. S. Cragin; Climatology of St. Kitts, "W. I., by "W. S. Alexander; and The hot
■weather of August, 1900 (illus. ), by A. J. Henry; and notes by the editor on "Weather
Bureau men as instructors, monthly statement of average weather conditions, meteor-
ological records in Ohio, climatological atlas of the Eussian Empire, the influence of
the Lakes on temperature of the land, and hydrography of Nicaragua.
No. 9, special contributions on Thunderstorms at Antigua, "W. I., by "W. H. Alex-
ander; The storm waves of South Carolina and Texas, by E. P. Alexander; The
"U'eather Bureau of Japan, by F. B. Wright; The color and the polarization of blue
skj-light, by N. E. Dorsey; Observations for local thunderstorms at Skyland, Page
County, Va., September, 1900, by W. H. and H. S. Cragin; 3Ieteorological observa-
tions at Eagle, Alaska, by A. J. Henry; Eesults of a balloon ascension at St. Peters-
burg, May 20-Jmie 1, 1878, by M. Eykatcheff ; The Gulf stream myth, by H. M. Watts;
A review of Professor Very's memoir on atmospheric radiation, byN. E. Dorsey; and
Monthly statement of average weather conditions for September, by E. B. Garriott;
and notes by the editor on standard time, the frequency of hail in the United States,
the crop as depending on meteorological conditions, and meteorological report from
Nome, Alaska, September, 1900.
Report on the international cloud observations, F. H. Bigelow
{U. S. Dtpt. .If//'., ^yeather Burtau. Rpt. 1898-99, IT, p>P' 787, pi. 1,
figs. 32, charts 73). — This report gives the detailed results of cloud
832 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
observations in cooperation with the International Cloud Commission at
15 different places in the United States during the period from May 1,
1896, to July 1, 18l>7:
"In order to submit these results to a careful discussion, it has Ijeen necessary to
prosecute a critical comparative study of several important theories heretofore pro-
posed by meteorologists, so that the comparison between observations and theoret-
ical computations can be guital)ly carried out. Accordingly, a standard mathematical
system has been constructed, including in a definite notation the constants, the ther-
modynamic, and the hydrodynamic formulfe pertaining to the atmospheric physical
processes and motions, by means of which the work of the several authorities can be
reduced to one set of typical equations. The theories of the American and the Ger-
man schools of meteorology have been contrasted, and the results derived from them
have been compared with the facts obtained from these cloud observations. The
grouping of the data secured by the theodolites and the nephoscopes has been so
carried out as to make such a comparison simple and direct, the outcome being inter-
preted to mean that a modified theory of atmospheric motions is required to explain
the local anticyclonic and cyclonic circulations, while the theory of the general
cyclone, though partially sustained, also needs improvement in several important
details. Furthermore, the thermodynamic processes have been submitted to a rigor-
ous computation, especially in connection with cumulus clouds, by means of which
the limits of the four standard stages, and the mean gradients of pressure, tempera-
ture, and vapor tension within each stage, have been carefully determined. The
construction of this system of computation has put us in possession of a method of
discussing several important fundamental characteristic features of the atmosphere,
and it is evident that a continuation of research along these lines will not only tend
to make of meteorology an exact science, but will also enable us to practically con-
struct quite accurate daily weather maps at moderate elevations, that is, up to 1 and
2 miles above the surface. Sucli an outcome would amply repay the expenditure of
much time and labor in the preliminary steps required to reach this goal; yet it is
thought that the results contained in this report are such as to warrant the entering
upon their actual application at once, with the expectation that further experience
will merely improve upon the close approximations already secured."
The author believes that increased equipment for observations of
this character, including- a permanent station for theodolite observa-
tions at Washington, D. C, and the equipment of each of the tirst-
order stations of the Weather Bureau with a nephoscope will furnish
the basis for a more accurate s^'stem of weather forecasting. To this
end he recommends especiallj^ that the data collected be used in the
construction of auxiliar}' maps showing the atmospheric motions at
elevations of 3,5()0 and 1U,00(> ft.
Amount of chlorin in rain water collected at Cirencester, E.
KiNCH {.Tour. Chcm. Sue. [Lo7idon\ 77 {1900), No. W, 2>P- ^^'^1-
127-3). — The total rainfall, and its content of chlorin, is gWen for each
six months (October to March and April to September) from October
1, 1886, to September 30, 1900, together with averages for the winter
and summer periods and for 14 and 26 years. The averages are as
follows:
METEOROLOGY CLIMATOLOGY,
833
liniiifaU and clilorin content of rainivdti'r at Cirencester, England.
Rainfall,
inches.
Chlorin, in
parts per
million.
Equivalent
to NaCl,
grains per
gallon.
Equivalent
to NaCl,
lbs. per
acre.
Mean of 11 winter periods to March, 1900
Mean of 14 summer periods to September, 1900
Yearly average of 14 years to September. 1900
MeanOf '-'(I winter periods to March, 1900
Mean of 2ii summer periods to ^>eiitember, 1900
Yearlv average of 20 vears, October 1, 1874, to Sep
tem'ber 30, 1900
14.26
12. 78
27.04
15. S3
14. 78
30.01
3.55
2.27
2.91
3.76
2. 58
3.17
0.412
.261
.337
. 435
.302
. 3C>9
19. 35
10.40
29. 75
21.29
14. 81
.36. 10
"It will 1)6 seen that the total deposit of clilorids i.s distinctly greater in the winter
months than in the summer months, this lieing largely dependent on the prevalence
of S. W. gales from the Bristol Cliannel. . . .
" Taking all the clilorids as being in the form of sodium chlorid, the yearly aver-
age deposit of common salt per acre for the past 26 years has been 36 lbs., and for the
past 14 yearo it has been nearly 30 lbs."
Rain, river, and evaporation observations in Nev^ South Wales,
1898, H. C. KUSSELL {lAj)t. l'ah//'r ///.S., JLt. Xnr South Wales.
Hesults of ram., 7'ive)\ mid evaporation observations made in New South
^yale8 during 1898. Sidney: Government., 1900, 2)J>- 55-\-235, dr/ms. 7). —
Rainfall and river observations at 1,581 stations, 1,517 of which are
voluntary, are reported in detail. Readings of tide gages at 3 places
are also reported. The average rainfall for the Colon}" during 1898
was 20.51 in., as against an average for 28 years of 21.85 in., being
the fourth successive drought year. The rainfall increases notably with
the location and elevation, the highest average rainfall recorded, 61 in.,
occurring just at the foot of a range of mountains 1,000 to 6,000 ft. high,
against which the trade winds blow. Observations on evaporation from
water surfaces at 10 places and also on wind movement at some of these
places are recorded. The evaporators used are thus described:
"The vessels used are tanks 4 ft. in diameter and 3 ft. deep set into the ground
2 ft. 11 in., leaving 1 in. above the ground to prevent surface water running in. The
float is of glass, and has a light brass tube extending upward through two guide holes.
Above it is a screw gage so constructed that contact can be made with the top of the
float rod, and the exact height of it to one-thousandth of an inch read off without a
vernier. This is effected by having ten threads to the inch in the screw and the head
working on it divided into 100, and therefore showing thousandths of an inch."
The total evaporation recorded during 1898 varied from 33.993 to
82.933 in. The mean temperature of the Colony for 1898 was 62.6^ F.
As regards long-range forecasts in New South Wales, the author states:
"I am fully convinced that a complete record of the rainfall will enable us to fore-
i'ast the seasons with some show of success, provided, of course, that the extended
knowledge of our rainfall is concurrent with a careful study of Australian and tropical
weather, which is now in progress. . . . Further study will, there is reason to
expect, explain the reason for dry years and when to expect them.^'
On the importance of aqueous vapor and carbon dioxid in their relation to
absorption by the atmosphere, K. Angstrom [Ann. P}(ijs.,4. ser., 3 {1900), Xo. 12,
834 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.
pp. 720-732, figs. 4)- — This is an account of apparatus used and results obtained in
investigations similar to those recently reported by Very ( E. S. R. , 12, ^. 723) . Special
attention is given to absorption by carbon dioxid. It was found that in no case did
the absorption of terrestrial radiation by carbon dioxid exceed 15 per cent, and the
amount of absorption varied very little with fluctuations in the carbon dioxid con-
tent, provided this was not less than 20 per cent. The principal result of a decrease
of the carbon dioxid content is a somewhat wider diffusion of the radiated heat.
Climatological atlas of the Russian Empire ( U. S. Dept. Arjr., WeatJier Bureau,
MoiitJih/ Wcatlirv licvieu', 28 {1'jOO), Xo. S, p. 343). — "As a memorial volume com-
memorating the fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of the Central Physical Obser-
vatory founded by the Emperor 2s icholas I on April 1, 1849, the present director-
general, M. Rykatcheff, has published a magnificent folio atlas, in which, by means
of 89 meteorological charts and 15 graphical tables, he has presented the prominent
features of the climate of the Russian Empire from Warsaw, on the extreme west,
to Bering Strait, on the east, and from Teheran, on the south, to the Arctic Ocean,
on the north."
British, rainfall for 1899, H. S. Wallis (On the distribution of rain over the British
Isles duriiKj the i/car 1S90. London: Edum-d Stanford, 1900, pp. 307, pi. 1, charts 4)- —
This, the fortieth volume of Symons's British Rainfall, gives a brief account of the life
and work of G. J. Symons, the founder of the British rainfall service, who died March
10, 1900, and records data on rainfall collected by 3,500 observers. Besides the usual
detailed records of the results of the year's observations, the volume contains a dis-
cussion of the average rainfall of the decade 1890-1899, as shown by observations at
a hundred stations well distributed over England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Summary of weather at the North Louisiana Experiment Station during^
1892-1899, J. G. Lee {Louisiana Stas. Bid. 62, 2. ser., pp. 473-477). — A monthly
summary ior each year of observations on temperature and precipitation.
Meteorological summary for 1899 {Maryland Sta. Rpt. 1900, p. IX). — A tabular
monthly summary (jf observations at College Park, ]Md., on temperature and precipi-
tation. The mean temperature for the year was 54° F. ; the highest, 98°, June 7, the
lowest, 4°, February 9. The total i^recipitation for the year was 45.8 in.
WATER— SOILS.
Principles of water analysis as applied to New Mexico waters,
A. Goss {jyein MexU-o Bid. SJi.,2>2>- oo-lOS). — This bulletin reports and
discusses the results of analysis (sanitar}- and mineral) of 148 samples
of stream, spring, and well waters examined in the laboratory of the
station during the past 8 years. Analyses of 1-1 samples from sources
outside of New Mexico are given for purposes of comparison. The
btdletin includes the results of a continuation during 1899, in coopera-
tion with this Office, of a study of the fertilizing value of the matter
carried by the Rio Grande water, commenced in 1893 (E. S. R., 5,
p. 1002), and of similar studies of the water of the Pecos River and
other streams used for irrigation purposes in New Mexico.
"The total solids in the Pecos water are much higher than in the Rio Grande water,
averaging in the 6 regular samples analyzed 314.20 parts as compared with 44.11 for
the Rio Grande during 1893-94. ^ The alkali is also correspondingly higher in the
1 The 3 samples of Rio Grande water analyzed in 1899 were from the small streams
which came down the river after periods of complete dryness, and were therefore
abnormally charged with alkali.
WATER SOILS. 835
Pecos, averaging 157.38 parts as compared with 22.09 parts for the Rio Grande. The
alkaU in the Pecos water, like that in the Rio Grande, is all of the white variety.
It is present, however, in such large amount that it would be very liable to cause
trouble in a few^ars unles.s provision were made for draining the land and washing
it out, or otherwise disposing of it.
"The sediment in the Pecos water is much less than in the Rio Grande, averaging
but 179.6 parts in the former against 831.4 parts in the Rio Grande ^^•ater even as
taken from the ditch. This has a twofold bearing. In the first place, it is a. disad-
vantage fi'om the standpoint of plant food. On the other hand, it is an advantage
from the standpoint of reservoir construction, as Pecos reservoirs should not fill up
nearly so fast as Rio Grande reservoirs."
The practicability of pumping water for irrigation in the Rio Grande
Valley is discussed. Nearly all the waters of this valley contain a
large amount of lime. Water suitable for irrigation can generally be '
found, although the water is of better quality in the valle}' proper
than at the edges of the same, where it is likely to be more highly
charged with alkali.
" In the vicinity of Roswell, artesian water is found at a depth of from 200 to 300 ft.
The water of these wells, so far as analyzed, runs from 88 to 121 parts total solids.
This, while not so good as the water of the Rio Grande for irrigation, is very much
better than the water of the Pecos, and when used with judgment should be safe, as
the alkali present is all of the white variety. The considerable amounts of lime and
magnesia present make the water very hard, and for laundry purposes it would give
very much better results after being broken with soda."
The purification of -water, especially the removal of lime and
magnesia, K. Schierholz {(Jester /\ Chem. Ztg.^ 3 (1900), No. 22, pj)-
5S7-o.'i,I}). — Tests of the methods of adding lime and soda to correct
hardness are reported. The addition of a slight excess of lime in the
cold was effective not onl}" in removing the lime and carbon dioxid, but
also the magnesia except a trace. Soda removed lioth the free and
combined lime, but was without influence on the magnesia. Methods
of correcting hardness in waters containing sulphates of calcium and
magnesium in addition to carbonates were also tested. The results
indicate that such waters may be softened without the use of soda by
adding lime to remove magnesia and carbon dioxid, barium oxid to
remove sulphuric acid, and carbon dioxid or oxalic acid to remove the
remaining free lime.
Water supply and sewerage {2fassacJiUsetts State Bd. Health Rpt.
1900, p}). I-07J4). — This is a report to the legislature under provision
of State laws, and includes advice to cities and towns regarding water
supply, sewerage and sewage disposal, pollution of ponds and streams,
ice supplies, and rules and regulations for sanitary protection of
water supph^; examination of water supplies; examination of rivers;
summary of water supply statistics; experiments on the purification
of sewage and water at the Lawrence experiment station in 1895,
including report on tests of methods of sewage purification and filtra-
tion of water, the occurrence of iron in ground waters, and experi-
ments on methods of removal (by H. W. Clark); and a report on
836
EXPEEIMENT STATION KECORD.
sewage purification of cities and towns in Massachusetts. The results
of chemical and microscopical examinations of 212 different sources of
water supply in use in various cities and towns of the State are given
in this report. The experiments on the purification of sewage were
devoted mainly to tests of rapid methods, especially the method of
subjecting the sewage to decomposition and purification in a tank
.before appljang it to a filter. The usual tables of water supplv sta-
tistics are given, showing the number of towns supplied with water,
the quantity of water used, and a summary of the records of rainfall
and flow of streams.
Nitrification and catch crops, P. Boxame {Rajy. An. Sta. A'jron.
{2f(iin'tth(H\., 1S9S~99, pjK S3-9If). — Experiments in continuation of
those of previous years (E. S. R., 9, p. 731) are reported. The follow-
ing table gives the principal results obtained in a study of the progress
of nitrification in a normal soil with or without the addition of nitro-
genous fertilizers and lime (calcareous sand):
Amounts ofniiric nitrogen jxr 100 gm. of drij soil.
January
24.
February
12.
March 4.
May 20.
8
Mg.
17
46
27
66
Mo.
34
120
18
21
37
102
50
131
69
126
31
41
85
67
94
73
94
94
G
6.8
6.8
7
Sulphate of ammonia (0.17 per cent nitrogen):
Ordinary .soil
Soil with 5 per cent of lime
Dried blood (0.17 per cent nitrogen):
Ordinary soil
Soil with 5 per cent of lime
Fertilizer (0.17 per cent nitrogen):
Ordinary soil
Soil with 5 per cent of lime
Normal soil without addition of any kind (0.3 per
cent nitrogen ) ".
Mc/.
41
140
91
140
120
113
Experiments with calcareous sand of 3 grades of fineness indicate
that up to 2 mm. in diameter the size of the grains is without effect
on the rate of nitrification. Lime applied at one-fifth the rate of the
sand was slightly more effective in promoting nitrification. Thomas
slag standing next to the sand in this respect, and sulphate of potash
third. Gypsum was practicall}' without effect.
The rate of nitrification of some slowly nitrifying materials was
tested with the following results:
Amounts of nitrogen per 100 gm. of (Jru soil.
Pea leaves:
Without lime
With lime
Compiist of cane leave;
Without lime
With lime
Manure compost:
W'ithout lime
With lime
Ordinary .soil:
Without lime
With lime ,
March 14.
April 17.
Mg.
Mg.
11
•»
20
Ol
8
14
8
IS
10
16
11
19
4
9
4
11
Mg.
WATEK — SOILS. 837
Ne"w researches into Pouillet's phenomenon (the heat developed
in wetting powders), T. Martini {Atti. M. Inst. Voicto, 59., jjt. ,J, p.
67 J/ ol»<. Ill Plul. Mag. andJour. Sei.,5. ser..,50 (1900), JVo. 307, j)j).
618., 619). — Investigations are reported which show that there are cer-
tain substances, such as finely g-roimd thermometer-glass, quartz, cal-
cium carbonate, etc. , which moisten well with water or other liquids,
but which produce little or no heat under such treatment, while other
substances, like powdered silica, the silicates, "vegetable earth," and
"artificial coal," show decided rise in temperature when moistened with
water, alcohol, ether, etc., the rise in temperature being greater the
drier the powder. By carefuU}'^ drying the materials the author
obtained much higher figures for rise in temperature in silica and
animal charcoal than were reported in a previous paper. ^ In the
author's opinion the development of heat "is produced by the modifi-
cation that the liquid undergoes when absorbed by the powder, by
means of which modification the liquid is reduced to a condition of
lower molecular energy." The experiments recorded are thus a con-
tribution to the new theory of solid solutions. An application of this
property of finely ground substances {Benetzungsiodrme) to the exam-
ination of soils has been noted (E. S. R., 11, p. 1022).
Recent observations on the diluvial formation in the Nether-
lands with special reference to charting, II, H. Van Cappelle
{2Itdr<L Gad. Xcthei'Jands^ Coniniisxie Geol. Onderzo^l:, 1900, iV^>. 27,
pj). 25, Jigs. 3, chart 1). — In this, the author's second paper on the
suliject, he discusses briefly the position of the moraine covering, of
the sand, and of the loess formation in the Veluwe plateau in Gelder-
land. The moraine caps are infrequent and are sometimes covered
with sand or gravel. Both the sand and gravel are of preglacial ori-
gin, and have evidently been washed down from the hills, of which
there are many in this region.
The loess covers the tops of the hills, being thickest in the highest
parts, and gradually mixed more with sand in the lower parts. This
formation is extremely fertile and is known as the beechland because
of the great development of beech trees on this soil. A stratified
structure is apparent only when finer or coarser gravel has been mixed
with the cla3^ The loess is closely related to the German Rhine-loess,
and was laid down by the Rhine and the Yssel long before these
streams had cut out their beds to the present level.
The author concludes that this deposit took place during the time
that the second ice sheet approached the borders of the Netherlands
and when also the Swiss glaciers spread far beyond their present
boundaries.
There are two appendixes, in the first of which the phj^sical struct-
ure of the Netherland loess is compared with other similar formations.
iPliil. Mag. and Jour. Sci., 5. ser., 1899, No. 286, pp. 329, 330.
838 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.
The author finds that in Gelderland. where the loess rests on preglacial
sand and gravel, the loess contains a nmch larger amount of coarse
sand than where it rests on a chalk formation, as in Liml)urg. In
the second appendix arc given the results of chemical analyses of
2 samples of loess.
The author gives a chart showing the location of the moraine caps
in a portion of the Velmve plateau. — ii. m. pieteks.
On the causes of the treeless conditions of the steppes, S.
Kkavkov {Schk. Khoz. i Lyemv.^ 196 {1900), Jan.,x>p. i-iJ).— This
article is essentially a criticism of the views of G. Tanlilyev relating
to the causes of the treeless condition of the steppes, which are
advocated by such authorities as A. N. Beketov and V. \ . Dokou-
chayev. The resume given of the views of Tanfilj-ev is as follows:
The geobotanical investigations of Tanfilj^ev have led him to the
conclusion that chernozem (black earth) everywhere lies on rocks rich
in lime and must be considered, from the nature of its vegetation, as
belonging to the calcareous soils. The presence of lime in considerable
quantity, as well as of an excess of common salt, is accompanied by
the development of a peculiar vegetation. The difference in the vege-
tation of calcareous and noncalcareous soils can not be explained by
the relation of these soils to humidity ; nor are the heat properties of
the soils of essential importance in this regard. Consequently the
action of lime on the distribution of plants is chiefl}' chemical or due
to its solubility in water. Tanfih^ev concludes that the cause of the
treeless condition of the steppes must be looked for in the character
of the chemical composition of the chernozem. The fact that the
latter lies everywhere on rocks rich in soluble salts, and especially in
calcium carbonate, leads to the view that the treeless condition of the
steppes is closeh' connected with the abundance of these salts in the
soils of the steppes. Hence it follows that forests will be established
only in localities where the conditions favor leaching of the soils, ^'. e.^
on the slopes of ravines and on divides. In invading the steppes the
forests descend from the divides along the declivities, advancing as the
reduction of the soluble salts proceeds. Taking into consideration
that chernozem lies everywhere on rocks rich in lime, and that the
forest collects and holds the moisture which permeates the soil under
it to a great depth, the author further infers that the forest soils must
be leached out to a greater depth than those of the steppes. As an
index of the degree to which this leaching has proceeded he selects
calcium carl)onate, which is always a constituent of the normal cher-
nozem soils and subsoils and whose presence is easih^ detected ))y the
addition of an acid. By the aid of the "method of effervescence"
fore.st soils can be distinguished from those of the steppes. — p. fire-
man.
FERTILIZEKS. 839
FERTILIZERS.
The influence of the distribution of fertilizers on their action,
J. M. PoMOKSKi {ZtscJir. Landw. Yersuchato. Ocderr.^ 3 {lOUO), Xo. 7,
pp. G.'^-G8Jf.^ ph. S). — Field and pot experiments with oats, barle}', and
celeiT are reported in which fertilizers (superphosphate, Thomas slag,
nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, and kainit) were applied (1) as top
dressing, (2) in furrows and rows, (3) mixed with the whole of the sur-
face soil, and (-t) at diflerent depths in the soil. The results show that
the yield was influenced not only by the kind and amount but also by the
distril)ution of fertilizers. The influence varies with the kind of plant
and fertilizer and depends upon the character of the root system, the
special fertilizer requirements of the plant, and the manner in which it
takes up its food. It is therefore of great practical importance not only
to determine the relative efl'ectiveness of the diflerent fertilizers for each
soil, but also the method of application which will give the best results,
taking into account at the same time the influence of supplementary
fertilizers in modifying the action of the principal fertilizing ingredi-
ents required by the soil. It was found, for instance, in the experi-
ments reported, that superphosphate in small amounts in the upper
layers of the soil interfered with the action of nitrogen in sulphate of
ammonia. In other words, the action of sulphate of ammonia was
dependent upon the distribution of the other fertilizer in the soil. All
fertilizers gave better results when mixed with the soil than when
applied in layers.
Field experiments with phosphoric acid in various forms, F. W.
Dafert and O. Keitjmair {Feldungungsversuche iiht-r die Wirlung der
PJiospJiorsailre in verschiedenen Formen. Vienna: Landvnrthschaftlich-
chemischen Versuchsstaticm^ 1900^ pp). 23). — Field experiments with
diflerent samples of Thomas slag, superphosphate, Algerian phos-
phate, and degelatinized bone meal are reported. The phosphoric
acid of Thomas slag, having a high citrate solubility, was no more
eft'ective on either summer or winter grain than that of slag having- a
low citrate solubility, the value of the slag being determined by its
total phosphoric acid content. The purchase of slag on its citrate-
solubility is condemned on both scientitic and practical grounds. The
degelatinized ])one meal gave good results with summer grain. The
author therefore concludes that the results of pot experiments which
indicate that the phosporic acid of bone meal is of no value are unre-
liable. Algerian phosphate appeared to be of equal value with
Thomas slag for summer grain. The relative effectiveness of the
phosphoric acid in Thomas slag and in superphosphate was as 70 to
100 in experiments with oats and barley. The effectiveness of the
phosphoric acid in Algerian phosphate and bone meal was very nearly
the same as that of the phosphoric acid of Thomas slag. The relative
840 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOKD.
value of the phosphoric acid in the various phosphates is calculated
in this article from the increase in 3'ield of grain. The author con-
siders calculations based upon the recovery of the phosphoric acid in
the crop to l)c entireh" unreliable.
The action of burnt lime and marl on light sandy upland soils,
Neubektii {Drat. Landir. JWs'<c, 27{190U),X<>. 75, ^^..^-VJ).— These sub-
stances were compared on peas in 1896 on inoculated and uninoculated
soils. The burnt lime did not interfere with the action of the inoculat-
ing soil. The Afield was larger when lime was used in connection with
inoculating soil than when marl was so used. When the lime and marl
were used alone the yield was decidedly less with the former than Avith
the latter, due especialh% it is claimed, to the action of the lime in
decomposing the organic nitrogenous matter of the soil and thus caus-
ing its loss by leaching, and also to volatilization of ammonia by the
action of the lime. The nitrogen content of the crop grown with lime
was much smaller than that of the crop grown with marl. The peas were
followed by buckwheat in 1897 and yjq, in 1898 and 1899. No further
applications of lime were made, but all plats received like amounts of
stable manure each year. The effects of the liming were very marked
on the last crop of vyq. The crop was poorest on the unlimed soil and
best on that which had received marl.
The results, it is stated, indicate the need of lime in such soil as that
used in this test, but show that large applications of caustic lime ma}'
prove injurious. Marl seems to be better suited to soils of this
character.
Analyses and valuations of fertilizers, L. A. Voorhees and J. P.
Street {New Jersey Stas. Bui. lIiS.^ i^p. 52). — This bulletin reports
on the trade values of fertilizing constituents in 1900 and the results
of examinations of the standard materials supplying them, as well as
of home-mixed and factory -mixed fertilizers and miscellaneous ferti-
lizing materials. The cost, valuation, and purchase of fertilizers,
guaranteed and actual composition, and home mixtures and special
fertilizers are discussed. Analyses and valuations are given of 47
samples of standard raw materials, 300 brands of complete fertilizers,
17 samples of home and special mixtures, 25 samples of ground
bone and 31 samples of miscellaneous products. Materials examined
included, in addition to the mixed fertilizers, nitrate of soda, sulphate
of ammonia, dried blood, ammonite, dry ground fish, superphosphate,
muriate of potash, sulphate of potash, kainit, wood ashes, licorice root
ashes, land plaster, salt, marl, and muck. A})out 87 per cent of the
brands of fertilizers examined contained as much total plant food as
was claimed, but in only 71 per cent was the plant food distri]>uted in
the proportions stated. The averages for all brands of complete fer-
tilizers examined during 1900 are as follows: Total nitrogen 2.41 per
cent, total phosphoric acid 11.03 per cent (available phosphoric acid
FIELD CROPS. 841
8.44, insoluble 2.5U), pota.sh o.S\) per cent; station valuation $20.77,
selling price 127.26.
From the data obtained "it appears that the manufacturers arc
delivering- on the av^erage practically the same amounts of total plant
food as in ISUO, in slightly ditt'erent proportions, but at an average
price per ton that is 40 cts. lower, notwithstanding the increase in
the wholesale prices of ammoniates." The tendency noted in previous
reports toward furnishing less nitrogen and more phosphoric acid and
potash is still more marked in the average for 1900. The average
cost per pound of nitrogen in 5 samples of nitrate of soda examined
was 12.94 cts.; of 2 samples of sulphate of ammonia, 15.82 cts.; 3
samples of dried blood and ammonite, 14.17 cts. ; 13 samples of ground
fish, 13.66 cts. The average cost per pound of available phosphoric
acid in 17 samples of superphosphate was 4.09 cts. The average cost
per pound of potash in 5 samples of muriate of potash, 4.11 cts.; of 1
sample of sulphate of potash, 4.77 cts. ; and 1 sample of kainit, 3.37 cts.
Nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia, R. Warington {Ann. Agron., 26
{1900), Xo. 11, pp. 5.30-361), — This is a translation from the English by E. Demoussy
of an article which has already been noted in the Record (E. S. R., 12, p. 529).
Inspection and analyses of fertilizers, W. F. Hand et al. {Mississippi Sta. Bui.
64, pp. 31). — This bulletin contains jjrief statements regarding the collection of sam-
ples, the management of the fertilizer control during the season of 1899-1900, expla-
nations of terms used in fertilizer analyses and of the valuation of fertilizers, sugges-
tions regarding the form of certificate to be used on samples sent for examination
and of guaranties to be used on packages of fertilizers, and tabulated analyses and
valuations of 211 samples of fertilizers examined during the season of 1899-1900.
Another warning in regard to compost peddlers, W. A. Withers {North Car-
olina. Sfa. Bui. 17S, pp. SS-90). — The i)urpose of this bulletin is to repeat a warning
given in an earlier bulletin (E. 8. R., 9, p. 123). This warning is emphasized by
pointing out the defects in 2 fertilizer formulas which have been offered for sale in
North Carolina. The bulletin also contains a list of books and other publications
relating to fertilizers which the author recommends to those desiring information on
this subject.
FIELD CROPS.
Field experiments, J. G. Lee {Louisiana Stas. Bui. G^^^.ser.,
pp. JiJJS-Ji,73). — -Results secured in cultural and variety tests and in rota-
tion experiments are here recorded. An account of the three-course
rotation of corn, oats followed l)y cowpeas, and cotton has been previ-
ously noted (E. S. R., 7, p. 398). Data are here given for the crops
grown during each of the years 1889 to 1899. A part of the experi-
mental plats has been regularly manured. An examination of the
results obtained shows that "the fertilized half has been built up 400 to
500 per cent in 11 j^ears while that without fertilizer has gained from
12 to 25 per cent."
In a test of 27 varieties of cotton, the largest yield of seed cotton
was afforded by Hawkins Prolific, closely followed by Texas Bur,
17622— No. 9 4
842
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Truitt Improved, Jones Improved, and Hoo-ermaii. King was the
earliest maturing variety.
Twelve varieties of wheat were grown on (1) deep red sandy soil and
(2) light gray sandy soil. The tabulated results show an average
jdeld for the 12 varieties of 22.08 bu. per acre on the red sandj^ soil
and 12.26 bu. per acre on the light gray soil. The variet}^ Eclipse,
followed b}" Tuscan Island and Currell Prolitic, gave the best j'ields
on the red lands.
Of 27 varieties of corn tested, Mosby Prolific, Gondy Improved,
and Cocke Prolific, with yields of 37, 36.7, and 31.9 bu. per acre,
respectively, took the lead in productiveness. Shallow level cultiva-
tion gave the best results in culture experiments.
The value of irrigation water in addition to the natural rainfall was
tested for sugar cane, corn, cotton, sorghum, tobacco, cowpeas, and
watermelons. Equal areas for each crop were selected and h of each
area irrigated. It was assumed that the soil for sugar cane required
for its best growth 25 per cent of moisture, corn 10 to 12 per cent,
cotton and cowpeas 6 to 8 per cent, tobacco and sorghum 8 to 10 per
cent, and watermelons 4 to 6 per cent. As nearly as possible these
percentages of moisture were maintained for each crop by irriga-
tion. The cowpeas did not mature pods in this experiment. The
accompan3'ing table shows the results per acre on the irrigated and
unirrigated portions of the remaining plats:
Results of irrigation.
Sugar
cane.
Corn.
Sorghum.
Seed
cotton.
Cured
tobacco.
Water-
melons.
Irrigated
Nonirrigated.
Tons.
11.50
3.44
BtLshels.
20. 85
10.44
Tons.
3.42
1.98
Pounds.
1, 892
1,548
Pounds.
1,204
751
Pounds.
18, 834
9, 632
The cane grown on the irrigated plat had a higher sugar content and
percentage purity than that grown on the unirrigated. During the
progress of the experiment it was found that the moisture content of
25 per cent was too high for the sugar cane on red sandy soil and the
amount was therefore reduced to 11 to 16 per cent. It is believed that
the difl'erence in yields between the irrigated and unirrigated plats, as
shown by the tai)le, would have been more strikingly in favor of
irrigation had fertilizers been used.
Experiments with bright leaf tobacco consisted of fertilizer and
variety tests and a comparison of home-grown with Virginia-grown
seed. In the fertilizer test the addition of nitrogen materially increa.sed
the yield. Phosphates and potash used eithei" singly or coml)ined gave
but slightly increased yield over no manure. Sulphate of ammonia
was not as eti'ective as a source of nitrogen as cotton-seed meal, nitrate
of soda, or dried blood. Virginia-grown tobacco seed with but 1
FIELD CROPS. 843
exception gave better results with 11 varieties of tobacco than home-
grown tobacco seed.
Other data are included on the growth of sugar cane, cowpeas, forage
crops, and grasses and clovers.
Results of fertilizer experiments -with sulphate of ammonia,
Kloepfer {Fii/dhufs Laiidw. Ztg., Jfd {1900), i\^j.y. 10, jjp. 376-384,
figs. 3; 11, pp. 396-}fiG,fi,(js. 3; l^,p)p' Ji-36-Ii..!iIJ,fig8.2). — The results
obtained in fertilizing potatoes, sugar beets, and fodder beets with
different amounts of sulphate of ammonia are reported, the data being
considered from the standpoints of yield and linancial gain. With
potatoes the best yields of 4 varieties tested and the largest financial
gains were obtained with the variety Prof. AVohltmann, when 200 kg.
of sulphate of ammonia was applied per hectare. The yield was at
the rate of 26,384 lbs. per acre and gave a net profit of lOl.YO. In
the case of sugar beets, the largest yield of beets and tops was obtained
by the application of 400 kg. of ammonium sulphate per hectare, but
the greatest amount of sugar was obtained from the plat where only
300 kg. per hectare had been applied.
The varieties Tannenkriiger and Eckendorfer were used in the
experiment with fodder beets. The greater yield was afforded by
Tannenkriiger when ammonium sulphate was used at the rate of 400
kg. per hectare.
Fertilizer experiments \vith Thomas slag and nitrate of soda
supplementary to barnyard manure, Lilienthal {FaJduufs Landu:.
Ztg.,Ji.9 {1900), No. 7, pp. 265-270, fig. 1, plan i).— Experiments were
made in supplementing liberal applications of barnyard manure for
white cabbage, fodder beets, and a species of cabbage-turnip, with
applications of 400 and 800 kg. of Thomas slag per hectare, of 200 kg.
of nitrate of soda, and of a mixture of 200 kg. of nitrate of soda with
800 kg. of Thomas slag. The experiment was conducted on marsh
soil, which proved detrimental to the best working of the nitrate of
soda. Both the smaller and the larger applications of Thomas slag
alone gave largely increased and financially profitable yields with each
of the different crops grown. The use of 800 kg. of Thomas slag and
200 kg. of nitrate of soda, while giving slightly increased yields with
fodder beets and cabbage turnips, was accompanied in each instance
by financial loss. It is concluded from these experiments that supple-
menting the phosphoric acid of stable manure with Thomas slag is
desirable.
Inoculation of soils, G. W. Herrick {Mwxissipjyi Sta. Bui. 63,
pp. 11, figx. 2). — In the experiments here recorded hairy vetch ( Vicla
villosa) was sown on 3 contiguous plats of soil at the station suppos-
edly free from root tubercle germs. The first plat was inoculated with
soil taken from an old field in which vetch had been previously grown.
The inoculated dirt was scattered in the drills after the vetch had been
844 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECORD.
sown and both covered with soil. The second plat was used as a con-
trol. The third was sown with seed which had been treated with a
water extract of infected soil. All plats were cultivated alike. Tuber-
cles were especially al)undant on the vetch roots in plat 1; they were
less abundant on plat 3, and were but feebly developed in the control
plat. The yield from the plat inoculated by scattering dry earth in
the drills was T!) lbs., from the control plat 49 lbs., and from the plat
inoculated with water extract 64.5 lbs.
Some general remarks on methods of inoculating soils, etc., are-
added.
Researches on the culture of blue lupines, P. P. Deherain and
E. Demoussy {Ann. ^lg,'on.,^0 {1900), JS'o. I^, pp. 169-196, Jigs. 2).—
Pot and field culture experiments covering 3 years were made with
blue lupines. The following are the more important conclusions based
on the results obtained: Blue lupines will grow on either acid or alka-
line soils. The presence of carbonate of lime in the soil is not an
obstacle to their development. They are incapable of utilizing the
gaseous nitrogen of the air without exterior aid. Bhie lupines, like
white lupines, often develop root nodules which are of little value in
furnishing nitrogen to the plant. Lupines frequently thrive without
there being nodules formed on their roots. Nitrogen in these cases
may be furnished by the association of algge and bacteria, which form
organic material that may be directly assimilated by the plant.
Neither the bacteria most favorable to the formation of useful root
nodules on blue lupines nor the algse and bacteria favorable to the
formation of organic matter which can be taken up by the plants are
widespread, a fact which often accounts for the poor growth of blue
lupines in certain districts.
Varieties of cotton, E. R. Lloyd {Mississippi Sta. Bui. 62, pp.
8). — Twenty-four varieties of cotton were grown in 1890. Detailed
data are given regarding the yield, value, and commercial classification
of each. The 6 varieties giving the highest total money value per
acre were Roby Prolific, Hawkins Jumbo, Smith Improved, Ozier Big
Boll, King Improved, and Kemper Co. Cotton.
A summary of the results obtained in variety tests of cotton for
each of the years 1889-1899 is included. This summary shows that
the foreign varieties of cotton tested at the station have been of minor
value. Long staple varieties of cottons when grown on hill lands have
made smaller yields and given lower total values per acre than medium
or short staple sorts. Varieties grown for a luimber of years on the
northern border of the cotton belt mature earlier than when grown
farther south. The yield and the length and value of the staple are
greatly increased by the richness of the soil. This is said to be true
especially of the lotig staple varieties. Further work at the station in
variety testing is to be discontinued for the present.
FIELD CROPS. 845
Potato improvement and culture, M. Fischer {Fiihlmffs Landw.
Zt(j., Jfi {1000), Nox. ,S', 2>j>. JOl-m, figs. J^; 9, pj^. 31^3-352, fi.gs. 6;
10^ pp. 369-372). — Variations in the development of vines and tubers
within the same variety, due to the form, size, or starch content of
tubers used for mothers, were studied, as was also the abilit}^ of potato
tubers to inherit and transmit individual characteristics. Similar
work by the author has been previousl}' noted (E. S. R., 10, p. 1039).
Tubers weighing between 60 and 70 gm. each were divided into 2
lots, the tirst of flat round tubers containing between 18.21 and 19.85
per cent of starch, and the other of long round tubers having only
11.83 to 13.79 per cent of starch, and these used for seed. Both the
vine development and the yield of flat round potatoes were much less
than that of the long round tubers. A comparison of 2 typical pota-
toes showed that if the yield of vines and tubers from the flat round
potatoes be taken as 100, the weight of the vines from the long round
tubers would Ije 112 and the weight of the tubers 216. Further
experiments substantiated these results, and showed further that flat
round potatoes high in starch content used for mothers produced a
much larger proportion of tubers of a flat round form and having
a high starch content than were obtained from planting long round
potatoes low in starch content.
An explanation is given of the relation between form and starch
content of potatoes. The zone richest in starch in potatoes lies next
to the outside of the tuber. The inner part of the tuber is much
poorer in starch. Other things being equal, the tuber having the
greatest outer starch zone in proportion to the inner part or mark of
the tuber will be richest in starch. The flat round potato should
therefore contain more starch than the oblong form of equal weight,
and this hypothesis is substantiated ])y analytical results. The matter
of form is therefore considered of importance in selecting tubers for
improvement on the basis of starch content. Considerable data are
presented showing the relation of form of seed planted and product
yielded.
In a comparison of nitrate of soda and ammonium sulphate, alone
and in combination with superphosphate, as a fertilizer for potatoes,
the best yields and greatest profits were obtained when the ammonium
sulphate was used. Generally superphosphate was used at a loss.
Experiments were made in planting large potatoes, whole and cut
in halves, in comparison with small potatoes. Large potatoes in both
cases gave an increased j'ield over planting small tubers. After
deducting the cost of the seed, the large potatoes cut in halves
resulted in a loss and the large whole potatoes a gain over planting
small tu])ers.
Lime experiments with potatoes on light marsh soil, Lilienthal,
{Fuhlimfs Lanckv. Ztg.,1^9 {1900), No. 12, p>p. 459-Jf62,fig. i),— Two
84(3 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
varieties of potatoes were grown on liglit marsti soil poor in lime.
Four plats were used in each test. Plat 1 was used as a check. The
others received marl, loamy marl, and quicklime, respectivelv. Marl
was used at the rate of 112 cwt. per hectare and quicklime at the rate
of 51 cwt. per hectare. One of the varieties of potatoes grown, the
Hamburger Egg potato, proved too tender for successful growth in
the fresh marsh soil, and its culture resulted in decreased yields and
linancial loss except where ground marl was used. With the other
variety of potato, the Bruce, increased j^elds were obtained with all
the different forms of lime, but the greatest net profit with this variety,
$68.58 per hectare, was obtained on the plat given the ground marl.
A table showing the amount of marl to apply on land when the marl
contains different amounts of calcium car])onate is given.
Experiments in the culture of the sugar beet in Nebraska, H. H.
NiciiOLSOX and T. L. Lyon {Xehraal-a Sta. Bid. 07, pp. 17-21, jigs.
2). — This bulletin summarizes the results secured during the season in
cultural, fertilizer, and variety tests with sugar beets. As in previous
trials (E. S. R., 11, p. 839), the experiments have been carried out on
a large scale on the Standard Cattle Company's beet sugar fields at
Ames, in the Platte River Valley.
Heav}^ cla}' soils have produced better beets both in years of average
and of excessive rainfall than sandy loam soils, though they did not
mature so rapidly. In selecting land for sugar beets the authors
advise choosing a clay soil. Shallow cultivation 3 to 1 in. deep through-
out the season, with the rows 18 in. apart and the plants 8 in. distant in
the row, has again given the most satisfactorj^ results. " A plan that
gave very satisfactory results was to allow 18 in. between everj- fourth
row and 15 in. between the others. This plan admits of horse cultiva-
tion if a four-row seeder and cultivator are used."
The author states that —
"Of the varieties tested during 1898 and 1899, on Ixjth heavy and Ught soil, the
best were the original Kleinwanzlebener, Pioneer Kleinwanzlebener, Yihnorin,
Drumez Elite, and Knauer. * * * The use of commercial fertilizers and of barn-
yard manure increased materially the yield per acre, but not the sugar content or
purity of the beets. The advantage to be derived from the use of commercial ferti-
lizers is not sufficient to pay for their cost. With barnyard manure, however, the
case is entirely different, and its use either for a previous crop or directly for the beet
crop is very profitable. ' '
Experiments -with -wheat, 1900, F. C. Burtis and J. G. Kerr
{Oklakoiiui St<i. Bui. J^7,pj>. 26-4S). — Experiments are recorded con-
sisting of early, medium, and late plowing; early, medium, and late
seeding; growing wheat continuousl}' on the same soil with and with-
out manure, and tests of varieties.
In the tirst experiment, ground from which a crop of oats had l:»een
harvested was divided and sections plowed July 1!», August 15, and
September 11, respectively. The section plowed July 19 turned up
FIELD CROPS. 847
moi.st and mollow; that plowed August 15 turned up more or less diy
and lumpy. Both these sections were harrowed at intervals after
plowing" until seeding time. The section plowed September 11 was
weed3^ It turned up lumpy, and was dry as far down as the plow ran.
Rains w^hich had greatly benefited the earlier plowed section were
without measurable effect on this. Repeated disking, harrowing, and
rolling was necessar}" to get it into any kind of shape. It is estimated
that about 8 times the labor was put on it that would have been needed
had the ground been moist at the time of plowing. All the sections
were seeded September 15. The wheat in the earlier plowed section
germinated promptly and continued to grow without check. On the
late plowed sections many plants perished for want of moisture, and in
the summer following the crop matured later, was more seriously
affected by blight, and the grain was more shriveled. The yields from
the different sections averaged as follows: Early plowed 31.32 bu.,
medium plowed 23.48 bu., and late plowed 15.3 bu. per acre.
"An important point to consider in connection witii late plowing for wheat is the
weeds on the ground, that help take its moisture and go to seed, making foul ground
for future crops. Where this experiment was situated the soil was unusually free of
weed seed, but some were present. On the August plowing the weeds were scat-
tered and a part of them had gone to seed, but many of them were not matured. On
the September plowing the weeds had gone to seed, but were not thick on the ground.
Preventing weeds going to seed, and ridding the land of others that are started and
destroyed by the frequent harrowings on early plowing, will well pay for an extra
effort to do early plowing, to say nothing about the increase in yields of wheat that
are obtained."
In the experiment to test the relative merits of earh^ medium, and
late seeding, plats were seeded September 15, October 18, and Novem-
ber 15. The yields obtained from the different seedings were as fol-
lows: Early seeding 36.8 bu., medium 31.81 bu., and late 23.47 bu. per
acre. The grain from the late seeding weighed 7 lbs. less per bushel
than from the early or medium seeding. With late seeding, especially
on poorly prepared land, about i bu. seed per acre more than usual
was required. In 6 former trials at this station the November seeding
ranged in 3delds from 1 to 13 bu. per acre, the October seeding 4 to 30
bu., and the September seeding 15 to 49 bu.
Wheat has been grown continuously since 1892 on the same ground
w ithout manure. In 1898 one-half of the land was manured with barn-
3'ard manure at the rate of 15 tons per acre. The results obtained for
the 2 seasons 1898-99 and 1899-1900 show yields of 30.6 and 36.8 bu.
per acre, respectively, on the manured part, and 12 and 18.1 ])u. per
acre, respectively, on the unman ured.
Of 17 varieties of wheat grown in 1900 Sibley New Golden gave the
largest yield, 44.5 bu., and Big English the smallest, 37.7 bu. per acre.
The following varieties, most of which have been grown at the sta-
tion for 6 years, are recommended: Soft smooth tnfteats. — Early Red
848 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Clawson, Fultz, German Emperor, ^oft heardt-d wlieats. — Fulcaster,
Missouri Blue Stem, New Red Wonder. Hard smooth wheats. — Red
Russian, Oregon Red. Hard hearded wheats. — Sibley New Golden,
Turkey Eversaw.
The moisture content of the plats plowed on different dates in these
experiments was determined at various times from Jul}' 19 to Ma}- 14
following, and a record kept of the rainfall. On August 7 the plowed
land had 5 per cent more moisture than the unplowed; on the 30th,
the difference was 10.3 per cent. The moisture content of the unplowed
land at this time was between 8 and 9 per cent, and the soil was too
dry to plow readily. ''September 11, throe days before the date of
seeding, the early plowed ground contained 16.8 per cent of moisture,
the medium plowed 13.9, and the late plowed only 7.7 per cent — 4.3
per cent less than the amount required to germinate wheat readily,
while the earl}- plowed contained 4.8 more than the required amount."
Manured land did not seem to retain any more moisture in these
experiments than unmanured.
Field experiments with wheat, J. F. Hickman {Ohio Sta. Bui.
118, pp. 213-^38). — The variety and cultural experiments with wheat
begun by the station in 1893 and reported on up to 1897 (E. S. R., 9,
p. 1046) have been continued and are here reported in detail for 1899
and averaged for the whole period. At the station farm Poole, Mealy,
Red Russian, and Early Ripe of the smooth varieties, and Nigger, Cur-
rell Prolific, Gypsy, and Egyptian of the bearded varieties have given
the highest yields. The variety Valley seems especially adapted to
rich alluvial soils. For upland soils Poole, Mealy, Red Russian, Nig-
ger, and Improved Poole arc recommended. "In a single experiment
conducted on good clay land in Cayuhoga County, the Velvet Chaff
wheat gave better results than any other of the 10 under test."
So far as the station's observations have gone, no variety of wheat
has been found fly proof, but Mealy, Mediterranean, Fulcaster, and
Clawson are among the sorts considered most resistant to the Hessian
fly. Replies to a circular of inquiry regarding the resistance of the
Mealy variety of wheat to the Hessian fly are included in the bulletin.
The range in date of ripening of the different varieties of wheat
tested has rarely exceeded 12 days. The conclusions reaching regard-
ing the various cultural features under test are as follows:
"Higher average yields have been produced where the quantity of seed used
reached 9 and 10 pk. per acre on moderately productive clay soil.
"Wheat grown upon ground fjufficiently seeded to produce the highest yield per
acre has given highest average weight per measured bushel. The lightest weight
wheat has been grown where land was seeded more lightly.
"Better results have been secured by seeding in this latitude from the V2\\\ to the
20th of September than by eari-er or later seeding.
" Wheat one year old, if it has l)een kept in a suitable place and is of fair quality,
will likely be as good to use for seed as new wheat.
FIELD CEOPS. 849
"Spring wheat, with present condition of Ohio soils and cUmate, is not hkely (o
prove successful. After repeated trials on rich, alluvial land and upon the thinner
clay land our experiments have proved failures, both in quantity and quality of
wheat produced."
Report of the agriculturist, E. R. Lloyd {Mississipjyi Sin. Rpt. 1900, pp. 15-19). —
A report of variety tests with cotton (see p. 844) and wheat, fertilizer exjieriments
with cowpeas, and culture experiments with sorghum, cowpeas, and corn. Sor-
ghum drilled alone and cut after the heads had nearly ripened yielded 10,333 lbs.
of cured hay per acre. When drilled with cowpeas the total yield of cured hay was
7,250 lbs. per acre. Sown broadcast together the yield was 8,207 lbs. per acre. The
greatest yield of grain was obtained when corn was allowed to ripen on the standing
stalk.
Report of the assistant agriculturist, E. S. Shaw [Montana Sta. Bui. 24, pp.
145-150). — Outline of the work of the year with the tabulated yields, etc., of 66 vari-
eties of wheat, 44 of oats, and 21 of barley.
Report on farm work at the Momohaki, New Zealand, Experiment Station,
F. GiLLANDEKS {'Scv^ Zealand JJepf. Agr. Rpt. 1900, pp. 231-247). — This report briefly
describes the manner of carrying on the work and gives the results obtained in tab-
ular form. The experiments comprise variety tests with cereals, grasses, potatoes,
and root crops, and a fertilizer test on mangel-wurzels.
Deep-rooted plants for green manuring [Hessische Landw. Ztschr., 70 (1900),
No. 48, pp. 664, 665). — A popular article referring to results obtained by different
investigators of the subject.
Fenugreek (Trigonella phcenum graecum) as a soil improver, G. D'Anxona
{Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 33 [1900), No. 4, pp. 357-364).
Grasses for permanent meadow^s on marshy soils, C. Nissen [Landw. Wdnibl.
Schle.m-ig-JTolstein, 50 [1900), No. 4S, p. 827). — Brief notes on a number of desirable
and undesirable grasses for this purpose.
Grasses for pastures and meadows, Tancre [Landw. Wchnhl. Scldesvng-
Hohteln, 50 [1900), No. 51, pp. 869-S72). — The value of different grasses for these
purposes is discussed and various grass mixtures suggested.
Historical notes on hop culture in the Altmark, Bruhne [Landw. WdmscJa:
Prov. Sachsen, 2 [1900), No. 45, pp. 411, 412). — Popular historical notes on liop cul-
ture in the region of the Province of Saxony known as the Altmark.
Experiments with, potatoes, A. Jager [Dent. Landw. Presse, 27 [1900) , No. 96,
pp. 1155, 1156). — Results of variety tests for the years 1898 to 1900.
Potash for potatoes [Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 17 [1900), No. 11, p. 665). —
A popular article on the need of potash in the soil for the successful growth of the
potato.
Special potato trials [New Zealand Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1900, pp. 255-263). — A report
on a test of 111 varieties of potatoes grown at Waihao and Wyndham. The results
are given in tabular form. Among the best yielding varieties were Dalmahoy, White
Rock, Carter Abundance, and Durwent, with yields of over 11, 10, 9, and 8 tons
per acre, respectively.
Does nitrogenous manuring of sugar seed beets have an injurious effect
on the succeeding progeny? H. Wilfarth [Bl. Zuckerrnbenbau, 7 [1900), No. 7,
pp. 105-110). — A review of the literature on this subject does not show that this
common practice is harmful.
The recent practice of disregarding the established laws in sugar-beet
culture and its injurious effects (Bl. Zuckcrrldirntxin, 7 [1900), No. 23, pp. 362-
367). — This article is an extract from a lecture on the subject and treats of the man-
ner and time of plowing for sugar beets, the distance at which the beets should be
planted, and when and how the thinning should be done.
850 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.
The daily root work of sugar cane {liev. Agr. Reunion, 6 {1900), No. 10, pp. 431-
440). — The discussion of the sul)ject in this article is based on the resuUs of an inves-
tigation of the composition of sugar cane by J. D. Kobus, Director of the "West Java
Experiment Station.
Tobacco culture and industry, E. Bouaxt {('uKurr et indKstrie dn tuhac. Paris:
J. B. Baillaire d- Son, j^p. XII-\-347, f(ji<. 104). — The culture, technology, economic
importance to the State, and the use of tobacco from a hygienic standpoint are con.
sidered in this work. Under culture, chapters are given on statistics, soils and manures,
harvesting, and enemies of tobacco; and inider technology, chapters on the manu-
facture of cigars, snuff, chewing tobacco, and secondary products.
Report of wheat raisers, J. Fields {OUahomaSia. Bid. 47, pp. 3-25). — Letters of
in<iuiry requesting information regarding wheat farming were sent out by the station
to farmers in the Territory, to which 118 replies, representing 18 counties, were
received. These are summarized. They indicate that the soil for wheat in Okla-
homa should be ^slowed early and deep and well worked before seeding. The seed-
ing should be complete before October 15. Pasturing vigorously growing wheat in
the fall has been found profitable by many farmers. Grading up seed wheat by the
use of a fanning mill is regarded as profitable. Losses from insect ravages have been
slight, but rust has frequently affected late wheat. ' ' Hard wheats as a rule are pre-
ferred in the western counties and on the uplands. Soft wheats are grown in the
eastern counties. Rotation is generally preferred to continuous culture for wheat,
and the beneficial effect of manure is mentioned in many cases."
Culture experiments w^ith different square-head varieties of w^heat, Euler
[Landiv. Zischr. Bhcinprovinz, 1 {1900), No. 24, pp. 277-279). — A brief review of the
different experiments in this line from 1895 to 1899, inclusive.
The value of varieties of grain w^ith a low stooling quality for breeding
purposes {Ihul. Landu: Prri^se, 27 {1900), No. 101, p. 1207). — A discussion of results
obtained by Schribaux.
HORTICULTURE.
Cabbage — fertilizers, varieties, shipping; cauliflo-wer — varieties
and shipping, B. C. Pittuck and S. A. McHenky {Texas Sta. Bid. 57 y
pjj. '2J-f.,f (/.'<. l.'f). — General directions are given for growing and mar-
keting cabbage and cauliflower, including a tinancial statement of the
sale of a carload of cabbage shipped by the station to Kansas City, and
an estimate of the cost of growing an acre of cabbage. This is placed
at $12,85. Resin-lime mixture has been one of the most effective
remedies used against the cabbage worm, and seemed to drive the
harlequin bugs away from the plants for a few days. The hot blast
blow torch was used successfully for killing both Inigs and worms.
In the variety tests with cabbage. Stein Pearly Flat Dutch gave the
largest yield per acre, 28,984 lbs., followed by Autunm King and
Frotscher Superior Large Late Flat Dutch, with a yield of 25,935 and
25,810 lbs. per acre, respectively. The experience of the station,
coupled with previous observations, show that Danish Ball Head will
not withstand a greater degree of cold when the plants are young than
the average variety. If the heads are two- thirds grown they stand
more cold than an}^ other variety tested. "For extreme hardiness in
all stages of growth Frotscher Superior Large Late Flat Dutch has
proven better than any other Aariety."
HORTICULTURE. 851
The coldest weather at the station generally comes between February
15-25. By planting early maturing varieties about August 1 and forc-
ing growth by the liberal use of fertilizers, it is thought the crop may
be matured before the February freeze occurs. The 2 varieties, Early
Jerse}'^ Wakefield and Frotscher Superior Large Late Flat Dutch, were
used in testing the relative merits of commercial fertilizers, l)arnyard
manures, and ashes for cabbage. The effects of the barnyard manure
were noticed about 2 weeks after it had been applied, while the com-
mercial fertilizers produced no noticeable effect on the growth of the
plants until about 6 weeks after the date of application. With the
fertilizers and combinations used with both varieties of cabbage, the
best and cheapest yields were obtained from the plat fertilized with
stable manure at the rate of 20,000 lbs. per acre.
The experiment in growing cauliflower was practically a failure,
owing to the damage to the crop by cold and the failure to apply
manures. This crop is considered, however, a profitable one to grow,
but heavy manuring, as with cabbage, is considered essential to success.
The methods of culture employed and the results obtained in a test of
5 varieties are recorded. ""Early Snowball proved to be the surest
header and earliest variety in the test." Late Italian Giant was a good
variet}'.
The use of chemical manures on garden vegetables, G. Tkuf-
FAUT and Denaif^e {Joar. Soc. JVat. Iloi-t. France^ 4- ser., 1 {1900)^
Dec, jpp. 868-877). — The authors conducted experiments with ferti-
lizers on vegetables, using theoretical formulas based on the analj^ses
of the vegetables. Preliminary to the experimental work, a large
number of vegetables were grown and analyzed when they had reached
their maximum development, and a part of these data are reported.
Tests were conducted in 1S9S and 1899, different vegetables being
fertilized w ith large amounts of fertilizers compounded as noted above.
The soil used was rich in organic nitrogen and lime, but relatively
poor in potash and phosphoric acid. Based upon the results obtained
the authors have prepared the following general fertilizer formulas
for different sorts of vegetables:
For beets, cucumbers, carrots, radishes, parsnips, turnips, salsify,
potatoes, pumpkins, and s([uashes, a fertilizer containing S.3 per cent
nitrogen, 11.5 per cent potash, and 11.1 per cent phosphoric acid; for
garlic, shallots, onions, leeks, and chives, a fertilizer containing 5.65
percent nitrogen, 20.1 per cent potash, and 10.35 per cent phosphoric
acid; for eggplants, peppers, and tomatoes, a fertilizer containing 7.65
per cent nitrogen, 17.2 per cent potash, and 11.2 per cent phosphoric
acid; for cabbage, lettuce, corn salad, sorrel, spinach, artichokes, car-
doon, asparagus, celer3% and white beets, a fertilizer containing 9.65
per cent nitrogen, 5.95 per cent potash, and 13.15 per cent phosphoric
acid; and fen* strawberries, beans, lentils, and peas, a fertilizer contain-
ing 4.05 per cent nitrogen, 8.2 per cent potash, and 17.5 per cent
phosphoric acid.
852 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
Top-vTorking apple trees, G. H. Powell {Delaware Sta. Bui. 48.,
'pp. 16.^ ^f [/■■<. IJ). — A popular discussion of the methods and advan-
tages of top- working apple trees. Using a hardy, vigorous, straight-
growing variety as a stock on which to top-work the permanent
orchard, the advantages of the method are summarized as follows:
"It provides a healthy, strong trunk for all varieties, corrects the poor growth of
some, overcomes the tenderness of others in the far north, and sometimes makes a
stronger system of roots. It gives the grower a chance to select the buds or scions
from trees of steady productiveness, hardy foliage, and highly colored fruit. It is
said to hasten fruitfulness.
"The stock should he of a vigorous-growing variety as free as possible from body
troubles. The Spy makes an ideal stock, and the Ben Davis, Baldwin, Lily of Kent,
Tallman Sweet, and Astrachan are in use. Seedling stocks are undesirable, as no 2
of them arealike. . . . Body budding seems to be the most desirable method."
E2:periinents on the use of nitrate of soda in the culture of
grapes, E. Marre {Frog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. L'Ed), 21 {1900), M. 50,
pp. 716-720), — Nitrate of soda was used in the culture of a number of
varieties of grapes on different soils. The average increase in the
yield of the nitrate over control plats was a little more than 23 per
cent. The conclusions of theauthor are practicall}' as follows: Nitrate
of soda, whether used alone or combined with barnyard manure or com-
mercial fertilizers, always increased the j'ield at a profit. Dr}- weather
diminished the beneficial action of nitrate of soda, which was most
eflfective after rains. Applj'ing nitrate at 2 different times and work-
ing it into the soil seemed to give the best results. The nitrate was
most effective in the presence of phosphatic manures.
Experiments -with manures on vines, E. Zacharewicz {Prog.
Agr. et Vit. {Ed. EEst), 21 {1900), No. 51, pi). 753-760).— The value
of nitrate of soda in addition to phosphoric acid and potash for vines
was determined in plat experiments in 3 different localities. The
fertilizers were applied between the rows and worked in. The addi-
tion of the nitrogen to the phosphoric acid and potash greatlj' increased
the yields in every instance, besides hastening the maturity of the
fruit and improving its quality. It is believed that this effect will be
best obtained when the potash and phosphoric acid are applied broad-
cast between the rows in December or Januar}-, and the nitrate of soda
in March or April, and thoroughly worked into the soil.
The herbaceous vine graft, Trabut {Bui. Ayr. Algerie et Tioii.nc, 6 {WOO), No.
ll,p]i. 307,308, fig. 1). — Budding in August and the English or Lafleur method of
lierl)aceous grafting are described.
Crossing' and hybridizing, F. Dorxek {Amcr. Florht, 10 {1900), Xo. 657, pp.
752, 753). — Paper read by the autlior before a late meeting of the Indiana Horticul-
tural Society.
New food yam, Dioscorea fargesii, D. Bois {Rev. Ilort, 72 {1900), No. 24, pp.
684, GS5, fig 1). — This yam, which has been grown to a limited extent in private gar-
dens, is described. The vine is hardy. The tubers are spherical and rather small,
HORTICULTUKE. 853
develop at a shallow depth, are easily harvested and of good quality, though inferior
in this latter respect to Dioscorea batatas.
The "cheyote," Sechium edule, L. Trabut {Bui. Agr. Algerie et Tunisie, 6
{1900), Xo. 22, pp. 617-62^, fig. i).— Directions for the culture and uses of the
cheyote, or vegetable pear.
Report of the horticulturist, S. M. Emery {Montana Sta. Bui. 24,pp. 125-144). —
An outline is given of the work of the year with orchard fruits and strawberries.
Lists are given of the apples, pears, crabs, cherries, apricots, prunes, and plums set
in the orchard and the number alive after the severe winter of 1898-99.
A test was made of the value of root-pruning two-year-old apjile trees according to
the Stringfellow method, as compared with those treated normally. Out of 20 trees
root-pruned according to the Stringfellow method 12 failed to come out alive in the
spring of 1899, while out of 80 unpruned trees only 24 failed to come through the
winter. It is stated in this connection that the winter of 1898-99 was the most
severe in the history of the station and that of the 20 root-pruned trees only 4 could
be classed as especially hardy. The results are considered so favorable that further
experiments along this line will be undertaken.
The report on strawberries covers the tabulated data secured in a test with 61
varieties.
The content of plant nutrients in apples and pears, E. Hotter {Ztschr.
Landw. Versucli.'^ic. Oe.^terr., 3 {1900), pp.5S3-585; at>x. in Ztxclir. Untermch. Nahr. u.
Genussmtl., 3 {1900), Xo. 12, p. 833). — The average compostion of the ash of 20 vari-
eties of apples and 13 varieties of pears is recorded. The apples were slightly
richer in total ash and nitrogen than the pears, but contained only about half as
much sulphuric acid. Otherwise the composition of the two was very similar.
Plum in Kansas, with a chapter on prunes ( Topeka: Slate, 1900, pp. 159). — This
consists of a large number of articles compiled from horticultural journals, bulle-
tins, and reports, by W. H. Barnes for the Kansas State Horticultural Society. The
work also contains reports of many Kansas plum growers. The articles selected
treat of the botany, pollination, culture, varieties, insects, and diseases of plums,
etc. The chapter on prunes is taken largely from California and Oregon sources. It
is not expected that prunes can be grown with profit in Kansas, but it is thought
that there is a large opening for the plum industry.
California navel lemon {California Cult., 15 {1900), Xo. 26, p. 403, fig. 1). — The
origination of an absolute seedless lemon is reported. Illustrations of the new
lemon and of cross sections are given.
Olive culture, W. J. Allen {Agr. Gaz. Xew South Wales, 11 {1900), Nos. 10, p)p.
829-836, pis. 5, figs. 5; 11, pp. 1020-1022, figs. 4; 12, pp. 1059-1074, pis. 11, figs. 4).—
Popular article dealing with the history and propagation of olives, soils, transplant-
ing, cultivation, pruning, varieties, oil making, pickling, etc. In the Wagga olive
orchard the varieties Bouquettier and Correggiola have been found superior to all
other varieties in the production of oil, and these are recommended for planting.
Fruit tree culture in pots, J. Hudson {Garden, 58 {1900), Xo. 1507, pp. 264,265,
figs. 2). — Fruit houses, potting and pruning trees, and varieties of peaches, plums,
cherries, pears, and apples best suited for growing in pots are noted.
Forcing fruits under glass, W. Turner {Amer. Gard., 22 {1901), Xo. 318, p.
58). — Forcing in borders and in pots is considered and a list given of early, midsea-
son, and late varieties of peaches, nectarines, pears, plums, ajiples, and figs suitable
for the purpose. The temperature at which the house should be held at different
periods in the growth of the fruit, methods of watering, pruning, etc., are also con-
sidered.
The cocoa tree ; its culture and management in all countries of production,
H. Jumelle {Le cacraogfr; sa culture et son exploitation danstous les jmijs de production.
Paris: Augustin Challamel, 1900, j^p- 211, figs. 19). — A comprehensive treatise on the
854 EXPERIMENT STATIOIST RECORD.
botany, chemisti-y, commerce, culture, and the insects and diseases of the cocoa
tree and its products; and on the countries which produce cocoa. The work is
prefaced by a brief historical discussion j^ertinent to the subject.
Th.e manuring of coffee, A. Lehman {Planting Opinion, 6 {1900), Xo. 47, pp.
796-79!)). — A lecture on the subject, M'ith suggestions regarding experiments.
Coffee, its preparation and effects, Goodfellow {Planting Opinion, 5 {1900),
No. 48, pp. 821, 822). — A popular article, giving statistics on the production and con-
sumption of coffee, and discussing the constituents of the projjerly prepared article
and the methods of its preparation.
Tests of small fruit, J. Troop {Indiana Sta. Bui. 83, pp. 107-114)- — Data are here
recorded for tests of 82 varieties of strawberries, 32 raspberries, 18 blackberries, and
1 dewberry, in continuation of work previously reported with these fruits (E. S. R.,
10, p. 1042) . Of the raspberries grown Miller, Cuthbert, Columbian, Golden Queen,
Alpha, Conrath, Eureka, Kansas, and Nemaha are recommended for both market
and home use. Subsoiling for raspberries is advised. Lucretia is the only dewberry
recommended for general cultivation. Of the blackberries grown Agawam, Early
King, Erie, Snyder, and Taylor are considered the best for the family garden.
Strawberries, F. S. Earle {Alabama College Sta. P,ul. 109, pp. 39-51) . — Descriptive
notes and cultural data are given on 34 varieties grown at the station, and suggestions
given regarding the establishment of a strawberry plantation. Earlier work with
strawberries at this station has been recorded in E. S. R., 10, p. 552.
Strawberry culture, E. IIechler {Der Erdheerfreund. Erfurt: J. Frohherger,
1898, pp. 126, figs. 14). — Practical directions for the culture and rational use of differ-
ent varieties of strawberries for domestic use and the trade. Some 40 reci]>es are
given for utilizing the fruit.
Resistance of strawberries to frost, E. V. "Wilcox {Montana Sta. Bui. 22, pp.
17-21). — Preliminary work on this subject has been previously reported (E. S. R.,
11, p. 247). In the author's further investigation it has been found that with those
varieties of strawberries in which injury from frost was greatest, "the seeds were
most exposed or were situated in very shallow depressions of the strawberry pulp.
On the other hand, in those varieties which did not suffer from frost, the seeds were
protected by being embedded so deeply in ])its of the plant that they Avere practically
surrounded by the pulj). Between these 2 extremes there was found a regular series
of graduations represented by varieties in which the seeds were embedded in jiits in
the pulp of varying depth."
Viticulture and wine making in Algeria, J. Bertraxd {Bui. Agr. Algcrie et
Tunisie 6 {1900), Nos. 9, pp. 223-253, figs. 6; 10, pp. 265-301, fig. 1).—X. general arti-
cle covering soils, varieties, manure, culture, diseases, etc., and the manufacture,
storage, and commerce of wine. One part is devoted to the phylloxera and the
reconstruction of vineyards. The financial aspect is also considered.
Culture of caoutchouc in Brazil, L. Furquim n' Almeida {Be V exploitation dii
caoutchouc au Bnsil. Brussels: Oscar Schepeus d- Co., 1900, ]>}>. 24). — Countries and
plants which produce caoutchouc and methods of cultivating, harvesting, extracting,
and preparing for market are considered.
Grafting experiments with Malvaceae, H. Limlemith {(lartenfiora, 50 {1901),
No. 1, pp. 8-11). — Malrastrum capen.se and Lavatera arhorea Avere grafted on Ahulilon
thompsoni. In both instances the scions grew rapidly and bore yellow variegated
leaves. Cuttings from the scions were made, some of which the author succeeded in
rooting. These also produced the characteristic yellow variegated leaves of Ahitilon
thompsoni.
A new clematis with fragrant fiow^ers, D. Bois {Jour. Soc. Nut. JTort. France,
4. ser. {1900), Drc, ]ip. 865-868, fig. 1.) — The author describes Clematis huchaniana.
Both the leaves and flowers of this plant are ornamental and the flowers are very
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 855
fragrant. The blooming period begins about September and lasts until freezing
weather.
Daffodils, T. Bare {Jour. Hort., 52 {1000), No>i. 271S, p. 396; 2719, p. 416).— K
historical sketc-h.
Notes on the honeysuckles, E. A. Popexoe {Amer. Gard., 22 {1900), Ko. SIS,
p. 57). — The fharactcr and method of propagation and culture of a number of shrub
and twining species of Lonicera are reported.
The raising' of orchids from, seed {Gard. Chron., 8. .ler., 28 {1900), No. 725, pp.
350, 351). — Details of a successful method of growing orcliids from seed.
Methods for growing- seed from Phlox divaricata, Daphne cneorum, Toxi-
cophlcea thunbergi, Yucca filamentosa, ]M. Lobxer {Garteiijloni, 50 [1001), No.
2, pp. 44-4S, fi'jif. 5). — The successful methods of the author in fruiting these plants
are outlined.
International Cong-ress of Rose Growers {Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. France, 4-^0% 1
{1900), Oct., pp. 693-740). — In addition to the official proceedings of the society, the
text of the following papers, which were read at the meeting of the society in Paris,
June 14, 1900, is given: Classification of roses, Virger; Are there races of roses?
Viviand-Morel; Hybridity, Allard; The influence of scion on the stock; The different
forms of roses and their characteristics, JMeyran; Study of the better varieties of
China roses adopted by the congress, Meyran.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Some field experiments -with formalin, M. B. Thomas {Proc.
Indiana Acad. Sci. 1898, pj). 62-64)- — An account is given of field
experiments with oats for the prevention of smut by treating the seed
with i per cent solution of formalin, after which the seed was sown
broadcast. Untreated oats were sown at the same time, and so far as
early appearances were concerned no difference could be observed as
a result of the treatment. The mature plants from the treated seeds
were slightly smaller than those from the untreated ones, but the amount
of grain produced was the same in both cases. Upon ripening, the
plants of the untreated seed showed 6 per cent smutty heads, while
there was not a trace of smut to be found on any of the plants grown
from the treated seeds.
In experiments Avith corn in w-hich the grain was soaked in a 1 per
cent solution, the seeds were dela^'ed somewhat in their germination,
but the early attacks of smut were totally prevented hy the treatment.
Later infection during the growth of the plant was not prevented by
the use of the fungicide.
Seed treatment for the prevention of beet diseases, M. Hoff-
mann {Deut. Landw. Fresse, 27 {1900), Ko. 66, fj). 819, 820).— A.n
account is given of experiments in which the effect of seed treatment
on the germination of seed and the prevention of some of the diseases
of beets were investigated. Different lots of -beet seed were soaked
for 20 hours in a 1 per cent solution of carbolic acid, for 30 minutes
in concentrated sulphuric acid, after which they were washed in fresh
water and milk of lime; for 20 hours in a 2 per cent solution of h'sol,
856 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
and for 2 hours in a 1 per cent solution of cak-imn chlorid. The
results of the germination tests of the treated seed are shown, com-
parisons being made with seed soaked 0 hours in water. AVith the
exception of the s(>ed treated with lysol, the germination of the other
lots of treated seed exceeded the check, while the number of diseased
plants w^as less.
A second series of tests is reported, in which the effect of treatment
on diseases is shown. Normal seed gave 23.3 per cent of diseased
plants, and treated seed gave the following percentages of diseased
plants: Soaked in concentrated sulphuric acid, as above, 12.5 per cent;
seed removed from seed ball and treated with sulphuric acid, l-i.3 per
cent; soaked 2-1: hours in Bordeaux mixture, 20 per cent; shelled and
soaked in Bordeaux mixture, 16.6 per cent; soaked for 24 hours in a
copper sulphate-soda mixture, 12 per cent; shelled and soaked in a
copper-soda mixture, 9.2 per cent; shelled seed untreated, 10.7 per
cent diseased.
As a result of his investigations, the author recommends as the best
and surest method of treatment the soaking of the seed in sulphuric
acid, as described above. The efficiency of the treatments with calcium
chlorid, copper-soda mixture, and carbolic acid is in the order named.
The last named should not exceed a i per cent solution. The experi-
ments in shelling seed showed that the advantage derived from the
treatment does not compensate the additional cost.
The rotting of greenhouse lettuce, G. E. Stone and R. E. Smith
[Massachusetts Hatch Sta. Bul.GO.j^P- M\ P^>^- ^,»- 9,dgms. 7).—
The forcing of lettuce, which has become a very important industry in
Massachusetts, is liable to great loss on account of a number of para-
sitic diseases to which the plants are subject. The authors have been
carr3nng on the investigations for 5 years relative to a cause of these
diseases and means for their prevention. Their experiments have at
last been brought to such a point of completeness as to w^arrant pul)-
lishing the results in detail. The technical portions of their investi-
gations have been already published (E. S. R., 12, p. 761).
As the result of their studies it was found that great confusion has
existed as to the cause of a number of diseases of lettuce. The fungus
most generally described as causing lettuce diseases is Botrytis md-
garis. This fungus is said to occur rather rarely as a parasite on well-
grown lettuce. It is commonly associated with the diseases indelinitely
known as " damping off'," mildew, black root, and rot. The most
serious disease of forced lettuce is that called " drop." This disease
has been found to be caused by the fungus jScIeroti/ualibcrtiana^vfhich.
has not previously been described as occurring on lettuce, but is known
to cause similar diseases on a ninnber of other plants. It is a fungus
that spreads through the soil and does not yield to the ordinary methods
of prevention. It is an active parasite, attacking and killing every
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 857
plant with which it comes in contact. The presence of a white mold
at the base of the plant, rotting the leaf bases and the stem, and a sud-
den collapsing of plants, distinguish this disease from the Botrytis
diseases with which it has been confused.
Another disease which is due to a species of Rhizoctonia, in which
the lower leaves are first attacked, moist brown spots occurring, and
the leaf blade rapidly rotted away, is briefi}^ described. In this dis-
ease the center of the head becomes a black, slimy mass. A brief note
is also given on a bacterial disease, which so far the authors have not
met with in their investigations.
An extended account is given of experiments conducted for the con-
trol of the ' ' drop " and Rhizoctonia diseases by sterilizing soil.
Experiments show that where f to f of an inch of sterilized sand or
earth is used as a covering to the buds the amount of disease is reduced
47 per cent; 1 in. of sterilized sand or earth reduces it 87 per cent;
and when 2, 3, or 4 in. have been sterilized there is no disease what-
ever, when the plants had not been infected from contaminated material.
The sterilization of soil is affected by heating it to about 160° F.
Other methods of preventing these diseases were investigated, but
aside from sterilization none were efficient. Freezing the soil had no
effect upon the drop disease, and the development of the sclerotia was
considerably accelerated by freezing. Drjing the soil has a similar
effect. The sterilization method of treatment will have no value upon
such diseases as the Botrytis, mildew, bacterial rot, etc., which can be
readih' prevented by proper management of the crops, spraying, etc.
Orange culture and diseases, J. Borg {Bui. Bot. Dept. Jamaica^
n. ser., 7 {1900), JS^o. 9, pp. 129-lJi^). — This paper gives an account of
orange culture and diseases in Malta. The principles of culture are
briefly outlined and the diseases treated under the heads of insect dis-
eases, those caused by fungus parasites, those due to errors in assimi-
lation or unsuitable surroundings. Among the insects noted c^ most
troublesome are 2 species of flies {IIalterop>hora capitatct and j,L Jiis-
panica), and numerous scale insects. Of the fungus diseases described,
the black blight or fumago, due to Meliola penzkji, the gummosis due
to a number of species of Fusarium, Cladosporium, etc., and to the
attacks of Polijporm oMupius., are described at some length. The dis-
eases due to imperfect assimilation and improper surroundings are
briefly described. Among these diseases are mentioned withers or
lupa, which is the sudden death of part or the whole of a tree caused
by the sudden occurrence of cool breezes after a protracted sultry
calm in the hottest days of summer. It is said to be purely a phys-
ical disease, and frequent irrigation is suggested as the only remedy.
Other diseases are brontosis, which is a name given to a disease caas-
ing the sudden death of trees in the winter; anthomania, the produc-
tion of an extraordinary quantity of flowers; anthoptosis, the fall of
17622— No. 9 5
858 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
flowers without blooming-; and carpoptosis, the fiill of young- fruit.
These diseases seem to l)e due to defective nutrition and are larg-ely
mfluenced I)y the meteorological conditions of the season in which
the}" appear.
A fig disease, G. :\1a8SEE {Gard. Chron.,3. ser., 28 {1900), JS^o. 706,
2). o, ji<j. 1). — A tig disease, due to Cercospora l)olleana, is described.
The fungus is of wide distribution, being known to occur throughout
the entire Mediterranean region, in Austria, and also in Argentina.
The leaf of the plant is the part most generally attacked, the fruiting
branches of the fungus forming olive-green patches on the under sur-
face of the leaf. On the upper surface, over these discolored areas,
the leaf assumes a brown or russet tinge, eventually turning 3'ellow
and dropping. AVhen a loss of foliage occui's on a large scale, the
fruit is arrested in its development and also falls off at an early stage.
In some instances the .young fruits are attacked. Although a very
destructive parasite when present in c[uantity, it appears that no serious
attempt has been made to arrest its progress bej^ond collecting and
burning its diseased fallen leaves. It is thought that spraying with
Bordeaux mixture would doubtless be of service in preventing the
spread of the fungus, if done in suflicient time.
The sulphuring of grapes, F. Simoxet {Vigne Amer., 2^ {1900),
JSfo. 5, pp. lliS-Uio). — The author reports upon a number of trials of a
method of apph'ing sulphur to the Othello Aariety of grapes. This
variety is said to be extremel}^ sensitive to the ordinar}- application of
sulphur for the prevention of mildew. As a result of the experiments
it is shown that these, or other very sensitive varieties, may Ije suc-
cessf ull}' treated for the prevention of oidium by apph'ing the sulphur
in what is termed the Garanger method, better known as "Grisou
liquid.'' This consists of boiling for 6 hours a mixture of equal
parts of sulphur and recently slaked lime. The liquid is decanted off,
and to each liter of the mixture from 40 to 60 liters of Avater are added.
Four sprayings during the season are recommended.
Mercury in the products of vines sprayed -with the mercurial
mixtures, L. Vignox and J. Perraud {Sri. Amer. Suj),,Ifd {1900).,
Ko. 12G2,p). 20238). — On account of the rather wide use of corrosive
sublimate as a fungicide, the authors have made an investigation of
products of the grape to ascertain the percent of mercury in them.
Draft wine, press wine, lees, the residuum, and the grapes themselves,
from vines which had been treated with various fungicides containing
corrosive sublimate, were investigated. The results of analyses show
that the products of the fermentation of grapes treated with mercu-
rial mixtures in the proportions tested contained only minute traces of
mercury and consequentl}" could be used without danger. The effect
on the plant, however, showed that the use of corrosive sublimate was
decidedlv detrimental.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 859
On the preventive treatment of smuts of cereals, G. Ariete {St<tz. Sper. Agr.
Ilal., 33 {IfiOO), No. 5, pp. 403-4 J 9). — The literature of seed trcatinent for the preven-
tion of smuts of cereals is briefly reviewed and an account given of experiments of the
author in v.hicli copper sulpliate, potassium sulphate, sodium sulphate, potassium
permanganate, and formalin were used. The results of the different trials are given,
from which it appears that all the fungicides exercised a beneficial effect in reducing
the amount of smut, the best results being obtained when the seed was treated for 12
hours with a 5 per cent solution of copper sulphate, or 30 minutes with a 10 per cent
solution, the results being practically identical. An extended bibliography of the
subject concludes the paper.
Treatment of seed oats for smut, E. Y. Wilcox {Montana Sta. Bid. 22, pp.
24, 25). — The cause and ajipearance of smut are described, and an experiment in
which formalin was used as a preventive of oat smut is outlined. The oats were
soaked for 2 hours in a solution of formalin, 1 lb. to 50 gal. of water. Comi)arisons
were made with ordinary copper-sulphate treatment, the seed being sown upon
contiguous areas. In its development from the grain treated with copper sulphate,
smutty heads were numerous and conspicuous; while among the oats grown from
the seed treate<l ^vith formalin, 1)ut 2 or 3 smutty heads were found in a plat of about
2 acres.
Combating' the corn smut (TJstilago maydis), S. David {Sehl: Khoz. i Lyesov.,
197 {1000), June, pp. 553-566). — By a series of experiments the author found that
weak solutions of formaldehyde do not affect the power of germination of corn, but
the spores of the corn smut are killed by such solutions. As the most suitable
strength of the solution of formaldehyde, the author recommends one of 0.1 percent,
to whose action the seeds should be subjected for 4 to 5 hours. — p. fireman.
Potato scab, E. Y. "Wn.cox {Montana Sfu. Bvl. 22, pp. 22, 23). — A brief descrip-
tion-is given of potato sca1:>, together with results of a number of experiments for its
prevention. The comparative value of gypsum, sulphur, corrosive sublimate, and
formalin as means for the prevention of potato scab was tested. The results showed
that formalin was not only the most efficient, but, being nonpoisonous, is easily
handled.
Red mold of hops, W. H. Hammond {Jour. Southeast. Agr. Col. Wye, 1900, No. 9,
pp. 19, 20) . — The cause of this disease, which seriously affects the quality and yield
of hops, is said to be the mildew of the leaves, Sphxrotheca castagnei. Applications
of sulphur or solution of potassium sulphid are recommended.
Orobanche cumana, V. Soukochev {Selsk. Khoz. i Lyesov., 196 {1900), Jan., pp.
15-26). — This parasite causes great injury to the sunflower in southern Russia. The
author describes the germination and development of the plant parasite and the
measures of combating it. The chief remedy is the pulling out of the parasite as
soon as it shows itself and begins to blossom. This parasite suffers from the attacks
of the fungus rwri/stis orohanrhes and of the fly Phytomyza orohanchia. — p. fireman.
Boot knot of the peach, W. A. Boucher {Neiv Zealand Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1900, p.
334). — An account is given of the occurrence of a disease of peach trees that is doubt-
less the same as crown gall. It is thought to have been introduced from California
■with a lot of peach seeds.
Bacteriosis of walnut, W. A. BorcHER {New Zealand Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1900, pp.
334, 335). — A description is given of a bacterial disease of cultivated walnut trees.
It is apparently the same as that occurring in California, which has i)reviously been
noted (E. S. R., 11, p. 261).
A new injury to trees, Ai-ffenrerg {Oesterr. Ford u. Jagdir. Ztg., 18 {1900), No.
60, p. oPS).— Injury to vegetation about works erected for the manufacture of calcium
carbid used in acetylene making is noted.
New disease on Carag-ana arborescens, A. Yacuevski {Schh. Khoz. i Lyesov.,
196 {1900), Mar., j)p. 663-666). — The fungus discovered on the Caragana is taken by
860 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
the author to be a new species of the genus Phleospora, and he proposes the name
Phleospora caraganas for it. The new species most resembles, in its external appear-
ance, P. o.ryacanthvR. To protect the Caragana from the fungus, the author recom-
mends the careful removal of the fallen leaves and the spraying of the trees in the
spring with Bordeaux mixture.— p. fireman.
Basal rot in narcissus, W. Crawford {Jour. Hort., 52 [1900), No. 2691, pp. 347,
34s) . — A description is given of what is said to be one of the most destructive root
diseases of narcissus. The name basal rot has been applied to this disease and in the
author's opinion it is due to a species of Penicillium. The first indication of the dis-
ease is in the brown markings on the bulbs. These may be very slight or change
the whole outer appearance into a discolored mass. While the fungus is ordinarily
considered a saprophyte, the author believes it to be the true cause of the disease
and recommends for its prevention the frequent rotation of crops and the use of com-
mercial fertilizers.
ENTOMOLOGY.
Proceedings of the tv7elfth annual meeting of the Association
of Economic Entomologists {U. S. DejJt. Agr., D'wiswn of Ento-
riiolocjy Bui. 26^ n. stj'.,jj'jj. 102,2)ls. ^,fig. 1). — At this meeting, held
in New York City June 23, 23, 1900, the following papers were read:
Objects of the Association of Economic Entomologists, C. P. Gillette
(pp. 5-15). — ^This paper is the address of the vice-president and con-
tains a discussion of the objects of the Association.
The estaljlishment of a neio hcneficial insect in California, L. O.
Howard (pp. 16, 17). — Scutellista cyenea was brought to this country
from Cape Colony by C. P. Lounsbury upon twigs infested with
Lecaniam, olece. Previous attempts had been made in colonizing this
parasite (E. S. R., 10, p. 1058).
Beneficial work of Ilyperaspis signata, L. 0. Ilotvard {])]). 17, 18). —
Brief notes on the agency of this insect in reducing the numbers of
Pidvinaria acericola (E. S. R., 12, p. 160).
Some effects of early spring applications of insecticides on fruit trees,
E. P. Eelt (pp. 22-25). — Experiments were conducted in lighting the
San Jose scale with mixtures of kerosene and crude petroleum in water
in 20 and 25 per cent solutions, potash, whale-oil soap, and h3"drocyanic-
acid gas. The spraying was done on April 11 and the fumigation on
April 19-21 on a mixed orchard of 100 young pear, peach, and plum
trees. The results indicated that crude petroleum seriously injured
the trees under certain conditions. The mechanical dilutions of this
substance up to the strength of 25 per cent appear to be harmless if
applied before the buds open.
Tile relations of Pimpla conqidsitor to ClisiocamiM americana, C. 2L
Weed and W. M. Fiske (pp. 33, 31). — This parasite is reported as
attacked when nearly full grown by a secondary parasite, Theronia
fulvescens. Pinpla conquisitor occurs both as a primary and as a
secondary parasite of the tent caterpillar.
Observations on Diabrotica 12-p)unct(ita, A. L. Quaintance (pp. 35-
40). — This beetle was reported as abundant in Georgia. The lirst
ENTOMOLOGY. 861
adults were seen March 12, the first signs of injury on May 2, and
the first pupre INIay 8. The insect was observed on a large number of
food plants. Laboratory observations were made on the egg-laying
habit and the extent of the life C3'cle. Experiments were conducted
in planting corn deep, shallow, earh, late, with an excess of seed in
the hills, and drilled; plats were also planted with seed corn soaked in
strong kerosene emulsion, diluted kerosene emulsion, chlorid of lime,
or soaked in tar and in sulphur made adhesive by moistening with
molasses; 1 plat was treated ^vith kainit at the rate of 2,000 lbs. per
acre; another plat was spra^^ed with kerosene emulsion around the
hills; tobacco dust was also placed in each hill of 1 plat. The seed
corn soaked in strong kerosene emulsion was considerabh" injured and
a larger percentage of larva? was noted inths plats treated with kainit
than in other plats. None of the methods of treatment except late
planting had any appreciable effect in reducing the number of larvae.
Notes on some African ticks, 0. P. Lounshury (pp. 11—19). — A brief
discussion of Aniblyomma hehrcBum, Ilyaloiama (jegyptius, Itliijpicej^aliis
decoloratus, R. evertsi, OnitJiodoros samgnii, and Argas persicus.
Notes on Coccidce of Georgia, W. M. Scott (pp. 19-51). — Brief notes
on about 10 species of Coccidas observed in this State.
Notes upon the destructive green-pea louse for 1900, W. G. Johnson
(pp. 55-58). — The brush and cultivator method is reported as being a
simple and rather effective means of destro^'ing Nectaroj^hora destruc-
tor. No practical spraying method has been found.
Hydrocyanic-acid gas as an insecticide on low gnnoing plants, E. D. ,
Sanderson and C. L. Penny (pp. 60-66). — This paper contains a record
of experiments in fumigating small plants in the field and in boxes.
(SeeE. S. R.,12,p. 162.)
Notes from Delaware, E. D. Sanderson (pp. 66-72). — Brief notes on
a number of injurious insects, including the horse bot fly, green-apple
aphis, destructive green-pea louse, and ladybird beetles.
Aj^helinus fuscipemiis, an imp)ortaiit parasite npon the San Jose scale
im Eastern ZTnited States, W. G. Johnson (pp. 73-75). — Brief notes on
the extent of parasitism of the San Jose scale by this parasite.
Entomolog iced notes from Colorado, C. P. Gillette (pp. 76-80). — In
experiments to test the extent of spring migration of the codling moth,
a number of larvas were found under bands around trees, but not suffi-
cient to warrant the adoption of this method for combating the first
brood. Brief notes are also given on the peach-twig borer, woolly
aphis, San Jose scale, California mite, and Lap>hygrna fa rimaculata.
Notes on insects of economic importance for 1900, W. G. Johnson
(pp. 80-Sl). — Brief notes on asparagus beetles, destructive green-
pea louse, Mediterranean flour moth, and San Jose scale.
Insects of the year in Ohio, F. M. Webster (pp. -81-90). — Brief notes
on the Hessian fly, fall army worm, Carneades tessellata, C. insignata,
862 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
onion thrips, destructive pea louse, 2rijor]if<>i(s dentieoIUf<, Ilarjxilus
caliginosus, and Saperda vestita.
JVotes from California^ C. W. Woodworth (pp. 90-9-i). — Notes on
Lecanlum olece, the San Jose scale, codling- moth, peach-twig borer,
phj^lloxera, and TypJdocyba comes.
Notes from Canada, J. Fletcher (pp. 9i-96). — A brief account of
Caccecla rosaceanct and some of the common insect enemies of roots,
vegetables, cereals, forage plants, trees, and shrubs.
First report on insect pests for 1899, F. V. Theobald {Jonr.
Southeast Agr. Col. Wye, 1900, No. 9, j^P- '^1-^8, figs. ^J).— The
author discusses the habits, life histor^^, and remedial measures against
the asparagus beetles (6VvVxY/'^'6'rt-s^x^r(:^(// and C. lH-punctata). Among
the natural enemies of the first species the author mentions ladybirds,
lace-wing flies, and An thocorls nemorurn . Hand picking of the larvee is
recommended in gardens which are badly infested with these insects.
Chickens and ducks also render valuable service in reducing the number
of the beetles.
A species of thrips is reported as injurious to the scarlet runner
bean. Infested plants are readily discernible l)y the fact that the
lower petals become rapidly shriveled from the attacks of this insect.
A detailed description is given of the species, and brief notes on its
life history. For combating this species, and also Thrips pislvmxi.,
the author recommends the destruction of all bark and rubbish under
which the insects might hide and the use of such insecticides as pyr-
ethrum and tobacco.
The author worked out anew the complete life history of the hop
aphis {Phorodon humull). The eggs of this species are found in win-
ter on prune trees, and from these eggs viviparous wingless females
are hatched, of which there were 3 generations. During June winged
viviparous females were produced, some of which migrated to hops.
In the fall female and male migrants returned to the prune trees,
where the insect hibernated in the ^^g stage. The author believes
that the cultivation of prunes and plums in the neighborhood of
hop gardens is partly responsible for unusual outbreaks of the hop
louse. Brief notes are also given on 2£dolontha culgaris as an enemy
of the hop. The burdock moth {Gortyna flavago) is reported as hav-
ing caused consideral)le damage to tomatoes. Tlie larvje of this insect
enters the stems of various other plants beside the tomato and burrows
upward in the central pith. The recorded food plants of the species
are ragwort, burdock, dock, and thistles. The author presents brief
notes on the considerable luimber of injurious insects, among which
mention may be made of flea-beetles on ca])bago and other garden veg-
etables, applc-T)lossom weevils, Avlieat midge, and pear midge.
The Hessian fly in 1899 and 1900, F. M. Webster {Ohio Sta.
Bid. 119^ p>p. 237-24-7).— The Hessian fly was unusually destructive to
ENTOMOLOGY. 863
wheat in Ohio during the fall of 1899 and the spring of 1900. The
conditions which were favorable to the relative abundance of the
Hessian fly were the decrease in the number of its natural enemies,
a mild autunni, and a severe drought which retarded the development
of the fall brood to such an extent that the flies emerged in time to be
most destructive to late sown wheat. The Hessian fly emerges about
one month earlier in the fall over the northern parts of the State than
in the southern parts. Throughout Ohio, except in the northwest
and southwest portions, the rainfall in August, 1899, was below the
normal. During September the temperature was low and heavy rains
occurred on the 18th and 25th of this month. Soon after these rains
the fall brood of the Hessian fly emerged and attacked the j^oung
wheat which required a longer time than usual for germination on
account of the drought. The author believes that the Hessian fly will
probably continue to be very destructive for another season. It is
possible, however, for the farmer to regulate to some extent the time
of sowing wheat by the weather conditions, remembering that the fall
brood of the Hessian fly emerges within a few days after a heavy
rainfall. It is not advisa])le to sow wheat for 2 successive years on
the same ground and it should be remembered that the Hessian fly
attacks rye and barley as well as wheat.
The Hessian fly in West Virginia and ho-w to prevent losses
from its ravages, A. D. Hopkins {Wed Virginia Sta. Bui. (J7 ^ pp.
%S9-^5If-., pils. '2., 'map 1). — The author gives a brief summary of the
life history of the Hessian fly. In West Virginia there are 2 broods
of this insect a 3'ear, and the time of appearance of the fall brood is
modified more b}^ altitude than by latitude. The author gives a brief
statement of the ordinar}^ methods used in controlling the Hessian fly,
including burning of the stubble, plowing under stubble, destruction
of volunteer wheat, sowing trap strips of wheat, and crop rotation.
It is stated that the period for sowing wheat extends over about 15 or
20 days, beginning about a week earlier than the average date for the
disappearance of the fall brood of Hessian flies, and ending from 1 week
to 16 da3's later than this date. The disappearance of the fall swarm
or period of active flight is, according to the author, governed by a
natural law which "causes it to vary at the rate of about 1 days for
each degree of latitude (earlier toward the north and later toward
the south) and 1 da3's earlier for each 100 feet of altitude above sea
level." The average dates for the disappearance of the fall brood in
difl'erent parts of the State are given on a map which accompanies the
bulletin.
Experiments with insecticides upon potatoes, C. D. Woods
{Maine Sta. Jjiil. US., pp). lGD-192). — This bulletin contains a report
upon experiments with several commercial insecticides in comparison
"with Paris green as a remedy for the potato beetle. For these experi-
864 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ments a ten-acre field was placed at the disposal of the experiment sta-
tion. This field was planted with Green Mountain potatoes in April
and divided into 14 plats of 16 rows each, with 2 plats of shorter rows
at either end. As insecticides Paris green, Boxal, Paragrene, arsenate
of lead, and Arsenoids Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5, were used. The insecti-
cides were applied with water, together with a fungicide, either Bor-
deaux mixture or other similar materials. One-half the field was
spra^'ed Jul}^ 11 and the other half on Juh" 13. The whole field was
sprayed July 21 and 27 and one-half on August 10 and the other half
on August 11. A Vermorel nozzle was used for the first application
over each row and the rows were passed over twice in opposite direc-
tions. The other applications were made with a double Vermorel
nozzle.
Three applications of Paris green at the rate of i lb. per acre kept
the potato beetles so reduced in numbers that the fourth application
on August 10-11 was unnecessary. Applied at the rate of ^ lb. to 2
lbs. of lime per acre, Paris green was more effective in killing the
bugs than when mixed with Bordeaux mixture, the latter being appar-
ently so distasteful to the beetles that the}^ left the thoroughh" spra5'ed
leaves, and thus avoided the leaves with the most Paris green. Para-
grene was applied 4 times with Bordeaux mixture at the rate of ^ 11).
per acre. The Paragrene used in the experiment was coarser than
Paris green, and there was some residue which would not go through
a fine Vermorel nozzle. The potato beetles were all destroyed, and
onh" a slight injury to the foliage was noticed. Field notes made on
the experiments with the Arsenoids show that these substances were
as efi'ective as Paris green, but less so than arsenate of lead. Thej'
contain more free arsenious acid than the best Paris green. Arsenate
of lead is the poisonous element in Boxal and Disparene. Rows 97 to
112 were treated 4 times with arsenate of lead and Bordeaux mixture
at the rate of 1 lb. per acre. On August 14 it was noted that the
beetles were all destroyed. Boxal was also applied 4 times at the rate
of 5 lbs., and in another plat at the rate of 10 lbs. per acre. The
larger application was more efi'ective in destroving the potato beetles.
Disparene was applied to a field of 3 or 4 acres with satisfactory
results.
A number of experiments were conducted with Bug Death as an
insecticide. It was found that this substance would cost $8 per acre
for each application and that 2 applications about a fortnight apart
would be necessary to free the potatoes from the beetles. The process
of applying this insecticide is slow and laborious. The substance is
chiefl}^ zinc oxid and contains no nitrogen and only a trace of phos-
phoric acid and potash. It can not therefore be considered a fertilizer.
At the rate of 100 lbs. per acre this substance freed potato vines from
the beetles. The beetles, however, were not killed but merely driven
ENTOMOLOGY. 865
awa3\ The great cost and slow process of application of this sub-
stance renders it an imperfect insecticide. Black Death was also
applied once on i acre of potatoes at the rate of 40 lbs. per acre. It
had no appreciable effect upon the beetles.
The author concludes that there is no good substitute for arsenical
poisons in combating the Colorado potato beetle. Arsenical poisons
are best applied with water in the form of a fine spra}^ in conjunction
with Bordeaux mixture or lime. Some of the cheaper arsenoids were
as effective as Paris green. Lead arsenate was the most satisfactory'
of all insecticides used during the experiments.
Economic and biological notes on insects injurious to herba-
ceous crops in the Valley of Bientina, G. del Guercio {I^uove
Relaz. R. Staz. Ent. Acjr., 1. ser., 1900, No. 2,2>P- 269-303, figs. 31).—
A critical review is presented of the literature relating to Agrotis
ypsilori, in connection with a brief bibliography of the subject.
Detailed descriptions are given of this insect in all its stages, and a
brief discussion is presented of its life habits and metamorphoses.
The more common host plants of this insect in Italy are said to be
beans, kidney beans, potatoes, hemp, tobacco, cotton, etc. The con-
ditions which are favorable to the development of this insect are a drj',
windy winter, followed by a spring relatively cold and wet. The
insects which were noticed pre^dng upon this cutworm were Ilister
G-striatus, Fm'mica rufa, and Poly erg us rufescens. A bacterial dis-
ease was noticed among the cutworms and several cutworms were
destroyed by Oospora guerclana. The more important insect parasites
are Meteorus scutelJator, Microplitis mediana, Erigovgus melaiiohafus,
Ceolopistus ce2)halotus, etc.
The author recommends the usual remedies adopted for cutworms
and army worms in coml^ating this insect.
The effect of scale lice upon vegetable tissues, J. Kochs {Bot.
Mns.,Aht. FfiaRzen><cludz, JFamhuvg, 2 {1900), jp- i^)-— The author
made an investigation of the cause of spots of various colors found on
the exterior of fruits. Red spots were found on peaches, pears, and
apples, and were due to the attack of Diasjns "pentagona., the San Jose
scale, Forbes scale, Putnam scale, and the scurf}" scale. Yellow spots
were found on pears and were due to the attack of the oyster-shell
bark-louse and Asjndiotus p)yri. Yellowish green spots were found
on apples, and were caused b}' the presence of Roastelia i^i^'dta. Green
spots observed on apples and lemons were attributed to the attacks
of Asjy'idiotus ancylus and A. nerii. Bleached spots Avere observed
on oranges, and were caused by the attack of Parlatmna proteiis and
P. zlzypM.
On the skins of oranges onl}' a slight discoloration was produced by
the attacks of scale lice, while ripe lemons showed round spots of 10
mm. from the same cause. An investigation of the green spots showed
866 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
an abserfce of soluble 3'ellow coloring- matter, while chloropli3-ll grains
were present in abundance. A similar local checking of the ripening
process was also observed on varieties of apples attacked by various
fungi. In investigating the red spots, 2 forms were distinguished.
The one is in the cavities in either end of the fruit, while the other
was found on the convex surface of the fruit. In the former case, the
spots were elongated and arranged somewhat in a radial manner about
the center of the cavit3% while in the second case, the spots were more
nearly round. The San Jose scale was found to produce the largest
and most intensel}" colored spots. In these respects the Putnam scale
comes second in the series, and the Forbes scale third. The form of
the spots produced ])y the scurfy scale is peculiar, appearing nearly
as a double spot in each case. The author believes that the formation
of red spots is due to a hastening of the maturation process, which
takes place at the point where the beak of the insect is inserted. The
stable carboh3^drates are believed to be changed by means of enzvms
which come from the infecting insects.
The author further discusses the various forms of local swellings and
excrescences produced on fruits and other vegetable tissues by the
attacks of various scale lice.
Economic and biological notes on Simeethis nemorana {^Vuove
Relaz. R. Staz. Ent. Agr.^ 1. ser., 1900, No. 2,pxj. 305-328, fgs. lli.,])l.
1). — This insect is distributed most abundanth", according to the author,
through central Europe, while France and Italv seem to suffer most
from its attacks. The host plant is the tig. The author describes the
insect in all its stages. The insect attacks the buds, leaves, and bark
of the tender twigs of the fig. The conditions most favorable for the
development and wide distribution of this insect are an abundance of
the fig and sunn3' localities well protected from the wind. The insect
parasites which assist most materiall3^ in checking the ravages of this
fig insect 2iVc Angltla armlUata^ Pimjjla alternant, Phceogenes Impiger^
and 2£asicera casta.
A number of insecticides were used in combating this insect, among
which the following may be mentioned: Soap 2 kg., wat(U' 100 liters;
soap Ih kg., carbon ])isulphid 0.3 liter, water loo liters; alkaline tar 2
kg., water 100 liters; alkaline tar 1^ kg., bisulphid of carbon 0.8 liter,
water 100 litei's.
Observations on the development and use of the locust fungus
in G-erman southwest *<^frica, Kickmaxn and Kaesew^ukm {Notlzbl. K.
Bot. Gartens v. Mas.^JJrrlin, 3 {1900) JVo. 2J^.j>j}. G5-7Ji).—T\i(i authors
received 50 test tubes containing cultures of the locust fungus from
Cape Colon3'. Experiments were made in transferring this material
to other test tubes for the purpose of o))taining pure cultures. Micro-
scopic examinations of the materiul showed tliat the fungus was closeh^
related to Mucor TacemoHus. Experiments with this fungus indicated
ENTOMOLOGY. 867
that the locusts died from 4 to 6 days after being inoculated. The
best results were obtained in the presence of a nioderateh" moist sur-
rounding. In spreading the infection several methods may be adopted.
A number of locusts may be captured, dipped in a solution containing
the fungus, and then replaced in the swarm. Small areas of ground
frequently visited by the locust may l)o infected with the same solution.
For infecting the locust in the immature wingless stages, about a
pound of white bread was dried, pulverized and made into a rather
thick gruel; this mass was then inoculated with pure cultures of the
fungus, and after the fungus had developed so as to be readih" seen,
portions of the infected mass were placed in locations where the imma-
ture locusts might be likel}^ to feed.
The honeybee, G. G. Naylok {West Virginia State Bd. Agr. Rpt. lS90-1900,.pp.
202-209). — Popular notes on Api>i dormta and on various iiractical matters connected
with bee keeping.
Apiarian notes, J. P. Provan and H. G. Burxet {Jour. Janutica Agr. Soc, 4
{1900), Xo. 1, pp. 603-666). — The authors found that the amount of swarming was
consideraVjly reduced where 20 frames were allowed for each queen. The Italian
bees did not swarm as much as the dark hybrids, and the queens of the latter were
therefore killed off ami replace<l with Italian queens.
The determination of sex in bees, Schiller-Tietz {FilJiJing's Landw. Ztg., 49
{1900), Nos. 18, x>p. 665-673; 19, pp. 715-717; 20, lyp. 755-760).— In this article the
author presents an elaborate discussion of the problem of the determination of sex in
the honeybee. The author does not accept in its entirety either the theory of
Dzierzon or that of Dickel, but inclines to the belief that the sex of the bees is already
determined in the egg at the time it is laid.
The pantry moth, S. F. Aaron {Sci. Amer., S3 {1900), Xo. 16, pp. 250-253, tjgs_
7). — Brief notes on the life history, habits and means of combating Plodia inter-
pundcU'i.
Bibliography of clinical entomology, J. C. Huber {BiUiograpIiie drr Idinischen
Entomolgie. Jena: II. Folde, 1S99, Xos. 1, pp. 24; 2, pp. 24; 3, pp. 25; 1900, Xo. 4,
pp. '-.'7). — The author gives bibliographical references on literature relating to Sar-
coixsylla, Pulex, Acanthia, Pediculid;e, Demodex, Leptus, Dermauyssus, Arga.«,
Ixodes, Pediculoides, Tetranychus, Tyroglyphus, Sarcophila, Sarcophaga, Calliphora,
Anthomyia, Musca, Lucilia, Teichomyza, Compsomyia, Hypoderma, Derniatol)ia,
Ochromyia, Sar copies scahiei, and Synihiotes felis.
A list of the biting lice (Mallophaga) taken from birds and mammals of
North America, V. L. Kellogg {Proc. U. S. Xat. Mm., 22 {1900), pp. 39-100).—
The author presents an analytical table for the determination of species belonging to
this order of insects. The species are listed with bibliographical notes and indica-
tions of their hosts. The number of Mallophaga recorded from North American
host animals amounts to 282 species, of which 264 are from l)irds and 18 from mam-
mals. A list is also given of the host animals, with indications of the ]\Iallophaga
which occur upon each species.
Report of the botanist and entomologist, G. ^V. Herrick {Mississippi Sta.
Ep>t. 1900 pjp. 40-42). — The liming of soil apparently had a benelicial effect in check-
ing the development of tomato blight. The author has undertaken work on insects
injurious to pecans. Experiments were conducted for the destruction of horn-fly.
Cattle were sprayed with mechanical mixtures of kerosene and water containing 10,
15 and 17 per cent. It was found that the flies were destroyed if the spray was
brought in contact with them. They frequently leave the back of the animal and
lie upon the belly, and it is tlierefore necessary to direct the spray accordingly.
868 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Insects injurious to garden and field crops, fruits, forest trees, man, and
domestic animals; their life history, injuries and methods of preventing
them. III. Hymenoptera and Diptera, G. Leonakdi (-SW. Prat. Agr., 11 {1900),
No. 3, pp. 549, Jig-s. 249). — This book constitutes Vol. 3 of a general treatise on inju-
rious insects, of which Vol. 1 was published in 1889, and covered the subject of general
entomology and Coleoptera; and Vol. 2 was published in 189-1, and included a discus-
sion of injurious Lepidoptera. These 2 voUimes were written by A. Lunardoni.
The present volume gives a discussion of the life history and habits of injurious
Hymenoptera and Diptera, together with suggestions of the approved remedies for
combating these insects. A very large number of species is included, the discussion
of which species is fairly complete. The family Pulicidaj is included under the Dip-
tera. Extensive bibliographical references are given in the volume.
The plagues of field crops, P. Coxde {Bol. Soc. Nac. Agr. [Lima], 4- ser., 11
{1900), No. 3, pp. 170-172) .—Bnei general notes on the depredations committed by
injurious insects upon the common field crops.
Losses caused by the grain aphis, E. V. Wilcox {Montana Sia. Bui. 22, pp.
So, 26). — Several heads of each of a large number of varieties of wheat were inclosed
with a netting so as to prevent the attacks of the grain aphis. One hundred grains
from such heads were then compared in size, weight, and appearance with 100 grains
of the same variety from heads which had been infected with the grain aphis. It
was found that before the grain had been allowed to dry, the weight of the i^rotected
and unprotected grain of any variety was approximately the same. During the
process of drying, however, the grains from infected heads shriveled up to a consid-
erable extent and the loss in weight as compared with grain from uninfected heads
was found to be from 15 to 35 per cent.
The economic entomology of the sugar beet, S. A. Forbes and C. A. Hart
{Illinois Sta. Bui. GO, pp. 397-532, ph. 9, figt^. 97).—\\\ this bulletin the authors have
compiled brief accounts of the habits, life histories, and means of combating all
insects which are known to attack the sugar beet in the United States. The number
of species discussed is about 150. A bibliography of the su])ject is added to the
bulletin.
The locust plague and its suppression, A. Muxro {London: John Murray,
1900, pp. 365, figs. 45). — The author gives a detailed discussion of the locust plague
in Argentina and in South Africa. The subjects considered in the volume include
an account of the appearance, habits, and life history of the locust, correspond-
ents' and newspaper accounts relating to the subject, and an elaborate discussion
of the natural enemies and artificial means for combating these insects. The nat-
ural agencies recognized by the author are winds, birds, reptiles, mammals, insect
para>jites, and fungus diseases. Among the mechanical means for fighting locusts
mention may be made of trampling by means of herds of sheep and cattle, rolling
with heavy rollers propelled by steam or in front of horses; the use of wire flails;
and various forms of hopperdozers and Carcaranya machines. A considera])le dis-
cussion is also given to various forms of traps, ditches and trenches with and with-
out water, pits, barriers of various sorts, burning, and scalding l)y means of steam.
Among the chemical substances used in the destruction of locusts the following are
discussed: Ar.senical solutions, arsenic and treacle, Paris green, London purple, coal
tar, creosote, paraffin, carbolic acid, and petroleum.
Locust destruction {Agr. Jour. Cape of Good Hope, 17 {1900), No. 11, pp.
684-6&'6). — The (lovernment of the Cape of Good Hope has undertaken to bear
two-thirds of the expense of spraying materials and to furnish spray pumps where
possible, for the purpose of destroying swarms of immature locusts. The sprays
which were recommended are Blue ^Mottled Soap, Little's fluid dip, Odam's fluid
dip, glycerin dip, and Sunlight Snap. AV. K. Ellis reports the results from using
some of tliese dips. Odam's dip used in the proportion of 1 gal. to 5 gal. of cold
ENTOMOLOGY. 869
water killed all locusts in from 5 to 15 minutes. Blue ^lottlcd Soap in proportion of
1^ lbs. to 5 gal. of water caused the death of locusts upon which it was sprayed
within about 5 minutes.
Injurious fruit insects; insecticides; insecticide apparatus, K. A. Cooley
{Montana Sta. Bid. 2S, pp- 64-114, fi</s. 39). — Brief popular notes on the codling moth,
tent caterpillar, gooseberry fruit worm, pear slug, round-headed apple-tree borer,
flat-headed apple-tree borer, plum curculio, San Jose scale, oyster-shell bark-louse,
scurfy bark louse, woolly aphis, tarnished plant bug, pear psylla, currant flies, and
pear-leaf blister mite. Directions are given for the preparation and use of the com-
mon insecticides.
Ceratovacuna lanigera, the vrhite plant louse of the sugar cane leaves,
L. Zehntxer {Meded FroefMat. Suikerriet, West Java, No. 49, pp. 30, ph. 2). — The
author believes that the injury caused to sugar cane by this species is greater than
has usually been supposed. The insect is described in detail in all its stages. The
natural enemies of these plant lice are rather numerous and active in its destruction.
Among the more important ones mention may be made of Encarsia flavoscutellum,
species of Chrysopa, Osmjdus, ladybirds, and Ephcstia cauteUa.
Scale lice. Description and means of combating the most important scale
lice of the German fruit and grape industries, A. B. Fraxk and F. Kruger
{SchUdlaushurh. BefcJnribvng und Bekdmpfunrj derfllr den deuischen Obst- und Wein-
hau u'icldirjsfen J^cJiildlanse. Berlin: Paul Parey, 1900, pp. 120, figs. 39, pis. ^).— This
work contains a general discussion of the biology and economic importance, and
means of combati»ig the more injurious scale lice of Germany. The following sub-
jects are considered: Classification of the subfamilies of scale lice; the development
of scale lice; methods of reproduction; their influence on the host plants; means of
infestation of fruit trees and the natural enemies of scale lice; the direct and indirect
artificial remedies, including the care of trees, mechanical and chemical remedies,
such as lime water, arsenical preparations, creosol, lysol, soaps, petroleum, and hydro-
cyanic-acid gas; a descriptive and systematic account of the genera Aspidiotus, Dias-
pis, Mytilaspis, Par'atoria, Lecanium, and Pulvinaria; and tables for the identification
of the more important species.
Scale on fruit trees {.Tour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 4 {1900), Xo. 12, pp. 719,720). —
This paper constitutes the first of a series of leaflets which are to be issued by the
Board of Agriculture. It contains directions for preparing kerosene emulsion.
Locomotion of the larvae of scale lice, L. Reh {Bat. 3Ins., Abt. Pflanzenschutz,
Hamburg, 2 {1899-1900) , pp. 6). — In order to determine the rapidity with which the
larvae of scale lice may move, the author placed a number upon a sheet of paper and
traced the course of the larvae by means of a pencil. It was found that the larvje of
the oyster-shell bark-louse moved from 1| to 2 cm. per minute, while the larvae of
Diaspis ostreicformis traveled about Ik cm. per minute.
How to control the San Jose scale, C. L. Marlatt ( U. S. Depl. Agr., Diri.'sion of
Entomology Circ. 42, 2. .^er.,pp. 6). — The author believes that the San Jos4 scale can not
be exterminated where it has once become well established, but that it can be suc-
cessfully controlled. The most important insecticide methods for controlling this
insect are the lime, salt, and sulphur wash in California and in the East whale-oil
soap, pure kerosene, crude petroleum, mechanical mixtures of either kero.sene or crude
petroleum with water, and fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas. Brief directions
are given for the preparation and use of these insecticides.
The structure of the border of the last abdominal segment of the San Jose
scale, II. :Meek\vakth {Bot. Mns., Abt. Pflanzen.^rhut-, Hamburg, 2 {1S99-1900), pp.
15, 2)1- 1, figs. 5). — This article is a detailed study of various anatomical features con-
nected with the exterior of the posterior abdominal segment of this insect.
Report on the activity of the section for plant protection for 1899, C.
Brick {Bot. Mus., Abt. Pfianzenschuiz, Hamburg, 2 {1399-1900), pp. 3). — Tne author
870 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
gives a detailed report on the number of crates, barrels, and l:)askets of fresh American
fruit received in Hamburs, and on the proportion which were found to be infested
with the iSan Jose scale.
Aspidiotus ostreasformis and related species, L. Keh {Bot. ^fus., Alt. Pjlan-
zenschntz, Hamburg, 2 {1SS9-1900), pp. 13, fig. i) . — Upon examination, the author
found that the species hitherto known in German j* as A. odrescformis is really A. pgri,
and that the true ostreseformis also occurs in Germany. The detailed description of
the species is therefore given.
Sumach, as a remedy for combating- Phylloxera, G. Flori.\xo {Staz. Sper.
Agr. Ital.,33 {1900), No. 1, pp. 45-55) . — Infusions of the wood and leaves of this
plant were placed in the soil around infested grapevines fur the purpose of determin-
ing whether the substance had anj' destructive effect upon Phylloxera. Entirely
negative results were obtained in all exj^jeriments.
The life history of Arctia phalerata, A. Gibsox {Canad. Ent., 32 {1900), No.
12, pp. 360-37 G). — The author descril^es the egg of this species, 7 stages in the larval
development, and the pupa. The length of the pupal stage was found to be about
12, days. The food plants of the first brood were dandelion and plantain; the second
brood was found only on the dandelion.
The structure and life history of the harlequin fly, L. C. Miall and A. R.
Hammond {Oxford: Clarendon Pres.9, 1900, pp. 191, pi. l,figs. 129). — In this book the
authors have described in detail the life history and relations of Chironomous dorsalis
to other Diptera, the larva, pupa, adult and embryonic conditions, and various ana-
tomical, histological and other details connected with the structure of this insect. A
bibliography is appended to the book.
On the genera of the chalcid flies belonging- to the subfamily Encyrtinse,
W. II. AsiiMEAD {Proc. r. S. Xat. Mus., 22 {1900), pp. 323-412).— The author gives
an analytical table for the determination of species, together with descriptions of a
number of new species.
A new sporozoon in the larvae of Diptera, L. Leger {Compt. Rend. Acad. Scl.
Paris, 131 {1900) , No. 18, jip. 722-724) • — A new species of this group of animal organ-
isms was found in larvte of the genus Ceratopogon, and is named Schizocystis gregari-
noides by the author. Brief notes are given on the anatomical characters and
metamorphoses of this jiarasite in the intestines of the host.
Note on Cordyceps sinclairii, W. B. Benham ( Trans, and Proc. Neic Zealand
Lii't., 32 {1S99), pp. 4-S, }il. 1) . — This species of fungus was found by the author in
New Zealand, infesting the larva of a species of Cicada. The fructification of most
of the species of Cordyceps hitherto studied is known only in the ascospore stage.
This species, on the other hand, was found by the author in the conidiospore stage.
Directions for collecting and rearing dragon flies, stone flies, and May
flies, J. G. Needham {E.rtr. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bui. 39, 1899, pp. 9, figs. ^).— Brief direc-
tions for collectors and students of these groups of insects.
Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid, H. H. Cousins {.Tour. Soutlieast Agr. Col.
Wye, 1900, No. 9, pp. G7-70). — Experiments were made in cooperation with Mr. T.
Y. Theobald, in treating currant bushes by this method for black currant bud mite.
Infested currant bushes which were intended for i)lanting were placed in a heap on
the ground, covered with canvas and subjected to the fumes of hydrocyanic acid for
about one hour. All the mites were killed by this treatment. In applying this
method to currant bushes growing in the field, it was found that the chemicals would
cost about $1 2 per acre.
Experiments with hydrocyanic-acid gas were also made in vineries and green-
houses, for the purpose of testing the efficiency of this method in destroying the
mealy bug. The experiments gave satisfactory results and no injury was noted on
the foliage of chrysanthemums, maidenhair ferns, and other plants whicli were sub-
jected to the treatment.
FOODS ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 871
FOODS— ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Studies on the amount of nutrients required by man at rest,
K. Elkholm {Shind. Arch. Plujswl., 11 {1000), Ms. 1-2, pp. 1-OG,
dkuja. 2). — The balance of income and outgo of nitrogen was studied
with students, soldiers, and aged men, the Sonden and Tigerstedt respi-
ration apparatus being used (E. S. R. , 8, p. 242). Tlie energy furnished
b}' the food consumed and utilized by the sul)jects is calcuhited. The
author discusses his results at length, comparing his experiments with
similar investigations made elsewhere. According to the author, the
students in these experiments required on an average 1,156 calories
per square meter of surface area; the soldiers, 1,186 calories; or taking
the average of the two groups of young men, 1,171 calories, A man
weighing 70 kg., whose surface area equals 2,0912 square meters,
would therefore need daily 2,150 calories net, while on the supj^osition
that 10 per cent of the fuel value of the food is lost in the feces, he
would need a total of 2,700 calories, or calculated on the basis of body
weight, 35 and 38. 6 calories, respectively, per kg. The author believes
further that the results of the numerous dietary studies which have
been made are in accord with these values. The article concludes with
an extended bibliography.
On the elimination of nitrogen, sulphates, and phosphates after
the ingestion of proteid food, H, C, Sherman and P. B, Hawk
{Auur. Jour. Fhyslol., 4 {1000), No. 1, pp. 25~-Jtd, dgms. J).— The
authors (healthy 3'oung men under normal conditions of nutrition)
were themselves the subjects of experiments in which the amount of
protein was increased at different times in an otherwise practicall}^
uniform diet. In one case the fat was correspondingly diminished.
The income and outgo of nitrogen were determined, as well as the heat
of combustion of the urine. The excretion of nitrogen, sulphur, and
phosphorus in the urine w^as determined at frequent intervals with
the object of ascertaining how soon after the consumption of protein
its cleavage products are excreted.
"As measured by 3-liour periods, the rates of excretion of nitrogen and sulphates
run closely parallel and normally show a tendency to rise during the morning,
reaching a maximum after the midday meal, with a slight fall in the following period
and another rise after the evening meal. During the night the excretion usually
reaches the minimum.
"The excretion of phosphates on the normal days described a curve altogether dif-
ferent from that of nitrogen and sulphates, rising steadily from the middle of the
morning until the time of retiring, then falling during the hours of sleep and con-
tinuing to fall for .3 hours after rising, reaching a minimum after breakfast.
"When lean beef sufficient to furnish about 63.7 gm. of extra protein was taken
with breakfast, the nitrogen began to rise in the first 3 hours and reached a maxi-
mum between the sixth and ninth hours, after which it declined at first rapidly and
then more slowly, reaching the normal after about 36 to 39 hours.
"The increased excretion of sulphates was proportional to that of nitrogen and
followed the same general course. It appeared, however, to begin a little later, and
certainlv regained the normal a little earlier.
872
EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.
' ' The increase in the rate of excretion of phosphates apparently began a little
later, but reached a maximum at the same time with that of nitrogen, after which it
fell rapidly, regaining the normal about 12 to 15 hours after the ingestion of the beef.
" The increased heat of combustion of the urine was but little greater than would
correspond to an amount of urea equivalent to the extra nitrogen eliminated. This
would seem to indicate that the total amount of the less highly oxidized constituents
of the m'ine was but little affected.
"The nature and extent of the changes in the urine seem to have been about the
same when the protein was simply added to the diet as when it was substituted for
an isodynamic amount of fat.
' 'A moderate gain or loss of body nitrogen does not seem to affect the changes noted. ' '
Digestion trials, J. Fields and A. G. Ford {O'klahoma Sta. Bui.
Jf.G,2'P- '^)- — '^^^ digestibility of a number of grains was tested with
chickens and that of forage crops with sheep.
Digestion trials with ddckens. — The digestibility of Kafir corn,
maize, and cowpeas, ground and unground, was tested with 3 cockerels.
The experiments in general consisted of a 5-day period preceded by
a preliminary period of 2 days. The chickens were supplied with
coarse sand and water, ad Uhitum. The amount of sand eaten was
recorded and was quite considerable, ranging from T2.6 to 296 gm.
per day. The average coefficients of digestibility obtained are shown
in the following table:
Results of digestion experiments with chickens.
Organic
matter.
Protein.
Ether
extract.
Nitrogen-
free
extract.
Crude
fiber.
Kafir corn
Kafir corn meal
Maize
Maize meal
Cowpeas
Cowpea meal . .
Per cent.
87.7
87.2
86.4
85. 5
71.5
72.2
Per cent.
52.9
42.6
49.8
48.4
40.5
43.7
Per cent.
20.1
35.5
18.4
9.6
Per cent.
96.3
96.5
92.5
91.5
87.1
87.8
Per cent.
73.7
82.7
91.7
93.1
88.7
88.7
"Chickens digested Kafir corn and corn more completely when the grain was fed
whole than when the meal was fed. The Kafir corn and Kafir meal fed in this trial
yielded but 2 per cent less total digestible matter than the corresponding corn prod-
ucts. Kafir corn was a more suitable ration, considering only the relative amounts
of growth-making and fat-forming materials, for chickens than Kafir meal, corn, or
corn meal. Cowpeas were digested reasonably well and are desirable feed for grow-
ing chickens and hens. But little gain in digestibility was secured by grinding the
cowpeas."
Digestion trials xoith sheep. — The digestibility of a number of coarse
fodders was tested with sheep. The average results follow.
Digestibility of a number uf forage crops by sheep.
Dry mat-
ter.
Protein.
Ether
extract.
Nitrogen-
free
extract.
Crude
fiber.
Ash.
Knfir
Per cent.
57.9
62.1
.56.0
,54.0
52.0
51.7
Per cent.
41.7
44.3
15.7
17.0
25. 3
16.2
Per cent.
64.8
75.5
75.2
80.1
64.2
63.0
Per cent.
66.9
71.1
67.0
60.3
62.1
60.7
Per cent.
54.1
52.5
46.3
53.1
44.5
50.9
Per cent.
11.1
4.6
12.4
16.4
20. 6
7.7
FOODS ANIMAL PEOBUCTIOISr.
873
Digestion experiments with sheep, J. M. Bartlett {Maine Sta.
Bui. 07, pp. IJJ-IOS). — Following the usual methods, experiments on
the digestibility of a number of feeding- stuffs were made with sheep,
the average results of which follow:
Average digestion coefficients obtained vith. sheep.
Feeding stuff.
Dry
matter.
Clover hay, cut in early bloom
Clover hay, cut in late "bloom
Clover silage made from clover cut
in late bloom
Corn meal (fed with clover hay) . . .
Hay, mostly timothy
Oats (fed with hay)"
Pea-and-oat hay .".
Oat-and-pea silage
Oat-and- vetch hay
Oat-and- vetch hay
Oat-and-pea hay
Hay, mostly timothy
Oats (fed with hay)
Royal oat feed (fed with hay)
Mixed feed (fed with hay)
Corn germ (fed with hay)
Per cf.
57.6
55.6
.52.3
88.5
57.6
69.2
64.2
65.5
55.4
60.1
58.5
53.4
71.5
47.3
62.3
73.7
Or-
ganic
matter.
Pro-
tein.
Per ct. : Per ct.
59.0 I 65.9
57.2 67.3
53.3
89.0
57.9
71.3
62.5
66.6
56.2
60.2
58.5
55.1
72.5
48.1
64.2
74.8
39.7
72.9
65.2
76.5
72.2
74.6
65.3
69.5
74.7
53.1
78.9
69.1
62.6
75.4
Nitro-
Fat.
gen-
free ex-
tract.
Crude
fiber.
Ash.
Per ct.
Per ct.
Per ct.
Per ct.
27.9
62.9
51.8
44.6
35.4
64.3
43.6
38.5
54.1
55.8
55.2
44.0
80.6
91.7
68.7
44.6
63.0
48.0
53.5
77.2
30.8
54.4
63.7
63.0
.58.2
75.0
67.0
61.3
52.4
62.8
59.0
49.0
44.3
73.8
62.7
51.5
60.2
64.8
57.6
51.8
59.1
56.1
56.3
53.6
27.8
89.3
77.3
31.2
44.5
88.2
50.9
33.1
37.4
92.0
70.8
28.3
31.5
96.0
71.9
68.2
48.3
Availa-
ble fuel
value.
Per ct.
53.3
51.0
51.8
85.9
54.3
63. 8
63. 2
53.9
52.1
56.2
55. 4
52.9
67.1
47.9
70.8
77.1
A comparison of determined and calculated heats of combus-
tion, L. H. Merkill {Maine Sta. Bui. 67,j)jj, 169,170). — As illus-
trated by the values obtained with a number of samples of wheat and
various milling products, the difference between the determined and cal-
culated fuel value ranged from 0.026 to 0.430 calorie, or nearly 10 per
cent of the total determined value. The variations according to the
author are intimately connected with the amount of crude fiber pres-
ent. "If this be true we should expect to find the greatest difference
between the determined and calculated heats of combustion in those
materials which are especially rich in fiber, such as the coarse fodders
and feces of herbivorous animals." The following results bear on
this point:
Crude fiber and determined and calculated fuel value of a number of scunples of feeding
Feeding stuff.
Oat hay
Sheep feces from oat hay
Clover silage
Sheep feces from clover silage
Oat-and-pea silage
Sheep feces from oat-and-pea silage
Crude
fiber.
Ptr cent.
30. 74
33.65
33.43
32. 16
31.12
32. 88
Heat of combustion.
Deter-
mined.
Calories.
4.209
4.290
4.184
4.379
4. 209
4.163
Calcu-
lated.
Calories.
3.719
3.682
3.638
3.805
3.984
3.669
Differ-
ence.
Calories.
0.490
.608
.546
.574
.225
.494
In view of such variations as those noted above, a quantity of crude
fiber was prepared from fodder and sheep feces and the heat of
17622— No. 9 6
874
EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.
combustion determined in the usual way. Tlif i-csults rodueed to a
water-free and ash-free basis folloAv:
Heat of combustion of rrudi' filwr from fodders and feres cor respond iiir/ to iliem.
Source of crude fiber.
Heat of
combus-
tion.
Oat liay
Clover silage
Oat-and-pea silage .
Average
Calories.
4.405
4.610
4.667
4.561
Source of crude fiber.
Heat of
combus-
tion.
Feces from oat hay
Feces from clover "siiage
Feces from oat-and-pea silage
Average
Calorics.
4.662
!i.2iri
4.S20
4.899
"The crude fiber from the feces had, in tliese 3 cases, an average determined fuel
vahie over 7 per cent higher than tliat of tlie fiber from the corresponding fodders.
In other words, the digestible crude fiber had a lower fuel value than that remain-
ing in the feces, and consequently, lower than that of the mixture of carbohydrates
included in that term as found in the original fodders."
Experiments on the influence of asparagin and ammonia upon
the metabolism of protein in herbivora, O. Kellxek et al. {Zt^sc/i/:
Blol.^ 39 (1900), ]Vo. o,jjj}. 31J-S76). — The experiments of other inves-
tigators on the effects of asparagin are reviewed in some detail, and 4
series of experiments with sheep are reported. In each series 2 animals
were used. In the first period of the first series the ration contained
a limited amount of protein. In the second period asparagin was
added to practically the same ration. In the second series the ration
contained a limited amount of protein in the first period. IiT the
second period ammonium acetate, and in the third asparagin was added
to practically the same ration. In the first period of the third and
fourth series the ration contained a medium amount of protein, and
asparagin was added in the second period. The experimental data are
recorded in full. The digestibility of the ration was determined in the
different periods, and the l)alance of income and outgo of nitrogen.
In the first series the balance of income and outgo of sulphur was
also determined, and was as follows:
M('t(d)ollsm of sulplmr in a ration v:ith and irithout axparai/in. — Krj>erinn'nts iritJi slieej).
Experiment 1.
Sulphur.
In food. I In urine. In feces. ^^^^[1)]
Period 1 (withoiit asparagin):
Sheep 1
Sheep 2
Period 2 (with asparagin):
Sheep 1
Sheep 2
Gill.
1.807
1.781
l.xlT
1.795
Gm.
0.927
.957
. S49
. S05
Gin.
0. 878
.834
.946
.918
Gm.
-f 0.002
- .010
4- .022
-f .072
In some of tiie cxperiinents the urine was anah'zed during the days
which elapsed ))etween the different periods. The results of the tests
are discussed in d(»tail. The prin(ii)al conchision reached is the fol-
FOODS — ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 875
lowing': When the ration contained an a])undaiu"(^ of protein and was
of a character which was suita})le for production, asparagin generall}"-
exercised no favorable effect as regards gains in protein. When the
ration was vary deficient in protein, or when a maintenance ration
containing little protein was fed and no work was done, asparagin
exercised a beneficial efi'ect as regards gains in protein, though the
effect was small.
Methods of steer feeding, G. C. Watson and M. S. McDowell
{Pennsylvania Sta. JhiJ. 'iJ, j>j>. H; Pennsyl'vanla Dept. Agr. JjuJ. 67^
2>}). IJi). — This bulletin I'eports a cooperative experiment made by the
station and the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. The com-
parative merits of feeding in pens and stalls was tested with 3 lots of
5 steers each, fed hay and corn stover in addition to a grain ration of
corncob meal and wheat bran, 6:1. Lot 1 was fed in a large pen while
the steers in lots 2 and 3 were confined in separate stalls. The steers
in lot 1 were fed in a common manger and supplied with drinking-
water b}" means of an automatic water basin. The same device was
used in supplying water to lot 2, while the steers in lot 3 were watered
once a daj' in a j^ard adjoining the building where they were kept, one
of the objects of the test being to stud}- the effects of the different
methods of supplying water. The average daily gain of the 3 lots
was 12.16, 11.65, and 11.26 lbs., respectively.
"So far as any conclusions are warranted from a single experiment with a few ani-
mals, *the above results would seem to indicate that dehorned steers can be fed in
pens, in the manner practiced with lot 1, with at least as satisfactory results as
regards gain as when handled in the more common way, while there is a very con-
siderable saving in the amount of work required to properly care for them. The
self-watering device also saved considerable work and possibly effected some econ-
omv in the amount of grain consumed per pound of gain, although the unavoidable
differences between the lots render this conclusion far from certain."
Sheep-feeding experiments in Nebraska, E. A. Burnett
{SSraxJiia Sta. Bui. GG.j^p. IG). — The value of different com])inations
of corn and other grains with alfalfa hay and prairie ha}' was studied.
The grade lam])s used in the test were divided into 3 lots of 16 animals,
-1 of 8, and 1 of 20 each. After a preliminary period of 2 weeks on
poor quality alfalfa hay and a light ration of shelled corn and oats the
test l^egan November 2i)., and covered 11 weeks. Lots 1, 2, and 3 were
fed alfalfa hay and shelled corn, lot 2 receiving oats and lot 3 wheat
bran, in addition. Lots 1, 5, 6, and 7 were fed shelled corn and prai-
rie ha}', lot 5 receiving linseed meal, lot 6 oats, and lot 7 wheat bran,
in addition. All these lots were fed in sheds. For purposes of com-
parison, lot 8 was fed in an open vard, the same ration as lot 3. The
gains ranged from l!> ll)s. per lamb in the case of lots 6 and 7 to 34
lbs. in lot 8; the cost of a pound of gain from 2.2 cts. in lot 1 to 3 cts,
in lots 5, 6, and 7. The greatest profit per sheep ($2.05) was obtained
with lot 1; the least (11.30) with lot 7.
876 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
"AUthe lambs were fed at a large profit notwithntanding [the] high original cost
of 5 cts. per pound delivered at the farm. The alfalfa fed lambs consumed 1.34 lbs.
of alfalfa liay and 1 lb. of grain per day as against 0.88 lb. of i)rairie hay and 0.89
lb. of grain consumed by the prairie hay fed lambs. The alfalfa fed lambs made 52
per cent greater gains than the lambs fed prairie hay with corn and the same grain
ration. The lambs fed prairie hay with corn and 16 per cent of oil meal made 26
per cent larger gains than the lots fed prairie hay with a grain ration of shelled corn,
or shelled corn with 25 per cent of bran or oats added. In these experiments the
addition of bran or oats to the corn in the grain ration did not increase the gains,
unless possibly in the case of the 20 lambs fed outside on alfalfa and corn with 25 per
cent bran."
Roots and other succulent foods for swine, C. S. Plumb {Indi-
ana Sta. BuL S-2^ pp. 93-105). — The value of succulent materials for
the winter feeding of pigs is discussed and tests briefly reported on
the use of sugar beets, artichokes and purslane for this purpose. When
sugar beets were added to a ration of corn meal and shorts 1:2 a lot
containing 4 pigs made an average daily gain of 3.89 lbs. during 98
da3^s in the winter. Four similar pigs fed the same ration without
beets made an average daih' gain of 4.52 lbs. The cost of a pound of
gain in the 2 cases was 3.2 and 2.93 cts., respectively. The author
believes that the succulent foods have a beneficial influence on health
which is not brought out by the results of the test.
To learn the value of artichokes, 4 sows were pastured on a small
field planted with this crop for 2 weeks, being fed in addition corn
meal and shorts (57.5 lbs. of each). The sows consumed practically
all the artichoke tubers, the total gain in weight of the 4 animals being
27 lbs. The author believes better gains w^ould have resulted on a
larger field of artichokes. The feeding value of purslane was tested
with 2 sows weighing not far from 160 lbs. each. In a period of 21
days they gained on an average of 18.8 lbs., at a cost of 2.2 cts. per
pound. The ration consisted of shorts and hominy meal 1:1, with
purslane ad lihitum. About 9.25 lbs. of the latter was eaten per pig
daily. Purslane ' ' was not eaten with the relish that was to be expected;
yet the pigs did very well while receiving it, making fair daily gains."
Bread and bread making at the Paris Exposition, H. W. Wiley {Forum, 30
{1900), No. 3, pp. 303-309). — The Schweitzer system of comljined milling and baking
is described.
Beans, peas, and other legumes as foods, M.\ry H. Abel (C7. S. Dept. Agr.
Farmers^ BtiJ. 1£1, pp. 32,fuji^. 10) . — The composition, nutritive value, and digestibility
of beans of different varieties, peas, lentils, peanuts, and some other legumes which
are less common are treated of, as well as the place of legumes in the diet, the com-
parative value of a number of animal and vegetable foods, and similar topics. The
bulletin is a summary of the available literature on the subject and also gives the
results of practical experience and many experiments, some of which were under-
taken in connection witli tlic j)resent work.
On the bacteriology of canned goods, with a detailed account of bacteria
detected in sour corn, S. C. Prescott {Science, n.ser., 11 {1900), No. 273, p. 442). —
In a paper read before the Society of American Bacteriologists, 1899, investigations
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 877
were reported upon the bacteria present in cans of coin which had become spoiled
and "swelled." The cause of the trouble was found to be the presence of certain
species of bacilli which resisted the temperature used in canning the corn. The same
bacilli were found ujjou the fresh corn and husks.
Food requirements in winter and summer in temperate climates, K. E.
Ranke {Ztschr. Biol., 40 {1900), No. 3, pp. 288-323, dgms. ii).— Experimental inves-
tigations are reported in which the composition of food was determined as well as
the amount of water consumed, and that excreted in the urine and feces, in winter
and summer. The author's deductions follow: Above 16° C. there is no diminution
in the amount of food required corresponding to the temperature. Physiologically
active temperatures, which must exceed 20°, diminish markedly the appetite and
therefore the food consumed, an effect which pertains more to pathology than to
physiology. If large amounts are eaten contrary to the demands of the appetite, the
pathological conditions become more marked.
Second report on dietaries for hospitals for the insane in the State of Nevr
York, ^y. O. Atwatek {Reprint Jro)n Ann. lipt. Xew York State Com. Lunacy, 11
{1898-99), pp. 190-566). — Results of a large number of dietary studies of different
groups of patients and emploj-ees in 2 of the New York State hospitals are reported.
The work is discussed and some general deductions are drawn.
A manual of personal hygiene, W. L. Pyle {PJiiladelphia: W. B. Saunders &
Co., 1900, pp. .^44, Ji'j^- 69). — This volume contains chapters on different hygienic
topics contributed by a number of writers, that on hygiene of the digestive apparatus,
being by C. G. Stockton.
Inspection of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs during 1900, W. H.
Jordan and C. G. Jenter {New York State Sta. Bid. 176, p}>. ■J6). — Under the pro-
visions of the State law regulating the sale of feeding stuffs, the protein and fat con-
tent of a number of concentrated feeds was determined. These included cotton-seed
meal, oil meal, gluten meal and feed, calf meal, malt sprouts, dried brewers' grains,
cereal food by-products, hominy feed, chop meal, sugar-corn feed, corn bran, boiled
beef and bone, bone meal, beef scrap and meat meal, and a number of mixed pro-
prietary feeds for stock and poultry.
Analyses of commercial feeding stuffs, J. L. Hills, C. H. Jones, and B. O.
White {Vermont Sta. Bid. 82, pj). 59-79). ^In carrying out the provisions of the
State law regarding the inspection of commercial feeding stuffs, analyses are reported
of 375 samples collected in the spring of 1900, including cotton-seed meal, linseed-oil
meal, flax meal, gluten meal, gluten feed, cereal food by-products (?. e., oat feed and
corn and oat feeds), corn and oats, wheat bran, wheat middlings, mixed wheat feeds,
corn-and-oat chop feeds, hominy feed, provenders, calf and poultry feeds, dairy feed,
glucose bran, corn bran, barley bran, germ-oil meal, oil-cake germ meal, malted
barley meal, malted corn meal, sifted corn meal, corn kernels, corn meal, potato
feed, and gromid oats.
The formation of mustard oil in rape-seed cake and its harmful effects, B.
SjollExMA {Landn: Ver.^. Stat., 54 {1900), No. 3-4, 2^P- 311-318). — Experiments on
the poisonous properties of mustard oil and its formation in rape-.seed cake are
reported, as well as of the quantitative determination of mustard oil and the way of
rendering cake containing it harmless.
The formation of glycogen when galactose is fed, E. Weixland {Ztschr. Biol.,
40 {1900), No. 3, pp. .374-385). — Experimental investigations are reported.
Prinr.-ples and practices of stock feeding, J. L. Hills ( Vermont Sta. Bui. 81,
pp. 56). — A popular summary discussing the principles of animal nutrition, quoting
tables of feeding standards, the composition and digestibility of feeding materials, etc.
Cattle rearing in Egypt, C. M. Bruce {Jour. Khediv. Agr. Soc. and School Agr.,
2 {1900), No. 4, pp. 176-181). — A general discussion, with especial reference to local
conditions.
878 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Feeding experiment with, bullocks {B<1. A(jr. [Londi)ii'\, Jijit. Agr. Education
and llemirvh, 1S99-1U00, pp. 42-44). — A feeding experiment at the University Col-
lege of North "Wales to compare the value of maize meal and barley meal is briefly
reported. As regards gains in Aveight, the rations tested were equally satisfactorj\
As regards the cost of food, there Avas a slight advantage in favor of the maize meal.
Feeding- experiments, E. H. Llovd {Mississippi Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 20-34)- —
The comparative value of corn, cotton seed, and cotton-seed meal; of cotton-seed
hulls and cotton-seed meal ; cooked and raw cotton seed ; and peavine hay, Johnson
grass hay, shredded corn and shredded sorghum, was studied. Twenty steers,
divided into lots of 2 animals each, were used for these tests, which in every case
covered 2 periods of 30 days each. According to the author, 1 lb. of cotton-seed meal
was found to be equivalent to 1.81 lbs. of cotton seed, 1.67 lbs. of corn-and-cob meal,
or 1.69 ll)s. of cooked cotton seed. If cooked cotton seed Is taken as a standard, 1
lb. is equivalent to 1.09 lbs. of raw cotton seed, 0.98 lb. of corn-and-cob meal, or
0.60 \h. of cotton-seed meal. One pound of peavine hay was found to be equivalent
to 0.92 lb. of Johnson grass hay, 1.38 lbs. of shredded corn, or 1.78 lbs. of shredded
sorghum.
Sheep-breeding experiments, J. K. Campbell {Bvl. YorksJiire Col., Leeds, and
East and West Ridings Joint Agr. Council, 1900, No. 13, pp. 8, dgm. 1). — The results
of breeding experiments with Lincoln and North Country ewes and Lincoln,
Oxford, Hampshire, Shropshire, and Suffolk rams are reported.
Poultry foods and feeding, J. J. ^IcCue {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 11 {1900),
Xo. 9, pp. 770-779, Jig. ]]. — A general discussion and a report of feeding tests with
hens to compare dried blood, ox liver, and cut green bone when supplementing a
ration of grain and green food. Both as regards egg ])roduction and financial returns,
the lot having dried lilood gave the best results.
Live stock; poultry, J. C Lee { Louisiana Stas. Bid. 62, 2. ser., pp. 447-400). — Brief
notes on the cattle, sheep, hogs, and poultry kept at the station and on chickens
hatched with an incubator.
Index relating to animal industry, 1837 to 1898, C. F. Thompson" {U.S.
Dept. Agr., Dirislon of Publications Bui. 5, pp. 676). — It is the purpose of this bibliog-
raphy to include all literature relating to animal industry which has appeared in the
publications of tire Ignited States Department of Agriculture since its inception in
1837, with the exception of the articles in the Experiment Station Record and Insect
Life.
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.
Sugar-beet pulp ag"a food for cows, H. II. Wixg and L. Ander-
son (Jt'ea- York ConicU Hal. 18J^ pJ'- ^^•> dg'^nv- ^)- — Sugar-beet pulp
is described and an analj^sis of it given. Two feeding experiments are
reported. The lirst was made with .5 cows and lasted 11 weeks, and
the second was made with 0 cows and lasted 10 weeks. In the first
test the same quantities of sugar-beet pulp and corn silage were fed to
individual cows in alternate periods. A uniform grain ration was fed
in addition. The cows were given more hay when fed pulp than when
fed silage. In the second test more pulp was fed than silage, the
quantities of haj^ and grain fed in addition being con.staut throughout.
The results are given in detail in tables and diagrams, and the follow-
ing conclusions are drawn :
"The cows, as a rule, ate beet pulp readily and consumed from 50 to 100 lbs. per
day, according to size, in addition to the usual feed of 8 lbs. of grain and 6 to 12 lbs.
of hay.
DATRy FARMING DAIRYINa, 879
"The dry matter in V)eet pulp i)rove<l to l)c of f(|iial value, i.nuii<l lor i.ouiid, with
the dry matter in corn silage.
"The milk-producing value of heet pulp as it comes from tlie heet-sngar factory is
about one-half that of corn silage.
" Beet pulp is especially valuable as a succulent food, and where no other such food
is obtainable it may prove of greater comparative value than is given above."
The liability of the total solids of milk to change with age and
its effect ia the control of market milk, A. IvEixycii and H. Lt hkig
{^ZUclw. TJntermch. Nahr. n. Gm >,.s.sinfJ. , 3 {1900), Xo. 8, pp. 521-531).—
From the examination of a considerable numl)er of samples of milk
when fresh and Avhen 2 or 8 days old, it was found that the total solids
diminished slightly with age. btit that tip to the time of souring the
specific gravity did not change; hence the gravimetric result for solids
in milk several days old would not agree with the result calculated by
Fleischmann's formula, and if the gravimetric result alone were relied
upon injustice might be done. Determination of the solids-not-fat is
believed to be a mor(> relial)le T)asis for judging of the purity of milk,
as this remains practically unchanged. Not until over 3 da3"s after
the sample has curdled does the specific gravity of the serum change
sufficiently to make it unreliable.
Studies of the market milk of Heisingfors with special reference
to its bacteria content, O. von Hellens {Lkokj. Diss., IMsingfors,
1890, pp. 80; ahs. hi Centhl . Bait. a. Par., 2. Alt., 6 {1900), No. 8, p.
261).— In sunuuer the bacteria content ranged from 20,0()( > to 34,300,000
and averaged 474,500 per cubic centimeter; in winter the range was
from 70,000 to 18,630,000, the average being 3,111,000 per cubic cen-
timeter. There appeared to be a relation between the bacteria content
and the dirt content of milk, although these did not vary regularly.
A lower fat content was usually accompanied by a higher bacteria
content. To a certain extent the acidity of the milk varied with its
bacteria content.
The high germ content of the Heisingfors milk is believed to be due
to lack of care in transporting the milk as well as in its production.
Approximately one-third of the samples examined contained virulent
tubercle bacilli. In 43 out of 57 samples other pathogenic bacteria
were found, indicating that a large proportion of the Heisingfors milk
contained two or more pathogenic germs.
Preservatives in dairy produce, G. S. Thomson {Jour. Agr. and
Ind., South An.'iti'alla, 3 {1900), Xo. 12, pp. 969-981).— The use of
boric acid and formalin in preserving milk is discussed. A table gives
the results of a test of the relative keeping qtialities of milk heated to
212 and to 185° F. for 10 minutes, raw milk, luilk inoculated with
germs of sewage water, and milk similarly inoculated but preserved
with boric acid. Experiments are reported in detail in which milk
preserved with })oric acid was compared with unpreserved milk.
Determinations were made of the acidity and specific gravity of the
milk at different stages, and of the boric acid in the separator milk and
880 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
.slime, and in the cream, butter, and butteimilk. Notes are given on
the scoring and keeping qualities of the ))utter. The conclusions
drawn from the tests follow:
" One and one-half tablespoonfuls of pres^ervative, containing 82.5 per cent boracic
acid, and added to 15 gal. of milk, t^howed a rine of 0.11 percent acid in the milk at
the end of 38 hours. In a similar quantity of milk, without a preservative, the per-
centage of acid rose 0.36 in the same number of hours. At the expiry of the 36
hours the jireserved milk was faintly acid to taste, while the unpreserved milk was
very acid.
"The percentage of acid and the specific gravity of the preserved milk were found
to be lower at the top of the milk supply, when compared with the bottom, and pro-
portionatel}' lower than the imj)reserved milk.
"Boracic acid gives to milk a liquefying property in the lu-esence of a high per-
centage of lactic acid, similar with milk after sterilization by heat.
"Milk preserved with boracic acid may slowly rise in the percentage of acid, but
it may suddenly increase to a high i:)ercentage in an abnormally short time.
"There accompanied the preserved milk, separator milk, and cream a faint l)itter-
ness which was not noted in the unpreserved samples.
' ' The boracic acid added to the milk was principally expelled in the separator milk
in the process of separation.
" [Cream to which] 80 gm. of preservative was added . . . showed a rise of 0.08
per cent at the end of 69 J hours, while the unpreserved cream gave a rise of 0.23 per
cent acid in the same number of hours.
"The boracic acid added to the cream was to a large extent removed in the butter-
milk and washing Avater. . . .
"Milk preserved with boracic acid and the cream again preserved with additional
acid will produce sweet unsalted butter of a low keej^ing quality, quickly affected
with rancidity and l^itteruess.
"A pink mold will flourish in the presence of boracic ai'id in butter, when both
the milk and cream have been preserved and when no salt has been added to the
butter. . . .
' ' Bitterness accompanied the butter manufactured from preserved milk and cream
when no salt was used in the butter, and the bitterness became exceedingly strong
after a period of keeping. Butter with the salt and additional boracic acid did not
develop the jaronounced bitterness.
"The best keeping butter in the test proved to be the samjile to wliich preserva-
tive was added to the milk, cream, and again to the butter, but the Iwtter was salted
at the rate of 82 per cent."
Composition of butter made in the Netherlands and conditions
■which control the changes in composition, J. ,1. L. A'ax lli.is {Zet/-
den, pj). 12). — The study was undertaken because at certain seasons
butter made in the Netherlands was rejected by the official English
chemists as adulterated with '"margarine or some other fat than butter
fat." The Engli.sh chemists based their conclusions upon the low per-
centage of soluble and insoluble fatty acids, while in the Netherlands
the amount of volatile fatty acids present is considered the better
criterion. The volatile fatty acids bear a nearly constant relation to
the soluble fatty acids, being 89 to 95 per cent of the latter. The
object of the study was to collect evidence to show that during the fall
months the amount of volatile and of soluble fattv acids in the butter
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 881
made in tlie Netherlands is less than that which the English chemists
accept as the mininmm.
Samples of butter that had been churned under the supervision of
the collector were taken weekly from 11 dairies and 13 creameries.
These samples were tested, and it was found that in the late fall, shortly
before the cattle were stabled for the winter, the amount of volatile
fatty acids in the butter was much less than normal. Soon after the
cows were stabled the amount of volatile fatty acid increased. It is
thought that the warmth and comfort of the cows, due to stabling,
accounts for the improvement in the butter, and that the practical
remedy is the earlier stabling- of the cows. — h. m. pieteks.
The influence of certain conditions in churning on the amount
of "water in butter, J. B. AVeeims and F. AV. J^ouska {Iovm Sta. Bid.
o'2.i 2>p. Ji^j-o3). — Investigations were made to determine the existence
and effectiveness of some of the principles governing- the proportion of
water in butter. The relation of the size and shape of the granules to
the water content of unworked butter and the removal of water by
working are discussed.
In the experiments reported cream was ripened, cooled, and divided
into 2 equal lots. Both lots in each test were churned under the same
conditions in order to secure uniformity in the size and shape of gran-
ules. In each of 7 comparative tests one lot was washed with cold
water and the other lot with comparatively warm water. The softer
butter resulting from the use of the warmer water in washing con-
tained the most water. In 3 comparisons where the granules were
of the same size differences of 21, 21, and 32° F. in the temperature
of the wash water made corresponding differences in the water con-
tent of the butter of 2.57, 2.66, and 2.30 per cent, respectively. In
one test washing coarse granular butter with water at 45° was com-
pared with washing line granular butter with water at 70°. The water
content of the butter made in the 2 wa^-s was respectiveh' 11.07 and
17.50 per cent. Several tests are also reported which showed that the
extent of working influenced the water content of the butter.
These principles were observed in actual practice in preparing butter
for export to England. The cream was churned at a low temperature
and the churning continued until the granules were as large as peas.
The butter was washed with cold wash water and given 2 partial
workings. Of 32 samples unalvzed, 21 contained less than 12 per cent
of water.
The result of \vorking on the water content of butter, J. Siedel
iUidllEssE (J//7r// Zt(j., 29{190U), ^\f.^. /f3, p/K 6'-7.9, (JO'O; kS^^qj. 67.')^
076). — Butter from the same dairy was divided into 3 portions and
treated as follows: (1) worked only a little and salted, (2) salted and
left in the uioist dairy as usual, and (3) salted and worked until it
appeared to be very dry. The same amount of salt was added to each
882
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
lot. The butter was left until another da}- and worked onoc or twice
until the water content appeared normal. The results were variable,
but the average water content of the third portion averaged slightly
higher.
The results also indicate that butter worked moderately when hard
tends to hold on to its water content. To the old rule that soft butter
should not be worked might be added that hard butter should not be
workinl until it Ix'comes soft as it will become too poor in water.
The chemical action of molds on butter, J. Haxus and A. Stocky
{Ztschr. Untemuch. JVahr. u. Genmmxtl., 3 {1900), xYr>. 9, -pp- ^06-
61Jf). — In preliminary experiments Mucor racetnoms was found to
grow best on butter, and this was used in subsequent experiments.
In the latter it was found that the principal change was a cleavage
of the glycerids. resulting in an increased iicidity of the butter. From
the fact that enzyms have been found in many molds the theory is sug-
gested that the mold grows first on the nutrients it linds in the butter,
/. <?., the carbohydrates and proteids, and when these are exhausted,
elaborates the enzyms in large quantity which are capaljle of cleaving-
butter fat, and then feeds upon the glycerin liberated. The fungi
appeared to be able to assimilate only such of the fatty acids liberated
as are of low molecular weight.
Cream testing, C. H. Pickles {loim Sfa. BuL 62^ pp. Sl-Jf.^). — The
author discusses testing cream by the Babcock method, reporting-
several investigations in this connection and giving suggestions for
avoiding common sources of error.
The influence of the thickness of sweet and sour creauj upon the
amount adhering to the pipette in measuring was tested. Cream was
measured with a IT.t^ cc. pipette when sweet and again after i^-t hours.
In one measurement in each case the pipette was l)lown out as in test-
ing milk, and in one the adhering cream was rinsed out and added to
the measured (juantity. The results are given in the following table:
Comparison of two nietJiods of measuring cream for the Babcock test.
Pipette , Pipette
blown rinsed
out. out.
Per cent.
Fresh from separator 19. 6
Sour, acidity O.7.! por cent ]9. 6
Fresh from st^parator 29.8
Sour, acidity II. ill per cent 29.5
Fresli friiiii separator 41.5
Sour, acidity 0..>1 per cent 41
Per crnt.
20
20. 5
80.4
30.9
42.5
43.5
Gain by
rinsing.
Per cent.
0.4
.9
.6
1.4
1
2.1
"From thene figures it it? evident no change in amount measured could be made to
remove thi.s varying error. This error can be removcil easily ami completely by
rinsing out the pipette witli about one-third of its volume of Avarm water and adding
this to the measured cream. ' '
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 883
Determinations were made of the eri'or resulting from measuring
the cream due to specific graAity, and a table designed for practical use
is given showing corrections for different readings. Tests by measure
of cream 5 hours and 24 hours after separation gave practically the
same results. Determinations of the specific gravit}^ of cream con-
taining from 10 to .50 per cent of fat are given, and the method
employed is described.
The source of separator slime, P. Vieth and M. Siegfeld
{2foIl: Ztg., U {1900), ^'o.s. J^.pp. 7i25, 726; lio.pp, '7^^-7^5).— Analy-
ses of separator slime made by various persons are quoted, together
with the results of the researches of the writers. It was found that
the milk richest in fat gave a greater amount of slime than poor milk,
but the amount was not proportional to the fat content. The milk
poorest in fat showed in the slime a smaller percentage of water and
fat and a higher percentage of protein and ash.
From the results of their researches the authors conclude that, while
not the only source, the serum capsule or envelope of the fat globule
makes up th(^ larger part of separator slime.
A study of butter increasers, J. B. Weems and F. W. Bouska
{loioa Sta. Bid. 52., pp. 51^.-59). — Two methods or recipes for increas-
ing the 34eld of butter were investigated. Both are quoted, as well as
a circular advertising one of them. The directions were followed in
each case and the products obtained were analyzed. One method, in
which sweet cream, sour cream, and butter were churned together,
gave a product containing •41.54 per cent of water, 53.04 per cent of
fat, 2.96 per cent of casein, and 2.4() per cent of ash. The butter
scored 1'2\\ it had no grain, and became soft and greasy a few minutes
after taking from the refrigerator. The other method, in which sweet
milk, butter, and a butter increaser consisting principally of alum and
pepsin were used, gave a product containing 4'J.64 per cent of water,
41.46 per cent of fat, 5.06 per cent of casein, and 3.84 per cent of ash.
It scored only 50, and besides having no body was of unsatisfactory
flavor. "The butter increaser had curdled the milk and also spoiled
the flavor." Two samples of a similar product received from tirms in
Chicago showed 51). 61 and 42.76 per cent of water and 21.. 31 and 44.02
per cent of fat, respectively. One had 11.72 per cent of casein.
Another process recently patented in England is described.
Dairy husbandry, J. S. Moore {Mississippi Sta. Ept. 1900, pp. 25-33). — Notes are
given on the feeding and care of the station herd of pure-bred Jersey cows. A
monthly summary of the yield of milk, average fat content of milk, yield of butter,
and the cost of feed for each of the 8 cows in the herd is given in tables. The aver-
age production per cow for the year was 5,192 lbs. of milk containing 5.52 per cent of
fat and yielding 334.4 lbs. of butter. The cost of feed was $29.57.
An experiment lasting ] 2 weeks was made to test the effect of feeding grain to cows
on pasture. The herd was divided into 2 lots, both of which were fed grain during
884 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
the first 6 weeks of the test. During the last 6 weeks only one lot received grain.
The results were considered as showing practically no difference in the yield of milk
due to feeding grain to cows on good pasture.
The relative values of mangels and swedes as food for dairy cattle, W. P.
J. Allsehkook {.Tiiur. British Dn'inj Fannerx' A.ssoc, Jo (lUOO), No. -i, pp. 163-168). —
A study of the relative cost of production, feeding value, and value of the residue.
Tables of analyses are compiled. From most points of view the mangel is consid-
ered the more valuable crop to the dairy farmer.
The use of the cactus Opuntia ficus indica in a ration for milch cows in
Sardinia, G. Sotgia {Siaz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 33 {1900), j). 113; abs. in C'entbl. Agr. Chem.,
i^9 {1900), No. 12, pp. 803, 804) ■ — An analysis showing the feeding value of the plant
is given and the results of its use as a part of a ration for milch cows are reported.
The effect of gestation in cows upon the mineral matter of milk, especially
phosphoric acid and lime, A. Kout {L'lng. .l;/r. (Stmhloux, 9 {1899), pp. 4''jS-475;
abs. Ceittbl. Agr. Chem., 29 {1900), No. 10, pp. 667, 668).— It was found that the per-
centage of phosphoric acid and lime decreased more or less regularly up to the time
of calving, while the colostrum was rich in ash. When lactation was greatest the
percentage of phosi^horic acid and lime was lowest, the amount increasing and
remaining at the normal up to the middle portion of the next gestation period. The
food had no influence upon either the mineral content of the milk or of the urine
of cows.
The handling of milk samples, M. Siegfeld {Moll:. Ztg., 14 {1900), No. 46,
pp. 797-799). — Rules for taking and keeping milk samples are given.
Bacteriology of milk, B. TI. Stoxe {Amer. Chcesemakcr, 1.5 (1901), No. 179,
pp. 1, 2). — A i^aper read at the Vermont Dairymen's Association by the State
bacteriologist.
Improvements in cream testing, A. C. Bebee {Chicago Dairy Produce, 7 {1901),
No. 71, p. 22). — Conclusions reached by daily experiments long conducted, upon the
influence of speed, temperature, and time whirled and the scaling and marking of
bottles in the Babcock test.
Tyrogen, a pure culture of ripening bacteria of Emmenthaler cheese, W.
AViNKLER {Molk: Ztg., 14 {1900), No. 47, pp. 817, 818).— A pure culture of Bacillm
nobilis. The advantages in using a pure culture of this bacillus are said to be
improvement in the form and construction of the cheese, the imparting of a uniform
Enmienthaler taste and aroma, and the shortening of the process of manufacture.
The use of the acidimeter in cheese making, Marg.\ret Knowles {Jour.
British Dairy Farmers' Assoc, 15 {1900), No. 1, pp. 37-40). — A popular article
describing the method or making the acid test of milk, and stating its advantages
over the rennet and hot-iron tests.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE.
Communications from the ofEicial veterinary sanitary reports
for the year 1898, J. Essp:r and W. Schutz {Arch. If7.s.s. v. PraJd.
TIderh., '26 {1900), 2^js. 4-5, j)p. 336-388).— In one localit}- a number
of outbreaks of anthrax occurred after eating beet chips. The beets
had been grown in a territory known to be infected with anthrax. In
another locality several head of cattle were affected with anthrax after
feeding with green corn which liad been grown in an anthrax territory.
Outbreaks of anthrax were also caused b}' dusting stalls with soil taken
from the vicinity of anthrax carcasses, and using gravel from a similar
VETEEINAEY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 885
locality about sheep corrals. A few cases of spontaneous recovery
from the apoplectic form of anthrax are recorded. Preventive vacci-
nation against blackleg" gave good results in 000 young cattle. A
detailed report is made on the prevalence of rabies. In the case of a
horse which was bitten by a rabid dog, an incubative period of 21
months was noted. Notes are also given on foot-and-mouth disease,
pneumonia, and glanders. Foth's mallein was used in the study of an
epidemic of glanders. Two horses which gave no reaction to the
first injection manifested symptoms of glanders 17 days later, and of
8 horses which gave a typical reaction, only 2 proved to be infected
with glanders.
Brief accounts are given on the prevalence of tuberculosis and hog
cholera. The average cost of applying the Lorenz vaccination method
for hog cholera was about 12 cts. The vaccination had no injurious
effect upon the hogs. In a number of localities where hog cholera
had caused annual losses of considerable severity, this disease was
apparently eradicated by vaccination. Brief notes are also given on
cowpox, actinomycosis, mineral and plant poisoning, organic diseases,
and meat inspection.
Texas fever in the Argentine Republic, Lignieres {Rec. MM.
Yet., Paris, 8. ser., 7 {1900), No. 22,2>2^. 735-77 Jf, figs. 3).— In Argentina
and Uruguay this disease is known by the name of " tristeza." The
author presents a critical review of the literature of the subject and
describes in detail the symptoms and post-mortem conditions in the
mild and acute cases of the disease. During the author's studies,
especial attention was given to alterations in the blood and urine of
diseased animals. From these investigations it was found that the
blood parasite of Texas fever exerts an influence especially upon the
hemoglobin and albumin of the blood, destroying a considerable part
of the former with fixation of iron, and rendering both the hemoglobin
and albumin more soluble. The quantity of sugar preformed in the
blood remains about stationary, while the glucosids and the proteid
materials undergo a rapid diminution. It was found also that the
blood of diseased animals when taken during the acute stage of the
disease, was extremely irritant and toxic. Such blood when injected
into the marginal vein of the ear of a rabbit in doses of from 3 to 5 cc. ,
killed the animal within a few seconds. The same quantity of blood
injected into the peritoneum of the guinea pig produced death within
a few minutes. The symptoms of death in such cases were those
caused by caustic fluids. After the hemoglobinuric stage had passed,
the blood remained light colored for a long time and slowly recovered
its normal properties. In such cases the blood of diseased animals,
although pale when in the vessels, assumes a reddish color on exposure
to the air. This fact was observed when the destruction of the red
corpuscles was relatively slight. A few hours before death it was
noted that the blood had nearlv the color of coffee.
886 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD.
The author made a detailed .study of alterations in the structure of
the red blood corpuscles during the various stages of the disease.
Notes are also given on the diminution of the number of red corpuscles.
The whole subject of the development of J^i/roxoiiKi Ithjiiainum is
I'eviewed in detail by the author. It is stated that all pyriform hema-
tozoa assume a round form at one stage, and that this is a natural and
not merely an accidental form in the (Unelopment of the parasite.
The round form was found in the organism in c.)nsideral>le abundance,
especially when the disease began to decline. In no case did the round
form become metamorphosed directly into a pyriform hematozoon.
The author succeeded in following the development of the l)lood
parasite of Texas fever in artiiicial cultures, and in connection with
the known fact of the existence of ))oth a mild and an acute form of
the disease, raises the question as to whether these two forms of the
disease may be due to two forms of the blood parasite.
Parturient apoplexy under Schmidt's treatment, J. H. Tennext
{Jour. Conq>. Jfd. hikI Yrf. Arrh.^ )>! {1!)U0). Xn. J, j^P- 286-292).—
The author applied Schmidt's treatment in the following manner: A
quart of boiling water was poured into a clean vessel and when cooled-
to a temperature of 100^ F., 1 dram of formalin and 1^ drams of
potassium iodid were added and the whole was gently shaken. The
cows which were to be treated were thoroughly milked and the udder
and teats were washed with antiseptic solutions. Eight ounces of the
solution of formalin and potassium iodid in water were injected into
each quarter of the udder through the milk ducts of the teat. Treat-
ment which accompanied the use of Schmidt's treatment consisted in
the removal of feces from the rectum and the use of a catheter incases
where urine was retained over 12 hours. No medicines were given hy
the mouth unless the patient was able to stand. Detailed notes are
given on the history and treatment of 15 cases of parturient apoplexy,
of which 13 recovered and the author ])elieves the other '2 cows would
have recovered but for the intei'ference of the owners. Some of the
worst cases mad(? the most speedy recovery. Considera]:)le difficult}'
was experienced in keeping up the heart's action, but this was success-
fully accomplished ))V the use of nux vomica and whisky.
A preliminary report upon forage poisoning in horses (so-called
cerebro-spinal meningitis), L. Pearson {Jour. (Jomp. Med. and Yet.
Arch.. 21 {lOUO). A'o. 11. pp. 601^-657).— T\iQ author investigated an
outbreak of disease among T horses of which 5 died. The symptoms
were those of i)aralysis. which atfected the throat first and gradually
extended to other parts of the body. Two of the 7 liorses which were
removed from the l)arn ultimately recovered. A silo had been opened
about a week before the first cases Avere noticed. :uid as the silage was
luoldy on top it was suspected of causing the trouble. The author
therefoi'e conducted 'I feeding experiments with this silage. Between
October MO and November 2, liK>0, a horse was gi>'en approximately
VETERINAKY SCIENCE Al^D PRACTICE. 887
i 1)11. of the silaue mixed with oats and bran. On November 3 there
was a well marked paralysis of the throat and a slight elevation of
temperature. The general museular weakness progressed until the
horse was unable to stand. Death occurred November 4. Another
horse was given -i gal. of water which had percolated through a bushel
of silage on November 5. 3 gal. on November O, and on November 8
he was given 6 qt. of silage. Similar symptoms were developed and
on November 10 the animal was found dead. The author believes
that cerebro-spinal meningitis is an inappropriate term for this disease
and proposes the name forage poisoning.
The action of certain somnifacients on the horse, K. 8. Muik
(Joifr. Con, p. Med. and Yet. Arch., "21 {1900), Nos. J^, pjj. 193-198; -5,
l>p. 278-282). — The author conducted a luimber of experiments for
the purpose of determining the action of sulphate of morphia, normal
liquid Cminahis indica, and chloral hydrate crystals upon the horse.
From his experiments it was evident that sulphate of morphia pro-
<luces more or less delirium in the horse, while occasionally a slight
delirium followed the administration of large doses of Cannabis indica.
The pu})ils become widely dilated after large doses of morphia, while
( an)iaJ>!s ind'tai has no action in that direction. The only pronounced
action of chloral was somnolence, accompanied by a muscular weak-
ness. The author gave 60 cc. of Caunahts indica intravenously with-
out producing any alarming symptoms, and it is believed that with a
horse of 1,100 lbs. weight in good condition, it would be quite safe to
inject into the jugular vein 1 gm. sulphate of morphia, 50 cc. of Can-
nahls indica. or from 25 to 30 gm. of chloral hydrate.
Experimental studies of rabies, Vera Solomon {Centbl. BaJct. u.
l*ar., 1. Aht., 28 [1900), Xo. J, jjjj. 70-79. fgs. -i).— The author con-
ducted experiments in devising new methods for the experimental
diagnosis of rabies and in determining the action of the bile upon the
\'irus of rabies. The virulent materials for experimental inoculations
which have thus far been applied include the saliva of man or of a
rabid animal, the salivary glands, kidneys, pancreas, milk, and central
nerve substance, especiall}" the medulla oblongata. The dili'erent
methods thus far employed for experimental diagnosis are intracu-
taneous injection, subcutaneous injection, infection of the mucous mem-
t)rane of the nose, inoculation of the serous membranes, inoculation of
the chambers of the eye, subdural injection, inoculation of the nervus
medianus. intravenous inoculation, intracerebral inoculation, and inoc-
ulation in the lumbar portion of thti spinal cord.
The author experimented with these diflferent remedies, and espe-
cially upon ditfercnt methods of intracerebral inocidjition. The method
devised ])v Leclainche and Morel is considered by the author more
satisfactory- than that of Pasteur and Roux for the reason that it is
cheaper, more easy of application, and more certain in its results.
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Experiments were also tried in experimental diagnosis of rabies by
means of direct inoculation through the occipital foramen. This
method gave good results and is considered satisfactory and unobjec-
tionable, except for possible accident which might result from the
sudden movement of the animal.
The author undertook a series of experiments on rabbits for the pur-
pose of determining the effect of bile upon rabies virus. The active
virus and bile were taken from rabbits just dead of rabies, mixed in
equal parts, and inoculated in the subdural region. The results of
these experiments indicate that pathological bile renders the incuba-
tion period of rabies longer, and in certain cases neutralizes the virus,
while normal bile has a similar though much weaker action.
Hemorrhagic septicaemia of ducks and chickens, A. Rabieaux
{Jour. JL'd Vet. ef Zootech., 5. ser.. ^{1900). pp. 120-11^0, Jig. 7).— An
epizootic occurrence of this disease was observed in November. 1899,
among a number of poultr}^ establishments in one neighborhood. The
ducks and chickens were receiving at the time as food grain and
potatoes. The outbreak of the disease was sudden, 86 cases having
developed within 14 hours, of which 18 were among ducks and 18
among chickens. Sixteen of the ducks and 11 of the chickens suc-
cumbed to the disease. An autopsy made upon some of the dead birds
showed little or no pericardial exudate. There were numerous con-
fluent ecchymoses upon the heart and the mucous membrane of the
small intestine was thickened and much congested. The contents of
the intestine were bloody. The clinical symptoms were not constant
nor well marked. As a rule, the progress of the disease was so rapid
that the symptoms were not observed. In some instances the author
observed a staggering gait in the birds shortly before death. The
pathogenic organism of tliis disease was an ovoid bacterium which
resembled that of chicken cholera, but was slightly larger. The
organism was found in abundance in the blood, liver, spleen, bone
marrow, and intestinal contents. AVhen examined fresh, the organism
appeared to be a coccus or diplococcus with active brownian move-
ments. It was readily stained with Kiihne blue or carbolized thionin.
After being stained, the organism appeared in the form of a bacillus
with rounded ends.
The organism is aerobic and can be cultivated easily upon all the
ordinary media at a temperature of from 35 to 38° C, except upon
potato. In artificial media and in contact with the air, an attenuation
of the organism progresses rapidly with a complete loss of its virulence
in from 15 to 30 days. The organism has only a slight resisting power
to desiccation or to the ordinary antiseptic reagents. It is very sus-
ceptible to heat and is destroyed by exposure for 6 minutes to a tem-
perature of 55 to 56° C. Cultures of the organism in bouillon heated
to 60° C. and then filtered lose all their virulence, but the filtrate con-
VETEEINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 889
tains a toxin which produces an elevation of temp?rature and other
symptoms when inoculated in rabbits and other laboratory animals.
The toxin appears to bo excoeding-h^ active, especially when inoculated
into the jugular vein.
The disease can be transmitted experimentally either with pure
cultures, wdth isolated l)acteria, or with material collected from
animals- dead of this disease. In ducks and chickens the disease can
be produced by ingestion of pure cultures or virulent products mixed
with food. Death occurs in from 30 to 48 hours after eating such
material. The post-mortem appearances in these cases are exactly the
same as in cases of death resulting from the disease when acquired
under natural conditions. The rabbit was found to be most susceptible
and the guinea pig most resistant to inoculations with this organism.
By passing the organism repeatedly through a series of experimental
animals belonging to the same species, its virulence is increased for
this species. B}' passing this organism through rabbits, it was
observed that its virulence was decidedly increased for the rabbit, but
was not especially modified as regards the pigeon, and was attenuated
as regards its action upon guinea pigs. Repeated inoculation of ster-
ilized cultures into ral)bits and guinea pigs conferred immunity upon
these animals to the disease.
The author believes that this disease should not be confounded with
chicken cholera. It differs from chicken cholera, especialh' in the
susceptibilit}' of different animals to the organism. The pathogenic
agent of the disease is an ovoid bacterium which seems to have acquired
an unusually high virulence.
The epidemiology of malaria from recent observations, A. Celli {Centhl.
Bakt. u. Par., 1. AM., 38 {1900) , No. 17, pp. 530-535) .—T\\q author found that the dis-
tribution of malaria-bearing mosquitoes was more extensive than that of the disease.
The various species of mosquitoes may be carried in different ways to considerable
heights on mountain sides or into other localities where nialaria does not prevail.
Brief notes are given on the distribution of Anopheles daviger, A. pictus, A. pseudo-
pictufi, and .1. bifurcatus.
Entozoa, A. E. Shipley {Fauna Hawaiiensis,2 {1900), Xo.i, pp. 4^7-446, ph. 2).—
The author gives brief notes on the parasitic worms found in the domestic animals
and man in the Sandwich Islands.
A text-book of special pathology and therapy of domestic animals, F.
Friicdhercer and E. Frouxer ( Li'IirlmrJi iler .^pccieUi'n Fatholog'ie und Theraple der
HaiiKthiert'. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1900, rol. 2, 5. ed., pp. 756). — This volume
contains chapters on the following sul)jects: Diseases of the nasal cavity; diseases of
the larynx; diseases of the trachea, bronchial tubes; lung diseases; diseases of the
pleura; chronic constitutional diseases, and contagious diseases in general.
Bacteriological and pathological microscopy, T. Kitt {Bactericnkunde und
pathologisdie Mlkra.'^L-opie Jilr Thierarzte and Stndircnde der Thiermedicin. Vienna;
M. Perles, 1899, 3. ed., pp. 525, pis. 2, figs. 155) . — This volume contains an account of
technical methods for the study of pathogenic bacteria; preparation of sections of
pathological tissue; methods of inoculation of experimental animals; methods of
17622— No. 9 7
890 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
studying parasitic insects, mites, and worms^, and a general account of the ])acteria
which cause the common infectious di^ea-es.
The histology of the spleen during the course of infectious diseases,
DoMixici {Arch. Med. E.rper. et Anat. Path., J'ari.y, 1. .^cr., 12 {1900), No. 6, pp. 733-
768, X)ls. 3). — The author conducted experiments for the purpose of determining the
role of and anatomical changes in the spleen during an infection of septica?mia
caused by the bacillus of Eberth. It was found that the spleen under such condi-
tions fulfills the function of producing leucocytes and giant phagocytes. During the
process of the disease the spleen underwent a myeloid transformation.
The germicide and agglutinating properties of serums immunized against
Bacillus pyocyaneus, P. Muller {Crnthl. Bukt. v. Par., 1. Aht., :.'S {1900), No. IS,
pp. 517-587). — From experiments made outside of the animal organism, the author
concludes that in the absence of oxygen the germicide power of the normal serum of
guinea pigs toward B. pyocyaneus is greater than in the presence of oxygen. Non-
virulent bacteria were much checked in their growth by a normal serum, while
virulent forms were not especially affected. Serums which were immune to B. pyo-
cyaneus exhibited a stronger germicide power under aerobic conditions than normal
serum.
Agglutination of the Trypanosoma of the rat upon different kinds of
serum, Lavekax and Nesnil (Compt. Rind. Sac. Biol. Paris, 52 {1900), No. 34, j)p-
939-942). — The author tested the action of the serum of different animals in aggluti-
nating Trypanosoma. Rabbits, dogs, sheep, horses, chickens, pigeons, and rats were
used for this purpose. The sera of all these animals, except that of the rat, aggluti-
nated the Trypanosoma within a period of an hour, when mixed with an ecpial
volume of defibrinated blood containing these parasites. The Trypanosoma was not
immobilized before it Ijecame agglutinated.
Intravenous injection of potassium iodid and protargol, Peter {Berlin.
Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 1900, No. 33, pp. 385-387).— The author experimented with
intravenous injections of protargol in the treatment of a number of cases of morbus
maculosus. It was found that a single dose of 100 gm. of a 75 per cent aqueous
solution of protargol could be injected into the blood of cattle and horses without
injurious effects, and that a noticealjle therapeutic effect was produced by this
substance in the treatment of malignant catarrh of cattle. Potassium iodid was used
in combination with proteids. The results of the author's experiments indicate that
this substance may be safely used in intravenous injections. An experiment with
sodium iodid combined with proteids on the other hand demonstrated that this
substance is not suitable for intravenous injections, since serious disturbances were
produced in the red blood corpuscles which resulted in a hsemoglobinuria.
Treatment of tetanus by fright, Kissuth {Berlin. Tierclrztl. Wchnschr., 1900, No.
45, p. 532). — Two cases of undoulfted tetanus were treated by fright produced by
firing a gun in the stall in which the affected horses stood. The gun was fired at the
time when the muscular contraction was at its height, and had the effect of producing
a complete muscular relaxation, after which the animals were a])le to eat and drink
without much difficulty. One case recovered completely after a period of 14 days,
while recovery in the other case was slower.
Report of veterinarian, J. C. Robert {Mississipj)i Sta. lipt. 1900, pp. 36-40). — The
work of the year on Texas fever consisted chiefly in an attempt to determine the
value of blood inoculation in preventing the appearance of disease in southern cat-
tle and the discovery of some efficient curative agent. Twenty-five young northern
cattle were inoculated with blood from tick-infested native cattle. The amount of
blood used varied from l^o 5 cc. and was used in some cases as drawn and in other
cases defibrinated. Symptoms of inoculation fever appeared within 10 days. None
of the animals died and they were turned out with native cattle about 5 weeks after
the second inoculation. Southern cattle fretiuently die of Texas fever. Some cattle
VETEKINAEY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 891
appear to escape tick infestation while young, and when they subsequently become
infested with large numbers of ticks they succumb to the virulent form of the disease.
The only treatment from which the author obtained any favorable results consisted
in administering 1 lb. of Epsom salts and hypodermic doses of 30 grains of quinine
every 3 hours. Brief notes are given on the occurrence of blackleg, anthrax, glanders,
and tuberculosis in the 8tate.
List of plants of known or suspected poisonous properties which occur
within the State, E. V. Wilcox [Montana Sta. Bid. 22, pp. 51-53). — A list is given
of 14 species of plants which are known to the writer as being poisonous, or which
have been suspected by stock growers as being injurious to stock. Of the species
mentioned the purple and tall larkspurs, aconite, lupine, death camass, nightshade,
and water hemlock are known to have caused the death of a number of animals, and
loco w^eeds are suspected as being injurious. The author investigated a number of
cases of poison reputed to be due to certain plants, but upon investigation found that
the evidence was either of a very unsubstantial nature, or the suspected plant was in
no way connected with the death of the animals.
Lupines as plants poisonous to stock, E. V. Wilcox [Montana. Sta. Bui. 22,
pp. 37-45). — Brief notes are given on a numljer of cases of poisoning from lupine
which were observed in Montana. In 1 case 100 out of 200 bucks fed upon lupine
hay died witliin a few hours after feeding. In another case a considerable loss of
sheep was suffered from allowing them to eat ripe lupine upon the range. After
autumn snowstorms in 1898 the loss of sheep from eating lupine upon the range in
Montana amounted to 2,000, 1,150 of which were from 1 band. A few cases of lupine
poisoning in horses are also recorded. The most severe losses from lupine poisoning
have been due to eating these plants in the form of hay, a large quantity of which is
annually cut in the State. The poisoning in all cases seemed to be due to eating the
ripe or nearly ripe seed, which would appear to contain the poisonous principles in
greater a])un(lance than other parts of the plant. A brief bibliography is also given.
Cattle poisoning by the tall larkspur, E.V.Wilcox [Montana Sta. Bui. 22,
pp. 45-47). — Notes are given on the appearance and distribution of Delphinium r/Iau-
cum in Montana. An outbreak of cattle poisoning which occurred in the Gallatin
Basin, and which resulted in the death of 40 cattle, was investigated. It was found
that the poisoning was due to the species of larkspur just mentioned, and that this
plant had been apparently eaten in unusual quantities, on account of the fact that
other green forage was covered by a recent fall of snow.
Poisoning of stock by the water hemlock, E. V. Wilcox [Montana Sta. Bui.
22, p. 4S). — Brief notes on cases of poisoning from this plant in man, sheep, and cat-
tle. In cattle the symptoms were severe \i2i\n, accompanied by cerebral excitement
and spasms. In 1 case the animal died within 15 minutes after the appearance of the
first symptoms.
The poisoning of cattle by smutty oat hay, E. V. Wilcox [Montana Sta. Bui.
22, i>. 51). — During the winter of 1898 a dairyman lost 12 cows in feeding smutty oat
hay. The oats had become so badly smutted that they were cut for hay rather than
grain. Out of 30 cows which received 1 feed of the smutty oat hay 12 died within 18
h(jurs after feeding, with symptoms of gastric disturbances and cerebral excitement.
Ergotism in horses, E. Y. Wilcox [Montana Sta. Bui. 22, pp. 49,50). — Ergot is
reported as very abundant on a considerable variety of native grasses in the State.
A number of cases of poisoning observed in horses are believed to be forms of ergot-
ism. The symptoms were a gradual paralysis beginning with the muscles of the
throat; horses were soon unable to swallow, and later became unable to stand, and
died of general paralysis. Death occurred in the majority of cases within from 6 to
12 hours. In 2 cases recovery took place after the administration of strychnin
hypodermically and whisky by the mouth
892 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.
Report of the veterinary service and meat inspection in Norway for the
year 1898 {pp.126). — This report contains a general account of the work of the
veterinary department, together with special accounts of anthrax, catarrhal fever,
blackleg, hog cholera, swine plague, tuberculosis, milk fever, and other diseases.
The regulations for meat inspection in different cities are also given, together with
notes on the frequency of various diseases found during such inspection.
The diseases of cattle, D. Moxfallet {Bol. Soc. Nac. Agr. [Lima], 5. ser.,
1900, Xo. l,l)p. 35-53). — The author gives a general account of the various forms,
etiological symptoms and treatment of pneumonia and pleurisy in cattle.-
Actinomycosis in cattle, C. J. Reakes ( Veterhiarian, 73 {1900), No. 871, pp.
357-359). — The author presents an account of an unusual outbreak of actinomycosis
in Ellsniere.
Anthrax, Kissuth {Berlin. Tiemrztl. Wchmchr., 1900, No 46, p. 543). — Among 60
head of cattle, which were shipped to Gurhau from eastern Prussia, 4 developed
acute cases of anthrax within a few hours after being turned out to pasture, and 3
died. The author believes that anthrax spores were taken on the food, and that the
action was more rapid and more severe on account of the empty condition of the
digestive tract.
A variety of anthrax bacillus with short forms and without spores, C. Phi-
SALix {(''oinjit. Rt'iuJ. Acad. Sri. I'arix, 131 {1900), No. 7, pj>. 4./4-4J7). — A number of
forms of this organism have already Ijeen noted and have received different names.
These different forms are found under different conditions or in the blood of different
animals. In the dog the anthrax bacillus undergoes important modifications, the
first of which are changes in its functions and virulence. The bacillus multiplies
rapidh' by budding and the formation of short rods similar to micrococcus. The
name Pacillusi antliracis hrevigemmnnsi is proposed for this form.
Agglutination of the tubercle bacillus by tuberculous serums, P. Courmoxt
( Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. Paris, 52 {1900), No. 36, pp. 1000-1002) .—The author obtained
positive results in experimental tests of such serums from man and animals, and
believes that this method constitutes a rapid and certain procedure for diagnosing
tuberculosis. Experiments with nontuberculous discharges of diphtheritic or septi-
cfemic nature gave negative results.
An experiment in the transmission of tuberculosis, E. Perroxxito ( Gior. R.
Soc. Accad. Vet. ItaL, 49 {1900), No. 45, pp. 1057, 1058).— The author fed 2 pigs with
milk to which had been added fresh tuljerculous material of bovine origin. General-
ized cases of tuberculosis were developed in both experimental animals.
Tuberculosis in New Zealand, J. A. Gilruth ( Veterinarian, 73 {1900), No. 870,
pp. 359-370) . — Notes on 1,500 tuberculin tests, chiefly in dairy cows. The author
discusses general infection, the means by which the disease is spread, the method of
extermination, and regulations for controlling the prevalence of the disease. The
author believes that tuljerculin has no I'urative action upon tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis in pheasants in "Wangamui, S. H. Drew {Tranii. and Proc. New
Zealand Inst., 32 {1899), jjp. 54-56). — The Wellington Acclimatization Society
imi)orted a number of Phasianus reevesii. The birds were inclosed for a time after
arrival in a pen near a museum. After some time one of the birds died, and on
making a post-mortem examination it was found that various vital organs were
badly infected with tuberculosis. Similar experience was had by other societies in
importing these birds. It remains doubtful how the birds became infected, since
they were watered with rain water and were fed no meat, liver, or milk. The only
other animals which could enter the inclosure were rats, and it is suggested that the
infection may have been carried by them.
On the behavior of the tubercle bacillus in frogs, O. Lubarsch {Centhh BaJct.
u. Par., l.Aht., 28 {1900), Nas. 14-15, )>p. 421-430).— Thin is mainly a controversial
article, but from additional experiments made by the author it is concluded that
VETERIlSrAKY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 893
tuljercle liacilli introduced into the lymph eavity of a frog are carried from this posi-
tion into the internal organs and may be found in such locatic^ns for weeks or even
months. At the point of injection small granulating tuljercles are not infrequently
developed. Tubercle bacilli which have remained for weeks in the body of a frog
do not produce tubercles when inoculated into guinea pigs.
Parturient apoplexy. A discussion of milk fever, W. A. Thomas {Jour.
Contp. Med. and Vet. Arch., 21 {1900), No. 11, j^p. 671-675).— In order to secure
information regarding the methods of treatment of practicing veterinarians and their
success with cases of parturient apoplexy, the author sent out a circular letter of
inquiry to the practicing veterinarians of Nebraska, from whom 11 replies were
received. Of the veterinarians who replied to the circular 9 had given medicine by
way of the mouth and 3 had adopted the Schmidt treatment. The success of treat-
ment was not striking in any case. The author objects to the use of the term par-
turient paresis and inclines to the belief that the primary lesions of the disease are
in the brain.
Tumor formations in certain of the domestic animals, .J. A. Gilruth ( Veter-
inarian, 73 {1900), No. 870, pp. 291-301, figs. 6). — Degenerate and calcified hydatids
were present in the lungs and liver of a vast majority of cattle and sheep inspected
in the abattoirs of New Zealand. Notes are given for the purpose of reaching a dif-
ferential diagnosis between such nodules and those of tuberculosis. A similar dis-
cussion is given of nodules of the peritoneal surface of the intestines, calcareous
nodules in the flanks of sheep, epithelioma, and granuloma.
Swine fever, J. A. Gilruth {Veterinarian, 73 {1900) , No. 872, pp. 419-439, fig». 4).—
From a series of observations and experiments made by the author it is concluded
that pulmonary and pleural lesions frequently occur along with or independently of
the so-called characteristic intestinal lesions of swine fever. The results obtained
indicate that it is doubtful whether hog cholera and swine plague are 2 distinct
diseases.
Mallein in the treatment of glanders, J. McCall ( Veterinarian, 73 {1900), No.
870, pp. 383-387). — Detailed notes are given on 4 horses injected with mallein.
Cultures made from tubercles found on post-mortem examination gave negative results,
while the reaction to mallein was well marked, and the usual anatomical lesions of
glanders were found.
The nature of "horse sickness," Rickmaxn {Berlin. TieriirzH. Wckn.schr., 1900,
No. 29, pp. 337, 338). — The author inoculated himself and also a horse with 1 cc. of
virulent blood from a case of this disease. After 11 days the horse died of typical
symptoms of the disease, while the author was entirely unaffected by the operation,
although he was susceptible to malaria. The author believes that although this dis-
ease is very .-similar to malaria it is not identical with it.
Diseases caused by horse worms, and their treatment, F. V. Theobald {Jour.
Southeast Agr. Col. Wge, 1900, No. 9, pp. 49-66, figs. 7). — Biological'and economic
notes are given on the common species of tapeworms and nematodes, which are found
parasitic in the horse.
Dourine and its pathogenic organism, G. Schneider and M. Blffard {Eec.
Med. Vet., Paris, 8. ser., 7 {1900), No. 3, pj). 81-105, figs. 20).— The authors made
extended investigations on dourine in horses with regard to methods of prevention,
diagnosis, and treatment, and a special study of the etiology of the disease. The
pathogenic organism is considered to be a species of Trypanosoma. The authors
were able to produce the disease experimentally in horses, dogs, rabbits, rats, mice, and
the jackass. It was found that the organism could be transmitted l)y a hypodermic
injection, by contact with the mucous membrane of the vagina, and by inoculation
under the cerebral membranes.
Detailed notes are given on the period of incubation of the disease in different
894 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
animals and upon the symptoms and course of the disease. The pathogenic organism
is described and figured.
A diag-nosis of rabies, II. Valee {Rev. Vet. Toulouse, 35 {1900), Xo. 12, pp.
76S-768) . — A brief critical discussion of the various methods "which have been pro-
posed for diagnosing rabies before and after death.
Diagnosis of rabies upon an histological examination of nerve centers of
animals which have died prematurely, C. Frax(;a ( Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. Paris,
53 {1900), No. 36, pp. 985-987). — From microscopic iiost-mortem examinations made
by the author it is concluded that rabid animals which die prematurely do not
always exhibit the rabic nodules in the ganglia. More frequently it was found that
such elements exist only in an extra capsular position in a greater or less quantity.
Lesions in the bulb were more striking and were formed earlier than those in the
ganglia.
Rabies in dogs, I. Guerricabeitia {Gac. Med. Vet., 24 {1900), No. 174, PP-
513-516). — Brief notes by way of diagnoisis of this disease.
Common diseases of the fowls — their control and treatment, F. D. Chester
{Delaware Sta. Bui. 47, pp. 30, figs. 12). — This bulletin contains a general account of
the common diseases of poultry. The author discusses the symptoms, etiology, and
treatment of gapes, simple catarrh, roup, pip, noninfectious gastroenteritis^ fowl
cholera, asthenia, blackhead, various diseases of the reproductive organs, vertigo,
epilepsy, scaly leg, depluming scabies, favus, bumblefoot, tuberculosis, and infectious
leukaemia.
Roup of chickens, E. V. Wilcox {Montana Sta. Bui. 22, pp. 27-29). — A brief
description of the disease and an account of the remedies usually adopted against
this disease are given. During an outbreak of roup in Montana diphtheritic mem-
branes were removed from the mouth and larynx and a direct application of lunar
caustic was then made to the raw surface thus exposed. The mouth cavity and eyes
were then washed with a solution of nitrate of silver in the proportion of 8 grains
to the ounce of water. In some cases 1 application was successful, while in others
2 or 3 were required.
The internal chicken mite, E. V. Wilcox {Montana Sta. Bui. 22, 2'>p. 30-36) . — A
brief description of Cijtodites nudus is given and the literature relating to this species
is discussed. While studying this mite in Montana it was found in 5 chickens
which were evidently suffering from some serious disease. In 1 case a large number
of intestinal nematodes were present and in the other 4 cases the chickens were
affected with nodular t;eniasis. Two perfectly healthy chickens were found to be
thoroughly infested with cytodites, and in these cases, as well as in the others, no
lesions were traceable to the action of cytodites. Thorough disinfection of poultry
houses is recommended as a preventive measure against this mite.
Intestinal helminthiasis of fowls, Railliet {Rec. Med. Vet. Paris, 8. ser., 7 {1900) ,
No. 2, pp. 36-43). — The author studied an outbreak of helminthiasis among fowls
which was caused by Heterakis j)erspiciUum, H. visicularis, Darainea cesticillns, and D.
proglottina. A serious mortality resulted from the presence of these parasitic worms.
The remedies which were tried included calomel, areca nut, santonin, ether extract
of male fern, and a mixture of the last two.
Calomel in doses of 2 to 4 eg. gave no result. Areca nut in doses varying from 2 to
6 gm. was ineffective. Santonin, even in doses of 28 mg., produced no appreciable
effect. One pullet in a period of 3 weeks received 70 mg. of santonin and 50 eg. of
the ether extract of male fern without any appreciable effect on the intestinal
parasites.
Forceps for holding pigs during inoculation, Bury {Berlin. Tierdrztl.
Wchnschr., 1900, No. 33, p. 388). — A brief description of a form of forceps which
proved to be convenient for this purpose.
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 895
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING.
The use of water in irrigation ( U. S. Dept. Agr. , Office of Experi-
m<nt Stations Bid. 86, j)p. 253, ^^/.y. 50, figs. 18). — This is a report of
investigations made in 1S99 under the supervision of E. Mead, expert
in charge of irrigation investigations of this Department, and C. T.
Johnston, assistant, in accordance with the act of Congress authorizing
irrigation investigations b}^ the Department., The report contains
papers discussing the results of the year's investigations by E. Mead;
tables for use in measuring water, and diagrams showing use in differ-
ent localities, bv C. T. Johnston; and reports and discussions of irri-
gation investigations in different localities by special agents W. M.
Reed, New Mexico; W. H. Code, Arizona; W. Irving, California;
O. V. P. Stout, Nebraska; T. Berr}^, Colorado; C. T. Johnston, AVj^o-
ming; S. Fortier, Montana; K. C. Gemmell and G. L. Swendsen, Utah;
and D. W. Ross, Idaho, The bulletin explains the methods in use in
the arid States in the distribution and use of water in irrigation and
gives a large number of measurements made to determine the duty of
water and the losses by seepage and evaporation from canals, and dis-
cusses the methods by which the water supply may be more effectively
and economically utilized in the production of crops. The results show
a ver}' variable, but wasteful, use of water in irrigation under present
methods and enormous losses from canals and reservoirs b}" seepage
and evaporation. Three tables given in the bulletin afford a very
striking illustration of the extent of these losses. These tables show
the amovmt of water (1) flowing into large canals at their headgates,
(2) taken out by small canals and laterals, and (3) actually reaching the
ffelds. The difference in results of the 3 measurements shows the
approximate loss of water in transit. The following table gives the
averages of the 3 classes of measurements:
Measurements at different places in an irrif/ation, si/sfem, shoving losses in transit.
Depth.
Measured at the head of large canals feet . . 5. 63
Measured at the heads of small canals and laterals do 2. 40
Measured at the margins of fields where used do 1. 29
"A comparison of the duties secured under many of the canals where measure-
ments were made last year leads to the belief that it will be possil)le through improved
methods to double the average duty now obtained, scPthat the quantity now required
for one acre will serve to irrigate two. If this can be accomplished it will relieve the
scarcity under many canals, put an end to many controversies growing out of such
scarcity, lessen the expense per acre for water, and immensely increase the produc-
tive and taxable resources of the arid States."
Irrigation in New Jersey, E. B. Voorhees (Z7. S. Dept. Agr.,
Office of Kipcruiunt Stations Bid. 87,2>P- Jf0,fg8. 5). — This bulletin
discusses the need of irrigation in New Jersey and other States with
similar rainfall conditions; reports the results of experiments at the
896 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
station and elsewhere in New Jersey during 1890 to determine whether
supplemental irrio-ation is prolitaljle under such conditions; and oives
descriptions and statements of cost of a number of small irrigation
plants in New Jersey. In the experiments at the station the increase
in yield of small fruits due to irrigation was as follows: Blackberries,
1,038 qts. per acre, worth §93.42; raspberries, 329 qts. per acre, Avorth
$32.90; and currants, 311 c^ts. per acre, worth §31.10. The results of
similar experiments in other parts of the State with a variety of crops
confirm those obtained at the station.
" So far as rainfall conditions are concerned, New Jersey belongs to
the so-called humid region, and may be considered t^-pical of the whole
eastern half of the United States. Judging from the results reported
in this bulletin, there seems to be no doubt that irrigation for fruits and
market gardens, even in regions where rainfall is normally abundant,
is a profitable undertaking."
Storage of -water on G-ila River, J. B. Lippincott ( IVfdei' Suj^ply
and Irrig. I\(j)t/'S, U. S. Gtol. Survey, iVvv. 33, pp. 9S,j)Is. 33). — This
is a report on investigations undertaken in 1896 and 1899 with a view
to finding means of affording relief to the Pima, Papago, and ^Nlari-
copa Indians of the Gila River Reservation, who have been deprived
of an adequate supph" of water for irrigation hy diversion of the
supply at points in the Gila River watershed above the reservation.
The report gives some account of these Indians and of their use of
water for irrigation purposes; reviews the causes of the shortage of
water and the steps taken to correct it; discusses the water suppl}"
of the Gila River basin — precipitation, flow of streams, evaporation,
etc. ; and records the results of investigation of storage reservoir sites
at the Buttes, the Dikes, Riverside, San Carlos, Guthrie, and on Queen
Creek, with remarks oii irrigable land under the various proposed res-
ervoirs, the distribution of canals, and the organization of irrigation
districts. The bulletin also contains a paper by E. Duryee recording
the results of investigations on cement, undertaken "(1) to ascertain
whether by luiusually fine grinding of the cement its strength can be
appreciably enhanced and the quantity correspondingly reduced; (2)
whether it is feasible to use the rocks found at the dam sites for mak-
ing a sand cement; (3) whether Portland cement can be economically
made at these sites ;" the object being to lessen the cost of "Portland
cement in constructing the dams.
As a result of the investigations the author advises the construction
of the San Carlos dam and makes various recommendations regarding
further investigations and the management of the stored water and the
lands to be irrigated.
The conclusions of the author have been verified l)y J. D. Schuyler,
whose general conclusions and recommendations are incorporated in
the report.
STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS. 897
Geology and water resources of a portion of southeastern South Dakota,
J. E. Todd ( Water Supphf and Irrigation Papers, U. S. Geol. Survei/, No. S4, pp. S4,
pis. 5, maps .5) . — This paper gives the results of investigations of the geology, surface
waters, and underground waters of the region named.
Operations at river stations, 1899 ( Water Supply ami Irrigation Papers, U. S.
Geol. Suree}/, Xos. 35-39, pp. 471). — These bulletins give "descriptions of the river
stations maintained during 1899 by the United States Geological Survey, together
with tables of the average daily height of water, results of measurements of dig-
charge, and rating tables constructed from the latter and applicable in general for
the calendar year." For reports of similar data for 1898, see E. S. R., 11, p. 1094.
Pennsylvania road statistics, J. Hamilton (Pennsylvania Dept. Ayr. Bui. 66,
pp. 97). — This bulletin gives the text of the road law passed by the State legislature
in 1897, and tabular statements of the mileage of roads in each township, together
with the tax levy, proximity of stone suitable for ballast, and other data.
STATISTICS— MISCELLANEOUS.
Thirteenth Annual Report of Kansas Station, 1900 {Kamas Sta. Rpit. 1900,
pp. XXIV— 163). — The report proper contains the organization list of the station, a
tinancial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, a general review of the
work of the different departments, and a subject list of station publications issued
since the organization of the station. Reprints of bulletins 90-98 of the station on
the following subjects are appended: Alfalfa in eastern Kansas (E. S. R., 11, p. 10.37),
swine plague (E. S. R., 12, p. 190), soy beans — a new drought-resisting crop (E. S. R.,
12, p. 142), Kafir corn (E. S. R., 12, p. 332), sugar beets, 1899 (E. S. R., 12, p. 334),
station publications (E. S. R., 12, p. 399), fattening hogs with drought- resisting crops
(E. S. R., 12, p. 375), soil inoculation for soy beans (E. S. R., 12, p. 333), skim milk
calves (E. S. R., 12, p. 472), and scale insects upon Kansas grasses (E. S. R., 12,
p. 466).
Thirteenth Annual Report of Maryland Station, 1900 {Maryland Sta. Ept.
1900, pp. A'-j-iSi). — The report proper contains the organization list of the station,
a brief review of the work and publications of the station, a meteorological sununary
for 1899, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900. Bulletins
63-67 of the station on the following subjects are reprinted: Experiments in feeding
pigs for the production of jiork (E. S. R., 12, p. 174) ; a study of the cause of mottled
butter (E. S. R.,12, p. 182); some important insecticides, fungicides, and apparatus
for their application (E. S. R., 12, pp. 572,581); the occurrence and composition of
lime in ^Maryland, together with a report of the results of experiments in testing its
use in agriculture (E. S. R., 12, p. 624); and the culture and handling of tobacco in
Maryland (E. S. R., 12, p. 637).
Thirteenth Annual Report of Mississippi Station, 1900 {Mississippi Sta. Rpt.
1900, pp. 42). — This includes the organization list of the station, a financial state-
ment for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, a general report on station work during
the year Vjy the director, and more detailed rei3orts by the heads of departments,
parts of which are noted elsewhere. Reprints of Bulletins 60 and 62-64 of the sta-
tion dealing with the following subjects are appended: Value of cotton seed to the
farmer (E. S. R., 11, p. 1069) ; feeding cotton seed, cotton-seed meal, and corn to dairy
cows (E. S. R., 11, pp. 1079, 1080) ; feeding cotton seed, cotton-seed meal, and corn to
beef steers (E. S. R., 11, pp. 1022, 1068); cost of wintering the beef herd (E. S. R., 11,
p. 1084); feeding cotton seed to hogs (E. S. R., 11, p. 1072); varieties of cotton (E. S.,
R., 12, p. 844); inoculation of soils (E. S. R., 12, p. 843); and inspection and
analyses of fertilizers (E. S. R., 12, p. 841 ).
Sixth Annual Report of Montana Station, 1899 {Montana Sta. Bid. 24, pp.
115-152). — This includes the organization list of the station, a financial statement for
1T622— No. 9 8
898 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
the fiscal year ended June 30, 1899, a report of the director on the work and publi-
cations of the station during the year, and departmental reports, two of which are
noted elsewhere.
Experiment Station Work— XVI ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bui. 122, pp. 32,
figs^. 5). — Thisnumber contains articles on the following subjects: Liming grass lands
early plowing for wheat, grafting grape cuttings, culture and uses of olives, nuts as
food, coffee substitutes, the working of a pure-food law, selling eggs by weight, rela-
tion of feed to the flavor of eggs, feeding moldy corn, and preparation of unfermented
grape juice.
Press Bulletins Nos. 35 to 70 {Kansas Sta. Bui. 99, j)p. 66). — This contains
reprints of weekly press bulletins issued by the station from April 5, 1899, to June
26, 1900. The articles are based largely on the results of experiments at the station.
Following are the subjects treated: Dysentery in calves and other young animals;
experiments with swine plague or hog cholera; Kafir corn, alfalfa hay, and soy beans
for pork; what is a digestion experiment; skim milk calves; orchard cultivation; a
digestion experiment with alfalfa hay; to rid the house of flies, selection of seed
wheat; the profitable strawberry bed; early plowing and moisture conservation; soy
beans; awnless brome grass; the Kansas Experiment Station; the horn-fly trap
experiment; infectious abortion in cattle; alfalfa in eastern Kansas; some nitroge-
nous forage plants; exi>eriments with sugar beets to 1899 and 1900; Kafir corn; plant
breeding by bud selection; digestion experiments with Kafir-corn stover and Kafir-
corn meal; protective inoculation against blackleg in cattle; questions about forage
plants; how to test the vitality of garden seeds; gophers and crab grass v. alfalfa;
salsify, or oyster plant; tame grasses for Kansas; Bromus inermis; prevention of grain
smuts; horn fly remedies; causes of failure in spraying; the cultivated catalpas; the
Buffalo tree hopper; the cultivated millets; and botanical notes on wheat and spelt.
The agriculture of the future. Hydraulic agriculture, A. Eoxna [Jour.
Agr. Prat., 1900, II, No. 51, pp. 897-901; 1901, I, Nos. 1, p. 21; 2, pp. 60-53).—
By hydraulic agriculture, as discussed in this article, is meant the use of water not
only as a motive power, but also for irrigation and as a carrier of fertilizing material
to the soil (warping) in connection with intercultural cover crops which conserve
and increase the nitrogen supply of the soil.
Agriculture in Switzerland in the nineteenth century, E. Chcard {La Suisse
audixneuvihnesi'hcle. Extrait: L' Agriculture. Lausanne: F. Payot; Berne: Sckmid &
Francke, 1901, pp. 75, figs. 31) . — A historical sketch of Swiss agriculture during the
last century with reference to agricultural practices, agricultural societies, schools, and
experiment stations, and other agricultural subjects.
Agriculture in the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, J. J. Wagner {Buh Gesell.
Forder. Wiss., Ackerh. u. Ki'mste, Unter-Elsass, 34 {1900) , No. 9, pp. 305-312).— K brief
popular article on agricultural conditions in Luxemburg, and discussing in a general
way agricultural education and the work of agricultural societies.
Agricultural statistics for New Zealand {Ne\v Zealand Dept. Agr. Bpt. 1900,
pp. 347-371). — Statistics for 1899-1900 on imports and exports. A supi^lement con-
taining general agricultural statistics is attached.
NOTES.
Alabama Station. — J. G. Gilchrist, of the board of control, died recently at his
home in Hope Hull, Ala. His successor has not yet been selected. J. Q. Burton has
resigned as assistant chemist to accept a position in the Georgia State Laboratory,
and Charles W. Nixon has been appointed in his place.
California University and Station. — The State legislature has provided an
annual appropriation of $250,000 for the university for the next two years, in addition
to its regular income. A department of irrigation has been established in the uni-
versity, and Elwood ISIead, irrigation expert of this Department, has been elected
professor of the institutions and practice of irrigation. Professor Mead will deliver
a course of lectures at the university, extending over six weeks, on the institutions
of irrigation. His new position will not necessitate his relinquishing the charge of
the irrigation investigations of the Department, as an assistant professor will be
provided.
Connecticut State Station. — Clifford Langley resigned March 1 to accept a posi-
tion in New York City. He has been succeeded by I. F. Harris.
Purdue University and Station. — The State legislature has appropriated $60,000
for a new agricultural building, with $10,000 a year for two years for maintenance
and equipment of the same. Ex-President Benjamin Harrison, who died March 13,
was a trustee of the university and station. Within the i^ast twenty-five months
President Smart and two of the most prominent trustees of Purdue have died.
Iowa College and Station. ^ — Homer C. Price, of the University of Ohio, has
been elected to the chair of horticulture and forestry in the college and horticulturist
of the station. F. R. jMarshall has been appointed assistant in animal husbandry, to
succeed G. M. Rommel.
Kansas Station. — A. S. Hitchcock, botanist of the college and station, has resigned
to accept the position of assistant agrostologist in this Department. He entered upon
his duties INIarch 1.
North Dakota College. — The legislature has granted the college one-fifth mill
on all taxable property, thus doing away with the necessity for the uncertain bien-
nial appropriation. Plans are being prepared for the completion of the new chemical
lalioratory and for a science hall, to l^e built during the i)resent year, and also for a
new barn to replace the one recently destroyed by fire.
Ohio Station. — Clarence W. Waid, B. S., recently assistant horticulturist at the
New Hampshire station, has been aiipointed to the same position at the Ohio station.
South Dakot.a College and Station. — The State legislature has provided $40,000
for an engineering and physics building, and $10,000 for a building for work in plant
breeding. The fund for the general expenses of the college has been increased, and
a law passed affirming the ^Morrill and Hatch funds to the institution in perpetuit}\
The appropriation of $1,000 for the experimental work at Highmore was continued.
The governor has appointed I. D. Aldrich, of Bigstone, and I. W. Goodner, of Pierre,
on the ])oard of regents of education (governing board of the college and station), to
succeed H. H. Blair and R. W. Haire.
899
900 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Wyoming Uxiversity. — The legislature has appropriated funds for the fompletion
of the Science Hall and to enlarge the campus. The new l)uilding will contain the
geological museum and preparatory rooms, the botanical and chemical laboratories,
and a large lecture room. A central heating plant for all the buildings will be built.
Xeceoloc^y. — Dr. George T. Fairchild died March 15, 1901, after a lingering illness,
at Columbus, Ohio, where he had gone for medical treatment. According to an
account of his life in the Kansas Agricultural College Industrkdist, Dr. Fairchild was
bom at Brownhelm, Ohio, October 6, 1838, his father being a farmer and teacher.
He was educated at Oberlin College, graduating in the classical course in 1862 and
in the department of theology in 1865. He was ordained to the ministry in the Con-
gregational Church, but never served as pastor, as he was elected instructor in the
Michigan Agricultural College in 1865 and the next year was made professor of
English literature, which position he filled until called to the presidency of the Kan-
sas State Agricultural College in December, 1879. He remained at the head of the
latter institution for seventeen and a half years, withdrawing at the close of the
collegiate year 1897. Under his presidency this college grew steadily in efficiency
and in general appreciation, both in the State and among similar institutions. "The
attendance grew from year to year, appropriations by the State legislature became
more abundant, and the name of the college became a synonym for thorough educa-
tional work. During the first year of his connection with the college the attendance
was but 276; during the last year it had grown to 734." Dr. Fairchild was promi-
nently identified with the educational associations of this country. He was a life
director in the National Educational Association, and took a prominent part in the
Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, of which he
was president in 1897. The last four years of his life were comparatively unevent-
ful. After a period of rest, during which he wrote his ])Ook on " Rural Wealth and
Welfare," he accepted a call to the chair of English literature at Berea College,
Kentucky, which position he occui^ied at the time of his death.
National Bureau of Standards. — The recent act of Congress providing for the
establishment of this new bureau calls for a director, physicist, chemist, two assistant
physicists or chemists, several laboratory assistants, a secretary, engineer, and
mechanician. The appointment of Dr. Samuel W. Stratton, of the University of
Chicago, as director, has been announced. Dr. Stratton has been in charge of the
Office of Standard Weights and Measures in Washington. The appropriation for
the bureau carries $27,140 for salaries, $100,000 toward the erection of a fire-proof
laboratory, the entire cost of which is not to exceed $250,000, $25,000 for a site for
the laboratory, $10,000 for equipment, and $5,000 for general expenses, making a
total of $167,140. A visiting committee of five members, consisting of experts in the
various interests involved, but not in the employ of the Government, is provided for.
Fees will be charged for the services of the bureau in making comparisons, calibra-
tions, tests of apparatus, or investigations, except those performed for institutions
connected with the Federal or State governments. Germany is said to provide
$116,000, Great Britain $62,100, and Austria $46,000 annually for the maintenance of
similar standardizing bureaus.
AcjRicuLTURAL EDUCATION IN GERMANY. — Accordiug to E uote* in the Gardeners'
Chronicle (29 (1901) , No. 734, p. 45), there are at present 241 institutions in Germany
giving instruction in agriculture, exclusive of the special schools of horticulture,
dairying, and other industries. There are chairs of agriculture and agricultural
institutes connected with 12 universities, and in addition 20 schools of agriculture,
not including the primary schools, where the education given is of a more elementary
character. Traveling teachers also visit remote districts to instruct the peasants and
show them the best methods of cultivation, etc.
o
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: I",. AV. ALLEX, Pii. I)., A.'<si'<l(ud Dircdur.
EDITOKIAL DEPARTMENTS.
Chemistry, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — The Editok and H. W. Lawson.
Meteorology, Fertilizers and Soils (including methods of analysis), and Agricultural
Engineering — W. H. Beal.
Botany and Diseases of Plants — WAr.TEK H. Evans, Ph. D.
Foods and Animal Production — C. F. Laxgworthy, Ph. D.
Field Crops — J. I. Sciiulte.
Entomology and Veterinary Scienc(> — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D.
Horticulture — C. B. Smith.
With the cooperation of the scientific divisions of the Dei)artment and the Abstract
Committee of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.
CONTENTS OF Vol. XII, No. lo.
Page.
Editorial notes: Experiment-station farms, and the movement for their estab-
lishment in Germany 901
Recent work in agricultural science 905
Notes 998
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
CHEMISTRY.
Report of the chemist, G. W. Shaw 906, 907
Chemical division, H. .J. Wheeler 907
On uniformity in soil analyses, A. D. Hall 905
The detection of lead in potable water, Bellocq 906
Some physical and chemical i)roperties of salad oils, G. E. Colby 906
BOTANY.
Agrostological notes, F. Lamson-Scribner and E. D. Merrill 911
Inventory of foreign seeds and plants, J. ( i. Smith 911
The university botanic garden, J. B. Davy 912
Notes on jylants received for identitication, J. B. Davy 912
Report on the investigations at the climatological station of Juvisy during
1899, C. Flannnarion 909
Physiological experiments on the germination and growth of plants in rarefied
air, F. Schaible 909
Notes on the germination and seedlings of certain native plants, S. Coulter... 910
I
II CONTENTS.
rage.
Investigationfi on the formation of proteids Ijv plants in <larknes.«, Marie
Maliniak 910
The occurrence of calcium oxalate and lignin during the differentiation of the
buds of Frunus americana, H. L. Bolley and L. K. Waldron 910
On the poisonous properties of some alkaline compounds toward higher plants,
H. Coupin 911
FERMENTATION BACTEKIOLOGY.
The bacterial air flora of the semidesert region of New Mexico, J. Weinzirl 913
The influence of the temperature of liquefied air on bacteria, A. Macfadyen
and S. Rowland 913
Effect of different degrees of light on the multiplication of water bacteria, F.
T. Bioletti 914
Fermentation of galactose, F. Dienert 915
METEOROLOGY CLIMATOLOGY.
West Indian hurricanes, E. B. Garriott 920
The fiftli annual report for the year 1899 of the agricultural experiment station
ofPloty 916
Work at the station of agricultural climatology of Juvis}- during the year 1899,
' C. Flammarion 918
Meteorological observations, A. ( ). Leuschner and Y. Kuno 921
Meteorological observations, J. E. Ostrander and C. L. Rice 918
Meteorological record for 1899 921
Meteorological summary for 1899, C. A. Patton 919
Report of the meteorologist, N. Helme 919
AIR— WATER — SOILS.
Waters, E. W. Hilgard et al 926
Soils, lands, and soil moisture, E. W. Hilgard and R. H. Loughridge 921
Alkali and alkali soils, R. H. Loughridge 923
Preliminary account of the soil survey work in North Carolina, B. W. Kilgore. 924
The Illinois glacial lobe, F. Leverett 924
The soil zones of European Russia in connection with the salt content of the
subsoils and with the character of the forest vegetation, G. Vissotski 925
Acidity of upland soils, H. J. Wheeler and B. L. Hartwell 927
Laterites, P. A. Zemyachenski 926
FERTILIZERS.
The manurial value of the excreta of milch cows, W. S. Sweetser 927
Denitrification of nitrate of potash under the influence of reducing substances,
M. Knovalov 928
Fertilizer experiments with different sources of phosplioric acid, H. J. Patterson . 930
Commercial fertilizers, E. H. Jenkins, S. W. Johnson, et al 931
Analyses of fertilizers, C. A. Goessmann 933
Fertilizer analyses, R. C. Kedzie 933
Commercial fertilizers, H. J. Wheeler, B. L. Hartwell, et al 933
FIELD CROPS.
A fertilizer experiment with barley, R. Ulrich 934
Some varieties of winter barley, R. J. Mansholt 935
Chicory growing, M. G. Kains 941
CONTENTS. Ill
Page.
Cooperative grass and forage plant investigations with State experiment sta-
tions, T. A. Williams 935
Collection and distribution of grass seed — field work 941
Experiment in tojj-dressing grass land, H. J. Wheeler and J. A. Tillinghast 935
Reports on various seeds and plants included in the university distribution,
E. J. Wickson 936
Note on the growth of lupines on calcareous lands, E. W. Hilgard 936
Potato experiments 937
Experiments on potatoes in Yorkshire 937
The influence of water and fertilizers on the composition of the ash of the
potato, A. von Daszewski and B. Tollens 938
Sorghum, G. W. Shaw 942
Culture of resistant, nonseed producing sugar beets, J.Wendenbusch 938
Sugar beets in 1897, M. E. Jaffa 942
Tobacco culture experiments in Russia, P. Lomonosov 939
Nicotin in California-grown tobaccos, G. E. Colby 943
The basis for the improvement of American wheats, M. A. Carleton 939
Wheat, J. S. Newman and J. S. Pickett 943
HORTICULTURE.
Horticulture from an educational standpoint, F. W. Card 952
Horticultural division, F. W. Card and G. E. Adams 944
Report on the substations, C. H. Shinn 945
California apples, G. E. Colby 946
The condition of success with grafts, L. Daniel 947
Distribution of seeds, plants, cuttings, etc. , E. J. Wickson 954
FORESTRY.
The protection of shade trees in towns and cities 957
Report of the forestry substations, C. H. Shinn 954
Forest reserves, H. Gannett 955
The forest nursery, G. B. Sudworth 956
The Minnesota forestry plan, J. N. Cross. 956
The forests of Saxony 956
Forests in the Grand Duchy of Baden 957
SEEDS WEEDS.
Clover seeds and their impurities, F. H. Hillman 959
Experiments in preserving forest-tree seeds 959
The effect of hydrocyanic-acid gas upon the germination of seeds, C. 0. Town-
send 959
The germination of ripe and half-ripe dodder seed, W. Kinzel 960
Destruction of weeds in fields of cereals, C. Dusserre . - 960
DISEASES OP PLANTS.
Specimens received for examination by the bacteriological laboratory, F. T.
Bioletti 961
Concentric spore spots, B. D. Halsted 961
The asparagus rust in Iowa, L. H. Pammel and E. R. Hodson 962
Field experiments with tomato rot, F. S. Earle 962
The brown rot of peaches, plums, and other fruits, A. L. Quaintance 962
The leaf-spot disease of cherry trees, Miiller-Thurgau 963
The olive knot, F. T. Bioletti 965
IV CONTENTS.
Page.
Spot disease of the violet, P. H. Dorsett 963
An anthracnose and a stem rot of Antirrhhmm maj^K, F. C. Stewart 964
Carnation-stem rot, F. W. Card and G. E. Adams 966
Experiments in the preparation of Bordeaux mixture, W. Kelhofer 964
ENTOMOLOGY.
Foul brood of bees, F. C. Harrison 966
The action of different rays of the solar spectrum on the development of silk-
worms, C. Flammarion 969
The common European praying mantis, a new benefifial insect in America,
M. V. Slingerland 973
Experiments in protecting man against jnosquitoes by chemical agents, C.
Fermi and C. Lumbao 969
Observations on insects, T. D. A. Cockerell 974
The "silver top" condition of meadow grasses in Finland, E. Reuter 970
The apple maggot, F. W. Card and G. E. Adams 974
The strawberry-root louse; the destructive pea louse in Delaware, E. D. San-
derson 970
The grape-root worm, a new grape pest in New York, M. V. Slingerland 974
Supplement to my article on "American fruit and its parasites," C. Brick 971
Crude petroleum v. the San Jose or pernicious scale, J. B. Smith 971
Sprays and washes, C. W. Woodworth 975
The orchard and nursery inspection law 975
FOODS ANIMAL PKODUCTION.
Report of the analyst [on the adulteration of food and drug insjiection] 975
The nutritive value of desiccated vegetables, M. E. Jaffa 980
Studies on beans, T. Kosutslny 976
Examination of canned fruits, G. E. Colby 980
Investigations of canned products, E. W. Hilgard and G. E. Colb)' 980
Remarks on the use of borax and formaldehyde as preservatives of food, W. D.
Halliburton 976
Investigation of California cattle foods, ]M. E. Jaffa 981
The relation between temperature and fermentation in the ensiling of green
fodders, A. Vauchez, P. Marchal, et al 977
Excretion of urea by the skin in health, C. C. Easterl)rook 977
Milk and artificial foods for fattening calves, D. Dickson and L. Malpeaux 978
Feeding rice meal to pigs, C. M. Conner 982
Feeding trials with work horses, J. H. Shepperd 978
Special instruction in poultry culture, A. A. Brigham 982
Heredity, A. A. Brigham 982
DAIKV FARMING DAIRYING.
Practical dairying, R. J . Red<iing 986
Feeding experiments, H. J. Wing _ 982
A popular discussion of pure milk supply, C. E. Marshall 98(5
Milk examination and milk control, 0. Bach 982
Experiments with artificial cultures in making export butter, JNI. Grimm 983
Gassy curd and cheese, C. E. Marshall 984
The batiterial flora of American Cheddar cheese: Its constancy and distribu-
tion, J. Weinzirl 984
The duration of the life of tubercle bacilli in cheese, F. C. Harrison 985
National and State dairy laws, R. A. Pearson 986
CONTENTS. V
VETERINAKY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE.
Page.
Two new j>yogenic inii'ro-< n'ganifims, PI Klein 986
The hereditary transniis.Hion of tuberculosis, G. Carriere 987
Tuberculosis and its management, C. E. Marshall 987
New procedures in vaccination against symptomatic anthrax of cattle by asso-
ciation of an immunizing serum and virus, S. Arloing 988
Immunity to symptomatic anthrax after the injection of a preventive serum
and natural virus, either separately or in mixtures, S. Arloing 988
The dissolution of the anthrax bacillus, G. Malfitano 989
Investigations on the influence of the substratum upon the action of disin-
fectants toward the spores of anthrax bacillus, U. Otsuki 989
Cattle ticks and Texas fever, R. J. Redding 992
Notes on roup, H. W. INIarsliall 990
The susceptibility of certain species of animals to the organism of hemorrhagic
septica?mia of ducks and chickens, A. Rabieaux 990
Tests of various antiseptics, F. T. Bioletti 991
Alcohol fumes as a disinfectant, W. von Brunn 991
TECHNOLOGY.
The manufacture of starch from potatoes and cassava, H. W. Wiley 994
The composition of American wines, W. D. Bigelow 994
Report on the wines made from grapes grown on alkaline soils of Algeria, L.
Roos, E. Rousseaux, and J. Dugast 995
Wattle barks for tanning, J. H. Barber 995
STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS.
Annual Report of California Station, 1898 996
Eighteenth Annual Report of New York State Station, 1899 996
Nineteenth Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1900 997
Annual Report of Oregon Station, 1896 997
Annual Report of Oregon Station, 1898 997
Annual Report of Oregon Station, 1899 997
Annual Report of Oregon Station, 1900 997
Thirteenth Annual Report of Rhode Island Station, 1900 997
Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture, 1900 997
Press bulletins - 997
Announcement to New Mexico ranchmen and list of bulletins, F. W. Sanders. 997
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED.
Experiment stations in the United States:
California Station :
Annual Report for 1898 906, 912, 914, 921,
923, 926, 936, 942, 943, 945, 946, 954, 961, 965, 975, 980, 981, 991, 995, 996
Connecticut State Station:
Bulletin 131, November, 1900 957
Annual Report for 1900, Part I 931
Delaware Station:
Bulletin 49, Deceudier, 1900 970
Georgia Station :
Bulletin 49, September, 1900 982, 986, 992
Bulletin 50, October, 1900 962
Iowa Station:
Bulletin 53, November, 1900 962
VI CONTENTS.
Experiment stations in the United States — Continued.
Maryland Station: Page.
Bulletin 68, September, 1900 930
Massachusetts Hatch Station:
Bulletin 70, November, 1900 933
Meteorological Bulletin 142, October, 1900 918
Meteorological Bulletin 143, November, 1900 918
Meteorological Bulletin 144, December, 1900 918
Michigan Station:
Bulletin 182, May, 1900 986
Bulletin 183, June, 1900 984
Bulletin 184, June, 1900 987
Bulletin 185, June, 1900 933
Nevada Station:
Bulletin 47, August, 1900 959
New Jersey Stations:
Bulletin 146, November 1, 1900 971
New ^Mexico Station:
Bulletin 35, October, 1900 974
Bulletin 36, October, 1900 997
New York Cornell Station:
Bulletin 184, November, 1900 974
Bulletin 185, November, 1900 973
New York State Station:
Eighteenth Annual Report, 1899 921, 996
North Dakota Station:
Bulletin 45, September, 1900 978
Ohio Station:
Bulletin 120, June, 1900 919,997
Nineteenth Annual Report, 1900 975, 997
Oregon Station:
Annual Report for 1896 997
Annual Report for 1898 906, 997
Annual Report for 1899 907, 997
Annual Report for 1900 942, 997
Pennsylvania Station :
Bulletin 54, November, 1900 927
Rhode Island Station:
Bulletin 71, August, 1900 935
Bulletin 72, September, 1900 982
Bulletin 73, October, 1900 933
Thirteenth Annual Report, 1900 907,
919, 927, 944, 952, 966, 974, 982, 990, 997
South Carolina Station:
Bulletin 55, October, 1900 982
Bulletin 56, October, 1900 943
United States Department of Agriculture:
Annual Reports, 1 900 997
Office of the Secretary:
Circular 8 935
Circular 9 941
Division of Agrostology :
Circular 27 911
Bureau of Animal Industry:
Bulletin 26 .' 986
CONTENTS. Vn
United States Department of Agriculture — Continued.
Division of Botany: Page.
Inventory 7 911
Circular 29 941
Division of Chemistry:
Bulletin 58 994
Bulletin 59 : 994
Division of Forestry:
Bulletin 29 956
Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology:
Bulletin 23 963
Bulletin 24 939
Weather Bureau:
Bulletin H 920
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XII. No. 10.
The question of the establishment of experimental farms in connec-
tion with the experiment stations is being- ag-itated to considerable
extent in Germany. This plan of carrying on a small farm in connec-
tion with the station, where field and feeding experiments are conducted
on a more or less practical scale, is referred to as the "American sys-
tem." Sev^eral years ago Professor Maercker, of the Halle Station,
made a tour of the American stations, and was much impressed with
the value of the farm portion of the station equipment as an accessory
means of studying certain problems closely related to practice, and of
verifying and testing the practical application of laboratory inves-
tigations.
The Lauchstildt Experimental Farm, which is connected with the
Halle Station, is an outgrowth of Professor Maercker's American
trip, and is the only German representative of the so-called American
system. This farm was started about five years ago. In addition to
its fields and plats, where experiments in culture, fertilizing, and
management of field crops are carried on, it has a herd of cattle which
are used for feeding and dairy experiments. Several annual reports
of its operations have been reviewed in the Record as they appeared.
The farm has evidently attracted a good deal of attention in Germany
during the few years it has l)een in operation, and has appealed
strongly not only to practical farmers and agriculturists, but to higher
officials as well.
As is generally known, the German stations do not have any con-
siderable area of land or conduct what we understand as field experi-
ments, except as they may do so in cooperation with farmers, their
culture work being carried on for the most part in vegetation pots or
small plats and quite restricted. The same is true of their feeding
experiments, which are made with a small number of animals and
usually cover only short periods. While their strictly scientific experi-
ments have taught us much regarding the nutrition of annuals and
the utilization of food, as well as the methods of investigation, their
more practical experiments must be regarded as quite inferior in point
of method to their research work.
The Lauchstadt Experimental P^irm was in a sense a new departure
in experiment station work in Germany. Although it has been in
901
902 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
operation so short a time, it has given rise to a popular demand for a
number of stations on that plan, which appears to be receiving consid-
erable support from specialists and the press. Last fall Professor von
Riimker, of Breslau, published an article in the Journal fur Land-
wirtschaft^ on the importance of experimental farms in connection
with agricultural experiment stations. In this he paid a high tribute
to the American stations, and maintained that their German repre-
sentative at Lauchstadt had abundantly justified its establishment. He
thought it should serve as an example to many other German stations,
and believed that the establishment of modern experimental farms was
a natural demand of the times which promised to mark an epoch in
the histor}" of the German experiment stations. He earnestlv advocated
relieving experiment stations of control work for the most part, and
the establishment of experimental farms in connection with a con-
siderable number of stations. He held these farms to be of great
advantage to agricultural production, and a potent means for the
improvement of agricultural practice.
This suggestion of Professor von Riimker's has not met with uni-
versal approval. In a reply to his article, in a late number of Die
landwirtschaftlielu')! Yersuchs- Stationed ^ Prof. J. Konig, the eminent
director of the experiment station at Minister, in Westphalia, takes
very decided exception to von Riimker's opinion of the value or appli-
cabilit}^ of the results obtained at such experimental farms. He shows
from a review of the history of the German stations that when they
were first established the}^ were expected to work out formulas and
practical directions for feeding and manuring, and that, accordingl}^
many of the stations were given considerable tracts of land or had such
land under their control. It was found more advantageous for the
research, however, to move the stations to towns or cities where
educational institutions were located; and he contends that the wisdom
of this course has been fully demonstrated, and that the results
accomplished do not warrant recommending a return to the old order
of things. The experimental farm, he says, furnishes only a mass of
experiences from which generalizations can not be made or the true
significance measured; and he holds that such experimenting is not
scientific and does not furnish practical indications which are of more
than local and temporary application. The attempt of the stations
to meet the early requirements and prescribe rules for agricultural
practice has not been successful for the reason that conditions vary
so greatly in difl'erent localities and at dilierent times. He even
holds that experimental fields are dangerous for such farmers as are
inclined to follow results blindly without considering carefully their
own conditions. The thing which the German stations stand in most
need of, he says, is not a change in their system of operations, but
more free time for research. In conclusion, he states as his judgment
that experimental farms on the plan of that at Lauchstadt are useful
for purposes of instruction at agricultural high schools, but are not
necessary for experiment stations, because we lack as yet the necessary
EDITOEIAL. 903
basis for intorpreting the results, and this basis can not be worked out
in experiments on a large scale where a variety of uid^nown conditions
prevail.
This discussion is interesting to those connected with the stations in
this country, where similar experience has been passed through. The
earlier stations were patterned ver}^ largely after the German stations.
Later it was found to be desirable for a number of reasons to have
fields and herds connected with the stations. The tendency at first
was to go rather to the extreme in this matter, but as experience has
been gained and the confidence of the farmers secured, there has been
a marked tendency to diminish the areas under cultivation, to give far
less prominence to the commercial features of farming, and to com-
bine, as far as practicable, with the farm operated by the agricultural
college. Visitors to our stations do not alwa3^s realize that the farm
which they see is not operated entirely by the station, and that the
larger portion of it is frequently carried on by the college for use in
connection with its instruction, a partnership which in many cases has
been nuitually helpful.
The Lauchstadt farm is hardly a fair representative of the American
station farm as it is carried on to-day, and as many of its experiments
have been very practical and very unlike the ordinary work of most
of the German stations, it is not surprising that a proposition to
increase the number of such farms should meet with considerable dis-
approval. Our experience, however, has mdicated that without main-
taining a large and expensive farm, where many of the operations are
purely practical, commercial, or merely for demonstration, compara-
tively small farms conducted on the experimental basis may be made
very useful to the stations in their work, and to the farmers in whose
interest the work is carried on. As primary means of investigation
the experiment station farms have often been overrated. Their great-
est usefulness is as secondary, or intermediate, agencies for the reduc-
tion of theoretical results of scientific investigation to a practical basis.
It is believed that such experimental farms would prove to the advan-
tage of the German stations in much the same way that they have lo
the stations in this country, especially if they are to give serious
attention to improving agricultural practice.
It seems entirely reasonable that the feasibility and the practical
application of results of investigations made on a small scale in labora-
tories, plant houses, experimental stables, or even on field plats, should
be determined first by the stations making such investigations. Other-
wise the results must be looked upon as largely theoretical, and if
made use of at all by farmers are likely to be misleading. As a rule
such studies conducted on a farm basis show that many factors not
considered in the smaller trials have to be taken into account in actual
practice. The latter studies oftentimes call for the exercise of as
much scientific acumen and knowledge and more inventive and prac-
904 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
tical skill than the lii])()i{itory iiivcstigfations. Take the case of some
of the iiivcstig-ation.s which have been made on the laboratory .scale in
the preservation of barnyard manure. From the results obtained on
a small scale, methods of treatment have been indicated which have
not always been found advantageous when put to the test on a large
scale, on account of other factors which entered in. Again, the plan ,
of inoculating the soil with micro-organisms for legumes, either with
pure cultures or with soil containing these germs, seemed (^uite simple
in theory, but in practice numerous difhculties were encountered which
it has required skill and perseverance to overcome. Studies of the
availa])ility of fertilizing materials, and the combating of insect pests
and plant diseases present similar analogies. The laboratory research
frequently does not end the investigation of a subject if any regard is
had to its introduction into practice, and without this the result of the
investigation is merely a contribution to science and in the case of
station work does not accomplish its full purpose.
The American stations have profited greatty by the investigations
and researches of the German stations, and to a certain extent have
emulated their example. Their greatest success, however, has not
been in the field of pure science, but in improving the conditions and
practices of the various branches of agriculture; and in doing this they
have taken advantage of the agiiculturtil investigations of the world as
well as of their own research work and experiments.
Professor Konig minimizes the importance of this, and is not inclined
to give the American stations credit for ba\'ing conducted any investi-
gations of real value. For he inthnates, in reply to von Riimker's praise
of the American system of stations, that "'magnificently ecpiipped
buildings, l)eautiful photographic reproductions, a large amount of
labor, and long series of analyses without deductions" do not mean
scientific (•onti'i])utions, and he adds that he knows of no results of
American investigations which have oi- should have influenced the direc-
tion of their investigations. Be this as it may, there can be little
doubt that through the course which the American stations have pursued
they have exerted a greater influence on American agriculture during
the time they have been in operation than the German stations have
u})on the agriculture of that country in the same time, in spite of the
far larger nuiuber of well-trained and highly educated agriculturists
and farm managers in the older country. It is (piite certain that if
the American stations had confined their operations to laboratories,
greenhouses, and small plats, and had conducted their feeding experi-
ments with two or three animals at a time or with the respiration
apparatus exclusively, their progress in reaching and benefiting the
American farmer would have been exceedingly slow, and they would
not have Avon his confidence to the extent of becoming by conniion
consent his advisers in nearl}^ every branch of farming operations.
RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.
CHEMISTRY.
On uniformity in soil analyses, A. I). Halt. (Ant/h/ftf, 26 (1900)^
Wo. 296, pp. 281-291). — This article o-ives the recoiiiinendations of a
committee of the Agricultural Educational Association, consisting of
T. S. Dymond, M. J. R. Dunstan, C. M. Luxmoore, T. B. Wood, and
A. D. Hall, as well as some of the results obtained b}' members of the
committee in testing the methods proposed and a discussion of them
by B. Dyer and others. The recommendations are as follows:
I "(1) Taking sample — Under ordinary conditions the sami^le shall be taken to a
depth of 9 in., Ijut in case of shallow soiLs to such lesser depth as marks a natural line
of demarcation. The committee approves of the use of the auger as one method that
may be adopted f(jr taking samples. Several cores should 1)0 taken and mixed for
analysis.
"(2) Drying. — The sample shall l»e air-dried for analysis. The drying may be
accelerated by heating to a temperature not exceeding 40° C, but in all cases the
soil should be finally left for a day or two, spread in a thin layer, and exposed to the
air at the ordinary temperature of the room.
"(3) Sifting. — A sieve with round holes, .3 mm. in diameter, shall l^e used to sepa-
rate the fine eartii for analysis from the stones and gravel. Gentle pressure with a
wooden or caoutchouc pestle or other means may be adopted to ))reak up aggregates
of clay and silt, but care should ))e taken not to crush any of the stones or lumps of
chalk.'
" For determination of the 'available constituents' tiie 'fine earth' is used without
grinding. For the other determinations 100 gm. or more of 'fine earth' is sifted
through a woven sieve of 40 meshes to the inch, or a sieve with round holes of
1 mm. in diameter. What is retained by the sieve is ground till it will pass through,
and the whole mixed. Perforated zinc, with holes I in. and 2^- in. diameter, is com-
mercially obtainable, and forms a convenient material for the construction of the
tAvo sieves. . . .
"(4) Determination, of moisture. — The sample is <lrie(l in the steam oven to constant
weight.
"(5) Determination of lo.sn on ignition. — The result shall be so expressed as not to
include the carbon dioxid expelled from the carbonates nor the moisture previously
determined.
"(6) Determinatio)i of nitrogen. — -Unless titherwise specified, the nitrogen shall be
determined In' Kjeldahl's method.
"(7) Detennination of carbonate of lime. — The carbon dioxid evolved on treatment
of the fine earth with acid is calculated as carbonate of lime.
"This is regarded as a convenient measure of the 'available basicity' of the soil,
without discriminating between carbonates of lime and magnesia.
"(8) Detenninatio)!, of ^totaV mineral conatituentn. — The fine earth is boiled with
strong hydrochloric acid in an open flask for a short time in order that the acid may
905
906 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
attain constant strength, and digested at the ordinary water liath or steam oven tem-
perature for 40 to 48 hours, the flask being loosely stoppered. In this solution the
phosphoric acid and potash are determined, and other mineral constituents as
desired. ...
"(9) Determination of available phosphoric acid and potash. — Unless otherwise speci-
fied, the method described by Dr. B. Dyer (Jour. Chem. Soc, 1894, Trans., p. 115)
shall be followed, the quantities used being 200 gm. unground fine earth and 20 gm.
citric acid in 2,000 cc. water, no further addition of citric acid Ijeing made.
"(10) Expression of results. — Unless otherwise stated, results shall be expressed as
percentages calculated on the fine earth in an air-dry state."
As will be seen, the recommendations deal only with those determi-
nations with regard to which there is a g^eneral consensus of opinion
and do not enter into the questions of interpretation of results nor the
details of analytical processes and manipulation.
The detection of lead in potable -water, Bellocq {Jour. Pharm.
et CJilni.^ 6. ser., lo (1901), A\k ^, pp. 56, 57). — For this purpose the
author makes use of a modilication of a reagent described in an earlier
article/ which contains pure zinc sulphate (it saturated solution) 30 cc,
soda solution 30 cc, sodium carbonate (saturated solution) 40 cc, the
modification consisting of the substitution of ammonia for the soda
solution. From 5 to 10 cc of this reagent is added to 1 to 2 liters of
the water and after standing a few hours the supernatant liquid is
decanted and the precipitate collected on a filter, dried, carefully
detached from the filter, dissolv^ed in warm acetic acid, filtered, and
the filtrate tested with potassium chromate for lead.
Some physical and chemical properties of salad oils, G. E. Colby
{Calif aril ia Sta. Rpt. ISDS, pp. 105-160). — The author has compiled
data relative to the index of refraction, specific gravity, thermal degree,
viscosity of soap solutions formed from oils, iodin number, saponifica-
tion value, melting point of fatty acids from oils, and special tests of
American and European salad oils. The data relative to the thermal
degree and viscosity of soap solutions formed from pure olive oils
and a number of other oils are tabulated. The results are summarized
and the value of the different determinations for the detection of
adulterants is discussed.
"Pure olive oil of California production, according to the data at hand, has an
index of refraction at 15.5° C. of 1.4689 to 1.4717, a specific gravity at 15.5° C. of from
0.9140 to 0.9185, a thermal degree of from 34 to 47° C, a high viscosity of soap solu-
tion formed from the oil, an iodin number varying from 77.7 to 93.5, a saponification
value of a])out 190, and a melting point of fatty acids from the oil from 21 to 26° C."
Beport of the chemist, G. W. Shaw [Oregon Sta. Rpt. 189S, pp. 38-55).— An out-
line is given of the wf)rk of the department during tkie year and some of the results
of investigations reported in earlier publications of the station are sunmiarized. A
table shows the character and acidity of 34 samples of soil from different localities in
the State. Of the samples examined (U) jter cent were acid. Analyses are gfven of
17 samples of prunes, 4 of strawberries, 2 of rhubarb, 13 of limestone, 3 of gypsum, 8
'Jour. Pharm. et Chim., 6, ser., 12 (1900), No. 3, p. 103.
CHEMISTRY. 907
of Paris green, anrl 14 of water. Notes aro given on the results of an examination of
heailchecse considered as causing several cases of illness.
Report of the chemist, G. W. Shaw {Oregon Sla. Rpt. 1899, pp. 20-27). — Analyses
are given of a number of samples of leachings from alkali soils. The alkali was gen-
erally of the black kind and was concentrated in the first 6 in. of the soil. Analyses
are also given of 7 samples of gypsum, 4 of limestone, 3 of Paris green, 3 of soil, and
1 each of mixed hay, barley, salsify, laurel green, and crematory ashes.
Chemical division, H. J. Wheeler {Rhode Island Sta. Rpd. 1900, pp. 219-292). —
A report of the work of the year in the chemical division in the following lines: Fer-
tilizer and feeding stuffs inspection, methods of analysis, special chemical investiga-
tions, pot experiments, improvement of laboratory facilities, correspondence and
]nil:)lications, and miscellaneous analytical work. Under the last head are reported
analyses of muck, air-slaked lime, ashes, calcium carbid waste, salt, sodium carbon-
ate, muriate of potash, potassium carbonate, sulphate of potash, potassium nitrate,
acid phosphate, dissolved boneblack, floats, tankage, fine-ground bone, nitrate of soda,
sulphate of ammonia, dried blood, wool waste, rice meal, wheat bran, cotton-seed
meal, corn meal, oats, cracked corn, linseed meal, boiled blood and bone, and three
poultry feed mixtures (with narrow, medium, and wide nutritive ratios).
Detection of the adulteration of bone superphosphate, H. Lasne {Rev.
Phys. Chim., 4 {1900), p. 397; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 24 {1900), Nos. 28, ReperL, p. 99;
78, ReperL, p. 282). — This is a description of the analytical methods employed by
the author which have already been noted (E. S. R., 11, p. 104).
The theory and practice of the analysis of drinking waters, G. Kabrhel
(Tlieorie und Praxis der Trinkwasserbeurteilung. Munich: Oldenbourg, 1900, pp.VII-\-
234).
Permanent standards for use in the analysis of water, D. D. Jackson ( Tech.
Quart., 13 {1900), Xo. 4, pp. 314-326, Jigs. 4)- — This article describes the permanent
standards already in use for the determination of color, turbidity, and nitrates, and
discusses new standards jiroposed for the determination of ammonia, nitrite, and
iron. For the determination of free and albuminoid ammonia and iron the author
proposes the use of jilatinum-cobalt scjlutions; for nitrites, cobalt-copper solutions.
Preliminary experiments on the determination in cultivated soil of assim-
ilable phosphoric acid, A. de Sigmoxd {Ann. Sci. Agron., 1900, II, No. 3, pp. 431-
463). — In these experiments a compari>«on was made between the indications fur-
nished by Schloessing's method of digesting in dilute nitric acid (E. S. R., 11, p. 131)
and the results of pot experiments with phosphates on different soils. As a rule the
soils showing a considerable percentage of phosphoric acid soluble in dilute nitric
acid (in general 0.075 per cent) were not benefited by phosphatic fertilizers, although
it was not always true that soils containing less than 0.075 per cent of phosphoric acid
soluble in the nitric acid were in need of such fertilizers.
A simple and quick method for determining- humus acid, H. Bokntkagee
{Ztschr. Analgt. Chem., 39 {1900), No. 12, pp. 790, 791). — The method proposed is in
general a modification of Messon's method for the examination of cochineal.'
On the analysis of peat, H. Borntha<;er {Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 39 {1900), No.
11, pp. 694-698 ). — Brief directions are given for the determination of water, waxy
substances, nitrogen, humus acids, and ash.
Determination of starch in potatoes, G. Baumert and H. Bode {Ztschr. Angeu;.
Chem., 1900, pp. 1074, 1111; abs. in Analyst, 26 {1901), No. 298, p. 20).— In the method
proposed the cellulose is first removed by digestion in an autoclave and filtering.
The starch is then sejiarated from nitrogenous and other substances by precipitation
with alcohol in alkaline solution, dried and weighed. The loss of weight on ignition
gives the amount of starch.
iFarben Ztg., 1900, p. 238.
908 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Methods for the examination of milk, P. Sommerfeld, translated l)y A. T.
Petkks and K. S. Hiltner {Chicago: A. Eger, 1901, pp. 96, figs. 7). — This little vohime
is designed for the use of commercial analysts, inspectors, and health officers. It
describes methods for the complete analysis of milk, detection of preservatives,
detection of adulteration, estimation of insoluble foreign substances, examination of
condensed milk, and the bacteriological examination of milk. The translators have
followed closely the German edition, which undoubtedly accounts for the presence
of some methods which are no longer employed in this country and the omission of
others which are in common use. In other words, the book has been translated
literally rather than adapted to American readers, although fortunately several foot-
notes, including one describing the Babcock test, have been added by the translators.
An appendix contains a short bibliography.
The estimation of milk sugar in milk by polarization and by reduction,
A. ScHEiBE (Z^s■^^;■. Aiialyt. Chem.,40 (1901), No. 1, pp. 1-14). — In acomparison of the
two methods the authoi found average higher results by polarization. In order to
correct this he proposes multi})lying the results obtained liy polarization by the fol-
lowing factors: Forwhole milk, fat content 2.8 to 4.7 per cent, 0.94; skim milk, 0.97.
No factor is recommended for cream or colostrum.
The testing of milk for carbonate and bicarbonate of soda, P. StJss (Pliarm.
Ceiitralhal/e, 1900, No. 41, PP- 4'>5, 400; ahi<. in Zti^clir. Untermch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl.,
4 {1901), No. J, p. 7S). — By adding 5 to 10 cc. of a 0.2 per cent alcoholic solution of
alizarin to 100 cc. of milk a rose color will be produced in the presence of 0.05 to 0.1
per cent of carbonates of soda. In their absence only a light yellow color will result.
A new process for detecting sesame oil in vegetable and animal oils,
Tamhox {Jour. PJioriii. et Chi)n., 6. ser., IS {1901), No. 3, pp. 57, 5S).
Simple tests of the action of zymase, R. Albert {Ber. Deut. Chcm. (icselL, S3
{1901), No. 19, pp. Sn, 5-3778).
On the question of the inversion of cane sugar, E. O. vox Lippmann {Ber.
Dciit. Clinit. (ieaell., SS {1901), No. 19, pp. S500-.i564).
Analyses of fruit essences, G. Fabris {Ann. Lab. Chim. Cent. flaheUc, 4 {1900),
pp. 41-141; <ih><. in. Jour. CJnjui.Sor. [Londonl, SO {1901), No. 468, IT, ]>.49).
An improved method for the preservation of normal sodium hydrate, E.
DowzARD ( Chcm. Netn<, 83 {1901), No. 2146, pp. 18, 19, fig. 1). — The solution is covered
in the bottle with a layer of white mineral oil (B. P. 1898) I in. thick. The bottle
is connected with a filter pump by which any excess of solution which may have
been siphoned off may be sucked back into the bottle.
The evolution of the thermometer, H. C. Bolton {Easton, Pennsylvania: The
Chenucal I'lih/lshing Co., 1900, jiji. 98, fig>:.6). — This little book traces the history of
the development of the thermometer from the time of Galileo's invention of his open-
air thermometer to the present date. A list of authorities consulted is given.
An automatic temperature regulator, C. T. Knipi' {I'Jigs. Rer., 12 {1901), No. 1,
JIJI. 47-49, figx.S). — This is an electric device for regulating the temperature of an
electric heating ap])aratus.
Asimple thermoregulator, A. von Kalecsinszky {ZtrJir. A)iali/t. Cheni., SO {1900),
No. 11, pp. 698, 699).
An apparatus for the generation of dry hydrochloric-acid gas, A. Gwigc^ner
{Ztsrhr. Angew. Chem., 1900, No. 52, p. 1308, fig. I).
Nevr laboratory apparatus, W. Bersch {'/A><chr. Landv. Yers^\whv\ Ocstcrr., 4
{1901), No. 1, pp. 4,fig><. S). — An extraction apparatus with a special form of aluminum
capsule and an apparatus for drying in different gases are described.
New laboratory apparatus, P. Metzcjer {Ztsc.hr. Analyt. Chem., 39 {1900), No.
12, pp. 791-794, figs. S). — A titration apparatus and devices for sampling solid and
liquid substances are described.
BOTANY. 909
BOTANY.
Report on the investigations at the climatological station of
Juvisy during 1899, C. Flammarion {But. Min. Agr. [M-OMce], 19
(1,900), A"o. 5, pj). H6O-86I1). — In continuation of the investigations
previously reported (E. S. R., 11, p. 907) the author reports upon the
effect of different colored light on the development of plants, the per-
sistence of the leaves of young oak trees when subjected to blue light,
and the action of different parts of the solar spectrum on the colora-
tion of plants. The experiments in radioculture, in which the effect
of the different solar radiations in the development of the plants was
investigated, gave results similar to those previously reported. The
author found that there was no difference due to species or varieties,
age of the plant, or whether shrubby or herbaceous. The maximum
growth alwa3"s took place in the red spectrum.
The experiments continued with the young oak trees in the blue
light showed that their leaves were retained when subjected to this
radiation. The action seems to be explained by the statement that the
blue light prevents the transformation and transportation of the elabo-
rated material which determines the fall of the leaves. It was found
to have exercised some very marked influences upon the chlorophyll
of the leaves.
The effect of the different radiations of the spectrum on the colora-
tion of plants was further investigated with the result that the different
portions of the solar spectrum influenced the coloration of the foliage
and flowers of a number of species. The author states that the action
of light on plant tissues is without doubt of a chemical nature, and in
influencing coloration the light seems to liberate certain substances
which react upon the chromoleucites.
Physiological experiments on the germination and grovrth of
plants in rarefied air, F. Schaible {Beltr. Wiss. Bot.^ Jf. {1900), 2>P-
93- US, ph. 8, fign. 3; abs. in Bot. Centhl., 82 {1900), No. 2, j)])-
52-5Ji). — The previous investigations on the effect of diminished atmos-
pheric pressure on the germination and growth of plants are reviewed,
and an account given of experiments with Phaseolus vulgaris, Lejpidium
sativum, Satureia hortensis, Viclafaha, and Hortensia vulgare, in which
separate lots of seeds and plants were subjected to three different
atmospheric pressures for a considerable period of time. A special
form of apparatus was devised whereby the atmosphere could be
changed without affecting the pressures, which were kept constantly
at 570 to 580 mm., 170 to 180 mm., and 180 to 190 mm. As previ-
ously, it Avas found that under diminished atmospheric pressure the
growth of plants was more vigorous than under normal barometric
pressures, but that germination was slower and fewer seeds sprouted
19607— No. 10 2
910 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
than unclei- normal t-ondition.s. The phenomena exhibited were the
same as those shown by plants grown in atmospheres containing a
diminished content of oxyoen.
Notes on the germination and seedlings of certain native plants,
S. Coulter {rroc. liuilana Acad. /Sci., 1898, pp. 215-'2^22). — In order
to account for the distribution of certain species of plants, the author
made a stud}' of the effects of temperature and moistui-e changes upon
the seedlings of a large number of common plants. Many of the
plants experimented with produced large numbers of viable seeds, but
the plants themselves do not seem to be Ijecoming nuich more abun-
dant. This applies particularl}" to the Compositse, and the results of
the experiments showed that among the Composite the percentage of
germination is comparatively low. This is apparently due to an
extreme sensitiveness on the part of the embryo to external conditions,
to which should probably be added imperfect pollination. The seed-
lings of many plants are found to be extremely sensitive to tempera-
ture and moisture changes, either in the soil or atmosphere. These
factors prove etiectual in limiting the distrilnition of luany plants.
Investigations on the formation of proteids by plants in dark-
ness, Mari?: Maliniak {Een. Gen. Bot.., 1'2 {1000), No. IJ^.1.^ pp. 337-
34-J). — The literature bearing upon this subject is lirieiiy reviewed and
the conflicting statements pointed out, after which the author gives
the detailed results of her own experiments with maize and Vicia
faha.
The experiments with maize were made l)y germinating the seed in
sand in darkness, and after 8 or 10 daj's transferring to cultui'cs con-
taining saccharose and glucose. To some of the cultures asparagin
and urea were added. The cultures were maintained for a number of
days, the solutions being changed daily to prevent attacks of bacteria.
At the expiration of the period, the plants were dried and the nitro-
gen determined by the Kjeldahl method, the albuminoids being
determined by Stutzer's method. The experiments with maize demon-
strated that in the presence of glucose and saccharose, together with
asparagin, the plants were able to form albuminoid materials in dark-
ness.
The experiments with V. _fah(/ were conducted in a similar manner
with similar results.
The occurrence of calcium oxalate and lignin during the differ-
entiation of the buds of Prunus americana, II. L. Bollky and
L. R. Waldron {Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. jScL, J^8 {1899), p. 30Jf). —
The authors note the occurrence of ciystals of calcium oxalate and the
presence of lignitied tissues, as observed in the study conducted upon
the development of the buds of Prumis americana. It was found that
the crystals of calcium oxalate occurred in very great abundance in
the meristematic tissues of the bud, and in the very A^oungest stages
BOTANY. 911
of the bud scales. As the tissues develop, the amount of calcium is
lessened proportionately. While it is usually assumed that calcium
oxalate is a waste product of metabolism, its occurrence in such large
quantities would seem to indicate that it mioht have some definite
value at this particular time in the life history of the plant.
On the poisonous properties of some alkaline compoiinds
tov^ard higher plants, 11. Coupin {Compt. Bend. Aci(d. jSc/'. I'd r Ik.,
130 {1900), No. m, pp. 791-793).— The author reports a series of
experiments in which the poisonous effects of bromid, chlorid, iodid,
nitrate, chlorate, acetate, and phosphate of calcium, strontium, and
barium are shown ])y the action of their solutions upon the growth of
wheat.
The compounds of calcium affected the plants unequally, the bro-
mid, phosphate, and nitrate being but very slightly injurious, the
iodid strongly, with the acetate and chlorid intermediate. The nitrate
of strontium is l)ut slightly poisonous, the bromid and chlorid some-
what more, while the iodid was extremely injurious. All of the com-
pounds of barium were more or less injurious, the bromid being the
least and the chlorate most poisonous, with the others intermediate,
except the iodid, which was about as injui'ious as the chlorate. In
general the poisonous properties of calcium, strontium, and barium
increase with their atomic weights.
How crops grow; a treatise on the chemical composition, structure, and
life of the plant, S. W. Johnson {New York: Orange Judd Co., 1900, irr. ed., pp.
VI +416, figs. 69).
Annual report of the consulting botanist, W. Carrutheks {Jour. Rog. Agr.
Soc. England, S. ser., 11 {1900), pt. 4, pp. 731-741, figs. 14)- — Miscellaneous notes
are given on a number of plant diseases, supposed poisonous plants, weeds, grass mix-
tures, and seed testing. The first appearance of the pear scuh {Fasidadmm pyrmuni)
in England is noted. Serious injury to beans by Sclrrotinia i<clerotiorum is reported.
HelminOiosporium gramineum reappeared on barley during the year, causing some loss.
Notes are given on ergot, corn cockle, and Latliyrus .mtiva as poisonous to stock. A
number of weeds are described and means for their destruction suggested. The
report concludes with a description of a bacterial disease of turnips noted elsewhere.
Agrostological notes, F. Lamson-Scribner and E. D. Merrill ( U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Division of Agrostology Oirc. 27, pp. 10). — Notes are given on studies made on the
grasses of the herbarium of H. Muhlenberg. Two new species of Eatonia are
described, as well as a new variety of Panictim nashianum. Notes are given on the
nomenclature of various species and varieties of grasses, together with the publi-
cation by C. V. Piper of new names of Melica bulhosa and Slipa occidentalis. The
names suggested for these grasses are M. hella and <S'. thnrherviva.
Inventory of foreign seeds and plants, J. G. Smith ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Division
of Botany, Inventory No. 7, pp. 86). — A catalogue of recently introduced seeds and
plants is given which includes the collections of the explorers of the Section of Seed
and Plant Introduction, as well as a large number of donations from miscellaneous
sources. The principal sources through which the seeds and plants were obtained
were W. T. Swingle, who collected in France, Algeria, and Asia Minor; M. A. Carlton,
in Russia; S. A. Knapp, in Japan; and B. Lathrop and D. G. Fairchild, in South
America and the West Indies.
912 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The university botanic garden, J. B. Davy {California Sta. Bpt. 1808, pp. 252-
255). — Brief notes are given on the donations to the botanic garden and lists are given
of donors and materials received.
Notes on plants received for identification, J. B. Davy {California Sta. Rpt.
1898, pp. 256-261). — Notes are given on a number of plants received from different
localities, in which suggestions as to their economic value are added.
The common origin of the tissue of leaves and stems in phanerogams, L.
Flot {Compt. Rend. Acad. >Sci. Paris, 131 {1900), No. 27, pp. 1310-1322, Jigti. 3).—
A morphological study is given in which the various tissues are traced from the stem,
through the liuds into tlie leaves.
The influence of root curvature on the distribution and arrangement of
roots, F. Noll {Landir. Jahrh., 29 {1900), No. 3, j)i>. 361-426, ph. 3).
Concerning Anthophaein, a brown coloring matter of flowers, M. Mobius
{Ber. Deut. Rot. Gesell, 18 {1900), No. 8, pp. 341-347).— Aw account is given of the
separation by the author from the dark brown portions of the flowers of Viciafaba of
a coloring matter, to which the name Anthophaein is given. A similar substance is
found jiresent in many brown flowers.
The presence of dextrose and levulose in the leaves of the sugar beet, L.
LiNDET {Sun: Indig. ct CoIoniaJc, 55 {1900), No. 17, pp. 523-529).
A new^ glucosid occurring in the seed of Erysimum, Schlagdenhauffen and
Reeb {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 131 {1900), No. 19, pp. 753-75.5).— The authors
have separated from a number of species of Erysimum a new glucosid, to which the
erysimin is given. Its chemical and physiological action are indicated.
Concerning the eff"ect of hydrochloric acid upon the assimilation of plants,
C. WiELER and A. Hartleb {Ber. Deut. Bat. Gesell., 18 {1900), No. 8, pp. 348-358).—
As a result of investigations upon a number .of plants, the author found that an
atmosphere containing 1 part hydrochloric acid to 500,000 reduced the power of
assimilation from 50 to 60 per cent.
Digestion in the leaves of nepenthes, G. Clautriau {Extract Mem. Acad. Roy.
Bclg., 59 {1900), pp. 55).
Concerning the cause, size, number, distribution, and function of tubercles
on the roots of leguminous plants, L. Hiltner {Arb. K. Gesundhcitsamte, Biol.
Abt., 1 {1900), No. 2, pp. 177-222, pi. 1). — A critical review is given of the literature
relating to this subject, in which the present status of the knowledge regarding root
tubercles and their function is summarized.
The morphology and physiology of Mycoderma cucumerina, B. Heinze
{Landw. Jahrb., 20 {1900), No. 3, pp. 4^7-466, ^jfe. 3). — Studies are given on the
morphology and physiology of this common mold, which occurs as a gray or grayish
white mass upon solutions containing sugar or alcohol.
The growth and abnormal formation of conidia of Dematium pullulans,
A. K LOCKER and H. Scuionning {Compt. Rend. Travaux Lab. Carlsberg, 5 {1900), No.
l,pp. 47-57, figs. 6). — It was found that Dematium pullulans and other species of
fungi, under similar conditions of growth, form their conidia in the interior of cer-
tain cells. The conditions causing this abnormal formation are lack of nutrition and
too abundant humidity.
The capacity of fungi to absorb humin substances, F. Reixitzkr {Bot. Ztg.,
1. AM., 58 {1900), No. 4, PP- 59-73; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Sac. {London'], 1900,
No. 6, p. 702). — The author limits the term humus to those substances which are com-
pounds of humin and confirms Hoppe-Seyler's statement as to their extreme power
to withstand decomposition under ordinary circumstances. This, however, accord-
ing to the author, applies only to the power of living organisms to extract carbon
from the humus. If anotiier source of carbon, as sugar, be present, Penicillium has
the power of obtaining its nitrogenous constituents from humus, which must therefore
be regarded as a source of nitrogen for soil organisms.
FERMENTATION BACTERIOLOGY. 913
FERMENTATION— BACTERIOLOGY.
The bacterial air flora of the semidesert region of Nev^ Mexico,
J. Weinzirl {Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 19 (1000), JVo. 7, pj).
211-243, f(/s. Jf; Science, n. ser., 12 {1900), No. 303, pp. 578, 579).— K
study of the uir flora of the semidesert region of New Mexico was
made b}" exposing pctri plates for 10 minutes. The number of plates
exposed at one time was usually ;^>, the results given being averaged.
Seventeen exposures were made near the University of New Mexico
l)etween September and May. An average number of bacteria falling
upon the plates was 35.8. The lowest number, 3.8, was observed in
February, and the highest, 71, in September. Quantitative determi-
nations were made of the bacteria, and 11 determinations gave 143
))acteria per cubic meter. The bacteria found represented 14 species,
6 of which were chvomogenetic. Four of these are micrococci, the
remaining colonies being all bacilli.
The conclusions reached are as follows:
" (1) The air bacteria of our .semidesert region presents a somewhat Hmited flora;
but this is found to be widely distributed, due undoubtedly to the high winds which
sweep uninterruptedly over our wide stretches of nearly barren mesas.
" (2) The actual number of bacteria contained in the air is not as large as in fer-
tile and cultivated regions, but the number is not as small as is popularly supposed.
" (3) It would seem to follow from the above that sanitary measures and pre-
cautions should receive practically the same attention here as elsewhere. Disease-
bearing materials, such as infected clothes, sputum, etc., should be carefully disin-
fected or burned.
" (4) ilany of the species show highly-colored colonies; these belong mostly to
the group of micrococci. The flora is characterized by its inertness toward sugar
media and its failing to peptonize gelatin.
" (5) Apparently none of the species have been previously described."
The influence of the temperature of liquefied air on bacteria,
A. Macfadyen and S. Rowland {Proc. Boy. Soc. \ London], GO {1900),
Nos. It.20,pp. 180-182; 1^30, pp. 339,3 Ifi). — Experiments are reported
in which 10 species of bacteria were exposed for 20 hours to the tem-
perature of liquefied air ranging from —182 to —190^ C. The cultures
of the organisms were vigorous and were tested in both solid and fluid
media. After they had been exposed to the temperature of the lique-
fied air, they were carefully thawed and examined. In no instance,
whether on solid or liquid media, could any impairment of the vitality
of the micro-organisms be detected. A second experiment was per-
formed in which 50 liters of laboratory air, taken about 6 ft. from the
floor, were liquefied, the temperature reaching about —210° C. Plate
cultures were made from the contents of the bulb which had contained
the liquefied air and were grown for a period of 10 days. The anae-
robic plate cultures remained sterile while the aerobic plates yielded
44 organisms which had survived the exposure to —210° C.
In a second paper on this sul)ject the authors, instead of exposing
914 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
a media in which the bacteria were growing to the temperature of the
liquefied air, submitted the organisms to a cooling process in the form
of broth emulsion in hermetically-sealed tubes. In this experiment
the tubes were kept practically at —190'-^ C. for 7 da3\s; after which
they were carefully thawed, opened, and the contents transferred to
suitable culture media. The organisms employed were BacjUux
typhosus^ B. coli com'munis^ B. diphtJierice^ B. jrrotetis vulgaris^ B.
acidi lactici^ B. anthrads (sporing culture), B. 2)hosjj}iorescens^ Spi-
7'illum cholercB asiaticcp^ StaphylococmH pnjogenes aureus, a Sarcina, a
Saccharom3X'es, and unsterilized milk. Cultui'es made at the conclu-
sion of the experiment grew well, and in no instance could any impair-
ment of the vitality of the organism be detected. In one or two in-
stances growth was slightly delayed, an effect which might have been
due to other causes. The photogenic bacteria grew and emitted light,
and the samples of milk became curdled.
Effect of different degrees of light on the multiplication of
■water bacteria, F. T. Bioi.etti {California Sta. Rpt. lS9S,pjj. 174-
177). — In order to throw light upon the question of whether the water
of a storage reservoir could be best conserved from bacteral contami-
nation ])y exposure to the direct sunlight, or by being roofed over to
exclude the direct sun raj's, or by being completely covered so as to
leave the water in darkness, the author undertook a series of experi-
ments in which samples of water were taken from the inlet of the
reservoir, placed in glass dishes, 10 in. in diameter and 4 in. in depth,
and kept under different conditions, viz, exposed to the direct sun-
light, exposed to diffused light only, kept in a dark cup1)oard. covered
with a thin layer of crude petroleum, and alum and lime or alum and
salt added to precipitate the material in the water. In the latter cases the
dishes were kept in diffused light. The bacterial content of different
samples was determined at intervals, the number of bacteria in a cubic
centimeter being shown in tabular form. The experiments showed
that there was little difference in the bacterial content of the impure
water, whether exposed to direct sunlight or kept in darkness, though
what little difference there was was in favor of the sunlight. The
effect of direct sunlight on certain bacteria is well known, but the
author doubts whether this effect will extend to the lower parts of a
deep reservoir. In practice the inconvenience attending exposure to
direct sunlight more than overbalances the slight gain in the prevention
of bacterial growth. Where the water was kept in the direct sun-
light, there were many colonies of diatoms formed and various algge
grew at the bottom. The trouble from algte in pipes and filters makes
the prevention of their growth very desiral)le. Where the water was
covered with a slight film of petroleum, none grew.
The effect of precipitation of l)acteria by means of small quantities
of alum and lime was quite marked. Impure water was rendered pure
FERMENTATION — -BACTERIOLOGY. 9l5
and in one ease very pure. The decrease of bacterial content reaches
its maxinuini between 24: and 48 hours, after which there is a marlied
increase. This has an economic bearing, showing that where this
method of purification is used on a large scale it is necessary to treat
small quantities of water in separate reservoirs, to be used within the
following day.
Fermentation of galactose, F. Dienert {A717}. Tiist. Pasteur^ I4.
{IDOO), Xo. o,j)jj. 130-lSO). — Researches on the fermentation of galac-
tose and the accustoming of yeasts to this sugar are summarized by the
author. The process by which the yeasts become accustomed to and
capable of fermenting galactose is called by the author acclimatization.
Galactose is said to be a fermentable sugar when a yeast has become
accustomed to it. The duration of acclimatization varies with the
different species of yeasts, being quite favored with the lactose ferments.
Glucose is fermented 1.6 times more quickly than galactose by accli-
matized yeasts. The required characteristic of fermentation is lost if
sugar other than glucose, lactose, or melibiose be offered to the yeast.
The morphological characters of yeasts are in no way altered by accli-
matization. Certain substances, such as boric acid, toluene, etc., may
prevent acclimatization without preventing fermentation of glucose.
When a yeast has lost its zymase by cultivation in a medium rich in
peptone, it can not be made to ferment galactose until it has been
revived with glucose. But, if previously acclimatized to galactose, it
can be revived with that substance. During the process of acclimatiza-
tion only one zymase undergoes a change of constitution, and this
change is attended with profound alteration of the protoplasm. The
phenomena of acclimatization is a profound modification of the con-
dition of the cell induced by a carboh3'drate closely allied to glucose.
A comparison is made between yeast ferments and antitoxins, which
latter not only accustom leucocytes to toxins but also act as antidotes.
The essentials of practical bacteriology: An elementary laboratory book
for students and practitioners, II. J. Curtis and M. D. Lond {London: Longmans,
Green. A- Co., lUOO).
Tbe elements of general bacteriology, N. Gamaleia (Elemente der allgemeinen
Bdder'iologie. Berlin, 1900, }>p.:.'47).
On the structure and development of bacteria, F. Ve.idovsky {Centhl.Bukt. u.
Par., 2. Aht., G {1000), Xn. IS, pp. 577-589, pi. 1).
A critical study of the processes of denitrification, O. Lemmermanx {Inaug.
Dins., Jena, 1900, pp. 91).
The physiology and morphology of alcoholic ferments, E. C. Hansen {f'ompt.
Rend. Traraux Lab. Carlsberg, 5 {1900), No. 1, pp. 1-38, figs. 5). — Studies are given on
the varieties of Saccharomyces, in which the form of cells, formation of spores, bud-
ding, chemical action, growth in various nutrient media, and conditions of the various
transformations undergone by the plant are described.
The formation of enzyms by alcoholic ferments, a specific characteristic,
A. Klocker {Compt. Bend. Travaux Lab. Carlsberg, 6 {1900), No. 1, pp. 58-63).—
Studies are reported on a number of species of Saccharomyces, from which the author
concludes that the formation of enzyms is quite constant among the different species.
910 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Ferments and their action, C. OppENnEiMER {Die Fermente und Hire Wlrbmgen.
Leipsic: Vogel, 1900, }>j>. VIII+350).
Enzyms in plants, T. Bokorny {Naiunv. Rundschau, 15 {1900), Xo. 27, pp.
337-340).
The effect of liquid air on some ferments, Pozerski ( Coinpt. Rend. Soc. Biol.
Paris, 5~2 {1900), No. 26, pp. 714-716). — A repf)rt \» given of experiments in which
the author subjected rennet, the diastase found in saaUva, sucrose or invertin, amylase,
inulase, trypsin and pepsin, to the action of liquid air for 45 minutes at a temperature
of —191° C. Each of the experiments was repeated a number of times with new
quantities of the ferments, the details of which are given. It appears from the
investigation that subjecting the different ferments to the action of liquefied air at a
temperature of -191° C. for 45 minutes was without effect upon their activity.
The influence of phosphates and other mineral substances on the proteo-
lytic diastase of malt, A. Fernbach and L. Hubert {ZtscJir. Spiritusind.,23 {1900),
No. 36, p. 330).
A proteolytic enzym in g-erminating- barley, W. Windisch and B. Schell-
HORN ( Wcknschv. Jirau., 17 {1900), No. 24, pp. 334-336; abs. in Bot. Centhl., 84 {1900),
No. 10, p. 321). — An enzym similar to trypsin was found. Its characteristics are given.
The proteolytic action of Aspergillus niger, G. Malfitano {Ann. Inst. Pasteur,
14 {1900), pp. 420-448; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. iLondon'], 1900, No. 6, p. 704). —
The author has determined the presence of a diastase in this fungus and has given it
the name proteose. It resembles in its properties papayin and the proteolytic enzym
of malt. It acts readily upon gelatin, nucleo-albumins, globulin, and albuminates,
but has no effect whatever upon albumins. This last property distinguishes the
proteose from pepsin, and its greater sensitiveness to alkaline phosphates distin-
guishes it from papayin.
A species of Mycoderma and its influence on beer, H. Will ( Centhl. Bakt. u.
Par., 2. Abt., 6 {1900), Nos. 17, pp. 560-565; 18, pp. 595-606). — Studies are reported
iipon an undescribed sjiecies of Mycoderma found in wort and beer.
Concerning tobacco fermentation, O. Loew {Centhl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. Abt., 6
{1900), No. 18, pp. 590-593). — A controversial article reviewing a number of pub-
lished statements as to the causes of tobacco fermentation.
Remarks on the work of A. Macfadyen, G. H. Morris, and S. Rowland on
expressed yeast cell plasma (Buchner's zymase), E. Buchner {Ber. Dent. Chem.
Qesell, 33 {1900), No. 17, pp. 3311-3315) .
Zjrmase from dead yeast, PI Buchner {Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesell.,,33 {1900), No. 17,
pp. 3307-3310).
METEOROLOGY— CLIMATOLOGY.
The fifth annual report for the year 1899 of the agricultural
experiment station of Ploty {Oinq. Ra^. An. Sta. Expt. Agron.
Plofy^ 1899^ yp. XXl^ 199, dgnis. 5).— This is a detailed account (in
the Russian language, with a French resume) of the work of this station
in its meteorological department, agricultural and oenological chemical
laboratory, and experimental lields and vineyards. Observations on
precipitation, evaporation, humiditj^ of the air, temperature of the air
and soil, cloudiness, and solar radiation have received particular atten-
tion as being of especial interest to agriculture. Observations on
atmospheric pressure and wind movement are also reported. The total
precipitation for the year was 404.2 nnn. (t)ut was irregularly distrib-
METEOROLOGY CLIMATOLOGY. 917
uted, resulting in a severe drought in winter and spring and excessive
rain in sunnner). The precipitation at the experimental farm of the
station, which is situated in a deep valley 3.5 kilometers distant from
the station, was 583.2 mm. The number of rainy days at the farm was
173, as against 114 at the station. The laboratory work reported
consisted of analyses of the products of the experimental farm and
vineyard, tests of analytical methods, especially those for nitrogen,
phosphoric acid and potash, and examinations of rain water and lysim-
eter drainage water. The nitrogen of rain water was found to be
mainly in ammoniacal form, rarely and in very small amounts as
nitrites, and still more rarely in nitrates. The annnoniacal nitrogen
varied during !) months (July to March) from O.-t to 7 mg. per liter.
Frost and fog were richest in ammonia, containing from 9 to 13 mg.
The rains of -July and September were richest in ammonia. In July
the soil received from rain water 1,022.2 gm. of nitrogen per hectare,
in September, 1,112.96 gm. The rainfall was most abundant during
these months. It was found as a rule that the more copious the rain-
fall the lower the proportion of nitrogen. Ordinarily the tirst portion
of the rain was richer in nitrogen than that falling later. The total
amount of nitrogen carried to the soil by atmospheric precipitation
during the 9 months was 1,398.6 gm. per hectare (nearly 4 lbs. per acre).
In the drainage water from the lysimeter containing bare soil, not
only ammonia, but considerable quantities of nitric nitrogen, were
found; Avhile in that from soil covered with vegetation only ammonia
was found. Of 246.85 gm. of ammoniacal nitrogen carried to 1 hec-
tare of soil by 22.8 mm. of rain, only 57.37 gm. was recovered in the
drainage water. It is assumed that the remaining 189,46 gm. was
nitrilied. Of the 505.58 gm. of ammoniacal nitrogen supplied to 1
hectare of soil by the 46.7 mm, of atmospheric precipitation during 12
days of observation, it was found that 57.37 gm. were leached out
in the drainage water, and it is estimated that 189.46 gm. were nitri-
tied and 258.75 gm. disappeared. The latter was probably partly
niti-itied and passed into the drainage water, and partly escaped as free
nitrogen. The total amount of nitric nitrogen found in the drainage
water during the same period was 8,666.49 gm. per hectare. This is
equivalent to 57. 57 kg, of nitrates. It is estimated that the ammoniacal
nitrogen furnished by atmospheric precipitation during the year yields
on an average 4.586 kg. nitrate per hectare, while at the same time the
soil elaborates independently 202.9 kg. The investigations show that
vegetation exercises a very decided intluence in reducing the losses of
nitrogen in the drainage water.
The field experiments during 1899 consisted of tests of various rota-
tions with and without fertilizers and manure, the adaptability of
various crops, and the study of the intluence of vegetation and meth-
ods of culture on the temperature and humidity of the air and soil.
918 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Deep culture (to a depth of 27 em.) of fallows in April and Ma}' resulted
in an increase of soil moisture during the whole year. The deeper the
culture the more pronounced was the eflfect in conserving moisture.
The soils were driest under green fallow. Black fallow and April fal-
low resulted in increased growth of crops and gave better yields than
Ma}^ fallow. Winter wheat on soil which had been subjected to deep
cultivation was not injured by the spring drought, while summer wheat
was severely injured l)y lack of moisture. Mulching proved to be an
effective means of conserving soil moisture. Applications of manure
proved injurious, soils to which maiuire had been applied containing
considera])ly less moisture than that which had been nmlched. The
culture of low-growing plants among those of larger growth gave very
unsatisfactory results. Corn following carrots gave better 3'ields than
that following beets. This is ascribed to the fact that carrots exhausted
the moisture of the soil less than beets.
Work at the station of agricultural climatology of Juvisy dur-
ing the year 1899, C. Flammarion {BuI. Mln. A(jr. \Fr((nc<'\. 10 (IDOO),
No. 5, pp. 868-888, figs. 11).— As in previous years (E. S. R., 11, p. S19),
the author reports observations on temperature of the air and of the
soil at different depths, atmospheric pressure, solar radiation, rainfall,
underground water, and photography of clouds. The temperature for
each day of 1899 and the means for 15 years (1885-1899) are reported
in tables, and results for the whole year, for the seasons, and for the
15-vear period are platted and discussed in some detail. Observations
on the temperature of bare and sod soils at different depths were con-
tinued during the year with results which confirm previous observa-
tions, which showed that especially in the upper la3^er the sod soil was
warmer in winter and colder in summer than the bare soil. The sun-
shine recorded for the year was 1,853 hours, furnishing 147,199 calories.
The total rainfall was 418.1: mm. in 1899 as compared with 539.1 mm.
in 1898. The number of days on which rain fell was 98. The year
was very dry, especially during the months of February, March, and
November. The observations on underground waters were the same
as in previous years. These observations show tiiat the temperature
of the underground water at a depth of 14 metei's is higiier than that
of the atmosphere at that point. The photographing of clouds of
different types was continued during the year. Reproductions of two
such photographs are given.
Meteorological observations, J. E. Ostrander and C. L. Rice
{Maxxachasetts Hatch St<i. Mri. Bnls. lJt2, lJi3., lli-J^.^'pp- h-cf^c^*)- — !^um-
maries of observations on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipita-
tion, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during Octol)cr,
November, and Decem])er, 1900. The gencM'al character of the weather
of each mouth is briefly discussed, and the Di-cciuber bulletin gives a
METEOROLOG Y CLIMATOLOGY.
919
summary for the year
follows:
The principal data in this summary are as
Pressure^ (inches). — Maximum, 30.75, Februar}'28; minimum, 28.86, February 25;
mean, 29.985. Air temperature''' (degrees F. ). — Maximum, 96, August 6; minimum,
— 8, Februarys; mean, 48.3; mean sensible (wet bulb), 45; niaxinuun daily range,
47.5, May 27; minimum daily range, 2.5, May 19; mean daily range, 21.8. Humid-
it;/. — ]\Iean dewi^oint, 39.2; mean relative humidity, 72.3. Precipitation. — Total
rainfall or melted snow, 51.67 in., number of days on which 0.01 in. or more rain or
melted snow fell, 131; total snowfall, 37 in. Weather. — Total cloudiness recorded by
sun thermometer, 2,238 hours, or 50 per cent; number of clear days, 83; number of
fair days, 144; number of cloudy days, 138. Briglit inmshine. — Number of hours
recorded, 2,216, or 50 per cent. Wind. — Prevailing direction, W. ; total movement,
50,503 miles; maximum daily movement, 435 miles, February 26; mininnim daily
movement, 1 mile, November 29; mean daily movement, 138.4 miles; maxinuun pres-
sure persquare foot, 30.5 lbs., February 25, W. N. W. Dates of froMs. — Last, May 29;
tirst, September 15. Dales of mov. — Last, April 9; first, November 9.
Meteorological summary for 1899, C. A. Patton ( OJdo Sta. Bui.
120^2^2*- ''^^9-'201). — This summary includes notes on the weather and
tabulated daily and monthly records of observations at the station at
Wooster, Ohio, on temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, direction of
the wind, etc., and for comparison simihir data for previous years and
for other parts of the State. The following is a summar}' of results:
Summary of meteorological observations in Ohio.
For the experiment station.
1899.
Average for 12 years.
For the State.
1899.
Average for 17 years.
Temperature (°F.):
Mean
Highest
Lowest
Mean daily range. . .
Greatest daily range.
Clear days ."
cloudy days
Days rain fell
Rainfall (in.):
Greatest monthly . . .
Least monthly
Mean yearly
Prevailing direction of
wind
49.5
(Aug. 20) 95
(Feb. 10) —21
22.9
(Oct. 24) 52
126
125
116
(Sept.) 5.56
(Aug.) 0.53
32. 93
49.1
(Aug. 8, 1891) 99
(Feb. 10, 1899) —21
20.5
(Oct. 6, 1895) 55
120
118
125
51.5
(Sept. 6) 105
(Feb. 10) —39
60.7
(July 4, 1897) 113
(Feb. 10, 1899) —39
(July, 1896)
(Sept., 1897)
8.05
0.29
39.18
37,88
SW.
sw.
Report of the meteorologist, N. Helme {RJiode Island Sta. Rpt.
190LK pp. ■iJi!7-o6Jf). — This includes general notes on the weather during
the year ended June 30, 1900, and a tabulated record of observations
at Kingston on temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, and prevailing
winds during each month from July, 1899, to June, 1900, inclusive,
with a summary for the year eiuh^d fJune 80, 1900. The latter sum-
mary is as follows:
Temperature (degrees F. ). — Maximum, 90, May 15, 1900; minimum, — 5, February 27,
1900; mean, 48.3; highest monthly mean, 69.5, July, 1899; lowest monthly mean,
' Reduced to freezing and sea level.
'^ In ground shelter, 51 ft. below level of other instruments.
920 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
27.8, February, 1900; highest daily mean, 77, July 27, August 19 and 20, 1899; lowest
daily mean, 7.5, February 27, 1900. Precipitation (inches). — Total (rain and melted
snow), 51.67; greatest monthly, 7.26, September, 1899; least monthly, 1.21, June,
1900; greatest in 24 consecutive hours, 4, September 20, 1899; snow fall — total, 22;
greatest monthly, 9, January, 1900; least monthly, 5, March, 1900. Weather. — Num-
ber of dear days, 141 ; number of fair days, 113; number of cloudy days. 111 ; number
of days on which there was precipitation of 0.01 in. or more, 102. Prevailing viral,
west.
Report of the international meteorolog'ical committee, St. Petersburg,
1899 (Mt'teor. Council \_Gri'(it Britain] Off. Doc. 14S, lUOO,pp. 776').— This report gives
an account of the proceedings and the papers presented at a meeting of this committee
at St. Petersburg, Russia, under the auspices of the Imperial Academy of Sciences,
September 2 to 7, 1899. The papers and reports presented were as follows: Eeport
of the magnetic conference, by A. W. Riicker; Report of the proceedings of the
cloud committee, by H. H. Hildebrandsson; Report of the proceedings of the inter-
national aeronautical committee, by H. Hergesell; Report on the experiments carried
on in the atmosphere by unmanned balloons and kites at the observatory of dynam-
ical meteorology at Trappes, by L. Teisserenc de Bort; Report on the exploration
of the atmosphere by kites at the observatory of Blue Hill and other stations in
America, by A. L. Rotch; The aeronautical scientific experiments at Berlin, by R.
Assmann; Report on radiation, by J. VioUe; Meteorology and seismology, by J. Milne;
Report on the German expedition to the Antarctic regions, by von Drygalski; Report
on the establishment of ol)servatories at the centers of action of the atmosphere, by
H. H. Hildebrandsson; The verifieation of alcohol thermometers, by Rykatcheff;
The influence of the stray currents, from electric tramways, on the instruments for
measuring terrestrial magnetism (illus.), by J. Edler; The publication of tables of
the diurnal range of temperature, in the form of deviations of the hourly from the
daily means, by J. Hann; Actinometry, by J. Hann; The installation of anemometers
on level ground under identical conditions, by L. Teisserenc de Bort; The use of the
wet and dry bulb thermometers at stations of the second order, by J. INI. Pernter;
On the cable to Iceland, by Paulsen; Explanatory notes on the proposal made by
von Bezold and Neumayer with reference to the publication of ten-day reports of the
weather; Proposed subcommittee to consider the improvement of the telegraphic
weather service, by J. M. Pernter; and Results of the international simultaneous
magnetic observations of February 28, 1896 (illus.), l)y A. Schmidt. A very com-
plete bibliography of radiation is given in connection with the report on that subject
by J. Violie, and of hygrometry in connection with the paper on wet and dry bulb
thermometers by J. M. Pernter. A list of the publications issued under the authority
of the Meteorological Council of Great Britain is also given.
West Indian hurricanes, E. B. Garriott ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Weatlier Bureau Bui.
H, pp. 69, chart.^ 7). — "This paper reviews the writings of the more prominent
meteorologists of the nineteenth century, so far as they refer to the tropical storms
of the North Atlantic, and presents a chronological list of West Indian storms for
400 years. It grajihically illustrates and describes the more important hurricanes
that have occurred during the last 25 years, and contains accounts, based upon local
records and ol)sorvations, of liistorical storms of the West Indies."
Prevention of hail storms by cannon, J. C. Covert (K 8. Consular Bpts., 65
{1901), No. 245, pp. 231-235, figs. 2). —This is an account of observations made during
a visit to the towns of Bois d'Oinget and D6nice, in the south of France, where the
method of cannonading to prevent hailstorms, described by Vermorel (E. S. R., 12,
p. 316), is practiced. The 1)eUef of the wine growers in the efficacy of this method,
as demonstrated by experience during 1900, is stated to be emphatic.
AIK WATER SOILS. 921
Climatolog'ical table for the British Empire for the year 1899 {Syrnons'
Mo. Meteor. Mdij., do {1900), No. 419., pp. 163, 164). — This is an annual summary of
monthly climatologioal tables prepared from observations in all parts of the British
Empire. The summary of the data reported is as follows: Highest temperature, in
shade, 113.6° F., Adelaide, February 12; lowest, —46.5°, Winnipeg, February 8;
greatest range, 135.9°, Winnipeg; least range, 21°, Grenada; highest mean tempera-
ture, 81.9°, Colombo, Ceylon; lowest mean temperature, 34.2°, Winnipeg; lowest
mean humidity, 59°, Adelaide; highest mean humidity, 79°, Colombo, Ceylon;
highest sun temperature, 175.7°, Adelaide; lowest, —16.5°, at Toronto; greatest rain-
fall, 73.52 in., Colombo, Ceylon; least rainfall, 17.87 in., Malta; greatest cloudiness,
5.7, Mauritius; least cloudiness, 2.3, Grenada.
Meteorological observations, A. O. Leuschxer and Y. Kuno {California Sta.
Rpt. 1898, pp.231, 23..'). — This is a synopsis of observations at Berkeley on atmos-
pheric pressure, temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, cloudiness, and direc-
tion of the wind during the 2 years ended June 30, 1899.
Meteorolog'y of lower California, G. Eisen {Bui. Amer. Geogr.Soc, 1900, No.. 5,
pp. 397-429) . — This is a part of an article on Explorations in the central part of Baja
California, noted in Science, 13 {1901), No. 319, p. 233.
Meteorological record for 1899 {New York State Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 467 -478).—
Tables give a summary of monthly precipitation at Geneva, N. Y., during 18 years,
1882-1899, and daily and monthly records of the direction of the wind during 1899,
and of the temperature during 1899, and during 10 years, 1890-1899.
The meteorological year, 1900, F. Marie-Davy {Jour. Agr. Prat., 1901, I,
No. 5, ppy. 149-151). — A quarterly and annual summary of observations at the Mont-
souris Observatory on atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, cloudiness, and
winds is given, and the general features of the weather of the year are discussed.
Meteorological observations {Rpt. Cawnjwre Expt. Farm, 1899-1900, App., p2).
2u-4a). — Tables give summaries of observations at the Cawnpore Farm, near Cawn-
pore City, on rainfall and temperature during the year ended May 31, 1900.
Meteorology of the Ordovician, F. W. Sardeson {Amer. Geol., 26 {1900), No. 6,
pp. 388-391, fig. 1).
Rainfall at Emerald, Queensland {Queensland Agr. Jour., 7 {1900), No. 6, pp.
499, 500). — Monthly summaries for the period from 1887 to 1900, inclusive, are given.
Rainfall conditions of the Grand Duchy of Baden, C. Schultheiss {Beitrdge
zur Hydrographie den Grosi<herzogthunis Baden. Kartxrnhe: Central Bureau of Meteor-
ology and Hydrography of Baden, 1900, No. 10, pp. 40, figs. 3, charts 15, dgms. 8) . — This
is a second revision, based on observations during 1888 to 1897. Detailed data are
given in tables and illustrated in charts and diagrams. The organization of the
.service and the apparatus and methods used are explained.
AIR— WATER— SOILS.
Soils, lands, and soil moisture, E. W. Hilgard and R. H. Lough-
ridge [California Sta. Bpt. 1898, pp. 31-98., figs. IJf). — This includes
reports on the examination of samples of soil from different parts of
California, and studies of the endurance of drouoht in soils of the arid
region and of moisture in California soils during the dry season of
1898. The investigations on endurance of droug'ht in soils of the arid
region have already been noted (H S. R., 10, p. 617). Determinations
of the moisture content of various kinds of soils to a depth of 1 ft. in
922
EXPEEIMENT STATIOIT RECORD.
different localities in California during the dry season of 1898 are
reported. The averages of these determinations for the different
agricultural regions of the State are given in the following table:
Average jjercetilages uf moist arc In California soils during tlie dry season of 1898.
Total.
Free, a
Foothills, 10 soils
Sacramento Valley, 23 soils . .
San Joaquin Valley, 19 soils. .
Coast Range, 44 soils
Southern California, 26 soils .
State at large, 121 soils .
Per cent.
9.7
9.7
8.2
9.3
6.8
Per cetit.
2.6
2.8
4.4
3.2
2.6
3.1
a "Over and above what is held in the hygroscopic condition."
The following table shows the relative demands for total moisture
by various crops on different kinds of soil:
Relative demands for moisture by crops on different soils.
Sandy soils .
Sandy loam soils .
Loam soils
Clav loams .
Hygro-
scopic
moisture.
Per cent.
5-7
Total moisture.
Per cent.
2.0
2.5
3.5
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-^
8-9
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
6-7
7-8
8-9
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-14
Tons per
acre.
160
200
280
400
480
560
640
720
400
480
560
640
720
800
560
640
720
720
960
112
Crops which did well. Crops which suffered
Apricots, .saltbush
Olives, peaches, wheat .
Saltbush.
Apricots .
Almonds, plums
Apples, olives, peaches,
walnuts.
Saltbush
Apricots, citrus, figs,
walnuts.
Prunes, grapes
Plums
Apples
Almonds
Peaches, grapes
Apricots
Grapes
Corn, sugar beets.
Olives, peaches, plums,
grapes.
Cherries, pears.
Citrus, pruues.
Apricots.
Prunes.
.\pricots, almond.s.
Prunes.
Almonds.
Peaches, plums.
Wheat.
Sugar beets.
Figs.
Wheat.
Citrus.
Note.— The absence of a crop from a group simply indicates that it had not been found growing
upon that particular soil.
"While the above table is interesting and useful in indicating the total amount of
water required continually by crops on the various soils, and that as the soil increases
in clayeyness the amount increases, because of the attraction for water on the part of
the clay (hygroscopic), it is not a guide in determining the actual amounts required
for particular cultures. This is found by eliminating the hygroscopic moisture and
ascertaining the amount of free water present in soils where cultures grew and where
they suffered, and comparing the results. This is shown in the following ta,ble, from
which are omitted all determinations where no free water existed, as cultures very
naturally suffered under such conditions, though maintaining life.
AIR WATER SOILS.
923
Amount of free water required by different crops.
Free water in 1
feet soil.
rercent- Tons per
age. acre.
Apricots, olive.s, peache.s, soy bean
Citrus, figs
Almond.s, plums, saltbusli
Walnuts, grapes, eucalyptus
Apples, prunes
Pears, hairy vetch
Wheat, corn
Sugar beets, sorghum
Cultures suduring.
Citrus, pears, plums, acacia.
Almonds, apples.
Barley.
Prunes.
Wheat.
Sugar beets.
"The above summary indicates that the apricot, oUve, and peach do well on less
water than other orchard fruits, 1 per cent of free water being sufficient if constantly
present. With this amount the citrus fruits, pears, and plums were found to suffer,
though the citrus trees were in good condition with a little more water. The almond
seems to require about twice the water that the apricot does, while the prune was
found to suffer with three times the water in which the apricot was flourishing.
"Emphasis should be placed on the fact that this free water should be present
throughout the soil to the depth of 4 ft. at least, and especially around the feeding
rootlets of the tree. The surface of the soil may be wet, and yet the tree may suffer
if tlie ground below be so dry that the rootlets are not able to draw sufficient mois-
ture. This drying out of the under soil is one of the evil effects of a severely dry
season, and unless the rainfall of the succeeding winter be sufficient to penetrate to
the depth of several feet and moisten the Sviil aroimd the rootlets the trees will suffer
almost as if no rain had fallen.
"The same is true with regard to irrigation; those who have to resort to the artifi-
cial application of water to their lands l)ecause of insufficient rainfall, should so
apply it that it may reach the tree rootlets at the depth of several feet below the
surface. ' '
Alkali and alkali soils, R. H. Loughridge ( Cidifornia Sta. Rpt.
ISOS^ pp. 00-117^ Jigs. ^). — A stud}' of the accumulation of alkali in
irrig-ated .soils used for the culture of citrus fruits, and the effect of
this alkali upon the growth of these fruits, is reported, which showed
that after 3 3'ears' use of an artesian water comparatively free from
soluble salts (9.46 grains per gallon containing 0.64 grains sodium
chlorid and 1.S5 grains sodium carbonate), the soil contained 3,240
lbs. of soluble salts per acre to a depth of 3 ft. ; using Lake Elsinore
water, containing 98.54 grains per gallon of soluble salts (in which
there were 53.62 grains of sodium chlorid and 22.89 grains of sodium
carbonate), there was an accumulation in the soil of 15,160 lbs. of
alkali per acre, while in unirrigated natural soil there was only about
1,250 lbs. In ca.se of the use of the lake water 1,680 lbs. of the alkali
accumulated in the soil was sodium carbonate and 6,120 lbs. sodium
chlorid; with artesian water there was 640 lbs. of carbonate and 360
lbs. of chlorid. The unirrigated soil contained neither of these salts.
It was observed that the citrus orchards irrigated with the Elsinore
water were in bad condition and the station undertook to ascertain
whether the injury to the trees was due to the effect of alkali or to
924 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
some other cause. Observiitions on the physical conditions of the
lands, as well as the amount and distribution of the alkali, are reported
and discussed. These indicate that while in many cases the injury to
the trees was probably due to the direct action of the alkali, in some
cases it was brought about by unfavorable physical conditions, due in
part to the action of the alkali and in part to other causes. The effect
of the ditierent alkali salts on citrus trees and means of reclaiming
injured orchards are explained.
Analyses of a large number of samples of alkali soils from different
localities are reported.
Preliminary account of the soil survey -work in North Carolina,
B. W. KiLGOHE {Bid. North Carolina Staie Bd. A(/r., 21 {1900), No.
11, pp. 3-5). — A brief account is given of the progress made by the
State Department of Agriculture, cooperating w ith the Division of
Soils of this Department, in examining and mapping the soils of a dis-
trict 105 miles long and 8 miles wide, reaching from Raleigh to New-
born. In this survey the surface and subsoils have been examined
with reference to their general character, the size and character of the
particles, and the amounts of fertilizing constituents present, and the
extent and exact location of each type of soil has been mapped. The
work has shown that "omitting the section iunnediately around Raleigh
and the more or less sw^ampy or pocosin soils farther east . . . there
are three large classes of soils in the east, each class having a number
of varieties." The main classes are deep sand}^ soil, sandy loam with
clay subsoil, and fine sandy loam with clay subsoil. It is proposed to
make this survey of the soils the basis for experiments to determine
the fertilizer requirements of the different soil types, and two test
farms have already been established for this purpose. The plan of
experiment followed and the results of the first year's operations are
noted elsewhere (p. 1)41).
The Illinois glacial lobe, F. Leverett ( U. S. Geol. Survey Mono
graph, 38 {1899), ])p. XXI +8 17, pis. U, figs. 5).— This monograph
reviews earlier studies, describes the plan of investigation pursued by
the author, and reports in detail the results of his studies of the Illinois
glacial lobe, which "formed the southwestern part of the great ice
field that extended from the high lands east and south of Hudson Bay
southwestward over the basins of the Great Lakes and tlit^ north-
central States as far as the Mississippi Valle3\ It overlapped a pre-
viously glaciated region on the southwest, whose drift was derived
from ati ice field that moved southward from the central portion of
the Dominion of Canada as far as the vicinity of the Missouri River."
The phvsical features of the region are described and the time rela-
tions or glacial succession of the various drift sheets are discussed.
The evidence for separating the Illinoisan drift sheet from the outlying
AIR WATER SOILS. 925
and underlying- drift and also from the lowan drift is briefly set forth.
Remarkable instances of the transportation without destruction of
stratification of limestone ledges occupying in some instances areas of
several acres are noted. Descriptions are given of well-defined soils
and weathered zones which occur between successive a(;cumulations of
drift, as well as of moraines and associated sheets of till, and there is
a general discussion on the influence of the drift on drainage systems.
The thickness of the lUinoisan drift is estimated at from 100 to 130 ft.
and its relation to the water supply is considered in detail. The essen-
tial conditions for obtaining artesian wells, as well as the occurrence
of g'as, are also considered. The sources of soil material are discussed
uid an attempt is made to classify the soils according to their origin
and physical characteristics. Eight classes are recognized as follows:
Residuary, bowlder-clay soils, gravelly soils, sand}" soils, blufi-loess
soils, silts slowly pervious to water, tine silts nearly impervious, peaty
or organic soils. A statement of the origin or mode of deposition and
the areal distribution of these soils is given in a table and their agri-
cultural value and importance are discussed. The loess soils are ol
particular interest. Typical soils of this class are found bordering the
rivers of the region, merging inland into less pervious white clays, one
class of which is known as gumbo. This is an adhesive clay varying
in color from ash or light gray to nearly black. The black portions
are heavily charged with humus. This gumbo soil contains a few
small pebbles which seldom exceed half an inch in diameter. It closely
resembles the gumbo of the Illinois and Mississippi River flood plains,
which is deposited by flooded streams in the portions of the flood
plains where there is little current. The origin of this deposit and its
time relations compared with the overlying loess and the underlying
till have not yet been satisfactorily worked out.
The soil zones of European Russia in connection vrith the salt
content of the subsoils and v/ith the character of the forest vege-
tation, (t. Vissotski {Fochvovedenie [Pedologie], 1 {1899), pp. 19-26). —
It has been established that the soils of European Russia are distrib-
uted in zones in the following order, beginning at the north: (1) Podzol
(siliceous) soils, (2) gray forest soils, (3) chernozem (black earth) soils,
and (4) soils of the steppes — deserts. The quantity of the soluble salts
in the subsoils increases in the same order. In the first zone the salts
are entirely absent, in the second calcium carbonate is found, in the
third calcium carbonate and gypsum, and in the last calcium carbonate,
gypsum, sodium chlorid, potassium carbonate, etc. Conformably
therewith each zone is characterized by a specific vegetation. The
first is the region of mixed forests (fir, pine, birch, aspen, willow), the
second of oak forests, the third of shrubby plants of the steppes
(elder, hawthorn, spindle tree, cherry, privet, sloe, etc.), and the
19007— No. 10 3
926 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
fourth has tho charactoristic- alkali lands vegetation (Astragulus,
Ephedra, etc.) The importance of these facts in the ])ractical work
of reforestation is pointed out. — p. fireman.
Laterites, P. A. Zemyachenski {Pochvovedenie S^Pt'dohxj'u^^ 2 {1899),
pp. 117-122). — Notwithstanding" the extended distrilnition of the later-
ites, information with regard to them is very limited. It is known
only that they are very rich in ferric oxid (35 per cent and more).
Recently M. Bauer communicated some entirely novel data concerning-
the nature of lateritic soils. From his analyses he concludes that in
lateritic soils originating from granite and diorite, there occurs much
free hydrate of alumina, so that they approach the Imuxites in com-
position. The author does not agree with Bauer's conclusion. He
analj^zed two samples of lateritic soils, one from Mongon, China, and
the other from the Caucasus (Chakva). The samples were treated
with hydrochloric acid in three different ways: (1) By heating with Kl
per cent hj^drochloric acid 4 hours, (2) with acid of the same strength
10 hours, and (3) with strong hydrochloric acid (specific gravity 1.12)
10 hours on a watei- bath. From these experiments the conclusion
was reached that in lateritic soils originating from feldspar there is
present no free hydrate of alumina, and that the alumina is combined
with silica and perhaps with ferric oxid. — p. fireman.
On the spectrum of the more volatile g-ases of atmospheric air, -which are
not condensed at the temperature of liquid hydrogen, ( I. I). Liveing and J.
Dewar (Chem. News, 83 {1901), Nos. 2145, pp. 1, 2; 2146, pp. lS-13).
Purification of air by soil, A. Gerardin ( Compi. Bend. Acad. Sci Paris, 132
{1901), No. 3, pp. 157-159).
The molecular constitution of water, W. Sutherland (Pliil. Mag. and .Tour.
Sci., 5. ser., 50 (1900), p. 460; abf<. In Cliciii. Ztg., 24 {1900), No. 100, Repert., p. 361).—
The author concludes from his investigations that steam is HjO, ice (HjOlg, and
water a mixture of (H20)3 and (HoO).,. For the simple molecule H.,0 the name
"hydrol" is proposed.
Waters, E. W. Hilgard et al. {Califurnia Sta. Rpt. 1S9S, pp. ii^'-iJO).— This
includes reports on analyses of 4 samples of creek and river water, the water of Lake
Elsinore in 1890, 1891, 1897, and 1898, 16 samples of spring water, 38 of ordinary
well water, 5 of artesian well water, and 8 of water from reservoirs and irrigation
ditches with reference to mineral constituents, and of 7 samples of spring water and
5 of well water with reference to sanitary condition. The use of saline and alkali
waters in irrigation is discussed and the conclusion is drawn that, "broadly speak-
ing, any water unfit for domestic use on account of its saline contents should be
used for irrigation only after an examination of the nature and amount of the latter.
The limit usually given ff)r drinking waters is 40 grains per gallon."
The disinfection of wells with potassium permanganate, E. Delorme {Bid.
Acad. Med., 1900, No. 25, pp. »!4o-6/^^).
Sterilization of water by ozonized air by the method of Abraham and
Marmier, F. Krull {Ztsclir. Angcic ('hem., 1901, Xo. 3, pp. 57-59, Jigx. 2).
The drainage and reclamation of marsh soils, ( Jilliaux [L'lng. Agr. Gemhlovx,
11 {1900), No. 5, pp. 194-213).
FERTILIZERS. 927
Soil temperature (lipl. Vninipore E.r/d. Fariit, IS'.iO-l'JOO, Api>.,j)p. 7<i-10a). — Sum-
maries of <)l)Ht>rviitinTis at different deptliH during 1897-1900 are given in tables.
Tlie cultivation of the soil, P. P. Dehekain [lirr. (U'lt. Agron. [JAmvaiii^, 9
{1900), No. 9-10, pp. 405-412).
The r61e of earth-worms in the formation of cultivated soil, V,. Henry
{Chron. Agr. Cwitov. VituiJ, 14 (1901), Xo. J, pp. :.'0-2o).
Acidity of upland soils, H. J. Wheelek and 1>. L. Hautweli, {Rhode Tdund Sta.
Bjit. moo, pp. :,".>S-.l..''i \ pJa. :i). — Tliis article sunnnarizes the results of pot and plat
experiments on this subject which were begun in 1S94 and have l)een reixirte*! from
time to time (E. S. R., 9, p. 937).
"The general conclusion drawn from thci various fxpcriments herein outlined is
that the recognition of a high degree of aciditj-, e\ en in the case of upland and nat-
urally well-drained soils, is one of the most inii)ortant guides to the first step which
should be taken toward their amelioration. This seems to hold true largely, if not
wholly, regardless of whether the benefit accruing from the use of carbonate of lime
is attributable to its correcting physical, biological, or (;hemical conditions. The
practical importance of this matter, even though it lias been heretf)fore almost
ignored or unrecognized by most American and many European agricultural chem-
ists, would seem to have been abundantly demonstrated in this and the two former
papers ujion the same su])ject."
Richmond River soils, F. B. (tuthrie and C. K. P>arker {Ayr. Gaz. New South
Wales, 11 {1900), No. 11, pj). 1005, 1006). — Analyses of a number of samples of the
virgin soils of this region show a remarkable uniformity. The average of the analy-
ses is: Capacity for water 52 per cent, organic matter (himius) 16, lime 0.21, potash
0.08, phosphoric; acid 0.3, and nitrogen 0.3 per cent. The reaction is neutral to acid.
The general treatment of the soils is briefly discussed.
Note on the soil of County Camden, New South Wales, F. B. Guthrie and
C. R. Barker {Agr. Gaz. Nrir Soiith Wale.s, 11 {1900), No. I.', p. 1123) .—The nverage
results of examinations of about 80sami3les of soils of this county, which are derived
mainly from sandstone, are as follows: Capacity for water 49.73 per cent, organic;
matter (humus) 11.23, lime 0.113, iwtash 0.102, phosphoric acid 0.171, and nitrogen
0.231 per cent. The soils vary from light sandy loam to clay loam, their reaction
from neutral to strongly acid. Forty-two i)er cent of the soils examined were
stronglj' acid.
FEETILIZERS.
The manurial value of the excreta of milch covvs, ^V. S. Sweet-
SEK (Pennsylvania Sta. Bid. 54-, ]>p. 7). — A recoixl wa.s kept of the
amount and c-omposition (nitroocn, phosphoric; acid, and potash) of
food eaten and of feces and urine excreted and milk produced by 2
cows, during the last lU da3^s of 5 periods of 4(> days each. One coav
was fed the same ration of 15 lbs. of mixed hay, 3 lbs. cotton-seed
meal, 2 lbs. linseed meal, '1 lbs, corn meal, and 1 lb. buckwheat mid-
dlings, with a nutritive ratio of iro.tt throughout the experiment;
with the other cow the same materials were used but the proportions
were varied so that the nutritive ratios were 1:3.9 in the first and fifth
periods, 1:6.1 in the second and fourth, and 1:8.7 in the third.
The total amount of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash excreted
by the 2 cows during the whole 5 pei'iods in feces, urine, and milk.
928
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
with the percentag'e di.stributioii of those constituents, arc shown in
the following table:
Fcrlilizing const'dueids in c.rcriin ami milk oj.i ruics ilur'tiKj oV ilaijK.
Nitrogen.
Phosphoric acid.
Potash.
Pounds.
Percent
of total
excre-
tion.
Pounds.
Per cent
of total
excre-
tion.
Pounds.
Per cent
of total
excre-
tion.
21.46
36. 07
11.39
31.14
52.33
16.53
15.45
.29
4.71
75.55
1.42
23.03
7.14
34.19
4.53
15. 58
74 56
Milk
9.86
Total .
68.92
100.00
20. 45
100.00
45.86
100 00
Suinniarizing' these results, the bulletin states:
'"(]) The feces from milch c;ow8 contain about one-thinl of tlic nitrotrcn, three-
fourths of the phosplioric acid and one-sixtti of the potasli of the food.
"(2) The urine contains one-half of the nitrogen, almost no phosjihoric acid, and
three-fourths of the potash of the food.
"(;5) The milk contains less than one-sixth of tlic nitrogen, one-fourtli nf the ]>hos-
phoric acid, and one-tenth of the potash, or less than one-sixth of the manurial values
of the food.
"(4) When the urine is allowed to run to waste, more than one half of the manurial
value of the food, or Go per cent of the manurial value of the solid and li(]uid manure,
is lost."
Denitrification of nitrate of potash under the influence of reduc-
ing substances, M. Knovalov {Inr. 21<m-oir Xc/.v/-. l\hv.z. Jnst.jj {1000)^
(>f. 7, 2'1'- 02-65). — This is a report of a study of the possibility of
denitrification occurring without the intervention of micro-organisms,
/. 6., under the influence of various reducing substances which occur
in soil.
The first experiments were made with ferrous sulphate compounds
which sometimes occur in the soil. Fifteen grams of nitrate of })otash
and 15 gm. of crystalline ferrous sulphate were dissolved in 300 cc. of
water. Into this solution a current of air at 60 to 70"^ C was led
and afterwards passed through dilute sulphuric acid. Tests of the
latter by means of Nessler's reagent showed that ammotiia was slowly
but invariably formed at ordinary temperatures.
All other experiments were made with humus. The hitter was pre-
])ared from cane sugar l)y Herthelot's method.' The humus showed a
scarceh" perceptible acid reaction (to litmus) and contiiined <so to 85
per cent of water, but no nitrogen.
The fii-st tests were mer(»ly (lualitative. Into each of two flasks Avere
introduced 300 cc. of Avater, 15 gm. of nitrate of potash, and 15 gm. of
humus. One flask was sterilized with water vapor at 100^ C, the
other by the addition of 0.4 gm. of corrosive sublimate. The stop-
^ Ann. Chim. ct T'hys., 6. .ser., 25 (1892), p. :366.
FERTILIZERS. 92U
pered Husks stood at the temporatiire of tlie room 3 months. After
the lapse of this period of time the presence of ammonia m each of the
fhisks was proved by Nessler's reaj^ent. I^itroiis acid was not found.
For a quantitative estimation of the anunonia formed four series of
experiments were made:
(1) Ten flasks were charged as follows: To 200 cc. of water, 30 gm.
of humus and 5 gm. of nitrate of potash were added. Each flask was
sterilized with steam at 100- in three operations (I hour on each of 3
successive days). The flasks were closed with a layer of cotton and
a cork stopper and sealed with wax.
(2) Ten flasks were charged as before, but sterilized by the addition
of 0.4: gm. of corrosive sublimate. The stoppered flasks were sealed
withi^araffin.
(3) Control experiments were made with two flasks containing 5 gm,
of nitrate of potash and 2(»0 cc. of water each, one sterilized, the
other not, and with three flasks containing 30 gm. of humus in 200 cc.
of water, one sterilized with steam, another with corrosive sul)limate,
th(^ third not sterilized.
(4) Tests of the influence of caustic alkali, heating, air, and sand on
the amount of ammonia formed.
Three Erlenmeyer flasks (large) received as much sand (washed and
ignited) as was required to absorb 200 cc. of water with 30 gm. of
humus and 5 gm. of nitrate of potash. The fourth flask received the
same amount of sand, 200 cc. of water, and 300 gm. of humus. The
first flask was sterilized with steam, the second with corrosive subli-
mate, and the third and fourth were not sterilized. All four flasks
were closed with rubber stoppers carrying glass tubes through which
air which had been drawn through sulphuric acid and cotton was passed
from time to time (10 minutes each day).
In the fifth flask were placed 200 cc. of water, 30 gm. of humus, and
5 gm. of nitrate of potash, and 20 cc. of concentrated caustic soda. In
the sixth flask the usual mixture was placed: 200 cc. of water, 30 gm.
of hunuis. and .5 gm. of nitrate of potash. The flask was sterilized over
an hour and was immediately examined for anunonia. The seventh
flask was charged like the sixth, but was not sterilized. It was imme-
diately examined for anmionia.
The determination of anunonia was made as follows: C)ne-h;ilf of
the liquid was placed in a distilling fiask. a concentrated solution of
caustic soda was added, and the mixtur(» distilled. The distillate was
collected in a standard solution of sidphuric acid and the excess of the
latt(>r titrated with caustic baryta. The indicator used was rosolic
acid. Jn some cases ammonia Avas determined colorimetrically by
means of Nessler's solution in ordei" to avoid the heating of the
mixture.
The flasks of series 1 and 2 were examined after standinu' 3 months.
930
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Some of the sterilized solutions were tested for Inicteria, but none
were found. The uniounts of amnioniii found were as follows:
Amounts of ammonia found in different solutions {■'series 1 and 2).
Series 1.
Series 2.
No 1
Grama.
0. 00220
. 0003.S
.0004,5
Grams.
0.001519
No. 2
.0006.56
No.3a
.000288
a Bv iSTesslcr's rcaKi'iit witlioiit ilistilbitiim.
Sej'ies ;> (control experiments) was examined after 2 to 4 months.
No ammonia was found.
The results obtained in series -t were as foUows:
Ammonia found in series 4-
Ammonia.
Ammonia.
No. l.exaniiiifil after IS days
No. 2,exaiinnr(I after !■'> days
Gram.^.
0. 001295
. 000379
. 000294
No. 5, examined after 15 days
No. 6, examined immediately after
sterilization
No. 7, examined immediately, with-
out .sterilization
GraiiiK.
0. 0001899
.11002
No.4, examineil after is days
None.
None.
In all cases the ammonia was determined without previous decom-
position of the humus which, as is well known and as the author proved
by special experiments, retains ammonia. The above figures for
ammonia are, therefore, too low.
Without making special claiius for the accuracv of the quantitative
determinations the author draws the following conclusions:
(1) Humus, as well as the ferrous salts, is al)le to reduce nitrate of
potash to ammonia.
(2) This reduction proceeds very slowly at ordinary temperatures,
})ut l)ecomes more rapid on heating.
(8) Caustic alkali and free access of air do not destro}' the ability of
humus to reduce nitrate.
(-t) Thus the possi])ility of denitrification of nitrate of potash in the
soil under the influence of humus, without ])acteria, is fully corrobo-
rated by laboratory experiments. — p. fireman.
Fertilizer experiments -with different sources of phosphoric
acid, If. .1. Pattki!S()n (JA/zv/A/y/^/ A'A/. />///. OS^j>jk 20). — An account
is here given of experiments hegiiii in the spring of 1895 on tcMtth-acre
plats of modei-ately stiff clay natuially well drained, to test the com-
parative availability of doul)le superphosphate (soluble and reverted),
dissolved boneblack, dissolved South Carolina rock, iron and alumina
phosphate (reverted), boneblack, raw bone meal, slag phosphate,
ground South Carolina rock, and Florida soft phosphate. These
different phosphates were each applied in amounts furnishing 150
lbs. of phosphoric acid per acre. The bulletin gives a discussion of
FERTILIZEKS. 931
phosphatie fertilizers in general and a description of the particular
phosphates used in these exporiuKuits, a record of treatment and
cultivation of the plats since the begiiuiiiig- of the experiments, and a
tabular sunnnary and discussion of the data obtained in experiments
with the different phosphates on corn, wheat, rye, and crimson clover.
The results ai"c sunnnarized as follows:
"(1) All forms of phosphoric acid produced an increase of crop.
"(2) The average total yield of the crops fertilized with insoluble phosphoric
acid was greater than those with the soluble and reverted forms of phosphoric acid.
"(3) Reverted jihosphoric acid gave a greater total yield than soluble phosphoric
acid.
"(4) Reverted ]>hosphate of iron and alumina gave a higher yield than reverted
phosphate of Hine.
"(5) Soluble jihosphoric acid gave slightly higher yields of wheat (grain) than
phosphoric acid in any other form.
"(6) Concentrated sources of soiul)le phosphoric acid gave l)etter results than the
low grade sources.
" (7) Untreated South ( 'aroHna rock gave a higher total yield than dissolved South
Carolina rock.
"(8) Slag phosphate produced a greater total yield and at less cost than tlie average
of the soluble phosphoric acid plats and the bone meal plats.
"(9) Insoluble phosphoric acid from slag produced a greater yield than the
insoluble phosphoric acid from South Carolina rock and Florida soft phosphate, l)ut
at greater cost than the two latter.
"(10) For the best results with insoluble phosphates, it is desirable to have the
land well filled with organic matter. Of the methods tested, crimson clover was the
best means of obtaining this."
Commercial fertilizers, PI H. Jp:nkins, S. W. Johnson, et al.
{Con)irrf!ci(f State Sta. Ept. 1900, j>t. 1, pp. ii^).— This includes a
statement of fertilizer sales in Connecticut in 1900, the text and an
abstract of the State laws relating to fertilizers, a list of manufacturers
securing licenses under these laws, notes on the sampling and collect-
ing of fertilizers, explanations regarding the analysis and valuation of
fertilizers, a report on determinations of the solubility of organic
forms of nitrogen in pepsin-hydrochloric acid, a review of the fertili-
zer market for the year ended October 31. 1900, and tabulated analyses
and valuations of 466 samples of fertilizing materials, including nitrate
of soda, sulphate of ammonia, dried blood, cotton-seed meal, castor
pomace, ground fish, tankage, bone manures, dicalcium phosi)hate.
superphosphate, nuiriate of potash, sulphate of potash, sulphate of
potash and magnesia, kainit, carbonate of potash, nitrate of potash,
cotton-hull ashes, wood ashes, limekiln ashes, crematory ashes, lime,
land plaster, waste from acetylene manufacture, tol)acco stems, nuick,
sheep manure, street sweepings, silk-mill waste. The average cost of
nitrogen in 4 samples of nitrate of soda examined was 11:. 3 cts. per
pound; in 1 sample of sulphate of anmionia, 18.5 cts. ; in 14 samples of
cotton-seed meal, 14.3 cts., "nearly a cent and a half per pound more
than last year. This is due to an in(;reased foreign demand for cotton
seed meal." The price per pound of nitrogen in 5 samples of castor
932
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
pomace varied from 15 to 20.1 cts. An unnsuiilly hig-h porcentago of
chlorin was found in samples of sulphate of potash examined, some of
these containing- over 14 per cent of muriate of potash. It is recom-
mended that this material should be purchased onl_y on a guaranty of
not over 2 per cent of chlorin. In 9 samples of muriate of potash
examined the percentage of potash varied from 43.97 to 5-4.18, the cost
per pound of the potash from 4.0 to 4.8 cts., averaging 4.3 cts. The
average cost of the bone manures examined was $27.08 per ton, the
average valuation $25.51. In 0 of the 25 brands examined the per-
centage of nitrogen was less than that guaranteed, in 4 the same was
true of the percentage of phosphoric acid. The valuation of 4 of
the 6 samples of dry iish examined was higher than the cost, "indica-
ting that during the present year, as was also the case last .year, dried
fish had been a cheap source of nitrogen and phosphoric acid.*" Of
the 90 samples of nitrogenous superphosphates examined 15 were
below the manufacturers'' minimum guaranty in respect to one ingre-
dient, and 3 in respect to two ingredients. The average cost of the
superphosphates was $30, the average valuation $19.75. Of 100 sam-
ples of special manures examined 14 did not fulfill the manufacturers'
guaranty in respect to one ingrediejit and 2 were deficient in respect
to two ingredients. The average cost of these manures was $32.73,
the valuation $22.49. Analyses of 41 samples of cotton-hull ashes
are reported.
"The liighest percentage of water-soluble potash is 28.12 and the lowest 11.45.
Excluding the latter — found in goods which were sold at a low price because of their
inferior quality — the lowest percentage was 13.29 and the average of 40 samples was
19.89 per cent, nearly 3 per cent lower than last year.
"Allowing 4^, 4, and 2 cts. per pound for water-soluble, citrate-soluble, and insol-
uVjle phosphoric acid, the cost of water-soluble potash, in cotton-hull ashes, has
ranged from 10.9 to 5.1 cts. per pound and has averaged 7.5 cts., eight-tenths of a cent
more per pound than last year."
The water-soluble potash in 19 samples of wood ashes examined
varied from 2.38 to 0.09 per cent, averaging 4.32 per cent.
Most of the nitrogenous fertilizers examined during the year were
tested, as to availability of the nitrogen, by the pe])sin-hydrochloi'ic
acid method. The results are summarized in the following tal)le:
Solubility of nitrogen of fertilizers in pejmn-hydrochlorir acid.
Blood
Cotton-.seed meal
Castor pomace...
Bone
Tankage
Fish
Bone •and potash.
Superphosphates.
Special fertilizers
No. of
Nitrogen dissolved.
samples
tested.
Maximum.
Minimum.
Average.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
1
2
84.0
'.tl.O
89.0
90.0
4
•)1.5
74.0
84.6
25
'.lit. 4
69. 9
87.0
5
82.8
73.1
76.3
5
87.6
61.5
73.5
G
88.2
.58. 1
77.6
90
91.7
18.9
74.8
99
100.0
57.8
76.4
FERTILIZERS. 933
"It is clear from tliese figures, as well as from otlicr r-csiills previously published
by this station and by other observers, that the .solubility of organic nitrogen in
materials generally regarded as quickly acting fertilizers, such as blood, cotton seed,
castor pomace, fish, tankage, bone and the like, may range from about (JO to nearly
100 per cent.
"There is no reason to suppose that those with the low(!r solubility named are
less effective fertilizers than those whose solubility in pepsin solution is relatively
high.
"It is evident, therefore, that it would be (|nite jxjssible to mix inferior nitroge-
nous matter, like leather, liair, etc., with its own weight of some approved form of
nitrogen, which had exceptionally high .solubility in pejisin solution, and produce a
mixture which would not be certainly detected by the test described above. It is
only when the solubility is 50 per cent, or lower, that it is reasonable to suspect the
presence of inferior or inert forms of nitrogen."
On the fertilizing' value of stable manure mixed with a litter of tobacco
stems, N. Passrrini (SUtz. Sper. Ayr. Ital., 38 {1900), No. 5, pp. 44I-445 ) .—Kxperi-
ments are briefly reported in which tobacco stems were u.sed as litter with stable
manure, yielding a product after fermentation which had the following composition:
Nitrogen 0.84 per cent, ])hosphoric acid 0.62 i)er cent, and potash 1.97 per cent, the
tobacco stems supplying 0.26 per cent of nitrogen, 0.32 per cent of phosphori(! acid,
and 1.47 per cent of ])Otash.
Filter-press cake as a fertilizer ( West Indian Bid., 1 {1900), No. 4, p. 395; abs.
in Jonr. Soc. C'hem. Ind., 19 {1901), No. 12, p. 1125).—li\s stated that 1,000 lbs. of
cake as obtained in the sugarhouse contains about 7 lbs. of nitrogen and 5 l))s. of
phosphoric acid.
Jadoo fiber {Jahresber. Vers. Stat, u Schule, WMensweil, 1897-9S, pp. 49-r>0).—
This w'as found to be peat moss soaked in a solution of fertilizer material. Upon
analysis it showed 0.76 per cent of nitrogen, 0.56 })er cent of phosphoric; acid, and
0.21 per cent of water-soluble potash.
Analyses of fertilizers, C. A. Goessmann {MasmcJinfteltii Jfalrli Sin. Iliil. 70, pp.
26). — Analyses are reported of 231 samples of fertilizing materials, including wood
a.shes, sulphate of potash, muriate of potash, potash and magnesia sulphate, nitrate
of soda, ground fish, cowpea and soy-bean plants, river and })ond muck, sewage
sludge, peat, soot, barnyard manure, sheep manure, cotton waste, product from gar-
bage plant, tobacco stalks, bat guano, ground bone, dissolved boneblack, Florida rock
phosphate, mixed fertilizers, and .soils.
Fertilizer analyses, R. C. Kedzie {Michigan Sta. Bid. 185, pjx 269-281).— This
includes tabulated analyses, accompanied by guarantees, of 81 samples of fertilizers
examined during 1900, with brief explanatory notes.
Fertilizer analyses — fall season, 1900, B. W. Kit>gore {Bid. North Carolina
Slate Bd.Agr., 22 {1901), No. 1, pp. 3-16, 19-29) .—'nn^ includes notes on valuation,
freight rates from the seaboard to interior points, a list of fertilizers registered for
1 901, and analy.ses and valuations of 131 .samples of fertilizers. There are also included
a brief report on analy.ses of miscellaneous fertilizing materials, including maris, wood
ashes, cotton-hull aslies, coinpt)st, tol)acco stems and ilust, tobaci'o stem ashes, and
liarnyard manure, and a warning against a so-called manual of secret i)rocesses for
the manufacture of home-made fertilizers.
Commercial fertilizers, II. J. Wheei.er, 15. I>. IIaktwell, et ai.. {J'Jiodc TdandSta.
Bid. 73, pp. 39-50). — This bulletin contains analyses and valuations of 59 samples of
fertilizers examined during 1900 in addition to those reported in previous bulletins
(E. S. R., 12, pp. 626, 737). In addition to the mixed fertilizers examined analyses
are reported of 8 samples of wood ashes, 3 of muriate of potash, and 3 of nitrate of
soda. A sunnnary of the results of fertilizer inspection in the State during 1900 and
previous years shows that in 1900 84.9 jjer cent of the fertilizers were equal to or above
934 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
the guaranty, 8.1 per cent were less than 0.8 per cent below the guaranty, and 7 per
cent were more than 0.3 per cent below the guaranty, a condition not as satisfactory
as that shown in 1895 and 1896, but slightly better than in 1899. The greatest dis-
crepancies between the actual analyses and the guaranties were observed in the case
of soluble phosphoric acid, for which the guaranties often exceeded the amounts
actually found.
On the diffusion of nitrogen in chemical manure compounds, .1. Osteksetzer
(rlwm.Xeir.s, s:> (If'OJ) , Xo. ^14o,p. S).—MUmtum is called to t lie fact that by the
action of sul}tliuricacid the nitrogen of organic fertilizing materials is to a large extent
CI in verted in soluble form, including ammonium sulphate, and these nitrogen com-
pounds are more thoroughly diffused throughout the mass of the fertilizer than is
possible by mechanical means, a matter of great importance in estimating the rela-
tive value of fertilizers.
The distribution of chemical fertilizers, C. Dusserre {Chron. Agr. Canton Wind,
U {1901) , No. 1, pp. 17-30) .
Analyses of lime, W. H. Weigand and C. G. Church {Mart/land Agr. Col. Quart.,
1900, No. 10, pp. 4-6) . — Brief accounts are given of a study of the chemical composition
of coal-gas lime, water-gas lime, shell lime, and unburnt oyster and clam shells.
Potassium nitrate in Wyoming, W. C. Knight {Science, n. ser., 13 {1901), No.
ol7, p. 151). — The examination of samples of material found near Dayton, Wyo.,
which contained over 50 per cent of potassium nitrate, are reported.
The phosphates of the Florida hard rock region, G. Elschner {CItem. Ztg., 34
{moo), No. 101, pp. 1111-1113). — A brief review of the history of these deposits,
accompanied 1)}' descriptions and analyses of the phosphates.
The potash salt mines of Stassfurt {Rev. Gm. Agron. l^Louvain], 9 {1900), No.
9-10, pp. 413-436, pis. 3, figs. 5). — This article discusses the location and importance
of the Stassfurt deposits, the character of the crude and concentrated salts, and the
production and consumption of the salts.
The world's production and consumption of mineral fertilizers, L. Grande.\u
{.lour. Agr. Prul., 1901, I, No. 4, pp- 117-119). — Act-ording to the figures given the
total i)roduction of raw phosphate in 1899 was 2,500,000 tons, and of superphosphates
m Europe, 3,505,000 tons. The greatest producers of superphosphate were France,
950,000 tons; Germany, 800,000 tons; Great Britain, 600,000 tons; Italy, .300,000 tons.
The larger part of this superjihosphate was consumed in the countries producing it.
FIELD CROPS.
A fertilizer experiment -with barley, R. Ulrich iF'u]dlng''s
Landw. Zt<j.^ Jf'J (JOOO), JVos. Uf., pp. bSo-dSS; 15^ i>p>. ooJp-ooH). —
Thomas phosphate, kainit, nitrate of soda, and well-rotted barnyard
niannre were used alone and in combination for fertilizing- l^irley on
clay loam soil. The yields obtained with the dift'erent fertilizers and
combinations, the profitableness of (nich. and their effect on the quality
of the o-rnin are shown in a luunber of tables. The largest and most
profitable yields were obtained by the use of all 8 essential elements,
as furnished ))y Thomas phosj)hale. kainit. and nitrate of soda. The
water content of the air-dry grain was greater with fertiliz(»d than
with unfertilized grain. The stai'ch content increased with the addi-
tion of fertilizers and was most influenced by potash. The us(> of
nitrogenous fertilizers increased the protein content of the grain while
phosphoric acid and potash had a depressing effect.
FIELD CROPS. 985
Some varieties of winter barley, R. J. Mansholt {Orgaan Yer.
(Judleer. jRijLs. Zandbouwsckool, 12 {1900), No. IJ^), p- i^)-— This
article contains descriptions and records of trials of some varieties of
l)arley, principally of the two-rowed and four-rowed kinds. Most
of these trials were of hybrids, of which the most promising- were
double crosses. Two of these are particularly interesting from the
fact that whiU^ they are of precisely the same parentage, one is a two-
I'owed and the other a four-rowed soi't. They resulted from the fol-
lowing crosses: Groningen winter by Algerian two-rowed by Gron-
ingen winter barley. The fact that a summer barley enters into these
crosses makes it doubtful whether they will en(hir(> a severe winter,
but this point has not yet been tested.
The Canadian Mammoth and the English Matchless were tested but
wei'e discaixlcd as not suited to the conditions prevailing ou the experi-
ment farm. — ii. m. tieters.
Cooperative grass and forage plant investigations vrith State
experiment stations, T. A. Williams ( JJ. S. Dept. Agr. , Office of the
S(,'i;f(irij., Vii'c. X<K S, pp. 14). — Report of a visit to certain experi-
ment stations in the West for the purpose of arranging for cooperative
i^rass and forage plant investigations between the station and this
Department through the Division of Agrostology. Cooperative
experiments are suggested along the following lines: (1) The forma-
tion, care, and management of pastures, (2) range improvement, (3)
alkali-resistant crops, particularly those best adapted to furnish forage
that can be used to supplement the native ranges, (4) cover crops for
soils liable to wash which will at the same time afford a suppl}^ of
forage or can be turned under for green manure, (.5) a continuous soil-
ing series for use in sections where the dairy industry is paramount,
(6) winter pasturage for the South and Southwest, (7) sand-binding
grasses for the coast regions and along the Great Lakes, (8) meadow
crops for higher altitudes, (9) supplementary forage crops, particu-
larly those with a short season of growth that can be grown in rota-
tion with wheat, cotton, and other primary crops, either for forage or
for the improvement of soil fertility, (lo) di'ought-resistant cro})s for
arid sections, (11) the selection and deNcIopment of iiuproved varieties
of grasses and forage crops adapted to s])ecial conditions and uses.
Experiment in top-dressing grass land, H. J. Wheeleh and
-I. A. 'Vi\AA^r,\\AST {/i/iix/r /s/i//t</ Sf(/. liul. 71., j'l^- lo-20).- — A detailed
account of the grasses grown, manures used, and the yield obtained per
acre in 1809 on the grass lands here noted was given in an earlier
l>ull(^tin (E. S. R., 11, p. tUl). An early drought atfected the yield
of grass in 1900 and only one crop of hay was secured.
The plat fei'tilized with 1,200 lbs. of acid phosphate and 180 lbs. of
muriate of potash Imt no nitrogen produced l.G tons of barn-cured
ha}' per acre. When 15(» lbs. of nitrate of soda was added to these
V)36 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
fertilizers on another plat the yield was at the rate of 2.24 tons per
acre. And when 450 ll)s. was so added on a third plat the yield was
increased to 8.28 tons. The use of the 150 lbs. of nitrate of soda
resulted in increasing the financial profits $6.94 per acre and the use
of 450 lbs. in an increased value of $1().08 per acre. It is thouoht
that this prolit might have been greater had only 350 or 400 ll)s. of
nitrate of soda been used.
The relative proportion of timothy hay was decidedly increased by
the nitrate of soda. "This was probably due largely to tiie i-emoval
of the nitric acid by the plants and the lessening of the soil acidity b}'
the soda which was thus left behind."
Early applications of nitrate of soda to force growth, l)y placing at
the disposal of the plants when moisture in the soil is abundant an
immediate supply of availal)le nitrogen, is believed to be especially
A'aluable for grass in seasons of drought.
Reports on various seeds and plants included in the university
distribution, E. J. Wic;kson {('(illforiua Std. Rj^tf. 1<S9S^ j'P- -^-^^J-
iifjj). — This includes lirief reports 1)}^ the station and statements of
farmers regarding the growth and value of a num])e]' of plants and
seeds distributed by the station.
Roselle {Illhiscus ftahdai'iffa) promises to be of nmch xalue for jelly-
making where currants do not thrive. It makes large returns in
localities wherever there is a long frostless season combined with high
summer heat. The local trials of fenugreek {Trigonella fo&nimx giw-
carn) seem to indicate that the plant endures as low temperatures as it
is likely to encounter in most valle}' situations, and is promising as a
green manuring plant. Hairy vetch ( Vicia villom) promises to be one
of the best winter- growing plants, l)oth for forage and green manure
purposes, in California. Besides hardiness against frost, it has a
marked drought resistance. The mealy saltbush {Atrij>lex halimoide^s)
gives promise of surpassing in value even the Australian salthush
{A. seiii/ihaccata) on dry lands, and gives indications of being of value
in so-called desert situations.
Other plants i-eported upon are Jerusalem artichokes. Jei-sey kale,
oat grass, Texas ))lue grass, brome grasses, l)ulfal() gi'ass, edible pod
pea, Washington market s\veet corn, carrots, climbing French bean,
flat pea. etc.
Note on the gro-wtli of lupines on calcareous lands, K. A\'. Hil-
GARi) {(kdifornia Sta. Rpt. ]898, pj). '225, 226).—Th\>^ note states that
in the experience of the author lupines planted in the s])ring iiave
given very unsatisfactor}' results on clayey and sandy soils. This sea-
son a test of sowing lupines in the fall, ga\'e very good results. The
soil upon which this test was made contain(^d 35 per cent of clay and
fully 1 per cent of carbonate of lime and magnesia. The results of
experiments with hij)ines made by Ileinricli (E. 8. li., 8, p. IMJlt). which
FIELD CROPS. 937
led him to conc-Iudo that 0.5 per cent of cail)oiiiite of lime or magnesia
is veiT deleterious to the orowth of lupines, are discussed, l)ut the
author believes this to be true in the case of sandy soils only. The
experiments here reported showed that on heavy clay soils double that
(piantity of carbonate of lime or magnesia was not injurious.
Potato experiments {A(//\ Gaz. [Lotidon], 52 (1900), No. 1390^ p.
II')). — The summarized results secured in 18!)*.) b}' Wright at the West
ot Scotland Agricultural College in manuring potatoes are reported.
The data given are the averages secured from 10 farms. On umna-
nured land the yield of potatoes was ,5.02 tons per acre. When 20
tons of barnyard manuiv was applied, the3'ield increased to 7.N.5 tons.
Where only half of this amount of barnyard iuanure was used, the
vi(>ld was deci'eased l.-l tons, and when to the full ration of 20 tons of
barnyard manure was added 448 lbs. of superphosphate and 112 lbs.
each of sulphate of anunonia and of potash, the yield was increased to
8.22 tons. The same amount of these conmiercial fertilizers used in
coiuiection with lO tons of ])arnyai'd maruire resulted in a yield of only
l,2o2 lbs. less than when the full application of 20 tons of barnvard
maiuire was used. In a test of three potash manures f(jr })otatoes, the
yields remained practically identical. The greatest amount of starch,
however, was found in the potatoes fertilized with the sulphate. The
best fertilizer, as regards economy and preparation for the succeeding
crop, was that made up of 10 tons of barnyard manure, 448 lbs. of
superphosphate, 112 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia, and 168 lbs. of sul-
phate of potash. Increased quantities of commercial fertilizers gave
nearlv as good yields at slightly less expense, but the value of barn-
yard iuanure for succeeding crops it is thought more than covered any
slight advantage in the cheapness of the commercial fertilizers.
Experiments on potatoes in Yorkshire {Agr. Gas. [London]., S2
{J900), No. 138}^^ p. 19). — A sununarized account is given of a report
issued by the Yorkshire College and certain county councils on exper-
iments with potatoes in 1899. One of the chief experiments was the
test of the substitution of commercial fertilizers for a part of the ])arn-
yard manure employed in a full dressing of 20 tons. The average
results secured in experiments at 5 farms show a yield of 6.38 tons per
acre Avhere no manure was applied; with 20 tons of barnyard manure,
tlie yield was 10.54 tons per acre. Where only half this amount of
barnyard manure was applied, the yield averaged 8.95 tons per acre.
AMierc to the 10 tons of barnyard mamire there was added 156 lbs. of
sul})hate of ammonia, ?>'M} lbs. superplios])hiite, and 224 lbs. of potash
salts, the yield was i-aised to !».1»2 tons per acre. When the sulphate
of anunonia was oiuittinl in the above formula, the yield was decreased
572 lbs. When superphosphate was omitted the decrease was 1,062
lbs. per acre. The use of commercial fertilizers alone at the rate of
336 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia, 560 lbs. of superphosphate, and 224
938 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
11),<. of sulphate of ])otiisli ])er acre did not oivc as good yields as was
obtained from applications of 10 tons of barnyard manure. The aver-
age increased yield obtained with full dressings of barnyard manure,
as compared with half dressings and the addition of the commercial
fertilizers, was due largel}' to the greatly increased yields secured at
one station. At another station the yield from the combination was
larger than from the barnyard manure alone, while at 2 other stations
it was nearly as large.
The influence of -water and fertilizers on the composition of the
ash of the potato, A. vox Daszkwski and B. Ioli.exs {.Jour. Lditdir.^
JfS {lUOO). y<>. -A p2^. ^^^5-^^).— Analyses of tubers and leaves (20
samples) of potatoes grown with little and with much water and with
difi'erent kinds of fertilizers are reported and the methods used are
described.
The Tucker ash apparatus (PI 8. K. , 11, p. 506) was used with excel-
lent results. It was shown that the water content of the soil exerts a
great influence upon the life of the potato plant and upon its assimila-
tion of plant food. With the larger amount of moisture in the soil
the potato plant took up a larger amount absolutely and a relatively
smaller amount of potash and phosphoric acid than with the smaller
amount of moisture, the assimilation of the potash and phosphoric acid
going hand in hand. Relatively more calcium and chlorin were taken
up in case of the larger moisture supply. The fertilizers influenced
both yield and composition. Nitrogenous fertilizers increased the
nitrogen content of both the leaves and tubers. The reduction of
starch content which occurred when the larger amount of water was
used was more largely influenced by calcium chloridthan by any other
substance applied.
Culture of resistant, nonseed producing sugar beets, J. Wen-
DEXBUSCH {Deiit. La/idw. Fresiie, '27 {WOO), ^o. 11, pp. 107-100).—
Cold, wet, or otherwise unfavorable weather conditions during the
early stages of growth of sugar l)eets tend to further the premature
development of seed-bearing specimens and thus reduce the net yield
of normal l)eets per acre. The author has attempted to meet these
difficulties by growing beet seed on a cold clay upland soil where beets
grown from commercial seeds even in favorable years produced a high
percentage of premature seed beets. By careful selection of seed for
a number of years on this cold upland soil a strain of seed has been
obtained which is very resistant to cold and which, when planted
under more favorable soil and climatic conditions, produced crops con-
taining much lower percentages of premature seed beets than are
obtained from seeds grown under normal conditions.
In 1899, an unfavorable season for sugar-beet culture, sugar-))eet
seed from ?> difl'erent seedsmen was planted in a favoi-able locality
alongside of beet seed grown on the cold, heavy upland soils noted
FIELD CROPS. 93V)
aboA^e. Tho coinmerciiil seed.s produced crops containing- from U to 11.5
per cent of premature seed specimens, while the seed grown on the
cold, upland clay produced a crop containing' but 2.7 per cent of pre-
mature seed specimens. The results of the investigation are thought
by the author to have an important bearing on the beet-sugai- seed
industry.
Tobacco culture experiments in Russia, P. Lomonosov {Iij>f.
ToImcco Kept. Sta. Lokhiuts A^Jl•. Snr. ISDJ, IS9J^, and 1895^ pp.
IY-\- 116). — This report on tobacco work near Lokhvits, Government
of Poltava, in southin'n Russia, is introduced Avith a general discussion
of tobacco culture in that region. The work here described consisted
of plat experiments with the connnoidy groAvn variet}'^ knoAvn as
Makhorka and considered as yielding a leaf of good quality. The soil
on Avhich the experiments Avere carried out Avas the typical valley
chernozem common to that section of Russia. The upper IS in. of the
soil is somcAvhat sandy and dark gray in color, the next 28 in. is light
graA% somcAvhat yelloAvish, and contains carbonates, and the subsoil is
a light gray loess. The results showed that decreasing the distance
betAveen plants increased the yield but decreased the Aveight of the
leaf and of the entire plant and Avas detrimental to the quality. The
best distances Avere 21 by 11 and 21 l)y 10^ in. "\\nien planting 21 by
14 in. apart it is reconnnended to leave 7 or S leaves per plant. This
increases the yield 40 per cent as compared with the usual practice of
leaving from 4 to 6 leaves. The same results may be o1)tained by
planting 21 by lOi in. apart and leaving 6 leaves per plant. Watering
the young plants proved beneficial. Starting tol)acco directly in the
field Avithout the preliminary groAvth of the plants in hotbeds is con-
sidered profitable only Avhen atmospheric conditions are favorable. A
large number of leaA'es per plant, close planting, and frequent Avater-
ing and cultivating delayed maturity. The average loss of Aveight in
curing the leaves Avas 75. B2 per cent.
The basis for the improvement of American wheats, jSI. A.
Cakleton {U. S. Uept. Agr., Dlvl.sio/i of ViijctdhJe J*hys!olo(/y und
Pathology Bui. 2i,p2y. 87, ph. 10, fy-^. -7, /nap, 1). — This bulletin
describes the characteristics and needs of the several Avheat districts in
the United States, and suggests hoAv the desired qualities to satisfy
these needs may be obtained. The chai-acteristics of the different
botanic groups of Avheat are considered according to the foUoAving
classification : Triticum tndgare, T. compavtaia^ T. durvrn, T. turgi-
dum, T. poJonicum, T. spelta, T. dicoccniii, and T. morwcocciim. In
general it is stated T. vidgare, T. polonicum, and T. monococcum are
considered as species, Avhile the rest are ranked as subspecies. The
desirable and undesirable qualities of the several groups are enumerated.
The author divides the United States into eight dilierent wheat
groAving districts. In the soft Avheat district, including mainly the
1)40 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
Middle and New Enj»-land State.s, the chief varieties g-rown are Fultz,
Fiilca.ster, Early Genesee Giant, Mediterranean, Earh' Red Clawson,
L()no})erry, Jones Winter Fife, Red Wonder, Gold Coin, and Blue
Stem, and the present average yield is about 14| bu. per acre. The
semihard winter wheat district, coniprising- Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
Michigan, and a small part of Wisconsin, grows chiefly Fultz, Poole,
Rudy, Valley, Nigger, Dawson (lolden Chaff, and Early Red Clawson.
The average yield per acre for the district is about 14 bu. The south-
ern wheat district, including approximately the Southern States, has
an average yield per acre of about 9f bu., the varieties commonly
grown being Fultz, Fulcaster, Red May, Rice, Everett High Grade,
Boughton, Currell Prolific, and Purple Straw. The northern portion
of the States of the plains constitutes the hard spring wheat district,
with an average yield per acre of aliout 13 bu., and with Saskatch-
ewan Fife, Scotch Fife, Powers Fife, Wellman Fife, Hajme Blue Stem,
and Bolton Blue Stem as the chief varieties grown.
The hard winter wheat district covers the central portion of the
States of the plains. The average yield per acre in this district is
about 12| ])u. , and the chief varieties grown are Turkey. Fulcaster,
May, Zinmierman, and Fultz. In the durum wheat district, which
covers the southern portion of the States of the plains, the chief vari-
eties grown are Meditcnanean, Nicaragua, Fulcaster, and Turkey, the
average yield being 11^ bu. per acre. The irrigated wheat district,
comprising approximately the Rocky Mountain and Basin States,
shows the highest average jdeld per acre, about 21 bu., with Sonora,
Taos, Felspar, Little Clul), Defiance, and Amethyst as the chiefly
grown varieties. The white wheat district has an average yield per
acre of about 14|^ bu., and Australian, California Club, Sonora, Ore-
gon Red Chaft', Foise, Palouse Blue Stem, Palouse Red Chafl', White
Winter, and Little Club are the chief varieties.
In all districts, except in the semihard winter wheat district, early
maturity is a quality to be sought. Hard winter varieties are nei^ded
everywhere except in the southern, durum, and irrigated wheat dis-
tricts. Rust resistant varieties are needed in the soft, semihard win-
ter, southern, hard spring, and durum wheat districts. Harder
grained and glutinous varieties are ivquired in the soft wheat district,
semihard winter, and irrigated wheat districts. Drought fesistance is
a quality especially required for varieties in the hard spring, hard
winter, and durum Avheat districts. The author furthcM- mentions
macaroni varieties needed in the durum wheat district, nonshattering
varieties in the white wheat district, and varieties resisting late spring
frosts and with an Increased stiffness in the straw in th(^ southern
wheat district.
An outline of the geographic distribution of wheats of different
(|ualities is also given. The woi'k of impi'ox'emcnt, which is rontinu-
FIELD CROPS. 941
ously carried on, and the results tluit haAc already been attained in
Narious ways by tiie Department of Ao-riculture, and other agencies,
are discussed. A comparative resume of the ])rincipal (jualitics of 245
representative wheats of the world, grown experimentally by the
Department of Agriculture, are presented in a table.
First report of work on the department's test farms for the season 1900,
B. W. Kiu;oKE ET AL {Bui. North Carolina State Bd. Agr., 2X {1900), No. 11, pp. 6-53,
jth. 6). — The work described comprises fertilizer and other tests with corn, cotton,
l)otatoes, sweet potatoes, grasses, and leguminous plants carried on at Tarboro and
Red Springs farms. An outline of the methods and purposes of the tests is given.
Tlie experiments with corn showed nitrogen to be most needed in the soil, but, in
general, its cost made the increased yiel<l expensive. Applying one-half the nitrogen
in the form of cotton-seed meal at planting time and the rest during the growing
season gave good results, but suljstituting nitrate of soda for cotton-seed meal as an
after dressing proved more effective. Comments are given on all the results, but
general conclusions are reserved on account of insufficient data. A paper on Legu-
minous plants for forage and soil improvement, by J. F. Duggar, read at a meeting
of Commissioners of Agriculture of the cotton States is reproduced.
Collection and distribution of grass seed — field work ( U.S. Tkpt.Agr., Office
of Secretary Circ. 9, pp. 11). — This circular is a brief report to the Secretary of Agri-
I'ulture on the work of the Division of Agrostology in the direction of purchasing
and collecting seeds and specimens of valuable economic grasses and forage plants
for the purpose of distributing them to the various experiment stations, and of the
field work for the season of 1900. The work was in charge of C. L. Shear of that
Division. A list of particularly promising grasses of which seeds were secured in
(piantity is given and the merits of each species briefly noted. This list comprises
dry meadow and range grasses, wet meadow grasses, soil and sand binding species,
and alkali soil and subalpine species.
Frost injury to crops and methods of its prevention, A. Tk.vmpe {Landio.
Zlsclir. liheinprodnz, 1 {1900), No. £J, pp. 255, 256) — .An article describing in a pop-
ular manner the culture of fall grains and calling attention to the importance of the
\ariety of grain, kind of seed, and manner of sowing, and the fertilization and
preparation of the soil, in resisting cold winters.
Investigations on the stooling of grains, W. Rimpau {Landw. Jahrb., 29
{1900), No. 4-5, pp. 589-628, fi(ji^. S). — This article is a translation of a report on
experiments by E. Schribaux, and a series of controversial letters on the subject
which appeared in the Jounud d' Agrictdture Pratique.
Of what value is the stooling of grains? Edler {FiihUug's Landu'. Ztg., 49
{1900), Niiy. 22, pp. 850-852; 23, pp. 871-876). — A discussion of Schribaux's work,
published originally in the Journal d'' Agriculture Pratique.
Methods of growing barley of a low nitrogen content for brewing pur-
poses on light soils, T. Remy {Centbl. Agr. Chem., 29 {1900), No. 12, pp. 809-811).
Chicory growing, INI. G. Kains {U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Botany Circ. 29,
pp. 12, Jigs. 3). — A popular publication on the culture of chicory for its various
uses. A bulletin on this subject by the same author is abstracted in E. S. R., 10,
p. 236.
Cotton monograph; culture, economic history, H. Lecomte {Le coton mono-
graphic; culture, }ii.-<t<)irc, i'r()iiouu(jue. Paris: Georges Carre & C. Naud, 1900, pp. 494,
figs. 37). — Part 1 treats comprehensively of the history, botany, and physical and
chemical character of cotton, cotton by-products, culture of cotton in the United
States and other American countries, diseases and insects affecting cotton culture in
Egypt and other countries of Africa, in Europe, and Asia. Part 2 discusses the cot-
19607— No. lU 4
942 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ton industry and treats of the uses of cotton, and of the progress of the cottun indus-
try in different countries of the world. A bibliographical index is given, which
contains a list of 137 papers, books, etc. , on cotton.
Hops in their botanical, agricultural, and technical aspect, and as an arti-
cle of commerce, E. Gross [London: Scott, Giremcood A Co., J900, pj>. S41,Ji(/s. 78;
transL from German by C. Salter). — The history of the hop; the hop plant, its cultiva-
tion, preservation, and storage; physical and chemical structure of the hoj:) cone;
statistics of production, methods of judging the value of hops, and the hop trade, are
considered in a comprehensive manner from the p]uro]iean standpoint.
History of the potato treated from the historical, biological, pathological,
cultural, and utilitarian standpoint, E. Kozi-: (JIi.'<tolri de la ponnne deter re traitee
aa.v points de vue historique, biologiqiie, pathologique, ctdtural, et utilitaire. Paris: J.
Rothschild, 1898, pp. XII ^ 464, pi- i,Jig-^- 158). — An exhaustive monograph on the
potato. Part I discusses the wild potato, giving extended attention to the native
home of potatoes and the history of its introduction into England, France, and Con-
tinental Europe. Part II takes up the biology, insects and diseases, culture, and
use of the potato. The chapter on diseases contains the results of the author's per-
sonal observations. The chai)ter on potato uses discusses potato starch, manufac-
ture of sirup, dextrin, and spirits from potatoes, in addition to the usual uses as food
and forage.
Experiments in grafting potatoes, E. Laurent {Bui. Roy. Sac. Bot. Belg., 39
{1899), pp. 9, 85; a7>.s. //;. T>' Jng. Agr. Geinblou.v, 11 {1900), No. 5, p. ^15). —Experi-
ments were made to study the reciprocal influence of grafting light-fleshed and col-
ored varieties of potatoes on each other. The Negresse potato, a variety characterized
by deep violet-colored tubers, was grafted on Simson, Boule d'Or, and Blue Giant
potatoes, varieties with light-colored tubers. In one series cleftgrafting of the vines
was practiced and in another a cylindrical piece 15 mm. in diameter was taken from
one tuber and replaced by a piece of similar size from the other. The tests extended
over a period of 3 years. The results show that the violet coloring matter elaborated
in the leaves of the Negresse variety was in no instance stored up in tuljersof the
light-fleshed varieties.
Experiments on the manuring of potatoes in 1899, R. P. Wright {Bid.
West rjf Scotland Agr. <_'ol. 1900, No. 4, ]>P- 3-26).- — -The data here reported have been
in part summarized fnjm another source (see above).
The "other side" of ramie {Planting Opinion, 5 {1900), No. 48, p. 816). — A
popular note on the practicability of manufacturing fa})ric's from ramie fl])er, show-
ing that existing conditions are not promising.
Sorghum, G. W; Shaw {Oregon Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 21-23). — Cooperative experi-
ments with a number of varieties of sorghum for sirup making were carried on and
the results of analyses of the canes are presented in a table.
Spelt (Triticum spelta), C. A. Zavitz {Farming World, 18 {1901), No. 19, pp.
44s, 449). — Fifteen bushels per acre of grain in the chaff was the best yield obtained
by the author in a test of 5 varieties of spelt. The average yield of straw i>er acre
was f ton.
Sugar beets in 1897, M. E. Jaffa {California Sta. Rpt. 1898, pp. 136-142).—
Tabulated results of analyses of sugar beets grown in several counties of the State
and at the experiment station and the substations during the season of 1897 are
reported. The beets at the stations grown on alkali soils, averaging about 5,000 lbs.
of soluble salts to the acre, varied in sugar content from 10.92 per i-ent in Dumesmay
to 18.12 per cent in Vilmorin Amelior^e, with a purity coefficient of 71.50 and 90.14,
respectively. The average sugar content of all samples was 14.10 per cent. The
weight i)i sample beets varied from 7.5 to 28.3 oz.
Some interesting experiments on sugar-beet culture, L. Grandeau {Jour.
Agr. Prat., 1900, II, No. 51, pp. 896, 897). — A i)artial l)ook review of a recent work
FIELD CROPS. 943
entitled Successful sugar-beet culture ( P>tragreicher Zucker-Kiilienbau), by F. Kielil.
The book is a resume of a long series of practical and methodical observations made
by the author, who has grown sugar beets for 40 years and who for the last 14 years
has given his attention to their culture on a large scale. The sul>jei't.s considered in
the work are rotation, fertilization, methods of cultivation, number (»f cultivations
by hand, distance between plants, time of thinning and harvesting, and varieties.
This article treats of the rotations and the application of l)arnyard and sheep
manure.
Beet-sugar industry in Germany in 1899-1900, L. Gkandeau {.Touv. Arjr.
rvut., 1900, II, No. 52, ijp. 933, .9o4).— This article, Ijased on the exhibits at tlie
Paris Exposition and the publications issued for that occasion, treats of the condition
of the beet-sugar industry in (Tcrmany at the present day.
Beet roots and their crowns, G. W. Siiaw {Beet Sugar Gaz., J {1900), No. 11,
p. 5) . — This article briefly discusses the comparative richness of beet roots and their
crowns and gives the results of a study on the subject. The average results of 228
analyses show a difference of 2.09 per cent of sugar in the juice and 6.69 per cent in
the purity coefficient in favor of the beet roots as compared with the crowns.
Influence of sugar-beet culture on the yield of grain, J. Benard {Semaine
Agr., 20 {1900), No. 1020, pp. 38.5, 386).— In tliis article the author gathers data
from different countries and shows that sugar-beet culture considerably increases the
yield of the grain crops which follow.
The culture of tobacco, Makhokka {RejMrt of the experunent ■plantation of the
Lokhrltz Society of Agriculturist.^ for 1896 and 1897; rev. in SeM:. Khoz.i Lgesov., 196
{1900), Feb., pp. 379-439). — An extended series of experiments is desciibed relating
to the denseness of planting, the influence of hoeing, irrigation, of different methods
of cultivation, of deep plowing, of manure and mineral fertilizers, etc. The experi-
ments are being continued and no final conclusions have been reached as yet. — p.
FIREMAN.
Nicotin in California-grown tobaccos, G. E. Colby ( California. Sta. Rpt. 1898,
pp. 149-134). — ^The autlior reviews the work of other stations in this line and reports
the percentage of nicotin found in tlu> water-free substance of 11 varieties of tobacco
grown on the station plats. The nicotin content varied from 2.23 per cent in Vuelta
Abajo to 9.03 per cent in Pano de Sumatra. Conqueror Louisiana and Brazilian were
the only other varieties with a nicotin content under 5 per cent. From this pre-
liminary work the author concludes that the cigar-leaf varieties give promise of suc-
cess under California conditions.
Velvet bean and cowpeas {Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 4 {1900), No. 12, 2)- 724). —
A brief note comparing the growth of the two plants in Jamaica.
Wheat trials {New Zealand Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1900, pp. 316-326, ph. 19). — A report
on a test of 40 varieties of wheat grown two j^ears in succession in the North and in
the South Island. Each variety is briefly described and representative heads of all
but 2 varieties are figured. A tabular statement of the results of the season 1899-1900
is given on page 253 of the same publication.
Wheat, J. S. Newman and J. S. Pickett {South Carolina Sta. Bui. 56, pp. 12). — The
results of experiments reported in this bulletin indicate that introduced M'heats ripen
earlier as they become acclimated to the South, and that the acclimated varieties are
tt) be preferred. One bushel of seed per acre gave the best results as compared with
other (piantities. Applying nitrate of soda when sowing the seed in the fall gave
somewhat better results than its use as a top-dressing in spring. It was assumed that
600 lbs. of cotton seed and 200 lbs. of cotton-seed meal contain equal amounts of plant
food, but when applied as fertilizer upon this basis cotton seed yielded an average of
2 bu. per acre more than the meal. Lime applied to the previous crop increased the
yield on 5 plats by 1.55 bu. per acre. A plat plowed 6 in. deep yielded 8.4 bu. per
acre more than a plat not plowed before sowing.
944 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
HORTICULTURE.
Horticultural division, F. W. Caim) and (i. E. Adams {RJkxI
[si a 1, 1 1 Sf((. Rj>t. WOO, pp. 2Jf.7-2e7,Jig)<. o). -The horticultural work
of the year ha.s ))een along- the lines of orchard culture, lettuce forcing,
rhubarl) growing, and experiments to test the frost resistance of
plants and in the crossing and plant selection of strawberries. Sonic
notes on the apple maggot and carnation-stem rot included in the
report are noted elsewhere.
The second season's work in lightly fertilizing, cultivating and spray-
ing with Bordeaux mixture and Paris green a neglected orchard
(E. S. R., 12, p. 746) has given encouraging results and suggests the
feasibility of making profitable b}' this method many of the neglected
orchards of the State.
The frost resistance of three varieties of bush beans has been studied.
The beans were grown in the hot bed. After they were well up the
sash was removed and the plants exposed to frost on a cold night.
Many of the plants were killed outright; others severel}" hurt, while a
few showed little injury. Seed from these was saved and the plants
subjected to similar treatment in the spring of 1900. The temperature
in the neigh) )orhood on the night of the exposure fell to 28^ F.
Again, a few plants remained uninjured. It is proposed to continue
the work from year to year. Some of the resistant seed sown in the
open field in comparison with ordinary seed showed more vigor in
resisting cold and untoward conditions and made a stronger growth.
The pot experiments made in 1899 wdth lettuce to determine the
profitableness of substituting commercial fertilizers for stable manure
in the production of this crop (E. S. R. , 12, p. T46) were carried out on
benches in 1900. The soils used were garden loam and a mixture of
one-third garden loam and two-thirds hotbed compost with clay added.
Connnercial fertilizers were added to the garden soil l)ut nothing was
used to lighten and improve its physical condition. The result was a
conii)lete failure of the crop. On the stable manure plats the plants
av(>raged 115.8 gm. each.
Before planting the second crop the sta])l(' manure })lat was divided
and boni^black and nuiriate and sid})liate of potash applied to one-half.
No additional fertilizers were applied to the garden soil l)utsome 2 bu.
of sphagnum moss was thoroughly incorporated with it. Again, the
crop on the garden soil plat with the connnercial fertilizers was prac-
tically a failure, while on the stable manure plat the crop averaged
151.2 gm. per plant when commercial fertilizers Avere added and
150.66 gm. without them. Before planting the third croj) an attempt
was made to improve the physical condition of the gai'den plats com-
posed of soil and sphagnum moss by the addition of sand and a
HORTICULTUEE. 945
thorough working- over. The ci'op was improved con.siderabl}' but
still fell far behind the stable manure plat.
"It should not be inferred from these experiments that good lettuce can not be
grown with chemical fertilizers but the experiments do indicate that it is more dif-
ficult to secure the requisite conditions and satisfactory results with chemicals than
with stable manure, since the stable manure not only furnished apparently all the
fill id needed for the production of three successful crops but what is probably more
important it affords the requisite physical condition of the soil."
A further test of the value of commercial fertilizers was made
under practical conditions on good lettuce soil in a commercial lettuce
house at Auburn, R. I. A top-dressing of complete commercial fer-
tilizers was compared with a top-dressing of manure. It is reported
that "plants grown with top-dressings of chemicals did not start off
so well as those receiving a top-dressing of manure but at harvest time
the}" were superior, being decided]}^ heavier than those grown entirely
with manure,"
Some notes are given on the relative advantages of heating lettuce
houses bj^ means of stable manure and with coal. The hitter is
believed to be the cheaper method and more fully under the control
of the grower.
In experiments in forcing rhubarb in cellars entirely devoid of arti-
ficial heat, the conclusion was reached that a warm cellar or one in
wiiich a little artificial heat is supplied is needed to produce rhubarb
suiiiciently early to make the practice desirable".
A record was kept during the season of the character and behavior
of the plants in the strawberry field. A portion of the data are
recorded. A remarkaljle variation in the yield of individual plants of
the same variety occurred. With Beverh" the highest yield per plant
in grams was 285.8 and the lowest 3-1.5. Similar variations occurred
with many other varieties. Usually plants giving the highest yields
produced fruit ecjual to and in many cases al)ove the average. The
detailed jaelds of plants of 8 varieties chosen to be used in future
plant selection experiments are shown in tabular form and the more
successful crosses seciu'od are noted.
Report on the substations, C. H. Shinn {CaHfoimia Sta. Rpt.
1898, 2^P- '262-327 , jigs. 19). — This report includes data on meteorology
and the farm and orchard crops grown at the Foothill, Southern Coast
Range, San Joaquin Valley, and Southern California culture substa-
tions. The fruits tested include apples, pears, almonds, apricots,
nectarines, peaches, cherries, plums and prunes, figs, olives, walnuts,
oranges and lemons, persimmons, quinces, mulberries, date palms,
drawf and ornamental apples, and grapes. The farm crops grown
were barley, wheat, saltbushes, grasses, clovers, and other forage
jjlants, cotton, soy beans, canaigre, etc.
946 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
In investigating the moisture content of hardpan soils at the Southern
Coast Range Substation it was found that the uncultivated soil con-
tained 2.6 percent moisture, while cultivated orchard soil contained
3.3 per cent moisture. With the same rainfall, cultivated adobe soils
(not hardpan) contained 12.3 to 16.1 per cent of moisture. Trees on
the ado})e soil made a growth of from 20 to 26 in., while those on the
hardpan soils made growths of from 1 to 10 in.
A number of illustrations, with some data, are given, showing the
\'d\uo of gypsum in the reclamation of alkali lands at the San Joaquin
Valley Substation.
At the Southern California Culture Substation a test was made of
canning peaches. Six boxes of Yellow Tuscany Cling, California
Cling, McDevitt Cling, Kunyon Orange Cling, Sellers Cling, and
Nichol Orange Cling were assorted and sent to a cannery and put
through the process with the regular pack of other fruits supplied ])y
local growers. At the end of the season the cans were opened ;uid the
fruit examined with reference to the appearance of the f I'uit as to color,
absence of red at the pit, firmness of flesh, and clearness of juice.
The results, as determined by the best local experts, were as follows:
"Sellers Cling and Yellow Tui^can}' stf)od first in firmness, absence of red at the pit,
and color. Yellow Tuscany stood first in clearness of juice. . . . McDevitt Cling
stood second in this respect, and the other clings were considered decidedly inferior
to the above as canning peaches, not only in quality, Ijutin firmness and appearance.
California Cling had the greatest number of split pits; Nichol Cling and McDevitt
came next in this regard. Sellers Cling was entirely and Yellow Tuscan}^ Avas practi-
cally free from split pits."
Yellow Tuscany is considered a very productive variety. Lov(41 is
regarded as the most promising of the yellow freestones for canning
or drying.
Some experiments with self-pollenized olives were carried on at this
station. Blossoms tied in paper l)ags failed to produce any fruit
except in one or two cases, with medium .sized olives. On a larger
scale in the station orchard the value of mixing varieties was apparent.
As yet cotton has not proved a paying crop in southern California,
where land and lalior are so high priced.
California apples, G. E. Colby {California Sta. Rpi. 1898, jjjk
JJ^3-14B). — Physical, food, and ash analys(\s are given of 7 varieties
of apples grown in difl'erent pai'ts of the State. The largest apples
and the ones richest in juice, sugar, and acid were grown in the high
foothills and mountain localities. The percentage of sugar in whole
I'l'uit averaged ll.<)2, as compared with S to 0 per cent in eastern grown
and European apples. So far as examined, the apple seems to with-
diiiw nuich less mineral matter from the soil than any of the other
orchard fi-uits (except pears), averaging only 0.264 per cent of ash in
the whole fruit. The ash averaged oxer k potash and g phosphoric
acid.
HURTICULTURE.
947
The followiiio- tiible shows the fertilizer ingredients contained in
1,000 lbs. of ii number of California fruits and nuts:
Soil ingredientu contained in 1,000 pounds of f resit fruit.
Fresh fruit (crop of 1,000 lbs).
Almonds
Apricots
Apples
Bananas
Cherries
Chestnuts rt
Figs
Grapes
Lemons
Olives
Oranges
Peaclies
Pears
Prunes, French
Plums
Walnuts a
Total ash.
Potash.
Lime.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
17.29
9.95
1.04
5.08
3.01
.16
2. (H
1.40
.11
10. 78
6.80
.10
4. 82
2.77
.•20
y. .52
3.67
1.20
7.81
4.69
.85
.5.00
2. .55
.25
5.26
2.54
1.55
13. 50
9.11
2.43
4.32
2.11
.97
5.80
3.94
.14
2. .50
1.34
.19
4.86
3.10
.22
,5.35
3.41
.25
12.98
8.18
1..55
Phosphoric
acid.
Pounds.
2.04
.66
.33
.72
1..58
.86
.11
..58
1.25
.53
.85
.34
.68
.75
1.47
Nitrogen.
Pounds.
7.01
1.94
1.05
.97
2.29
6.40
2.38
1.26
1..51
5.60
1.83
1.20
.90
1.82
1.81
5.41
a Including hulls.
"The figures found for apples (and i:)ears) are, on the whole, .so much smaller than
those which have been obtained for the other ordinary orchard fruits that it would
seem safe to conclude that here fertilizers will not be necessary for apple crops for
many years to come. However, the figures do indicate that the first need will be
for a nitrogenous fertilizer, and this is about what this station has been led to recom-
mend for most of our fruits. Along with this need will also come that for a phos-
])hatic fertilizer. There is no reason to supply potash to apple orchards for a great
many years to come. The rather high quantity of sulphuric acid in the ash of apples,
like that of the ash of cherries and oranges, indicates the occasional need of a dress-
ing of gyjisum to the soil, which not only supplies the neces.sary sulphuric acid, but
lielps ti) make the potash pre.sent more available."
The condition of success -with grafts, L. Daniec {Rev. Gen. Bot..,
12 {190(1), Xos. l.i^l^ ^>p. .ioo-UJS: 1'i2,j>p. J^05-I^15; l\3, pp. 1^1^7-1^55;
1M-, PP- 511-529). — The author reviews the earlier beliefs respecting
conditions necessar}^ for the successful grafting* of plants on each other,
defines certain terms used in grafting, and gives the conditions neces-
sary for success in grafting a large number of plants belonging to
different species, genera, and families.
Grafts are divided into two groups — grafts by approach, or ana-
tomical grafts, and true or physiological grafts. The graft properly
ctdled, or physiological graft, is divided into two classes — ordinary
grafts and mixed grafts. There is an ordinar}^ graft proper when the
stock is deprived entirely of its assimilating apparatus and the scion
of its absorbing apparatus. In the mixed graft proper the stock may
preserve part or all of its assimilating apparatus, and the scion part or
all of its al)sorbing apparatus. In grafting by approach success is
considered to be attained when the two plants grow together in an
enduring manner, so that if separated a wound is formed. The graft
proper is .said to succeed w^hen after having lived a certain length of
time on the stock the scion fructifies and produces fertile seeds.
948 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The conditions of success of grafts are divided into two groups,
extrinsic conditions, i. e., conditions indepoiidont of the nature of the
plant, as soil, temperature, etc., and intrinsic conditions, or condi-
tions dependent upon the peculiar nature of the plants grafted, as
method of cicatrization, analogy, and l)otanical relations. The extrinsic
conditions which it is necessary to observe in grafting by approach
are summarized as follows: (1) A temperature sufficient for the pro-
duction of the meristem, (2) the prevention of all conditions Avhich
cause rotting or drying of the cicatrizing meristem, and (3) mainte-
nance of adherence of the wounds b}" the aid of ligatures susceptible
of being loosened progressivel}'^ with the growth of the plant.
Under intrinsic conditions in grafting by approach cicatrization is
first considered. Plants cicatrize their wounds either by simple dry-
ing of the cut tissues and neighljoring cells or l)y regeneration of tis-
sues by the aid of the meristem. The author thinks it may be possible
to graft plants by approach which cicatrize the wound by drying up,
but this could be accomplished only ])y compression when operating
with very young tissue in a way to produce an artificial concrescence.
This last method has not l)een tried, but all methods by cutting have
failed in the divers monocotyledons and the majorit}^ of the crj^pto-
gams. Thus the author has not been al)le to graft Ruscus, ferns, bam-
boos, or maize, and hence fornuilates the fourth fundamental condition
of success in grafting 1)}^ approach as follows: Grafting ])y approach is
impossible with all plants which cicatrize their wounds b}^ desicca-
tion of the wounded cells and neighboring tissues — that is to say, are
incapable of regenerating their tissue.
In order to learn whether onl}" plants possessing cani])ium tissue are
able to l)e grafted, as generalh" held, the author operated on a num-
ber of monocotyledons and cryptogams. A perfect cicatrization of
the wound was obtained by the tongue graft with Gladiolus, Funchla
cordata^ day lily, PhUodendron^ caladium, white lil}^, Glohh'a coccinea^
etc., but the most interesting result was the success of the cicatriza-
tion of Selaginella arhorea. The success of these grafts shows that
grafting by approach is possible with certain monocotyledons, and
that the presence of the cambium layer is not always necessar}^ to the
success of all grafts by approach.
Under analogy in grafting by approach, plants essentialh' ditl'erent
in wood and bark structure are first considered. Borecole and turnip,
the structure of which is verj^ difl'erent, were easih' grafted, forming
a perfect suture between the ligneous la3"er of the borecole and the
medullary parenchyma of the turnip. The difterence in the hardness
of woods and their histological nature may not be an obstacle to
anatomical union. A natural, distinct cicatrization occurred between
the grafted oak and the beech and between the fir and linden; the oak
and the ash united by their stems, and the oak and the walnut united
HOETICULTURE. 949
l»y their roots. The rose and the grape have also been united. Never-
thel(\ss, the graft by approach does not always succeed between phmts
so different. Thus the author endeavored in vain to graft the horse-
chestnut and the common chestnut.
The author considers anak)gy in cell contents as affecting the graft
1)V approach, and it is shown that the accumulation of reserve material
in different vegetative^. ]:>arts of plants has no special importance in
grafting, as is proved by the success attained in grafting by approach
the turnip and cal)l)age, borecole and kohl-ra])i, Brussels sprouts and
kohl-rabi, and kohl-i-abi and cauliflower. Even grafting by approach
l)etween roots of lettuce and aged salsify succeeds, though the inulin
of the salsify roots is not al)le to circulate in the cell membrane of the
lettuce. But if the cell contents of one of the plants approached are
toxic for the other, the graft fails. Thus the author was not able to
graft celandine and salsify, salsify and burdock, etc.
Under analogy in method of development, it is shown that if a large
and a small variety are grafted on each other, the larger variety will
develop to the detriment of the smaller, which will remain nearly
dwarf. Plants of different forms, like borecole and cauliflower, may
make good unions. Plants in active condition of growth may be
grafted by approach on plants at rest. Thus a seedling cabbage several
weeks old was grafted in the spring time on a turnip, the root of which
was already completely formed. The graft succeeded perfectly. The
graft b}' approach succeeds between annuals, ])iennials, and perennials.
Thus peas, sweet peas, and toad flax have been united. The symbiosis
ceased at the death of the annual species. The same fact was observed
in grafting l)y approach l)iennial and perennial plants. The success of
the graft between the flr and the linden, and AraUn spiiiom and A.
deboldii^ shows that deciduous and evergreen plants may l)e grafted
on each other.
With the graft proper, as with the graft by approach, all of the
extrinsic conditions, such as temperature, rotting and drying of the
meristem, and necessity of contact of the wounds, are present, but in
cutting off' the top of the stock and suppressing the absorbing appa-
ratus of the scion there is danger of the death of both plants. Another
fundamental extrinsic condition of success, then, must be the main-
tenance of the life of the two plants until success is complete. The
scion is sometimes preserved by placing it in water as soon as it has
been prepared. This prevents it from drying out, keeps the cut
surface clean, and prevents the formation of sugar or other materials
on the cut ends which might interfere with the free passage of sap
from stock to scion, and is recommended.
In order that the scion may be able to grow, it is necessary to rees-
tablish the turgescence of its tissues. This reestahlisiiment is made by
imbibition of the crude sap of the stock l)y the cells of the scion. The
950 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
reestabli.shment of turoescence is effected more quickly according as the
crude sap is presented in considerable quantity, but also more quickh'
if the initial turgescence of the tissues of the scion has not been dimin-
ished during- the preparation of the graft and its putting in place.
This explains why it is necessary to operate (piickly and why the cut-
ting of the graft under water, Avhere the scion preserves in a large part
its turgescence, produces such good results. It also accounts for the
good effects of the waxlike matei'ial in grafting in the open air; the
utility of the collar graft, because the osmotic force is strongest at this
level; and the importance of the time of day in operating, because the
osmotic force varies in the course of the day, being strongest in the
evening (hence the greater success of grafting in the evening). The
reestablishment of the turgescence in the graft is cited as a funda-
mental condition of success, therefore it is not possible to graft parts
of plants which are incapable of retaking their turgescence or which
do not possess it entirely.
Under intrinsic conditions, it is shown that in the graft proper, as
in the graft b}" approach, plants incapable of regenerating their tissues
can not be grafted. The author succeeded in grafting hy the graft
proper the white lily, (lladiolus, F(nicMa cordata^ etc., when operating
on young stems. In all these grafts the anatomical cicatrization was
effected b}- the parenchymatic tissues. No liber or fibro vascular
structure was observed to form between scion and stock. The trans-
port of the sap was thus singularly hindered, and at the end of a vari-
able period one of the parts, or both, died. By utilizing the aerial
roots, which some of the monocotyledons possess, to supplement the
absorption of the scion, success was attained with a numl)er of plants.
This shows that the nonsuccess of the graft with monocotyledons
capable of regenerating their tissues comes from insufficient vascu-
lar counuunication, since it becomes possible when a complementar}'
absorption apparatus is supplied.
Plants with active cambium layers, which may be grafted by
approach, can not always be grafted by the graft proper, since the
common European bean {Faha 'vulgaris) and the kidney bean, which
graft easily by approach, have always failed when grafted l)y the gi-aft
proper, no matter what precautions were taken.
Differences in wood and bai'k are not obstacles to success in the graft
proper. Thus there is a great difference in the thickness and strength
of the safflower and the annual suntlower; between the sunflower and
the .Jerusalem artichoke; the young cabbage and the root of the tur-
nip; the root of the cultivated carrot and that of fennel; nevertheless,
these plants united perfectly. These same facts were observed with
trees, the graft succeeded between the chestnut and the oak, the pear
and the hawthorn, the hawthorn and the quince, in spite of the marked
differences in the barks. From these and other grafts, it is concluded
HORTICULTURE. 951
that hardness, density, and elasticit)' of wood play a secondary role
in the success and duration of grafts. l)ut it is not the same with con-
duction. When the ditferences of sap conductions are too great the
grafts will not succeed. As an example may be mentioned the grafts
between the lilac and ash, cherr}" and almond, cotoneaster and chest-
nut, etc., which grow the first year, then die without fructifying. The
duration of the graft is then very variable and depends for its value
on the differences in conduction between the scion and the stock. Thus
the pear grafted on the quince endures for a shorter period than the
pear grafted on the pear seedling. When the differences of conduc-
tion are too great between two plants, the mixed graft is sometimes
used successfully where the ordinary graft fails. By the use of the
mixed graft the author was able to unite Vernonia prmalta and Xan-
tJmim maGTocarimm., which failed by the ordinary process of grafting.
The author has succeeded in grafting plants whose cell contents
presented very marked differences. Thus the grafts of Chicoriacese
and of divers Euphorbiacete, etc., show that plants with different latex
contents succeed, although it has been previously held that plants with
a milky juice could not be grafted.
A number of grafts were made to determine what influence reserve
material in plants might have on grafting. The easy grafts on roots of
the carrot and parsnip show that the presence of reserve material is no
obstacle to success. The graft of the tomato on the potato, annual
sunflower on the Jerusalem artichoke, etc., show that the formation of
tubers on the stock takes place even when the scion is incapa])le of
producing tubers itself. In grafting in September a young cabbage on
the purple-topped turnip, which would have commenced to form its
tuber in Octo])er. the turnip tuber formed only the month of April
following, when the scion became plethoric. It is then the scion which
by its mode of nutrition commands the function of reserve material in
the stock.
The inverse graft of plants suscepti))le of forming tubers on a plant
which does not yield tu])ers may be realized. Thus the author suc-
ceeded in grafting TTdhinfliiiK ht'tijJoni.^, species with enlarged rhizome,
on IT. a/unn/,s, an annual species not forming tubers. The scion grown
entirely above the soil was unable to form tubers. The reserves which
were formed passed into another form in the stock, which took a devel-
opment altogether a])normal and l)ecame yevy ligneous. The potato
grafted on eggplant and tomatoes has been observed to form aerial
tubers and thus store up its reserve material.
Analogy in habitat seems to be a more or less important factor.
Thus Pltlox decusHata^ which grows in humid soils, has not been success-
fully grafted by the author with P. suhidata, which grows on dry soils;
though parsley, which prefers a dry soil, succeeds when grafted with
Sison ammoiimm, which prefers a humid soil. In the case of trees,
952 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
pear.s urc grafted on quince in rich soil and on poar seedlin*^s in poor
soil, etc. Different soils then are not the most serious ol)stacles to suc-
cess in grafting-, but the_y seem to have more or less marked influence
on the duration of the graft.
If a dormant ligneous scion is grafted on an active ligneous stock,
success follows, l)ut does not follow if conditions arc reversed. With
herbaceous plants, an active scion may be grafted on a dormant stock
and succeed. AVhen the scion and stock do not come into activity
about the same time, the graft ma}' succeed, but the duration of the
graft will be shortened.
In order to study the limits of the possibility of grafting, experi-
ments were made with the following families of plants: Rosacea?,
Umbelliferse, Legumiuosse, Cruciferee, Solanace;v. and Composite.
With Rosacea?, Leguminossfi, and Crucifera', the limit of grafting
seems to be confined to genera of the same tribe. With Solanaceie and
Umbelliferse, grafts were successfully made between different tri])es.
With Composit{« the limit of grafting seems to be the subfamily.
Horticulture from an educational standpoint, F. W. Carii {Rhode Ixlainl Sla.
Rpt. 1900, pp. 268-276). — A popular essay on this su))jeet.
The principles of vegetable gardening, L. TI. Bailey {New York: MacmiUan
Co., 1901, The linnd Science iSeries, pp. 458, fi<j><. 114). — A popular, comprehensive
treatise on various phases of gardening operations and the culture of all the more
usual vegetaljles. Part I contains chapters on the la}'-out f)f the plantation, use of
glass, the soil and its treatment, vegetable gardening tools, seeds and seedage, subse-
quent management of the vegetable garden, marketing, and storing. Part II dis-
cusses vegetable gardening crops. These are classified into root, tuber, bulb, cole,
pothei'b, salad, pulse, solanaceous and cucurbitous crops, sweet corn, okra, martynia,
condimental and sweet herbs, and perennial crops. The work also confaiins a bibli-
ography of over 100 American works on vegetable gardening. Not the least valuable
features of the work are extensive illustrations of gardening tools and of seedling
])lants of all the more common vegetables.
Greenhouse production of market garden crops, ^\'. ^V. Rawson ( A>m' Jerxeii
State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1890, pp. 179-196). — Brief notes on greenhouse construct ion and
on the forcing of asparagus, beets, beans, cauliflowers, cucumbers, dandelions, li-t-
tuce, parsley, rhubarb, and radishes.
Asparagus culture, J. J. T. Norfolk {Jour. Rmj. Ar/r. Snr. EiKjlnud, .1. .svr., //
{1900), pt. 4, pp. 646-652). — Popular directions for growing Icftuce in tlic Held, jzar-
den, and greenhouse in England.
Keeping quality of Prizetaker onion {Amer. dard. 22 {1901), Xn. .119, p. 76). —
In the experience of tlu; author the keeping quality of this onion has Ix-en made
equal to that of any other variety by the liberal use of availalilc potash.
Fertilizer test with sweet potatoes, B. W. Kil(;ohk, R. W. Pou, and A. II.
Prince {F>u}. North VaroJiua State Bd. Ar/r., 21 {1900), No. 11, pp. 38-42, figs. 2).—
Report of an inconclusive test of various fertilizer elements and combinations for
sweet potatoes. Yellow Nansemond and Bunch Yam were the best varieties grown.
Edible and poisonous mushrooms and toadstools, W. Trelease (.V/s-.soyfn
State /fort. Soc. Rjit. 190/), pp. 224-241). — Besides general notes and descriptions, a
bil)liograi)hy of 4S jiapers is given.
Preservation of beans in brine, Zschokke {.Jaliresher. Vers. Slal. v. Sclnde,
Wddensweil, 1897-98, pp. 41, 42). — In an experiment in tlie jireservation of string
HOETTCULTURE. 953
beans in brine 10 kg. of green beans (seeds and pods) were put in one crock, 10 kg.
of slightly steamed beans in another, and 10 kg. of V)eans steamed until they were
soft, in a third. In each case the beans were stringed. The crocks were lined with
full-grown grape leaves, and the beans covered with the same and with cheese cloth.
Kacli cnick was salted alike, 50 gm. of salt being used for each kilogram of beans.
The l)c:ins were kept under brine by means of a weighted cover. After 4 to 4j
months, the crocks were opened. In each crock the beans were of a good green
color and the quality equally good. The pods were slightly tougher where they had
been salted without steaming. The author believes that in keeping beans in brine
most satisfactory results are obtained if the beans are first steamed, quickly cooled
off, and then salted in the crocks cold. AVhen beans are salted without steammg,
only the young jjods should be taken.
First annual report of the board of trustees of the Missouri Fruit Experi-
ment Station (Rjif. Bd. Trustees Missouri Fruit Exjd. Sta. 1900, pp. ;^0).— Rejiort of
l)i-ogr('ss on buildings and orchard setting, with a financial account for the year.
Bitter rot and apple scab were largely controlled by spraying with Bordeaux mixture.
Fertilizing peaches and other crops, B. Tyson {AtDer. Gard., 22 {1901), No.
S19, p. 76).- — Suggestions as to methods and amounts of fertilizers to use for peaches
and wheat.
Japanese plums, G. S. Butlkr ( Tncus. 3fassac}ru setts Hort. Soc. 1900, pt. 1, pp.
102-110). — Cultural suggestions, with descriiitions of a few varieties and notes on
synonyms.
Japan plums, H. 0. Mead [Rurcd New Yorker, 60 {1901), No. 2664, p. 103). —
The essential jirinciples of culture are given in condensed form and represent the
exi^erience of the author for 15 years. A high, fairly dry location, and one-year
trees 4 to 5 ft. high budded on peach stock, and planted 18 to 16 ft. apart are recom-
mended, luirly potatoes and berries can be grown in the orchard the first year or
so without harm, after which the orchard should be cultivated and a humus crop
grown each year to turn under. The plums must be thinned. Fertilizers with not
too much nitrogen, a fair amount (jf phosjihoric acid, and plenty of potash are advised.
Information on coffee in Costa Rica {Estudio e informe sobre el cafe de Costa
Rico. San Jose: (lorermnent, 1900, j^p- 48). — Of a commercial nature and containing
analyses of several samjiles of coffee.
American vines for the reconstruction of French vineyards; description of
the principal varieties of stocks and direct producers, J. Gkandvoixnet {Les
cepagcs americains pour la reconstitution du vignoble franeais; description des varietes
principales jwrte greffes el jyToducteurs directs. Paris: Octave Doin, 1900, pp. 108, figs.
47). — Nearly 50 species and varieties of American grapes are described. Natural
size illustrations of the leaves of the different varieties are given, and the adaptibility
of the vines to different soils and their resistance to the phylloxera are noted.
Tests of chemical fertilizers on grapes in 1900, E. Chuard and C. Dusserre
{Chrou. Agr. Canton Vaud, 14 {1901), No. 2, |jp. 29-38). — This is an account of coop-
erative experiments carried out by the viticultural station of the Canton of Vaud to
test the desirability of substituting commercial fertilizers for half the barnyard
manure usually employed in fertilizing grapes. The results show the practice to be
econcniiical and desirable.
Making a cranberry bog ( Ritr<d New Yorker, 39 {1900), No. 2666, p. 847). — Notes
on inethoils nf preparing and utilizing swamps and details of planting and harvesting
the crop.
Chestnut farming in Pennsylvania {Rural Neiv Yorker, 60 {1901), No. 2663,
p. S2) . — An account of a weevil-free orchard grafted on chestnut stump saplings with
selected wild chestnuts. The orchard is located high up on the momitains. The
selected nuts are ver}- large — nearly, if not quite, as large as Paragon nuts — and the
quality is equal to small native sweet varieties.
954 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
India rubber, gntta-percha, and balata, W. T. Brannt [PJiiludclpltia: Henry
Careij Bainl ct- (y>., 1900, pji. A'A'7T'+ .l.'S, jigs^. J.}). — Discui^piiui of tlie " ocrurrence,
geographical distribution, and cultivation of rubber plants; manner of olitaining and
preparing the raw materials; mode of working and utilizing them, including washing,
loss in washing, maceration, mixing; vulcanizing rubber and gutta-iicrcha cijtupounds
and utilization of waste; balata and statistics of commerce."
The caoutchouc plants and their culture, O. Warburg {l>ie KnulxcliKL-jijIdiizen
nndihre Kultur. Berlin: Kolonial-ir'niscliqftliches Komitee, lUOO, j)j). IS-'/, jii/.f. 11). —
This work purposes to sum up and critically examine the many detailed observalions
on caoutchouc plants, the object being to give a true idea of these plants, their cul-
ture, etc. The first chapter treats of caoutchouc production and consumjjtion, thus
giving a general ideaof the commercial importance nf the sul)ject in different countries.
Gums, resins of exotic origin, and vegetables -which, produce them, par-
ticularly in the French colonies, H. J. de Cokdemoy ( Gommes, resines, d'origine
exotique, ct vcgctuux qui leu produisent, pjartiadicrniad dans les colonies fraiKjai.ses. Paris:
Augusfin Challamel, 1900, pp. 312, figs. 47) . — The work is divided into 3 parts. Part
1 defines, gives the general properties, and describes a large number of gums and the
trees producing them. In the same manner, jiart 2 treats of resins and part 3 of
resin-gums.
The cultivation of medicinal plants {Amrr. Gurd., ,.',.' {1901), Xo. .>'19, pp. 73,
74). — Summarized suggestions of H. H. Rusby, College of Pharmacy, New York
City, regarding the jiroVjable profits in growing a nundier of medicinal plants.
The improvement of the carnation in America, C. W. Ward ( Trans. 3fassachu-
setts Jlarl. ,Soc. 1900, pt. 1, pp. 91-101, pis. 0). — Historical notes, brief descrijytion of
the process of hybridizing carnations, descriptions of a number of prominent Ameri-
can varieties with illustrations, and some statistics concerning the magnitude of the
carnation industry in the United States.
Groff's hybrid gladioli, M. Crawford {Amer. Gard., ..'..' (1901 ], Xn. ,!..'j, [q,. i.:i,
132). — ^The requirements of a standard gladiolus are set forth and (jroff IIyl)rid
shown to comi)are favorably with it.
Rose growing under glass, T. Pkice {Amer. Gard., 2,i {1901), Xo. 321, pp. Ill,
112, fig. 1). — lV)i)ular directions for soil, planting, watering, ventilation, supports,
propagation, and varieties, with notes on insects and diseases of roses.
On the cross-fertilization or hybridization of roses, S. Mottet {Rev. llort., 73
{1901), Xo.3, pp. 07, OS; transl. iu Aincr. Gard., 22 {1901), Xo. 327, pp. 227, 228).—
Details of methods.
Water lily pond, (i. Abbey {Jour. Ifort., S3 {1901), Xo. 2729, pp. 49-Sl,figs.j).—
\i\ illustrated outline plan with lists of suitable plants.
Distribution of seeds, plants, cuttings, etc., E. J. Wickson {CaUfornia ,Sta.
l\pt.lS98, pp. 233-236). — Summarized statement of the amount and kinds of seed
distributed by the central experiment station since 1886, with financial statement
regarding the same for the 6 years ended 1899.
FORESTRY.
Report of the forestry substations, V. H. Shinn {California Sta.
llpl. ISUS^ 2>2>. -iJS-Jol.fi/s. 7). A report is ^-iven of the history and
present condition of the forestr}' substations located at Chico and
Santa Monica. The Chico forestry station was originally a part of
the Chico ranch, which formerly belonged to General John Bidwell.
The previous owner began collecting the native and finer exotic trees
as earl}^ as 1856, and notes are given on the present growth of a num-
FORESTRY. 955
her of the finer specimens. Numerous specimens of Pnn/.s sah!n!<ni<i,
and P. ponderosa are now more than lOO feet in height, with trunks
from 8 to 11 feet in circumference. Specimens of Sequoia gigantea
and S. semperiiirens are from 80 to 90 ft. in height and from -4 to 5^
feet in circumference. A native cotton wood planted in 1856, at the
time of this report was 100 ft. high and the circumference of the trunk
was 16 ft. Notes are given on the present size of a number of other
species. The climatic conditions shown l)y records kept at the station
since 1885 are given, together with notes on the more recent additions
to the arboretum. Statistics are given on the rate of tree develop-
ment in which are shown the rate of growth of a large number of
coniferous and deciduous trees. Experiments have been conducted on
the planting of various oaks, principallj' the English oak {Quereits
jjedunculata). The results obtained seem to indicate that in the cen-
tral Sacramento Valley the planting of oaks for timljer might prove
profitable. Next to the oaks, difi'erent varieties of ash promise the best
results as hard wood forest trees. An account is given of the willow
collection at the Chico Station, in which the characteristics and rate
of growth of the 15 best species are shown. Descriptive notes are also
given on a luimber of species of Eucalyptus and Acacia at the Chico
Station.
Among the more interesting statements regarding the Santa Monica
Station are the notes showing the efi'ect of drought on difl^erent trees.
The deficient rainfall for two successive years served to indicate the
more hardy species of trees adapted to that region. A list is given of
60 species of the Eucalyptus in cultivation at the Santa Monica Sub-
station in 1899. Illustrative and descriptive notes are given on a few
species of Eucalyptus, Acacia, and other trees.
Forest reserves, H. Gannett {Twentieth Ann. Rpt. U. jS. Geol.
Survey ., ISOS-OD., pt. 5, p>p. Jfi8^ p>ls. 159., figs. 2). — This report contains
a review of the forests of the United States, by the author, together
with detailed reports on some of the forest reserves in the western
United States. Descriptions are given of Pikes Peak, Plum Creek,
and South Platte reserves, by J. G. Jack; the White River Plateau
and Battlement Mesa reserves, by G. B. Sud worth; the Flathead Forest
Reserve, by H. B. Ayers; and the Bitterroot, San Gabriel, San
Bernardino, and San Jacinto reserves, by J. B. Leiberg. During the
year covered h\ this report 11,000 square miles were added to the
forest reserves, the present area devoted to that purpose being 72,139
square miles. This area is composed mostly of mountainous, rugged
country, of little or no value for agriculture, but especially favor-
able to tree growth. Abstracts are given of the reports on difi'erent
forest reserves, in which the area, the general condition, and permanent
species of trees are descril)ed. The relationship of forest fires and
grazing to forest problems is discussed by the difi'erent authors at
some length.
956 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
The forest nursery, G. B. Sudworth (Z^'. S. Dept. Agr,^ Divhion
of F(iV(><try BhI. 20, pp. (iS^ pix. 5, Ji(/f<. 11). — The purpose of this
bulletin is to inform farmers and others interested in tree planting-
how to procure forest tree seeds, and raise seedling's at a small cost.
The ])riii(*ipal j)()int kept in view is to direct the propagator to produce
vigorous plants which will succeed ))est under inexperienced manage-
ment. The desirability of cooperation among the farmers of a locality
is pointed out as a means by which larger privileges of seed and plant
exchange are possil^le^ Notes are given on collecting tree seeds and their
care before planting. Suggestions are given of when and how to collect
the seeds, and methods for storing, and for testing their vitalit3\ Direc-
tions are gi\en for the propagation of trees of various kinds from
seeds and cuttings, and means to be adopted in wintering and trans-
planting seedlings. As cheap sources of supply the author recom-
mends the use, so far as possible, of wild seedlings. The bulletin
concludes with lists of useful timber trees for planting, in which notes
are given of their range, the appearance and character of their fruits
and seeds, the time to collect and use them, and methods of storage.
The Minnesota forestry plan, J. N. Cross {ForeUer^ 6 (1900), iVb.
11, jp. 203-260, ph. 2). — The efforts on the part of various societies
and boards to secure forest legislation are briefly reviewed. By means
of an educational system in which the newspapers were interested in
the project, a sentiment was aroused which finally resulted in the
passing of needed legislation.
Undei' the law creating the State Board of Forestrv, it is ])rovided
that any person having denuded or other lands worthless for agricul-
tural purposes may deed them to the State, and, upon acceptation, the
State undertakes to protect these lands from fires, exempt them for
taxation, and, to a certain extent, reseed them so as to render them use-
ful and profitable. An^^ income realized from these forests is divided
into thr(!e parts and distributed as follows: One-third is retained to
reim])urse the State for fire protection, etc.; one-third goes to the
educational system of the State; and the remainder to the donor, his
heirs, or to whomsover he may designate.
Under the terms of this law a number of persons have tendered
lands to the board and a start has bcHMi made. Four years have ela])sed
since the plan Avas begun and beneficial results are ])elievi'd to have
been secured.
The forests of Saxony {Indian Forestei\ 26 {1900), No. 9, app. pp.
l-lo). — The forest area of the Kingdom of Saxony is said to represent
27.4 per cent of the total area. This is divided into State, communal,
and private forests. Descriptions are given of the State forests in
which for the 5 years ended in 1891 the revenue amounted to 45.5
marlvs per hectare. There are in Saxony 108 forest ranges, av^e raging
1,620 hectares each. The working plans for a iunnl)er of these ranges
FORESTRY. 957
arc given. A mimhri- of the more iniportaiit forest districts are
described in some detail. The prevailinjy species in these forests are
spruce, followed by beech and fir. The Crottendorf range, which is
said to be remurka])le for the large proiitit yields, is described at con-
siderable length. The net revenue from these forests for the past 10
years has been liJl.9 marks per hectare, which represents 4.35 percent
of the estimated value of the range. In some of the forests consider-
able damage has been done to 3"ouug spruce trees b}^ the fungus Tra-
metes radiciperda.
Forests in the G-rand Duchy of Baden {/adkm J^^^m's-ter, 26
(J 900), y^tK 9, (I pp. pp. l,i'~>^ji<jx. I'i). — The forests of the Grand Duchy
of Baden are said to occupy a total of 36.2 per cent, as compared with
an average of 26 for the whole of Germany. This area is divided into
State forests, 95,000 hectares; forests belonging to towns, villages, and
other public corporations, 270,000 hectares; and private forests,
180,000 hectares. Of these forests, the beech occupies 26.4 per cent
of the total forest area; oak 11.1 per cent; other broad-leaved species
14.1 per cent; while spruce occupies 20.8 per cent; silver fir and
Scotch pine each 13.6 per cent; and other conifers 0.4 per cent. The
methods of treatment followed within the Grand Duchy are described
and grouped under the heading of high forest and coppice. The
methods of administration are described and working plans for a
mmiber of State forests are given. The method pursued in charcoal
burning is described at considerable length.
The protection of shade trees in towns and cities {Connecticut Slate Sta. BxiL
ISl, }>p. .iO, plx. 9). — This l)ulletiii i.s the report of a committee appointed by the
mayor of the City of New Haven, Conn., to investigate the subject of the protection
of shade trees. The present condition of the street trees was indicated and various
causes of the destruction of trees were mentioned. iSuggestions are given for protect-
ing shade trees against these injuries, and the duties of the city forester are outlined.
The necessity for a nursery to provide shade trees for those which have been
destroyed from various causes is shown, and descriptions given of the varieties of
trees most suitable for street planting.
Concerning- a severe injury to street trees through the escaping- of illu-
minating gas, C. Wejimek {Ztschr. Pflanzenkranl:, 10 {1900), No. 5, pp. 267-369,
]>l. 1). — An account is given of the severe injury to a number of trees of Ubnu.'i cam-
pestris. The injury was caused by a break in a gas main, and it was comnuinicated
to the trees through their roots. The bark fell off, the trunks of the trees showing
the injury early in the spring, while the buds and twigs appeared in normal
condition.
Some unrecognized forms of native trees, 8. Coulter {Proc. Indiana Acad.
Sci. 1899, pp. 113-116). — Brief descriptions are given of a number of well-marked
forms of native trees which the author thinks possiblj^ worthy of varietal rank.
Among those described are two forms of the papaw which are said to be easily dis-
tinguishable. One has a large fruit, which becomes a rich yellow upon ripening;
the other has a small fruit, becoming white when ripe. The leaf characters are also
different. Three easily distinguishable forms of black walnut are also described,
and forms of the common tulip tree and persimmon are also said to exist, in which ,
marked characters may be noted.
19607— No. 10 5
958 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Inarch culture, F. BATDiscn [Oesterr. Forst u. J(i(/<l Zl;/., /S (J 900), Xn. .)'.•>, pp.
275, 276). — Directions are given for raising larches and their princijjal insect and
fungns enemies are described. Among the latter, Peziza vnllkommii, Sphsrrdla lari-
cina, and AlkHcheria laricis are said to be the most troublesome, especially to the young
seedlings. Suggestions are offered for c-ombating them.
The larch, and its culture in Middle and Northern Germany, V. 1)ODen {Die
Larchf Ihr leichler mid xiHicrer Anbuu in Mittrl- iukI Xurddinlsflildiid. Lcijmc: T.
Fuendling, 1900, pp. I40, ph. S; abs. in Zisclir. For.4 a. Jagdn., J2 {1900), No. 10, pjt.
6S6-63S). — Some of the problems of larch growing are discussed and especial atten-
tion given to the diseases and insects to which it is subject. Peziza vAUkoiiDnii is said
to be the most serious enemy to its successful propagation.
The -white pine in North America, Schwappach {Ztschr. Ford u. Jagdw., 32
{1900), Xo. 10, pp. 599-604). — A review is given of Bulletin 22 of the Division of For-
estry of this Department (E. S. R., 11, p. 746).
Pinus cembra and its cultivation, A. Woditschka {Oesterr. ForM n. .hujd Ztg.,
18 {1900, Xo 21, pp. I60-I66, figx. 11). — Describes the distribution and uses of this
pine and gives suggestions for its culture.
Transplanting of large oaks, Hinderlich {(kird. Chron., 8. .ser., 28 {1900), No.
716, p. 203, fig. 1). — An account is given of the successful transplanting of 87 oak trees
ranging in size from 19 to .34 ft. in height.
Physiological differences betw^een the sessile and pedunculate oaks, W. R.
Fisher {Gard. Chron., 3. -ser., 28 {1900), Xo. 717, j^p- 218-220, figs. ;.^).— Differences
Vjetween QuercvLS sessilifiora and Q. pedunculata are noted. These two species were
formerly considered by English botanists as forms of Q. rofmr. Q. sessilifiora delights
in dry, well drained soil, while the other grows l)est in moist soils. Differences are
noted for the foliage, flowers, and timber. The fact that numerous hybrids between
the two sjiecies are common is given as the reason for believing they both belonged
to the same species.
Observations and experiments at the Krapiva forestry school during the
academic year 1898-99, V. Kluchnikov {Selsk. Khoz. i Lyesor., 197 {1900), Apr.,
pp. 207-224)-- — During the reported year experiments in storing acorns by various
methods were made. It is stated that the fungus FoJi/porns suJpJiureiis attucked the
oak, a very rare phenomena. — p. fireman.
The green alder and forest protection, A. Mathey {Rev. Eaux ctForets, 3. ser.,
4 {1900), No. 12, pp. 353-359). — The value of this coppice wood as protective against
landslides and avalanches is shown. Its rapid growth is described and it is said to
be a good nurse crop for sj)ruce.
Practical forestry in the A.dirondacks, B. E. Fernow {Tradesman, 44 {1901),
No. 9, jtp. 112, 113). — An account of the work of the Cornell School of Forestry, etc.
Notes on some timber trees of the Burnett District of Queensland, V, J. W.
Fawcett {Qiwensland Agr. Jour., 7 {1900), No. 3, pp. 271-274)- — Brief descriptive ami
economic notes are given on 28 species of timber trees.
The trees of Java, VI, S. H. Koorders and T. Valeton {Meded. 'S Lands Plan-
tentuin, 1900, Xo. 40, pp- 1-103). — Descriptions and economic notes are given on the
trees of Java belonging to the orders Bixacete, Lecythidacea^, Myrsinaceae, and
Myrtacepe.
The development of forestry in Japan, H. Matzuno {Ztschr. Forst u. Jagdw., 32
{1900), Xo. 7, pp. 4O6-412). — Traces the development of forestry ami establishment of
forest control under the government.
The value of commercial fertilizers in reforesting, A. Felrkr {Dent. Landii\
Presse, ,:7 {1900), Xo. .'>8, pp. 1172, 1173, figx. 4).
Forestry at the Paris Exposition of 1900, .1. S. Gamble {Indian Forester, 27
{1901), Xo. 1, jip. I-24). — Brief notes are given descriptive of the forestry exhibits
and dis])lay at the Paris Exposition of 1900.
SEEDS WEEDS. 959
SEEDS WEEDS.
Clover seeds and their impurities, F. II. Hili^man {A\'vada Sta.
Bid. .'(7. j>i>. OL\ji<ix. ,9J). — P^xtended .series of studies on clover seeds
and their impurities arc reported. The author has investig-ated a
number of kinds of clover seed and separated from them the different
kinds of weed seeds occurring in them. The characteristics of the
different clover seeds are tigured and described and lists given of the
kinds of weed seeds and percentages found in the different samples
containing them. Studies are given of alfalfa seed, red clover, white
clover, alsike clover, crimson clover, Japan clover, Bokhara clover,
yellow sweet clover, yellow trefoil, esparcet, and serradella. From 4
to 00 samples of each of these seeds were examined. The most com-
mon Aveed seeds were Plaidago ragelil^ P. lanceolata., P. aristafa.,
C^MnicBraphis viridis., C. glauca., Poly gomm% per sicaria^ Clienojxjdlwn
alhirm^ Pvmex crhpnx^ R. acetoi<elJa, and EHphoi'hia iivtans. The dif-
ferent weed seeds are ffgured and described in considerable detail.
Experiments in preserving forest- tree seeds {Bid. Soc. Cent.
Ford. Btlg., 7 {JOOO), ^^o. 7, pp. olJ^-olO). — Experiments are reported
with acorns and chestnuts, in which the relative efficiency of autumn
and spring planting is compared. The autumn plantings were made
in two lots, in one of which the acorns were covered with leaves to a
depth of from 5 to 6 cm., while in the other they Avere planted in
trenches to a depth of 0.1 meter or a little less. The seeds for spring
plantings were preserved as follows: In trenches, in piles covered with
soil and others covered with leaves, in baskets submerged in water, and
stratified in sand in a dry cave. The results, as shown by the germi-
nation and growth of the different lots, are tabulated, from which it
appears that in a sandy loam during an ordinary winter autumn seed-
ing is preferred to an}- of the methods of preserving the seed and
planting in the spring. This is shown not only by the fact that more
germinations were obtained, but that the work could be done at a sea-
son of the 3'car when there was less demand for attention to the nurs-
eries, as is the case in the spring of the year.
The effect of hydrocyanic-acid gas upon the germination of
seeds, C. O. Townsp:xd {Proc. A//ie/: .i.s-.s-w. Adv. -Vt-/., 4'"'' {ISOO), p.
297). — Seeds in both a dry and damp state were tested with different
strengths of gas and for different periods of time. In the case of dry
grains and seeds it was found that they were able to withstand for
several weeks an atmosphere of hydrocyanic-acid gas man}^ times
stronger than that required for the destruction of insect life. Under
these conditions a slightly accelerated germination was observed, and
the suT)sequent growth of the seedlings was slightly above normal.
Seeds that had })eeji soaked in water were very sensitive to the presence
of the gas. Three oue-hundredths of a gram of potassium cyanid per
960 EXPEKIMKNT STATION RECOKD.
cubic foot used in oonerating gas, destroys the oerinination of seeds
tiiat have })eon soaked for 24 hours in water. The I'esistance of seeds
to this gas seems to be somewhat in proportion to the length of time
in which they had been previously soaked.
The germination of ripe and half-ripe dodder seed, W. Kinzel
{Laiidtr. Ver.s. Stat., -U {I'JOU), So. 1-J, jjp. 7 J.;-7.;j). -Studies are
reported upon the germination of seed of various degrees of ripeness
of OnmutaepiUnum^ C. cpithyTnuin^ C. plani flora ^unA O. em'opa^a. It
was found that the half -ripe seeds of these species retained sufiicient
vitality to germinate almost as readily as the fully ripe seed. In some
cases they germinated ciuicker than ripe seeds, and when they Avere
found in their capsules the percentage germination was but little
inferior to well-ripened seed. The author says that C. planifl/jra is
occasionally found in American clover seed. This seems to be a mis-
statement, as that species does not appear in any of the recent system-
atic treatises of the flora of this country. The species is a south
European one and its reputed presence is probably due to a wrong
determination.
Destruction of weeds in fields of cereals, C. Dusserre {Ann.
A(jr. Su/'.ssr, 1 {1900}, jVc 0,pp. .Jol--Jo7,fl(js. .'f). — An account is given
of a number of experiments in which oat flelds were sprayed with
ditiei'ent strengths of solutions of copper sulphate, iron sulphate, and
sodium nitrate, together with mixtures of copper sulphate and sodium
nitrate. The best results, so far as weed destruction was concerned,
were obtained where the fields were sprayed with a 5 per cent solution
of copper sulphate, followed closely b}^ spraying with a 2 per cent
solution of copper sulphate and a 10 per cent solution of sodium
nitrate. The influence on the oat crop showed a decided stimulating
efl'ect where the combination of the copper and soda was emploj^ed.
The weeds destroyed were mustard, sow thistle, hemp nettle, bind-
weed, dock, and various chenopods. Directions are given for the
proper application of these herbicides, which should be applied at the
rate of 800 to 1,000 liters per hectare. The spraying should be made
on a calm, clear day, and should not be delayed beyond the time when
the weeds have their tirst two or three leaves.
Report on seed testing at the agricultural station of Modena for the year
1899, F. ToDARo {HUtz. Sper. Agr. ItaL, 3J {1900), No. S, pp. 2:i8-258).—k rej)ort
is given on the activity of the station during the year in testing seeds, and the purity,
germinative ability, and intrinsic value of the different samples are shown in tabu-
lar form. The principal weed seeds found in a number of different samples are
mentioned, and special studies on a number of kinds of seed described.
Seed testing, T. W. Kikk {New Zealand Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1900, pp. 299-S0S).—A
ta))ulated statement is given showing the percentage of germination obtained with
the samples tested. Wliile slight improvement in the ((uality of seed is noted, much
weedy and worthless seed is still in the markets of the country.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 961
A new form of seed-sampling- apparatus, F. Todaro (Staz. Sper. Agr. Jtal., 3S
{I'.iOo), X<>. r,^ jij). 4:i:.'-494, fig. 1). — A description i.s given of the form of apparatus
devised liy tlie author for sampling clover and similar seeds.
Troublesome weeds, T. W. Kihk {Ncir Zealand Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1900, pp. 308-312,
figs. 3). — Illustrated notes are given on cape weed {Cryptostemma calendulacea) ,
cocklebur or Bathurst bur {Xanthium npinosuin), and Strathmore weed {Finielea spp. ).
The latter are reported as poisonous to horses.
Combating: weeds by means of chemical agents, J. Graftiau {L'Ing. Agr.
(u'lnUoiLc, JO {WOO), So. 6, pp. 413-4-^8). — A review is given of experiments which
have been conducted for the destruction of weeds and mosses by means oi various
chemical solutions. The conclusions drawn by the author are that it is possible to
destroy many noxious weeds by spraying with solutions of copper sulphate or of iron
sulphate. It is stated that dodder can be successfully combated by spraying with a
3 to 5 per cent solution of copper sulphate.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
Specimens received for examination by the bacteriological
laboratory, F. T. Bioletti {(Ulifor/iJ(/ iSfa. Rpt. lSf)S, pp- l^'K ^^h-,
p(j. I). — Miscellaneous notes are given on many specimens and samples
which were sent to the hacteriolog-ical laboratory for examination.
Among- some of the more important facts brought out by the examina-
tion was the occurrence of leaf spot on violet leaves due to Cercof^pova
ri()]((' and PJiyllo.^ticta iiiolxe. ¥ov the prevention of these diseases spray-
ing plants with weak Bordeaux mixture at intervals of ten days is recom-
mended. Specimens of diseased grapevines were sent to the author,
in whi(-h the main roots were dead and a few small lateral ones remained
living. The triuik and branches showed no evidence of disease except
in the short growth of the previous year. The roots were covered with
a fungus beneath the bark which the author considers the mycelium of
some toadstool fungus. The same disease is known to occur in oak
trees, and no cure is known when the plant is once thoroughly invaded
bv it. Preventive measures, such as digging up and burning the
diseased parts, are recommended. Brief notes are given on a number
of other diseases which are of minor importance.
Concentric spore spots, B. 1). Halsted {Seience., n. ser.., 12 (1900),
j\va JOo, pp. .T,sYy, -7rS7). — The author describes the method by which
the parasitic fungi reach the surface of their host plants for the distri-
bution of their aerial spores. The most of them have two forms, one
in which the exit is made through stomata, the second type eu)bracing
those fungi which underlie the epidermis, rupturing it. To the first
type belong the Peronosporas, Cercosporas, Ramularias, and Macros-
poriums; while to the second type belong the Cystopus, Glcjeosporium,
and many of the rusts. Those fungi that produce their spores through
the stomata have their disti-ibution definitely limited. The second type
of spore production results in a rupture of the epidermis, and inunedi-
962 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ately surrounding this a .second line of spore formation is developed
in almost a circidar form.
The asparagus rust in lo'wa, L. H. Pammel and E. K. Hodson
[/(iii'd Sfd. Bill. ■').}. pp. 00-G7. Jj</-s. /f). — The authors' attention was
called to the appearance of the asparagus rust during the past summer,
and eiiv\y in September the disease was found in considerable quantity
in asparagus beds on the college farm. Since that time it has l)een
observed and reported from a number of other stations. The disease
is described at some length, and its cause, Puccinia ai<paragl^ is figured
and d(\scribed. Two parasites of this rust, Darluca Jilum and Tuhi^rcu-
laria jMrslcina^ are mentioned and briefly discussed. Suggestions are
given for preventive measures to be adopted, which consist principally
in the propagation of resistant varieties. A short bibliography of the
subject completes the bulletin.
Field experiments Tvith tomato rot, F. S. Eakle {Science^ ?). .^^er.,
12 {1900), No. 303, pp. 579, 580).— A description has previously been
given (E. S. R., 12, p. 569) of the bacterial rot of tomatoes caused by
an undescribed species of Bacillus. In the present paper an account
is given of the experiments conducted for the prevention of the dis-
ease. In the previous publication the author stated as his belief that
the distril)ution of the disease was largely effected through the pres-
ence of thrips, and the experiments here reported were conducted
with a view of destroying those insects. Nine plats, Avith approx-
imately 100 plants each, were the subject of the experiments. Spray-
ings were made on six of the plats at intervals of 8 to 5 days with
kerosene, whale-oil soap, and ''Rose Leaf" tobacco extract, eight
applications in all lieing given to the plants. All of the fruits were
gathered and the presence of disease noted. The rotted fruits varied
from 12 to 27 per cent on different plats, the highest amount of
disease occurring in one of the check plats, as well as the lowest per-
centage. The figures given were slightlv in favor of the tobacco
extract treatment. This treatment gave 5 per cent less of diseased
fruits than the average of all plats; but as there was a range of 15 per
cent between the highest and lowest of the check plats, the author
considers the experiments inconclusive. There was an almost total
absence of thrips in a fair season, and on this account some other
m(>ans will have to be discovered for the spread of t\w disease.
The bro-wn rot of peaches, plums, and other fruits, A. L.
QuAiNTANCE {Gewgia Sta. Bid. 50, pp. '237-'2G9,^fi(js. 9). — The brown
rot of peaches and plums has been the cause of scn'ious loss to commer-
cial growing of these fruits in Georgia, and the author has been led
to make an extended investigation as to its cause and means for pre-
vention. The cause of this well-known disease is the fungus ^fnnlJ/a
friK-tujt na, which is distributed widely over the United States and
Europe. In the United States it is particularly disastrous to stone
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 963
fruits, the pomaceous fruits suffering but slight loss. In Europe the
fungus is said to occur on plums, chei'ries, apricots, peaches, apples,
and p€»ars. While usually occurring upon the fruit, it also affects the
flowers and twigs. The life history of the fungus is described at con-
siderable length, and the author states that while there is some evidence
that the summer spores survive the winter, yet the principal source of
infection in the spring is the shriveled dried fruit commonly known
as ''mummies." which occur on the trees and upon the ground under
them.
Results of spraying experiments for the prevention of this disease
are outlined, in which cooperative experiments on large numbers of
trees and experiments conducted at the station are described. The
best fungicides for use in spraying proved to be Bordeaux mixture,
composed of 3 lbs. of copper sulphate, 6 lbs. of lime, and 50 gal. of
water. Directions are given for the proper preparation and applica-
tion of the fungicide. Three applications of Bordeaux mixture, the
tirst given just before blossoming, and a fourth spraying of copper
acetate solution given when the fruit begins to color, has proved the
most advantageous treatment in the author's experience. By this
treatment the disease was almost entirely controlled, at a cost of
chemicals and labor not to exceed 6 cts. per tree for four applications.
The leaf-spot disease of cherry trees, Muller-Thurgau {Jahres-
her. V.r.s. Sfut. u. S,-/nd<', W(i(/r/i.K>rt J/, 1897-98, jjjj>. 103-107.— The
common occurrence of a fungus, Clasteft'osporirniin amygdalearum, upon
the leaves of a cherry was noted. In addition to occurring on the leaf,
it is also found on the fruit and stems, and has a wide distribution
throughout parts of Europe, For combating this disease, the choice
of resistant varieties and individuals is recommended, as well as the
increased virility of plants by stimulating them with fertilizers. Cut-
ting out of badly diseased parts of trees and the working over of
the soil and destruction of refuse under the trees, are suggested.
Spra3nng beneath the trees and on the twigs before blossoming with
i to 1 per cent solutions of Bordeaux mixture is also suggested.
The author reports the occurrence of the mycelium of Moiiilia
fi'uetigevd in the twigs of apples.
Spot disease of the violet, P. H. Dorsett ( U. S. Dept. Agr. ,
Ulci.sluii of VrgttahU, I^hyswlogy and Pathology Bid. 23, pj). 16, jd.^.
7). — The author describes a spot disease of the violet, which has proved
to be of serious effect in a numbei" of houses, where violet cultivation
has practically been abandoned on this account. The disease is due
to Altemaria violcB. It attacks the plants at any stage of their growth,
from a small unrooted cutting to a mature plant; and those plants
making the most vigorous and rapid growth are most suljject to the
disease. Any part of the plant above the soil is subject to attack, and
the ffrst appearance of the disease upon the leaves may be recognized
964 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
by small, definite, circular, greenish or j-ellowisii- white spots, varying
in size from mere specks to spots ^V in- or more in diameter. Fre-
quently a number of such areas occur upon the same leaf, and the
disease spreads until the entire leaf is destroyed. Various previous
theories as to the cause and treatment of the disease are discussed, and
the parasitic nature of it is shown hj the author's investigations, in
which artificial inoculations have been successfully made. The fun-
gus, which is a new species, is technically described, and the varying
susceptibilit)^ of difi'erent varieties is noted. Preventive measures
are suggested which contemplate the keeping of plants in a healthy
condition, propagating from only healthy, vigorous stock, as the best
possible means. The experiments conducted with fungicides seem to
show that they possess little value in preventing this disease, while
rendering the foliage worthless for bunching with the flowers. The
most practical means for preventing the disease appears to be in the
development of strong plants which are resistant to the attacks of the
fungus.
An anthracnose and a stem rot of Antirrhinum majus, F. C.
Stewart {Science^ n. ser., 12 (1900), No. 303^ p. oSl). — A brief
account is given of two diseases of snapdragons — one an anthracnose
caused by a Colletotrichum, and a stem rot due to an undetermined
species of Phoma. The Colletotrichum produces elliptical depressed
spots on the stems and circular dead brown spots on the leaves, and is
very destructive to plants in both greenhouse and field, and at all sea-
sons. It was found due to a new species of fungus, to which the
name C. antirrhini was given. This disease may be successfully
combated by spraying the plants once a week with Bordeaux mixture.
The stem-rot disease attacks the stem, causing sections an inch or
more in length to turn brown or black. This attack may occur at
any point above the ground, and is usually observed a few inches
below the tops of succulent shoots. Inoculation experiments show
that the fungus is an active parasite of succulent shoots, ])ut attacks
woody stems with difiiculty.
Experiments in the preparation of Bordeaux mixture, W. Kel-
HOFER {Jajii'ttihcr. Ifc-zw. ^St(d. u. >SchaU\ WddenHtccil^ 1SU7-98, ]>p.
57-68). — Experiments were conducted to ascertain the effect of a
number of factors upon the composition of Bordeaux mixture, as
shown by the separation of the difi'erent mixtures upon standing.
Among the experiments were those to determine the efi'ect of iron
sulphate, which is connnonly present in commercial coppei" sulphate;
upon difi'erent (juantities of copper sulphate; difi'erent (|uaiitities and
qualities of lime; different concentrations of mixtures; order of com-
bining the solutions; and temperature of solutions. The presence of
iron sulphate was found to cause a more rapid separation of the liq-
uid. Within the limits of the ex[)eriments, separation was inversely
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 965
proportional to the amount of copper sulphate used. The quality of
lime affected the mixture very appreciably, the mixture containino-
the best lime precipitating the slowest. The proportion of lime exerted
the same effect as the amount of copper. Fresh, well-slaked lime
gave a better mixture than poorly slaked, but fresh air-slaked lime
was about its equal. Older air-slaked lime produced a mixture that
separated very rapidly. Allowing- the milk of lime to stand for two
days was pi-actically without effect upon the different mixtures, the
results with milk of lime which had been exposed to the air being
almost identical with freshly made. Bordeaux mixture made l)y
pouring the lime into the copper solution was much inferior to the
others. Where the copper mixture was poured into the lime and
where both mixtures were poured into a third vessel, the mixture was
about the same. Heat was found to cause a separation in the mixture
in proportion to the increase of temperature.
Monilia diseases, P. Sorauer [Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank. , 10 {1900), Nos. 3-4, pp.
148-154; 5, pp. 274-^84, figs. ^). — In continuation of a previous article (E. S. R., 11,
p. 949), the author describes the diseases caused b}' Monilia on cherries, prunes,
hazelnuts, and upon the twigs of apple, pear, etc. Numerous inoculation experi-
ments are reported, in which it was found possible to transfer the fungus from the
apple to the hazelnut, cherry, apricot, and grape; and from a hazelnut to the apple,
prune, haw, and grape. In the last case the development was meager and inocula-
tion often failed. In the second part of the paper a description is given of the action
of the fimgus upon twigs of the apple, pear, etc.
Die-back disease of apricots, E. M. Sage {Jour. Agr. and Ind., South Australia,
4 {1900), No. 5, pp. 4i^5-4^8, figs. '2). — An account is given of a disease of apricot trees
in which the limbs were slow in starting out one season and the following year began
to die back a distance of 1 to 3 ft. from the end, in some cases the entire limb dying.
The trees had been planted on rather poor soil, and the author attempted to restore
their vitality by the use of fertilizers. It was found that liberal applications of bone
superphosphate i)roduced a decided improvement in the condition of the trees.
The olive knot, F. T. Bioletti {California Sta. Rpt. 1898, p. 178, fig. i).— In Bul-
letin 12G of the station (E. S. R., 10, p. 55) an account is given of the occurrence,
symptoms, and distribution of the olive knot in California. In the present publica-
tion a brief account is given of successful inoculation experiments, which proved that
the disease is of a contagious nature and that it is due to a specific l)acterium.
Experiments in combating some diseases of grapes, apples, and pears, K.
MoHR {Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank., 10 {1900), No. 5, pp. ^70-^7^).— An account is given
of spraying grapes, apples, and pears for the prevention of the powdery mildew of
the grape and scab of apples and pears. A compound of Bordeaux mixture and sul-
phur, and a solution of Ijasic calcium suljiliid, were used. For the grape mildew the
author stated that Bordeaux mixture alone is of little value, the sulphur compounds
being much preferable. The results of his experiments showed the value of the
mixtures in which sulphur entered in different forms.
The influence of winter on the fungus diseases of grapes, H. S('hle(;el
( Weinbuuu. Weiiiltaiiilel., 1900, Xo. IS, pp. 117-118).
Tlie grape mildew and its prevention, Steglich {Silclis. Landiv. Ztschr., 48
{1900), No. 18, pp. 193-195).
Concerning the fungus which causes the black rot of grapes, A. von Jacz-
weski {Ztsclu-. Pfianzenkrank., 10 {1900), No. 5, pp. 257-267, figs. 5).— The author has
reported the results of studies on the causes of the black rot of grapes, from which
966 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
lie concludes that thi;^ disease is caused l)y three specitic organisms. In tlie Caucasus
region it is due to (riii(j)i(tr<Jia hacca', while in France it is caused hy G. bidmiUi. In
(reniiany and Switzerland he has not been able to find either of the^e fungi, and
thinks doubtless that the disease is due to a third species. An interesting j)oint
brought out in the investigation is that the general characteristics of the fungi are
alike, and in jiractice the same treatment applies to all.
On the occurrence of Peronospora on flowers and young fruit of grapes,
MtJLi,EK-THrKGAr(/a/i7-esfeer. Vers. Stat.u. Schule, Wadensu-eil, 1897-98, pp. 101-lOS).—
The author reports having observed the presence of Peronospora upon the flowers
and newly formed fruits of grapes. These appeared before the usual time for the
first spraying, and the author believes that means should be taken for the destruc-
tion of the Peronospora, so that the winter spores may not l)e carried over to infect
the plants in the spring.
Combating Oidium and Peronospora, Kclisch {Landir. ZtscJir. Ehatis-Lothrln-
(jni, 1900, X(js. Jl, pp. 294, -9.5; 22, pp. 307, 308).
Combating Oidium, ,1. Behrens ( Wchnhl. Lnndv. Ver. Baden, 1900, Xo. 11, pp.
144, 14-5).
Investigations on the forms of sulphur used in viticulture, C. Dusserre
{Ann. Agr. Suisse, 1 {1900), No. 9, pp. 321, 330). — An account is given of investiga-
tions of different forms of sulphur used for the prevention of grape oidium. The
usual forms are sublime and triturated. A tliird form which recently appeared on
the niarket is known as aerated sulphur. The physical condition of these different
kinds was investigated at considerable length and is reported upon.
Recent investigations on diseases of tropical economic plants {YAsclir.
PjiunzeiikranJ:., 10 (1900), Xo. o, pp. 288-292). — Brief notes are given, in whichanuni.
ber of diseases and in.sects of economic plants of the tropics are described, together
with means that have been adopted for their destruction. The host plants mentioned
are coffee, tea, cacao, sugarcane, sorghum, vanilla, St. John's bread, cocoanut palm,
caoutchouc, ramie, and grapes.
Tlie parasitism of Ximenia americana, E. Meckel ( Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci.
Paris, 131 {1900), Xo. 19, pp. 764, 765).— The results of some experiments on the
part of the author to infect a number of trees with this parasite are given. It was
found that it was parasitic only on Ficvs laurifolia.
Concerning the parasitism of Botryosporium, V. Pegliox {Staz. Sper. Agr.
ItaL, 33 (1900), Xo. 6, j)j). r>S.'>-.',89) .
A fungus disease of Casuarina, A. vox Jaczewski {Ztsclir. Pflanzenkrank., 10
{1900), Xo. 3-4, pp. 146-148, fig- !)■ — A brief account is given of an attack of Botri/o-
.tjjoriwn diffusum on the twigs of Casuarina leptodada. The fungus, which is usuallj'
a saprophyte, occurs here as a parasite, and its method of growth is described.
Carnation-stem rot, F. W. Card and G. E. Auams {Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. 1900,
pp. 249-2.51). — Ex])erinients begun in 1899 (E. S. R., 12, p. 763) were continued.
The principal point under consideration is a comparison of the effect of chemical v.
stable manure as a fertilizer for these plants. The statement in the previous report
is reaffirmed that new, clean sand bearing no trace of disease, and the use of soil in
which carnations have not previously been grown, are the most important conditions
to Vje secured. The exjieriments so far do not bear out the prevalent opinion that
stable manure favors the spread of disease.
ENTOMOLOGY.
Foul brood of bees, F. C Makkisox ( ( 'oithl. B<ikt. u. Par. ^2. AM.,
G {IDIJO). ^'(>.^. l.J, j>j>. J^;U-Jt,i7; lJ4.,pj>. kf)! -1^9, Jigs. J^; 15, j^p. Jf^Hl-
)f9G; 16,2U>- 51S-517). — The author presents a critical review of the
literature of foul brood in connection with :i bibliog-ra])hy of 80 titles.
KNTOMOLOGY. 967
The symptoms of foul ])i-()od are de.scrilx'd in detail and the disease is
distiiig-uislu^d from chilled brood. Sonit' writers have suspected that
foul l)roo(l \aricd in dilierent countries, l)ut no bacteriological work has
been done to substantiate this view. The author examined diseased
larva? from France, Switzerland, Austria, Germany, Italy, England,
Cu))a, and 18 States in this country, with the result that BdcUJiiK alrel
was isolated from every case. Slight differences were noted in the
cultures, but not sufficiently pronounced to constitute a well-marked
variety of the species. The pathogenicity of B. alvei varies in different
countries and is especially virulent in new countries. The author
describes in detail the different morphological and biological characters
of B. alvei^ including notes on staining methods, the germination of
spores, polymorphism, and variations in the growth of the bacillus
upon a large variety of culture media. In experiments to determine
the relation of the bacillus to free oxj^gen, spores obtained from a pure
culture on agar were spread on cover glasses and placed in a glass
chamber so that they were constantly exposed to a current of air. The
chamber was exposed to the ordinary light of a room. A cover glass
was taken out every 2-1 hours and tested to determine whether the
spores would grow. The experiment was continued for the period of
a month and at the end of that time the spores still germinated rapidly.
When grown on liouillon B. alvei produced a slight amount of ammonia.
A varying amount of acid is formed in all sugar bouillon cultures of
the bacillus. On potatoes a yellow pigment was produced and on gela-
tine cultures a peculiar odor was given off'. The spores on cover glasses
exposed to sunlight in September germinated after 4, 6, and 7 hours'
exposure.
Experiments were conducted for the purpose of determining the
thermal death point of spores of this bacillus. Test tubes containing
inoculated bouillon were placed in boiling water, removed at stated
intervals, cooled, and incubated. Spores from a 7 months' old culture
were killed b}^ a temperature of 100'^ C. for 1 hour and 20 minutes.
Spores from an agar culture 9 days old germinated to some extent
after an exposure of 2 hours and -15 minutes to the same temperature.
Experiments were also made to determine the thermal death point of
B. (il rd in honey, during which 3 methods were used: Silk threads
with dried spores on them, test tubes containing honey inoculated with
spores, and capillary tubes containing a suspension of spores in dis-
tilfed water. The honey was of 2 kinds, clover and buckwheat, con-
taining 0.057 per cent and 0.17 per cent of formic acid. B}- the first
method, there was considerable growth after 2 hours' exposure at a
temperature of 114'^ C. ; by the second method, no growth took place
after exposure of 2^ hours to a temperature of 115^ C. ; while b}^ the
third method no growth took place after an exposure to the same
temperature for 2 hours and 4.5 minutes.
In order to determine the relation of B. alvei to light, cover glasses
968 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
spread with spores and dried were exposed to direct sunlight in Feb-
ruary. The temperature during the experiment varied from —12 to
— 22° C. After exposure, the cover glasses were placed film side down
on agar and incubated at 37° C. Abundant growth took place within
16 hours of the different lots of spores which had been exposed to sun-
light for 3, 6, and 9 hours.
Cultures of />. (f/rei-were found to live longer on agar than in li([uid
media. The author discusses the economic aspects of foul l)rood and
the losses due to this disease in different counti'ies. It was o])served
that after a prolonged cultivation of B. (/Irci, in which more than
thirty transfers had been made, the virulence of the g(^rni seemed to
be considerably decreased. The author ])elieves that the chief method
of carrying the disease from one hive to another is by bees from healthy
hives robbing colonies that have become diseased. A weak and l)adly
nourished condition of a colony of bees is considered a predisposing
cause to infection by foul brood.
Remedies against foul brood are classified into three groups: The
stamping-out system, starvation methods, and treatment by chemicals.
In the stamping-out system, affected bees, combs, and frames must be
destroyed and the hives thoroughly disinfected. By the starvation
method, combs are removed and the bees allowed to fast for 2 days or
more, after which they are introduced to clean new combs and fed on
sirup prepared from hot water mixed with honej^, nutmeg, and saffron.
Since this original starvation method was proposed, various modifica-
tions of the method have been elaborated and applied in the Ignited
States and Europe. In the use of chemicals for the treatment of foul
brood, the object is to secure a substance which will destroy or pre-
vent the gi'owth of IJ. alvei in the bees without injuring the latter.
In this way the following substances have been used: Carbolic acid
1 :600 of sirup; or a deciliter of carbolic acid in sirup and a liter of
water thoroughly shaken together; salicylic acid, salicylic-acid vapor,
camphor, thyme, thymol, carbolic acid and tar, creolin, eucalyptus,
naphthol /?, naphthaline, and formic acid. In experiments with these
substances the various chemicals have been used both as external anti-
septics and in the food of bees. Formic acid probably hel])s th(^ bees
to ward off an attack of foid brood. This substance is a natural con-
stituent of honey, and it was found that the spores of the //. <(lr)4
develop less vigorously after cultivation on agar containing foi-mic
acid.
The author conducted experiments on the use of drugs for prevent-
ing tlui disease. Two small hives containing strong healthy swarms
were selected for this purpose and placed side by side. Hive A was
given spores of B. ah)ei in sirup containing ^ gm. of naphthol /? to a
liter, while hive B was fed spon^s in sirup containing from 1.6 to 1.8
cc. of formic acid to the liter. The spores wei'c poured into the
ENTOMOLOGY. 969
medi('ated simps and the mixtures thoroughly stirred. They were
I'eadily accepted by the bees. The bees were fed 4 days per week for
3 weeks and at the end of the period none of the ordinary symptoms
of foul l)rood had appeared. The medicated sirup was discontinued
for a week and then ordinary sirup containing spores was fed. Typical
symptoms of foul brood developed within 10 days, and within 1() days
the disease was well established. The author tried an experiment in
feeding- the filtrate from a "I weeks' old culture of B. alrei in saccharose
bouillon mixed in sirup, in order to determine whether any increased
resistance or immunity against foul })rood could be produced. After
3 weeks of this treatment, spores of the l)acillus were fed to the bees,
with the result that foul brood developed within 14 days. Brief notes
are given on the foul brood laws in force in the United States.
The action of different rays of the solar spectrum on the devel-
opment of silkworms, C. Flammarion {Bui. Min. Agr. [France]^ 19
{1900}, j\'<K -J, pjK 860-86S). — The author experimented upon 720 silk-
worms, which were placed in 12 lioxes and subjected to different
colored lights. The silkworms were 6 days old when the experiment
began. The results of these experiments are tabulated in detail, and
the more important ones may be stated as follows: The maxiuuim pro-
duction of silk took place under plain, colorless glass; the next best
production of silk was obtained under clear, violet purple glass and the
smallest under a dark blue glass. A rather pronounced influence was
noted in different colored rays upon the determination of the sex of
silkworms. Under the colorless glass the number of females was 56
per 100, while under the blue glass it was 37 to 100. The author sug-
gests that this may be interpreted as meaning a variation in the nutrition
of the silkworms under the influence of dift'erent colored lights.
Experiments in protecting man against mosquitoes by chemical
agents, C. E'ekmi and C. Lumbao {('enthl. Bali. u. Par., 1. AM., -28
{1900), No. 6-7, pp. 186-189). — Experiments were conducted for the
purpose of discovering substances which could safely lie used upon the
exposed parts of the body and which would kill mosquitoes. These
experiments, however, did not^deld promising results and were discon-
tinued.
A number of experiments were tried in the destruction of mosquito
larvie in ponds of water. The substances used included lanolin, lard,
olive oil, castor oil, vaselin, petroleum, eucalyptus, verbena, tobacco,
onions, wormwood, acetic acid, carbolic acid, salicylic acid, and extracts
from animals which are resistant to mosquitoes. Besides the experi-
ments with simple substances, a number of other experiments were
tried wnth com l)i nations of two or more substances. Of the nearly
400 remedies which were thus tried, the following were the only ones
which gave satisfactory results: Castor oil, vaselin, allyl sulphid, and
benzine aldehyde, 2i per cent; water and eucalyptus, 2i per cent;
970 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Viiselin, lanolin, and allyl sulphid, 1 per cout; tar water, eucalyptus, and
kuinnud, l<i per cent.
The " silver top " condition of meado-w grasses in Finland, E.
Reuter (Acta aSV^c". Fauna et Fbyra Feimlca^ 19 {1900), X<>. Lj>p. 1S6^
pis. 2). — This article is in the nature of a monographic account of the
insect attacks which result in the blasting of the heads of grasses. The
author's observations are confined chiefl}^ to Plileum prate iixi and
Al<>pe(-urHx pratensls. An elaborate classification is giv(in of the insect
attacks which cause these conditions, the classification being ))ased on
the method of attack and upon the part of the plant attacked. The
author gives a review of previous investigations on this su)>ject in other
countries, together with notes on the grasses affected and on the insects
which cause the damage. Among the insects which are responsible
for the silver top condition in Finland may be mentioned TIadena
secalis^ H. strigilis^ Tortrlxpaleana^ Pedlculoide><, granvi 711011^ AptlnotJi-
rips rufa^ and Tarsonenms culmicolus. The last-named species and
Pediouloides graminuni are described as new. P. grarninum was found
to be very destructive to grasses. Pregnant females of this species
were first found in the middle of July on Phleum prraten-se. From this
time until fall such individuals were found in considerable numbers,
especially on Agropyram repent. These females attach themselves to
the stems of grasses and remain so attached until their death. The
author made numerous observations on the relative numbers of the two
sexes of this species, and found that there appeared to be no males dur-
ing the first half of the summer and that during the second half of the
summer the}" were comparatively rare. From observations made in
the field and laborator}^ the author believes there are two complete
generations of this insect annually. Besides the species already men-
tioned, the author gives notes on a numl)er of others which are of less
importance in causing the silver top condition. The complete list as
studied by the author includes 4 species of Thysanoptera, 5 of Lepidop-
tera, 6 of Diptera, 2 of Hymenoptera, 1 of Hemiptera, and \ species of
mites. An extended bibliography is given of the literature relating to
' this su])j('ct.
The stra-wberry-root louse; the destructive pea louse in Dela-
■ware, E. D. Sanderson {Belauiare Sta. Bid. JjB., pp. '2Jf.,Jigs. 7). — The
author gives notes on the habits and life histor}' of Aphis forbesi, and
describes the preventive remedies which have given best success in
combating this insect. Among such remedies mention may be made
of the use of uninfested plants, rotation of crops, and disinfection of
strawl)erry plants by dipping in kerosene emulsion or tobacco water,
or by fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas.
Notes are given on the occurrence of the destructive pea louse in
Delaware. Its preferred food plant is said to be crimson clover. An
experiment was tried in spring on an acre of infested peas with a
ENTOMOLOGY. 97 1
25 per cont niixturo of korosoiie and water. The majority of the lice
were killed, but the author docs not coutsidcr this method as capable
of practical use on a large scale. He believes that the destructive pea
louse is a well-known insect, described under the name Nectarophoi'a
pix'i.
Supplement to my article on "American fruit and its parasites,"
C. Bkick {Bot. Mux., Alt. J>tf(mzL)hschuts, Ilamhunj, 2 {1S99-1900),
pj). 10). — In this article the author gives an account of the amount of
fresh and dried American fruit received in Hamburg, and indicates
the percentage of such fruit infested by various scales and fungus
diseases. The San Jose scale was found infesting 3.12 per cent of
82,802 packages of fruit. Of the apples which came from the eastern
part of the l^nited States, 1.84 per cent were infested, while the Cali-
fornia apples showed an infestation of 42.44 per cent and the Oregon
apples 51.44 per cent. In infested packages the lowest infestation
was 1 per cent, while in many cases almost every apple in the package
was infested with the scale. In 23 shipments from Eastern States
which were infested with the San Jose scale, Asjndiotus forbesi and
the scurfy scale were also found.
As bearing upon the question of the origin of the San Jose scale
the author reports that this insect was found upon the following,
species of living plants imported directly from Japan, viz: Pnuius
mume^ P. muine pendula, P. pendula^ P. jpersica,, P. p^^eudo-cerasu^^
P. ce/ri^i/s, Cifrm trifoliata^ and SaJir multinerms. On some of these
plants San Jose scale was found in all of its stages. Among the other
insect parasites and fungus diseases which were found on the American
fruit the following may be mentioned: Forbes scale, scurf}' scale,
03'ster-shell l^ark-louse, AxpUliotus ancylu-'^., A. camelUm^ Gyiiinoapo-
rangium macroptis^ and Capiiodiuin saUcimum.
The San Jose scale was found on 20 crates of pears from California.
In shipments of dried fruit the San Jose scale was found infesting
3,052 crates of pears and 50 crates of nectarines. Besides other species
of scales already mentioned. Pla.^pJx falla.r was found on apricots.
Crude petroleum v. the San Jose or pernicious scale, J. B.
Smith (iVW Jersey Stas. Bid. llfB^ pp. W). — In this bulletin the author
summarizes the general results of his experiments w4th crude petroleum
as an insecticide against the San Jose scale since 1897. More than
50,000 fruit trees of different kinds have been sprayed with crude
petroleum under the direction of the author or have been subsequently
inspected by him. In investigating the cause of damage to trees from
crude petroleum in the hands of certain experimenters, the author
found that the name crude petroleum had no detinite meaning and
included a number of oils of very different specific gravity. The one
with which the author's experiments were conducted had a specific
gravity of 43 per cent and was of a dark green color. Some inter-
972 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECOKD.
mediate oils were found with a .specific j^ravity as low as ;-J;> per cent.
Tlii.s last .specimen was almost uniformly fatal to foliage. Further
stud}' revealed the fact that even true crude oils differ considerabh' in
color, specific gravity, and otherwise. In stud^'ing the difference
between crude oils the author found that as a rule when oil wells were
shot and the surrounding trees were covered with crude oil no damage
to the foliage resulted.
Details are given of a luimber of additional experiments with crude
oil bj' the author and fruit raisers. The author used this substance
on peach, pear, apple, plum, and cherry trees without causing any
harm. One branch of a cherry tree was painted with an intermediate
oil with a .specific gravity of 35 per cent and another branch of the
same tree with a crude oil of 43 per cent on the same day. The former
branch died and the latter developed flowers normally. Near Riverton
25 bbls. of crude oil were sprayed on apple, pear, and peach trees and
currant and gooseberry vines. No injury was produced on any \'ariety.
Experiments in spraying Japanese walnuts, native butternuts, and
chestnut trees with crude oil resulted in .serious injury to all the trees.
Details are given of a number of other experiments by fruit raisers
with varying results as to injury to the trees. The author discu.sses
the suV)ject of the action of the oil, method of applying it, the reliable
firms of whom oil may be purchased, and its range of usefulness. It
is stated that crude petroleum should be used as an insecticide in winter
applications only. Suumier treatment for San Jose scale may be made
with tobacco extracts and fish-oil soaps. The author concludes that
the San Jose scale can be as certainly controlled as many other injurious
insects and that crude petroleum of the propej- quality, rightly used,
"forms a reasonabh' .safe, economical, and effective material for the
purpose."' These conclusions are for Atlantic States and should not
be relied upon in arid regions without further experiments.
A report on the scientific works on entomology during 1898, R. Lrc a.s and
G. Seidlitz {Arch. Xaturgesch., 65 (1899), II, No. £, 1. half, pp. 330). — In the first
part of this report a bibUographical list is given of articles on entomology published
in 1898. In the second part of the report, articles dealing with Coleoptera are listed
alphabetically under the authors' names, geographically according to countries and
periodical publications, and also according to subjects. The references to Americiin
literature on entomology, especially to experiment station publications, are very
incomplete, only a few of such bulletins being mentioned.
The century's "work among- the aculeate Hymenoptera, F. D. Morke {Ent.
Her. II n<} Jour. Varialion, /•>' ( 1901). Xo. 1, pp. 1;J-14). — Brief notes on the more impor-
tant jiultlications on this Lrnnip of insects.
The Lepidopterological books of the nineteenth century, L. B. Prout [Eut.
Rec. and Jour. Variation, 13 (1901), Xo.l,pp.:.^0-^<5). — This article c-ontains a brief
discussion of the literature of this subject, with bibliographical references.
The progress of our know^ledge of the dragon flies during a century and a
half, W. F. KiRBV {Ent.Ila: and Jour. Variailon, 13 {1901), Xo. 1, pp. 7-11).— The
author classifies the more important literature on this subject into a Linnean period
ENTOMOLOGY. 973
and ti iiKxlcTii period, embracing general works on dragon flies^, works relating to
European dragon Hies, tn Britisli dragon flies, and to American dragon flies.
Evolution of our knovrledge of the Ichneumonidae during the nineteenth
century, C. Mokley {Ent. Bee. and Jour. Variation, IS {1901), No. 1, pp. 15-18). — The
author ilhistrates the progress made in the knowledge of this group of insects by
references to the more important literature on the subject.
A study of the structure of the ocelli of insects, W. Redikorzew {Ztschr. Wiss.
ZiioL, 68 {1900) , No. 4, pp. 580-624, ph. 2, figa. 7).— The author discusses in detail the
microscopical elements of the simple eyes in insects. IMaterial for this study was
obtained from a number of species, of which mention may be made of the honeybee,
syrphus flies, and species of Cimbex and Perla. A bibliography of the subject is
appended to the article.
Parthenogenesis in bees, A. Weismann {Anat. Anzeiger, 18 {1900), No. 20-21,
pji. 492-499). — The author discusses in a general way the factors which have been
supposed by different authors to be concerned in determining the sex of different
members of the l)ee colony.
The treatment of foul brood by eucalyptus, salicylic acid, and formic acid,
J. B. Gkamoxt {Rer. Iiitciiiuf. Apieult., 22 {1900), No. 10, pp.225, 226).—¥vom obser-
vations and experiments the author concludes that the most effective and convenient
method of treating hives infected with this disease is by the use of formaldehyde.
The use of honey, J. Crepieux-Jamin {Rev. Internat. Apieult., 22 {1900), No. 10,
pp. 206-210). — The author reports a number of cases in which honey was eaten in
considerable quantities after fatiguing exercise. The results indicated a beneficial
effect from the Imney.
The common European praying mantis, a ne-w beneficial insect in America,
M. y. Slingerland {New York Cornell Sfa. Bvl. 185, pp. 33-47, figii. 14). — This
insect has recently been discovered in the neighborhood of Rochester, N. Y., and it
is believed that the species was introduced into this country by a nurseryman.
Brief notes are given on its habits and life history.
Report of the entomologist, L. Bruner {Nebraska State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1899, pp.
103-142, pl.'i. 16). — In this report the author discusses in a popular manner the
insects which are injurious to native grasses on prairies and in meadows. Especial
attention is given to the leaf hoppers, and a brief bibliography is presented on the
insects which affect grasses. W. D. Hunter presents an additional list of insects
injurious to clover and alfalfa.
Report of the zoologist, II. B. Ward {Nebraska State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1899, pp.
193-205, figs. 6). — This report contains an account of the ticks of Nebraska. An
analytical table for the determination of species is given, and notes are presented on
the life history and habits of Argas arnericanus, OrnHhodoros rnegnini, Derinacentor
america)ius, Boophilnx bovis, Ixodes reduvhis, and Amblyomma americanum.
Report on the work of the State entomologist for the year 1899, S. Lampa
{Eiit. Tidskr., 21 {1900), No. 2, pp. 49-96). — The author gives a detailed account of
the office of the State entomologist. It is stated that Pyrethrum roseum has been
grown successfully on the grounds near the office, with the result that a suflScient
quantity of pyrethrum powder has been manufactured for a jear's supply. The
Hessian fly and Chlorops jiumiUoms are reported as causing considerable damage in
the region of Gotland. Great destruction was wrought by Lymantria rnonacha. An
assistant conducted a numlxjr of spraying experiments with a 2 to 4 per cent solution
of lysol in water and witii a kerosene emulsion. The buds of fruit trees were not
injured ])y a 1 per cent solution of lysol.
Brief notes are given on the habits and life liistory of Hadena bus'dinea, Tipida
olcrarea, Agriotes lineaftt.i, A. i<rgelnm, cal)l)age-root maggot, Ps'da ros.v, (Jharivas gratn-
iniji, Argyrextliia coiijvgella, codling moth, and numerous other injurious insects.
19607— No. 10 — -6
974 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Observations on insects, T. J). A. Cockerell {New Mexim Sta. Bui. 35, pp. 27,
Jiijx. JO). — This Imlletin contains brief popular notes on a number of eronomii;
insects, among which mention may be made of Scolopendra hews, Bryobid pratermif,
Apia (JorKata, pear slug, striped cucumV)er beetle, Epitrix cucumeris, EpUachna vari-
vestls, harlecjuin cabbage bug, squash bug, false chinch bug, and woolly aphis.
Experimental entomologry, F. Merrifield [Ent. Rec. and Jour. Variation, IS
{1901), No. l,pp. 26-31) . — The author calls attention to the necessity for more careful
observations under exi)erimental conditions un the habits and life history nf economic
and other insects.
Insects injurious to cereals, V. Mayet {Prog. Agr. et Vil. {Ed. L'Est), 21 [1900),
No. 49, pp- H91-69S, pi. 1). — The author discusses the life history and habits of Crio-
ceris melanopa, IIippoj»iis gracili-'i, Tcncbrio rnol'dor, and Agriotcft lineatus. Brief notes
are given on the remedial measures which have been most effective in combating
the attacks of these insects.
The life habits of certain grasshoppers, R. TtJMPEL {Alig. Zlxchr. Evt., n (190J),
No. 1, pp. 3-7) . — The author relates his observations on the habits and life history
of Locusta viridis.vma, Decticus verruci,vorus, and Meconema varium.
On locust destruction {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 17 {1900), No. 9, pp. 635-540,
figs. 2). — The following methods for destroying locusts are recommended: The use
of canvas screens with a strip of oilcloth 4^ in. wide sewn on the top of the canvas
so as to direct the locusts into pits, where they are destroyed; trampling by herds of
sheep or goats; dragging with bushes; beating with flails; and the use of the locust
fungus. Mention is made of an insect enemy of the locust known as Cynoinia
pictlfaciex.
Locust destruction {Agr. .Tour. Cape Good Hope, 17 {1900), No. 10, pp. 619,620,
fig. 1). — An account of l)rief reports by C. W. Sparkes and Mr. Halse concerning the
distribution of locust fungus and the use of a bush harrow in destroying the young
locusts.
The apple maggot, F. W. Card and G. F,. Adams {Rhode Island Sta. Rj^t. 1900, pp.
247, ;^.^).— Observations were made upon the effect of plowing underneath trees on
the prevalence of this insect. At first results were obtained which seemed to be very
promising, but on September 19, 1899, 500 apples from the trees which Avere under
treatment and an equal number from a neighboring tree the ground under which
had not been plowed were examined, with the result that 236 apples of the first lot
and 394 of the second lot were found affected. The infestation in the first lot of
apples was, however, not so serious as in the second lot, and the authors believe that
the method offers some encouragement.
The grape-root -worm, a ne^w grape pest in Newr York, ]\1. V. Slingerland
{New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 184, pp- 17-32, figs. 10). — A report of an insect injuri-
ous to grapes at Ripley, in the Chautauqua Lake grape region, was sent to the
author in September. An examination of the vineyard showed that it was set in
fertile soil and had had good care. The leaves on affected vines showed the effects
of the insects' attack in the form of small holes. A number of larvie were found at
work on the roots of such grapevines, and it is believed by the author that the species
is Fidia 'dticida, although no specimens were reared to maturity. Brief pojmlar notes
are given on the life history and habits of this insect.
Tortrix ambiguella and T. pilleriana, J. Jablonowski {Kiserlet. Kozkm., 3
{1900), No. 4, pp. .'69-oGO, ph. 3,fig.t. 8). — The author reviews a part of the literature
which deals with these two species, and gives a detailed a(!Count of their anatomy,
life history, habits, and food plants. Among the natural enemies of T. anihiguella
the author mentions Anomalon flaveolatwrn, Vespa vulgaris, and a bacterial disease
apparently due to the attack of a micrococ-cus. Among the artificial remedies which
were tried against these insects, mention may be made of the kerosene lamp and
pyrethrum. The synonymy of both species is discussed in considerable detail. T.
ariiljigaella is said to be double-brooded in Hungary, while T. pilleriana has but one
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 975
brood Hiiimally. Botli species are permanently established in tlie vicdnity of vine-
yards and become periodically from 4 to 5 times as numerous as usual and corre-
spondingly injurious.
The role of insects in the forest, J. B. Smith {Rpt. State Geol. New Jersey, 1899,
pp. •205-23'£, fi[]s. 9). — The author gives popular accounts of a number of injurious
forest insects, among which mention may be made of gall wasps, the tulip soft scale,
))ark beetles, ambrosia beetles, PnonoxystuH robiniie, and Lyctvft striatus. The agency
of birds in destroying forest insects is briefly discussed by the author, and notes are
also given on the more connnon insecticide methods for destroying such insects.
An outbreak of Psilura monacha, E. Wohl {Illv.i. Ztxchr. Enl., 5 {1900), No.
23, pp. .364-366). — This insect is reported as having been unusually injurious for the
past 5 years in the forests of Obersclesien. The area which is sjjecially devastated
by the species includes several square miles. In localities where the injuries were
unusually severe, attempts were made to check the insect by collecting the eggs and
larva' and by the use of tar bands upon the trees. These methods, however, did not
prove very effective.
Cyanid of potash as a remedy for phylloxera, Mytilapsis fulva, andParla-
toria ziziphi, G. Flokiaxo (*S'to2. Sper. Ayr. Hal., 33 (1900), No. 1, pp. .5-18). — ^The
author tried a number of experiments in inoculating cyanid of potash into grapevines
and citrus trees for the purpose of determining the extent to which it is absorbed l)y
the juice of the plant and whether it would kill insects which were feeding upon
plants at such times. When the cyanid of potash was applied at the vintage term
it was absorbed quite abundantly by the grapevines and distributed both upward and
downward from the point of inoculation. It was observed, however, that the phyl-
loxera continued to develop and multiply as on vines which were not treated.
When cyanid of potash was apjilied as a remedy against M. fulva and P. ziziphi on
citrus trees no benefit was observed; the plants were somewhat damaged and the
insects were not affected.
Sprays and washes, C. W. Woodwortii {California Sta. Rpt. 1898, pp. 181, 182). ~
The author gives formulas and directions for preparing Paris green, kerosene emul-
sion, rosin soap, lime salt and sulphur, .sulphid of potash, Bordeaux mixture, and
ammonia copper carbonate.
Experiments with insecticides and fungicides, N. G. Muker.ii {Ann. Rpt.
Sibpirr Krj,t. Farm, 1809-1900, pp. 9, 10).— In combating the attacks oi Hi^pa senes-
cenn upon paddy, experiments were tried with a knapsack vaporizer and a number
of spraying bellows. The insecticides which were used included tobacco decoction,
kerosene enmlsion, turmeric; dust, and a powder containing ashes, lime, arsenic, soot,
and asafcetida. The last-named insecticide seemed to be very effective.
The orchard and nursery inspection law {Ohio Sin. Rpt. 1900, pp. XXVII-
AXJX). — This is a copy of a law recently passed in Ohio to prevent the introduction
and spread of the San Jose scale, other dangerous insects, and contagious diseases
affecting various trees and plants.
FOODS— ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Report of the analyst [on the adulteration of food and drug
inspectionj {Mmsachusetts State Bd. Health Rpt. 1899-1900, pp.
60o-iU),i). — Of the 4,435 .samples of milk analyzed, 27. *i per cent were
found to ]»e adulterated, and of the 2,615 samples of foods other than
milk, 14.S p(>r cent. In addition to other data relating to the subjects
discussed, the composition of a considerable number of samples of con-
densed milk is reported.
976 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
In investigating the possibilities of tin from cans being dissolved in
fruit juice or in the vinegar sometimes used in canning sardines, the
author placed sheets of tin equivalent in size to the interior surface
of a can in solutions of varying strength of malic, tartaric, citric, and
acetic acids in sealed pint glass jars. The solutions were examined at
the end of 3 months, 6 months, and 1 3'ear. One pint of the one-
fifteenth normal malic-acid solution in 3 months dissolved 0,0197 gm.
tin; the same strength tartaric acid, 0.0246 gm. ; and citric acid, 0.0236
gm. It was found in general that the maximum amount of tin was
dissolved at the expiration of 3 months. A fifth normal malic-acid
solution dissolved 0.0578 gm. tin; a tenth normal solution, 0.0201 gm. ;
a tenth normal solution of tartaric acid, 0.0382 gm.; of citric acid,
0.0374 gm.; of acetic acid, 0.0019 gm. In 6 months the tenth normal
acetic acid had dissolved 0.0083 gm. metallic tin. A method for deter-
mining tin in canned goods is described.
Studies on beans, T, Kosutant {Landiv. Vers. Stat., 5 If. {1900)., Wo.
5-6, 2>p. JfiS-Jj,79, pi. 1). — The author reports the composition of a
number of sorts of beans of French origin and of the same varieties
grown in Hungary, together with the weight of the beans, a chemical
study of bean oil or fat, and the results of tests of the time required
for cooking in distilled water, tap water (river water), and well water,
and water to which sodium carbonate or magnesia had been added. As
shown by the amount of water absorbed, l)eans cooked better in distilled
water than in tap water or well water. Although the softening of the
beans ]>y cooking is influenced by the lime and magnesium content of
the water, it is not directly proportional to the lime content. Fresh
beans did not cook as readily as older ones. The beans cooked more
readily when soda was added to the water, and less readily when
magnesia was added.
Remarks on the use of borax and formaldehyde as preserva-
tives of food, W. I). Hallibuktox {British Med. Jour., 1900, AV>.
2062. pp. 1, '2; ahs. in British Food Jour., 2 {1900), No. 21, j). 2U)-—
In experiments by methods of artificial digestion the author found
that 1 part of borax in 1,()00 parts of milk completely prevented the
curdling ac-tion of rennet and even smaller amounts of borax delayed
this action. Formaldehyde hindered very markedly the digestibility
of fibrin and starch. It appears that soaking two or three days in a
0.5 per cent solution of formaldehyde rendered the artificial gastric
digestion of fibrin almost impossible and that even soaking in 0.05
per cent of formaldehyde hindered it very much. Fresh fibrin was
digested in 30 minutes by a pepsin solution. When soaked 2 day.s in
a 0.05 per cent formaldehyde solution it was digested in 96 minutes
and when soaked in a (». 1 per cent solution or over, it was not digested
at all in 2-4 hours. Formaklehyde, even in small amounts, hindered
the pancreatic digestion of starch. The addition of 2 drops of forma-
POODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 977
lin (u 40 per cent solution of formaldehyde) to a fluid ounce of milk
greatly delayed the curdling action of rennet. Smaller amounts hin-
dered it less, but in ever}^ case the curd formed was less tirra than
normal.
The relation bet-ween temperature and fermentation in the
ensiling of green fodders, A. Vauciikz, P. Makciial, et al. {^but.
Sci. Agroii.^ 1900^ //, No. i, pp. 1-32^ figs. 5, charts 9). — A record
is given of observations on the variations in temperature and in the
products of fermentation in silage prepared in different ways. The
process of ensiling is defined as the conservation of green fodders by
the antiseptic products of their fermentation. The nature, intensity,
and duration of the fermentation depend upon the amount of oxygen
which gains access to the ensiled material. The main object sought
is to prevent as completely as possible the access of oxygen. The
three main factors influencing the suppl}" of oxygen in the silo are (1)
the character and form of the silo, (2) the method of filling, and (3)
the weighting and packing of the silage. The pit silo is recommended
because it can be made more nearly air-tight than the above-ground
silo. The form of the silo should be as nearly as possible cubical,
with rounded corners. In order that the silage may settle uniformly
it is recommended that the bottom be made slightly smaller than the
top, the incline of the sides being about 5 to 10 cm. per meter. Rapid
filling of the silo is not considered advisable, since it is believed that
silage of the best quality is obtained by allowing all portions of the
mass to undergo the same degree of fermentation. When this condi-
tion has been reached the material may be weighted, preferably with
soil. Plants in the flowering stage are considered to be in the best
condition for ensiling, since more mature, drier plants do not undergo
satisfactory fermentation, although this defect ma}' be corrected to
some extent b}- wetting the material as the silo is filled. The method
of filling, wetting, and weighting should be varied with the tempera-
ture and character of fermentation going on in the silo. A certain
degree of fermentation is necessary to the production of the best
product. Too great fermentation destroys its value. The best silage
is as a rule obtained with temperatures between 55 and 70°. With a
temperature over 84:' the silage is black and of poor quality.
Excretion of urea by the skin in health, C. C Easterbook {Scot-
tish Med. and Surg. Jour.^ 6 (1900), No. ^, pp. i^^-i^^).— Experiments
which have to do with the question of the effect of muscular work on
the excretion of nitrogen were made, the author himself being the sub-
ject. The effect of muscular work and hot baths on the excretion of
urea by the skin was studied. Both the work and the baths would each
induce profuse perspiration. The composition of the foods making up
the uniform diet eaten was calculated and the urine analyzed. The
urea in samples of perspiration was also determined.
978 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Tho author's principal conclusiou.s on the effect of muscular work on
the excretion of urea follow:
"When free perspiration was induced the percentage of urea in the sweat rose and
remained high as long as the perspiration continued. This was most marked when
perspiration was induced by those forms of exercise which involved the free use of
the bulk of the nuiscles of the body, e. g., bicycling and dancing and running. In my
opinion this rise in the urea of the sweat of exen-ise is the direct proof of an increase
in proteid metabolism during exercise. . . . During active exercise on a fixed
diet the urinary urea gives variable readings according apparently to the degree of
concomitant persi)iration. Tlie cutaneous urea is always increased; tlie urinary urea
may also be increased, it is more often unaffected, and sometimes it is decreased, but
only wlieu sweating has been profuse, and so has carried off an extra amount of urea
from the body. For a day or two after active exercise the urinary urea may rise.
This rise may be due to a continuance of the excretion of the additional urea in the
system, and to a persistence for a longer or shorter time of the stimulating effect of
exercise upon the bioplasm of the body. . . .
"The reason why the skin excretes more urea than usual during exercise is proba-
bly because it and the limgs are for the time being the naturally predominating organs
of elimination. The most obvious accompaniments of muscular exercise are an
increased respiration and perspiration. During the perspiration of exercise the skin
discharges (1) more water, which by its evaporation serves to carry off most of the
additional heat which is being liberated within the body as the result of the increased
oxidations; (2) more carbonic acid, and (3) more urea, which is determined toward
those organs of excretion which are predominantly active at the time, and so is dis-
charged in relatively larger quantity by the sweat glands, anil in relatively less amount
by the kidneys."
Milk and artificial foods for fattening calves, D. Dickson and L.
Malpeaux (.1////. A(/n>M..JO {1900), y». '>, pp. 217-2Ji5,jigx. J^).—
Experiments are reported on the comparative value for fattening calves
of whole milk; skim milk and potato starch; skim milk, starch, and
a decoction of flaxseed; skim milk and rice flour; skim milk, rice flour,
and a decoction of flaxseed; whole milk with water and barley meal or
flour added; skim milk and malt flour; skim milk and artiflcial cream
(an emulsion of peanut oil, sugar and some other substance); skim milk
and oleomargarine; and, hay tea and flour. Among the conclusions
reached were the following: As regards the quantity of flesh pro-
duced and the quality of the meat, the best results were always obtained
in fattening calves with pure rich milk. Of the different substances
tised in combination with skim milk, the ])est results were ol)tained
with the malt preparations. A decoction of flaxsetnl with flour or rice
starch gave meat of a superior quality. Malt flour cooked with skim
milk i-onstituted an economical food and gave very good results.
Oleomargarine and sugar may be used with skim milk in the same
way as starch and rice flour. Rationally employed it gave very good
results. )»ut tlie (juality of the meat produced was not of the best.
Feeding trials with work horses, J. H. Shei'i-ekd {Xorth Dahota
Sta. Bui. .'/>' IT' o77-J.*?7).— Timothy hay and brome grass supple-
mented by oats were compared with horses performing the same
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 979
amount of work. Tt was found that in 42 days there was an average
daily gain in weight of 0.42 lb. on the first ration and 0.77 lb. on the
second. In studying the comparative value of barley and oats, the
former grain was fed for 9 months to 8 horses and 2 mules, timothy
hay being supplied in addition to the grain. The mules did not eat
the ])arley with marked relisi) at any time although during the first 2
months, while at light work, they consumed a sufficient amount to
keep them in good condition. When the work was increased, they
could not l)e induced to eat a correspondingly increased amount of
barley and frequently refused it altogether. An oat ration was then
given them on alternate months. The oats were eaten with apparent
relish and on this food gains in weight were made. Two work horses
were fed alternately oats and l>arley, supplemented by timothy hay in
28 day periods for 252 days. On an average there was a daily gain of
0.38 lb, on oats and a loss of 0.15 lb. on barley. When malted barley
was compared with oats (the grains being supplemented b}^ oat hay)
in a test with 4 work horses, there was an average daily gain in a 49
day period of 0.49 lb. on oats, while on malted barley there was a loss
of 0.76 11). A mixture of malt and bran, 2 : 1, was then compared with
oats with the same horses. The test covered two periods of 4 weeks
each. Oat hay was supplied for coarse fodder. On the' oat ration
there was an average daily gain of 0.22 lb. and on the malted barley
and bran ration a loss of 0.80 lb. In this and other tests the amount
of work done by the different horses was the same. Corn and oats
were compared with 2 mules for 84 da3^s, one receiving a ration of oats
and corn, the other, of oats alone. Ear corn was used and little or
none of the cobs was eaten. The rations were so alternated that the
author believes the effects of individuality were counterbalanced. On
the corn and oats there was an average daily gain per mule of 0.70 lb.
and on the oats a loss of 0.60 lb. Tests from a previous bulletin are
reprinted for purposes of comparison (E. S. R., 7, p. 801).
The authors principal conclusions follow:
"Brome hay gave as good results when fed to work horses as did timothy hay.
Barley was not equal to oats in feeding value per pound, but was nearly as good.
Mules did not relish l)arley. Malted barley was not so valuable for work horses as
oats and was not equal in value to the dry barley from which it came. Corn fed in
connection with oats in the proportion of 100 lbs. of corn to 125 lbs. of oats, had
greater value than oats; 77.5 lbs. of corn equaled 100 lbs. of oats when fed to work
horses."
Cereal breakfast foods, A. P. Bryant {Dietd. and IL/g. Gaz., 16 {1900), No. 8,
pp. 4.')1-4S3) . — A discussion of the food value of different classes of cereal breakfast
foods as compared with other common food stuffs.
The Schweitzer system of bread making in Paris, W. P. Atwell {U. S. Con-
sular lipiii., 63 [WOO), No. '234, pp. 307-309). — A special process of cleaning wheat,
of grinding it, and of bread making is described. A peculiarity of this process is that
the grain is ground only a.s needed. The cleaned wheat "passes into the mill com-
980 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
posed of flat, circular steel grinders, grooved in such a manner that they a(i'f)ni]>lish
the decortication of the kernel and its granulation into meal at the .same time.
These grinders are movable but do not touch, so that instead of crushing the wheat
and producing a flour in which the starch only is retained, the outer and harder \h>i-
tion of the wheat, containing gluten and other nutritive properties, is retained in
the flour. The bran alone is expelled." The l)read is made almost entirely by
machinery.
Banana flour {Didet. and Hyg. Gaz., 16 {1900), No. 8, p. 466).— \ lir'u'f note on
tlie value of banana flour.
On an apocynaceous plant yielding- large edible tubers, R. T. B.\ker {Proc.
LIriii. Sac. Xcir Soiitli Wale.% 24 {1S99), pt. .3, No. 95, pp. 385-889, pis. 2, fig. 1).—A.
description is given of Parsonia paddisoni, a glabrous woody climber, producing edible
tubers, and an analysis of the tubers reported. These are known in Australia as
"native yams" and are eaten by both colonists and aboriginals. In taste, both raw
and cooked, they are said to resemble turnipn.
The nutritive value of desiccated vegetables, M. E. Jaffa {California Sta.
Rpt. 1898, pp. 154-157) . — The composition of .samples of different sorts of evaporated
potatoes and a sample of evaporated carrots, is reported. The author discusses the
food value of this class of goods, and compares the C-alifornia evaporated potatoes
with the products of Eastern manufacture.
Examination of canned fruits, G. E. Colby ( California Sta. Rpt. 1898, pp. 157-
159). — The amount of cane fruit and grajie sugar in samples of canned apricots is
reported.
Investigations of canned products, E. W. Hilgard and G. E. Colby {Califor-
nia Sta. Rpt. 1898, pp. 159-164, dgm. 1). — An examination of spoiled canned asparagus
showed that those cans which were not what is technically known as "swells" owed
their high acidity to the fluid u.sed in soldering the cans. Zinc and lead were also
found, the former being present in the fluid used in soldering and the latter dissolved
by the acid present. Experiments were made on the influence of heating upon the
liquor of canned asparagus, containing various amounts of soldering fluid. On pro-
longed heating the acidity of the canned contents increased materially. "This is
doubtless to be accounted for by the transformation of the characteristic crystal-
lizable ingredient of asparagus, asparagin, into aspartic acid, by the action of the zinc
chlorid [of the soldering fluid]." Analyses show that a not inconsiderable amount
of tin accompanied the zinc and usually traces of lead salts. Tests are also reported
on the comparative effect of dilute hydrochloric acid upon sheet tin of two kinds.
The authors recommend improvements in methods of soldering cans and point out
the need of sufficient sterilization.
Poisonous effects of eating meat, P. B. Rasmi'ssen {Maanedns^kr. Dryhvger, 12
{1900), No. 9, pp. 329-364). — This article contains a report on investigations of a
large number of cases of poisoning which occurred in consequence of eating fresh
meat or meat in the form of sausage and other preimrations. The author discusses
the pathological changes in the meat of animals affected with various disea.ses, and
the dangers of using such meat for food. Among the diseases thus considered may
be mentioned various fever conditions, septic;emia, and osteomyelitis. Brief notes
are given on the bacteria which were found associated with poisonous meats.
The relation of ethyl alcohol to the nutrition of the animal body, W. S.
Hall {DietH. and Hyg. (iaz., 16 {1900) , No. 8, pp. 453-461).— This abstract of a j)aper
presented at the fifty-first annual meeting of the American Medical Association, iield
at Atlantic City, N. J., June, 1900, is reprinted from the .Joiini(d of tlw American Medi-
cal A.'isociation. A controversial article.
Influence of alcohol on the lacteal secretion {JUdcl. ninl II jig. (ktz., 16 {1900),
No. 7, pp. 405, 406). — A sunnnury of some recent work.
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 981
Respiration experiments -with a corpulent subject, A. Schattenfroh (ArcJi.
Ili/y., .).y ( I'MO), Xo. ,1, pp. f/.l-ll.)', fii/s. ,/). — The respiratory quotient was determined
under a number of conditiouH of work and rest.
Man's power of accommodation to high and low temperatures, M. Rubnek
{Arch. Hyg., 38 {1900), No. £, pp. 120-147).— A study of the effect of climate on man.
The respiratory quotient was determined, and in some cases the excretion of nitrogen
in the urine. The effect of alcohol on carbon dioxid and water excretion at high
and low temperatures was also studied.
Comparative experiments on the activity of the skin of Europeans and
negroes, together w^ith observations on diet in warm climates, M. Riibnek
{ArcJi. Ihjtj., 3S {IfiOO), Xo. ..\ jip. 14S-159). — Respiration experiments, in which
the production of carl)on dioxid and water was measured, are reported with a
negro and a European. On the basis of these experiments and theoretical consid-
erations deductions are drawn regarding the kind and aiiKjunt of food required in the
Tropics.
Contribution to our know^ledge of proteid metabolism in children, F. W.
TuNNECLiFFE and O. Rosenheim {Briti.^lt Med. Jour., 1900, Xo. 2076, pp. 1083-1088,
dgms. 3). — A comparison as part of a simple mixed diet for young children was made
of milk, meat, and "plasmon," a food product prepared from the precipitated casein
of milk. The balance of income and outgo of nitrogen was determined, and in one
case that of phosphorus. Food, urine, and feces were analyzed. The principal con-
clusions follow: Plasmon can replace meat in a mixed diet for children in 23ro])ortion
to its nitrogen content. The phosphorus of plasmon can be assimilated and retained.
Greater gains in weight were made during the plasmon period than during the meat
period in the three experiments reported.
The sweet potato (Ipomaea batatas), L. Boxxix {Rer. Cult. ColonUths^, 7 {1900),
No. 66, pp. 709-711). — A note on the feedine value of the sweet potato. Chemical
analyses of sweet-potato flour and other products with their nutritive ratios are
given.
Investigation of California cattle foods, M. E. Jaffa {California Sta. Rpi. 1898,
pp. 131-136). — The composition is reported of sugar-beet leaves, crowns and tops,
foxtail hay {Eriogonum parvifolium), corn meal, wheat bran, wheat middlings, shorts,
mixed feed, rolled barley, rice hulls, rice, and pine nuts, as well as the protein content
of dried blood, bean meal, and macaroni flour.
Glycogen formation after inulin feeding, R. Nakaseko {simer. Jour. Physiol.,
4 {1900), Xo.o, pp. 246-250). — According to the author's experiments and those of
other investigators which he cites, "the glycogen-forming properties of iiuilin, in
the case of the rabbit at least, nuist still be regarded as uncertain or minimal."
The behavior of certain artificial hexoses, A. Mtjxcn {Ztschr. Physiol. Cliem.,
29 {1900), Xo. 6, pp. 493-516). — Experiments with rabbits and dogs showed that
formose, methose, and methyl glycosid served to induce a storage of glycogen in the
liver.
The source of fat in the animal organism {Dietet. and Hyg. Gaz., 16 {1900),
No. 9, pp.529, 530). — The possibility of the formation from fat of j>rotein is dis-
cussed.
Can unsaponified fat be resorbed? L. Hofbauer {Arch. Physiol. [Pfilger^, 81
{1900), Xo. 4-5, pp. 263-266) . — Experiments with dogs fed fat, artificially colored, led
the author to conclude that unsaponified fat can be resorbed in the intestine.
On the resorption of artificially colored fat, E. PpLtJGER {Arch. Physiol.
[Tyiuger], 81 {1900), No. 8-9, pp. 375-380).— \ controversial article. The author
believes that Ilofbauer's deductions are not warranted by the experimental evidence.
The influence of food and fasting upon animal heat {Dietef. and Hyg. Gaz., 16
{1900), No. 8, pp. 463, 464) ■ — A general discussion of the subject with a citation of
some of Mosso's experiments.
982 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Concerning- some quantitative relations in digestion by pepsin, E. Schutz
and Hrpi'EKT (Arfh. J'In/siol. [Pfiiiger], <SY> ( 1900), Xo. 8-10, pp. 470-.',;.'(;) . — An experi-
mental fi^tufly lit" the physioloiry nf digestion, with special reference tn (|uantitative
results.
Feeding rice meal to pigs, C. M. Conner {SoiUh Carolina Sta. Bui. 55, pp. 7). —
Corn meal and rice meal were compared with two lots of 3 Berkshire pigs each,
the grain ration being supplemented by skim milk. The pigs weighed about 90
lbs. each at the beginning of the test, which covered two periods of 29 and 32 days,
respectively. The rations were reversed in the second period. Considering the
results of the whole test, the average daily gain per pig on the ration containing rice
meal was 1.72 lbs.; on corn meal, 1.66 lbs.; the cost of a pound of gain in the two
cases being, respectively, 3.84 cts. and 4.63 cts. A pound of gain required 2.48 lbs.
rice meal and 9.91 lbs. skim milk as compared with 2.57 ll)s. of corn meal and 10.28
lbs. milk. According to the author rice meal when feci with skim milk has a value
equal to corn meal.
Special instruction in poultry culture, A. A. Brigham {Rhode Island Sta. Bui.
12, pp. 21-36, ph. 9). — The special course of instruction on the care and management
of jjoultry which the station offers is described.
Heredity, A. A. Brigham {Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. 1900, pj}. 387-348). — A })opular
discussion with special reference to poultry.
DAIRY FARMING- DAIRYING.
Feeding experiments, H. J. Wing {Georgia Sta. Bui. Ii9^j>p. 207-
227). — The station has conducted experiments for several 3'ears to
ascertain the cost of milk and butter production. The average pro-
duction of 9 cows for one year was 5,610.7 lbs. of milk and 278.6 lbs.
of buttfer. Records of individual cows are given. Four cows pro-
duced milk at an average cost of 5 cts. per gallon and butter at an
average cost of 12^ cts. per pound. The average cost of food for the 4
cows per year was $41.28 and the profit in milk was $47.26 and in but-
ter $46.29. Two other cows produced milk at a cost of 3.7 cts. per
gallon and butter at a cost of 8.37 cts. per pound. Shredded corn-
stalks was fed with bran and cotton-seed meal to one cow for one 3'ear.
The cost of food was $32.2.5, and the proiit in milk $39.01 and in butter
$43.43. "The comparative value of cotton-seed hulls and pea- vine hay
was tested with 2 cows during a period of 2 years. The nutritive
ratios of the 2 rations were, respectivel3% 1:5.40 and 1:5.04. The
results were in favor of the cotton-hull ration, the profits being $9.26
greater per annum. "If the experiment serves no other purpose it
shows the wastefulness of feeding an unbalanced ration."
The author discusses briefly the following topics: Georgia as a dairy
State, dairying the foundation of diversified fariuing. cotton ^^ dairy
farming, creameries, the future prospects of dairying in Georgia, and
selection of a dairy herd.
Milk examination and milk control, O. Bach {ZUchr. Zhitersuch.
Nahr. u. Ge7immitl.,J {1900), No. 12, jyp. 6'iP-6'^^).— Seventy samples
of the milk supply of Mentz were examined for tilth. The range per
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 983
liter of milk was from 3 to 42 mg., the majority of samples containing
about 10 mg. of foreign matter. The bacteriological examination was
equally unfavorable, it being '' impossible to count the colonies on the
plate cultures."
An apparatus devised by the author for determining the filth in
milk is described and figured. This consists of a long cylinder, ter-
minating in a narrow outlet tube at the bottom, which is connected by
a rubber stopper with a test tube containing 2 or 3 cc. of water. The
cylinder has two side tubes, one near the bottom and the other near
the middle, each provided with rubber tubes closed with pinchcocks.
The cylinder is closed at the upper end with a glass stopper. After
the milk has stood 4 or 5 hours in the cylinder the upper part, includ-
ing the cream, is drawn off through the middle side tube and the
remainder through the lower one. The dirt collects in the test tube,
only a small fraction remaining on the shoulder of the cylinder. The
latter can be washed out into a beaker after removing the test tube.
The dirt is collected on a weighed filter, washed with water, alcohol,
and ether, and dried. The addition of a little concentrated ammonia
to the milk aids the separation of the dirt. The author finds the appa-
ratus gives more accurate results than any other he has tested.
Experiments vrith artificial cultures in making export butter,
M. Grimm {Ms/^. Khoz. ILyemv., 196(1900), Mar.,j)jK o6r5-581).— The
author made experiments in ripening cream with pure cultures of
Bacillus acidi lactici (Hueppe), the cultures of Severin (director of the
bacteriological agronomical laboratory in Moscow), Hansen, Tvede,
Blauenfeld, and Weigmann, and also with a culture of his own. The
latter consists of a mixture of pure cultures of the following micro-
organisms: (1) A lactic-acid bacillus isolated from spontaneously soured
milk and cream, resembling the Bactefixmi, lactis ackli of Leichmann,
(2) a coccus, and (3) a yeast.
The results of the experiments are stated as follows:
(1) The pure cultures of Bacillus acidi lactici (Hueppe) were found
absolutely unfit for ripening export butter (Holstein butter). The
taste of the butter was disagreeable, there was no aroma, and the
acidity was high.
(2) The cultures of Severin gave a good butter with satisfactory
keeping qualities, although the aroma was faint when pasteurized
cream was used.
(3) The cultures of Tvede gave a butter with an agreeable, well-
defined aroma, but not always of satisfactory keeping qualities.
(4) The cultures of Weigmann gave butter with an excellent aroma,
but its keeping qualities were poor, although its density was normal.
The number of liacteria producing the aroma exceeds that of the
lactic-acid bacteria, the former preventing the full development of the
latter.
984 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
(5) The cultures of Hansen ^ave excellent results in all respects.
(6) The author's culture gave butter with good flavor and aroma in
all cases; the density was unsatisfactory in 2 causes (of a total of 6), and
2 samples did not keep Avell. owing, according to the author, to the
fact that too 30ung cultures were taken for the lirst ripening. In all
other cases the keeping qualities were quite satisfactory. — p. fireman.
Grassy curd and cheese, C. E. Marshall {JSHrhujun Sf,t. Bid.
iSJ.jjp. I9-J-.^0o.,jig><. 0).—A stud}' was made of a bacillus resembling
Bacillus coli communis., isolated from gass}^ curd. The production of
gas in milk inoculated with this germ was very al)undant and rapid at
37" C. The gas contained no oxygen. In one determination 99.1 cc.
of the gas contained 76.96 cc. of carbon dioxid and 16.96 cc. of hydro-
gen. The nature of the remaining 5.18 cc. was undetermined. The
appearance of cheese made from milk without the use of a starter,
with the addition of a starter of the gas-producing bacillus, and with
and without the addition of a lactic-acid starter to check the effect of
the gas-producing bacillus is illustrated. The bacillus isolated by the
author measured from 2 to 5/^ in length and 0.5/< in diameter. It was
frequently observed in short chains and was thought to be nonraotile.
It stained with the common aniline stains, l)ut not )jy Gram's method.
The growth of the bacillus in bouillon and milk and on gelatin, agar,
potato, 03'ster plant, par'^nips, ruta-baga, sugar beet, onion, carrot,
turnip, and red beet is described. The indol reaction was o})tained.
The optimum temperature was about 37'-^ C. The bacillus was killed
by heating to 60^^ C. for 10 minutes. Subcutaneous or intraperitoneal
injections of 1 cc. of a bouillon culture were fatal to guinea pigs.
The bacterial flora of American Cheddar cheese: Its con-
stancy and distribution, J.Weinzirl {Cejithl. Bald. a. ]\u.., 1. AM..,
6 {1900), No. 2Jf, 2^P' 785-791).— \Novk by the author upon this subject
has been previously noted (E. S. R., 11, p. -187). In the present
experiment 62 samples of American cheese, 50 of which were Cheddar,
were analyzed. These samples were from 8 States and Canada, and
fairly represent the cheese belt extending from New York to Dakota.
The ages of the known samples ranged from 2 to -150 days. The
number of species of bacteria was found to be cpiite limited, being
greatest when the cheeses were freshly made, and diminishing during
and after the ripening period. Cheese 3 to 12 months old was fre-
quently found to contain but a single species. Pure cultures of the
bacteria were made by the usual method of dilution, and the results
are reported in a table. A form which the author designates as Bacil-
lus lactis acidi was found present in all samples, presenting an aver-
age of 74.2 per cent of the total ])acterial .content. Next in number
was B. acidl lactici (Hueppe), with an average of 21.9 per cent,
though it was absent in a few samples of very old cheese. These two
forms constituted 96.1 per cent of the total bacteria found, and both
DAIKY FARMING DAIRYING. 985
produced lactic acid abundantly, but did not digest the casein of milk.
Another form of bacillus was of quite frequent occurrence, while a
microco(^cus was found more rarely. The two latter differ from the
former in that the}^ slowl}^ peptonize gelatine, but they belong to the
lactic-acid producing group.
Of the remaining bacteria, 5 produced no apparent change in the
milk, and their presence in the cheese was regarded as accidental.
Only 1 Bacterium, of which onl}^ a single colony was isolated, corre-
sponds to Duclaux's Tyrothrix forms.
The author concludes that the lactic-acid producing group of bacte-
ria play a most important role in the ripening of hard cheese. Their
function ciin not be stated positively, Imt it is thought likely that they
exert considerable influence upon the flavor. JB. acidi lacflci is a gas-
producing organism, and when present in small numbers caused no
bad effects, but in large numbers it produced the swelling which is
highly detrimental to cheese.
The duration of the life of tubercle bacilli in cheese, F. C. Har-
rison {Ann. A(jr. Sim.se., 1 {1900), JVo. 9, pp. 321-826). — In this experi-
ment milk was thoroughly inoculated with solutions of pure cultures
of tubercle bacilli. Emmenthaler and Cheddai' cheese were made from
the milk in the usual way, using 10 liters for each cheese. From the
time of manufacture average samples of the cheese were taken weekly.
Equal amounts were macerated in sterilized water and guinea pigs
were inoculated with the flltrate. The animals were examined weekly
and their general appearance and weight noted. After six weeks or
longer the animals'were tested with tuberculin. In those diseased the
temperature sometimes rose above 2", while in the others it never
exceeded O.b'^. After the test the animals were killed and autopsies
made, in which the organs were closely examined with the microscope.
With the inoculations from Emmenthaler cheese from time of man-
ufacture up to from Ho to 40 days tu])erculosis developed in the guinea
pigs. After -iO days from time of manufacture no evil results followed
the inoculations, the bacteria in the cheese having evidently lost their
virulence. In the C'heddar cheese the germinating power of the ])acilli
lasted 10-t days, but after 111 days they were incapal)k> of conveying
the disease to guinea pigs ])y inoculation.
The author concludes that Emmenthaler cheese may be eaten with
safety, as the period of ripening is much longer than the period during
which the tubercle bacilli in the cheese are able to reproduce them-
selves. Cheddar cheese is seldom eaten under four months from time
of manufacture, and during that time the tubercle bacilli become
innocuous. However, in order to render the cheese absolutely safe,
pasteurization of the milk is advisable.
Five samples of soft cheese were Ijought in the open market of
Berne. The ages of these cheeses were unknown, but they were evi-
986 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
dently made within the lu.st few da3\s. Three of the samples conveyed
tuberculosi.s to guinea pi^s by inoculation and two did not.
Practical dairying', K. J. Redding {Georgia Sta. Bui. 49, pp. 177-^05). — The
author discusses in a popular manner dairy cows in regard to breed and type, care
of cows, stable management, milking, separating and ripening cream, churning,
butter making, cheese making, feeding, dehorning, and other topics. Feeding
standards and analyses of feeding stuffs are given. The (■alculatif)n of feeding for-
mulas is discussed and 19 rations for milch cows and «i for fattening steers are
suggef^ted.
A popular discussion of pure milk supply, C. P>. Marshall {Michyjan Sta.
Bid. 182, pp. 173-191). — The importance of pure milk for city trade and for the
manufacture of butter and cheese is pointed out. Observations by the author on
the condition of dairies and stables of different types are reported. Bacteriological
experiments made to demonstrate the real significance of pure milk and polluted
milk are described. Determinations of the germ content of milk drawn under dif-
ferent conditions are given. The cooling of milk, use of preservatives, inspection
and care of cows, construction of stables and milking rooms, and various other
phases of the subject are considered at length.
Milk inspection in Leipzig {Sanitarium., 46 {1901), No. 375, pp. 1 40-144). — A
consular report of the rules and regulations governing the inspection and sale of
milk in the city of Leipzig.
Cream testing, C. H. Eckles {Rpt. lovn State Dairy Com., 14 {1900), ]>p. .5.5-68). —
A popular article on the Babcock test for cream, covering the points of sampling,
testing, and sources of error.
Churn v. estimated results in butter making, M. A. O'Callaghan {Agr.
Gaz. New South Wales, 11 {1900), No. 12, pp. 1135-1138).— In 58 trials with milk
averaging 3.88 per cent of butter fat the loss in manipulation was 0.2.3 per cent.
With a ratio of 85 to 100 for calculating the amount of butter made from the butter
fat 0. 1 per cent too much was obtained over the calculated results by the Gerber
test and 2\ per cent too much by the Babcock test.
Are the lactic acid producing or the Tyrothrix forms of bacteria the cause
of the ripening and of the aroma of Emmenthaler cheese? L. Adametz {Milch.
Ztg., 29 {1900), No. 48, pp. 753, 754).— ^'^n experiment is described in which 10
cheeses were made with the use of pure cultures of Bacillus nohilis and 10 control
cheeses without. The cheese was stored several months and was afterwards exam-
ined and scored. Those made with the pure cultures were of much superior flavor
and aroma.
Dairy laws of California {Rpt. Califoriiia Slate Dairy Bureau, 3 {1899-1900), pp.
60). — A reprint of statutes relating to the sale of dairy products and the inspection
of dairies and dairy cattle.
National and State dairy laws, R. A. Pearson {V. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of
Animal InduMry Bui. 26, pp. 110). — This bulletin contains alistracts (jf National and
State dairy laws now in force and the texts of laws enacted since 1898. The princi-
pal subjects on which dairy laws have l)een enacted in the United States and
Canada and State standards for dairy products are shown in tables.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE.
T-wo ne-w pyogenic micro-organisms, PI Klein ( Centhl. Bali. u.
Far., 1. Aht., 'iiS {I'JOU), JSo. lJf-Jf>,j>j>. Jil7-J^19).~Strept<>c<m;is nul',-
atus was found in the serous exudations of the diseased udder of a cow.
This fluid injected into the body cavity of g-uinea pigs produced a
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 987
purulent inflanuiiiition within a few days and a l<)(;al ahscess was formed
at the point of injection in which the micro-organism was found in
short or long- chains in small groups or in larger spheres. The organ-
ism is readil}' distinguishc^l from Sh'eptococeus niasfitldix. Bactermm
dipther!o!d(K was found in the pui'ulent secretion of the udder of a cow.
The udder was affected in only one quarter and the case had been diag-
nosed as tuberculosis of the udder. The author gives details of the
behavior of this micro-organism on different culture media by means
of wliich it is readily distinguished from the bacillus of diphtheria.
The hereditary transmission of tuberculosis, G. Carrieee
{Arc/,. 21, d. Kq>rr. ,t Aiuti. Pafli., Park, 1. .svv., 12 {1900), No. 6, pp-
782-787). — In order to determine the influences of tubercle toxins
upon the constitution of the young of animals, the author conducted a
lumiber of experiments in inoculating guinea pigs. Five series of
experiments were conducted in which the guinea pigs received the dis-
tilled product of cultures of the tubercle bacillus, the residue of the
distillation of these cultures, an ether extract of the bodies of the
tubercle bacillus, a toluol extract of the bodies of the tubercle bacillus,
and a xylol extract of the same structures. The inoculations were
given several months before the period of gestation began, and as a
result of inoculation the young were born in diminished numbers and
cither dead or with feeble constitution. The author concludes from
these experiments that tubercle toxins influence gestation in lessening
the number of the yoimg, in causing the death of the fetus, the prema-
ture death of the young, or a weakened constitution. Further experi-
ments with young animals born under these conditions indicated that
th(\v ar<^ more sensitive to tulierculosis than normal animals.
Tuberculosis and its management, C. E. Marshall {Mlclugan
Sta. Bui. ISIf., pj>. '207-266., Jigs. 7). — Fifty specimens of milk secured
from different parts of the State were tested for the presence of
tubercle bacilli. Of these samples 16 came from cows which had
reacted to tuberculin and in only one case was tuberculosis produced
in guinea pigs from these samples. The milk of tuberculous cows at
the college was frequently suljmitted to tests with the result that onl}^
one sample of tuberculous milk was found. This sample came from a
cow which died a few da3^s afterwards of generalized tuberculosis. A
post-mortem examination of this animal showed the presence of the
disease in the udder. Of 13 tuberculous cows which were tested for
the presence of tuberculosis in the udder only one showed signs of
the disease in this organ. In order to study the distribution of the
tubercle bacillus in milk and its products, the author secured lung-
tissue from a tuberculous cow and mixed 1 lb. of the juice pressed from
this lung with 120 lbs. of milk. This milk was then passed through
the separator and subsequently an examination was made of the slime,
the skim milk, cream, butter, and buttermilk which were obtained
from the milk. The number of tubercle bacilli found in each of these
988 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.
products is tabulated by the author. All of the products, including
the expressed juice and the milk before separation, were used in inocu-
lating guinea pigs, with the result that a virulent type of tuberculosis
was produced in every case. Pigs fed with skim milk and buttermilk
develoi^ed generalized tulierculosis within ♦! months. The author
believes that the milk of tuberculous cows may contain the tubercle
bacillus and that this organism may find its way into all the milk
products.
A number of experiments were conducted in feeding to pigs tuber-
culous meat in the form of glands. About 50 per cent of the pigs
fed with such material developed tul)ercu]osis. The author gives a
detailed histor}" of tuberculosis in the college herd since 1889, when
the animals were first examined. All animals which gave a reaction
to tuberculin on more than one occasion were subsequently shown to
be tuberculous. The records of the herd show that the disease is
seldom or never transmitted directh" to offspring but that infection of
calves usually occurs after a year or two. The author recommends
that milk should be pasteurized b}" heating momentarily to a tempera-
ture of 85° C. or by sul)jection to a temperature of 68 to 70° C. for
20 minutes. The author's suggested method for managing tuberculosis
is essentially that of Professor Bang.
Ne-w procedures in vaccination against symptomatic anthrax
of cattle by association of an immunizing serum and virus, 8.
Arloing {Compf. Rend. Acad. ScL ParU^ 131 [1900), j\o. o, jjjj. J19-
323). — During experiments on sheep, it was found that an active
immunity could be produced by inoculating with a dose of serum,
followed by a dose of the fresh virus, but that it was impossible to rely
upon analogous results from injections with a mixture of the virus
and serum. When experiments along the same line were extended
to cattle, it was found that more satisfactory results were obtained by
inoculation Avith the mixtures. A certain amount of resistance was
conferred upon cattle by inoculation with 1 cc. of serum mixed with
0.2 cc. virus, or with a mixture of 0.5 cc. serum and 0.2 cc. of virus.
It is possible, therefore, to imuuinize cattle against blackleg by means of
inoculation wath the serum and virus, either separateh' or in mixtures.
Immunity to symptomatic anthrax after the injection of a pre-
ventive serum and natural virus, either separately or in mixtures,
S. Arloing {('ompt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris., 130 (1900), jVo. lo,jpp.
99 1-99 Jf). — In a previous communication the author demonstrated the
fact that blood serum from a strongly immunized cow confers a passive
immunity upon sheep. The immunity produced by the injection of
serum is of short duration. In the author's experiments it had entirel}^
passed away b}' the eighth day. The immunity produced by serum
may be strengthened and rendered moi"e durable by subsequent
inoculations with a lethtd dose of fresh virus.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 989
Experiments were tried in the production of immunity by means of
injections witli mixtures of the 1)lood serum of immunized animals and
fresh virus. Ten animals which were treated with dift'erent mixtures
of these substances are reported upon by the author, and it appears that
nine out of this number died when exposed to symptomatic anthrax.
The author concludes from his experiments that it is a comparatively
easy matter to produce immunit}' in sheep by means of the injection
of blood serum and later of active virus. No satisfactory results were
produced, however, by injections of mixtures of the serimi and virus
in any proportions which were tried by the author.
The dissolution of the anthrax bacillus, G. ]Malfitano {Corivpt.
Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 131 {1900), ^Y.y. ^, pp. m5-^PcS0.— Deg-enera-
tive forms of the anthrax bacillus have long been observed in old cul-
tures or in cultures upon unfavorable media. Under such conditions,
the anthrax bacillus dissolves rapidly and loses its form. Such
dissolution is believed by the author to be a spontaneous process
due to the presence of a proteolytic diastase in the cell. Cultures
heated for lo minutes at a temperature of from 55 to 60^ C. dissolved
more rapidly than those which are maintained at a normal tempera-
ture. A number of antiseptic substances, such as corrosive sublimate,
formaldehyde, and cyanid of potash, kill the protoplasm of the bacillus,
but hinder the action of diastases at the same time. The author believes
that a number of unfavorable conditions may result in the same rapid
action of the diastase found in the cell of the bacillus and in its con-
sequent dissolution.
Investigations on the influence of the substratum upon the
action of disinfectants tOTvard the spores of anthrax baciUus,
U. Otsuki {IIy(j. Bund.schan, 10 {1900), Xo. 4. pp. 7.>i-i7^).— Cul-
tures of anthrax bacillus were kept until abundant spore formation
began to take place, when the material was brought in conta<'t with
the following substances and allowed to dry upon them: Silk threads,
wool threads, pigeon feathers, rabbit hair, silk clothing, leather, wood
of the fir tree, filter paper, cotton, glass beads, cover glasses, and gar-
nets. The materials thus covered with the spores of anthrax bacillus
were then subjected to disinfection by diflerent methods, among which
the most important were steam and a 5 per cent solution of carbolic
acid. A table is given showing the difierent lengths of time that
spores lived upon the difierent su))stances. The results of this study
may be stated as follows: The resisting power of anthrax spores
depends upon their origin and their age. The spores retain their
resisting power unchanged for a long time, if kept dry at a low tem-
perature. The temperature at which spore formation took place has
no influence upon the resistance of the spores. The action of the dis-
infectants depends upon the structure of the materials upon which
spores are dried. Spores which are attached to porous suljstances are
19607— No. 10 7
990 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
not SO easily destroyed ;;s those upon sniootli surfaces. For purposes
of studv the Itest material on which to dry spores is pure quartz sand.
Notes on roup, H. ^V. ^Iaksiiall {Rhode IxlancI Sta. Rj>t. 1.900,
pj>. 2-jo-JJ4.Jf). — Fi'om diseased chickens 6 forms of bacteria were
isolated in pure culture, and an experiment was conducted in attempt-
ing to inoculate other chickens by means of these cultures. During
this experiment 12 hens were arranged in 6 pairs, and each pair received
dailv in drinking water a portion of one of the pure cultures. After
6 weeks of this treatment all the chickens remained healthy. The
chickens from which the original roup material was taken were
ati'ected in the nostrils and eyes, but did not show any diphtheritic
membrane in the throat. Both of these chickens subsequently died.
Since it was suspected that the roup organism might develop more
vigorously on a medium prepared out of chicken meat, the author used
a medium known as rooster agar.
In order to determine the extent of natural transmission of roup, 0
pullets and 4 hens were confined with a roupy hen. and the eves of the
healthy fowls were rul)l)ed daily with the exudate from the sick bird.
All fowls were permitted to drink from the same receptacle. During
2 months 2 of the pullets died and 2 others showed slight swellings
about the eyes. None of the 4 more vigorous ones ])ecame sick. The
author made a microscopic examination of roup tissue taken from the
ej^es and throat of diseased fowls. Besides various bacteria found in
this material, a smaller number of rounded, deeply stained bodies
were distinguished, and it is suggested that these may prove to be some
form of protozoa. An attempt was made to secure pure cultures of
this round organism without success.
In order to obtain experimental evidence on the question of the
identity of the roup organism with the diphtheria bacillus, a number of
fow^ls were confined and fed daily with bouillon cultures of Baeillvs
diphtJier'Ki. After 6 weeks the fowls were killed and found to ])e free
from diphtheria. Later -i hens were inoculated sul)cutaneously with
virulent cultures of the diphtheria bacillus, but no case of diphtheria
was developed in the hens.
The susceptibility of certain species of animals to the organism
of hemorrhagic septicaemia of ducks and chickens, A. Kabikaux
( ( ninpf. R< ltd. S,h: B!,J. Puri^. ■'>2 {1000), No. 7. pp. 166-1.58).— In ducks
and chickens the disease is easily produced by ingestion of cultures
or food su})stances in which the organism is mixed. Death takes
place within from 30 to 48 hours without symptoms except diarrhea
near the end of the period. In the pigeon death results within
al)out the same length of time after eating cultures of this oro-anism.
The ra]>bit is very susceptible, and contracts the disease either by
ingestion of the organism or by inhalation. In the latter casc^ ])ulmo-
nary lesions appear.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE, 991
The disease can be transmitted to tlie guinea pig by ingestion,
inhalation, or hypodermic injection. The white rat succumbs after
about 30 hours to inoculation of pure cultures of this organism. In
the dog the results of an inoculation are less constant. Intravenous
inoculations are ahvaj's fatal within from 30 to 72 hours. Frogs
maintained at a temperature of from 25 to 28° C. succumb rapidly to
hypodermic or peritoneal inoculations.
The repeated passing of the organism through animals increases its
virulence. In the case of the rabbit it was observed that repeated pas-
sages through the rab})it increased the virulence of the organism for
the rabbit, but did not alter its virulence toward the pigeon to a notice-
able degree. Repeated doses of sterile cultures produced an innnunity
through a hypodermic inoculation in the rabbit and guinea pig.
Tests of various antiseptics, F. T. Bioletti {C<(I!f<*i'n!<i Sta.
Rpt. 1898^ pjp. 170-17S). — An analysis was made of a substance called
Puriline, for which high claims were made as to its antiseptic power.
It was found not to contain chlorin and bromin, as claimed >)y the
manufacturers. Puriline was compared with a num1)er of other anti-
septics, such as bittern water, aluminum sulphate, aluminum chlorid,
boracic acid, and calcium chlorid. Various quantities of these antisep-
tics were placed in sterilized flasks containing ordinary beef bouillon,
and they were then inoculated with putrefactive bacteria. The slight
antiseptic power of Puriline was found to ))e due largelv to the alumi-
num chlorid which it contained. This sul)stance, however, was found
to be far too expensive for practical application.
Sea water, to which aluminum sulphate was added in the proportion
of 55 lbs. to 100 gal., was found to be an etfective antiseptic in pre-
venting decomposition, when used in the ratio of IS gal. to lOo gal.
of ordinary sea water. A test of an extract of California laurel
[UmhtUnJaria californica) showed that this substance had no appre-
ciable effect in checking the growth of bacteria.
Alcohol fumes as a disinfectant, ^V. von Brunn {CentlA. Bakt. a.
Bi,'., 1 Abt, 28 {1900), So. 10-11, pp. 309-315, fig ><. ;g).— The author
conducted a number of experiments to determine the disinfectant
power of alcohol fumes upon anthrax bacillus. The material used in
these experiments came from agar cultures from three sources. The
anthrax bacillus was dried upon the surface of silk threads and in this
condition exposed to the action of fumes from alcohols of different
concentration. It was found as a result of these experiments that 10
per cent alcohol has but little effect upon the anthrax bacillus, while a
25 and 50 per cent alcohol gave off' fumes which were considerably
more active. The best results were obtained from the fumes of a 75
per cent alcohol. When 95 per cent alcohol was used it was found that
the fumes had no effect on the anthrax liacillus. These results indi-
cate that alcohol fumes are most eff'ective as disinfectants when mixed
992 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
with ii certain percentage of water and that when the fumes contain a
very small water content, as in the case of a 95 per cent alcohol, the
spore membranes of the anthrax bacillus resist the action of these
fumes for the reason that not enouo-h water vapor is present to soften
theni.
Texas fever (Arrli. ]Vi.«. h. Prakt. Thierh., 37 {1900), No. 1-2, pp. 41-85) .—T\\\s
article contains a report to the veterinary service of Germany on the nature of Texas
fever. A critical review is given of the American and other literature on the sulj-
ject, and it is stated that further investigations are to be made for the purpose of
determining whether Texas fever may lie transmitted by the meat of diseased
animals.
Cattle ticks and Texas fever, R. J. Reddinxt ( Georgia Sta. Bui. 49, pp. 228,
229). — For preventing the deyelopment of Texas fever in northern cattle imported
into the South, the author recommends the destruction of cattle ticks on southern
pastures. It is urged that this can be accomplished by a rotation of crops and by
an inspection of southern cattle twice each week. At such inspections the mature
ticks can be removed by hand and the infested parts of animals may be rubbed
thoroughly with a mixture of 4 l])s. axle grease to 1 11). of kerosene and other similar
mixtures.
Generalized tuberculosis, R. Burggraf (Z/sy*//;-. Flekcli u. MUclthyg., 11 {1900), No.
3,p>. 79). — In one case of tuberculosis in the cow, it was fomid that a marked lameness
which had been noted for some time before death was due to the presence of the
tubercle l)acillus in the body of one of the dorsal vertebrte.
Fetal tuberculosis, C. Schroeder {Zt.'<chr. Fleisch k. Milchhyg., 11 {1900), No. 3,
pp. 79, 80) . — In tlie case of a cow which had tubercular lesions in the lungs, liver,
spleen, and mammary gland, small tubercles were found in the portal, mediastinal,
an<l bronchial glands and in the spleen of the fetus.
Regulations for the control of tuberculosis in cattle {Tijihchr. Vfearti'itcnijk.
Maandhlad, 28 {1900), No. 3, pp. 124-135). — A detailed statement of government
regulations concerning methods for preventing the spread of this ilisease.
A simple method of holding the thermometer during tuberculin tests,
Frank {Devi. Thierdrztl. Wchnschr., 8 {1900), No. 48, pp. 431, .^i').— According to
this method of keeping a thermometer in jilace, a single stitch is taken in the animal
tissue, which is said to require but little time and to hold the thermometer firmly.
The technique of taking the temperature during tuberculin tests in large
herds of cattle, Grundmaxx {Dent. Thicriirzil. Wchmrhr., 8 {1900), No. 48, pp. 420-
4-31, J'ujx. 4). — This article contains brief notes on the various factors which are con-
cerned in giving reliable or unreliable results from tuljerculin inoculations, and reports
the results of the use of various mechanical devices for holding the thermometer
in place.
Tuberculosis in horses, II. Markus {Tijdschr. Yeeartesenijh. Maandhlad, 28 {1900),
No. 3, pp. 97-113). — The author gives a detailed description of the clinical symptoms
and results of post-mortem examination and microscopical study of two cases of
tuberculosis in horses. The temperature was somewhat elevated, reaching as high
as 40.4° C. A number of tubercles were found in the spleen, the liver was somewhat
enlarged, and the mesenteric and lund)ar glands were affected. No gangrenous
abscesses were found in the lungs. The tu1)ercle bacillus was found in all pathological
lesions. The evidence obtained from a study of these cases indicates that the focus
of infection was located in the alimentary tract or its appendages.
Tuberculosis in pigs {.four. Agr. aiid Lid., Soutli AtiKtralia, 4 {1900), No. 4, l>p-
34-5, 346). — A butcher pun-hased 1 1 i)igs ami fed them upon the offal from slaughtereil
cattle and sheep. Of these 11, H died after about 4 months, and the other 2 were
tliseased at the time of examination. An examination of these pigs showed the
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 993
preyeuce of well marked tubercular nodules as large as pigeons' eggs in the lungs, and
tubercles of various sizes in the liver. The lymphatic glands were also attacked. A
bacteriological study of these tuljercles determined the presence of the tubercle
bacillus.
Experimental tubercular mammitis in the guinea pig, L. Xattax-Larrier
{Compl. Rend. Soc. Bid. Paris, 52 {1900), Xo. 37, p. 1024). — By direct injection of the
fluid containing the tubercle bacillus into the mammary gland of the guinea pig, it
was found that a local tubercular abscess was produced within a short time. Indu-
rated tuberculosis developed in the glands within from 4 to 5 days, and at the end
of 2 weeks a true abscess was formed of considerable size. The experiments indicated
that the mammary gland of the guinea pig, like that of domestic cows, is especially
susce]itil;)le to this disease.
The influence of an inoculation of virulent tubercle bacilli in the dog-
upon the agglutinating pcvp-er as determined by a previous inoculation of
attenuated bacilli, S. Akloix(; and P. Coukmoxt {Coinpt. Rend. Soc. Biol. Pari.^, 32
(1900), No. 37, pp. 1025, 1026). — The authors had previously noted that the serum of
tuberculous animals in the last stages of the disease was often deprived of an aggluti-
nating power toward the tubercle bacillus. Further experiments were conducted
for the purpose of determining the cause of this i^henomenon. During the study it
was found that virulent bacilli injected into animals which were free from tubercu-
losis di<l not cause the appearance or increase of the agglutinating power, as was the
case in inoculations with attenuated bacilli. Inoculations with attenuated tubercle
bacillus in a dog produced a considerable increase of the agglutinating power and
conferred upon this animal a certain resistance to subsequent inoculations with
virulent bacilli. Virulent l>acilli inoculated into dogs which had previously received
attenuated bacilli caused a slight decrease in the agglutinating liower.
Liver disease in calves, D. Hctcheox {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hopje, 17 {1900),
No. 10, pp. 602-605). — The author reports a number of observations on this disease
which indicate that it may be carried from farm to farm by affected calves. The
disease appears to be of a contagious nature, but the jmthogenic organism has not
been isolated. Post-mortem examinations of calves dead of this disease show a con-
gestion of the mesenteric blood vessels and a striking jmleness of the muscular tissue,
which emits a characteristic odor.
Kidney spot of calves, K. Vaerst {Arch. TT'/.s-s. n. Pralt. TJiierh., 27 {1900), No.
1-2, pp. 110-126, Jigs. 12). — The author investigated the nature of certain white spots
sometimes found on the kidneys of calves and often considered to be of a pathological
nature. Such spots were found by the author to be normal phenomena occurring in
about 5 per cent of slaughtered animals. The spots are believed to be due to certain
processes in the development of the kidney from an embryonic condition. Exjjeri-
ments with unspotted and spotted kidneys indicated that the taste was not badly
affected by the presence of the spots.
Diseases of sucking calves, C. (). Jexsex {Maanedsskr. Dyrlxger, 12 {1900), No. S,
pp. 297-306) . — The author gives a brief account of the diseases to which young
calves are especially susceptible, and classifies them into the three groups — accidental
diseases, infectious (hseases, and digestive disturbances.
Combating hog cholera, U. De Mia {Gior. R. Soc. Accad. ]'et. Ital, 49 {1900),
No. 50, pp. 1179-11S3). — The author reports the results of experiments in preventive
inoculation against hog cholera. Vaccination acconUng to the method of Perroncito
was without harmful effects in any case, and produced favorable results in the
immunity of treated animals. Of 21 hogs which were vaccinated in one locality, 1
died, while 19 out of 22 check animals died. In another place, 1 out of 15 vaccinated
hogs died, while 6 out of the 19 check animals succumbed to the disease. The
average mortality from vaccinated hogs according to the author's experience was
9.67 per 100, while that of untreated hogs was 33.68 per 100.
994 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
Protective inoculation against hog cholera, Foth {Brrlin. Thierdrztl. Wchnschr.,
1900, Xo. 4S, pp. 566-.56S). — The author ivport.s the results of inoculating 4,909 pigs.
The value of Landsberg and Prenzlau vaccines in actual cases of hog cholera is
believed to be problematical. Xo reaction occurred in any of the cases of protective
vaccination, and it was observed that hog cholera did not appear among herds which
had been previously vaccinate<l with Susserin.
The sale and purchase of animals aflFected with contagious diseases, P.
Bkuxo {dlor. R. Soc. AcanJ. V>t. Jtal., 40 [1000), Xo. 50, pp. 1187-1190) .—The author
gives a brief discussion of the extent of traffic in diseased animals, and suggests the
desirability of a law regulating this business.
The pathological anatomy of pigeon pox, P. Polowixkin {Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt.
Tliierli., ^H (1900) , Xo. 1-2, pp. 86-109, pi. l,Jigs. 9) . — This disease has been known by
a great variety of names, of which the author prefers EpitheUoma contagiosum. The
results of the author's investigations may be briefly stated as follows: The disease is
of a benign nature and is not related to the smallpox of mammals. The swellings
which are characteristic of the disease are to be considered as products of degenera-
tion and not as tumors caused by parasitic organisms of animal nature. Micro-
organisms are found in these swellings, and the disease may be produced by inocula-
tion of healthy birds with such organisms. The serum of pigeons which have
recovered from the disease has the property of agglutinating the pathogenic organism.
TECHNOLOGY.
The manufacture of starch from potatoes and cassava, H. W.
Wiley (U. S. Dept. A<jv.^ Division of CJa inisti'ij Ihil. oS^ pp. J^S^ph.
S,j7(/s. 17). — This bulletin reports oliservations and data on the manu-
facture of starch from potatoes in Maine and other parts of the United
States, together with descriptions of machinery and processes for the
manufacture of starch from potatoes and cassava. The bulletin treats
of the amount of potato starch produced, the soil, fertilizers, and
methods of culture employed in regions where potatoes are grown
for starch making, especially in Aroostook County, Maine, the chem-
ical composition of the potatoes grown, the use of potatoes for alcohol
milking, the microscopic appearance and the uses of the starch pro-
duced; and of cassava as an article of food, microscopic forms of cas-
sava starch, culture of cassava, plans for a cassava or potato starch
factor}', and present status of the cassava industry in Florida.
The total production of potato starch in the United States in 1S99 was
15,5(J0 tons, of which '.t,(»0() tons was made in New Hampshire and
Maine (6,(J0() tons in Aroostook County), -100 tons in New York, and
(i,100 tons in Wisconsin and other Western States. The anal_v.ses
reported show that the starch content of Maine-grown potatoes is not as
large as that of potatoes ordinarily used for starch making in Germany
and other parts of Europe. This is believed to be due to the fact that
potatoes rarely mature naturally in Aroostook County, l)ut the tops
are usually killed by blight or frost. As a result the maxinuun starch
is probably not dovolo]i(Ml.
The composition of American wines, AV. D. Bigelow ( U. S.
D<pt. A(jr., Jjivislon of Cltainisfiu/ Ilnl . J.9, p2>- ^^^)- — This is a com-
TECHNOLOGY.
995
pilation of 845 analyses made l)y the Division of Chemistry, and in
various parts of the country, accompanied by statements regarding
the interpretation of the atialytical results and a description of the ])est
methods now in use for the analysis of wines. Attention is called to
the fact "that these anah'ses are not to be accepted in any way as
expressing the (quality of the American wines produced to-day by the
competent wine makers in wineries conducted in accordance with the
latest scientific principles of fermentation and ripening." The com-
pilation is intended to be merel}' introductory" to careful chemical
studies of *'all the tj^pical American wines and their chief character-
istics," which it is proposed to take up at once.
Report on the vrines made from grapes gro-wn on alkaline soils
of Algeria, L. Roos, E. Rousseaux, and J. Dugast {A/ui. >Sci. Ayroii.,
1900, //, No.s, 2,2yp- 276-320; 3, pp. 321-337).— ThQ^nthov concludes
from an extensive series of observations that vines growing on alkaline
soils ma}' produce grapes containing a high percentage of chlorid
without showing any symptoms of injury themselves. Different inves-
tigators have maintained that < >. 2 to ( ». 3.5 gm. of sodium chlorid per liter is
the maximum content for normal wine, l)ut the author has observed
much larger proportions of the chlorid without any accompanying
injury to the vines. There was no constant relation between the pro-
portion of chlorids in the wine and in the soil on which the grapes
were grown, nor between the chlorin and the other constituents of the
wine. The amounts of the various saline substances in the grapes
seemed to be determined very largely by the climatic conditions, vigor
of growth of the vines, etc. The author is of the opinion that the
salts are contained mainly in the seeds.
Wattle barks for tanning, J. H. Barber {California Sfa. Rpt.
1898^ pp. 227-230). — This article gives measurements of typical trees,
tannin content of the bark of stems, branches, and large roots, and
practical tanning tests of the bark of tanbark acacias {A. 2^!/cmwt/ta,
A. (lecuj'rens, and A. mollissima), planted at the forestry station at
Santa Monica. The results of the tanning determinations are given in
the following table:
Iktcrmi nations, of hmnbuj imiteriol rn black mid aoldi'ti vattles.
Water in
air-dried
substance.
Tannin.
Air-dried
substance.
Water-free
substance.
Acacia decurrens (Black Wattle):
Bark from main stems ...
Per coit.
6.53
8.26
5. 28
7.00
8. 02
7.89
9.32
8. ^u
7.10
Per cent.
42. 48
36.57
31. 35
Per cent.
45. 83
Bark from branches
39 98
Bark f n mi larije roots
s:^ 10
Acncid Diiil/i^xiiiKi ^Black Wattle):
Bark f nun main stems
45. 98 ' 4y 76
Bark from branches
42. 98
:«. 37
41. 80
38.66
47. 02
46 06
Bark fmm large mots...
35 18
Acacin jii/ciiiinfhn (Golden Wattle):
46. 09
Bark from l>ranches
42. 34
Bark f n im lartre roots
50. 58
996 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Practical tests of the barks in tannine- -'lioht russets*' from sheep-
skins gave the following- results: One hundred pounds of air-dried bark
of A. deci(r/'ens tanned 106 lbs. of leather, while the same amounts of
^4. tnoUissima and A. pyenantha bark tanned 112 and HH lbs., respec-
tivel3\ These results coincide approximateh' with tlie relative per-
centages of tannin found by analysis of the air-dried barks.
Uses of wood pulp (Special U. S. Cortsulur Rpts., 19 [1900, pp.517). — A series of
reports are given on the uses and manufacture of wood pulp in various countries.
The use of grape leaves for imparting special aromas to wines, N.
Passekini and P. Faxtechi [Slaz. Sper. Agr. lUil., SS (1900), Xo.5, pp. 436-440). — A
number of experiments are reported in which extracts of grape leaves from well-
known varieties were added to the fermenting must of wines in order to ascertain the
validity of the claim that the flavor and bouquet of wine could be influenced in such
a manner. So far as these experiments go, there seems to be nothing to indicate that
the aroma which characterizes certain varieties of Italian wines could be imparted to
other wines by the addition of extracts from the leaves.
The influence of temperature, acidity, and density of must on its fermen-
tation by various ferments, G. Gelm (Slaz. Sper. Agr.Jtal., S3 (1900), Xo. 3, pp.
17:^- IS 2).
Rational methods of vinegar making and their control, J. Bersch (Der
ratioiielli' Jletrieb der Emg-Fubrication uitd die ('ontrole derseJbeii. Vienna, Pesth, Leip-
sic: A. IlmiJehen, 1900).
The raw materials of the plant kingdom, J. Wiesxer (Die Rohstoffe des Pflan-
zenreiches. Leipsic: W. Ertgelmann, 1900, ed. £, rer.andeid., vol. 1, pp.795, figs. 153).
STATISTICS— MISCELLANEOUS.
Annual Report of California Station, 1898 (C(difornia Sta. Rpt. 1898, pp.
367). — This contains the organization list of the station; a financial statement for the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1898; a report of the director; discussions on preparatory
teaching in agricultural colleges, by E. W. Hilgard, and on farmers' institutes, by
E. J. Wickson; miscellaneous articles al)stracted elsewhere; lists of donations and
exchanges; brief abstracts of several bulletins of the station; and reprints of Bulle-
tin 119 of the station on vine pruning (E. S. R., 9, p. 949), of Bulletin 124 of the
station on lupines for green manuring (E. S. R., 11, p. 534), and of a station circular
on the extermination of weeds (E. 8. R., 12, p. 3oO).
Eighteenth Annual Report of New York State Station, 1899 (Xeir York
State Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 503). — This contains the organization list of the station, a
financial statement for the year ended September 30, 1899, a meteorological record
noted elsewhere, and reprints of Bulletins 158-173 of the station on the following
subjects: Combating the striped beetle on cucumbers (E. S. R., 11, p. 269); the
forest tent caterpillar (E. S. R., 11, p. 865) ; report of analyses of commercial fer-
tilizers for the spring of 1899 (E. S. R., 11, p. 917) ; treatment for gooseberry mildew
(E. S. R., 11, p. 945); leaf scorch of the sugar beet, cherry, cauliflower, and maple
(E. S. R., 11, p. 1058) ; the New York apple-tree canker (E. S. R., 12, p. 59) ; notes
on various plant diseases (E. S. R., 12, p. 55); report of analyses of Paris green and
other insecticides (E. S. R., 12, p. 67); commercial feeding stuffs in New York
(E. S. R., 12, p. 169); a fruit-disease survey of the Hudson Valley in 1899 (E. S. R.,
12, ].. 1.54); director's report for 1899 (E. S. R., 12, p. 198); fertilizing self-sterile
grapes (E. S. R., 12, p. 240) ; common diseases and insects injurious to fruits (E. S. R.,
12, p. 271); aiiiiiuil f 1 for poultry (E. S. R., 12, p. 276); the efliciency of a con-
tinuous pasteurizer at different temperatures (E. S. R., 12, p. 287), and report of
STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS. 997
analyses of commercial fertilizers for the fall of 1899 (E. S. R., 12, p. 226). The
detailed analyses of commercial fertilizers are omitted in the reprints of Bulletins
IHO and 173.
Nineteenth Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1900 {OJiio Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp.
A'AT). — This contains the organization list of the station, alinancial statement for the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, and a report of the director reviewing the work of
the station during the year, discussing the relation of the station to the agriculture
of the State, and giving a list of acknowledgments.
Annual Report of Oregon Station, 1896 {Orrgon Sta. Rpl. 1S96, pp. 16, 17, 19-
21, 27, 28). — These pages contain notes on the work and needs of the station and a
financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 189(3.
Annual Report of Oregon Station, 1898 ( Oregon. Sta. Rpt. 189S, p>p. 15-08) . —
This contains a brief review of station work by the director; a financial statement
for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1898; a report of the agriculturist reviewing the work
of the year and sununarizing the results of experiments reported in previous publica-
tions of the station (E. S. R., 9, p. 867; 10, pp. 635, 674, 675, 684, 686) ; a report of the
chemist, noted elsewhere; a report of the entomologist, giving notes on various insects
studied (hiring the year; a report of the botanist, giving ])rief notes on Oregon weeds,
plant diseases, native clovers, parasitic fungi, etc. ; and a report of the horticulturist
outlining the experiments undertaken during the year.
Annual Report of Oregon Station, 1899 {Oregon Sta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 13-36).—
This includes a report of the director, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1899, and reports of the heads of departments reviewing the different lines
of station work, and giving briefly some of the results obtained. The report of the
chemist is noteil elsewhere.
Annual Report of Oregon Station, 1900 (Oregon Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp.12, 13,
17-32). — This includes a report of the director, a financial statement for the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1900, and outlines of station work by the heads of departments.
Experiments with sorghum are noted elsewliert\
Thirteenth Annual Report of Rhode Island Station, 1900 (Rhodi Jdarul Sta.
Rpt. 1900, jip. 203-383). — This includes the organization list of the station; a report of
the director reviewing the work of the station during the year and giving notes on
the annual meeting of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Elxperi-
ment Stations; a list of station publications during the year and notes on the station
staff; dei)artmental rejaorts reviewing in detail the different lines of station work and
containing articles noted elsewhere in this issue; a financial statement for the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1900, and list of donations, exchanges, and of the publications
of the static in since its organization.
Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture, 1900 ( V. S. I)ej>t. Agr.
Rjjts. 1900, pp. 297) . — Executive reports.
Press bulletins {Ohio Sta. Bid. 120, jyp. 263-274). — This includes reprints of the
press bulletins issued during the year which have not already been incorporated in
the regular bulletins. Following are the subjects treated: Stomach worms in sheep,
a comparison of factory-mixed and home-mixed fertilizers, fall treatment of insect
pests, fall plowing v. white grubs and wireworms, free distribution of sorghum seed,
comparison of varieties of potatoes, the soy bean a substitute for clover, spring treat-
ment of fields where wheat has been destroyed by the Hessian fly, the onion thrips,
San J(jse scale, tree and plant diseases, the cankerworm, suggestions to orchardists
for destroying the San Jose scale, and l)lack knot and peach yellows.
Announcement to Nev/ Mexico ranchmen and list of bulletins, F. W. S.\n-
DKRs {Neir Mexico Sta. Bui. 36, pp. 29-32). — Brief statements relating to the e(ini])ment
and work (jf the station, a subject list of station publications, and the organization
list of the station.
19607— No. lu b
NOTES.
Kansas College and Station. — Herbert F. li()l)erts has been appointed botanist
to succeed A. S. Hitchcock, resigned. The legislature has made a total appropriation
for two years of $202,253.40. Of this amount $20,493.40 is made immediately avail-
able, $5,000 being for the purpose of refitting the old chemical building, recently
burned, for a gymnasium, and nearly $15,000 to cover a deficiency occurring in the
fiscal year 1899. Seventy thousand dollars is given for a new physics and chemistry
building, and $10,000 for additions to the library. The farm department receives
$7,000 in 1902 and $2,000 in 1908, and $2,000 a year is given for farmers' institutes.
These liberal appropriations will place the college in ]>etter financial condition than it
has ever been before. Last year a bill passed Congress granting to the State of Kansas
the abandoned Fort Hays military reservation, located in Ellis County, for the pur-
pose of establishing an experiment station there under the supervision of the State
station, and a western branch of the State normal school. The State legislature has
accepted the reservation and has appropriated to the college $3,000 a year for two
years for carrying on experimental work. The reservation contains 7,600 acres of
land, and represents the different soils and other conditions of western Kansas. It is
thought to give " the finest opportunity ever offered for field tests on a large scale
that are applicable for the farmers of the entire western half of the State."
Minnesota University and Station. — In addition to appropriations for current
expenses of the department of agriculture and the substations at Crookston and
Grand Rapids, the legislature which has just adjourned api^ropriated $25,000 for a
new chemical building, $25,000 for a new veterinary building, $12,000 for an addition
to the women's dormitory, $7,500 for a buililing for instruction and experiments in
dressing and curing meats, $3,000 for Iniildings for swine breeding, $3,000 for an
addition to the blacksmith shop, $3,000 for improvements in the dairy hall, and
$11,200 for barns and other improvements at the su])stations at Crookston and Grand
Rapids. An annual appropriation of $2,000 for two years was also made for the
introduction of agriculture into the rural schools of the State.
Missouri University and Station. — The State legislature-has just made the larg-
est appropriation ever given the university, aggregating $467,400 for the biennial
period. It provides $40,000 for a dairy and live-stock building, and an equal amount
for a horticultural building and equipment. A medical building, an engineering
building, and a dormitory for girls are also provided for. A chair of dairy husbandry
is established, $1,200 given for student labor on the farm, and $3,500 to the experi-
ment station toward general maintenance. The legislature also made liberal
appropriations for libraries and laboratories, out of which the College of Agriculture
will receive its share, making, all told, over $100,000 for agricultural interests.
Missouri Fruit Experiment Station. — The State legislature has appropriated
$26,000 for this station for two years, which includes about $6,000 for permanent
improvements of buildings and grounds and the remainder for salaries, traveling
expenses, labor, printing, and material for work.
New Hampshire Colleoe and Station. — Clarence "\V. Waid has resigned his
position as assistant horticulturist to accept a similar position at the Ohio Station,
998
NOTES. 999
and Harry F. Hall has been appointed to succeed him. Wm. F. Fiske lias resigned
the position of assistant entomologist to accept the position of assistant State ento-
mologist in Georgia. The legislature at its last session appropriated $30,000 for an
agricultural building for the college, which will contain lecture rooms, laljoratories,
and offices for the departments of agriculture and horticulture.
New Mexico Station. — Herbert B. Holt, of LasCruces, has l)een appointed regent
in place of P. Moreno.
Oki.ahoma Station. — The term of W. E. Bolton as member of the board of regents
having expired, H. C. R. BrodboU, of Ponca City, has beei . appointed. The legis-
lature has appropriated $8,000 for buildings. Of this sum, $6,500 will be expended
in the construction of a barn and farm fences, and the balance for many minor
improvements on existing buildings. By a recent decision of the court, a levy of
three-tenths mill for the year 1901 and four-tenths mill for the year 1902, estimated
to yield $46,000, is made available for the use of the college. The money will be
expended in the construction of an engineering building, and an addition to the
library building providing for an asseml)ly hall and quarters for the departments of
botany and entomology in the college and station.
South Carolina Station. — L. A. Sease has been elected a member of the board
of trustees, vice W. H. Mauldin, deceased.
Washington College and Station. — The last legislature appropriated $60,000
for maintenance, $1,000 for the purchase of live stock, $25,000 for building and
equipping a chemical laboratory, $10,000 for an armory, $1,500 for the library, $1,000
for greenhouses and insectary, $4,000 for additions to the central heating plant,
SoOO for museum cases, $1,500 for miscellaneous improvements, $10,000 for a water
system, $5,000 for a sewer system, a small amount for a ward for contagious diseases
in the veterinary hospital, and $10,000 for the substation at Puyallup, of which
$2,000 is for improvement. W. H. Heileman has resigned as assistant chemist of the
station to become a fiel<l agent in the Division of Soils of this Department.
West Virginia University and Station. — President J. H. Raymond has resigned
his position and gone abroad for a time. On his return he will go to Chicago Uni-
versity as ass(jciate professor of sociology engaged in university extension work.
The last legislature repealed the laws under which the boards of all the State insti-
tutions, including the university and experiment station, had been appointed, and
passed new laws providing in the case of the latter institutions for the appointment
of a board composed of six persons of the party in power and three of the minority.
The Vroard of regents resigned after accepting the resignation of President Raymond.
The new l^oard is constituted as follows: E. M. Grant, of Morgantown; C. E. Haworth,
of Huntington; J. W. Hale, of Princeton; Chas. M. Babb, of Falls; J. R. Trotter,
of Bnckhannon; D. G. Gallagher, of Charleston; J. B. Finley, of Parkersburg; Chas.
D. Oldham, of Moundsville; W. J. W. Cowden, of AVheeling. A new fertilizer law
has ])een passed providing a tonnage tax of 40 cts., and requiring manufacturers to
make affidavit as to the source from which materials composing their fertilizers are
derived. A San Jo.se scale law, which is practically the same as the Ohio law, has
also been passed.
PER.SONAL Mention. — The formal presentation of a bronze medal to Dr. S. M.
Babcock, by the State of Wisconsin, as a mark of appreciation of his services to
dairying in the invention of the milk test which bears his name, occurred March 28,
1901, at a joint session of the State senate and assembly. Governor La Follette pre-
sided, and in a brief address paid a graceful tribute to Dr. Babcock's skill as an
investigator and his generosity in giving his invention to the country. O. H. Fethers,
a member of the committee appointed to select the medal, made the presentation.
The medal bears the following inscription: "Recognizing the great value to the
people of this State and the whole world of the inventions and discoveries of Prof.
1000 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Stephen Monlton Babcock, of the University of Wisconsin, and his unselfish dedica-
tion of these inventions to the pn})Hc; service, the State of Wisconsin presents to
Professor Babcock this medal." In his response Dr. Babcock attributed the oj)por-
tunity for carrying on the investigation which led to his discoveries to the wise
l)ounty of the State in establishing and maintaining institutions for research. The
principal address was made by ex-Governor W. D. Hoard, who pointed out the
importiint relation existing between science and practice in agriculture, and laid
great emphasis upon the value of Dr. Babcock' s discovery and its world-wide appli-
cation and introducti'_.. He compared it to the iron plow, the reaper, and tlie
thrashing machine in marking a di.stinct step of progress in agricultural advance-
ment. He cited it as a notable instance of the value of research, ami urged the
encouragement of such work along fundamental lines. "The great necessity of the
hour with the farmers of Wisconsin is a better knowledge of the laws which must
govern the outcome of their labor. The wisest among them see this, feel it, and in
their work as farmers endeavor to be governed l)y this necessity. The leading
thought and purpose of all our citizens then should be to so upbuild, establish, and
strengthen the cause of agri(;ulture in Wisconsin that knowledge, skill, training, and
broad judgment of the relation of things shall direct the hand that labors."
Prof. F. E. Emery, formerly connected with the North Carolina Station, has been
appointed special agent of the Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, of this
Department, to investigate dairy interests in China, Japan, and the Philippines, with
reference to increasing the sale of American dairy products in these countries.
John A. Myers, of New York, died from typhoid fever, after a brief illness, April
8, 1901. Dr. Myers was born in West Virginia in 1853. He served successively as
tutor in chemistry at Bethany College, professor of chemistry and physics in Butler
University, Kentucky University, and in the Mississippi Agricultural ami ^Mechanical
College, and was State chemist of Mississippi for six years. In 1888 lie was appointed
director of the West Virginia Experiment Station, which position he occupied until
1897. He then a.ssumed charge of the propaganda for nitrate of soda, which posi-
tion he occupied at the time of his death. Dr. Myers was widely known among
experiment station workers in this country, and took an active interest in the experi-
ment station movement from its inception.
E. S. Nettleton, agent and expert in connection with the irrigation investigations
of this Department, died at Denver April 23, 1901. Colonel Nettleton had been
prominently identified with irrigation enterprises for many years and was the author
of several works on irrigation problems. A bulletin prepared by him on the Reser-
voir System of the Cache la Poudre Valley was recently issued by this Department.
o
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Editor: K. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Biredor.
EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.
Chemistry, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — The Editor and H.W. Lawj;on.
Meteorology, FertiUzers and Soils (inchiding methods of analysis), and Agricultural
Engineering — ^W. H. Beal.
Botany and Diseases of Plants — Walter H. Evans, Ph. D.
Foods and Animal Production — C. F. Lang worthy. Ph. D.
Field Crops — J. L Schulte.
Entomology and Veterinary Science — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D.
Horticulture — C. B. Smith.
With the cooperation of the scientific divisions of the Department and the Abstract
Committee of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.
CONTENTS OF Vol. XII, No. ii.
Editorial notes: Page.
The Hawaii Experiment Station 1001
Maxinie Cornu, botanist, horticulturist, and agriculturist 1002
Recent woi k in agricailtural science 1004
Notes 1099
SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.
CHEMISTRY.
A simple method for determining phosphoric acid by means of molybdic solu-
tion, .1. Hanamanii 1004
The determination of potash by means of perchloric acid for connnen'ial pur-
poses, C. Montanari 1004
A method for preparing normal, seminormal, decinormal, etc., sulphuric acid
of exact strength, R. K. Meade 1005
A verj^ delicate reaction for determining the presence of formaldehyde and of
milk sugar in milk, E. Riegler 1005
A note on the examination of butter and other fats, A. Reychler 1005
Theine in tea, J. Kochs 1005
The nature and properties of corn oil, H. T. Vulte and Harriet W. (iibson 1006
A method for determining sesame oil in vegetable and animal oils, Tambon.. 1006
BOTANY.
studies on American grasses, F. Lr'.mson-Scribner and E. D. Merrill 1013
Some ways of seed distribution, F. H. Hillman 1014
Exchange seed list No. 5, W. A. Setchell ivnd J . B. Davy 1014
TI CONTENTS,
Page.
Alkali .studies, V. \'>. C. Huffum and K. K. Sl()ss( )ii lOUS
Tln' jiiTinination and jirowth of pea?? in .solutions of fatty aciil sails Ici thi'
exclusion of niini-ra! salts, O. Lovison lOOiJ
Till' toxic action (jf ai'iils and their .sodium salts I m Iniiincs, U. H. True lOlU
The relation of seedlings of gyninospernis to light and darkness, A. Hergerstein. 1011
Dlwervations on latex and its functions, J. Parkin 1011
The metabolism of proteids in plants, K. Schulze 1012
The artificial inoculation of beans with pea tnln'tclc bacteria, F. Nobbc and L.
Hiltner lOb;
Fungi of Florida, M. 11. Hume 1015
Oyptogams of Wyoming, A. Nelson 1015
MKTKOHOLO(!Y CLIM ATOLlXiY.
Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XX VIII, Nos. 10-12 1015
Meteorological observations, C. S. Phelps 1016
Meteorological tables, T. S. Outrain 1017
Meteorological observations, H. L. Price ■. 101 7
Meteorological report for 1899, C. B. Ridgaway 1016
Rainfall in the west and east of F'ngland in relation t'l altitude above sea level,
W. Marriott 1017
Ancniometry, V. ¥. Marvin 1018
WATER SOILS.
River and artesian waters, R. H. Forbes 1 019
A preliminary report on the artesian basins of AV'yoniing, W. C Knight 1019
Lysimeter experiments in 1899, J. Hanainanu 1020
The lime compounds of cultivated soils and the determination of assimilable
lime in soils, D. Meyer 1020
The distribution of alkali in the .soil of the experiment farm, FL E. Slosson .. 1021
8oils of Mississippi, W. L. Hutchinson, W. R. Perkins, and K. P>. Ferris 1022
A .study of the agricultural value of the soils of ^ladagascar, A. Miintz and K.
Rousseaux 1022
The composition of some Herzegovinian and Macedonian soils, W. Busch 102o
The geological agronoiuic charting of soils as a basis for their general valu-
ation, J. Hazard 102o
KKKTILIZEKS.
An experiment on soil improvement, C. 8. Pheljis 1025
I'liusphorite and green maiun-ing, A. N. Engelhardt 1024
On tlu! utilization of fiuorin gas obtained in the manufacture of super|)hos-
phates, C. Elschner 1025
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, ISI. A. Scovell, A. M. Peter, and H. F,.
Curtis 1026
Report of analyses of comnu^rcial fertilizers for the spring and fall of 1900,
L. L. Van 81yke and W. H. Andrews 1()2()
FiKi.i) ri{<ii's.
Various conditions affecting tln^ iiialting(]uality n( barley,,!. .M. II. Miuiro and
E. S. Beaven '. '. 1026
Some te.sts relating to the culture of barley, A. Pagnoul 102S
Results of various culture and fertilizer experiments, II. K. 'Stockbridge...... 1036
CONTENTS. Ill
Page
FieM experiments witli fertilizers, \V. O. At\vateraii<l ('. S. JMielj-s 1028
Fertilizer exiieriiiieiits (hiriiiK 1!H)0, ('. A. ^^looers 1029
A lline-vcar rotation of crops with jiotatoes, rye, ami clover, II. .1. Wliedei-
an.l .1. A. Tilliii>,'liast ---- K'^iO
Four-year rotation of crops with Indian corn, potatoes, rye, and clover, II. .1.
Wheeler and J. A. Tillinjiliast - - 1030
Researches on tlie jjrovvth of f(ira>,'e plants, Monvoisin 10:;i
F( )raj;e plants, B. ( \ Jinffnni and W. H. Fairfield 1 0.J?
(irains, forage crops, and iilants for green manuring, A. J. McClatchie lO.'il
( irasses and fodder plants on the Potomac flats, C. R. Ball 10;;7
Grass experiments, VV. Carruthers and J. A. Voelcker HKH
Memoir on the commercial culture of potatoes, M. P. Lavallee 1032
Potatoes, A. J. McClatchie 1038
Sugar beets, A. J. McClatchie, R. H. Forbes, and W. W. Skinner _ 1038
Exi)eriments with sugar cane, W. Maxwell 1033
Wheat experiments, C. L. Newman 1034
Wheat 1035
Minnesota No. 163 wheat, W. M. Hays and A. Boss 1039
Ex{)eriments with winter wheat, A. M. Soule and P. ( ). Vanatter 1035
Variety tests of wheat, oats, and barley, B. C. Buffum and W. II. Fairfield. . . 10.39
Wheat culture at the agricultural school at La Keole in ISdS, 1S99, and I'.iOO,
P. Ilerbet - - - 1036
HORTICULTURE.
Vegetables, A. J. McClatchie - 1043
Utilizing the greenhouse in summer, F. W. Rane -. 1039
The cultivation of Znaim cucumbers, J. G. Smith 1043
The ])est horse-radish varieties of Europe, and methods of cultivation, D. <i.
Fairchild 1044
The growing of lettuce with i-hemical fertilizers, W. Stuart Ui40
Methods of apple cultivation on light porous soil, R. Goethe and I'',. .lunge . . . 1041
The essentials of peach culture, J. II. Hale - 1041
Winter irrigation of orchards, A. J. ^IcClatchie 1042
Report of tlie liorticulturist, H. H. Hume 1045
Growing and grafting resistant vines, F. Gillet 1042
Fertilizer experiments with nitrate of soda in the red wine district of the .\hr
Valley - - - 1 042
FORKSTRY.
Experiments in rei)lanting cut-over jiine lauds, II. 11. Chai)nian 1047
Norway Hjiruce for profit on the plains, II. B. Kenii)ton 1047
Eucalypts, A. J. McClatchie 1049
Additional notes on tree measurements, C. E. Hall 1048
SEEDS WEEDS.
Red clover seed, A. J. Pieters 1051
The protein substances of seeds, T. Bokorny 1049
The influence of the sun's rays upon the germination of seeds, T. Taumies 1049
( )n the germination of tobacco seed, M. Raciborski 1050
Germination of wheat and oats treated for snuit 1050
Combating weeds by means of metallic salts, F>ank 1050
IV CONTENTS.
DISKASKS OK I'LANTS.
I'age.
Reiioit of tliedcpartiuciit .if hotany, A. A. Tyler 1055
A preliminary bulletin on the jireventioii of smut on oats, E. F. Pernot 1052
Diseases of eelery, H. II. Hume 105(i
Downy mildew of the encumber, H. II. Hume 1056
Investigations on a leaf curl of nuilberry trees, :M. ^Miyoshi I05.S
The " mal nero " of grapes, D. Cavazza I()5:i
Copper sulphate as a remedy for grajie mildew 1058
A sclerotioid disease of beech roots, H. von Schrenk 1054
Chrysanthemum rust, J. C. Arthur 1054
Concerning the rust fungus on chrysanthemums, P. ]\Iagnus 1054
An anthracnose and a stem rot of the cultivated siiajjdragon, F. ('. Stewart. . . 1055
ENTOMOLOGY.
Report of the entomologist, H. A. Gossard 1057
Report of the Illinois State entomologist concerning operations under the hor-
ticultural inspection act, S. A. Forbes 1058
Report of injurious insects and common farm pests during the year 1899, with
methods of prevention and remed\- , E. A. Ormerod 1059
The Angoumois grain moth, J. B. Smith 1062
Report on examination of wheat stubble from different sections of the State;
the jointworm in wheat, A. D. Hopkins 10H2
The periodical cicada or 17-year locust in West Virginia, A. D. Hopkins 10(53
Otjservations on field slugs, and on experiments for the purpose of destroying
them, G. del Guercio lOH.'j
Means of protecting barks and woods against insects, E. Mer 10<)4
Spraying, L. C. Corbett 1064
The con)position of arsenical insecticides, S. Avery 1066
FOODS — ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
Discussion of tlie terms digestibility, availability, and fuel value, W. O.
Atwater 1075
The availability and fuel value of food materials, W. O. Atwater and A. P.
Bryant '. 1069
Composition of coininon food materials — available nutrients and fn^l value,
W. O. Atwater and A. P. Bryant 1076
Studies of dietaries of college students, and of members oi" families ol profes-
sional men, W. (). Atwater and R. D. ]\iilner - 1071
Investigations on the metabolism of matter and energy of full-grown steers on
a maintenance and on a productive ration, O. Kellner, A. Kohler, et al 1071
Analyses of fodders and feeding stuffs, F. G. Benedict 1077
Feeding steers, G. H. True 1074
Sheep feeding, G. H. True . . . .* - 1074
Information concerning the Angora goat, G. F. Thompson 1 077
On the amount of water in slop fed fattening pigs, C. S. Plumb and H. E. Van
Norman 1075
UAIRV FARMING — DAIRYING.
The influence of feed and care on the individuality of cows, C. F. Doane 1078
The bacterial condition of city milk and the need of health authorities to pre-
vent the sale of milk containing excessive numbers of bacteria, H. W. Park. 1079
The vitality of patlin_'ciiic and other micfn-i-^Miisms in milk, F. Valagnssa
and C. Ortona 1080
CONTENTS. V
Page.
Pathogenic micro] )es ill milk, E. Klein 1080
The (liHtrilmtion of the tubercle bacillus and p.seudo-tuberclc Imcillns in milk,
anil the biology of the tubercle bacillus, K. Klein 10<S0
Classification of dairy bacteria, H. W. ( 'onn 1083
P'xperiments with i)asteurizing aj)i)aratu.s, 1900, V. Storcli, T. \'. F. Petersen,
and L. C. Nielsen 1081
Inspection of Babcock milk-test bottles, W.H. Jordan and (t. A. Smith 1083
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE.
Leucocytosis in experimental infections, E. Schlesinger 1084
The relative susceptibility of the domestic animals to the contagia of human
and l)ovine tulierculosis, R. R. Dinwiddie 1084
Tuberculous cows and the use of their milk in feeding calves, C. S. Phelps 1086
Serum diagnosis of tul)erculosis in cattle, S. Arloing 1087
The hereditary transmission of tuVjerculosis through the placenta, G. d'Arrigo. 1087
Experimental tubercular mammitis in cows and goats during lactation, E.
Nocard 1088
Trie diagnosis of anthrax and the destruction of anthrax carcasses, Meyer 1088
Experimental researches on symptomatic anthrax; immunization, E.
Leclainche and H. Vallee 1089
Practical experience in vaccination against hog cholera, Graul 1090
Preventive and curative inoculations against hog cholera, T. Kitt 1090
The glanders bacillus and glanders tubercle, G. Mayer 1091
Experimental aspergillosis, T. A. Rothwell 1091
Investigation of diseases in poultry, E. F. Pernot 1092
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING .
Water measurements, B. C. Buff um : 1 095
Daily river stages at river gage stations on the princijial rivers of the United
States 1096
Experiments in road surfacing, C. H. Pettee 1095
STATISTICS — MISCELLANEOUS.
Eleventh Annual Report of Arizona Station, 1900 1097
Twelfth Annual Report of Connecticut Storrs Station, 1899 1097
Report of Florida Station, 1899 and 1900 1097
Annual Report of Minnesota Station, 1900 1097
Annual Report of South Dakota Station, 1899 1097
Annual Report of South Dakota Station, 1900 1097
Annual Report of Virginia Station, 1900 1098
Tliirteenth Annual Report of West Virginia Station, 1900 1098
Tenth Annnal Report of Wyoming Station, 1900 1098
Croj) Reporter, Vol. II, Nos. 7-9 1098
Trade of Denmark, F. H. Hitchcock 1098
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED.
Experiment stations in the United States:
Arizona Station :
Eleventh Annual Report, 1900 1019,
1031, 1038, 1042, 1043, 1049, 1055, 1074, 1097
Arkansas Station:
Bulletin 62, November, 1900 1034
Bulletin 63, December, 1900 1084
VI CONTENTS.
Kx]>criment stationn in the riiitf-d States — Coiitiiincil. Page.
California Station:
p:xfhan<;e Seed List No. •"), nei-eniber, lilOO 1014
Connecticut Storrs Station:
Twelfth Annual Rcjiorl, IS«ii» 101(5,
10L>.">, 1028, lOOO, 1071, 1075, 1076, 1077, lOS:;, 1086, 1097
Florida Station :
Report for 18<t9 and 1900 101.-), 10:56, 104.5, 10.56, 10.57, 1097
Idaho Station:
Bulletin 2.5, January, 1901 10(;(;
Indiana Station:
BuUetm 84, September, 1900 : 1040
Bulletin 85, ( )ctol3er, 1900 1054
Bulletin 86, December, 1900 1075
Kentucky Station:
Bulletin 88, August, 1900 1026
Bulletin 89, Septem])er, 1900 1035
Maryland Station:
Bnlletin 69, October, 1900 1078
Minnesota Station :
Class Bulletin 8, Deeem])er 19. 1900 1039
Annual Report, 1900 1017, 1097
Mississippi Station:
Bulletin 65, June, 1900 1022
Nevada Station :
Bulletin 48 (Educational Series III), June, i.)(i() 1014
New Hampshire Station:
Bulletin 76, June, 1900 1039
Bnlletin 77, September, 1900 1095
New Jersey Stations:
Bulletin 147, Deceml)er 10, 1900 1062
New York State Station :
Bulletin 177, Novemlier, 1900 1026
Bulletin 178, November, l!i(iO : 1083
Bulletin 179, Noveml)er, llK.ii 1055
Oregon Station:
Bulletin 63, November, 1900 1052
Bnlletin 64, Deceml)er, 1900 1092
Rhode Island Station:
Bulletin 74, November, 1900 1 030
Bulletin 75, December, 1900 lO.'U)
South Dakota Station :
Annual Report, 1899 1097
Animal Report, 1900 1097
Tennessee Station:
Bulletin Vol. XIII, No. 2. July, 1900.. 1035
Bulletin Vol. NIII, No. 3, <)ctol)er, litOO 1029
Virginia Station:
Annual Rei)ort, 1900 1017, 1098
West Virginia Station:
Bulletin ()8, September, 1900 1063
Bulletin f)9, ()ctol)er, 1900 1062
Bulletin 70, November, 1900 1064
Thirteenth Annnal Report, 1900 1098
CONTENTS. VII
Experiment stations in flic TTnitcil States — Continned. Page.
Wyoming Station:
Bnlletin 45, .Time, 1900 1019
Tenth Annnal Report, 1900 lOOS.
101,5, lOK), lOL'i, ]o:;7, io:;9, id^o, lOur), i098
United States Department of Airricnltnre:
Farmers' Bnlletin 123 1051
Division of Agrostologj':
Bulletin 24 1013
Circular 28 1037
Bureau of Animal Industry:
Bulletin 27 1077
Section of Foreign ^larkets:
Bulletin 9 109S
Section of Seed and Plant Introduction:
Circular 1 1044
Circular 2 1043
Division of Statistics:
Crop Reporter, Vol. 1 1, Xos. 7-9 1098
Weather Bureau:
Monthly Weather Review, Vol.XXVIll, Nos. 10-12, Oct(jber-Deceni-
ber, 1900 1015
Anemometry 1018
Daily River Stages at River Gage Stations on the Principal Rivers of
the United States, }\irt VI 1096
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XIL No. U.
The preliminary operations of the Hawaii Experiment Station have
been actively entered upon. Since his arrival Mr. Jared G. Smith, the
special agent in charge of the station, has devoted himself primarily
to the tinal steps necessary for securing a site for the station, and
familiarizing himself with the general conditions. The station is to
occupy a tract of land known as Kewalo-Uki in Makiki Valley on the
island of Oahu. The land extends from the Punchbowl, in the suburbs
of Honolulu, along the east slope of the volcanic ridge, rising from
about 100 feet to nearly 1,400 feet in a distance of 2 miles. The lower
slope is densely covered with thickets of lantana. with scattering-
groups of Prosopis piliflora and Opimtia txiiia; the upper third is
covered with a planted forest of Australian Eucalyptus, Acacia, and
Grevillea species. A site for the headquarters and residence buildings
has been definitely decided upon, and it is expected that considerable
progress toward the erection of the buildings will be made by July
1. Contracts have been let for the clearing of other portions of the
tract, which will furnish a large amount of lire wood and sufhcient
fence posts for inclosing the whole tract.
Mr. Smith writes that one of the most important lines of work to
be taken up at once is that of providing forage and pasturage, as hay
is imported in large quantities from California and retails at from |2T
to $35 a ton in Honolulu. This work will be preliminary to feeding
experiments and other experiments in animal production, to be taken
up later. A trial will ])e made of ensiling the cane tops for use as
fodder, as at present the sugar planters dry these tops and l)urn them,
and l)uy hay from California. Another important line of work will
be the establishment of new agricultural crops. The great need
appears to be for something which can be grown ])y men of limited
means and for which there is already an established Avorld's market, as
the Honolulu market is a limited one and is easily glutted. An effort
will be made to find varieties of citrus fruits especially adapted to the
locality and which will ripen before the California oranges are ready.
All of the oranges and lemons used in the islands are at present imported
from California, oranges retailing at 5 cents apiece and lemons at 25
cents a dozen. The pomelo grows well and is of good quality. Limes
1001
1002 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
thrive l)ottor tli:in :iiiy other citrus fruits, ))ut (■\(mi thoso are not raised
in sufficient <(uantity to supply the local market.
There is a troul)lesome disease among chickens which is said to ren-
der it almost impossible to raise poultry- in the islands. Many unsuc-
cessful attempts on a larov scali^ ha\'e been made. Th(^ practical effect
of this is well illustrated by the high price of i)oulti-y i)i'oducts. Mr.
Smith states that a lot of live fowls from Calif )rnia sold recently at
auction for $1.85 each, and that eggs retail at 60 cents a dozen. A
suitable poultry feed appears to l)e another problem, as at present rice
is the oidy grain obtainable for that purpose.
There are several small industries being started, which the station
may be able to assist. One is the raising of pineapples for caiuiing
purposes, and another banana drying and the manufacture of ]>anana
flour.
The outlook for cooperative experiments on all the islands seems to
be good, as the people are taking a great interest in the work. It
seems evident that as the station develops abundant opportunity' will
be offered for it to render valual)le service to the agriculture of the
islands apai't from the ([uestions related to sugar production.
Maxime Cornu, whose death occurred recently at Paris, was eminent
as a ])otanist, horticulturist, and agriculturist, and made important
economic contributions in each of these lines. He was born at Orleans,
July 10, 18-1:3, and received his doctor's degree in 1872, his thesis being
a monograph of the Saprolegniacete, for which he was awarded the
Desmazieres prize of the French Academy of Science. Ills earlier
work was largely in the study of plant diseases and means for their
prevention, and in some of these investigations he was truly a pioneer.
He became connected with the Museum of Natural History in 187-1,
and in 1884 succeeded Decaisne as director of cultures at the Jardin
des Plantes. Under his direction the plan of the gardens was entirely
changed and its scope enlarged. Special efforts were put forth to
make the collections of living plants more complete, and in cari'ving
out this plan many little-known species were introduced from various
countries, especially from the French colonies. In 1887 he caused to
be establish(>d a course in colonial cultures. This w'as the first well-
organiziKl attemp/t made in Europe to secure the stud}' of (Economic
plants of various colonies, and as an outgrowth of this begiiming the
French Government established in 1807 a garden or station for col-
onial studies, with a central station maintained in France and branch
stations in th(> different Freru-h colonies.
M. Coriui was a member of many learned societies, official commis-
sions on hoi'ticulture and agriculture, and the superior council of
agricultui'e, and was the official representative of his (jovernment at
numerous internation;d congresses. At a conference hcdd in I>erne in
EDITORIAL. 1003
Issl lie succeeded in securiiio- an auiveiueiit vogarding international
coniinercp. and excliaiiii-e in horticultural products. Outsid<> of Franco
M. Cornu is best known by iiis in\-estiiiations in ve^'etahle i)atholooy.
Ho took a prominent ])ai't in working- out the phylloxera pi'obieni in
France, and has published observations u])on many other plant
diseases. He was one of the earliest investio-ators to determine the
relationship between tlu^ cedai' apple and the rust occurring- on pear
and apple leaves. His pul)lication on this subject dealt with Gynnu)-
HjKii'diKjinin saMncB on juniper, and Rn'strHd c(incrllat(i on pear leaves.
The alternate generation of Piirolvhi corona fa. on oats and the secidial
stage of the fungus on the buckthorn were also pointed out. Among
other of his investigations were those on the grape mildew and
anthracnos(\ lettuce mildew, pine-leaf rust, hollyhock rust, onion
smut, etc. ^lost of the publications relating to these investigations
were issued before he assumed the directorship, as his studies in plant
introduction fully occu})i(Ml him during recent years.
This issue concludes the twelfth Nolume of the Record, except the
index number, which will be No. l!^, as usual. The latter is in course
of preparation, and is well under way, l)ut will not be read}^ for dis-
tribution for some little time. In the meantime the new volume will
))e entered upon. A smaller type has been adopted for this, which
will ena))le a considerably larger number of abstracts to be included
in each number without increasing the number of pages. By this
means it is hoped that the publication of the abstracts may be kept
somewhat more closely iip to date.
Good progress has been made in the work on the coml)in<Ml index to
the lirst 12 volumes of the Record. The preliminar}^ work on this is
approaching completion. Even with the condensation which has been
adopted it includes upward of l()0,0()0 separate entries. The com-
bining- of these so as to bring all related references together undt'i
suitable general entries, in order to make it a practical working index,
together with the final editorial work and proof i-eading, will probal>ly
require several months. Although a laborious and expensive under-
taking, it is believed that the product will justify this in furnishing a
full subject index to experiment station work since the passage of the
Hatch Act, and to a very large proportion of the contemporaneous
investigation along lines related to agriculture.
RECENT WORK IN AfxRICULTURAl. SCIENCE.
CHEMISTRY.
A simple method for determining phosphoric acid by means
of molybdic solution, J. Hanamann {Ztschr. Laralw. VersucJisto.
Oesterr., o {190U),j>j:>. 5S-G2; ahs. in Ohem. J^ew% 83 {1901), No. MJ^S,
p. 12). — The author finds that at 40° C. the precipitation can be com-
pleted in 10 minutes, even in the presence of solutions containing a
considerable quantity of iron, by using a molybdic solution strong
in nitric acid. The precipitate filters easih^ washes rapidh", and does
not adhere to the sides of the ])eaker. B}" genth' calcining the j^ellow
phosphomol^'bdate of ammonium at a uniform temperature not alcove
a certain point, a deep blue colored compound of constant composition
is obtained, containing, according to Meinecke, 3.9-W95 P2O5. If after
calcination the precipitate has not the characteristic deep blue color it
should be moistened with ammonia, dried and again calcined.
The mol^'bdate reagent is prepared as follows: One hundred grams
molybdate of ammonia is dissolved in 150 cc. of ammonia of 0.91 sp.
gr.,in the presence of lOO gm. of ammonium nitrate. The solution
is poured into a liter of nitric acid, sp. gr. l.:2, boiled, filtered, and
kept in a brown bottle in a cool place.
The determination of potash by means of perchloric acid for
commercial purposes, C. Monta^aki {iStaz. ^per. Agr. Ital.. S3
{1900), No. 5, ijp. JtS^-J(.62; abs. in Chem. CeiitU., 1901, I, No. 3; p.
203; Chem. Ztg., 25 {1901), Nn. 20, Rep)erf.,p. 68).—1:\iq reagent used
is prepared as follows: Commercial sodium perchlorate, 100 gm., is
shaken with 150 gm. of pure concentrated hj^drochloric acid. The
solution is filtered through glass wool and the hydrochloric acid ev.ap-
orated. In this way a moderately concentrated solution of perchloric
acid, or of perchloric anhydrid, is obtained. A solution of the potash
salts freed from ammonium salts, containing about 0.5 gm. of the pot-
ash salts, is acidified with hydi'ochloric acid, an acidified solution of
barium chlorid added, the solution filtered, and the filtrate evaporated
to 15 to 20 cc. To this 1 cc. of the perchloric acid solution is added
and again evaporated to a sirupy consistency. After cooling, a))out
20 cc. of 95 per cent alcohol containing 2 per cent by volume of per-
chloric acid solution is added with stirring. After standing 2 hours
luoi
CHEMISTRY. 1005
the solution is lilt(M"('fl throug'li a (toocIi crucible, washed with alcohol
coiitaiuino- perchloric ai-id until the washings amount to 60 to 7U cc,
then with a few cubic centimeters of 90 per cent alcohol. The crucible
is dried in the air bath for 20 to 25 minutes at 120 to 180'^ C, then
washed with hot water, dried, and weighed again. The diti'erence in
the two weighings gives the amoiuit of pure potassium perchlorate.
From this the potash may be calculated by the factor .8402. The
results by this method were found to be, on an average, 0.258 per cent
lower than those o])tained l)y the platinum chloi-id method.
A method for preparing normal, seminormal, decinormal, etc.,
sulphuric acid of exact strength, R. K. Meadp: {Jour. Arner. Chem.
Soc, 2J {1001), No. l,pp. 7,.^-7J).— The method of Hart and Croasdale
of making a standard £>ulphuric acid solution bv the use of the electric
current was found by the author to be accurate, and needs no checking
except against errors of manipulation. By this method the electric
current is passed through a solution of copper sulphate. The salt is
decomposed, the sulphuric acid sepai-ating at the anode and remaining
in solution. Very accurate results were obtained in making standard
acids of various strengths.
A very delicate reaction for determining the presence of for-
maldehyde and of milk sugar in milk, E. Kieglek (P/^^<;v/i. Central
Inillr^ '/) {1000). j>2>. 700, 770; ahs. in Chem. Centhl., 1001, /, No. 3,2).
"206). — In testing milk for formaldehyde, phenylhydrazin and a 10 per
cent solution of soda is added to a small portion of the diluted milk.
In the presence of even 2 drops of formaldehyde to 10(» cc. of milk,
a rose color will result. In normal milk no color is produced. In
determining the presence of milk sugar, a small amount of sodium
acetate is added in addition to phenylh3'drazin and lo per cent soda
solution, as in the previous case. A rose color will result in the pres-
ence of milk sugar.
A note on the examination of butter and other fats, A. Keychler
{Pyiil. Soc. Ch'nn. Paris,.!, ser.,25 {1001), No. 2, pp. 7^^-74^).— Compari-
sons are made between the total volatile and the volatile and soluble
fatty acids of butter, cocoanut oil, oleomargarine, neutral lard, and
mixtures of the same. These results are presented in a ta1)le. and
from the ratio of the volatile and soluble acids to the volatile acids a
third column is di'awn. which may be used to determine the nature of
I'ats containing large amounts of volatile acids.
Theine in tea, J. Kochs {Re>\ Cxdt. Colonlales, 7 {1000), No. 60,
p. J(9J^; abs. in Jour. Sac. Cheut. Incl., W {1001), No. 1, j>. J<y).— The
percentage of theine in the teas examined was as follows: Souchong,
2. S3; Flower Pekoe, 4.36; Scented tea, 3.08; Pouchong, 3.41; Congou.
3.83; Oolong. 3. ()6; Cha Morumby, a Brazilian tea, 3.11. The (juality
and value of tea does not depend alone upon the composition, tnit also
u})on the u})pearance, aroma, and taste of both the leaf and the
infusion.
1006 E\n:iaxMENT staiion rkcokd.
The nature and properties of corn oil, II. 'V. Vulte and Harriet
W. (ill'.soN {,/<>"/: Anar. Chnn. Snr., .!.: ( I'.ll) 1)^ Xo. 1, pp. 1-H). 'Y\\^
iiivo.sti»''alioii reported eiideuNors to ideiitil'v the series of fiitty acids
contained in maize oil. Tliis oil is made up of a eoni])lex mixture of
o-lycerids of tiie fatty acids, a small jx'rcentaj^-e of xolatiie oil, and a
larger pi'rcenta<;v of iinsaponilial)le matter. Attention is ealU'd to the
ahnost insurmountable ditticulties. owine- to the hu-k of a detiiute sclieme
of analysis, in ohtaininj^- accurate knowh'dge of the properties of tiie
fatty acids.
The methods employed in the present investio-ation arc o-ivcn, and in
the case of previously known constituents, the results are com])ared
with those of other investig'ators.
In studyino- the soluble fatty acids, a ])ortion of the acjueous liquid
was heated with alcohol and concentrated sulphuric acid. The charac-
teristic odor of ethyl acetate was produced, indicatint«- the presence of
acetic acid. By the silver nitrate test the presence of formic acid as
determined by Kokitiansky. was confirmed. Further research is needed
to prove the presence or absence of caproie, caprylic, capi'ic, and
ricinoleic acids in corn oil. The authors conckule that the present
investiyation adds to the known constituents of the oil, acetic, hypo«-aeic,
and ai'achidic acids.
A method for determining sesame oil in vegetable and animal
oils, Tamiu)N {'/our. Plidi'm. rt ('liliii.,lj. .sw. , lo {lUOl), pp. o7\ '>S;
riLs. Cliein. CeiiM.. 1001, /, No. 7, p. .^^;.^).— To 15 cc. of the oil thei-e
is added T to 8 cc. of a reagent composed of 3 to •!• gm. of chemically
pure crystallized dextrose in loo cc. of hydrochloi-ic acid. The nnx-
ture is shaken '1 or 8 minutes, heated to Ijoiling, again shaken, and the
color noted. In the a})sence of sesame oil. the mixture remains col-
orless. In the ])res(>nce of 1 to 5 per cent of sesame oil. a ])eautiful
rose-red color is pi'oduced, with violet streaks turning to a chen-y rtnl.
Ten ])er cent of sesame oil gives a red color. The same reaction is
obtained with the fatty acids of the sesame oil.
Rock analysis, W. F. Hillkbraxd (IUiI. I . ,s. (in,!. Siirrn/, No. 17f!, )>}>. 114 +
XIII, fuj>^. iJ).— This i>^ ;i revised e<liti(iii of the lii>t juirt of i'.ulletiii US of the Sur-
vey, giving (lescri])tionH of methods mid aiiparatus used in the laboratory of tiie
Survey for tlie eoiui)lete mineral analysis of rocks, minerals, etc.
Recent work in soil analysis, II. (i. Srti)KKi!.\r.M (l\<jl. LoixUhv. Abui. Jlniidl.
Tidxkr., S!> [lUOO), A'o 4, jip. 267-:.'74)-
On the citrate-solubility of the phosphoric acid of bone meal, T. ^Iethneh
[Ztsrhr. Angeiu. Chcm., /!)()/, Xn.t;, j>. /.>'.; ).—Tlieaverage solubility of the plios))horic-
aci<l of 6 samples of bone meal ( •_'] gm. of the l)one is .'lOO ce. of 2 per cent citric acid)
was 95.75 per cent.
The valuation of gas liquor, F. .1. K. Cauii.la (Jmir. Sue. Chnii. Iml., ..'0 il'JOl),
Xo. 7, pp. ;?.:?-i^5).— A discussion of the use of the hydrometer in determining the
ammonia content of this sub.stance.
The ash constituents of some Lakeland leaves, P. Q. Keegan {Xaturc, 63
(1901), Xo. 16o4, i>. ,?.%■)•— T''*' perceiita'jeof ash and the contents of silicaand lime in
theash of the leaves of sycamoie, wych ilm, rowan, common and cojipt-r beech, birch,
CHEMISTRY. 1007
and Scuts |iinc at <liffcri'nt dates arts rc)>(irtrd. The relation uf tlie ash contcnl and
(•(inijiosiliiin ol' tlie asli In t he character of the soil on which tiic trees ,i,n-e\v, is hrielly
discnssed.
Potable water, woman's milk and cow's milk, food substances, and medi-
caments, H. Lajoux {L^ EaupotabU', la lait de femine ct le lait de cache, vKilii'nx <iH-
iiini(iiiv)'^ ct incdk-amenteuses. Rehni^: F. Michmul, 1900, pp. 172,fi(js. 6) . — (lives methods
of examination of water, milk, wines, butter, and other oils and fats, and foi- the
determination of alkaloids, niorphin, caffein, and theobroniin, with analytical data
ohiaineil in the t'xaniination of such i)roducts, in the nnniicipal la])oi-atory of Reims.
A practical method for determining the hardness of w^ater, (i. Mourruoo
{(liiivii. Farm. Vhiin., 50, pp. 440-445).
The gravimetric determination of fat in milk by means of anhydrous
sodivim sulphate, (). Le Comte {Jonr. I'liann. cl CJinn.. (i. kcc, /■> (1901)', JVo. 2, pp.
58-iUJ). — By this method the water in the sample is al)S(jrbed by anhydrous sodium
sulphate, 20 gm. sulphate to 10 cc. of milk. From the mixture the fat is extracted
with I'ther and estimated in the usual manner.
The logwood test for alum, J. K. Colwell and A. E. Parkes [Brithh Fnoil
.Inin-....' {1900), Xo. ^4, pp. .'U'!, 347). — In testing baking powders for alum it^ was
foun<l that many made of tartaric acid and sodium bicarbonate gave the blue color
witii logwood extract. Upon testing the ingredients singly it was found that the
icaction was ])roduced with the tartaric acid, those samples containing small (pianti-
ties of iron and lead responding to the test. Freshly prepared logwood extract made
faintly alkaline with annnonium carbonate was sensitive to the presence of lead or
iron in 1 part per 1,000,000, while a decided blue color was produced with 1 to
1()0,()0() parts. A nund)er of samples of commercial cream of tartar, pure potassimn
bisulphate, ami calcium phosphate failed to give the reaction.
The blue color was also obtained with copper, zinc, and magnesium salts, although
with the latter it was faint and rajndly faded.
Delicate tests for the determination of citric and tartaric acids, (i. Paris
{/Ischr. V)itcr.'<iicli \alir. n. (i'liiis.^nitl., 4 (1901), No. 4, }>!>■ lOO-l'J^). — A discussion
of methods.
The estimation of gluten in flour, Marion and Man<;et (.1;///. ('Iiini. Ana/i/l. ct
.1/7'/., .7 (1900), pp. 249-252; ab.^. in Anah/st, 21; (1901), Xo. 299, pp. 44, 45).— A
mo.litication of Fleurent's method (E. R. R., 11, p. 1075).
Note on the estimation of glycerol, J. Lewkowitsch ( Analyst, 26 ( 1901 ) , No. 299,
jiji. .15, 36). — An extended test was made of that method of determining glycerol in
fermented liquors by which the liquor is treated with sulphuric acid and the glycerol
estimated from the jnu-e carbon oljtained. The method was found to l)e wholly
unreliable.
The treatment of rancid table oils and fats with soda solution, P. Huxii
(Zlsclir. AiKjcir. Cliciii., 1901, No. 7, p. 166). — The author recommends mixing com-
mon salt with the soda s(jlution in order to reduce saponification and to remove the
saponified matter and clarify the fats and oils.
Investigations on the formation of nitric acid during combustion, M.
P.KRTiiELOT (Ami. Cltliii. ct J'lii/K., 7. ficr., 21 (1900), pp. 145-201). — This is an account
of studies of the formation of nitric acid during the combustion in a calorimeter
uniler different piosures and with mixtures of gases of various forms of carbon, sul-
pluir, iron and zinc, and hydrogen, with a discussion of the results as elucidating
the piinci])les involve<l.
Investigations on the method of Berthier for determining the heats of
combustion of solid fuels, U. Antony and E. I)inoi,a (Oaz. ('him. Jl/d., .;(> {!:/(>')),
IL pp. 21S-224).
Chemical and calorimetric investigations of fuel, H. Langbein (Zlschr.
Aia/cic. Vliciii., 1900, pp. 1227-123S, 12:J9-1272).
1008 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The plant alkaloids, .1. W. Bruhi-, K. II.ielt, and ( ). Aschan (/>/> Pflnnzen
ML-aliiidr. Bniiisinck: Frinliirh Vicirrg, WOO, })j). 386).
On a small laboratory furnace, A. Bruno {Compt. Rinid. Acad. Sri. Far'n^, 13^
{1901), Xo. 5, pp. ;.'?>>', ■.'77,JJf/. 1). — An attachment for a Bunsen burner, by means
of which a crucible may bi' iieated hi very hijijli temperature, is described.
Report of the chemical department of the State experiment station at
Albano, Sweden, 1898-99, C. (j. Ecciektz {K<jI. Landtbr. Akad. Handl. Tklskr.,
,)f/ (I'.ioo), Sd. 4, pp. .i.ii'i-JBl). — The suljjects treated in the report are fertilizer
experiments with Klagstorp clay soil and with Martebo marsh soil, potash experi-
ments on sandy soils, and sugar-beet experiments conducted during 1898 and 1899.
BOTANY.
Alkali studies, V, B.C. Buffum and E. E. Slosson {Wijonuix/
Sf(i. Rpt. lUOO^ pp. 16., pis. 5). — In continiuition of these stu(li(\s
(E. S. R., 11, p. 1052), the authors report on the effect of alkali on
the gerniination and growth of phmts, the rate of absorption of salts
from sohition, and the evaporation oi water from salt solutions and
plants. It has been shown that the effect produced by salt solutions is
inversely proportional to the osmotic pressure of the salt in solution.
This indicates that the effect is a mechanical or physical one, and that
the deleterious effects of various salts on plants depends on the osmotic
pressure of the alkali salt in the soil rather than upon the physiolooical
action of the different kinds of salts. This of course applies onl}^ to the
neutral salts, and not to those which have a corrosive effect upon plant
tissues. To further elucidate the above statement, experiments were
carried on in germination and growth of plants in solutions of sulphates
and chlorids of potassium and sodium having the same osmotic pres-
sures. From the previous experiments the effect of sodium sulphate
was determined and this was taken as an arbitrary base, the strengths
of the other salts being i, 1, and 2 per cent solutions. These percent-
ages of sodium sulphate in solution represent atmospheric pressures
of 2.03. 3.8, and 7.1 atmospheres. Wheat and alfalfa seed were germi-
nated in sand which was given an amount of the different solutions
equal to 15 per cent of moisture in the sand. From time to time the
water lost by evaporation was replaced with distilled water. The
germinations are shown in tabular form, from which it is seen that
the effect of the different salts on both wheat and alfalfa was almost
identical in each series of salt solutions. There was a regular decrease
in tile germinations of the seeds as the osmotic pressure increased
and there was no apparent difference between the effect of sodium or
potassium or between the sulphates and chlorids of the same or dif-
ferent salts. As in the experiments previously pul)lished, the «>Hect
of the salts in solution is to retard the time of germination. >Miile
the total percentage of seeds germinated was about the same foi' the
salt sohitions as those germinated with distilled water, the n-tardation
amounted to iis nuu'h as 5 or «i days.
Pot experiments were conducted with wheat and alfalfa in which
the solutions ])i'evi<)usly desci'ibed were used, comparisons l)eing made
BOTANY. 1009
with the same plants ^rown in a normal nutritive solution. All the
salts in weaker solutions pi'oduced a stimulating- effect on the growth
of both wheat and alfalfa. The decrease from the effect was quite
regular with the increase in osmotic pressure with all the salts except
potassium chlorid, which retarded growth much less than the other
salts. With osmotic pressure represented by 3.8 atmospheres, potas-
sium chlorid forced alfalfa into bloom earlier than the other pots, and
its fertilizing effect was very marked except where the strongest solu-
tion was used with alfalfa. With this solution the retarding effect
was as great or greater than that of any of the salts of the saaie
concentration.
In order to determine how far the salts were absorbed by the plants,
they were analyzed for chlorids and sulphates, and it was found that
in case of both potassium and sodium sulphates the more concentrated
the solution the greater the amount of salt so taken up by the plant;
but in the case of the chlorids the normal amount found in the plant
was not increased, but in some cases was actually diminished, by
increase in the concentration of the solution.
The evaporation of water from the salt solutions and the plants
growing in them was measured and the results are given in a table,
which shows the amount of Avater added to each pot to take the place
of that lost by evaporation and to bring it back to the initial weight.
The increase in evaporation during June was due to the increased
amount of water drawn off* by the plants as they rapidly increased in
size. Wheat produced more weight of plant in the nutritive solution
alone than in any of the salt solutions, and in every case less water
was lost by evaporation and transpiration from the salt solutions. On
the other hand, alfalfa produced more weight of plant in the w^eaker
salt solutions and more water was lost in these solutions than from the
nutritive solution alone. In general, there was greater evaporation
from the check pots than from those containing salts.
The germination and groTvth of peas in solutions of fatty acid
salts to the exclusion of mineral salts, O. Lovisox {But. Cen.tbL,
83 {1900), Ms. i, pp. 1-12; 2, pp. 33-1^3; 3, pp. 66-75; ^, pp. 97-106;
5, pp. 129-138; 6, pp. 185-195; 7-8, pp. 209-221^, figs. ^).— Normal
solutions of formic, acetic, and propionic acid were found to penetrate
the cells of the seed without causing their immediate destruction. The
germination of peas was retarded when subjected to solutions of 77.5
per cent normal formic acid, 'o'o.'o normal acetic acid, or 10 per cent
normal propionic acid, the effect of the different solutions being in
proportion to the molecular weight of the acids. The solutions were
found to retard the growth of plants in about the same way that their
germination was affected. The average time that plants survived after
22065— No. 11 2
1010 EXPERIMENT STATION RE(X)RD.
licini;- placed in water eultures of nonual solutions was 52 days for
fonnic. 2S davs for acetic, and i~ days for |)ro])ioiiic acid. The inju-
rious iiiHucnce of these acids upon the ])lants\\as mostly shown by the
effect upon the roots. The proto})lasni of the cells of the roots becomes
oranular, while the younoer cells ai'c killed outrioht. It wa.s thouglit
possible to accustom plants to acids by bejiiiuiini;- with dilute solutions
and increasing the concentration, so that plants may not be injured l)y
full normal s(reni>ths. It Avas found that the plants and \ esscls reipiire
frequent cleansino- of fungi and bactei-ia, as these solutions are good
nutrient media for cryptogamic plant growth. A concentration of
solutions that Avill prevent the functions of the cotyledons and thereby
reduce the plant to a state of starvation was necessary as preliminary
to the nutrition of })iants. Pea seedlings were kept for 80 days or
more in a normal foi'uiic-acid solution. The plants grevv' and develoi)ed
normally, although somewhat reduced in size.
The author Ixdieves that his experiments show the fallacy of the
claim tliat phos})hates. sulpliates. and alkalies are necessary for plant
nutrition.
The toxic action of acids and their sodiuni salts on lupines,
K. II. Tkuk (AiJtrr. Joar. Sci^Jf. sc:. f) {1900)^ .Va. ol.pp. lS.i-192).—
In previous papers dealing with the toxic action of dissolved salts and
their electrolytic dissociation, evidence Avas presented on the ionization
of the molecule on the poisonous properties exerted by these sul)-
stances on the radicles of Lupin i/.s alh>/-'<. The toxicity of the acids
was found to be largely due to the action of hydrogen ions formed in
the aqueous solution.
In the present paper the effect of certain series (^f acids and their
salts on the lupine is given, from which it appears that in the inorganic
acids there is very free ionization. " Practically com})lete dissociation
exists at their death limits for lupines. The sodium salts of these
acids, as far as tested, agree in having a low toxic \!due. As a ride,
the organic comi)ounds offer somewhat greater difficulties, the ioniza-
tion of the molecule being seldom conq)lete at tlu' death limit.
The fatty -acid series was examined, from which it was found that
formic acid was distinctlv the most toxic member of the group. The
sodium salts sIiowcmI little difference in their action, the formate, pro-
pionate, and ))utyrate giving identical death limits. The acetate was
found to l)e \ery weak in its poisonous action.
The aromatic series was investigated, and in general these acids
showed a considerable variation in tlieii' toxic values due to their
chemical structure. In general, the anions of organic acids were
found to possess relatively slight toxic properties, sometimes so slight
as to be neglected, as in the case of acetic and hippuric acids. The
sodium ions are but weakly toxic and the anions sometimes relativel}^
ineffective.
BOTANY. loll
The relation of seedlings of gymnosperms to light and dark-
ness, A. I'.KUOKKSTKIN {II f. Prilf. Ii,>1 . (irsril., IS (J.'m). Xo. ]^, pp.
168-lS.'i). — Detailed reports are givx'ii of investig-atioiis of more than
loo species of gyiuiiosperinoiis plants to ascertain the effect of light
and darkness upon their seedlings. The geniMal conclusions of the
author show that the seedlings of gynuiospernis, with the exception of
(x'nihjo hllolxi and EpJudra spp. , become green even in the absence of
light. The rapidity with whi(di the green coloration is taken on varies
with the temperature, the best temperature b<Mng from 15 to 25- C.
"^riie experiments with Cycas and Zamia showed that these ])lants even
ill the most favorable temperatures were unable to de\(d()[) cldoi'ophyll
in their seedlings in the c()m})lete al)sence of light. The author believes
that this genei'alization will apply to the Cycadacea'. Among many
of the conifei's, especially the GupressinejB, chl()ro})liyll is formed
under favorable temperature conditions in the al)sence of light, and
with the exception of Ldvii- spp. , it is^ formed not only in the cotyledons
but also in the hypocotyl. Experiments with Araucaiia show^ed that
this plant was able to produce chlorophyll in branches developed
while the plant was kept in darkness for several weeks, the formation
of chlorophyll not lieing confined to the cotyledonary leaves, as is the
case of the other conifers. In manj" of the Conifm-ji?, especially in
species of Abies and Cedrus, the embryo contains chlorophyll even in
the dormant seeds. In others the seedlings l)egin to turn green before
the seed coat is broken or shortly after the emergence of the radical.
Seedlings of conifers ^rowMi in the dark have shorter roots and coty-
ledons, but larger and thicker hypocotyls than similar plants grown in
the light. The cells of the hypocotyl of plants grown in darkness are
absolutelv longer and their diameter less than those grown in the
light.
Observations on latex and its functions, .1 . Parkin {Aid}. Bat. , llf.
(J 900), iV^y. iJli^pp. 103-9214, 2>L !)• — Notes are given on a number of
observations on th(^ latex observed in rubber plants, and suggestions
as to its origin and functions. These observations were made during
an economic study of rubber and caoutchouc plants in Ceylon. The
coagulation of the latex is said to be brought about by the proteids
contained in it passing from a soluble to an insoluble form. The con-
ditions for this coagidation will depend upon the kind of proteid
present. If the proteid is a globulin or an albumin it is collected by
heating; if an albuminate, by neutralization. The investigations of a
number of different latex-bearing plants showed that in the case of
Ilevea Irmlliensiti the proteid is an albuminate. In Castilloa the pro-
teid belongs probably to the class of albumoscs, and in Ilura ci'epltans
the proteid seems to be largely globulin.
Several specimens of the latex which were pure white when tirst
issuing from the wound rapidly darkened on exposure to the air, due
1012 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
to the pros(MK-o of an oxydizinj^- t'onrieiit or oxydas(\ The behavior
of ditferent kinds of latex in reference to oxyda.se.s i.s mentioned. As
a rule oxydases are more frequently found in innnature parts of plants.
Investigations made of the car])ohydrates of latex show the presence
of sugar and stareh. The sugar is l)elieved to come from the surround-
ing tissues and not originally from the latieiferous tubes. Starch rods
were found abundantly in the ditierent parts of the plants, and, from
experiments conducted with dead and withered leaves, it is believed
that the starch ])resent in the latex has nothing direct!}- to do with
carl)on assimilation. Ditierent characteristics and properties are
noted in the latex of young and old organs of the same plant and of
difi'erent kinds.of plants. The eli'ectof previous wounding on the flow
of latex was investigated, and it was found that by repeated wound-
ings the amount collected could l)e increased as much as seven times.
This obser\iition was made with Hevea trees, and is of great practical
importance from an economic standpoint. In considering the origin
and function of latex, the author believes that its principal function
is in all probability as a reserve for water. The hypothesis that latex
is present in plants for protective purposes is, in the author s opinion,
hardly warranted, as rul)ber and other plants are su))ject to fungus
diseases and insect attacks to as great extent as manj" other plants not
provided with latieiferous tissues.
The metabolism of proteids in plants, E. Schiilze(Z/.sy7//'. Phy.siol.
CIh',,1., JO [lOUU), \n. ■!-■'>. 2>i>. .>\l-.iU; Btr. Deut. Bot. (rr-sJl., J8
{1900), JS^o. 2, pp. S6-Jf!2). — A detailed report is given of a series of
experiments upon the metabolism of proteids ])y germinating seeds of
Plmiiii satlvuiiL, Vicia sativa., Luplniis latctis, and L. alhua., a prelimi-
nary account of the investigations having been given in the second pub-
lication noted above. In seeds germinated in darkness asparagin,
leucin, tyrosin, arginin, histidin, and 13'sin were found. The amounts
of these difi'erent substances varied with the seedlings, and with the
same seedlings at difi'erent times. An increase in asparagin was usually
accompanied b}' a decrease in the others, especially in the content of
leucin, tyrosin, and arginin. The proteid compounds which were
found to accumulate in the etiolated seedlings varied according to the
difi'erent kinds of seeds, arginin acumulating in L. luttui^^ while at other
times in old etiolated seedlings leucin was present in greater or less
degree.
The previous theory of the author that the decomposition of proteids
in germinating plants results in the formation of ceilain amido acid
compounds as well as hexose bases through the action of acid or trypsin
within the organism is said to ])e confirmed. The varying amounts of
these compounds are attributed to the fact of their being secondar}'
products. The older hypothesis that the proteids in germinating seeds
split up into asparagin and carbohydrates the author claims is
untenable.
EOI'ANY.
1013
The artificial inoculation of beans -with pea tubercle bacteria,
F. NoBBK and L. Hiltner {CenthJ. Bali. u. Par., 2. ML, G {1900),
No. llf.^ pp. Ji^Ji')~-Jt/)7, pi. /). — Kocipro(>al inoculations were niade upon
beans and peas with bacteria from tiie tubercles of each, and with bean
tul)ercle bacteria from tulxM'cles grown upon peas, and vice versa, the
ol)ject being to ascertain the ett'ect of the adaptation of the organisms
to phmts of a different gemis than that from which the}' weiv origi-
nally secured. It was found that if either plant wT.re inoculated with
germs from the tubercles of the other some tubercles would lie formed,
l)ut the organisms seemed to ])e without the power of nitrogen assimi-
lation. If the inoculation was continued a second season, or through
a second or third series of cultures, the bacteria became nearl}^ as effi-
cient as those from the roots of the same genus. To the organisms
resulting from such adaptations the authors have given the name
"crossed" or "■ crossbred bacteria." If inoculations with these cross-
bred bacteria be made upon their original host they will be found to
have nearly lost their ability of nitrogen assiiuilation on the roots of
that plant, showing little if any increased nitrogen content over non-
inoculated plants. The effect of the various inoculation materials as
sho\vn by the experiments with peas is given in the following talde:
Avcraije reaullH of inocMlating peas grown In pots.
Inoonlation niutfrial.
Height
of plants.
Number
of leaves
per plant.
Pods
per pot.
Seeds
per pot.
Dry
matter in
plant.
Nitrogen
in plant.
Mm.
888
1,144
1,146
891
18
19
18
17
11.5
28.0
•26.0
7.0
8.0
lOS..')
59.0
9.0
Gm.
.5.29
24. 03
16. 78
5.33
Mg.
76.5
Pen tulHTclf bacteria
(!nissbrf(l bacteria
743.0
366.0
Check, uninoeulated
89.0
If the dry matter and nitrogen content of beans and peas inoculated
with their own root tubercle bacteria be each represented by 1(»0, the
effect of crossbred ba(^teria upon beans would be represented b}^ 80.74
for the dry matter and 74.8 for the nitrogen content. Upon the peas
crossbred bacteria produced 6tK83 per cent of di-y matter and 49. 2H
per cent of the quantity of the nitrogen stored u]) in plants inoculated
with pure pea tubercle bacteria. The possibility of the transfer of
tubercle bacteria from the roots of one plant to those of a different
genus is affirmed.
Studies on American g^rasses, F. Iv.\.mson-Scribxer and E. D. MerriiJ; ( V. S.
Ikpt. Ayr., Dirisioit of AijroittoliHjii Bid. i^4, l>p- 55,fiil>^- ^3). — Notes ai-e given l)y the
authora on some recent collections of Mexican grasses, of which 227 sj^ecies and varie-
ties are enumerated, n s[)ecieH and 1 variety being new. Notes are also given on
some species of Panicnm, in which Lamarck's types of P. nitidnm, P. sropariuvi, and
P. pubesceiis are figured and described. Miscellaneous notes and (lescri})tionsof new
species are also given ))y F. Lamson-Scriljner and C. K. Ball of a iHind>er of grasses
occurring in the (iulf States. Five new species of Klymus are figured and described.
1014 FA'PERIMENT STATION HECORD.
The order of formation of the elements of the central cylinder in roots and
stems, (i. BoNNiKii {('omj)!. Rend. Ac<i<J. Sci. I'<irlx, I.: I i j:i()0), X'>. ^'0, pp. 781-789,
fiyx. 6). — Tbie "eiu'ral structure of the <-eutr:il cylimler and tliat of the stem and root
and the order of tlie ilcvcloiiuient of the tissues are the same exeept in the different
position of tlie litriieous poles.
Some ways of seed distribution, F. II. I In. i.. man (Xevnda Sin. Bui. 48, Ediirn-
ilonal Scr. Ill, }>p. 10, fiijx. /.J). — The author tiirun'S and popularly describes some of
the methods l)y which seeds of weeds and f)ther plants are distributed.
Exchange seed list No. 5, W. A. Setchell and J. 15. D.wy {Oilifoniia Sta., 1900,
Dec, p}>. 11). — A list is ^riven of seeds of economic plants which are offered for
exchange and a list given of seeds whicli are desired by the department of botany at
the station. The seeds enumerated in tliis list are for exchange only.
Ne-w sug-ar-yielding plant in French Central Africa, A. Chev.vijer {Sitcr.
Iiidig. (1 Co/diiidlc, .'>7 (1.901), Nd. S, ])p. 7o-81). — The plant discussed in this article is
Bourgou {Pdvirnin hnrgu).
Influence of atmospheric humidity on vegetation, S. Mottet (lor. Hi,,!., 7->
{1901), No. a, pp. 38, 39). — The author lielieves the role of atmospheric Iniinidity in
plant growth is greater than is usually supposed. Observations on the growth of a
nund)er of different plants as influenced by atmospheric humidity are presented.
Reproduction in relation to problems in hybridization, ( ). Ames(.I/«^'/-. fhird.,
22 (1901), Xii. SJIJ, p. 130). — A controversial article.
Reserve carbohydrates of Thaliophytes, G. Clautki.\u {Misc. Biol, ded an A.
O'iard; nh.-i. in .four. Uni/. Mirro.^. So/: [l.oiidoni, 1900, No. 6, p. 698). — According to
the autlior, the most abundant carl)oh}(lrate in the Myxomycetes is glycogen, wliich
usually occurs in the j)lasmodia in a half-dissolved I'ondition. The spores contain
only oily substances. The Peridiniepe contain drops of oil and pure starch, and their
membranes give the reaction of cellulose. In the Cyanophycefe a reaction with iodin
is given, resembling that of glycogen, and tlu' presi'iice of glycogen in bacteria is
believed probable. In the green algfe starch is abundant, and in many of the red
alga^ a carbohydraJe closely resembling starch is present. Fimgi are said to contain
an abundance of glycogen and oily substances, besides various forms of sugar, glucose,
levulose, trehalose, and mannite.
The influence of chemical agents on the groAvth of algse and fungi, N. Oxo
{Jonr. Col. Sri. Imp. Vnir. Tuki/o, 13 {1900), j>p. 141-180. jd. 1; <(/«. in Jour. lioii.
Micros. Soc. [London], 1900, No. 6, pp. 698, 699). — A large number of experiments are
reported upon, in which the effect of different chemical salts upon algre an<l ftuigi
is sIkavu. Extremely dilute solutions of some poisonous salts were found to iiromole
the growth of the lower algte. Among these were zine sulphate, iron suli)hate,
(!opper sulphate, and iron arsenite. These substances favored the multij)lication
of the organisms rather than increase in the size of the individual. The fungi were
found to l)e more sensitive to small (juantities of mineral salts tlian the alga% and the
formation of spores was especially chec^ked by these sul)staiu'es. The ojitimiun con-
centi'ation of mercurial chlorid for fungi was found to be about 0.00i;5, and of coi)|)er
sulphate about ().t)12.
The meaning of mycorrhiza, E. ^■r\u\.(J(thrJ). llV.s.v. lial. [Pring.^liciiul, 34 {1900),
pp. 539-068, figs, i; ahx. i„ .lour. Roij. Micros. Sue. [/.<*// r/o/i], 19U0, No. 6, p. 707).— TUa
author enumerates all tlie i>lants in whicli ectotroj)ic and endotropic mycorrhiza are
known to exist. At present, mycorrhiza are unknown in the families Crucifera?,
Cvj)erace8e, and Polypodiacea*; but the author considers it ])robable that the greater
number of the higher plants are capable, under certain circumstances, of entering
into symbiosis with fungi. The explanation of the occurrence in the same forest of
plants which do and othei's which do n<it nldain their nourishment in this way is
found in the difference in their facililv of aitsm-binir niiiieral food material. Plants
METEOROLOGY CLIArATOLOGY. 101 5
witli a rapi<l tranHjiiratidn curi'ciit can dispciisc w itli the foi'iiiatiini of inycorrhiza,
wliile thoHc with wt-ak tniii8i)ii'atii>n can ohlain a siiHicicnt supjily only l)y the assist-
ance of the symbiotic funsfus.
Notes on the cytology of Gastromycetes, R. Maire {f'ompt. Reml. Arnd. Sci.
P((ris, J.)'/ (inoo), Sii. jn, p/i. 1247, 124s). — Cytoiogical notes are given ujion thestndy
of a nuiuhcr of species of Lycoi)er(lon, Nidularia. (ieaster, and Cyattius.
Fung-i of Florida, H. H. Hcmk {F/arida Sta. Rpt. 1899 and 1900, j>p. SS-44,
jiij. I . ) — A list is given of fnngi collected by the author and others, in which the dis-
tiibiition of the s])ecies is indicated and several new species described.
Cryptog-ams of Wyoming', A. Nelson ( Wi/oruing Std. Rpt. 1900, pp. :^,9). — A list
is yixcii with dcscriptixe notes on a number of S[)ecies of cryptogams that have been
coilcit.'d by tlic autlior and otiiers in the Stati' of Wyoming. This list is published
as siii>plcnicntal to tiic rciiort on the Hfjra of \\'yoniiiig ( Iv S. R., 8, p. 956).
METEOROLOGY -CLIMATOLOGY.
Monthly Weather Review ( Z'/. -S'. Dejjf. ^If/r., Wrr/t/tr/- Bureau^
M<»iiJilij WntllKi' Revieti\ i^S (JOOO). ^^o.s. JO. pp. 4.25-^76, >(/.s-. 17,
charts 10; lUpp. ,f7'/--5^6', ^V.v. J,.AV-^-. //, rlnnls 10; 12, pp. 527-583,
l>l. Uf<J. U charis 10). — In addition to the usual reports on forecasts,
warninos, w(nitli(M- and crop conditions, meteorological ta])les and
charts foi- the niontiis of Octol)er. Novenil)er. and December, 1900,
these luinihcrs contain the following articles and notes.
No. 10, sj)ecial contribntions on Lightning from a cloudless sky, by B. S. Pague;
Property loss by lightning in tiie Lnited States, 1899, by A. J. Henry; Cumulus
clouds at the Bayonne, N. J., fire, by J. H. Kadie; Drift ice and the theory of ocean
currents, l>y R. A. Daly; Ttie dynamic i)rinciple of the circulatory movements in the
atmosphere (illus. ), l>y V. Bjerknes; and The Porto Rican hurricane of 1899, by C. (>.
Paullin; and notes l\v the editor on the Weather Bureau at the Paris P^xposition, the
proceedings of the Pennanent International Meteorological Committee, oscillations
of lake level, correction. Weather Bureau men as instructors in meteorology, train-
ing needed to ])ecome investigators, climate and liora, heaviest rainfall at I^a Crosse,
Wis., meteorological cablegrams, jjsychrometric tables, observations during the solar
eclipse, pogonij), and the long record of Mr. S. P. Davidson.
No. 11, special contributions on Rainfall from convectional currents (illus.), by
H. PL Kimball; Rainfall on the Island of St. Kitts, W. I. (illus.), by W. H. Alex-
ander; Notes on local whiil winds in New Brunswick, by S. W. Kain; Lightning
from a clou<lless sky, by C. \\. AshiTaft, jr.; Climate of Spokane, Wash., by C. Stew-
art; Fog studies on Mount Tamalpais, by A. G. McAdie; The water supply for the
season of 1900 as dejiending on snowfall: and Tornadoes in Tennessee, Mississippi,
and Arkansas (ilhis. ), by S. C. p]mery.
No. IL', special contri))utions on The circulatory movements in the atmosphere, l)y
\'. Ljerknes; Line integrals in the atmosphere (illus.), by F. H. Bigelow; The peo-
ple of Mars, by C. I". Talinan; Prof. N. H. Yerby, by F. P. Chaffee; and Records by
the kite corps at Bayonne, N. J., by W. H. Mitchell; and notes by the editor on
weather forecasts in Mexico, meteorology in Costa Rica, micro-photographs of snow
crystals, bcjmbarding hail clouds, meteorologj' as a college course, mars and the earth,
oscillati(.)ns of the lakes and the climate in arid regions, erosion due to heavy rains
and steep grades, mirage over I^ake Michigan, meteorology at the Paris Congress of
1900, nieteon)logy and geodesy, i)eriodicity in meteorology, mathematics in meteor-
ology, a memorable storm of sleet ami snow, hurricanes at Charleston, S. C, high
1016 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
tides anil ai>])roachiiitr s^torms, ciimulns clouds alxive iircs, iiirlitniiii; \vlth<iiit thun-
der, reduction of the Ijarometer to standard gravity, hurricanes in Jamaica, W. 1.,
commercial importance of storm and weather forecasts, tlie evolution of the ther-
mometer, a l)arometer needed in halloon voyages, lectures and instruction, the use
of the Monthly Weather Review l)y teachers, aerial voyages hy ])alloons and kites,
transatlantic weather, correlation of weather in distant localities, new meteorological
stations needed, lightning from cloudless skies, lake commerce and insurance, the
weather and the newspapers, the first National Meteorological Congress of Mexico,
chronological cycles, relations between summer and winter temperatures, Arctic and
Antarctic meteorological observers, typhoon of November 10 in Hongkong, equi-
noctial storms, and Weather Bureau jmblications for school use.
Meteorological observations, C. S. Phelps {Connecticut Storrs
Sta. Rpt. 1899, ^j^p. 219-221).— Thh is a record of observations on
temperature, pressure, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, and wind
movement durin Of each month of ISHH at Storrs, and on rainfall durino-
the 6 months ended October 31, 1899, at 21 places in Connecticut.
The mean temperature for the year at Storrs was 47° F. ;mean pres-
sure, 30,07 in.; total precipitation, 38.31 in.; number of cloudv da^^s,
103. The average rainfall for the State during the (t months ended
October 31 was 19.34 in.
"The total precipitation for the year (38.31 in.) was 6.8 in. 1)elow the average at
Storrs for the past 11 years, and about 10 in. below the general average for Connei'-
ticut. . . . The last killing frost in the spring occurred May 4. The temperature for
June was somewhat above the normal, but for the balance of the summer it was
about the average. The growing season was shorter than usual, light frosts occurring
September 7 and 11, and quite severe frosts September 15 and IB."
Meteorological report for 1899, C. B. Ridgaway ( Wyomtng Sta.
Itpt. 1900^ i>p. 2-j). — A brief statement of the equipment of the station
for meteorological observations, with tables giving daily observations
on temperature, relative humidity and dewpoint, atmospheric pressure,
and wind movement at Laramie, Wyo., for each month of 1899, as
well as a monthly summary of precipitation and evaporation for
1891-1899. The summary for 1899 is as follows:
Temperature (degrees F. ). — Highest, 87, June 29 and July 25; lowest, —40, Feb-
ruary 12; mean for the year, 38.8; highest daily range, 63, February 12; lowest daily
range, 5, October 9; mean daily range for the year, 24.4. Huiiiklitij. — Mean relative
for the year, 57.1; lowest relative, 6, September 7. Dempoint. — Highest, 60°, Sep-
tember 5; lowest, —38°, February 6; mean for the year, 23.9°. Atmospheric prex-
mire (inches). — Highest, 23.502, September 25; lowest, 22.442, January 31; mean for
the year, 23.079. Precipitation (inches). — Highest monthly, 2.01, in July; lowest
monthly, 0.07, in November; highest during any single storm, 0.91, July 13; total
for 1899, 11.84; mean for 9 years, 10.15. Evaporation. — Total for 6 months (April 22
to October 15), 20.58 in.; greatest monthly, 4.42 in., in May. Wind. — Prevailing
direction, southwest; greatest vek)city, 58 miles per hour; total num})er of miles
traveled during the year, 117,284; greatest nund)er of miles traveled in 1 month,
12,787, in January; lowest nuinber of miles traveled in 1 month, 7,245, in November;
average number of miles for each month, 9,773.6; greatest number of miles in 1 day,
744, May 21; least num])erof miles in 1 day, 97, December 13. WeatJier. — Number oi
dear days, 178; number of fair days, 142; nimd)er of cloudy days, 45; nundierof
days on which there was a precipitation of 0.01 or more, 75.
METEOROLOGY — CLIMATOLOGY. 1017
Rainfall in the ^vest and east of England in relation to altitude
above sea level, W. Marriott {Quart. Jour. Roy. ISLt. Soc. [Lon-
(loul 20 {1900), Xo. 116, pp. 273-S180, jig^. ^).— The mean monthly
iind annuiil rainfall at the English and Welsh stations are grouped
according to altitude, all stations being considered as "western"
which draiji to the west and all "eastern" which drain to the east.
There is shown to be a general increase in rainfall as the altitude
increases up to 1,000 ft. There is nearly a fourth more rainfall in
the west than in the east, but it is much more variable. The greatest
rainfall occurs in the west in November, in the east generally in Octo-
ber, although there is a great rise of rainfall both east and west from
,June to July. April, May, and Jiine are very dry in the west. The
greater rainfall of the western part of the British Isles is explained by
the fact that the prevailing winds are southwesterly. The author
considers the assumption of an increase of 3 per cent for each 100 ft.
to be incorrect. It is shown by the data here reported to vary from
1 to 88 per cent, depending upon exposure, position, and surround-
ings, as well as upon altitude.
The climate of Alleg-any County, O. L. Fassig {Mari/land Geological Surrey —
Allegani/ Coitiiti/. Baltimore: Johiifi Hopkins Press, 1900, pp. 217-^Sl, figs. 5). — Tables
and diagraniH are given which show tiie results of temperature observations at Cum-
lierland for 37 years (1859-1895), the mean monthly and annual temperatures for 9
stations in Allegany County at which observations have been made during a period
of one year or moi-e, the monthly and annual precipitation at Cumberland during
the period from 1871-1895, and the general climatic features of the county are briefly
discussed. The highest temperature recorded is 109° F. at Boettcherville July 3,
1898, the lowest — 22°, at Frostburg February 13, 1899. The mean annual tempera-
ture at C-um1)erland, based on 37 years' observations, is 51.5°. The mean annual
rainfall at the same place, ])ased on 27 years' observations, is 32.86 ir<. The stations
for uiL'teorological ol^servations in the county are described.
Meteorological tables, T. 8. Octram {Minnesota Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 731-789). —
Tables prepared by the director of the Minneapolis office of the Weather Bureau
are given, showing the monthly and yearly averages and departures from normal of
temperature and precipitation, based on observations at some 64 places in ^Minnesota
(hiring the year ended June 30, 1900.
Meteorolog-ical observations, H. L. Price {Virginia Sta. Rpt. 1900, p. 10). —
Tables are given which show monthly averages of observations at Blacksburg, Va.,
on temperature, precii)itation, direction of wind, and cloudiness, for the year ended
June 30, 1900; and monthly means of temi)erature and precipitation during 8 years
(1893-1900). The mean temperature for the year ended June 30, 1900, was 82.71°
F., the precipitation 35.36 in.
Moore's meteorolog'ical almanac and ■weather guide, 1901, W. L. Moore
{Cliirago: Rand, MeSalhj it' Co., 1900, pp. i,.-'^, .//y/.s. i-i, c/(«rte ,j';J).— The object of this
treatise is stated to be "to present in concise form such weather data and facts rela-
tive to meteorological phenomena as will be at once interesting and profitable to the
farmer, the liorticulturist, the shipj)er of perishable produce or manufactures, the
merchant, the mariner, the teacher, the student, and the seeker after health or pleas-
ure. Effort will l)e made to correct many popular l)ut erroneous impressions relative
to climate and weather." Tt contains in addition to tiie usual datii given in almanacs,
1018 KXPERIMRNT STATION RECORD.
statements of the liighest and lowest temperatures recorded at different places in the
United States (hiringr each mimth nf the year, and articles relating to the history nf
meteorology; some \vond<'rfni pliennmenaof the air, the constnicticm ami the nse of
the Aveather map ( witli cluirts), the nsesand the errorsof stnrm warnings, tornadoes,
long-range forecasts, the (Jalveston hurricane of 1900 and tiie l)lizzard of 18fi9, great
floods of the United States, protection from frost, loss of life and ])ropertj^ by light-
ning, lightning strokes, temperatures injurious to food products, Weather Bureau
kites, work of voluntary observers and crop corresjiondents, magnitude of the United
States daily atmospheric survey, and climate for the health seeker, the tourist, and
the investor, including information regai-ding the climate of Cuba, ]*orto Rico,
Hawaiian Islands, and the Philippine Islands; the hottest au<l coldest jdaces in the
world, the weather and sun spots, and change of climate.
The weather and agriculture, R. PxiuxsTEiN [Dent. Laiidir. Prrxsc, ■is {1901),
No-".. 5, pp. 31,82; 7, p. 4-'>)- — A general discussion of this subject.
The weather v. the new^spapers, H. M. Watts [J'o/k Sd. Ma., .',S iiuoi) , No. 4,
pp. .381-of)2, figa. -'/)• — The relation of the newspapers to the dissenunat'on of informa-
tion regarding the weather is briefly discussed, the claim being made that "for the
most part the average newspaper fails in its duty to the public, so fai- as the weather
is concerned, in the four following particulars:
"(1) B\' reason of a misapprelunision and misrejiresentation of the simplest fimda-
mental facts of atmospheric circulation and weather movement, effects being treated
as causes, etc.
"(2) By reason of a constant confusion of terminology and a generally slipsliod use
of weather terms and facts.
"(8) By reason of a persistent i-efusal to recognize much, if any, difference lie! wei'ii
the scientist and the charlatan, between the expert and the (|iiack; and, in fact, hy
a disposition — marked in some (piarters — to give- undue jiri)mini-nce to bogus weather
prophets an<l wonder-mongers, at the expense of tbeeipiipjied and re]>utable students
of the subject.
"(4) By reason of a liypercritical but uninformed attitude toward the <laily fnre-
ca.sts of the United States Weather Bureau, by which the work of the Bureau is ham-
pered and its value to the public materially reduced."
Cannonading- as a protection against hail, J. Dufour (clirou. Agr. Omlou
I'ninl, 14 (lUOl). X(iK. .?, ;*/). 61-67, figs. 2; 4, PP- 93-107, fig.'<. ■'}).— \ brief general
discussion.
The mode of action of cannon used in combating hail, (1. (I. \ stink and
V. ViCKMOKEL {Gr,-'le, 2 {1901), No. 3, pp. 12-1 S).
Corrections for mean daily temperature calculated from a limited number
of observations, M. Morh:no v Anda (}[ciii. // ltii\ Sue. ('iinl. ^'An/nuio Ahu/r." 1.',
( 1900-1901), No. 1-g, pp. .5-11).
Anemometry, C. F. Mahvix ( J'. S. Drpt. Agr., Wenthrr Biircaii Doc. 283, pf). 67,
pi. I. figi<. 28). — This is a second edition, revised, of ''a circular of general informa-
tion respecting the theory and operation of instrmnents for indicating, measuring,
and automatically recording wind movement and direction, with instructions for
the erectioji and care of such instruments of the Weather Bureau ]>attern."
An electric anemometer for transmitting observations to a distance,
E. Lkcfjaxo {Coiiipl. JleiiiJ. Acad Sri. Porix, 13,' (1901), No. 6, p. 32-i).
New w^ind-recording apparatus {Sci. Amcr. Sujt., 51 {1901), No. 1308, p.
2091;,)). — A brief description of an apparatus in use at the Agricultural College of
I'x'riin wliich is capable of recording eight directions of the wind.
Meteorological instruments, H. Hakti, {Sri. Aimr. Sup., '>/ (1901), Nos. 1308.
pp. 20.962, 20963; 1809, jg). 20978-20980, fig. •<. .^<'>).~I)escri|.tions are given of various
forms of thermometi'rs and thermograiihs and barouu'ters, barographs, i)sychrome-
ters, etc., with brief explanations of their use.
WATER SOIT.S. 1019
WATER SOILS.
River and artesian waters, U. II. P\)i;i?ks {Arr-oiui Sfa. Uj>i. IDOO^
jyp. ISO-lSJf). — Till' results are reported of dctorniiiiatioiis of silt,
alkali salts, and iiitrouen in representative sann)les from a How of one
week, both high and low water, of the Colorado at Yuma, the Gila at
Florence, and the Salt River at Mesa City; also of a canal taking water
from the lower Cxila, as well as of alkali salts in 9 samples of w^ater
from artesian wells on the eastern slope of Graham Mountain al)Ove
Satford, Thatcher, and Pima and in the San Pedro Valley south of
Benson. The analyses reported show that the ?> principal rivers of
the Territory are *'of ({uite variable character for irrigatino- purposes,
containino-, in the instances mentioned, from 5<» to 200 parts of soluble
salts in liKt.OOO, in round mimbers.''
" Tlie (luantity of soluble salts is influenced by the stage of water and b}' seepage
fniin irrigated districts. The nature of these salts is influenced by the same causes.
The Colorado River is less saline the year around than either the Salt or the Gila.
Ill summer, when its waters rise under the influence of the melting snows in Colo-
rado and Utah, tlie tcjtal solu1)k' solids were observed to average as low as 25 parts
ill 100,000 for months at a timr.
"Flood waters in all cases not only carry less salts but more silt, including nitrog-
enous fertilizing materials. Barring the inconvenience of excessively muddy water,
tliei'efore, flood waters are in every way preferable for irrigating purposes.
"The average amount of silts in the Salt River supply from August 1, LSOO, to
August 4, 1900, was by weight 0.1 per cent of the water; by volume, 0.:i percent.
Tliis amount of silt is unquestiona))ly less than the average on ac(X)unt of the unusu-
ally low water prevailing during most of the time of sampling. The Salt River,
ho\ve\er, is undoul)tedly far less silty than the Gila, and this element of doubt in
connection with the life of reservoirs correspondingly less. . . .
" The average total nitrogen in the Salt River supply for one year was found to be
:>.L'ri ])arts in 1,000,000 of water, including that which was containcil in the silt. Of
this amoimt 1.04 parts per million existed in the form of nitrates."
The analyses of the artesian waters show that while the total soluble
stilts are not excessive, sodium carbonate is uniformly present, \iiry-
iny- ill different cases from 3.4 to 19.6 parts per hundred thousand. An
antdysis of an alkali crust from the region in which some of the
tirtesiiui wells are located shows that a considerable jmiount of cal-
cium sul))hate is present. "'Should the soils of this region prove to
conttun calcium sulphate generally, the alkalinity of the artesian wells
will, at least for a time, be rendered harmless thereby."
A preliminary report on the artesian basins of Wyoming, W. C.
KNI(;nT( WyoniriKj Sf((. Bnl. J/>. pp. 107 -i-') I ^ ph. J6', nidp I). — This is
a preliminary treatise on the geology and artesian basins of Wyoming,
tnised upon field notes collected during the past four yetirs, accompanied
by a m:i}) embodying '"idl thtit is known of the geology of ^\'yoming
up to date," the object of the })ublication being to (»xj)lain th(^ essential
features of the artcsiiin basins of the State, so thtit artesitui wells mtiy
1020 EXPERIMENT STATION RIX'ORD.
be located. It is stated that nearl\' all availaljle water of the .streams
of the State has already been appropriated, so that an increased suppl}-
for the future can be secured only from underground sources. "Arte-
sian basins are numerous in Wyoming", and some of them are very large
and especiall}' well located." Twelve such basins are described in tliis
bulletin, namely, the Big Horn, the Shoshone, Powder River, Green
Kivei", Sweetwater Valley, Laramie, the Shirley, Cheyenne, the Car-
bon, the Uinta, the Gros Ventre, and the Teton. No systematic
attempts to dcn^elop the water resources of these basins have been
made, but. "judging from the source of the water in many of the
Wyoming basins, the artesian wells in this State should equal any that
have been drilh^l in South Dakota."
Lysimeter experiments in 1899, J. Hanamann {Ztschr. Landin.
VevHuclvaw. Oesteri'.^ If, {1901)^ p]). 31^.-39; abs. in Chem. Centhl.^ 1901^
I, No. 5^ ])' 270). — The drainage water obtained during 1899 contained
a smaller percentage of salts than that of the previous year (E. S. R.,
10, p. 930), due to the fact that a compact alluvial soil was used and
percolation was slower. The greatest loss of nitrogen in the drain-
age occurred in case of bare soil, the order of losses in other cases
l)eing (1) soil ])earing young red clover, (2) that under Hax and beans,
and (8) that under summer grain. Lime was the constituent most
easily removed from the soil. The losses of potash and soda were
])racti(*ally the same. Chlorin and sulphuric acid were I'emoved in
considerable quantities, especially in bare soil. l*hosphoric acid could
scarcely l)e detected in the drainage water of soils heai'ing ci'op^. In
bare soils traces wei-c found.
The lime compounds of cultivated soils and the determination
of assimilable lime in soils, D. Meyer {L<nidu\ Ja/irh.., "29 {190U),
No. 6', pp. 913-1000; Fiifdirufs Landw. Ztg., ^ {190U), Nos. 22, pj^-
SJ^-SP; 23, 2^P- 865-871; H, pp. 90.1^.-910; aU. in Beut. Landw.
Presse, 28 {1901), No. 7, 2U'- ¥i^h^',fiil^- '^)- — Chemical and physical
analyses and pot tests of 26 samples of two classes of soils — light and
heavy — are reported in detail. The lime content of the soils examined
varied from 0.092 to 1.271 per cent. The average for light soils was
0.333 per cent; for heavy soils, 0.(;91. The average percentage of
carbon dioxid was 0.052 per cent in light soils and 0.09(S in heavy soils,
the average for 22 of the samples being 0.015. In case of the light
soils 25.7 per cent of the lime was in the form of carbonate; in caseof
heavy soils, 19. 1 per cent. While a high percentage of carbon dioxid
usually indicated a high percentage of lime in the soil, a small ])ercent-
age of carbon dioxid did not always iii(licat»> a low lime content. Cal-
cium humate was found in appreciable amounts only in a few cases.
The solubility of the lime in 2 percent hydrochloi'icacid varied in case
of the light soils fi'om 3S.5 to 92 p(>r cent, averaging (iS.l* j)er cent; in
case of heavv soils, from ♦!().('» to 90.2 ])er cent, a\'eraging 78.4 per
WATER SOILS. 1021
cent. Of the totul amount of lime present in the soils ^-i.l per cent
was found in particles from 0.2 to 6 mm. in diametei-, 21.6 per cent in
the line sand, and 54.3 per cent in the dust (silt). In certain of the
soils, especially the heavy soils, a considera])le proportion of tiie lime
was apparently in the form of silicate. As regards the intluence of
the lime on the g-rowth of plants as determined in ]iot expei'iments, the
various lime compounds tested stood in the following order, begin-
ning with the highest: (1) Carbonate and caustic lime, dolomite^ and
basalt; (2) Thomas shig, scolecite, anorthite, dial)ase, and nephelinite;
(H) apophyllite; (4) phosphorite; (5) dicalciimi phosphate and apatite;
((>) fluorspar, and (7) monocalcium phosphate. Gypsum gave negative
results. The highest yields were obtained ^vhen a mixtui-e of calcium
carbonate, mi^gjiesium carbonate, burnt lime, and burnt magnesia was
applied. Of the phosphates, Thomas slag gave the best results, dical-
cium and monocalcium phosphate the poorest. The poor results-
obtained with the superphosphate are attributed to the fact that it
failed to neutralize the acid condition of the soil. Of the silicates, the
zeolites gave specially good results. The results with gypsum are in
direct contradiction to those usuall}' obtained in practice. Even in
case of leguminous plants the gypsum was without l>eneticial eft'ect.
The amounts of lime dissolved by concentrated and dilute h3"drochloric
acid bore no relation to the yield of crop or to the amount of lime
assimilated. Neither did the carbon dioxid content furnish a reliable
index of the amount of lime taken up by the plant, since a low per-
centage of carbon dioxid did not always indicate a deficiency of availa-
l)lc lime. There was no appreciable difference in the lime content of
the grain of rye grown on limed and on unlimed soils. The percent-
age of lime in the straw was increased by liming only when there was
no increased yield. The active forms of lime in the soil are undoubt-
edly carbonate, sulphate, and easily decomposatile silicates. The pro-
portions of these which are most available for plant growth may be
determined by treatment with neutral solutions of ammonium chlorid
or aiumonium nitrate. Digestion for 3 hours with 10 per cent ammo-
nium chlorid solution at lOO'- C. on a water bath is considered a
satisfactory means of accomplishing this. This method has decided
advantages over the old method of digestion in 10 per cent hydro-
chloric acid, since the lime can be directly determined without separa-
tion of silica. Moreover, the results obtained show a closer agreement
with crop results and with the amount of lime taken up by plants.
A lime content of 0.25 per cent b}^ this method is considered normal.
Less than 0.2 per cent indicates a deficiency of lime in the soil.
The distribution of alkali in the soil of the experiment farm,
E. E. Slosson (Wi/o/iihif/ St(/. Rj)t. 1900^ pp. I^). — Determinations of
the amount of alkali in the soil at depths of from 3 in. to 3 ft. on
1022 EXPKUIMKNT STATION KECORD.
(iillVrciit jnirts of th(> ('xiM'iiincnt fui'iii arc reported. Tlic inclliod
followed ill iiiakiiiii' these deteriiiiiiations was as follows:
"One liiiinlrcil irraiiisof Hiil wa.'^ put into a ^lass-HtopiKTcil liottlc witli I'dO cc. nf
distilled watiT and left for several days with oceasiuiial sllakin^^ AVIien it is si'ttlol
a e()nvenieiit ([uantity is drawn off with a pipette and without liltering t'vajjorated to
(h-yness and heated at a temperature above 250° ('. for 2 or ;> hours. By this heating'
the gyj)SUMi becomes dehyibated and almost insoluble, so all that is necessary is to
extract witli a small amount of water, filter and evaporate in a platinum dish for
total alkali and titrate for chlorids. For dehydration a small round air bath was
madi' of Russia iron covered with asbestos and containinj; a rack for holding six
smaller porcelain evaporating dishes. A number of experiments made with this
method showed that it reduce<l the amount of soluble salts by about HO percent,
while chloiids remained the same and different amounts of water could be used
without affecting tlie results."
Soils of Mississippi, W. Ij. Hutchinson, W. R. T^ekkins, and K.
n. Kkkims (.I//.s.s/'.s.s/yYv' Sfi/. Bid. 65^ pp. 19). — Clieiiiical and iiiechani-
cal analyses are oiveii of 375 .samples of representative soils from
ditrereiit parts of the State, toocther with a map showing- the location
and extent of the diti'ercMit soil areas and a diseiission of the analytical
results. A comparison of the anah'tical results with the observed
productiveness of the soils shows that '"'• other thing-s being- equal, soils
containing the largest total amounts of plant food will have the most
plant food available for crops . . . and the deepest surface soils
give the best yields." However, other conditions, especially a uni-
form water supply, are also essential to productiveness. In the soils
examined 0.07 to 0.1 per cent of phosphoric acid was apparently sutli-
cient for maximum yields. Soils containing 0.05 per cent of phos-
phoric acid or less, required applications of phosphoric acid. All of
the soils examined, except those consisting largely of organic matter,
contained a sufficient supply of lime. ''There is no evidence that the
tipplication of potash as a food for plants has helped or increased the
yield of any crop on tuiy soil in this Stat(\" The use of leguminous
crops to increase the nitrogen supply' of the soil and improve tlu>
w'ater conditions is especially recommended. Attention is called to
the unproductiveness of recently exposed subsoils.
A study of the agricultural value of the soils of Madagascar, A.
Mi'NTZ and E. Rousseaux {Bui. Mm. A(jr. [Fr(me<P[, 19 {1900), ^^o.
5, pp. 910-im3, -map 1; Ain>. ScL Agron., 1901, /, Wo. i, ]>p. l-9.s\
153-160, -uKip 1; Coii,j>t. Rend, xicad. Sci Paris, 132 {1901), No. ,V,
pj>. J^'d-J/j6). — Chemical analyses of about 500 samples of soils col-
lected in ditierent parts of Madagascar, but especially in the nioiui-
tainous region on the east coast, are reported, with mechanical analys(\s
of certain of the typical soils. The sami)les and the regions from
which they were obtained are brieiiy desci-ibed and the results of the
examinations are discussed in their relation to the; agricultural possi-
bilities of the island. The larger part of the area of the island is
oi'cupied by very ferruginous red soils. They are deficient in lime
WATKK SOILS. 1023
aiul ])<)t:isli and especially poor in ])liosplioi-if acid. They are in
addition xcry coMii)ar( and impermeable and dilliciilt to cultivate.
Tliev are easily washed hy rains and harden and crack in timc^ of
di'ouiU'ht.
The composition of some Herzegovinian and Macedonian soils,
W. BluSCH {ZUchr. L<nuhr. V,r.snrhs,r. OeMrrr., 3 {WOO), pp. 637-00',;
(/hs. Jn CIk^iii. C'riifhl., HKKK IL No. ':ih, p. /;2.fV).— M(M-hanical and
chemical analyses are reported of tobacco soils fiom these regions
undertaken with a view to determining- whether the ({uality of the
tobacco was d(»}iendent upon the character of the soil or of the ferti-
lizers used. The IIei'zeo()vinian soils were calcareous, but, with one
exception, pool' in calcium cari)()nate. The Macedonian soils were-
loamy. l)ut uniformly rich in calciuiu car])onate. The results indicate
that the brittleness of the Ilerzegovnnian tobacco after drying as coni-
paivd with the Macedoinan tol)acco can not l)e attributed to the abun-
dance of lime in the soil. (leneral suggestions regarding the fertilizing
of the soils are made.
The geological agronomic charting of soils as a basis for their
general valuation, .1. Hazard {Landir. J<ilifJ>., 30 (JOOO)., No. 6., pp.
805-011, clidrfs 11). — The soils of certain areas in North Saxony are
charted on the l)asis of their observed adaptal)ility to the more impor-
tant crops and of their geological, petrographic, and physical exami-
nation. The methods employed are d(\scribed and the results obtained
are reported and discussed in detail. A close correlation was observed
between physical properties and adaptability to crops. The methods
followed are claimed to furnish a reliable basis for the valuation of
soils and for the selection of cr()[)s ])est suited to them.
Subterranean waters, ('. Mokhis (JoKr. Fnirilclin In.^l., i.7i (l!)01), No. 3, pp.
18J-194, -figs. 2). — The origin, distrilmtion, and geological functions of subterranean
waters are discussed.
Contribution to the study of subterranean waters, K. INIauboctix {Couipt.
Raid. Acad. Scl. Farw, 13£ {1901), No. 6, pp. S65-o(>8). — A brief account is given of
a study by means of fluorescein of the source and rate of circulation in the soil of
subterranean waters from wiiich the water supply of Paris is derived.
The soils of Allegany County, C. W. Dorsfa' {Maryland Geulogicai Survri/, Allc-
ganii Countji. Baltimore: Jolivn Hopkins Press, 1900, pp. 195-316) . — This article dis-
cusses the forces which are active in' the formation and the fac-tors determining the
jM-oductive capacity of soils; briefly reviews previous work on the soils of the county,
including that of Whitney (E. 8. R., 4, p. 17; 5, p. 162), and describes 17 type soils
found in the county. Mechanical analyses of these type soils and subsoils are also
given.
" The soils of Allegany County are so closely related to the geological formations
from which they are derived that a knowledge of the rock formations throws much
light ni)on the soils which are found there." The type soils described are therefore
given the names of the geological formations from which they are derived.
Analyses of rocks in the laboratory of the TJ. S. Geological Survey, 1880-
1899, F. W. Clarke [Btd. U. ,S. (leol. Survey, No. 16S, p/>. .msH-A'/i/) .— This is a
revised edition of the second part of Bulletin 148 of the ISurvey, and includes, in
1024 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
addition to analyt^es of various rocks and minerals, detailed mineral analyses of clays,
soils, etc.
On the examination of soils -with reference to assimilable plant food, O.
Kellner (Fi'tlilliK/s Lidnlir. Ztg., 50 {1901), No. i^,p}>. 71, 7-'). — Referring to Meyer's
recommendation (see p. UI20) that ammonium cblorid solution he used for the deter-
mination of the assimilable lime in soils, the author calls attention to his eariier
exiperiiiients with the same method which were Tvjported in 1887.'
The determination of assimilable lime in soils, 1). Meyeh ( Fi'di/iiif/'s Ldinhr.
Ztg., 50 ( 1901), No. S, pp. 128, 129). — A reply to Kellner's claim of priority reirardincr
the method used by the author (see alK)ve).
Need for humus in soils of Asrestern Kansas, K. W. Clothier {Indudrkdist, 27
(1901), No. 19, pp. 241-24.!). — A brief explanation of the causes of the decrease of
luunus in these so\\s and the urgent need of restoring it.
What role does humus acid play in nature? H. Borntraoer {Oenterr. Cliem. Zty.,
.)' {1900) , No. 21, p. 516). — The action of hunuis acid in absorbing moisture and fertiliz-
ing constituents and giving them out again as recjuired by the growth of plants is
briefly explained. •
The cultivation of the soil in warm regions, G. Paturel [Ann. Agron., 'i7
{1901), No. 1, pp. 45-62, fig. 1). — This article describes the climatic conditions in
Tunis and reports results of experiments on the influence of cultivation on the con-
servation of moisture in the soil of the southern or arid portion of this country. The
results of these experiments show that by deep and thorough cultivation the rainfall
of the period from November to April may be stored and conserved to such an extent
that the growth of crops during the dry months, May to October, may be decidedly
promoted and the amount of irrigation required materially reduced.
New problems in soil inoculation, J. S. Stoklasa, F. Duchacec, and J. Pitra
{Ztxchr. Lundw. Versuchaw. Oederr., 4 (1901), pp. 10-29; abs. in Cliem. Centbl., 1901,
r, No. 5, p. £69).— See E. S. R., 12, p. 325.
FERTILIZERS.
Phosphorite and green manuring, A. N. Engelhardt {Ztschr.
Lundir. Vei'-sac/mw. Ovftterr.^ J {1900)., pp. 6Sl-6Jfj8,' abd. in Cheni.
CentU.^ 1901, /, No. ^, p). '2S2).—Yxow\ 3 j^ears' field experiments the
author conchide.s that the soils which responded to applications of
tine-grotmd phosphorite were those in which the phosphoric acid was in
form of apparently unassimilable organic compounds not set free by
calcium carbonate (chalk). The fine-ground tmtreated phosphate was
especiall}' efiectivc on cereals, the efl'ect depending upon the percent-
age of calcium phosphate in amorphous form. The finer the meal the
more efl'ective the phosphate. The best restilts were obtained with
rye, but the following crop of oats was also benefited. When the
phosphorite was applied to r^e, oats, or flax, and these crops were fol-
lowed by a ci'op of rye to which barnyard mantire was applied, the
yield of the latter was much greater than that of rye which had received
onl}^ an application of barnyard manure. The ground phosphorite
can be profita})ly tised to supph' a deficiency of assimilable phosplioric
acid on all soils which contain a sufiicient amount of nitrogen, potash,
iLandw. Vers. Stat., 33 (1887), p. 359.
FERTILIZERS. 1025
and lime. On soils which j^ivo a good yield without barnyard manure
it does not prove proiital)lc. An application of chalk improved the
action of the phosphorite. How long the applu-ation of ground phos-
phorite may be continued with profit is a matter of doubt. When its
action ceases, green maiuiring should be resorted to. Other mineral
substances, especially marl, should be used in connection with the
phosphorite.
On the utilization of fluorin gas obtained in the manufacture of
superphosphates, C Elschnek {Client. Zt(/.^ 21f, {1000)^ Xo. 7h^ p. 795^
Jig. 1). — The gaseous lluorin products formed during the treatment of
mineral phosphates with sulphuric acid are conducted through a tower
into which a water spray is introduced, which absorbs the gases. The
fluorin compounds thus obtained are utilized as a preservative for
manure in the following way: (1) Fullers' earth and similar materials
are mixed with as much sulphuric acid as they will absorb without
destroying the powdery nature of the materials, and (2) a solution of
the fluorin compounds o])tained as above is treated with enough dried
and ground clay to convert the fluosilicic acid into stable salts. Equal
parts of the two preparations when mixed and sprinkled over the moist
manure generate fluosilicic acid.
The guano deposits of Eritrea, (i. A.mpola [Staz. Sper. Agr. Itnl., S4 [1901),
Nil. 1, pp. 53-59). — Analyses and tests on different crops are reported.
An experiment on soil improvement, C. S. Phelps ( Connecticut Storrs Sta. Rpt.
1899, pp. 205-208) . — This is a brief account of experiments begun in 1899 to test the
relative value of (1) stable manure, (2) a complete chemical fertilizer, and (3) green
manures, both alone and in combination with mineral fertilizers, as means of improv-
ing worn-out soils. The experiments are being conducted on eighth-acre plats. The
same crop will be grown on the whole field in the same j^ear and the crops will vary
from year to year in the following order of rotation: Corn, potatoes, oats and peas
for fodder, and soy beans. The yields of corn and stover from the different plats in
1899 ar(> gi\'eu without CDmment.
The distribution of fertilizers and their effects, Berthault (Ann. Agron., 26
(1900), No. 9, pp. ^i7-^.;0).— Experiments at Grignon and elsewhere bearing upon
the effectiveness of fertilizers applied in rows, hills, and broadcast are reviewed.
These, it is claimed, show that fertilizers are most effective when localized in the
soil (as in hills and drills) and not distributed throughout its mass (as in broadcast
application) . By localization the fertilizing constituents are protected from absorp-
tion by the soil and kept available for the plant. Practical methods of securing this
localization under different conditions are explained.
The phosphate industry in the United States, K. Pietru.sky ( Oesterr. Chem.
Ztg., 4 (1901), No. ..', pj). .'i.i-.iG) . — A brief account of this industry, compiled from
data reported in The Minn-nl Iiidiixtrij, volumes 1 to 8.
The preparation of marketable superphosphates, C. Elschxer {Chem. Ztg.,
25 (1901), Nos. 7, pp. 68, 69; 8, pp. 81, 82). — Brief descriptions are given of various
patented and unpatented processes (^f preparing concentrated and easily handled
superphosphates.
Is the arsenic in superphosphates harmful? A. Stutzer (Deut. Landw. Presse,
28 (1901), No. 9, p. 61). — The percentage of arsenic in superphosphate (usually 0.011
22065— No. 11 3
1026 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
to 0.02 per cent, sometimes as high as 0.05 per cent) is considered entirely too low to
render plants grown on soils fertilized with superphosphates poisonous, as has been
suggested in regard to barley used for beer making.
Potash, in agriculture, G. Smets {La jjotasse en agriculture. Maaseyck: Vander-
donrlc-RohijnK, 1900, 2. ed., pp. 44, pis. 7). — This is the second edition of tliis brief
treatise on the use of potash as a fertilizer, which is based mainly uixm tlie results
of experiments made by the author in Belgium.
Analyses of commercial fertilizers, ]\I. A. Scovell, A. il. Petek, and H. E.
CuKTis [Kniti(cl\ii Std. Bui. &'S, pp. 125-173). — This bulletin contains a statement of
the mimber of brands of fertilizers collected and examined, the general results of the
analyses, explanations regarding free analyses, the terms used in reporting analyses,
and the valuation of fertilizers, and tabulated analyses and valuations of 361 samples.
Of the samples analyzed, "72, representing 55 brands and 22 firms, fell so far below
the guaranteed analyses in phosphoric acid, nitrogen, or potash, or in two or all three
of these ingredients as to be unaccounted for by variations in sampling or analysis."
Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers for the spring and fall of 1 900 ,
L. L. VanSlyke and \V. H. Andrews {New York Htate Sta. Bui. 177, pp. 37-97). — The
results of analyses of 450 different brands of fertilizers are reported. Of these 326
were complete fertilizers in which the nitrogen varied from 0.44 to "8. 15 per cent,
averaging 2.16 per cent. The amount of water-soluble nitrogen varied from 0 to 7.1
per cent, averaging 0.89 per cent. The availal)le phosphoric acid varied from 1.2 to
17.47 per cent, averaging 8.9 per cent. The potash varied from 0.27 to 12 per cent,
averaging 4.84 jier cent. In 64 out of the 326 brands examined, the potash was in
the form of sulphate free from an excess of chlorids. The average amounts of nitro-
gen, available phosphoric acid, and potash exceeded the guaranteed averages by 0.1,
1.28, and 0.41 percent, respectively. The average retail selling price of the fertilizers
was $27.20, the retail cost of the separate ingredients unmixed, $19.72.
FIELD CROPS.
Various conditions affecting the malting quality of barley,
J. M. H. MuNKO and E. S. BEA^'EN {Jour. Roy. A<jr. Sor. ?J)ujla/i(L
3. ser., 11 {1900)^ pt. 2,2)P- 185-251, pis. 11). — A comprehensive paper
treating of the following phases of the subject: Varieties; cross ferti-
lization; coincident relations of size of grain, maturation, and percent-
age of nitrogenous matter; physiological aspect of maturation and
overmaturation; conditions affecting quality, as climate, soil, culture,
and change of seed; and the effects of cultural treatment of barlej^
grown after roots, deducible from the Rothamsted rotation plats.
Under the latter caption the results obtained at Rothamsted with bar-
ley grown contiiuiously on the same ground -tS years, and also in a
4-3"ear rotation of roots, barley, clover (oi- beans) and wheat for 52
3'ears or 13 complete rotations, arc considered. On some plats the
roots in the rotation were fed on the land while on others the}^ were
removed. Fallow was regularly substituted for cloAcr (or beans) on
some plats.
Malting barleys most generally grown in the United Kingdom are
the narrow-eared two-rowed variety {Ilord^tiiii disfic/ti///t), of which
Chevalier is the main type grown, and the wide-eared variety Gold-
FIELD CROPS. 1027
thorpe. The Goldthoi'po types show greater tendenc_v to deterioration
than the Chevalier. On the other hand they possess a stouter straw
and have the ability to stand up under weather conditions that would
lodge Chevalier. A number of other subspecies and varieties of barley
are considered and some data and illustrations given of earh^ types of
barley. The wide- cared t^pe of barley is thought to be the older.
Relative to the improvement of varieties of barley the author states
that —
"the heavier the straw, the coarser and therefore the lower in value will be the
grain generally. A low ratio of grain to straw usually goes along with grain with
high content of nitrogenous matters and defective maturation. A large coarse grain
of high weight per bushel is not as good malting material as a smaller grain well
matured. In fact (given vitality) maturation is the most important quality of barley
from a malting point of view and generally with the varieties at present cultivated
the smaller grain is the better matured. If by means of selection or cross fertiliza-
tion varieties of larger body but maturing equally well can be secured, a great step
in advance will Vje made."
The subject of maturation is considered at considerable length:
"Maturation is jjhysiologii'ally a i)ost-ripening process, the character of which
depends largely on the preripening and this in turn on the soil conditions. Too
early ripening on thin soils, due to drought and too late ripening on strong soils,
both give a highly nitrogenous grain which will not mature well even under favora-
ble natural conditions and is always more or less steely and unworkable. Even
with well-ripened grain, maturation depends on sufficient time being allowed before
and after cutting, but above all on weather conditions."
In the Rothamsted experiments with barle}^ the roots on certain plats
were unmanured. Other plats received superphosphate only, while
others received mixed minerals and nitrogenous material. The elfect
of these fertilizers on the barle}' crop are summarized as follows:
"The good effect of soluble phosphates on (juality of grain is most marked. The
plats manured with minerals only have given the best yield of grain in i^roportion
to straw, showing the unmistakable effect of phosphates in assisting grain formation.
Thi-s series of plats also shows a lower percentage in the grain of nitrogenous matters
than ei-ther of the other series. The barley, though often comparatively small, is
well matured — better in this all-important respect than where no phospliates are
applied, and also better than where, with heavy nitrogenous dressings in addition to
minerals for the preceding roots, the land is in better condition and gives much
higher yields."
There was not nmch difference as regards quality of barley whether
the roots in the rotation plats at Rothamsted were fed or removed,
though the yields were much heavier on the "'fed" plats. The matu-
ration of the grain was frequently, but not always, better where the
roots were removed. This difference was counterbalanced in a meas-
ure by the higher relative market value of the grain from the "fed"
plats. The general opinion that the feeding of roots on the land with
oil cake added to the ration is too good a preparation for barley, espe-
cially as regards the quality of the ])arley grown on such land, was not
controverted in these experiments. The authors believe that all the
1028 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
various cultural conditions conibined have loss influence on quantity
and quality of produce than has the weather; and tlie fact that barley
does not ^Ya^lt for quality too high a condition of soil points to the
wheat crop as the best preparation for barley.
Some tests relating to the culture of barley, A. Pagxoul (Afin.
Ayi'on.. 2i) {l!)UU)^ \<>. lU^'P- ■'>01--'>(J7). Sonic pot experiments were
made to determine the influence on barley of (1) growing in sandy,
clayey, and limy soils, respectively; (2) of excessive dryness or
humidity, and (3) of an excess of phosphoric acid or nitrogen. Rust
seriously attacked the plants, but the results obtained are thought to
be comparative. Pots of each of the difi'erent soils were placed in two
groups. One group received about the same amount of water as
would fall naturalh^ in a dry year; the other, double this amount, or
corresponding to a naturally wet year. Three pots in each group
received nitrogen and 3 phosphoric acid in excess. The yields
obtained in the well-watered pots were more than double for straw
and nearly double for grain those obtained in the scantil}' watered
pots. Nitrogen increased the A'ield of straw, but the yield of grain
was less than where phosphoric acid had been used. It also increased
the nitrogen content and diminished the starch content of the grain.
The phosphate, on the contrar}', jnelded harder, drier grain, contain-
ing less nitrogen and richer in starch and phosphoric acid.
Field experiments with fertilizers, W. O. Atwatek and C. S.
Vnmjp^ {G(mnecfA.Gut Storris. Sfa. Ept. 1899, pp- 108-201^, dgrm. 3).—
This report includes the results for the last three years of experiments
on corn, cowpeas, and soy beans, to determine the efiects of nitrogen
in different quantities and combinations in the fertilizers applied and,
further, the results of a rotation soil test. The results for each of the
three years are given in tabular form and discussed at some length.
The experiments have now been carried on for a nimiber of years.
The results of the soil test for a period of ten years are summarized.
Previous reports have been given in former publications (E. IS. K., 9,
p. 746). The fertilizer applications consisted of quantities of bone-
black, furnishing 53 lbs. of phosphoric acid per acre; muriate of pot-
ash, furnishing 82 lbs. of potash per acre; and difterent quantities of
nitrate of soda and sul])hate of ammonia. gi\ing 25, 50, and 75 lbs. of
nitrogen per acre.
The experiments with corn showed that a fertilizer application of
nitrogenous and mineral fertilizers is nuich more efl'ective than min-
eral fertilizers alone. Quantities of nitrogenous fertilizers supply-
ing from 25 to 50 lbs. of nitrogen per acre, in connection with liberal
quantities of phosphoric acid and potash, are reconnnended. In most
cases, the largest percentages of protein in the crop were found where
the largest quantities of nitrogen were used in the fertilizers. The
yield of the leguminous crops was but slightly increased by the use of
FIELD CROPS. 1029
nitrogenous fertilizers as compared with the use of mineral fertilizers.
The average' results in the expei-iments with cowjx'a fodder showed no
advantage in the use of nitrogenous fertilizers.
In the test with soy beans grown for seed the inerease due to nitrogen
in the fertilizers was small. The authors infer that where mineral
fertilizers are abundantly availal)le, nitrogen has very little beneficial
etlect on either the total yield oi- the feeding value of t-owpeas and soy
beans.
The results of the soil-test experiments indicated that tlie fertilizer
requirements d(^pend<Hl more upon the crop gi-own than upon the soil.
Corn and oats seem to re([uii'e phosphoric acid and nitrogen, and pota-
toes potash. Th(^ indications in connection with soil tests, conducted
throughout the State for a nund)er of years, arc that in many cases it
is the soil rather than the crop which regulates the fertilizer require-
ments. From these results it is inferred that it is necessary to study
and testa soil to learn its dcticiencies and needs.
Fertilizer experiments during 1900, C. A. Mooers {Tennessee
Sta. BuL. Vol. XII L No. S,pp.23,figs.:i). —The experiments reported
in this ])ulletin consist of tests with fertilizers on potatoes, corn, cow-
peas, and peanuts, and the efiects of fertilizer applications on the germi-
nation of the seeds of these crops. The results are given in tabular
form and discussed.
The experiments with potatoes showed the best results from the use
of a complete fertilizer containing high percentages of nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid, and potash. Cottoji-seed meal proved a more profitable
source of nitrogen than nitrate of soda, and a mixture of the two was
unprofitable. Potatoes fertilized with a complete fertilizer averaged
2.74 per cent higher in starch than potatoes grown without fertilizer,
and 1 per cent higher than those fertilized with nitrogen and phos-
phoric acid only. Potatoes grown on the Cumberland Plateau averaged
0.79 per cent higher in starch than those grown in the Tennessee Val-
ley. The use of fertilizers in growing corn on rich soil was not profit-
able, but on soil of even moi-e than average productiveness, which had
produced corn and small grains consecutively for nian}^ years, the yield
was profitably increased oy heavy applications of acid phosphate and
nitrate of soda. It was shown that phosphoric acid was the most neces-
sary element. Nitrogen in the fertilizer increased the protein content
of the grain. AVith cowpeas, phosphoric acid produced a larger yield
of pods and peas than when applied in conjunction with potash, but
the use of the two elements produced a larger yield of cowpea hay.
Nitrogen was not found advantageous, and potash used alone was
unprofitable. In the experiments with peanuts, nitrogen applied with
phosphoric acid and potash lowered the grade of the nut by producing
a thicker hull.
1030
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
It wa.s found that fertilizer.s had a dt'cidedly unfavorable effect on
the germination of .seed, and it is considered best that the fertilizer
should not be brought in direct contact with it.
A three-year rotation of crops ^vith potatoes, rye, and clover,
11. J. W'hkelku and .1. A. Tillingiiast {lihodc Ishntd Sta. BuL 7Jf,
pp. oJ-74)- — In tliis Itulletin the authors discuss the advantages of
crop rotations, outline the experiments conducted, give the detailed
history of tlie different plats on which the experiments were made,
and report the yields ol)tained, with the financial results. The rotation
was conducted on H plats of extremeh' exhausted soil. The plan of
the rotation was potatoes on clover sod the lirst year, winter rye the
second year, and clover the third yeai-. Commercial fertilizers were
used for potatoes and winter rye.
In the ffrst course of the rotation, plats 11, 13, and 14 yielded 60, 75,
and 117 ])u. of- merchantable potatoes per acre, respectively, and in the
second course 283, 268, and 193 bu., respectively. During the first
course the value of the crops was less than the total expenses in five
out of nine instances, and the average loss per year amounted to $6.79
per acre. This loss was offset b}" an average annual profit of $23.54:
per acre during the second course of the rotation. For the entire
period of 6 years the average net profit Avas $16.75 per acre each year.
The results further showed an improvement in the general condition
of the soil.
Four-year rotation of crops with Indian corn, potatoes, rye,
and clover, 11. J. Wheeler and J. A. Tillikghast {Eliodt Lland
Sta. Bid. 75, pp. 77-102). — This bulletin contains a detailed descrip-
tion of the conditions under which the rotation tests were carried on
and a presentation of the results obtained. The first year Indian corn
was grown on clover sod. followed hy potatoes the second 3'ear, win-
ter rye the third, and common red clover the fourth. Barnyard
manure was applied only l)efore corn, and commercial fertilizers were
used for potatoes and rye.
The yields are given in the following table:
Comparison of yields of the different crops in tJie first and second course of the rotation.
Corn.
Potatoes.
Rye.
Clover.
Year.
Yield of
shelled
corn per
acre.
Yield
of .sto-
ver per
acre.
Year.
Yield
per acre.
Year.
Yield of
grain per
acre.
Yield of
straw
per
acre.
Year.
Yield
of hay
per
acre.
First course:
Flat No. 18
1893
Bushels.
7.14
Tons.
0.93
1.93
1 a^
1894
1893
1896
1895
1898
1897
Bushels.
173.92
109. 17
267. 17
121
300.50
267.84
1895
1894
1897
1896
1899
Busliels.
Tons.
0.40
1.30
1:91
1.60
2.59
1.57
1896
1895
1894
1897
Tons.
4.56
Plat No. 20
1896 I 66.29
1895 ': 47.86
29.46
28. 13
29.20
24.46
.39
Plat No. 22
Plat No. 24 . .
1894 50.07 i 1.66
1897 89.36 1 3.23
1900 85.93 3.14
2.55
Second course:
Plat No. 18
Plat No. 20
1898 16.25
1899
1898
1.52
Plat No. 22
2.77
FIELD CROPS. 1031
In .sevenil instance.s jiccidciitiil fiiilurcs took place, and in the second
cour,s(i of the rotation the experiments on some of the plats were dis-
continued. The two j)lats carried completely through the two courses
of rotation showed net losses of $18. 40 and $4:4 per acre in the first
course, but in the second cours(^ they showed gains of $80.70 and
$64.40 per acre, respectively.
Researches on the gro-wth of forage plants, Monvoisin (Ann.
Agro/i.. ;v6' {J.'MJU), X'>. ■^\ j>j>- 77-10-1). A study was made of the water,
ash, and nitrogen content of vetch, crimson clover, lentils, sauifoin,
alfalfa, 1)1 ue melilot, Italian and English rye grass, and a number of
less known forage plants at dilferent stages of growth. The weights
of the stem and roots, etc., were also determined.
The roots of perennial plants were found to represent a rather high
weight in proportion to the stems. After the seeds mature a constant
loss of dry matter was found to occur. The mineral matter was greater
in the roots than in the stems and more abundant in perennials than in
annuals. It was highest at a period intermediate between the begin-
ning of vegetation and Howering, and diminished toward the end of
vegetation. In these investigations the nitrogenous material of the
different plants was greater April 26 than at any period thereafter.
Grains, forage crops, and plants for green manuring, A. J,
McCr.ATCiiiK [ArhsoiKi Sta. Rpf. 1!)00, pp. 15o-loS). — The experi-
ments with grains included tests of wheat grown for milling purposes,
and the determination of the l)est varieties of cereals for hay. Of fif-
teen varieties of wheat tested, Rugby yielded as high as Sonora, the
standard variety of the region, and No. 1174 of the U. S. Department
of Agriculture from Turkestan ripened in as short a time. The
results further indicated that Sonora wheat yields best when sown
soon after November 1. Wheat sown broadcast and irrigated by fur-
rows gave the best returns, as compared with other methods of irri-
gating. Feldspar wheat produced a better hay than Sonora, and the
hulless and beardless varieties of barley were considered preferable
to bearded varieties for hay.
Club-head sorghum was the best yielding forage crop. Kafir corn
was next to sorghum in yield. Teosinto gave a good yield of good
fodder but required too much water to be desirable for that region.
Egyptian corn was the best heat and drought resisting of the forage
crops tested. Yellow sweet clover {Jfelilofu.s r/idica) proved a better
plant for green manuring, under the conditions, than alfalfa and
lupines.
G-rass experiments, W. Carruthers and J. A. Voelcker {Jou?\
Ruij. Aijr. Sur. Kmjldnd, 3. ser., 11 {1900), pt. i, pp. 7i6'-XAV).— The
results are given of 22 trials in 11 counties of England in the improve-
ment of pastures l)y fertilizing. In 10 cases where analyses showed a
lack of phosphoric acid, the addition of fertilizers (containing that
1032 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
cheiiiic-iil Avas found profitable in pnu-tico. The same faet was borne
out in the ca.se of lime, chemical analyses indicating- where it could be
profital)ly used. Basic slaj^- was found to ))e a valuable fertilizer for
pastures, and its influence continued throuuh several seasons. Super-
phosphate proved to be valuable, but the influence was not as lasting-
as in the case of slag. Stable manure produced one heav}' crop
which was, as a ride, rejected bv stock on account of the presence of
the manure. The returns from its use rapidly diminished in the
following season.
Memoir on the commercial culture of potatoes, M. 1'. Lavallee
{Bid. Soc. A(jr. Fntin-i'. it. Xi'i'., 31 {19UU), Ajjr. l'>, pp. Jfil-JfdS; May
l^])p>. 535-o5Ii). — Besides discussing the advantages of potato culture
the author presents the results of experiments with potatoes along the
following lines: Tests of sprouted v. unsprouted potatoes for seed as
regards both 3'ield and starch content of the potatoes harvested, dis-
tance experiments, planting diflerent sized tubers for seed, experiments
to determine the efi'ect on the starch content of the crop of planting-
tubers containing diflerent percentages of starch, cxpei'iments in
changing the physical characters of potatoes as regards the color of
skin and color and quality of the flesh, selection of diflerent parts of
the tuber for seed, and spraying to control blight, etc. Notes on
potato culture and on the cost of growing potatoes are also included.
The experiments extended over a period of years, and in some
instances are given in considerable detail.
The results obtained in the experiments show the advantages of
using- sprouted potatoes for seed to be an increased total yield, increased
earliness, larger starch content, and a more vigorous growth of vines.
Planting tubers in rows 2 ft. apart and 1 ft. distant in the row gave
better results than greater distances. It increased the yield and has-
tened the maturity of the crop. The tubers were better formed and
richer in starch. Average sized A\hole tubers used for seed gave bet-
ter returns than larg-e or small sized whole tubers. Small seed, while
possessing great vigor of reproduction, tends to the production of
small tu))ers. Large tubers ma}' be profltably cut for seed. Pieces
weighing on an average 45 gm. and carrj'ing 2 eyes were better for
seed than whole tubers of the same weight. The advisaT)ility of cut-
ting seed tubers largely hinges on the varietv to be planted. ^Vith
Peach P)low, Magnum, Bruce, and Maercker, the best results were
obtained Avhen the tubers were cut; while with Blue Giant, Red Skin,
Hebe, and Pluto, results were generally better with the whole tubers.
No decided results were obtained in planting tul)ers of diflerent starch
content. In connection with this work the author noticed that tubers
having the highest percentages of starch were usually of a dark color
and not smooth. Bordeaux mixture ])i-<)longed the growing period of
potatoes and increased the yield.
FIELD CROPS.
1033
Experiments -with sugar cane, W. Maxwei.i. (II<nr<i./l<iii \Si((j<ir
Pl((ii(u:^'\ Si, I. Uj_>L lUOU, j>j>. ■!-',(!. J4.j-oO).--V\\v work licfc reported
comprises planting- tests and an iii\' estimation of tiie clieinical composi-
tion of diti'erent \ arietii's w ith a view to determining tlie (juuntities of
plant food removed from the soil and how they should be returned to
it. The results of the planting tests are illustrated in the following
tal.le:
/>///;
nil iiictliods of plantiwi LaJiaiiid atid Rose Bamboo sugar cane, 'iciih average results
obtained.
jrcthods of lOaiitiiiK.
Two continuous canes in row-
One continuous cane in row .
One eye per 6 in
One eye per 12 in
One eye per 18 in
Canes
per
382
313
387
387
359
Yield
per
Lbs.
185, 660
193, 180
194, 660
195, 940
175,086
Density
of
juice.
20.72
19.94
19.99
19.97
20.00
Sugar Purity
coeffl-
julce. cient.
Per ct.
17.67
17.09
16.95
17.32
16. 95
84.79
85.71
84.79
86.73
84.75
Sugar
Per ct.
15.74
15.31
15.18
15.51
16.18
Sugar
per
acre.
Lbs.
29,212
29, 575
29, 549
30, 390
26, 670
Othei' experiments along this line are in progress.
Comparative tests of 13 varieties of cane, comprising -t varieties
already upon the islands and 9 introduced canes, were conducted under
identical conditions. The canes used for seed Avere 15 months old.
The relative results are given in the following tal)le.
Rexalls from difj'erent varieties of cane.
Canes
per
row.
Yield
per
acre.
Fiber
in tlie
cane.
Sugar
Sugar
Purity
in
coeflR-
juice.
cient.
Per ct.
17.20
86.25
16.15
85.36
14.00
78.15
15.05
81.58
14.05
79.15
13.86
75.58
17.45
87.24
13.30
79.73
15.36
84.30
15.95
86.82
14.90
83.98
16.93
87.19
13.20
73.63
Density.
Sugar
per
acre.
Lahaina
Rose Baml)oo
Yellow f'aledonia
Yellow Hiiniboo
Moore I'lirjile (Fiji)
Demarara, No. 117
Demarara. Xo. 95
Demarara, No. 124
Louisiana, TibbooMird..
Louisiana, Striped
Louisiana, Purple
Striped Singapore
Big Ribbon
319
340
254
297
490
412
681
176
441
373
411
353
307
Lbs.
193, 280
209, 600
182,240
158. 160
80, 560
186, 240
194, 000
110,400
241,360
239, 520
153, 360
165,040
232. 161
Per ct.
10.9
9.9
11.7
12. 8
10.3
10.1
11.7
9.3
9.0
9.9
10.0
10.9
11.6
Per ct.
15.32
14.54
12. 36
13. 12
12.60
12. 45
15.40
12.06
13.97
14.36
13.41
16.08
11.68
19.93
18.72
17.87
18.45
17.75
18.35
20.17
16.68
18.21
18.54
17.76
19.40
17.79
Lbs.
29, 610
30,475
22, 524
20, 750
10,150
23, 186
29, 876
13,314
33, 718
34,395
20,565
24, 888
27, 116
Tibboo Mird and Striped, introduced from Louisiana, more than
doubled their yield under Hawaiian conditions, and surpassed all other
varieties that were native and used to the Tropics.
The amounts of fertilizing ingredients removed from the soil In* the
respective varieties, and the amounts of these elements used per ton
of sugar produced, are reported in the following table:
1034
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Fertilizing ingredient ii reinared J'ruin llie soil by J acre of nine, and uned per ton of .rngar
produced.
Fertilizing ingredients removed
per acre.
Fertilizing ingredients per
sugar.
ton of
Varieties.
Nitrogen.
Phos-
phoric
acid.
Potash.
Lime.
Nitrogen.
Phos-
phoric
acid.
Potash.
Lime.
Lbs.
376
622
436
410
482
497
.547
352
558.
579
545
474
506
Lbs.
235
209
191
170
185
200
214
175
290
255
188
171
236
Lbs.
1,323
1,746
1,477
1,709
1,542
1,435
1, 735
1,843
2, 360
2,311
1,725
1,397
2, 128
Lbs.
426
533
406
297
405
511
556
417
620
538
537
457
613
Lbx.
25.4
40.5
38.7
39.5
94.9
42.9
36. 6
.52.8
33.0
33.2
53.3
38.9
37.3
16.0
13.6
16.9
16.3
36.4
17.1
14.3
26.3
17.2
14.8
18.2
13.7
17.4
Lbs.
89.5
114.2
131.1
164.7
303.8
123. 8
116.1
276. 8
139.9
134.3
167.7
112. 2
156. 2
Lbs.
28.7
34.8
Yellow Caledonia
Yellow Bamboo
Moore I'urple
36. ."i
28.6
79. S
44.0
Deiuarara.'.t')
l)eiiiarara,]24
Louisiana, TibbooMird
Louisiana, Striped
I>ouisianii, Purple
Striped Singapore
Big Ribbon
37.4
62.6
36.8
31.2
52. 2
36. s
45.2
The results of analyses of the mineral matter in the leaves, tops, and
dead cane of the different varieties are given in tables. From July,
1898, to Novem])er, 1899, inclusive, the crop received 26.99 in. of rain
and 76 in. of irrigation water. This increased the yield of sugar per
acre by 23,155 lbs. as compared with results on unirrigated plats.
Fertilizer tests in progress are briefly described.
Wheat experiments, C. L. Newman {Arl'an.sa..^ tSta. Bui. 6'^, pp.
17-3Jt.^Ji<j. 1). — These experiuients embraced culture, rotation, seeding,
and variety tests with wheat. Plowing deeper than 8 in. did not prove
protitable. Disking and i-olling the soil thoroughly l)efore sowing and
thorough preparation of the soil in general diminished winterkilling
and the bad eflects of drought and increased the yield materially.
Sowing 5 and 6 pecks of seed per acre gave the best returns. Where
cowpeas, soy beans, and beggar weed Avere grown on light sandy soil
the yield of the following wheat crop was increased 56.5 per cent.
The returns indicate that crops for green manuring should not be
plowed under shortly before the crop is sown. This was shown by
the fact that where stubble of leguminous plants and the whole plants
were plowed under shortly ])efore sowing, the results were generally
in favor of the stubble. A crop of cowpeas grown after harvesting-
rye and potatoes increased the following wheat crop 30 per cent.
"Wheat grown continuously on the same ground for three years and eacli crop
preceded by a crop of cowpeas gave an increased yield of 46. 7 per c-ent as conq^ared
with breaking the wheat stubble and not sowing cowpeas. Fertilizing cowpeas with
200 lbs. of acid phosphate and 100 lbs. of muriate of potash increased the yield of
wheat that followed 58 per cent. Wheat sown upon cowpea stubble, plowed under
and fertilized with 400 lbs. of a complete fertilizer, gave an average increased yield
of 64.4 and 78.5 jht cent increased yield the second year over soil treated only in
the usual way."
Early Ripe, Indian Swamp, Purplestraw, Pool. Red May, Red
Wonder, and Tennessee Fultz gav(> the l)cst results.
FIELD CROPS. 1035
Wheat {Kentucky Sta. B%il. 89,pj>. 177-198, pis. 4).— Thi.s bulletin
i.s a report on variety and fertilizer tests with wheat. Similar work
has been previously reported (E. S. R., 11, p. TBI). Thirty-six vari-
eties of wheat were grown in 1900. The yields of grain and straw per
acre are tabulated for each A^ariety. The botanical description of the
varieties, with field notes on the same, and illustrations of 30 varieties,
are given. Fultz wheat gave the largest vield, 52.2 bu. per acre; fol-
lowed by Harvest King, 50.3 bu.; Lancaster Red, ■±9,9 bu.; White-
seeded (Tolden Cross, 49.7 bu.; and Harvest Queen, -19.5 bu. Kansas
Mortgage Lifter and Turkish Red produced the heaviest gi'ain, the
bushel weighing 05 lbs. The fertilizer experiments were conducted
on a farm in the region of the Coal-Measures formation. The results
indicated the need of phosphoric acid and hunuis in the soil.
Experiments -with -winter -wheat, A. M. Soule and P. O. Van-
ATTER {Tennessee Sta. Bui., Vol. XIII, No. 2,p2)- 'iik, pi. l,figs. o). —
These experiments included fertilizer and variety tests, intertillage
experiments, and trials of different rates of seeding, and seed selection.
The work and its results are discussed at some length and the yields
obtained are given in tabular form. The results on small plats were
relatively correct as compared with field trials. Early and thorough
preparation of wheat land is recommended. Fulcaster wheat, with a
yield of -11.66 bu. per acre, was the most productive variety, followed
by Early Genesee Giant, with -11.35 bu. Improved Fulcaster. Niger,
Fultz, and Poole averaged over ±0 bu. per acre. Velvet Chaff pro-
duced the heaviest grain, the measured bushel weighing 61|^ lbs., and
Fultz, Poole, Harvest King, and Deitz Amber all weighed 60 lbs. or
over, although yielding more than 39 bu. per acre. The best milling
wheats were Fulcaster, Niger, Mediterranean, Improved Fulcaster,
and Deitz Amber, while White Golden Cross, Early Genesee Giant,
and Fultz were considered the poorest. Egyptian produced the weak-
est straw and Early Genesee Giant the stiffest.
Among 22 fertilizer combinations tested in this connection, 10 tons
of barnyard manure produced the best results, increasing the yield
11.72 bu. as compared with wheat grown without a fertilizer applica-
tion. Five tons of barnyard manure per acre increased the yield 7.71
bu., at a cost of 26 cts. per bushel. A home-mixed fertilizer used at
the rate of 50 ll)s. of nitrate of soda, 10<> lt)s. of Tennessee acid phos-
phate, and 25 lbs. of muriate of potash increased the yield 8.07 bu., at
a cost of 27 cts. per bushel.
In discussing the cowpea as a source of nitrogen in soil renovation,
the authors state that "nitrogen is chiefly stored in the leaves of the
cowpea plant and not in the nodules on the roots, as many suppose."
Other results obtained indicated the best time for seeding wheat to
be from October 1 to 15. The intertillage experiments consisted in
cultivating, with a Breed's weeder, wheat grown in rows wide apart or
1036 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
close together. The results show a gain of 2.13 bu. per acre in favor
of the rows wide apart. The yields from sowing wheat at the rates of
1, H, and '2 bu. per aere did not ditfer materially, but the use of 2 bu.
per acre is regarded best.
A test of other winter cereals gave very satisfactoiy results. Com-
mon Gray winter oats yielding 89.31 bu.. Excelsior winter rye 51. Is
bu., and winter barley 5f).(W) bu. })er acre. Experiments in .seed
selection are in progress.
Wheat culture at the agricultural school at La Reole in 1898,
1899, and 1900, P. Herbet {Jour. Agr. Prat., 1900, II, No. 50,pj>.
863, soil). — The manner of conducting the experiments is described and
observations on diseases, lodging, maturity of different varieties, and
the 3delds are noted. On a sandy loam soil plowed 35 cm. deep, w itli
a green maruiring of crimson clover and an application of 500 kg', of
superphosphate and 100 kg. of ammonium sulphate per hectare, a yield
of 11 hectoliters was ol)tained from 3 liters of La Reole wheat sown, or
366 liters for each liter of wheat. The wheat was sown in drill rows,
35 cm. apart. The author calls attention to the advantages of selecting
the seed, working the soil to a good depth, and manuring rationally.
It is stated that the results contirm previous conclusions; that under
existing climate and soil conditions of the valley of the Garonne a rather
thin stand of wheat gives the best results.
Results of various culture and fertilizer experiments, H. E. Stockbrid(;e
{Flnridii Slu. Rpt. 1S99 an <l 1900, pp. l)?-20). — In tlie rei)ort of the agriculturist, several
brief accounts of experimental work are given. Mexican June eorn, with cowpeas
as an intercultural crop, was grown after oats which were harvested late in Maw
Good crops of oats, corn, and cowpeas were obtained. Cultural tests with cassava
resulted in the best yield from planting 4 ft. apart, with hills 3 ft. apart. A test of
the continued use of Egyptian and sea-island cotton seed, without resorting to fresh
supplies from the original sources, showed a decrea.se in yield, year by year, as the
seed became removed in time from the seed originally procured. Other experiments
with corn, sweet potatoes, and velvet beans are briefly described.
Field experiments {Queciislnnd Dept. Ayr. Rpt. 1899-1900, pji. 4-11). — A report
on the field experiments, comprising culture and variety tests with potatoes, oats,
malting barley, wheat, maize, millet, and various other forage plants, is here given.
Report of the agriculturist of the State experiment station at Albano,
Sweden, 1897-1899, S. Ruodin (Ay. Limdthr.-.Aknd. llauiU. Txhkr., 89 {1900),
No. 4, pp- 207-236). — The report deals with methods of preservation of stable manure,
fertilizer experiments for the production of grass seed, further trials of Wiborgh
phosphate, and experiments with standard varieties of oats at different Swedish
agricultural schools.
Concerning experiments -with fertilizers, Behrens {Mitt. Deut. Landw. GeselL,
16 (WOl), Nos. 4, pp. 14, 15; 5, pp. 17-19; 6, pp. 21, 22). — A paper treating of the
methods of conducting fertilizer experiments and the value and meaning of the
results.
Experiments -with phosphatic manures on cereals, K. M.xkke {Semaine Agr.,
21 {1901), No. 1026, pp. 13, 14)- — A report on cooperative experiments with phosphatic
manures on cereals. The results indicate that a high-grade sui)erphosphate is most
economical.
FIELD CROPS. 1037
The lodging' of grain, G. Gitp^froy [Jour. Agr. Prnl., 1901, /, No. 2, pp. 48, 49,
figi^. 3). — This article is a lirief report on the study of several cereal crops grown under
different fertilizer conditions, with a view to determining the relation between the
fertilizer application and the lodging of grain. The conclusions are that the resistance
of the grain depends upon the cellular structure of the stem, a purely mechanical
<inality. Phosphoric acid was shown to increase the resistance and nitrogen to
decrease it. The apjilication of both these elements in the proper proportions is
considered necessary for a good yield of unlodged grain.
Four years' cooperative culture tests with barley, A. Sempolowski {Deuf.
Jjmdv. Presse, 28 {1901), No. 3, pp. 21, 22). — A condensed re]Jort on the results
obtained with 4 varieties of barley. Hanna barley gave the highest yields of straw
and grain.
Sea of Azof barley {Jour. Dept. Agr. We-sit. AvMrnlin, 2 {1900), No. 6, pp. 423,
424). — Field notes on this variety of barley regarded as quick growing and suitable
for early green fodder.
The quality of barley grown after roots, A. I). Hall {.Tour. Bd. Agr. [London],
7 {1900), No. 3, pp. 292-299). — This article considers the injurious effect on the qual-
ity of barley when this crop is grown after swedes and turnips, and suggests a remedy
in the method of fertilizing. The application of fertilizers in its relation to this sub-
ject was made a study at the Southeast Agricultural College at Wye, and the results
showed that when barley is grown after roots that have been fed on the land a dress-
ing of salt injures the quality of the barley, and an application of sulphate of potash,
although increasing the starch content of the grain, does not give profitable results.
A dressing of 3 cwt. of superphosphate per acre produced a slight increase in yield
and a marked improvement in quality.
Broom corn, J. T. Robertson {.Jour. Agr. and Ind., South Australia, 4 {1900); No.
5, pp. 424, 425). — Brief popular directions for growing broom corn.
Broom corn, Trabut {Bui. Agr. Algerie et Tunisie, 6 {1900), No. 24, pp. 665-671,
figs. 2). — A discussion of broom-corn culture in Algeria.
Fertilizer experiments with red beets, E. O. Arenandek {Latultmannen, 11
{1900), No. 18, pp. 280-286).
The castor bean {Florida Agr., 28 {1901), No. 3, pp. -33, 34). — This article treats
of th(» culture and iises of the castor bean.
Fertilizer experiments with carrots, P>. (). Arenandek {Lnndtmannen, 11
{1900), No. .33, pp. 527-530).
Japanese clover, F. Gagnaire {.Tour. Agr. I'rat., 1901, I, No. 3, pj). 93-95). — An
article discussing the first experiments with Japan clover in France and Algeria, the
results of which were not promising.
Cowpeas and soy beans {Jour. Dept. Agr. West. Australia, 2 {1900), No. 6, pp.
436-488). — A popular article comparing the two plants.
Forage plants, B. C. Buffum and W. H. Fairfield ( Wyoming Sta. Rpt. 1900,
jiji. 34). — A report on investigations with a large number of cultivated and native
forage plants, consisting of brief cultural notes on the different species and lists of
promising and unpromising plants for the region, as shown by the results of trials.
Grasses and fodder plants on the Potomac flats, C. R. Ball ( U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Dirlsionof Agrostology Cirr. 28, pp. 18). — This report describes the trial grounds on
which the grasses and forage plants were grown and notes the facts observed in con-
nectifni with these tests. The seed for these trials was obtained in the United States
and in foreign countries. A number of grasses from the Southwest, namely, curly
mesquite, turnip grass, water grass, and sprangle made a very promising growth.
The introduced Australian species showed a ready adaptability to this climate, and
among them button grass ami Mitchell grass made a remarkabh' vigorous growth.
This report discusses about 60 different species, including perennial meadow and
pasture grasses, millets, sorghums, teosinte, saltbushes, burnet, rape, and a large
number of different leguminous crops.
1038 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Investigation on the composition of grasses from diflFerent meadows,
A. Emmerlixg et al. {Centbl Apr. Chem., 29 {1900), No. 12, p}). 804-807).— The
results of analyses are tabulated. The authors conclude that the food value of a
grass mixture can be determined only by analysis.
Fertilizing- meadows on g-ranitic soils, I.. (iuAXDE.vr {Jour. Agr. Prat., 1901,
I, No. 2, pp. 45, 46). — This article I'ompares the use of superphosphate and Thomas
slag in this connection, and concludes that under the conditions which are discussed
Thomas slag is the more profitable.
Management of ensilage crops, A. M. Soule ( Univ. Tennessee Record, 4 {1901),
No. 1, pp. G<S-7'>, Ji(js. .)). — A general discussion of the subject.
Revised notes on the cultivation of broom millet for manufacturing pur-
poses, A. A. DrxNiCLiFF {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 11 {1900), No. 12, pp. 1124-
1129). — Popular notes on soil and seed requirements of broom com, and on the
planting, cultivating, harvesting, curing, and baling of the crop. A number of the
most suitable varieties are described.
Observations on the culture of oats, Raynaud and Brunerie {Semaine Agr.,
21 {1900), Nos. 1027, pp. 22, 28; 1028, pp. 29, 30) . — A resume of cultural notes on oats
during the years 1893-1899.
Potatoes, A. J. McOlatchie {Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 161, 162).— In a variety
test with potatoes, Burpee Early matured first and gave a yield equal to that of Early
Rose, a variety commonly grown. Early Rose planted February 7 yielded one-third
more than when planted January 17. Triumph also gave promising results. Pota-
toes planted 9 in. apart in a row gave the best results as compared with other
distances. Chile saltpeter applied at the rate of 500 lbs. per acre did not prove
profitable.
The efifect of shortening the root before planting root crops, Kunath,
{Dent. Landir. Presse, 27 {1900), No. 103, pp. 1237, 12.38, figs. ,?).— The opinions of
different agricultural writers on the subject are given, and the results of experiments
by the author along this line with celery are reported.
Conditions affecting the feeding value of mangolds and swedes, J. S. C<or-
Dox {.Toitr. Brilixli Dairi/ Fartni'r.<<' Assoc, 15 {1900), pt. 2, ])j). 25-.l>). — A descriiation
of experiments is given and the results obtained are tabulated. It was found that
the best yielding variety does not contain the most nutriment, and that large roots
are not so nutritious as small roots. Heavy manuring retarded the maturity of the
crops.
Our saltbushes, T. E. Grigg {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 11 {1900), No. 12, pp.
1120, 1121). — A popular discussion of the value of different varieties of saltbush.
Sugar beets, A. J. McClatchie, R. H. Forbes, and W. W. Skixxer {Arizona Sta.
Rpt. 1900, pp. 163-166, 184, 185). — The experiments here reported were conducted
mainly for the purpose of testing methods of irrigation. Two plats of beets, sown
December 26 and January 23, and first irrigated April 1 and April 3, respectively,
produced beets high in sugar content and purity. The yield on the plat sown in
December was 14.5 tons per acre and on the other, 10.4 tons. These results indicate
that the best time to begin irrigating is when the beets are from 2 to 3 months old.
In addition to this work, sundry tests with beets were made on the Upper Gila,
and the results are given. The season was adverse to the success of the experiments
and the work is to be continued.
Experiments on the culture of sugar beets at Cappelle^ {.Tour. Agr. Prat.,
1901, I, No. 3, pp. 78, 79). — This is a report on a test of four different strains of sugar
beets, designated as short, early, medium {demi-longues), and late. For three years
in succession the medium sized and late maturing strains have given a larger yield
in beets and in sugar than the short and early ripening strains. The results for 1900
are fiiven in a table.
Planting small beets for seed production, E. Schaaf (/?/. Zuckerri'ihenban, 7
{1900), No. 24, pp. .369-376, fig. 1). — A di.scussion of the size of the beet to be used
for this purpose.
FIELD CROPS. 1039
Phosphoric acid as a fertilizer for sugar beets, G. Smets {Belg. Hort. et Agr.,
12 {1900), No. 24, pp. 374, 375). — Note on the results of several experiments on the
subject.
Applying- nitrate of soda as a top-dressing in sugar-beet culture, L. Gran-
DEAi' {Jour. Af/r. Prut., 1901, 1, No. 1, pp. 17, IS). — This article is a discussion of
experiments along this line, the results of Mhich are not regarded as (juite conclusive.
The author suggests further investigation on the subject.
Sugar beet statistics for the year 1899-1900 {Bid. Mm. Agr. [France], 19
{1900), No. .5, pp. 900-902). — Ta])les showing the quantities of beets worked and the
quantities of sugar and by-i)roducts obtained.
Report of the tobacco expert, E. 8. Nevill {QueenMand Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1899-
1900, pp. 37, 38). — A brief report on tobacco work in Queensland.
Experiments -with wheat at the agricultural experiment station at Chevil-
coy, .T. R. Chavex {Bol. Mens. Agr. y Gan., 2 {1900), No. 2, pp. 66-70). — A report on
variety and culture tests with wheat.
Wheat in the Fassifern District {Queensland Agr. .Tour., 7 {1900), No. 6, p. 498,
ph. 2). — A note on growing Allora spring wlieat in that region.
Minnesota No. 163 wheat, W. M. Hays and A. Boss {Minnesota Sta. Class Bui.
8, pp. 4). — A popular bulletin giving a comparison of this wheat with other varie-
ties, based on the results of tests made at the station. Comparative tests with this
wheat were carried on throughout the State, and the results thus far obtained are
discussed. In general this new fife wheat yielded more than the varieties with
which it was compared.
Bietti wheat {Agr. Jovr. Cape Good Hope, 17 {1900), No. 13, pp. 783, 784).— A
tabulated report on cooiierative experiments with this variety.
Variety tests of wheat, oats, and barley, B. C. Buffum and W. H. Fairfield
( Wyoming Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 44). — A brief description of the variety tests with wheat,
oats, and barley is given, and the results of testing about 500 varieties of wheat, over
60 varieties of oats, and about 50 varieties of barley during the years 1896-1899,
inclusive, are tabulated.
"Work at the agricultural experiment station at Baradero, D. del Castillo
{Bol. Mens. Agr. y Gan., 2 {1900), No. 2, pp. 54-63) . — A report on variety and culture
tests with wheat, barley, oats, and rye conducted at the station.
Manuring wheat in dry country {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 11 {1900), No. 11,
pp. 1008-1011) . — A series of opinions on the subject by wheat growers in the arid
districts of Australia.
The reasons for the low yield of wheat in recent years {Braunschweig Landw.
Zig., 69 {1901), No. 2, pp. 7-10). — A discussion of the subject at a meeting of the
Central Agricultural Society of the Province of Braunschweig.
HORTICULTURE.
Utilizing the greenhouse in summer, F. W. Rane {JVew Hamp-
shire Sta. Bid. 76^ pp. 135-lI^j,fi(jH. 9).—k^ brief iu-count Is given of
growing tomatoes, muskmelons, celery, cucumbers, sweet potatoes,
eggplant, and peppers under glass in summer.
With tomatoes the varieties Early Acme, Beauty, New Liberty Belle,
Ignotum, Fordhook First, and Bond Earl}' Minnesota were used. Pick-
ing began about Jul}^ 10, and lasted a month before the field varieties
were ripe. The yield of the tomatoes grown in the greenhouse aver-
aged 2 lbs. 6i oz. per square foot, and the average price between July
1040 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
10 and August 10 was 7 cts. per pound, thus giving a money value of
16.8 cts. per square foot. The vines continued l)earing until August
30. At this date the average yield per j^lant Mas 5 lbs. 3^ oz. per
square foot, and the selling price per pound brought the money value
up to 20 cts. per square foot.
Peppers were not fruited out of doors. Under glass the large
squash pepper yielded at the rate of 1()<H l''*!- per square rod, and
Ruby King at the rate of 122 lbs. per square rod.
Eggplants gave an average return of about 18 cts. per square foot.
Early Long Purple gave the quickest returns and was very productive.
New York Improved stood next in value.
Celery was easily grown, but there was considerable difficulty in
blanching without rotting. The Golden Self F>lanching was of most
value for indoor culture.
Muskmelons were started in pots and handled similar to cucumbers.
It required about 3 months from the time the plants were transplanted
into the beds until the fruit matured. Varieties successfully grown
were Rose Gem, Netted Gem, and true Jenny Lind.
From the results of the author's experiments with these ditferent
vegetables, it is believed that owners of greenhouses can ill aii'ord to
allow the house to remain idle throughout the summer. This is be-
lieved to have special application to the New England States and those
in temperate sections.
The growing of lettuce with chemical fertilizers, W. Stuakt
{Indiana Sfa. Bui. SJ^., jjjp. 115-lJi2^ cliart-^ o). — Previous experiments
(E. S. R., 11, p. 342) are Reviewed and details given of further work
to determine the comparative efficiency of chemical fertilizers and
stable manure, l■elati^•o availability of licjuid chemical manures when
applied to the surface of the soil and from Ijclow, and a comparison of
surface r. su))watering for lettuce. The tests were made in pots, and
the results are tabulated and discussed. The author smnmarizes the
results of the present and earlier tests as follows:
"In order to nUidy the action of the three esscMitial elt'incnts of jilaiit food — nitro-
gen, phosphorus, and potassmm — a soil must 1)e used that is fairly deficient in plant
food. Potash when used in any considerable amount, either alone or in connection
Avith nitrate of soda, produced conditions unsuitable to plant growth. When phos-
phori(; acid was used alone or in connection with nitrate of soda or muriate of potash,
even in large amounts, a marked increase in the growth of the j)lants Avas obtained.
The muriate of potash proved somewhat superior to the sulphate, the increase in each
case being but slight. But little difference seems to obtain in the efficiency of dif-
ferent forms of available phosphoric acid. In each instance chemical fertilizers
proved slightly superior to stable manures. The application of liquid fertilizers from
below by the subwatering method proved perfectly feasible and gave satisfactory
results. Nitrate of soda gave quicker returns than did dried blood, and seems best
adapted to lettuce culture. The sub\vateri>(l ])lants made abetter growth than the
surface- watered ones."
HORTICULTURE. 1041
Methods of apple cultivation on light porous soil, R. Goethe
and E. JuN(iE {Her. K. Lclwdn-sf. Ohst^ Wc!i> u. (r(i/'teu/jau, Geisenhelm^
1899-1900, j>P' 13-15). — The soil in this experiment was so porous
that week-long continued rain was not sufficient to make it too wet.
The orchard was divided into sections and treated as follows: (1) Irri-
gated ■!: times with kitchen slop water; (2) the surface soil cultivated,
thoroughh' forming a loose mulch; (3) blue lupines grown, wdiich
were mowed during the summer and left on the ground for the pur-
pose of preserving soil moisture; and (4) soil removed 3 cm. deep over
an area of 13 square meters and piled in a ridge al)out the tree form-
ing a dam for the preservation of all snow and rain water. No other
cultivation was given. Another parcel was seeded to vetch. The
control plat was spaded in the sj^ring and hoed once during the sum-
mer, as is the custom in the locality.
Trees on parcel 1 made a good healthy growth and the fruit devel-
oped well. Equally as good results were secured on parcel 2, where
the moisture was retained 1)}' thorough cidtivation. On plats 3 and 5,
which were seeded with ])lue lupines and vetch, respectively, the tree
growth w^as poor and the fruit remained small and dropped early to
the ground. The small amount of snowfall did not permit of a
thorough test of the value of the earth dam about trees in parcel 4.
The trees on the control plat were behind the trees grown on parcels
1 and 2 in every respect.
The essentials of peach culture, J. H. Hale {Rural Neto Yorker^
60 {1901), Xo. i2G6S, pp. 1, 2, Jig. 1). — The soil and the tree and its care
are considered. The author advises the use of trees 5 to 6 ft. high and
f in. in diameter for planting. The top is unimportant, but there
should be a heavy root and a strong cane 15 or 18 in. up. The author
has been most successful in planting trees 13 ft. apart each wa}^, or
less. Such close planting requires much pruning and for general
planting 18 to 22 ft. apart each way is advised. In the South closer
planting than in the North nia}' l)e observed. Catch crops should not
be planted in the young orcliard, but instead 12 to 15 good cultivations
given.
During the iirst 2 years, after a month or 6 weeks of thorough cultiva-
tion, cowpeas may be seeded over two-thirds the space between the rows,
leaving space each side of the trees for single-horse cultivation for 2
months more. The pea vines should be left in the ground over winter
as a mulch. After the first 2 years, the whole space between the rows
should be cultivated up to the last of July or first of August, and then
seeded completely with 15 or 20 lbs. of clover for winter protection of
the peach roots. The clover shovild be plowed under in the early
spring before much growth takes place.
In pruning a light open head is desired. The first season's growth
should not be shortened too much, but the second season all the strong-
22065— No. 11 4
1042 EXPERIIIENT STATION RECORD.
est branches ma}" be liberally shortened, leavinjr the side l)i-anches to
spread so as to niaKe a broad low head. In ease it seems best not to
cut a leader entirely awa}', never cut back to a dormant })ud, ])ut alwaj's
to some side branches; these will slowly take on growth and fruiting
strength and check the upward tendency of growth that is sure to fol-
low the cutting back of a strong peach limb to a dormant l)ud. Not
much attention need be paid the side branches; they will never make
leaders, and in the author's opinion it is a mistake to do so. A tree
pruned as here suggested should give three fourths of its fruit near
enough to the ground so that it can be gathered without a ladder.
Winter irrigation of orchards, A. J. McClatchie {Arizona Sta.
Rpt. 1900, pp. 162^ 163). — Previous experiments along this line have
been contiiuied (E. S. R., 11, p. 84T). Water was withheld from
orchards heavily irrigated during the winter, from June to December,
and irrigated again from December to March. The March irrigation
was followed l)y plowing and harrowing and the orchard harrowed
again after two slight showers in April to break up the crust that
formed over the surface.
"Though having passed through the driest liot period of which there is a record
in the valley, the trees are now (July) in the best of condition. The apricot trees
have made a young growth of 3 to 6 ft., and the peach trees a growth of about 4 ft.
The apricot trees all matured a good crop of fruit, and many of the peach trees are
unusually heavily loaded."
A peach and apricot orchard was sown to clover dui'ing October and
from then until April was irrigated sufficiently to keep the crop grow-
ing well. Samples of soil in this orchard taken to a depth of 33 ft.
showed that it had been wet to as great a d(>pth as in an adjoining
orchard in which nothing had been sown. The results of these experi-
ments are believed to prove "that green manuring and winter irriga-
tion may go hand in hand to excellent advantage."
Gro-wing and grafting resistant vines, F. Gillet {Pacific J2ural
Press^ 61 {1901)^ No. 8, p. 116). — The author reports his experience in
bench grafting resistant stock. The best results have been obtained
on Riparia. One or two year old rooted cuttings are used in prefer-
ence to plain cuttings because of a gain of one 3^ear in time, and
because a larger percentage will grow. Tn field practice the author
used rooted cuttings just grafted and rooted resistant stock in alternate
rows. While succeeding with 85tot>()per cent of the former, only
60 per cent of the grafts of the latter grew, and these produced hardly
any grapes that year, while on the former from 8 to 11 lbs. per i)lant
were secured. On the whole, bench grafting resistant vines is con-
sidered the best, cheapest, and (juickest way of reconstructing a vine-
yard or stai"ting a new one.
Fertilizer experiments ^vith nitrate of soda in the red vrine
district of the Ahr Valley ( /Av. A'. L<hi'<iiisi. <)}»<(, ]!>/;? u. Gar-
tenbau^ Geinoihciiu, 1899-1900., pp. 10J~107). — Experiments were made
HORTICULTURE, 1043
in different mountainous districts to determine the influence of nitrate
of soda on grapes and the effect of early and late applications. The
soil was naturally well supplied with mineral matter. The nitrate was
applied at the rate of 300 kg, per hectare. It was especially effective
on the steep hillsides. Its influence was noticeable in the greater wood
growth, the larger size of the fruit, and the darker green of the leaves.
The leaves also hung on the vines about two weeks longer than where no
nitrate was used. Even late applications of nitrate of soda produced
no harmful eft'ects. The good effect of the nitrate was not so notice-
able in rich, humus, clay soils in the valleys. The must from the fer-
tilized and unfertilized plants showed no essential difference in speciflc
weight, sugar or acid content, and the wine was similar in chemical
character. There was considerable difference, however, in the nitro-
gen content of the wine, that from the fertilized Amines being 10 per
cent higher than that from the nonfertilized vines. The leaves of the
fertilized vines were likewise richer in nitrogen.
In conclusion, the author states that no harmful influence whatever
could be detected from the use of nitrate of soda, even with late appli-
cations. Wherever diff'eren'-es were noticeable they were alwa3^s in
favor of the nitrate.
Gardening' in Germany, T.. Wittmack {Gartenflora, .50 {1901), Nos. S,pp. 38-44;
3, pp. 70-74; 4, p)p. 94-96). — The historical development and present status of vege-
table, flower, and fruit gardening in (irermauy is considered, some statistics on seed
production, fruit imports and exports, cut-flower and plant production being
included.
Vegetables, A. J. McClatchie {Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. l'>8-161). — Cultural
notes and the results of tests of varieties of cabbage, lettuce, watermelons, onions,
and cauliflower. Succession, Fottler Brunswick, Large Late Drumhead, and All
Sea.sons cabbage gave the heaviest yields per acre. New York and Tyrol produced
the largest heads of lettuce. Of the watermelons tested Augusta proved the most
satisfactory. In the culture experiments with onions slightly better results were
secured when the plants were sown in place and thinned than when they were
transplanted. The variety Prize Taker gave the heaviest yield and produced the
best quality of onions.
Asparagus culture, E. Lksser {Lnmiv. WchnhL Sdiie^wkj-Holstein., 51 {1901),
No. 6, ]>]>. SJ, 8S) . — Method of culture and best varieties are considered.
Forcing haricots, C. Potkat {Belg. Hort. et Agr., 13 {1901), No. 1, pp. 7, 8). —
Cultural directions for growing kicincy beans in the forcing house.
Tropical species of Mucunas and Doliclios, E. Andre {Rcp. Hort., 73 {1901),
No. 3, pp. 61-63, figs. -5). — The author states that these plants are the beans of warm
countries. Mucuna pruriens, M. nivca, M. gigantca, M. horrida, M. utUi<<, M. atro-
purpurea, and ^f. monospernia are briefly characterized and M. prurkiis and M. nivea
illustrated.
The cultivation of Znaim cucumbers, .J. G. Smith ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Section of
Seed and Plant Introdnction Circ. 2, pp. 4)- — Notes are given on the culture and cost
of production of cucumbers at Znaim, Austria. The Znaim cucumbers are a variety
of Cucumis .sr///t'!(.s,'and are extensively cultivated for export as pickles, salted, spiced,
preserved in sugar, or flavored with nuistard. The seed of this cucumber has been
obtained for distribution among the agricultural stations of the country.
1044 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
American g-inseng, M. G. Kains ( Amcr. Gnrd., 22 {1901), No. 325, pp. 188, 189). —
Abstract of an a<l<lress l)efore tlie Hortifultural Society of New York, March 13, 1901.
The best horse-radisli varieties of Europe, and methods of cultivation,
D. G. Fairchili) ( V. S. Dept. Ayr., Section of Seed and Plant Introduction Civ. 1, pp. 8,
figs. 4). — Metliods of growing Bayersdorf and Maliner Kren or Bohemian horse-
radish are here described in detail and estimates given as to the cost of jjroduction
and the profits in horse-radish growing.
Lettuce forcing, W. Scorr {Amer. Gard., .i.i {1901), Xo. 324, }>. 171). — Methods
V»a.«ed on exjH'rience. Grand Rapids lias ])een found easiest to grow and least sul)-
ject to disease of the oi)en ty])es, and Deacon has proven the most satisfactory of tlie
head lettuces.
Prospects and present condition of agave culture in German East Africa,
R. HixnoKF {TropenjtJI(in:er, .'> (1901), Xo. 1, j)ji. 7-17).
The relation of grow^th to flovsrering in fruit trees, K. S. ( Joff ( .Innr. (lord.,
22 {1901), Xo. 319, p. 75). — The principles are laid down by the author that (1) there
is an in\-erse relation between growth and flowering — the causes that promote growth
being opposed to flowering and vice versa; (2) "that the amount of growth that
takes place in any part of a plant depends upon tlie amount of w ater received by that
part, and (3) that flower buds form freely only when they receive an abvmdance of
light."
On fertilization of fruit trees, M. Weibuli, [ L<(nillniii,niin, II M'.too), Xo. 21, pp.
338-343).
Fruit culture for northern latitudes, J. H. Halk (Xeir Jfomji.'tliire lid. Aijr. Rpt.
1899-1900, jip. A'A'J-A'A'ATA'). — Refers esi)ecially to New England and Ncm' England
conditions.
New hardy fruits for Manitoba and the Northwest Territories, W. Saundkus
{Ontario Fniit Growers' Assoc, 1899, pp. 109-113). — Pi/ras baccata was crossed in 1894
with several varieties of hardy apples, such as Tetofsky, Wealthy, and Duchess.
From the seeds obtained, seedlings were grown, five of which seem to be of niuch
merit and are described. Crosses have also been made on Fyrus prunlfolia, but no
fruits have been obtained as yet.
Report of the fruit experiment stations of Ontario, L. Woolvekton et \h.
{Ontario Fruit Expt. Stas. Ept. 1899, p/). 68, ti<j.-<. 38). — Results are reported of cultural
and variety tests of orchard and small fruits at l."» fruit experiment stations in Ontario.
Descriptions and illustrations are also given in addition to those previously noted
(E. S. R., 11, p. 547) of 5 varieties of apjiles, 9 of cherries, 2 of peaches, 4 of rasp-
berries, 2 of i)ears, and 1 each of currants, grapes, and plums grown in Ontario.
The production of high-grade fruit, G. E. Powell {Ontario Fruit Groirers'
Assoc. Rpt. 1899, ])p. 32-47) . — Tlie author is meeting with success in topworking
Northern Spy stock with scions from well-formed and bearing Kings. The method
of orchard cnlfivation observcil by the author is also descrilied.
The eflPect of yearly pruning on the growth of orchard trees ( llcr. K. Lrli-
ranst. Ohst, Weinu. Gartenhaa, Geisodwiin, 1899-1900, pj). 18-21). — Numerous observa-
tions go to show that yearly pruning hinders the growth of the tre(> and greatly
retards the blooming jicriod.
The apple in West Virginia, L. 1'. ]Millkh ( IIV.s/ Virginia Farm ltir.,8 [lOOO],
No. 12, pp. 396-399). — The sorts and location for apple orchards in West Virginia
are discussed. Freestone and soapstone highlands with trees 40 by 40 ft. apart are
advocated.
Notes on some of the newer apples, G. P>. Brackeit {Amer. Gard., 22 {1901),
No. 325, pp. 190, 191). — Historical and descriptive notes on York Imperial, Arkansas,
Paragon Beach, Collins Red, Oliver, Reagan, Ptaynian AViiiesap, Grimes Golden,
Jonathan, and White Pippin.
HORTICULTURE, 1045
Newton Pippin hybrids in New York (Aiiifr. (jiinl., .?,? {1901), No. .?;?;?, ^7.
1^J4) ■ — Notes (in Nc'wtnii I'ijtpiu liyliriil apples grown on selected seedlings from
Newton Pipj)iii crossed on Nortliern Spy, Rhode Island (ireening, and Russets.
The hy1)rids are believed to Ije very important additions to our list of apples.
International fruit exhibit at Paris ( Wurtciiilmrg. WchvhI. Landw., lUOO, No.
47, p. 7J:>). — A comparison of American and (xerman apples.
Mineral constituents of apples and pears, K. Hotter (Ztxclir. Ldiidir. Ver~
Kiirhsir. Oesterr., 3 {1900), No. 5, pp. 5S3-585). — -A tal)le is given showing the summa-
rized ash analyses of the fresh and dry substance of several varieties of apjik^s and
])ears.
The pear tree — study of its method of fructification, C. Tkebi(;naitd {Jarditt,
14 {1901), No. S.l.-', ]>p. 380-382, fujx. ..-'). — The Aariety Passe-Crassane was studied
e.specially.
Essential principles of pear culture in the Hudson River Valley, J. R.
Cornell {Rural' New Yorkn-, 00 {1901), No. 21107. p. 103).— The author advises the
use of only standard trees set 20 ft. apart each way. Phosphoric acid, potash, and
crimson clover are the fertilizers used. The most desirable varieties are Elizabeth,
Bartlett, Seckel, and Bosc, mentioned in the decreasing order of their importance.
Pruning in place of thinning {Pacific Rural Press, 61 {1901), No. 9, p. 129). —
Spring pruning peaches after the fruit had set was compared with winter pruning
and the fruits thinned Ijy hand. The spring pruned peaches were larger than the
winter jiruned, and the conclusion is reached that s])ring pruning can replace winter
jtruning and thus save the cost of hand thinning.
Report of the horticulturist, H. H. Hume {Florida Sta. RjJt. 1899 and 1900, pp.
25-30, fiijs. 3). — A l)rief account of citrus experiments under way, pecan culture in
Florida, and on 3 native plants for decorative purposes. Fifty navel and sweet
oranges have been budded on 5 different kinds of stock, viz, pomelo, sour orange,
rough lemon, sweet orange, and irifoliata, to determine to some extent the relative
merits of these slocks. Descriptions and illustrations are given of the Atamasco lily
{Zephyrardlu's atumasco) , sparkleberry { Vucdrmm arboreum) , and sumac {RJms cojxd-
lina), native plants believed by the author to be of value for ornamental purposes.
Heating lemon orchards {Tradesman, 44 {1901), No. 12, p. 62). — This is an
account of an experiment with artificial heat for preventing damage from frost in a
large lemon orchard near Santa Paula in California. It is rej^orted that l)y means of
small coal fires in iron l^askets placed at different points in the orcliard the latter
was i)rotected from injury, although the normal temperature of the valley fell as low
as 22° and heavy frost was formed in fields surrounding the orchard.
The artificial coloring of oranges, Pum and K. Micro {Ztschr. Vntcrsuch. Nahr.
u. Genussiidl., 3 {1900), No. 11, pp. 729-735, pis. 2, fig. 1). — From numerous experi-
ments the author shows that the artificial production of blood oranges nmst be very
limited. The chemical composition of the coloring matter of the juice of true blood
oranges was also studied.
Report of the instructor in coffee culture, II. Newport {Queensland Dept. Agr.
Rpt. 1899-1900, ptp. 38-41).— A general discussion of coffee culture in Queensland.
Liberian cofPee, its culture and preparation for market, V. Boutilly {Le
cafeier de Liberia, sa culture et sa maiiijniiatioti. Paris: Callamel, 1900, pp. VII-\-140).
American tea gardens, actual and possible, Lenora B. Ellis {Amer. Mo. Rev.
of Rev., 23 {1901), No. 3, pp. 315-320, figs. ,v).— The article is based on the results
secured at Summervilie in South Carolina on the Pinehurst estate, an account of
which has been noted elsewhere (E. S. R., 11, p. 741).
The influence of copper compounds on the phenomena of ripening, Ciiuard
and F. Fokchet {Rer. Vit., I4 (1900), p. 75; abs. in Aim. Agrov., 26 {1900), No. 11,
pp. 577, 578) . — Copper salts in solution were sprayed on currants to observe their
effects on the ripening of the fruit. The copper treatment increased regularly, but
only in a small way, the size of fruits and also their sugar content. This increase
did not exceed 1 to 2 per cent.
1046 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Cost of gTOwing cranberries, A. J. Rider (Pror. Aitier. Cranberry Growers' Assoc,
/WO, pp. .i-8).- — Tlif rost (if K^'^^i'iyi liiu-vet^tinj,', and inarkethig a bushel of cran-
berrieH is estimated at !fi !.•')•").
Strawberry culture, A. Desj'eissis {Aijr. Jour. Cape (luud Ilape, 18 {1901), No. 2,
pp. 74-90). — Strawberry classification, mulching, propagation, picking, and packing,
descriptions of varieties of different classes, and metliods of protection against insects
and diseases are discussed at length.
Report of strawberries on the straw^berry valley farm for the summer of
1900, E. W. WoosTEH {Aina-. Gard., ^2 [1901), No. S^£, p. 129) .—Thi>i farm is
located at South Hancock, Me. The season was dry. Clyde resisted drought well.
Brandywine gave better results on plants of the second and third year fruiting.
Hunn was the latest variety ever grown on the farm. Of the new berries Dewey
outranked e\ery other variety grown in desirable (pialities. Hawaii was the earliest
berry fruited, of excellent quality, and especially desirable for home use.
California raisin culture {Scl. Anicr., 84 {1901), No. 1, pp. S, 8, figs. 8). — Popu-
lar account of the industry.
Test of the Sutherland fruit preserving process, G. Quinn {Rpt. Mm. Agr.,
South Australia, 1900, p. 37). — By this process the individual fruits (except grapes)
are wrapped in tissue paper and packed in damp-proof waxed paper bags, which fit
as a lining in the fruit cases. After the fruits are packed, the mouth of the bags is
folded over and a hot iron passed along the folded edge. This melts the wax and
seals the opening air-tight. The cases are then closed and placed in a temperature
1 or 2° above freezing. Tests are reported with jiears, jieaches, and grapes, but as
there was only one check lot the test is considered incomplete. The check lot showed
no disadvantage because of the omission of the waxed i)aper.
Home or farm canneries, D. 8. Helvern {Missouri State, llort. Soc. Rpt. 1900, pp.
75-77). — The author describes his small canning plant, which is proving a valuable
adjunct to the farm.
The cactus and decorative dahlias, S. Mottet {Jard'm, 14 {1901), No. 331, jjp-
300-364, figs. 4). — Notes on the diffei'ent races and descriptions of varieties.
Subwatering carnations {Florists' Exchange, 13 {1901), No. 10, pp. 243, 244)- —
In a discussion of this subject at a meeting of the American Carnation Society, J. L.
Dillon stated that he used solid beds made of 1 part Portland cement and 5 parts
coal ashes. The beds were tilled first with 8 in. of coarse screened ashes. On top of
this was put 1 in. of fine ashes and then 4 in. of soil. Water was run into a round
tile which connected w4th V-shaped tile running across and lengthwise of the bed.
The beds were watered 4 or 5 times more quickly by this method than by surface
watering, and about 25 per cent more and better flowers were obtained.
Hybridizing the carnation, P. Fisher {Florists' Exchange, 13 {1901), No. 8, pp.
189, 190). — Paper read by the author before the American Carnation Society at its
Baltimore meeting, February 21, 22, 1901.
History of chrysanthemums, C. Chevalier {Belg. ITort. et Agr., 12 {1900), No.
23, pp. 354, 355; 13 {1901), No. 1, pp. (>, 7). — Historical notes on the chrysanthemum
in Europe.
New^ researches on Persian lilacs and their crosses, L. Henry {Rec. Hort., 73
{1901), Nos. ,.', pj). 39-42, figs. 3; 3, pp. 00-72, figs. /!; 4, p}>. 93-95, figs. 5).— Largely
of a historical nature.
The newer roses, E. G. Hill {Florists' ExcJiange, 13 {1901), No. 11, pp. 264,
265). — Paper on the subject read by the author before the New York Florists' Club,
March 11, 1901.
The question of color relative to flowers, F. S. Mathews {Florists' Exchange,
13 {1901), Nos. 5, p. 110, figs. 4; 10, Sup.). — The author presents a scheme for the
scientific building up of a nomenclature for colors in flowers founded on the simple
range of the prism.
FORESTRY. 1047
FORESTRY.
Experiments in replanting cut-over pine lands, II. II. (vHAPMAn
{lUinn Stiidtiit-i lici:., G {lUOl), No. 1, pp. 6', 7). — An account is given
of cooperative experiments with the Division of Forestry of this De-
partment, in which pine seeJling-s were transplanted in the spring of
1900 on cut-over pine lands at the Northeast Experiment Station of
Minnesota. White and Norway pines were the principal varieties
used. Ditt'erent distances of planting were compared, and also the
effect of alternating the varieties in rows and planting alternated rows
of jack pine. The pines were dug from the nursery rows, covered
with dirt until loaded into the wagons, and the whole mass wet by
throwing water over it. The planting was connuenced as soon as the
ground had thawed to a spade's depth. The lirst plantings were made
by cutting the turf on each side with a spade, turning up the turf and
soil and inserting the roots of the ]3lant, no particular effort being
made to separate or arrange them. Later, when the ground became
drier, the top layer of roots and sod was turned back and a spadeful
of dirt from below was placed over the roots before the sod was
replaced. A dry season followed, and, contrary to expectations, the
loss was less than 5 per cent. In all more than 13,000 trees were
planted at a cost ranging from $2 to $11 per acre, dependent upon the
distance planted. The trees at the time of planting were rather large
for pine seedlings, and the cost is considered rather more than the aver-
age cost of planting on a large scale.
Norway spruce for profit on the plains, H. B. Kempton {Forester.,
G {1900)^ Xo. I:*., pp. 29o., 39G). —The Norway spruce, which is com-
parativeh' well known in the eastern United States, is said to have
been planted but little upon the plains. It has been sufficiently intro-
duced, however, to show its adaptability over a wide range of that
countr}'. It seems probable that it is adapted to a large part of Iowa,
Nebraska, Kansas, and other central western States. An account is
given of the planting made at Conroy, Iowa, 18 years ago. The seed-
lings were secured at Mount Carroll, 111., and packed closely in wet
sphagnum moss. When received they were still moist, and were set
in nursery rows. For several years they were screened by a partial
shade of lath, after which they were transplanted in 12-ft. rows set 4
ft. apart in the row, and were interplanted with corn. Not less than
95 per cent of the seedlings are alive at the present time and in good
condition. Growing nearby are plantations similarly managed of
green and white ash, box elder, soft maple, honey locust, red cedar,
white and Scotch pine; and under the conditions existing the Norway
spruce has made more rapid growth than any of the other trees. The
growth of the Norway spruce trees on this plantation has averaged
1 ft. 9 in. for the past 15 years, the present height being 29 ft., with
1048
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
uii aver:iuf (liainctor of 4.7 in. In K' vears from now it is caU-ulated
that the j)olos will be worth ^2r)S. h; more than would have been
secured from the mark(>t priee of corn cultivated for the .same time
on the .same area.
Additional notes on tree measurements, C E. Hall {Trans, and
Froc. Hot. Xnr. Ktlhihioyh. M {1900), pt. Jp,2>l>- ^4^3-258).— In the trans-
action,s of this society for 1890 (vol. IS. p. -456), the author reported upon
the rate of growth of a number of trees from measurements made at
San Jorge, Uruguay. Monthly measurements of these trees have been
made from January, 1885, to January, 1900. Sixteen trees were
measured — 2 eucalyptus,2 stone pine, 2 blackwood {Acaciamdafioxylo?)),
2 oaks, 3 Melia azedarach, 2 Lombardy poplars, 1 robinia, 1 maple,
and 1 Cottonwood. The increments in tree growths are shown in tabu-
lar form and comments given upon the causes of the variation in some
specimens. The growth of the trees during the period between 1890
and 1899 is shown in the following table:
Growtli. of ti-eea during nine years at San Jorge, Uruguay.
Kind of tree.
Circumference of Increased growth
tree. of tree.
January, January,
1890. 1899.
Total. Annual.
Eucalyptus sp
Do
Pinus pinea
Do
Acacia melanoxylon.
Do
Melia azedarach
Do
Do
Quercusrobur (?) ...
Do
Pupulusfastigiala ..
Do
Populus angnlata. ..
Robinia pseudacacia
Acer pseudoplatanus
Mm.
774
725
1,141
980
727
989
G09
G02
1,446
492
572
809
704
755
433
(j70
Mm.
1,746
1,491
1,559
1,467
932
1,460
792
768
1,632
872
814
1,008
865
1,375
536
1,055
Mm.
'iTl
766
418
487
205
471
183
166
186
380
242
199
161
620
103
385
108
85
46
64
23
54
20
18
21
44
27
22
18
67
11
43
The author also shows the monthly rate of growth, from which the
effect of growing season and dormant period may be seen.
Forest planting, W. Gill {Agr. Gaz. Nor Suulh Wnlen, 11 [1900), No. 12, pp.
1130-1132, figs. 7) . — The 2 methods by which voting trees are planted in South Aus-
tralia are termed the "open root" and "bamboo tube" systems. The open root
system consists of growing the trees in the open ground in nurseries, from which
they are transplanted by the usual method. Unless the young trees are carefully
protected, to prevent the drying out of the roots, many failures in planting will result.
The bamboo tube system, which consists of growing the plants in small sections of
the bamboo and setting them out in this way, is in many respects preferable. This
method is practiced very largely in the propagation of gum trees, it having been
found by far the best and most economical, as well as proving safer so far as root
exposure is concerned.
SEEDS WEEDS. 1049
Eucalypts, A. J. McClatcitie {Arlzoiui Sl<i. Iijit. I</00, pp. 165, 166). — A report is
given of the experiments which have been eonducted witii tlie different species of
Eucalyptus at the Arizona Station. Of a large number of species that have been
tested many have l)een found to have been unable to withstand the summer tempera-
tures of that region. Others have been found exceedingly valuable for planting and
some f)f these are rated among the most valuable species of the genus. The species
which have survived the heat and dryness of the Territory are Eucalyptus cor[/no-
caly.i; E. cornuta, E. hemip?doia, E. leucoxylon, E. meUiodora, E. occidentdlis, E. jxjlyar^
llieina, E. rostrata, E. rudis, and E. tereticornis.
The Carolina poplar, J. T. Rothrock {Forest Leaves, 7 {1900), No. 12, pp. 184,
185, pis. „-'). — A descrii)tion is given of the Carolina poplar or cottonwood {Populus
monillfcra). This tree frequently attains the height of 100 ft., with a diameter of 7
or 8 ft. The tree is described at some length, and on account of its rapid growth and
adaptation to all kinds of soils is said to be a promising one for forest culture. The
wood is brittle, liable to split and warp, but is valuable for the production of wood
puli>. On this account it is likely to exceed other native trees for such purposes.
An account is given of a planting made in 1899 of 1,000 cuttings of the Carolina poplar
which, without any i)rotection during the winter or especial preparation when
planting, presented 75 per cent of the plants making satisfactory growth the follow-
ing year.
SEEDS- WEEDS.
The protein substances of seeds, T. Bokorny {Bof. Ccnthl.^ 82
{1900), No. 10-1 U pp. 289-806).— The present state of our knowledge
of the protein substances of seeds is sunnnarized by the author, in
which it appears that globulins soluble in 5 to 10 per cent solution of
sodium chlorid are stored up in the protein grains and albumin crys-
tals of seeds. The protein or aleurone grains varj' in size from 1 to
55 jii, their largest size being o])tained in oily seeds. In the endosperm
of cereals they are said to be very small but never entirely absent.
The presence of active protein could not be detected in grains. The
fibrin of cereals is said to be peculiar in that it is soluble in 70 to 80
per cent cold or hot alcohol, a reagent which precipitates the other
protein substances. The author was unable to detect any peptone in
dormant seeds, while albumoses were occasionally found in minute
quantities. Amid substances, such as asparagin, tyrosin, and leucin,
are widely distributed in seeds and the vegetative parts of plants.
The author states they appear to be the first products of decomposition
and the Hrst stagt^ in the formation of protein su))stances.
The influence of the sun's rays upon the germination of seeds,
T. Tammes {Landw. Jxhrh., 19 {1900), No. 3, pp. 1^67-1^82, pi. 1).—
The efi'ect of the sun's rays upoji the germination of sunflowers, horse
beans, centaury, rice, Allima Ji.stulosuin, Ei'od'tuin clcittariiDn, and
Nicotiana rustica is shown. The experiments were conducted with
specially devised apparatus in which comparisons could be made of
seeds germinated imder identical conditions except as to illumination.
One lot was germinated entirel}- in the dark, another received direct
sunlight for -ii days, while the control lot was germinated out of the
1050 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
direct ray.s of the sun. In nearly ever}' iiustance those seeds which
were subjected to the direct sun's rays were retarded in their germi-
nation, although the effect upon the total gerrainative ability was not
iiiHuenced in any appreciable degree, the total number of germina-
tions in each lot being practically the same.
On the germination of tobacco seed, M. Raciborski {'' S Lands
Planientain, Bid. Inst. Bat. Buitenzorg, 1900. Xo. 6, pp. i(9).— The
wide variation presented by the germination in ditierent lots of
tobacco seed, when tested under varying conditions, led the author to
investigate some of its causes. Similar lots of seed were germinated
under identical conditions except that one lot was kept in total dark-
ness and the other in diffused daylight. The seed placed in the light
germinated rapidly and well, while those kept in the dark, although
the investigations were contimied for 40 da3's, in some cases did not
show a single germination. Submitting the latter to the light for a
few hours, however, was sufficient to stimulate the seed to germina-
tion. Tobacco seed sown upon soil, sand, peat, etc., and kept in the
dark, failed to germinate.
The eff'ect of age on seed was investigated, with the result that
1-year-old seed germinated 9() per cent, 2-year-old 85 per cent, and
■Jr-year-old 06 per cent. The variation due to variety was tested, in
which it was found that tobacco seed varied from 1 to 10 per cent in
different varieties when germinated under identical conditions. Notes
are given on some of the physiological phenomena during germination,
and chemical studies on the differences between the roots and the stems
of the young plantlets.
Germination of wheat and oats treated for smut ( Wijovuikj Sta.
Bpt. 1000., ip. S). — A report is given of the effect on germination of
treating wheat and oats with solutions of copper sulphate, potassium
sulphid, and by the Jensen hot-water treatment. The copper sulphate
solution was made by dissolving 1 lb. of commercial copper sulphate
in 24 gals, of water. In these the seed were soaked 13 hours, after
which they were removed and inunersed in limewater for 5 minutes.
The potassium sulphid treatment consisted of soaking the seed for 2
hours in a 2 per cent solution of that substance. The hot-water treat-
ment consisted of subjecting the seed grain to a temperature of 135° F.
for 15 minutes. The results of the germination test showed that in
every case the treatment proved injurious to the seed. As a possible
explanation of this fact it is suggested that the seed coats of the grain,
nearly all the specimens of which had been grown at Laramie in lSiti»,
may have been much thinner than usual, thus not offering the protec-
tion usually given to such seeds.
Combating weeds by means of metallic salts, Frank {Arh. K.
Gesundheitsamte, Biol. Alt., 1 {1900), M. 2,2^P- 127-175^ pi. 1).—A
review is given of some of the literature relating to the destruction of
SEEDS WEEDS. 1051
weeds by chemical means, and a detailed description of the author's
experiments made in 1801) to determine the best chemicals and the
quantities required for their destruction. The method of application,
whether in the form of a solution or powder, was also investigated.
From the results of his experiments the author states that iron sul-
phate in 15 per cent solutions, at the rate of 500 liters per hectare,
gave the most satisfactory results, when cost of materials and efficiency
were considered. Copper sulphate in a 5 per cent solution, at the
same rate, was equally efficient, but was more expensive. The method
of application showed decidedly in favor of spraying with solutions.
In addition to the efi'ect of the solutions upon the weeds, the amount
of injury to crops in which the weeds were growing was noted and
reported. The crops sprayed with the herbicides were oats, barley,
wheat, rye, red clover, peas, vetches, potatoes, and sugar beets.
The author sums up his observations with the statement that spray-
ing with metallic salt solutions must not be considered as a universal
means for weed destruction. The solutions killed wild mustard and
wild radish, and seriously injured curly dock, black bindweed, dande-
lion, sow thistle, and senecio, but had little or no eifect on the poppies,
chenopodiums, euphorbias, cornflower, field thistle, chamomile, bind-
weed, couch grass, bent grass, or equisetums. Little or no injury to
field crops was observed when the solutions were sprayed over cereals,
red clover, or sugar beets, the plants readily recovering from the slight
injury inflicted. Field peas were considerably afi'ected, and vetches
and potatoes badly injured. The best time to spray for tJie destruc-
tion of charlock and nuistard is when the plants are from -i to 7 cm.
high, or aljout the time the plants have 3 or -J- leaves, and before they
begin to flower.
Red clover seed, A. J. Pieters {U. S. Depl. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 123, pjx 11, figs.
2). — Red clover seed and its more common adulterants and mixtures are described
and notes are given showing the results of tests made of different samples of clover
seed. The ]nire and germinable seed in the samples ranged from 53.26 per cent to
95.8 per cent. The calculated price of the different lots reported upon varied from
$4.74 to 19.00 per bushel. Field tests of a number of American and European clovers
are briefly reported upon. Thirty-live samples of European and American clovers
were sown in jjlats 1 rod square. The sowings were made the latter part of April and
the condition of the plants throughout the season is indicated. At the end of June
the average condition of the European plats was slightly better than that of the
American, but from that time on there was a decided change to the advantage of the
American grown seed. The effect of the summer heat was very injurious to the
European varieties. In July and September all the plats were mown, the green fodder
weighed and the amount calculated per acre. The average yield of green clover for
theeeason, from the American seed, was 12,704 lbs., and the European 7,792 lbs.
Report of seed testing-, Baessler {Ber. Agr. Chem.,Vers. u. Samencontrol Sta.,
1900, pp. 14-16). — A report is given upon the testing of 1,085 samples of seeds, an
increase of nearly 50 per cent over the previous year. Especial attention was given
the presence of dodder seeds in clover and grass seeds. Dodder seed was found in
1052 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
more than lialf the s^amples of red clover, alsike clover, white clover, alfalfa, and
timothy. The average i)urity of all wim[)les examined showed a depreciation of 0.5
per cent from tliat of tlie previous year.
Potassium perchlorate poisoning and its prevention, J. R. JuNtJNER {Deut.
Landir. Prexxe, :.'7 {1900), Xo. 62, p. 771, figs. 2). — Germination experiments to study
the physiological effects of the perchlorate are reported.
The weeds of Ontario, F. C. Harrison {Bui. Ontario Dept. A<ji\, 1900, Mar., pp. SO,
fiijs. 34). — Poijular notes are given on the introduction and spread of weeds, means
for their identification, and suggestions for eradication. A number (jf the more com-
mon weeds are figured and described, and specific directions for their eradication are
given so far as possible.
Destruction of mustard w^ith ammonium sulphate, (j. Castei.-Dei.etrez (Jour.
Roll. A(ir. Soc. L'Est Jlchj., 1900, p. 11.').
The destruction of certain weeds, as ground ivy, mustard, and thistles, by
spraying with a solution of metallic salts {Deut. Lanchr. Pmsvsr, 27 {1900), No.
27, jyp. 327-329, jigs. G).
The eradication of lantana {Indlun Forester, 27 {1901), No. 1, pp. 28-33). —
Lantana is said to have been introduced into India as a hedge plant some 40 years
ago, and it has spread widely, until in some districts it has become a very serious pest.
An account is given of various experiments conducted for its eradication. In Ceylon
it was found that lantana which had thickly occupied the ground for 12 or more years,
could be cleared by contract at the rate of about $7.50 per acre, the plants being
ujirooted and l)urned. Detailed acc-ounts are given of experiments in eradication in
a number of parts of India, from which it appears that dense growths of this pest ma}'
be eradicated at a cost of about $7.50 per acre, whicii includes the original clearing
and 3 seasons of subsequent work.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
A preliminary buUetiii on the prevention of smut on oats, E. F.
Peenot {Oregon !Sta. Bid. (Jo., pp. 9). — A preliminary report is given
of a series of experiments to prevent the smut on oats, in whieh seed
were treated with solutions of copper sulphate and zinc sulphate, hot
water, formalin, and sterilized dry hot air at a temperature of 200^' F.
for 10 minutes. After treatment the seeds were sown, and at harvest
all the oat heads which showed any signs of snuit were carefully
removed and counted. The least smut was found on the plats the
seed of which had l)een treated with hot water and hot air, the great-
est amount of suuit occurring on those plats which had received the
formalin treatment in which two different strengths of solution were
used. The effect of treating oats for 10 minutes at different tempera-
tures of hot air, from 132 to 200°, were tested, in which it was found
that none of the treatments seriously affected the gei'mination of the
seed. On account of the convenience of handling the oats, the author
is disposed to recommend the diy hot air sterilization for snuit pre-
vention. An extensive experiment with different seed grains is to be
conducted, in which the value of hot air as a preventive of smut is to
be further investigated.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 1053
Investigations on a leaf curl of mulberry trees, M. Miyoshi
{Bof. Ci-nthl., SJ {1900), No. 11, pp. dJ^G, .4'/).— This disease, which
seriously threatens the iiiulberr}" trees of Japan, is characterized by a
marked increase in tiie nunil)erof lateral twigs and leaves through the
development of adventitious ])uds. At the same time the develop-
ment of the leaves l)ecomes abnormal. They arc greath^ reduced in
size, crumpled with a less developed mesophyll, while upon the upper
side numerous blister-like elevations occur between the veins. The
leaves liecome yellowish in color and hard in texture, and the twigs
are but little developed. In the older l)ranches, where the disease has
l^een severe, leaf and twig growth is stopped and the whole branch
ultimate!}^ falls to the ground.
The cause of this disease is believed to be not parasitic, but is due
rather to the impaired functions of the twigs and leaves, brought
about by the common practice of removing them for silkworm feeding.
The "mal nero" of grapes, D. Cavazza (Vlgne Amer., 2J^ {1900),
Has. 5, pj)- l-'>-'>-l-'>^ j ^1 i'l>- i'VJ-i'S'fi'). — This grape disease, which the
author says is also known as "bacterial gummosis,'' the California vine
disease, gelivure, chyti'idiose, etc., is said to be a very polymorphous
disease caused b}- BacUhi^ vitironis. It attacks all parts of the plant,
producing variable symptoms which seem to l)e somewhat dependent
upon external conditions. The season, time of appearance, and develop-
ment of the parts attacked influence the color of the diseased leaves,
making them yellow, red, reddish brown and violet, etc., as the case
may be. The bacillus attacks the camliium and extends into the wood
of the vine, producing irregidarly triangular l)rown spots. As means
for the partial prevention of the disease, which the author believes
attacks the plants from the soil, the fumigation of the soil with car-
bon bisulphid and thorough drainage are recommended.
Copper sulphate as a remedy for grape vnildie-vT {ScL Amer. Sup.,
Jii) {1900) No. 1200, p. ,'0.101). — A report is given of investigations
with copper sulphate for the prevention of grape mildew. On account
of the solul)iiity of this substance it is claimed that it does not adhere
readily to the foliage, and numerous attempts have been made to
secure a more adhesive as well as cheaper mixture. The results of
some investigations by Trabut are given, in which the dry resin
exuded from pines in Algeria, as well as the mucilage which is extracted
from the stems of the Barbar^' lig tree, were used with excellent
results. The resin mixtures were prepared liy heating 1 kg. Avith 500
gm. of soda or potassium carbonate. To this was added 500 gm.
copper sulphate and I(»() liters of water. A second preparation was
obtained by extracting l>y maceration the mucilage from 3 to 5 kg. of
the Barbary tig tree and adding simple solution of copper sulphate.
B}' the use of either of these fungicides it is claimed that from 50 to
80 per cent of the copper sulphate is saved and the prevention of the
mildew secured.
1054 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
A sclerotioid disease of beech roots, H. von Schrenk {Rpt. Mis-
souri Bnt. Gard. . 10 {1S99),2>I>- (iJ-70,jjls. 2). — The author reports hav-
ing found a large number of small tubercles attached to the fibrous
roots of beech trees. The tubercles were of various sizes and shapes,
some almost round, others elliptical and A'arying in size from about as
large as a small pea to some scarcely visible to the naked eye. Upon
examination of the tubercles they were found to consist of a bundle
of cylindrical bodies which intertwined. Each was covered and held
firmly in place by a membrane or sheath. The main body of the tuber-
cle consisted of a large number of small rootlets, each twisted and con-
torted and held in place by the fine hyphac. The cause of the forma-
tion of these structures is attributed to the stimulus ])rought about by
some fungus. No evidence of parasitism was observed, the hyphae
simply surrounding the roots without entering the cells. The presence
of a large number of small sclerotia. together with the tubercles, sug-
gests that the sterile mycelium of the tubercles probably belongs to
some Hymenomycete which usually forms sclerotia.
Chrysanthemum rust, J. C. Arthur {Indicma i^ta. Bui. 86, jjj).
Ijf3-lo0). — The occurrence of rust on chrysanthemums was obser\'ed
in the fall of 1899 in Indiana. It is easily distinguished from all
other diseases that attack the chrysanthemum, as it forms small
blisters about the size of a pin head, appearing on the under siu'face
of the leaf. These soon break open and expose a dark brown powder,
the uredospores. These blisters by coalescing frequently become of
considerable size and are occasionall}' found upon the upper surface
of the leaves. An experimental study was made by the author to
infect a number of related species with the uredospores of this fungus,
but it was found to grow only upon the true chrysanthenmm. The
fungus, which is known as Puccinia ehrysanthem.1^ appears to })e a
native of Japan introduced into ICurope and America thi'ough com-
mercial agencies. Thus far no teleutospores have been found and on
this account the disease would probably be of easy control. Picking
off the di!?eased leaves and the total destruction of badly diseased
plants, together with spraying with Bordeaux mixture or potassium
sulphid will doubtless keep the disease in check.
Concerning the rust fungus on chrysanthemums, P. Magnus
{Garfenfora, J^O {190U), No. II, j'p. '294-296).- 'V\\i- specific causes of
the rust growing on Chrysanthemum indicum have been examined by
a number of individuals and their determinations are given. Accord-
ing to Massee, the fungus is Puccinia hieracii. Subsequently, the
rusts on chrysanthemums have been inv^estigated by Roze, who finds
them due to different causes, one of which is designated as TIredo
chrysanthemi. For this form, spraying with Bordeaux mixture
seems to have had no effect in preventing diseases. In a later publi-
cation, Roze describes P\iccinia cJiryxanfhcmi^ which he says is the
cause of the rust on chrysanthemums.
DISEASES OF PLANTS. 1055
An anthracnose and a stem rot of the cultivated snapdragon,
F. C. Stewart [iVe^r York State Sta. Bui. 179, _pp. 105-111, ph. J).~
In 1897 the author's attention was called to an anthracnose of snap-
dragons occurring in a greenhouse on Long Island, and upon inquiry
he learned that it was a rather connnon disease, being the most
destructive of the diseases to which this plant is subject. It attacks
the plants at any stage of their growth, in the greenhouse and in the
field. In the greenhouse it is most destructive in the fall and spring,
wliih^ in the fields its ravages are most conspicuous during August and
Septem])er.
It attacks the stems and leaves of the plants. Upon tlie stem it
produces elliptical sunken spots 3 to 1() mm. in length. Upon the
leaves the spots arc circular, and have a diameter of from 3 to 5 mm.
The cause oi this disease is said to be Oolletotrlchum (intirrh'ivl, n.
sp. , which is described. An experiment was undertaken for the pre-
vention of the disease, in which plants were sprayed once a week with
Bordeaux mixture, receiving during the course of the summer 17 appli-
cations. In August the contrast between the sprayed and luisprayed
plants was very striking, and in September the unsprayed plants were
completely ruined while the sprayed ones were in perfect health. As
recommendations for treatment the author suggests that cuttings should
be made from healthy plants only, and where the disease is troublesome
spraying with Bordeaux mixture, l)eginning as soon as the cuttings are
rooted and continuing until the plants are transplanted in the fall. So
far as known at present, this anthracnose attacks no other plant, and
growers whose grounds are free from the disease will have no trouble
so long as they propagate from their own stock or seed.
The stem rot described was first observed in December, 1898. It
attacks chiefly the succulent shoots, causing several inches of the ter-
minal portion to Avilt and die. In some cases, especially where the
shoots have become somewhat woody, a section of the stem turns
brown while the portion beyond remains green. In a short time the
whole l)ranch dies.
This disease is attributed to the attack of a species of Phoma.
Inoculation experiments showed that the disease was readily commu-
nicated, shoots which were inocidated generally dying in from 4 to 10
days. The species of the fungus has not yet ])een determined, and
from the nature of the attack it is thought that the disease could prob-
ably be controlled l)y spraying with Bordeaux mixture, as suggested
for the anthracnose.
Report of the department of botany, A. A. Tyler {Arizona Sta. lipl. 1900,
j)p. 167-170). — A brief account is given of the investigations which have been con-
ducted at the station on the crown gall, the detailed report on which is given in Bul-
letin 33 (E. S. R., 12, p. 458). Experiments have been continued on alfalfa root
rot, in which plats have been laid off, divided into equal portions, and treated with
1056 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
a number of fungicides, sueh as copperas, Bordeaux mixture, animoniacal copper
carbonate, corrosive sublimate, sodium carlxmate, and creolin. The effect of di^^ing
trenches around infested areas has also been the subject of examination, and the
resistance of different varieties of alfalfa is being studied. A report on these studies
is to be expected in the future. Notes are given on tiie collection of economic cacti at
the station, and attention is called to the prevalence of the sorghum smut in differ-
ent parts of the Territory. For the prevention of this disease, the author recom-
mends the Jensen hot-water treatment.
The rust of flax, L. M.vrmier (ilfisr. Binl. ded. an, A. Giard, Paria, 1S99, p. 440;
abs. ill Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. AM., G (1900), No. J7, p. .568).— The so-called rust of
flax is said to be due to an anaerobic Tjacillus. The pectose of the cell membrane is
said to be changed to calcium pectate under the influence of the organism.
Wlieat diseases, K. Helms (Join: Dept., Agr. West-. Australia, 1900, Feb.,j)p.:2ri-32,
Some experiments in dealing- with, bunt, or the stinking smut of wheat,
W. Fakrer (Agr. <i(tz. Xnr South IFafes, 11 (1900), No. 5, pp. 336-344).
Diseases of the sugar cane (Prog. Me.dco, 7 {1900), No. 321, pp. 517-520).
A turnip disease, W. Carruthers (Jour. Hort., 52 (1900), No. 2711, p. 244)- — A
brief note is given on a disease of turnips and swedes that is due to bacteria.
The rusts of horticultural plants, B. D. Halsted (Trans. MassacMiseUs Hort.
Soe. 1900, I, j)p. 11-29, ph. 2). — A lecture in which a number of common rusts are
described and preventive treatments recommended.
Diseases of celery, H. H. Hume (Florida Sta. Ppt. 1899 and 1900, pp. 34-37, p/.s.
2). — A popular description is given of the celery blight (Cercospora apii), center
blight which is i)robably of bacterial origin, and the leaf spot (tSeptoria pdroaelini
apri), together with remedies suggested for their repression.
Fung-US diseases of cucumbers, tomatoes, and lettuce under g-lass, <t. E.
Stone (Trains. Ma-'<.'<(ir]iii)<rtt.'< Hort. Sor., 1900, 7, }>p. 117-126). — A lecture in which
the diseases of these plants when grown under glass are described.
Downy mildew of the cucumber, H. H. Hume (Florida Sta. Rpt. 1899 and 1900,
pp. 30-34, pi- 1) • — The downy mildew of the cucumber (Plasmopara cubensi.'!) is
described and its occurrence in the United States is historically reviewed. The char-
acteristics of the disease are shown, and it is stated that in Florida the fungus lives and
thrives throughout the entire year, so that the formation of resting spores is not
essential. A brief account is given of experiments conducted for the repression of
this disease, in which the plants were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture. Rainy
weather followed the application of the fungicide, the rainfall being so heavy as to
destroy many of the plants, ))ut upon those surviving the effect of the spraying was
quite marked.
Yellows in peach, trees (Gurd. IUuh., 22 (1900), No. 1138, p. 573). — Suggestions
are given as to increasing the vigor of trees so as to prevent peach yellows.
Wart-like outgrowths on Pirus malus chinensis, N. W. KissA (Zl^flir. I'jlan-
zenkrank., 10 [1900), No. 3-4, pp. 129-132, ph. 2). — The occurrence of peculiar out-
growths is mentioned and their anatomical structure described. They are believed
to be of little injury to the plants bearing them, aside from the material required for
their formation and their disfiguring the host. They are rather small and have
somewhat the ai)pearance of clusters of buds.
The treatment of the fumag-ine of grapes, L. ])k(;kully (Prog. Agr. rt ]'it.
(Ed. H Est), 22 (1901), No. 3, p. 67). — Notes are given on this disease, and the treat-
ment previously recommended (E. S. R., 12, p. 61) is again advised.
A disease of grapes in the Caucasus, L. Montemartini and L. Farneti (E.rtr.
Atti li. Inxt. Hot. rnir. J'aria, n. .sr'r.,7 (1900), pp. 14, ]>l. 1). — Phjinidoxporaimronini,
n. sp., is described.
The biology and practical prevention of the leaf rust of white pine, C.
VON TuBEUF (Abr. K. Gesundheitsamte, Biol. Al>t., Leaflet 5, pp. 4, figs. 3).
ENTOMOLOGY. 1057
A new parasite of Carag-ana, A. de Jaczewski {Ecv. My col., 22 {1900), No. 87,
pp. 79-82, pi. 1). — A description is given of Fleospora caraganx, n. sp., found para-
sitic on tlie leaves of Cava gana arborescens in Russia. A list of other fungi occurring
on the leaves, branches, and trunk of this tree is given.
A new disease of Solomon's seal, A. de Jaczewski {Rrv. Miicol., 22 {1900), No.
87, pp. 78, 79). — The author describes Cylindrosporhun l-omdrowi, n. sp., as parasitic
on the leaves of Pohigonahnn humilis.
A new species of Exobasidium, Boudier {Jiul. Soc. Mycol. France, 16 {1900),
No. ^, pp. 15-17, pi. 1). — A description is given of E.vobasidinm hrevieri, n. sp., para-
sitic; on Asplenium filLv-femina. It is closely related to E. graminicolum, a common
parasite on the leaves of various grasses.
Parasitic algae and fung-i of Java, M. Raciborski {II and III, pp. 46 and 49;
aha. itiBot. CentbL, 84 {1900), No. 10, pp. 316-319).— Ahoni 110 species are described,
of which 88 are new species and 11 new genera.
Notes on the temporary injury due to copper fungicides {Ztsclir. Pflanzen-
krank., 10 {1900), No. 5, pp. 311, 312). — The leaves of a number of varieties of apple
trees are said to have been temporarily injured liy spraying with Bordeaux mixture.
Concerning' copper soda and the use of greater or less amounts of copper
sulphate in combating leaf diseases, J. Nessler ( Wchnbl. Landw. Ver. Baden,
1900, No. 11, pp. 145, 146).
ENTOMOLOGY.
Report of the entomologist, II. A. Gossard {Florida Sta. Rpt.
1890 and 1900, pp. 53-76, pi. i, figs. 5).— The West India peach scale
{Dlaspds amygdal!) is reported as having been unusually injurious
during- the past season. A brief account is given of its distribution
according to the present knowledge of the subject, and the use of
mechanical mixtures of kerosene and water are recommended in com-
bating it.
The San Jose scale has been found in 13 counties of the State. This
insect was attacked b}' a fungus disease, SphcBrostilhe coccophila.
This fungus has been sent to other States by special re(juest. During
the year experiments were made with crude oil and kerosene in com-
bating the San Jose scale upon peach, pear, and plum trees. On the
25th of January luidiluted crude petroleum was applied with an emul-
sion nozzle to pear trees which wore badly infested. All scales were
apparently killed, but a part of the trees subsequently died of fire
V)light, so that it was impossible to determine what the effect of the
])etroleum was upon the trees. A number of plum trees werespraj^ed
on the same da}" with undiluted petroleum. A greater number of the
sprayed trees died than of those in the check row and were more inju-
riously affected than trees in adjoining rows that were sprayed with a
30 per cent mechanical mixture of crude oil and water. FiXperiments
with undiluted crude oil on peach trees indicated that it is unsafe in
Florida to apply this remedy to peach trees. The author concludes
that great care should l)e exercis(>d in the use of undiluted crude oil,
and reconunends that it should preferably be diluted before using,
22065— No. 11 5
1058 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The Avhito fl}' {Aleurodes citrl) Avas unu.siuilly injurious during- the
pa.st year. The author recom mended the use of resin wash to the fruit
growers and received favoral)le reports concerning- its efi'ectiveness.
A number of experiments in fumigating with hydroc\'anic-acid gas
indicated tliat the white fly, red spider, and other insects were success-
fully killed by this method, but the author believes that the heavy
dews of Florida Avill render tJie fumigation method more difficult than
in California.
The cotton}' cushion scale is reported as having Ijeen prej^ed upon
extensively by the caterpillar of LcetlUa coccldlvora. The scale was
nearly exterminated by the agency of this caterpillar in some locali-
ties. A fungus disease was observed to cause the destruction of about
95 per cent of the scales in a few localities. The fungus parasite has
not been studied and its relationship is not understood.
Attempts which were made in colonizing- the Australian lady ])ug
were without marked success. Brief notes are also presented on a
number of scale insects and upon the pickle Avorm, melon borer,
cucumber beetle, bollworm, and other injurious insects.
Report of the Illinois State entomologist concerning operations
under the horticultural inspection act, S. A. Forbes {S2>i'!ii<jjirl<l^
lU'niois: I'JtHIip.s Jjros., IDOO^ pV- ^^)- — The duties of the entomolo-
gist as prescril)ed under the horticubural inspection act fall under the
two heads of nurser}- inspection and insecticide treatment of orchards
and other propert}'. During the first annual inspection the State was
divided into 4 districts and an inspector was assigned to each district.
The total number of premises inspected during the lirst 3'ear was 275.
In only one case was a certificate refused to the owner of a nursery,
and this was on account of San Jose scale being found on the trees left
over from the sales of preceding j^ears. The salaries and expenses of
inspectors are charged against the nurserymen who receive their serv-
ices. The average charge for the first year's work Avas $5. 77, and for
the second year's Avork, $8.74.
The Avooll}^ aphis was found in considerable numl)ers in (!i of the
nurseries Avhich were inspected. Brief notes are given on the root rot
of apple and on the peach-tree borer. The disease known as crown
gall was found in 52 nurseries. San Jose scale has been dctecti>d in
6 imrseries within the limits of the State, but has subsequently been
exterminated in all except one. The number of localities in the State
at which San Jose scale has been found amounts to 44, but the scale
was subsequently exterminated in 10 of these places. In the majority
of cases specimens Avhich Avere sent in under the suspicion of ))eing the
San Jose scale proved to be the scurfy scale. Insecticide treatments
against the San Jose scale include spraying Avith whale-oil soap, 2
lbs. to the gallon of Avater, kerosene in a mechanical mixture with
water, and fumigation Avith hydrocyanic-acid gas. The kerosene enml-
sion Avas diluted so as to contain 17 ])('r cent of the oil. The general
ENTOMOLOGY. 1059
results of insecticide treatment discourage any hope of externiinating
the scale by a single application. Brief notes are also added on the
cankerworm and peach yellows.
As the result of the horticultural law, an annual inspection of luir-
sery stock has been carried out, from which a rapid improvement in
the condition of Illinois nurseries is evident. The San Jose scale has
been detected in 0 nurseries and has ])een apparently exterminated in
5 of these. The animal inspection of orchards has resulted in the early
discovery of the San Jose scale in many localities and the prevention
of its distribution to a large extent. The author l)elieves that the
genci'al ()])erations of the law ai'e beneficial.
Report of injurious insects and comnion farm pests during the
year 1899, ^vith methods of prevention and remedy, E. A.
Okmekod ^London: iSimpkiti^ Mars/iall., IlaiuUton^ Kent cb Co., 1900^
l>p. 15'2,Jt(/s. 28). — The cabbage butterflies {I*ieris hxif^^icce^ P. rajxe.,
and /■*. nap!) are discussed, brief notes being given for distinguishing
the 3 species. An experiment was tried in dusting cabbages with a
mixture of lime and soot. This application seemed to be useless.
Another experiment was tried in spra^ying cabbage plants with Little's
Antipest. This remedy seemed to be effective, and it is stated by the
author that it may be used as a substitute for kerosene emulsion. A
report is made by W. Bailey on the result of allowing two small boys
to catch cabliage butterflies with nets during the noon hour for 7 daj's.
They captured <S34 butterflies, and it was noted that this had a striking
effect in diminishing the number of caterpillars.
The habits, life history, and remedies to be used against Piopliila
easel are given, and detailed reports presented from a number of per-
sons who suffered loss from tlie attacks of this insect upon ham, bacon,
or cheese. As remedies, the author recommends the careful screening
of all doors and windows, thorough fumigation in early spring or
whitewashing with an addition of cari)olic acid, careful cleaning of
shelves and the use of live steam where possible for disinfecting such
places, inclosing cheese in calico caps to prevent the attacks of the
flies, the use of strong bags about ham and bacon, and cutting out
portions of cheese and ham that are found to be already infested by
the insect.
Clover weevils are discussed, the following species receiving consid-
eration: Ap'um apn'lcaiis^ A. a.ss!inlh\ and ^1. trlfol'il. A detailed
description of the larva» and puptv? of A. (iprlcans is given. As
remedies against this insect, the author suggests early cutting or feeding
of the crop ])efore the heads of clover are in condition to give shelter to
the Aveevils for Q.^g laying. In cases of unusuall}^ serious outbreaks of
this insect, spraying with Paris green or kerosene emulsion is recom-
mended.
1060 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Notes are given on certain insects affecting grasses and cereals.
Three species of crane flies {T'lpula oleracea^ T. macnilosa, and Pachy-
rJiina maculosa) are mentioned as especially injurious to meadows and
pastures. Applications of guano alone, or mixed with salt, kainit.
and superphosphate, have been found to assist the infested plants to
outgrow the attacks of these insects. Applications to the soil of nitrate
of soda and gas lime are also recommended. Salt applied alone failed
to lie of service in man}" cases, but as a preventive dressing before
plowing was found to be of value.
Notes are given on the habits and life history of the Hessian fly,
together with an account of its destructiveness in various parts of Eng-
land. For the purpose of preventing injuries from this insect, the
author recommends sowing wheat after danger of infestation from th(^
Hessian fly is past, and the burning of infested chaff and screenings.
The enemies of the currant received consideration. Phytojptns rihis
was carefully studied with reference to determining the means of dis-
tribution of this insect, A number of experiments conducted by the
author and her correspondents indicate that the soil about the roots of
infested plants does not contain the mite. The exact manner in which
this mite extends its distribution is not known. The only practicable
remedy suggested is the breaking oft' and destruction of infested buds.
Cidarla clotata is described and figured, with a brief account of its
injurious attacks upon red currants. As remedies against this insect,
the author recommends the collection of the web cocoons b}^ hand-
picking, and their destruction.
Notes are given on certain flour and grain beetles, including the fol-
lowing species: Trihol/kmiferrugineiiin^ T. cmifusum, and Ten<Arioides
mauritanicus. The remedies to be adopted against the first 2 species
include careful cleaning of barrels, bins, or wooden depositories in
which infested grain has been kept, heating flour to a temperature of
120 to 150° F., and fumigation with bisulphid of carbon. TenSr!-
oides mauritanicits was introduced into England from Africa, and is
known to attack cereals, almonds, nuts, bread, etc. This species was
observed to attack Trihollujn ferrugirunLm. When the species attacks
grain, it is recommended that the bags be disinfected and that th(> walls
receive a thick coating of whitewash.
The grouse fly {Oriufliomyia (ir!ciil((r!<() is described, and notes are
given concerning its appearance on other animals besides the grouse.
A brief account is given of some of the anatomical structures of this
insect.
A discussion is given of the following insects injurious to hops:
Agriotes obscu7nis^ A. sputator, Athcnis rhombeus, and FsylUodes atten-
uata. Notes are presented on the halfits and life history of the 3
mentioned species of wireworms, including their occasional carniv-
orous habits. It had been suggest(^d that rape cake might pro^•e bene-
ENTOMOLOGY. 1061
ficial in the destruction of wire worms, and experiments were tried
with this substance with entirely negative results. Experiments were
carried on by B. Dyer, during which 100 wireworms were placed in
each of H jars of earth and fed, respcctivel}^, with castor-oil seed cake,
rape cake, and nothing. At the end of 3 months it was found that of
the 100 worms which had no food, 98 were alive; of those fed with
castor-oil seed cake 98 were alive, and of those fed upon rape cake
only 6 were alive. In the jar of earth which contained rape cake,
uncongenial conditions were brought about by the decomposition of
the cake, which was pro])ably largely responsible for the death of the
worms. The author gi\'es a brief account of the life historj- and
habits of Psylliodes attenvata. As remedies against this insect, the
destruction of rubbish and old vines and applications of various
substances to the soil about the roots of hops are recommended.
The substances mentioned for this purpose include kainit, a mixture
of kerosene and sawdust, gas lime, lime wash and Paris green, and
Bordeaux mixture.
The author gives a detailed account of the life history, habits, and
remedies to be used against Ephestia hnehnieUa. Whitewashing
infested mills with fresh slaked lime and oil and fumigation were found
to be effective remedies. According to the author's observations, the
insect does not attack grain in Great Britain. Besides the remedies
already suggested, all suspected material should be quarantined in a
warm place for a sufficient length of time to allow the infestation, if
present, to show itself. An experiment was tried in one mill of stop-
ping work for a week, cleaning all machines, and treating the walls
and floor of the mill with live steam and also with fresh slaked lime
and kerosene. The results of this experiment were encouraging,
although the pest was not entirely exterminated.
Insects injurious to the pear are discussed. The pear gnat midge
{IHplosi'i 2>i/i'ivora) is described and notes are given on the various
points of its life history which are of economic importance. Experi-
ments in preventive and remedial measures against this insect indicate
that good results may be expected from gathering and destroying
infested fruits and by removing and burying a thin layer of the soil
from near the base of infested trees. Good results were also obtained
by the application of kainit to soil around trees and from a similar use
of muriate of potash. Selandria atra is reported as injurious to the
pear and cherry. Notes are given on its Q,gg laying and other habits.
Experiments in combating this insect indicate that it is present in all
stages in August, and that the application of kerosene emulsion is inef-
fective, as was also an application of hot lime. Paris green applied as
a spra}^ gave fairl}" good results. The author recommends the removal
of the surface la3'er of infested ground to the depth at which the
cocoons lie.
1062 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
A land planariaii {BijxdlwH liewense) is reported as having frequently
been found in greenhouses and other situations, where it was suspected
of being injurious. This group of flatworras, however, is not known
to be injurious to plant life. This species is known to have lived in
the Kew greenhouses for a period of about 8 years.
Dicranura mnula has attracted attention as being injurious to pop-
lars and willows. Where the attacks of this insect become serious,
the author recommends handpicking of the larva?.
Notes are given on the habits and life history of Lamju'onia rahiella.
Perhaps the most effective method of checking the attack of this insect
consists in breaking off and destroying the infested Inids of rasplx-rries.
A species of slug {Testacella Jmliotidea) is described and notes are
given on its habits. This species was observed eating earthworms,
and is, therefore, considered to be a beneficial species in greenhouses.
The mottled willow weevil ( Oryptm^hynchm lapathi) has long been
known to be injurious to willows and alders in England. Where signs
of infestation Ijy this species are present, the infested branches should
be destroj^ed. When the beetles occur in large numbers on the foliage
of these trees, they ma}' be captured by the jarring method.
Brief notes are given on Tmetoeera ocellana, Cryptococcus f(((/l , the
winter application of caustic alkali solution for bark beetles of fruit
trees Coplwriomyhi ruflxirh/s^ and /larpalus ruficornis.
The Angoumois grain moth, J. B. Smith {New Jersey Stas. BuL
lJi.7^ pp. 8., figs. 2). — This insect is reported as having been unusually
injurious in 1900, causing a loss of about 25 per cent of the entire
crop of wheat in the State. The author describes the insect and gives
brief notes on its habits and life history. For preventing its ravages,
it is suggested that grain be thrashed as soon after harvesting as pos-
sible and placed in tight bins or sacks. The grain should be tested
occasionally in order to note any heating. If the grain heats decidedly,
a serious infestation of the insect may be suspected, and car])()n bisul-
phid should be used at once at the rate of 1 lb. per 250 cu. ft. of space,
or 1 dram per cu. ft. It is also recommended that all ])arns and store-
houses should be cleaned, so as to leave no exposed or scattered grain.
Such grain ma}^ be fed to hogs and chickens.
Report on examination of vrheat stubble from cli£Ferent sec-
tions of the State; the joint-worm in -wheat, ^V. 1). Hoi'kins ( West
Virginia Sta. Bui. 69, pp. 333-350, pi. 1). — The author examined
wheat stubble from 24 counties of the State for the presence of the
Hessian fly. He found that nearl}' all of the flaxseed stage were dead,
and more than one-half of them had been killed by parasites. He
interpreted these conditions as indicating that the wheat prospects
were very encouraging. Tables are given with the names of corre-
spondents, post-offlce address, dates of sowing, etc., together with the
results of the examination of wln^at stu])ble, for the purpose of show-
ENTOMOLOGY. 1063
ing the comparative condition of wlieat stubble in different parts of
the State.
A brief account is presented of the appearance, life history, and
habits of the jointworm. In combating the attacks of this insect, it
is recommended that all wheat, barley and rye stubble should be com-
posted or burned before the lirst of May. The author also recom-
mends cutting grain as high as practicable, and subsequent mowing and
collection of the stubl)le.
The periodical cicada or 17-year locust in West Virginia,
A. D. Hopkins ( Wed Virginia Sta. Bui. 68, j?jj. 257-S30, 2jh. 3, figs.
Jf). — This bulletin contains a brief account of the anatomy, habits, life
history, and broods of the periodical cicada. Notes are given from
correspondence relating to the distribution and extent of such broods
occurring within the limits of the State. The author states that the
cicada probably does not occur in West Virginia above an elevation of
3,300 ft. The time of appearance is influenced to some extent by the
average summer temperature, a difference of 3^ days in time of appear-
ance having been noted for each degree of difference in summer tem-
perature. Attention is called to the subsequent attacks of woolly aphis
in the wounds caused by the cicadas in depositing their eggs. Tree
crickets and certain fungus diseases also find a more easy entrance to
trees at such points. The wounds which result from the sting of the
cicada may persist for a number of years and cause distortion in the
branches of the trees. For preventing serious injury in this way, it is
recommended that trees should be severely pruned during the fall after
a visitation of cicadas. Especially severe wounds were noted in sugar
maple.
Maps are given, showing the distribution of the broods which will
emerge in 1901, 1902, and 1905, and warnings are issued for these and
other broods. It is recommended that no young fruit trees should be
planted in the fall or spring previous to the appearance of the brood
of the cicada.
Observations on field slugs and on experiments for the purpose
of destroying them, G. del Guercio {J^uove Eelaz. R. Staz. Ent.
Agr., 1. .y./'., 1900, No. 2, pp. 237-267, figs. ^).— The author discusses
the literature relating to Lirtiax agrestis in connection with a brief
bibliographical list. The plants in Italy which are most commonly
attacked by this animal are hemp, beans, kidney beans, peas, clover,
lucern, wheat, rye, barley, and oats. The injuries caused by the field
slug are more or less serious everj^ year, but during certain 3xars the
slugs have been so numerous as to cause alarming depredations. The
natural conditions which are most favorable for the development of
Liniax are moisture and green vegetation in abundance. Dry areas
present a formidable barrier to the distribution of Limax.
1064 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The natural enemies of the field slug- observed in the greatest abun-
dance by the author are Talpa, Grvllotalpa, Procrustes cor Ulceus^ SUj'Jm
Imvigata, and Lanvpyris noctiluca. A great variety of remedies were
tried by th(> author for the purpose of destroying the iield shig. Among
the pulverized insecticides, mention should be made of carl)onate, oxid,
hydroxid, sulphate, and sulphid of calcium, ashes, dust, sulphur,
pyrcthrum. chrysanthenunn, and tobacco. White hydroxid of calcium
dusted upon the field slug caused a severe irritation of the skin which
I'esulted in the death of the majority of them. The brown hydroxid
of calcium and the oxid of calcium were less efficacious. Ashes proved
to be of little value, as nearl}" all the Limax dusted with this substance
ultimately escaped. Pyrethrum powder and dusted tobacco were of
little avail in combating the field slug. Nearh^ the same list of sub-
stances was tried b}- way of direct applications on plants for the pur-
pose of preventing the attack of the field slug.
From the numerous insecticide experiments conducted by the author,
it is concluded that pulverized white hydroxid of calcium or the same
substance in a 1 to 2 per cent solution in water is the most active remedy
for the destruction of the field slug. As the second most effective
remedy, the author mentions white oxid of calcium. According to his
experiments, the most appropriate time for applying artificial remedies
in the destruction of Limax is fi"om S to 9 o'clock in tlu^ evening.
Means of protecting barks and ■woods against insects, E. Mer
{Bui. 8oG. Nat. Agr. France, 60 {1900), No. 11, ]jp. 073, 074).— U was
observed b}' the author that two ^^ears after ringing a number of cork
oaks, the region immediatel}'' above the ring was badly infested with
bark beetles and had been much visited by woodpeckers for the pur-
pose of feeding upon these insects. The region immediately below the
ring, however, was entirel}^ free from bark beetles. Since it is known
that ringing, if performed so deeply as to injure the cambium, has
the effect of causing an accumulation of starchy materials innnediately
above the cut and the almost complete absence of such materials l)elow
the cut, it is suggested by the author to use any means which will hasten
the resorption of starch from the bark or which will serve to protect
this substance from future insect attacks. Specimens which are intended
for museum purposes may be cut in winter or early spring from branches
out of which the reserve materials have been removed for winter storage
to a lower position.
Spraying, L. C. Corbett {West Virginia Sta. Bui. 70, pj). 353-382,
figs. 17). — A test of the value of spraying was made on an apple
orchard 30 3"ears old, with trees standing 33 ft. apart. The trees were
regularly sprayed through the season of 1899. In 1900 the orchard
was sprayed with Bordeaux mixture and Laurel green, the applications
being made on April 19, May 23, June !S, and June 23. The results
ENTOMOLOGY. 1065
indicate that this treatment increases the fruit crop to an extent which
warrants the fruit grower in spending the necessary time and money
for making- the applications. On the Rambo apple trees the yield
of fruit was increased 18.3 per cent, and on the Beauty of Kent 62
per cent.
Experiments for checking tlie attacks of the codling moth show
that 12 oz. of Laurel green to the 100 gal. of Bordeaux mixture had
little, if any, effect upon the number of the codling moth. A single
application of 5 oz. of Paris green to 50 gal. of the Bordeaux mixture
reduced the injury from the codling moth to a considera])le extent.
In this connection, brief notes are also given on the use of arsenate
of lead.
Experiments were tried in using a combination of Bordeaux mixture
and kerosene, containing 10 to 15 per cent of the latter. The appli-
cation was made to pears, apples, and plums on April 20 and May
12. No injury to the foliage resulted, and the apple aphis seemed
to be entirely destroyed by l)oth the 10 and 15 per cent kerosene
combinations.
The author tested the possibility of making Bordeaux mixture by
mechanical methods. Two lbs. of copper sulphate were dissolved in
4 gal. of water, and 2 lbs. of lime in 12 gal. of water. The copper
sulphate solution was placed in an oil tank and the limewater in the
barrel of a Kerowatcr pump. The pump was set to make a 25 per
cent mixture, and thus the lime and copper sulphate were delivered
in equal quantities in the nozzle. The only advantage of this method
is the lessened liabilit}' to clog the pump and nozzle.
A test was made of a combination of tobacco and kerosene emulsion
as a remedy for rose bugs. The mixture was made by combining the
Riley kerosene emulsion with 2 gal. of tobacco tea. This spray was
applied to peach trees without damage to the foliage. Little effect
was shown on the rose bugs, since the}" are of a migratory nature and
difficult to combat.
The author gives a brief description of the appearance of the San
Jose scale. Notes are also presented on the spread of this insect in
West Virginia. Experiments were tried in combating the San Jos6
scale with whale-oil soap, made b}- dissolving 2 lbs. of soap in a gallon
of water, dilute kerosene (150^ test), in a 25 per cent mechanical mix-
ture with water, and pure kerosene and crude petroleum in a 20 per
cent mixture with water. In preparing these insecticides, it was
found that whale-oil soap offered the greatest difficulties. None of
the other mixtures require especial preparation. The spraying work
was begun on March 28. An inspection of the work on May 16 and
on October 12 showed that whale-oil soap had killed a large percent-
age of the scales and had caused no injury to the trees. Pure kerosene
caused no damage to the foliage and killed the scales on the parts of
1066 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
the trees which had been thoroughly spraj-ed. A 25 per cent mechan-
ical mixture of kerosene did no damage to the trees, but some live
scales were found upon fruit and branches of the trees. The 20 per
cent mixture of crude petroleum caused no injury to peach, plum, or
apples and killed all scales with which it came in contact. Undiluted
crude petroleum was also employed on a small scale on Japanese plum
trees with good results and without injury to the tree. Undiluted
petroleum was tried in another localitj' with similar results, the trees
having been subsequently found entirely free from living scales. The
author states that the undiluted crude petroleum treatment gave the
best results of any method ^v hich was tried.
The composition of arsenical insecticides, S. Avery {IdaJio Sta.
Bui. L^.7, i)2>. 11)- — Analyses were made of 11) samples of Paris green
obtained from dealers in different parts of the State. An average of
these samples showed copper oxid 30.49 per cent and arsenious acid
56.86 per cent, 3.35 percent of the latter being solu1)le. The author
estimates that 3 percent of commercial Paris green may ))e considered
as foreign substances and moisture, which are perhaps unavoidable.
The assumption that Paris green is insoluble in water is incorrect, since
55 per cent of the arsenic contents in a pure sample of Paris green
was extracted by means of distilled water alone. The author considers
the methods of solution in ammonia and passing Pai'is green over a
glass slide to be of some value in determining its quality, but recom-
mends as the only entirely satisfactory test a chemical analysis.
Tests made on the samples of London purple indicated that consid-
erable lime was present in the form of the carbonate. Several samples
of Arsenoids were examined by the author, with especial reference to
the relative capacity of the bases which the}- contained to form insol-
uble compounds with arsenious acid. It was found that the tendency
of arsenite of lime to give oft' soluble arsenic is somewhat reduced by
increasing the excess of lime. Brief notes are also added on copper
arsenite, barium compounds, lead compounds, and home-made arsenite
of lime.
The honeybee, R. Helms {Jour. Dept. Agr. West. Australia, 2 {1900), No. G, pp.
4OU-4IS). — The author calls attention to the great variety of plants in Australia
which yield nectar. A consideralile inniiber of tliese plants produce flowers over an
extended period. Another advantage for bee keepers in Australia is the mild
climate.
The differentiation of cell elements in the ovary of the queen bee, W.
Paulcke {Zool. .Jahrb., Abt. Anat., U {1900), No. 2, pp. 177-202, pis. 4, Jig- -?)•— The
author gives an account of the generations of cell divisions in the ovaries of queen
bees with reference to the proportion and i)urpose of the nutritive (;ells and cells
which ultimately become eggs. The details of cell differentiation are described for
both varieties of cells. A bibliography of the subject is appended.
Drone production, A. Gale {Ayr. Gaz. New South Wales, 11 {1900), No. 12, pp.
109.5-1098).— 1\\(\ author gives a popular discussion of the relationship of drones to
the rest of the colony and to the i)rol)lem of ])arthenogenesis in bees.
ENTOMOLOGY. 1067
Do bees damag-e fruit P J. B. Smith {Rural New Yorker, 59 (1900), No. 2655,
p. 830). — The author discuHseH this subject with especial reference to the evidence
presented by Professor Jal)lownsky of the injury to grapes by bees in Hungary.
The bee moth {.Tour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 5 {1901), No. 1, pp. 16, 17). — Brief notes
on the liabits and life history of this insect. In combating the bee moth it is sug-
gested that the colonies should be kept in a vigorous condition and that infested
colonies should he removed to another hive and the old frames fumigated with
sulphur.
Spider or lice flies that infest horses, sheep, and other animals, W. W.
FiiOiHiATr {Agr. Gaz. New South ll'ate, 11 {1900), No. 12, pp. lOSS-1094, pi i).— The
author gives a brief account of the appearance, habits, and life history of Hippohot^ca
equina, H. rufipet^, H. hactriana. If. ranina, Olfersia macleayi, and Mehiphagus ovlnun.
Mr. E. Stanley reports the case of a i)<)ny which became unc(introllal>le under the
irritating attacks of Jf. equ'ma.
The more common insect pests of the farm and market garden, A. M. Lea
{Jour. DepL Agr. West. Australia, 'J {1900), No. 6, pp. .399-406', figs. <S').— This article
contains brief notes on the chinch bug, Hessian fly, Australian chinch bug {Nysius
vinilor), Australian plague locust {Pachytilus australis), the bollworm, Anoplostethus
opalinus, and species of thrips and mites, including red spider and other species.
The enemies of cereals, V. M.wet {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. IJEst), 21 {1900), No.
52, pp. 790-794). — Tlie author gives an account of the habits and life history of Cephus
pygm.rus. This species is attacked by a hymenopterous parasite, Paehynierxis calcitra-
tor. The wheat nematode Tylenchus tritici is reported as exceedingly injurious in
certain localities. A detailed description is given of the worm. In order to destroy
the nematodes in seed wheat the author recommends soaking the wheat for 24 hours
in a solution of 1 part sulphuric acid in 150 parts of water.
Entomologist's report, A. Koeuele {Hawaiian [Sugar Planters'] Sta. Ept. 1900,
pj>. 40-42) . — Brief notes are given on insects which were found on dead and dying
sugar cane. Ants were found in considerable numbers, but were probably attending
the mealy bug, Dactylopius caJveolaria;. Nematode worms were found in dying roots,
but were probably not injurious to living sugar cane.
Notes on insect pests from the entomological section {Indian Mas. Notes, 5
{1900), No. 2, pp. 39-54). — The chief insect enemies of sugar cane during the year
were Chilo simplex, Ripersia sacchari, Dictyophora pmlUda, and Termes taprobanes.
Ilispa lenescens is reported as very destructive to cereal crops, especially in paddy
fields. Experiments were tried in dusting the plants with sulphur, smoking with
sulphur, and spraying with copper sulphate solution 1 part to 100 and 1 part to 200
of water, and with carbolic acid solution 1 part to 20 parts of water. The insects
dropped off the leaves as soon as the last-mentioned insecticide touched them, but
seemed later to recover. The bollworm was reported as damaging jniddy seedlings
and cotton in several localities. Brief notes are given on insect pests of maize, wheat,
tea, cocoanut palm, and forest trees.
The Hessian fly, A. E. Jenks {Amer. Thresherman, 3 {1901), No. 9, pp. 42, 43, figs. 2).
— The author discusses briefly the history of the Hessian fly, its present distribution
in the United States, the means for its dispersal, the appearance of the insect in its
different stages, its food plants, natural enemies, and the most effective remedies
which have l)een reconuiiended against it.
Description of a new species of Ripersia destructive to sugar cane, E. E.
Green (J>i(Zia>i Mus. Notes, 5 {1900), No. 2, pp. 37, 38, figs. 2). — R. saccJiari is
described as a new species, and reported as occurring on the leaves of sugar cane.
The insect has a more or less glol)ular form, and in appearance seems to be most
closely related to R. pidvinaria, which apjjcars on grasses.
The cane shot borer (Xyleborus perforans) , L. Zehntner {Meded. Proefstat.
Suikerriet. West Java, 1900, No. 44, pp- 21, pi. 1, dgm. 1).- — The author gives a detailed
account of the habits of this insect, which usually attacks sugar cane at the nodes.
1068 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
A discussion is also given of tlie injury caused by the beotlt'. The insect, is described
in detail in its various stages.
The author believes that there is no urgent demand for insecticide methods against
this insect, since apparently its attacks are for the most part confined to sugar cane
which is already infested with some fungus disease. The prompt removal and de-
struction of canes which are infested with any fungus disease is suggested as a good
means for preventing further injury by the shot borer.
The fruit fly, A. H. Benso.n* {Queensland Agr. Jonr., 7 {1900), No. 6, p. 534). — For
the destrui-tion of this insect the author reconnnends that all infested fruit should be
boile<l. It is considered esi)ecially important to destroy the early brood of larviO.
The Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Austro-Hung-ary and Germany, J.
Reutenbacher {Die Derniatopteren unci OrOiopteren von OHlerreldi- Vnyurm und iJeutsch-
land. Vienna: Carl Gerald's Son, 1900, pp. 1^8, p>l. 1) . — The author discusses briefly
the general anatomy, different methods of capture and study of these groups of
insects. A systematic account is presented of the different species which occur within
the limits indicated. A bililiography of the suljject is apjyended.
Illustrated analytical fauna of the Orthoptera of France, C. Houlbert
[Faune analytique illustree de^ Orthopteres de France. Paris: Einile Beyrolle' s Sons, 1900,
pp. 55, figs. 218). — The author gives analytical tables by which the species of
Orthoptera which occur in France may be determined. The majority of the species
are illustrated. The anatomy of this group of insects is briefly discussed, and a
bibliography of related literature is given.
The natural history of the British liepidoptera, J. AV. Tutt {London: Sivan
Sonncnsc]i(l)i il- Co., 1899, Vol. I, pp. 500). — The jjresent volume is divided into 2 parts,
of which the first contains a general discussion of the origin of Lepidoi)tera, the egg,
embryology, parthenogenesis, external and internal structure of caterpillars, vaiui-
tion of moths, protective coloration, and a system of classification of Lepidoptera.
The second part of the volume begins a detailed discussion of the families of this
order. The practical value of this volume is considerably increased by full biblio-
graphical references.
The critical point in insects and the origin of butterfly aberrations, P.
B.\CHMETJEW {Illus. Ztsckr. Ent.,5 {1900) , No. 6, pp. 86-89). — If adult or larval insects
are kept at a temperature of — 25° C. their body temperature is gradually diminished,
and during this time certain peculiar developments are observed. At about — 10° C.
the body temperature of the insects is suddenly elevated up to — 1.5° C. or to 0° C.
The elevation of temperature is explained by supposing that latent heat is set free by
the process of ])assing into the so-called cold rigor. The ul^servations of the author
were carried out \\\Hm a consideral)le varit'ty of inserts.
On certain seasonal phases of butterflies of the genus Precis, A. <t. Bitler
{Entomologist, 34 {1901), No. 452, p. 7). — A brief discussion of the various forms of the
species belonging to this genus.
Description of a new^ species of Aleurodes destructive to betel, (i. B. Buck-
ton {Indian Mas. Notes, 5 {1900), No. 2, p. 36, figs. 3). — A species described under
the name ^1. nubilans is reported as occurring in large numbers on the under side of
betel leaves in the form of small scales, difficult to detach. The larvse were tufted
with yellow material, each thread forming a continuous si)iracle.
On the occurrence of Colias edusa and C. hyala, and the results of rearing
the variety helice from helice ova, F. W. Fkohawk ( Entdmolngist, 34 (1901), No.
452, pp. 2-5). — The results obtained from experiments with tlie variety helice indi-
cated that this forni was almost as numerous as the normal females, the same number
of each having emerged for several days.
The clavrs and pulvilli of Diptera, J. J. Kieffer {Illns. Ztschr. EnL, 5 {1900),
No. 22, pp. 339, 340, pi. 1). — A brief anatomical study of the structures.
Notes on the life history of Anopheles maculipennis, L. W. Sambon {British
Med. Jour., 1901, No. 2091, Epii., pp. 195-199, pi. 1, figs. 8).— The author describes
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION, 1069
from tlie literature ot the sul)ject and from personal observations, the various details
of structure, life history, and habits of this species in all its stages. Especial atten-
tion is given to a discussion of the breeding grounds of these mosquitoes.
New^ guests of the Dorylinae of the Neotropic and Ethiopian regions, E.
Wasmaxn (Zodl. Jdhrh., Aht. Sj/st., 14 [1900), No. 3, 2>p. '215-289, pl». ;?).— This paper
contains a discussion of the robbing habits of these ants, together with brief notes on
their so-called "guests," and descriptions of new species.
The larva of Lonchoptera, J. C. H. de Meijere {Zool. Jalirh., Aht. Syst., I4
{1900), X<}. 2, pp. 87-132, ph. S) . — An elaborate account of the anatomical structure
and physiological relations of this genus.
A report on the injurious outbreaks of Lyman tria monacha in SOderman-
land and Ostergotland in the year 1899, together with measures for com-
bating this insect, ,1. H. Wekmelin et al. {Ent. Tidskr., 21 {1900) No. 2, pp.
97-111). — An a])parently infectious disease of the larvt« of this species was noted and
tables were given showing the nund^er of diseased and parasitized larvfe among a
large nundierof specimens which were collected. Brief notes are given on the insect
enemies of the insect in its various stages. In com])ating the attacks of this insect
Raupenleim and banding methods were used.
Description of a new species of Psylla, destructive to forest trees, CJ. B.
BucKTON {Indian. 3fi(.^. Notei^, .•> {1900), No. 2, pp. 35, 3i!,Jigs. 6). — A technical descrip-
tion is given of a new species under the name of P. obsoleta. The insect was reported
as injurious to young specimens of Diospyros mdanoxylon. The leaves of the young
plant were attacked and galls were formed. The insect left ita gall in January or
February. After the departure of the insect the galls disajipeared, leaving small
holes in the leaves.
A hemipterous insect parasite upon Hyponomeuta malinellus and H. pade-
lus, A. (riARi) {Bid. Soc. Eut. Fr<tnci',1900, No. 18, pp.359, 300). — The larvte of these
insects are reported as being jiarasitic to a considerable extent upon Atractotomus mali.
FOODS—ANIMAL PKODUCTION.
The availability and fuel value of food materials, W. O. Atwater
and A. P. Bryant {Connect lent /Starrs />ta. Rpt. 1899, pp. 73-110). — ■
The aiithors discuss the so-called availability of foods (see p. 1075), the
proportion of nutrients supplied by different groups of food materials
in the averag-e diet, the availability of different classes of nutrients in
food of mixed diet, heats of combustion of nutrients, fuel value, and
related topics. The discussion is based upon the results of nutrition
investig'ations carried on under the auspices of the Department of
Agriculture as well as those carried on at the station. A large num-
ber of analyses have shown that the ordinary factoi- for computing
protein, l. <?., 6.25, is not applicable to all classes of food. The follow-
ing factors are proposed:
Proposed nitrogen factors for the protein of different groups of food materials.
Kind i>f food material.
Factors
proposed,
Factors
for re-
calculat-
ing
protein.
Animal foods
Wlieat, rye, barley, and their manufactured products
Maize, oats, buckwheat, and rice, and their manufactured products.
Dried seeds of legumes
Vegetables
Fruits
6.2.5
5.70
(i.OO
P. 25
.5.65
5.80
0.912
.960
.904
.928
1070
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
As regards licat of coinlmstioii and fuel value, the following stato-
ments are made:
"Taking into account (1) the heatu of combustion of the j^rotein compound.s, fais,
and carboliydrates which occur in different groups of food materials, and (2) the
average proportion in which the different nutrients are furnished by different food
materials in the ordinary mixed diet, the average heat of combustion of 1 gm. of
protein, fat, and carboliydrates in such diet i.s Hiijjnixiniately 5.65, 9.40, and 4.10
calories, respectively.
" One gram of total protein of mixed diet burned in the l)ody yields on the average
not far fr(jm 4 calories, 1 gm. of fat 8.9 calories, and 1 gm. of carbohydrates 4 calories
of energy. The corri'Sponding values per pound are 1,820, 4,240, and 1,820 calories.
One gram of available i^rotein, on the other hand, has a fuel value of 4.4 calories, 1
gm. of available fats 9.4 calories, and 1 gm. of available carbohydrates 4.1 calories.
These values correspond to 2,000, 4,260, and 1,860 calories per pound.
"Of course these figures are not to be regarded as final, and alterations may be
called for as data accumulate. Meanwhile we think that they are sufficiently accu-
rate for ordinary use."
The relative proportion of total food and total nutrients supplied by
a number of food materials and groups of foods, as shown l)}- the
results of 185 dietary studies, follow:
Relative j'nqxjrtioun of totul food and of total mUrients applied bi/ difcrrnt (jroupa of
food materials in average of 185 dietary studies.
Kind of food material.
Total
food.
Protein.
Fat.
Carbo-
hy-
drates.
Per cent.
10.3
1.4
5.4
1.1
1.9
Per cent.
24.6
3.3
8.8
2.6
3.7
Per cent.
19.5
3.8
30.0
1.2
.8
Per cent.
Pork
0.1
20.1
43.0
55.3
.1
3.0
5.9
4.3
1.9
.4
19.9
.2
1.6
10.5
19.7
1.6
10.7
5.3
22.2
12.3
32.0
5.3
4.5.3
61.2
91.6
5.4
1.8
1.3
18.7
1.9
2.1
26.5
.4
.6
6.0
5.2
3.6
45.9
21.8
30.5
7.0
54.7
Starch
.1
5.5
.6
.2
21.0
2.0
.1
1.3
13.7
7.4
3.9
1.8
.3
.4
10.0
2.5
21.1
5.7
.7
12. 5
Fruits
5.6
.6
.6
4.9
Total vcKt'tablc food
54.7
38.8
8.4
94.6
Total food
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
The average coefficients of availability of tlie nutrients of different
groups of food materials and of the total tuitrients of a mixed diet
are given.
FOODS ANIMAL PUODU('TION.
1071
"The results of :i consideriihlc miinhei' of <li<>-esti()n experiments
with mixed diet o-ive averages for coeffieieuts of avaihibility as foHows :
For protein. !»2 p(>r cent; fats, U5 per cent, and carbohydrates !>T per
cent."
Studies of dietaries of college students and of members of
families of professional men, ^\'. (). Aiwatku and K. I). AIii.Np:ii
{(oiiH,'<'flruf Sfnri'x Sf,i. Rj>f. ISUU^ pp. /:.^.My/,9).— Details are reported
of a dietary study with coiU'o-e students, a (*heniist*'s family, and a
chemist. The students and the chemist were young Juen in good
health. The sul)ject of one of the studies, No. 31«), l>oarded hin)self
during- a sununer \'acation. Most of the foods eaten were such as
could b(> purchased already prepared or canned. A very considerable
nund)er Avere of vegetable origin. In the dietary study of the chemist's
family, No. 317, the special object was to determine whether salt cod-
iish and dried beans prepared in different wa3^s could be used with
satisfaction as sources of })rotein in place of a considerable portion of
the meat ordinarily used. The results of the dietary studies follow:
Areraijc rcsalts of dieUiry xtadies; qaanlities coiisanicd per timnjyer day.
Collega student (No. SKi)-.
Chemist's family (No. 317)
CiillcyestiKk'Ut (No. 318)..
ColU'Kr student (No. 319)..
College student (No. 320)..
Chemist (No. 321)
College student (No. 322)..
Cents.
31.7
20.8
Grams.
145
100
139
91
104
126
160
Fat.
Grams.
115
130
138
98
98
138
135
Carbo-
hydrates.
Grains.
522
380
COl
422
426
395
351
Fuel
value.
( 'alories.
3, 810
3,180
4, 315
3, 105
3,085
3,420
3,350
Investigations on the metabolism of matter and energy of full-
grown steers on a maintenance and on a productive ration, O.
Kellnek, a. Kohlek, p:t al. {Lcmdw. Vers. Sf((t.^ 5-J {lUOO)^ pp.
JTH- -^7-^). Continuing- the experiments with steers on the metalmlisni of
matter and energ-}^ at the Mockern P]xperiment Station (E. S. R. ,10, p.
669), the authors report in detail a considera))le number of investigations.
These include four series, agg'regating- 3U individual experiments of
an average duration of 14 days. A total of 159 respiration experi-
ments wer*^ made, each of 24 hours' duration, with the Pettenkofer
respiration apparatus. In the tirst series the ration consisted of gluten
and starch; in the sei-ond, of gluten, starch, and oil; in the third, of
meadow hay, oat straw, starch, oil, and molasses; and in the fourth, of
meadow hay, oat straw, starch, extracted rye straw, and molasses.
The composition and digestibility of the ration was studied; record
was made of the water consumed and its content of carbon dioxid; the
urine was analyzed; the carbon in tiie gaseous excretory products,
the nitrogen, and carbon balance wtu'e determined, as well as the fuel
1072 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
value of lli(^ incoiiio and outgo. From the ol)st'rvecl data the gains in
fat and muscular tissu(^s were calculated, as was also the energy })al-
ance. Detailed rec(M-ds were kept of the temperature of the stalls, and
all the experimental data of the metal)olism, dig(>stion, and respiration
experiments are recorded in detail, th(> experimental data being fol-
lowed by a general discussion of ivsults aiid statements of some of the
principal conclusions and deductions. A number of these conclusions
and deductions follow:
On an average it Avas found that the steers consumed 1 kg. of water
per ?>.?> kg. of dry matter in the food. Of the water consumed as such
and in the food, -iH.H per cent was excretc^d in the feces and 29.2 per
cent in the urine.
The investigations of the fuel value of iho food and excretor^^ prod-
ucts indicate that within wide limits it is possil)le to calculate the true
energ}" value of the digested food with a reasonal)le degree of accuracy.
In the experiments reported the fuel value per gram of digestible
material was calculated for a numl^er of feeding stuffs when added to
a maintenance ration. The values obtained were the following: Starch,
4,185 calories; gluten protein, 0,14:8; peanut oil, 8,821; molasses, -1,075;
"straw-like material,"' i. e., crude liber and nitrogen-free extract,
4,217; meadow haj^, 1,437; oat straw, 4,513, and wheat straw, 4,470
calories.
In the different experiments determinations were made of the amount
of methan excreted, and the proportion of methan carbon to total
digestible carl)on and to carl)on of nitrogen-free extract and crude
fiber was calculated. On an average it was found that there was pro-
duced per 100 parts of digestible carbohydrates 3.14 parts of methan
carbon = 4. 2 parts of methan. According to the authors, the digestible
protein present in the ration had no direct effect on the formation of
methan. Fat and oil in the finely divided form in which they were
consumed in the ration did not produce methan fermentation. Oil
consumed as such in large ([uantities hindered this fermentation.
The fuel value of the urine was determined under the different food
conditions of the sevcn-al experiments. In effect, the authors state
that the determinations made in the 44 experimental periods ijidicatc
that within certain bounds, as regards ])r<)teiu consumed. th(> carl)on
content of the urine furnishes a very nearly accurate measure of the
fuel value of the total dry matter of the urine.
The "physiological- nutritive value" of the difierent feeding stuffs
is discussed. By this term the authors mean the amount of energy
which remains for the use of the body after the energy necessary for
the labor of chewing and digestion, or formation of uiini. is deducted.
The physiological nutritive value per gi-am of the different feeding
stuffs tested, when forming apart of a ration for maintenance and when
FOODS — ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
1073
constituting that portion of the ration which serves for production, is
shoAvn in the followino- table:
FJiysiolixjical imtrUire value of different feedhig stuff's.
Feeding stuffs.
Gluten protein
Peanut oil
Starch
"Straw-like material
Molasses No. 1
Molasses No. 2
Meadow hay No. 5. . .
Meadow hay No. 6. . .
Oat straw . . "
Wheat straw
In ration for
mainte-
nance.
Calories.
4, 958
8, 821
3,760
3,651
3,829
3,462
3,553
3, 728
3,747
3, 327
In amount avail-
able for production.
Per cent.
45.2
56.3
58.9
63.1
68.9
68.3
40.2
42.8
37.6
17.8
Calorics.
2,241
4,966
2,215
2,304
2,255
2, 365
1,428
1,596
1,409
592
The authors calculate that fat is formed from starch according to
the following equation: 100 gm. starch + 38. (39 gm; oxygen = 3. 17 gm.
methan4-23.1: gm. water + 88. 77 gm. carbon dioxid + 23.34 gm. fat.
The results of the tests are believed to show further that protein is to
be regarded as a source of fat. The digestible crude fiber in the straw
freed from encrusting material is stated to possess a nutritive value not
at all inferior to that of digestible starch. The furfurol-yielding sub-
stances of a ration are regarded as not inferior to starch or cellulose
for the formation of fat. The easily digestible cellulose of extracted
rye straw, in the authors' opinion, protected protein and rendered it
a\'ailable for the formation of muscular tissue.
The following are enumerated as the causes of the loss of energy
when organic substances are digested, absorbed, and converted into
body tissue: (1) The labor of chewing and digesting, including that
required for the absorption of water to moisten the food for solution
and the action of enzyms in the feeding stuffs; (2) the formation of
methan by fermentation which, as shown by the authors' observations,
is limited to the nitrogen-free material and crude fiber and does not
concern the protein and fat; (3) destruction of food by the large num-
ber of micro-organisms in the intestinal tract, further aided by the
length of time the material remains in the intestinal tract of rumi-
nants; (-1) the incompletely oxidized material which is excreted in the
urine; and (5) the molecular rearrangement of absorbed material when
it is converted into body substance, a change which probably requires
a considerable energy expenditure.
Furtlier, the productive value of feeding stuffs depends not alone,
according to the authors, upon its content of digestible nutrients, but
is materially affected hy the physical properties of cell tissue and the
presence of undigestible so-called encrusting substances. All such
conditions which increase the labor of chewing and digesting or the
sohition and ab.sorption of the nutrients enclosed in cells, diminish the
22065- No. 11 -6
1074 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
productive value of a feeding stuff. Whether the food is rapidly assimi-
lated by the aid of the saliva and juices of the stomach, or whether
absorption is brought a})Out in the lower portion of the intestinal tract
l)V decomposition is a matter of great importance.
Feeding steers, G. H. True {Ai'lzoaa Sta. Rpt. 1900, 2U^- 171-174^
pL 1). — According to the author it is a generally accepted fact that
while cattle fatten rapidl}" on alfalfa, they can not be finished for mar-
ket on this feed alone so as to compare profitably with animals finished
on grain. Local feeders have reported favorable results on the use of
sorghum fodder as a supplement to alfalfa. The author tested the com-
parative value of cured corn fodder, Kafir corn fodder, and sorghum fod-
der as a supplement to alfalfa hay with 2 lots of 4 steers each. During
the first 5 weeks of the test lot 1 consumed 1,512 lbs. alfalfa and 1.2-17
lbs. corn fodder, and made an average daih' gain of 1.39 lbs., while
lot 2 (fed throughout the test alfalfa hay only) consumed a total of
2,92!) lbs. of alfalfa and made an average daily gain of 1.03 lbs. per
head daily. When Kafir corn fodder was substituted for corn fodder,
in the next 5 weeks of the test, lot 1 ate 1,575 lbs. alfalfa haj^ and 1,333
lbs. Kafir corn fodder, and gained on an average 1.68 lbs. per head
dailv. In the same time lot 2 consumed 2,853 lbs. alfalfa hay and
gained 1.65 lbs. per head daily. During the following 6 weeks,
sorghum fodder was substituted for Kafir corn, and lot 1 consiwiied
1,890 lbs. alfalfa hay and 1,814 lbs. of sorghum, and gained 1.65 lbs.
per head daily. Lot 2 consumed a total of 2,828 lbs. alfalfa and gained
1.67 lbs. per head daily. Considering the test as a whole the gains
made }^y the lot fed alfalfa haj^ and other forage was 711 lbs. as com-
pared with 652 lbs. on alfalfa ha}' alone, a difference which the author
regards as insufficient for definite conclusions. At the close of the
test the lots were rearranged so as to counterbalance the effect of
previous rations and each lot was pastured for 8 weeks on 2 acres of
alfalfa. Lot 1 was fed sorghiun fodder, and lot 2 alfalfa hay in addi-
tion. The average daily gain per steer in lot 1 Avas 1.63 lbs., and in
lot 2. 1.55 ll)s.
Sheep feeding, (t. H. Trtjk {Arhona Sta. Rpf. 1900^ jy>. _/7J,
17G). — The comparative value of alfalfa hay and of sorghum fodder
alone, mixed, and supplemented l)y sugar beets was tested with 5 lots
of 8 sheep each. In 4 weeks lot 1, on a daily ration of -lO lbs. of
chopped sugar beets and 20 lbs. of alfalfa, gained on an average 0.259
lb. per head daih*. Lot 2, fed 40 lbs. sugar beets and 20 lbs. sorghum
fodder daily, made an average dail}' gain of 0.286 lb. per head. The
average daily ration of lot 3 was 40 lbs. alfalfa hay, and lot 4, 40 lbs. of
sorghum fodder, and of lot 5, 10 lbs. alfalfa hay and 30 lbs. of sorghum
fodder. The average daily gain per head in these 3 lots was 0.187,
0.125, and 0.232 lb., respectively. Although the author believes the
test insufficient for general deductions, the fact is pointed oi-.t that
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION, 1075
there was an undoul)ted advantao-e in the use of sugar beets, i. 6^, succu-
lent food, as part of a ration. At the end of the trial the sheep were
not in condition for market and were pastured for 4 months on burr
clover or alfalfa, and were fed wheat hay or barley in addition. They
were then sold. From the bejjfinning of the test to the end of the
pasturage period the a\'ei'ag"e daily gain was 0.82 lb. piM" day.
On the amount of -water in slop fed fattening pigs, C. 8. Pt.umb
and H. K. Van Nokmax {In<li<ma Sta. Bui. 80^ pp. 151-158). — The
comparative value of grain fed dr}^ and mixed with different amounts
of water was tested with 4 lots of 3 pigs each. For the first 15 weeks
of the trial the grain used was corn meal and shorts, 1:1, and for the
remaining 6 weeks of the test hominy chop replaced the corn meal.
Lot 1 Avas fed the ration dry; lot 2 received it mixed with an equal
amount of water. For lot 3 the grain was mixed with twice, and for
lot 1 with three times, its weight of water. In addition to Avy grain
or slop, the pigs were given all the drinking water they desired, the
amounts consumed being recorded. The average dail}" gain of the 4
lots was li, 41, 4|, and 41 lbs.; the grain consumed per pound of gain
was 3.59, 3.80, 3.74, and 3.75 lbs., while the cost of food per pound of
gain was 2.87, 3.04, 2.99, and 3 cts., respectively. Lot 1 drank a con-
siderable amount of water; lot 2 a somewhat smaller amount, while
lots 3 and 4 received all the}" wished in the slop fed. During the test
the total amount of water drank by lot 1 was 3,379.5. Lot 2 received
a total of 3,031 lbs., while lots 3 and 4 received 4,871.3 and 6,927.9
1 1 )s . , respectively .
•'Pigs weighing 60 lbs., fed dry feed, consumed on an average 2.35 lbs. daily, and
this amount increased nearly constantly until these same pigs, weighing 218 lbs.,
consumed 11.07 lbs. per day. It is also shown that pigs fed water in their food aa a
slop, when weighing about 60 lbs., consumed either 2.42, 4.25, or 5.79 lbs. of water
l)er day, while these same pigs weighing 213 to 222 lbs. consumed either 8.17, 14, or
18 lbs. of water per day. Undoubtedly much of this water was consumed unneces-
sarily, and certainly lot 4 was given much more water with its grain than was
required.
' ' There was no material difference in the appearance of the pigs in either lot, so far
as quality is concerned, and so far as this one experiment goes the use of about two
times the weight of water to grain indicates a satisfactory proportion. In view of
the fact that the pigs fed dry grain made slightly [better gains than the others], it
would appear that there is really no gain in feeding the pigs a slop instead of a dry
grain, excepting as a feeder may regard it a matter of convenience."
Discussion of tlie terms digestibility, availability, and fuel value, W. O.
Atwatek {Connect ictd Slorrii Stu. lipt. 1899, pp. 69-72). — The terms availaljility,
digestibility, and fuel value are discussed at some length and explained. It is pro-
])osed to use availability for what is ordinarily termed digestibiUty — i. c, the total
nutrients consumed less the amounts of each excreted in the feces. The author pro-
poses the term digestibility for what is ordinarily called digestibility, with corrections
introduced for the metabolic products in the feces. "[By fuel value] is understood
tlie energy (heat of combustion) of tlie material of the food which is oxidized — i. e.,
1076 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
capable of oxidation in the body. For the total food it is the total energy less that
of the corresponding unoxidized materials of the feces and urine. For the protein it
is lilcewise the total heat of combustiorr less that of the corresponding unoxidized
residues of these excretions. For the fats and carbohydrates it is the total energy
less the energy of the corresponding unoxidized material of the feces."
Composition of common food materials — available nutrients and fuel value,
W. O. Atwater and A. P. Bkyaxt {Coinurticnt Storra St<t. llpl. ISUO, pp. lll-K'3). —
Using the coefficients of availability quoted above (p. 1069) the authors calculated
the available nutrients (/. e., what is generally designated as digestibility) in a large
number of animal and vegetal )le food:^.
Meat extract and meat peptone, H. Bremer {('hem. Ztg., 24- {1900), No. 79,j)p-
S38-S41). — A general discussion with much historical data.
On the extractive substance of muscular tissue, W. Gulewitsch and S.
Amiradzibi {Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., SO {1900), No. 6, pp. 565-573) .—From meat
extract the authors isolated and studied a substance which they consider a new base
and to which the name " carnosin" is applied.
Has meat extract nutritive value? L. FtJRST {Chem. Ztg., 24 {1900), No. 91, pp.
994, 995). — A general dist'ussion-.
Banana [and breadfruit] flour, W. Kirkland {Jour. Jamaica Ayr. Soc, 4 {1900),
No. 11, pp. GGS,669). — A descriptive article.
Cassava culture in Java; its uses by the natives and for the manufacture
of tapioca flour, II. C. de Bie {Teijsmannm, 11 {1900), No. G, pp. 273-298). — Cassava
culture in Java is reviewed and a description given of the preparation of tapioca flour.
The crude product of native manufacture is further refined, yielding a pure, white
flour and a flour of inferior quality. Three parts of the ground rootstock yields 1
pt. of pure tapioca. The material remaining after the manufacture of tapioca is
sometimes dried and used for fuel.
The young leaves of certain varieties of cassava are used as pot herbs. The root-
stock is eaten boiled or steamed. It is also sliced raw, dried in the sun for 1 or 2
days, and fried in cocoanut oil, being eaten with salt. Alcoholic beverages are made
from the rootstock; — ii. m. pieters.
Starch-yielding plf,nts grown for food in the Antilles, A. Pairault {Bvl.
Anmr. Chilli. Sun: rt Dislill., IS {1900-1901), No. 1-2, jip. 77-<?.f).— Descriptions and
analyses are given of the following plants: Yams {Dioscorea alaia, D. trifida, I), tiibe-
rosa), Brazil cabbage {Nmitho-vna suglttifoUum) , taro {Caladium escuknta or Colocasia
mdlquorum), banana {Musa paradisiaca) , breadfruit {Artorarpm incisa), manioc cas-
sava {Manihot idlUssima), and sweet potatoes {Ijioimea haUdas, or Batatas edidi.t).
The percentage composition of the breadfruit foUcTws: Water, 46.21; protein, 2.34;
fat, 0.40; starch, 41.42; crude fiber, 4.20; ash, 1.78, and undetermined, 3.65.
Hibiscus esculentus [gumbo], A. Zega {Chem. Ztg., 24 {1900), No. SI, p. S71,
fig. 1) . — Analyses are reported.
Strong and weak flours, F. B. Guthrie {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 11 {1900),
No. 10, pp. SG3-SG9). — A general discussion of gluten and its relation to bread
making.
Yeast as a food and food accessory and its examination under a pure-food
law, S. Koiiker {Ztsrhr. CidcrsncJi. NoJn: u. Ceirtn^smlL, 3 (1900) , No. 11, pp. 756-
76.J) .— The methods of examining yeast are described. The author insists that those
in use are not satisfactory, and that a method fair to both manufacturer and con-
sumer is needed.
The jam and marmalade industry and sugar consumption in England, P.
Degexer {Arh. Deid. Jjundw. GeselL, 1900, No. 44, ]>P- 40; a/w. in Ber. Dent. Bot.
GeselL, 9 {1900), No. 8, pp. 390, 391). — A descriptive article.
Concerning new food preparations, C Ehrmann and K. Kornauth {Ztsrhr.
Vidersudi. Nulu: a. Geim.si^vdl., 3 [1900), No. 11, pp. 7<J6-7o.'9).— Investigations whicli
FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 1077
are described in detail show that such food preparations as somatose, meat extract,
etc., are quite free from micro-organisms.
Diet of peasants, Rouxel {Jour. Hi/;/., 25 {IDOO), No. 1254, pp. 313-315).— A.
general and descriptiv(! article.
The digestibility of protein in bread, F. H. Curtiss [Amer. Phys. Education
Rev., 5 {1900), No. 3, pp. 221-234). — In experiments in which the author himself
was the subject he studied the digestibility of baker's and homemade bread, graham
bread, and entire wheat bread, the time recpiired for the digestibility of different
sorts of bread l)eing taken into account as well as the thoroughness of digestion.
The lecithin content of milk and its relation to the relative weight of the
brain of nurslings, R. Burow {Ztsclcr. riiysiol. Chetu., 30 {1900), No. G, pp. 459-
519) . — Investigations on the lecithin content of milk and the brain, which the author
believes indicate a relationship between the two.
The influence of acids on the amylolytic action of saliva, G. A. Hanford
{Amer. Jour. Physiol., 4 {1900), No. 5, pp. 250-260). — "The chief object of this note
has been to point out that it is impossible to designate any percentage of acid or
alkali which inhibits salivary digestion in a definite degree. The character of the
action is dependent also upon the absolute amount of saliva and the attendant varia-
tion in the quantity of proteid matter present. Whenever free hydrochloric acid is
present, inhibition — more or less complete — is certain to result."
A contribution to the subject of peptic digestion, H. Malfatti {Ztschr. Phys-
ol. Chem., 31 {1900), No. 1-2, pp. 43-4S). — A brief account of experimental
methods.
Note on the recent report of V. Henriques and C. Hansen on fat absorp-
tion, E. PFLtJGER {Arch. Physiol. [Pfluger'\, 82 {1900), No. 7-8, pp. 381-383).— A crit-
ical and controversial article.
The ability of soaps to dissolve colors soluble in fat, J. Nerking {Arch.
Pliysiol. [Pfluger], 82 {1900,) No. 9-10, pp. 538-540). — A contribution to the subject
of the digestibility of fat.
Contributions to the physiology of creatinin, I, A. Gregor {Ztschr. Physiol.
Chem., 31 {1900), No. 1-2, jip. 98-118).— The author thinks it probable that creatinin
is the product of a specific muscle metabolism and represents the cleavage of material
corresponding to muscular action.
Yield and preservation of agricultural feeding stuffs, C. Bohmer {Ernten
und Co7iscriirung der lundwirtschaftlichen Futtermittel. Berlin: P. Parey, pp. 178, figs.
26; rev. in Per. Deut. Bot. Gesell, 9 {1900), No. 5, pp. 397, 398) .—N handbook:
Analyses of fodders and feeding stuffs, F. G. Benedict {Connecticut-Storrs
Sta. Ppt. 1899, jyp. 209-215). — Analyses of a number of feeding stuffs are reported,
including brome grass, meadow fescue, orchard grass, timothy, soy bean fodder,
silage corn (Ohio white dent), stover of white flint corn, soy bean seed, and white
flint corn kernels. INIost of the materials were samples of crops grown in plat experi-
ments conducted by the station for the purpose of studying the effects of different
kinds and amounts of nitrogenous fertilizers u^jon the yield and composition of
different crops (see pp. 1028).
Reports of inspectors of stock for year ended March 31, 1900, T. A. Fraser
{New Zealand Dept. Ayr. Ppt. 1900, pp. 57-126, pis. 7). — Thi.s contains the usual mat-
ter regarding live stock and brief notes on the subject from the different districts of
New Zealand. Among other matters ostrich farming is described.
Experiments in sheep breeding, T. Winter {Agr. Gaz. \_London'\, 52 {1900),
No. 1398, p. 246) . — A l)rief account of cross-breeding experiments.
Information concerning the Angora goat, G. F. Thompson ( U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Bureau of Animal Industry Bid. 27, pp. 94, pis. 18, fig. 1). — From a large number of
sources the author has compiled information on the origin and history of Angora
1078 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
goat.«, their use, places adapted to their cultxiro, the rare wliich they require, the
biiildin<j up and management of a flock, shearing and shedding, diseases, and other
topics, including statistics.
Profitable production of lean bacon, J. M. Harris {Jour. British Dairy Farmer's
Assoc, 15 {1900), }>l. 1, j)P- 7-15). — The requirements for the successful raising of
pigs for bacon for the English market are discussed and experiments undertaken l)y
the Wilts County Council and ])rivate enterprise are l)riefly rejxjrted. The author's
summary follows:
"To produce at the greatest profit the best ])igs for tlii' production of prime qual-
it\' lean bacon, the farmer is recommended: (1 ) To breed his pigs from Large York-
shire Whites or from these and jnire Berkshires; never from crossbreds. (2) To house
his fatting pigs in dry, warm, well-ventilated styes whic-h allow of easy cleaning.
They should be placed, if jjossible, in a sheltered and sunny position. (3) For fat-
tening, to soak the meal used in cold water, to use barley meal as the staple food,
and to supplement this, as far as possible, by fresh, separated, skim, or buttermilk, at
the rate of about 1 gal. per pig per day, and, when procurable, by boiled potatoes
also, not mon; than 3 or 4 lbs. jier pig per day.
" Where cheese is made, it would be well to supplement the barley meal and whey
by about 1 lb. of bean or pea meal per pig per day.
" Where dairying is not carried on, bran, toppings, bean meal, or pea meal may be
used with care as a substitute for milk; but the dairy farmer has undoubtedly a
great advantage in the profitable production of the class of pig required for making
the best (juality lean bacon."
Pigs at the Hawkesbury Agricultural College, G. Valder {Agr. Gaz. Nnu
Soutli Wales, 11 {1900), No. 10, pp. 870-877, pis. 7).- — A test on the comparative value
of bacon breeds is reported, but definite conclusions are not drawn. Bacon curing
is described.
Report of poultry division, D. D. Hyde {Netu Zealand Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1900,
pp. 364-375, figs. 9). — The work of the division during the year is described briefly,
and directions given for marketing poultry, etc.
Petits poussins ["broilers"], G. A. Palmer {.Tour. British Dairy Farmers' Assoc,
15 {1900), pt. 2, pp. ll.i-119). — The raising of chickens for use as "broilers" has
been practiced for centuries in Belgium and France, and the author describes the
breeds used and the methods followed. Directions are also given for attractive
dressing and marketing of this class of poultry.
DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.
The influence of feed and care on the individuality of co-ws,
C. F. DoAXK {Miin/hiiid Sta. Bui. GO, pp. 31-GO. j>ls. 7).— Sev(n-al
years ago the station purchased a herd of grade cows to represent as
nearly as possible the average dair}' herd found in the State. The
record of the cows as to history, feeding, and production previous to
their purchase })y the station was very inconi])h>te. The attempt was
made to increase the productive capacity of tlie individual cows in the
herd by systematic feeding and good care extending over a number of
3'cars. The I'ations fed varied from time to time, and were not uni-
form for the herd. No attempt was made at forcing. All received
the same care. Records of 10 of the cows by lactation periods for 2,
3, or -i years are tal)ulated and discuss(>d. Notes are given on the his-
tory and feeding of each, IHustrations from photographs are given
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.
1079
of 7 of the oow.s;. The following- table gives a summary of some of
the data obtained:
Average record of grade dairy herd for several lactation periods.
Lacta-
tion
periods.
Record first period.
Maximum record any period.
Cow.
Yield of
millj.
Fat con-
tent of
milk.
Yield of
butter.
Yield of
milk.
Fat con-
tent of
milk.
Yield of
butter.
No.l
No.
4
4
2
3
4
3
4
3
3
Pounds.
4,004
3, 461
4, 122
5, 192
4,537
5,114
6,097
4,035
6,357
4, 6.53
Per cent.
5.5
4.7
3.4
3.5
4.9
4.5
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.9
Pounds.
258.3
190.3
155.6
215.4
258. 8
267. 0
263.0
182.9
293.4
264.4
Pounds.
6,091
4,729
5,051
6,163
6,134
5, 114
6, 995
7, 995
6,828
5.465
Per cent.
5.5
5.1
3.5
3.6
5.5
4.5
4.5
4.3
4.1
5.0
Pounds.
370 0
No. 2
269 9
No. 3
208 9
No. 4 .
257 1
No. 7
362 2
No. 9
267 0
No. 10
348 3
No 15
359 2
No '>8
315 9
No. 29
321. 2
The author discusses the results as showing the effect of feeding and
care upon the development of the cows, noting in this connection
results o])tained at the New York Cornell Station in feeding grain to
3^oung cows on pasture (E. S. R., 2, p. 369).
"No very material results fould be noticed the first year from the extra feed and
care the herd received, but through subsequent years there seems to be a steady
improvement. Judging from the records of these cows, it is a question if the quality
of a dairy cow does not depend almost as much on the feeding as on the breeding.
It is also a question if cows which have a more or less pronounced beef tendency, or
at least would not be called good material from which to build up a dairy herd, can
not with proper management be developed into profitable dairy cows."
The bacterial condition of city milk and the need of health
authorities to prevent the sale of milk containing excessive
numbers of bacteria, H. W. Park {Science, 7i. ser.,8 {1901), No. 3'22,
2). 32Z). — During the coldest weather the milk supply of New York is
said to average about 250,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, during
cool weather about 2,()(H),000, and during hot weather about 5,000,000.
This does not appl}^ to the specially-treated milks, which contain from
5,000 to 20,000 bacteria, according to the season. Regarding the
harmfulness of these bacteria the author cites the universal clinical
experience "that a great number of children in cities sicken on the
milk supplied in summer; that those who are put on milk that is ster-
ile or contains few bacteria, as a rule, mend rapidly, while those kept
on the impure milk continue ill or die." The author questions
whether in the present state of knowledge it is possible for health
boards to set a limit to the numl)er of bacteria which milk may con-
tain and a])()ve which its sale should ])e prohil)ited; but he urges the
importance of the authorities giving attention to this matter ^vith
a view to scM-uring an improviMuent through the farmer and the
middleman.
1080 ^ EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
The vitality of pathogenic and other micro-organisms in milk,
F. V^VLAGUSSA and C. Oktona {Ann. Ig. Spar.; aha. in Nature., 63
{1901)., JVo. 163Jf., 2^' ^OJf). — The action of sunlight on bacteria in milk
was investigated, and as was to be expected from the opacity of the
liquid no deleterious effect was detected, except in the case of those
varieties which live on the surface of liquids and were, therefore, not
shielded from the svuishine. Another point of interest investigated
was the effect of inoculation into milk upon the elaT)oration of toxins
by the diphtheria bacillus. It was found that although this bacillus
produced toxin when grown in milk, its strength was less than when
grown in other culture media; moreover, a marked increase in the
strength of the toxin was noted when the cultures were kept in a cool
cellar instead of at the ordinary temperature of the laboratory. The
exact thermal death point of the tubercle bacillus in milk Avas also
reinvestigated, the authors concluding that exposure to temperatures
of 60, 70, or 80° C. is insufficient to guarantee the destruction of
this bacillus in milk. Milk freshly drawn from the cow, with precau-
tions insuring its sterility, was found to afford a better culture medium
for bacteria than after it had l)een artificially stiM'ilized by heating to
100° C. A bibliograph}' of the existing literature on the subject is
appended to the article.
Pathogenic microbes in milk, E. Klein {Jour. Jlyg. [^Ckimhrldg(/\.,
1 {lOOl), So. 1-, pl>- 78-.),')). — From an examination of 100 samples of
milk from country dairies, 7 were found by inoculation tests to con-
tain virulent tubercle bacilli; S samples contained Bac'dlus pseudo-
tuberculosis. A series of observations carried out for the purpose of
testing the viability of the tubercle bacillus in milk showed that this
organism grows well in milk kept at a temperature of 37° C. In one
sample of milk the tubercle bacillus of diphtheria was found, and
proved to be virulent when inoculated into the guinea pig. Bucterium.
dlpJdheroldes was also found in one sample.
From the secretion of diseased udders the author isolated a number
of forms of streptococcus, which were found to vegetate readih' on the
surface of the gelatin and also in milk at a temperature of 37° C.
In 1 sample a pathogenic yeast was found, apparently differing in cul-
tural and physiological characteristics from the torula which liad pre-
viousl}' been obtained from human cancer. When inoculated into
guinea pigs, it produ -^d unusually large tumors. The organism
developed well on gelatin, ulkaline agar, lilood serum, and in milk.
The distribution of the tubercle bacillus and pseudo-tubercle
bacillus in milk, and the biology of the tubercle bacillus, F. Klein
{Crnfbl. Bait. u. Bar., 1. Aht., 'J<S' {1900), .Xo. 4-o,jj/k 111-114).— The
author made an examination of 100 samples of milk from the London
market in thc^ condition in which it is received from the surrounding
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 1081
country. The milk was iillowcd to .stund in iin ice chest for from 20
to 24 hours. This method was found to be as satisfactory for g-etting
rid of foreign l)odies as tliat of the centrifuge. Two forms of l)ac-
teria were found in the milk samples, one resembling in all respects
the tubercle l)acillus and being acid proof, the other form being too
short and thick for the ti"ue tubercle bacillus. The latter form of
bacillus did not produce tu})erculosis when injected into experimental
animals. It was found by experiments^ that the virulence of the
tubercle bacillus ma}' l)e considerably increased by repeated culture
in milk. Cultures of tubercle bacillus which the author had main-
tained upon glycerin agar for 12 years were inoculated in milk, with
the result that within a week clumps of developing bacilli were noticed
with the characteristic appearance of the tubercle bacillus. Guinea
pigs inocidated with this culture developed true cases of tuberculosis.
Experiments Avith pasteurizing apparatus, 1900, V. Storch, P.
V. F. Petekskx, aiid L. C. Nielsen {Ji7. Rpt. KgJ. Vet. LandhoJiiij-
shjles LaJj. LandohjH. F'orsog \^Copenhagen\ 1900., ]jjj. 6Jf). — The main
part of this report is given up to an account of the working, under
ordinary creamery conditions, and tests of the maximum capacity, of
3 dift'erent forms of pasteurizing apparatus made by Danish manu-
facturers in accordance with suggestions laid down in a previous report
of this station (E. S. R., 11, p. 887).
The results show in general that the apparatus satisfactorily meets
the requirements of modern Danish creameries. A table is worked
out showing the amount of heating surface required to raise 10,000
lbs. of milk per hour 1° C. from 0 to 99°. The trials made show that
an apparatus constructed according to the principles explained in the
report, which has a heating surface of 15,000 sq. cm., will raise 11,200
lbs. (Danish) of milk per hour from 40 to 85° C, which has been esti-
mated to be a saving of about 40 per cent in steam consumption over
that required })y the older forms of pasteurizing apparatus.
Destroying foam in centrifugal dclriiintng. — In skinmiing milk by
the centrifugal process foam may be formed in three places, in the
cream separator, in the skim milk pump, and in the older forms of
pasteurizing apparatus. From observations made in the earlier inves-
tigations it seemed likely that the improved pasteurization apparatus
might act as a foam destroyer, and further trials showed that after
certain changes were made in the apparatus it acted satisfactorily in
this respect. If the weight of the foamless milk be assumed to equal
1, the milk as received from the separators in one series of trials
weighed on the average 0.71, and from the skim milk pump 0.65,
while milk drawn from different heights of the pasteurizing apparatus
(from below upward) weighed 0.90, 0.95, 0.97, 0.98, and at the out-
flow of the apparatus, 0.94. In another apparatus tried the following
10S2
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
average figures were obtained: From separator, 0.72; from skim milk,
0.62; from different parts of the apparatus, 0.88, 0.96, 0.97, and 0.98,
and at the outflow, 0.97.
Keeping trials with pasteurized skim milk. — The keeping qualities of
skim milk pasteurized at 85 to 88° C. and at 97 to 99 - C. were determined
in a number of trials, and comparisons made with raw skim milk. The
milk was cooled to different temperatures or treated in different ways
after the heating. The samples were kept in stoppered ])ottles at ordi-
nary room temperature, and the time noted when the milk could still
be boiled without curdling. The average results are given in the table
below, the second column showing those for H creameries and the third
those at one other:
Length of time nkim milk kept (tfter pastenrizirig.
When
heated
to
97-99°.
Raw skim milk pastenrizefi at 10^ C
Pasteiirizefl skim milk direct from separator
Pasteurized skim milk eimled to f)0° C. and sampled
Pasteurized skim milk cooled to 50" C, poured in milk can, and sampled..
Pasteurized skim milk poured directly into milk can and .sampled
Pasteurized skim milk ccxiled to 10° C. and sampled
Pasteurized skim milk cooled to 10° C, poured into milk can, and sampled
Pasteurized skim milk poured directly into milk can and sampled
Hours.
The results show that the easiest way to sterilize transportation cans
is to fill them with the milk at the temperature of pasteurization (85°
C. or above), an 80-lb. can of milk cooling only 2 to 3 degrees if the
can is filled full, and -i to 5 degrees if only half filled; and that cooled
pasteurized milk can not safely be kept m nonsterilized transportation
cans. — F. w. woLL.
A view of the present state of the dairy industry in Russia, P. Pakhomoff
(/Sbc. Imp. A(jr. Momnv, 1900, pp. 50, Jigs. G) . — A publication issued for distribution at
the Paris Exposition of 1900.
Science in relation to dairying in New South Wales, M. A. O'Callagiian
{Agr. (Jaz. Xew Smith ]Vakf<, h.' (1901), Xo. 1, j>}>. 1 .19-1 4-1, Jigf^- 3).—X history of the
projiress of dairyin<j in the st'ction indicated.
Development of the dairy cow, C. S. Phelps {New York Produce Rev. and Amer.
Creamery, 14 [1901), No. 30, pp. 2i!-31).—Xn address l)efore the Connecticut Dairy-
men's Association.
An experimental milk supply, W. Robertson {Public Health, 13 {1901), No. 6,
pp.413-4'21). — A paper read before the Society of Medical Officers of Gla.sgovv, Scot-
land, concerning the results reached by the methods employed in improving the city
milk supply.
The composition of Indian cows' and buflfaloes' milk, J. AV\ Le.vtheu
{A'nalgHt,2G {1901), No. '^99, p}>. 40-42).— T\ui fat content of the cows' milk was high,
varying from 4 to 6 per cent. That of buffaloes' milk was very high, 7 and 8 i)er
cent being common. Putter f mm the cows' milk was very pale yellow; from the
buffaloes' milk, quite white.
DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 1083
Variations produced in the acidity of milk by heating, H. Hoft {Milch
Ztg.,30 {1901), No. 7, p. 103) .—By heating milk from 50° C. to boiling the acidity
was reduced from 4 to 10 per cent. The amount reduced was variable but ni gen-
eral increased with the degree of heat applied.
Goats' milk, T. Zamitt {Rer. Tntemat. Falsi/., 12 {1899), pp. 44, 45; abs. in Jahres-
her, Thiei Chein., 29 {1899), p. 241). — An average analysis of the milk of goats on the
Island of Malta shows specific gravity 1.032, fat 5 per cent, ash 0.89 per cent, dry
matter, including fat, 15 per cent.
Artificial milk, Marsac {Ind. LaiL, 26 {1901), No. 5, pp. So, ,?6').— The chemical
and mechanical means of rendering cows' milk more like human milk in composi-
tion are described, and the employment of such milk in feeding children is discussed.
Destroying tubercle bacilli in milk, Morgenroth {Hyg. liundscliau, 10 {1900),
pp. 865-868; aba. in Chem. CentbL, 72 {1901), I, No. 2, p. 128). — By experiments it
was found that milk infected with tubercle bacilli was rendered sterile by heating
to 70° C. for from 10 to 30 minutes, or to 100° C. for from 3 to 5 minutes. After
heating, the milk was cooled quickly. The same result was attained by keeping the
milk at a temperature of 55° for 3 hours. Keeping it at tnat temperature for 2 hours
did not render the milk sterile.
Classification of dairy bacteria, H. W. Conn {Connecticut ,Sturrs Sta. Rpt. 1899,
pp. 1S-6S). — Detailed descriptions, including morphology and cultural and biochem-
ical characteristics, are given of over 100 species of bacteria isolated by the author
from dairy products during the last 10 years, together with an account of the collec-
tion of the bacteria, methods of isolation and study, and the classification and nam-
ing of the species. The bacteria are arranged in 10 groups, and tables devised for
the rapid identification of the species are given. The species or groups of closely
related forms most commonly found were Bacillus acidi lactici, B. lactis aerogenes, and
Micrococcus lactis varians. A list of references upon systematic bacteriology with
special referenco to dairy sjiecies is given.
Inspection of Babcock milk-test bottles, W. H. Jordan and G. A. Smith
{New York State Sta. Bid. 178, pp. 97-103).— The New York law relative to the test-
ing of bottles used in the Babcock test at creameries and cheese factories is given
and briefly discussed. The method followed at the station in the testing of the bot-
tles is given. Of 2,259 bottles tested, 76 were rejected. A list of creameries and
individuals sending bottles for examination in compliance with the law is given.
The volatile fatty acid content of Netherlands butter, L. T. Reicher
{Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 14 {1901), No. 6, pp. 125-128) .—Analyses showing the
Reichert-^NIeissl number of butters examined covering several years.
Making sweet-cream butter {New York Produce Rev. and Amer. Creamery, 14
{1901), No. 29, pp. 10-14). — Reports from dairymen and others on the making and
marketing of butter from sweet cream.
The Belgium law covering the manufacture and sale of oleomargarine,
J. Waiters {Bui. Assoc. Beige Chim., 14 {1900), No. 11-12, pp. 4^3-475).— X reprint
of the law, and comments covering some results of analysis of butter and butter sub-
stitutes in Belgium.
The chemical changes in the manufacture and ripening of cheese, J. R.
Green {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 3. ser.,11 {1900), pf. 4, pp. 674-693).— This is a
resume of the subject of the ripening of cheese, including the changes which take
place and the modern views regarding the causes of these changes, development of
special flavors, etc.
Changes in the fat during the ripening of soft cheeses, G. Fascetti {Staz.
Sper. Agr. Ital., 33 {1900), No. 5, j>]>. 430-435). — The changes that occur in the fat
during the ripening of soft cheeses consist largely in the formation of soluble fatty
acids. These changes are more pronounced in pure cheese tiian in filled cheese.
]^()g4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Melun cheese, A. Vivien {Ind. Laii., 26 {1901), No. 6, pp. 4S-4S).—A description
of melun c-heene, together with methods of manufacture and analyses of the product.
Cheese from goat milk, B. C. Buffum {Amer. Agr., G7 {1901), No. 12, p. 361).—
The present progress and the jxjssibilities of tlie manufacture of cheese from the milk
of goats.
Making cheese from heated milk, J. Klein and A. Kirsten (J/i7c/t 7Ag., 30
{1901), No. 3, pp. 3'>-37).—ln the experiments of making cheese from milk heated
to 90° C. the curd and cheese secured was greater than witli milk not heated, owing
to a higher whev content.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE.
Leucocytosis in experimental infections, E. Schlesigner {ZtscJtr.
IJijg. u. Infectioudranh., J6 {1900), j\^o. J,jjjk 3 49-J,.1 9).— This article
contains a detailed account of a large nuinber of experiments made by
the author for the purpose of determining the effect of hypodermic
inoculations of various pathogenic bacteria upon the number of the
leucocytes. Among the bacteria with which experiments were made
may be mentioned the organisms of pneiunonia, diphtheria, anthrax,
and tetanus. The total number of leucocytes and the relation of the
polynuclear cells to the lymphocytes was found to vary exceedingly in
rabbits. The number of white blood corpuscles varied from 1,000 to
2,000 per cubic centimeter in health. A reduction of the number of
leucocytes after hypodermic injections was noted in only one case,
after about 4 hours. It was found that the appearance, intensity, and
duration of hypoleucocytosis were variable, and that there was no rela-
tionship between this process and the quantity or virulence of the
bacterial culture. In the process of leucocytosis the lymphocytes were
most affected, while the polynuclear cells were only slightly decreased
in number. A hyperleucocytosis was often the only symptom upon
inoculation. In cases in which recovery took place the hyperleucocy-
tosis reached its maximum on the second or third day, and the number
of leucocytes decreased to the normal ver}^ rapidly. In fatal cases the
behavior of the white blood corpuscles was extremely variable.
In inoculations of anthrax cultures, leucocytosis exhibited two
phases, one in which the number of white blood corpuscles was slightly
decreased in cases which finally recovered, and somewhat increased in
fatal cases, and the second phase in which there was a great increase
in the number of white blood corpuscles in fatal cases and a slight
increase in convalescent cases. In immunizing experiments with
anthrax it was found that after the first injection of anthrax vaccine a
rathei' niurk(Hl hyjMn-leucocytosis took place.
The relative susceptibility of the domestic animals to the con-
tagia of human and bovine tuberculosis, K. K. Dinwiddie {Arkan-
sas Sta. Bui. 63, jjj). 37-65). — In this l>ull(^tin the author gives the
results of further experiments along the same line as those reported in
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 1085
Bulletin 57 of the Arkansas Station (E. 8. li. , 11, pp. , 689-691). lii the
previous experiuKMits ho used a crude tubercular material of human
and bovine origin, while in the present tests pure cultures of the tuber-
cle bacillus from these 2 sources were used for inoculation purposes.
During- these experiments 10 cultures, 6 of bovine origin and -1 of
human origin, were employed, S or more cattle, sheep, and pigs being-
subjected to the test. The cultures were in all instances isolated by a
preliminary passage through the guinea pig. As the culture medium
the author used 6 per cent glycerin beef scrum, coaguliited and steril-
ized at temperatures from 80° to 90° C. In sheep and pigs inocula-
tions were made in the body cavity. In cattle the inoculations were
made in this manner, and also directly into the substance of the lungs.
Seven calves, ranging in age from 2 to 17 months, were inoculated
with sputum cultures, 5 in the body cavity, 1 in the lung, and 1 in the
trachea. None of these animals suffered from any striking impair-
ment of health during periods of from 5 to 18 months, when they
were under observation. Three failed to respond to the tuberculin
test, 1 gave a doubtful reaction, and 3 responded positively. The
reaction to the tul)erculin test disappeared in all the calves within 4^
months after inoculation. In 2 cases the animals were reinoculated
with bovine cultures 1 year after receiving sputum cultures. Post-
mortem examinations showed conclusively that the numerous tubercles
were of recent origin, and had been caused by the recent inoculations.
These experiments indicated that repeated injections of tuberculin and
previous inoculations with sputum cultures had no imnuinizing effect,
and that the sputum cidtures appareixtly produced only a temporary
form of the disease. The author T)elieves that whatever may be
determined the most common means of natural infection in cattle,
unsanitary surroimdings are in nearly all cases of great importance.
The author used 6 sheep in determining the effect of sputum cultures
on these animals. The sheep which survived were kept for about a
year and examined, after having given a positive reaction to tubercu-
lin. Similar inoculations were made on sheep with bovine cultures.
The results obtained from these comparative tests were similar to
those obtained with cattle, with the exception that the sheep exhibited
a rather high degree of susceptibilit}' to tuberculosis produced by
inoculation.
In previous experiments on pigs, no excess of virulence of the
bovine tubercle over that of man was noted. In comparative tests
with pure cultures, the difference in the effects of the sputum and
bovine cultures were almost as well marked as in the case of sheep.
The general results of these experiments may be summarized as
follows: Pigs, sheep, and cattle possess a varying- degree of suscepti-
bility to tubercle bacillus of human origin, cattle being most resistant
and pigs least so. In pigs only were genuine cases of chronic tuber-
culosis developed ))y inoculation with human tubercular material.
1086 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Sheep were found to be somewhat more susceptible than cattle, as
evidenced by the larger lesions and the permanence of the tuberculin
reaction. All three species were found to be highly susceptible to
cultures of bovine origin. In the case of cats, only two were tested.
The effects were about the same, being slight in either case. The sus-
ceptil)ility to tuberculosis produced by inoculation in the domestic
animals does not correspond strictly to the extent of the naturally
acquired disease. Among the other factors which may be important
in determining this matter, the author attributes weight to the T)ad
ventilation in sta})les.
Tuberculous co"ws and the use of their milk in feeding calves,
C. S. Phelps {Connecticut Stows Sta. Rjjt. 1899, j^P- ^^0-167).— The
author continued experiments with -i cows upon which a report has
been previously noted (E. S. R., 11, pp. 890, 891). These cows had
been under observation for 3^ years. Detailed statistics concerning
the histor}^ of the cows and of the calves which were fed upon their
milk are presented in tabular form. One of these cows gave no reac-
tion to the tuberculin test since January, 1897, a period of 3i years.
The second cow responded to the test in December, 1899, bnt failed to
respond on March 20, 1900. The third cow showed a reaction in June,
1899, but did not respond when tested in December, 1899, and on
March 20, 1900. The fourth cow failed to respond to tests which were
given in the years 1899 and 1900.
During a greater portion of the 3i years, the milk from the 4 tuber-
culous cows was fed to calves. In some cases the calves were fed until
they were a year or more of age; and in most of the experiments they
were confined in the same stable with the cows and exposed to the
contraction of tuberculosis by ordinary contagion. A detailed history
is given of each feeding experiment, the general results of which may
be summarized as follows:
During the first 2 years only 1 secondary case of tul)erculosis devel-
oped. This case appeared about 25 months after the cows were pur-
chased. During this time 4 animals were fed from the milk of the
cows for periods ranging from 12 to 18 months. At the same time
the experimental calves were closely associated with the cows. The
experience of the first 2 years indicated, therefore, that when tuber-
culosis exists in a cow in its incipient stages, the liability of its trans-
mission by milk or otherwise to calves which are associated with the
cows is quite limited. During the succeeding year and a half different
results were obtained. From August, 15, 1898, to March 20, 1900,
5 animals were fed upon the milk of these c^Qws, and all 5 contracted
tuberculosis. Two of these cases developed i<i calves 3 months old,
and the other 3 in calves from 12 to 18 monthg; old. The ph3'sical con-
dition of the cows indicated that the disease had become much more
generalized, at least in 3 cases.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 1087
During- the first 2 years it was impossible to diagnose tuberculosis
in the cows by ph^'sical syniptonis, except doubtfully in one case.
During the following year and a half, however, physical examination
gave good evidence of the disease in 3 out of the 4 cows. The fact that
no case of tuberculosis appeared in the calves until the}'' had been fed
upon the milk of these cows for from 1 to l^year.s, and had ))een almost
constantly associated with them, indicates that there is little danger
from the transmission of tul)erculosis during its earlier stages.
Serum diagnosis of tuberculosis in cattle, S. Arloing {Jour. Med.
Vet. et Zootech.., o. ser., Ji,{lDOO)^ pP- W-¥^S). — The author conducted
3 series of experiments for the purpose of determining the action of
blood serum in agglutinating quantities of tubercle bacillus. In the
first series the serum was prepared from the blood of calves, in the
second from the l^lood of healthy cattle, and in the third from the
blood of adult tu))erculous cattle. In the first series of experiments
the blood of 30 calves was tested with reference to its agglutinating
power; the calves were from 5 to 8 weeks old. From none of the
calves was a serum obtained which would agglutinate quantities of
tubercle bacillus, even in the proportion of 1 drop of the serum to 2
drops of the culture. In the second series of experiments 50 adult
cattle were utilized, from which serum was prepared and mixed with
homogeneous cultures of the tubercle bacillus, in the proportions of 1
to 5 and 1 to 10. In no case did the serum produce agglutination in
the proportion of 1 to 10, while in the proportion of 1 to 5 the serum
from 21: out of 50 subjects had a more or less pronounced agglutinating
effect. In the third series of experiments the author studied the serum
of To tuberculous cattle. Of this number of experimental animals 69
furnished a blood serum with agglutinating power when mixed with
quantities of the tubercle ])acillus in the proportions of 1 to 10 and 1
to 20. In the remaining cases the agglutinating power was not pro-
nounced in mixtures of 1 to 5. The author attempted to determine
whether there was a definite relation between the intensity of the
agglutinating power and the extent of the tu])ercular infection. Such
relation was not apparent. From these experiments it is concluded
that, as a general rule, the blood serum of a tuberculous animal has
the power of agglutinating the tubercle bacillus in homogeneous cul-
tures in the proportion of 1 to 10. An animal of which the blood has
such power may therefore be considered tuberculous. This test may
be used in checking the results from tuberculin tests and ma}- also be
appl i ed i n depe n d e ntly .
The hereditary transmission of tuberculosis through the pla-
centa, G. lyAiiiiKH) {Cevtbl. Bal't. u. Par., 1. Abt.,:3,S' {1900), No. W,
pp. 0SS-69T). — In order to secure evidence of the hereditary transmis-
sion of tuberculosis, the author conducted two series of experiments,
in one of which guinea pig's were allowed to "become pregnant after
1088 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
inoculation with tubori-le ])acillus, while in tho other series the guinea
pigs were inoculated during pregnancy. The results ol)tained may bo
summarized as follows:
Guinea pigs which became pregnant during the process of tubercu-
losis, aborted in only a few cases. In the placenta and foetus of guinea
pigs which were killed on the sixteenth day of pregnancy, tubercle
spores and bacilli were found in various lesions. From the location
of these lesions it would appear that the tubercle liacillus made its way
throuo-h the placenta from the blood of the mother and was enabled to
establish itself in the tissue of the fa?tus only after the lesions had
been produced by the circulating tuberculin of maternal origin. In
the young of tuberculous guinea pigs, pathological lesions were found
rather abundantly, especially in the liver. The young animals soon
became emaciated and died ultimately of tuberculosis. A bibliography
of the subject is appended to the article.
Experimental tubercular mammitis in cows and goats during
lactation, E. Xocard {Rcc. Jlcd. Vet., Paris, S. scv., 7 {1900), Xo. J J,
P2?. 721-727). — It had already been determined that inoculation of
anthrax cultures into the milk sinus produces death within a few days
and that a similar inoculation in animals which had been previously
vaccinated against anthrax did not produce the disease in such animals;
but it was observed that the anthrax bacillus persisted indefinitely in
the milk ducts in a virulent form, and that ultimately the animal suc-
cumbed to toxins produced by these bacilli. The author had, therefore,
already established tho possibility of the persistence and nuiltiplication
of bacilli in the secretions of an animal which was perfectly inununized
against the Imcillus. The absence of an antitoxic power of an immun-
ized organism was also noted. In the experiments with the tubercle
bacillus, the author made use of a cow and a goat in the period of lac-
tation. For producing inoculation it was found sutticient to inject a
small quantity of a virulent culture of the tubercle bacillus in such a
manner as not to produce any lesion of the mucous membrane. A
tubercular mammitis of rapid course was produced and death resulted
within a few weeks. A study of these cases, however, demonstrated
that death was the result of intoxication, not of a generalization of
tuberculosis. A high temperature was shown in both the cow and goat,
being from 40 to 41'^ C. in the former and 40 to 42^ in the latter.
The author concludes from his experiments that the active mammary
gland is the most favorable of all living tissues as a culture medium
for tubercle bacillus and that for studying tubercular intoxication it is
sufficient to make inoculations into the teat of an active mammary
gland.
The diagnosis of anthrax and the destruction of anthrax
carcasses, Mkykr (/>.v7//^ Thhi-niK-il . Wc]ii\sc]n'... 1000, No. .^0, pp.
570-582). — In a series of observations on Ihe reliability of variou!^
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 1089
methods for diagnosing" anthrax, the author found that the bacterio-
logical method and the microscopical method of recognizing the anthrax
bacillus in the blood are rendered dillicult when the anthrax carcass is
allowed to decompose to some extent before the examination is made.
In order that the microscopical examination of the blood may be relia-
ble, such examination should be made innnediately after death. In the
hands of experienced practicing veterinarians, mistakes in the diagnosis
of anthrax are perhaps seldom made from judging external symptoms;
but in order that the diagnosis should be certain, the author believes
that a microscopical examination of the blood should be required b}^ law.
It is recognized that the difficulties of preventing the spread of anthrax
are increased after opening the bodies of dead animals. Detailed direc-
tions are therefo're given for the destruction of such carcasses.
Experimental researches on symptomatic anthrax; immuniza-
tion, E. Leclainche and H. Vallee {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, IJ^, {1900),
JS'o. 8,p2>. ol3-53If). — ^The author conducted experiments in the inmui-
nization of animals against this disease according to three different
methods — inoculation with virus vaccine, pure cultures, and immuniz-
ing serum. It had already been shown that inoculation with cultures
of Bacterium chauveel heated for 2 or 3 hours to a temperature of
80 to 85° C. did not kill the experimental animals. The ^'irus vaccine
of Lyon is prepared from virulent fluid collected from the tumors of
infected animals. This fluid wdien desiccated at a temperature of 37°
C. gives a brown powder which incloses virulent spores. One part of
the powder is then mixed with two parts of water and the vaccine for
the tirst inoculation is obtained by heating for 7 hours at a tempera-
ture of 100 to 104° C. The vaccine for the second inoculation is
obtained by heating at a temperature of '.»0 to 94° C. for the same
length of time.
The tumors of infected animals occasionally contain other organisms
beside that of symptomatic anthrax. In order to prepare pure vac-
cines it is necessary to make use of blood drawn from the heart or
large vessels immediatel}^ after death. In the use of pure vaccines it
was found that a vaccine obtained by heating to a temperature of 102°
ma}"^ be inoculated in young guinea pigs in doses of 0.05 gm. without
producing death. The vaccine obtained b}^ heating to a temperature
of 92° C. killed guinea pigs when inoculated in the same sized doses.
Cattle which were inoculated with heated cultures acquired an immunity
which enabled them to resist subse(|uent inoculation with virulent cul-
tures in doses of 0.02 gm. Animals which were inoculated successively
with heated and nonheated cultures were found to possess complete
immunity. Nine days after intramuscular inoculation of virulent fluid
from infected animals, it was impossible to note any reaction, while
the check animal died within 30 hours.
The authors conclude from their experiments that powdered vac-
cines prepared according to Arloing and Cornevin are not attenuated,
22065— No. 11 7
1090 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
and that thoy oontaiii unmoditied .spores. Their .special properties are
suppo.sed to l)e due to un alteration of the toxin under the influence
of heat. It wa.s found possible to prepare pure powdered vaccines.
Vaccination of cattle may be effected by the use of pure cultures
heated to a temperature of 70° C. for 2 hours. The partial immunity
thus produced may be completed by inoculation with a pure culture
which has not been subjected to heat. Animals thus treated resist
large doses of virulent fluid without reaction. This method has the
advantage of being convenient and practical. The horse and goat
treated with repeated intravenous injections of virulent fluid or pure
cultures produce an immunizing serum Avhich is possessed of prevent-
ive properties. It confers only a temporary immunity, and when
mixed Avith virus, neutralizes the effects of the latter without produc-
ing pernianont imnuuiity.
Practical experience in vaccination against hog cholera, Graul
{Berlin. Thurdrztl. Wchnadir., WOO, No. 1^0, pp. 577-579).— Iw the
present article, the author conffnes his attention to the three problems
concerning the duration of immunity, indemnity for loss caused I)}"
inoculation, and inoculation l)v stock owners. According to the
author's ot)servations, the period of imnuuiity produced by ordinary
inoculation methods does not extend beyond (! or 7 months. It is
thought desirable, if possible, to bring about an inununity which will
endure for a full year. In some instances, losses occurred as a direct
result of preventive inocvilation. The author believes that the ques-
tion of indemnity for such losses must ultimately be regulated in a
legal manner. On the question as to whether untrained individuals
shall be allowed to inoculate animals, the author takes the position
that this is very undesirable. Trained veterinarians are sufficiently
numerous in all localities to be readily secured for this work in cases
of emergency, and far better and more satisfactory results are obtained
when such persons are engaged for the work than when inoculation is
left in the hands of more or less irre,sponsible individuals.
Preventive and curative inoculations against hog cholera, P.
KiTT ^MoiHdsh. J Wild. Thlerh., m {1001), No. ^-o,pp. S7-Uni). The
author jjresents a critical historical account of the various methods
which ha\'e Ixhmi adopted in producing inununity against this dis(^ase.
It is stated that Susserin brings about a cure for hog cholera in many
cases, and that when inoculated for protective purposes an effective
immunity is produced. The use of attenuated pure cultures of hog-
cholera })acillus for producing immunity against the disease is safe
only in the hands of trained veterinarians. The substance known as
Porcosan has been plac(^d on the market with claims for its power in
producing inununity against hog cholera. It was found, however, to
contain living hog-cholera bacilli, and is therefore not to be recom-
mended.
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 1091
The glanders bacillus and glanders tubercle, (x. Mayek ( Centbl.
BaU. a. Par., J. Ahf., i^S {1!H)U), A'<>. ';iO. pp. G'l .1-683 , pJ. i).— The
author presents a critical historical review of the literature relating to
the structure of the glanders bacillus and the tubercles formed by its
action. During his experiments pure cultures of glanders bacillus
were injected into the body cavity of guinea pigs. It was found that
the floating portion of such cultures could not be relied upon to pro-
duce acute cases of glanders. In order to accomplish this it was nec-
essary to emploj^ cultures from agar bouillon, rubbed up in a mortar
with sterile l>uttor. After inoculation with material prepared in this
way death occurred within from 18 to 42 hours in the case of the most
virulent cultures and after from 4 to 11 days in the case of less viru-
lent cultures. In isolated specimens of the glanders bacillus, club-
shaped swellings were observed at either end. In clusters of the
bacillus chit) forms were more abundant on rods which occupied a
peripheral ])osition. The general appearance and the behavior of the
bacillus were the same as in the case of streptothrix. The glanders
bacillus was ()l>served to penetrate into the lymphatic vessels and
mesenteries. After escaping from the body cavity the bacilli made
their way at once into the lymph i-avities. In some animals an exten-
sive accumulation of wandering cells was observed in the spleen.
Tubercle-s produced by the glanders bacillus were characterized by the
rapid accunmiation of such cells, which soon became very similar to
epithelial cells. After the formation of such tubercles the tissue is
rapidly hi'oken down l)y the action of the glanders toxin.
Experimental aspergillosis, T. A. Rothwell {Jour. Pufh. and
Bact.^ 7 {lOOO), AV;. /,y>^>. 3Jf.~f)?i^'pl. l^fign. Jf).- — Intraperitoneal, subcuta-
neous, and dermic inoculations of Aspergillus ?iiger and A. fxni/gatus
were made by the author in guinea pigs and rabbits. The detailed results
of these experiments were ta))ulated for the purpose of comparison.
The majority of experiments were made by means of intraperitoneal
injections, this method being considered preferable to intravenous
injections on account of the possibility of producing em])olism by the
latter method. The results of such inoculations consisted essentially
in the formation of tubercles of various sizes in different organs. The
tubercles consisted in the proliferation of the connective tissue cells
which ultimately gave rise to small translucent bodies. During the
later stages of development of these tubercles, there was a noticeable
infiltration of polynuclear leucocytes. Both species of Aspergillus
were found to be capable of producing lesions which resembled one
anothei', l>ut injections oi A. funrk/atus caused death while those of
A. nlgcr did not. Both organisms were shown to l)e capable of germi-
nating in the living tissues. A. fuinUjatus is considered more patho-
genic than ^1. niger.
1092 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Investigation of diseases in poultry, K. F. Pernot {Oregon Sta.
Bid. OJf., _i'j^. 2Ji,Jig.s. 4). — The uuthor made a study of avian tubercu-
losis in poultiy. Experiments in inoculating- guinea pigs with tuber-
culous material from the intestines and liver of a diseased hen gave
negative I'esults. In one case where 6 hens died of tuberculosis one
was examined and found affected with a generalized form of the dis-
ease. The digestive tract was evidently the original focus of infection
in this case, as shown by the numerous tubercles in the intestinal
walls. These tubercles ultimately break down, and the disease may
therefore be spread in the intestinal passages. It is recommended
that all fowls which die of tuberculosis should be deeph' buried or
burned. The author studied also one case of tuberculosis of a hen's leg.
In the treatment of catarrhal roup, the author obtained good results
from the use of a 2 per cent sokition of permanganate of potash and
water. In administering this treatment the head of the fowl was
plunged into the solution and held there for a short time. The result
of this immersion is ordinarily violent sneezing, which forces the
solution through the nasal passages. The same solution may be
diluted with 4 times its bulk of water and given to the fowls to drink.
Favus of fowls may be treated b}- removing the scales from affected
birds and applying an ointment made of vaseline and 2 per cent car-
bolic acid. The treatment recommended for scabies of poultry consists
in removing loosened scales by soaking in warm water and soap and
the subsequent application of an ointment made of balsam of Peru, at
the rate of 1 or 2 drams to 1 oz. of vaseline.
The author reports serious losses among young chickens, especiall}'
incubator chickens, from pneumonia and congestion of the lungs.*
These diseases were apparentl}" brought about from overcrowding in
the brooders and from exposure to cold when allowed to come out of
the brooder houses. As a i-emedy for this difficulty, the author recom-
mends any device which will prevent the young chickens from hud-
dling too closely together and becoming overheated. In one instance,
where a device of this kind was used, 99 per cent of the chickens were
raised. A rather heavy loss of incubator chickens was occasioned in
some parts of the State by indigestion, due to improper feeding and
to feeding too soon after hatching.
Tetanus, E. Mathews {Jour. Camp. Med. and Vet. Arch., 21 {1900), No. 12, j)p.
741-74-^) ■ — The author treated 4 cases of tetanus by hypodermic injections of woorara
with good results in 2 cases, while in the other 2 cases the quality of tlie drug M-as
believed to be inferior.
The source of tuberculosis in farm animals, K. R. Dinwiddik {Arkansas Sta.
Bid. G3, popular cd., ptp. 69-73). — A brief iiopular form of Bulletin 60 (p. 1084).
The value of serum reactions for the early diagnosis of tuberculosis, S.
Arloing and P. Coukmont {Deut. -Med. Wchnsdir., 26 {1900), No. 4S, pp. 766-769). —
This article contains a report of observations on the agglutinating power of blood
VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 1093
serum from tuberculous patients. A more or less marked agglutination was produced
by mixtures of such serum in proportions varying from 1 to 5, to 1 to 20. The most
marked agglutination was produced from serum from incipient cases of tuberculosis.
Condemning tuberculous animals, (J. Mazzini {Gior. R. Soc. Accacl. Vet. Ital.,
49 {1900), No. 49, pp. 11(15-1108). — Brief suggestions on the extent to which tuber-
culous animals should be destroyed.
Tuberculosis in dogs, G. Petit and J. Basset {Rec. Med. Vet., Park, S. ser., 8
[1901), No. 1, pp. 5-lS). — This article contains detailed statements of the post-
mortem findings in dogs which died of tubenudosis. The authors found evidence of
tubercular pleurisy and pericarditis. The liver and kidneys were frecjuently affected.
In the lungs the tubercles ultimately degenerateil, leaving a cavity without caseous
formation.
The leucocytes in tuberculosis, C. Aciiakd unci M. Lceper {Compt. Rend. Soc.
Biol. Paris, 52 {1900), No. 39, pp. 1066, 1067).— In cases of tubercular arthritis the
authors found in the serum a predominance of the lymphoid elements, there being
96 lymphocytes, 4 mononuclear, and 2 polynuclear elements to the 100 elements.
When tubercular arthritis was produced experimentally, a temporary phase of
increase in the number of polynuclear elements was noted, but the mononuclear
elements ultimately became much more numerous. The same conditions were
found to prevail in cases of generalized tvdierculosis produced experimentally by
intravenous inoculatinns.
Results obtained from inoculation against Texas fever, Scheibel {Monatah.
Prali. Tliierh., 12 (1901), No. :^-3, pp. 108-121). — The author presents in a brief form
the results thus far obtained by different investigators in producing immunity against
this disease. A bibliography of the subject is appended to the article.
Report of 10 cases of parturient paresis treated by potassium iodid, G. H.
Roberts {Indiana State Bd. Agr. Rpt., 49 {1899-1900), pp. 699-701).— The author
tabulates the history of these cases, in which the Schmidt treatment was adopted.
Three of the cases died, while the other 7 recovered.
Measures to be adopted in controlling foot-and-mouth, disease, J. Dupuy
{Bid. Mill. Agr. [France], 19 {1900), No. ;.•', yy^*. AS".^, A?.^).— It is reported that f(X)t-and-
mouth disease occurred during the past year in an ej^izootic form of unusual severity.
The present article is in the nature of a circular stating the sanitary measures which
promise to give the best results in controlling the disease.
Foot rot in sheep, G. C. Bellinger {Agr. Gaz. New Soulh TFafe, 11 {1900), No.
12, ]jp. 1118, 1119). — Brief notes on the nature and cause of this disease. An abun-
dance of wet grass is believed by the autht)r to be conducive to a somewhat trouble-
some form of foot rot.
Hog cholera and its treatment, G. d'Utra {Bol. Agr. Sao Paulo, 1. s.r., 1900,
No. 5, pp. 318-331). — The author gives a brief account of the geographical distribution
of this disease, together with a discussion of the various names by which, it is known
in different countries. The different forms are described by means of the symptoms
and pathological lesions. Preventive vaccination is recommended as the only means
of successfully combating the disease.
Hog cholera cure {Indiana State Bd. Agr. Rpt., 49 {1899-1900), pp. 336, 337).— A
brief j>(Ji)ulHr account on the worthlessness of patent medicines in the treatment of
this disease and the practical hygienic measures which should be adopted.
Combating swine plague and hog cholera, Scureiber {Berlin. Thierdrztl.
Weill i.'ichr., 1900, No. 50, pp. 589-593). — The author conducted experiments for the
purpose of determining whether these two diseases could be produced experimentally
at will, and also to determine the relationship of the diseases to each other. Experi-
ments were made on young pigs from 4 to 10 weeks old. These experiments indi-
cated that both swine plague and hog cholera may be produced by intrathoracic and
intraperitoneal inoculations and also by feeding with diseased tissue. The author
1094 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
was unable to produce either hog cholera or Kwine plague by subcutaneous injections
of virulent pure cultures. It was also found that hogs which had recovered from hog
cholera possessed no immunity from swine plague; or where such immunity was
observed, it was of only short duration.
Dourine of horses, J. Marek {Ztschr. Thiermed., 4 [1900), No. 6, pp. 401-443,
figsi. 8). — The author made extended studies of the pathological lesions produced by
this disease. Especial attention was given to the brain, spinal cord, and sijinal
nerves. These studies failed to show any traci of an inflanmiatory process in any
part of the central nervcjus system. In the posterior columns of the spinal cord a
secondarv di'generation of nei'vous tissue was noted. In long-standing cases certain
pathological changes were noticed in the jjcripheral nerves and in the spinal cord,
but it is believed that these changes could not be the cause of the symptoms usually
o))served in cases of dourine.
Malignant oedema in horses, Frohner {Monatsh. Prakl. Thierh., 12 {1901),
No. 2-0, pp. lOO-lOo). — Tlie author gives a detailed account of the symptoms and
post-mortem findings in this disease in horses.
Dog distomper, E. Zschokke (Schiueiz. Arch. Tierh.,42 {1900), No.6,pp.S41-348,
Hg.l). — The author describes in detail the symptoms of this disease. It is stated
that the form which was studied by the author was not what is ordinarily known as
dog distemper, but it is correctly called gastritis hsemorrhagica. Numerous remedies
were tried in the treatment of the disease without striking results. It was found
that the most that could be hoped for was an alleviation of the more pronounced
symiitonis ))y can'ful dieting and nursing.
A method of demonstrating the capsule in all species of bacteria, I. Boni
(Cmtbl. Bali. u. For., I. Abt.,2S {1900), iVo.^0, pp. 705-707).— This method consists in
staining the bacteria in carbolfuchsin or other anilin stains, then drying and wash-
ing with water and a secondary staining with methylene blue. By this method the
author was able to demonstrate the capsule in a considerable variety of bacteria,
including the micro-organisms of anthrax and glanders.
The disappearance of the so-called bactericidal action of blood serum on
account of the addition of nutritive substances, Finku {Centhl. Bait. u. Par.,
I. Aht., :.'S [moo), No. 20, pp. 094, 695). — The author experimented with the micro-
organisms of anthrax, typhus, and cholera. Freshly drawn rabbit serum was used
for this purpose, and it was found that by the addition of peptone sugar the serum
was rendered entirely inactive toward the anthrax bacilhis.
The antibacterial action of the serums of animals treated •vrith. arsenic and
creosote, E. Wiener {('miipt. Rend.Soc Biol. ]\trl.^,5J {1900), No..j9,pj). 1073-1075). —
The author conducted experiments on rabbits and dogs. These animals received
injections of arsenic and creosote and their serums were later examined with refer-
ence to their action toward the micro-organisms of typhus and cholera. It was
found that a preliminary treatment with arsenic or creosote considerably in(;reased
tlie action of protective substances which normally exist in the organism.
The theory of disinfection, H.Marx {Centhl. Bukt. u. Par.. 1. At,t., 2S {1900),
No. iiO, pp. (',91-(>93). — The author had previously demonstrated tiiat tlic virulence of
pathogenic bacteria disaj^peared with the disappearance of the Ba))es-Ernst bodies.
I-'xperiments were conducted for the purpose of determining whether these bodies
were immediately affected by various disinfectants. It was found that corrosive
sublimate and carbolic; acid produced thecomjilete disappearance of the Babes-Ernst
bodies and that these structures were also destroyed by subjection to the tempera-
ture of boiling water. Experiments in disinfei'ting the hands indicate that the
bacteria were not always completely destroyed but that the Babes-Ernst bodies were
])artially or completely annihilated.
The conditions of disinfecting by means of formalin fumes, C. Spengler
{Centhl. Bukt. a. Par., 1. Aht., 23 {1900), No. 20, pp. 704, 705).— In experiments
AGRICULTURAL ENUINKEiaNG. 1095
with this HubstaiK-e the author found that Iho (hsiulVctinji jMiwer of formaUn was
considerably (hniinished in rooms filled with an unuf<ually moist atniosiihere. The
most effective action of forinalin in tiie destruction of tubercle bacillus was obtained
when from 0.5 to 1 })er cent (if formic acid was added.
Experiments with Itrol and Actol, Fkanz (Monalsh. Prakt. Thkrli., 12 {1901),
No. 2-3, pp. 104-107). — The author obtained ^ood results from the use of Itrol in
cases of fistula, dermatitis, and long-standing wounds. It was found that Actol
could be used in intravenous injections in cases where the (colloidal silver prepara-
tion had been used ^\■ith good results.
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING.
Wcter measitrements, B. C. Buffum ( Wyoming Sta. Bpt. 1900^
P2>. 10). — Tlie lueasuremeiits of the duty of water in irrigation given
in thi.s article are tlie same as those reported in Bulletin 81 of this Office,
(E. S. R., 12, p. 21)5), with the addition of observations during 1899 on
the amount of water necessary to produce a maximum crop, and the
results of tests of two subirrigation systems at the station. The
results of the experiments on the amount of water necessary to pro-
duce a maximtmi crop were inconclusive, since the largest amount of
water applied was apparently insufficient to produce this result.
"Sod land required more w^ater than was necessary on older cultivated
soil, and the largest amount of water applied was not excessive."
Two sj^stems of subirrigation have been under observation at the
station for a number of j^ears. "One of these consists of an iron pipe
2 in. in diameter and 900 ft. long, used on the campus for irrigating
ti-ees. This pipe has given very satisfactory results, but it has not
been practicable to measure the amount of water used in it. The
other system consists of one-half acre on the experiment farm which
is underlaid with porous tile. Lines of •! in. tile are placed 18 in.
deep and at distances of 20 ft. apart. These lines of pipe join 6 in.
mains extending around the plat, which serve as feed and drain pipes."
The results obtained in subirrigating wheat in 1899 are . reported.
The results of these experiments and of the general experience of the
station with subirrigation ""do not indicate that extraordinary crops
are produced by this method of applying water, or that it is econom-
ical from the standpoint of the amount of water required to produce
a (TO)). More water was used on the subirrigated land last season than
on any other ))lat on the farm except one small field of alfalfa."
Experiments in road surfacing, C. H. Pettee {JSfew Ilainpshire
Sta. Bui. 77, pp. lJf7-160.) figs. 2). — In continuation of previous work
(E. S. R., 9, p. 797) the author made comparative tests during 2 years
of various surfacing materials, including gravel of ditferent kinds,
sci-eened and unscreened, clay, sand, point rock, and stones 2 to 6 in.
through, applied during the spring of 1898. The difference between
1096 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
macadam, gravel, and earth roads is briefly explained, and the more
important results of the experiments and observations reported are
summed up as follows:
"(1) Country towns should do more surfacing, using the best materials available.
"(2) Sand should be removed from the gravel employed, and all gravel should be
as uniform as possible.
"(3) Labor-saving machinery should be utilized to reduce expense.
"(4) Combinations of natural materials should be tried when the conditions are
favorable. ' '
Cultivation and irrigation in the ■western district (Ne^v South. Wales) , C. H.
Gorman {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 11 {1900), No. 8, pp. 633-634).
Irrigation of oranges in Syria, M. Rixgelmann {Jour. Agr. Prat., 1901, I, No. 3,
pp. 91-93, figs. 5). — The use of various kinds of pumps for raising the underground
water is discussed.
Treatise on the la-w of irrigation, covering all the States and Territories,
with an appendix of statutory law, J. li. Long {St. Paul: Keeje- Davidson Laiv
Book Co., 1901, pp. 5J6).
Ingenious water wheels, W . Fawcett {Sci. Amer., 84 {1901), No. 7, p. 104, figs.
5).- — Descriptions are given of a number of devices for lifting water by means of
water wheels and windmills in Nebraska.
Daily river stages at river gage stations on the principal rivers of the
United States ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bureau Doc. 227, pp. 5J).— This is Part VI
of a series of reports on river gage readings begun by the Signal Service in 1858 and
continued by the Weather Bureau. It covers the years 1896, 1897, 1898 and 1899.
"River stations are maintained by the AVeather Bureau for the purpose of making
forecasts of river stages in the interest of navigation, and of issuing flood warnings in
cases of dangerous rises. Daily gage readings are made at stations located on the
various watersheds, and are collected by telegraph at 32 centers. . . .
" The tabulated gage readings are preceded by a statement which includes the loca-
tions of stations, descriptions of gages and bench marks, heights of danger lines, low-
water, and flood marks, and other data, for the various river stations whose gage read-
ings are included in the tables. The gage readings are arranged by river systems, and
are preceded by two indexes— one alphabetical, with respect to the stations, and the
second following the arrangement of the text."
The hydrography of Allegany County, F. H. Newell {Maryland Geological
Survey, Allegany County. Baltimore: JoJins Hopkins Press, 1900, pp. 233-251, pis. 5,
fig. 1). — The hydrographic features of the county are briefly described and the results
of gagings of the Potomac River at Cumberland during 1895, 1896, and 1897 are
reported. Estimates of the monthly discharge of the river at that point are given,
with discussions of the pollution of the Potomac and its tributaries, and the utilization
of the water for municipal supjjlies and manufacturing purposes.
On the influence of plant cover on the flow of streams, E. "Wollny {Meteor.
Ztschr. [ Vienna'], 17 {1900), No. 2, pp. 491-504).
Second Biennial Report of the State Engineer to the Governor of Utah,
1899-1900, K. ('. Gemmell (iip. 100, jih. 7, ntap 2).— This report contains descrip-
tions of plans of State irrigation works, a record of stream measurements, an account
of irrigation investigations made in cooperation with this Office,^ a brief discussion of
the State irrigation laws, the provisions of a proposed law relating to irrigation and
water rights, and a table showing the discharge over Cippoletti trapezoidal weirs of
different dimensions.
Trials of agricultural machinery at Ultuna: Automatic drinking devices,
G. TiMBERG {Landtmannen, 11 {1900), No. 34, pp. 549-550).
HI. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 86, p. 197 (E. S. R., 12, p. 895).
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 1097
Trials of agricultural machinery at Alnarp: Harrows and cultivators, A.
S.iusTROM (Laii'JtinoHiit'i,. 11 (1900), Xos. 23, pp. S4.'j-Sol; 24, j>p. SSS-S86).
Agricultural implements at the Paris International Exhibition, 1900, F.
S. CouRTXEY (Jiiur. Uoij. Agr.Sor. Enijldwl, 3. scr., 11 {1900), pt. 4, pp. 6.5.3-673, fig.^. 3).
Borsig electric plow (Sci. Aiiitr. Sup., .51 (1901), No. 1309, p. 20988).
Road making materials of Pennsylvania, M. C. Ihlseng {Pejin.sylvania Dept.
A(jr. Bui. 69, pp. 104, pl^- IS, fifjs. 3, map 1). — This bulletin considers in detail the
location, distribution, and comparative merits of the materials available for road
making in Pennsylvania, and contains suggestions for the construction, maintenance,
and repair of road surfaces.
Culverts, drainage, and road construction, W. R. Goit (Kansas State Bd.
Afjr. Rpt. 1899-1900, pp. 648-656, firjs. i6») .— This is a popular discussion of the
importance of good roads and a brief explanation of various methods of road drain-
age, construction, and maintenance.
The Laramie cement plaster industry, E. E. Slossox and E. B. Moudy ( Wii<jm-
iu// Afp: Coll. Bpjt. 1900, pp. 18, pi. 1). — This article gives a hviei description of the
Laramie gypsite deposit, discusses the chemistry of cement plaster, and reports obser-
vations on the manufacture of cement plaster at Laramie, and tests of the effect of
sand on the crushing strength of plaster, as well as of the effect of various retarders
and accelerators on the time of setting.
STATISTICS— MISCELLANEOUS.
Eleventh Annual Report of Arizona Station, 1900 {Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1900,
pp. 138-186). — This contains a report of the director on the work, staff, and publica-
tions of the station, including notes on additions to the experiment station farm, the
date-palm orchard, range improvement, and on the needs of the station; a financial
statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, and reports of the heads of depart-
ments, parts of which are noted elsewhere.
Twelfth Annual Report of Connecticut Storrs Station, 1899 {Connecticut
Sturr.^ Sta. Rpl. 1S99, pp. 223). — A financial statement for the fiscal year ended June
30, 1899, a report of the director reviewing the work of the station during the year,
and miscellaneous articles noted elsewhere.
Report of Florida Station, 1899 and 1900 {Florida Sta. Bpt. 1899 and 1900,
pp. 76). — The report of the director deals with changes in the governing board and
the station staff, the different lines of station work, publications of the station, and
additions to station equipment. Financial statements are given for the fiscal years
ended June 30, 1899 and 1900. Departmental reports, parts of which are noted else-
where, are included.
Annual Report of Minnesota Station, 1900 {Minnesota Sta. Bpt. 1900, pp.
XXVI-t-746). — The report proper contains the organization list of the station, a finan-
cial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, and a general review by the
director of the work of the different departments and of the exijeriment farms at
Crookston, Grand Eapids, and Coteau. Reprints of Bulletins 65-68 of the station on
the following subjects are included: Soil investigations (E. S. R., 11, p. 1018), beetles
injurious to fruit-producing plants (E. S. R., 12, p. 166), investigation in milk pro-
duction, feeding dairy cows (E. S. R., 12, jip. 479, 484), and subexperiment farms
(E. S. R., 12, p. 627). A meteorological record (noted elsewhere) is appended.
Annual Report of South Dakota Station, 1899 [South Dakota Sta. Rpt 1899,
pp. 6-8). — Brief abstracts of Bulletins 61-64 of the station and a financial statement
for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1899.
Annual Report of South Dakota Station, 1900 {South Dakota Sta. Bpt.
1900, pp. 20-34) • — A general account of the work of the station during the year is
2:206.5— Xo. 11 8
1098 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
given in tlie reports of tlie director, agriculturist, liorticulturii^t, chemist, entomolo-
gist and botanist, and the zoologist and veterinarian. A financial statement for the
fiscal year ended June :!0, 1900, is included.
Annual Report of Virginia Station, 1900 ( Virn'inia Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 14) ■—
This includes the organization list of the station, a report of the director containing
mainly a summary of the bulletins issued during the year, a financial statement f(ir
the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, and brief departmental reports.
Thirteenth Annual Report of West Virginia Station, 1900 {West Yirylula
Sta. ItpA. 1900, pp. 24). — A financial statement is given for the fiscal year ended June
30, 1900. The report of the director reviews at some length the different lines of
station work, and summarizes briefly some of the results of investigations previously
reported. A table is given showing the fjuantity and value of commercial fertilizers
sold in the State during the last 5 years. Brief statements are made on the results
of experiments on the effect of pressure in the preservation of perishable food stuffs
and on methods of preserving eggs.
Tenth Annual Report of Wyoming- Station, 1900 ( Wyoining Sta. Rpt. 1900,
pp. 457). — This includes notes on the origin and i)urj)ose of the station, brief abstracts
of the bulletins issued during the year, plans of station work for 1900-1901, reports
of the director and heads of departments, a financial statement for the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1900, several articles abstracted elsewhere, and reprints of Bulletin.s
41—45 of the station on the following subjects: Some experiments with subsoiling
(E. S. R., 11, p. 1026), some native forage plants for alkali soils (E. S. R., 12, p. 138),
alfalfa as a hay crop (E. S. R., 12, p. 430), alfalfa as a fertilizer (E. S. R., 12, p. 427),
and preliminary report on the artesian basins of Wyoming (seep. 1019).
Crop Reporter ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Statistics Crop Reporter, Vol. 2, Sos. 7,
pi>. <S; S, pp. 4; 9, pp. 8). — In addition to statistical data on the crops of the United
States in 1900, these numbers contain articles and notes on miscellaneous subjects,
including the following: Cereal crops of France, sugar and rice crops of India, prin-
cipal crops of Austria, the cotton-seed industry, the cotton crop of 1899-1900, the
corn crop of the world, Russian cereal crops, the United States Department of
Agriculture, Peruvian sugar statistics, apples in the United Kingdom, the jute crop
of Bengal in 1900, the Hungarian estimate of the world's grain crops, wheat crop of
Argentina, and principal crops of Germany in 1899-1900.
Trade of Denmark, F. H. Hitchcock {U. S. Dept. Agr., Section of Foreign Markets
Bui. 9, pp. 88, map 1). — This is a detailed statistical review of the trade of Denmark
for a number of years. The imports during the calendar year 1898 were valued at
8123,874,758, and the exports at §87,464,660. About 90 per cent of the Danish com-
merce was carried on with the United Kingdom, (Termany, Sweden, the United States,
and Russia. The most important agricultural imports are Indian corn, butter, oil
cake and oil-cake meal, coffee, and wheat. Butter is the most important article of
export.
Maryland Geological Survey, Allegany County {Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
Fress, 1900, pp. o2S, pis. SO, figs. 16). — This report contains, in addition to a brief
introduction dealing with the i^hysical features of Allegany County, articles on
physiography, by C. Abbe, jr.; geology, by C. C. O'Harra; mineral resources, by
W. B. Clark, C. C. O'Harra, R. B. Rowe, and H. Ries; soils, by C. W. Dorsey (see
p. 1023) ; climate, by O. L. Fassig (see p. 1017) ; hydrography, by F. H. Newell (see p.
1097); magnetic declination, by L. A. Bauer; forests, by G. B. Sudworth; and flora
and fauna, by C. Hart ^lerriam and E. A. Preble.
NOTES.
Arizona Uxiversity. — The last legislature gave the university $25,000 for a library
building, and $30,000 for two years for maintenance.
Connecticut State Station. — W. C. Sturgis, botanist of the station, has been
given six months' leave of absence.
Colorado Station. — George H. Glover, B. S., D. V. M., has been made professor
of veterinary science. The president and secretary of the governing board and the
president of the college have been reelected, the latter for a period of two years.
Idaho Station. — The governing board of the station, under a new law passed at
the recent legislature, has T)een reduced to five members, and is at present comprised
of the following members: President, John B. Goode, Co?ur d'Alene; vice-president,
Mrs. ]\Iary E. Ridenbaugh, Boise; secretary, George C. Parkinson, Preston; J. W.
Jones, Blackfoot; and Henry E. Wallace, Caldwell. Their terms of office, under the
law, range from two to six years.
Illinois University and Station. — The Illinois general assembly has appropri-
ated §40,000 per annum for the next two years for the extension of the work of the
station. The bill specifies the following lines of work: Experiments with corn,
110,000; soil investigations, $10,000; investigations in horticulture, $10,000; experi-
ments in stock feeding, $8,000; dairy experiments, $5,000; sugar-beet exjjeriments,
$3,000. Any revenues which may accrue from these experiments revert to their
respective funds. The college of agriculture receives $10,000 for furnishing the new
agricultural Vmilding, $8,000 per annum for the purchase of live stock, and $6,000 for
increase in instructional Avork. The station chemical laboratory in the new agricul-
tural l)uilding is now furnished and occupied. It consists of a general laboratory, a
special laboratory, 1 workroom, 1 storeroom for chemicals and apparatus, and another
for samples for analysis, and an office. The new building was dedicated May 21, 1901.
The jDrincipal addresses were made Ijy Prof. Thomas F. Hunt, of Ohio, an alumnus
of the college, and by Hon. Joseph G. Cannon, of Illinois, and brief addresses were
made by Dr. Thomas J. Burrill, Prof. E. Davenport, and representatives of various
farmers' and breeders' organizations of the State. There was a large attendance
from out of town, representing nearly every agricultural organization and interest in
the State, among others the Illinois Farmers' Institute, the Dairymen's Association,
the State Horticultural Society, the Live Stock Breeders' Association, the Corn
Breeders' Association, the Corn Growers' Association, and the Sugar Beet Association.
The occasion was one of general good feeling and of satisfaction at the increased
facilities for instruction, and also at the largely increased funds both for instruction
and investigation. The most flattering assurances were given of liberal support in
the future.
Nebra.ska Station. — A. L. Haecker has been appointed dairy husbandman on the
staff of the station, having charge of the newly created department of dairy husbandry.
Pennsylvania Station. — B. P. Lundy has resigned his position as fellow in dairy
husbandry to accept a position in Haddonfield, N. J. A repetition of the feeding
experiment with steers made last winter, comparing the effects of feeding in pens
and stalls, with and without a supply of water, has just been completed. As a sup-
plement to this experiment, an attempt is being made to compare the value of the
manure actually produced by these several methods of handling. The ol>servations
on forage plants which have been made in previous years are to be continued and
1099
1100 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
extended during the present season with special reference to their value in a system
for soiling for dairy cattle.
South Carolixa Station. — At a recent meeting the board orderetl the entire
separation of college and station cattle, and decided to purchase first-class specimens
of four breeds for experimental work. The veterinarian has in progress an experi-
ment in rendering young cattle immune to Texas fever by inoculation. The
exiseriments which the station has been making in the preparation of sweet potatoes
for commerce and for army rations have proved very promising and will l)e continued
on a larger scale.
Texas College and Station.— At the recent session of the legislature an appro-
priation of §3,000 was provided for additions to the equipment of the agricultural
building, erected in 1900, which mone}' is immediately available and will be used for
class-room appliances, apparatus, and special forms of scientific equipment for the
college and station, the general equiiament of the building having been already sup-
plied. A bill appropriating §30,000 for additional State stations passed the senate
and was favorably reported by the house committee on agriculture, but its final con-
sideration was postponed until the special session of the legislature to be convened
next August, as were also the appropriations for the purchase of improved breeds of
live stock (§10,000) and for erecting a veterinary-chemical laboratory (§31',000).
The Beeville Station was provided for at the former rate, §2,500 per animm, with the
privilege of using the proceeds from sales of crops and products.
Virginia Station. — John Spencer, D. Y. S., of Canada, has been appointed assist-
ant veterinarian of the station, in place of H. Bannister, resigned.
Wisconsin University and Station. — The legislature of Wisconsin, recently
adjourned, appropriated §150,000 for a central building for the college of agriculture.
Plans for the proposed building were presented to the legislature for their consider-
ation. There will be the general offices of the college of agriculture, several museum
rooms, a librarj' and reading room, a general audience room seating 700, and labora-
tories for the departments of agricultural chemistry and agricultural bacteriology.
It is proposed to locate the new building on Observatory Hill near the dairy ami
horticultural buildings. Like the other distinctly agricultural college buildings it
will be heated from a central heating plant now completed. As the building is to
be provided for from funds raised by taxation, it will probably be two years before
it is completed.
Miscellaneous. — The following notice has been received from the Federation of
Agricultural Unions in Italy {Federazione Italiana del Consorzi Agra7'i) regarding a
prize offered by the federation for a method for the determination of the fineness of
flowers of sulphur and of mixtures of sulphur and copper sulphate such as are used
in fungicides and insecticides: "Although of late years there has been considerable
progress in the methods of preparation of the different sorts of sulphur used for com-
bating diseases of plants, and the demand, in consequence, has greatly increased, the
methods actually employed for estimating the degree of fineness of these preparations
are now antiquated and leave much to be desired, especially as regards the mixtures
of sulphur and copper suli)hate. The Federation of the Agricultural Unions of Italy,
together with the Agricultural Unions of Padua and Florence, considering the neces-
sity of encouraging special studies on this subject, and having obtained contril>utions
from many other agricultural unions, has now decided to open an intei'national
prize competition for the sum of 1,000 francs in gold, to be awarded to the person who
discovers and makes public the best method for obtaining exact and constant results
in the determination of the fineness of the flowers of sulphur and of mixtures of sul-
phur and copper sulphate. Competitors must send in their papers in a sealed envelope
to the head oflice of the federation ( Ufficio dlrettiro della Federazione Italifout dei Con-
sorzi agrari, Fiacenza-Italy) before March 1, 1902. The papers will lie examined by
a special commission to be named by the Reale Accademia dei Lincei-Rome whose
decision will be without appeal. Piacenza. 1st March. 1901. E. Cavalieri, i^resident;
G. Raineri, director."
o
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vol. XII. No. 12.
INDEX OF NAMES.
Aamot, M.,179.
Aaron, S. F., 468,807.
Abbe, C, 119.
Abbe, C, jr,, 1098.
Abbey, G., 954.
Abbot, H. L., 521.
Abderhalden, E., 478.
Abel, M. H., 876.
Acbard, C, 1093.
Achille, C, 611.
Adametz, L., 986.
Adami, J. G., 92.
Adam.s, E. F., 199.
Adams, G. E., 621, 732, 746, 763,
944, 966, 974.
Adams, W. O., 21.
Aderhold, R., 768.
Adie, R. H., 18.
Ahrens, C, 308.
Aitken, A. P., 131,173.
Aitken, T., 796.
Albert, F., 373, 399,582,583.
Albert, R., 908.
Albo, G., 217.
Albuquerque, J. ¥. d', 36.
Aldrich, H. A., 54.
Aldrich, I. D., 899.
Aldrich, J. M., 156.
Alen, J. E., 252.
Alexander, E. P., 831.
Alexander, W. H., 25, 831, 1015.
Alexander, W. S., 831.
Algue, J., 622.
A Hard, 855.
Allen, A. H.,715.
Allen, E. T., 416, 611.
Allen, E. W., 404.
.Vllen, R. C, 648.
Allen, R. M., 300.
Allen, W. J., 470, 853.
Allerip, B., 692.
Allsebrook, W. P. J., 884.
Alverson, A. G., 791.
Alvord, H. E., 484.
Ahvood, W. B., 121, 122, 151, 245,
270,445,467.
Ambiihl, G., 612.
Amelung, 752.
Ames, O., 1014.
Amirad2ibi, S., 822,1076.
Ampola, G., 1025.
Anchald, H.d', 462.
Anderson, J. T., 299.
Anderson, L., 878.
Anderson, W. B., 45.
Andr6, E., 152,245,443,1043.
Andr(5, G., 613, 720.
Andrews, E. B., 400.
Andrews, W. H., 1026.
Anglas, J., 272.
Angstrom, K., 833.
Antony, U., 1007.
Appel, O., 591, 785.
Aragon, C.,823.
Archibald, E. D., 521.
Arenander, E. O., 1037.
Ariete, G., 859.
Arloing, F., 393.
Arloing, S., 988, 993, 10S7, 1092.
Armsby, H. P., 44,406.
Armstrong, W. W., 697.
Arno, E., 245.
Arrigo, G. d', 597,1087.
Arthur, J. C, 57,354,1054.
Artigala, J., 262.
Aschan, O., 1008.
Ashcraft, 0. E., jr., 1015.
Ashe, W. W., 827.
Ashmcad, W. H., 870.
Assmann, R., 920.
Aston, B. C, 823.
Atherton, G. W., 408.
Atkinson, G. F., 219, 221.
Atkinson, .1., 134, 639.
Atwatcr, H. W., 279.
Atwater, W. O., 100, 168, 377, 409,
413, 780, 877, 1028, 1069, 1071,
1075, 1076.
Atwell, W. P., 979.
Atwdod, H., 73.
Auffenbcrg, 859.
Aufsberg, T., 485.
Augerstein, C., 194.
Aujeszky, A., 596.
Austin, C. F., 299.
Auzenat, M. R., 308.
5365— No. 12—01-
Avery, S., 1066.
Avrorov, P. P., 172, 178.
Ayres, H. B., 452, 757, 955.
Babb, C. M., 999.
Babcock, S. M., 87, 88, 801, 999.
Babes, V., 491.
Bach, O., 982.
Bachmetjew, P., 1068.
Bachofen, F., 55.
Backbaus, 169, 784, 785, 786.
Baessler, 1051.
Baier, E., 676.
Bailey, F. M., 219.
Bailey, L. H., 163, 298, 613, 719, 753,
952.
Bailey, S. S., 449.
Bailey, V., 422.
Bain, H. F., 732.
Baker, R. T., 980.
Baldrati, L., 657.
Ball, C. R., 1013, 1037.
Balland, 282.
Ballas, M., 196, 795.
Balthazard, 731.
Bancroft, T. L., 660.
Bang, B., 193.
Banks, N., 166, 469, 774.
Bannister, H.,699, 1100.
Barazc, R. von, 491.
Barber, C. A., 572.
Barber, ,T. H, 282, 995.
Barbour, E. H., 124, 694.
Barker, C. R., 927.
Barlow, E., 770.
Barna, B., 300.
Barnes, C. R., 827.
Barnes, W. H., 853.
Barot, A., 338.
Barr, T., 855.
Barthel, C, 786.
Bartlett, D. B., 400.
Bartlett, J. M., 140, 377, 587, 737,
873.
Bass, W. L., 694.
Basset, J., 1093.
Bassett, V. H., 89, 90, 93.
Bateson, W., 612.
Battanchon, G., 574, 657.
1101
1102
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Baudisch, F., 958.
Bauer, L. A., 1098.
Bauermeister, 691.
Baumert, G., 108, 907.
Baumler, 393.
Bayer, J., 94.
Bazarewski, S. von, 787.
Beach, C. L., 380.
Beach, S. A., 54, -240, 247, ■i71,273,
405.
Beal, F. E. L., 423, 828.
Beal, W. H., 198, 508.
Beal, W. J., 350, 599.
Beale, S., 781.
Beals, E. A., 521.
Bear, W. E., 369.
Beattie, W. R., 613.
Beau, M., 197.
Beaven, E. S., 1026.
Bebee, A. C, 884.
Beck, C, 610.
Becker, 427.
Beddies, A., 114.
Bedford, S. A., 535, 548, 561, 574,
588, 589.
Behla, R., 491.
Behrend,W.,232.
Behrens, J., 300, 464, 966, 1036.
Behring, E., 393.
Beier, C, 214.
Beijerinck, M. W., 722.
Bellier, J., 106.
Bellinger, G. C, 1093.
Bellocq, 906.
Benard, J., 943.
Bendix, E., 393.
Benedict, F. G., 307,308,309,1077.
Benham,W. B., 870.
Bennett, R. L., 634.
Benson, A. H., 246,369, 753, 1068.
Benson, C, 521.
Benson, C. A., 155.
Benson, M., 186.
Bentley, H. L., 230.
Bergerstein, A., 1011.
Bergstrand, A., 690.
Bernard, N., 350.
Bernhard, L., 792.
Berry, T., 895.
Bersch, J., 996.
Bersch, W., 908.
Bertainchaud, 477.
Bertarelli, E., 612.
Berthault, 442, 745, 1025.
Berthelot, M., 108, 1007.
Berthoud, G., 339.
Bertog, H., 6-53.
Bertrand, G., 214.
Bertrand, J., 854.
Besana, C, 196.
Bessey, C. E., 61, 337, 3.50, 419, 757.
Bessey, E. A., 421.
Bethune, C. J. S., 264, 265.
Beutenmiiller, W., 580.
Bevan, E. J., 214.
Beyer, S. W., 732.
Beythien, A., 377.
Bie, H. C. de, 1076.
Bieler, S., 587.
Bigelow, F. H., 118, 424, 831, 1015
Bigelow, W. D., 994.
Biilmann, E., 516.
Binnenthal, F. von, 360.
Bioletti, F. T., 241, 846, 754, 794,
914, 961, 965, 991.
Birchmore, W. H., 37.
Birk, C. v., 296.
Bishop, L. B., 830.
Bishop, W. H., 435, 724.
Bitard, 194.
Bitting, A. W., 80, 91, 95, 1.S9.
Bitto, B. von, 622.
Bizzell, J. A., 819.
Bizzozero, A., 464, 657.
Bjerknes, V., 1015.
Blair, H. H., 899.
Blair, J. C, 345.
Blair, W. S., 548, 562.
Blake, R. F., 526.
Blanchon, H. L. A., 830.
Bhittner, N., 510.
Bliss, C. L., 118.
Bloch, 118.
Blodgett, F. H., 154, 156, 262, 358,
768.
Blticher, H., 525.
Blum, L., 417, 478.
Bode, H., 907.
Boden, F., 958.
Boorlage, J. G., 615.
Bogdanov, S., 725.
Boggild, B., 91, 289.
Bogue, E. E., 312, 664.
BiJlim, O., 298.
Bohmer, C, 1077.
Bohrisch, P., 377.
Bois, D., 451, 852, 854.
Bokorny, T., 520, 916, 1049.
Bolle, G., 166.
BoUey, H. L., 24, 222, 234, 236,
248, 255, 349, 910.
Bolm, F., 107, 516.
Bolton, H. C, 908.
Bolton, W. E., 999.
Bonfime, P., 619, 626, 836.
Bonaparte, G., 621.
Bonavia, E., 345.
Bonebright.J. E., 314, 316. 320.
Boni, I., 1094.
Bonnet, A., 240, 260.
Bonnier, G., 1014.
Bonnin, L., 981.
Bonsteel, J. A., 522.
Booth, N. O., 246, 450, 578.
Boppe, L., 756.
Borg, J., 857.
Bornstein, R., 1018.
Bomtriiger, H., 214, 780, 907, 1024-
Borthwick, A. W., 463.
BO.SS, A., 1039.
Bosworth, A. W., 378.
Bottcher, O., 323, 515, 624. *
Bouant, E., 850.
Boucher, W. A., 859.
Boudier, 1057.
Bouffard, A., 195.
Bouillot, C, 463.
Boulter, W., 648.
Bourges, 488.
Bourgue, A., 359.
Bourquelot, E., 118, 716.
Bour.sault, H., 622.
Bouska, F. W., 881, 883.
Boutilly, v., 1045.
Boyce, R., 424.
Boyce, S. S., 442.
Boy-Esens, I., 683.
Boysen, 185.
Brackett, G. B., 245, 1044.
Brandegee, T. S., 452.
Brandenburg, F. H., 25.
Brandl, J., 664.
Brannt, W. T., 954.
Branth, A. V., 593.
Brasseur, J., 510.
Braun, R., 169.
Br6al, E., 420.
Breaudat, L., 615.
Bremer, H., 1076.
Bresler, W., 324.
Brewer, I. N., 119.
Brick, C, 869, 971.
Brieger, L., 490.
Brigham, A. A., 781, 982.
Brighetti, C, 677.
Briggs, L. J., 522.
Bringuier, E., 263, 449, 464.
Brio.si, G., 767.
Britton, W. E., 414, 415, 527, 528,
549, 557, 558, 571, 580, 581.
Brodboll, H. C. R., 999.
Broilliard, C, 757.
Brooks, W. P., 226, 279.
Brown, C. E., 69, 167.
Brown, H., 799.
Brown, J. P., 652.
Brown, L. P., 736.
Brown, W., 178.
Browne, C. A., jr., 378, 554.
Bru, 293.
Bruce, CM., 877.
Briihl, J.W.,1008.
Bruhne, 827, 849.
Bruijning, F. F., jr., 745.
Bruin, G. de, 293.
Bruucken, E., 455, 757.
Bruner, L., 468, 973.
Brunerie, 1038.
Brunet, R., 345.
Brunn, W. von, 991.
Brunuich, J. C, 124, 330.
Bruno, A., 1008.
Bruno, P., 994.
Brutschke, 96.
Bryan, A. H., 22, 70, 78, 96.
Bryant, A. P., 168, 979, 1069, 1076.
Buchanan, J. Y., 27.
Buchner, E., 916.
Buckhout,W.A.,649.
Buckton, G. B., 1068, 1069.
Buffard, M., 893.
INDEX OF NAMES.
1103
Buffum, B. C, 99, 295, J27, 430,
1008, 1037, 1039, 1084, 1095.
Bujard, A., 676.
Bulow, K., 777.
Bumcke, G., 309.
Bund, K., .i(V2.
Bungc, KM.
Burba Ilk. L., 450.
Burchard, ()., 745.
Burge.s;, H. K., 419.
Burggraf, K., 992.
Buring, L., 619.
Burkctt, C.W.,l.s.5, 432.
Burki, 138.
Bumeson, J. C, 400.
Burnet, H. G., 867.
Burnett, K. A., 875.
Burow, R., 1077.
Burrage, S., 797.
Burrill, T. J., 1099.
Burson, D. C, 559.
Burtis, F. C, 230, 670, 677, 846.
Burton, J. Q., 899.
Bury, 894.
Busch,W.,1023.
Busck, A., 162.
Busick, K. M., 592.
Butler, A. G., 1068.
Butler, A. L., 465.
Butler, G. S., 953.
Butler, T., 499.
Butterfield, J. F., 294.
Butz, G. C, 645, 651.
Cagny, P., 395.
Cajori, F., 521.
Caldwell, J.W.,799.
Caluwe, P. de, 521, 530, 824.
Calvin, S., 732.
Cameron, F. K., 522, 819.
Campbell, G. F., 512, 513, .514, 600.
Campbell, J. R., 588, 878.
Cannon, J. C, 1099.
Cannon, W. A. , 775.
Cantlie, J., 664.
Capu.s, J., 6.57.
Card, F. W.,414, 746, 763, 944,952,
966, 974.
Cardwiek,W.,648.
Carey, A., 166.
Carles, P., 263.
Carleton, M. A., 45, 939.
Carlyle, W. L., 74, 76, 81, 82, 83.
Carpenter, G. H., 271.
Carpenter, L. G., 294.
Carpentieri, F., 612, 716.
Carr, O., 508.
Carrasquilla, T., 194.
Carr6, A., 233, 346.
Carrifere, G., 987.
Carruthers.W., 218, 911, 1031, 10.56.
Carson, J.W.,400.
CaruUa, F. J. R., 1006.
Carver, G.W.,331.
Casali, C, 464, 6.57.
Caspar!, \V., 177.
Castel-Delutrez, G., 249, 3.51,10.52-
Castillo,©, del, 1039.
Causse, H.,731.
Cavalieri, E., 1100.
Cavara, F., 117, 300, 359, 767.
Cavazza, D., 10.53.
Coderholm,G.,482.
Celli,A.,485,889.
Ceri.s,A.dc,398.
Chaffee, F. P., 1015.
Chapais,,!. P., 68.
Chapelle, P., 100, 107.
Chapman, A. C, 419.
Chapman, C. C. , 380.
Chapman, F. U., 830.
Chapman, H. H., 1047.
Chapman, T. A., 167,272.
Chappaz, G., 6.58.
Chappellier, P., 613.
Charabot, E., 108, 113.
Charrin, 94,781.
Chatfield, J. L., 699.
Chauzlt, B., 151.
Chavard, A., 492.
Chester, F. D., 721,729,761,787,894.
Chevalier, A., 1014.
Chevalier, C, 1046.
Chevallier, A., 62.
Chikashigo, M., 309.
Chittenden, F. H., 67,161,361.
Chodat, R., 794.
Chuard, E., 519,574,898,9.53.
Church, C. G., 934.
Clapp, H. L., 452.
Clark, A. M., 153.
Clark, H. W., 835.
Clark, J. A., 500.
Clark, J. F., 573.
Clark, R. W., 597.
Clark, V. A., 297.
Clark, W. B., 119,1098.
Clarke, F. W., 1023.
Clausen, 232,428.
Clautriau, G., 912,1014.
Clay, J., jr., 478.
Cleary, M. J., 294,39-5.
Clemow, F. G., 690.
Cleveland, T., jr., 248,563.
Cline, I. M., 520, 521.
Clinton, G. P., 35.5.
Clinton, L. A., 335.
Close, C. P., 271.
Clothier, G. L., 143.
Clothier, R. W., 334,378, 1024.
Clymer, W. R., 20.
Cochet, P., 152.
Cochran, C. B., 680.
Cockayne, L., 421.
Cockerell, T. D. A., 99,364,.580,974.
Code, W. H., 895.
Colby, G. E., 64, 906, 943, 946, 980.
Colemore, C. A., 299.
Colwell, J. K., 1007.
Conde, P., 868.
Conn, H. W., 114,387,593, 10S3.
Connaway, J. W., 194.
Connell, J. H., 473.
Conner, C. M., 196,296,982.
Conrad, A. H., 313.
Conradi, H., 793.
Conte, A., 689.
Cook, O. F., 646.
Cooley, F. S., 388.
Cooley, R. A., 869.
Coomber, T., 346.
Cope, A. C, 800.
Coquet, de, 325.
Coquillett, D. W., 68,161.
Corbett, L. C, 47, .558, .573, 1064.
Corbctt, v., 99.
Cordemoy, H. J. de, 9.54.
Cordley, A. B., 58,262.
Cornell, J. R., 104.5.
Cornett, H., 143.
Comu, M., 470,1002.
Cory, A. H.,692.
Coste, 648.
Cotton, 108.
Cottrell.H.M., 142,332,333,375,472.
Couanon, G., 369.
Coulter, J. M., 24.
Coulter, S., 910,9.57.
Councler, C, 714.
Coupin, H., 54,717,911.
Courcy, H. de, 395.
Courmont, P., 892,993,1092.
Courtney, F., 1097.
Cousins, H. H., 870.
Covert, J. C, 920.
Cowden, W. J. W., 999.
Cowen, J. H., 99.
Crafts, H. A., 397.
Cragin, H. S., 831.
Cragin, H. W., 831.
Crahay, N. I., 662.
Craig, J., 147,240,299,344,414.
Craig, J. A., 671,673.
Crampton, C. A., 823.
Crandall, C. S., 99, 244, 246, 248,
261, 562.
Cranefield, F., 49, 53.
Cravex, J. R., 1039.
Crawford, A., 282.
Crawford, M., 346, 9.54.
Crawford, R. F., 476.
Crawford, W., 860.
Crepieux-Jamin, J., 973.
Cri6, L., 464.
Cronheim, W., 784.
Cross, C. F., 214.
Cross, J. N., 956.
Cui-sset, 0., 196.
Culbertson, G., 732.
Cunningham, A. M., 720.
Cunningham, J. E., .561.
Curtel, G., 463.
Curtice, C, 395, 400.
Curtis, H. E., 130, 516, 526, 530
1026.
Curtis, H. J., 915.
Curtis, B. G., 767.
Curtiss, C. F., 671, 673, 786.
Curtiss, F. H., 1077.
Cutter, W. P., 500.
D'Addiego, G., 732.
Dafert, F. W., 55, 325, 839.
1104
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Dale, 658.
Dalrymple, W. H., 186, 787.
Daly, K. A., 1015.
Damseaux, A., 45, 47, 338.
D'Ancona, G., 849.
Daniel, L., 642, 947.
Danlelson, A. H., 600.
Danysz, J., 789.
Darton, N. H., 452.
Dassonville, C, 94.
Daszewski, A. von, 938.
Dauthenay, H., 664, 754.
Davenport, E., 1099.
David, S., 457, 859.
Davidson, C, 515.
Davis, A. P., 797.
Davis, G., 470.
Davis, L. D., 152.
Davis, V. H., 525.
Davy, J. B., 912, 1014.
Dawson, M., 114, 311.
Day, C. M., 487.
Day, D. T., 698.
Day, G. E., 372, 373, 374, 379, 380,
388, 389, 391.
Dean, H. H., 384, 593.
Deane, H., 248, 317.
De Candolle, C, 350.
Decker, J. W., 90, 91, 593.
Degener, P., 1076.
Degrully, L., 61, 262, 464, 781,
1056.
Deh6rain, P. P., 123,143, 233,492.
623, 641, 844, 927.
Deinboll, 560.
Deiter, J., 377.
Delacroix, G., 359, 573, 664.
Delafond, E., 399.
Delezenne, C, 598.
Delormc, E., 143, 926.
Demaison, L., 272.
Demarcay, E., 113.
DeMia, U.,993.
Demoussy, E., 143, 313, 428, 721,
841, 844.
Denaifle, 851.
Dcnnistou, R. H., 359.
De Nobele, L., 657.
Dernehl, P. H., 69.
Descoure-Desacres, 196.
De Sebille, 756.
Desgrez, 731.
Desmoulins, A., 120, 122.
Dcspeissis, A., 1046.
Desprez, F., 144.
Desprez Sons, 235.
Devansaye, M. do la, 612.
Devarda, A., 131.
Devaux, H., 615.
Devine, R. E., 418.
Dewar, J., 309, 926.
Dewar, J. R. U., 194.
Dewey, L. H., 231, 458.
Dexler, n., 793.
Deyerling, 595.
Dickenson, J. M., 649.
Dickson, D., 978.
Dienert, P., 118, 915.
Dietel, P., 461.
Dietrich, W., 77.
Di Mattel, E., 596.
Dinola, E., 1007.
Dinwiddle, R. R., 788, 1084, 1092.
Dixon, H., 450.
Doane, C. P., 182, 1078.
Doane, R. W., 265, 266.
Dock, M. L., 649, 698.
Dodge, J.R., 781.
Dodson, W. R., 186, 760.
Doerstling, P., 166.
Doherty, M. W., 573.
Dokouehayev, V., 704, 807.
Dominici, 890.
Donati, F., 91.
Doolittle, R. E., 18, 79, 477.
Dorner, F., 852.
Dorner, H. B., 827.
Dorsett, P. H., 963.
Dorsey, C. W., 522, 1023, 1098.
Dorsey, K. E., 831.
Douglas, J., 754.
Dowzard, E., 908.
Drew, S. H., 892.
Druery, C. T., 613.
Drygalski, von, 920.
Du Bois, J. T., 780.
Dubois, R., 795.
Duboscq, O., 598.
Du Breuil, A., 55.
Duch^cec, F., 1024.
Duckwall, E. W., 79.
Duclaux, E., 389, 501, 786.
Duclert, L., 689.
Ducomet, V., 260.
Dudley, W. R., 755.
Dufour, H., 121.
Dufour, J., 167, 168, 648, 1018.
Dugast, J., 196, 995.
Duggar, J. F., 941.
Duke of Bedford, 641, 645, 646,
648, 654, 747, 749, 758, 772.
Dulac, A., 678.
Dumesuil, E., 20.
Dunbar, 185.
Dtuican, T. L., 456.
Dunlop, J. C, 79.
Dunnicliff, A. A., 1038.
Dunstan, M. .1. R., 44, 905.
Dunstan, W. R., 79.
Dupont, C, 623.
Dupouy, R., 118.
Dupuy, J., 1093.
Durand, E., 55.
Durand, E. J., 520.
Durand, .1., 574.
Duryec, E., 896.
Dusserre, C, 587, 622, 934, 953^
960, 960.
Duval, M., 613.
Dyar, H. (!., 273.
Dybowski, J., 199.
Dye, B. U., 699.
Dyer, B., 46, 407, 504, 905, 906.
Dyer, H., 559.
Dymond, T. S., 905.
Dzhunkovski, E. P., 491.
Eadio, J. H., 1015.
Earle, F. S., 551, 569, 854, 962.
Easterbrook, C. C, 977.
Ebermayer, E. W., 426.
Eberts, 652.
Ebertz, C, 189.
Eckenbrecher, von, 43.
Eckles, C. H., 882, 986.
Eddy, C. W., 395, 692.
Edler, J.,920.
Edler, W., 441, 641, 850, 941.
Edmunds, J., 677.
Edson, A. W., 400.
Effront, J., 108.
Eggertz, C. G., 1008.
Ehrmann, C, 1076.
Eichengrun, E., 676.
Eisen, G., 921.
Ekkert, N. I., 490.
Fibers, A. D., 530.
Eldridge, M. O., 496.
Elkholm, K., 871.
Ellerman, H. L., 392.
Ellinger, 790.
Ellis, J. B., 24, 656.
Ellis, L. B., 1045.
Ellis, W. R., 868.
Ellis, W. T., 521, 565.
Elschder, C, 131, 934, 1025.
Eisner, F., 20.
Embrey, G., 612.
Emerson, R. A., 449.
Emery, A. L., 417.
Emery, F. E., 1000.
Emery, S. C., 1015.
Emery, S. M., 853.
Emmerich, R., 490.
Emmerling, A., 198, 736, 1038.
Engel, 522.
Engelhardt, A. N., 1024.
Engle, E. B., 649.
Englcr, A., 614.
Epstein, S., 90.
Erdmann, 652.
Erdmann, H., 18.
Eriksson, J., 599, 791.
Eschbaum, F., 95.
Espin, J. C, 642.
Esscr, J., 884.
Estcourt, C, 181.
Evans, J. D., 265.
Evans, W. H., 205.
Everhart, B. M., 21, 656.
Ewart, J. C, 178.
Ewell, E. E., 508.
Faber, H., 784.
Faber, O. von, 309.
Fabre, L., 308.
Fabris, G.,908.
Faes, H., 166.
Fain, J. B., 337.
Fairchild, D. G., 248, 1044.
Fairchild, G. T., 900.
Fairfield, W. H., 1037, 1039.
Falke, F., 058.
INDEX OF NAMES.
11U5
Fiillnise, 5><7.
Kaiitcchi, P., 99().
Farcy, E., 3ys.
Farneti, L., 105G.
Farrer, W., 1056.
Farrington, E. H., !S4, 85, 86, 87,
307, 593.
Fascctti, G., 1083.
Fii.ssig, O. L., 119, 1017, lO'JS.
Fawcett, J. W., 455, 958.
iMiweett, W., 199, 397, 1096.
FeJiiberg, 489, 721.
Fc'lber, A., 958.
Felt, E. P., 166, 263, 272, 115, 860.
I'Y're, C, 294.
Ferguson, A. M., 400.
Fermi, C, 361, 969.
Fernald, C. H., 271, 368.
Fernald, H. T., 468.
Fernbach, A., 722, 723, 916.
Fernow, B. E., 757, 9.58.
Ferraris, T., 464, 657.
Ferrein, W. K., 716.
Ferris, E. B., 213, 222, 234, 1022.
Ferrouillat, P., 197, 346, 648.
Ficker, M., 489.
Field, G. W., 192, 400.
Fields, J., 640, 697, 8.50, 872.
Finkh, 1094.
Finley, J. B., 999.
Fireman, P., 704.
Fischer, A., 114.
Fischer, E., 461.
Fischer, J., 243.
Fi-scher, M., 338, 641, 642, 845.
Fischer, P., 190, 300.
Fisher, P., 1046.
Fisher, W. R., 958.
Fiske, W. F., 860, 999.
Fixter, J., 575.
Flach, W. W., 691.
Flammarion, C, 909, 918, 969.
Fleischer, E., 578.
Fletcher, H. G., 345.
Fletchar, .!., 265, 368, 565, 574, 862.
Fletcher, S. ,W., 200, 237.
Fleurent, M., 196.
Flexor, D., 696.
Flickinger, G. A., 389.
Flint, D., 338.
Flint, E., 25.
Floriano, G., 870, 97.5.
Flot, L.,912.
Floyd, M. L., 335, 443.
Fliickiger, A., 235.
Foaden, G. P., 45, 40, 642.
Foley, J., 662.
Forbes, R. H., 1019, 1038.
Forbes, S. A., 415, 868, 1058.
Forbush, E. H., 366.
Ford, A. G., 200, 693, 872.
Formanek, E., 477.
FormAnek, J., 213.
Fortier, S., 895.
Foster, L., 144, 200, 631.
Foth, 994.
Foulkes, P. H., 2,50, 564.
Franca, C, 894.
Francis, M., 194.
Frank, 235, 463, 992, 10.50.
Frank, A. B., 500, 869.
Prank, B., 261, 6.57.
Fratikel, B., 490.
Franz, 1095.
Fraps, G. S., .504, .507, .516, 611, 667,
677, 819.
Eraser, T. A., 1077.
Fruar, W., .39, 71, 3.39, 378, .506, 618,
626, 627.
French, G. H., .598.
Frcaich, H. T., 380, 641, 670.
Froudenreich, E. von, 484.
Friedberger, P., 596, 889.
Friend, C. W., 521.
Fries, T. M., 721.
Friis, J., 288.
Froggatt, W. W., 68, 270, 367, 774,
1067.
Prohawk, P. W., 1068.
Prohner, E., 596, 889, 1094.
Frombling, 574.
Priihling, 477.
Priihling, R., 309.
Pruwirth, C, 46.
Pnertes, E. A., 618.
Pulmer, E., 225.
Fulton, S. H., 236.
Fulton, W. M., 96, 316, 317.
Furquim d' Almeida, L., 854.
Fiirst, L., 1076.
Fyles, T. W., 166, 264, 26.5.
Gagey, R., 96.
Gagnaire, P., 1037.
Gailhat, J., 306.
Gain, E., 61, 143, 640, 745, 825.
Gale, A., 67, 166, 367, 774, 1066.
Gallagher, D. C, 999.
Gallet, P., 62.
Gallien, L., 108.
Galli-Valerio, B., 394.
Galloway, B. T., 261, 300, 347,449,
460.
Gal tier, V., 490, 594.
Gamaleia, N., 915.
Gamble, J. S., 958.
Gannett, H., 452, 9.55.
Gany, E., 462.
Garcia, P., 99.
Garcia, M. M., 236.
Gardner, P. D., 317, .522.
Garfield, C. W., 7.57.
Garman, H., 1.57, 406, 41,5, .547.
Gamier, M., 393.
Garola, von, 716.
Garrahan, R. H., 345.
Garriott, E. B., 521, 831, 920.
Garstiing, T. W. H., 38.
Garstin, W. E., 197.
Gasser, A., 222.
Gas.sics, J., 151.
Gastine, G., 725, 1018.
Gaucher, L., 615.
Gautier, A., 109, 470.
Gautier, E., 245.
Geddings, R. M., ,8,31.
Geist, 293.
Gelm, G., 996.
Gemmeir, R. C, 895, 1096.
Georgeson, C. C, 630.
G6rardin, A^, 926.
Gerlaoh, 677.
Geschwind, L., 518, 641.
Gettys, W., 232.
Giard, A., 360, 1069.
Gibson, A., 264, 265, 870.
Gibson, H. H., 451.
Gibson, H. W., 308, 1006.
Gies, C. R., 340.
Gifford, J., 560, .562.
Gilbert, A. G., 585.
Gilbert, .1. H., 746.
Gilchrist, T>. A., 647.
Gilchri.st, J. G., 899.
Giles, G. M., 467.
Gill, A. H., 21.
Gill, W., 1048.
Gillanders, P., 849.
Gillct, P., 1042.
Gillette, C. P., 265, 6,58, ,860, 861.
Gilliaux, 926.
Gillot, H., 313.
Gilruth, J. A., 684, 690, ,S92, ,893.
Ginstiniani, E., 4,56.
Girard, A., 196.
Girola, C. D., 144.
Glover, G. H., 1099.
Gmeiner, P., 664.
Gobiet, J., 197.
Godlewski, 722.
Goessmann.C. A., 225, 226, 626,933
Goethe, R., 1041.
Goff, E. S., 22, 23, 43, 51, 41 1, 1044.
Goit, W. R., 1097.
Goldberg, .1., 216.
Goode, ,1. B., 1099.
Goodell, H. H., 198, 405?
Golden, K. L., 61,5, 767.
Golden, M. .1., 797.
Golding, .7., 615.
Goodfellovv, ,S54.
Goodner, I. W., 899.
Gordon, .1. S., 1038.
Goret, M., 419.
Gorman, C. H., 1096.
Gorman, M. W., 4,52.
Goss, A., 834.
Gossard, H. A., 68, 1057.
Gottschalk, V. H., 416, 611.
Gould, H. P., 581, 699.
Goupil, P., 71.5.
Goutiiire, J. P., 572.
Go wans, E. G., 400.
Gowell, G. M., 5&5, ,586.
Graftiau, .1., 961.
Graham, .1. I., 449.
Graham, W. R., 376. '
Gramont, J. B., 973.
Grandeau, L,., 80, 101, 339, 350, 3.51,
378, 429, 934, 942, 943, 1038, 1039-
Grandvoinnet, J., 9,53.
Grant, A. M., 423.
1106
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Grant, E. M., 999.
Grassi, B., 790.
Graul, 1090.
Graves, H. S., 452, 455, 651, 756.
Greathouse, C. H., 497.
Green, E. E., 369, 1067.
Green, J. R., 1083.
Green, W. J., 557.
Gr6goire, A., 461, 656.
Gregor, A., 1077.
Gregory, A. C., 797.
Grelot, P., 219.
Grenfell, C. N., 461.
Grey, R. M., 149.
GriflSn, H. H., 229, 275.
Griffith, C. J., 299.
Griffiths, D., 299.
Griffon, E., 313.
Grigg, T. E., 1038.
Grimaldo, C, 343.
Grimm, M., 983.
Gri.sdale, J. H., .'i35, 587, 588, 599,
797.
Groff, H. H., 649.
Grosjean, H., 168, 207.
Gross, E., 942.
Gruber, M., 280.
Grade, J., 588.
Grueber, von, 131.
Griinbaum, A. S., 780.
Griindler, P., 774.
Grundmann, 992.
Grunhut, L., 211.
Grii.ss, J., 722.
Gueguen.E. P., 24.
Guereio, G. del, 469, 661, 865, 1063.
Guerrieabeitia, I., 894.
Guess, H. A., 476.
Guffroy, C, 1037.
Guillemonat, A., 781.
Gulevvitsch, W., 822, 1076.
Guntz, M., 572.
Gurin, G., 598.
Gumey, E. H., 39, 199.
Gutbrod, 95.
Guthrie, F. B., 077, 927, 1076.
Gwiggner, A., 908.
Haberstrohm, 319.
Hackett, A. E., 25.
Haeckcr, A. L.,1099.
Haeckcr, T. L., 479, 484.
Haire, R. W., 899.
Hale, J. H., 1041, 1044.
Hale, J. W., 999.
Hall, A. D., 662, 905, 1037.
Hall, C. E., 1048.
Hall, E. P., 647.
Hall, F. H., 61, 156, 177, 217, 275,
282, 289.
Hall, H. F., 999.
Hall, W. L., 455, 755.
Hall, W. S., 980.
Halliburton, W. D., 976.
Halphen, G., 71.5.
Halse, 974.
Halsted, B. D., 262, 263, 337, 347
3.50, 351, 359, 360, 414, <24, 463|
754,961,1056
Hamilton, G., 288.
Hamilton, J., 39, 626, 897.
Hammar, S., 252.
Hammond, A. R., 870.
Hammond, E.W., 691.
Hammond, W. H., 859.
Hanamann, J., 1004,1020.
Hand, W. F., 38, 841.
Handy, J. O., 20.
Haney, J. G., 142, 143, 332, 333-
375, 472.
Hanford, G. A., 1077.
Hann, J., 920.
Hanow, H., 612.
Hansen, A. J., 398.
Hansen, E. C., 915.
Hansen, F., 398.
Hansen, K., 398, 498.
Hansen, N. A., 225.
Hansen, N. E., 552.
Hanus, J., 186, 882.
Harcourt, R., 377.
Hardin, M. B., 39, 430.
Harding, H. A., 287, 289, 654.
Hare, R. F., 99.
Barker, G., 820.
Harlay, V., 722.
Harper, J. D., 697.
Harper, R., 199.
Harper, R. A., 827.
Harrington, F. O., 450.
Harrington, W. H., 26.5.
Harris, G. D., 221.
Harris, I. F., 899.
Harris, J. M., 688, 1078
Harris, R. A., 119.
Harris, W.,519.
Harrison, C. S., 55.
Harrison, F. C., 252, 966, 985, 1052.
HarrLson, J. B. P., 179.
Harrold, C. C, 7si.
Hart, C. A., 868.
Hart, F., 399.
Hart, J. H., 345, 657.
Hartig, R., 573, 658.
Hartl, H.,1018.
Hartleb, A., 912.
Hartwell, B. L., 39, 222, 282, .505,
626, 727, 737, 760, 927, 933.
Hartwig, A. H., 791.
Harvey, F. L., 68, 312, 367.
Haselhoff, E., 236.
Hastings, G. T., 755.
Hatfield, H. S., 309.
Hau.'ier, O., 611.
Havens, F. G., 162.
Hawk, P. B., 871.
Hawk, W., 57.
Haworth, C. E., 999.
Haxton, S. F., 179.
Hay, G. M., 54.
Hayne, A. P., 643.
Hays, W. M., 613, 627, 757, 1039.
Hayward, H., 669, 678.
Haywood, J. K., 107, 820, 821.
Hazard, J., 1023.
Hazen, J. S., 520, 521.
Head, G. D., 791.
Hebebrand, A., 109, fill.
Hebert, A., 420.
Hebrant, G., 395.
Hechler, E., &54.
Heckel, K., 966.
Hedrick, U. P., 152, 245, 246, 267.
Heileman, W. H., 225, 999.
Heim, L., 721.
Heinze, B., 912.
Held, 558.
Heifers, A., 391.
Hellens, O. von, 183, 879.
Helme, N., 724, 919.
Helms, R., 294, 1056, 1066.
Helvern, D. S., 1046.
Helweg, L., 80, 214.
Hemenway, H. D., 162.
Hemmeter, J., 177.
Hemmeter, J. C, 477.
Hempel, A., 580.
Henderson, L. F., 24.
Henderson, P., 1,52.
Henning, E., 664.
Hennings, P., 62.
Henry, A. J., 119, .521, 831, 1015.
Henry, E., 424, 757, 7.58, 927.
Henry, L., 613, 1046.
Henry, W. A., 75.
Henslow, G., 612, 826.
Henzold, O., 186, 683.
Heraeus, W. C., 309.
Herbet, F., 346.
Herbet, P., 1036.
Herdman, W. A., 424.
Hergesell, H., 920.
H^ricourt, J., 393, 791.
H^rissey, H., 118, 313, 716.
Herrick, G. W., 218, 256, 843, 867.
He.ss, E. H., 44, 632, 678.
Hess, W. H., 18, 79, 477, 609.
Hesse, 881.
Hesse, W., 597.
Hett, P., 308.
Hickman, J. F., 688, 848.
Hicks, G. H., 347.
Higgins, G. L., 715.
Hildebrandsson, H. H., 920.
Hilgard, E. W., 221, 350, 644, 921,
926, 936, 980, 996.
Hill, E. G., 347, 1046.
Hillebrand, W. F., 1006.
Hillman, F. H., 519, 827, 959, 1014.
Hills, J. L., 226, 234, 283, 285, 286,
429, 430, 472, 877.
Hiltner, L., 113, 422, 827, 912, 1013.
Hiltner, R. S., 486, 908.
Hinderlich, 958.
Hindorf, R., 1044.
Hinds, J. I. D., 307.
Hinds, W. E., 266, 468.
Hinrichs, G., 731.
Hirschfeld, F., 79.
Hitchcock, A. S., 219, 745, 899.
Hitchcock, F. H., 98, 497, 798, 1098.
Hite, B. H., 226, 430, 437.
Hjelt, E., 1008.
Hoard, W. D., 1000.
Hodson, E. R. , 962.
INDEX OF NAMES.
1107
Hofbauer, L., 981.
Hoffmann, J. F.,2\.
Hoffmann, M., 3.s, 855.
Hoft, H., -185, 1083.
Hogg, H. R., 775.
Hoklefleiss, F., 320.
Holdefleiss, P., 425.
Hole, S. R., 54.
Hollick, A., 221.
Hollning, M., 424, 658.
Holm, E., 681.
Holmboe, J., 253.
Holmes, G. K., 497.
Holt, H. B., 999.
Honig, J., 236.
Hooper, J. K., 521.
Hopkins, A. D., 64, 580, 863, 1052,
1063.
Hopkins, A. G., 788.
Hopkins, C. G., 370.
Hopkins, E., 715.
Hoppe, E., 653.
Hoppe, P., 592.
Horsind^on, P., 694.
Hotter, E., 767, 853, 1045.
Houdaille, F., 121, 122, 648.
Houlbert, C, 1068.
Howard, A., 464.
Howard, L. O., 67, 68, 160, 467,
768, 774, 775, 860.
Howell, A. M., 236.
Howell, C, 696.
Howies, F., 717.
Hoyer, D. P., 118.
Huber, J. C, 867.
Hubert, L., 722, 723, 916.
Hubert}-, J., 421, 767.
Hiibncr, F.,592.
Hndison, J., 853.
Hughes, J., 377.
Hvime, H. IT., 463, 751, 101.5,1045,
1056.
Hummel, .T. A., 91, 308.
Hunn, C. E., 753.
Hunt, T. F., 1099.
Hunter, S. J., 369.
Hunter, W. D., 99, 160, 973.
Hunting, W., 800.
Huntington, E.,831.
Huntley, F. A., 342.
Huppert, 477, 982.
Hurst, C. C, 612.
Hussmann, G., 151.
Huston, H. A., 21, 22, 70, 78, 96,
126, 530.
Hutcheon, D., 598, 993.
Hutchin.son, W. L., 1022.
Hutchison, W. A., 71.
Huth, P., 1007.
Hutt, H. L., 345.
Hutyni, F., 594.
Hyde, D. D., 1078.
Hyde, J., 298.
Ihlseng, M. C, 1097.
Imes, M., 400.
Immenhoff, 700.
Inui, T., 422.
Irby, B., 638.
Irish, II. C, 340, 315.
Irving, W., 895.
Iseppoui, E., 95.
Istvanfli, G. von, 24.
Ittner, M. H., 419.
Ivonov, V. P., 774.
Iwanoff, K. S., 461.
Jablonowski, J., 974.
Jack, J. G., 955.
Jackman, A. G., 613.
Jackson, C. H., 38.
Jackson, D. D., 526, 907.
Jackson, H. V., 443.
Jacob, M., 499.
Jacquemin, G., 115, 694.
crv.ewski, A., 360, 768, 965,
1057.
Jaft'a, M. E., 378, 677,942,980,
Jiiger, A., 849.
Jastremski, L., 96.
Jaubert, G. F., 731.
Jean, F., 610.
Jeffery, J. A., 28, 32, 36.
Jeffrey, J. W., 665.
Jenkins, E., 262.
Jenkins, E. H., 70, 128, 213,
282, 412, 627, 528, 544. 547,
658, 563, 931.
Jenks, A. E., 46, 1067.
Jensen, C. O., 194, 993.
Jensen, H., 222.
Jensen, J., 263.
Jensen, J. L., 737.
Jensen, O., 682.
Jenter, C. G., 169, 177, 877.
Jobson, G., 691.
Joest, E., 391.
Johannsen, W., 233, .326, 327.
John, G.,399.
Johnson, C. P., 289.
Johnson, S. W., 128, 911, 931.
Johnson, W. G., 369, 415, 468,
699, 861.
Johnston, C. T., 696, 89.5.
Jolles, A., 419.
Jolyet, A., 756.
Jones, B. K., 400, 699.
Jones, C. H., 222,224,226,235,
282, 288, 429, 430, 472, 877.
Jones, D., 152.
Jones, E. W. T., 108.
Jones, J. W., 1099.
Jones, L. R., 214,249,255,258,
261.
Jones, W. T., 168.
Jonsson, B., 252.
Jordan, A. T., 144, 146, 344.
Jordan, W. H., 169, 177, 198,
409, 877, 1083.
Jorgensen, L., 222.
Jost, H., 194, 294.
Joukowsky, M., 59ii.
J^urn(;e, C, 351.
Jouvet, F., 573.
Juan, E., 618.
Juckanack, A., 280.
Jumelle, H., 853.
Junge, E., 1041.
280,
.549,
Jungner, J. R., 1052.
Juritz, C. F., 55, 122, 622.
Kabrhel, G., 907.
Kaehler, M., 309.
Kaesewurm, 866.
Kain, S. W., 1015.
Kains, M. G., 200, 941, 1044.
Kalecsinszky, A. von, 908.
Kalischer, O., 682.
Kalugin, I., 822.
Kamerling, Z., 827.
Kiippeli, J., 178, 179, 220.
Kasselmann, K., 790.
Kavraiski, P. F., 830.
Kawai, S., 652.
Kayser, E., 195.
Kearney, T. H., 720.
Kedzie, R. G., 121, 933.
Kedzior, L., 118.
Keegan, P. Q., 113, 1006.
Keep, N., 647.
Keffer, C. A., 345, 425, 538.
Kelhofer, W., 558, 795, 964.
Kellerman, W. A., 615.
Kellner, O., 323, 874, 1024, 1071.
■Kellogg, A. L., 699.
Kellogg, V. L., 867.
Kempton, H. B., 1047.
Kennedy, P. B., 329, 332.
Kerr, J. G., 600, 846.
Kieffer,' J. J., 1008.
Kiehl, F., 943.
Kienitz, 574.
Kilgore, B. W., 38, 503, 924, 933,
941, 952.
Killebrew, J. B., 799.
Kimball, H. H., 1015.
Kinch, E., 832.
Kindrick, C. W., 397.
King, F. H., 28, 32, 34, 36, 40,398,
492, 495.
King, G. B., 415.
Kinney, H. R., 150.
Kinsley, A. T., 190.
Kinzel, W., 458, 563, 960.
Kirby, W. F., 972.
Kirk, T. W., 960, 901.
Kirkaldy, G. W., 69.
Kirkland, A. H., 366, 368.
Kirkland, W., 1076.
Kirkwood, J. E., 214.
Kirsten, A., 591, 1084.
Kissa, N. W., 1056.
Kissuth, 890, 892.
KLster, I., 185.
Kitt, T., 889, 1090.
KJeldahl, J., 200.
Klausen, 623.
Klebahn, H., 567.
Klee, R., 294.
Kleiber, A., 511.
Klein, E., 986, 1080.
Klein, J., 591, 1084.
Kleinheinz, W., 247.
Klimmer, M., 790.
Klippert, 131.
Klocker, A., 912, 915.
Kloeker, J., 339.
1108
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Kloepfer, 131, 843.
Kluchnikov, V., 958.
Knapp, S. A., 2, 46, 235.
Knibbs, G. H., 317.
Knight, H., 559.
Knight, S. H., 600.
Knight, W. C, 934, 1019.
Knipp, C. T., 908.
Knipscheer, J. M., 490.
Knisely, A. L., 125.
Knorre, G. von, 308.
Knovalov, M., 928.
Knowles, M., 884.
Kobus, J. D., 850.
Koch, H., 462.
Kochs, J., 68, 865, 1005.
Koebele, A., 1067.
Kohler, A., 1071.
Kohn, C. A., 716.
Kolbe, H. J., 69.
Konig, J., 38, 733, 902.
Konigsberger, J., 419.
Koninck, L. de, 716.
Koning, C. J., 236, 720.
Koorders, S. H., 958.
Kornauth, K., 1076.
Kort, A., 884.
Kosarofif, P., 519.
Kostichev, P., 704.
Kostjamin, N. N., 418.
Kosut^ny, T., 976.
Kozhevnikovuim, G. A., 774.
Kraemer, H., 615.
Kraiouchkine, V., 692.
Kramers, J. G., 147.
Kraus, 131.
Krauss, H. A., 167.
Kravkov, S., 620, 825, 838.
Kreis, H., 823.
Krichauff, F. E. H. W., 151.
Kries, V., 338.
Kristensen, K. N., 185.
Kritski, P. N. 520.
Krogvig, A., 233.
Krohnke, O., 319, 593.
Kronaeher, K., 394.
Krug, W. H., 507, 508.
Kruger, K., 168.
Kriiger, P., 869.
Kruger, W., 728.
Knill, F., 926.
Krj-ukov, N. A., 199.
Kudelka, F., 572.
Kuhara, M., 309.
Kuhnan, 687.
Kuhnert, 745.
Kulagin, N., 665.
Kulisch, 573, 966.
Kunakhovich, A., 579.
Kunath, 1038.
Kuno, v., 921.
Kuntze, L., 619.
Kuznetzov, A., 663.
Kyle, H. C, 100, 473.
Labat, A., 294.
Labordc, E., 477.
liaborde, .1., 662.
Laby, T. H., 39.
Ladd, E. F., 214, 220, 235, 273, 593,
780, 791.
Lagatu, H., 319, 648.
Lagerheim, G., 272.
Lajoux, H., 1007.
Lam, A., 389.
Lampa, S., 167, 271, 973.
Lamson, H. H., 117.
Landin, J., 516.
Lane, A. C, 622, 694.
Lane, C. B., 312, 330, 331, 382.
Lane, N. J., 309.
Langbein, H., 1007.
Lange, D., 423.
Langer, J., 060.
Langley, C, 899.
Langworthy, C. F., 280.
Larsen, H. C., 223.
Lasne, H., 907.
Latham, Alexander & Co., 399.
Latta, W. C, 41, 44, 47.
Laurent, E., 470, 942.
Lavalard, E., 4.
Lavall6e, M. P., 1032.
Laveran, 890.
Lavergne, 656.
Lavoux, F., 246.
Law, J., 394.
Laxa, O., 722.
Lazenby, W. R., 248, 346, 347, 367,
4.53.
Lea, A. M., 167, 1067.
Leach, A. E., 79, 387, 823.
Leal, M., 316.
Leather, J. W., 745, 1082.
Leavitt, R. G., 149.
Leavitt, R. Y., 219.
Leblanc, P., 194, 491.
Lebrun, O., 95.
Le Calve, 191.
Lechartier, G., 318, 319.
Leclainche, E., 293, 687, 691, 1089.
Leclerc du Sablon, 312.
Lecomte, H., 45, 941.
Le Comte, O., 1007.
Lecomte, P., 195.
Lee, F. S., 781.
Lee, J. G., 834, 841, 878.
Leenhardt-Pomier, J., 648.
Lefflngwell, C. W., jr., 648.
Leffmann, H., 319.
L6ger, L., 273, 698, 870.
Legrand, E., 1018.
Le Hello, P., 478.
Lehman, A., 854.
Lehmann, F., 177, 077.
Leiberg, J. B., 452, 955.
Leichmann, G., 787.
Leichtlin, M., 613.
Lelong, B. M., 246.
Lemmermann, O., 7.33, 734, 915.
Lemoine, A., 124.
Lemoine, E., 613.
Leonard, N., 107, 186.
Leonardl, G., 868.
Lepierre, C, 108.
Lermat, H., 090.
Leslie, J., 337.
Lesser, E., 1043.
Letts, E. A., 526.
Leuca, M., 4.50.
Leuschner, A. O., 921.
Levaditi, 94.
Leverett, F., 924.
Lewis, L. L., 091, 692.
Lewkowitsch, J., 1007.
Lidof, A. P., 419.
Liechti, P., 627.
Liggett, W. M., 027.
Lignieres, 885.
Lilienthal, 282, 478, 843, 845.
Limlemuth, H., 854.
Linch, R. I., 613.
Lindet, L., 21, 108, 113, 309, 912.
Lindo, R. H., 235.
Lindon, A. F., 600.
Lindsey, J. B., 281.
Lindstrom, I., 289.
Linfield, F. B., 781.
Linhart, 458.
Linhart, G., 251, 261.
Lipman, J. G., 383.
Lippincott, J. B., 896.
Lippmann, E. O. von, 908.
Liveing, G. D., 926.
Lloyd, E. R., 229, 282, 844, 849, 87^
Lloyd, F. J., 196, 693,716.
Lobner, M., 855.
Lochhead, W., 264, 350, 367, M\
573.
Lockyer, N., 724.
Lockyer, W. .J. S., 724.
Loeb, L., 091.
Loeben, W. von, 309.
Lceper, M., 1093.
Loevi, 6., 196.
Loew, O., 117, 300, .545, 722, 916.
Lohse, O., 419.
Loir, 194.
Lomonosov, P., 939.
Lond, M. D., 916.
Long, J. H., 512.
Long, J. R., 1096.
Lopresti, F., 823.
Lorenz, F., 516.
Lorenz, N. von, 819.
Lorey, T., 663.
Loughridge, R. H., 921, 923.
Lounsbury, C. P., ftS, 09, 491, 861.
Lovison, O., 1009.
Low, G. C, 575, 769.
Lowe, V. H., 271, 423.
Lownes, J., 499.
Lubarsch, O., 892.
Lucas, R., 972.
Lucion, 612.
Ludwig, F., 613.
Lugger, O., 166, 423, 565.
Luhrig, H., 274, 389, 61 1, 780, 879.
Lujena, J., 308.
Lukens, T. P., 6.?1.
Lumbao, C, 969.
Lumbao, S., 361.
INDEX OF NAMES.
1109
Lundy, B. P., UW9.
Liistner, G., 27'2.
Liitcn, D. B.,7y7.
Lutoslawski, 311.
Lutz, L., 31S.
Luxmoore, C. M., 906.
Lye, J., 613.
Lyman, B. S.,426.
Lyman, C. W., 563.
Lyon, T. L., 400, 430, 436,846.
Lyons, C. J., 25.
Lythgoe, H. C, 823.
McAdie, A. G., 27, 314, 831, 101.5.
McAlpine, D., 273, 654.
McBeth, W. A., 732.
McCall, J. M., 800, 893.
McCarthy, D. J., 692.
McCarthy, G., 368.
McCartney, B. F., 664.
McClatchie, A. J., 334, 753, 1031,
1038, 1042, 1043, 1049.
McClure, S. W., 690.
McCreath, J., 485.
McCue, J. J.,878.
MeCulloch, C, 597, 699.
McDonnell, H. B., 38, 324, 378.
McDonnell, M. E., 389, 684.
MeDougall, A., 717.
McDowell, M. S., 875.
McDowell, R. H., 173, 174, 541,
542.
McEachran, 1)., 92.
McFadyean, J., 95, 292, 595, 685,
792, 800.
McGill, A., 370, 731.
McGregor, J., 247.
McHenry, S. A., 150, 850.
Mcllhiney, P. C, 419.
McKay, A. B., 244.
McKeown, G. M., 443.
McKim, L., 80.
McLaln, J. E., 99.
McReynolds, A. B., 100.
Mabery, C. F., 20.
MacBride, T. H., 732, 733.
MacDougall, R. S.,158.
Macfadyen, A., 913, 916.
MacFarland, P., 505.
Macfarlane, J. M., 613.
Macfarlane, T., 370.
Mackay, A., 535, 548, 5.59, 588.*
Mackenzie, D. F., 154.
Jlackcnzie, W. C, 478.
MacMahon, P., 167, 220.
Macoun, W. T., 338, 535, 548, 561,
570, .580, 665.
Maercker, M., .531, 901.
Magnus, P., 359, 463, ]0,>1.
Mahon, J., 478, 485, 588, 677.
Maiden, J. H., 248, 319.
Maire, R., 222, 1015.
Maizieres, 130, 249, 737.
Makhorka, 943.
Maiden, W. .T., 2.34.
Malet, 477.
Malfatti, H., 1077.
Malfitano, G., 916, 989.
Malherbe, H., 191.
Maliniak, M., 910.
Mally, C. W., 168.
Malone, J. S., 600.
Malpeaux, L., 739, 978.
Manget, 676, 1007.
Man gin, L., 462, 567.
Mann, K., 516.
Mannagetta, G. R. B. von, 462.
Mansholt, R. J., 935.
Mansholt, T., 441.
Mansholt, U. J., 125.
Manso dc Ziliiiga, V. C, 195.
Manson, P., 663.
Maquenno, L., 758.
Marboutin, F., 1023.
Mareas, L., 177.
Marchal, E., 254, 359, 656, 767.
Marchal, P., 977.
Marchlewski, L., 313.
Marcum, J. B., 300.
Marek, J., 1094.
Marie-Davy, F., 921.
Marion, 676, 1007.
Markus, H., 992.
Marlatt, C. L., 67, 166, 869.
Marmier, L., 1056.
Marre, E., 449, 852, 1036.
Marriott, W., 1017.
Marsac, 1083.
Marshall, C. E., 293, 984, 986, 987.
Marshall, F. R., 899.
Marshall, H. W., 990.
Martel, H., 193.
Martel, M. H., 676.
Martin, C. F., 92.
Martinand, V., 716.
Martinet, G., 636, 760.
Martini, 309.
Martini, T., 837.
Martinotti, F., 318.
Martins, L., 109.
Marvin, C. F., 25, 119, 425, 1018.
Marvvick, J., 462.
Marx, 492.
Marx, H., 1094.
Mascart, E., 516.
Massalongo, C, 658.
Massee, G., 156, 262, 314, 573, 656,
878.
Massey, W. F., 444.
Masters, M., 600.
Mathews, E., 1092.
Mathews, F. S., 1046.
Mathey, A., 643, 958.
Matruchot, L., 94.
Matteucci, R. V., 717.
Matthews, C. W., 108.
Mattirolo, O., 300.
Matzuno, H., 958.
Matznschitka, T., 597.
Mauldin, W. H., 999.
Maurizio, A., 300.
Maxwell-Lefroy, H., 661.
Maxwell, W., 440, 1033.
May, D. W., 503.
May, H. B., 613.
Mayer, C, 196.
Mayer, G., 1091.
Mayer, P., 423.
Mayet, V., 974, 1067.
Maynard, S. T., 344, 369.
Mayr, H., 652.
Maz6, P., 25, 37, 313, 348.
Mazzini, G., 1093.
Mead, C. E., 526, 538, 539, 570,
580, .587.
Mead, E., 397, 496, 500, 895, 89',l.
Mead, H. O., 953.
Meade, R. K., 1005.
Means, T. H., 522.
Meehan, T., 613.
Meehan, W. E., 678.
Meerwarth, H., 869.
Mehring, H., 419.
Meijere, J. C. H. de, 1069.
Mell, P. H., 433.
Mellor, J. W., 478.
Mennicke, H.; 21, 308.
Menzel, A., 21.
Mer, E., 456, 1064.
Mercer, W. F., 273.
Mergelman, C. F., 499.
Merriam, C. H., 1098.
Merrifield, F., 974.
Merrill, E. D., 219, 911, 1013.
Merrill, L. A., 631.
Merrill, L. H., 69, 78, 516, 586,
776, 873.
Mery, 488.
Mesle, L., 345.
Methner, T., 1006.
M(5tin, 489.
Metzger, P., 908.
Meyer, 1088.
Meyer, A., 722.
Meyer, D., 1020, 1024.
Meyran,855.
Miall,L.C.,870.
Michaelis, G.,722.
Michaelsen, W., 617.
Michaud,G.,317.
Micko,K., 379, 1045.
Middleton, T. H., 441, 442, 759.
Migula,W.,117,320.
Miller, A. G., 647.
Miller, H.K., 477.
Miller, L. P., 1044.
Miller, M.F., 697.
Milliau, 477.
Mills, J. W., 245.
Milne, J., 920.
Milner.R.D., 476, 1071.
Minangoin, N.,55.
Mingazzini, P., 394.
Mitchell, C. A., 476, 676.
Mitchell, G.E., 397.
Mitchell, W.H., 831, 1015.
Mitchell, W.L., 280.
Mitscherlich, A., 610.
Miyo.shi,M., 519, 10.53.
Mobius, M.,912.
Moffat, J. A., 264, 265.
Mohr,K.,965.
1110
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Moline,L.E.,195.
Moliseh, H.,118.
M611er,A.,39-2.
Molliard,M.,462,572.
Moinseu,C.,5S9,679.
Monahan, A. C, 28, 316, 619.
Monfallet,D.,892.
Montanari,C.,1004.
Monte, E. del, 520.
Montemartiui, L., 1056.
Monvoisin, 745, 1031.
Mooers, C. A., 324, 330, 345, 1029.
Moore, J. S. , 220, 234, 288, 883.
Moore, X.L.C, 760.
Moore, R. A., 42.
Moore, V. A., 292, 389.
Moore, W.H., 290.
Moore, W.L., 1017.
Moreau, P.,177.
Moreno, P., 999.
Moreno y Anda, M., 42.5, 1018.
Morgan, H. A., 186, 41.5.
Morgenroth, 1083.
Morgenthaler,J.,360.
Morice,F.D.,972.
Morimont, 107.
Morkowine, N. , 112.
Morley,C.,973.
Morosov,G.,525.
Morpurgo,G.,1007.
Morren,r. W.,55.
Morris, C, 1023.
Morris, D., 649, 799.
Morris, G.H., 916.
Morris, O.M., 648.
Morse, F.W., 226.
Morse, M. A., 368.
Moser,C.,179.
Moszeik, F.,733.
Mottet, S. , 5.59, 9f>4, 1014, 1046.
Mottier,D. M.,215.
Moudy,R.B.,1097.
Mouillefert,P.,456.
Moussu,G.,293.
Muel,E.,456.
Miihl.schegel,721.
Muir,E.S.,887.
Muir,R.,96.
Mukerji,N.G.,975.
Muller,F.,394.
Muller,P.,379,477,890.
Muller-Thurgau, H., 464, 963, 906.
Mulliken,S. P.,"gi2.
Mumford,H.W.,27.5.
Munch, A., 981.
Muncy.V. K.,521.
Miinford,W.,600.
Munro,A.,86S.
Munro,J.M.H.,102r,.
Munson,E.L., 170.
Munson,T. V.,446.
Munson,W.M.,68.
MiinU, A.,1022.
Miirkland,C.S.,406,407.
Murphy, G.H., 780.
Murray, J. A., 222, 389, 4 11, 642.
Murrin,\V. A.,259.
Musson,C. T.,.565.
Muttrich,522,653.
Myers, J. A., 1000.
Myers, W.S., 426.
Myrick,H.,337.
Nagel,I.,308.
Nagle,J.C.,398.
Nakaseko,R.,981.
Nash, C.C, 450.
Nattan-Larrier, L., 993.
Naumann, 22.
Navarro, L.,61.
Nawaschin, S., 358.
Naylor, G. G., 867.
Neale, A. T., 435, 443, 481, 739.
Needham, J. G., 870.
Neff, J. B., 151.
Neish, J., 732.
Nelson, A., 138, 1015.
Nelson, J., 390.
Nelson, S. B., 380.
Nencki, M., 188.
Nerking, J., 1077.
Nesnil, 890.
Nesom, G. E., 291.
Ness, H., 139.
Nessler, J., 1057.
Nestler, A., 422.
Nettleton, E. S., 097, 1000.
Neubauer, H., 714.
Neuberth, 840.
Neumann, A., 21.
N6ve, L., 562.
Nevill, R. S., 1039.
Newell, F. H., 696,797,1090,1098.
Newell, L. C, 219.
Newman, C. C, 151.
Newman, C. L., 1034.
Newman, G., 117.
Newman, J. S., 475, 943.
Newport, H., 246, 1045.
Newton, W., 131.
Nichols, E. R., 299.
Nicholson, G., 247.
Nicholson, H. H., 426, 442, 478,
491, 840.
Niebel, W., 395.
Nielsen, L. C, 1081.
Nielsen, N. P., 398.
NUes, E. P., 597.
Nissen, C, 849.
Nixon, C. W., 899.
Noack, C, 392.
Nobbe, F., 113, 827, 1013.
Nocard, E., 394, 489, 491, 1088.
No6, G., 790.
Noll, F., 912.
Norfolk, J. J. T., 952.
Norgaard, V. A., 597.
Norris, C. W., 618.
North, A. J., 423.
Nourse, D. O., 672, 695.
Novy, F. G., 118.
Nuttall, G. H. F., 293, 600.
Nutter, F. H., 55.
Nutter, J. W., 300.
Nypels, P., 300.
Obach, K., 1.52.
O'Callaghan, M. A., 788, 986, 1082.
Ogden, A. W., 213, 214, 280.
O'Harra, C. C, 1098.
Oilar, R. D., 612.
Olafsen, O., 143.
Oldham, C. D., 999.
Olds, n. W., 830, 831.
Omelianski, v., 115, 118, 722.
Ono, N., 314, 1014.
Oppenheim, O., 490.
Oppenheimer, C, 916.
Oppokov, E., 526.
Orman, J. B., 699.
Ormerod, E. A., 1059.
Orpet, E. O., 4.51.
Orton, W. A., 214, 249, 255, 258,
259, 261.
Ortona, C, 1080.
Osborn, H., 368.
Osborne, T. B., 512, 513, 514.
Osgood, W. H., 617, 830.
O'Shea, M. V., 676.
Ostersetzer, J., 934.
Ostertag, R., 392, 393.
Ostrander, J. E., 28, 220, 316, 619,
918.
Otis, D. H., 142, 332, 333, 472.
Otsuki, U., 989.
Outram, T. S., 425, 1017.
Pacottet, P., 573.
Paddock, W., 59, 61, 200, 262.
Page, J., 25.
Pagnoul, A., 131, 1028.
Pague, B. S., 1015.
Pailhert, F., 693.
Paira-Mall, L., 587.
Pairault, A., 1076.
Pakhomoff, P., 1082.
Palladin, W., 112, 310.
Palmer, G. A., 1078.
Palmer, T. S., 423, 616, 617, 830,
831.
Pammel, L. H., 962.
Panautovic, 132.
Panncrtz, F., 515.
Papaz, A. N., 713.
Parashchuck, S., 822.
Parfondry, J., 462.
Paris, G., 1007.
Park, H. W., 1079.
Parker, A. H., 108.
Parker, K. W., 736.
Parker, R., 4.51.
Parkes, A. E., 1007.
Parkin, J., 4-51, 1011.
Parkinson, G. C, 1099.
Parrot, P. J., 200,400, G63.
Partheil, A., 516.
Pa.sserini, N., 933, 9%.
Paterson, J. W., 443, 478.
Patten, A. .T., 200.
Patterson, F. W., Ooli.
Patterson, H. J., 174, 624, 637, 930.
Patterson, J. K., 415.
Patton, 0. A., 120, 919
Paturel, G., 1024.
INDEX OF NAMES.
1111
Paulcke, W., 1066.
Paullin, C. O., 1015.
Paulsen, 920.
Paulson, R., 65S.
Pawlowsky, A. D., 389.
Payne, J. E., 297.
Pay.san, W., 131.
Peacey, E., C92.
Pearson, A. N., 339.
Pearson, L., 684, 686, 691, 886.
Pearson, R. A., 89, 986.
Peer, F. S., 496.
Peglion, v., 195, 461, 77.'j, 966.
Pellerin, M., 478.
Pellet, H., 107, 716.
Penny, C. L., 861.
Percival, J., 719.
Perkins, G. H.,269.
Perkins, W. R., 213, 222, 234, 504.
1022.
Perlcy, C. W., 780.
Pernot, E. F., 10-52, 1092.
Pernter, J. M., 122, 920.
Perrand, J., 167, 360, 858.
Perroncito, E., 168, 892.
Peter, 395, 890.
Peter, A. M., 130, 516, .526, 530,
547, 593, 1026.
Petermann, A., 596.
Peters, A. T., 487, 488, 691, 908.
Peters-Hiltner, 786.
Petersen, E., 308.
Petersen, P. V. F., 681, 1081.
Peterson, C. W., 425.
Petit, G., 1093.
Petit, R. H., .575.
Pettee, C. H., 120, 1095.
Pettenkofer, M. von, 699.
Pettersson, E., 776.
Pfeiffer, T., 443, 700, 733, 734, 781.
Pfluger, E.. 171, 981, 1077.
Phelps, C. S., 413, 1016, 1025, 1028,
1082, 1085.
Phillips, J. L., 164.
Phisali.x, C, 892.
Piaz, A. M. dal, 241, 794.
Pickering, S. U., 641, 645, 646,
648, 6.54, 747, 749, 758, 772.
Pickett, J. S., 475, 943.
Pierce, N. B., 762.
Pieters, A. J., 2.51, 458, 7.58, 10,51.
Pietrusky, K., 102.5.
Pilhashy, B. M., 21.
Pillsbury, D. R., 344, 745.
Pillsbury, J. F., 645.
Pinchot, G., 455.
Piper, C. v., 911.
Pitra, J., 1024.
Pittuck, B. C, 150, 850.
Planchon, L., 718.
Plateau, F., 163.
Ploch, E., 177.
Plot, J., 211.
Plumb, C. S., 178, 677, 876, 1075.
Poda, H., 379.
Podwyssotzki, \V., 685.
Poincar^, A., 317.
Pollacci, G., 313.
Pollock, .1. B., 24.
Polowinkin, I'., 994.
Pomorski, J. M., 839.
Pond, G. G., 697.
Pool, J. F., 820.
Popenoe, E. A., 466, 855.
Porchet, F., 519. "
Post, H., 451.
Posternak, S., 313.
Potel, H., 462, 656.
Potrat, C, 1043.
Potter, C. H., 246, 499.
Potter, E. H., 61.
Potter, M. C, 256.
Pou, R. W., 9.52.
Powell, E. P., 451.
Powell, F. M., 451.
Powell, G. E., 558, 1044.
Powell, G. H., 753, 761, 771, 775.
852.
Powell, N. S., 20.
Pozerski, 916.
Pozzi-Escot, M. E., 195.
Praasnitz, W., 379.
Preble, E. A., 1098.
Prescott, S. C, 876.
Preyer, A., 451.
Prianishnikov, D., 519.
Price, H. C, 374, 899.
Price, H. L., 164, 1017.
Price, R. H., 139, 558.
Price, T., 954.
Priego, J. M., 236.
Prillieux, 664.
Prince, A. H., 952.
Prin.sen-Geerligs, H. C, 195.
Prohaska, K., 521.
Prout, L. B., 972.
Provan, J. P., 867.
Pum, 1045.
Pyle, W. L., 877.
Quaintance, A. L.,.50, 61, 62, 14S,
469,860,962.
Quinn, G., 1046.
Rabate, E., 798.
Rabieaux, A., 294,888,990.
Raciborski, M., 461, 1050, 10.57.
Raikow, P. N., 108.
Railliet, 894.
Raineri, G., 1100.
Rambant, A. A., 731.
Ramm, E., 90,589,679.
Ramsey, A., 500,721.
Ramstad, B., 590.
Rane, F. W., 341,414,449,4.50,699,
1039.
Ranke, K. E., 877.
Rankin, D. R., 90.
Rasmu.ssen, P. B., 980.
Rathay, E., 500.
Ratz, S. von, 491,792,793.
Raudnitz, R. W., 108.
Ravaz, L., 151, 247, 260, 262, 464,
,571, 648.
Ravenel, M. P., 686,690, 691, 692.
Rawson, W. W., 952.
Rayen, W. C, 790.
Raymond, .T. H.,999.
Raynaud, 1038.
Reakes, C. ,1., 892.
Redding, R. J., 137,986,992.
Redikorzew, W., 973.
Redtenbacher, .1., 1068.
Reeb, 912.
Reed, C. D., 831.
Reed, J. H., 391,4.50,753.
Reed, W. M., 99,895.
Regenbogen, 793.
Reh, L., 162, 770,869,870.
Reicher, L. T., 1083.
Reinhard, K., 476.
Reinhardt, 395.
Reinitzer, F., 912.
Reinmann, R., 680. '
Reinsch, A., 389,879.
Reiss, 653.
Reitmair, O., 839.
Remington, J. S., 214.
Remy, T., 42,46,47,233,941.
Repp, J. J., 597,601.
Reuter, E., 68,970.
Reychler, A., 1005.
Reynolds, J. B., 316,317,318,320.
Rhodes, A., 4*4.
Rhodin, S., 1036.
Rice, C. L., 619,918.
Richards, E. H., 676.
Richards, J. W., 20.
Richards, T. W., 22.
Richaud, A., 313.
Richet, C, 393, 791.
Richmond, H. D., 179,212,679.
Richter, A., 300.
Richter, R., 308.
Rickmann, 792, 866, 893.
Rideal, S., 780.
Ridenbaugh, M. E., 1099.
Rider, A. J., 1046.
Ridgaway, C. B., 1016.
Ridgely, B. H., 166.
Riegler, E., 1005.
Ries, H., 221,1098.
Riiber, S. H., 211.
Riley, W. A., 6.57.
Rimbaeh, A., 313.
Rimpau, W., 941.
Ringelmann, M., 177, 1096.
Ripley, G. E., 720.
Rippert, P., 736.
Ritter, G., 722.
Ritzema-Bos, J., 260,359,360.
Rizpolozhenski, 701.
Robert, J. C, 890.
Roberts, G. H., 1093.
Robert.^, H. F., 998.
Roberts, I. P., 413.
Robertson, .1. T., 1037.
Robertson, J. W., 559.
Robertson, R., 535,587,588,593.
Robertson, R. A., 658.
Robertson, W"., 1082.
Robertson, W. O., 394.
Rocques, X., 196.
1112
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Roller, 790.
Roedel, H., 307.
Eoeding, G. C, 753.
Roger, H., 393.
Roger, v., 251.
Rogers, L., 663.
Rogers, L. A., 287,289.
Rogoyski, C, 124.
Kohrer, S., 1076.
Rolfc, R. A., 612.
Rolfs, F. M., 600.
Rolfs, P. H., 61.
Rombaut, 150.
Romer, P., 489.
Romero, M., 246.
Romijn, G., 308.
Rommel, G. M., 899.
Ronna, A., 599, 898.
Roos, h., 648, 795, 995.
Rorig, 468, 577, 616, 617.
Rosa, E. B., 100, 379.
Rose, J. N., 24.
Rosenberg, O., 313.
Rosenheim, O., 981.
Rosenthal, G., 393.
Rosentiehl, A., 118.
Ross, 80.
Ross, B. B., 299.
Ross, D. W., 895.
Ross, M. N., 388, 395.
RiJssing, A., 476, 477.
Rostrup, E., 261.
Rostrup, O., 251, 252.
Rotch, A. L., 920.
Rothrock, J. T., 651, 1049.
Rothschild, H. de, 501, 786.
Rothwell, T. A., 1091.
Rouget, C, 489.
Rous.«eaux, E., 995, 1022.
Rouxel, 1077.
Rowe, R. B., 1098.
Rowland, S., 913, 916.
Roze, E., 942.
Rubay, P., 491.
Rubner, M., 981.
Rueker, A. W., 920.
Ruffin, A., 181.
Ruffin, J. N., 337.
Ruhland, W., 422.
Riimker, von, 902.
Rumpf, T., 79.
Rumpler, A., 21.
Runyan, E. G., 50.5.
Rupp, G., 214.
Ruppin, E., 716.
Rusby, H. n., 954.
Russell, H. C, 833.
Russell, H. L., 84, 87, 88, 89, 92, 801.
Rykatcheff, M., 831, 834, 920.
Saccardo, P. A., 359.
Sad tier, S. P., 715.
Sage, E. M., 965.
Saida, 490.
Saito, K., 422.
Sajo, K., 663, 830.
Salfeld, 548.
Salisbury, O. B., 754.
Salmon, D. E., 39.5, 48x.
Salmon, E. S., 161.
Salter, C, 942.
Salvador, P. L., 696.
Salzer, R., 336.
Sambon, L. W., 769, 1068.
Sanders, F. W., 997.
Sanderson, E. D., 861, 970.
Sani, G., 648.
Sarce, C, 424.
Sardeson, F. W., 921.
Sargent, A. B., 580.
Sargent, C. L., 222, 727.
Satunin, K. A., 830.
Saunders, D. A., 547.
Saunders, W. (Canada), 134,320,
339, 535, 561, 753, 1044.
Saunders, W. (U. S. D. A.), .300.
Saylor, C. F., 742.
Seala, A., 676.
Seard, F. J., 642.
Searlata, G. 123.
Schaaf, E., 144, 1038.
Schaer, E., 426.
Schaffner, J. H., 219.
Schaible, F., 909.
Schattenfroh, A., 981.
Scheele, G. H. von, 288.
Scheibe, A., 908.
Scheibel, 1093.
Schellenberg, 754, 794. ,
Sfhellenberg, H. C, 42.
Schellhorn, B., 722, 916.
Scherpe, R., 108.
Schidrowitz, P., 289.
Schierbeck, N. P., 485, 688.
Schierholz, K., 835.
Schiller-Tietz, 867.
Schionning, H., 912.
Schlagdenhauffen, 912.
Sehlegel, H., 965.
Schlesinger, E., 1084.
Schlich, W., 247, 453, 454.
Schloesing, T., 36, 609.
Schmidt, 394, 780.
Schmidt, A., 920.
Schmidt, J. S. H., 478.
Schmutzer, 95.
Schneebeli, A., 617.
Schneider, G., 893.
Schneider, J., 392.
Schneidewind, W., 728.
Schober, J. H., 455.
Scholl, R., 109.
Schondorff, B., 587.
Schou, R., 498.
Schoyen, W. M., 467.
Schreiber, 1093.
Schreiber, C, 62, 548.
Schrenk, H. von, 122, .340, 765,
1054.
Schribaux, E.. 2.51, 8.50, 9-11.
Schroeder, C, 992.
Schrott. H., 185, 186.
Schubert, J., 522.
Schucht, L., 429.
Schulte,-J. I., 23^
Schulthoiss, C, 921.
Schulz, E. E., 425.
Schulze, E., 1012.
Schumacher, T., 589.
Schumann, K., 614.
Schumm, O., 79.
Sehiimmhof, 791.
Schunck, C. A., 23.
Schiinhoff, 395.
Schiirmayer, B., 290.
Schuster, J., 300.
Schiitte, H., 417.
Schiitz, E., 982.
Schiitz, J., 214, 471.
Schutz, W., 194, 884.
Schiitze, 69.
Schuyler, J. D., 896.
Schwammel, M., 793.
Schwappach, 653, 958.
Schwarz, 423.
Schwarz, F., 653.
Schwarz, G. F., 456.
Schweinitz, E. A. de, 490.
Scott, R. H., 122.
Scott, \V., 152, 1044.
Scott, VV. M., 861.
Scovell, M. A., 130, 412, 586, 1026.
Scribner, F. Lamson, 24, 219,
421, 442, 911, 1013.
Scudder, H., 612.
Scudder, S. H., 166.
Sease, L. A., 999.
Sebelien, J., 221.
Seegert, 194.
Seelhorst, C. von, 4.5, 132. 114, 3 lo.
Seelig, W., 464.
Seguin, L.', 693.
Seibt, 652.
Seidlitz, G., 972.
Selby, A. D., 349,^358, 359, 036.
Sellergren, G., 178.
Semichon, L., 195.
Sempolowski, A., 1037.
Senderens, J. B., 360.
Serkowsky, S., 389.
Sessions, W. R., 388.
Sestini, F., 124.
Setchell, W. A., 1014.
Shanks, R., 185.
Sharpe, T. A., 535, 548, 753.
Shaw, G. W., 343, 419, 443, 445,
471, 476, 906, 907, 942, 943.
Shaw, R. H., 400.
Shaw, R. S., 849.
Shaw, R. T., 72.
Shaw, T., 45.
Shear, C. L., 615, 941.
Shepard, J. H., .547.
Sheppard, J. L., 279.
Shepperd, J. H., 233, 979.
Sheririgham, H. C, 633.
Sherman, H. C, 871.
Shimck, B., 732.
Shinn, C. H., 945, 954.
Shipley, A. E., 889.
Shirai, M., 572.
Sliirasawa, H., 154, 652.
INDEX OF KAMES.
1113
Shirokikh, I., 663, 677.
Shulzhenko, I., 96.
Shutt, F. T., 518, 526, 527, 530. 564,
581, 586, 589.
Shuttleworth, A. E., 308, 325,33.s,
507.
Sibirtzev, N., 704.
Siebel, J. E., 197.
Siedel, J., 881.
Siegf eld, M . , 185, 212, 786, 883, 884.
Sigmond, A. von, 640, 907.
Sikorzhiiiski, 701.
Simt'on, A., 464.
Simon, 1.50.
Simon, L., 152.
Simonet, F., 858.
Simons, F. D., 823.
Sinclair, A., 497.
Sintenis, F., 469.
Sion, v., 4»9.
Sirrine, F. A., 415.
Sisgne, F,, 122.
Sjobring, X., 193.
Sjollema, B., 141, 436, 877.
Sjostedt, Y., 273, 576.
Sjostrom, A., 1097.
Skinner, H., 168.
Skinner, R. P., 399.
Skinner, W. W., 1038.
Skraup, Z. H., 309.
Slingerland, M. V., 63, 468, 469,
470, 973, 974.
Slosson, E. E., 1008, 1021, 1097.
Smets, G., 1026, 1039.
Smith, C. D., 90, 143.
Smith, E. F., 653.
Smith, F. B., 100.
Smith, G., 219.
Smith, G. A., 1083.
Smith, G. P., 398.
Smith, G. W., 649.
Smith, H. S., 394.
Smith, J. B., 268, 365, 367, 369, 415,
971, 975, 1062, 1067.
Smith, J. G., 414, 615, 911, 1001'
1043.
Smith, J. P., 39, 68.
Smith, J. W., 346.
Smith, R. E., 253, 257, 764, 85*;.
Smith, R. G., 314, 719.
Smith, S. P., 791.
Smith, Theobald, 489.
Smith, Thorn, 280.
Smith, W. G., 261, 461.
Smythe, W., (;i3.
Smythe, W. E., 397.
Snow, B. W., 641.
Snyder, H., 279, 320, 780.
Soave, M., 518.
Soderbaum, H. G., 1006.
Solomon, V., 8S7.
SomervUle, \V., 75, 178, 185.
Sommerfeld, P., 908.
Sonne, C, 233.
Sonsino, P., 67.
Sorauer, P., 360, 965.
Sorenseu, C, 225.
Sostegni, L., 657.
Sotgia, G., 884.
Soukochev, V., 859.
Soule, A. M., 312, 319, 320, 337, 379,
388, 396, 799, 1035, 1038.
Souleyre, A., 732.
Southwick, J. M., 664, 774.
South worth, T., 248.
Spampani, G., 421.
Sparkes, C. W., 974.
Sparre, F., 516.
Spasski, N., 178.
Specht, L., 516.
Speir, J., 138.
Spencer, J., 1100.
Spengler, C, 1094.
Spiegel, L., 21.
Spillman, W. .1., 234.
Splendore, A., 359.
Sporr, R., 1.51.
Spyeshuefl, 825.
Staes, G., 359, 360, 361.
Stahl, E., 314, 1014.
Stahl-Schroder, M., 526.
Staneck, V., 108.
Stanfleld, R., 197.
Stankewitch, B. W., 725.
Stannard, J. D., 99.
Stapp, J., 261.
Stebler, P. G., 456.
Steglich, 965.
Steiger, E., 615.
Stein, S., 214.
Steinbach, 792.
Steinegger, R., 684.
Steinmetz, H., 296, 694.
Stephenson, J., 780.
Stetson, F. O., 119.
Stevenson, J., 426.
Stewart, C, 1015.
Stewart, F. C., 55, 154, 1.56, 271,
359, 964, 1055.
Stewart, G. L., 200.
Stewart, J., 317, 522, 699, 710.
Stewart, J. A., 198.
Stewart, J. D., 792.
Stewart, J. H., 73, 226, 430, 437.
Stift, A., 1.58, 462.
Stinson, J. T., 151.
Stock, A., 418.
Stockbridge, H. E., 778, 1036.
Stockton, C. G., 877.
Stocky, A., 882.
Stoffel, B., .562.
Stokes, A. W., 590.
Stoklasa, J., 37, 225, 325, 3.59, 614,
1024.
Stolle, F., 753.
Stone, B. H., 884.
Stone, G. E., 2.53, 257, 414, 732, 767,
856, 1056.
Stone, H., 456.
Stone, J. L., 335.
Storch, v., 1081.
Stout, O. V. P., 197, 895.
Stratton, S. W., 900.
Straub, W., 177.
Straus, H., 177.
Street, J. P., 321, 378, 810.
Struwc, H., 38.
Strzyzowski, C., 389.
Stuart, 0., 613.
Stuart, W., 48, 53, 57, 768, 1040.
Stubbs, J. E., 404.
Stubbs, W. C, 2, 130, 168,438, 741.
Studeusky, 178.
Stuhlmann, 657.
Stump, J. A., 99.
Sturgis, W. C, .542, 565, 567, 568,
570, 1099.
Stutzer, A., 118,700,1025.
Sudworth, G. B., 955,956,1098.
Summers, H. E., 664,665.
Summers, W. L., 468.
Supf, K., 143.
Siiss, P., 908.
Sutherland, W., 926.
Sutor, J. H., 248,4.56.
Sutton, F., 515.
Suzuki, U., 219,310.
Sverdrup, U., 296.
Sweetzer, W. S., 927.
Swendsen, G. L., 89.5.
Swicker, 95.
Taft, L. R., 236.
Talman, C. F., 1015.
Tambon, 908,1006.
Tammes, T., 1049.
Tancr<5, 849.
Tanfilyev, G., 838.
Tangl, M., 72.
Tapie, X., 580.
Tarnani, J., 69.
Tartakovsky, M. G., 491,692.
Taylor, F. W., 697.
Teisserenc de Bort, L., 725,920.
Ten Broeck, H., 25,831.
Ten Eyek, A. M., 516.
Tennent, J. H., 886.
Teodoresco, E. C, 109, 110.
Tepper, J. G. O., 272.
Terre, L., 67.
Thaisz, L. von, 350.
Thatcher, R. W., 274.
Theobald, F. V., 492,862,870,893.
TheuiiLs, A., 91.
Thi6baut, V., 166.
Thiele, E.,4.56.
Thiele, H., 308, 612.
Thiele, P., 45.
Thomas, C. H., 699.
Thomas, E., 369.
Thomas, M. B., 855.
Thomas, W. A., 394,893.
Thomaschewski, P., 419.
Thomp.son, G. F., 488,878,1077.
Thompson, R., 753.
Thompson, W., 692.
Thompson, W. O., 410.
Thorns, G., 701.
Thomson, G. S., 889,593,879.
Thomson, H. M., 226,279.
Thornber, W. S., 552.
Thome, C. E., 127.
1114
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Thresh, J. G., 319.
Tiemaun, W., 47.
Tillinghast, J. A., 338, 634, 735,
737, 740, 935, 1030.
Tilsoii, P. S., 100.
Timberg, G., 1090.
Timpe, H., 286.
Tinsley, J. D., 99,425.
Todaro, F., 960,961.
Todd, C, 022.
Todd, J. K., 897.
Tollens, B., 113,309,93«.
Tommasina, T.,725.
Tonnelier, A. C, 143.
Tonzig, C, 599.
Toogood, E. K., 753,754.
Torssell, B., 381.
Tourney, J. W. , 452, 455, 458, 463.
T(jwar, J. 1). , 540, 620, 023, 631 , (;30,
639.
Town, F. E., 452.
Townsend, C. O., 572, .581, 959.
Tourg(5e, A. W., 179.
TourniiSroux, J. A., 178.
Trabut, 613, 048, 852, 853, 1037.
Tracy, S. M., 346.
Trampe, A., 941.
Traphagen, F. W., 822.
Trebignaud, C, 55, 648, 1045.
Trelease, W., 952.
Trimble, R. E., 220, 222.
Troester, C.,95.
Troop, J., r)4,854.
Trotter, J. R., 999.
Truchon, R., 108.
Truchot, C, 262,300,574.
True, A. C, 198, 297, 410, 476,497,
697.
True, G. H., 1074.
True, R. H., 1010.
Truelle.A., 2.5,51.5.5.
Truffaut, G., 851.
Tryon, H., 270, 465.
Tscherweniwanow, N., 108.
Tschireh, A., 519.
Tubeuf, V. von, 403, .573, 055, 1057.
Tucker, G. M., 113, 309.
Tiimpel, R., 974.
Tnnnecliffe, F. W., 981.
Turnbull, R. E., 288.
Turner, E. T., 28.
Turner, J. D., 300.
Turner, W., 853.
Tutkowski, 732.
Tutt, J. \V., 1068.
Tyler, A. A., 1055.
Tyson, B., 953.
Uhl, 186.
Ullberg, r., 296.
Ullmann, M., 38, 123.
Ulrieh, R., 233, 934.
Ulsch, K., 107.
Unwin, W. C, 7.57.
Utra, G. d', 3(H), 309, 442, 716, 732,
1093.
Vacher, M., 177.
Vaerst, K.,993.
Valagussa, F., 1080.
Valder, G., 144, 270, 442, 1078.
Valentine, C. J., 09.
Valet, D., 121.
Valeton, T., 958.
Vallee, H., 293, 687, 691, 894, 10.v. .
Vanatter, P. O., 349, 1035.
Van Bijlert, A., 743.
Van Breda de Haan, J., 462.
Van Cappelle, H., 837.
Van den Broeck, E., 622.
Vanderplanken, J., 108.
Vandervaeren, J., 122.
Vanderyst, H., 359, 572 6.56.
Van Epps, J. S., 753.
Vanino, L., 611.
Van Norman, H. E., 96, 107.5.
Van Rijn, J. J. L., 880.
Van Romburgh, P., 346, 827.
Van Slyke, L. L., 38, 67, 226, 1026.
Vanutberghe, H., 455.
Vassiliere, F., 776.
Vauchez, A., 977.
Veatch, A. C, 221.
Veitch, F. P., 300, 410.
Vejdov.sky, F., 915.
Velsen, J. von, 516.
Vermorel, V., 199, 310, 005, 725
1018.
Vernhout, J. H., 110.
Vernon, J. J., 99.
Ver.son, E., 190.
Very, F. W., 520, 723.
Viala, E., 598.
Viala, P., 151.
Vidal, D., 240.
Viedma, M. de, 393.
Vieira, L., 017.
Vieth, P., 592, 786, 883.
Vignon, L., 858.
Vilcoq, A., 351.
Villiers, A., 20.
Vlncens, J., 300.
Violle, J., 920.
Virger, 855.
Vissotski, G., 925.
Vivian, A., 19, 39, 88, 220.
Viviaud-Morel, 85.5.
Vivien, A., 1084.
Voelcker, J. A., 132, 253, 1031.
Voglino, P., 657.
Volkart, A., 456.
Voorhees, E. B., 322, 413, 895.
Voorhees, L. A., 378, 508, 840.
Vries, H. de, 109, 421, 612, 613.
Vulte, H. T., 308, 1006.
Wade, E. W., 822.
Wade, M. L., 822.
Wagner, J. J., 898.
Wagner, P., 153, 429.
Waid, C. W., 899.
Wait, C. E., 109.
Waldron, C. B., 51, 55, 245.
Waldron, L. R., 215, 910.
Walker, C. H., 487.
Wallace, 189.
Wallace, H. E., 1099.
Wallace, R. H., 379, 485.
Waller, A. D., 519.
Wallis, H. S., 834.
Walsingham, 09.
Walter, N. F., 338.
Walz, F. J., 119.
Wanklyn, J. A., 418.
Warburg, O., 953.
Ward, A. H., 246.
Ward, A. R., 184.
Ward, C. W., 954.
Ward, E. G., 698.
Ward, H. B., 973.
Waringtoii, R., 39, 428, 526, 529,
841.
Warnier, W. L. A., 108.
Wasmann, E., 1069.
Waters, H. J., 632, 678.
Watkins, J. L., 399.
Watrous, F. L., 299.
Watson, G. C, 875.
Watts, F., 476.
Watts, H. M., 831, 1018.
Waugh, F. A., 151, 238.
Wauters, J., 1083.
Wavelet, 713.
Webber, H. J., 421, 612, 717.
Weber, 360.
Weber, K., 293.
Webster, F. M., 100, 264, 369, 576,
580, 662, 861, 862.
Weed, C. M., 167, 406, 468, 860.
Weeks, H., 613.
Weems, .7. B., 507, 881, 883.
Wehmer, C, 957.
Wehnert, H., 736.
Weibull, M., 214, 225, 289, 1044.
Weigand, W. H., 934.
Weigert, R., 587.
Weinland, E., 177. 877.
Weinzierl, T. R. von, 350, 3.51, 462.
Weinzirl, J., 913, 984.
Weis, F., 327.
Weisberg, J., 107, 823.
Weismaini, A., 973.
Weiss, 463, 464, 573.
Wciss-Wittstock, 319.
Weljamowitsch, W. F., 377.
Weller, S., 732.
Wellington, C, 324.
Wcndeler, P., 313.
Wendenbuseh, J., 938.
Werder, J., 108, 612.
Werenskiold, F. H., 90, 190, 225,
233, 515, 591, 700.
Wermelin, J. H., 1069.
Werner, 399.
Wester, .T., 394.
Weston, R. S., 418.
Wetterwald, X., 616.
Wettstein, 24.
Wetzel, J.. 717.
Wheeler, H. J., 39, 222, 282, 324,
333, 378, 410, 505, 021, 626, 634,
717, 727, 732, 735, 737, 740, 760,
907, 927, 933, 935, 1030.
Wheeler, W. M., 580.
INDEX OF NAMES.
1115
Wheeler, W. P., 270, 282.
Whipple, G. C, 526.
White, A. H., 516.
Wllite, B. O., 222, 224, 226, 236,
273, 282, 288, 429, 430, 472, 877.
White, E. A., 600.
Whitney, M., 36, 235, 320, 412,
426, 443, 522, 527.
Whitten, J. C, 452, 553, 643.
Wieken, P. G., 450.
Wickson, E. J., 345, 936, 954, 9'.«;.
Wiechmann, F. G., 611.
Wider, C, 912.
Wiener, E., 1094.
Wiesner, J., 421, 996.
Wieting, C. A., 641.
Wijs, J. J. A., 516.
Wilcox, E. v., 166, 827, 854, 859,
868, 891, 894.
Wilder, F. A., 732.
Wiley, H. W., 418, 508, 743, 745,
876, 994.
Wilfarth, H., 462, 849.
Wilkinson, W. P., 151, 795.
Will, H., 118, 916.
Willard, J. T., 334.
Williams, C. B., 504.
Williams, I. A., 732.
Williams, M. C, 600.
Williams, R., 419.
WUliams, T. A., 414, 442, 500, 935.
Williams, W. O., 193.
Williamson, G. A., 597.
Willis, J. C, 346.
Willson, G. H., 27.
Wilsdorf, G., 313.
Wilson, H. M., 795.
WiLson, J., 617, 830.
Wilson, J. H., 612.
Wilson, L. L. W., 279.
Wilson, N. E.,.541, 542,593.
Wimmenaner, 653.
Windisch, R., 759.
WindLseh, W., 722, 916.
Wing, H. H., 878.
Wins, H. J., 982.
Winkler, W., 117, 884.
Winogradsky, S., 722.
Winter, J., 587.
Winter, T., 80, 1077.
Winterstein, E., 422.
Winton, A. L., 70, 280, 516, 821.
Wissell, L. von, 428, 510, 516.
Wissotzky, G., 627.
Withers, W. A., 504, 841.
Withycombe, J., 380.
Witt, 792.
Witt, H., 471.
Wittmack, L., 613, 1043.
Woditschka, 958.
Wiihl, E., 975.
Wolfenstein, R., 309.
Wolff, H. W., 498.
Wolff, K., 115.
Wolff, L., 67.
Won, F. W., 39, 46, 71, 77, 81, 84,
91, 226, 400, 485.
Wollison, .7. W., 245.
Wollny, E., 526, 530, 696, 700, 797,
1096.
Wolowski, C, 308.
Wood, E.W., 368.
Wood, J. H., 69.
Wood, J. M., 220.
Wood, T. B., 18, 371, 626, 905.
Woodman, A. G., 676.
Woods, A.F., 216, 217, 300, 413, 460.
Woods, C. D., 69, 78, 140,324,377,
566, 586, 587, 599, 737, 776, 862.
Woodworth, C. W., 64, 415, 862,
975.
Woolman, L.,426.
Woolverton, L., 1044.
Wooster, E. W.,1046.
Woolen, E.O., 99.
Wcirner, E.,20.
Worth, S.G., 521.
Wortmann,J.,573.
Wright, F.B., 831.
Wright, R. P., 937, 942.
Wyer,J.I.,498.
Wythes,G.,444.
Yachevski, A.,859.
Yasuda, A.,422.
Yordal,193.
Yudin,M.L.,490.
Zacharewiez, E., 235, 763, 852.
Zammit,T., 683, 1083.
Zavitz,C.A.,328,942.
Zega,A.,1076.
Zehntner, L., 272, 469, 869, 1067.
Zemyachenski, P. A., 926.
Zhilinski,!. I.,527.
Zincke, E.,392.
Zoffmann,A.,693.
Zolotilov,T.,664.
Zopf, W.,722.
Zsehokke, 952.
Zschokke, E., 193, 687, 1094.
Zukal,H.,461.
Ziirn, 792.
Zurn,E.S.,768,781.
Zweigbergk, G. von, 98.
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
Almtloir tvfiist', Iroatnu'iit willi siilplinric
iicid 131
Abies, resin fiuctsandstreiigtlieiiinK cells.. 827
Abortion, contagious, in cattle, Kan.s 898
notes 791
work oi' Prof. Bang,
Mich 293
Abritxds i/rossii/iiridlit, notes 159
Absorption apparatus, I'eligot, nioditicH-
tion 515
Acacin (Ircnrreiis bark for tanning, Cal 995
melanoxylon, rate of growth 1048
iiiollix^ima bark for tanning, Cal 995
piiciKUitha bark for tanning, ('al 995
Acanthia, bibliography 867
Acarus foUiculorum, remedies 793
Acer negundo, notes, Utah 153
pseudoplata.ius, rate of growth 1048
saccharinum, notes, Utah 153
saccharum, notes, Utah 153
Acetanilid for muscular rheumatism 392
Acetic acid, determination, Haberland's
method 214
effect on germination and
growth of peas 1009
production in i.iilk b.v lactic-
acid bacteria 786
Acetylene illumination, application to
country homes 697
manufacture waste, analyses,
Conn. State 931
Acid, distribution in pears 558
phosphate. (See Superphosphate.)
production by soil bacteria, Del 730
Acids, effect on action of saliva 1077
normal, preparation 715
preparation by electrolysis
of copper sulphate 716
titration 308
toxic, effect on lupines 1010
Acorn bread, food value, Me 78
meal, food value, Me 78
.\corns, experiments in storing 958
food value. Me 78
Acrid ium peregrin um. notes 770
Actinometric measurements in the Pamirs. 725
Actinonietry, paper on 920
Actinomycosis, inspection at Chicago stock
yards 290
notes 68 1, 885, 892
Nebr 488
studies 92, 290
treatment 790
5365— No. 12—01 3
Page.
Actol, uses 1095
Adelges abieticolens, notes, Conn. State 580
Adobe hole, notes, Ariz 798
ACcidiiun nctiVR', notes 462
.ligaleun bechuana, notes 69
Aeronautical committee, report 920
experiments 920
^Eschyiiomene lyirginica., notes, Iai 760
Agalena Vievia, notes 580
Agaricus melleus, notes 360, 464, 573
squarrosus, notes 359
Agave culture in Africa 1044
Agriciiltural—
building at Kansas State ,\gri<'ultural
College 103
the University of Illinois.. 604
colleges and experiment stations in the
United Statics, U. S. D. A 198
education, address 599
in Austria 198
English rural schools 698
Germany 399, 900
rural schools 199
the United States, U. S.
D. A 497
International Congress at
Paris 101
experiment stations. (Ste Experiment
stations.)
experiments and education in the West
Indies 799
at Kothamslcd 599
implements at Paris E.xpositioii 1097
improvements 398
station for testing at Paris. 398
imports and exports of the United
States, U. S. D. A 98, 298, 497, 778
investigations in Alaska, (^ S. D. A 630
libraries in the United States, U. S. D. A. 497
literature, classification, Nebr 498
explanation of scientific
terms 199
machinery in Denmark 296
products of Porto Rico 796
.sciences, bibliographical repertory 199
statistics for Great Britain 399
New Zealand 898
Students' Association, proceedings,
Nebr 497
syndicate in France 498
Agriculture, hydraulic 898
ill .Australia 199
Bosnia 199
1117
1118
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Pagt".
Agriculturo in Denmark 98, 498
Germany 98, 399
Great Britain 98
Herzegovina 199
India, U. S. D. A 399
Norway 199
Russia 1
Switzerland 898
the Grand Ducliy nf Lux-
emburg 898
Rio Grande Valley .... 397
Tropics 498
United States,U.S.D.A. 497
International Congress at Paris 205
AgrHns cuixiut-, notes, U. S. D. A 161
hilineatus, notes, U. S. D. A 161
otioms, notes, U. S. D. A 161
A(jrio(es lineatus, notes 973, 974
obscurus, notes 1060
scgetum, notes 973
sputator, notes 1060
Agropyron repeiis, notes, Nebr 436
tenerum, notes, Nebr 436
Agrostemma gilhago poisoning of cows 394
Agrostological notes, U. S. D. A 911
Agrostology, progress in, U. S. D. A 421
Agroli.i yp.'iilii/} , notes 865
Aiknithiis glnndulosa, notes, Utah 153
Air, composition at different altitudes 731
determination in water 716
flora of semidesert region of New
Mexico 913
liquid, as a reagent 309
effect on ferments 916
purification by sodium dioxid 731
soil 926
respired, poisonous properties 477
temperature as affected by forests 653
treatise 525, 676
Alabama Canebrake Station, notes 600
College, notes 299
Station, financial state-
ment 97
notes 299, 899
report of direc-
tor 97
Albuminoids, new general reaction 419
synthesis 310
Albumoses, conversion into primary pro-
teids 108
nutritive value 478, 676
Alcohol, effect on artificial digestion 477
carbon dioxid and water
excretion 981
lacteal secretion 980
nutrition 980
fumes as a disinfectant 991
nutritive value 780
Alder, epidemic disease 360
green , notes 958
white, notes 562
Alctin argillacru on grapes 69
AleurodeH citri, notes, Fla '. 1058
7iubUans, n. sp., description 1068
vaporariorum, tobacco smoke for,
N.J ...,,,... 140
Page.
Aleurodidse, monograph of American spe-
cies, U. S. D.A 469
Alfalfa, analyses, Nebr 442
N.J 378
as a fertilizer, Wyo 427
affected by alkali, Wyo 431 , 1008
culture, Wyo 430
experiments 745
Colo 229
fertilizer experiments 133,531,641
for cows, Utah 783
green manuring, Ariz 1031
steers, Okla 670
hay, digestibility, Kans 898
for pigs, Kans 898
in eastern Kansas, Kans 898
irrigation, N. Mex 539
Wyo 431
experiments 641
leaf spot, notes. Conn. State 566
notes 143
Can 329
N. Mex ,539
root rot, treatment, Ariz 1055
seed of different regions, compari-
son 457
weed seeds in 457
seeding experiments 441
springtail , remedies 468
Turkestan, culture, Wyo 430
notes, U. S. D. A 329,332
Algpe, growth as affected by different sub-
stances 314, 1014
parasitic, of Java 461, 1057
Alinit bacteria, nitrogen assimilation 37
experiments 336, 338, 532, 739
N. J 352
method of application 614
Alizarin green B as an indicator 213
Alkali, accumulation in irrigated soils, Cal. 923
carbonates, determination in pres-
ence of bicarbonates 819
crucible for determination 419
determination in soils, Wyo 1022
effect on germination ami gmwth of
plants, Wyo 1008
^rowthof citrus fruits, Cal. 923
injuries to plants 621
injurious quantities in soil due to
defective drainage, U. S. ]). A 523
notes, .4riz 798
origin and composition 621
resistant plants 621
salt solutions, evaporation of water
from, W'yo 1009
salts, absorption by plants, Wyo. . . . 1009
soils. {Sec Soils, alkali. )
spots, drainage, N. Mex 526
Alkalimetry, use of succinic acid 308
Alkaloids, plant 1008
AUr^chma laricis, notes 958
Alligator pear, notes 451
AUhtm fistulosum, germination as affected
by light 1049
Almonds, notes, Cal 945
Mich ,.... 237
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1119
Pago.
Aln iiH ijUdinoiM, notes, Utah 153
Alopccin-Hs pralcnsis, analyses, Orcj; 471
Alsiko clover. (.Sec Clover, alsike. ) 471
Alternaria leaf blight, treatment, .\la. Col-
lege ; 5.52
Alternaria polymorpha, n. sp., description .. 718
sp. , notes 359
Mass. Hatch 253
varUDis, n. sp., description 71K
rioUe, notes, U. S. D. A U(;3
Altituilc, effect on rainfall 1017
yield of potatoes (ISO
Alum, determination in wine >>23
logwood test 10(17
Alumina, determination in jihosplialcs .. 107, Uti
Aluminum, determination 1 Hi. lis, (ill
phosphate, analyses, K.I 717
Anibli/omma americanuin, notes 973
lubrseum, notes, V. 8. I). A S61
transmission of heart
water 491
Ambrosia beetles, notes 3»)7, 975
American Cereal Company's Quaker Feeds,
analyses, Conn. State 70
Poultry Food, analyses, R.I 282
Ammonia, apparatus for determination in
water 418
determination in gas liquor 1006
distillation in nitrogen determi-
nation 307
effect on metabolism in sheep . . 874
for destroying nematodes 370
production by soil bacteria, Del . 729
vs. nitrate of soda, fertilizing
value 429
Ammonite, analyses, N. J 840
Ammonium compounds, poisonous effect
on wheat 717
copper carbonate, prepara-
tion, Cal 975
salts for nematodes (12, AKl
sulphate. [See also Sulphate
of ammonia. )
.sulphate, change in weight on
exposure to air 428
sulphate, effect on humus and
nitrogen content of soils,
R.I 727
sulphate, effect (m solubility
of lime and potash in soils . ()23
sulphate, for destroying
weeds 249, 351, 1052
Ammophila pruaosa as an enemy of the cod-
ling moth, Utah 267
sabuloaa, notes 469
Amylolytic ferments in feces 477
.\n;esthetics, effect on respiration of plants. 112
Analysis, methods. {See Feeding stuffs, fer-
tilizers, foods, etc.)
Anaphothrips striata, notes, Mass. Hatch... 468
studies 266
Andrnpogon nardus, notes 519
schmnanthus, notes 519
S(iuarrosiis, notes 519
Anemometer, electric, for transmitting ob-
servations 1018
Page.
Anemometer, tests, U. S. D. A 119, 425
Anemometers, installation 920
Anemometric ])c-culiarities, I^ S. I). A 520
Anemometry, U. S. I). A 1018
Angelica rDneuiia, n. sp., description, U. .'^.
I). A 24
Aiifjitin armillntu, notes 866
^4 >i<i(>]>hor(i inteniirdi.a, notes 455
lancetdata. notes 455
siibreliiliiia, notes 455
A ngora goats, U. 8. I). A 1077
A ngoumois grain moth, notes, N. .1 1062
.\niline orange, detection in milk 823
Animal diseases, atmospheric infection 790
control 395
infectious, projihyla.xis... 489
laws controlling, Va 597
pathology and thera[)y... 596
t".\t-book 596
industry, commercial aspect 678
in Denmark, Germany,
and G real Britain 98
index to literature 501
index to literature, U. S.
D. A 878
work of Federal Govern-
ment, U. S. D. A 488
meal, analyses, Mass. Hatch 281
Me 587
meals, analyses, Vt 472
parasites, .statistics ,598
vs. vegetable food for poultry, N. Y.
State 276
Animals, diseased, trafiic in 994
feeding experiments in Canada.. 178
importation without permits, U. S.
D. A 830
injurious, methods of destroying. 830
law regulating slaughter 690
Anisoptcri/J- pomctaria. (Sec Cankerworm,
fall.)
Anopheles bifurcatus, distribution 889
claviger, distribution 889
macidipennis, life history 1068
pictus, distribution 889
psnidajyictiis, distribution 889
Anopheles, notes 485
resting position 769
AnojJloslethus opaiiniis, notes 1067
Antarctic regions, German expedition 920
Anthomyia, bibliography 867
Anthonomus pomorinn, remedies 272
signatui-, notes 368
Anthopa'in, notes 912
Anthoxatdlium odnratiiiii, analyses, Greg 471
Anthrax bacilli as affected by pyocyanase. 490
effect on leucocytes 1084
liquefaction of gelatin .597
resistjince of spores on dif-
ferent substances 989
dissolution 989
bacillus, variety 892
carcasses, destnunion 1088
conferring immunity in rein-
deer 490
•ontrol 691
1120
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Pago
Anthrax, ciilturi' tests in suspected cases,
Del 7S7
diagnosis 792, 10.S8
in dogs 193
liorses, treatment 490
Louisiana, l^a 787
Pennsylvania, noti's 684
notes 488, fi85, 790, 793, 892
U.S.U.A 488
outbreaks 884, 892
studies 92
symptomatic. (.See Blackleg.)
transmission 691
by sphalangi 597
treatment with creolin 193
Antlnriiiis viiriiix, notes 618
Anthurium, fertilization 612
Antit uritim sclwrserianum. cri >ssinK 613
Antileucocyte serums, study 598
Antiopa butterfly, notes 263
Antipyretics, use for prevention of tuber-
culin reaction 597
Autirabies vaccination 598
in St. Petersburg 692
Aiitin-liui urn raajiis anthracnose, notes 964
stem rot, notes 964
Antiseptics, tests, Cal 991
Antistreptococcic serum, notes 292
Ants, foraging, notes 580
white, notes 465
Apatite, analyses, Mass. Hatch 626
Aphelinus fuscipennis as a parasite of San
Jose scale, U. S. D. A 861
Aphididse in Italy 469
Aphidius flctcheri. notes, U. S. D. A 362
Aphis brdssicx, notes 368
/orhesi, notes, Del 970
granaria, notes 467
mali. ( See Appleaphis.)
persicie niger, notes 664
rumicis, notes 368
sp. on sugar beets 166
Aphis, grain, injury to wheat, Mont 868
woolly, notes 664, 1058
Me 68
Mont 869
N.J 365
N. Mex 974
U. S. I). A 861
remedies 578, 664
Apiary experiments, Colo 658
Apiculture in Siberia 663
Apion aprirans, notes 1059
(issiiidle, notes 1059
trifiilii, notes 1059
Apios tubcrosu, analyses 677
Apis dorsata, notes 867
N. Mex 974
Apoplexy, parturient. (Sir Milk fever.)
Apple aphis, notes, Ga 62
Me 68
X. H 468
N.J 268
U. S. D. A 861
remedies, W. Va 1065
Ual<lwin spot, notes, Can 570
Page.
Apple, Baldwin spot, notes, N. Y. State 56
blossom weevils, notes 862
brown spot, notes, Can 570
Vt 2.58
l)Utter, manufacture S.^
disea.ses in tlie Hudson Valley, N. Y.
Stute 1,51
treatment 368
dry rot, notes, C^an 570
jelly, maiuifaeture 5.56
maggot, notes 368
remedies, R. I 974
mildew, notes 4(}3
plant louse, studies, N.J 2C)8
pomace, uses 5.56
products, analyses ,5.5()
root rot, notes 1058
scab, notes 262, 463, 767, 953
treatment 657, 905
Del 761
Vt; 259
tree anthracnose, notes 262
N.Y. State.. 61
Oreg .58
borer, llat-headed, notes, Mont. S69
round-headed, notes,
Mont .S69
canker, European, notes, N. Y.
State 61
notes 262, 573
N.Y. State .59
insects 774
tent caterpillar, notes. Me ()8
U.S.D.A. S60
weevil, bronze, notes, U. S. D. A . 101
Apples, analyses 551
Cal - . 946
Arkansas seedlings. Ark 151
ash analyses 8.53, 1045
cover crofis for. Mo 554
crab, hardy varieties, Minn 630
cultivation asaffectinggrowth. Mo. 5.53
eidtiire. Mo 5.54
U.S.D.A 245
Va 215
experiments 749, lOU
in France 2 15
pots 8.53
North ( 'arolina 245
West Virginia 1044
drying 5;58
dwarf and ornamental, notes, Cal. 915
effect of removing strips of bark
from trees 4.50
evaporation from wood during win-
ter 25
fertilizer experiments, Mass. Hatch 344
flower development. Wis 22
forcing under gla.ss 8.53
germination as affected by size of
fruits and number of seeds 758
growing in high latitudes, ('an 518
hardy varieties, Minn (i30
hybrids U)15
injury to trees by Bordeaux mix-
ture 1H57
INDKX (tK SlIHJK(ri'S.
1121
Page.
Apples, injury to trees by cold, ( 'olo 244
insects afTccting 368
in the United Kingdom, V. S. I). A . . 1098
irrigation 449
keeping qnalities, U. S. D. A 798
notes, Oal 945
preparation of soil. Mo 553
prodtu^ion in Virginia, Va 445
propagation 558
priming 54
retarding blossoming period, ("an. . 'ilS
root-pruning, Stringfellow inctlmd,
Mont .soS
Ru.ssian, varieties, Ind 5i
self-sterile varieties, N. V. Cornell . 237
shipments from Canada 559
storing for expositions 345
without ice, U. S. ] ). A 798
topgrafting 449
Can 548
topworking 1044
Del 852
varieties 54, 245, 1044
Mich 237
Mont 853
Okla 648
for cider 54
Apricot die-back disease, notes 965
Apricots, canned, sugar content. Cal 980
curing 151
irrigation in winter, Ariz 1042
notes, Cal 945
pruning experiments 245
self-sterile varieties, N. Y. Cornell. 237
varieties, Mont 8.53
Okla 648
Aptinotlirips riifa, notes 970
Aquatics, culture 1.52
Arctiaphalerala, life hi.story ,S70
A ri/<is nmcricamm, notes 973
pfrnieuis, effect of bite 6^
notes, U. S. D. -^ ,SG1
Argas, bibliography .S67
Arginin, studies 310
Anjiiipe caphinaria, notes 580
Arrji/rcstliid conjuyellu, notes 973
spp., notes 69
Arid region of the United States, irriga-
tion in ■ 397
Arizona Station, financial statement 1097
notes 299
report of director 1097
University, notes 1099
Arkansas Station, financial statement 296
report of director 296
Army nilion in tiie Tropics 470
worm, lall, notes, Nebr 468
X..1 365
U.S. I). A 364,861
worms, remedies 865
Aromatic principles, development by alco-
holic fermentation 115
Anlienatlicriim nveuaceum, analyses, Oreg.. 471
rldtior. notes, Nelir 436
Arsenic-, determination in London imrple. 821
in superiiliospbales 1025
Page.
Arsenical insecticides, adulteration 820
analyses, Idaho 1066
methods of anal y.sis. 820
sal Is as in.secticides 168
Arsenicals for destroying weeds, Vt 249
Ar.scnite, green, analyses, Vt 273
Arsenites. {See London p\irple and I'aris
green.)
Artemisia abrottnium as nurse plants for
coni fers, Colo 248
Artesian basins for Wyoming, Wyo 1019
water for irrigation, N. Mex 835
"'ells 426
.\r.icliokes, feeding value, Vt 284
fertilizer formula 851
for pigs, Ind 876
.Jerusalem, notes, Cal 936 '
Arlocarpus incisa, analyses 1076
Ar;bestos filters 419
Ascochijta rorticola, n. sp., notes 655
pini, notes 218
pulemonii, n. sp., description 767
sp., notes. Conn. State 566
Ash borer, notes, Colo 265
determination in molasses 108
peat S07
new method, Can 308
green, cost of planting and cultivat-
ing. Can ,5,59
notes. Can 559
in beech forests 653
timber, production 4,54
white, notes, N. Dak 245
witches' broom 658
Ashes, analyses, R. 1 907
wood. (See Wood ashes. 1
Asparagin, accumidation in leguniesgrown
with insufficient light 420
effect on metabolism in sheep.. 874
Asi>aragus beetles, notes 166, 2()3, 265, 862
Can 367,575
canned, notes, Cal 980
culture 54, 952, 1043
experiments, Ga 51
fertilizer experiments, Ga 51
formula 851
requirt'ments 236
fly, notes 774
forcing 952
rust, notes 261
Iowa 962
Mass. ilntch 257
S.C 61
parasite, N. Y. State 358
treatment, N. .1 354
varieties, Ga 51
Asparagus offieinalits as affecteil by carbon
dioxid 110
Aspergillosis, experimental 1091
AirperffiUuis eireinatug, notes 567
fumigatus as a cause of ]ineu-
raomycosis 691
niger, conidia formation 422
proteolytic action 916
ori/zre, notes 767
Aspiiliotiis anci/liis on American fruit 971
1122
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page
Aypididlii.f (■(uiKllhi' on AmiTicuii fruit 971
diffiiiis, notes 166
forbesi on American fruit 971
oslreirj'onms, descriiition 870
notes, Mich 575
ptrmcioifuif. (.S'efi San Jose scale.)
Assimilation of plants as affected by hydro-
chloric acid 912
Association of American Agricultural Col-
legesand Experiment Sta-
tions 198,404
Economic I'^ntomologists, U.
S. I). A 800
Official Agricultural Chem-
ists 503
Aster disease, notes, Mass. Hatcli 253
Aster latahnms, n. .sp., description, V. S. D. A 24
Asters, fall-sown 451
Asthenia of poultry, notes, Del 894
Athous 7-homhcug, notes 1060
Atmosphere, chemical and geological his-
tory 426
circulatory movements, U. S.
D. A 1015
line integrals, U. S. D. A 1015
Atmospheric circulation, laws, V. S. D. A.. 521
dust, U. S. D. A 831
humidity, effect on plant
growth 1014
j)ressure, effect on germina-
tion and growth of plants.. 909
radiation, studies, U.S. D.A. 723,831
tides, U. S. D. A 119
Atriplex halimoides, notes, Cal 936
semibaccata, notes, Cal 936
Aitacus atlas, notes 465
Aiicubajaponica, leaf disease 658
Auriculas, culture 754
Aurora in Florida, f. S. 1). A 25,831
Auxanometer, notes, W. Va 5.58
Azo-colors, detection in milk 823
Bacillol as an antiseptic 194
Bacillus acidi lactici, occurrence in milk.
Conn. Storrs 1083
alvei, studies 966
anthracis breHcjenimans, notes 892
hetse, notes 4.58
dekivarwnsis, n. sp., description,
Del 721
fluorescens liquefaciens, notes 360
toctisaerof/enes, occurrence in milk.
Conn. Storrs 1083
mallei, morphology 692
megatherium in root tubercles 719
mycoides, notes 4.58
nobiiis for ripening Emmenthaler
cheese 884, 986
prodigiosus, notes 722
pseudotuberadosis in milk lOSO
pijocyaneus, immune serums 890
soli, n. sp., description, Del 721
tiihnn J, notes 720
vitiroriis, notes 1053
Bacillus pathogenic to rats 789
Bacon curing 1078
Bacteria as affected by sunlight US
Page.
Bacteria as affected by temperature of li-
quefied air 913
bibliography of literature 721
capsules, method of staining 1U'.I4
classification 117
development 915
effect on development of plants .. 614
gelatin Ill
elimination by the kidneys and
liver 4S9
flagella; 722
formation of oxalic acid from
grajie sugar : 722
in agriculture, N. H 117
air of semideserl region of New
Mexico 913
cheese 984
foods 118
milk, vitality loso
relation to higher plants 721
soils, chemical functions, Del . . 729
descriptions, Del 721
sour corn S76
tobacco fermentation 720
key to species 721
nuclei 722
oxygen requirement 722
pathogenic, adaptability 4S9
effect on leucocytes.. 1084
in milk 1080
peptonizing, in milk (182
position in systems of fungi 117
reserve material 722
spore formation 721 , 722
structure 4,S9, 721, 915
thcrmophilous 722
water, as affected by light, Cal 914
Bacteriological apparatus, description, X..1 . 391
Bacteriology as applied to canning 79, 876
bibliographic journal 502
laboratory book 915
paper on 098
.systematic, studies. Del 721
text-book 915
treatise 1 17, 889
Bacterium ambiguHiii , n. sp., clescriplion,
Del 721
dipldhniiiidrs in milk IIISO
notes 987
jirnii iilatioiiis, ii. sp., descrii)tion,
Del 721
radiaiinn, n. sp., desiTiiition.
Del 721
radiclcola, notes 118
Bagasse ashes, analyses 626
Bagworms, notes, N. .1 365
Baking i)Owders, notes, Fla 477
Balloon ascension at St. Petersburg, V. S.
D. A 831
experiments 920
voyages, l\ S. I ). A 119
Balloons and kites, l'. S. D. A 1010
Balm of Gilcad, notes. Can 559
Baltimore oriole, economic relations 423
Baujina and breadfruit Hour li)7(>
di.sease, notes 573
TNDKX OF SUBJECTS.
1123
I'age.
Banana flimr, analyses 377
Conn. State 279,280
notes 980
r. S. D. A 798
weevil, notes 465
Bananas, analyses 280, 1076
notes 450
/iff /■/.< sciilojjacea, means of distril)nli(>n 663
HariuniasasubstltuteforeaU'iuni in plants. 219
salts, effect on growth of wheat . . . 911
IJark beetles, notes 975
louse, oyster-shell, locomotion of
larva* 8(>9
notes 467, 469
Me 68
Mont ... 869
N. H.... 468
on American
fruit 971
remedies 665
Can.. 580
scurfy. (See Scale, scurfy. )
protection against insects 1064
Barley, Alinit experiments 33.s
analyses 233, 378
Conn. State 70
Me 378
Oreg 907
as affected by nitrogenous fertili-
zers 43
Azof, as a forage crop 442
bran, analyses, Vt 877
characteristics of young plants... 442
covered smut, studies. Ill 356
culture experiments 233,
941,1030,1037,1039
Can 535
in Denmark 233
Norway 233
enzym in germinating seeds 722,916
feed, analyses, R.I 282
fertilizer experiments 43,44, 131,133
532, 633, 839, 934
Can 536
R.I 621
germination as affected by formal-
dehyde 457
green, analyses, N.J 378
harvest and sale 233
hybrid varieties, notes 339
improvement 233
injury to grain by thrashiuK 42
loose smut, studies, 111 356
meal, analyses, Mass. Hatch 281
malted, analyses, VI 877
mummy, studies 825
Norwegian, analyses 233
for malting 1%
notes, Cal 945
pot experiments 1028
quality as affected by previous crop
of roots 1037
various con-
ditions .... 1026
in Bavaria 233
relation of grain weight to nitro-
gen content 326
Page.
Kiirlcy, rolled, unaly.ses, Cal 981
rotation cxjicriments 133
seed selection 340
seeding 633
size of grain as affected by climate. 737
sprouts, anal yses R.I 2S2, 378
surface vs. subwatcring, Can 325
varieties 41, 532, 1037, 1039
Can 134,229,328
Iowa 134
Minn 629,630
Mont 849
Wis 42
Wyo 1039
vitality, (^an 565
wild, analyses, Oreg 471
winter, notes, Tenn 1036
varieties 935
Barn, wooden hillside, description, Va 695
Barnes's Horse and Stock Feed, analyses.
Conn. State 70
Barnyard manure —
analyses 933
Mass. Hatch 933
effect on denitrification in soils 734
experiments 320
gas, analyses 623
notes 324
phosphatic slag and nitrate of soda as
supplements 429
preservation 38, 534
utilization 534
Barograph on shipboard, U. S. D. .\ 25
Barometer for balloon voyages, U. S. I). A . . 1016
reduction to standard gravity,
U. S.D. A 1016
Basidiomycetes, origin 314
Bat guano, analyses 39
Mass. HMtch 933
Batatas edulis, analyses 1076
Bean anthracnose, treatment with furnia-
lin, Can 574
bacterial disease 359
leaf-beetle, notes, U. S. D. A 362
meal, analyses, Cal 981
tingitid, notes, U. S. D. A 362
weevil, Mexican, notes, U. S. D. A... 363
Beans, analyses 79
culture e.vperiments, Colo 229
fertilizer experiments, Mich 623
formula 851
food value, C. S. I). A 876
forcing 952
French, notes, Cal 936
frost resistance, K. 1 944
hor.se, germination as affected by
light 1049
inoculation with pea tubercle bac-
teria 1013
kidney, analyses, Mi.ss 234
forcing 1013
Lima, culture 647
notes, Iowa MO
Metcalfe, notes. U. S. D. A 332
planting at different depths, N. J... 3.52
largo vs. small seed 441
spraying experiments, N. .1 352
1124
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page
Beans, string, preservation 952
studies 976
varieties, Can 229
water requirements 340
Bee eaters, notes K^O
hawk moth, notes 46.'>
moth, notes 1067
poison 660
stings 660
Beech leaves, ash anal.vses 1006
root sclerotioid disease, notes 1054
Beechnuts, food value, Me 78
Beef, analyses, N. Dak 273
and bone, boiled, analyses, X. Y. State 877
broth, composition and physiologic^al
effects 470
cracklings, ground, analyses, Me 587
digestibility, N. Dak 273
extracts, analyses 370
methods of analysis 370
herd, cost of wintering. Miss 282
meal, analyses, N.J 378
scraps, analyses. Me 378, 587
N. Y. State 877
Bees, care in February 67
Caucasian, races 774
determination of sex 867
foul brood, studies 966
histolysis of adipose body 67
in Australia 1066
relation to fruits 774, 1067
management 579
Can 575
notes 867
parthenogenesis 973, 1066
pollen, substitutes for, Colo 660
pollination of fruits 367
queen, histology of i )vary 1066
notes 67, 166
swarming 774. 867
use of propolis .» 580
wintering 367
Beeswax, studies 612
Beet army worm, notes, Colo 265
bacterial disea.se, notes 458
diseases, notes 261
seed treatment 855
heart rot, notes 462
juice, preparation of nonsugar from.. 21
root bacteriosis, notes 4.'>8
seed diseases, notes 4.58
testing 251
sugar industry in Germany 943
the United States. . . 742
manufacture, electrical meth-
ods 195
treati.se 694
use of ozone. ! ... 195
sulphur-
o\is acid 195
Beetles injurious to fruit-producing i>lant.s,
Minn 166
Beets, fertilizer exi)erinH'iits 641
on .sandy soils,
K. I 622
formula 8.'il
Page.
Beets, fodder, culture experiments 45
determination of nutritive
value 214
fertilizer experiments 429, 843
varieties 45
forcing 952
irrigation experiments 641
red, fertilizer experiments 1037
sugar. ( See Suga r beets. )
susceptibility to potato scab, N. ,1 3.53
varieties 641
Bent grass, Rhode Island, notes, V. S. D. A. 332
Bergamot, development of e.s.sencc 108
Bermuda grass smuts 359
Betuhi pnpiirijrra, notes, Utah 153
Biastrepsis, relation to cultivation 109
Bibliography of milk 786
Bibra cake, analyses, Wis 71
Big trees of California 755
U.S. D.A 754
" Biotes," food value, Me 78
Bipalium kewense, notes 1062
Birch leaves, ash analyses 1006
tree disease, notes 658
Birds as destroyers of caterpillars 366
composition and food value 282
digestion 587
economic relations 423, 830
importation, U. S. D. A 617, 8:50
insectivorous, encouragement 423
of New South Wales. . . 423
protection 423
U.S. D.A 617,698
officials and organizations
concerned.U. S. D. A 617
protective legislation, U. S. D. A 616
Bitter rot, notes 953
Black death, analyses, N. Y. State 67
head of poultry, notes, Del 894
knot, notes, Ohio 997
Blackberries, fertilizer experiments, N. ,T.. 344
irrigation, N. J 344
Oregon evergreen, Utah 246
varieties, Ind 854
Mich 237
Pa 645
Blackberry diseases in the Hudson Valley,
N. Y. suite 154
Blackbirds, economic relations 423
food habits, U. S. D. A 828
Black butt, ash analyses 39
Blackleg bacillus, .studies 691
in Pennsylvania, notes 684
investigations 687
notes 488, 790, 892
Kans 691
Nebr 488
U. S. D. A 488,597
protective inoculation 885
Kans .... 691,898
ex p e r i -
ments 988,1089
studies 293
vaccine, Va 597
liliKxiis dorix, means of distribution 663
leiicoplerug, means of distribution . . . 6(>3
INDKX OK SUJ3JECTS.
1125
I'ilgO.
Blister beetle, striped, notes, Ohio (>:{7
Blood and bone, boiled, iiiialyses, R. I 907
coiigulation as affected by antileiico-
e ytc serum ."igs
dried. (.SVe Dried blood.)
molasses feed, analyses. Wis 71
pressure as affeeted by otnittins wa-
ter from diet 1 77
siibstances soluble in ether 587
Bloodwood ash, analyses 39
Blueberries, improvement, U. 8. I). A 798
Blue grass, English, notes. N. Mex TjlW
leaf smut, .studies. 111 3.58
Texas, notes, Cal 93G
Bobolinks, food habits, U. S. D. A 828
Bolhvorm, notes 770, 10t)7
Ariz 3G5
Fla 1058
Bombycidse, feeding habits "272
Bone, analyses, Conn. State 129
Mass. Hatch 22.5, (i26
availability for Hungarian grass.
Conn. State 528
ground, analyses, La 131
Mass. Hatch 933
Me 587
N. Y. State 877
R. I 907
availability for grass. Conn.
State 527
decomposition by micro-or-
ganisms 325
fertilizing value of pho.-;-
phorie acid 323
manures, analyses. Conn. State 931
raw, availability of nitrogen as af-
fected by lime, Conn. State 528
.superphosphate, detection of adul-
teration 907
Boneblack, dissolved, analyses,Conn. .State. . 129
Mass. Hatch. 933
R.I 907
Bones of horses, normal and diseased, analy-
ses, Ind 90
Bont tick, transmission of heart water 491
Books for an agricultural library (598
Boophilus bovis, notes 973
Bora.x, analyses, Conn. State 214, 279
and water as adulterants of coffee. . f;i2
as a preservative of food 976
Bordeaux mixture and kerosene in combi-
nation, W. Va 1065
tobacco decoction.
Can 581
effect on starch content
of potatoes, Mc 140
for asparagus rust, N . .1 . 354
notes 02, 301
preparation 574, 964
Cal 975
preparation by mechan-
ical methods, \V. Va. . 1005
Borers, parasites 409
Boric acid and borates, detection 214
and borates, detection in food
products, Conn. State 213
J 'age
Boric acid, detection 822
in milk 080
Borna disea.se, studies 793
Burmiii) (ifficinaHs as affectc^d by carbon
dioxid 110
Botanic garden, donations, Cal 912
(iardcns of Natal 220
Botany, agricultural, li'Xt-book 719
elementary, text-book 719
systematic, treatise Oil
Bot flies, notes 09, 272
lliitriiosjinriiini (liffuxum, notes 4(V1, 900
Botryosporium, parasitism 900
Botrytis and Sclerotinia, studies 704
liotri/ti.s- (lalanVdnn, notes. 203
rulgarU, treatment, Mass. Hatch .. 8.50
Bourgou. notes 1014
Bowker's Animal Meal, analyses. Conn.
State 70
Box elder, notes, Can 559
plant bug. notes, Iowa 064
elders, cost of planting and cultivating,
Can 5.59
Boxwood, a.sh analyses 39
Brdfliiiiin spp., notes 69
Brain of nurslings as affected by lecithin
content of milk 1077
Bran, analyses, Conn. State 70
Brandy, apple, manufacttire 245
Brazil nuts, food value. Me 78
Bread and bread making, U. S. I). A 279
at the Paris Ex-
liosition 876
butter, digestibility 177
composition 076
co.st and composition in Oregon, Oreg 476
digestibility 1077
and nutritive value, U.S.
U.A 776
making, los.ses, U. S. D. A 776
Schweitzer system 979
special process 177
u.se of skim milk in, V. S.
D. A 298
slimy, notes 280
Breadfruit, analy.ses 1076
Breeze flies, notes 272
Brewers' grains, analyses, Mass. Hatch 281
N.Y. State 169
dried, analyses. N'.. I 378
N.Y. Slate 877
Pa 378
Brewery kiln dust, analyses, Mas.s. Hatch . 225
Briar-root industry in Italy 795
Bridges, construction 398
Broad-leaf hay, analyses. Can 586
Brome gra.s.s, analyses. Conn. Storrs 1077
seed, notes, U. S. D. A 251
smooth, analyses, Nebr 442
culture experiments,
Nebr 430
notes, Iowa 134
Kans 898
Minn 629,630
Nebr -136
N.Mex 538
1120
EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD,
Brome grass, smooth, notes, r. s. D. A :?;)2
root system, X. Diik. . 517
grasses, notes, Cal 930
Bromeliad hybrids <'13
Bromus cUiatus, notes, Nebr 4C6
inermis. (See Brome grass, smooth.)
pumpdlianus, notes, U. S. D. A 615
.^fcaliii IIS, analyses, Oreg 471
Irdorii III, notes, Nebr 136
mi ioloidm, notes, Nebr -130
r. S. D. A 442
Bromns, revision of North Ameriean
species, U. S. D. A 015
Bronchitis, verminous, etiology, and treat-
ment 395
Broncho-pneumonia of puerperal origin . . . 293
Broom corn, culture 1037, 1038
evergreen, aJialyses, N. .T 378
for forage, N . J 332
grain smut, studies, 111 357
millet seed, analyses. Wis 71
Brown-tail moth, destruction by birds 366
extermination in Massa-
chusetts 368
notes, Mass. Hatch 271
Me 367
Brunissure, nature and causes 260
Bryobia mite, notes, Ariz 365
Sryobia pratensis, notes. Can 575
N. Hex 974
Bubonic plague in animals 690
BucculatrLr pomifuUdla, notes. Me 08
Buckwheat, analyses, Ind 70
bran, analyses, Pa 378
feed, analyses. Pa 378
feeds, analyses, N. Y. State 169
flour, analyses 79
hulls, analyses, Pa 378
middlings, feeding value, Vt . 284
varieties. Can 229, 328
Bud development as affecte<l by whitewash-
ing trees 665
Buffalo grass, notes 337
Cal 936
Bug Death, analyses, N. Y. State 67
Vt 273
Bulbs, preservation 54
Bull grass, notes. La 760
Bumblefoot of poultry, notes, Del 894
Burdock moth, notes 862
Burette for gas analysis 516
Bur medic, notes 253
Butter, analyses 79, 181, 080, 1083
Conn. State 279,280
Ky 593
N'ev 593
and meat, comparative cost of pro-
duction, Minn 481
as affected by feeding cotton .seed
and ciitton-.seed
meal, Ala. College. 435
molds 882
color as affected by salt 593
colors, examination 591
cost of production, Ga 982
Minn 480
Page.
linltcr, Danisli 289
analyses 784
export 91
detection of margarin and cocoa
butter 108
equivalent of butter fat 986
export to the Orient, U. S. D. A .89
fat, constants as affected liy oil
cakes 1«1
Danish, cliemical study 681
determination in oleomarga-
rine 611
Norwegian, properties 515
from sweet cream 1083
grading 593
hardness as affected by —
different causes, U. S. D. .\ 89
wash water, Md 183
increasers, study, Iowa 883
in the Netherlands, chemical study. ,S80
making and packing for warm cli-
mates, r. S. D. .A. 89
control 186
for export 0S4, 983
select trade 084
pasteurization of milk and
cream, Can 386
methods of analysis 1005, 1007
mottled, cause, Md 182
Norwegian, analvses 90
nutritive value 177
packages, U. S. D. A 90
production in Denmark 91
quality as affected by—
cotton-seed meal, U. S. D. A 798
food, Miss 288
Vt : 285
manner of milking 185
rancidity 186, 680
refract ometric analysis 516
renovated or process, detection 18,
79,91,308
substitutes, analyses 1083
water content as affected by —
conditions in churning, Iowa . 881
salt. Wis 86
size of granules. Wis 86
working 881
Wis 86
white sjiots on. Wis 87
Butterfly aberrations, origin 1068
Buttern\its. food value, Me 78
Butyric acid, determination, Haberland's
method 214
Butyrometer, Mercier, description 91
Cabbage black rot, investigations 654
Brazil, analyses 1076
butterfly, natural enemies 661
notes 1059
remedies 661
Tex 850
curculio, notes, U.S.D.A 363
root maggot, notes 467, 973
turnip, fertilizer experiments 843
webworin, imported, notes, U. S.
DA 303
INDEX OF SUBJECTS,
1127
I'iige
CabbtiKt's, cultnrc experiments, Ariz 1043
fertilizer experiments 129, 843
Tex 851
formula 851
growing and marketing, Tex ... 850
growth as art'ecteil by incandes-
cent gaslight, W. Va 47
notes. Can 328
transplanting, efTeet on time of
maturity. Wis 49
varieties, Ariz 1043
Tex 150,850
winter, storage G47
Cable to Iceland 920
"Cabuchage" of grapes, notes Ifrl
Cacao, culture in Grenada 649
fungi affecting G57
Cache la Poudre River, How, Colo 295
Cacaecia cerasivorann, notes, N. H 468
rosaceana, notes, if. s. D. A 852
rosana, notes. Me (;8
Cacti, economic, notes, A riz 1 05tl
notes 104(1
Cxomurus caladii, notes 708
Caffein, determination 1007
Caladium esculevia, analyses 1076
Calcareous sea sand, anal ,-ses 626
Calceolarias, culture 2 17
Calcium bicarbonate in the i)resen('e of
phosphoric acid 609
carbid as a fungicide 62
for phyllo.xera 775
waste, analyses, K. I 907
carbonate, determination 318
in soil . 417
chlorid, effect on composition of
potatoes 938
use in cheese making 591
determination in presence of iron
and aluminum 417
hydrate, efTeet on germination .. 759
oxalate in buds of Prunun ameri-
cana 910
oxid, determination in London
purple 821
salts, effect on growth of wlicat . . 911
substitution of strontium and lia-
rium for, in plants 219
Cal f cholera, notes, Nebr 488
feeds, analyses, Vt 877
meal, analyses, Conn. State 70
Mass. Hatch 281
Me 378
N. Y. State 877
Vt 282
Califf)rnia Station, financial statement 996
notes 299,899
report of director 996
University notes 899
Calliphora, bibliograi)hy 867
Calorimeter bomb, experimental errors 612
rapidity of combustion . 612
Bunsen's i('C 478
Calves, cod-liver oil for 668
diseases 993
feeding experiments 978
Colo 275
Page
Calves, feeding milk from I u lie re u I ons
cows, Conn. Storrs 1086
liver disease 993
milk .substitute for 282
pasteurized vs. raw skim milk for.
Can 379
skim milk for, Kans 172,898
spots on kidneys 993
white scour 686
whole milk for, I'a 669
Camels, su.sceptibility to rinderiiest 692
Canaigre, not(!s, Cal 945
Canals in New York, T^. S. 1). A 399
Ciuiiii-niii iiliiiinrnisordln, notes, Ky 1,58
Cancers in animals 491
Cane gummo.sis, notes 61
leaves, a.sh analyses 626
sugar, detection in milk sugar 516
determination in conden.sed
milk 211
industry in th(> Hawaiian
Islands 742
inversion 908
mantifacture 694
sirup, adulteration with
glucose 212
sohilions, electrolysis 107
(Jankerworm. faU, notes. Conn. State 580
Me 68
Vt 269
notes 1059
Ohio 997
Cannabis indirn, effect on horses 887
Cannas, Italian, varieties 152
Canned fish, corrosion of cans 476
Canneries, home 1046
Cannon, ga.seous projectiles 725
Cantaloupe disease, notes, Colo 261
leaf blight, Bordeaux mixture
for, Colo 229
Cantaloupes, culture experiments, Colo ... 229
for Paris market 345
Cantoni, monument, U. S. D. A 521
Caoutchouc. [See Rubber. )
Cape weed, notes 961
( 'upiiodiiim cilricolum, notes 655
salicinirim on American fruit . . . 971
Caponizing cockerels 194
Capons vs. cockerels, feeding experiments,
Utah 676
Carabidae, phytophagous, notes 369
Cara;;ava arhorescen«, new disease of 859
Caragana parasites 1057
Carbohydrates in feeding stud's, digestibil-
ity, N. C 667
muscle 781
Thallophytes 1014
Carbolic acid for destroying weeds, \'i 249
Carbon and nitrogen, evolution in li\ing
world 25
assimilation 615
bisnli)hid as an antiseptic 168
insecticide 168, 665
effect on silage 822
for destroying insects in
grain 581
e.xtracting fat 808
1128
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
I'age.
Carbon, detormiuatiun liO
dioxid, (U'lLTiuiiiiitiiiii in curbon-
atos lis
effect on iitiiui.siila'ric ab-
sorption 833
form iuul struc-
ture of plants. 109
nitrification 722
water transpor-
tation in plants 519
of the atmosphere 52()
Carbonate of potash, analyses, Conn. State. 931
La 131
R.I 717,907
and magnesia, analy-
ses, R. I 717
Carbonated beverages, analyses. Conn.
State 279,280
Carbonates of soda, detection in milk 908
reagents for 20
Carcasses, treatment with sulphuric acid .. 131
Carcinoma in cattle COl
Canlamine pratensis, destruction by copper
sulphate 350
Cardoon, fertilizer formula 851
Carnation disease, notes, V. S. 1). .V 460
fairy ring, notes 2t)3
fusarium leaf spot, notes, N. Y.
State 5(i
rust, notes 2G2
Nebr 419
parasite, N. Y. State 358
stem rot, notes. Conn. State 571
R.I 960
treatment, R. 1 763
Carnations, crossing experiments 752
fertilizer experiments in forc-
ing, Conn. State 550
hybridization 1046
improvement in America 954
subwatering 1046
Carncades insignata, notes, U. S. D. A 861
iiicsgorid, notes, Wash 266
tciy.s(llata, notes, U. S. D. A 861
Carnosin, notes 822,1076
Carob bean, analyses. Conn. State 70
pods, analyses. Conn. State 70
Carpet beetje, Buffalo, notes. Me 3()7
grass, analyses. Miss 23 1
Carpo(xipxa yum ondla. ( Sec Codling moth. )
Carrots, culture experiments. Can 530
evaporated, food value, Cal 980
fertilizer experiments 1037
formula 851
notes, Cal 930
varieties. Can 135,229
Cartharia 2)!/i'ni:r(ilis, life history 272
Casein of skim milk, food value 169
manufacture for industrial jmrposes 485
preparation 196
proteoalbumoses, nutritive value... 478
Caseon as a substitute for alljuiuin 177
Cassarcep culture in Paraguay 337
Cassava, analyses , 1076
culture experiments, Fla 1036
in Florida 337
Page.
Cassava, culHuc in .Java 1076
Paraguay 337
digestibility, Fla 779
plant, notes 745
starch, manufacture, V. S. I). A... 994
Castor-bean meal for cows 590
beans, culture and uses 1037
experiments, Okla... 230
l)omace, analyses, Conn. State 129,931
Mass. Hatch 626
Casuarina fungus disease, notes 966
Catalpa plantation, notes, U. S. D. A 453
Catalpa Kptciom, notes, Utah 153
Catalpas, cultivated, notes, Kans 898
Catarrh, malignant, of cattle 490, 890, 892
of poultry, notes, Del 894
Catch crops, fertilizer experiments 337
notes. Can 328
Caterpillars, wood-boring 166
Cattle at Louisiana Station, notes, La 878
bone, analyses, Me 378
disease resembling foot-and-moutli
disease, studies 92
itch, notes, Nebr 488
native and grade .\ngus for beef pro-
duction. Miss 282
plague, notes iss, 491, 790
poisoning by sesame cake 595
smutty grass 791
oat hay, Mon t . . 891
sorglium, Xebr 486
tall larkspur, Mont 891
water hemlock, N. Dak. 791
raising in Egypt 877
Shorthorn, management 288
slaughtered, determination of age . 194
susceptibility to contagion of tuber-
culosis, Ark 1085
temperature as affected l)y different
influences, Wis 92
ticks, dipping experiments 290
remedies, Ga 992
wliite, origin and history 379
Cattleya fly, notes 367
Cauliflowers, culture experiments, Ariz 1043
forcing 952
growing and marketing, Tex. 850
transplanting, effect on time
of maturity. Wis 50
varieties, Ariz 1043
Tex 150,851
water reiiuirements 340
Cave deposit, analyses 39
Cecidomyiad(atruct()i\ (Sec Hessian fly.)
sp., notes 367
Cedar apples, notes 573
red, red rot, IT. S. J). A 766
white rot, U. S. I ). A 706
Celery bliglit, notes, Fla 1056
Ga 61
center blight, notes, I-"la 1056
culture experiments, Colo 229
effect of shortening roots liefore
planting 1038
fertilizer formula .Vd
growing under glass in suninur,
N. II 1039
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1129
ColiTy Icii t" spot, iiotos, KliV, 105(;
Cells iiH ull'octed by (•I'litril'nff.'il force 215
notes, Ga 50
Cellulitis, suppurativr, ofcows 202
Collnlose lietormiiialioii (ilO
(■1)111 pari son of
iiiothods 711
digestibilily ()(>.'>
fermi'iitatioii 722
notes ;ioy
Cemeiil, investigations isyCi
plaster industry of Laramie U)'.i7
Centaury, germination asafFeeted by HkIU . l()l'.»
Cciitromadia pungens, analysis 2S2
Ccoloinstus cephalotuH, notes .sGf)
Ci l>!ii iioiiiiiiii rufibarbis, notes 1()()2
< '(jiIiiiihhIi X Ill/las, notes Kia
( '( ]j/iiis pijijinxLis, notes 10(17
Crrdtni'acuna Innigera, notes 8(')'.t
Ccrcoxpora apii, notes, Fla 105()
ariminensis, n. sp., description . 707
hetieola, notes 057
treatment, Nel>r 430
bollcana, notes 858
cerasella, pcrithecial form 708
circuDicissa, notes 403
lielianihani, n. sp., description .. 707
hypophylla, n. sp., description... 707
ticinen.ns, n. sp., description 707
viol«, notes, Cal 901
Cereal breakfast foods 979
analyses, Me 09
crops of France, U. S. D. A 1098
Russia, U. S. D. A 1098
food by-products —
analyses 378
Mass. Hatch 281
Me 378
N. Y. State 877
Pa 378
R.I 378
Vt 282, .S77
foods in Russia, preparation, l'. S.
]). A 15
rusts in .Vustria-Hungary 101
Belgium 050
notes 251, 201, ()50
studies 507
smuts, notes 359
N. Dak 255
seed treatment, machine for. 058
treatment 401, 768, 858
Cerealine feed, analyses. Pa 378
Cereals, culture in Alaska, U. S. D. A 030
fertilizer experiments 1030
imported from Russia, U. S. I). \.. 45
insects affecting, U. S. D. -V 862
varieties s 19
Cerebral inflammation of cattle 191
Ccrebro-spinal meningitis of horses in Illi-
nois 290
so called 880
Cercisa biibalus, notes, Iowa 004
Ceroplastes cirripedifarmis, notes, Fla 08
Jloridensis, notes, Fla 08
rubra, remedies 107
Page.
Ccrotoviit IriJ'itvcitUi, notes, U. S. 1). A 362
Cestodes, method of adherence to intestinal
wall 394
Ccidorhjinchus rnpu:, notes, U. S. I). .\ 303
spp., notes, U. H. U. A 303
C/i;ii»(iUti(i sp., in North America, U. S. ]). A . 219
Clinioiniuin contorlum, notes, N. »". State ... 57
Chalcid flies, determination of si)ecies 870
n. s])]!., descriptions 870
('hampicin Bell Fodder, analyses. Conn.
State 70
C'liarxas grambiis, notes l()7, 973
Charbon. (Sec Anthra.x.)
Charlock. {See Mustard, wild.)
Charrinia diplodiella, notes ;!60, 571
Cheat, analyses, Oreg 471
Cheese, American Cheddar, bacterial flora. 984
analyses. Wis 20
bat'teri il con ten t. Can 388
bad flavor. Can 385
bitter. Can 388
Cheddar, ri]>ening 485
coating with paraffin. Wis 91
curing rooms, control of tempera-
ture. Can 385
Emmenthaler, ripening 980
export committee of Sweden, re-
port 289
from goat's milk 1084
lactic acid, bacteria in 787
making, U. S. D. A 90
care of milk for. Can 384
from heated milk 591, 1084
pasteurized milk 288
suggestions 593
text-book 593
margarin in 485
Melun 1084
ripening 593, 1083
as affected liy galactase.
Wis 88
at dift'ereiit temperatures.
Can 385
cause 484, 801
studies 682
Roquefort, manufacture 91
StracehinoGorgonzola, false "erbo-
rinatura " 485
Stilton, manufacture 186
tubercle bacilli in 985
yield as affected by lime salts 91
Cheimatobia brumata, means of distribution . 003
notes 468
Chemical stations in Sweden, reports 213
Chemistry, agricultural, progress in nine-
teenth century,
U. S. D. A 418
recent ])rogress . . Oil
commercial organic 715
food, compendium 076
handbook of volumetric analy-
sis 516
industrial organic, handbook.. 715
text-book 20
of oils, handbook 715
sugar, recent investigations. 107
1180
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page
Cliciiojiiidiinii iitbiiiii, aii.ilysfs. Can 586
seed , anal yses 823
Chiriiii'.< abides, notes 264, 468
sp]).. notes 159
Cherries, crossing experiments, R. I 746
enltnre in pots 853
drying 558
flower development, Wis 22
growing in high latitudes, Can. . . 548
hardiness of flower buds, Wis 23
notes, Cal 945
retarding blossoming period, Can . 548
self-sterile varieties, N. Y. Cornell. 237
sour, varieties, Utah 245
sweet, injury in the lihine I'rov-
inces 360
varieties 245, 1044
Mich 237
Mont 853
Okla 648
Vt 239
Cherry black knot, notes 657, 767
diseases In the Hudson Valley, N. Y.
State 154
hexenbesens, notes 463
leaf spot, notes 963
Chestnut diseases, notes 464
grafts and scions, winter injury,
Conn. State 558
trees as a .source for tanning ex-
tracts 651
Chestnuts, culture 649
notes, Mich 237
U. S. D. A 298
orchard In Pennsylvania 953
Cheyote, notes 245, 853
Ch ickadee, economic relations 423
Chicken mite, internal, notes, Mont 894
Chickens, digestion experiments, Okla 872
feeding experiments. Can 377, 585
Me 585
hemorrhagic septicaemia 888
incubator, losses, Greg 1092
mortality, R. I 192
notes. La 878
raising for >ise as " broilers " 1078
toxicology of strychnin 392
Chicory, culture, U. 8. D. A 941
experiments, Nebr 430
notes. Can 328
Children, metabolism experiments 9,si
Chilo simplex, notes 770, 1067
China, trade, U.S. D. A 98
Chinch bug, Australian, notes 1067
false, notes, N. Mex 974
notes 1067
Me 367
Nebr 468
Chionaspisfur/urus. {See Scale, scurfy.)
separata, n . sp, notes 369
.spp., notes 369
Chironoinous (lorsulis, structure and life his-
tory 870
Chives, fertilizer formula 851
Chloral hydrate, effect on horses 887
Chlorates, determination in presence of
Chlorids and perehloratus 510
Page.
Cldoridca virescais, notes 264
Chlorids, determination in presence of
chlorates and perchlorates .510
effect on composition and yield
of potatoes 436
Chlorin, determination in lileaching jiow-
der 308
in rain water 832
water of Long Island 526
Chliiropliyll assimilation 313
coloring matters accompany-
ing 23
destruction by oxidizing en-
Kvms 216
role in plant life 827
Cldoiopg pumilionis, notes 973
Chop, analyses, R. 1 282
feed, analyses, Mass. Hatch 281
Vt • 282
meal, analyses, N. Y. State 877
Chromium in plants 113
Chronological cycles, U. S. I). A 1016
Chrysanthemum rust, notes ,. 262,1054
Tiid 10.54
Mass. Hatch . . 254
Chry.-^aiithemums, history 1046
notes 613
Chrysobothris femorata, notes. Me 68
Chrysopa spp., notes 869
Chufas. notes, Can 329
Churning, effect on fat globules 389
Cicada, periodical. In West Virginia, W. Va . 1063
seventeen-year, notes 263
Oidaria dotata, notes 1060
Cider, consumption in Paris 196
fermentation 694
making 196, 245, .5.56, 693
in Devonshire 196
Paris 196
preservation 794
tests of freezing 196
treatise 196
Cineraria hybrids 613
Oinnamomum cassia, formation of oil cells. 519
Cinnamon, analyses 79
Cintraclia reiliaiia, studies. 111 357
smyhi-vulgaris, studies. Ill 357
Cirrhosis of liver in cattle and sheep,
notes 685
Citric acid, determination 1007
Citrons, varieties, S. Dak 553
Citrus fruits black scurf, notes 655
blight, notes, Fla 463
budding experiments, Fla 1045
collar rot or mal-di-gomma,
notes 463
culture 245
in Califoriua 246
Queensland 246,753
dieback, notes, Fla 463
foot rot, notes, Fla 463
fungus diseases 657
in Au.stralia.. 654
growth as aflFected by alkali,
Cal 923
injuries due to lichens and
moss, Fla 463
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1131
Citnis fruits, insects affecting, control, r. S.
D. A Iti2
leaf spot, notes, Fla 463
melano.se, notes, Fla 463
scab, notes 655
Fla 463
sooty mold, notes, Fla 463
Cladnnporium hrainiio-dlriiiii. ii. s]i., notes.. . 655
rpiplii/llinii, notes 156
fulviim, treatment, N.J 146
herbarum, notes '218, 718
Cladotrichum microsponim, notes 272
Clam shells, analyses 934
Cldstrrdt^jKiriwm amygdulmnini, notes 963
Clay, formation 124
soils, fertilizer experiments on 1008
study of physical properties 525
Clays, analyses, N. Dak 214
methods of analysis 622
Cleistogamous flowers, studies 312
Clfmutis buchaniana, notes 854
Clematis, hybrid 613
new, description 854
notes 247
Climate and flora, U. S. U. A 1015
as affected by forests .522
effect on man 981
in arid regions, U. S. D. A 1015
of Allegany County, Md 1017
Herault 648
Maryland 1098
Michigan 695
Mis,souri, U. S. D. A 25
New York 28
our new pos.sessions 317
San Francisco, Cal., U. S. D. A.. 27
Spokane, U. S. D. A 1015
Sweden 522
Tennessee, Tenn 316
Turkestan, U. S. D. A 329
the cotton belt, Ala. College. . . . 433
Philippines, U. S. D. A 119
Climatological atlas of the Ru.ssian Empire,
U. S. D. A 831,834
Climatology of California, U. 8. I). .V .521
Habana, Cuba, U. 8. P. A. . . .520
Porto Rico 795
San Diego, Cal., U. S. ]). A . 119
St. Kitts, U. S. D. A . . . . 25, 1 19, 831
the British Empire . . 921
the valley of Mexico 425
Climbers, ornamental, notes 347
CUnodiplotiis vitiii, notes 272
Clisiucamjia americana, notes. Me 68
U. S. D. A . . . 860
disstria, effect on maple sugar. 69
notes 263, 272
Me 68
Vt 269
Clostridium .sp. in prepared milk 186
Cloud committee, report 920
observations, international, 1'. S. I). .\ 831
photography, notes 918
work for United Stiitcs, U. S. 1). A. . . 118
Cloudburst in Tennessee, U. S. 1). A .521
Clouds, cumulus, at fires, U. S. D. A ... 1015, lOKi
Page.
Clover, alsike, analyses, Oreg 471
analy.ses, Mass. Hatch 281
as affected by sulphuric acid 45
burr, notes, U. S. D. A 332
crimson, analyses, N. J 378
Oreg 471
as a cover crop for or-
chards 558
culture in Arkan-^as, ,Vrk. 634
fertilizer experiments, Md 931
notes. Can 329
fertilizer experiments 337
Ohio 127
hay, analyses, N. ,1 378
digestibility, Me 873
irrigation experiments. Wis 40
.Japanese, notes 1037
liming experiments, Md 625
mciil, analyses, Mass. Hatch 281
N. Y. State 169
mite, notes 3G8
mixtures, trials, K. I 740
Nitragin experiments. Can 518, .537
red, analyses, Oreg 471
culture in Arkansas, Ark 634
root borer, notes, Ohio 576
rotation experiments, R. I 1030
Russian, notes, U. S. D. A 332
seed, crimson, notes, U. S. D. A 758
impurities in, Nev 9.59
red, notes, U. S. D. A 2.51, 10.51
studies, Nev 9.59
tests. Me 565
weed seeds in, Ohio 349
seeding experiments, Mich 631
with nurse crops, Minn 629
wheat, Iowa 640
silage, digestibility and heat of com-
bustion. Me 873
sweet, notes, Mont 827
varieties. Can 229
Minn 629
weevils, notes 1 U59
white, carbohydrate reserve mate-
rial in seeds 313
viresccnce .572
yellow sweet, for grei-n manuring,
Ariz 1031
Clovers, notes, Cal 945
Club root, treatment 572
Cnicti-s undnlalm, notes, Nebr 420
Coal, analyses, N. Dak 214
tar colors, detection in canned toma-
toes 715
fruit products 821
(U)ccid8e affcting gras.ses, Kans 466
of Brazil 580
Georgia, notes, U. S. D. .\ 861
Kansas 369
Porto Rico, U. S. D. A 162
Cocco-bacillus of I'feifTer 393
Cochineal, detection in canned tomatoes . . 715
Cockerels vs. capons, feeding experiment.s,
Utah 676
( 'ocklebur, notes 961
Cockroaches, trap for 68
1132
EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.
i'agu
Cocoa, analysoK 377
butter, di'tec'tioii in butter 108
sliells for steers 582
treatise 853
Cocoaiiut, iish analyses 55
eoinpositioii 214
liber feed, analyses, Vt 282
food value. Me 78
milk, food value, Me 78
palm, insects affecting 1067
Codling moth, means of distribution 665
notes 68, 168, 973
Colo 265
Me 68
Mont 869
N. .1 365
U. 8. D. A 862
remedies, Cal 66
Idaho 156
rtah 267 !
\V. Va 1065
spring migration, U. S. 1). A. 861
Cod-liver oil for calves 668
Veen urus cerebralis, notes 294
Coffee, adulteration with water and borax. 612
analyses, Conn. State 279, 280
borer, remedies 775
culture 55
in Brazil 55
CostaRica 953
Mexico 246
Queensland 246, 1045
diseases 55, 573
grafting 147
insects affecting 55
in Porto Rico, V. S.
D. A 162
Liberian 1045
locust, notes 465
manuring 854
parasites, treatment 360
scale insects affecting, remedies 369
substitutes, U. S. D. A 898
analyses. Conn. State... 279
Me ".. 586
use 854
Cold storage for eggs 780
fruit, r. S. 1). A 798
on the farm, T. S. U. A 798
waves of January and February, 1864,
U. S. D. A 119
Odeojjhora stcjunii, notes 69
Coleoptera, injurious, treatise 868
literature in nineteenth cen-
tury 972
Coleosporium senecionis, notes 2,54
Coli bacillus, pathogenic action 193
Colias edusa, notes 1068
eurytlieme, notes, Ariz 365
hyala, notes 1068
Collar rot, notes 655
CoUards, transplanting, effect on time of
maturity, Wis ,50
Colktotrichum antirrhini, n. sp., notes 964
N. Y.
State 1055
('olliti)iricliiiiii f/hnoiiporioides, notes, Fla 463
lagamrium, notes, Mass.
Hatch 254
nigrum, notes, Conn. State.. . .566
Colloidal silver, administration 790
as an antiseptic 194
intravenous injection 890
Collaps bipunclnlas, notes, N. Mex .580
Coloccma aniiquorum, analyses 1076
Colorado College, notes 99. 2(K), 299, 499
Station, financial statement 296
notes 99,
200, 299, 499, 60C', 699, 1099
report of director 297
substations, result.s of work 297
Coloring mattens, detection in milk 387
spirits 823
Commercial products, examination 214
Compost, analyses 933
Comjisomyia. bibliography 867
Condimental feeding stuffs, analyses, N. Y.
State 171
food analyses. Pa 378
Wis 71
stock foods 378
Condiments, examination 214
Congestion of the kidneys in lambs, notes. 685
lungs in poultry, treat-
ment, Oreg 1092
Conidia formation in Aspergillus nigcr 422
Dematium pnllulan s . . 912
Conifer disease, notes 656
root rot, notes 573
Conifers at Murthly Castle, Scotland 560
growth and development 4.55
of Canada, Can 562
Holland 562
North America 562
('o)iiothicium .<r<ibrum, n. sp., notes 6.55
Coniothyrium (liplodiella. notes 571
Connecticut State Station, financial state-
ment .599
notes... 600, .899, 1099
report of di-
rector .599
Storrs Station, financial state-
ment 1097
report of di-
rector 1097
Conorhiiiiix .fKitgiiiKiiiin. notes 664
Conotrachdus iicnupluir, Tiotes, Me 68
Mont 869
N. H 468
Convolvulus arvenUs, notes, Xebr 420
Cooking as affected by diminished pressure,
U. S. D. A .521
Copper acetate as a fungicide 574
fungicides, effect on (luality of wine. 574
injurious effects 464, 10.57
salts, effect on iilaiits 519
rii)ening of currants. 1045
sulphate as a fungicide 464
effect on algie and fungi . . 1014
for destroying Cardamiiie
pr(itrnsi.s 350
fordestroying weeds. 565, 960, 961
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1133
CoppiT sulplmtc fi>r ilcstroyiii},' wild mus-
tard l>r)0, 253, 349, 351 , 759
for destroyiiis- wild mus-
tard, Can 5(14
grape mildew 657, 1053
smuts of cereals S58
Coral spot canker, notes 573
Cord wood, estimation in standing forests . ISO
CimlyrcpK sinchiirii, notes •H70
( (irk dust, analyses, Mass. Hateli 225
oak, analyses 456
( '( ini . I Sec also Maize. )
analyses 37x
Conn. State 70
Conn. Storrs 1077
Me 378
Nebr 47,s
N. .1 37.S
Pa 378
Vt 877
and cob, analyses. Miss 234
meal, analyses 378
Miss 234
cowpeas, culture, U. S. D. A 232
oat chop feeds, analyses, Vt 877
feeds, analyses, Conn. State.. 70
Mass. Hatch. 281
Me 378,587
Vt 472,877
oats, analyses, Vt 282, 877
aphis, notes. Can 367
as a forage crop, Ind : 45
bran, analyses, N. Y. State 877
Vt 877
canned, bacteria in 876
chops, analyses 378
cockle, poisonous to stock 911
cost of production 641
cracked, analyses, R. I 907
crop of the world, U.S. Ii. .\ 1098
crossing experiments, V. 8. 1). A 717
culture experiments 745, 1036
Can 229, .536
Colo 229
Fla 1036
Ind 41,44
Iowa 134
La 842
Miss 849
Nebr 430
N. H 432
Okla 230
Utah 631
in North Carolina, N. C 538
deep vs. shallow plowing, Nebr 442
digestibility, Okla 872
Egyptian, notes, Ariz 1031
exportation, U. S. D. A 698
feed, analyses, N. J 378
Pa 378
feeding value for steers, Okla 670
fertilizer experiments 37, 233, 941
Can 228, 536
Conn. Storrs . . . 1025,
1028
Ind 41,125
5365— No. 12—01 4
Page.
Corn, fertilizer experiments, Mass. Hatch.. 227
Md 931
Mich 623
N. Mex 539
Ohio 127
Tenn 330,1029
formula 851
fodder, analyses, Miss 234
Nebr 478
N.,1 378
digcslil)ility, 111 370
subsoiling for, Minn 628
for fonige, N. .1 331
germ, analyses, Nebr 478
Wis 71
digestibility. Me 873
irrigation experiments, La 842
Wis 40
liming experiments, Md 625
meal, analyses 378
Cal 981
Conn. State 70
Mass. Hatch 281
Pa 378
R.I 907
Vt 877
digestibility. Me 873
malted, analyses, Vt 877
sifted, analyse.", Vt 877
moldy, effect of feeding, V. S. D. A . . . 898
oat, and barley feed, analyses, Mass.
Hatch 281
oat, and barley feed, analyses, N. Y.
State 169
oat, and barley feed, analyses. Pa 378
R. I. 282,378
oil, chemistry 308
nature and properties 1006
planting at different distances, Mich . 143
production and consumption 798
in Kentucky, Ky 547
protein content, Ind 71
races 745
root system, N. Dak 517
Tenn 312
rotation experiments, R. I 1030
screenings, analyses, Ma^s. Hatch 281
seed from different latitudes. Ark 136
shives, ground, analyses, Mass. Hatch . 281
.shrinkage in storing, Iowa 134
siftings, analy.ses 378
silage, analyses. Conn. Storrs 1077
Mi.ss 234
smut, studies. Ill 356
Ind 57
treatment with formaldehyde. 859
squaw, analy.ses, Nebr 478
•stover, analyses. Conn. Storrs 1077
digestibility, 111 370
sugar beets, and mangel-wurzels, rel-
ative yield and cost of production,
Pa 632
tops, analyses, Mi.ss 234
varieties 442
Ark 136
Can 134.328
1184
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Pagr.
Corn, Viiriftus, Iowa l'i-4
La 84'2
N. C 538
N.J 330
Utah 631
vs. wheat for poultry, Mas.s. Hatch .. 279
worin. (.Sff Boll worm.)
vielil as afltected by depth of plowing,
N. H 432
witch grass, N. H. 432
Corheobs, analyses, I'a 378
Cornstalk borer, smaller, notes, U.S. D.A.. 362
Comn, Maxinie. biographical sketch 1002
Corru.'<J'rityiliiiii.-i. distribution in Germany. 617
stomach contents 424
Cossux ligniijcrda. notes 158, lOCi
Cotton, angular leaf spot, notes. Ala. Col-
lege 4:^^
black rust, control by potash, Ala.
College 434
boll anthracno.se, notes, Ala. Col-
lege 434
rot, notes, Ala. College 434
crop of 1898-99, U. S. D. A 399
1899-1900, U. S. D. A 1098
culture, Ala. College 433
experiments, Fla 1036
Ga 137
Okla 230
Egyptian, varieties, U. S. D. A 231
exhibit of the United States at the
Paris E.xposition. U. S. D. A 698
exports, U. S. D. A 698
fertilizer experiments 45, 941
Ala. College. 433
Ala. Tuske-
gee 331
Ga 138
Miss 230
htill ashes, analy.ses 933
Conn. State.. 130,931
Mass. Hatch . 225,626
hulls, utilization for paper making. 694
improvement by hybridization and
selection, Ala. College 433
industry in America 399
irrigation expt'riments. La 842
leaf blight, notes. Ala. College 434
mildew, notes, Ala. College 434
mill industry, U. S. 1). A 698
monograph 941
movement and lluctuations 399
notes, Cal 945
plant, analy.ses, Ala; (College 435
red rust, notes, .Via. College 434
root knot, notes, .Via. College 434
rust, notes, Ala College 434
seed, analyses 478
Miss 234
and its i)roducts lV)r steers, Te.\ 475
statistics 698
feed, analyses, N. Y. State 169
industry, U. S. 1). A 1098
meal, analyses. Can 586
Conn. State . . 70,
129, 931
Page.
Cotton seed meal, analyses. La 131
Mass. Hatch 225,281
Me 378,587
Miss 234
N.J 378
N. Y. State.. 169,877
Pa 378
R. I. 282,378,717,907
Vt 2.82,472,877
availability for grass,
Conn. State 527
availability for Hunga-
rian grass. Conn. State 528
effect on butter, U. S.
D. A 798
oil as a substitute for linseed
oil 694
detection 108
Halphen color
test 612
in lard, Boemer's
method 214
shedding of bolls, notes, .\la. Col-
lege : 434
sore shin or damping off, notes, Ala.
College 434
spinning, favorable atmospheric
conditions, U. S. D. A 831
statistics 143
stem anthracnose, notes, Ala. Col-
lege 434
trade schools in the South 198
treatise 45
varieties, Ala. College 433
Ga 137
La 841
Miss 229, 844, 849
waste, analyses, Mass. Hatch. 226,626,933
Vt 226
wilt, notes, Ala. College 434
worm moth on grapes 69
Cottonwood, .\merican, notes, Can 5.59
fungus disease. Can 574
notes 1049
Court-nou(S of grapes, notes 260, 464
Cover crops for orchards. Nebr 44J
Cow stables 388
Cowbirds, food habits, U. S. I). A 828
Cowpeaand soy-1)can jilants. analyses, Mass.
Hatch 933
Cowpeas, analyses, N. J 378
and corn, culture, U. S. D. \ 232
millet, analyses, Nebr 442
soy beans, notes 1037
as a forage crop, Ind 45
source of nitrogen. Tenn 1035
culture experiments, Del 435
Fla 1036
Mi.ss 849
in Arkan.sas, Ark 634
digestibility, Okla 872
fertilizer experiments, (;onn.
Storrs 1028
fertilizer experiments, Del 435
Miss 849
Tenn 102.
INDEX OF SinWECTS.
1135
Pagf.
Ci)\vpi"!is for forage, N. .1 332
irrigation oxpt'i'iiiKMits. ha 842
liming experiment-*, Mil ()25
notes 943
Can 329
Iowa 134
La H43
N. Mex 539
Okla 230
'J'enn 337
root tubercles, notes, N. .1 331
varieties, Del 435
yield asaffeclecl liy llie weatlier,
Del 436
Cowpox, notes 885
l". S. D. A 488
Cows, dairy, development 592, 1082
economy of heavy grain feeding.
Wis 81
efleet of changing milkers. Wis 83
feeding li(iuid fat, Vt 283
individuality on taste and
tolerance of milk 784
exercise 381
feeding, Minn 484
Tenn 388
and breeding 780
management 698
experiments ... 90, 288, 589, 592, 679
Ga 982
Minn 479
Miss 288
N..r 382
Pa 678
Utah 783
grain on pasture. Miss 883
in winter 185
grain feed, U. S. D. A 798
grooming, Vt 284
heavy vs. light 288
Holstein, tests, N. .1 383
improvement by feeding and care,
Md 1078
Jersey, tests, Miss 288
mangels and swedes for 884
vs. sugar beets for. Can 389
turnips for, (Jan 387
milking as alfecting production 185
oil cakes lor 179
palm-nut residue for .592
pea-vine silage vs. pasture for, Del .. 481
poisoning with Af/matemmn r/ithar/o. . 394
production in Connecticut, Conn.
Storrs 380
profitable and unprofitable, U.S. D. A. 298
protection from flies. Wis 82
scale of points for, l'. S. D. A 90
selection, .\riz 798
and testing 388
Tenn 388
soiling crops for 388
N..1 382
vs. pasturing, I'tali 783
spaying, methods •. 394
sugar-beet pulp for, N. Y. Cornell 878
tests. Can 387
Page.
Cows, tests. Wis 90
tyi)e in relation to proiluclion. ( Onn.
Storrs 381
type in relation to production. .Minn. 479
variation in |iroductive capacity,
Minn 4S0
watering, Vt 284
Welsh Hlaek and Shorthorn, conipuri-
son 389
Craba[)ples, germination asalVected by size
of fruitsaiid nuniberof seeds 758
varieties, Mont 8.53
grass, notes, Kaiis 898
Cranberries, cost of growing 1046
Kinnish, composition 753
rotting, r. S. D. .\ 298
Cranberry bogs, making 953
Crane fiies, notes 1060
Craliegit^, n. sp., description, N. C 827
oxi/acantha, witches' broom 658
Cream, analyses, Conn. State 279, 280
clotted, analy.ses 680
pasteurization at 140° F., Wis 84
for butler making.
Can 386
raising by dilution. Can 386
ripening. Conn. Storrs 387
at different temperatures,
Can 386
by direct inoculation .593
with ditTerent percent-
ages of starter.
Can 386
pure cultures 983
sampling, Vt 185
separator slime, source 883
"separators," dilution, tests, Can .. 386
testing 90
by the Babcock method... 884,986
Iowa 882
('reameries, cooperative, in Denmark 289
notes, Ga 982
Creamers, dilution, tests. Can 386
Creatinin, determination in urine 512
physiology 1077
reducing power 587
Creeper, brown, economic relate ns 423
Crematory ashes, analyses. Com,, .--tate 931
Greg 907
(.'reoliii as a remedy for ant irax 193
Crim>on clover. (Stt Clover, crimson.)
C'rioceris asparagi, notes 862
Can 367,575
melanopa, notes 974
12-punctata, notes 166, 862
('an 367, 575
Crocus saliviis, variety 613
Crop circular, U. S. D. A 298
ccmditions abroad, U. S. D. A 698
pest la w, Va 467
reports, U. S. D. A 698
Cropping experiments 44
Crops as affected by meteorological condi-
tions, U. S. D. A 831
basic constituents , 428
foreign, U. S. D. A 698
113Q
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Crops, moisture requireineiits, Cal 922
of Austria, U. 8. I). A 1098
Germany, U. S. I>. A 399, 109S
protection from hail 502
Crossing and hybridizing 612, 852
( roupous enteritis of cats 193
membranes, pathology 393
Crown gall, contagiousness -162
notes 10-58
Ariz 458, 798, 1055
treatment, Ariz 460
Crows, economic relations 423
in relation to agriculture and for-
estry 616
seed, distribution in Germany 617
stomach contents 424
Crucible for alkali determination 419
( Jooeh, improved 309
( 'ruciferoTis plants. de.struction 351
form as related to habi-
tat 615
Crude liber and nitrogen-free extract, fuel
value 1072
determination 511
petroleum for the San Jos6 .scale,
N. .T 971
Cri/pt'irocciisJ'ani. notes 1062
Cryptogams of Wyoming, Wyo 1015
Cryptorhiindiin: lapalhi, notes 1062
Cryptin'tniiiiui atli nclulncca, notes 961
Crystallization preventive, analyses 823
Cuckoos, economic relations 423
Cucumber bacterial wilt, notes, Mass.
Hatch 253
beetle, striped, notes, Mich 575
N. Mex . 974
beetles, notes, Fla 10-58
damping otY, notes 261,262
downy mildew, notes, Fla 10-56
fungus d iseases 10.56
powdery mildew, notes, \. Y.
State 56
l^ucumbers, culture in Austria, CS. 1). .\... 1043
fertilizer formula 851
forcing 952
growing in pots in winter 449
under glass in sum-
mer, N. H 1039
notes, Iowa 340
spraying experiments, X.J 353
C'»ci(W)/7rtprp(> as affected by carlxmdioxid. 110
Cucurbits, hybridization and cross pollina-
tion, Nebr 449
Culicidse, treati.se 467
Cultivation and weeding, effect on .soil
moisture 123
in New South Wales 1096
Cultivators for corn, tests, Ind 44
tests 1097
Curd, bad flavor. Can 385
careful vs. rough liandliug. Can 385
ga.s.sy , Can 38S
Mich 984
and stringy 389
test, Wisconsin, description 593
Currant bud mite, black, remeilies 003,870
^age.
Currant disease, notes 262
diseases in the HuiImju Valley,
N. y. State 154
Hies, notes, Mont 869
gall mite, remedies 772
leaf .spot, notes 573
Currants, fertilizer exiicriments 648
N..J 344
irrigation, N. .1 344
ripening as att'ecled by copper
.salts 1045
varieties 1044
Mich 237
Pa 645
Current meter, rating 696
Curtis .scale, notes 469
Cuscuta, geographical distribution of .spe-
cies in North America 720
germination 960
CwscMia ^roHocu affecting cucuinhcrs, X. V.
State 56
Cutworms, remedies 865
Cytcis Jonnlcaruis, notes 465
Cylindi(j!iporitiin kuniaioiri, n. sp., descrip-
tion 768, 1057
CyitoiiiLa picti/acies, notes 974
Cyrtacanthacris nigroiaria. notes 465
Cystopus portulaca', notes 254
Cytodites nudus, notes 166
Mont 894
Cytology, new departure 114
Dactyl is (/lumerata. {^ce Orchard grass.)
Dactylopiiis culceolarix, notes 1067
cltri, notes, Fla 68
destructor, notes 369
I". S. D.A 162
Daffodils, history 855
Dahlias, notes 1046
Dairy agent of Sweden, report 289
bacteria, clas.siflcation. Conn, storrs. 1083
barn, description, Tenn. . 398
education in California, CS. D. A... 90
exhibit at California State fair. r. S.
D.A 89
feeds, analyses, Me 587
N.J 378
Vt 877
glassware, tests. Vt 289
herd record 185, 592, 593
Can 387
Conn. Storrs 380
Md 1079
Minn 479, 480
Mi.ss 288,883
N. H 185
N.J 384
Utah 781
Vt 286
Wis 83
suggesti{)ns for keeping,
Teini 388
selection, Ga 982
industry in Europe 684
inspection in Michigan 823
laws. National and State. f.S. D. A.. 986
of California 986
INDEX OF SUBJECT!^.
1137
Page.
Dairy otVuials, assixiations, and educa-
tional institutions 92
products, analyses. K y 580
contamination 593
school at Kiitti-Zollikofen, Hern, re-
port, 1899 90
system of keeping records, Minn 179
UairyiiiK, (U)operative 485
general discu.s.sion :{88
in California, U. S. D. A 89
Canada 178
Cul)a 90
Denmark 289
notes, N. Y. State 287
Georgia, Ga 982
New South Wales 1082
Pennsylvania G98
relation to soil exhaustion,
N.J 3S4
Russia 10S2
the United States, U. S. D. A . . 484
note:., N.Y.
State ... 287
notes, Ga 986
Dakruma convotutellu, notes G8
Danais archippuK, notes C9
Dandelions, forcing 952
lidjjiiiii ciicorum, seed production 855
DarliiCd JUum as a rust parasite, N. V. Slate. 358
notes 2(i2
Iowa 9G2
Date palms, culture 240
Ariz 798
notes, Cal 945
lidliini atranumium as affected by carbon
diD.vid no
Davuinea cediciUuii in fowls 894
proglottina in fowls 89-t
Davidson, S. P., notes 1015
Dedicus veriacivorus, notes 974
Dehorning cattle, Ariz 798
effect on milk production, Itah. 782
notes 194, 792
steers, Can 599
Delaware Station, financial statement 797
Iji'ljjliininm glaucma, notes, INIont 891
Uciiiatium pullulana, conidia formation 912
notes 718
Demodex, bibliography 867
DendrodomiH brevicornU, notes, IJ.s. D. \.. 64
polygraphun rufipcmiix, n(.tcs. 106
similis, notes, U. S. D. A 64
Dcndrophagjis {/lobosus, n. sp,, studies, Ariz. 459
Denitrification e.xperiments 026, 728, 734, 928
studies 1 15, 915
Dermacentor amcricanus, notes 973
Dermanyssus, bibliography 867
Dermaptera of ,\ustro-Hungary and Ger-
many 1068
Dermatobia, bibliography 867
Dermatomycosis of fowls, investigatictii 94
studies 191
Derotmena, monograph 100
Desert countries, future 732
Dcsiantlin cdiKUiUi, notes 307
Dewberries, notes, Ind 8.54
Page.
Dew-point at Honolulu, tables, C. S. D. A.. 25
De.xtrose in beet leaves 113,214,309,912
Diabrotica 12-punctata, notes, U. S. D. A 860
vittata, notes, Mich 575
N. Mc.\ 974
Diarrhea, infectious, of calves, treatment. 395,791
IManpis amygdali, notes, Fla 1 057
cacti, notes, U. S. D. X 162
fallax on American fruit 971
»sliT:yJ'(>rinis, locomotion of larva-... 809
Diastase, functions in jdants 615
iuhil)ition by oxidizing enzyms .. 217
proteolytic, of malt 722,723
as affected by
mineral
substances 916
Diastases, secretion lis
Diatrxa saccharalis, notes 661
striatalis, parasites 469
Dicalciiun phosphate, analy.ses. Conn.
State 931
Dicranura vin lUn, notes 1002
IHctyophora pallida, notes 1 067
Dictyosporiarn opacum, notes .567
Diet in warm climates 9,si
of laborers in the Leeward Islands 470
peasants 1077
prisoners in the Leeward Islands . . 476
Dietaries for ho.spitals for the insane 877
Dietary of a Berlin pri.son 79
studies, Oreg 470
U.S. D. A 677
of university boat crews,
U.S.D.A 108
Digestion experiment, nature, Kans 898
physiology of 982
Digestive secretions, protection of organ-
ism from 95
Diluvial formation in the Netherlands 837
Dimorphism among [)lants, seasonal 24
Dioscurca alata, analyses 1076
fargf'gii, notes 852
spp., notes 345
trifida, analy.ses 1076
liihrnmii, analy.scs 1076
Dioscorea, hy l)ridization ei3
Diphtheria, avian and human 395
bacilli, eft'cct on leucocytes 108I
toxin production in
milk 1080
Diphtheretic membranes, pathology 393
Diplococcus tabaci, notes 720
DiploHiis pyrivora, n( ites looi
rosivora, n. sp., notes, U. S. D. \... 161
vioUcola, notes, U. S. D. A 161
TJipMiciLx nylvcftiris torsas, biastrepsis 109
Diptera, claws and pulvilli 1068
injurious, treati.se ,H08
Diseases, infectious, classification 489
of animals, atmo.spheric infec-
tion 790
control 395
infectious, prophy-
laxis 489
laws controlling,
Va .597
f pathology and ther-
apy ,596
1138
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Diseases of iinimuls, text-book 596
plants. (See Plant diseases.)
Disinfection theory 1094
Disoni/rlia triangulariH, notes, Mich 575
DisiiO!(teira longipennis, notes, U. S. D. A ... 160
Distemper, canine, notes 1094
studies 292
Distillery slop, analyses. Inrt 70
waste, analyses. N. Y. Slate 169
Pa ;i7.S
Divining rod, use, U. S. D. A 119
Dodder afTe<'ting alfalfa, Wyo 431
cucumbers, notes, X. Y.
State 56
life history 313
seed, germination 960
Dodders, geographical distribution in
North America 720
Dogs, new disease 6S5
.susceptibility to hemorrhagic septi-
esemia of poultry 991
Domestic science, handbook 279
in agricultural colleges. 279
Dorylinse, notes 1069
Doudna, P. E., note-s, U. S. D. A 521
Dourine of horses, pathology 1094
pathogenic organism 893
Dragon flies, collecting and rearing 870
literature in nineteenth cen-
tury 972
Drainage as affected by foivst-s 426
in Upper Chagres River, V . S. 1). A. 521
water, nitrogen content 917
Dried blood, analy.ses, Cal 981
Conn. State 129,931
La 131
N.J 840
R. I 717,907
Drift ice, U. S. D. A 1015
Drinking devices, automatic 1096
Drosera fllifurmU nm\ D. iiit' r(ii(ili<i, liybrids
between 613
DroHophila (inijxhjphilu, notes, Ariz 365
Drought, determination of intensity 317
effect on trees, Cal 955
endurance in .soils, Cal 921
in Missouri in 1899, U. S. I). A .520
Droughts in India, U. S. D. A .'v_'l
Drug adulteration in Massachusetts 79
Dry spell.s, U. S. D. A 119
Drying apparatas 908
Dri/utxitcs pubescens, notes, U. S. I). .V 161
Ducks, bacteriological disease, N. ,1 390
feeding experiments, Ciin 377,589
hemorrhagic septicivmia 888
toxicology of strychnin 392
Dunes, culture 427
Durra for forage, N.J 331
rural branching, analyses, .\. J 378
Duty of water 398
Colo 295
U. S. D. A 295
measurements, Wyo 1095
Dwarf Essex rape, analyses, N.J 37s
Dynamometer, bearing-testing, de.scri])tion. 797
Dysentery in young animals, Kans 898
Page.
Dysentery, malignant, of calves, control . . . 684
Earthworms in soil of forests 424
role in soil 927
systematic' account 617
Eaton.ia, n. spp., descriptions, IT. S. D. A 911
Eciton numirhrasti, notes .580
Eclip.se of sun. May 28, 1900, V. S. D. A 119
.shadow bands and atmospheric
phenomena, U. S. D. A 521
Ecology of Ocracoke Island, U. 8. D. A 720
Edema, malignant, and blackleg, bacilli,
study 691
in horses 792, 1094
Eel worms affecting roses 424
Egg records, Me 586
nest box iur, U. S. D. A 298
white proteids, studies. Conn. State... 514
yolk, iron content 780
proteids, .studies. Conn. State .513
Eggplant Macrosporium disease, notes, Ga. 61
Eggyilants, fertilizer formula 851
growing under glass in sum-
mer, N. H 1039
notes, Iowa 340
preparation for the table, Iowa. 340
spraying experiments, N.J 352
Eggs, cold storage 780
effect of food on flavor, F. S. I). A . . . . 898
preservation 470, 780
Can 376, .589
W. Va 1098
with water glass, N.
Dak 780
selling by weight, U. S. D. A 898
Elaphidum viUdSum, notes 272
Elasmojmlpus UgiuixcllKx, notes, 1'. S. D. A. . . 362
Electric currents, effect on instnuuents for
measuring terrestial magnetism. 920
phenomena in Euphrates Valley,
U.S.D.A ,S31
Electricity in plant culture 825
physiological action 178
Electroradiophone for studying di.stant
storms - 725
Elephant beetle, notes 774
Ellenbergcr, Cyrus, notes on death, U. S.
D. A -620
Elm, American, notes. Can 559
bark beetle, notes, Ky 158
diseases, notes, Ky 157
leaf beetle, imported, notes, Ky 158
notes 263, 368
skeletonizer, notes, Ky 1.58
l)lant louse, notes, Me 367
wych, ash analyses of leaves 100(>
Elymux canadensis, notes, Nebr ISd
glaucifoUus, notes, Nebr 436
virginicus, notes, Nebr 436
Emmenthaler cheese, rijx'ning 884
Eiiipliii(ii.< III urn hit im, notes 68
Employment agencies for the n.se of
fanners, U. S. D. A 798
Eucarsiaflavim-uteUnm, notes 869
Encyrtimt, genera 870
Endocarditis in hog eliolera 294
Endosijcrm of maize, hvl)rid feeuMilatinn. . 121
INDEX OF ^^UBJECTS.
1139
Pane.
English blue grass, notes, N. Mex 539
wiilinit scale, notes 469
Enologiciil station of Haro, rcjKirt 195
Entomological service, voluntary in New
York 264
Society of Ontario, report.. 264
station of Sweden, report . . 271
Entomologists' directory 168
Entomology, clinical, bibliography 867
economic, progress in the
United States, V. S. I). A . . . . 467
experimental 974
literature in nineteen tli cen-
tury 972
Russian 665
North American, list of works,
U.S. I). A 774
Entozoa in Hawaiian Islands 889
Enzym of Penicillium {/laucuin 722
proteolytic, in germinating barley. 916
seeds . . 722
Enzyms, chemical nature 117
formation by alcoholic ferments. . 915
in plants 916
of cheese, .studies 682
Epncriimin ilorsdli)-, notes 770
tcnnivalis, notes 270
Epiieslia cautella, notes 869
kuehniella, notes 1061
Ephialtes irrigator as an enemy of the peach-
tree borer, N. Y. Cornell 63
Epicxrus imbrinitit.'', notes, U. S. D. A 362
Epirattta cinrna, notes, Mich .575
Epilachiia vdrivestis, notes, N. Mex 974
Epilepsy of poultry, notes, Del 894
parasitic cause 598
Epithelioma contagiosum, pathological anat-
omy 994
Epitrix I'lirit mciis, notes, N. Mex 974
Equinoctial storms, U. S. D. A 1016
Eragrostit! trichudes, notes, Nebr 436
"Erborinatura," false, in cheese 485
Ergot from wild rice 359
notes 467
poisonous to stock 911
Ergotism in 14)rses, Mont 891
notes, Nebr 488
Erica arbonn, production in Italy 795
wilmorei, culture 754
Erigorgiis melanobatux, notes 865
EriocliiUin their, n. sp 369
Eriococ.cus spp. , notes 68
Eriogonum parvifoliam, analyses, Cal 991
Eriapiltisfcgtucx, notes 368
Ermine moths, notes 469
Eriidium ncutarium, germination as aiTected
by light 1049
Erosion due to heavy rains, U. S. A 1015
Erysimin, properties 912
Erysiphacea, monograph 461
Erysiphese, hau.storia 219
Enjsiphe graminis, notes 218
Ethrwiiiii scllatn, notes 367
Ether for forcing plants 243
Eucalypti at Santa Monica, Cal 955
in Arizona, Ariz 798, 1049
Page.
Eucalypti in New South Wales 248
Eucalyi>tus hybrids 613
rate of growth 1048
Kiicdli/ptun spp. , notes 562
Eiid/'win bntraiKi, remedies 662
Eulactol, dige.stibility 780
Euphoria iiida, notes, Mich 575
Euproetix rhnjsorrhxn. (Scr Krowii-tail
moth.)
Eiiri/gastrr maurus, notes 664
Eutypella pruiuutri, notes 6,54
Evergreen leaves, transpiration 313
Exercise, effect on egg production, Utah ... 674
Exoascus defoi-manx. {See Peach leaf curl, i
Exobasidiiim brevieri, n. sp., description 1057
Exorista heterusiw, notes 770
pyste, notes, U. S. D. A 363
E.xperiment station —
at Albano, report of chemical depart-
ment 1008
Kiel, report 198
farms in Germany 901
fur cheese making at Lodi, report isys. 91
in Hawaii 1001
Rotham.sted, influence 203
report 746
Experiment stations —
exhibits at Paris Exposition 301
for Hawaii and Porto Rico 2
in Denmark, reports 398
foreign countries, list, U. S. D. .\ 198
the United States, U. S. D. A 497
history and pres-
ent status. U. S.
D. A 297
organization lists.
U. S. D. A 198
.statistics, U. S.
D. A 298
International Congress at Paris 101
need of more perfect organization 401
of the French tropical colonies 199
United States, work and expendi-
tures, U. S. D. A 697
veterinary work 601
Experimental farms in New South Wales.. 199
Extraction apparatus 908
i-l/tifi i';((!.(/(i)-/.< as afTected by carbon dioxid. 110
Famines in India, U. S. D. A 521
Fancy feed meal, analyses, R. 1 282
Farm^ methods 698
superintendence, notes. Can 379
Farmer in his business relations 199
Farmers' Bulletins, U. S. D. A 118
institutes in the United Statesand
Canada, U. S. D. A ... 298
notes, S.C 39
Farming, diversified. In Oklahoma, okla . . 640
Fat, apparatus for e.xtraction 309
determination in butter 108
condensed milk. . . 307, 823
cream 485
dairy products 21
milk 22,1007
of equivalent in butter. 4.85
digestibility 1077
1140
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Fat, effect of large quantities on stomach
motility 177
extraction by carbon bisuli)hid 308
in firm and soft pork, analyses, Can. . . 581
liquid, for cows, Vt 283
resorption 981
source In animal organism 981
Fatigue, effect on milk, Vt 285
Fats, determination of iodin number 106
iodin and bromin values -119
methods of analysis 1005, 1007
rancid, treatment with soda solution. 1007
rancidity 308
Fauna of Maryland 1098
Favus, notes 492
Del 894
treatment, Oreg 1092
Feces from milk diet, yjhosphorus content. 477
plasmon and meat diet 379
of milch cows, fertilizing constitu-
ents. Pa 927
sheep, heat of combustion, Me 873
study of ferments 477
Feed mills, small steel, grinding experi-
ments. Wis 492
Feeding, effect of diiTerentmethcxlson milk
production, Utah 782
standards, principli's 80
Feeding stufTs —
American, digestibility, V. S. D. A 275
analyses, Conn. Storrs 1077
changes in chemical composition during
storage 471
composition, Okla ti77
and uses. Conn. State 282
digestibility of nitrogen 777
nonnitrogenous constit-
uents 677
nonnitrogenous constit-
uents, N. C 667
handbook 1077
impurities in 219
inspection, Me 377
X. Y. State 877
laws 378
Conn. State 279
N. Y. State 169
R. 1 282
Vt 282
io.ss of energy in digestion 1073
market prices, N. ,1 378
nutritive equivalents 378
" physiological-nutritive value " 1072
rules for dealers 3.50
Feeding tests, experimental error, Vt 283,284
Feeds, mixed, analyses 378
Cal 981
Me 587
R. 1 378
digestibility. Me 873
Feldspar, decomposition 124
Fenugreek as a .'ioil improver 849
notes, Cal 936
Fermentation of cellulose 722
Connecticut toliac<'o, U.S.
D. A Si.)
Page.
Kernicntfltion of galactose 915
tobacco 443, 916
bacteria in 720
cause 722
relation to denitritication . . . 115
Fermentations, treatise 694
Ferments, alcoholic, formation of enzyms. . 915
jihysiology and )ii(ir-
phology 915
as affected by liquid air'. 916
proteolytic and amylolytic, in
feces 477
soluble, in seeds 118
treati.se 916
Fern hybrids 613
Ferns, crossing and hybridizing 613
germination 350
F"erric oxid, determination in natural phos-
phates 416
Fertility of soils, determination 36
Fertilization of plants, artificial, boxes for. 613
Fertilizer analysis. (.Sec Phosphoric acid,
nitrogen, potash,
etc.)
synoptic tables 715
calendar for 1900 38
experiments, cooperative, plan,
Tenn 324
cooperative, pUiTi
and results, X.V,
Cornell 125
in Denmark and
Germany 225
methods of con-
ducting (142,1036
fraud, N. C 841
industry in United States 736
law in Maryland ' 38
Pennsylvania 39
laws 626
Conn. State 128, 931
La 130
N..1 324
S. C 430
Wash 225
Wis 39,226
W. Va 226, 430
literature, N. (' 841
statistics 934
\V. Va 1098
I rade in Connecticut 129
New Jersey , .\ . ,1 324
Fertilizers, action as aflfected by distribu-
tion 839
analyses. . . . 38, 39, 324, 530, 626, 823, 933
Can 530
Conn. State 129, 931
Ky 130,1026
La 131
Ma.ss. Hatch 225, (26, 933
Me 324, 737
Mich 933
Miss 38,841
N. H 226
N..T 840
N. Y. State 226, 1020
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1141
Page
Fertilizers, analyses, R.I 39, 026, 737, 933
S.C 39,430,620
Vt 226, 429, 430
Wis 39, 220
\V. Va 226,430
application 442
availability of orKanie nitropen,
Vt 224
conifiositioii 38, 324
(listrihntiim 934,1025
eiTeet on geniiination of seeds,
U.S.D.A 347
factory-mixed vs. home-mixed,
Ohio 997
home-made, warning 933
inspection 626
Ky 130
Mass. Hatch 220
Me 324,737
Miss 841
R.I 39, 020, 933
S.C 39
Wis 39
liquid, experiments 225
treatise 325
use 38, 225, 321, 530, 627
Tenn 324
Wash 225
valuation 38, 39, 626, 933
Conn. State 129,931
Ky 130,1020
La 131
Miss 38,841
N.J 840
R. I 39, 020, 737, 933
S.C 430
Vt 429
Fescue, English, analyses, Oreg 471
meadow. {Sea Meadow fescnt'.)
reed, notes, N. Me.x .539
Fcsltica clatior arundinacca, notes, Ncbr 430
N. Mex.. .539
pratensis, notes, Nebr 436
iivina duriiiscula, notes, Nebr 430
elatior, notes, Nebr 436
Kuleata, notes, Nebr 430
pratenna, analy.ses, Oreg 471
notes, N. Mex 539
KibiTin feeding stuffs, digestibility 005
plants of Japan, anatomical studies. . 422
Kibrin, heteroalbumoses, nutritive value .. 478
/■'/c,7.s- liaMir.a, notes 347
repeated tapping 4.51
FiiUd ritifuld, notes, N. Y. Cornell 974
Kield (Tops, fertilizer experiments 442
experiments, notes 337
peas as a forage croj), Ind 45
Golden Vine, composition an<l
yield, riali.... 710
digestibility,
Utah 778
root system, N. Dak 517
varieties, Can 329
Minn 030
Kig disease, notes 858
Figs, California Smyrna 7.53
Page.
Figs, culture under glass 346
forcing under glass 853
notes, Cal 945
h'lJdriit hancrnfti, life history 08, 060
nortuma in Culex 575
Filaria', propagation by mosijuitoes 790
Filberts, food value. Me 78
notes, Mich 237
Filter-press cake as a fertilizer ; . . . 933
for laboratories 309
Filters, asbestos 419
Fir, Douglas, for reforestation in France... 757
estimation of timber 653
in mixed forests 65;i
red, ash analyses 653
resin ducts and strengthening cells . . . 827
Fire blight, notes, U.S.D.A 399
Va 271
treatment, N.J 354
Fish, canned, corrosi(m of cans 476
ground, analyses. Conn. State 129,931
Mass. Hatch 933
N.J 840
pomace, analyses. Can 531
preservation with salts 77b
Fistulous withers of horses, studies 292
Five-finger, notes, Mont 827
Flagellpe of bacteria 722
Flat pea, notes 133
Cal 930
Can 329
Flavoring extracts, analyses 79
Flax, culture experiments 745
Can r 536
in Ala.ska, U.S.D.A 630
hulls, analyses, N. Dak 273
life history 313
meal, analyses, Vt 877
root system, N. Dak 517
rust, notes 1056
varieties. Can 329
water requirements, Minn 627
Flea-beetle, black, Paris green for, Colo ... 229
pale-striped, notes, U. S. D. A . . 362
Flea-beetles, notes 862
Flesh foods, handbook 676
Flies, remedies, Kans 898
Floats, analyses, R. I 717, 907
Floods in Texas, U. S. D. A 520, 521
the Brisbane River, mitigation.. 797
Tlora of Lyon County, Iowa 732
Maryland 1098
Ohio 615
( »k lahoma, ( )kla 312
Floriculture, American 347
manual 1.52
Florida Station, financial statement 1097
report of director 1097
Flour, analyses, Ky 586
middlings, analyses. Wis 71
moth, Mediterranean, notes, V. S.
D. A 861
Flours, acidity 676
analyses 91
determination of aci<lity 823
FU)wers, brown coloring matter 912
1 I rj KXI'KUIMKNT HT
I'liK''
KlfiWiTH, r'liiHMlllr-iilliiii iif iii|iii> I'll
riiliir, tiuiiii!iii'liiliiri- lIMli
idIiiiIiik niiillcr 113
('iiliir'H im iilTiTti-il liy cIiciiiIciiIn f)]V
I'lilliiiv 7.M
I'lil, |iriMliii-lliiii \b'I
KI'owImk for iMTfiinii- 7M
liiinly, (iiih'h, f'liii fclli
Kiiiki' WDiriiH of hIii-i-|i, IIIiIi'H IVJ,
Miinrlii K»^ III lll/ii( loll IU2ft
I-'imIiIit iiImiiIx, I'liliiiri' cxin-ririiciiU. Ciiii .. '22V
iioli-M, I' H. I), A 01ft
I'llllljlTN, lnlVUIllllKI'M of l'OIII|ll'rMHlllK 177
I'OK HlildiitM on Mount 'I'iiiiiiiI|iiiIh, II. K.
I». A MUI.lOir.
Ko»/H, i-iri-cl on pliinlN Hal
ImioiI iKliilli'mlioii In Kiiiopc- 7MI
.MuHhlM-llllNI'llH 71»
ami iJriiK liiN|ii'i'tloii In .Miixniii'liUMi-ttN. U7f>
iinliiiiil, lii-liitvior in liiiiiiiin lioijy ... 'M'J
colorlllK lllillliTH III 7H0
I'iriM-l on I'liiiriii'liT of Inllow .iH;i
i'i>lll|ior-llloii iif poiK, t Mil.. .)N'2
lliivorof c-KKh, II. S. I). A.... H'.W
iiH'diliollhin itnd iiovvcr to
lii'Cforiii work 171
<|imllly of hiitlvr, V( 'M)
iiiNh' mill iiilcriiiM'i' of milk. 7H-I
KriiiTiiliirilil.' im
inN|>iM'iloii In .Mii'lilKiin M^ll
Ky ftWl
liiw, Conn. Hliilif 27'.t
iiiiiIitIiiIk, iiilKiallon III lcitV(!N iHH)
iiiilrli'lilH ri-i|uiri'il liy iiiiiii H7I
lill'hlTVIlllVI'H 7H0
iinitlyHi'k, Conn.KUilf. '27t),'2HI
iiotcH 2M)
r<'i|iilri'iiii'nlH in li'iiiiicriiti! I'liiniitoN.. H77
Mi|>|ily of till- I'lilli-il KiiiKdoni, Hel-
Kiiiiii, Friini-i', mill (iiTiiiiiny 47t)
IrwitlMi- <17(1
I-'iii)i1m, iiviilliibllily, <'oiiii. HlorrN .. lOtltl, IU7r), l()7il
i-lii!iiili'iil (17i>
(liKfMtllilllly, Conn. Hlorrn 107.'(
I'lroni-iiiiN l<ii-iiN iTtfiiriliiiK viiiiii! '27U
I'X mil inn I ion 2M
IIi'hIi, I'. \ mill nil I Ion iiiminiil '170
furl viiliii, Cnnii. KlofiH.... KMHI, l(»7.'>, l(>70
|)i'i-Hfrviitloii liy iiri'Hmiri', \V. Vii lOUH
ri'liitivi! |iro|iiii'ilon of niilrii'iilM,
Conn. HloriM 1070
vi-Ki'liilili', III III!' I.i'i'wiiril InIiiiiiIh.. '170
I'm. I Mini liiiiiKli ilihi'iiM', I'lililrol lOtm
iKili'H l<.M,71HI,HKf)
|iroli-rllvi' Iniii'ii
llllilill l'X|ll'l'l
llll'lllH I'.il.lIlM
ri'KiiiiilloiiN M(K
Kdl.lic'H INK
In-iilniciil W,\
I'ool linil li'iiiii, <lli-imy Nlmly, I'. S. I). A .. (177
l''ool lIlhCllHl', lloli'H, Ni'lir -IMM
rol of nIii'I'Ii ti*N 2U'i,7lU, KHIM
I'dliiui' cniim, lioli'H IHIM
I.II . Mill
MIhh Jill
Nilir. Ill)
ATloN KKf'ulil).
Pajje.
loriiKi' ••ro|m, iioh'N, I', H. I). A ii'i
hii|i|ili'tiirnliiry, I'. H. I). A . . OUM
IrcallMf 'l.'i
(ilmiN. ( Sir itlno (iruMM!H. )
< liiliiiral NtlliJii'H lOlil
i'oii|iiTaliv(; i!X|ii!riniiMiti<,
U.K. II. A.. :m
i n V(!Nl I Kit
tlollH, I'. H.
DA IKJf)
fiiltiiM' ■'Xiii'riiiifiilH KKWi
Colo -iM
In Alaxka, ['. H.
I). A tVM
forall<ali hoIIm. Wyo KiH
ArkniiHaH, Ark OIM
miiK.'h, C. H. I). A .... ail
iniliorli'il from KiiMtia, I.'.
H. n. A 4r,
IiimccIm iiiriD-linK, r. H,
I). A mi
ill WiihhInKtoii, WiimIi .... •£»
iialivc, Monl M'/7
noti'H, Cal ■ Ul.')
KaliH HUH
'I'l'iin :i;»7
n. H. n. A oir.
Wyo IIKI7
hlllllil-M 71f>
varii'lii'M, Minn iVM.im
Nflir V.m
lioiMiliillK of liorMOH KMI
I'Orlll'H hI'Mic, IIOll'H ! Klil
on AiiK-rii-an fruit U7I
Kori'i'liN for liolilliiK \>\k>* iliirlnif inociilii
lion MU4
KorriiiK |ilanlM liy clliiT 'Jl;i
FornanlliiK for I lie fnnin'r, l". H. i). A M3I
KoricaHlM in Imlia, I'. H. I). A .V2I
NciiMiiiiil, in (Nilorit'lo, I', s. 1). A. r>'j|
|''..ri-hl lii'llN, Can /Mil
• unilliloiiHur AiiMraliii ri<12
ciiiia rm
Ni'W .IcrMi-y couNlnl
plain fA^\
(Ins, ic.nliol, r. .'^. I). A 'Ififi
illlr lo l'ltlll|i llrt'H IMi
ill Hi'IkIiiiii fiOJI
Kriini-r 'IW)
I'l-iiiiMylvitnia (W
laWM in till' rnlti-il Slali'.s 2'tK,ri«i;i
niliHi'ry, C.H. II. A 'JM
lilantliiK III Cmnnlii, <'mi IM
Norway .'lOO
|iri'Kcrvittion, ri-awitiN for 0'J7
liiol.lcnm 7.'i7
in IVIIi'IiIkhii 7ft7
ItiiNHin tilt'i
ri'HiTVi'M in till' lliilli-il Ktati'M 4'V.',U'V)
ii'iii laiiTiillliir, lii'Niriii'ilon liy
liini-. :t(i»l
titfiTt on iiiii|il('
MilKiir im, llUl
Mot«H V!ii:i,'.'72
Mn (W,;M17
N. II KMl
VI Ml
IM>KX <»K SI Il.IK«T'
1 14:>
Korv*i ti^-vttri)*!!!!? •• ^f*
niencs, l*it 6&1
■ii'v«l-. prv'^tTvalUui ""^MJ
lr^•^.'^<. <l.prn iiition Iti vulti. "■<'
..tOlii.. -1^
K«>ivstr>-. .Vnu'rioHti. tn.'ti(i>t' ' >•'
at tho Paris Kxixi^itioti "•■<
oMifK-rutivi' work. V. S. I i''-
i-xiK-nmcnis. r«>l«> i"*
ill ('Hiitnlu. i'uii. . •■'!*
Eii>;1iiii<l -'■"*
Jh(hiii . . '-'«''*
Miitiirii". -. -**
ls>rti> Ki. ■ .. <*">
thf AdirnlKlaiks 757, 96S
I'uitiHl StHtes, pnijfTi-si!.
r. S. I). A ISS
Wisconsin "57
tegi^sliitioii ill Miiuu's«"tii 306
notw! wa
Pa W»
practictf by private owners, V. S.
V. A -fej
milnwa 248, 4S6
n'vicw of litommn.' 658 i
siilttittitiorui at v'hiit> iiiid SHitta
MoiiiiH. history iin«l prvsent iiiti-
.litloti, Cal '-'•■>!
treatLse ""Hi
r.'^ts. as affwted by pasluritifc . ';'':'
black-jack, of OkUhoma. n.ii asta
tioii
density ...
eflei't on air temperature 6o3
eliiuate 5r£l
preservation of snow,
Colo •-'«.-i
soil moisture iV.r'
water, draitumre. and
Bow of sprinifs -VM
temperature 5iJ
water flow 6.51
estimation of wimmI ami timber 456
iiLsei'Ls affeeting '^i. 469,976
r. S. D. A W
in Baltic prvivinees 469
manajfemeut and improvement... »M9
in tJertnuny 652
tiatural spreailiiij: "5"
of AUL^ka '■•'>-'
• 'aiukila ^J*"'
Indiana ''^-
Java '>•''■-
Marylan.l... ">»*
Ohio '"''
Prussia "•''"
Saxony 9*^6
the Grand l>uehy of Baden 967
pine, of Germany 662
protection an<l restoration 661
pure vs. mixe«l '^^
Formaldehyde as a disinfectant lOW
pretiervati ve of fixxl . . . 976
detection -I
in milk 6S0. lOOT.
determination. I tid
I "aye
Hormaldehvde. effect on enjyms utul pro-
teids U!*
germination of
cereals and
smut sporx^'s . . . AST
pn.tc.N UW
preseni-e in plan'- 313
Formalin, analyses, I'omi. Stai' 2U
ftir b»'an anthracnor-i • 674
corn sniut ^W
oat smut *i66
Mont .s69
|i«ilatosi.-al). Motii Sfitf
Formic aci«l. determination. Haln-rland's
methiMl... 214
in pn-si-nce
of acetic
acid 616
effect on (termination and
jcrowth of iK-as 1009
Fitriiiici rtifit. notes 469, S66
Foran*^'. elTect on |{lyc«J«en fomution 9«l
Fossil faunas in t'>wa 732
Foul liniotl of l>ei's. stutlie* 9«iij
treatment 973
Fowl cholera, nature and tr»'««nient 396
notes. Del H>M
F»>wls, temperature 294
Fox fli-sh. heat of i-vimbustlon 17}<
Foxi-s, ilamage to sheep industry !<W
Ki'Xtail Viav. anal\-ses. Oal 981
uitche-" linKun 6.J8
1S99. ctTect on fruits, i;a. 60
.,,.,, ., iry. 1899. effect on fruit,
Iowa 147
l.sys-99. effect on orchanls. Colo. . 244
Freshets in James River. Virjrinia. I". .^. l>. A . .VJO
Frit tly. .Vmerican. notes 3SS
Fn'Ks, .susceptibility to hemorrhaxic septi-
ciemiaof pi>ultry 991
Frost alarm, electric "JW
effeit on dilTerent varieties of straw -
bi-rries, .Mont S64
rtifhtiint. C.S?. IV .V 314
ii\jurfes. prevention by whiteninjir..- 643
prediction ami protection. Malio 314
pr»>tection 941
Tenn 317
by artitidal ctomis 122
hot water . . 122
I - 119
of small fruii- 316
resistance of bt-ans, K. I '>! I
work in South .Vfrica. I ' '•"
Fruit hark beetle, notes iJijl
buds, formation. D«l 753
butter, analyses 79
canker, notes 463
canniii); season in CHlifomla 669
culture, notes. Vt I'd
ilisi-a-ses, notes. \\ ■ '■■'
es.s«.'uccs. analys«~ '.">'*
exhibit at IVris KM6
fly. notes 69
remedies lOiiS
Kn>win»r in PennsylvHnbi 69K
juit-e. analyses. Conn. State 279
1144
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
ruit nu)th, notes
Page.
468
902
scab, trealnu'iit . . .
463
soale, European, n<
tes,
M
leh
575
soils of Virginia, Va 122
spots caused by scale lice 865
tree canker, notes 61
chlorosis 463
fungus parasites 657
gumniosis, notes 61
mildew, notes 61
parasite, notes 359
root disease 257
trees, fertilization 1044
growtli as affecte<i by i>runing. 1044
injury by insecticides, U. S.
D. A S60
manuring 345
protection in Florida, U. S. D. A. 118
relation of growth to flowering. 1044
root killing by cold, Iowa 147
winterkilling, U. S. D. A 118
twigs, temperature as affected by
whitening 643
Frui ts as related to bees 774
at the experimental farm at Agas-
siz, Can 753
blossomi ng period , K.I 746
culture .55, 698
in Northern latitudes 1044
for Virginia, Va 151
insects affecting 61, 664
N.Y. State 271
Utah 271
new hardy 1044
orchard, as affected by freeze of Feb-
ruary 13, 1899, Ga
(culture e.xperiments, Colo,
fertilizer experiments,
Mass. Hatch 344
fertilizer e.xperiments, N. J. 344
irrigation, N.J 344
V. S. I). A 345
pollination, N. Y. Cornell.. 237
varieties. Can 345
Mass. Hatch 344
packing and shipping 345
pollination by bees 367
preservation 54
for exhibition. Wis 53
.'Sutherland proi-ess 1046
regulations of foreign governments
regarding importation, U. S. D. A. .
small, culture experiments, Colo
fertilizer experiments. Mass.
Ilalch
forcing
growing in high latitudes,
Can
irrigation, U. S. I). .V
l)r()tection from frost
varieties, (;an
Mass. Hatch
u.se in Germany
Fuchsia, cross fertilization
Fuel, chemical and calorimetric investiga-
tions 100'
50
229
775
229
344
753
548
896
346
345
344
780
613
Fuel, heat of combusti(m 612
Fumigation, advantages 665
for insects 369
i)i orchards, co.«t 470
tents 369
with hydrocyanic-acid gas 6(i2
Fungi, effect on humin substances 912
growth as affected by certain .sub-
stances 314, 1014
growth as alfcctccl iiy media _ 718
in oil 313
in greenhouses of Berlin Botanic
Gardens 62
limit of concentration of nutrient
solutions ,520
new species 24
descriptions 656
nitrogenous constituents 422
of Florida, Fla 1015
parasitic, of Java 461, 1057
Vermont, Vt 261
poi.sonous and edible 24
position in i>lant kingdom 24
relation to weather, N. J 3.54
spore formation 961
wood-de.stroying 219
Fungicides. copi)er. jireparation 262
preparatii >n 263
and u.se, Md .572,681
N.J 3.54
Vt 470
Fungus di.sea.ses of agricultural plants 767
Furfuroids of plant tissues 21 1
Furnace fl ue deposit, analy.ses 39
for laboratories 1008
Fusariurn liriumii!. notes 463, 6.55
Fu.sariums, para.sitic, studies 653
Fusicladhmi dcndritinim. (Sec Apple scab. )
pijrinum, notes 262, 911
Gadflies, notes 69, 272
Galactase, experiments 484
in the ripening of cottage cheese,
Wis 88
Ijroperties, Wis 87
Galacto.se, fermentation 915
Oalechia spp., notes 69
Galerucella luteoki, n< ites, K y 158
Gall wasps, notes 975
Gallic acid, determination 610
Game, laws regulating transportation and
sale, U. S. I). A s:'.l
officials and organi /.at ions concerucil
in protection, r. S. I). ,\ 617
seasons, shipment, and sale,!". S.D.A. 8:i(l
Gangrene in animals 790
pathology 39;!
Gapes of poultry, notes, Del 89i
Gapeworm.s, notes ■ 294
Garbage plant product, analy.ses, Mass.
Hatch 933
Garden <!rops, insects affecting, I'. S. I). .V . 361
Gardening, dictionary, supplement 247
in (iermany 1043
treatise 7.53
Gardens, English 51
(lar(j(i])hia (vwintdln, i otes, V. S. D. A 362
Garget. (>Vc Mammilis.)
TNDKX OF 8UHJECTS.
1145
rage.
(iarlic, fiTtilizcr funiiiiln s.')!
Gas. aij[)aratus I'or Kciicration 1509
washing and al)s<)rbing. 109
blast lamp 309
generator 109
in bamyaril manure, analyses ti2o
lime, analyses, 'SU\ Ii24
effeet on .soil.s and waters 124
li(|Uor, efVeet on .soils and waters 124
for destroying weeds 253
Ga.ses, iitmospiierie, speetruin 92()
Gaslight, ineandeseent, eft'eet on |ilanl
growth, \V. Va 47
liHssy and stringy curd :W9
rurd. Can USX
and ehee.se. Mich 984
(iastritis, epizootie-parasitie, in fowls 291
ha-morrhagica in dogs, notes 1094
parasitic, in calves 6S4
(iaslroenteritis in poultry, notes, Del 894
(lastromycetes, cytological notes 1015
Hitdropliilus epilepmlis, n. sp., as a cause of
epilepsy •. o9M
rqui, notes ()9, 599
iinmliK. notes 294
Geese, toxicology of strychnin 392
Gentianose, occurrence in roots of gen-
tian 716
Geological survey of Iowa 732
Geology, bibliografihic journal 502
of Herault 048
Louisiana, La 221
Maryland 1098
Michigan 695
southeastern South Dakota 897
Wyoming. Wyo 1019
Georgia .Station, financial statement 97
notes 299, 499
Geranium leaf spot, notes, Mass. Hatch 253
wild, notes, Mont 827
Germ-oil meal, analyses, Vt 877
Germiuatitm as affected by —
calcium hydrate 759
(diemical fertilizers, U. 8. D. A 347
electricity 825
fertilizers, Tenn 1030
hydrocyanic-acid gas 959
1 ight 1049
moisture 910
temperature 563, 910
Germination investigations 758
role of oxygen 348
transformations of organic
substan(;es during 720
Gestation in cows, effect on mineral matter
of milk 884
(tinger, analyses 79
Ginseng, American 1044
Glacial action in Indiana 732
lobe in Illinois 924
Gladioli, hybrid 954
notes 152, M9
Glanders bacillus, hyphomycetous natvire . 793
morphology 692
structure 1091
chronic, in man ... 1 491
(•ommunicability 800
Page.
(ilanders, .inability 685
diagnosis by .Strauss jnethod 95
in Illinois 290
Pennsylvania 684
mallein tests 95,491
treatment 292, 885, 893
notes 685, 790
Nebr 488
I'. S. 1). A 488
recurrence 491
sanitary law 95
serum diagno.sis 488
studies 92
t>il)endes, struclnre 1091
lUniitxrliin Irini'diit/iiis, comijosition of nlbu-
inin of seeds 419
uotis, rtah 153
(•lirdnjmn'uiH ciicliiniiii. notes 573
malicortirii!. noti's 262
Oreg 58
iicrvisequiuii. notes 255
ribis, notes 573
Glossina morsitans. notes 792
Gloxinias, artificial fertilization 613
Glucose bran, analyses, Vt 877
consumption by rabbits 781
sy.stematie analy.sis 214
Glueosid, new, in Erysimum 912
Ghiten, determination in flour 1007
feeds, analyses. Conn. State 70
Me 378
N. Y. State 169,877
Pa 378
Vt 472, 877
in flours 1076
meals, analy.ses. Conn. Stale 70
Me 378,587
N..I 378
N. V. State 169,877
Pa 378
R. 1 282,378
Vt 472,877
and feeds, analyses. Ma.ss.
Hatch 281
.md feeds, analyses, Vt 282
jirotein, fuel value 1072
value in fio\ir, ( iin 377
Glycerol, determination in fermented
liquors 1007
Glycogen, determination in horse flesh 107
formation 877
asatfcctedbydilferent
substances 981
from protein 587
Gnats, treatise 467
Goats, Angora, U. S. D. A 1077
economic value 478
Goat's milk in manufacture of Emmen-
thaler cliee.se 684
"Golden sirup," adulteration 477
Gooseberries, fertilizer experiments, N.. I. 344,648
irrigation, N. .1 344
sugar content of fruit as af-
fected by spraying with
copper .salts 519
varieties, Mich 237
I'a 645
lUG
EXl'EKIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Goosebi'rry borer, black, notes, U. S. D. A.. 3M
disease, notes 262
diseases in the Hudson Valley,
N. Y. State 154
fruit v.dnii. notes 68
Mont 869
mildew in Ireland 573
Gophers, notes, Kans 898
GorUjria Jla rar/o, notes 862
Graekles, food habits, l'. S. D. A 828
Graft, eflFeet on species 449
Lafleur or English herbaceous 449
Grafting, conditions of success 947
grape cuttings, U. S. D. A 898
plants of different families 642
variations produced 54
with fruit bud twigs 648
Grain aphis, injury to wheat, Mont 868
breeding 441
accessories 340
crops as aflfected by sugar-beet cul-
ture 943
of France, U. S. D. A 698
the world, U. S. D. A 1098
dangers in feeding to stock 478
fertilizer experiments. Del 739
hulls, analyses, N. J 378
lodging 1037
smuts, prevention, Kans 898
trade in America, India, and Kussia. 298
varieties for breeding purposes 850
(i rains, fall, winter protection 941
seeding experiments. Can 537
stooling 941
Grama, blue, notes, U. S. D. A 332
side oats, notes, U. S. D. A 332
Grape anthracnose, notes, Okla 657
" bacterial gummosis," notes 1053
berry moth, notes, Okla 665
black rot fungi 965
in Jura 573
notes, Ga 61
Okla 657
treatment 360
brown rot, notes, Ga 61
Okla 657
spot, notes 464
brunissure, treatment 763
California disea.se in Avellino 464, 657
notes 1053
cane gall maker, notes, Ohio 662
chlorosis, notes 463
Cochylis, remedies 662
coulure, notes 262
cuttings, grafting, U. S. D. A 898
disease in the Caucasus 1056
diseases in the Hudson Valley, N. Y.
State 154
notes 166
Cal 961
treatment 464
downy mildew, notes 464, 966
Okla 657
treatment 464, 657
fumagine, treatment 61, 1056
fungus diseases, notes 965
gall gnat, notes 272
Page.
(Jrape growing in the South, V. S. D. A 346
injuries from freezing and malnu-
trition 4t)4
insects, notes 770
juice, unfermented. i>rei)aration, V.
S. I). A 898
leaf .sooty mold (il , 10.t6
sijot, note.s 657
leaves for giving aroma to wines 996
" mal nero," notes 1053
marc as a feeding stuff 781
mildew, notes 463
treatment. . 62, 262, 360, 573, 6.57, 9t;6
with copper stil-
phate 1053
permanga-
nate of
potash ... 464
sulphur 858
must, unfermented, preservation,
Cal 794
powdery mildew, treatment 965
root worm, notes, N. Y. Cornell 974
rust, notes 657
scald, notes 464
shelling or rattles, notes, Okla 6.57
stem borer, notes, Okla 664
white rot, notes 360, .571
Grapes, American, culture 151
study and improve-
ment, Tex 446
varieties for French
vineyards 953
in Switzerland . 648
as affected by freeze of February 13,
1899, Ga .50
budding 8.52
culture, Okla 648
drought-resistant varieties 343
fertilizer experiments 8.52, 953, 1042
Mass. Hatch. 344
grafting by English or Lafleur
method 8.52
resistant varieties. 151, 346, 1042
Cal.... 241
green manuring 346
growing nur.sery stock 151
improvement 247
injury by bees 1067
sulphur in strong sun-
light 768
irrigation 346
manuring 151
nitrate of soda for 852
notes, Cal 945
|)liylloxcra-resistaTit varieties 151,
7.54, 775
pruning 247
ringing. Ga .50
self-sterile varieties, fertilization,
N. Y. State 240
stunted growth 260, 360, 464
sugar content of fruit as affected by
spraying with copper salts 519
varieties 246, 1044
Can 345
Mass. Hatch 344
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1147
Graiifs.varioties, Mich 237
Okla fi48 I
for calcarcoiissoils 21li '
iiotes •'M
yield as affected l)y precipitalion
and fertilizers I'll
Grapevine chafer, sjjotted, notes, okla 065
leaf folder, iKites, Okla 665
(rmpliiola pluniicis, notes 655
(irass, Hungarian, utilization of nitrogen in
<Uffereiit forms, (jonn. State 528
lands, liming, U. S. D. A 898
mixtures, notes 350, 911
trials, R. 1 7 10
seeds, collection ,'ind distrihution,
U.S. I). A 941
tests,-Me 505
thrips, notes, Mass. Hatch 468
studies 266
utilization of nitrogen in different
forms. Conn. State 527
Grasses, American, notes, U. S. D. .\ 24, 1013
analyses 1038
Ky 547
and fodder plants on Potomac
Flats, U. S. D. A : . 1037
and weeds as affected by liming,
R. 1 634
as affected by shade 138
cause of failure, Tenn 337
cooperative investigations, U. S.
D. A 332, 935
culture experiments. Can 229
economic, U. S. D. A 421
fertilizer experiments . .•. 44, 338, 441,
547,633,941,1036
Del 739
Mass. Hatch 228
R. I 935
for Arkansas, Ark 634
Kansas, Kans 898
lawns, N.J 347
marshy soils 849
pastures and meadows 849
in.sects affecting 973
in Finland 970
native, analyses, Oreg 471
notes, Cal 945
Ky 547
Nebr 419
prairie, root system, N. Dak '. 517
seeding, Tenn 337
experiments. Can 537
with nur.se crops, Minn .. 629
varieties 44, 849
Can 229, 329
Minn 629
Nebr 436
Grasshoppers, notes 974
Greenhouse construction, notes 152, 952
Green manuring experiments 534
of vineyards 346
plants 849
cult u re c x peri-
men ts, ("olo 229
for orchards, Ariz.. 798
;iot experiments 223
Page.
Gregarines in insects 598
GriiKlcHa Kqnarmsa, notes, ("an 350
Clronnd ivy, destruction by iron sulphate.. 351
metallic .salts.. 1052
nut, analyses 677
water as affected by forests 426
movements 426
origin and inoveineni 731
Grouse lly, notes 1060
Grubs, white, notes, N. H 46.s
remedies, Ohio 997
(IrylUilalpa hexadaclyla, notes, U. S. D. .\ 162
Guano, bat, analyses 39
Mass. Hatch 933
deposits of Eritrea ' 1025
.statistics 38
(iiilf/niirilia bacae, notes 966
bidwellii, notes 9(i6
Guinea fowls, breeding, care, and value ... 781
pigs, epizootic disease 394
susceptibility to hemorrhagic
septiea'mia of poultry 991
Gulf Stream, drift, U. S. D. A 521
myth, U. S. D. A 831
Gum plant, broad-leaved, notes. Can 350
producing plants in the French colo-
nies 954
Gutta-percha, notes 219
treatise 1.52
yielding plants, notes 615
Gymno.sperms, seedlings as affected by light
and darkness 1011
OymnospvmiifiUim juponiruin and Rwstflia
kDrea'iisis, relationship 572
mncnipu.f on American
fruit 971
sp., notes 573
Gypsum, analyses 39
Oreg 419, 906, 907
effect on solubility of potash in
soils 623
for reclamation of alkali lands,
Cal 946
Gypsy moth, control •- 273
destruction by birds 366
extermination in Mas.sachu-
setts 366, 368
means of distribution 663
natural enemies 577
notes 167
Mass. Hatch 271
remedies 468, .576, 577
HadciKi (irctica, notes 368
basUinea, notes 973
sccalis, notes 970
stripiliif, notes 970
HxiiKdobin serrata. (Sec Horn fly.)
Hail, frequency and extent in United States,
U. S. D. A 831
notes, U. S. D. A 520
prevention 502, 520
by cannonading 122, 316,
725, 920, 1018
U.S.D.A. 521,
1015
Hair and lime, decomiioscd. analyses 39
Halali as an insecticide 578
1148
EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD.
Page
Halo lit Detroit, U. S. I). A 521
Halter ojj hern vapitala, notes 857
hixpanica, notes «57
UaUira itjmta, notes, U. S. D. A 364
w(u-rriu/(ni!'. Tiotes, Conn. State 580
HalUcu» iililf ri, notes 166
Hares, Belgian 380
Haricots, forcing 1043
Harlequin cabbage bng, notes, Ga 62
N. Mex.... 974
remedies, Texas. . 850
fly, structure and life history... 870
Ilnrpdhia aili(/iii()Ki(>^ afTeeting strawberries. 369,
469
notes, U.S. D. A 862
riiji<-(>nii.'<. notes 1062
Harpiphoniii tii rsdlin', notes. .". 265
Harrows, tests 1097
Hay, analyses, N. .T 378
fuel value 1072
making in Alaska, L'. S. D. A 630
mixed, analyses, Oreg 907
plants for Arkansas, Ark 634
tea, analyses, Can .586
Hazen, Henry Allen, notes, U. S. D. A 118
Headcheese, notes, Greg 907
Heart water, ccmmunication by ticks 491
Heartwood rots, notes 573
Heat, animal, as affected by food and fast-
ing 981
determination 178
production in dogs 172
radiant, measurement, U. S. D. A 119
radiated, effect of water vapor and
carbon dioxid on ab.sorption 833
Hedges, treatise 451
Helianthns, nutation 219
Ildlothis annigrra, notes 770, 1067
Ariz 365
Fla 1058
Hfllula undalis. notes, T. S. D. A 363
Helminthiasis, intestinal, of fowls 894
Ildmmthostporium graininniin, notes 911
Hemiptera, injurious, distribution 368
Hemp, culture, treatise 442
notes. Can 328
Hen feed, analyses, Vt 282
manure, analyses 39
Mass. Hiilch 226
Hens, egg production, Mc 586
feeding experiments 878
number for one pen, V . S. I). .\ 298
vs. pullets for egg production, Utah. 674
Herbicide, analyses, Vt 273
Herbs, perennial, notes 313
Heredity, effect on quality of cows' milk .. 482
notes, K.I 982
Jlcsperofienia utrickkuifli. notes, U.S. D. A... 24
Hessian fly, notes 166, 368, 468, 973, 1060, 1067
Can 574
N.Dak 245
Nebr 468
N..I 365
Ohio 862,997
U.S. I). A 861
\V. Va 863,1062
remedies 640
i'age.
Heterakis perspiciUurn in fowls 894
rmculariit in fowls 894
Heterodera radicicola galls, notes 462
Heterosporium echinidalum, notes 263
Heterusia riiigida, notes 770
Hibiscus csridtidiis, analyses 1076
s(d)ilariffn, notes 152
(■al 936
viti/otiiis. outgrowths 6.58
Hickory nuts, food value. Me 78
Hierotiltiplius fnrrijrr, notes 770
Hippobuscn Ixtrtridim. notes 1067
cniiinii. notes 1067
iiiitiiia, notes 271, 1067
riijipcs, notes 1067
Hippopi^is (/rarilis, notes 974
Hispa icncscens, notes 770, 1067
treatment 975
Hister 6-striatus, notes 865
H. O. feeds, analyses, Conn. State 70
N. Y. State 169
Hog-cholera experiments, Kans 898
(Jruber's reaction 788
in Pennsylvania, notes 684
inoculation, Lorenz method . . 391
notes 788, 790, S,So, 892, 893, 1093
Nebr 488
Okla 692
protective inoculation 194,
294,395,993,994,1090
remedies, analyses, Nebr 491
serum, tests, Del 787
studies 92
treatment 1093
cooperative experi-
ments, Nebr 487
Hollyhock rust, notes 262
Home grounds, management and improve-
ment 649
Hominy chop, analy.ses. Conn. State 70
feed.s, analyses, N. Y. State 169,877
R.I 378
Vt 877
meal. analy.se.s, Ma.s.s. Hatch 281
N. Y. State 169
Honey, analyses 79
( 'onu . State 279, 2.H0
coml) - fouud'ition experiments,
Colo 265, 6.58
use - 973
Honeysuckles, notes 855
Hongkong, trade, U. S. D. A 98
Hoose in calves, etiology and treatment ... 395
Hop aphis, life history 862
Hops, culture experiments 745
in California, U. S. D. A 338
Sa.xony 849
fertilizer experiments 46,441,745
handbook 337
monograph 942
(juality as affected by fertilizers 46
red mold, notes 859
statistics, U. S. D. A 3;«
yield and quality as atTcctcd by time
of harvesting 232
Hordeiiiii mnritimuni, analyses, Oreg 471
prutcnse, notes, Nebr 436
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1149
I'age.
H(ini fly, notes, Wis 82
remedies, Kans 898
Miss 8G7
Horsf l)eans, culture experiments, Can 536
notes, Can 328
vetch, and peas for green ma-
nuring ^S^
botflies, notes 294
U. S. D. A 861
feed, analyses, Vt 282
flesh, analyses 107
heat of combustion 178
pox, notes, U. S. D. A 488
radish, culture f)58
European varieties and cul-
ture 1044
raising in the Pacific Northwest,
U. S. D. A 380
sickness, African, notes 595, 685
nature 893
pathogenic organism 792
Horses as affected by somnifacients 887
digestion experiment 666
disease due to bad ventilation 194
dourine 893
energy of motion 478
ergotism, Mont 891
feeding 4
experiments, N. Dak 978
for light and heavy work . . . 677
forage poisoning 886
hoofs, material for packing 96
metabolism 781
of South Africa 792
shoeing, notes 191
Ilortcnsin vulgare, germination and growth
in rarefied air 909
Horticulture, educational aspect, R. 1 952
International Congress at
Paris 205
Hot weallier of August, 1900, I". S. I). A .... 831
Hottentot bug, notes 664
Household insects, U. 8. D. A 67
Hudnuts, analyses, N. Y. State 169
Humus acid, determination 907
role in nature 1024
acids, determination in i)eat 907
content of soils 732
as affected l)y ferti-
lizers, K. 1 727
decomp( )sition by fungi 912
determination in soils 417
in relation to agriculture 530
plants, nutrition by mycorrhiza . . . 2!9
soils, experiments, Wis 32, 36
Hungarian grass grain smut, studies, 111. . . 357
Hurricane, Porto Rican, U. S. D. A 101 5
Hurricanes at Charleston, U. S. D. A 1015
in Jamaica, U. S. D. A 1016
the Philippines, U. S. D. A.. 119
West Indies 920
Husk in calves, etiology and treatment 396
Hyalomma xgyptiiis, notes, U. S. D. A 861
Ilybernia tillaria, notes, Me 68
Hybridization and cross breeding 612, 852
in the United States 613
5365— No. 12—01 5
Page.
Hybridization notes 612
of monstrosities 612
plants, work of U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture 612
principles 613
Hybrids, iutluence of each parent 613
new, strucfure 612
notes 613
Hydraulic agriculture 898
Hydraulics, agricultural, treatise 696
Hydrochloric acid, effect on assimilation of
plants 912
gas, apparatus for gen-
eration 908
Hydrocyanic-acid gas —
as an insecticide, U. S. D. A 861
effect on germination 959
strawberries, Del 775
for insects in greenhouses, U. S. D. A . . 162
fumigation 662
experiments ". 870
Fla 1058
injury to plants 613
Hydrocyanic acid in plants 518
Hydrogen, determination 20
Hydrography of Allegany County 1096
Maryland 1098
Nicaragua 797
U. S. D. A 831
Porto Rico 795.
Hydromel, fermentation 694
Hydrophilus piceus, breathing 69
Hydrophobia. (See Rabies.)
Hygiene, manual 877
Hygrometry, bibliography 920
Hylaatcs obacurus, notes, Ohio 576
Ilylrxiuiis oj)acidus, notes, Ky 1.58
HylotovKi viiiorhid, notes 465
Hymenoptera, aculeate, literature in nine-
teenth century 972
injurious, treatise 868
Hyprrai-pis siyixtin, notes, U. S. I). A 860
Hyphmitria cunra, notes. Me 68
Hypodcrma, bibliography 867
Hypodermic injection syringes 95
Hyponoimutn rvotiymella, notes 469
mulinellus, insect i)arasite 1069
padella, notes 469
padclits, insect parasite 1069
Ice and navigation at St. Michael, Alaska,
U. S. D. A 521
in Bering Sea, U. S. D. A 521
lakes, di.sappearance, U. S. D. A .. 119,831
storm, U. S. D. A 520
supply of cities and towns in Massachu-
setts 835
lchneumonid;e, literature in luneteenth
century 973
Idaho Station, notes 1099
Illinois Station, financial statement 97
notes 1099
University, notes 1099
Immunity and infection, studies 389
India rubber. (.S'ec Rubber.)
Indiana St^ition, financial statement 97
notes 899
1150
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Indiana Station, report of director 97
Indicator, new 213
Indicators, occurrence in nature 516
Indigo, curly, notes, La 760
fermentation 118
large, notes, La 760
plants, notes 118
Infant, digestion experiments, U. S. D. A.. 077
Infants, dietary studies, U. S. D. A 677
Infection and immunity, studies 389
Influenza, notes 790
Inosite, physiologieol role 313
Insecticides —
arsenical, adulteration 820
methods of analysis 820
effect on foliage, N. Y. Cornell 164
Va 165
fruit trees, T. S. D. A 860
notes, Iowa 665
preparation and use, Md 581
N. Y., Cornell.... 164
U.S.I). A 869
Va 164
Vt 470
Insects as affected by low temperature 1068
weather, U. S. D. A.. 161
carriers of infection 67
chtiice of colors by 163
classification 465
household, U. S. D. A . . . .". 67
injurious, in Finland 68
notes 264, 266, 868
remedies, Iowa 665
introduction on trees, Ariz 798
methods of study, Ohio 580
migration 663
of New Jersey 367
Salt River Valley, Ariz 364
protecti\e powers against cold 367
remedies, Ariz 798
Ohio 997
Inulase and inuliu, studies 313
Inulin, effect on glycogen formation 981
Invertin, presence in grapes 716
Investigator, differentiation from teacher.. 403
Investigators, training for, U. S. D. A 1015
Iodic acid, determin;;tif)n in nitrate of soda 308
lodin-protein compounds, value in veteri-
nary practice 790
value, determination 516
Iowa College, notes 299, 499, 899
Station, financial statement 97
notes 299, 499, 899
Iris leaf and root di.sease, notes 263
Iron arsenite, effect on algae and fungi 1014
assimilation 478
bark, analyses 39
oxid, determination in pho.sphates . . . 107
oxysulphocarbonates in the water of
the Rhone 731
sulphate, effect on alg;« and fungi 1014
for destroying —
Cardamine pratensis 350
mustard 250, 253, 351
Can 564
weeds 253, 565, 961
Page.
Irrigating sea.son, V. S. I). .V 295
Irrigation, growth in .Vmerica 397
in China, methods 397
Colorado 397
France 492
humid regions, Tenn 396
Idaho 397
New Jersey, U. S. D. A 895
New South Wales 397, 1096
Porto Rico 397
Salt Lake Valley, V. S. D. A . 317
the arid region of the rnited
States 397
Belgian Campine 197
Rio Grande Valley 397
United States, U. S. I). A. 496
winter, U. S. D. A 118
Wyoming, U. S. D. A 295
investigations, U. S. D. A 895
in Utah 1096
reasons for ('i97
laws in Utah 1096
treati.se 1096
methods 397
paper 96
plant in Provence 398
water in New Mexico, N. Mex.. 834
losses by seepage and evap-
oration, U. S. D. A 895
Ixncratio! vulgaris, notes, U. S. D. A 363
Isotherms for a given altitude, U. S. D. .\ . . . 521
Itrol, uses 1095
Ixodes, bibliography 867
Ixodes reduvius, notes 973
Jackals, damage to sheep industry 830
Jackdaws, stomach contents 421
Jadoo fiber, analyses 933
Jam industry in England 1070
Jnmbosa domvsticn, leaf galls 272
Japan, trade, U. S. D. A 98
Jatropha curcas, notes 219
Jelly, analyses 79
Johnson grass hay, analyses, Mi.ss 234
Jointworm in wheat, notes, W. Va 1063
Juijlans cincrea, notes, Utah 153
nigra, notes, Utah 1.53
Juniper berries, fungi in 422
Jute crop of Bengal, U. S. D. A 1098
India, U. S. D. A ,. . . . 399
Kafir corn, analyses, Ma.ss. Hatch 281
N.J 378
as a forage crop, Ind 45
N.J 331
culture experiments, Okla 230
digestibility, Kans 898
Okla 872
for pigs, Kans 898
steers, Okla 670
notes... 143
Ariz 1031
Kans 332,898
N. Mex 539
Kainit, analyses. Conn. State 129,931
La 131
Mass. Hatch 626
N.J 840
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1151
I'age.
Kainit, change in weiglit on exposure to the
air 42S
Kale, effect of transplanting on time of
maturity, Wis hO
Jersey, notes, Cal 936
notes, Can 328
Kansas College, notes 299, 499, 998
Station, financial statement 197, 897
notes 299, 499, 899, 998
Kentucky Station, financial statement 599
notes ,.. 300
report of director 599
Keratitis, notes, Ncbr 488
Kerosene, effect on fruit trees, Va 165
emulsion as an insecticide 578
for plant lice 664
- modification, Can 581
preparation 869
Cal 975
for scale insects, Fla 68
shale, ash analyses 39
Kew observatory, change, U. S. I). A 119
Kidney spot of calves 993
Kidneys, pathology during pulmonsiry tu-
berculosis 597
Kiln-dried feed, analyses. Pa 378
"Kissing bugs," notes 663
U. S. D. A 160
Kite and balloon station near Berlin, V. S.
D. A 118
experiments 920
observations at Bayonne, New Jersey,
U. S. D. A.. 119,1015
use, U. S. D. A 521
Krottnaurer's Blankenburg fertilizer, anal-
yses and fertilizing value 624
Lactation period, efltectonmilk production,
Utah 782
Lactic-acid bacteria in cheese 787
production of acetic
acid in milk 786
studies 389
variability 683
variation in relation to
fermentative iH>wer. 485
fermentation, investigations ... 90
Lactose in animals 177
Lactuca seariola, notes. Can 350
Ladybirds, notes 869
U. S. D. A 861
Lady bugs, Australian, notes, Fla 1058
Lxinophlccus jJUsilUts, notes. Conn. State 580
Lake commerce and insurance, U. S. D. A. 1016
Erie, level as affected by wind, U. S.
DyA 119
level, oscillations, U. S. D. A 1015
levels and wind phenomena, U. S.
D. A 521
Lakes, effect on temperature of land, U. S.
D. A 831
Lambs. (See Sheep.)
Lamb's-quarters seed, analyses, Can 586
Lampronia riibiella, notes 1062
Land areas, estimation, U. S. D. A 399
Land-grant colleges, statistics, U. S. D. A . . 298
Land plaster. (See a/so Gypsum.)
Page.
Land plaster, analysers, Conn. Stati- 931
N.J 840
Land, temperature as affected by lakes,
U.S. D. A 831
Lantana, eradication 1052
Laphygma flavimaculata, notes, Coio 265
U. S. D. A.. 861
frugipcrda, notes, Nebr 468
N.J 365
r. S. 1). A... 364,861
Larch, American, notes. Can 669
canker, notes 573
European, annual growth. Pa 649
in mixed forests 653
timber, iiroduction 454
witches' broom 658
Larches, culture 958
Lard and lard substitute, digestibility 274
Larkspur, poisoning of cattle, Mont 891
Lanius fidiginosus, notes 272
Laterites, analyses 926'
Latex in rubber plants, notes 1011
system of lacquer trees 422
Lathyrun saliva, pcjisonous to stock 911
t;i/h'e.'<tns, notes 133
Cal 936
Can 329
Laticiferous tissues, role 615
Laurel, California, antiseptic value, Cal 991
green, analyses, N. Y. State 67
Oreg 907
Vt 273
Lavender oil, formation 113
Lawes, Sir John Bennet, bibliographic
sketch 201
Lawns, grasses for, N. .1 347
Lead, detection in potable water 906
Leaf diseases, copper salts for 1057
hoppers, notes 973
Leather-scrap ashes, analyses, Mass. Hatch. 626
Leaves in phanerogams, morphology 912
Lebbek or siris tree, notes, U. S. D. A 248
Lecanium armeniacum, notes. Conn. State . . 580
hemispluericum, notes, Fla 68
hesperidum, notes, Fla 68
()lr»\ notes, Cal 644
Fla 68
V. S. U. A 800,862
watti, n. sp., notes 369
Lectures at farmers' institutes, U. S. D. A . . . 119
in schools, U. S. D. A 119
Lederer's Poultry Food, analyses, Conn.
State 70
Leeks, fertilizer formula 851
Legumes, culture 40
effect of light on accumulation of
asparagin 420
quicklime on root tuber-
cles 548
food value, U. S. D. A 876
nitrogen assimilation 311
root tubercles. (See Root tuber-
cles. )
Leguminous crops as nitrogen gatherers,
Mass. Hatch 228
plants, notes 941
1152
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Loijisic pdiHirelte, analyses iuid fertilizing
value 624
Lemon aiithracnose, notes 655
bark blotch, notes ^ 655
root rot, notes 655
sooty mold, notes 655
wither tip, notes 655
Lemons, budding 648
California navel 853
culture in Italy 450
Messina vs. California 753
notes, Cal 945
protection from frost 1045
pruning 450, 648
Lenticels, studies 615
Lentils, fertilizer formula 851
notes. Can 329
jiroteolytic enzym in germinating
seeds 722
Leopard moth, notes 272
Lcpiditim sativum, germination and growth
in rarefied air 909
Lepidoptcra, British 1068
injurious, treatise 868
literature in nineteenth cen-
tury 972
Lcpotliyrium peronx, u. sp., description 767
Lcptocoris trivittatus, notes, Iowa 664
Leptosphxria herpotrichoides, notes 567
phlogia, notes 359
Leptus, bibliography 867
Lethnis aptcrus, notes 69
Lettuce, culture experiments, Ariz 1043
under canvas 345
diseases, treatment, Mass. Hatch . 856
effect of transplanting on time of
maturity. Wis 49
fertilizer experiments 48
Ind 54, 1040
N. .1 344
R.I 746, 944
in forcing,
C o II n.
State 550
formula 851
forcing 449, 952, 104 1
fungus diseases 1056
growth as affected by incandescent
gaslight, W. Va 47
irrigation, N. J 344
experiments, Ind 54
leaf si)ot, notes, N . J 353
rot, notes, N. J 353
studies 764
spraying experiments, N. .1 353
varieties, Ariz 1043
Leucania unipimcta, notes 270
Leucocyte count, diagnostic value 791
Leucocytes in tuberculosis 1093
nutrition 489
Lcucoeytosis in experimental infections . . . 1084
Leukaemia, infectious, of poultry, notes, Del. 894
Levulose in beet leaves 113, 214, 309, 912
Lice, biting, affecting birds and mammals
of North America 867
Lichens, notes 673
I'age.
Lichens, on citrus fruits, notes, Fla 463
Licorice root, ash analyses, N. J 840
wild, notes, Mont 827
Light, effect on accumulation of asparagin
in legumes 420
form and structure of jilants 110
w-ater bacteria, Cal 914
electric, effect on leaves 519
Lightning, effect on trees 219
from a cloudless sky, U. S. D. A . 1015,
1016
loss of life by, U. S. I). A 119
losses, U. S. D. A 1015
notable, U. S. D. A 831
protection, Can 317
rods, r. S. D. A 118
without thunder, U. S. D. A 1016
Lignin in buds of Pninns americana 910
Lignite, ash analyses, N. Dak 214
Li;/uMrum ovali/olium, fertilizer experi-
ments, Conn. State 557
Lilacs, hybrids between common and Per-
sian 613
Persian, notes 1046
Lilies, culture 247
Lily, Atamaseo, notes, Fla 1045
Limax agi-estis, notes 1063
Lime, air-slaked, analyses. R. I 907
for club root of turnii)s,
N.J 352
analyses 626
Conn. State 931
assimilable, determination in soils.. 1020,
1024
burnt, analyses, Md 624
effect on sandy soils 840
coal-gas, analyses 934
deficiency in Lombardy soils 485
determination 609
photometric method .. 307
effect on availability of nitrogen in
bone. Conn. State 528
humus and nitrogen con-
tent of soils, R. I 727
marsh soils 623
vegetation 222
yield and quality of tobac-
co. Conn. State 542
grass, Virginia, notes, U. S. 1). A 332
occurrence in Maryland, Md 624
refuse from sugar-beet factories as a
fertilizer, Nebr 430
salt, and sulphur, prepanition, Cal .. 975
shell, analyses 934
solubility in soils as affected by fer-
tilizers 623
.sugar solutions 823
uses in agriculture 131, 627
Md 624
value in correcting acidity of soils, l".
S. D. A 630
water-gas, analyses 934
Limekiln ashes, analyses. Conn. State 931
Mass. Hatch 626
Limestone, analyses, Ky 516
Md 624
INDKX OF SIM'.JK(^TS.
1153
Limestone, analyses, Orcg 419, yoii, 907
Limestones of Pennsylvania, analyses 027
Liming, cooperative experiment-son grasses,
R.I 732
effect on tomato blight. Miss .H(i7
yields and durability of
grass and weeds, R. I .. KM
experiments 441, 1021
Md 025
R.I 7;«,737
grass lands 133
U. S. D.A 898
methods (527
Linseed meal for cows 589
meals, analyses, Conn. State 70
Mass. Hatch 281
Me 378,587
N. Y. State 169
R.I 907
Vt 472,877
and feeds, analyses, R. I... 282
oil, analysis 419
Liquid air as a reagent 309
effect on ferments 91G
Liquids, apparatus for condensation 683
Litchi nuts, food value, Me 78
LUhocolMix coDcomUMa, notes 69
Live-stock industry in Russia 700
statistics 1077
Liver disease in calves 993
Lijriia ronravus, notes, U. S. D. A 363
Locust, Australian, notes 1067
black, for reforestation in France. 7.57
notes 562
borer, notes 263
fungus, development and u.se in
Africa 866
honey, comi>osition .)!' albumin of
seeds 419
plague in Australia 270
red-legged, notes, N. H 468
Rocky Mountain, notes, N. Dak ... 245
17-year, in West Virginia, W. Va... 1063
Li>ciist(i riridissiiiKt, notes 974
Locusts, destruction 974
in Argentiun and South .\frica ... 868
migratory, con t ml, Ncbr 468
notes 770
remedies 808
I,oess formation, studies 732
LoUiim iUdicum, notes, N. M ex 538
pcrenne, analyses, Oreg 471
notes, N. Mex .539
Lonchoptcra, notes 1069
London purplt', analy.ses, Mont 822
N. Y. State 67
composition 821
Loniccra spp., notes 855
Lophodrrmiam imicnixponim, notes 254
jiiiKixlii. notes 2.54, .573
treatment 360
Lophophi/fon !jiilliii:r, notes 94
Lophyruis riqms, notes 168
Louisiana Stations, financial statement 398
Louping ill. etiology 792
Lows as affccti'd bv the moon 317
Page.
Loxostege sticticalis, notes, Mich 575
Lueern. (See Alfalfa.)
Lucilia. bibliography 867
Lumpy jaw. {Sec Actinomycosis.)
Lung worms of sheep, notes 792
Lniiidaria vulgaris as aflected by carbon di-
oxid 110
Lupine poisoning of stock, Mont 891
Lupines as affected by acids and sodiinii
.salts 1010
etiolation 613
blue, culture experiments 844
composition of seeds 641
culture experiments 641
for green mainiring, Ariz 1031
growth on calcareous lands, Cal.. 936
notes 234
Can 329
Mont 827
soil inoculation 548
varieties 641
white, culture 143
seed .selection 143
Liipinus oZ&Msas affected by carbon dioxid. 110
Lycopodiums, germination 350
Lyctun atriatus, notes , 975
Lyda muUisignata, notes, Can 575
I.ycjxonematus eiichsonii, notes 264
Lymantria monacha, notes 973
outbreaks 1069
Lyocytosis and phagocytosis, notes 272
Ly.simeter experiments 1020
Ly.sol for plant lice 664
Macaroni flour, analyses, Cal 981
Macrosporium sp., notes 359
MaridalU itnescena, notes 368
U.S. I). A 161
nnnicolUs, notes, Ky 1,58
Magnesia, analyses. Conn. State 129
determination 20
Magnetic conference, report 920
declination 1098
observations 920
Magnolia, pruning ,5,59
Maine Station, financial statemt'iit 297
report of director 297
Maize. (.Sec alao Corn.)
and its products, composition, V. S.
D. A 745
as affected by etiolation 613
assimilation 640
blight, notes 46a
detection in wheat flour Cl'.l
endosperm, hybrid fecundation 421
ensiling without pressure 80
germ molasses for lambs ,583
germination as affected by formal-
dehyde 4.5'J
growth in darkness 910
insects affecting 1067
Malaria of horses 792
parasites, development in mos-
quitoes 293
Malarial fever, epidemiology 485, 889
mosquito theory (;63
prophylaxis 485, .596
1154
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,
Page.
Malarial fever, relation to mosquitoes and
drinking water 663
Mallein, diagnostic value 95
test for glanders 488
treatment for glanders 292, 893
value 800
Malioplmga affecting birds and mammals
of North America 867
Malt hulls, analyses, Conn. State 70
preparations as food 670
proteolytic diastase 722
as affected by
mineral sub-
stances 723,916
skimmings, analyses, N. Y. State 169
sprouts, analyses, Mass. Hatch 281
N. V. State 169,877
Malvaceae, grafting experiments 854
Mammals, composition and food value 282
Mammary gland, anatomy and physiology,
Ind 80
Mammitis of cows, infectious, treatment... 687
notes 194,292
tubercular, in cows and goats... 1088
Mandioea amarga, analyses 337
dulce, analyses 337
Mange of dogs, treatment with Epicarin. . . 793
sarcoptie, of cattle, notes 685
Mangel-wurzels, analyses, Ind 70
and swedes for cows 884
conditions affecting feed-
ing value 1038
corn, and sugar beets, rela-
tive yield and cost of pro-
duction, I'a 632
culture experiments, Can. 536
fertilizer experiments 441,
547,849
Can. 229,
536
for cows, Pa 678
varieties, Can 135,229
Mangoes, grafting 559
notes 346
Man iliot titiUi'.siiun, analyses 337, 1076
Mannocellulose in ligneous tissue of gy mno-
sperms 214
Manure. (.See also Barnyard manure.)
cow, analyses and availability of
nitrogen, N. J 322
denitrification 124
heaps, losses from 736
pits, construction 38
preservation 733, 1036
experiments 733
spreaders, tests 96
storage 320
Manures, methods of api)lication 745
residual effects, Ind 41
Maple black leaf spot, notes 767
in beech forests 653
leaf blight, notes, Mass. Hatcli 254
blotch, notes 573
sugar, analyses, Ind 78
as affected by caterpillars 69
forest tent cat-
erpillar ] 66
Page.
Marasmns semiustus, notes 573
Marehavtia polymorpha, as affected by car-
bon dioxid 110
Margarin, detection in butter 108
in cheese 485
nutritive value 177
Margarodes flegia, life history 273
Market gardening 150
under gla.ss, N. C 444
Marl, analyses 933
Md 624
N.J 840
effect on sandy soils 840
Marmalade industry in England 1076
Mars and the earth, U. S. D. A 1015
people of, U. S. D. A 1015
Marsden's new food jiroduct, analyses,
Mass. Hatch 281
Marsh lands of Schleswig 427
mud, analyses. Can 531
soils, effect of sand and lime 623
fertilizer experiments 1008
nitrate of soda and sulphate of
ammonia for 428
Marshes, drainage 296, 926
reclamation 527, 926
Maryland College, notes 200, 699
Station, financial statement 897
notes 200, 699
Mastitis. (Sec Mammitis.)
May flies, collecting and rearing S70
Meadow fescue, analyses. Conn. Storrs 1077
Oreg 471
notes, Nebr 436
N. Mex 539
U. S. I). A 332
foxtail, analyses, Oreg 471
lark, economic relations 423
Meadows, fertilizer cxi)criments 1038
of the Saone 143
Mealy bug, notes 1067
remedies 870
Meat and butter, comparative cost of pro-
duction, Minn 481
extract, Liebig 79
new organic base 822
notes 1077
nutritive value 1076
inspection, handbook 392
in Norway 892
law 690
of tlie Cnited States.. 392
methods 392
meal, analyses, ^le 378
N. Y. State 877
Ohlendorff's, for pigs 478
peptone, notes 1076
preservation with salts 770
Meats, poisonous 980
Mtconcma variitm , notes 974
Media, effect on growth of fungi 718
Medicago daiticulata, notes 253
saliva turkestanica, notes, IT. S. D.
A 329
Medicinal plant<, cultivation 954
Medlar disease, new, notes 255
INDKX OF siiiup:(Trt.
1155
Page.
Megass, analyses 39
asli analyst's 39
Mdanconis .■'tilbu.^ldiiia, notes G58
Mdanolraks picipr.t, notes 664
Melanophila drummmidi, notes, U. S. I). A.. 61
Melanopltin atlanis, notes, U. S. D. A 160
bivittatus, notes, Colo 265
U. S. D. A 160
(tiffci-nitialis, notes, Colo 265
packiinii, notes, U. S. D. A 160
sprduif, notes, U. S. D. A 160
Melanose, false, notes 655
Melia azedarach, rate of growth 1048
Mdilotus indica for green manuring, Ariz . . 1031
Meliola perizigi, notes 857
s])., notes, Cal G44
Mdonraiivma Jii'iiriijUctU, n. sp., description. 767
Melolontha liipjjocadani, notes 467
vulgaris, notes 862
Melon borer, notes, Fla 1058
downy mildew, notes, Conn. State.. 566
Melons, pic, analysis 378
Mildjiliagux oviii mx, notes 1067
Melting point, determination 309
Men, digestion experiments 274
metabolism experiments with 79
Meningitis, cercbro-spinal, notes 684
Mental economy, studies 676
Mercurial chlorid, effect on alga' and fungi . 1014
Mercury in grape products 858
Meridian lines, establishment, La 221
^fn■rlj).<! fijiinstrr, notes 830
III isicif.% notes ,s;!0
Mctaliolisni as aft'ected by kindand amount
of food 171
omitting water
from diet 177
methods of study 379
of proteids in plants 1012
Metaphosphato, studies 308
Meteorological almanac and weathergukle. 1017
cablegrams, U. S. I). A... 521,10ir)
century, U. S. I). A 25
Committee, International ,
proceedings, U. S. D. A ... Kil-')
Congress at Paris, U. S. D. A. 118
National, of Mex-
ico, U. S. D. A... 1016
instruments, notes 1018
journal, new, I". S. 1). A.. 520,521
library, U. S. I). A 521
museum at Brooklyn, U. S.
I). A 521
notes friim Porto Rico, C. S.
I). A H31
Meteorological obsi'rvations—
at .\igoual and Montpcllier 121
Ca wnpore 921
Lau.sanne 121
Leon 316
during a fire, U. S. 1). A 831
in Alaska, U. S. 1). A 630, 831
France 521 , 918, 921
Mauritius 619
Mexico 425
New South Wales 725
Page.
Meteorological obser va t i ons — Con t' d .
in New York 618
Northwest Territories 425
Norway 221
Ohio, U. S. D. A 831
Kussia 916
the United States, U.S.D. A. 25,118,831,1015
Meteorological observatory at JIanila •>22
oVj.servers, Arctic and Ant-
arctic, U.S. D.A 1016
oflice, London, U.S. D.A .. 119
stations, noti^s, U. S. D. A . . . 1016
of Wyoming, V. S.
D.A 118
terms, objectionable, U. S.
D.A 119
Meteorology, Ark 137
Cal 921,945
Can 28, 316, 521
Colo 220
Conn. Storrs 1016
Del 724
Idaho 316
Ky 521
La 440, 834
Ma.ss. Hatch .... 28, 220, 316, 619, 918
Md 834
Mich 121
Minn 425, 1017
Miss 220
N. Dak 220
N. H 120
N. Y. Slate , 28, 921
Ohio 120,919
Pa 618
R. I 724,919
Va 121,1017
Wis 40
Wyo 1016
agricultural 122
aims and mttliods 119
and geodesy, U.S. D.A 1015
seismology 920
as a college course, V. S. D. .\ . 1015
at the Paris Congress, U. S.
D.A... 1015
Exposition, U.
S. D.A 119
historical events, U. S. 1). .\ . . 118
in Costa Rica, U. S. I). A 1015
universities, U. S. D. .\ .521
lectures, U.S. D.A 521
mathematics in, U. S. D. .\ . . . 1015
of Ben Nevis, notes 27
lower California 921
Maryland 119
Soiitli Africa, U.S. D.iV US
the Ordovician 921
periodicity, U. S. D. A 1015
progress in Maryland and
Delaware 119
Wt'athcr Bureau men as in-
structors, U. S. 1). .\ 1015
work of U. S. Weather Bu-
reau, U.S. D.A 424
Mdconm scutellator, notes 865
vulgaris, notes, U. S. D. A 363
115()
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Vagv.
Methose, effect on glycogen formation 981
Methyl alcohol, detection in mixtures Cil'i
Klycosid, effect on glycogen forma-
tion 'JSl
Metzncria lappella, notes 1 (iO, '205
Mice, destruction by strychnin (117
meadow, notes, U. S. D. A 1-2
pocket, U. S. D. A 017
Michigan Station, financial statement 197
report of director 197
Micrococcus lactis varians, occurrence in
milk, Conn. Storrs 1083
Micro-organisms in agriculture 117
MicropUtis mediana, notes 865
Micro-polariscope for food examination 516
Microscopy, bacteriological and patholog-
ical .; 889
Microsplra tenuis, n. sp., description, Del .. 721
Microtus, revision of genus, U. S. D. A 123
Middlings, analyses, Conn. State 70
Vt 282
Milk, acid test in ehee.se making 884
acidity 786
as affected by heating 1083
adulteration, detection 679
analyses 108, 389, 679, 975
Conn. State 279, 280
apparatus for condonsation 683
(Ictenuination of tilth . 983
artificial,. notfs 1083
as affected by proteolytic ferments,
Wis 87
bacteria 389, 591, 785
peptonizing G82
bacteriology 88-i
bibliography 501, 786
bitter, for infants 186
boiled, detection 679
care 388
Ariz 798
of for cheese making. Can 384
change in total solids with age 879
cheese solids as affected by digesting
bacteria. Wis 89
coagulation by rennet 389
colostrum, studies. Can 386
composition as affected l)y fatigue,
Vt 285
as affectcfl by intervals
b e t w e e n milkings,
N.J 383
as affected by ]>asturt'.
Can 385
in Sweden, iSorway,Hnd
Denmark 485
condensed, analyses 975
continuous i)asteurization, N. Y. State 287
control for cities 389
in (iermany 289
station in Christiania, report. 289
Trondhjem, report. 289
cost of production, (ia 982
Minn 180
N. .1 3S4
destroying foam in ceutrifugul skim-
ming 1081
Milk, detection of adulteration 287
determination of acidity 212, 185
adulteration 485
effect of light on souring 91
on organic phosphorus in feces. 477
examination for tubercle bacilli 691
ferment reaction 108
fertilizing constituents. Pa 927
fever, notes 394, 892, 893
relapse 293
treatment 685, 791, 792, 886, 1093
filth in 982
foreign coloring matters 387
from cows and goats on mountain
pastures 590
fed alfalfa hay,U. S. D. A . 90
human, analyses 593, 784
inspection in Leipzig 986
manual 786
laws of composition 286
Iccithiti content 1077
methods of analysis 1007
examination 908
mineral matter as affected by gesta-
tion 884
of buffaloes, fat content 1082
goats, analyses 1083
Indian cows, fat content 10S2
pasteurization at 140° F. , W is 84
experiments 1081
for butter making,
Can :;86
pathogenic microbes in 1 080
payment for, according to content of
.solids 186
at creameries, U. S. 1 >. .\ . 90
poisoning 683
preservatives 680, 879
production in DenmarK 91
products as affected by different
causes, Utah 782
proteids, foo<l value 780
purification 185, 598
quality, as afl'ected by heredity 482
quality, as affected by intervals be-
tween milkings 590
relation between specilic gravity, fat,
and solids-not-fat 186
samples, presiTvation 1,86
sampling 884
Vt 185
secretion, variations 786
■solids, determination by different
methods 61 1 , 612
variation 389
sour, acidity 180
determination of specific grav-
ity 179
method of analysis 716
souring in the presence of preserva-
tives 180
sterilization 1082
sterilizer for domestic use 785
substitute for calves 282
sugar, determiiuition in milk 908,1005
supply of cities, U. S. D. A 90
INDEX OP SUBJECTS.
1157
Page.
Milk supply of Coponlmgi'U 185
Glasgow, Scotland 1082
Helsingfors, l)acteria con-
tent 183,879
dirt in 184
New York, Imcterial con-
tent 1079
pure, notes, Mieli 986
taste and tolecanec as affected by
food and individuality of cows 784
test, Babcock, modification , 185
bottles, inspection, N. Y. State.. 1083
inspection law, Vt 288
operators, Vt 289
variation in composition 90
Utah 782
fat content 683
yield and fat content,
Minn 481
vitality of bacteria in 1080
waste in handling, N. .1 384
whole, for calves, I'a 069
yield and quality as affected by lacta-
tion 485
as afTected by different milkers. 288
fatigue, Vt 285
intervals between
milkings, N..T.. 383
Milkers, effect of change on milk produc-
tion, Utah 782
Milkweed butterfly, notes 69, 264, 265
Mill juices, abnormal ])olarizations 195
sweepings, analyses, N. J 378
Millet, analyses, Nebr 478
N.J 378
culture experiments 103G
Japanese barnyard, notes, N. Mex.. 539
U.S. D.A. 332
Russian, varieties. Wis 42
varieties, Can 229
Idaho 641
Millets, cultivated, notes, Kans 898
Milling products, heat of combustion. Me. . 873
Millo maize, digestibility, Okla 872
notes, N. Mc.n; 539
yellow, analyses, N. .1 378
Mineral production in Iowa 732
products of the United States, sta-
tistics 698
resources of Maryland 1098
substances, effect on proteolytic
diastase of malt 723, 916
Minerals, examinations, Okla - 023
Minnesota Station, financial statement. . 496, 1097
notes 998
I'niversity, notes 998
Mirabilis, hybrid 1 613
Mirage over Lake Michigan, U. S. 1). A 1015
Mississippi River rise, U. S. D. A 521
Station, financial statement.. 297,897
report of director 297,897
Missouri Fruit Experiment Station, finan-
cial statement 953
Fruit Experiment Station, notes. . 998
River rise, U. S. D. A 521
Station, notes 998
I'age.
Missouri University, notes 998
Mistletoe, notes 421,768
Jlite, affecting domestic animals, remedies. 664
California, notes, U. S. D. A 861
notes 1067
Mola.sses, analyses 79
Conn. State 279, 280
feeding value of solids not sugar. 079
feeds, valuation 077
for cows 288, 592
fuel value 1072
Mold from tan-bark liquors 615
red, notes 767
Molds, effect on butter 882
Moldy corn, effects of eating, Ind 94
micro-organisms in, Ind 94
Molybdenum in plants 113
Monilia diseases, notes 965
Moniliafructigena, notes 963
treatment, Ga 962
linhartiana, notes 255
Momjptilnta nubilrlla, notes, U. S. I). A 361
Monsoon rains, IT. s. D. A 831
relationship to Nile Hoods . 424
Monsoons in India, U. S. D. A 521
Montana Station, financial statement 897
report of director 897
Monthly Weather Review, French edition,
U. S. D. A . . . . 831
use by teachers,
U. S. D. A.... 1016
Moon, effects of synodic and tropic revolu-
tions 317
Moor culture in Denmark 222
Morbus maciilDsus, treatment 890
Morning-glory, wild, notes, Nebr 420
Morphin, determination 1007
effect on horses 887
Mortar-cap, rubber 109
Morns alhd tdlarica, notes, Utah 153
Mosquitoes, destruction in cities 361
identification of North Ameri-
can species, U. S. D. A 68
in relation to malarial fever. 293,603
notes 790
of the United States, notes,
U.S. D. A 708
remedies 909
treatise 407
Moss, eradication in pastures 251
on citrus fruits, notes, Fla 463
Muck, analyses, Conn. State 931
Mass. Hatch 225,933
N.J 840
R.I 907
Vt 220
cane mills, filter press, analyses 39
land, fertilizer experiments, Mich . . 620
swamp, analyses, Can 531
Mucor raccviosus in combating locusts 273
Mucvna atropiirpurca, notes 1043
fjicinntcn, notes 1043
horridn, notes 1043
inonoi'pcrma, notes 1043
nivca, notes 1043
pruriens, notes 1043
1158
KXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
I'age,
Mucuna utilis, iiotOK 104H
Mulberries, iiotfs, Cal 945
Russian, notes, Utali 153
M ulberry leaf curl, notes 1053
Muryantia hinlHonica. {Sec Harlequin cab-
bage bug. )
Muriate (if potash, analyses. Conn. State. 129,931
La 131
Mass. natch. 626,933
N.J 840
R. I.... 717, 907, 933
and nitrate of soda vs.
nitrate of potash, R. I. 735
Miisa pnradisiaca, analyses 1076
Musca, bibliography 867
Mushrooms, edible, analyses 647
and poisonou.s, notes.. 952
Mu.skmclon wilt disease, prevention by
fertilization. Conn. State 568
Mn.skmelons, fertilizer experiments on
sandy .soils, R.I 622
flowers, N. H 341
growing under glass in sum-
mer, N. H 1039
pinching or heading in
vine.s. N. H 342
removal of staminate flow-
ers, N. H 342
transplanting, N. H 341
U. S. D. A... 798
varieties, N. H 342
S. Dak 552
.M ust fermentation 996
Mustard, analyses 79
oil. determination S77
in rape-seed cake, formation
and harmful effects 877
white, notes. Can 328
wild, destruction 44, 564
destruction, Can hCA
destruction by ammonium
sulphate 351, 1052
destruction by chemicals. 253,349
destruction by copper sul-
phate 250, 351, 759
destruction by iron .sul-
phate 250,253,351
liestructiDU liy mc^lallic
salts 1052
Mustards, role in agriculture 338
Mi/ciiflrriiKi rucnmeriiKt. nuirphdli^gy and
physiology 912
sp. in beer 916
Mycorrbiza, impdrtance 31 1
notes 1014
Mycosis in fowls, nature and trealment,
( :an 39,'i
Mi/riispli;irdla rernselln, de.seription 768
Ml/(ii-lii-oiiK denticoUis, notes, U. S. D. A 862
Ml/til<t!'i)iy citricoUi. notes, Fla 68
fidrn. remedies 975
(jlovcrii, notes, Fla 68
poniDrinn. (See Bark louse, oys-
ter .shell.)
Names, scientific, in natural history S30
Narcissus basal rot, notes 860
Page.
National Bureau of Standards, notes 900
Irrigation Congress 499
Nature study, methods 452
Nebraska Station, financial .statement 497
notes 99, 400, 1099
report of acting director. 497
Nectarine leaf curl, notes 463
Nectarines, forcing inider gla.ss 8.53
notes, Cal 945
Nectarophora destruclor. {See Pea louse, de-
, structive. )
pisi, notes, Del 970
Nectria bainii, notes 657
cinnabarina, notes .573
ciicurbitula, notes 573
ditissima, notes 262, 463, 573
sp., notes 657
spp., notes, N. Y. State 61
Nematode disease of rye, notes 462
galls, notes 462
worms in sheep 598
notes 1067
Nematodes affecting clematis 263
ammonia .salts for 62
destruction by ammonia 369
in cucumber roots, notes 261
parasitic in horses 893
treatment 462
yi'inatu.1 ribesii, notes 4(J8
yencenita rhodophaffa. n..sp., notes, U.S. D.A. 161
Neophami menupia, notes, U. S. D. A 64
Nepenthes, digestion In leaves 912
Neriufi lineolatus, notes 367
Nest box for egg records, U. S. D. A 298
New Hampshire College, notes 400, 699, 998
Station, financial statement 198
notes 400, 998
report of vice-
director 198
New Jersey Stations, tinaucial statement . . 398
report of director 398
New Mexico College, notes 99, 499
Station, notes 99, 499, 999
New York Coriu'll Station, linancial state-
ment 798
report of di-
n'ctor 797
Slate Staliou, linancial state-
ment 97,996
notes 200
report of ili-
rector 19s
Xieotiaiuiruslica, germination asatfected by
light 1(1 19
Nlcotin as an Insecticide 470
determination in tobacco 820
in California tobacco, Cal 913
tobacco 711")
Night soil, analyses 39
field experiments 627
Nikoteen as an Insecticide, Ga 62
Nile floods, U. S. D. A 521 , 831
relationship to monsoon rnins. 424
water supply 197
Niter earth, analyses, Ky 530
"Niter" or "sugar sand," analyses, Ind... 78
INDKX OF SlIIUECTS.
1159
Page.
Nitragin and nitrogen, notes 219
experiment 745
experiments, N.J 352
with elover, Can 518
with clover seed,
Can 537
with oats 532
inoeulation experiments 220
notes 114
Nitrate of potash, analyses, Conn. State 931
R. 1 717,907
vs. muriate of imlasli and
nitrate of soda, K. 1 ... 7;>.")
soda, analyses, Conn. State 129,931
La 131
Mass. Hatch... 626,933
N.J 840
R. 1 717,907,933
and muriate of jiotash vs.
nitrate of potasli,
R. I 735
sulphate of ammonia, rela-
tive fertilizer value . . 529
as a fertilizer 131 , 841
sui)plement to barn-
yard manure 84.3
availability for grass, Conn.
State 527
availability for Hungarian
grass, Conn. State 528
change in weight on ex-
posure to the air 428
effect on humus and nitro-
gen content of soils, R. 1. 727
for apples, Mass. Hatch 344
grapes 8.52
vegetables 150
industry in Chile 131
injurious effects 225, 530
on marsh soils 428
perchlorates in 325
supplementary to barnyard
manure 429
vs. ammonia, fertilizing
valui' 429
Nitrates, decomposition in soils 728
reduction by lac-tic acid 611
soil l)acteria, Del . 729,730
in the pre.'^ence of l>arn-
yard manure, N. J... 321
.N'ilric a<-id, determination in water 308,418
formation during combustion . 1007
prochiction from air 716
Nilrification as atTectcd by carbon dioxid.. 722
experiments 836
in soils 320
conditions affecting. . . 732
of organic nitrogen 115,722
recent researches 39
Nitrifying bacteria, culrurc on gypsum
plates 118
organisms as atfec^ted by lime .. 442
organisms as affected by organic
.sul)stances 722
Milture 721
notes 114
Page.
Nitrites, detection in water 21
and determination in
water 18
determination 306
in presence of ni-
trates 716
in water, hygienic importance 426
Nitrogen, apparatus for determination... 309,419
assimilation by legumes 311
content of barley as related to
weight of grain... 326
humus as affected by
fertilizers, R.I.... 727
peas as related to
weight of grain... 327
wheat as related to
weight of grain . . . 327
determination 20
in fertilizers ... 306
nitrate of
soda 515
nitrates by
different
methods. . 510
peat 907
Kjeldahl meth-
od. Wis 20
diffusion in chemical fertil-
izers 934
equilibrium in dogs 172
excretion after ingestion of
protein 871
factors for computing j)rotein.
Conn. Storrs 1069
fixation by bacteria 614
in soil, effect on root tubercles of
legumes ,S27
nitric, determination, new method 820
Sc^hloesing's
method . . 515
of feeding stuffs, digestibility 777
field peas, digestibility. Utah. 778
organic, availability in fertilizers.
Conn. State 932
availability in fertilizers,
Vt 224
nitrification 115, 722
relation to chlorids during diges-
tion 587
salts, production in crater of
Vesuvius 717
sources 736
Nitrogenous fertilizers, availability of nitro-
gen, N.J 323
comparison of differ-
ent forms, Mass.
Hatch 228
effect on composi-
tion of potatoes.. 938
effect on i)rotein in
barley 43
Nitrous acid, detection in water 21
determination 808
Noclnn fcnnica. notes 368
Nodular disease of sheep, studies .598
Nola meialldpa, notes 367
IKU)
EXPERIMENT STATION RECURD.
Page.
Nortli Dakota College, notes 600,899
Station, financial statement. 297
notes GOO
Notolophus lencosligtna, notes. Me g,s
Nozzles, spray, teats. Mo 578
Nuclei of bacteria 722
Nucleic acids of wheat germ, studies, Conn.
'"^t'lt^- 512
Nursery fumigation 369
N.Y. State 273
inspection and care, Conn. State.. 581 1
in Illinois io58 |
law, Va 4G7
Nut oils, analyses, Me 5IG '
Nutmegs, adulteration 108
Nutrition investigations in California, U. S. |
D. A (;77
of the Department
of Agriculture, ]
U.S.D.A 476
Nutrium, a new skim-milk product 78O '
Nuts as food, U. S. D. A , ggg I
A//.S/ «.')•• vinitor, notes 1067
Oak disease resembling apple-tree canker, !
i'a .' 650 j
forests, estimation 1 )f yield 653
in beech forests g53
moss, analysis 282
root parasite, notes 658
timber production 454
Oaks, ancient pollard 455
for reforestation in France 757
planting for timber, Cal 955
transplanting g^g
Oat-and-pea hay, digestibility, Me 873
silage, heat of combustion, Me. 873
Oat-and-vetch hay, digestibility. Me 873
Oat choi), analyses. Me 587
Oreg 471
feeds, analyses. Conn. State 70
Mass. Hatch 28I
Me 587
N. Y. State 169
K. I.
282
Vt 472,877
digestibility, Me 873
N. v. .State ni
for cows, I'a (;7,s;
grass, notes, Cal 93(5
smut, studies. 111 35(;
tall, analyses, Oreg 47I
hay, analyses, Ncbr 478
heat of combustion, Me 873
hidden smut, studies. 111 355
loose smut, studies. 111 355
smut, seed treatment, Mont 859
treatment, Can 537
Oreg 1052
with formalin 855
straw, analyses, Oreg 47I
fuel value IO72
Oats, Alinit experiments 338 739
analyses 1391378
Conn. State 70
Me 378
R- I 907
Page.
(-)ats and field peas, analyses, Ncbr 442
peas, analy.ses, N. .1 378
as a forage crop 45
affected by amount of soil water . . 45
distance of planting. . . 132
characteristics of young plants 442
culture e.\-periments io36, W.ix. 1039
<^'au 535
Fla 1036
low'i 134
Nebr 430
digestibility. Me 873
fertilizer experiments 532, 547^
624,627,642,839
Can -537
N. Me.x 539
Ohio 127
germination as affected by—
after-ripening 453
formaldehyde 457
treatment for smut, Wyo 10.50
ground, analyses. Conn. State 70
Mass. Hatch 281
^'t 877
in rotations.
233
irrigation experiments, WLs 40
nitragin experiments 530
planting large vs. small seed 411
root system, N. Dak 517
seed selection 3^0
seeding experiments 339
size of grain as affected by (^imate. . . 737
subsoiling for, Minn 628
surface vs. subwatering. Can 325
varieties 139, 234, 442, 547, 1036, 1039
("'in - 134, 229, 328
Iowa 134
Minn 629,(130
Mont 849
Okla 230
Tenn 103^
\Vis 12
\\'J« 1039
vitality, Can .-^5
winter, for grain and pasi nrc 443
in Iowa, Iowa 610
relation to wild oats cji
i/btrca bimaculata, notes ]t;6
Observatories, establishment 920
Ocean currents, theory, L'. S. 1). A 1015
tides, U.S. D. A 1)9
Ocelli of insects, structure 973
Ochromyia, bibliography s{\~
Oeneria diiipai: (Sec (iypsy moth. )
(Ikianthus niveun, notes (;m
lEdemasia concinna, notes. Me 68
(Estrus ovis, notes 294
Ohio Stiition, financial statement 198, 997
notes 400, 899
report < if director 198,997
Oidium in Burgundy 573
treatment G2, 360, 573, 667, 966
oil analysis, Hubl's iodin method 21
cake germ meal, analyses, Vt 877
cakes, effect on constants of butter fat. isi
for cows 179
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1161
ragf.
Oil engines, tests 197
meal, analj'ses, N. Y. State 877
old process, analyses, Nebr 478
R.I 282
producing plants, notes 338
Oils, essential, improved apparatus for de-
termination 419
iodiii and Isromin values 419
methods of analysis 1007
rancid, treatment with soda solulion. 1007
vegetable 79
Oklahoma College, notes (iOO
Station, financial statement 697
notes 200, 400, 600, 999
report of director 697
Okxa seed, large green^ analyses, Ind 70
Oleomargarine, manufacture and sale in
Belgium 1083
Olfersia macleayi, notes 1067
Oligochseta, systematic account 617
Olive black scale, notes, Cal 644
smut, notes, Cal 644
culture 55
diseases, notes 61
dry rot, notes, Cal 644
industry in California 55
knot, notes, Cal 965
oil, formation 421
production in Tunis 477
residues, fertilizing value of ash. 131
utilization 477
oils, adulteration 716
Olives, culture 853
and uses, U. S. I). A 898
in Algeria 648
California, Cal 643
formation of oil in fruit 422
germination 648
notes, Cal 945
pickling, Cal 644
Russian, notes 55
sclf-polleuized, Cal 946
Ohcraldi r/ibbus< intestinal i)arasite 273
Oiiiphak' livida, notes, U. S. D. A WW, 363
Omphalo-phlebitis of calves 194
horses, studies 292
Onion liaeteriul lot 359
notes, N. Y. State 5(i
maggot, notes 265, Hu
seeds, vitality. Conn. State 56 1
smut, notes, N. J 353
thrips, notes, Ohio 997
U. S. D. A 862
Onions, Bermuda, notes 150
culture, Tenn 345
experiments, Ariz 1043
Idaho 342
fertilizer experiments, Mass. Hatch 227
formula 851
notes, Ga 50
Prizetaker, keeping quality 952
varieties, Ariz 10-13
Idaho 343
OnUhodoros savignii, notes 68
U.S.D.A 861
Oospora guerciana, notes 865
Page.
Oospora proteus, study 291
scabies. [Sec Potato scab. )
Ophiobohis graminis, notes 567
herpotrichus, notes 261
Ophiuza liaiardl, notes 468
Ophthalmia, contagious, notes 684
enzootic, in cattle and sheep,
studies 92
in horses i n Russia 96
periodical, in horses 792
Opsicfftus personatus, notes 664
Opuniki ficus indica for cows 884
Orange anthomania, notes 857
anthoptosis, notes 857
anthracnose, notes 655
black blight or fumago, notes 857
brontosis, notes 857
carpoptosis, notes 858
gummosis, notes 857
melon, notes, S. Dak 553
sooty mold, notes 655
Avither tip, notes 655
withers or lupa, notes 857
Oranges, artificial coloring 1045
budding 648
culture in Malta 857
irrigation in Syria 1096
notes, Cal 945
root penetration 450
system as affected by culture. 753
seedless, origin, U. S. D. A 399
Orchard and nursery iaspection law, Ohio. 975
grass, analyses, Conn. Storrs 1077
Oreg 471
notes, N. Hex 539
seed from different soiirees,
comparison 457
Orchards, cover crops for, Nebr 449
cultivation 1044
Kans 898
Nebr 449
culture. Mo 554
R.I 944
fertilizers for, Tenn 345
fumigation, cost 470
green manuring plants for, .\riz. 798
in meadows 13S
irrigation in winter, .Vriz 1042
management. 111 345
legeneration, R. I 746
renovation, Tenn 345
winter irrigation, Ariz 798
Orchids, absorption of water 149
culture 451
germination 350
growing from seed 451, 855
Oregon Station, financial statements 997
report of director 997
Organic analysis 108, 308
apparatus for absorption.. 309
material, decomposition 530
substances, effect on nitrifying or-
ganisms 722
Orgilus melHpcs, notes, U. S. D. A 362
Ornamental planting, N. Dak 65
plants, notes, Can. 345
11()2
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Ornamental plants, notes, N. J 354
trees and shrubs, planting 347
Ornamentals, native, Nebr 449
Omithodoros megnini, notes 973
Ornithology, economic, progress in United
States, U.S. D. A 423
Ornithomyia avicularia, notes 1060
Orobanche cuinana, notes 859
Orobant'he, injury to tobacco 572
Orthrzia iniiignis, notes, U. S. I). A 102
Orthopteni of Austro-Hungary and Ger-
many 10C8
France 1068
Orthorrhin us cylindrirostris, notes 774
Osmijlus spp., notes 869
Osteoperosis, effect on composition of bones,
Ind 96
Ostrich farming in New Zealand 1077
Ostriches, infectious disease 492
Otiorrhynclius Ur/ugtici, means of distribu-
tion 663
sulcatus, notes 271
Ovularia mcdicaginis, n. sp., description 767
Oxalic acid production by bacteria 722
Oxidase and peroxidase, cfTect upon chloro-
phyll 216
Oxidase and peroxidase, effect upon dias-
tase 217
Oxycelluloses, studies 309
Oxy-ferments of milk and saliva 118
Oxygen, role in germination 348
Oyster culture in France 179
shell bark louse. {Sec Bark louse,
oyster shell.)
shells, analyses 934
Md 624
Oysters, greening 424
Pachymcrus cidcUratov, notes 1067
Pachi/rhinn macalo.su, notes 1060
Pachytylus aii^tralix, notes 1067
wigratoriuf:, means of distribu-
tion 663
Palm beetle, notes 774
leaf disease, notes 655
nut cake for cows S89
residue for cows 589
Pan iciiiii agmntidijorme, notes, La 760
hurgu, notes 1014
nashian urn, notes, U. S. D. A 911
n. sp.. description, N. C 827
Pantry moth, notes ,S67
Papaw, forms 957
Paper, manufacture from wood 563
Paragrene, analyses, N. Y. State 67
Paramnrpha aquiUna, notes 367
Parasitic fungi of Vermont, Vt 261
Paresis, parturient. (See ]\Iilk fever.)
Paris green, analyses, Cal 65
Can .581
La 168
Mont 822
N.Y. State 67
Oreg 907
Vt 273
detection of adulteration, Cal. 65
for codling moth, Cal 64
Page.
Paris green, laws, Cal 66
La 168
N.Y. State 67
low-grade, U. S. D. A 298
preparation, Cal 975
substitutes, Cal 66
Parks, management and improvement 649
Parlatoria ziziphi, remedies 975
Parsley, forcing 952
Parsnips, fertilizer formula 8.51
Parsotiia paddisoni, notes. . , 980
Parthenogenesis in bees 973
Pasteurization in cheese making 288
Pasteurizer, continuous, cfficiehcy, X. Y.
State 287
I'asteurizing apparatus for skim milk. Wis.. 85
tests 1081
Pasture plants for Arkan.sas, Ark GSi
test of mixtures, Minn 629
vs. pea-vine silage for cows, Del. .. 481
Pastures, eradication of moss 251
fertilizer experiments 75,
133,338,441,1031
making 234
Pathology and therapy of dome.stic animals,
text-book 889
treatise 889
Pea leaf spot, notes. Conn. State .566
louse, destructive, notes 265
Can 367,575
Conn. State.. 580
Del 970
N.J 365
U.S. I). A.... 362,
861,862
remedies 468
Va 165
meal, analyses, \. Y. State 169
vine hay. analy.ses, Miss 2.34
silage vs. pasture for cows, Del . . . 481
Peach disea.se similar to yellows, N.J 354
diseases in the Hud.son Valley. X. Y.
State 155
leaf curl as related to weather 358
notes 3.59, 360, 463
U. S. 1). A 762
treatment. -Mich 237
N.Y.Cornell-.. 259
U. S. D. A 762
root knot, notes 859
scale, We.st India, notes, Fla 1057
thrips, notes, N.J 365
tree borer, notes 1058
N.Y.Cornell 63
remedies, N. Y. Cornell.. 63
twig borer, notes, N. J 305
U. S. D. A 861,862
yellows, notes 1056, 1059
Ohio 997
Peaches, canning, Cal 946
culture 1041
in pots '. 853
fertilizer experiments, Conn. State 558
fertilizing 953
forcing \inder glass 853
irrigation in winter, Ariz 1042
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1163
Page.
Peaches, notes. Ciil gift
pruiiiuK r/)
Mieli 2.37
vs. thinning 10-15
self-sterile varieties, N. Y. Cornell . 237
types of fruit branches 5.5
varieties 1044
Ariz 798
Mich 237
Okla 048
Peanut butter, analyses, Conn. State 279, 280
food value. Me 78
meal for cows 589
oil, fuel value 1072
manufacture in France 399
Peanuts, fertilizer experiments, Tenn 1029
food value. Me 78
notes. Can 329
Pear and cherry tree slug, notes 167
disea.ses in the Hudson Valley, N. Y.
State 1,55
gnat midge, notes 10(U
growing in New Jersey, N. J 146, 344
leaf blister mite, notes, Ariz 365
Mont 869
midge, notes 862
psylla, notes, Mont 869
rust, treatment 573
scab, notes 262, 463, 911
treatment 657, 965
slug, notes, Mont 869
N. ,1 365
N. Me.x 974
tree body blight, notes, N. Y. State ... 61
Pears, analyses 558
ash analyses 853, 1045
cross pollination 647
culture in Iludsnn River Valley 1045
pots H53
drying ,5.58
flower development. Wis 22
forcing under glass 8.53
germination as affected by size of
fruits and number of seeds 758
growing in high latitudes. Can 548
method of fructification 1045
notes, Cal 945
self-sterile varieties, N. Y. Cornell . . . 237
varieties 1044
Mich 237
Mont 853
Okla 648
for cider 54
Peas, analyses 79
culture experiments, Can 229, 535
dried, analyses, Nebr 478
fertilizer experiments 532
Ind 54
formula 851
field, varieties. Can 229
food value, U. S. D. A 876
forcing in pots 441
germination and growth as affected
by fatty acid salts 1009
horse beans, and vetches for green
manuring 534
Page.
Peas, inoculation with bean tubercle bac-
teria 1013
liming on sandy soils 840
relation of grain weight to nitrogen
content ,!27
seed selection 340
surface v.s. sub watering. Can 325
varieties 532
Can 131
vitality. Can ,56.>
Peat, analyses, Mass. Hatch 933
industry 691
Pecans, culture 451
Kla 7.51,1045
food value. Me 78
insects affecting, Mi.ss 867
Pecos River water for irrigation, N. Mex .. 834
Pectic matter of plants 420
Pediculida', bibliography 867
Pediculoides, bibliography 867
Pedicitloidcii graminiim, n. sp., notes 970
Peltandra rust, notes 768
Pemphigus hetx, n. sp., description 266
Wash. .. 26.5
PeniriUiiim ghiurum. enzym 722
studies 24
sp., notes 860
Pennsylvania Station, financial statement. 697
notes 10991
report of director . . . 097
Pentosans, apparatus for determination lOS;
determination 108
in feeding stuffs, digestibility. . . 00.5
Pepper, analyses 79
anthracnose, notes, Conn. State SGG
culture in Bombay 24&
Peppers, fertilizer formula S5l
growing under glass in summer,
N. H 10391
notes, Iowa 310.
Pepsin, effect of (juantity in digestion 477'
solvent power 108.
Peptic digestion, e.xi>eriniental methods... 1077
Peptones as food 67(V.
conversion into primary proteids. 108.
solubility in alcohol 108.
Perchlorate in nitrate of soda 325'
Perchlorates, determination in nitrate of
soda 308
determination in i>otaysium
and sodium nitrates 510
determination in oresenceof
chlorids and chlorates 51C
effect on plants • 824
Perfume, growing flowers for 754
Pericarditis, traumatic 293
Peridermium of Pinit.s slrobus 573
Peridermmm pini, notes 573
PeriUus circumcinctus, notes 470
Peritonitis of horses, .studies 292
Permanganate of potash for grape mil-
dew 360, 464
Perognathus, revision of species, U. S. D. A. 617
Pcranospora violx, notes 263
viticola. (See Grape downy
piildew.)
1164
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
I'age.
Persca r/ratissimn, notes -151
Persimmons, culture in Iowa 450
forms 957
notes, Ciil S'lS
Petroleum, analyses, Ky 516
as an inseetieide 470
crude, as an insecticide 396
U.S.D.A. 298
motors, future 197
use in agrievaltnre 96
Peziza postiima, notes •162
willk(>iniiiii,notiis 573, 958
Pezizinea;, classification 520
PInrogencs impiger, notes 866
Phagocytosis 489
and lyocytosis, notes 272
Phanerogams, morphology of leaves and
stems 912
Phaseolus multiflanis as affected by carbon
dioxid 110
vulgarig, germination and growth
in rarefied air 909
Phaseolus, transformations of organic sub-
stances during germination 720
Phasgonophora sulcata, notes, U. S. D. A 161
Phasianus recvcsii, tuberculous 892
Pficlipea raviosa, injury to tobacco 572
Phenological observations on the Potomac,
U. S. D. A 520
Phenology in Ohio, U. S. D. A 520
Phkospom caraganse, n. sp., notes 860
Phlcuin 2>mtcnse, analyses, Oreg 471
Phloroglucinol, purification for the deter-
mination of furfurol, N. C 611
Phlox deeasmta, diseases 260
divaricata, seed production 855
Phlox diseases 359
PhliirtR'niaferrugalis, notes, Can 575
Phomii hcix, notes 458
citricarpa, n. sp., notes 655
onniirorn. n.sp., notes 655
miijiinniti, notes 260
parasitism 3('>0
Phorodon huiindi. life history 862
Phosphate deposits in Egypt 7;i7
dicalcium,analyses,Conn. State. 931
industry in United States 736, 1025
odorless, analyses, Mass. Hatch. 626
rock, analyses, Ma-^is. Hatch 626
di.ssolved, analyses, Conn.
State 129
Florida, analyses, Mass.
Hatch 933
tricalcium, solubility 609
Wiborgh 1036
Phosphates, excretion after ingestion of
protein 871
mineral, detection in j)hos-
phatic slag 819
notes 429
of Florida 934
transformation in the .soil 429
Phosphatic material, analyses, Ky 530
slag, analyses, K. I 717
as a .supplement to barn-
yard manure 429, 843
Page.
Phosphatic slag, change in weight on ex-
posure to the air 428
Phosphoric acid —
as.similable, determination in cultivated
soil 907
available, determination 306
in .soils 320
comparison of forms 125, 839
Md 930
determination 21 , 100 1
in phosphatic slag 713
soils and fertilizers. . . 211
in bone meal, solubility in citric acid. . 1006
soil water, experiments 123
precipitation by calcium bicarbonate. . 609
soluble, preventing reversion 308
sources 736
Pliosphorite, fertilizing value 1024
Photography in meteorology, U. S. D. A 520
Photosynthesis by light which has pas.sed
through leaves 313
Phyllorubin, a new derivative of chloro-
phyll 313
Phyllosticta accn'cola, notes, Mass. Hatch ... 2-54
maciUiformig, notes 464
viohc, notes, Cal 961
PliyUotreta jwmorum , notes 1.59
Phylloxera, calcium carbid for 775
bisulphid for 168, 665
in Switzerland 166, 648
notes 166, 168, 664
U.S.D.A 862
remedies 167,369,975
sumac for 870
Phylloxera vastatrix in Austria 469
means of distribution.. 6G3
Physalosjwra ivoronini, n.sp., description .. 1056
Physic nut, notes 219
Physiography of Maryland 1 19, 1098
Phytomyza orobanchia, notes 859
Phytonowiig nigrirostis, notes, Mass. Hatch. ^71
Phytopthora omnivora, notes 657
Phyioptus ribis, notes 1060
remedies 772
ritis, notes 167
J'icca canadensis, notes, Utah 153
excelsa, growing for paper pulp 456
notes, Utah 153
DobiUs, witcrhes' broom 658
pungcns, notes, Utah 153
Picea, resin ducts and strengthening cells. 827
Pickle worm, notes, Fla 1058
Picris brassicx, natural enemies 661
notes 1059
remedies 661
vapi, notes 1059
)■();;■•(■, notes 1059
wing development 273
spp., means of distribution 663
Pigeon pox, pathological anatomy 994
igeons, susceptibility to hemorrhagic scj>-
ticsemia of poultry 990
toxicology of strychnin 392
Piggery at Indiana Station, description, Ind. 96
Pigs at Louisiana Station, notes. La 878
breeding and care 698
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1165
Pigs' (ligcstivG power of diftY'rent breeds . . . 282
epizootic diseases G92
feeding experiments 178, -178, 583, 588, 677
Can 588
Fla 779
Ind 876, 1075
Iowa 673
Kans 375
Md 174
Nev 174
S. C 475,982
succulent foods 677
food requirements. Wis 77
for bacon 1078
forceps for holding during inoculation . 894
grade, feeding experiments, Ciin 374
management 478
pure-bred, feeding experiments, Can. . 374
raising in the Pacific Northwest, V. S.
D.A 380
Tunis 178
rape vs. clover for. Wis 76
soy beans for, Kans 143
succulent foods for 178
susceptibility to contagion of tubercu-
losis. Ark 1085
whole vs. ground corn for. Wis 75
Pimelea spp., notes 961
Pimpla alternans, notes 866
conquisitor, notes, U. S. D. A 860
Pine, Austrian, for reforestation in France. 758
cone fungus, notes 573
forests of Germany 652
gall gnat, notes 775
in mixed forests 653
lands, cut-over, replanthig experi-
ments 1047
leaf cast, causes 574
notes 573
treatment 360, 574
needles, rust, notes 254
nuts, analyses, Cal 981
food value, Me 78
Riga, notes, Can 559
Scots, ash analy.ses of leaves 1006
tree fungus, notes 573
weevil, notes. Pa 650
white, annual growth, Pa 649
for reforestation in France 757
in North America 958
leaf rust, notes .f 1056
Pineapples, culture under glass 346
fertilizer experiments 346
growing in southern Florida,
U.S.D.A 521
Piiiua cembra, notes 958
laricio for reforestation in France 758
maritima, destruction by fires in
France 455
pinea, rate of growth 1048
radiata, notes 775
strobus, notes, Utah 153
Peridermium affecting 573
sylvestris, germination 457
notes, Utah 153
physiological i n v e s t i g a -
tions 653
Page.
PiiiiiK ni/lvcutris, witches' brooms 463
Pioneer clover meal, analyses. Conn. State. 70
Piophila casci, notes 1059
Pip of poultry, notes, Del 894
Pipette for milk sanijiling, Wis 91
plate cultures, description, N. J . 391
Pirus malus chinensis, wart-like outgrowths. 1056
Pissodes strobi, notes. Pa 650
Pistachio nuts, food value. Me 78
Pisum mtivttm as affected by carbon d ioxid . 110
Plagionolus speciosus, notes 272
Vt 269
Plague, bubonic, in animals 690
Plane tree disease 360
trees, nutritive materials in leaves . . 113
Plant breeding 344, 613
Nebr 449
by bud selection, Kans 898
notes 441
progress, U. S. D. A 421
covers, effect on flow of streams 1096
water flow 696
diseastts as affected by ridging soil,
N.J 353
control, Ohio 359
in Denmark 261
Nebraska, notes 61
notes 359, 461, 698, 966
Md 572
Nebr 419
N. Y. State 271
Ohio 997
Utah 271
prevention by n a t u r a 1
methods 464
progress in treatment, U. S.
D.A 460
transmission by soil inocu-
lation, N.J 354
treatise 461, 573
growing under glass, progress, U. S.
D. A 449
growth as affected by atmospheric
humidity 1014
growth as affected by electricity 825
radiation 909
temperature
and moisture 910
treatise 911
kingdom, raw materials '.96
lice, remedies 578, 664
life, outlines 827
protection, review of literature 658
Plantain flour, analy.ses 377
Plantains, analyses 280
notes 450
Plants, absorption of soluble salts 313
adaptations to light in arctic regions 421
as affected by bacteria 614
climatic conditions.. 122
different kinds of
light 110
fog and smoke 826
temperature 120
for green manuring 849
identification, notes, Cal 912
5365— No. 12—01-
-6
1166
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Plants, forcing by ether 243
hardy, reproduction by hybridiza-
tion and crossing 613
injury by fumigation with hydro-
cyanic-acid gas 613
New Zealand seedlings 421
of Mexico and Central America,
studies, U. S. D. A 24
of Ocracoke Island, ecological study,
U. S. D. A 72(1
packing and shipping 345
periods of growth 122
poisonous, notes, Xebr 419
to stock, Mont 891
notes 218
regulations of foreign governments
regarding importation, U. S. D. A. 775
resistant to alkali 621
seasonable dimorphism 24
self sterility 613
useful, of Mexico, U. S. D. A 24
Plasmodiophora brassicx as a cause of tumors 685
notes 218
studies 358
vilis, notes 464
Plasmoii as a substitute for albumin ... 177
food value 177, 379
Plasmopara cubetisis, notes, Conn. State 566
Fla 1056
viticola. [See Grape downy mil-
dew.)
notes 464
Platanus occidentalis. notes, Utah 153
Platysarnia cecropia, notes. Me 68
Playgrounds, management and improve-
ment 649
Pleospora caraganie, n. sp., description 1057
Pleurisy in cattle 892
PI eu ro-pn eumonia —
contagious, in cattle, notes 790
U. S. D. A.. 488
treatment 491
in dairy herds 788
notes 685
Plodia intfrpunctrlla, notes 867
Plow, Borsig electric ■ 1097
evolution 697
I'loirrightia 7>i(>rboi<a, maturation of spores. . 657
notes 767
ribesia, notes 262
Plows, trials 296
Plum black knot, notes 767
curculio, notes, Me 68
Mont 869
N. H 468
disease, notes 654
diseases in the Hudson Valley, N. Y.
State 155
.Tune drop, causes, Vt 238
scale, New York, notes 469
Plums, culture, Iowa 240
in Kansas 853
pots 853
European, types, Vt 239
flower development. Wis 22
forcing under glass 853
Page.
Plums, growing in high latitudes. Can 548
hybrid varieties, Vt 151, 239
injury by freeze of 1898-99, Colo 244
Japanese, notes 953
new varieties 450
notes, Cal 915
pollination, Vt 23H
retarding blossoming period. Can . . 548
self-sterile varieties, N. Y'. Cornell . . 237
thinning, Del 753
varieties ,54, 1044
Iowa 240
Mich 2:i7
Mont 8.53
Ohio 557
Okla 648
wild, bud development, N. Dak 215
Plutdla cruci/erarum, notes. Can 367
Pneumonia bacteria, effect on leucocytes.. 1084
in cattle 892
horses, notes 790
studies 292
poultry, treatment, Oreg ... 1092
notes 885
Pneumomycosis due to Aspcri/illnii /umi-
gatHS 091
I'ochazia aitstralis, notes 367
Pod pea, edible, notes, Cal 936
Podosesia nyringx, notes, Colo 265
Piecilocerut! Korotrcmiis, phosphorescent or-
gans 167
Pogonip, U. S. D. A 1015
Poisoning by minerals and plants 885
PolintcK lineata, notes 264
Poll evil of horses, studies 292
Pollen, immediate efTect in maize, U. S. D.X. 717
substitutes for bees, Colo 660
Pollination of orchard fruits, N. Y. Cornell. 237
plums, Vt 238
Polyarthritis of calves 193
Polijcryuii i-iifcscrns. notes 865
Polygonatum parasite, description 768
Polyporus bcttdinuK, notes 573
earneus, notes, U. S. D. A 766
iyniariusfulvus, notes 254
junipefinus, notes, U. S. D. A 766
obliquus, notes 867
sulpliureiis, notes 464, 573
on oaks 958
Ptdythriiicium trifolii, notes b72
Pimmtostomus. spp., notes 424
Pomegranate, vegetable, S. Dak 553
Pompilus viaticus, notes 469
Poplar, Carolina, notes 1049
plantations in Pennsylva-
nia 651
trembling-leaved, notes. Can 659
PDpidiis alba bollrana. notes, Utah 153
iiivea, notes, Utah 153
angalata, rate of growth 1048
balsamijera intcrmrdin. notes, Utah. 153
deltnidcs, notes, Utah 153
plantations in Pennsyl-
vania 651
fasligiata, rate of growth 1048
lauri/olia, notes, Utah 153
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1167
Pojjidus mimilijera, notes 1049
nigra Ualica, notes, Utah 153
tremuloideH, notes, Utah 153
Pork, analyses of fat, Can 581
chemical studies, Iowa 674
composition as affecteil by f(jod. Can. 582
production, study, Iowa 673
Porilietria dispar. (See Gypsy moth.)
Posts, preservation 754
Pota.sh apparatus. Gei.ssler improved 717
as a fertilizer, treatise 1026
determination 18, 1004
by means of plios-
p h o m o 1 y b d i c
acid 713,715
in crude salts 714
cultivated .soils . . 622
fertilizers, comparison of different
forms, Mass. Hatch 227
in soil water, studies 36
reagent for 20
salt mines of Stassfurt 934
salts, effect on composition and yield
of potatoes 443
Stassfurt, statistics 737
transformation in the soil 429
solubility in soils as affected by fer-
tilizers 623
sources 736
Pota-ssium carbonate, analyses, La 131
R.I 907
chlorid, effect on solubility of
lime in .soils 623
compounds, poisonous effect on
wheat 717
cyanid for poisoning rabbits 423
detection by sod'um cobaltini-
trite 516
iodid, intravenous injection 890
nitrate, analyses, R. 1 907
in Wyoming 9.34
perchlorate, effect on plants. . 824, 1052
permanganate, adhesiveness as
a fungicide... 658
asa fungicide.. 62,574
for grape mil-
dew 262
Potato beetle, Colorado, remedies, Me 863
enemy, N. Mex 580
parasite 470
remedies, N. Y. Cornell 164
Va 165
cutter, description. Tex 140
digger, description, Tex 140
disease, notes, Conn. .State 506
Nebr 419
diseases, notes 462, 656
Vt 255
remedies 132
dry rot, notes 61
feed, analyses, Vt 877
harvester, trial 296
Phy tophthora, notes Gl
pomace, analyses, Me 587
Rhizoctonia disease, notes 61
root rot. notes 462
Page.
Potato rot, !iotes 572
treatment 462
scab, notes 61, 261, 467, 767
on beets, notes, N. J 3.53
treatment, Mont 859
N.J 351
with sulphur, R. I. 760
Sclerotium disease, notes, Ga 61
spot disease, frizolfie, notes 61
stalk disease, notes 462
starch, manufacture, U. S. D. A 994
wet rot, notes (;i
yellow blight, notes 462
Potatoes, analyses, Nebr 478
compo.sition and yield as affected
by chlorids 436
composition and yield as affected
by potash salts 443
composition and yield as affected
by water and fertilizers 938
culture 143, 698
Texas 140
experiments 443, 1036
Can . . . 229, 536, 537
Colo 229
Wis 40
in Canada 338
memoir 1032
development of tubers, Vt 214
evaporated, food value, Cal 980
extra early, U. S. D. A 298
fertilizer experiments . . 44, 141, 235, 338,
339,441,443,533,
547,641,843,845,
937, 941, 942,952
Mass.Hatch 228
Me 141
Mich 623
Ohio 127
R.I 333
Tenn 1029
Tex 139
formuia 851
grafting e.xperiments 942
greening, notes 61
introduction into Norway 143
irrigation experiments 641
Wis 40
liming experiments 845
monograph 942
northern vs. southern grown seed,
Tex 139
origin and variability 44.3
planting at different dates 641
seed from different .«oils. 641
of different sizes . . . 2.32,
641, 845
potash for 849
quality as affected by fertilizers.. 443
root growth as related to methods
of culture 339
system, N. Dak .517
rotation experiments. R. I 1030
seed selection 845
N. Dak 234
Wis 48
1168
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Potatoes, seed treatment 462
starch content 144
starch content as affected by Bor-
deaux mixture, Me 140
starch content as affected by fer-
tilizers 141
storage, Tex 139
straw as a mulch for 235
aubsoiling for, Minn 628
varieties 44, 144, 235,
338, 339, 443, 533, 636, 641, 849
Ariz 1038
Can 135,329
Idaho 641
Mass. Hatch 228
Minn 630
N. H 450
Ohio 997
Tex 139
yield as affected by altitude 636
size of vines.. 144
Poudrette, analyses. Can 531
Pouillet's phenomenon investigation 837
Poultry at Louisiana Station, notes. La 878
bone, analyses. Me 378
breeding, R. I 781
culture, special instruction, R. I. . . 982
diseases, notes, Del 894
egg production as affected by exer-
cise, Utah 674
experiments 179
Can 376
external parasites 294
favus, notes 492
Del 894
treatment, Oreg 1092
feed mixtures, analyses, R. 1 907
feeding 781
experiments, Can 589
Mass. Hatch. 279
N. Y. State.. 276
Utah 674
feeds, analyses, Mass. Hatch 281
Me 378, 587
R.I 282
Vt 472,877
house, (U'scription 179
notes 1078
Can 585
pests, notes 492
raising with fruit culture 179
Powders, moistened, evolution of heat 837
Praon C(rui<aphi!<, notes, U. S. D. A 362
Praying mantis, European, notes, N. Y. Cor-
nell 973
Prays spp., notes 69
Precis spp., notes 1068
Preservatives for fruit, Wis .53
in dairy products 879
Prickly eomfrey, notes, Can 329
lettuce, notes, Can 350
pear, analyses 55, 677
eradication 253
Primula auricula, culture 754
Primioxyslus rohini.r, notes 975
Privet, California, fertilizer experiments.
Conn. State 557
Page.
Propionic acid, determination, Halierland's
method 214
effect on germination and
growth of peas 1009
Propolis, use by bees 580
ProsHi/leus comosiix, notes 367
I^rotargol, administration 790
as an antiseptic 194
intravenous injection 890
Proteid metabolism in children 981
plants 1012
as affected by
t empe ra-
ture 519
notes 177
Proteids, determination in vegetable mate-
rials, N. C 819
formation by plants in darkness . 910
in wheat during germi-
nation in darkness .. 216
of egg white, studies. Conn. State. 514
yolk, studies. Conn. State.. 513
milk, reagents for. Wis 19
wheat germ, studies. Conn.
State 512
Protein, factors for computing. Conn. Storrs. 1069
formation from fat 981
in bread, digestibility 1077
sub.stances of seeds 1049
Proteolytic ferments in feces 477
Proteose in As2)crgiUus nigcr 916
Proteoses, solubility in alcohol 108
Provender, analyses. Conn. State 70
R. I 282,378
Vt 472,877
Prunes, analyses, Oreg 343, 906
ash analyses, Oreg 343
curing in France 558
fertilizer for, Oreg 343
notes, Cal 945
proportion of flesh, juice, and i>its,
Oreg 343
varieties, Mont 8.53
Prunus americana, calcium oxalate and lig-
nin in buds 910
japimica gummosis, notes 156
Prunus, variations in Ameri(ran species, Vt. 239
Pscudoiiionas campestris, investigations 654
Psrudfqxzisa medicaginis, notes, Ct)iin.
State 566
Pseudoscabies of sheep, I nd 95
Psendottsur/a dotiglasi, ash analyses 653
Pseudotubercle bacillus in milk 1080
Pseudotuberculosis, notes 96
Psila rosiv, notes 368, 467, 973
Puiiura monacha, notes 975
Psocinella slnssonit', n. sp., notes 166
Psychrometric tables, U. S. D. A 1015
Psylla obfiAeta, n. sp., description 1069
piricola, notes 368
Psylliodes attenuata, notes 1060
pvnctulata, notes, Wash 266
Pterophorus galactodactyltts, notes 167
Pucciiiia asparngi. (See .\spnragus rust.)
bcrkctnji, notes 359
biui, notes 462
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1169
Page.
Puccinia chrysanthcmi. {See Chrysanthe-
mum rust. )
coronata, notes 254, 461
dispersa, studies 567
glumaris, studies 567
gluviarum, notes 461
graminis, notes 254, 461
hieracii, notes 1054
persistans, notes 462
rublgo-vera, notes 254
simplex, notes 461, 567
triticina, studies 567
Pulex, bibliography 867
Pullets, early and late hatched, relative
value, Utah 674
vs. hens for egg production, Utah. 674
Puli'inaria acericoln, natural enemies, U. S.
D. A 160
notes, TT.S. D.A 160,860
innumerabilis, natural enemies,
U.S.D.A 160
notes 167,272
U.S.D.A.. 160
spp., notes 369
Pump, modification of Bunsen vacuum 419
water pressure 309
Pumpkins, fertilizer formula 851
varieties, Can 329
Pumps, apparatus for testing 197
Purdue University, notes 899
Pure-food law, working, U.S.D.A 898
Puriflne, composition and anti.septic value,
Cal 991
Purslane for pigs, Ind 876
notes, U. S. D. A 798
white rust, notes 254
Putnam scale, notes 469
Pycnodcres quadrimaculahis. notes, Ariz 365
Pyocyanase, effect on bacteria 490
Pyrenophora trichostoma, notes 567
Pyrosoma bigeminiim, development 886
Pythium deharyaniim, notes 218, 261, 458
Quaker oats, analyses, N. Y. State 169
Quercus, life history 313
Qnercus peduncidata, notes 958
roburC?), rate of growth 1048
sessiliflora, notes 958
Quicklime, effect on root tubercles of
legumes 548
Quince diseases in the Hudson Valley,
N.Y. State 155
Quinces, drying .558
notes, Cal 945
varieties, Mich 237
Rabbits, digestion experiments 666
poisoning with pota.ssium cyanid. 423
susceptibility to hemorrhagic sep-
ticaemia of poultry 990
Rabies, control 194
diagnosis 395, 692, 894
diagnostic lesion 690
etiology 793
immunization by nerve tissue ,596
in dogs, notes 488
pathology 395
horses 395
Page.
Rabies in Pennsylvania, notes 684
the District of Columbia, U. S.
D.A 395
notes 685,692,885
U.S.D.A 789
studies 292, 887
treatment by injections of normal
nerve substance 491
virus, resistance to putrefaction 491
Radiation, report on 920
Radish disease, notes 462
Radishes, fertilizer experiments, R. 1 747
formula 851
forcing 952
growth as affected by incan-
descent gaslight, W. Va 48
water requirements 340
RafBnose, hydrolysis and utilzation by
Penicillium glauciun 313
Rain, artificial, U. S. D. A 119
water, chlorin content 833
nitrogen content 917
Raindrops, studies, U. S. D. A 520
Rainfall as affected by sun spots 724
at Lacrosse, U. S. D. A 1015
distribtion in Madras Presidency . 521
from convectional currents, U. S.
D. A 1015
in Kngland 8.33
in relation to altitude. 1017
Great Britain 122, 834
Jamaica, U. S. D. A 521
local storms, U. S. D. A 521
New South Wales 833
Nicaragua, U. S. D. A 25
Queensland 921
the Grand Duchy of Baden 921
Upper Chagrcs River, U. S. D. A. 521
of St. Kitts, U. S. D. A 1015
record, Okla &48
sea.son in Colorado, U. S. D. A 520
Railroad forestry 456
freight clas.siflcation, U. S. D. A. . 698
statistics, U. S. D. A 698
i Raisin culture in California 1046
Ramalina reticiUata, analysis 282
Ramie, notes 942
Can 329
Ram^^lnrial'nUisumbros:^', n.sp., description. 767
Range improvement experiments at Abi-
lene, Tex., U. S. D. A 230
Rape, analyses, Mi.ss 234
for forage, Iowa 134
N.J 332
notes 338
Can 328
U. S. D. A 332
seed, ground, analyses, Vt 282
test, Idaho 641
Jiaphanus raphanistrum, fasciation 572
Raspberries as affected by pinching tips of
shoots, Wis 51
fertilizer experiments 648
N. J.... 344
irrigation, N.J 344
summer pinching, Pa 645
1170
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Wage.
Raspberries, varieties 450, 1044
Ind 854
Mich. 237
Pa 645
Raspberry anthrac-nose, prevention by cul-
ture, Conn. State 570
diseases in the Hudson Valley,
N. Y. State 155
pulp for shipping 648
sawfly, notes 263
Rat-destroying bacillus 789
Rations in Ladysmith 79
medium and wide, feeding values,
Vt 284
of equal balance, feeding value,
Vt 283
vise and abuse, Tenn 379
Rats, susceptibility to hemorrhagic septi-
caemia of poultry 991
Rauh's stock food, analyses, Ind 70
Raupenleim, composition 271
Reaping machines, evolution and compari-
son 697
Red cedar, extermination in Oklahoma 455
clover. (See Clover, red. )
gum, ash analyses 39
rice, notes. La 760
spider, notes 265, 1067
ilich 575
spiders of the United States, notes,
U. S. D. A 469
water, notes 685
Redtop leaf smut, studies. 111 358
Reforestation, commercial fertilizers in 958
experiments in France . . . 757, 758
in California 651
of Cam pine 562
Refrigeration, compend 197
Reindeer, immunization against anthrax. . 490
Rendering works, waste liquor, analy.ses,
R. 1 717
Rennet action as affected by acids and lime
salts 786
in milk of different degrees
of acidity 485
on milk constituents 389
testing 786
Reptiles, composition and food value 282
Rescue grass, notes, U. S. D. A 332, 442
Resin, formation in plants 519
producing plants in the French
colonies 954
wa.sh for scale insects, Fla (;8
Respiration experiments with men 871, 9sl
of plants as affected by aua;s-
thetics 112
of plants as affected by tem-
perature 112
Respiratory products, measurement and
analysis 1 78
Respired air, poisonous properties 477
Rhaphidospora in intestines of Olocraten
gibbus 273
Rheumatism, muscular, treatment 392
Shipicepalus decoloratux, notes, U.S. D. A... 861
evertgi, notes, U. S. D. A 861
Page.
Shisocionin sp., notes 657
treatment, Ma.ss. Hatch ... 857
ridliicru, studies 572
Rhizotrixjus solstitiulU, notes 468
Rhode Island Station, financial state-
ment 798,997
notes 100
report of direc-
tor 798,997
lihopaloniphum violie, notes 265
Rhubarb, analyses, Oreg 906
curculio, notes, U. S. D. A 363
forcing 952
experiments, R. I 945
in darkness 449
Rhus eopaUina, notes, Fla 1045
Rhus, latex system 422
Rliyiichojjhorus palmarum, notes 774
Rht/nchospora cornicidata, notes. La 760
Jiliijtii-ina accrinimi, notes 573, 767
Rice, analyses 79
Cal 981
corn, black, digestibility, Okla 872
crops of India, U. S. D. A 1098
culture, La 741
in Jamaica 235
the United States, U. S.
D. A 46,235
feed, analyses, Me 378, 587
flour and bran as a feeding stuff 587
germination as affected by light 1049
hulls, analyses, Cal : 981
meal, analyses, R. I 907
monograph 144
notes 144
wild, analyses. Wis 71
ergot 359
in Minnesota and Wisconsin ... 46
Ricin poisoning, pathology 394
Rinderpest in camels 692
notes 188, 491 , 790
Rio Grande water for irrigation, X. Mex. . . 834
Ripersia saccliari, notes 1067
n. sp., description 1067
River flow, measurements, Colo 295
gauge, electric recording 96
readings, U. S. D. A 1096
observations in New South Wales . . . 833
stations, data for 1899 897
Rivers of Russia, flow 526
Road law and statistics in Pennsylvania... 897
in New York, U. S. D. A 697
making 39,s, 1097
and maintenance 796
in the United Suites, U. S.
D.A 496
materials of Pennsylvania. . . 1097
notes. La 221
surfacing experiments, N. H 1095
Roads, dirt, construction and maintenance. 697
paper on, U. S. D. A 296
Roaring, chronic, inheritance 294
Robin, economic relations 423
Robinia pKeudncacia, notes 456, M>2
Utah 153
rale of grow Ih 1048
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1171
Page.
Rocks, analyses 1023
methods of analysis 1006
Rodents, notes 423
Rasteiia korexnm and Gymnoapomugiuin
japonicum, relationship o72
sp., notes 573
Root curvat\ire, effect on distribution and
arrangement of roots . . . 912
mechanism 24
growth as related to methods of cul-
ture 339
killing of fruit trees by cold, Iowa. . . 147
systems of cultivated plants, studies,
N. Dak 516
tubercles, adaptation of organisms. . . 1013
of cowpeas, notes, N. J 331
of legumes as affected by
assimilable nitrogen in
soil 827
of legumes as affected by
quicklime 548
of legumes as affected by
weather conditions 827
of legumes, behavior in
water cultures 113
of legumes, nature and
function 311
of legumes, notes 114,719
of legumes, organism 314
of legumes, review of litera-
ture 912
of soy beans, Kans 334
selective power of bacteria. 422
Roots, effect on following crop of barley. . . 1037
feeding experiments with 80
fertilizer experiments 338, 441, 633
formation of tissues 1014
insects affecting, U. S. D. A 862
varieties 849
Rose bugs, remedies, W. Va 1065
chafer, notes, Okla 665
diseases 263, 360
growers, International Congress 855
Leaf as an insecticide, Ga 62
thrips, remedies, Ind 54
Rosella. notes 152
Roselle, notes, Cal 936
Rosrninia qiiAireina, notes 658
sp. on roots of fruit trees 257
Roses, China 855
classification 855
cross-fertilization 954
culture under glass 954
effect of scion on stock 855
fertilizer experiments, Ind 53
history 247
hybridity 855
nomenclature 152
notes 347,1040
races ^"'■^
winter protection, ( an 549
Resin soap, preparation, Cal 975
Rotation experiments 14,441,547
Can 536
La 841
R.I 1030
Page.
Roup, catarrlial, of poultry, treatment.Oreg. 1092
of chickens, notes, Mont 894
R. I 990
treatment with anti-
diphtheria scrum, Can. 395
poultry, notes, Del 894
Rowan leaves, ash analyses 1006
Rubber, botanical sources, U. S. D. A 647
culture 219,346
in Krazil 854
Mexico 246
Porto Rico, U. S. D.A... 646
new substitute 344
plants, notes .... 219, 346, 347, 451, 615, 827
treatise 954
preparation for market 346, 451
Rum, manufacture in Porto Rico 399
Russian thistle, disappearance 350
Rusts, distribution 461
of horticultural plants, notes 1056
relationship of secidial and teleuto-
spore forms 365
Ruta-baga phoma disease, notes 256
Ruta-bagas, conditions affecting feeding
value 1038
fertilizer experiments 441,547
root growth 338
Rye, Alinit experiments 532
analyses, Nebr 478
bran, analyses, Conn. State 70
brown rust, studies 567
characteristics of young plants 442
chemical changes in molding and
sprouting 108
crop, foreign, U. S. D. ,A. 698
culture experiments 1039
feed, analyses. Conn. State 70
Mass. Hatch 281
N. Y. State 169
fertilizer experiments 125
Md 931
on light soil... 338
grass, English, analyses, Oreg 471
notes, N. Hex 539
Italian, fertilizer experiments.. 337
notes, N. Hex 538
grasses, culture experiments 133
green, analyses, N. J 378
ground, analyses 378
injuries by frost 235
injury to grain by thrashing 42
meal, analyses, Mass. Hatch 281
for cows. Pa 678
nematode disease, notes 462
relation of quality to color of grain. . . 338
rotation experiments, R. I 1030
size of grain as affected by climate 737
spring, varieties. Can ^. ... 229
stem rust, notes 254
straw, weak, analyses 642
varieties 1039
Can 328
Tenn 1036
winter, varieties 532
Saccharin, detection in food 108
Saccharomyces, formation of enzyms 915
1172
EXPERIMENT STATION REOORD.
Saecharomyccs, physiology and morphol-
ogy 915
Saccharosi", occurrence in roots of gentian. 716
rotation as affected by tempera-
Hire 611
Sachaline, analyses, Oreg 471
notes, Can 329
Sagebrush, notes, Mont 827
Sainfoin, fertilizer experiments 641
irrigation experiments 641
notes. Can 328
seeding experiments 441
Salad oils, physical and chemical proper-
ties, Cal 906
Saliva, action as affected by acids 1077
SdlLrfraiiiliK, notes, Utah 153
laurifolia, notes, Utah 153
Salsify, analyses, Oreg 471, 907
fertilizer formula 851
notes, Kans 898
Salt, analyses, N. J 840
R. I 717, go-
common effect on silage 822
dairy study. Wis 91
effect on color of butter 593
Md 182
soil moisture, U. S. I). A 298
for destroying weeds, Vt 249
solutions, movement in soils 620
water in Nebraska 694
Saltbush, Australian, notes, Cal 936
mealy, notes, Cal 936
SaltbuHhes, notes 219, 1038
Cal 945
Salts, inorganic, effect on conidia forma-
tion 422
metallic, for destroying weeds. . . 1050, 1052
of cultivated soils, studies, Wis 28
soluble, determination in soils. Wis.. 29
Sami)ling devices 908
Sanatol, use 168
San Jose scale, crude petroleum for. N.J... 971
legislation, Oliio 975
means of distribution 665
natural enemies, N. .1 366
notes 68, 261, 368, 4(;8, 664, 1058
Ariz 365
Fla 1057
Mass. Hatch 271
Mont 869
N.J 365
Ohio 997
U. S. D. A 861,862
W. Va 580
on American fruit 68,870,971
parasite of, U. S. D. A 861
posterior abdominal seg-
ment 869
rearing 770
remedies, N J 366
N.Y.Cornell 163
U. S. D. A 860, 869
W.Va 1065
Sand, calcareous, effect on mar.sh soils. ... 623
lucern, notes, Mich 636
Sandalwood tree, notes 662
Page.
Sands, drifting, plants for binding 319
reclamation 319
Sandy pine lands in Minnesota, manage-
ment 757
soils, analyses, K. 1 622
needs and treatment, H. 1 621
notes 319
potash experiments 1008
Saperda Candida, notes. Me 68
tridentata, notes, Ky 158
vesUta, notes, U. S. D. A 862
Sapokarbol as an insecticide 578
Sarcophaga, bibliography 867
Sareophila, bibliography 867
Sarcopsylla, bibliography 867
Sarcopics scabiei, bibliography 867
squamiferun, remedies 793
f>ature.ia hortensis, germination and growth
in rarefied air 909
Sausages, manufacture and adulteration... 676
Scabies, depluming, of poultry, notes, Del. 894
of poultry, treatment, Oreg 1092
Scale, cottony cushion, notes, Fla 1058
maple, notes 167, 272
U.S.!). A 160
Forbes, notes 469
on American fruit 971
insects affecting coffee, remedies 369
grasses, Kans 466
in Florida, Fla 68
notes, Conn. State 580
Fla 1058
of India, notes 369
on American fruit, U.S. I). A. 162
lice, effect on vegetable tissues 865
in Germany, treatise 869
locomotion of larv«; 869
San Jos6. (.Sec San Jose scale.)
scurfy, notes 369, 469, 1 058
Mont 869
N. H 468
on American fruit 971
Scaly leg of poultry, notes, Del 894
Schizocyatis gregarinoideK, n. sp., notes ,S70
Schizoneura lanigera. {See Aphis, woolly. )
rileyi, notes. Conn. State 580
School books, errors in, U. S. D. A 118
gardens 451, 452
grounds, management and improve-
ment 649
herbariums 452
window garilening 452
Schools, rural 698
Schumaker's stock food, analyses.N. Y. State 169
Hcirpophaga intacta, parasites 469
Selerotinia and Botrytis, studies 764
Sclerotinia/uckeliana, notes 254
on conifers 656
libertiana, treatment, Mass.Hatch 855
scleroUonim, notes 911
Sclerotium wilt, treatment, Ala. College... 552
Scolopcndra hcros, notes, N. ^lex 974
Scolytus prxceps, notes, U. S. I). A 64
rugvlostis, notes 664
Scour of calves 686
ScuteliMa cycnea, establishment in Califor-
nia, U.S.D.A 860
INDEX OK SUBJECTS.
1173
Page.
Sea water and aluminum sulphate, antisep-
tic value, Cal 991
Seasons, depicting character diagrammatic-
ally 317
Seaweed, analyses 39
as a fertilizer 22S
for fruit trees 54
ash analyses 39
Sechium ediilc, notes 245, 853
Seed control station at Gothenburg, report. 252
Lund, report 252
Skara, report 252
Danish, report 251, 252
of Switzerland, report. 456
Vienna, regulations
and standards 350
Vienna, report 350
stations, Swedish, reports 252
distribution, Nev 1014
effect of size on crop 441
investigation, methods 3,50
list 760
sampling api)aratus 961
selection 640
Tenn 349
selling,growing, and testing, U.S. D. A. 458
sorting apparatus 760
testing 565
U. S.D.A 251
at Modena, Italy, report 960
in Germany, regulations 458
New Zealand 96o
notes 911
report 1051
Seeds and plants, distriljution 9,54
foreign, inventory, U. S.
D.A 911
for exchange, Cal 1014
germination. (Sec Germination.)
packing and shipj)ing 345
preservation 54
protein substances 1049
resistance to heat 251
mercury 350
rules for dealers 350
utilization of reserve materials 313
vitality 350
testing, K<i!is 898
Seepage, measurements. Colo 294
Seismic changes caused by building opera-
tions, U. S. D. A 25
Seismograph at Carson City, U. S. D. A 521
Selandria atra, notes .' 1061
cerani, notes 167
ruhi, notes, M ich 575
Self-.sterility of plants 613
Separator slime, source 883
'•Separators," dilution; tests, Can 386
Septiffemia in animals, notes 685
hemorrhagic, in ducks and
chickens 294
of poultry 888
of poultry, -su.s-
ceptibility of
diflferent ani-
mals yyo
Page.
Spplnrin graminum, notes 567
lactucx, notes 353
pelroselini, notes, Fla 1056
phlogis, notes 261, 359
Sequoia gigantea, notes 755
washingtouiann. notes, U. S. D. A.. 755
Seraphthin for foot-and-mouth disease 293
Serica a^'samensis, notes 770
Sericulture in Austria 166
Serradella, notes. Can 329
Serums, agglutinating Trypanosoma 890
bactericidal actiem as affected by
different sub.stances 1094
for diagno.sing tuberculosis 892
immunized against BaciUu.sp)/oci/<i-
neus 890
Service tree, notes 55
Sesame cake poisoning of cattle ,595
oil, detection 908, 1006
Scsamia nonagrioidcs, parasites 469
Sesbnnia macroc.arpa, notes. La 760
Sritia accrni, notes 272
rutilitna, notes, U. S. D. A 364
Sesudce, food habits of larvie ,580
Sewage, ammonia method of analysis 418
analyses, Mass. Hatch 933
disposal 835
fertilizing value 324
purification in Massachusetts 835
sludge, analyses, Can 531
Mass. Hatch... 22.5,933
treatment 38
Shad scale, notes, U. S. D. .V 332
Shaddocks, budding 648
Shade, effect on yield and quality of tobac-
co. Conn. State ,542
trees for street planting. Pa 650
protection in towns and cities.
Conn. State 9,57
Shallots, blight, notes 2,54
fertilizer formula 8.51
Sheep at Louisiana Stiition, notes. La 878
breeding 478
experiments 878
crass-breeding experiments 1077
digestion experiments 665, 777
Me 873
N. C 667
N. Y. State .. 171
Okla 872
effect on ewe of nursing single and
twin lamb.s. Wis 74
feeding experiments 75, 173,
276, 374, 378, .583, ,588
Ariz 1074
Can 373,380
Iowa 673
Mont 72
Nebr 875
W. Va 73
lambs before and after wean-
ing. Wis 74
flesh, heat of combustion 178
fluke worms, notes 792
foot rot, notes 292, 792, 1093
for mutton, U. S. D. A 798
1174
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Shecj) grazing on forest reserves, U. S. D. A. 399
industry in America, liistory and
development 781
intestinal parasites 598
manure analyses 39
Conn. Stale 931
Mass. Hatch 933
metabolism as affected by asparagin
and ammonia 874
plants for pasture, Minn 629
pox, notes 790
virus, effect of desic-eation and
heat 689
raising in Sweden 178
the Pacific Northwest, U. S.
D.A 380
scab in Illinois 290
notes 189, 684
Ind 189
studies 92
stomach worms, infection and treat-
ment, Ohio 688
susceptibility to contagion of tuber-
culosis. Ark 1085
Shelter belts, use in agriculture, Minn 629
Ship stuff, analyses, N. Y. State 169
Shorts, analyses, Cal 981
Shrubs, fiowers, a:id fruits, Nev 827
insects affecting, U. S. D. A 862
notes. Can 562
ornamental 162
planting 347
Silage, clover, digestibility and heat of com-
bustion. Me 873
corn, analyses. Conn. Storrs 1077
Miss 234
crops for, notes, Can 797, 1038
for cows. Pa 678
less of nutrients and fermentation
asaffected by carbon bisulphid and
salt 822
making and .storing in Alaska, U. S.
D.A 630
preparation 977
S. C 296
and use. Wis 495
sorgiium, analyses. Miss 234
treati.se 496
Silicate of potash, analyses, La 131
Mass. Hatch... 626
Silk-mill waste, analyses. Conn. State 931
Silkworm cocoons, apparatus for steaming
and drying 196
reeling 774
Silkworms as affected by different colored
lights 969
Silo press liquor, analyses 823
Silos, construction. Can 797
S. C 296
Wis 495
methods of filling. Can 797
Simxthis nemorana, notes 866
Simulium sp. affecting men and horses 664
Sinea rliadema. notes 264
Siris tree or lebbek, notes, U. S. 1). A 248
Sirup, analyses 79, 107, 108
Page.
Sirup, analyses. Conn. State 279
treatment with ozone 195
Sirups, flavoring, analyses. Conn. State 280
Siiodrepa panacea, notes 468
Skeletonizer, brown-backed, notes, Okla... 665
gray, notes, Okla. 665
Skim milk for calves, Kans 472,898
in bread making, U. S. D. A ... 298, 776
pasteurization. Wis 85
pasteurized, keeping qualities.. 1082
product, new 780
" Skutch " from limed pelts, analyses 39
Skylight, color and polarization, U. S. D. A . 831
Slag. (.See Phosphatic slag.)
calcareous, as a fertilizer 530
Sludge, analy.ses, Can : 531
Mass. Hatch 225,933
Slug shot, analyses, N. Y. State 67 .
Slugs, field notes 1063
Smerintlius ocdiatm, notes 271
Smoke, effect on plants 826
Smut. {See also Barley, corn, oats, rye,
wheat.)
diseases 359
spores, germination as affected by
formaldehyde 457
Smuts in Belgium 572
nuclear phenomena 827
Smynthurus, remedies 468
Snapdragon anthracnose, notes 964
N.Y. State. 1055
stem rot, notes 964
N.Y. State 1055
Snout beetle, imbricated, notes, U. S. D. A. . 362
Snow crystals, micro-photographs, r. S.
D. A 1015
preservation as affected by forests,
Colo 295
Snowfall in Rocky Mountains, U. S. D. A.. 118
Soap, arsenical, for preserving museum
specimens 617
solution as an insecticide 578
Soaps, disinfectant 599
Soda water, analyses. Conn. State 280
sirup, analyses. Conn. State ... 279
Sodium carbonate, analyses, R. 1 717,907
cobaltinitrite, reagent for potas-
sium 516
compounds, poisonous effect on
wheat 717
dioxid for purifying air 731
hydrate, normal, preservation 908
perchlorate, effect on plants 824
salts, effect on evaporation from
soils, U. S. D. A 524
toxic effect on lupines 1010
Soil analysis, utilization 319
bacteria, chemical functions, Del 729
descriptions, Del 721
exhaustion, notes 732
inoculation experiment.s. Miss 218, 843
new problems 37, 1024
recent investigations 614
investigations in the United States,
U. S. D. A 426
map of Connecticut Valley, U. S. D. A. 527
INDKX OF SUBJECTS.
1175
Page.
Soil inoLsture as affected by-
cultivation and weeding 123
forests 426
manuring, Minn 628
plowing, Ivans 898
salt, U. S. D. A 298
tillage. Can 320
Minn 627
Tenn 320
Wis 31
weeds, Minn 627
moisture, conservatiiin G94,91.S,102'1
Minn 629
determinations, Cal 921
Nebr 426
Okla 848
Wis 29
In pine forest 525
Russian soils 527
observations, Cal 946
Wis 28,40
studies, N. Mex 425
studies 819
temperatures 918, 927
Can 318
Colo 222
Idaho 320
N.Y. State 36
during a hot wave 622
tests. Conn. Storrs 1028
Mass. Hatch 227
Mich 623
survey in Connecticut Valley, U. S.
D. A 522
North Carolina 924
of Pecos Valley, New Mexico,
U. S. D. A 522
Salt Lake Valley, Utah,
U. S. D. A 522
zones of Russia, salt content and veg-
etation 925
Soiling crops for cows 388
N.J 382, 384
treatise 496
Soils, acid, liming, U. S. D. A 630
acidity, Urcg 906
alkali, analyses, Cal 924
Wyo 1021
of leachings, Oreg. . . 907
crops for, N. Mex 538
determination of salt content,
U. S. D. A 320
investigations, Cal 221
methods of mechanical analy-
sis, U. S. D. A 524
reclamation, Cal 946
in Egypt 621
analyses 122, 222, 441, 627, 823
Can 527
Ind 126
Mass. Hatch 225, 933
Miss 222
Ohio 127
Oreg 907
and crops, U. S. D. A 118
apparatus for sampling, Nebr 426
Soils, arid, fertilizer requirements, Wyo 427
as affected by winds 526
calcareous, of Monferrato, analyses .. 318
care and culture 698
catalogue of samples, U. S. D. A 36
clay, fertilizer experiments on ' . 1008
condensation of water vapor 526
cultivated, soluble salts, Wis 28
cultivation 927
effect of ridging on plant diseases,
N.J 353
evaporation as affected by sodium
salts, U. S. D. A 524
exhausted, improvement, Can 527
fertility, studies 725
formation 319
fu.igus infestation 653
sreological aj^ronomic charting 1023
glacial, of Illinois 924
humus content 732
experiments. Wis 32, 36
in counties of Utah and Colorado,
U. S. D. A 523
lime compounds in 1020
requirements, R. I 222
marsh, of Schleswig 427
effect of sand and lime 623
fertilizer experiments 1008
nitrate of soda and sulphate of
ammonia for 428
mechanical analyses, Mass. Hatch . . . 257
method of mechanical analysis 123
methods of analysis 905, 1006
of Allegany County 1023
Arizona, improvement, Ariz 798
Cape of Good Hope, analyses 022
Denmark, nitric-acid bacteria in . . 222
Herzegoviniaand Macedonia, anal-
yses 1023
Highmore, analyses, S. Dak 547
Kan.sas, humus requirements 1024
Lodi, studies 91
Madagascar, anal y ses 1 022
Maryland 1098
Mississippi, analyses. Miss 1022
Nebraska, analyses 124
New South vVales, analyses 927
Porto Rico 795
Province of Bari, Italy, analyses .. 732
Queensland, analyses 124
Russia, investigations 701, 704, 807
Salt Lake Valley, studies, U. S. D. A. 317
Survilliers, analyses 319
the Canton of Redon, analyses .. 318,319
Tokay wine region 622
Turkestan, U. S. D. A 329
physical analysis, volume basis for
calculating results 610
properties, lectures 526
sandy, analyses, R. I 622
needs and treatment, R. I 621
notes 319
potash experiments 1008
upland, acidity, R. 1 927
white clover, of Lombardy 485
worn-out, improvement, Conn. Storrs. 1025
1176
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Solanin, physiological functions 217
Solar eclipse, observations, U. S. D. A 1016
radiation, effect on plant growth 909
notes 918
spots and terrestrial phenomena, U.
S.D.A 119
Solomon's seal, new disease 1057
Solutions, theory of, as applied to the study
of soils, U. S. D. A 523
Somatose, notes 1077
Soot, analyses, Mass. Hatch 933
R.1 717
Sorghum, analyses, Ky 547
Miss 234
Nebr 274, 442
Oreg 942
as a forage crop, Ind 45
stock food 092
borer moth, notes 770
culture, Oreg 443
experiments, Miss 849
on alkali soils, N. Mex. . 538
digestibility, Okla 872
disease in Africa 657
for fodder, Iowa 134
grain smut, studies, 111 357
hay, analyses. Miss 234
head smut, studies, 111 357
imported varieties, tests, Vt 234
irrigation experiments, La 842
notes, Ariz IO31
N. Mex 539
U.S.D.A 332
poisoning of cattle, Nebr 4S6
seed, distribution, Ohio 997
silage, analyses, Miss 234
smut, notes, Ariz 1056
varieties 443
Ohio 637
Oreg 942
Sorghums, nonsaccharine, feeding value
^-'^^^ .' 587
Sorrel, fertilizer formula 851
South Carolina Station, financial statement 97
notes.. 600,999,1100
report of vice-direc-
tor 97
South Dakota College, notes 899
Station, financial statement. 1097,
1098
notes 899
report of director... 1098
Sow's milk, analyses, Wis 84
Soy bean fodder, analyses. Conn. Storrs 1077
seed, analyses, Conn. Storrs 1077
beans, analyses, N.J 378
as a forage crop, Ind 45
culture, Kans 142
experiments, Can 536
fertilizer experiments, Conn.
Storrs 1028
fertilizer experiments, Mas.s.
Hatch 228
fertilizer experiments, Ohio 127
for forage, N. J 332
pigs, Kans 143,898
Page.
Soy beans, imported, tests, Vt 234
inoculation experiments, Kans. 333
N. J . . 312
notes, Cal 945
<^"an 328
Iowa 134
Kans 898
Ohio 997
U.S.D.A .....'. 332
Sparkleberry, notes, Fla 1045
Sparrows, economic relations 423
Spartina cynosurokhs, analyses, Can 586
Spaying cows, methods " 394
Spelt, analyses, N. Dak 273
botanical notes 219
Kans 898
husks, analyses, N. Dak 273
injury to grain by thrashing 42
Russian varieties, Wis 42
varieties g^,^
Spergula maxima, analyses, Oreg 471
Spermophagus pectoraUs, notes, U. S. D. A.. 363
Sphxrella laricina, notes q^
Sphmria sp., notes 219
Sphffiriales, stroma-forming, morphology. . . 422
Sph{ero])sis malorum, notes, N. Y. State ..... 59
SphwrostUbe coccophila, notes, Fla ] 057
Sphxrothcca castagnei, notes 5^59
mall, notes ^yg
mors-m'x in Ireland 573
Sphalangi, relation to anthrax 597
tSphcnophonis sonUdus, notes 455
Spice adulterants, analyses, Conn. State... 280
Spices, analyses. Conn. State 2SO
K.v 586
Spiders of Victoria 775
Spinach, fertilizer formula ,s51
growth as affected by incandes-
cent gaslight, W. Va 48
New Zealand, notes 345
spraying experi-
ments, N. J 353
Spiny elm caterpillar, notes, N. H ](;7
Spiroptera nasuta in fowls 294
Spleen, hi.stology during septicaemia 8i)0
Spongospora sokui i, notes c]
Spontaneous combustion, U. S. D. A .'■>2l
Sporadic aphtha, studies 92
Spore formation and structure in bacteria. . 721
in bacteria 722
fungi 9,;i
Sporotrichum glohnlifernm, notes, U. S. D. A . . 362
Sporozoon, new species in larvfe of Diptera. 870
Spotted gum, ash analyses 39
Spray calendar, Md ,581
Vt 470
nozzles, tests, Mo ,578
pump, cyclone 263
Spraying ai)paratus, notes, Md ,581
tests 464
apple orchards, W. Va 10(!4
causes of failure, Kans 898
notes 369
orchards, Va 270
trees 167
Spring.s, flow as affected l)y forests 426
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1177
Page.
Spruce liiKi louse, notes, Conn. State 580
canker, notes 573
European, ash analy.ses 653
insects affecting 160
needles, browning 2r)i
Norway, for the Plains 1047
growing for paper pulp 45(5
notes. Can 559
red rot, notes 360
resin ducts and strengthening cells. 827
."^purry, analyses, Oreg 471
notes, Can 329
S(|uash bug, notes, N. Mex 974
.'^([uashes, fertilizer formula 851
varieties, Can 329
Slalile fly, notes. Wis .'. 82
manureand tobacco stems, analyses. 933
refuse, analyses, Ma.ss. Hatch 026
waste as a fertilizer 37
Stables, construction, treatise 496
Staggers in sheep 294
Standard time, U. S. D. A 831
Starch, determination in potatoes 907
Me 141
feeds, analyses, Conn. State 70
N. Y. State 169
fuel value 1072
sirup, food value 470
manufacture from potatoes and cas-
sava, U. S. D.A 994
recent progress 612
notes 309
sugar, food value 476
Starters for butter and cheese making. Can . 388
Stassfurt potash salt mines 934
salts, production in 1899. . . 130
statistics 737
Stations. (See Experiment Stations.)
Steers, cost of feeding so
cotton seed vs. linseed cake for 47,s
dehorning. Can 599
digestion experiments, Fla 779
feeding experiments .. 80,371,373,682,878
Ariz 1074
Can. 372,379,587,588
Fla 779
Idaho 670
Iowa 671
Miss 282,878
Nov 173
Okla 670
Pa 875
Texas 473
Va 672
metabolism experiments 1071
plants for pasture, Minn 629
Stemplu/lirun hutryi in butter 050
Stems, decorticated, absorption of water
by 720
formation of tissues 1014
in phanerogams, morphology 912
Steppes, causes of treeless condition 838
Stigmaeus, notes, U. S. D. A 409
Stigmonose, notes, U. S. D. A 400
Stipa robusta, notes, Nebr 436
spartca affecting sheep, Ind 95
Page.
Stock l)re('ding, progress, U. S. D. A 478
dangers in feeding grain 478
feed, analyses, R. I 282
feeding, Okla 677
general principles, Vt 877
plants poisonous to, Mont 891
I)oisoning by lupines, Mont 891
water hemlock, Mont.. 891
Stomach motility as affected by large quan-
tities of fat 177
worms in lambs 788
in sheep 792
Ohio 997
Infection and
treatment, Ohio 688
Stomoxys calcitrans, notes. Wis 82
Stone flies, collecting and rearing 870
Stooiing of grains 941
Storeroom beetle or bookworm, notes 468
Storm and weather forecasts, commercial
importance, U. S. D. A 1010
at Springfield, Mo., U. S. D. A 521
in Yucatan, U. S. D. A 520
of sleet and snow, memorable, U. S.
D. A 1015
warnings on Oregon coast, U. S. D. A . 521
waves, notes, U. S. D. A 520
of South Carolina and Texas,
U.S.D.A 831
Storms and wells, U. S. D. A 831
benefits and injuries, U. S. D. A 119
in Steiermark, Karnten, and Ober-
Krain 521
of March, 1888 and 1900, U. S. D. A. 119
sleet 122
U.S.D.A 119
study by means of electroradio-
phone 725
Strangles, notes 793
of horses, studies 292
Strathmore weed, notes * 901
Stratigraphy, Paleozoic, of Michigan 095
"Straw-like material," fuel value 1072
Strawberries, analyses, Oreg 445, 906
as affected Ity hydrocyanic-
acid gas, Del 77.5
breeding 246
crossing and selection, R. I.. 944
culture 1046
Colo 246
Kans 898
N. H 450
and use 854
experiments, Ga 148
efTect of frost on different
varieties, Mont 854
fertilizer experiments. . 246, 045, 646
Ga 149
N.J... 344
formula 851
irrigation, N.J 344
matted row vs. hill system of
culture. Pa 645
notes, S. C 151
varieties 246, 346, 747, 1046
Ala, College 854
1178
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Strawberries, varieties, Colo 246
Ga 148
Iiid 854
Mieh 237
Mont 853
N. H 450
Pa 645
S. C 151
for Ohio 346
Strawberry baeterial diseases 657
crown moth, notes, U.S. 1). A.. 364
flea-beetle, notes, U.S. D. A.... 364
root louse, notes, Del 970
sawfly, notes 68
Stream measurements for 1898 797
inUtah 1096
Streams of Nebraska, rates of discharge 197
Street pavements, hygienic value 797
sweepings, analyses, Conn. State 931
Streets, shade trees for. Pa 650
Streptococci in comparative pathology 292
milk 1080
Streptococcus radiatiis, notes 986
Strongylu^ cervicornis, notes 684
coiitortus in lambs 788
notes, Ohio 688
Strontium as a substitute for calcium in
plants 219
salts, effect on growth of wheat. 911
Struthidca spp., notes 424
Strychnin, toxicological experiments 392
Subirrigation systems, tests, Wyo 1095
Subsoiling experiments, Minn 628
Subsurface packing, effect on soil moisture,
Minn 628
Succinic acid, use in alkalimetry 308
Sucrene Dairy Feed, analyses, Mass. Hatch. 281
R.I 282
Sucrose, presence in grapes 716
Sugar. (See algo Beet, Cane, and Maple.)
analyses 79, 823
as a feeding stuflC 177, 677
food 780
beet bacterial disease, notes 462
culture, effect on grain crops. . . 943
diseases as affected by fertiliza-
tion 572
notes 462
seed treatment 657
industry in New York 641
the United States,
U. S. D. A 742
leaf, composition at different
stages 313
spot, notes 657
leaves, preservation for fodder. 641
pulp, analyses, Oreg 471
and molasses for cattle... 379
tops, feeding value.. 379
for cows, N. Y. Cornell... 878
U. S. D. A 90
root rot, notes 657
roots and crowns, analyses 943
beets, analyses 743
Cal 942,981
Can 338
Page.
Sugar Ijeet.s, analyses, Ind 70
Kans 334
Ky 547
Mich 541
Nev .'.11, .542
Ohio 637
Pa 44
Utah 144
W. Va 438
as affected by .sulphuri<- acid . 45
cooperative experiment.'* —
Kans 334
Mich 511
N. Dak 235
N.Y'. Cornell 335
Ohio 636
Utah 144
Vt 235
W. Va 438
corn, and mangels, relative
yield and cost of produc-
tion, Pa 632
culture 849, 1008
Ariz 334
culture experiments —
Colo 229
Iowa 134
Kans 898
Mich 540
Nebr 430,846
Nev 541,542
N.Y.Cornell 335
Pa 44
culture in Egypt 46
Wisconsin, AVis 46
on alkali soils, N. Mcx. 538
fertilizer experiments 47, 533,
843, 1039
Mich. 540,623
Nebr... 846
fertilizer experiments, N. Y.
Cornell 335
fertilizer experiments, W. Va. 437
for cows. Pa 678
pigs.Ind 876
grow'th as affected by —
incandescent gaslight, W.
Va 48
season 619
seed parasite 359
insects affecting. Ill 868
irrigation, .\riz 334, 1038
Nev 541
nitrogenous raantiring 849
planting small beets for seed. . 1038
root system, N. Dak 517
.seed production in Germany.. 144
statistics 1039
subsoiling for, Minn 628
sugar content as related to size,
Mich 541
varieties. Can 135, 229
Mich 541
Nebr 846
N. Y. Cornell 335
Pa 44
INDEX OK SUBJECTS.
1179
SuKiii' lircts, vjiriutifs, \V. Va -IS"
woody 135
cane, analyses, La 439
N..r 378
(X)nii)i)sition 850
culture experiments 440
~^La 438
in Ecuador 339
diseases, notes 155, 261 , 105G
fertilizer experiments 47, 440
La 139
fertilizing ingredients removed
by crop 1034
for forage, N. J 331
improvement by selection 338
in the Hawaiian Islands 742
insects affecting 1067
in Porto Rico,
U. S. D. A... 162
irrigation 441
experiments, La 842
methods of planting 1033
moth borer, notes 661
notes. La 843
products, analyses 107
seeding experiments 441
seedlings 642
shot borer, notes 1067
smut, notes 572
treatise 47
varieties 441, 1033
La 438
white plant louse, notes 869
consumption in England 1076
com feed, analyses, N. Y. State 169,877
R.I 282
determination 107
in cranberries 753
molasses feeding
stuflfs 21
distribution in pears 558
effect on plant growth 615
for fattening pigs 583
industry in Porto Rico 399
manufacture, bacterial studies 722
methods of analysis 516
new process of extraction 195
statistics, U. S. D. A 1098
yielding plants, notes 518, 641, 1014
Sugars, reducing, determination 106, 107
Sulfarin as a preservative of manure 38
Sulla, notes, U. S. D. A 332
Sulphate of ammonia. {Seealso Ammonium
sulphate.)
analyses, Conn. State 931
La 131
Mass. Hatch 626
N.J 840
R. 1 717,907
and nitrate of soda, relative fertilizer
A'alue 529
as a fertilizer 131, 841, 843
on mar.sh .soils 428
•soil treatment for potato scab, R.I 761
Sulphate of potash —
analyses, Conn. State 129, 931
Snljihali' of potash— Coutinueil. Page.
analyses, La 131
Mass. Hatch 626, 933
N.J 840
R. 1 717,907
and magnesia, analyses. Conn. State... 931
Mass. Hatch.. 933
Sulphates, excretion after ingestion of i)ro-
tein 871
Sulphid of potash, preparation, Cal 975
Sulphur and copper sulphate, determina-
tion of fineness, prize for 1100
as a fungicide 464
injurious effects on grapes 768
soil treatment for potato .scab, after
effects, R.I 760
Sulphuric acid, determination in wines.. 612, 716
determination, photo-met-
ric method 307
effect on clover and sugar
beets 45
manufacture 736
standard solution, prepara-
tion 1005
Sumac for combating Phylloxera 870
notes, Fla 1045
Sun spots in relation to rainfall 724
Sunflowers, germination as affected by light 1049
varieties. Can 329
Sunlight, effect on bacteria in milk 1080
germination of seeds . . . 1049
Superphosphate, analyses. Conn. State 931
La 131
N.J 840
R. 1 717,907
change in weight on ex-
posure to the air 428
for destroying weeds 250
Superphosphates, preparation 1026
reversion I3i
Surgery, handbook 94
Susserin for hog cholera 294
Swamp soils, experiments. Wis 32, 36
Swedish turnip phoma disease, notes 256
turnips, conditions affecting feed-
ing value 1038
fertilizer experiments. . 441, 547
root growth 338
Sweet corn, cross fertilization experiments,
N. J 353
effect of removingsuckers, Can. 649
notes, Cal 936
Ga 50
soaking before planting. Can.. 549
peas, classification 347
culture 451
history 247
varieties 347
potato flour, analyses 476
fungus diseases 6.56
soft rot, notes, Ga 61
soil rot, treatment, N.J 351
weevil, notes 465
potatoes, analyses 1076
culture experiments, Fla .. 1036
feeding value 981
fertilizer experiments ..... 941
1180
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
I'age.
Sweet potatoes, growing iiiuler glass in sum-
mer, N. H 1039
notes, Iowa 340
vernal grass, analyses, Oreg 471
Swine, air-bladder mesentery of 95
erysipelas, notes l'9'-i
fever, diagnosis 69'2
notes r)85, 092
paralysis and erippling. Can 391
plague, experiments, Kans 898
experiments in protective
inoculation, Kans 190
notes 692, 790, 892, 893
serum, preparation 395
studies 92
treatment 1093
Swiss chard, spraying experiments, N.J... 353
Sycamore leaf disease, notes 255
leaves, ash analyses lOOii
Symbiotesfelis, bibliography 867
Symons, George James, notes, U. S. D. A... 119
Symptomatic anthrax. {See Blackleg.)
' ' Synatherexas mexieanas, ' ' notes 344
Syngamus trachealis, notes 294
Syyihilis, transmission to calves 690
Syrinj^a. bacterial disease 360
Sysiciia bkinda, notes, U. S. D. A 362
txniata blanda, notes, Mich 575
Tachinid parasite, notes 770
Tadpole grass, notes. La 760
Tag-sore in Algeria •lOl
Taka-diastase, reducing power, Ind 22
Tallow, character as affected by food 583
Tankage, analy.ses, Conn State 129, 931
La 191
Mass. Hatch 225, 026
R.I 9U7
Tannery ashes, analyses, Can 531
Tannin, determination .' 516, 010
distribution in pears 558
origin in galls 615
Tanning, wattle barks for, Cal 995
Tannoform as an antiseptic 194
Tanyard refuse, analyses 39
Tapeworms, parasitic in horses 893
Tapioca, manufacture 1070
Tarnished plant bug, notes, Mont 869
Taro, analyses 1070
Tursoiirwiis culiiiiadus, n. sp., notes 970
Tartaric acid, determination 1037
Tarwced, tall, analyses 282
Tea, analy.ses -i" '
culture in South (Carolina 1045
insects affecting 1007
theine content 1005
Teacher, differentiation from investigator. . 403
Teichomyza, bibliography 807
Telegraph stations, U. S. D. A 119
Telegraphy, weather, in Germany 122
wirele.ss, U. S. D. A 118,119,831
Temdudia maccr, notes, U. S. D. .\ 303
Temperature and color relation, U.S. 1). A.. lis
moisture, effect on germi-
nation and growth of
plants 910
as affected by forests 522
Page.
Temperature at New York, U. S. D. A 119
Cape Nome, U. S. D. A 521
diurnal range 920
effect on germination of seeds. 503
rotation of saccha-
rose Oil
in Montana, changes, U. S.
D. A ]19,.521
low, effect on iiLsects 1008
mean daily, corrections for. . . 1018
of liquefied air, effect on
bacteria 913
regulator 510
automatic 908
description, N.J 391
simple 90S
seasonal variati(ms at differ-
ent altitudes 725
summer and winter, l'. S.
D. A 1016
underground, at Oxford 731
variations in relation to vege-
tation 120
Tenebrio molitor, notes 367, 974
Tenebrioidcs maurilanicus, notes 265, 1060
Tennessee College, notes 99
Station, financial statement 398
notes 99 J 400, 499, 799
University, notes 499
Tent caterpillars. (See also Apple-tree tent
caterpillar and Forest
tent caterpillar.)
destruction by birds 366
notes 265
Mont 809
N. H 408
Teosinte, analyses, N.J 378
for forage, N.J 331
notes, Ariz 1031
Can 329
smut, studies, 111 3.56
Trnis vtinuta, notes. Me OS
Ttrmcti taprobanes, notes 1067
TestaceUa haliotidca, notes 1002
Test-tube holder, description, N. J 391
Tetanus antitoxin 393
bacilli, effect on leucocytes 10S4
toxin, effect on central nervous
system 596
treatment 1092
by fright 890
Tdragonia cxjxuisii. notes 345
Tdrancurd iiliiii. notes 664
Tetranychus, bibliograpliy 867
notes, U. S. 1). A 469
Texas bhie grass, notes, Cal 936
College, notes 100, 400, 000, 1100
fever, cooperative experiments, Tex . 191
etiology and treatment, Okla. 091
imminiization by l^lood inocu-
lation. La 186
in .Vrgentine Ki'puljlic 885
nature 992
notes 194, 597, 790
U. S. D. A 488
prevention, Ga 992
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1181
Page
Texas fever, prevention, U. S, D. A 798
Va 597
protective inoculation 1093
Miss... 890
treatment, Miss 891
itch, studies 92
Station, notes 100, 400, (iOO, 1100
Textile plants, culture 442
Thallophytes, reserve carbohydrates 1014
Thaw, Black River, U. S. D. A 119
Theobromin, determination 1007
Therapy and pathology of domestic ani-
mals, text-book 889
Thermometer, evolution 90S
U. S. D. A lOKi
Thermometers, alcohol, verification 920
testing 22
wet and dry bulb 920
Thermo.-egulator. (S'ee Temperature regu-
lator.)
Tlicroniafulvei>cens, notes, U. S. D. .\ 800
Thistle, Canada, notes, U. S. D. A 4.58
native, notes, Nebr 420
Ru.ssian, disappearance, Xcbr 420
Thistles, destruction by ammonia sulphate. 351
metallic salts 1052
Thomas slag. (See Phosphatic slag.)
Thrips, notes 1067
Thrips pisivora, notes 862
secalina, notes 4t)7
.sp. , notes 862
Thunderstorms at Antigua, U. S. D. A 831
Skyland, U. S. D. A 831
in Idaho, U. S. D. A 521
Mississippi, U. S. D. A... 118
near Washington, U. S.
D. A 831
Tides and storms, U. S. D. A 1016
Tilia europxa, notes, Utah 153
kiusiana. n. .sp., description 652
nKi.vimoivicziann, n. sp., description .. 652
Tilia, Japanese species 652
Tillage, effect on soil moisture, Minn 627
Wis 31
soluble salts of soils. Wis. 29
in relation to irrigation 398
Tillinidyia asneoidcs, notes, Fla 463
TiUctiiij'a'laig, studies. 111 356
Iritici, treatment 461
Timber, consumption in pulpmanufacture. 563
estimation in forests 456
identification of different kinds. . . 154
injury by acid fumes 756
physics, international commLsion. 653
prevention of worm holes 456
standing, cla.ssification 757
strength of different varieties 757
trees of Cape of Good Hope ... 456
Queensland 220, 455, 958
Time, standard, in Hawaii, U. S. D. .\ .521
Timothy, analyses. Conn. Storrs 1077
Orcg 471
fertilizer experiments, Ohio 127
for permanent pastures, Tenn... 337
hay, digestibility. Me 873
leaf smut, studies. 111 358
5365— No. 12—01 7
Page.
Timothy, liming experiments, R. I 737
root system, N, Dak 517
seed from different sources, com-
parison 457
seeding with wheat, Iowa 640
Tin in canned products 976
Cal 980
Tinea amhiguella, remedies 662
granella, notes 465
sp. , notes 69
Tipula maculosa, notes 1060
oleracca, notes 973, 1060
Tischeria malifolieUa, notes, Mich 575
Titration apparatus 908
Tmetoeera ocellana, notes , 1062
Me 68
Toadstools, edible and poisonous, notes 952
Tobacco, analyses 339, 744
and kerosene emulsion for rose
bugs, W. Va 1065
assimilation 640
calico disease 1 542
California, nicotin content, Cal . . 943
Connecticut, bulk fermentation,
U. S. D. A 335
leaf, physiological
.studies.U.S. D.A. 545
culture 236, 850
and handling, Md 637
experiments 939, 943
in Connecticut Valley,
U. S. D. A 522
Cuba 642
Queensland 1039
Trinidad 339
fermentation 116, 443, 916
bacteria in 720
cause 722
fertilizer experiments 339
La 842
Md 638
germination experiments 1050
"grain," notes. Conn. State 567
industry, U. S. D. A 443
in New South Wales, nicotin con-
tent 820
Sumatra, texture and composi-
tion 743
insects affecting, U. S. D. A 774
in Porto Rico,
U. S. D. A . . . . 162
irrigation experiments. La 842
lands in JIaryland, Md 638
leaf spot 359
manufacture 236
mosaic disease, notes 216, 217, 572
" natural spot " 543
nematode, notes 462
notes 3.39
plant, area of leaf surface, Conn.
State 547
pole burn, notes. Conn. State 568
refuse, analyses, Mass. Hatch 225
root system, Md 639
seed, home vs. Virginia grown, La. 842
stalks, analy.ses, Ma.ss.' Hatch 933
1182
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Tobacco stems, analyses, Conn. State 931
and dust, analyses 933
stable manure, analy-
ses 933
technology S50
varieties, Can 537
La 842
work of agricultural experiment
stations, U. S. D. A 235
wrapper leaf, curing and ferment-
ing. Conn. State 544
yield and quality as affected by
shade and lime. Conn. State ... 542
Tolokno, notes 377
Tomato bacterial black rot, notes, Ala. Col-
lege 569
disease, notes 467
rot, treatment 962
wilt, notes, Ala. College . 569
prevention by fertil-
ization, Ala. Col-
lege 552
blight as affected by liming. Miss. . 867
notes, Ala. College 569
N. Mex 570
treatment, Del 761
Miss 256
N. J 146
chutney, recipe 345
fungus diseases 1056
jam, recipe '. . . 345
leaf mold or mildew, notes, Ala.
College 559
macrosporium disease, notes. Ga .. 01
phoma disease, notes 254
preserves, Italian, recipe 345
rot, notes, Ga 61
sauce, recipe 345
sclerotium disea.se, notes, Ga 61
wilt, Ala. College 569
Tomatoes, culture 450
Ala. College 551
fertilizer experiments, N. J 344
experiments in forc-
ing. Conn. State 549
formula 851
forcing, N. C 44J
N.J 144,344
fresh and canned, U. S. D. A . . . 798
growing under glass in summer,
N. H 1039
growth as atfected by incandes-
cent gaslight, W. Va 48
irrigation, N.J 344
experiments, Ind ... 54
method of artificial pollination.
Conn. State 549
notes, Iowa 340
spraying experiments, N.J 352
training, Iowa 340
transplanting, effect on time of
maturity, Wis 49
uses 345
varieties 647
Can 345
Iowa 341
Page.
Tomatoes, varieties, N. H 449
N. Mex 570
water requirements 340
Topography of Michigan 6y5
Nicaragua 797
Porto Rico 795
Tornadoes, notes, U. S. D. A 1015
Tortrix ambiguella, deposition of eggs 167
development 167
notes 974
paleana, notes 970
pilleriana, notes 974
Torula exitiosa, notes 464
.sp. in milk. Can 3S8
Toxicojihlaa thunhercji, seed production 8.55
Trade of Denmark, U. S. D. A 1098
Tradescantia hotryosporlum, diseases, notes. . 464
brevi/olia, notes, U. S. D. A 24
gigantea, n. sp., description,
U. S. D. A 24
humilis, n. sp., description,
U.S.D.A 24
scoptdorum,Ti. sp., description,
U.S.D.A 24
Tramefes pini, notes 573
radiciperda, notes 573
Transpiration apparatus, notes, W. Va 558
Transplanting, effect on time of maturity of
vegetables. Wis 49
Transportation facilities in Porto Rico 795
in the United States, U. S.
D. A 497
Tree cricket, snowy, notes, Iowa 664
hopper, Buffalo, notes, Iowa 664
Kans 898
planting, Ariz 798
Okla 652
cooperative work, U. S. D.A. 452
in Oklahoma 755
the United States, prog-
ress 455
Utah, Utah 152
methods 1048
root rot, notes 573
seeds, planting 652
Trees and shrubs at Purdue University, Ind. 24
hardiness, N. Dak 55
as affected by. lightning 219
beginning of increase in thickness. .. 755
flowers and fruits, Nev 827
injury by chemicals 859
illuminating gas 957
insects affecting 770, 1067
U.S.D.A 862
of Japan, drawings 154
timber characteristics 652
Java 958
Nebraska, notes, Nebr 419
Vermont, Vt 153
ornamental, planting 347
rate of growth 104n
regulations of foreign governments
regarding importation, U. S. D. A.. 775
temperature, growth, and moisture
content 453
Trdca^ca brevi/olia, notes, U. S. D. A 24
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1183
Treleasea leiandra, notes, U. S. D. A 24
tumida, notes, U. S. D. A 2-t
Triangles for crucibles and dishes 109
universal pipe stem 109
Triboliuiti cinifusum, notes lOGO
fcrriKjiiicuin, notes lOtiO
Trichina inspection, taking of samples 392
Trichomonas cavix, notes 39-1
Trichophyton minimum, notes 192
Trichosphxria sacchari, notes 155
Tri/oliiim riliaium, analyses, Oreg -ITl
I riocephalum, analyses, Oreg 471
hijhridain. (See Clover, alsikc.)
incaniatum. {See Clover, crim-
son.)
pratense, (.See Clover, red.) •
[repens. {Sec Clover, white.)
sp., analyses, Oreg 471
tridental urn, analyses, Oreg 471
Trigonella fmt urn yra-cum as a soil improver. 849
notes, Cal 93t>
Triticum spdla. {See Spelt.)
TrochiUuin apifortne, notes ItiG
Trout culture for farmers 078
Trypanosoma, agglutination 890
cause of dourine in horses. . . 893
Trypcla j'iUminans, notes 774
pomonella, notes, Me 68
Tsetse fly, notes 792
Tube carrier for centrifuge, description,
N. J 391
Tubercle bacilli-
agglutination 1087
by tuberculous serums. . . 892
in experiments with
dogs 993
as affected by growth in frogs 489
oxygen under pressure . . 393
behavior in frogs 892
biology 1080
cultural diagnosis 597
destruction in milk 10S3
detection in milk 92, 091
Wis 90
tissues, N. J 391
duration of life in cheese 985
growth on acid brain culture media ... 489
in dairy products, Mich 987
human milk 393
milk 290, 1080
thermal death pi lint 1080
rapidity of growth 489
significance in sputum 490
Tuberctdaria persicina, notes, Iowa 962
Tuberculin as a diagnostic 95
curative action, N. J 390
distribution in Pennsylvania.. 684
experiments 594
investigations 691
tests 95, 290, 892
S. C 291
practical vahie 393
technique 992
TuberciUina sbrozzii. notes 359
Tuberculins, preparation and composition. 691
use in medicine 490
Tuberculosis, bovine — Page.
control . ? 394, 992
detection, N.J 39a
extermination 393
N.J 39a
fetal 992
generalized 992
in South Carolina, S. C 291
investigations 686
notes 685-
outbreak 690
regulations in Illinois 290
serum diagnosis lo.s?
spreading by means of milk 687
transmission by milk. Conn. Storrs 1086
to animals. Ark 1084
treatment, Mich 987
Tuberculosis, control 193
effect on leucocytes 1093
-experimental, treatment 393
frequency, statistics 95
hereditary transmission 987
hereditary transmission
through the placenta 1087
human and bovine, identity. 394
serum diagnosis 393-
transmission to ani-
mals, Ark 1084
in asses 490
dogs 1093
farm animals, source. Ark. 1092
guinea pigs 993-
horses 490, 793, 992
New Zealand 892
pheasants 892
pigs 992
poultry, notes, Del 894
studies, Oreg 1092
sheep, notes 685
means of distribution 95
notes 790, 885, 892
Nebr 488
of the udder in cows 690-
pathology 393
pulmonary, effect on kidneys 597
serum diagnosis 1092
studies 92
transmission 892
from man to ani-
mals 691
through meat
and milk 597
treatment 393
by muscle pla.sma. 791
Tuberculous animals, destruction 1093
cows, feeding milk to calves,
Conn. Storrs 10S6
material, experiments in feed-
ing 594
Tulip soft scale, notes 975
N.J 365
tree, forms 957
Tumor formations in animals 893
Tumors cau.sed by I'lumnodioplioni braxsiar . 68.5
micro-organisms in 193
Turnip bacterial disease 1056
1184
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Tiiruii) club root, troatment r .")"
X.J 352
finger-an(i-toe disease, lime for 442
treatment. 132,572
flea-beetle, notes 159
Turnips, early vs. late harvesting. Can 536
fertilizer experiments 429
Can 536
formula 851
for sheep 173
subsoiling for. Minn 628
varieties. Can 135, 229, 329
Tussock moth, notes 265
Twigs of trees and shrub.s, notes, Nev 519
Tylenchus devastatru-, notes 261, 359, 462
tritici. notes 1067
Type of cow.s, effect on milk production,
Utah 782
Typhloriibn comeg, notes, U. S. D. A 862
Typhoon in Hongkong, U. S. D. A 1016
Ti/poplionis canellus. notes, Mich 575
Tyrogen for ripening Emmenthaler cheese. 884
Tyroglyphus, bibliography 867
Tijroc/lyplius loiiyior. notes 271
Udder, bacteria in 591
bacteria! invasion 389
X.Y.Cornell... 184
L'lmug alata, notes, Ky 157
americana, notes, Ky 157
Utah 1.53
campestri.^, notes, Ky 157
■ /«/(•«, notes, Ky 157
montana, notes, Ky 157
racemosa, notes, Ky 157
Umbellularia californica, antiseptic value,
Cal 991
United States Department of .Agriculture—
appropriations for 1901-1902 803
contribution to wealth of the country,
U. S. D. A 69S
notes 300
U. S. D. A 1098
Uranotes melinus, notes 264
Urceoki brachysepala, notes 827
ektstica, notes 827
javanica, notes 827
maingaiji, notes 827
Urea and ammonia, determination in
urine 512
determination in urine 419
excretion Ijy the skin 977
Uredinese, relationship of a'cidial and te-
leutospore forms 354
Uric acid, determination in urine 512
reducing power 587
Urine, analyses for detection of antipyret-
ics 596
fuel value 1072
human, energy content 72
of milch cows, fertilizing constitu-
ents, I'a 927
preservation 733
reducing power 512, 587
L'roci/stis occulta, notes 254
treatment 401
orobanclws, notes 859
Page.
LWlago avenx , destruction of spores by for-
maldehy<lc 457
studies. 111 355
crameri, studies^ 111 357
destruens, de.struction of spores by
formaldehyde 4.57
liordei. destruction of spores by for-
maldehyde 457
studies, 111 356
levis, notes. 111 355
longissima poisoning of cattle 791
maydis, destruction of spores by
formaldehyde 457
treatment with formalde-
hyde 859
7ruda, studies, 111 356
perennans, studies. 111 350
sacchari, notes 572
segetum, treatment 461
striie/ormis, studies. 111 358
tritici, studies. 111 356
zeie, studies, Ind 57
Utah Station, notes 400 699
Vaccine, distribution, U. S. D. .\ 95
T'afc»! uin arboreum. notes, Fla 1045
Vanadium in plants 113
Vant'sga antiopa, notes, X. H 167
cardui, means of distribution 663
Vanilla, culture 1.52
notes 347
Variety testing at Woburn Experimental
Fruit Farm 703
Vegetable cheese, notes 280
gardening, treati.se 9-52
pear, notes 8.53
seeds, vitality. Conn. State 563
vs. animal food for i)0ultry, X. Y.
State 276
Vegetables, canning 558
culture experiments, X, Dak .. 51
in Alaska, U. S, D, A... 630
Arizona, Ariz 753
effect of transplanting on time
of maturity. Wis 49
fertilizer e.xperiments 442,851
X.Dak.. 51
forcing 753
fungi affecting 359
insects affecting, U. S. D. .\ 802
preservation 54
Vegetation, effect on flow of rivers 797
Velvet-bean hay, analyses, Mi.ss 234
beans, analyses, X.J 378
culture experiments, Fla 1036
for forage, .V. J 332
notes 943
Can 329
U.S.D.A 332
gra.ss, slender, notes, U. s. I). .\ 332
Venturia inirqualis, notes 202
Vermin Exterminator, Smitli's Electric,
analyses, N, Y. State 07
Verminol as an insecticKlc 578
Vermont Station, flnancial statement 297
notes 400
report of director 297
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1185
Page.
Vertigo in ijoiiltry. noli's. l)t.'l 894
Vesuvius, production of nitrogen salts in
crater 717
Vetch, analyses, Oreg 471
hairy, culture experiments. Miss... 230
in Arkansas, Ark 634
inoculation experiments.Miss. 843
notes, Cal 936
Can 329
U.S.D. A 332
horse beans, and peas for green
manuring ,531
kidney, Nitragin experiments 745
sand, analyses, N.J 378
spring, analyses, Oreg 471
notes. Can 329
Vetches as forage crops, Ind 45
imported, tests, Vt 234
notes 234
Mont 827
Russian, notes, Wis 42
Veterinary work of experiment stations . . . 601
Vicia faba, germination and growth in
rarefied air 909
growth in darkness 910
sativa. (See Vetch, spring.)
villosa. (Sec Vetch, hairy.)
Victor feeds, analyses, N. Y. State 109
Vinca major, leaf parasite 359
Vine cuttings, analyses 39
Vinegar adulterants 557
analyses 79, 823
Conn. State 279, 280
Ky 586
fermentation 694
manufacture 557, 996
notes 677
solids and ash 477
Vines, ornamental ; 754
Vineyards, reconstruction 151
Violet aphis, black, notes. (!an 575
leaf spot, notes, Cal 961
spot disease, notes, U. S. D. A 963
Violets, culture 451
growing in sterilized soil, Ma.ss.
Hatch 254
Virginia Station, financial statement . . . 198, 1098
notes 699, 1100
report of director 1098
Viticulture in Algeria 854
Herault 648
International Congress at Paris. 205
manual .* 55
Volatile oils, determinatitm in spices 516
Voles, notes, U. S. D. A 422
Wagons, broad vs. narrow tired, tests, S. C. 196
Wall flower, destruction by iron sulphate . 351
Walnut bacteriosis, notes 859
black, forms 957
Walnuts, culture in California 649
notes, Cal 945
Mich 237
Washington College, notes 200, 999
Station, notes 200, 999
Wa.sp, digger, as an enemy of the codling
moth, Utah 267
I'age.
Water, ab.sorption t)y decorticated stems 720
analyses 436, 526, 836
Ariz 1019
Cal 926
Can 526
Miss 232
N. Mex 834
Okla 622
Oreg 907
Vt 222
and borax as adulterants of coffee. . 612
apparatus for distilling, N. Dak 222
application to crops, U. S. D. A 295
bath regulator 309
condensation of vapor by the soil .. 526
detection and determination of ni-
trites 18
of nitrites 21
nitrous acid 21
determination in cereals 21
peat 907
of hardness 1007
oxidizable sub-
stances 716
total and perma-
nent hardness.. 611
turbidity 526
duty 398
Colo 295
U. S. D. A 295
measurements, Wyo 1095
effect on composition of potatoes... 938
evaporation from long columns of
soil, Wis 35
examination 319, 622
S. C 39
flow as affected by forests 651
plant covers . 696, 1096
vegetation 797
for stock 193
hemlock poisoning, N. Dak 791
of stock, Mont . 891
level, fluctuation 694
lifting by compressed air 696
lily pond 954
Dieasurements in Wyoming, U. S.
D. A 295
methods of analysis 907, 1007
raising 694
mineral, analyses, Ky 526
molecular constitution 926
movement in soils 620
percolation from long columns of
soil. Wis 34
pollution 694
l)umping for irrigation in RioGrande
Valley, N. Mex 835
purification 319, 835
in Massachusetts 835
relation to malarial fever 663
requirements of crops 1095
resources of Lower Peninsula of
Michigan 694
Nebraska 694
Porto Rico 795
rights 696
1186
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
Page.
Water, softening, for domestic use 319
scouts, U. S. D. A 119
sterilization by ozonized air 926
storage on Gila River 896
supply as depending on snowfall,
U. S. D. A 1015
for towns and cities in Ne-
braska 694
in Porto Rico 397
of cities and towns in Massa-
chusetts 835
southeastern South Da-
kota 897
the arid region 696
statistics 836
surface and seepage 694
available for irrigation in
Nebraska 694
surfaces, evaporation 833
transportation in plants as affected
by carbon dioxid 519
treatise 319, 676
underground, action 694
pumps for raising 1096
temperature 918
use in agriculture 898
irrigation, U. S. D. A 895
vapor, effect on atmospheric absorp-
tion 833
wheels, descriptions 1096
Watering, surface vs. subsoil. Can 325
Watermelons, culture experiments, Ariz... 1043
irrigation experiments, La.. 842
varieties, Ariz 1043
S. Dak 552
Waters, alkali, determination of salt con-
tent, U. S. D. A 320
analyses 823
mineral, of lower Michigan 622
subterranean 1023
Wattle barks for tanning, Cal 995
Wa.xy substances, determination in peat... 907
Weather and agriculture 1018
live-stock industry, U. .S. D. A. 25
the newspapers 1018
V. S. D. A . . . 1016
Bureau and commerce on Great
Lakes, U. S. D. A.. 118
universities, U. S.
D. A 521
at the Paris Exposition,
U. S. D. A 1015
in West Indies, U. S. D. A. 521
men as instructor.*, U. S.
D. A 831
of Japan. U. S. D. A 831
publications for school
use, U. S. D. A 1016
records, legal value, U.S.
D.A 119
serviceinHaiti,r. S. D.A. 521
station on Turks Island,
U. S. D. A s:U
work, extension, T;. S. D.
A 521
cablegrams from Azores, U . S. D . A . 521
Page.
Weather, correlation in distant localities,
U.S. D. a 1016
effect on fungi, N.J 354
insects, U. S. D. A 101
root tubercles of leg-
umes 827
yield of covvpeas, Del ... 436
forecast cards by rural delivery,
U S. D. A !. 521
forecasting, recent progress 425
forecasts in Mexico, U. S. D. A ... 1015
in Oregon, U. S. D. A 521
maker, U. S. 0. A 119
reports, publication 920
service, establishment in Mary-
land 119
telegraphic 920
sign, local, U. S. D. A .521
trans- Atlantic, U. S. D. A 1016
Weathering and erosion of north and south
slopes 732
Webworm, fall, notes, N. H 468
Weed seeds in alfalfa seed 457
clover seed, Nev 9.59
,Ohio 349
wheat, N. Dak 248
planting at different depths,
N. Dak 248
Weeds and grasses as affected by liming,
R.I 634
destruction 565,960
by chemicals 253, 961, 1050
A't 249
copper sulphate, N.
Dak 248
sulphate of ammo-
nia and supcrpho.s-
phate 249
distribution 253
effect on soil moi-sture, Minn 627
extermination, Cal 350
in rice fields in Louisiana. r>a 760
notes 911
Can 252,253
Me 312
Nebr 419
of Ontario 1052
the Northwest, Can 565
relative aggressiveness, N. J 350
Weight of cows, effect on milk production,
Utah 782
Weights, standardization 22
Well waters, contamination 731
Wells and storms, U. S. D. A 831
blowing 694
disinfection with potassium perman-
ganate 926
of Michigan 695
West Virginia Station, financial statement. 599,
1098
notes 999
report of director. 599,1098
University, notes 999
Whale-oil soap as an insecticide, Ga 62
for scale insects, Fla 68
Wheat, Alinit experiments 336, 739
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1187
Page.
WhcfU, analyses G4'2
N'l-'l.r 478
N. Dak 273
as a feeding stuff 177
affec'teri by amount of soil water. 45
different substances.. 718
botanical notes 219
Kans 898
bran, analyses, Cal 981
Miss 234
N.J 378
N. Y. State 169
Pa 71,378
R.I 907
Vt 877
and palm oil, analyses, N. J . . 378
shorts, analyses, Mass.
Hatch 281
breakfast food, analyses, N. Dak . . . 273
brown rust, studies .^67
. bunt or .stinking .smut, treatment . . 10.56
characteristics of young plants 442
chemical changes in molding and
.sprouting 108
chop, analy.ses, Oreg 471
composition as affected by climate
and soil 339
crop, foreign, U. S. D. A 498
of Argentina, U. S. D. A 1098
British India, L'. .S. D. A... 399
the world, U. S. D. A 698
culture 1036, 1039
Okla 8.50
experiments. . . . 745, 850, 1036, 1039
Ariz 1031
Ark 1034
Can 535, .536
Colo 229
Iowa 134,640
Mich 639
Minn 628
Ohio 848
Okla 846
S. C 943
Tenn 1035
diseases 10.56
early plowing for, U. S. D. A 898
e.\ports, U. S. D. A 698
feeds, analy.ses. Conn. State 70
N. Y. State 169
Vt 472,877
fertilizer e.xperimcnts 132, 339, .531, 642
Ark 1034
Can 537
Ind 125
Ky 1035
Md 931
Minn 628
Ohio 127
Okla 847
S. C 943
Tenn 1035
fertilizing 9.53
for brewing purposes 47
germ, nucleic acid and proteids,
studies. Conn. State 512
Page.
Wheat, germination and growth as affected
by alkali, Wyo 1008
as affected by formal-
dehyde 457
as affected by treat-
ment for .smut, Wyo. 10.50
gluten constituents 476
ground, analyses. Conn. State 70
growing in California 144
growth as affected by alkaline com-
pounds 911
heat of combustion. Me 873
hybrid varieties, notes 339
injury to grain by thrashing 42
insects affecting 1067
irrigation experiments 642
large vs. small grains for seed 233, 441
N. Dak 236
liming experiments, Md 625
loose smut, studies. 111 3.56
manuring in Australia 1039
middlings, analyses, Cal 981
Mass. Hatch.. 281
Vt 877
midge, notes 862
mummy, studies 825
nematode, notes 1067
notes, Cal 945
oats and bran, analyses, Oreg 471
" pi(Jtin," notes .567
production in Kentucky, Ky 547
proteid formation during germina-
tion 216
reasons for low yields 1039
relation of grain weight to nitrogen
content 327
quality to color of grain . 338
Rietti 1039
root system, X. Dak 517
rust, losses 461
recent literature 461
scorched, analyses, N. Y. State 169
seed selection 340
Kans 898
seeding experiments 339
shorts, analyses. Miss 234
Oreg 471
.shredded, analyses, Mass. Hatch... 281
size of grain as affected by climate. 737
smut, notes 61,3.59
treatment, Can 328
spring, as affected by distance of
planting 132
fertilizer experiments. Can. 536
in Queensla nd 1039
varieties. Can 134, 229, 328
Ind 47
Iowa 134
stem disease, notes 261
sawfly, notes 368
stinking .smut 3-59
studies. Ill 3-56
straw, fuel value 1072
subsoiling for, Minn 628
surface vs. subwatering. Can 325
top dressing vs. plowing under ma-
nure, Mich 639
1188
EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.
939
144
1015
Page.
Wlieat, varieties 339, 642, 943, 1039
Ariz 1031
Ark 1034
Ind 47
Ky 1035
La 842
Mich 639
Minn 629, 1039
Miss 230,849
Mont 849
Nebr 430
Ohio 848
Okla 847
Tenn 1035
Wyo 1039
vitality, Can 565
vs. corn for poultry, Mass. Hatch ... 279
water requirement, Minn 627
winter, acreage and yield in Iowa,
Iowa 639
milling qualities, Iowa 640
varieties 531
Can 328
Iowa 640
Wheats, American, basis for improvement,
U. S. D. A
Hungarian and macaroni, intro-
duction, U. S. D. A
macaroni
Whirlwinds in New Brunswick. C. S. D. A.
White clover. (See Clover, white.)
fly, notes, Fla 1058
tobacco smoke for, N. J 146
Wild rice, analyses, Wis 71
ergot 359
in Minne.sota and Wiscon.sin 46
Willow hedges as shelter belts, Minn 629
sharp-leaved, notes, Can 559
weevil, mottled, notes 1062
Willows, osier, fertilizer experiments 153
Willughbeia firma, notes 346
tenw'folia, notes 347
Wind at Montpellier 122
breaks, treatise 451
effect on soil 526
maximum pres.sure, U. S. D. A 119
recording apparatus, new 1018
roses for Oklahoma, U. S. D. A 119
Windmills, homemade, in Nebraska 694
Wine, analyses 79
aroma as affected by grape leaves. . . 996
cellars .' 648
currant, use of yeast in making 795
determination of dry matter 716
fermentation, use of pure yeasts 794
industry 151
making, Okla 693
control of fermentation by
chloroform 195
in Algeria 8.54
and Tunis 196
hot climates 795
Oran 196
Russia 196,795
new process 195
Pago.
Wine making, residue as a feeding stuff . . 587
sterilization of grape juice. 195
yeasts 195
quality as affected by copper fungi-
cides 574
white, manufacture from red grapes. 195
Wines, American, compiled analyses, U. S.
D. A 994
from grapes grown on alkali soils. . 995
methods of analysis 1007
of Herault 648
Oklahoma, analyses, Okla 693
Tunis, analyses 196
Wiiitliemia quadripunclidata, notes, U. S.
D.A 364
Wireworms, notes 1060
remedies, Ohio 997
Wisconsin Station, financial statement 98
notes 400, 1100
University, notes 400, 1100
Witch grass, effect on corn production,
N. H 432
Witches' brooms, notes 463, 658
Wood ashes, analyses 933
Can 531
Conn. State 130,931
Ky 530
Mass. Hatch . . . 225, 626, 933
N.J 840
R.I 933
Vt 226
fireproofing for building purposes. .. 4.56
protection against insects 1064
pulp, uses 996
Woodpecker, downy, economic relations .. 423
green, insectivorous habits.. 424
hairy, economic relations 423
Wool, production and marketing, Mich 275
scouring tanks deposit, analyses 39
Swedish, physical properties 178
waste, analyses 39
R.I 907
Woolly aphis. (See Aphis, woolly.)
Worm holes, prevention in timber 456
Worms, parasitic, in Hawaiian Islands 889
Wych elm leaves, ash analyses 1006
Wyoming Station, financial statement 1098
notes 20O
report of director 1098
University, notes 900
Xanthium spinostini. notes 961
Xanthnsma sagittifolium , analyses 1076
Xenia in maize, U. S. D. .\ 717
review of literature 421
Ximenia americaiia, parasitism 966
Xyleborus perforans, notes 1067
pyri, notes. Me 68
goiidus, notes 367
Xi/locriiis agassizii, notes, U. S. D. .\ 364
X;itotrcchus quadrupes, remedies 775
Yams, analyses 1076
new, description 8.52
notes 345
Yarrow, notes. Can 328
Yearlings, feeding experiments, Iowa 673
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
1189
Yeast fell plasma, notes 9]r>
methods of examination 107(i
pathogenic, in milk 1080
study of the Boston supply 7S0
use in making eurrant wine 795
waste, utilization 177
Yeasts, formation of enzyms 915
length of generations 118
multiplication without fermenta-
tion 118
physiology and morphology 915
pure, use in wine fermentation 794
vitality 118
Yerby, N. H., notes, U. S. D. A 1015
Yvcca Jilainrntosa, .seed production 855
5365— No. 12—01 8
Page.
Yukon River region, biological rcconnois-
sance, U. S. D. A 830
Y'ule, notes 344
Zebra, hybrids 178
Zephyranthrs atamasco, notes. Fla 1045
Zeiizera a'l^cuU, notes 166
Zinc sulphate, effect on algse and fungi 1014
Zi'un ia aquaUca, a.uii\yfie»,'Wiii 71
Zomotherapy for tuberculosis 791
Zoology, International Congress 799
yearbook 423
Zymase, action 908
Buchner's, notes 916
from dead veast 916
o
377
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
OFFICE OFP^XPERIMENT STATIONS
A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR
Vol. XII
No. 6
EXPERIMENT STATION
RECORD
WASHi:^rGTOK
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1901
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Si-ientific Bureaus and Division.*.
^^'EATHEB BrREAC— rWillis L. Moore, Chi'/.
BuREAT OF Animal Industry — D. E. Salmcm, i.'/i'O.
Office of Plant Inihstrt — B. T. Galloway, Director.
Affiliated Di>'i.'<iim.?:
Division of Vegetable Physiology .vnd Pathology — A. F. Woods, Chief.
Division of Agrostology — F. Lamson-Scribner, Agrodologi-4.
Division of Pomology — G. B. Bra<?kett, Pomulogiitt.
Section of Seed and Plant Introduction — J. G. Smith, Chiej.
Division of Statistics — J. Hyde, Statistician.
Division of Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist.
Division of Chemistry — H. W. Wiley, Chemist.
Division of Botany — F. V. Coville, Botanist.
Division of Forestry — G. Pinchot, Forester.
Division of Biological Survey — C. Hart Merriam, Chief.
Division of Soils — M. Whitney, Chief.
Section of Foreign Markets — F. H. Hitchcock, Chief.
Offi<
>K Experiment Stations — A. C. True. Director.
THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
Alabama— ^i/6«m; College Station: P. H.Mell.*
I'nioi'toufi : Canebrake Station; H. Benton. f
Arizona — Tucson: R. H. Forbes.*
Arkansas — FayetlevUk : R. L. Bennett.*
California— Berte/e!/.- E. W. Hilgard.*
Colorado — Fort Collins : L. G. Carpenter.*
Connecticut— J^'eiP Harev : State Station : E. H.
Jenkins.* Storrg: Storrs Station; W. O. At-
water.*
Delaware— JV'euari-; A. T. Xeale.*
TLORIOA—Lake City: W. F. Yocum.*
Georgia — Experiment : R. J. Redding.*
Idaho — Moscow: J. A. McLean.*
Illinois — I'rbana: E.Davenport.*
Indiana — Lafayette: C. S. Plumb.*
Iowa— .-lOTf*.- C. F. Curtiss.*
Kansas— .Van/ia«a» ; J. T. Willard.*
Kentucky — Lexington : M. A. Scovell.*
Louisiana — Audubon Park, yeiv
Orleans: Sugar
Station. Baton Kouge : State St ition. Calhoun
North Louisiana Station. W. C Stubbs.*
Maine — Orono : C. D. Woods.*
Maryland — Colkge Park: H. J. Patterson.*
Massachusetts — Amherst: H. H.fGoodelL*
Michigan — Agricultural College: C. D. Smith.*
Minnesota— S<. ^«</ioriy Park, St. Paul: W. M.
Liggett.* '
Mississippi— Agricultural College : W. L. Hutchin-
son.*
Missouri— Oo/umWa; H. J. Waters.*
Montana— jB<««na») ; S. Forrier.*
Nebraska — Lincoln : E. B. Andrews.*
Nevada— i?f-Ho ; J. E. Stubbs.*
New Ha.mpshire— Dwr/iaw.- C. ?. Murkland.J
New Jersey— .Vipft; Brunswick: E. B. Voorhees.*
New Mexico— .Vf«7/(7 Park: F. W. Sanders.*
New York— Gf?i«a ; Stale Station ; W. 5. Jor-
dan.* Ithaca : Cornell University Station ; L P.
Roberts.*
North Carolina— J?ato<7/i ; G. T. Winston.*
North Dakota — ^fro'uftura/ College: J. H.
Worst.*
Ohio— iroo«^<T ; C. E. Thome.*
Oklahom.4. — Stillwater: J. Fields.*
Oregon— (.'area;//*' .- T. M. fiatch.*
Pennsylvania- .S#a/(f College: H. P. Annsby.*
Rhode Island— A7H<7.^ton ; A. A. Brigham.*
South Carolina— r?«/i«07i College: H.S. Hartzog.*
South Dakota— Brookings : J. H. Shepard.*
Tennessee— A'HOJ-ciWe: .
Texas— College Station : J. H. Connell.*
VtAYi-lMgan : 3. A. Widtsoe.*
Vermont — Burlingtmi : J. L. Hills.*
Virginia— Bfacti-burf/.- J. M. McBryde.*
Washington— PuHman .■ E. A. Bryan.*
West Virginia — Morgantown : J. H. Stewart.*
Wisconsin— .Vadison .• W. A. Henry.*
Wyoming — Laramie: E. E. Smiley.*
* Director.
t Assistant director in charge.
X Acting director.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
Expcrim/;ut Station lifronl. Vols. I-XI. witli iiulexe.'?; Vol. XII, Nos. l-o.
BuUftins.—'Six I, orgaiiizjition and History of the Stations; Xo. 2, Digest of Annual Reports of the
Stations for 1888, in two parts; No. 3, Report of Meeting of Horticulturists, 18K9; Xo. i, List of .Station
Horticulturists; Xo. 6, List of .Station Rotariistj?: No. h. Lectures on Investigations at Rothamsted
Experimental Station; No. y. The Fermentations of Milk; No. 10, Meteorologricul Work for Agricultural
Institutions: No. 11, .\ Comjiilation of Analyses of American Feeding Stuffs; Nu. 11, Proceedings of Con-
vention of National League forG<MKl Roads, 18y:}; No. l-i, HandlKiok of E.xperinient Station Work; No.
17, Suggestions for the Establishment of Food Ijilxjratories; Xo. 18, As.similation of Free Atmospheric
Xitrogen by White and Black Mustard; No.21, Methixls and Results of Investigations on the Chemistry
and Economy of Food; No.22. .Vgricultural Investigations at Rothamsted, England; No. 2.5, Dairy Bac-
teriology; No. 2(5, Agricultural p;.\periment Stations; Their Objects and Work; No. 28, Tlie Chemical
Composition of American Food Materials; No. 29, Dietary Studies at the I'niversity of Tennessee in
189.5; No. 31, Dietary Studies at the Tniversily of Misscjuri in JS95; No.32. Dietary Studies at Purdue
University in l.s9.'>: No. ;{3.The Cotton Plant; No. M. The Carbrthydrates of Wheat, Maize, Flour, and
Bread; No. 35, Fixid and Nutrition Investigations in New Jersey in lS9.i and 189t!; No. 3(1, Notes on Irri-
gation in Coniiecti<-ut and New Jersey; No. 37, Dietary Studies at the Maine State College in 189.5; Xo.
38, Dietary Studies of the Negro in Alabama, 1895 and 189(3; No. 40, Dietary Studies in New Mexico in
1895; No. 42, Cotton Culture in Egypt; No.l3, I^ORses In Boiling Vegetables, and the C'miposition and
Digestibility of Potatoes and Eggs; No. 44, Investigations on the Metabolism of Nitrogen and Carbon
in the Human (Organism; No. 4.5, .\ Digest of Metabolism E.xperinients; No. 4C, Dietary Studies in New
York City in 1895 and 189(1; Nos. 48. 62, and 82, Re|M)rts to Congress on .\griculture in Ala-ska; No. .52,
Nutrition Investigations in Pitt.-'burg. Pa., l89t-lS9tl; No. 53. Nutrition Investigations at the University
of Tenne.s.see in 18% and 1897; No. 54, Nutrition Investigations in New Mexico in 1897; No, .55, Dietary
Studies in Chicago in 1895 and 189(1; No. 56, History and Present Status of Instruction in Cooking in
the Public Schools of New York City; No. .57, Varieties of Corn; No. .58, Water Rights on the Mis.souri
River and its Tributaries; No. 60. .\bstract of Laws for Acquiring Titles to Water from the Mis-souri
Kiver and its Tributaries, with the Legal Forms in Use; No. 63. Description of a New Respiration Cal-
orimeter and Experiments on the C<jnservation of Energy in the Human Body; No. 66, The Physio-
logical Effect f»f Creatin and Creatinin and their Value as Nutrients; No. 67, Studies on Bn-ad and
Bread Making: No. (W, A Description of .Some Chinese Vegetable Food Materials and their Nutritive
and Economic Value: No. 69, Experiments on the Metabolism of Matter and Energy in the Human
Body; No. 70, Water-Right Problems of Bear River; Xo. 71, Dietary Studies of Xegroes in Eiistern
Virginia in 1897 and 1898; No. 72, Farmers' Reading Courses; Xo. 73, Irrigation in the Rocky Mountain
States; Xo. 75, Dietary Studies of University Boat Crews; No. 77, The Digestibility of ,\merican Feed-
ing Stuffs; Xo. 79, Farmers' Institutes: History and Status in the United States and Canada; Xo. 80,
The Agrlr'ultural E.xperiment Stations in the United States; Xo. 81, The Use of Water in Irrigation in
Wyoming an<l its Relation to the Ownership and Distribution of the Natural Supply; No. 81, Nutrition
Investigationsatthe California Agricultural JCxperimont Station, 1896-1898; No. 85. A Report of Inves-
tigations on the Digestibility and .Nutritive Value of Bread; No. 86, The Use of Water in Irrigation;
Xo. 87, Irrigation in New Jersey; No. 89. Experiments on the Effect of M u.scular Wo k upon the Digest-
ibility of Food ami the Metabolism of Nitrogen, Conducted at thi; University of Tennos.see, 1897-1899.
Nos. .5, 12, 13, 19. 23, 27, 39, 47, .59, and 71, Organization Lists of Stations and Colleges, 1.890, 1X92, 1893,
I89t, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, and 1900; Nos. 7, 16, 20, 24, :», 41, 49, 6.5, and 76, Proceedings of A.s,socialion
of Colleges and Station.s'l 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1n98, and 1899; Nos. ,50, 61, and 83,
RefKtrtw on the Work and Expenditures of the .\gricultural Exi)eriment SUitions, 1897, 1898, and 1899;
Nos. 61, 04. and 78, Statistics of the Colleges and Stations, 1897, 1898, and 1899.
Farmers' Buttetirtx.—'Sij. 1, The What and Why of Agricultural E.\-])eriment Stations; No. 2, The
Work of the Agricultural Experiment Stations; No. 9, Milk Fermentations, and their Relation to
Dairying; Xo. 11, The Rai)e Plant; Xo. 14. Fertilizers for Cotton; Xo. 16, Legtnninous Plants forGreen
Manuring and for Feeding; N<>. 18, Forage Plants for the South; No. 21, Barnyard Maiuire; No. 22,
The Feeding of Farm Animals; No. 23, Foods; Nutritive Value and 0)st; No. 25, Peanuts: (Culture and
U(»e«; No. 26, Sweet Potatoes: Culture and Uses; No. 29, Souring of Milk and Other Changes in Milk
Products; No. 32, Silos and Silage; No. :M, Meats; Composition and Cooking; No. 3.5, Potato Culture;
No. 3(5, Cotton Seed and its Products; No. 37, Kafir Corn: Characteristics, Culture, and Uses; No. 39,
Onion Culture; No. 41, Fowls: Care and Fec^ding; No. 44, Commercial Fertilizers: Composition and
Use; No. 46, Irrigation in Humid Climates; No. 48, The Manuring of Cotton; No. 49, Sheep Feeding;
No. 74, Milk as F<jod; No. 76, Tomato Growing; No. 77, The Liming of Soils; No. 81, Corn Culture in
tlie South; No. 85, Fi-sh as Frwd; No. 93, Sugar as Food; Nos. .Vl, 65, 69, 73, 78, 79, 84, 87, 92, 97, 103, ia5,
107, 114, 119, and 122, Exfieriment Station Work, I-XVI; No. 109, Fanners' Reading Courses; No. 112,
Bread and the Princijjles of Bread Making; Xo. 116, Irrigation in Fruit Growing; No. 121, Beans, Pea.s,
and other Legumes as Food.
New York Botanical Garden Librar
3 5185 00292 4056
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