Experiments with wheat, 1891-92

THE UNIVERSITY

OF ILLINOIS

LIBRARY

WON CIRCULATING

CHECK FOR UNBOUND
CIRCULATING COPY

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,

Agricultural Experiment Station

CHAMPAIGN, AUGUST, 1892.

BULLETIN NO. 22.

EXPERIMENTS WITH WHEAT, 1891-92.

Some of the results of experiments tried with wheat in the season
1891-92 are here given, with reference also to like experiments of pre-
vious years.

These experiments are reported:

No. 53. Effect of time and manner of harvesting on yield of

wheat.

No. 65. Quantity of seed.
No. 66. Time of sowing.
No. 67. Depth of sowing.
No. 62 and 69. Effect of fertilizers.
No. 116. Test of varieties.

SUMMARY.

The following is a summary of some experiments with wheat
made at the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Illi-
nois, Champaign, on fertile, dark colored prairie soil, for the season
of 1891-92; and of experiments made at Flora, Odin, Belleville, and
DuQuoin, to test the effect of manures on wheat.

The year 1891 was one of unusual drouth, continuing until Novem-
ber. The winter was rather mild, with a fair rain-fall. The spring of

1892 was characterized by unusually heavy rains.

105

io6

BULLETIN NO. 22.

[ August^

TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL, JULY, 1891, TO JUNE, 1892.

1891 and 1892.

Average for
10 years.

Rain-
fall.

Temper-
ature.

Rain-
fall.

Temper-
ature.

July 1801

1.41
2.86

•4i
1.29

5.58
i 53
•79
2.64

2-59
6.45
7.86
536

70.1

74
69.2

5i-3
35-7
37
19.2

33
36.1
486

57 9
70.6

2-73
3 45
3-27
3 27
2.76

2-47
1.54
3-42
2.61

3-19
4-45
5-04

77-5
74-6
66.5
546
40.6
27.1

22.8
29.7

39
52.4
64.6

7i

August

September

October

December

January, 1892

March

April

May

Tune

Total

3877

38.20

The experiments at the Station were made on soil which had grown
a crop of oats in 1891. The land was plowed in August, was disked
twice, harrowed, and rolled before seeding. The wheat made but feeble
growth in the autumn. The growth of straw in the spring was heavy.
Much of the wheat lodged badly.

Variety Tests. Sixty varieties were sown on one-tenth acre plats,
and 12 of Carter's cross-bred wheats in smaller plats. None of these
last were worth harvesting. Several other varieties, generally of for-
eign origin, failed.

Fifty-six plats, representing 48 varieties as named, gave an average
yield of 29 bu. per acre. The largest yield was at the rate of 35.4 bu;
the smallest, 16.3 bu.; the next smallest, 22 bu. Twenty-two plats
yielded at the rate of over 30 bu.; six, less than 25 bu. each. All of the
wheat was light in weight; 58 Ib. a bushel being the highest, 51.25 Ib.
the lightest weight; the wheat from 18 plats weighing less than 55 Ib.
a bu.

Twenty-five plats of bearded wheat gave an average yield of 30.8
bu.; 28 plats of bald wheat an average of 27.5 bu. an acre. Six varieties
were classed as white wheat. These gave an average yield of 25.8 bu.
an acre, the largest yield being 30.3 bu.

Of the red bearded varieties the following gave yields of 30 bu. or
more an acre, averaging over 33 bu.: Hindustan, Diehl Mediterranean,
Deitz, Tuscan Island, Lehigh, Crate, Tasmanian red, velvet chaff, nig-
ger, golden cross, new longberry Wabash, and Lebanon.

Of red bald varieties Poole, CurrelPs prolific, longberry, and im-
proved rice gave yields of 30 to 32 bu. an acre.

Of white bald varieties golden prolific gave 30 bu., and of the
white bearded Democrat gave the same yield.

These plats were drilled at the rate of six pecks an acre, from Sept.
25th to Sept. 29th.

1892.]

WHEAT EXPERIMENTS, I,

IO7

Thickness of Seeding. Seeding at the rate of 4 pecks an acre gave
yields of 24.7 bu. an acre; 5 pecks, 29 bu.; six, 28 bu.; eight, 27.8 bu. In
a series of years seeding at the rate of from 5 to 6 pecks an acre has
given the best results.

Time of Solving. Wheat sown Sept. 2d gave a yield of 29 bu.;
Sept. nth, 28.5 bu.; Sept. 2oth, 28.7 bu.; Oct. 5th, 27.2 bu.; Oct. i3th,
21.7 bu. The yield of straw steadily decreased from earliest to latest
sowing. In trials for several years no material difference has been
found in the yields of wheat sown any time in September.

Depth of Seeding. Little difference in yield was found when the
wheat was covered one inch or three inches. That covered five inches
yielded considerably less.

Effect of Fertilizers. Application of stable manures, bone meal,
and blood and bone fertilizers gave litttle or no increase in yield of
wheat on the Station grounds. In trials in southern Illinois stable man-
ures produced a marked effect and the other fertilizers sufficient yields to
make further trials advisable.

Effect of Time of Harvesting. Harvesting at different stages of
ripeness showed a constant increase in both yield and size of berry from
earliest up to latest. At the latest date the wheat was " dead " ripe.

Experiment No. 65. Wheat, Quantity of Seed.

For four successive years an experiment has been tried to test the
effect of sowing different quantities of seed per acre. In 1891 six
plats were drilled Oct. 6th as nearly as practicable at the rates indicated
in the table, which also gives the results. These show that the largest
yield of both grain and straw came from seeding at the rate of five
pecks per acre.

The average results from duplicate plats for each of the four years
are given in a second table. In no year has there been any remarkable
variation in yield caused by difference in rate of seeding, unless 1891 be
an exception. In that year there was an extreme difference of over
seven bushels per acre.

For two years the stubs after cutting have been counted on several
square feet on each plat. Considerable variation has been shown, but
the numbers have not in all cases varied with the rate of seeding.

YIELD OF WHEAT FROM DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF SEED, 1891-2.

~
p

?

Rate of seeding.

Wt. 100
kernels,
grams.

Stubs per
sq. ft.

Lb.
per
bu.

Yield per acre.

Straw,
Ib.

Grain,
bu.

62

63
64

65

66
46

6 pecks per acre .... ....

2.4
2.76
2.82

2.8

2.86

2.58

54
61

54
4i

53
54
55-25
55
55
55-25

2,950
3,140
3.357
2-575
2,670
3-230

25.8
26
29
24.7
27.8
26.8

6 pecks per acre

5 pecks per acre

4 pecks per acre

8 pecks per acre

! 6 pecks per acre (small seed)

46

loS

BULLETIN NO. 22.

[August,

YIELD OF WHEAT FROM DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF SEED, 1888-9 T° l!
DUPLICATE PLATS.

Seed per
acre,
pecks.

Yield per acre.

1888-9.

1889-90. 1889-91.

i

1891-92.

Average.

Straw,
Ib

Grain,
bu.

Straw,
Ib.

Grain,
bu.

Straw,
Ib.

Grain,
bu.

Straw,
Ib.

Grain,
bu.

Straw,
Ib.

Grain,
bu.

3

4

6
8

2,215
2,620
2,740

2,200
2,740

24.6
28.2
26.3
24-5
28.3

4,140
4,400
4,080
4,980
5,100

22

23-7
22.2
28.3

26 8

3-177
3.539
3,719
3,822
3,762

23-3

28.2
28.9
28.8
29 6

4,560
4,700
4-750
4-54°

36.2
38.3
363
35-4

2,575
3-357
3,045
2,670

24-7
29
25 9
27.8

Experiment No. 66. Wheat, Time of Sowing.

Trials of the influence on yield of grain and straw of sowing
wheat at different dates have been made for four years. In the trials
for 1891-92, the land used had produced a large crop of oats in 1891. It
was plowed during August. Each plat was disked twice, harrowed,
and rolled just before the wheat was drilled in. While all the plats
made but feeble growth during the autumn because of the drouth, the
earlier sown made the best growth and appeared most vigorous in the
spring.

' YIELD OF WHEAT FROM SOWINGS AT DIFFERENT DATES, 1891-92.

Plat

When har-

Stubs per

Wt.iooo

Lb. per

Yield p

er acre.

No.

vested.

sq. ft.

grams.

bu.

Straw, Ib.

Grain, bu.

76

Sept 2

Tulv 7.

CI

27 6

56

3,495

2Q I

Sept ii

July 7.

cc

26 6

ss

3,238

28 4

78

7Q

Sept. 21
Oct ^.

July 13

Tulv 13. ..

57
50

276

27

55
55

2,861
2,658

26.7
27.2

80

Oct. 13

July 13

47

55-5

2,003

21.7

YIELD OF WHEAT FROM SOWINGS AT DIFFERENT DATES, 1889 TO 1892.

1889.

1890.

1891.

1892.

Average

C/3

O

^

fn

O

g.

O

CO

O

?r

CD «d

C/3

O

x*

Date of

I

§ ~

P

P

"t ^

D rl-

P

P

e.

3<

P

3 _«-

Sowing.

3

-°

sr w

S

— '

P

P

-w O

3

a

37 M

cr

cr

B

38

cr

cr

?8

cr

cr

cr

c

^8

CT"

cr

z

OQ 0

Sept. 2

Ao 9

3495

20. 1

27 6

Sept 11-12

3750

32 4

-1A *

36 I

3238: 28 4

26 6 ^4Q4 32 3

3O 4

Sept 21-23 .

4570

38 2

36 4

3170

29 I

74 c

34 5

2861 26 7

27 6 26^0 32 i

7? 8

Sept. 29-Oct. 5

4505

40.4

34-8

2450

20.8

336

36.4

2658 27.2

27

3204 31.2 31.8

Oct. 8-15 13905

36.1

33.9 17101 12. i

30

34-i

2003 21.7 12539 26

3i-9

The table gives the dates of seeding and the yield of each plat, both
of straw and of grain, the weight of 1,000 kernels from each plat, and
like facts from the trials in previous years. In no year was there any
remarkable difference in yield of grain between the plats sown any time

1892.]

WHEAT EXPERIMENTS,

1891-2.

109

in September. (The yield of the earliest sown plat in 1891 was some-
what decreased by the effect of shade of trees near by.)

The yield of straw has generally decreased from the first to the last
sowing.

Experiment No. 67. Wheat, Depth of Solving.

To compare the growth and yield of wheat sown at different depths
nine rows 12 in. apart, each one rod long, were planted Oct. 8, 1891, each
row with 198 kernels of selected seed wheat, or one kernel to each inch
in the rows. The seed in rows i, 2, and 3 was covered one inch deep; in
rows 4, 5, and 6, three inches; in 7, 8, and 9, five inches. An extra
row was planted on each side of the plat. The wheat made but feeble
growth in the autumn and April ist was in poor condition. It was cut
July I4th, when it was all ripe and all standing.

The table gives details of the results.

There were considerable variations in the rows covered to the same
depth. In no case did much more than one-third of the kernels pro-
duce plants which came to maturity. The average number of straws in
each stool was low, five being the highest in any one row. While the
yields of adjoining rows varied more than the yields from planting
at different depths, slightly the best results came from the three rows
covered one inch deep. A like result was found in the year previous.

The unsatisfactory results usually obtained from experiments in
which only small numbers of plants or animals are used is well illus-
trated in this table.

YIELD OF WHEAT FROM SOWINGS AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS, 1891-92.

Row
No.

Depth
planted.

No.
stools.

No. smut
heads.

No.
straws.

Wt. straw,
grams.

Wt. grain,
grams.

Wt.HHi'l kernels,
grams.

i

One in.

58

10

304

501.8

205.4

27

2

"

72

23

324

554-8

242.4

28

3

"

70

29

350

613.8

267.8 , 28

4

Three in.

71

20

348

604 5

268

27

5

• •

58

21

243

423-9

185.5

27.8

6

1 •

47

16

303

5834

241.6

27.1

7

Five in.

44

18

181

333 i

133-4

263

8

"

56

19

260

491.2

202.8

28.2

9

39

7

1 68

343-5

141.6

27.2

Experiment No. 62. Wheat, Effect of Fertilizers. [At Station.]

The effect of different kinds of manures on wheat has been tried on
the Station grounds for four years.

For the season of 1891 eight plats were used, each one-fourth of an
acre in extent. On each of two plats 100 Ib. bone meal was applied;
on each of two others 100 Ib. bone and blood. These manures were
sown broadcast by hand Oct. yth, immediately before the wheat was
sown. In January, 1892, five loads of rather coarse and strawy manure
mostly from the horse stables, was applied to one plat. On three plats
no manure was applied. No appreciable difference in the condition of

no

BULLETIN NO. 22.

[August,

the wheat on the different plats was observed either in the autumn or
early spring. The table gives the results.

While there are considerable differences in the yields of the
plats, these are believed to be owing more to the differences in soil
than to the effect of manures applied. The plats were each 2x20 rods.
Plats 68 and 72, 69 and 73, 70 and 74, and 71 and 75 were side by side.
Except in plats 70 and 74 there was in no case a difference of one bushel
per acre in the yield of the plats of any pair of plats. In this case the
plat to which nothing had been applied yielded at the rate of 3.2 bu. per
acre more than the adjoining plat on which manure had been applied.
The wheat on the plat to which barn yard manure was applied lodged
much more than that on the adjoining plat.

The application to wheat of no form of the commercial fertilizers
yet tested at the Station has proved profitable.

Samples of the two commercial fertilizers used5 as analyzed by E.
H. Farrington, Chemist of the Station, had the following composition:

Bone meal.

Nitrogen 3.42

Total phosphoric acid 26.23

Available lo-°3

Insoluble l^-2

Bone and blood.

5-67
15.48

7.14
8-34

YIELD OF WHEAT FROM FERTILIZED PLATS, 1891-92.

Plat

No.

Fertilizer.

Per cent stand-
ing at harvest.

No. of stubs,
per i sq. ft.

Grain per acre,
bu.

68
72
60

100 Ib, bone meal ....
5 loads barnyard manure
Nothing

67

25

yc

50
46

25-3

25
26.7

73
70

74

100 Ib. bone meal
100 Ib. bone and blood
Nothing.

50
0

5

56
54
56

27.2
26.1
29.3

71

Nothing

IOO

38

23

75

100 Ib. bone and blood

TOO

45 •

22.8

Experiment No. 69. Wheat, Effect of Fertilizers. [Southern Illinois.]

For four years past trials of different commercial fertilizers for
wheat have been made at different places in the southern part of the state,
Flora, Odin, Nashville, Belleville, and DuQuoin. With the excep-
tion of the land near Belleville, all the trials have been on the level, light
colored soils, with very compact sub-soils, characteristic of central south-
ern Illinois.

For 1891 and 1892 the experiments were tried on the farms of W.
W. Bowler, Flora; A. M. Woodward, Odin; H. Horn, DuQuoin; and
Fred Helms, Belleville. Mr. Helms' farm is naturally very fertile.

In each case eight one-fourth acre plats were laid off side by side
in fields to be sown with wheat. The plats were long and narrow.

IS92.]

WHEAT EXPERIMENTS,

1891-2.

The fertilizers were applied as follows:

To plat No. i, 5 loads stable manure.
" " " 2, nothing.
«» " " 3, 100 Ih. bone meal.
" " " 4, 100 Ib. blood and bone.
" « " 5, nothing.
u " " 6, 100 Ib. bone meal.
" " " 7, 100 Ib. blood and bone.
" " " 8, nothing.

The bone meal and blood and bone were the same as used in Experi-
ment No. 62.

In general the soil of the different tracts seemed uniform. Aside from
the fertilizing, the treatment of all the plats was the same throughout.

The table gives the results, which, are not uniform at the different
places, nor in accordance with the experience in previous years. As in
former years, the plats with barnyard manure gave the best results, ex-
cept at Flora. At Odin the yield from the plat to which stable manure
was applied was at the rate of 14 bu. in excess of the plats to which the
commercial fertilizers were applied, and nearly 17 bu. more than the
average of the plats to which nothing was applied. In all four cases
the stable manure produced a marked increase of yield over that from
the unmanured plats, the average yield from the four plats treated with
stable manure being at the rate of 28.5 bu. per acre, while that from the
12 plats having no manure was at the rate of iS.8 bu. per acre. The
average yield of the 16 plats to which commercial fertilizers had been
applied was at the rate of 24 bu. per acre; the yield of the eight plats
receiving blood and bone averaged 25.1 bu. per acre; that of the eight
plats receiving bone meal averaged 22.8 bu. per acre.

A considerable variation is shown in the yield of the different plats
treated with the same fertilizers, as well as in the plats without any fer-
tilizer.

At Odin the two plats to which bone meal was applied gave a less
yield than the three to which nothing had been applied, while each of
the two plats to which bone and blood had been applied gave a much
larger yield than either one of those to which nothing had been applied.

As a whole these results are more favorable to the use of these
commercial fertilizers than those in any other years. As in each of the
former years, these results emphasize the great value of stable manure.

YIELD PER ACRE, Bu., FROM FERTILIZED AND UNFERTILIZED PLATS, 1891-2.

No. of plat.

i

3

6

4 !

7 2 1 5 ! 8

Aver-
age.

T- ,•!• Barnvard „ , Blood and afrp
Fertlllzer' manure. Bone meal" bone. g

Nothing.

Flora

T9-3
3i-7
24-5
385

20.5
15-1
24
35-9

15-3
13-3

21
378

22.3

23.3

24

35-2

19 *9-3

19 17.7

22 22.7

36 3 30-3

166 i 13.3

15-9 i 15-7
16. i 17
28.7 32.1

12.9

12.7

14
30.2

14-3
14 8

15-7
30-3

Odin

DuQuoin

Belleville

Average

28.5 22.8 25.1 24 18 8

112 BULLETIN NO. 22. \AugUSt,

Experiment No. 116. Wheat, Test of Varieties.

To compare the yield and other qualities of varieties, 62 plats of
one-tenth of an acre each were sown from Sept. 25 to Sept. 29, 1891,
with what were named as varieties, with duplicates, and with four mix-
tures, each of several varieties possessing similar qualities. These plats
were in the same field as that in which all the other experiments with
wheat at the Station were tried, and the preparation of the soil was the
same as reported in those experiments. The rate of seeding in each
case was six pecks per acre, as nearly as practicable.

Most of the varieties were obtained from the Ohio Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, at Columbus. A few came from the Pennsylvania
Agricultural Experiment Station, at State College, and a few from dif-
ferent individuals. In a number of cases samples of wheat received under
different names very closely resemble each other, not only in kernel but
in stalk, head, time of ripening, and yield.

In addition to these varieties twelve cross bred varieties, originated
by Carter, of London, England, the seed of which had been received in
1890 and sown that autumn, were sown in smaller plats. The seed as
received from England was very attractive, the kernels being large,
plump, and of good color. The product at the first harvest was unsatis-
factory, all the varieties maturing too late to make them desirable, and
the kernels being much shriveled. All the varieties failed almost en-
tirely in the second season's trial. No one of the plats was worth
harvesting and in several of them scarcely any heads were produced.

The tables give the results of these trials. The date of ripening,
yields both of straw and grain, and the weight per bushel of nearly
all the varieties tested here are given from the reports of the trials
of the same varieties for the same season at the Ohio Station, at
Columbus, and for ten varieties from the report of the tests at the
Indiana Station, at LaFayette. It is noticeable that without exception
the time of ripening of any given variety was several days later at this
Station than at either of the others, in several cases the difference being
from ten to thirteen days. The wheat harvest in this vicinity was
unusually late in 1892. In the case of a number of varieties the
yields at the different stations are quite uniform; in others, there are
striking differences.

At this Station the average yield of the plats was good, 56 plats
giving an average yield of 29 bu. per acre. The largest yield was
35.4 bu. per acre. With one exception, no plat gave less than 22
bu. per acre. Twenty-two plats gave yields of over 30 bu. per acre
each, only 6 less than 25 bu. each. The wheat was all of inferior
quality as judged by appearance as well as weight, that from no plat
exceeding 58 Ib. per bu. The weight of these varieties, as grown
at the Ohio and Indiana stations, averaged somewhat higher, but was
less than the weights in other years.

1892.] WHEAT EXPERIMENTS, 1891-2. 113

Twenty-five plats of bearded wheat gave an average yield of
30.8 bu. an acre; 28 plats of bald wheat, an average of 27.5 bu.

Six varieties were classed as white wheat. These gave an average
yield of 25.8 bu. an acre, the largest yield being 30.3 bu.

Of the white bald varieties, golden prolific gave 30 bu. and
of the white bearded, Democrat gave the same yield.

Of the red bearded varieties, the following gave yields of 30
bu. or more an acre, averaging over 33 bu. : Hindustan, 35.4; Diehl
Mediterranean, 35.1; Deitz, 34.5; Tuscan Island, 34.1; Lehigh, 34.4;
Crate, 33.7; Tasmania, red, 33.4; velvet chaff, 33.4; Nigger, 31.6;
golden cross, 32.2; new longberry Wabash, 30.7, and Lebanon, 30.6.
Of the red bald varieties, Poole, Currell's prolific, longberry, and
improved rice gave yields of 30 to 32 bu. an acre.

Four mixtures designated in the table (p. 118) as #, b, c, and «?, were
made of varieties which, in appearance and in description of other
characteristics, seemed much alike. These mixtures were composed
of equal parts of the following varieties:

Mixture #, velvet chaff [Penquite's] Lehigh, Hindustan, Tasmanian
red, Nigger, Diehl Mediterranean, Tuscanlsland, Miami Valley, long
berry Wabash, bearded monarch, and Fairfield.

Mixture b, Wyandot red, Poole, Witter, Sheriff, Hicks, Fultz,
Currell's prolific, Oregon, long berry, and early ripe.

Mixture c, Russian red, improved rice, extra early Oakley, and
Crate.

Mixture d, Deitz, Lebanon, and Theiss.

In each case the yield of grain per acre from the mixture was
greater than the average yield from the varieties composing it, and
in all but one the pounds of straw and pounds per bushel were greater.
The increased yields from the mixtures over the average yields from
their components was 2.5, 2, 2.4, and 2.8 bushels per acre for mixtures
#, b, c, and d, respectively.

The results of tests of varieties for one year can not be considered
at all conclusive. In view of the reasonably close agreement in behavior
of varieties treated this year at this Station and at the Ohio Station
(p. 116), where a number of the varieties have been grown for several
years, the recommendations contained in the report of the Ohio Station
for 1892 is given:

"Judging from the experience of this and former years, we
recommend the following sorts of wheat as probably the safest for
general culture throughout Ohio: Valley, Fultz, velvet chaff [Pen-
quite's] Egyptian, and Nigger. Diehl Mediterranean, under its various
names, has given good yields on this farm and in favored localities, but
cannot be recommended for general culture, and the same may be said
of Martin's amber and its synonyms Landreth and silver chaff. Rudy,
Deitz, Poole, Currejl's prolific, early red Clawson, Hicks, and Jones's
winter fife, are worthy of further trial."

BULLETIN NO. 22.

WHEAT— VARIETY TESTS, 1891-92.

Per cent

standing at
harvest.

0

88^^888

Or-»OOloOOOOOOOOoorOPOinOOOOOO

M MM MM MMMM

1 I

CO

M vO O N ro vn

N^-^NOO^t-MfON MO ^rt-rorot-OmM M t-

N oo oo J^o moc

O co o ^-co mMvo t^O NOO loono o\ -^-co vo o r^ ^co

ex js

1 1

£ M

g

^ c^oo in Ti* ro c^

00 H* O ^" ^ N G1

w ^ t^OO OO O C^ O N Q\ O fO lOCO O^ n M N vr> M ^ ro ^~
NO OOO M M TfrOCO lOPOiOM IOM MVO OM OM c^

Q\ r^ ro !O ro o N 0s) CT* oo t^ ^~ ro M i--* ^"00 LO O ^" CT» ro o

N N ro co co M N N N ro oo ro ^" ro ro N N N ro co co ^ N ro N ro ro co N N N

&
a

tx

m'

t^» t^ N N m t~-
NO in N M m vr

! N^m^Nin mm m N N N m m N m m £ £

in PO ^- N -3-0 ^o -^- TJ- in in M in ino TJ- mo ro -^- in in

No. stubs
on i sq.ft.

N

•*• i>- inoo N Tt-o

oo c^ O t^. TJ- o\ TJ-OO m N N M inoo ONmrnNoo cr>O M >,

•^- t>.o -<j-mrt-n-roTi- TJ-TJ- TJ- Tt-m^-Tj-m^Tj-

Wt. 100
kernels,
grams.

N

•^- -«f N "*• •*

o o

t^ r^ M TJ- c^ in N moo m ino t^oo in -;i-oo ro N in c^ o t^»

NNNNNNNNNNOONNNrONNNNNMNNNNNNNfOCON

° <*H "S

"o o S

U .3

1

S-d

^T3 ^T3

"""pG^'" ** •& M ~

33
If!

pq o

5

2

•— i (D (U *""• <U (D

^eSa>~ "S'"S^-SSw" 'S'wSw

m CQ CQ t^ CQ CQ W

Ht., in.

N

CTIOO o t^ r^oo M

00 ^l-^J-O mroo "^ ^ ^ t^O ro O^ O O •*• M rooo >O TJ- O
^-mininininminmintninm mo ^jninminininm

Cut, July °

N N N N ^" M l-i

MCvNNNCNMMMMMOONO^ONMMMMOJOMM

Ripe, July

*

MMMM M MM MMMM M

1
u

0
C/3

; ;;;•:;§ ; jj i [ill H i|

.... Ohio Experiment Station . . .

G "S G "2 C G

I .2 S .2 . 8 .2 ° .2

• ^ S. ^ &*, S* ^

S | wgSwS wg

>O G>oGO GO

'5 15 S 'G IS S 15 S IS
D 0 CuPO OnO PH 0

1

•8

0)

ti

I -G
Cu

* £l

I '^ao,

z* «!•=

£ • n jS N £ « 3^

>-> <u o ••* .'tj S ,J2 *-"

:: J :: -3 :: :.-':::::::::: 2

i|:il i Ij ilJ ' -g :§

i|i *U ^LIH.

Plat No. M

N ro TJ- mo r-»oo

^ O M IN ro TJ- ino t^oo CTI O M N ro ^ mo t^oo (^ O ro

1892.]

WHEAT EXPERIMENTS, 1891-2,

o o o c> PO o

PO O N m r^ •<*•

N TJ- ro io N

HI t^ O ••*• O HI POCO OO too

o i^ t^ ioco

M 00 t^ 10 M N

oo Tt-vo oo TJ-O oo Tt- n- «i-oc oo oo o o f t- N

t^O 00 PO M W IOOO ^ POO to N POO 00 00 N ^ to

pel

a a

2
*e3 - "

CQ

o co o o

:c

s:l

0) O

11

IS-

S-w

=1

£o

W S

.2- -

ii

00

:.a-g<2£

W Q 5 Q K

wo
a

"

3 CU •

0) • 4J

ll?i

il jflli II Si llllllll||l|ll|

-^t^t^N 101-^
to to toO oo O

116

BULLETIN ISTO. 22.

[August,

Indiana.

Lb. per bu.

. . . . . • • . • •

<D

£

3

IS

Grain, bu.

• • .m«'PO«fON««--POCO

Straw, Ib.

. o\ . . M . N o\ . M in
. . .N..O.vOfi....>no

• ^~ .rr).ri^Tl"....Ti"rr>

Ripe, June 28
to July i.

• • • • • • • • •

;••«>•• o> -co « ;•;• oo

0

Lb. per bu.

in- m m m • m m m m m m

mm -inininmininininin »oinminvnininin ino in in in

Yield, acre.

Grain, bu.

O^ N t"^ **3~ OJ C^ M t^ ^~O N "^" N M t^O ^* PO CS M M M

o rt- M o o o ino oo N ininmo ino< t-~o •^-vnt^r^t^-N t^o

Straw, Ib.

M PO N !n r^ t^. r^ o r^ ^^ t^- oo . "*3~ ^o o PO PO O o^ M in o o ^t*

PO<SNPONM<SPONN<M<N ;<NN(N(SNNPnNrO(N(NN<S

Ripe, June 30
to July 6.

o.^^oo.^,,. iM«o*««o«««««,

|| Illinois.

Lb. per bu.

minin inin in inin «n inmin in in
t^t^t^ MNmin c^mt^Minin c^inN<NN"~>Ninr^in

<D
§

Grain, bu.

N o vo N M mm« t^woo Tj-t^w N vo t^ Tf-f^ t^o^ rot^c<

M <s OO 00 t^vO »n t^ O O -^-OO POM O MO inPOO C^OO VO ONOO N

Straw, Ib.

O t^ t^OO "~> -^- POVO NOVOVO M MOO inc<ir1NlOMO O>MM O

M N POCOPOM M PON POPO^POPON POPOPOTj-N POPOPOPON CO

Ripe July 6-14.

cnc.N^Nm^M^MroNOM^MMO.^ONO^^NON^

.

tfl.SJOcrO>0

0 e

Cu
Sh
H
F

WHEAT EXPERIMENTS, 1891-2.

117

'ilfllllilljbli

fl 5 0)OjG <U O rt D 3 3 (U-S.i

T3 .t;

nS

BULLETIN

[August,

WHEAT — YIELDS OF MIXTURES, 1891-92.

Components of mixture a.
Velvet chaff [Penquite's]

Wt. 100
kernels,
grams.

2-54
3.38
3-24

2-9

3 24
3-47
3-64

2-7

3-i8

2-5

2.4

Lb. per

bu.

Yield per acre.

Straw, Ib. Grain, bu.

56-25 -
55-75
55-25
56.75
54-5
57-75
57-5
54-75
54-25
53-5
52.5

3-9io

3,873
4,085

3-835

3,212
3,306

3,277
4,368

3-307

3-4U
3-568

33-4
34-4
35-4
33-4
3i-7
35-1
34-i
28.8

30.7
29-3
24.2

Lehigh

Hindustan

Tasmanian red

N igger

Diehl Mediterranean .

Tuscan Island

Miami Valley

Longberry Wabash

Bearded monarch.

Fairfield

Average of above

.3-02 55.3

3650 31.9

Yield from mixture of seed

3.28 58

3,404

33-4

Components of mixture b.
Wyandot red

2-7

2.78

2.22
2.6
2-74
2-44
2.52
2.38
2.56

2-74

55
56.5
52.25

52.75
56.75
55
55-75
55-5
54-5
55-75

2,921
3,007

3,453
2,871

3,179
3,687
2,991
3-562
2,889
2,923

30.2
32.2
27.2

22.2
28.6
28.6

31
28.7
30.2
28

Poole

Witter

Sheriff

Hicks

Fultz

Currell's prolific

Oregon

Longberry

Early ripe

Average of above

2.57

55

3,i4«

28.7

Yield from mixture of seed

2.38

57

3-730

30 7

Components of mixture c.
Russian red

2.76
2.52
2.42
2.84

55-75
55-25
56.25
55-25

2,924
2,759
3-4II
4,128

28.7
30.4
29-3
33-7

Improved rice

Extra early Oakley. .

Crate

Average of above

2.63

55-62

3,305

30 5

Yield from mixture of seed

2.6

55-25

3.641

32 9

Components of mixtttre d.
Deitz

3
3-34

2.20

55
57-25
' ! 55-25

3-948
3,451
3,612

34-5
30.6
26.4

Lebanon

Theiss

Average of above

2.87

55-8

3-670 1 30.5

Yield from mixture of seed 2.86

56.5

3-703 33-3

IS92.]

WHEAT EXPERIMENTS, I

-2.

Experiment No. fj. The Effect of the time and Manner oj
Harvesting on the field of Wheat.

Three cuttings, of nine samples each, were made for the years
1891 .and '92, each sample containing 200 spikes. The heads were
removed from three samples of each cutting, and both straw and heads
were placed in the drying room. Three were stood up in the drying
room, and three were put out in the sun till thoroughly dry. Each
sample was threshed, and the weights of straw and chaff, of grain,
and of a certain number of kernels, were ascertained with the results
found in the tables. The tabular results are each an average of three
samples. In each of the two years the average yield of grain and
weight of i^ooo kernels is greatest for that dried in the shade with
heads on, which indicates that there is a transition of matter from
straw to grain after cutting, if the heads are not removed and the
drying is not too rapid. In general there is an increase in yield from
the earliest to the latest cutting. These results correspond with those
obtained from experiments of like character in two previous years.

WEIGHTS OF WHEAT CUT AT DIFFERENT DATES AND DRIED IN DIFFERENT WAYS, 1891-92

1?

It

Stage of ripeness,
when cut.

Wt. of 500 ker-
nels, grams.

Wt. of kernels of
200 heads of wheat,
grams.

Wt. of straw andj
chaff of 200 culms,
grams

1 1

3 <*
' •?

Dried in
the shade.

?§

-a

? a

Heads re-
moved.

Irs

|a

&. ~.

CD O

*§!•

to &

? 5'

if

< a

ft Cft

P-3

Dried in
the shade.

K

»E

.a 5-

1891

June
18

25

29

1892
June
29
July

4
13

Kernels mostly in
milk, some in
dough stage,
lower leaves dry.
Kernels mostly in
dough, leaves
mostly dead,
lower half of
stems brown... .
Fully ripe . .

8-3

12.3
12.9

8.7

*3-4
13

8.5

13
13-1

77-5

114.6
117.7

85.6

123.1

120. I

80

122.2
I2O.4

435-2

395-6
371-8

441.9

381.1
372.6

378.5

378 2
307.4

Kernels in milk.
Straw begin-
ning to turn in
color. .

8.8

9-7
M

9

10

13-9

7-9
8.3

12.8

88.6

in. i
153

104.7

I08.I
153-6

85-2

73-5
134-8

365 9

388.7
337 5

410.4

354-1
330.4

390.1

335-1
3oo 3

Kernels in dough

Fully ripe

:20

BULLETIN NO. 22.

[ August, 1892.]

RELATIVE WEIGHTS OF WHEAT CUT AT DIFFERENT DATES AND DRIED IN DIFFERENT

WAYS, 1891 AND 1892.

Relative wt. [air dry] of
kernels of 100 culms of

Relative wt. [air dry] of
1000 kernels.

wheat.

Date of Cutting.

Heads

Dried

Dried

Aver-

Heads

Dried

Dried

Aver-

moved

shade.

in sun.

age-

moved

shade.

in sun.

age.

1891.

June 18 . .

63

65 9

65

64 6

62.3

65.2

63

63.5

" 25 .

Q3 . I

IOO

99- 3

97 -5

91.8

IOO

97-4

96.4

" 29

95-6

97-5

97.8

97

96.4

97-4

97-9

97-2

Average

83-9

87.8

87.4

83.5

87.5

86.1

1892.

June 29 .. .

57.6

68 2

5S -4

60.4

62.1

64.

56.4

61.2

Tulv 4

72 4

7O 4

47 8

6^ <;

6q ^

71 7

cq 3

66 8

13

99-6

IOO

87.7

95-8

IOO

99

91.4

96.8

Average

76.5

79-5

63.6

77-5

78.2

69

G. E. MORROW, A.M., Agriculturist.

FRANK D. GARDNER, B.S., Assistant Agriculturist.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA