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EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 


USED   IN 


ENTOMOLOGY 


EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 


USED  IN 


ENTOMOLOGY 


PREPARED    BY 


JOHN  B.  SMITH,  Sc.D. 

Professor  of  Entomology  in  Rutgers  College,  Etc. 


PUBLISHED    BY   THE 

BROOKLYN   ENTOMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY 

BROOKLYN,  N.  Y. 

1906 


LANCASTER    PRESS.     INC. 
LANCASTER,     PA. 


FOREWORD. 

When,  some  time  since,  in  consequence  of  continuing  demands,  the  Brook- 
lyn Entomological  Society  resolved  to  publish  a  new  edition  of  its  Explana- 
tion of  Terms  used  in  Entomology,  and  entrusted  the  writer  and  two  associ- 
ates with  the  task  of  preparing  the  same,  it  was  believed  that  a  little  revision 
of  definitions,  the  dropping  of  a  few  obsolete  terms  and  the  addition  of  a 
few  lately  proposed,  would  be  all  that  was  necessary.  It  was  to  be  a  light 
task  to  fill  idle  time  in  summer,  report  to  be  made  in  full.  Two  years  have 
passed  since  that  time ;  the  associates  have  dropped  by  the  way ;  the  manu- 
script contains  five  times  the  number  of  terms  in  the  original  "  Explanation," 
and  if  it  is  published  now,  it  is  not  because  I  believe  it  to  be  complete ;  but 
because  I  do  not  believe  it  can  be  made  complete  except  as  the  result  of 
criticism  and  voluntary  addition  by  specialists  throughout  the  country. 

It  is  twenty-six  years  since  the  original  list  was  published  and  nothing  can 
better  illustrate  the  advances  made  than  a  comparison  between  the  old  and 
the  new  Glossary.  No  one  realizes  better  than  I  the  fact  that  as  students 
have  increased  in  each  order,  each  has  followed  an  independent  line  of  re- 
search, absolutely  without  regard  to  the  work  done  elsewhere.  In  conse- 
quence, we  have  several  terms  for  the  same  thing  in  many  cases  and,  in  an 
equal  number,  several  meanings  to  the  same  term.  As  no  one  man  can  now- 
a-days  cover  the  entire  field  of  Entomology,  it  goes  without  saying  that  I 
was  compelled  to  rely  partly  upon  books  and  partly  upon  the  good  nature  of 
correspondents  to  make  the  work  even  approximately  complete. 

The  first  notable  contribution  came  from  Professor  Justus  W.  Folsom,  of 
Urbana,  Illinois,  who  sent  me  over  2000  cards  of  terms  collected  by  himself 
and  his  assistants,  and  these  added  materially  at  the  beginning  of  the  work. 
A  number  of  correspondents  were  good  enough  to  send  in  lists  of  terms  in 
Coleoptera,  Lepidoptera,  Orthoptera,  Hemiptera  and  Neuroptera,  and  to  re- 
fer me  to  literature  where  explanations  of  other  special  terms  could  be  found. 

After  the  cards  were  so  far  advanced  as  to  warrant  a  preliminary  manu- 
script, Dr.  Philip  P.  Calvert  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Mr.  Nathan 
Banks  of  Washington,  D.  C,  and  Mr.  C.  W.  Johnson  of  the  Boston  Society 
of  Natural  History  went  carefully  over  the  entire  work  and  by  their  criti- 
cisms and  additions  contributed  materially  to  such  merit  as  it  possesses.  To 
these  gentlemen  and  to  the  many  others  not  specifically  mentioned  I  give 
thanks  for  their  assistance,  and  if  there  have  not  been  more  co-workers  it 
has  been  only  because  of  the  time  element  that  seems  to  demand  the  best  that 
is  ready,  rather  than  a  delay  to  secure  perfection. 

It  would  be  interesting  to  go  at  length  into  the  history  of  the  correspond- 
ence to  determine  what  sort  of  terms  should  or  should  not  be  included  and  to 
bring  out  the  hopeless  divergencies  existing ;  but  all  that  is  important  here  is 
to  state  briefly  what  has  been  included  and  what  omitted. 


28878 


vi  FOREWORD. 

Common  English  terms  even  if  descriptive,  when  used  in  their  ordinary 
dictionary  sense,  have  not  been  included  as  a  rule;  but  this  is  subject  to  many 
exceptions.  Latin  terms  and  derivatives,  even  if  used  in  their  usual  sense, 
have  been  generally  included ;  but  compounds  made  up  of  adequately  denned 
descriptive  terms  are  generally  omitted.  Adverbial  or  adjective  forms  have 
been  omitted  whenever  it  has  been  considered  safe,  and  so  have  terms  prefixed 
by  sub-,  supra-  and  the  like,  indicating  degree  or  position.  In  doubtful  cases 
the  terms  have  been  included  and  defined.  All  terms  of  venation  are,  so  far 
as  possible,  reduced  to  the  Comstock  system  which  is  the  only  one  that  has 
been  satisfactorily  worked  out  for  all  orders,  and  a  series  of  figures  is  added 
to  explain  this  system  so  far  as  seems  necessary.  It  has  not  been  considered 
feasible  to  determine  the  proper  use  of  terms  applied  differently  in  different 
orders  or  families ;  that  is  scarcely  within  the  scope  of  a  work  of  this  kind. 

Terms  used  in  embryological  and  histological  study  have  been  included  only 
so  far  as  seemed  necessary  to  an  understanding  of  the  general  works,  and  no 
attempt  has  been  made  to  cover  the  terms  applied  to  musculature  and  other 
details  of  microscopic  structure:  this  has  seemed  rather  to  be  outside  of  the 
scope  of  the  present  essay. 

All  color  terms  are  reduced  so  far  as  possible  to  terms  of  the  Windsor 
and  Newton  system  of  water  colors  which  are  standard  in  the  English-speak- 
ing world,  and  the  color  plate  shows  solid  blocks  of  those  colors  that  seem 
necessary  to  explain  all  modifications  except  metallics,  blacks  and  whites. 

The  figures  illustrating  body  structures  and  other  details  have  been  drawn 
under  my  supervision  by  Mr.  John  A.  Grossbeck,  and  are  meant  to  be  guides 
merely — else  the  glossary  would  exceed  its  scope. 

In  the  admission  that  the  work  is  incomplete,  no  apology  is  intended  for  its 
publication;  it  is  merely  a  statement  of  fact  to  encourage  constructive  rather 
than  destructive  criticism.  It  is  hoped  that  those  who  note  errors  or  omis- 
sions will  communicate  them  to  the  writer  so  that  when  another  edition  is 
needed,  as  it  will  be  before  many  years  are  past,  a  standard  work  may  be 
possible. 

JOHN  B.  SMITH,  Sc.D. 

NEW  BRUNSWICK,  N.  J.,  April,   1906. 


EXPLANATORY. 

Definitions  of  general  application  are  as  a  rule  given  first,  where  more  than 
one  is  necessary;  next  those  of  limited  use,  and  finally  the  specific  meaning 
in  each  order  in  which  there  is  any  notable  difference. 

Where  a  word  has  more  than  one  ending,  the  difference  is  given  after  a 
hyphen  which  represents  the  stem  word:  e.  g.,  ametabola  -ons;  the  latter  in 
place  of  ametabolous,  which  indicates  the  possession  of  the  characters  pecu- 
liar to  the  ametabola.  Where  there  is  an  English  and  a  Latin  ending,  the 
former  is  usually  given  with  the  word  and  the  other  is  added :  e.  g.,  cequilate 
-us,  instead  of  cequilatus,  there  being  no  difference  in  the  application.  Usu- 
ally the  singular  form  of  the  word  is  first  given,  and  the  plural  ending  is 
added ;  e.  g.,  antenna  -CE,  ccnchrus  -ri,  desideratum  -at a;  but  occasionally, 
when  the  plural  is  more  commonly  used,  e.  g.,  epimera  -eron,  this  is  reversed 
and  the  singular  ending  is  added :  when  the  two  are  different  in  form,  e.  g., 
foot  and  feet,  the  words  are  given  separately,  and  so  when  there  is  a  differ- 
ence in  the  application,  as  in  uncus  and  unci. 

In  the  definition  of  color  terms  the  words  in  brackets  [  ]  refer  to  the 
equivalent  color  as  named  on  the  plate,  or  the  combination  needed  to  pro- 
duce it. 

The  names  in  parentheses  (  )  are  those  of  the  writers  whose  definitions 
are  used,  or  who  have  used  the  term  in  the  sense  defined.  In  the  terms  of 
venation,  these  parentheses  occur  most  frequently. 

Most  of  the  signs  and  abbreviations  are  those  in  common  use :  =,  equal  to, 
or  the  same  as;  q.  v.,  which  see;  pi.,  plural;  abb.,  abbreviated. 

The  abbreviated  names  are :  Comst.,  for  Comstock ;  Coq.,  for  Coquillett ; 
Meig.,  for  Meigen ;  Nort.,  for  Norton ;  O.  S.,  for  Osten-Sacken ;  and  Will., 
for  Williston. 


vn 


EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

USED   IN 

ENTOMOLOGY 


A:  prefix,  is  privative;  wanting  or  without. 
Ab :  off ;  away  from. 
Abbreviated:  cut  short;  not  of  usual  length. 

Abdomen:  the  third  or  posterior  division  of  the  insect  body:  consists  nor- 
mally of  nine  or  ten  apparent  segments,  but  actual  number  is  a  mooted 

question :  bears  no  functional  legs  in  the  adult  stage. 
Abdominal:  belonging  or  pertaining  to  the  abdomen. 
Abdominal  feet:  see  pro-legs. 
Abdominal  groove:   the  concave  lobe  of  the  inner  margin  of  secondaries 

enveloping  the  abdomen  beneath,  in  some  butterflies. 
Abdominal  pouch:  in  female  Parnassiids,  a  sac-like  ventral  cavity,  formed 

by  material  secreted  during  copulation. 
Abductor:  applied  to  muscles  that  open  out  or  extend  an  appendage  or  draw 

it  away  from  the  body :  see  adductor. 

Abductor  mandibulae:  the  muscle  that  opens  the  mandibles. 
Aberrant:  unusual;  out  of  the  ordinary  course. 
Aberration:  a  form  that  departs  in  some  striking  way  from  the  normal  type; 

either  single  or  occurring  rarely,  at  irregular  intervals. 
Abiogenesis:  spontaneous  generation. 

Abnormal:  outside  the  usual  range  or  course;  not  normal. 
Aborted:   a  structure  developed  so  as  to  be  unfit   for  its  normal   function; 

obsolete  or  atrophied. 
Abraded:  scraped  or  rubbed. 
Abrupt:   suddenly  or  without  gradation. 
Abscissus:  cut  off  squarely,  with  a  straight  margin. 
Absconditus:   hidden,  concealed;  retracted  into  another. 
Acalyptrata:  those  muscid  flies  in  which  alulae  are  absent  or  rudimentary. 
Acanthus:  a  spine,  spur  or  prickle. 
Acaudal-ate:  without  a  tail. 
Accessory:  added,  or  in  addition  to. 

Accessory  carinae:  in  Orthoplera  the  lateral  carinae  of  the  face. 
Accessory  cell:  a  cell  not  commonly  present  in  the  group;  in  some  orders  of 

1 


2  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

definite  location  as,  e.  g.,  in  Lepidoptera,  usually  a  small  cell  at  the  end  of 
the  subcosta,  giving  rise  directly  or  indirectly  to  veins  7  to  10 :  —  1st  radius 
2  (Comst.)  ;  =  areole. 

Accessory  glands:  any  glands  opening  into  the  ducts  of  the  reproductive 
system. 

Accessory  sac:  a  glandular  structure  of  the  female  reproductive  system  con- 
taining a  sticky  secretion. 

Accessory  subcostal  vein:  the  vein  given  off  from  the  subcosta  and  branch- 
ing toward  the  apex  of  the  wing  in  Perlidce. 

Aceous  or  aceus:  suffix;  similar  to,  or  of  the  nature  of. 

Acephalous:  without  a  head. 

Acerata:  arthropods  without  true  antennae:  Arachnida  and  Limulus. 

Acetabular  caps:  Hemiptera;  the  coxal  cavity. 

Acetabuliform:  like  a  shallow  saucer  with  more  or  less  incurved  sides. 

Acetabulum:  the  cavity  into  which  an  appendage  is  articulated;  specifically 
the  coxal  cavity, — q.  v.;  also  applied  to  a  cup-like  cavity  in  the  sucking 
mouth  of  maggots. 

Achreioptera:  ordinal  term  proposed  for  the  coleopterous  family  Platyp- 
syllidce. 

Achromatic:  free  from  color;  tissue  that  does  not  stain  readily. 

Acicular:  needle-shaped;  with  a  long,  slender  point. 

Aciculate:  a  surface  that  appears  as  if  scratched  with  a  needle. 

Acidotheca:  the  pupal  sheath  of  the  ovipositor. 

Acini:  granulations,  like  those  on  a  blackberry:  the  terminal  secreting  tubes 
of  glands. 

Acinose -ous:  a  surface  set  with  acini. 

Acone:  applied  to  compound  eyes  in  which  the  individual  ocelli  have  no  crys- 
talline cone  or  lens ;  see  eucone. 

Acoustic  nerve:  connects  the  auditory  pits  or  other  organs  of  hearing  with 
special  ganglia. 

Acridophagus:  preying  and  feeding  on  grasshoppers. 

Acrostichal  bristles:  Diptera;  two  rows  of  bristles  on  the  middle  of  the 
dorsum;  specifically,  minute  peculiar  bristles  on  the  dorso-central  region  of 
Dolichopodidce. 

Aculeata:  Hymenoptera;  the  stingers,  including  bees  and  wasps. 

Aculeate:  prickly;  armed  with  short,  sharp  spines;  specifically,  in  Hymen- 
opt  era  furnished  with  a  sting  which  is  a  modified  ovipositor  and  connected 
with  a  poison  sac. 

Aculeus-ei:  a  prickle;  a  small  sharp  point;  specifically,  an  ovipositor,  espe- 
cially when  sting-like,  as  in  Hymcnoptera;  in  male  Tipulidee  a  slender, 
horny,  often  curved  and  pointed  piece,  projected  when  the  forceps  is  open. 

Acuminate:  tapering  to  a  long  point. 

Acupunctate:  a  surface  with  fine  punctures  as  if  made  with  a  needle. 

Acutangulate:   forming,  or  meeting  in  an  acute  angle. 

Acute:  pointed;  terminating  in  or  forming  less  than  a  right  angle. 

Acutilingual:  with  a  sharp  pointed  tongue  or  mouth  structure,  as  in  some 
bees. 

Acutilingues:  bees  with  a  short  pointed  tongue:  see  obtusilingues. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  3 

Addorsal:  close  to  but  not  quite  on  the  middle  of  the  dorsum. 

Addorsal  line:  in  caterpillars,  is  longitudinal,  a  little  to  one  side  of  the  dorsal 

and  between  it  and  the  subdorsal  line. 
Adductor:  applied  to  muscles  that  draw  an  appendage  to  the  body  or  bring 

parts  into  apposition :  see  abductor. 

Adductor  mandibulae:  the  muscle  that  draws  in  or  closes  the  mandible. 
Adeloceratous:  with  concealed  antennae:  see  cryptocerata. 
Adephagous:  belonging  to  the  Adephaga;  pentamerous,  predatory,  terrestrial 

beetles  with  filiform  antennae  and  predatory  habits :  see  hydradephagous. 
Adherent:  attached  or  clinging  to. 
Adipose:  fat  or  fatty:  see  fat -body. 
Adiscota:  insecta  that  develop  into  adults  without  forming  imaginal  discs: 

see  discota. 
Adminicula:   supports  or  props:  the  spinous  processes  on  the  abdomen  of 

boring  and  burrowing  pupae. 

Adnate:  adjoining;  adhering  or  growing  together;  closely  connected. 
Adpressed:  laid  or  pressed  to;  contiguous. 
Adsperse-us:  with  markings  of  closely  crowded  small  spots. 
Adsternal:  situated  next  or  close  to  the  sternum. 
Adult:  the  stage  when  an  insect  is  sexually  mature  and  ready  to  reproduce 

normally. 

Aduncate -cus,  -catus:  a  part  gradually  bent  through  its  whole  extent. 
Adventitious:    occurring  accidentally,   out  of   the  ordinary   course,   without 

apparent  reason. 
Adventral  line:   in  caterpillars,  extends  along  the  under  side  between  the 

middle  and  the  base  of  legs. 
Adventral  tubercle:  on  the  abdominal  segments  of  caterpillars  on  the  inner 

base  of  the  leg,  and  correspondingly  on  the  apodal  segments ;  constant :  is 

number  VIII  of  the  abdominal  series  (Dyar). 
^neous-eus:   shining  bronze  or  brassy. 
Enescent:  becoming  or  appearing  bronzed  or  brassy. 
JEquale:  equal. 

^Equilate -us:  of  equal  breadth  throughout. 
Aerial:  living  in  the  air;  applied  to  flying  insects. 
Aeriductus:   a  spiracle:  the  tracheal,  gill-like  structures  of  aquatic  larvae: 

more  specifically  the  tail-like  extensions  of  rat-tailed  maggots  and  some 

aquatic  Hemiptcra. 
Aeroscepsin:  an  indefinite  sense  of  perception  supposed  to  be  located  in  the 

antenna. 
Aeroscepsy:  the  faculty  of  observing  atmospheric  changes;  supposed  to  be 

located  in  the  antenna. 

Aerostats:  a  pair  of  large  air  sacs  at  base  of  abdomen  in  Dipt  era. 
.ffiruginose  -us:  the  color  of  verdigris    [blue  green]. 
./Estival:  occurring  in  summer. 
Estivation:  applied  to  summer  dormancy. 
Afferent:   carrying  inwardly  or  toward  the  centre. 
Affinis:  related  to;  similar  in  structure  or  development. 


4  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Afternose :  a  triangular  piece  below  antennae  and  above  clypeus :  see  post- 
clypeus. 

Agamic -ous:  reproducing  without  union  with  a  male. 

Agamogenesis:  reproduction  without  fertilization  by  a  male:  see  partheno- 
genesis ;  gamogenesis. 

Agglomerate:  heaped  or  massed  together. 

Agglutinate:  stuck  or  glued  together;  welded  into  one  mass. 

Aggregated:  crowded  together  as  closely  as  possible. 

Agnathous:  without  jaws;  specifically  applied  to  those  Neuropteroid  series 
in  which  the  mouth  structures  are  obsolescent. 

Aileron:  the  scale  covering  the  base  of  primaries  in  some  insects;  see 
tegulse;  in  Diplcra'=- alula  and  squama,  q.  v. 

Air-sacs  or  vesicles:  pouch-like  expansions  of  tracheal  tubes  in  heavy  in- 
sects, capable  of  inflation  and  supposed  to  lessen  specific  gravity. 

Air-tube:  a  respiratory  siphon. 

Ala -SB:  a  wing  or  wings. 

Alar  appendage:  see  alulet. 

Alar  frenum:  a  small  ligament  crossing  the  supra-alar  groove  toward  the 
root  of  the  wing :  Hymenoptera. 

Alary:  relating  to  the  wings:  applied  also  to  the  wing  muscles  of  heart. 

Alate-us:  winged;  with  lobes  similar  to  wings  in  appearance  though  not 
necessarily  in  function. 

Albi,  albus:  white. 

Albicans:   formed  or  made  of  white. 

Albidus:  white  with  dusky  tinge. 

Albinic:  of  the  character  of  an  albino. 

Albinism:  that  condition  in  which  there  is  an  absence  of  color  or  a  whitening 
in  a  form  usually  colored. 

Albino:  a  colorless  individual  of  a  species  that  is  normally  colored. 

Albumen:  the  white  of  egg  or  the  substances  in  the  tissues  which  have  the 
same  characteristics. 

Albumin:  the  characteristic  substance  forming  the  white  of  egg. 

Albuminoid:  like  or  of  the  character  of  albumen. 

Alimentary  canal:  the  digestive  tract  as  a  whole;  begins  at  the  mouth  and 
extends  through  the  body  to  the  anus. 

Alitrunk:  that  part  of  the  thorax  to  which  the  wings  are  attached :  in  many 
Hymenoptera,  includes  the  1st  abdominal  segment. 

Alizarine:  a  transparent,  orange  red  [alizar  crimson]. 

Alleghanian  faunal  area:  is  that  part  of  the  transition  zone  comprising  the 
greater  part  of  New  England,  s.  e.  Ontario,  New  York,  Pennsylvania, 
Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  eastern  N.  Dakota,  n.  e.  S.  Dakota,  and 
the  Alleghanies  from  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia. 

Alligate  -us:  fastened  or  suspended  by  a  thread;  like  the  chrysalis  of  Papilio, 
etc. 

Alliogenesis:  when  the  development  includes  an  alternation  of  generations 
(q.  v.),  as  in  Cynipids. 

Alluring  glands:  glandular  structures  diffusing  an  odor  supposed  to  be  at- 
tractive to  the  opposite  sex. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  5 

Allux:  next  to  the  last  joint  of  tarsus;  in  Rhynchophora. 

Alpine  zone:  =  arctic  zone,  q.  v. 

Alternation  of  generations:  where  a  species  that  occurs  in  both  sexes  peri- 
odically produces  only  parthenogenetic  females ;  the  latter,  in  turn,  pro- 
ducing the  sexed  form ;  occurs  in  Cynipidce  and  some  Homo  fit  era :  see 
heterogeny. 

Altus:  above:  applied  to  a  part  raised  above  the  usual  level. 

Alulae:  Diptera;  a  pair  of  membranous  scales  above  the  halteres,  behind  the 
root  of  the  wing,  one  above  or  before  the  other ;  the  anterior  attached  to 
the  wing  and  moving  with  it,  the  posterior  fastened  to  the  thorax  and 
stationary ;  see  calyptra ;  squama ;  squamula ;  lobulus ;  axillary  lobe ; 
aileron;  scale;  tegulse:  Colcoptcra;  a  membranous  appendage  of  the  elytra 
which  prevents  dislocation. 

Alulet:  Diptera;  the  lobe  at  basal  posterior  part  of  wing;  =alar  appendage; 
posterior  lobe ;  and  has  been  used  as  ==  alula. 

Alutaceous:  rather  pale  leather  brown  [burnt  sienna]  :  covered  with  minute 
cracks,  like  the  human  skin. 

Alveolate:   furnished  with  cells;  deeply  pitted. 

Alveolus:  a  cell,  like  that  of  a  honeycomb. 

Amber:  a  transparent,  clear,  pale  yellowish  brown;  of  the  color  of  amber 
[a  mixture  of  pale  cadmium  yellow  and  a  little  burnt  umber]. 

Ambient  vein:  Diptera;  the  costal  vein  when  it  extends  beyond  the  apex  and 
practically  margins  the  wing. 

Ambrosia:  bee-bread:  the  food  cultures  of  certain  Scolytid  beetles. 

Ambulatoria:  that  series  of  Orthoptcra  in  which  the  legs  are  fitted  for  walk- 
ing only  ;  Phasmids. 

Ambulatorial:  fitted  for  walking  or  making  progress  on  the  surface. 

Ambulatorial  setae:  specialized  hairs  or  bristles,  situated  on  the  ventral  seg- 
ments of  the  abdomen  of  some  Colcoptcra. 

Ambulatory:   moves  by  walking;   formed  for  walking. 

Ametabola -ous:  insects  without  obvious  metamorphoses,  in  which  the  larvae 
usually  resemble  the  adult  and  the  pupae  are  active. 

Ametabolion:   an  insect  that  has  no  distinct  metamorphoses. 

Amethystine -us:  bright  blue  with  a  reddish  admixture;  clear  like  an  ame- 
thyst [between  mauve  and  lilac]. 

Amnion:  the  inner  of  the  two  membranes  enveloping  the  embryo. 

Amnion  cavity:  a  tube-like  insinking  from  the  ventral  plate  of  the  embryo, 
extending  cephalad. 

Amnion  fold:  the  extensions  of  the  amnion  which  close  the  mouth  of  the 
amnion  cavity  in  the  embryo. 

Amnios:  the  first  cast  skin  of  the  larva  when  a  moult  occurs  almost  immedi- 
ately after  emergence  from  the  egg. 

Amoebiform:  having  the  appearance  or  properties  of  an  amceba. 

Amoeboid:  applied  to  movements  similar  to  those  of  an  amceba. 

Amphibiotica:  those  pseudoneuropterous  insects  whose  larvae  are  aquatic  but 
whose  imagos  are  aerial ;  stone-flies  ;  May-flies  ;  dragon-flies. 

Amphimixis:  the  mingling  of  the  germ  plasm  of  two  individuals. 

Amphiodont:  applied  to  those  forms  of  male  Lucanids  bearing  mandibles  of 


6  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

medium  size,  between  teleodont  and  priodont ;  =  mesodont. 

Amphipneustic:  applied  to  larvae  which  have  the  spiracles  confined  to  the 
anterior  and  terminal  segments. 

Ample:  broad;  large;  sufficient  in  size. 

Amplected:  when  the  head  is  received  into  a  concavity  of  the  prothorax; 
e.  g.  Hister. 

Ampliate -us:  moderately  dilated. 

Amplificatus:   dilated;  enlarged. 

Ampulla:  Orthoptera;  an  extensile  sac  between  head  and  prothorax  used  by 
the  young  in  escaping  from  ootheca,  and  later,  in  molting:  Heteroptera; 
a  blister-like  enlargement  at  the  middle  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  pro- 
thorax. 

Ampulla-like:  flask-shaped;  applied  to  a  vascular  sac  at  base  of  antenna 
which  aids  in  the  blood  circulation  of  head  and  its  appendages. 

Amygdaliform:  almond-shaped. 

Anabolic:  the  constructive  change  from  food  material  to  animal  tissue:  see 
katabolic. 

Anal:  pertaining  or  attached  to  the  last  segment  of  the  abdomen;  the  point 
or  angle  of  any  wing  or  other  appendage  that  is  near  to  or  at  any  time 
reaches  the  tip  of  the  abdomen. 

Anal  angle:  on  the  secondaries  is  that  angle  nearest  the  end  of  the  abdomen 
when  the  wings  are  expanded :  the  angle  between  the  inner  and  outer  mar- 
gin of  any  wing  ;  =  hind  angle  of  primaries. 

Anal  appendages:  generally  applied  to  the  external  genital  parts. 

Anal  area:  Orthoptera  and  Neuroptera;  the  hinder  or  anal  portion  of  a 
wing  within  the  anal  vein  =  axillary  area. 

Anal  cells:  the  spaces  between  the  anal  veins  (Comst.)  :  in  Dipt  era,  anal 
cell  (Will.),  the  space  nearest  the  body,  inclosed  by  the  5th  and  6th  veins; 
sometimes  called  the  third  basal  cell  (Coq.)  =  1st  anal  (Comst.). 

Anal  field:  Orthoptera;  that  area  on  the  tegmina  corresponding  to  the  anal 
area  of  the  secondaries. 

Anal  filaments:  see  caudal  setae. 

Anal  fork:  applied  to  the  cerci  of  Coleopterous  larvae. 

Anal  foot:  applied  to  the  tip  of  the  body  in  larval  Chiron omids,  which  is 
modified  to  serve  as  a  hold-fast. 

Anal  furrow:  in  wings,  lies  between  the  cubitus  and  1st  anal  vein. 

Anal  glands:  appendages  of  the  alimentary  canal,  opening  into  it  near  the 
posterior  extremity,  secreting  either  a  lubricant,  a  silk-gum,  or  some  other 
specialized  material. 

Anal  horns:  in  Colletnbola,  are  small  processes  borne  on  the  last  abdominal 
segment. 

Anal  lobes:  in  Lcccmi'mce,  a  pair  of  small,  triangular,  hinged  processes  form- 
ing a  valve  which  covers  the  anal  orifice. 

Anal  loop:  Odonata;  the  loop  formed  by  the  angulations  of  1st  anal  vein. 

Analogous:  similar  in  function;  but  differing  in  origin  and  structure:  e.  g., 
the  wings  of  birds  and  insects  :  see  homologous. 

Anal  operculum:  the  dorsal  arch  of  the  10th  abdominal  segment;  in  cater- 
pillars =  supra-anal  plate,  q.  v. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  7 

Anal  organs:  CoHcmbola;  the  two  modified  hairs  arising  from  a  tubercle 
ventro-cephalad  of  the  anus  and  usually  curving  caudo-dorsad. 

Anal  orifice:  see  anus. 

Anal  papilla:  CoHcmbola;  see  anal  tubercle. 

Anal  plate:  in  caterpillars,  the  shield-like  covering  of  the  dorsum  of  the  last 
segment:  in  the  embryonic  larva  the  llth  tergite. 

Anal  ring:  a  chitinous  ring  encircling  the  anus  in  many  Coccidoe.      ' 

Anal  scale:  one  of  the  lateral  processes  of  the  ovipositor  in  Cynipida:,  lying 
outside  and  below  the  lateral  scale. 

Anal  siphon:  the  anal  breathing  tube  of  Culicid  larvae. 

Anal  style:  a  slender  process  on  or  within  the  terminal  segment  of  the  ab- 
domen in  Homoptera. 

Anal  tubercle:  CoHcmbola;  the  tubercle  bearing  the  anal  organs  :  =  anal 
papilla. 

Anal  tubercles:  a  pair  of  prominent,  rounded  or  conical  processes,  situate 
one  on  each  side  of  the  anus  in  certain  Coccids. 

Anal  valves:  see  podical  plates. 

Anal  veins:  those  longitudinal  unbranched  veins  extending  from  base  to 
outer  margin  below  the  cubitus ;  the  first  anal,  also  termed  vena  dividens, 
q.  v.,  is  the  6th  of  the  series  starting  from  the  base,  and  it  may  be  followed 
by  several  others  which  are  numbered  in  order  to  the  inner  margin. 

Anastomosing:  inosculating  or  running  into  each  other. 

Anastomosis:  a  running  together;  usually  applied  to  wing  veins,  often  to 
markings ;  sometimes  used  like  stigma,  q.  v. ;  also  in  N euro pt era,  a  series 
of  cross-veinlets  nearly  in  one  row ;  a  connecting  series  of  veinlets. 

Anceps:  two-edged;  similar  to  ensiform,  q.  v. 

Ancestral:  primitive;  inherited  from  an  earlier  form  or  ancestor. 

Anchor  process:  =  breastbone,  q.  v. 

Anchylosed:  grown  together  at  a  joint. 

Ancipital:  with  two  opposite  edges  or  angles. 

Androconia:  specialized,  usually  small  scales  of  peculiar  form,  found  local- 
ized on  some  male  butterflies. 

Androgynous:  uniting  the  characters  of  both  sexes. 

Aneurose:  a  wing  without  veins  except  near  costa. 

Angle:  of  tegmina,  "is  the  longitudinal  ridge  formed  along  the  interno- 
median  by  the  sudden  flexure  from  the  horizontal  to  the  vertical  portion 
when  closed." 

Angular  area:  Hym.;  the  posterior  of  the  three  areas  on  the  metanotum  be- 
tween the  lateral  and  pleural  carinse ;  =  3d  pleural  area. 

Angulate:  forming  an  angle;  when  two  margins  meet  in  an  angle. 

Angulose:  having  angles. 

Angulus:   forming  an  angle  :=  angulate. 

Angustatus:  narrowed;  narrowly  drawn  out. 

Anisoptera:  that  division  of  the  Odonata  in  which  the  hind  wings  are  wider, 
especially  at  base,  than  the  front  wings. 

Annectent:  applied  to  connecting  or  intermediate  forms. 

Annelet  or  annellus:  Hym.;  small  ring-joints  between  scape  and  funicle. 


8  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Annulate:  ringed  or  marked  with  colored  bands. 

Annulet:  a  small  or  narrow  ring  or  annulus. 

Annuliform:  in  the  form  of  rings  or  segments. 

Annulus:  a  ring  encircling  a  joint,  segment,  spot  or  mark;  sometimes  applied 
to  the  inner  ring  encircling  the  mouth  opening. 

Annulus  antennalis:  the  ring  sclerite  of  the  head  into  which  the  basal  seg- 
ment of  the  antenna  is  inserted ;  =  antennal  sclerite. 

Anomalous:  unusual;  departing  widely  from  the  usual  type. 

Anoplura:  wingless  species  without  metamorphosis,  habits  epizootic,  thoracic 
segments  similarly  developed :  a  composite  aggregation  which  includes  both 
the  biting  and  sucking  lice. 

Ante:  before;  used  as  a  prefix. 

Ante-alar  sinus:  Odonata;  a  grooved  area  extending  transversely  immedi- 
ately in  front  of  the  base  of  each  front  wing. 

Ante-apical:   just  before  the  apex. 

Ante-clypeus:  Odonata;  the  lower  of  the  two  divisions  of  the  clypeus ;  the 
inferior  half  of  the  clypeus  whenever  there  is  any  apparent  line  of  demar- 
cation :  =  clypeus-anterior  ;  inf  ra-clypeus  ;  rhinarium  ;  second  clypeus. 

Ante-coxal  piece:  Colcoptcra;  that  portion  of  the  metasternum  lying  in  front 
of  the  posterior  coxae,  often  passing  between  them  and  meeting  the  ab- 
domen :  of  mandible,  is  the  lateral  sclerite  of  the  clypeus  ; — one  on  each  side. 

Ante-cubital:  see  ante-nodal,  cross  veins  and  spaces. 

Ante-furca:  an  internal  forked  process  from  the  prosternum,  to  which  mus- 
cles are  attached. 

Ante-humeral:  relating  to  the  space  just  before  origin  of  wings. 

Ante-humeral  stripe:  Odonata;  a  discolored  stripe,  approximately  parallel 
to,  but  to  the  inner  side  of  the  humeral  suture,  q.  v. 

Antemedial  line:  =t.  a.  line,  q.  v. 

Antemedian:  Diptcra;  applied  to  leg-bristles  situated  before  the  middle. 

Antenna -ae:  two  jointed,  sensory  organs,  borne,  one  on  each  side  of  the 
head,  commonly  termed  horns  or  feelers. 

Antenna-cleaner:  a  fringed  excavation  on  the  interior  base  of  the  1st  seg- 
ment of  the  anterior  tarsi  of  Hymenoptera  which,  when  covered  by  the 
movable  process  from  the  end  of  the  tibia,  forms  an  opening  through  which 
the  antenna  may  be  drawn  :  similar  structures  are  on  the  fore  tibiae  of  Cara- 
bid  beetles  :  tarsal  claws  are  also  used  by  various  insects  to  clean  antennae. 

Antennal  appendage:  in  Mallophaga,  a  projecting  process  of  the  1st  or  3d 
segment  in  the  male. 

Antennal  formula:  in  Coccidcc;  made  by  enumerating  the  antennal  joints  in 
the  order  of  their  length,  beginning  with  the  longest  and  bracketing  to- 
gether those  of  the  same  length. 

Antennal  fossa -SB:  grooves  or  cavities  in  which  antennae  are  located  or  con- 
cealed :  =  a.  grooves  ;  antennary  fossa. 

Antennal  fovea:  Diptcra;  a  groove  or  grooves  in  the  middle  of  the  face  as 
though  for  the  lodgment  of  the  antenna ;  bounded  on  the  sides  by  the  facial 
ridges. 

Antennal  foveolae:  Orthopt-cra;  the  pits  between  frontal  costa  and  lateral 
carinae,  in  which  the  antennae  are  inserted. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOC.Y.  9 

Antennal  grooves:   see  a.  fossa. 

Antennal  lobes:   of  brain,  see  deuto-cerebrum. 

Antennal  organs:  in  Collembola  are  sensory  structures  on  the  distal  segment. 

Antennal  process:  Dipt  era;  the  frontal  protuberance  upon  which  the  anten- 
nae are  inserted. 

Antennal  sclerite:   see  annulus  antennalis. 

Antennal  segment:  the  second  or  deutocerebral  segment  of  head. 

Antennary  fossa:  see  antennal  fossa! 

Antennary  furrow:  in  Mallophaga,  grooves  on  the  under  side  of  the  head  in 
which  the  antennae  lie. 

Antenniferous:  bearing  antennae. 

Antenniform:  made  up  like,  or  having  the  appearance  of  antennae. 

Antennule:  a  small  antenna  or  feeler-like  process. 

Antenodal  cells:  Odonata;  in  Agrionida  the  cells  included  between  the  short 
sector  (M  4  Comst.)  and  the  upper  sector  of  the  triangle  (Cu  1,  Comst.), 
and  between  the  quadrilateral  (or  quadrangle)  and  the  vein  descending 
from  the  nodus. 

Antenodal  cross  veins:  Odonata;  extend  between  costa  and  sub-costa,  and 
between  sub-costa  and  media,  from  the  base  to  the  nodus,  forming  the  ante- 
nodal  or  ante-cubital  cells  :  ^-ante-cubital. 

Antenodal  costal  spaces:  Odonata;  the  cells  between  costa  and  sub-costa, 
from  the  base  to  the  nodus :  —  ante-cubitals. 

Ajiteocular:  the  region  just  before  the  eye;  specifically  applied  in  Collem- 
bola to  a  peculiar  structure  of  undefined  function  situated  in  front  of  the 
eyes  :  =  prostemmatic. 

Antepectus:  the  lower  surface  of  the  prothorax. 

Antepenultimate:    the  last  but  two. 

Anterior:  in  front;  before;  in  Dip.,  that  face  of  the  leg  which  is  visible 
from  the  front  when  the  leg  is  laterally  extended  and  bristles  on  that  face 
are  anterior. 

Anterior  branch  of  third  vein,  in  Diptcra  (Will.),  =  radius  4  (Comst.). 

Anterior  field:   Ortlwptcra;  of  tegmina,  see  costal  field. 

Anterior  intercalary  vein:  Dipt  era;  =  media  2  (Comst.);  of  Loew:=dis- 
coidal  vein. 

Anterior  lamina:  Odonata;  the  anterior  sternal  border  of  abdominal  seg- 
ment 2,  modified  to  form  the  front  margin  of  the  genital  pocket. 

Anterior  lobe:   Orthoptcra;  see  lobes. 

Anterior  squama:  =antisquama;  q.  v. 

Anterior  stigmatal  tubercle:  on  thoracic  and  abdominal  segment  of  cater- 
pillars; varies  from  substigmatal  to  stigmatal  anterior;  sometimes  united 
to  IV:  it  is  V  of  the  abdominal  series,  IV  of  the  thorax  (Dyar). 

Anterior  trapezoidal  tubercle:  on  thoracic  and  abdominal  segment  of  cater- 
pillars; addorsal,  anterior,  always  present,  rarely  united  with  II:  it  is  I  of 
the  abdominal  series,  la  of  the  thorax  (Dyar). 

Antero:   to  the   front;   anteriorly. 

Antero-dorsal:  Dipt  cm;  applied  to  leg  bristles  at  the  meeting  of  anterior 
and  dorsal  face. 


10  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Antero-ventral:  Dipt  era;  applied  to  leg  bristles  at  the  meeting  of  anterior 
and  ventral  face. 

Anthobian:  feeding  on  flowers;  applied  to  certain  lamellicorn  Coleoptera  in 
which  the  labium  extends  beyond  the  mentum. 

Anthophila:  Hymenoptera;  species  in  which  the  basal  joint  of  the  hind 
tarsus  is  dilated  and  pubescent ;  the  bees. 

Anthracine -us:  coal  black;  black  with  a  bluish  tinge. 

Anti:   over  against;  opposite;  contrary:    (prefix). 

Anticus :  frontal ;  belonging  to  or  directed  toward  the  front. 

Antigeny:  opposition  or  antagonism  of  the  sexes;  embracing  all  forms  of 
secondary  sexual  diversity. 

Antinodal  costal  spaces:  Odonata;  the  cells  between  costa  and  sub-costa, 
from  the  base  to  the  nodus;  =antecubitals. 

Antisquama:  Dipt  era;  the  upper  of  the  two  alulae,  which  moves  with  the 
wings  ;  =  antitegula  ;  see  also  squama. 

Antitegula:   see  antisquama. 

Antlia:  the  spiral  tongue  or  haustellum  of  Lepidoptera. 

Antliata :  insects  with  a  sucking  mouth ;  originally  applied  to  Lepidoptera 
and  Dipt  era,  later  and  more  specifically  to  Diptera. 

Antrorse -sum:  directed  toward  the  front. 

Anus:  the  end  of  the  digestive  tract,  through  which  the  food  remnants  are 
passed :  the  posterior  part  of  the  individual :  specifically,  in  Coccidcs,  a 
more  or  less  circular  opening  on  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  pygidium,  vary- 
ing in  location  as  regards  the  circumgenital  gland  orifices :  =  anal  orifice. 

Aorta:  the  anterior,  narrow  part  of  the  heart,  opening  into  the  head. 

Apex:  that  part  of  any  joint  or  segment  opposite  the  base  by  which  it  is 
attached ;  that  point  of  a  wing  furthest  removed  from  base  or  at  the  end 
of  the  costal  area. 

Aphaniptera :  indistinctly  winged ;  see  Siphonaptera. 

Aphideine:  see  aphidilutein. 

Aphidilutein:  a  yellowish  fluid  found  in  plant  lice,  changed  to  a  rich  violet 
by  alkaline  reagents. 

Apical:  at,  near  or  pertaining  to  the  apex;  usually  of  a  wing. 

Apical  area:  see  petiolar  area. 

Apical  areas:  apical  cells  in  some  Homoptera. 

Apical  cell:  a  cell  near  or  at  the  apex  of  a  wing;  in  Hymenoptera  (Nor- 
ton) ;  =  medial  (Comst.)  ;  outer  apical  celi  =  2d  medial  2  (Conist.)  ;  inner 
apical  cell  =  medial  3  (Comst.). 

Apical  cells  or  cellules:  Trichoptera;  the  series  of  cells  along  the  outer 
margin  of  wing  from  pterostigma  to  arculus. 

Apically:  toward  or  directed  toward  the  apex. 

Apical  sector:  one  of  the  longitudinal  veins  in  the  apical  part  of  wing  of 
Neuroptera. 

Apical  transverse  carina:  Hymenoptera;  crosses  the  metanotum  behind  mid- 
dle and  separates  the  median  from  the  posterior  cells  or  areas. 

Apiculis:   an  erect,  fleshy,  short  point. 

Apiculate:  covered  with  fleshy,  short  points. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  11 

Apivorous:  devouring  bees. 

Apneustic:  without  an  open  tracheal  system;  respiration  is  through  the  skin 

or  through  tracheal  gills. 
Apocrita:  =  petiolata,  q.  v. 
Apodal:  with  single,  simple  tubercles  instead  of  feet,  in  larvae;  without  feet: 

=  apodous. 

Apode:  one  that  has  no  feet. 
Apodema:  a  conspicuous  transverse  band  crossing  the  thorax  in  front  of  the 

scutellum  in  male  Coccidce. 

Apodeme:  an  inwardly  directed  process  to  which  a  muscle  is  attached. 
Apodous:  without  feet;  see  apodal. 
Apolar:  without  differentiated  poles;  without  apparent  radiating  processes; 

applied  to  cells. 
Apophysis:  the  lower  of  the  two  joints  of  trochanter  in  ditrocha;  —  trochan- 

terellus ;  the  dorso-lateral  metathoracic  spines  in  Hymenoptera;  also  used 

as  synonymous  with  ento-thorax. 

Apophystegal  plates:  Orthoptera;  flattened  blade  or  plate-like  sclerites  cov- 
ering the  gonapophyses. 
Apotypes:  =  hypotypes,  q.  v. 
Appendage -es:  any  part,  piece  or  organ  attached  by  a  joint  to  the  body  or 

to  any  other  main  structure. 

Appendice-es:  any  attached  body  or  small  process;  an  appendix. 
Appendicial:   supplementary:   relating  to  appendices. 
Appendicle:    a  small  appendix:   in   some  bees,   a  small   sclerite   at   tip  of 

labrum. 
Appendiculate:  bearing  appendages;  said  of  antennas  where  the  joints  have 

articulated  appendages;  of  tarsal  claws  that  have  membranous  processes 

at  base. 

Appendiculate  cell:  Hymenoptera;  is  on  costa  just  beyond  2d  radius  1  and  2. 
Appendigerous:  bearing  appendages. 
Appendix:  a  supplementary  or  additional  piece  or  part,  added  to  or  attached 

to  another:  in  Heteroptera;  =cuneus,  q.  v. 
Appress-ed:  to  press  against;  closely  applied  to. 
Approximate:  near  to;  applies  to  antennae  inserted  close  together. 
Aptera:  those  that  have  no  wings:  an  ordinal  term  formerly  employed  for 

fleas,  lice  and  other  wingless  forms  now  distributed  in  other  orders :  later 

used    for   the   simplest   or    lowest   insects,    including   the    Thysanura   and 

Collembola. 

Apterodicera:  wingless,  with  two  antennae. 
Apterous:  without  wings. 
Apterygogenea:  those  insects  that  are  wingless  in  all  stages  and  presumed 

to  be  descended  from  ancestors  which  never  were  winged :  see  pterygogenea. 
Apterygota:  =  apterygogenea ;  see  pterygote. 
Aquamarine -us:   sea  green:  pale  green  with  predominant  blue  and  a  little 

gray   [nile  green]. 
Aquatic:  living  wholly  in  water. 

Aquatilia:  cryptocerous  Hemiptera  of  truly  aquatic  habit. 
Arachnoideous:  resembling  or  similar  to  a  cobweb. 
2 


12  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Araneiform:  spider-like  in  appearance. 

Arboreal:  living  in,  on,  or  among  trees. 

Arborescent:  branching  like  the  twigs  of  a  tree. 

Archaic:  ancient;  no  longer  dominant;  of  the  olden  time. 

Archiptera:  those  Neuroptera  with  incomplete  metamorphosis:  —  Pseudo- 
neuropter'a. 

Arctic  Zone:  is  that  part  of  the  boreal  region  above  the  limit  of  tree  growth: 
in  the  U.  S.  is  restricted  to  the  area  above  timber  line  on  the  summits  of 
high  mountains  :  =  alpine. 

Arcuate:  curved  like  a  bow:  =arquate. 

Arcuato-emarginate:  with  a  bow-like  or  curved  excision. 

Arculus:  Odonata;  a  small  cross-vein  between  radius  and  cubitus  near  the 
base,  leaving  an  elongate  triangle  between  them:  Trichoptcra;  a  point, 
often  hyaline,  on  the  forewing  where  the  cubitus  (or  post  cubitus)  runs 
into  the  margin:  in  Homoptera;  a  cross-veinlet  nearly  reaching  posterior 
margin  at  same  point  as  in  Trichoptera:  in  other  orders  applied  to  a  cross- 
vein  in  similar  position,  apparently  giving  rise  to  the  median. 

Arcus:  a  bow;  part  of  a  circle;  but  less  than  one  half. 

Area  mediastinal,  scapularis  and  ulnaris:  the  areas  in  front  of  the  medi- 
astinal,  the  scapular,  and  the  ulnar  veins  in  Orthoptera, 

Arese  or  Areolae:  wing  cells  or  spaces  between  veins. 

Arenicolous:  applied  to  species  frequenting  sandy  areas. 

Arenose:  a  surface  that  is  sandy  or  gritty. 

Areola:  a  small  cell  on  the  wings  of  certain  Hemiptera:  see  also  arese: 
Hymenoptera;  the  central  of  three  median  areas  on  the  metanotum:  =2d 
median  area;  upper  median  area. 

Areolate:  with  small  denned  areas,  like  a  network. 

Areole:  Lepidoptera;  see  accessory  cell,  cell  and  cellule. 

Areolet:  one  of  the  small  spaces  between  veins  of  net-veined  insects. 

Argentate:  shining,  silvery  white. 

Argenteous:  silvery. 

Argillaceous:  of  the  texture,  appearance  or  color  of  clay. 

Arid:  applied  to  regions  in  which  the  normal  rainfall  is  insufficient  to  pro- 
duce ordinary  farm  crops  without  irrigation,  and  in  which  desert  condi- 
tions prevail :  see  humid. 

Arid  transition  area:  comprises  the  western  part  of  the  Dakotas,  northern 
Montana  east  of  the  Rockies,  southern  Assiniboia,  small  areas  in  southern 
Manitoba  and  Alberta,  the  higher  parts  of  the  Great  Basin  and  the  plateau 
region  generally,  the  eastern  base  of  Cascade  Sierras  and  local  areas  in 
Oregon  and  California. 

Arista:  a  specialized  bristle  or  process  on  antenna  of  certain  Diptera. 

Aristate:  Diptera;  that  type  of  antenna  that  bears  an  arista:  =athericerous. 

Aristiform:  of  the  form  or  appearance  of  an  arista. 

Armature:  applied  to  the  spinous  or  chitinous  processes  on  the  legs,  body  or 
wings ;  or  the  corneous  parts  of  genitalic  structures. 

Armatus:  set  with  spines,  claws  or  other  chitinous  processes. 

Armillate:  with  a  ring  or  annulus  of  raised  or  different  tissue. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  13 

Arolium-ia:  cushion-like  pads  on  the  tarsi  of  many  insects:  one  of  the  lobes 

of  the  pulvillus ;  in  Orthoptera,  used  only  for  the  terminal  pad  between  the 

claws  :  see  empodium ;  pulvillus  ;  palmula ;  plantula ;  onychium,  paronych- 

ium,  pseudonychium. 
Arquate:  see  arcuate. 
Arrhenotokous:  capable  of  producing  male  offspring  only,  as  in  worker  bees 

and  some  saw-flies. 
Arrhenotoky:  parthenogenetic  reproduction  when  the  progeny  are  all  males: 

see  thelyotoky  and  deuterotoky. 
Arthrium:  Coleoptera;  the  minute,  concealed  tarsal  joint  in  pseudotetramera 

and  trimera. 

Arthroderm:  the  outer  skin  or  covering  of  articulates. 
Arthrodial:  an  articulation  that  permits  motion  in  any  direction. 
Arthromere :  a  body  segment  or  ring :  —  somite. 
Arthropleure:  the  side  piece  of  an  arthromere. 
Arthropoda:  all  those  articulates  having  jointed  legs. 
Article:  a  joint  or  segment. 
Articular  pan:  the  cup  or  dish-like  depression  forming  the  socket  into  which 

an  articulation  is  fitted. 
Articulata:  that  branch  of  the  animal  kingdom  whose  members  are  made  up 

of  rings,  segments  or  articulations. 
Articulate:  divided  into  joints  or  segments. 
Articulated  apex:  see  clasp  filament. 
Articulation:  the  point  or  place  where  two  parts  or  segments  are  joined: 

also  applied  to  an  individual  joint  or  segment. 
Articulatory  epideme:  the  partly  chitinized  membrane  by  which  the  wings 

are  attached  to  the  thorax. 
Artus:  the  organs  of  locomotion  generally. 
Asexual:  applied  where  the  reproductive  organs  are  incompletely  developed 

and  eggs  or  young  are  produced  by  cell-budding :  =  parthenogenetic. 
Ash-gray:  a  mixture  of  black  and  white,  with  a  faint  orange  tinge:  like 

ashes  of  anthracite  coal. 
Aspect:  indicates  the  direction  to  which  a  surface  faces  dr  in  which  it  is 

viewed ;  it  may  be  dorsal,  ventral,  caudal,  cephalic  or  lateral. 
Asperities:  surface  roughenings  or  dot-like  elevations. 
Aspersus:  rugged,  with  distinct  elevated  dots. 
Assembling:  gathering  together;  applied  when  a  virgin  female  is  exposed  to 

attract  such  males  as  may  be  near,  either  to  secure  a  pairing  or  merely  to 

obtain  specimens ;  also  called  sembling. 

Assurgent:  down-curved  at  base,  then  upcurved  to  an  erect  position. 
Asymmetrical:  not  alike  on  the  two  sides;  not  symmetrical. 
Asymmetry:  a  state  of  unlikeness  in  lateral  development;  absence  of  sym- 
metry in  form  or  in  the  development  of  members. 
Ater:  deep  black;  not  shining. 
Aterimus:  the  deepest  black. 
Athericerous:  see  aristate. 
Atom -us:  a  minute  dot  or  point. 


14  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Atomarius:  with  minute  dots  or  points. 

Atrachelia:  Coleoptcra  in  which  there  is  no  visible  constriction  between  head 

and  prothorax;  Rhynchophora  and  some  Heteromera. 

Atrium:  a  chamber  just  within  the  spiracle  and  before  the  occluding  struc- 
ture to  the  trachea. 

Atrocoeruleus:  very  deep,  blackish,  sky-blue. 
Atrophied:  wasted  away;  unfit  for  use. 
Atropurpureus:   dark  purplish,  nearly  black    [an  admixture  of  mauve  and 

black]. 

Atrous:  jet  black. 
Atrovelutinus:  velvety  black. 

Atrovirens:  dark  green,  approaching  blackish  [prussian  green]. 
Attenuated :  drawn  out ;  slender ;  tapering. 
Attingent:  touching. 

Atus:  suffix;  denotes  possession  of  a  quality  or  structure. 
Atypic-ical:  off  type;  not  of  the  usual  form. 
Auchenorhynchus:  with  the  beak  issuing  from  the  inferior  portion  of  head, 

as  in  Homoptera. 

Auditory:  relating  to  the  sense  of  hearing. 
Auditory   organs:    Orthoptera;   specialized   structures   covered  by  a  tense 

membrane,  on  the  anterior  tibia  or  base  of  abdomen;  any  structure  that 

functions  as  an  ear. 

Aurantiacus:  orange  colored;  a  mixture  of  yellow  and  red  [chrome  orange]. 
Aurate:  with  ears  or  ear-like  expansions:  also  =  auratus. 
Auratus:  golden  yellow  [pale  cadmium  yellow]. 
Aurelia:  =  chrysalis  or  pupa;  specifically  of  butterflies. 
Aurelian:  a  lepidopterist. 
Aureolate:  with  a  diffuse  colored  ring. 
Aureole:  a  ring  of  color  which  is  usually  diffuse  outwardly. 
Aureous-eus:  gold-colored. 
Aurichalceous:  brassy  yellow. 
Auricle -cula:  an  appendage  resembling  a  little  ear;  in  Odonata  the  tumes- 

cent  area  at  the  sides  of  the  second  abdominal  segment:  in  Andrenidcz,  a 

short  membranous  process  placed  laterally  on  the  ligula. 
Auricular:  applied  to  the  space  or  cavity  surrounding  the  dorsal  vessel. 
Auriculate:  with  an  ear-like  appendage  or,  in  antennae,  with  the  basal  joint 

distended  into  a  concave,  plate-like  ear  which  envelops  the  rest  of  the 

structures. 
Auriculo-ventricular:  the  outer  valves  of  the  heart  between  the  auricular 

space  and  the  chamber. 
Auriculo-ventricular  openings:  are  the  lateral  openings  into  the  heart  by 

means  of  which  the  blood  is  admitted  into  it. 
Auritus:  with  two  ear-like  spots  or  appendages. 
Auroral  spot:  applied  to  the  bright  orange  colored  spot  at  the  apical  area 

of  Anthocharis. 

Auroreous-eus:  red,  like  the  aurora  borealis  [crimson  lake]. 
Austral:  is  that  faunal  region  which  covers  the  whole  of  the  United  States 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  15 

and  Mexico  except  the  boreal  mountains  and  tropical  lowlands :  divided 
into  transition,  upper,  lower  and  gulf  strip:  see  boreal  and  tropical. 

Austroriparian  faunal  area:  that  part  of  lower  austral  zone  covering  the 
greater  part  of  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States.  Begins  near  mouth  of 
Chesapeake  Bay,  covers  half  or  more  of  Virginia,  North  and  South  Caro- 
lina, Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  all  of  Mississippi  and  Louisiana,  east 
Texas,  'nearly  all  of  Indian  Territory,  more  than  half  of  Arkansas  and 
parts  of  Oklahoma,  s.  e.  Kansas,  so.  Missouri,  so.  Illinois,  s.  w.  corner  of 
Indiana  and  bottom  lands  of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

Autotype:  any  specimen  identified  by  the  describer  as  an  illustration  of  his 
species  and  compared  with  the  type  or  co-type. 

Auxiliary:   additional,  or  supplementing. 

Auxiliary  vein:  in  Diptera  (Will.),  =  subcosta  (Comst.). 

Axillae:  two  small,  subtriangular  sclerites  at  the  lateral  basal  angles  of  the 
meso-scutellum  in  Proctytrypidce. 

Axillary:  placed  in  the  crotch  or  angle  of  origin  of  two  bodies;  arising  from 
the  angle  of  ramification. 

Axillary  area:  see  anal  area. 

Axillary  calli:  see  calli  axillary. 

Axillary  cell:  in  Diptera  (Will.),  =  2d  anal  (Comst). 

Axillary  excision:  =a.  incision,  q.  v. 

Axillary  incision:  Diptera;  an  incision  on  inner  margin  of  wing,  near  base, 
which  separates  the  alula  from  the  main  part. 

Axillary  lobe:  the  sclerite  covering  the  base  of  the  wing  in  Diptera;  see 
also  alula  and  posterior  lobe. 

Axillary  vein:  one  or  two  longitudinal  veins  toward  the  inner  margin  from 
the  anal  vein  (Ephemeridce)  ;  a  group  of  several  (10-20)  radiate  veins 
that  occupy  the  anal  field  in  Orthoptera. 

Axis:  a  small  process  at  base  of  elytron,  upon  which  it  turns. 

Azure -eus:  clear  sky-blue  [cobalt  blue]. 

Azygos:  unpaired;  a  structure  without  a  fellow;  sometimes  applied  to  an 
unpaired  oviduct ;  specifically  the  enlarged  portion  of  the  vagina  at  the 
junction  of  the  oviducts  and  thus  =  uterus. 

6 

Baccate -us:  berry-like;  applied  to  bladder-like  ovaries  from  the  surface  of 

which  the  short  ovarian  tubes  arise. 
Back:  the  dorsum  or  upper  surface. 
Baculiform:  rod  or  staff -like. 

Badius:  liver-brown;  clearer  and  lighter  than  castaneus  [dragon's  blood]. 
Baenomere:  a  leg-bearing  (thoracic)   segment. 
Baenopoda:  the  thoracic  legs. 
Basnosome:  the  thorax. 
Balancers:  see  halteres. 

Bald:  without  hair  or  other  surface  vestiture :  see  bare. 
Band :  a  transverse  marking  broadej  than  a  line. 


16  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Bar:  a  short,  straight  band  of  equal  width. 

Barb:  a  spine  armed  with  teeth  pointing  backward. 

Barbate:  furnished  with  barbs;  hair  with  spines  or  spurs  directed  backward. 

Barbated:    bearded;   in  antennae  with  tufts   or   fascicles   of   hair  or   short 

bristles  on  each  side  of  each  joint;  =  brush-like:   on  the  abdomen,  with 

flat  tufts  at  the  sides  or  tip. 

Barbule:  a  small  barb,  beard  or  filiform  appendage. 
Bare:  without  clothing  of  any  kind:  see  bald. 
Basad:  in  the  direction  of  or  toward  the  base. 
Basal:  at  or  pertaining  to  the  base  or  point  of  attachment  to  or  nearest  the 

main  body. 
Basal  area:  in  wings;  that  space  nearest  the  point  where  they  are  attached 

to  the  body:  on  the  metanotum  of  Hymcnoplera,  the  anterior  of  the  three 

median  cells  or  areas;  =  1st  median  area. 
Basal  cell:  Diptera;  1st  (Will.),  =  radial  2  (Comst.)  ;  2d  (Will.),  =media 

(Comst.)  ;  Trichoptera;  one,  two  or  three  cells  enclosed  by  the  branches 

that  form  the  post-costal  or  anal  vein :  Odonata;  an  elongate  cell  between 

radius  and  cubitus,  just  before  the  arculus. 
Basalis:  the  principal  mandibular  sclerite,  when  sclerites  are  distinguishable, 

to  which  all  other  parts   are  jointed;   corresponds   to  the   stipes   in   the 

maxilla. 
Basal  line:    in  many  Lepidoptera;   a  transverse   line   extending   half   way 

across  the  primaries  very  close  to  base. 
Basal  lobe:  of  culicid  genitalia,  see  claspette. 

Basal  post-costal  vein:  in  Agrionina,  one  of  the  cubito-anal  cross-veins. 
Basal  segment  of  clasp:  see  side  piece. 
Basal  space:  that  area  on  the  primaries  of  certain  Lepidoptera,  between  the 

base  and  t.  a.  line  (q.  v.). 
Basal  streak:  in  Noctuid  moths,  extends  from  base,  through  the  submedian 

interspace  to  the  t.  a.  line. 
Basal  transverse  carina:  on  the  metanotum  of  Hymcnoptcra,  crosses  before 

middle  and  separates  the  anterior  from  the  median  areas. 
Base:  that  part  of  any  appendage  that  is  nearest  the  body:  on  the  thorax 

that  portion  nearest  the  abdomen ;  on  the  abdomen  that  portion  nearest  the 

thorax. 
Basement  membrane:  that  thin  layer  of  tissue  upon  which  the  epithelium 

rests. 

Basilar:  of  or  pertaining  to  the  base. 
Basilar  cross-vein:  Odonata;  crosses  the  basilar  space. 
Basilar  membrane:  a  thin  membrane  separating  the  cones  and  rods  from  the 

optic  tract. 
Basilar  space:    Odonata;  that  area  at  base  of  wings,  between  media  and 

cubitus. 

Basi-proboscis:  basal  third  of  the  flexed  proboscis  of  muscid  flies 
Batesian  mimicry:  see  mimicry. 
Bathmis:   see  pterostigma. 

Bave:  the  fluid  silk  as  it  is  spun  by  caterpillars. 
Beak:    any  notable  prolongation  of   the   front  of  the  head:   the  snout  in 

Rhynchophora:  specifically,  the  jointed  structure  covering  the  lancets  in 

the  hemipterous  mouth. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  17 

Bearded:    fringed  with  hair:   see  barbated. 

Belly:  venter;  under  side  of  abdomen. 

Belonoid:  needle-like. 

Bi:  prefix,  means  two. 

Bi-alar:  two-winged;  applied  to  Diptcra. 

Biarcuate:  twice  curved. 

Biareolate:  with  two  cells  or  areoles :  see  bilocular. 

Bicaudate:  having  two  tails  or  anal  processes. 

Bicolored:  with  two  colors  that  contrast  to  some  extent. 

Bicornute:  with  two  horns  or  cephalic  processes. 

Bicuspidate:  ending  in  two  points  or  cusps. 

Bidactylate:  with  two  fingers  or  finger-like  processes. 

Bidentate:  two-toothed. 

Biemarginate:  twice  emarginate ;  with  two  excisions. 

Bifarious:   pointing  in  opposite  directions. 

Bifasciate:  with  two  bands  or  fascia. 

Bifid:   divided  into  two  parts;   split;  applied  in  Colcoptera  to  tarsal  claws 

which  are  divided  so  that  the  claws  lie  side  by  side :  see  biparted. 
Biflabellate:  antennae  with  fan-like  process  on  two  sides. 
Bifurcate:  divided,  not  over  half  its  length,  into  two  dull  points;  forked. 
Bifurcation:  a  forking  or  division  into  two:  the  point  at  which  a  forking 

occurs. 

Biguttate:  with  two  drop-like  spots. 
Bijugum:  in  two  pairs. 

Bilamellar:  divided  into  two  lamina  or  plates. 
Bilateral -eriter:  with  two  equal  or  symmetrical  sides. 
Biliary  vessels:   see  malpighian  tubules. 
Bilineate -us:  with  two  lines. 
Bilobate-ed:  divided  into  two  lobes. 

Bilocular:  having  two  cells  or  compartments:  see  biareolate. 
Bimaculate:  with  two  spots  or  maculae. 
Binate:  in  pairs:  consisting  of  a  single  pair. 
Binotate:  with  two  rounded  spots. 
Binus:  paired:  doubled. 

Biogenesis:  the  production  of  life  from  antecedent  life. 
Biomorphotica:  those  neuropterous  insects  in  which  the  pupa  is  active. 
Bionomics:  the  habits,  breeding  and  adaptations  of  living  forms. 
Biophore:  an  ultimate  constituent  of  germ  plasm  or  hereditary  substance. 
Bioplasm:  formative  living  matter. 
Biparted:  profoundly  divided  into  two  parts:  see  bifid. 
Bipectinate:  antennae  having  comb-like  teeth  or  processes  on  each  side  of 

each  joint. 
Bipupillate:  an  ocellate  spot  with  two  pupils,  of  the  same  or  different  in 

color. 

Biradiate:  consisting  of,  or  with  two  rays  or  spokes. 
Biramose -ous:  having  two  branches  or  doubled  appendages. 
Biseriately:  arranged  in  double  rows  or  series. 


18  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Biserrate:  doubly  saw-toothed;  with  a  saw  tooth  on  each  side  of  each  an- 
tennal  joint. 

Bisetose -ous:  with  two  bristle-like  or  setaceous  appendages. 

Bisinuate:  a  margin  or  line  with  two  sinuations  or  incisions. 

Bituberculate:  with  two  distinct  tubercles. 

Biuncinate:  with  two  hooks. 

Bivalve -ed:  applied  to  mouth  parts  consisting  of  two  parts  or  valves  united 
to  form  a  tube. 

Bivittate:  with  two  longitudinal  stripes  or  vittae. 

Blade:  of  maxilla,  see  lacinia. 

Blastem:  a  nucleated  protoplasmic  layer  preceding  the  blastoderm. 

Blastoderm:  the  germinal  membrane  from  which  the  organs  of  the  embryo 
are  formed. 

Blastodermic  cells:  are  those  forming  the  blastoderm. 

Blastogenic:  relating  to  or  inherent  in  the  germ  or  blast. 

Blastophore:  the  primitive  mouth  of  the  embryo. 

Blind :  without  eyes :  applied  also  to  an  ocellate  spot  without  a  pupil. 

Bloom:  a  fine  violet  dusting  similar  to  that  on  plums. 

Blotch:  a  large  irregular  spot  or  mark:  large  whitish  membrane  between  ab- 
domen and  thorax  in  certain  saw-flies. 

Blunt:  not  sharp;  obtuse  at  the  edge  or  tip. 

Body:  the  trunk:  usually  applied  to  the  thorax  only;  rarely  to  the  abdomen 
alone ;  sometimes  to  thorax  and  abdomen  combined. 

Bombifrons:  front  of  head  with  a  blister-like  protuberance. 

Bombous:   blister-like;  spherically  enlarged  or  dilated. 

Bombycinous:  a  very  pale  yellow  like  fresh  spun  silk. 

Boreal:  from  or  belonging  to  the  north:  is  that  faunal  region  that  extends 
from  the  polar  sea  southward  to  near  the  northern  boundary  of  the  United 
States  and  farther  south  occupies  a  narrow  strip  along  the  Pacific  Coast 
and  the  higher  parts  of  the  Sierra-Cascade,  Rocky  and  Alleghany  Moun- 
tain ranges ;  divided  into  Arctic,  Hudsonian  and  Canadian :  see  austral  and 
tropical. 

Borer:  applied  to  an  insect  or  larva  that  burrows  or  makes  channels  in 
woody  or  other  vegetable  tissue. 

Botryoidal:  clustered  like  a  bunch  of  grapes. 

Bouclier:  the  pronotum,  q.  v. 

Bouton:  a  button;  the  terminal  lappet-like  process  at  the  tip  of  the  ligula 
in  bees :  =  spoon. 

Brachelytra:  with  abbreviated  wing  covers  or  elytra. 

Brachia:  the  arms:  has  been  applied  to  raptorial  fore-legs. 

Brachial:  relating  to  an  arm;  arm-like. 

Brachial  cells:  Hymenoptera;  1st  (Nort.),  =  costal  and  sub-costal  (Comst.)  ; 
2d  (Nort.),  =  medial  (Comst.);  3d  (Nort.),  =  cubital  (Comst.);  4th 
(Nort),  ~2d  anal  (Comst.). 

Brachial  veins:  of  primaries  in  Hymenoptera,  originate  at  base,  run  parallel 
to  inner  edge  toward  anal  angle ;  often  connected  with  the  cubital  cellules 
by  means  of  recurrent  venules. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  19 

Brachium:  the  fore  tibia. 

Brachycerous:  Diptcra;  with  short,  3-jointed  antennae. 

Brachypterous:  with  short  or  abbreviated  wings. 

Brachyostomata:  brachycerous  Dipt  era  with  short  proboscis. 

Brain:  that  ganglion  of  the  nervous  system  which  lies  in  the  head  above  the 

oesophagus ;   formed  of  the  first  three  primitive  ganglia :  see  supra-oeso- 

phageal. 

Branchiae:  air  tubes  or  gill-like  processes  of  aquatic  larvae. 
Branchial:  relating  to  the  gills  or  branchiae. 
Branchiate:  supplied  with  gills  or  branchiae. 
Brassy:  yellow,  with  the  lustre  of  metallic  brass. 
Breast:  the  under  surface  of  thorax  or  sternum. 
Breast-bone:  in  Cecidomyid  larvae;  a  horny,  more  or  less  elongate  process 

of  the  under  side  behind  the  mouth  opening,  supposed  to   represent  the 

labium :  =  anchor  process. 
Breathing  pores:  see  spiracle. 
Brevis:  short. 
Brides:  Homoptera;  two  pieces  on  the  face,  one  each  side  of  clypeus  and 

lower  part  of  front. 
Bridge:  Odonata;  a  secondary  longitudinal  vein  connecting  the  radial  sector 

(Comst.)  with  Ml  +2,  apparently  forming  a  continuous  part  of  the  radial 

sector;  it  is  the  proximal  portion  of  the  subnodal  sector  of  de  Selys  and 

Hagen. 
Bridge  cross-veins:    Odonata;  those  cross-veins,  one  or  more  in  number, 

extending  between  Ml  +  2  and  the  bridge  (in  de  Selys  between  principal 

and  subnodal  sectors)  proximal  to  the  oblique  vein. 
Brin:  the  fluid  silk  thread  from  each  salivary  gland. 
Bristle:  a  stiff  hair,  usually  short  and  blunt. 
Broken:  interrupted  in  continuity;  as  a  line  or  band. 
Bronze:  the  color  of  old  brass. 
Erood:  all  the  specimens  that  hatch  at  about  one  time,  from  eggs  laid  by  one 

series  of  parents  and  which  normally  mature  at  about  the  same  time. 
Brunneus:  a  pure  reddish  dark  brown  [indian  red]. 
Brush-like:  antennae  with  the  joints  laterally  produced  and  tufted  with  short 

hair  or  bristles :  see  barbated. 

Buccal:  relating  to  the  mouth  cavity;  rarely  to  the  cheeks. 
Buccal  appendages:  the  mouth  parts  excluding  the  labrum:  see  trophi. 
Buccal  cavity:  the  mouth:  =  oral  cavity. 
Buccal  fissure:  the  mouth  slit  or  opening:  the  opening  on  each  side  of  the 

mentum. 

Buccate:  blown  up,  distended;  especially  the  cheeks. 
Bucculae:  little  cheeks  or  distended  areas. 

Budding:  applied  to  that  form  of  agamic  reproduction  found  in  plant  lice 
Bulla:  a  blister  or  blister-like  structure:  the  shield-like  sclerite  that  closes 

the  opening  to  the  trachea  in  lamellicorn  larvae:  in  Ephcmcrida  a  part  of 

the  costal  area  of  the  fore  wing  toward  the  tip,  which  is  slightly  swollen 

forward  and  furnished  with  more  cross-veins  than  elsewhere ;   practically 

the  stigma,  q.  v. 


20  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Bullate:  blistered. 

Bullule:  a  small  blister. 

Bursa:  a  pouch  or  sac:  a  wing  pouch  in  male  caddice  flies  and  in  connection 

with  a  stalked  hair  pencil. 
Bursa  copulatrix:   the  copulatory  pouch  of  the  female  in  some  orders;  a 

modification  of  the  vagina. 


Caducous -us:  deciduous;  easily  detached  or  shed. 

Caecal  tubes  or  pouches:  sac,  or  blind  tube-like  structures  surrounding  the 

chylific  ventricle  at  its  junction  with  the  crop,  and  secreting  a  digestive 

ferment. 
Caecum:  a  blind  sac  or  tube-like  structure  serving  as  one  of  the  caecal  tubes 

or  pouches :  see  coecum. 

Caelate:  a  surface  with  plane  elevations  of  varying  forms. 
Cseruleus  -ecus:  light  sky-blue  [between  lavender  and  cobalt  blue]:  =  coe- 

ruleus. 

Caerulescent:  with  a  tinge  of  sky-blue. 
Caesius-eous:  a  pale  dull  blue-gray  [blue-gray]. 
Casspiticolous:  frequenting  or  living  in  grassy  pastures  or  lawns. 
Calathiform:  shaped  like  a  deep  bowl. 
Calcar-ium;  pi.  ia:   a  movable  spur  or  spine-like  process:  specifically  the 

spines  at  the  apex  of  a  tibia. 

Calcarate -us:  with  a  movable  spur  or  spine-like  process. 
Caliciform:  shaped  like  a  cup  or  calyx. 
Calipers:  the  anal  forceps  in  Dermaptera. 

Calli  axillary:    Odonata;  thickenings   at  the  bases   of   the  wings;   distin- 
guished as  anterior  at  the  base  of  the  costa,  and  posterior  at  the  base  of 

radius  +  medius  and  cubitus  :  =  axillary  calli. 
Callosity:  a  thick  swollen  lump,  harder  than  its  surroundings:  —  callous : 

also  a  rather  flattened  elevation  not  necessarily  harder  than  the  surround- 
ing tissue. 

Callous:  see  callosity. 
Callus:  a  small  callosity. 
Caltrops  spines:  the  branched  and  otherwise  specialized  irritating  spines  in 

Limacodid  larvae. 

Calva:  a  skull-cap:  =  epicranium,  q.  v. 
Calx:  the  distal  end  of  the  tibia;  the  curving  basal  portion  of  the  first  tarsal 

joint. 
Calyculate:  applied  to  antennae,  whose  cup-shaped  joints  are  so  arranged  as 

to  fit  one  into  the  other. 

Calypter:  Dipt  era;  the  alula  or  squama  when  it  covers  the  haltere. 
Calyptra:  a  hood  or  cap:  see  alula. 
Calyptrate:    those  flies   that  have  alulae  or  membranous   scales  above  the 

halteres. 
Calyx:  the  cap  or  crown  of  the  mushroom  bodies  of  the  procerebrum:  see 

also  egg-calyx. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  21 

Campanulate:  bell-shaped:  more  or  less  ventricose  at  the  base  and  a  little 
recurved  at  the  margin. 

Campestral:  applied  to  species  inhabiting  open  fields. 

Campodeiform:  applied  to  larval  forms  which,  in  their  early  stages  at  least, 
resemble  Campodca:  =  leptiform. 

Canadian  zone:  is  that  part  of  the  boreal  region  comprising  the  southern 
part  of  the  great  transcontinental  coniferous  forests  of  Canada,  the  north- 
ern parts  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire  and  Michigan,  and  a  strip  along  the 
Pacific  Coast  reaching  south  to  Cape  Mendocino  and  the  greater  part  of 
the  high  mountains  of  the  United  States  and  Mexico.  In  the  east  covers 
Green,  Adirondack  and  Catskill  Mountains  and  the  higher  mountains  of 
Pennsylvania,  West  Virginia,  Virginia,  western  North  Carolina  and  eastern 
Tennessee.  In  the  Rockies  extends  continuously  from  British  Columbia 
to  western  Wyoming  and  in  the  Cascades  from  British  Columbia  to  south- 
ern Oregon  with  a  narrow  interruption  along  the  Columbia  River. 

Canaliculate:  channelled;  longitudinally  grooved,  with  a  deeper  concave  line 
in  the  middle. 

Cancellate:  cross-barred:  latticed:  with  longitudinal  lines  decussate  by  trans- 
verse lines. 

Canescent:  hoary,  with  more  white  than  gray. 

Canine  teeth:  applied  to  the  sharp  and  conical  teeth  of  mandibles  in  pred- 
atory species;  =  dentes  canmse. 

Cantharidin:  the  substance  that  gives  the  meloid  beetles  their  blistering 
power:  composition,  CioH^Oi  (von  Furth). 

Canthus:  the  chitinous  process  more  or  less  completely  dividing  the  eyes  of 
some  insects  into  an  upper  and  lower  half. 

Canus:  see  canescent. 

Capillaceous:  capilla  or  hair-like. 

Capillaris:  a  very  slender,  hair-like  tube. 

Capillary:  long  and  slender  like  a  hair:  antennae  in  which  the  joints  are  long, 
slender  and  loosely  articulated. 

Capillate -us:  clothed  with  long  slender  hair;  =  coryphatus. 

Capillii:  hairs  of  the  head  that  form  a  cap  as  in  certain  Trichoptera  and 
Tineid  Lepidoptera. 

Capillitium:  the  hood-like  collar  in  some  Noctuid  moths,  e.  g.,  Cucullia: 
see  cucullus. 

Capitate:  with  a  head:  that  type  of  clavate  antenna  in  which  the  club  is 
abruptly  enlarged  at  tip  and  forms  a  spherical  mass. 

Capitulum:  a  small  head:  the  enlarged  tip  of  an  antenna:  the  little  knob  at 
tip  of  halteres  in  Diptcra:  the  labella  or  lapping  tip  of  the  mouth  of  cer- 
tain flies. 

Capricorn  beetle:  a  Cerambycid  or  long-horned  beetle. 

Caprification:  is  that  method  or  process  through  which  the  Smyrna  figs  are 
fertilized  by  Blastophaga  through  the  medium  of  wild,  inedible  or  "  capri- 
figs." 

Capsular:  in  the  form  of  a  capsule  or  little  cup-like  container. 

Caput:  the  head  with  ail  its  appendages. 

Capylus.  a  hump  on  the  upper  side  of  the  segments  of  many  larvae. 


22  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Carabidoid:  applied  to  the  second  stage  of  a  meloid  larva,  when  it  resembles 
that  of  a  Carabid. 

Carbonarius:  coal  black. 

Cardia:  the  gizzard;  q.  v. :  also  applied  to  the  heart. 

Cardiac:  belonging  or  relating  to  the  heart. 

Cardiac  valvule:  see  cesophageal  valve. 

Cardinal  cell:  Odonata;  see  triangle. 

Cardioblasts:  a  string  or  row  of  cells  in  the  embryo  giving  rise  to  the  heart 
or  dorsal  vessel. 

Cardio-coelom:  that  part  of  the  ccelom  that  forms  the  pericardium. 

Cardio-coelomic:  applied  to  the  venous  openings  from  the  heart  to  the  body 
cavity. 

Cardo,  pi.  Cardines:  the  hinge  or  basal  sclerite  of  the  maxilla  by  means  of 
which  it  is  jointed  to  the  head. 

Carina-se:  an  elevated  ridge  or  keel,  not  necessarily  high  or  acute. 

Carinate:  a  surface  having  carinse. 

Carinula-ae:  a  little  carina  or  keel-like  ridge;  specifically,  the  longitudinal 
elevation  on  the  middle  of  snout  in  Rhynchophora. 

Carinulate:  a  surface  with  small  and  rather  numerous  carinse. 

Cariose-ous:  corroded;  appearing  as  if  worm-eaten. 

Carminate -ed:  mixed  or  tinged  with  carmine. 

Carneous  -eus:  flesh-colored  [salmon  with  a  little  carmine]. 

Carnivorous:  a  feeder  upon  flesh  food. 

Carnose-us:  of  a  soft,  fleshy  substance. 

Carolinian  faunal  area:  that  area  of  the  upper  austral  zone  comprising  the 
larger  part  of  the  Middle  States  (except  the  mountains),  s.  e.  So.  Dakota, 
east.  Nebraska,  Kansas  and  part  of  Oklahoma;  nearly  all  of  Iowa,  Mis- 
souri, Illinois,  Indiana,  Ohio,  Maryland  and  Delaware ;  more  than  half  of 
West  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Tennessee  and  New  Jersey  and  large  areas  in 
Alabama,  Georgia,  the  Carolinas,  Virginia,  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  Mich- 
igan and  South  Ontario :  extends  along  Atlantic  Coast  from  near  mouth 
of  Chesapeake  Bay  to  Southern  Connecticut  and  sends  narrow  arms  up  the 
valleys  of  the  Hudson  and  Connecticut.  A  narrow  arm  follows  the  east 
shore  of  Lake  Michigan  to  Grand  Traverse  Bay. 

Carpus:  the  pterostigma  of  Odonata:  the  extremity  of  the  radius  and  cubitus 
of  the  primaries :  that  point  in  the  wings  at  which  they  are  transversely 
folded. 

Cartilaginous:  of  the  consistency  of  cartilage  or  gristle. 

Caruncle:  a  soft,  naked,  fleshy  excrescence  or  protuberance. 

Caryophylleous:  nut  or  clove  brown  [Indian  red]. 

Castaneous:  chestnut  brown;  bright  red-brown  [dragon's  blood  with  a  slight 
admixture  of  vermilion]. 

Castes:  the  various  forms  or  kinds  of  matured  individuals  among  social  in- 
sects as  workers,  soldiers,  queens,  etc. 

Cataphracted:  invested  with  a  hard  callous  skin,  or  with  scales  closely 
united. 

Catch:  in  Collembola,  =  tenaculum,  q.  v. 

Catenate:  with  longitudinal  connected  elevations  like  links  in  a  chain. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  23 

Catenulate:  like  catenate;  but  the  links  are  smaller. 

Caterpillar:  the  term  applied  to  the  larvae  of  Lcpidoptera. 

Catervatum:  by  heaps. 

Cauda:  the  tail:  any  process  resembling  a  tail:  the  pointed  end  of  the  ab- 
domen in  plant  lice :  any  extension  of  the  anal  segment  or  appendage  ter- 
minating the  abdomen. 

Caudad:  toward  the  posterior  end  of  the  body,  along  the  median  line. 

Caudal:  pertaining  to  the  posterior  or  anal  extremity. 

Caudal  setee:  long,  thread-like  processes  at  the  end  of  the  abdomen  in  many 
Neuropterous  and  some  other  insects ;  =  anal  filaments. 

Caudate:  with  tail-like  extensions  or  processes. 

Caudo-cephalic:  in  a  line  from  the  head  to  the  tail. 

Caudo-dorsad:  directed  upward  and  toward  the  tail. 

Caudula-ae:  a  little  tail. 

Caul:  the  fatty  mass  of  larvae  from  which  the  organs  of  the  future  adult 
were  supposed  to  develop :  —  epiploon. 

Cauliculus:  the  larger  of  the  two  stalks  supporting  the  calyx  of  the  mush- 
room body. 

Caulis:  the  funicle  of  antenna:  the  corneous  basal  part  of  jaws. 

Cavate:  hollowed  out;  cave-like. 

Cavernicolous:   cave-inhabiting. 

Cavernous:  divided  into  small  spaces  or  little  caverns. 

Cavity- as:  a  hollow  space  or  opening. 

Cecidium:  a  gall. 

Cell:  any  space  between  or  bounded  by  veins:  in  the  Comstock  system  the 
cells  derive  their  names  from  the  vein  forming  the  upper  margin :  e.  g.,  all 
just  below  the  radius  are  radial  cells ;  and  they  are  numbered  from  the 
base  outward,  as  radial  1,  2,  etc.:  the  living  unit;  protoplasm  differentiated 
into  cytoplasm  and  nucleus,  from  which  units  all  but  the  lowest  plants  and 
animals  are  developed  by  division  and  consequent  increase  into  a  multi- 
cellular  condition :  a  compartment  or  division  of  a  nest  or  honey-comb. 

Cellule:  a  portion  of  a  wing  included  between  veins;  usually  applied  to  a 
small  area  completely  inclosed,  rarely  to  interspaces  where  no  closed  area 
is  formed. 

Cenchrus-ri:  minute,  often  white  marks,  or  membranous  spaces  on  the 
metanotum  of  some  Hymenoptera. 

Cenogonous:  producing  young  at  one  time  oviparously,  at  another  vivip- 
arously ;  as  in  plant-lice. 

Centimeter:  abb.,  Cm.:  =.01  meter  =  .394  inch;  roughly  21/*  Cm.  =  one 
inch. 

Centrad:  toward  the  centre  or  interior. 

Central  foveola:  see  median  foveola. 

Centrolecithal:  applied  to  eggs  in  which  the  food  yolk  is  central. 

Centrosome:  a  spherical  body  that  appears  outside  the  nucleus  of  a  cell. 

Cephalad:  toward  the  head,  along  the  central  line  of  the  body. 

Cephalic:  belonging  or  attached  to  the  head;  directed  toward  the  head. 

Cephalic  bristles:  Diptera;  specialized  bristles  occurring  on  the  head. 

Cephalic  foramen:  the  posterior  or  occipital  foramen  of  head  through  which 


24  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

the  dorsal  vessel,  oesophagus,  salivary  ducts  and  ventral  nerve  cords  pass 
from  head  to  prothorax. 

Cephalization:   concentration  toward  the  head. 

Cephalomere:  one  of  the  head  segments  of  an  arthropod. 

Cephalophragm:  a  v-shaped  partition  which  divides  the  head  of  some  Or- 
thoptera  into  an  anterior  and  posterior  chamber. 

Cephalon:  the  head. 

Cephalosome:  the  head  as  one  of  the  three  regions. 

Cephalotheca:  the  head  covering  in  the  pupal  stage. 

Cephalo-thorax:  the  united  head  and  thorax  of  arachnida  and  Crustacea: 
that  portion  of  an  obtect  pupa  covering  head  and  thorax :  the  anterior 
segments  of  larvae  that  have  no  obviously  separated  head. 

Cerago:  bee-bread. 

Ceratheca  or  Ceratotheca:  that  portion  of  the  pupal  shell  that  envelops  the 
antenna. 

Cerci:  two  lateral  anal  appendages;  usually  short,  jointed,  antenna-like,  de- 
veloped from  the  eleventh  abdominal  segment  of  the  embryo ;  sometimes 
unjointed  and  specialized  into  forceps  or  other  processes. 

Cercopoda:  jointed  foot-like  appendages  of  the  last  abdominal  segment;  also 
applied  like  cerci. 

Cercus:  see  cerci. 

Cerebellum:  has  been  applied  to  the  sub-cesophageal  ganglion. 

Cerebrum:  the  supra-ossophageal  ganglion. 

Cernuous:  bent:  with  the  apex  bent  downward. 

Cervical:  relating  or  belonging  to  the  neck. 

Cervical  foramen:  in  coleopterous  larvae — occipital  foramen. 

Cervical  sclerites:  small  chitinous  plates  on  the  membrane  between  head  and 
thorax:  see  jugular  sclerites. 

Cervical  shield:  the  chitinous  plate  on  the  prothorax  of  caterpillars  just  be- 
hind the  head :  =  prothoracic  shield. 

Cerviculate:  with  a  long  neck  or  neck-like  portion. 

Cervinus:  reddish,  deer-gray  [pale  cadmium  yellow  and  Indian  red]. 

Cervix:  the  upper  part  of  the  neck;  =  crag :  in  Diptera;  that  part  of  the 
occiput  lying  over  the  junction  of  the  head,  i.  e.,  between  the  vertex  and 
neck. 

Cespitose:  matted  together. 

Chaetophorous:   applied  to  bristle-bearing  flies. 

Chaetotaxy:  the  science  dealing  with  the  arrangement  and  nomenclature  of 
the  bristles  on  the  body  of  insects. 

Chagrined:  see  shagreened. 

Chalastrogastra:  the  saw-flies;  a  group  of  Hymcnoptera. 

Chalceous:  brassy  in  color  or  appearance. 

Chalybeate:  steely  in  appearance. 

Chalybeous:   metallic  steel  blue. 

Channelled:  a  surface,  with  deep  grooves  or  channels. 

Chaperon:   =  clypeus  or  clypeus  anterior. 

Chaplet:  a  little  crown;  a  circle  of  hooks  or  other  small  processes  termi- 
nating a  member  or  appendage. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  25 

Character:  a  quality  of  form,  color  or  structure. 

Cheek:  see  gena. 

Chela:  the  terminal  portion  of  a  limb  bearing  a  lateral  movable  claw  like 

that  of  a  crab ;  specifically  applied  to  the  feet  in  some  Parasitica  in  which 

the  opposable  claw  forms  a  clasping  structure. 
Chelate:  bearing  a  chela  or  claw;  applied  when  claws  are  capable  of  being 

drawn  down  or  back  upon  the  last  tarsal  joint. 
Chiasma:   an  X-like  crossing  of  nerve  fibers. 
Chirotype:  a  specimen  upon  which  a  manuscript  name  is  based. 
Chitin:  the  material  forming  the  hard  parts  of  the  insect  body;  it  is  a  secre- 
tion (or  a  metamorphosis?)  of  the  epidermis,  differing  from  horn  by  its 

insolubility  in  boiling  liquor  potassae:  =  elytra,  entomolin. 
Chitinogenous:  applied  to  that  layer  of  epidermal  cells  which  secretes  the 

chitin. 

Chitinization:  the  process  of  depositing  or  filling  with  chitin. 
Chitinized:  filled  in  with  or  hardened  by  chitin. 
Chitinous:   composed  of  chitine  or  like  it  in  texture:  as  a  color  term  is 

amber  yellow. 

Chlorophane:  an  oily,  greenish  yellow  pigment  found  in  insects. 
Chlorophyll:   the  green  coloring  matter  of  plants;  one  of  the  substances 

found  in  the  blood  of  insects. 
Chordotonal:  responsive  to  vibrations;  applied  to  the  ear-like  structures  in 

Orthoptera. 

Chorion:  the  shell  or  covering  membrane  of  an  insect  egg. 
Chromatin:  the  minute  granules  that  make  up  the  chromoplasm  of  a  cell 

nucleus. 
Chromosome:  one  of  the  segments  into  which  the  chromoplasmic  filaments 

of  a  cell  nucleus  breaks  up  just  before  indirect  division. 
Chrysalis  or  -id:  applied  specifically  to  the  intermedial  stage  between  larva 

and  adult  in  butterflies :  see  pupa. 
Chrysargyrus:  silvery  gilt. 
Chyle:  the  food-mass  after  it  has  passed  through  the  gizzard  and  is  mixed 

with  the  secretions  of  the  salivary  glands  and  csecal  structures,  ready  to  be 

assimilated. 

Chylific  ventricle:  the  true  stomach  in  which  the  chyle  is  prepared  and  di- 
gestion begins. 

Cibarian:  referring  to  the  mouth  parts. 
Cicatricose:    a  surface  having  scars  with  elevated  margins   like  those  of 

small-pox. 

Cicatrix:  a  scar:  an  elevated,  rigid  spot. 
Cilia:   fringes;  series  of  moderate  or  thin  hair  arranged  in  tufts  or  single 

lines ;  thin  scattered  hair  on  a  surface  or  margin. 
Ciliate:  fringed:  set  with  even,  parallel  hairs  or  soft  bristles. 
Cilium,  pi.  Cilia:  q.  v. 
Cimicine:  an  oily  fluid  of  disagreeable  odor  secreted  by  certain  Heteroptera 

and  used  as  a  means  of  defense. 
Cimier:  the  head  crest  in  Pierid  chrysalids. 


•«*.••• 


26  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Cinctus:  with  a  colored  band:  =  cingulatus. 

Cinereous:  ash-colored;  gray  tinged  with  blackish  [ultra  ash  gray]. 

Cinerescent:  ashen  in  color  or  appearance. 

Cingula-um:  a  colored  band  or  bands. 

Cingulate -us:  having  a  cingulum  or  collar:  see  also  cinctus. 

Cinnabarine:   [vermilion  red]. 

Cinnamomeous:  cinnamon  brown   [burnt  sienna]. 

Cinura:  see  Thysamira,  of  which  this  forms  a  group  including  the  bristle- 
tails,  and  for  which  it  has  been  used  as  an  equivalent. 

Circinal:  spirally  rolled  like  a  watch-spring  or  a  butterfly  tongue. 

Circiter:  about,  or  round-about. 

Circular:  round  like  a  circle. 

Circumgenital  glands:  small  circular  glands  with  an  excretory  orifice  at  tip, 
disposed  in  groups  about  the  genital  orifice  in  Diaspince. 

Circumcesophageal  commissures:  those  cords  or  nerve  fibres  connecting  the 
suboesophageal  ganglion  with  the  main  trunk  of  nervous  system. 

Circumsepted:  with  a  vein  all  around  the  wing. 

Cirrate:  antennae  with  very  long,  curled  lateral  branches  which  may  or  may 
not  be  ciliated :  see  plumose. 

Cirrose-us:  with  somewhat  dense  curled  hair. 

Cirrus:  a  curled  lock  of  hair  placed  on  a  thin  stalk. 

Citrine -us:   lemon  yellow  [chrome  yellow]. 

Cladocerous:   with  branched  horns  or  antennae. 

Clasper:  a  chitinized  process,  free  or  attached  to  the  inner  sides  of  harpes, 
valves  or  other  lateral  pieces,  serving  to  hold  the  female  parts  during  copu- 
lation :  =  the  harpes  of  some  authors. 

Claspette:  in  genitalia  of  <$  culicids,  the  inner  basal  lobe  of  side  piece;  q.  v. 

Clasp-filament:  in  d  genitalia  of  culicids,  the  articulated  appendage  or  ter- 
minal segment  of  side-piece  or  clasp;  sometimes  bears  an  articulated  point 
or  apex  and  then  =  articulated  apex. 

Class:  a  division  of  the  animal  kingdom  lower  than  a  sub-kingdom  and 
higher  than  an  order :  e.  g.,  the  "  Class  Insecta." 

Classification:  is  the  systematic  arrangement  of  insects  (or  other  animals  or 
plants)  in  series  showing  their  relation  or  agreement  in  structure,  life 
habits  or  other  characters  forming  the  basis  of  the  "  classification." 

Clathrate:   latticed  or  lattice-like  in  appearance. 

Claustrum:  the  structure  uniting  the  wings  in  flight,  whether  by  hooks,  by 
a  thickening  of  the  margin,  or  by  a  jugum. 

Clava:  a  club;  the  enlarged  apical  joints  of  a  clubbed  antenna:  =  clavola. 

Claval  suture:  Hcmiptera;  at  the  base  of  hemelytra,  separating  the  clavus. 

Clavate:  clubbed:  thickening  gradually  toward  the  tip. 

Clavate  hairs:  in  Collembola,  =tenent  hairs. 

Clavicornia:  that  series  of  beetles  having  the  antennae  more  or  less  distinctly 
enlarged  or  clubbed  at  tip. 

Clavicular  lobe:  Homoptcra;  that  portion  of  hind  wing  behind  anal  veins. 

Claviform:  club-like  in  form;  specifically,  in  Noctuid  moths  an  elongate  spot 
or  mark  extending  from  the  t.  a.  line  through  the  subrr.edian  interspace, 
toward  and  sometimes  to  the  t.  p.  line. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  27 

Clavola:  see  clava. 

Clavus:  the  club  of  an  antenna;  =  clava  and  clavola:  in  Heteroptera,  the 

oblong  sclerite  at  the  base  of  the  inferior  margin  of  the  hemelytra:  the 

knob  at  the  end  of  the  stigmal  or  radial  veins  in  certain  Hymenoptera. 
Claws:  the  claw  or  hook-like  structures  at  the  end  of  the  foot  or  tarsus. 
Cleavage:  see  segmentation  of  egg. 
Cleft:  split:  partly  divided,  longitudinally:  in  Colcoptera  applied  to  claws  so 

divided  that  the  parts  lie  one  above  the  other. 
Clintheriform:  shaped  like  a  plate. 
Cloaca:  see  rectum. 
Clubbed:  see  clavate. 

Clypeal  suture:  marks  the  division  between  clypeus  and  epicranium. 
Clypeate:  shield-like  in  form. 
Clypeate  constriction:  applied  when  a  surface  is  drawn  in  from  the  sides 

so  as  to  produce  a  shield  or  saddle-like  form. 
Clypeo-f rental  suture:  =  clypeal  suture. 
Clypeus:  that  portion  of  the  head  before  or  below  the  front,  to  which  the 

labrum  is  attached  anteriorly ;  in  Diptcra  often  visible  below  the  margin 

of  the  mouth  in  front,  as  a  more  or  less  visor-shaped  piece:  =  epistoma. 
Clypeus  anterior:  see  ante-clypeus. 
Clypeus  posterior:   see  post-clypeus. 
Coactus:  condensed;  of  a  short  stout  form. 
Coadapted:  formed  so  as  to  work  together  to  one  end;  as  the  mandible  and 

maxilla  in  Chrysopids,  etc. 
Coadunate:  joined  together  at  base;  two  or  more  joined  together;  said  of 

elytra  when  permanently  united  at  the  suture. 
Coagulate:  to  congeal;  to  change  from  a  fluid  to  a  jelly. 
Coagulum:  a  clotted  mass,  as  of  blood. 
Coalescent:  united  or  grown  together. 
Coarctate:  contracted:  compacted:  applied  to  that  form  of  pupa  in  which 

all  the  members  of  the  future  adult  are  concealed  by  a  thickened,  usually 

cylindric  case  or  covering,  which  is  often  the  hardened  skin  of  the  larva  : 

beginning  with  a  narrow  base,  then  dilated  and  thickened. 
Cocardes:  retractile  vesicular  bodies  on  each  side  of  the  thorax  in  certain 

Malachidce. 

Coccineous:  cochineal  red;  dark  red  [carmine]. 
Cochleiformis:   formed  like  a  snail  shell. 
Cochleate:  spirally  twisted  like  a  screw  or  a  univalve  shell. 
Cocoon:  a  covering,  composed  partly  or  wholly  of  silk  or  other  viscid  fibre, 

spun  or  constructed  by  many  larva:  as  a  protection  to  the  pupa. 
Cocoon-breaker:  structures  or  processes  of  the  pupa,  often  on  the  head,  by 

means  of  which  it  works  its  way  out  of  the  cocoon. 
Coecal:  ending  blindly,  or  in  a  closed  tube  or  pouch. 
Coecum:  a  blind  sac  or  tube:  applied  to  a  series  of  appendages  opening  into 

the  alimentary  canal  at  the  junction  of  the  gizzard  and  chylific  ventricle: 

see  caecum ;  the  two  are  used  interchangeably. 
Coeloblast:  the  endoderm  in  the  narrower  sense. 

3 


28  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Coelom:  the  body  cavity. 

Coelomic  cavity:  the  space  between  the  viscera  and  the  body  wall. 

Coelom-sac:  the  cavity  containing  the  viscera:  in  embryology  one  of  a  pair 
of  closed  sacs,  arising  in  the  mesoderm  of  each  segment  of  the  embryo 
and  giving  rise  to  more  or  less  of  the  ccelom  of  the  adult. 

Coenogonous:  oviparous  at  one  season  of  the  year,  ovoviviparous  at  another, 
as  in  Aphid  idee. 

Coeruleus -eous:   sky-blue:  see  casruleus. 

Coincident:  when  two  wing  veins  run  together  or  lie,  one  in  continuation  of 
the  other  so  as  to  appear  like  one. 

Coleoptera:  sheath-winged:  an  order  with  the  primaries  coriaceous,  used  as 
a  cover  only,  meeting  in  a  straight  line  dorsally ;  mouth  mandibulate;  pro- 
thorax  free;  transformations  complete:  the  beetles:  the  term  has  also  been 
applied  to  the  two  elytra  together. 

Collar:  in  general  any  structure  between  the  head  and  thorax:  specifically, 
in  Hymcnoptera,  the  neck;  in  Diptcra,  may  mean  the  neck,  the  sclerites 
attached  to  the  prothorax,  the  prothorax  itself,  or  its  processes  (ante 
furca)  ;  in  Coleoptera,  is  the  narrowed  prothorax;  in  Lepidoptera,  applied 
to  the  sclerites  attached  to  the  prothorax  and  which  shield  the  neck. 

Collembola:  an  ordinal  term  applied  to  species  which  are  apterous;  have  no 
metamorphoses ;  have  variably  developed  abdominal  saltatorial  appendages 
and  a  peculiar  ventral  tube  at  base :  the  spring-tails. 

Colleterial  gland:  see  colleterium. 

Colleterium:  a  glandular  structure  accessory  to  the  oviduct,  secreting  the 
viscid  material  used  in  cementing  the  eggs  together. 

Collophore:  the  sucker-like  organ  extended  from  the  underside  of  the  ab- 
domen in  Collembola. 

Collum:  the  neck  or  collar:  the  slender  connection  between  head  and  thorax 
in  Hymcnoptera  and  Diptcra;  in  Coleoptera,  the  posterior,  narrow  part  of 
the  head  or  even  the  prothorax :  loosely  used. 

Colon:  the  large  intestine;  that  usually  enlarged  portion  of  the  alimentary 
canal  before  the  rectum. 

Columella:  a  little  rod,  pillar  or  central  axis. 

Columnar:  cylindric,  but  tapering  toward  one  end. 

Comate-us:  only  the  upper  part  of  head,  or  vertex,  covered  with  hair. 

Commensal:  one  who  eats  at  another's  table:  applied  to  species  that  feed  on 
the  surplus  supply  of  another,  without  destroying  the  owner  of  the  supply. 

Commensalism:   applied  to  this  manner  of  living  and  eating  together. 

Comminute:  to  grind  up  fine:  to  reduce  to  minute  particles. 

Commissure:  the  nerves  connecting  two  ganglia:  the  point  of  meeting  or 
union  of  two  bodies  :  a  bridge  connecting  two  bodies  or  structures  ;  e.  g., 
tracheal  tubes. 

Common:  of  frequent  occurrence:  occurring  on  two  adjacent  parts:  a  band 
or  fascia  is  common  when  it  crosses  both  primaries  and  secondaries. 

Communal:  applied  to  life  or  dwelling  in  colonies  like  ants  and  bees. 

Comose:   ending  in  a  tuft  or  brush. 

Complanate:  compressed;  flattened  above  and  below:  ==  deplanate. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  29 

Complemental:  applied  to  sexed  forms  in  the  Termitidtz,  capable  of  repro- 
duction, but  which  do  not  reach  the  winged  stage;  the  females  are  less 
fertile  than  the  forms  that  become  winged  and  several  may  be  used  in  one 
nest  to  replace  a  lost  queen  or  mature  female. 

Complicant:  when  one  elytron  extends  over  the  other  and  partially  covers  it. 

Complicate:  longitudinally  laid  in  folds:  intricate  as  opposed  to  simple. 

Component:  one  part  of  a  combined  whole. 

Compound:  made  up  of  many  similar  or  dissimilar  parts. 

Compressed:  flattened  laterally. 

Concatenate:  linked  together  in  a  chain-like  series. 

Concave:  hollowed  out;  the  interior  of  a  sphere  as  opposed  to  the  outer  or 
convex  surface:  concave  veins  are  those  that  occupy  the  bottoms  of 
troughs  or  grooves  on  the  upper  surface  of  a  wing ;  see  convex  veins. 

Concavo-convex:  hollowed  out  or  concave  on  one  surface,  rounded  or  convex 
on  the  other ;  like  a  small  segment  of  a  hollow  sphere. 

Concentrated:  gathered  together  at  one  point;  intensified  or  strengthened  by 
evaporation. 

Conchate:  applied  to  the  shell-like  inflation  of  the  auricle  in  the  cephalic 
tibia  of  Orthoptera. 

Concinne:  neat;  fine. 

Concolorous:  of  the  same  general  color. 

Concretion:  a  massing  together  of  parts  or  particles. 

Concurrent:  applied  to  a  vein  which  arises  separately,  runs  into  another  and 
does  not  again  separate. 

Conduplicate:    doubled  or   folded  together. 

Condyle:  a  process  which  articulates  the  base  of  the  mandible  to  the  head: 
in  general  any  process  by  means  of  which  an  appendage  is  articulated  into 
a  pan  or  cavity. 

Confertim:  closely  clustered  or  crowded. 

Conflect:  crowded;  clustered;  opposed  to  sparse. 

Confluent:  running  together;  as  of  two  macula  when  united  in  one  outline. 

Confused:  a  marking  with  indefinite  outlines:  a  running  together  as  of 
lines  and  spots  without  definite  pattern. 

Congener:  a  species  belonging  to  the  same  genus. 

Congeneric:  applied  to  a  species  agreeing  in  all  characters  of  generic  value 
with  others  compared  with  it. 

Congested:  heaped  together;  crowded:  distended. 

Conglobate:  gathered  together  in  a  ball  or  sphere. 

Conglobate  gland:  a  glandular  appendage  of  male  sexual  organs  in  Or- 
thoptera, opening  upon  one  of  the  external  structures. 

Conglomerate:   congregated;  massed  together. 

Conic -al:  cylindrical,  with  a  flat  base,  tapering  to  a  point. 

Conico-acuminate:  in  the  form  of  a  long,  pointed  cone. 

Coniferous:  a  surface  which  bears  cone-like  processes. 

Conjugate:  to  bring  together  in  pairs:  consisting  of  a  single  pair. 

Conjugation:  the  union  of  pairs;  usually  applied  to  the  merging  of  the  male 
and  female  elements. 


30  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Conjunctiva:  the  membrane  uniting  the  abdominal  sclerites. 

Conjunctivus:  a  mandibular  sclerite  between  the  molar  and  basalis. 

Conjunctura:  the  articulation  of  a  wing  to  the  thorax. 

Connate:  united  at  base,  or  along  the  whole  length. 

Connexivum:  the  prominent  abdominal  margin  of  Het.,  at  junction  of  dorsal 

and  ventral  plates :  also  used  like  pulmonarium,  q.  v. 
Connivent:   converging:  approaching  together:   wings  so  folded  in  repose 

that  they  unite  perfectly  at  their  corresponding  margins. 
Consperse:  irregularly  dotted  or  sprinkled. 
Conspicuous:  striking:  easily  seen  at  a  glance. 
Conspurcatus:  confusedly  sprinkled  with  discolored  or  dark  spots. 
Constituent:  a  part,  or  element  of  a  whole. 

Constricted:  drawn  in:  narrowed  medially  and  dilated  toward  the  extremi- 
ties. 

Contiguous:  so  near  together  as  to  touch. 
Contorted:  twisted:  obliquely  incumbent  upon  each  other. 
Contour:  the  outline  or  periphery. 
Contract -ed:  to  draw  or  drawn  together:  to  reduce,  or  reduced  in  size  by 

contraction. 
Contractile:  that  which  may  be  drawn  together  or  contracted  or  which  has 

the  power  of  contracting. 
Contrasting:  appearing  in  sharp  relief  or  contrast;  as  one  color  or  marking 

against  another. 

Converging:  approaching  each  other  toward  the  tip. 
Convergence:  the  approaching  or  drawing  together  at  tips. 
Convex:  the  outer  curved  surface  of  a  segment  of  a  sphere;  opposed  to  con- 
cave :  convex  veins  are  those  which  occupy  the  summits  of  ridges  on  the 

upper  surface  of  a  wing;  see  concave  veins. 
Convolute:  rolled  or  twisted  spirally:  also  applied  to  wings  when  they  are 

wrapped  around  the  body. 
Coprophagus:  feeding  on  excrement  or  on  decaying  vegetable  matter  of  an 

excrementitious  character. 
Copula,  Copulation:  the  act  of  sexual  union. 
Copulate:  to  unite  in  sexual  intercourse. 
Copulation  chamber:  a  chamber  or  cell  excavated  by  certain  Scolytid  beetles 

in  their  burrows,  in  which  copulation  takes  place :  =•  rammel-kammer. 
Coralline:  a  pale  pinkish  red  [salmon]. 
Corbel:  an  ovate  area  at  the  distal  end  of  the  tibia  in  Coleoptera,  surrounded 

by  a  fringe  of  minute  bristles ;  when  the  articular  cavity  is  on  the  side, 

above  the  tip,  the  corbel  is  closed ;  when  the  cavity  is  at  the  extreme  tip, 

the  corbel  is  open. 
Corbicula -um:  a  concave,  smooth  space,  edged  by  a  fringe  of  hairs  arising 

from  the  margins  of  the  posterior  tibiae  in  bees,  forming  the  pollen  basket ; 

its  function  is  to  hold  the  collected  pollen  in  place. 
Corbiculate:  having  corbicula. 
Cordate:   heart-shaped;  triangular,  with  the  corners  of  the  base  rounded; 

not  necessarily  emarginate  at  the  middle  of  base. 
Cordiform:  —  cordate. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  31 

Coriaceo-reticulate:  with  impressed  reticulations  giving  a  leather-like  ap- 
pearance. 

Coriaceous:  leather-like:  thick,  tough  and  somewhat  rigid. 

Coriarious:  leather-like  in  sculpture  or  texture. 

Corium:  the  elongate  middle  section  of  the  hemelytra  which  extends  from 
base  to  membrane  below  the  embolium. 

Cornea:  the  outer  surface  of  the  compound  eye  as  a  whole,  and  of  each 
individual  facet. 

Corneal  lenses:  are  the  individual  lens-like  structures  of  which  the  cornea 
of  the  compound  eye  is  composed. 

Corneous:  of  a  horny  or  chitinous  substance;  resembling  horn  in  texture. 

Cornicles:  the  honey  tubes  in  plant-lice:  =  corniculus. 

Corniculi:  the  little  horny  tips  or  pieces  of  the  ovipositor  in  Orthoptera; 
see  valves. 

Corniculus -i:  =  cornicles  ;  honey-tubes;  q.  v. 

Corniform:  like  the  horn  of  an  ox:  a  long,  mucronate  or  pointed  process. 

Cornute-us:   having  horns  or  horn-like  processes. 

Corona:  a  crown  or  crown-like  processes. 

Coronate:  with  a  crown-like  tip  or  termination. 

Coronet:  a  small  crown  or  corona. 

Coronula:  a  circle  or  semicircle  of  spines  at  the  apex  of  the  tibia. 

Corpus:  the  body  as  a  whole. 

Corpus  adiposum:  the  mass  of  fat  tissue  often  found  in  larvae. 

Corpuscle:  a  small  cell;  usually  applied  to  blood  cells. 

Correlate:  to  bring  together  into  relation  or  correspondence. 

Correlated:  detrived  from  the  same  ancestral  form:  said  of  two  or  more 
features  or  qualities  which  bear  a  direct  or  an  inverse  relation  to  each 
other,  but  without  implying  a  relation  of  cause  and  effect. 

Correlative:  of  a  correlated  nature:  see  correlated. 

Corrode:  to  eat  away  gradually,  as  by  rust  or  decay. 

Corrodentia:  an  ordinal  term  meaning  gnawers:  net-veined  or  wingless; 
mandibulate,  mouth  formed  for  gnawing;  transformation  incomplete; 
thorax  incompletely  agglutinated:  =  Psocoptera:  includes  Termitidce,  Pso- 
cidce  and  Mallophaga. 

Corrugated:  wrinkled;  with  alternate  ridges  and  channels. 

Corselet:  the  prothorax  in  Coleoptera. 

Cortical:  relating  to  the  cortex  or  outer  skin. 

Corticinus:  bark-like  in  sculpture,  texture  or  color  [vandyke  brown]. 

Corvinus:  crow-black;  deep,  shining  black  with  a  greenish  lustre. 

Coryphatus:  =  capillatus. 

Corysterium:  an  abdominal  glandular  structure  in  certain  females,  secreting 
a  glutinous  covering  for  the  eggs. 

Cosmopolitan:  species  that  occur  throughout  most  of  the  world. 

Cosmotropical:  species  that  occur  throughout  the  tropics. 

Costa:  any  elevated  ridge  that  is  rounded  at  its  crest:  the  thickened  anterior 
margin  of  any  wing,  but  usually  the  primaries :  in  Comstock,  the  vein  ex- 
tending along  the  anterior  margin  of  the  wing  from  base  to  the  point  of 
junction  with  subcosta. 


32  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Costal  area:  the  area  behind  costal  vein:  see  also,  costal  field. 
Costal  cell:  the  area  inclosed  between  the  costal  and  sub-costal  veins :  in  the 
plural,  Comstock,  are  all  the  cells  anteriorly  margined  by  the  costa;   in 
Hymcnoptera  (Norton),  includes  the  1st,  2d  and  sub-costal;  of  Packard, 
the  3d  costal  =  2d  radial  1,  and  radial  2:  in  Diptera  (Will.),  it  is  the  2d 
costal. 
Costal  field:  Orthoptera;  that  region  of  the  tegmina  adjacent  to  the  anterior 

margin  or  costa :  =  anterior  field. 
Costal  fold:  in  the  males  of  some  Hespcridce,  a  membranous  flap  that  may 

be  opened  to  expose  the  androconia. 
Costal  margin:  the  anterior  margin  of  a  wing  whether  it  is  really  costate  or 

not. 

Costal  membrane:  Hymcnoptera;  the  surface  of  wing  in  front  of  costal  vein. 
Costal  vein:  Lepidoptcra;  runs  close  to  and  parallel  with  the  costal  margin, 
extending  from  base  to  the  margin  before  the  apex;  always  simple  and 
often  absent  in  the  secondaries ;  is  vein  12  of  the  numerical  series  on  pri- 
maries; vein  8  on  secondaries:  =  subcosta  (Comst.). 
Costate:  ribbed;  marked  with  elevated  thickened  lines. 
Costula:  Hymcnoptera;  a  small  ridge  separating  the  externo-median  meta- 

thoracic  area  into  two  parts. 
Costulatus:  less  prominently  ribbed  than  costate. 
Cotyla:  the  articular  pan;  the  cup  or  socket  of  a  ball  and  socket  joint. 
Cotypes:  are  all  the  specimens  before  the  describer  when  a  species  is  named, 
no  single  one  being  selected  as  the  type:  the  type  in  such  case  equals  the 
sum  of  the  cotypes :  see  paratype. 
Coxa  -ae:  the  basal  segment  of  the  leg,  by  means  of  which  it  is  articulated  to 

the  body. 

Coxal  cavity:  the  opening  or  space  in  which  the  coxa  articulates;  in  Cole- 
optcra  the  cavity  is  open  when  the  epimera  do  not  extend  to  the  sternum ; 
closed  or  entire  when  the  epimera  reach  the  sternum  or  join  medially  as 
in  Rhynchophora;  the  cavities  are  separated  when  the  prosternum  extends 
between  them,  confluent  when  it  does  not :  see  acetabulum. 
Coxal  glands:  eversible  glandular  structures  at  base  of  legs;  well  developed 

in  some  Thysanurans,  modified  variously  in  higher  orders. 
Coxal  stylets:   short,  leg-like,  jointed  appendages  on  the  underside  of  the 

abdominal  segments  in  Thysanura. 
Crag:  the  neck:  —  cervix. 
Cranium:  the  head  or  skull  except  the  neck;  sometimes  limited  to  the  fixed 

parts  above  the  clypeo-frontal  suture. 
Crassus:  thick;  tumid. 

Crateriform:  like  a  shallow  funnel  or  deep  bowl. 
Creber:  closely  set. 
Cremaster:  a  stout  spine,  process  or  hooked  area  at  the  hind  end  of  pupae 

in  Lepidoptera. 

Crenate:   scalloped,  with  rounded  teeth. 

Crenulate:  with  small  scallops,  evenly  rounded  and  rather  deeply  curved. 
Crepitation:  a  crackling  sound  or  the  production  of  such  as  by  discharge  of 
vapor  or  "  bombarding  "  :  a  cracHner  or  creaking. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  33 

Crepuscular:  active  or  flying  at  dusk. 

Crescentiform:  like  a  lumile  or  crescent. 

Crescentric:  lunulate. 

Crest:  a  prominent,  longitudinal  carina  ori  the  upper  surface  of  any  part  of 

the  head  or  body. 
Crested:  see  cristate. 
Cretaceous:  chalky  white:  the  third,  uppermost  and  latest  of  the  three  great 

divisions  of  the  mesozoic  or  secondary  rocks. 
Cribrate:  pierced  with  closely  set,  small  holes. 
Cribriform:  with  perforations  like  those  of  a  sieve. 
Crineous:  dark-brown,  with  a  slight  admixture  of  yellow  and  gray. 
Crinite-us:  with  tufts  of  long  thin  hair:  see  lanuginose. 
Crispate-us:   with  a  wrinkled  or  fluted  margin. 
Crista:  a  ridge  or  crest. 

Cristate:  with  a  prominent  carina  or  crest  on  the  upper  surface:  ==  crested. 
Cristiform:  in  the  form  of  a  sharp  ridge  or  crest. 
Cristula:  a  small  crest. 

Cristulate:  with  little  crescent-like  ridges  or  crests. 
Croceous:  saffron  yellow;  yellow  with  an  admixture  of  red  [pale  cadmium 

yellow]. 

Crocus:  =  croceous. 

Crook:  the  hook  or  recurved  tip  of  the  antenna  in  Hesperida. 
Crop:   the  dilated  portion  of  the  alimentary  canal  behind  the  gullet  which 

serves  to  receive  and  hold  the  food  previous  to  its  slower  passage  through 

the  digestive  tract :  =  ingluvies. 
Crotchets:  the  curved  spines  or  hooks  on  the  prolegs  of  caterpillars  and  on 

the  cremaster  of  pupse. 

Crown:  the  top  of  head  in  Lepidopfera;  also  used  as  =  coronet  or  corona. 
Cruciate:  shaped  like  a  cross;  applied  to  wings  when  the  inner  margins  lie 

one  over  the  other ;  or  to  incumbent  wings  that  overlie  only  at  the  -apex : 

in  Dipt  era,  applied  to  bristles  when  they  cross  in  direction. 
Cruciato-complicatus:    folded  crosswise:   incumbent  wings  when  the  inner 

margins  overlap;  not  well  distinguished  from  cruciate. 
Crura:  the  legs  or,  more  specifically,  the  thighs. 
Crura  cerebri:  two  large  cords  that  connect  the  supra-  with  the  sub-cesopha- 

geal  ganglion. 

Crus:  a  leg  or  leg-like  structure. 
Crustaceous:  hard,  like  the  shell  of  a  crab. 
Crypto:   hidden,  concealed. 
Cryptocerata:  a  division  of  Hctcroptcra  with  small  antennae  concealed  in  a 

groove  under  the  head :  =  adeloceratous  :  see  gymnocerata. 
Cryptogastra:  with  the  venter  or  belly  covered  or  concealed. 
Cryptopentamera:  feet  5- jointed,  the  4th  joint  small  and  concealed. 
Cryptotetramera:  feet  4-jointed,  one  of  them  small  and  concealed. 
Cryptothorax:  a  supposed  thoracic  ring  between  meso-  and  meta-thorax. 
Crypts:   minute  secretory  follicles  or  cavities:   specifically,   large  gland-like 

structures  between  the  epithelial  cells  in  chylific  ventricle. 


34  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Crystalline:  transparent,  like  crystal. 

Crystalline  cone:  a  conical  structure  below  the  cornea,  imbedded  in  pigment 
cells  of  the  compound  eye :  also  termed  C.  lens. 

Ctenidium:  a  comb-like  structure  occurring  on  any  part  of  an  insect. 

Cubital:  referring  or  belonging  to  the  cubitus. 

Cubital  cell:  the  wing  area  between  the  cubitus  and  anal  vein;  in  the  plural, 
all  the  cells  bounded  anteriorly  by  the  cubitus  or  its  branches  (Comst.)  ; 
in  Diptera  (Schiner),  =  radial  3  (Comst.),  =  3d  posterior  cell  (Loew)  ; 
in  Hymenoptera  (Norton),  —radial  3,  4  and  5  (Comst.). 

Cubital  forks:  the  branching  or  points  of  separation  of  the  branches  of  the 
cubitus. 

Cubital  nerve  or  vein:  see  cubitus. 

Cubitus:  of  Comstock,  is  the  5th  in  the  series  of  longitudinal  veins  extending 
from  base,  and  usually  two  branched  before  reaching  outer  margin :  in 
Orthoptcra;  =  the  internomedian  and  ulnar:  in  Neuroptera,  a  main  longi- 
tudinal vein  next  behind  the  medius  and  before  the  anal :  the  tibia  of  the 
anterior  leg. 

Cuckoo  spit:  liquid  in  the  form  of  bubbles  produced  by  members  of  the 
family  Cercopida  and  which  often  conceals  the  producer. 

Cucullate:  hooded;  somewhat  hood-shaped. 

Cucullus:  a  hood:  see  capillitium. 

Cuilleron:  see  alula. 

Culicifuge:  any  preparation  for  driving  away  gnats  or  mosquitoes. 

Culmen:  the  longitudinal  carina  of  a  caterpillar. 

Cultellus:  one  of  the  blade-like  lancets  in  piercing  flies:  =  the  mandibles  of 
some  authors. 

Cultrate -iform:  shaped  like  a  pruning  knife. 

Cumulate:  in  groups  or  heaps. 

Cumulus:  a  group  or  heap;  as  of  cells  in  a  developing  ovum. 

Cuneate,  Cuneiform:   wedge-shaped;  elongate  triangular. 

Cuneus:  Hctcroptcra;  the  small  triangular  area  at  the  end  of  the  embolium 
of  hemelytra :  Odonata,  the  small  triangle  of  the  vertex  between  the  com- 
pound eyes. 

Cupreous:  the  metallic  red  of  pure  shining  copper. 

Cupules:  the  sucker-like  processes  covering  the  under  surface  of  the  tarsi  in 
male  Dytiscida. 

Cupuliform:  cup-shaped:  like  a  little  cup:  =  cyathiform. 

Cursoria:  in  Orthoptcra,  that  series  in  which  the  legs  are  formed  for  run- 
ning (roaches,  etc.). 

Cursorial:   formed  for  running. 

Curvate:  curved. 

Curvinervate:  wings  with  the  veins  distinctly  curved,  like  some  Psocida. 

Cusp -is:  a  pointed  process;  sometimes  at  the  margin  of  a  wing. 

Cuspidate:  prickly  pointed;  ending  in  a  sharp  point;  with  an  acuminated 
point  ending  in  a  bristle. 

Custodite -us:  guarded:  a  body  in  an  envelope. 

Cuticle:  the  outer  skin  or  skin  layer. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  35 

Cuticula:  =  cuticle :  specifically  applied  to  the  outer  or  chitinized  layer:  see 

epidermis  and  hypodermis. 

Cyaneous:  pure  dark  blue;  indigo  blue  [French  blue]. 
Cyanescent:  with  a  deep  bluish  tinge  or  shading. 
Cyanogenic:  applied  to  repugnatorial  glands  in  myriapods  and  sometimes  in 

insects. 

Cyathiform:  obconical  and  concave;  cup-shaped:  =  cupuliform. 
Cyatotheca:  the  cover  of  the  thorax  in  the  pupa. 
Cycle:  a  round  or  circle,  e.  g.,  of  development;  a  life  cycle. 
Cyclorrhapha:  that  section  of  Diptera  in  which  the  adult  escapes  from  the 

hardened  pupal  case  by  pushing  off  a  lid  or  covering :  see  orthorrhapha. 
Cyclorrhaphous:  circular  seamed. 

Cydariform:  globose,  but  truncated  at  two  opposite  sides. 
Cylindrical:  in  the  form  of  a  cylinder  or  tube;  round,  elongate,  of  equal 

diameter  throughout. 

Cymbiform:  boat-shaped:  a  concave  disc  with  elevated  margin;  navicular. 
Cytoplasm:  the  protoplasm  of  a  cell  exclusive  of  nucleus;  the  cell  body. 

D 

Dactylus:  a  finger  or  toe;  =  digitus  :  a  tarsal  joint  after  the  first  one,  when 
that  is  enlarged  as  in  bees. 

Dagger  mark:  a  marking  in  the  form  of  a  Greek  Psi  [^]. 

Dart:  a  sting,  or  its  central  part. 

Dash:  a  short  disconnected  streak  or  mark. 

Dasygastres:  bees  with  pollen-carrying  structures  on  the  abdomen. 

Deaurate:  of  the  color  of  gold;  golden. 

Deciduous:  that  which  may  be  cast  off  or  shed. 

Declinate -us:  a  part  somewhat  bent,  the  apex  downward. 

Declivent -ous:  sloping  gradually  downward. 

Decrepitans:  crackling. 

Decumbent:  bending  down  at  tip  from  an  upright  base. 

Decurrent:  closely  attached  to  and  running  down  another  body. 

Decurved:  bowed  downward. 

Decussate:  crossing  at  an  angle;  X-like:  in  cross  pairs;  or,  when  bristles 
alternately  cross  each  other,  as  in  some  Diptera. 

Deflected:  bent  downward:  the  wings,  when  the  inner  margins  lap  and  the 
outer  edges  decline  toward  the  sides. 

Deflexed:  abruptly  bent  downward. 

Deformed:  twisted  or  set  in  an  unusual  form;  specifically,  in  Coleoptcra  ap- 
plied to  knotted  or  twisted  antennae  as  in  male  Meloids. 

Dehiscence:  the  splitting  of  the  pupal  integument  in  the  emergence  of  the 
adult  in  Lepidoptera. 

Dehiscent: -open  or  standing  open:  separating  toward  the  tip. 

Dejectamenta:  the  excrement  or  excretion. 

Delamination:  the  splitting  or  division  into  layers. 

Deltoid:  elongate  triangular;  resembling  a  Greek  A  with  apex  extended. 


36  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Demarcation:  the  bounding,  laying  out  or  limiting. 

Dendritic:  applied  to  the  branched  nerve  cells  in  the  mushroom  bodies  of  the 
pro-cerebrum. 

Dendroid:  tree  or  shrub-like:  branching  like  a  tree  or  shrub. 

Dendrophagus:   feeding  on  woody  tissues. 

Dendrophilous:  species  that  live  in  woody  tissue,  or  on  trees. 

Dens:  a  tooth  or  tooth-like  process. 

Dense:  thickly  crowded  together. 

Dentate:  toothed:  with  acute  teeth,  the  sides  of  which  are  equal  and  the  tip 
is  above  the  middle  of  base. 

Dentate-serrate:  toothed,  with  the  dentations  themselves  serrated  on  their 
edges. 

Dentate-sinuate:  toothed  and  indented. 

Denies:  the  teeth  or  pointed  processes  on  the  inner  side  of  the  mandible: 
the  second  or  middle  part  of  the  furcula  in  Collembola,  consisting  of  two 
parallel  pieces  from  the  distal  end  of  the  manubrium  and  bearing  at  their 
apices  the  mucrones. 

Denies  caninae:  see  canine  teeth. 

Denticle:  a  small  tooth. 

Denticulated:  set  with  little  teeth  or  notches. 

Dentiform:  formed  or  appearing  like  a  tooth. 

Denudate:  without  covering;  destitute  of  scales  or  hair. 

Denude:  to  free  from  covering;  to  rub  so  as  to  remove  the  surface  covering 
of  scales,  hair  or  other  vestiture. 

Deorsum:  downward. 

Dependent:  hanging  down. 

Deplanate -us:   see  complanate. 

Depressed:  flattened  down  vertically;  opposed  to  compressed. 

Depressor:  applied  to  a  muscle  that  has  for  its  function  the  depression  of  an 
organ  or  a  part. 

Deratoptera:  =  Ortlwptera. 

Dermal:  relating  to  the  skin  or  outer  covering. 

Dermal  glands:  hypodermal  unicellular  glands  which  secrete  wax,  setae, 
spines,  etc. 

Dermaptera:  see  Dermal  opt  era. 

Dermatoptera:  skin-winged:  an  ordinal  term  applied  to  insects  with  elytri- 
form,  abbreviated  primaries  beneath  which  the  secondaries  are  folded  trans- 
versely and  fan-like :  mouth  mandibulate,  prothorax  free ;  abdomen  f orci- 
pate ;  metamorphosis  incomplete :  the  Forficulida  or  earwigs. 

Desectus:   =  truncatus. 

Desideratum -ata:  some  thing  or  things  needed  or  desired. 

Destitutus:    wanting;   being  without. 

Determinate:  with  well-defined  outlines  or  distinct  limits:  fixed:  marked  out. 

Detonans:  exploding:  a  sudden  noise  or  a  puff  like  an  explosion. 

Detritus:  rubbed  off;  a  surface  partly  denuded. 

Deuterotoky:  parthenogenetic  reproduction  when  the  progeny  are  male  and 
female :  see  arrhenotoky  and  thelyotoky. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  37 

Deutocerebral  segment:   —  antennal  segment;  q.  v. 

Deutocerebrum:  the  middle  portion  of  the  brain,  formed  by  the  ganglion  of 
the  2d  primary  segment ;  also  termed  antennal  or  olfactory  lobes  from  the 
parts  it  innervates: 

Deutoplasm:  the  yolk  or  food  plasm  of  an  ovum. 
Deutotergite:  the  secondary  dorsal  segment  of  the  abdomen. 
Dextrad:  extending  or  directed  toward  the  right. 
Dextral:  to  the  right  of  the  median  line. 

Dextro-caudad:  extends  obliquely  between  dextrad  and  caudad. 
Dextro-cephalad:  extends  obliquely  between  dextrad  and  cephalad. 
Di:  as  a  prefix,  =  two. 
Diaphanous:   semi-transparent;  clear. 
Diaphragm:    any  thin  dividing   membrane;   that  thin  membrane  separating 

the  cavity  containing  the  heart  from  the  rest  of  the  body. 
Diarthrosis:  any  articulation  that  permits  of  motion. 
Diastole:  that  regular  expansion  of  the  heart  that  draws  the  blood  inward: 

see  systole. 
Dichgetae:   a  group  of  brachycerous  Diptcra  with  a  proboscis  consisting  of 

two  parts :  Muscids,  etc. 

Dichoptic:  Diptera;  eyes  separated  by  front;  not  contiguous:  see  holoptic. 
Dichotomous:   forked:  dividing  by  pairs. 
Dichromatism:  the  possession  of  two  color  varieties. 
Dictyoptera:   an  ordinal  term  applied  to  the  roaches:  also,  more  generally, 

to  the  Orthoptcra. 

Didactyle -us:  two-toed:  with  two  tarsi  of  equal  length. 
Didymus:   double:   geminate. 

Difformis:  irregular  in  form  or  outline:  not  comparable;  anomalous. 
Diffracted:  bending  in  different  directions. 
Diffuse:  spreading  out;  without  distinct  edge  or  margin. 
Digestive  tract:  the  alimentary  canal  as  a  whole:  more  specifically  that  por- 
tion behind  the  crop,  in  which  assimilation  takes  place. 
Digitate:   finger-like,  or  divided  into  finger-like  processes. 
Digitiform:  formed,  shaped  like  or  having  the  function  of  a  finger. 
Digitules:  appendages  on  the  feet  of  Coccida;  in  Lecanium,  four  knobbed 

hairs. 

Digitus:  the  terminal  joint  of  the  tarsus,  bearing  the  claws:  a  small  ap- 
pendage attached  to  the  lacinia  of  the  maxilla ;  rarely  present  and  probably 
tactile. 

Digoneutism:  the  power  to  produce  two  broods  in  one  season. 
Dilatatus:    Coleoptera;   a   margin,   when  the   sharp   marginal   edge  extends 
beyond  its   usual   limit :   the  base  when   the  transverse  diameter   is   much 
longer  at  one  part. 
Dilated:  widened,  expanded. 
Dilation:  an  expansion  or  widening. 

Dilute:  thinned  out:  applied  to  color  means  weak  or  pale. 
Dilutior:  much  thinned  out  or  diluted. 

Dimera:  forms  with  two-jointed  tarsi:  specifically  applied  to  some  groups  (ri 
Homoptera. 


38  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Dimerous:  having  only  two  tarsal  joints. 

Dimidiate -us:  halved;  extending  half  way  around;  applied  to  elytra  when 

they  cover  only  half  the  abdomen. 
Dimidius:  of  half  length. 

Dimorphic:   occurring  in  two  well-marked  forms. 
Dimorphism:   a  difference  in  form,  color,  etc.,  between  individuals  of  the 

same  species,  characterizing  two  distinct  types  :  may  be  seasonal,  sexual  or 

geographic. 

Dioecious:  with  distinct  sexes. 

Dioptrate:  an  ocellate  spot  with  the  pupil  divided  by  a  transverse  line. 
Dioptric:  with  a  transversely  divided  ocellus. 
Diploglossata:  an  ordinal  term  proposed  for  Hemimerida,  because  of  the 

supposed  presence  of  a  second  labial  segment. 
Diplogangliata:  applied  to  the  Arthropods. 
Diploptera:  =  diplopteryga ;  q.  v. 
Diplopteryga:  Hymenoptera;  wasps  in  which  the  wings  are  longitudinally 

folded  when  at  rest. 

Dipneumones:  having  two  lungs   (certain  spiders). 
Diptera:  an  ordinal  term  applied  to  insects  having  only  one  pair  of  wings 

(anterior);  thorax  agglutinate;  mouth  haustellate;  transformations  com- 
plete. 

Dipterocecidium:  a  gall  formed  by  a  dipterous  insect. 
Dipterous:  belonging  to  or  having  the  characters  of  Diptera. 
Direct:  applied  to  metamorphosis  =  incomplete. 
Directive  coloration:   directive  marks  or  colors  which  tend  to  divert  the 

attention  of  an  enemy  from  more  vital  parts. 
Disc:  see  disk. 

Discal:  on  or  relating  to  the  disc  of  any  surface  or  structure. 
Discal  area:  of  a  wing  applies  especially  to  the  more  central  portion,  or  that 

area  covered  by  the  discal  cell. 

Discal  bristles:  Diptera;  are  inserted  on  the  middle  of  the  abdominal  seg- 
ments before  the  hind  margin. 
Discal  cell:  Lepidoptera;  the  large  or  median  cell  extending  from  the  base 

of  the  wing  toward  the  center:  =  radial  cell  (Comst.)  :  in  Diptera  (Will.) 

=  1st  medial  2  (Comst.)  :  Odonata;  =  discoidal  areolets,  q.  v. :  Triclwp- 

tera,  the  cell  between  the  forks  of  the  radial  sector,  and  separated  from 

the  2d  apical  cell  by  a  cross-vein. 
Discal  patch:  in  some  male  Hes per  idee  the  oblique  streak  of  specialized  black 

scales  on  the  disc  of  the  primaries. 
Discal  vein:  Lepidoptera;  the  cross-vein  closing  the  discal  or  median  cell; 

extends  from  radius  5  to  media  1. 
Disciform:  formed  or  shaped  like  a  disc. 

Discocellular  nervure  or  vein:  Lepidoptera;  =  discal  vein,  q.  v. 
Discoidal:  relating  to  the  disc,  or  middle  =  discal. 
Discoidal  area:  the  middle  area  or  field:  Orthoptera;  that  area  of  the  teg- 

mina  between  the  posterior  or  anal  and  the  anterior  or  costal  areas :  =  d. 

field. 
Discoidal  areolets:  Odonata;  a  varying  number  of  rows  of  cells  on  the  outer 

side  of  the  triangle  between  the  short  sector   (M  4  of  Comst.)   and  the 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  39 

upper  sector  of  the  triangle  (Cu  1  of  Comst.)  =  post-triangular  cells: 
=  discal  cells. 

Discoidal  cell:  Hymenoptera  (Norton)  ;  —  1st  medial  2,  medial  3  and  medial 
4  (Comst). 

Discoidal  field:   see  discoidal  area. 

Discoidal  nervule:  Lepidoptera;  =  media  1   (Comst.). 

Discoidal  triangle:  Odonata:  see  triangle. 

Discoidal  vein:  Diptcra  (Schiner),  —  media  2  (Comst.);  =  anterior  inter- 
calary vein  (Loew)  ;  Hymenoptera  (Norton),  =  media  2  (Comst.),  beyond 
the  junction  with  the  medial  cross-vein:  Orthoptera;  the  first  and  largest 
branch  of  the  humeral  vein. 

Discoideous:  =  discoidal. 

Discolored -orous:  a  different  color  from  the  surrounding,  more  or  less  con- 
trasting ;  not  concolorous. 

Discota:  insects  in  which  development  of  the  adults  is  from  imaginal  discs: 
see  adiscota. 

Discrete:  distinctly  separated. 

Discs:  the  abdominal  motor  processes  of  coleopterous  larvae. 

Discus:  a  disc;  a  somewhat  flat  circular  part  or  area. 

Disjoined  or  Disjointed:  see  disjunctus. 

Disjunct:  with  head,  thorax  and  abdomen  separated  by  constrictions. 

Disjunctus:   separated;  standing  apart. 

Disk:  the  central  upper  surface  of  any  part;  all  the  area  within  a  margin; 
the  central  area  of  a  wing :  in  Orthoptera,  the  obliquely  ridged  outer  sur- 
face of  hind  femur  in  sanatoria. 

Dislocated:  a  stria,  band  or  line  interrupted  in  continuity,  when  the  tips  of 
the  interrupted  parts  are  not  in  a  right  line  with  each  other. 

Dispersus:  with  scattered  markings,  punctures  or  other  small  sculptures. 

Disposed:  arranged  or  laid  out. 

Dissepiment:  a  partition  wall:  applied  to  the  forming  septa  separating  the 
coelom-sacs  in  the  embryo ;  also  the  thin  envelope  about  the  members  in 
obtect  pupae. 

Dissilient:   bursting  open  elastically. 

Distad:  toward  the  distal  end. 

Distal:  that  part  of  a  joint  farthest  from  the  body. 

Distant:  remote  from:  standing  considerably  apart. 

Distichous:  applied  to  antennae  when  lateral  processes  originate  at  the  apices 
of  the  joints  and  bend  forward  at  acute  angles  to  them. 

Distiproboscis:  the  outer  third  of  the  proboscis  in  Muscid  flies,  bearing  the 
labella. 

Distychus:  bipartite:  separated  into  two  parts. 

Ditrocha:  Hymenoptera;  that  series  having  the  trochanter  two-jointed. 

Diurna?:  day  fliers:  applied  to  butterflies. 

Diurnal:  such  insects  as  are  active  or  habitually  fly  by  day  only. 

Divaricable:  able  to  spread  apart  or  divaricate. 

Divaricate:  straddling  or  spreading  apart:  when  the  wings  are  lapped  at 
base  and  diverge  behind :  tarsal  claws  when  arising  at  apposite  sides  of  the 
joint  and  separating  widely. 


40  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Divergent:  spreading  out  from  a  common  base;  in  Coleoptera,  tarsal  claws 
are  divergent  when  they  spread  out  only  a  little;  divaricate  when  they 
separate  widely. 

Diverse:  unequal:  differing  in  size  or  shape:  of  various  kinds. 

Diverticulum -la:  an  off-shoot  from  a  vessel  or  from  the  alimentary  canal; 
usually  blind  or  sac-like :  applied  to  the  caecal  tubes  or  pouches  :  any  exten- 
sions or  evaginations  of  the  hypodermis. 

Dividens   (vena):   Orthoptera;  1st  anal   (Comst.). 

Dog-ear  marks:  in  bees;  small,  subtriangular  marks  of  light  color,  just  be- 
low the  antennae  (Cocker ell). 

Dolabriform:  hatchet-shaped:  compressed,  with  a  prominent  dilated  keel  and 
cylindrical  base. 

Dolioloides:  applied  to  obtect  or  coarctate  pupae. 

Dominant:  a  character  more  constant  and  conspicuous  than  any  other:  a 
type  or  series  occurring  in  large  numbers  both  as  to  genera,  species  and 
individuals  and  in  which  differentiation  is  yet  active. 

Dorsad:  extending  or  directed  toward  the  upper  side. 

Dorsal:  of  or  belonging  to  the  upper  surface;  in  Diptcra,  that  face  of  the 
laterally  extended  legs  visible  from  above. 

Dorsal  bristles:  see  dorso-central. 

Dorsal  diaphragm:  the  wings  of  the  heart,  or  the  very  thin  membrane  upon 
which  these  muscles  rest :  =  pericardial  diaphragm,  q.  v. 

Dorsal  gland  orifices:  in  Diaspince,  oval  orifices  arranged  in  more  or  less 
distinct  rows  on  the  surface  of  the  pygidiutn,  through  which  is  discharged 
the  material  of  which  the  dorsal  scale  is  formed. 

Dorsal  glands:  see  last  preceding  title. 

Dorsal  line:  in  caterpillars,  extends  longitudinally  on  the  middle  of  the  back 
or  dorsum. 

Dorsal  scale:  that  part  of  the  covering  scale  of  the  Diaspina  that  lies  above 
the  insect,  as  opposed  to  the  ventral  scale,  which  lies  below. 

Dorsal  space:  in  slug-caterpillars  is  the  area  between  the  sub-dorsal  ridges. 

Dorsal  vessel:  the  heart;  q.  v. 

Dorsi-meson:  the  middle  of  the  upper  surface. 

Dorso-alar  region:  Diptcra;  between  the  transverse  suture  and  the  scutellum 
on  one  side  and  the  root  of  the  wing  and  the  dorso-central  region  on  the 
other. 

Dorso-central  bristles:  Diptera;  two  or  four  longitudinal  rows  on  the  inner 
part  of  the  dorsum. 

Dorso-central  region:  Diptcra;  bounded  by  two  imaginary  lines  drawn  from 
the  scutellar  bridges  forward,  and  coinciding  with  a  space  free  from 
bristles  that  exists  on  the  outer  side  of  the  dorsal  rows  and  is  often  occu- 
pied by  a  dorsal  thoracic  stripe. 

Dorso-humeral  region:  Diptera;  bounded  by  the  anterior  end  of  thorax  and 
transverse  suture  on  two  sides  and  by  the  dorso-pleural  suture  and  dorso- 
central  region  on  the  two  others. 

Dorsolum:  the  mesoscutum. 

Dorso-pleural  suture:  Diptcra;  the  lateral  suture  between  dorsum  and  pleu- 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  41 

rum  from  the  humeri  through  the  base  of  the  wing ;  separates  the  meso- 
notum  from  the  pleura. 

Dorso-ventral:  in  a  line  from  the  upper  to  the  lower  surface. 

Dorsulum:  the  mesonotum  before  the  scutellum,  with  the  wing  sockets;  also, 
specifically,  the  meso-scutellum. 

Dorsum:  the  upper  surface:  in  Coleoptera;  often  confined  to  meso-  and 
meta-thorax :  Odonata;  includes  mesepisterna  and  meso-  and  meta-thoracic 
terga :  Diptcra;  upper  surface  of  thorax,  limited  by  the  dorsopleural 
sutures  laterally,  the  scutellum  posteriorly  and  the  neck  anteriorly :  Lepi- 
doptera;  the  lower  or  inner  margin  of  the  wing. 

Draw-thread:  the  silk-producing  gland. 

Drone:   in  Hymenoptera;  the  male  bee. 

Duct:  a  channel,  tube  or  canal  for  carrying  a  secretion  from  a  gland  to  the 
point  of  discharge. 

Ductus  ejaculatorius:  the  single  duct  or  tube  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
vasa  deferentia  from  each  side,  through  which  the  seminal  fluid  is  ejected 
into  the  vagina. 

Dufour's  gland:  that  gland,  in  Hymenoptera,  that  secretes  the  alkaline  por- 
tion of  the  poison  carried  by  the  sting. 

Duodenum:  the  chylific  ventricle;  also  applied  to  the  first  section  of  the 
digestive  tract  just  behind  entrance  of  malpighian  tubules. 

Dupion:  a  cocoon  spun  by  two  silk- worms  together;  also  the  coarse  silk 
from  such  a  cocoon. 

Duplicate -us:  double. 

Duplicate-pectinate:  having  the  branches  of  a  bipectinated  antenna  alter- 
nately long  and  short. 

Duplo:   double,  or  twice. 

Durus:   hard. 

Dusky:  somewhat  darkened;  pale  fuscous. 


E:  as  prefix,  is  privative  and  means  without. 

Ears:  organs  of  hearing,  as  on  the  first  tibiae  or  on  the  first  abdominal  seg- 
ment of  some  Orthoptera. 

Ebonine:  black  like  ebony. 

Eburneous:  ivory  white. 

Ecalcaratus:   without  a  spur. 

Ecaudate:  without  tails  or  tail-like  processes:  usually  applied  to  wings: 
=  excaudate. 

Ecdysis:  the  process  of  casting  the  skin;  moulting. 

Echinate:  set  with  prickles. 

Ecology:  the  science  of  the  relation  of  organisms  to  each  other  and  to  their 
surroundings  :  =  ethology. 

Ectad:  extending  outwardly  from  within. 

Ectal:  belonging  or  relating  to  the  outer  surface. 

Ectoblast:  the  outer  wall  of  a  cell;  the  ectoderm  or  epiblast. 


42  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Ectoderm:  the  outer  layer  of  skin:  the  outer  layer  of  the  blastoderm,  giving 
rise  to  the  nervous  system  and  to  epithelial  structures  of  the  body  surface. 

Ectognathus:  see  ectotrophous. 

Ectoskeletal:  referring  to  the  outside  or  exoskeleton. 

Ectotrachea:  the  outer  surface  or  layer  of  the  trachea. 

Ectotrophous:  with  mouth  parts  free;  not  buried  in  the  head:  see  ento- 
trophous. 

Edematus:  dull  translucent  white. 

Edentate -ulous:  without  teeth. 

Edentula:  those  having  no  teeth. 

Efferent:  carrying  outward  or  away  from  the  centre. 

Effluvium:  a  foul  or  unpleasant  smell  or  emanation. 

Eflected:   somewhat  angularly  bent  outward. 

Egg:  a  simple  cell,  capable  of  fertilization,  containing  the  germ,  the  food- 
yolk  necessary  for  its  nutriment,  and  a  covering  membrane :  a  single  ovum 
or  cell  from  an  ovary :  the  first  stage  of  the  insect. 

Egg-burster:  a  projecting  point  on  the  head  or  other  part  of  an  embryo, 
used  in  breaking  the  shell  when  hatching. 

Egg-calyx:  the  enlarged  portion  of  the  oviduct  at  the  opening  of  the  ovarian 
tubes,  into  which  the  egg  is  received  before  its  entrance  into  the  vagina. 

Egg-case:  the  case  or  covering  prepared  or  secreted  by  an  insect  to  contain 
or  hold  together  the  egg-mass  as  a  whole :  see  ootheca. 

Egg-guide:  Orthoptera;  two  small  pointed  prolongations  of  the  ventral  por- 
tion of  the  8th  abdominal  segment,  between  upper  and  lower  valves,  used 
in  oviposition. 

Egg-pouch:  see  ootheca. 

Egg-pod:  applied  to  the  egg-mass  of  grasshoppers. 

Egg-tube:  see  ovarian  tube. 

Ejaculatory  duct:  see  ductus  ejaculatorius. 

Elastic:  a  part  which  has  a  degree  of  flexibility  throughout. 

Elate -us:  see  elevatus. 

Elater:  the  spring  or  forked  tail  of  Podurids. 

Eleutherata:  all  forms  with  free,  separated  maxillae;  later,  and  more  spe- 
cifically, the  Coleoptera. 

Elevate -us:  a  part  higher  than  its  surroundings. 

Elinguata:  without  a  tongue:  forms  in  which  the  maxillae  are  connate  with 
the  labium :  see  synista. 

Ellipsoidal:  see  elliptical. 

Elliptical:  oblong-oval,  the  ends  equally  rounded,  together  forming  an  even 
ellipsoid. 

Elongata  -ate :  drawn  out ;  lengthened ;  much  longer  than  wide. 

Elutus:  with  scarcely  distinct  markings. 

Elytra:  the  anterior  leathery  or  chitinous  wings  of  beetles,  serving  as  cover- 
ings to  the  secondaries,  commonly  meeting  in  a  straight  line  down  the 
middle  of  dorsum  in  repose :  also  applied  to  the  tegmina  in  Orthoptera. 

Elytral  ligula:  a  tongue-like  process  on  the  inner  face  of  the  side  margin  of 
elytra,  to  perfect  the  union  with  the  ventral  segments :  e.  g.,  in  Dytiscidce. 

Elytriform:  shaped  or  appearing  like  an  elytron. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  43 

Elytrin:  =  chitin,  q.  v. 

Elytron:  singular  of  elytra;  q.  v. 

Elytroptera:   see  Coleoptera. 

Emandibulata:  that  series  of  insects  in  which  there  are  no  functional  man- 
dibles in  any  stage. 

Emandibulate:  lacking  functional  mandibles;  e.  g.,  butterflies  and  moths, 
and  applied  in  any  stage. 

Emarginate:  notched:  with  an  obtuse,  rounded  or  quadrate  section  cut  from 
a  margin. 

Embolium:  Heteroptera;  the  narrow  sclerite  extending  along  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  hemelytra,  from  base  to  cuneus  or  membrane :  the  lobes  on 
each  side  of  the  prothorax:  the  special  enlargement  at  the  base  of  the 
primaries  which  fits  into  a  cavity  in  which  the  wing  is  moved. 

Embossed:  ornamented  with  raised  figures. 

Embryo:  the  young  animal  before  leaving  the  body  of  the  parent  or  before 
emerging  from  the  egg. 

Embryonic:  found  in,  or  relating  to  the  embryo;  in  an  undeveloped  state  or 
condition. 

Emmet:  an  ant. 

Empodium:  Dipt  era;  the  small  process  between  the  pulvilli :  in  Coleoptera; 
the  bifid  pseudotarsi  between  the  claws :  used  also  as  =  pulvillus ;  and  see 
arolium,  onychium,  palmula,  paronychium,  plantula,  pseudonychium  and 
pulvillus. 

Enarthrosis:  an  articulation  like  a  ball  and  socket  joint. 

Encephalon  -um:  the  brain,  or  that  part  of  the  head  containing  it. 

Encircled:  ringed;  margined  round  about. 

Endemic:  occurring  normally  where  found:  native,  not  introduced. 

Endocardium:  the  inner  lining  membrane  of  the  heart. 

Endochorium:  the  layer  of  the  allantois  that  lines  the  chorium;  the  inner 
layer  of  the  chorium. 

Endocranium:  the  inner  surface  of  the  cranium. 

Endoderm:  the  inner  layer  of  the  blastoderm  in  the  embryo,  giving  origin  to 
the  mid-intestine  and  other  visceral  organs  :  see  entoderm. 

Endolabium:  the  inner  or  mouth  surface  of  the  labium:  the  hypopharynx 
when  that  is  well  developed. 

Endomesoderm:  the  inner  layer  formed  by  an  invagination  of  the  middle 
portion  of  the  primitive  band  of  the  embryo,  and  from  which  the  endo- 
derm  and  mesoderm  are  subsequently  differentiated. 

Endophytic:  living  within  plant  or  tree  tissue,  as  borers  or  miners. 

Endoskeletal:  relating  or  referring  to  the  endoskeleton. 

Endoskeleton:  applied  to  those  chitinous  processes  extending  inward  into  the 
body  cavity  from  the  body  wall  and  serving  as  attachments  for  muscles. 

Endosternite:  that  part  of  the  apodeme  arising  from  the  intersternal  mem- 
brane. 

Endothorax:  the  internal  framework  or  processes  of  the  thorax. 

Endotoky:  is  applied  to  that  form  of  reproduction  where  the  eggs  are  de- 
veloped within  the  body  of  the  mother ;  see  exotoky. 

4 


44  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Endotrachea:  the  inner  surface  or  lining  of  the  trachea:  see  intima. 

Enervis:  applied  to  wings  without  veins  of  any  kind. 

Engraved:  see  exsculptus. 

Ensiform:  sword-shaped:  two-edged,  large  at  base  and  tapering  to  the  point: 
see  anceps. 

Entad:  extending  inwardly  from  without. 

Ental:  referring  to  the  centre  of  the  body  cavity. 

Enteric:  relating  to  the  digestive  canal  or  enteron. 

Enteron:  the  digestive  canal  as  a  whole;  a  general  term. 

Entire :  with  an  even  unbroken  margin :  said  of  wings  when  they  are  not 
divided  or  cut  into. 

Entoderm:  the  innermost  germ  layer  of  the  embryo,  from  which  are  derived 
the  epithelium  of  the  alimentary  canal  and  accessory  structures  :  =  endo- 
derm  and  hypoblast. 

Entognathous:  see  entotrophous. 

Entoloma:  the  inner  margin  of  the  wings. 

Entomogenous:  growing  in  or  on  an  insect:  e.  g.,  fungi. 

Entomography:  the  description  of  an  insect  or  of  its  life  history. 

Entomolin:  —  chitin,  q.  v. 

Entomologist:  one  who  collects  and  studies  insects. 

Entomology:  that  branch  of  Zoology  that  deals  with  insects  and,  specifically, 
the  Hexapods. 

Entomophagous:  feeding  upon  insects:  specifically  applied  to  those  wasps 
that  feed  their  young  with  larvae,  etc. 

Entomophilous:  insect-loving:  applied  to  plants  especially  adapted  for  pol- 
lination by  insects. 

Entomophytous:  referring  to  plants  produced  in  or  on  an  insect:  see  ento- 
mogenous. 

Entomosis:  a  disease  caused  by  a  parasitic  insect. 

Entomotaxy:  the  preservation  and  preparation  of  insects  for  study. 

Entomotomy:  that  science  which  deals  with  internal  structure  of  insects. 

Entomotomist:  a  student  of  insect  structure. 

Entosternum:  the  internal  processes  from  the  sternum. 

Entothorax:  applied  to  the  apodemes  or  processes  extending  inwardly  from 
the  sternal  sclerites :  see  apophysis. 

Entotrophous:  with  the  mouth  parts  buried  in  the  head:  =  entognathous : 
see  ectotrophous. 

Entozoa:  those  animals  that  live  within  the  body  of  others. 

Environment:  the  sum  of  the  influences  surrounding  or  acting  upon  an  or- 
ganism. 

Enzyme:  a  ferment  secreted  by  a  cell  or  a  gland. 

Epalpate:  having  no  palpi. 

Ephebic:  referring  to  the  winged,  adult  stage. 

Ephemerida:  May-flies:  an  ordinal  term  used  for  insects  with  net-veined 
wings,  held  vertically  when  at  rest,  not  folded;  mouth  mandibulate,  not 
functionally  developed;  thorax  loosely  agglutinated;  abdomen  with  anal 
filaments ;  metamorphosis  incomplete. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  45 

Ephemeroptera:  briefly  winged:  =  ephemerida ;  q.  v. 

Epiblast:  the  outer  germ  layer  of  the  embryo. 

Epicranial:  relating  or  pertaining  to  the  epicranium. 

Epicranial  lobe:  in  caterpillars,  the  lateral,  superior  convex  lobe  of  the  head. 

Epicranial  plate:  in  some  larvse  a  plate-like  structure  forming  the  epi- 
cranium. 

Epicranial  suture:  the  line  of  junction  of  the  two  procephalic  lobes. 

Epicranium:  the  upper  part  of  the  head  from  the  front  to  the  neck:  often 
used  to  include  front,  vertex  and  gense :  =  calva. 

Epideme:  see  articulatory  epideme. 

Epiderma-is:  the  cellular  layer  of  the  skin,  underlying  and  secreting  the 
cuticula :  incorrectly  applied  to  the  outer  skin  or  cuticle. 

Epidermata:  abnormal  excrescences  or  outgrowths  from  the  skin. 

Epididymis:  the  convoluted  efferent  ducts,  massed  at  the  posterior  part  of 
the  testes. 

Epigastrium:  the  first  entire  ventral  sclerite  of  the  abdomen. 

Epigenesis:  the  doctrine  of  growth  from  an  undifferentiated  germ,  as  op- 
posed to  preformation,  which  implies  development  from  already  existing 
rudiments. 

Epigenetic:  the  period  after  the  union  of  the  male  and  female  elements,  dur- 
ing which  organs  are  forming. 

Epiglossa:  =  epipharynx;  q.  v. 

Epiglottis:  =  epipharynx  ;  q.  v. 

Epilabrum:  a  sclerite  at  each  side  of  the  labrum:  specifically  applied  in 
myriapods. 

Epilobe:  of  mentum  in  Carabidee,  really  corresponds  to  a  partially  divided 
ligula :  a  lateral  appendage  of  a  bilobed  mentum. 

Epimera-eron:  the  posterior  lateral  thoracic  sclerites;  usually  small,  nar- 
row or  triangular. 

Epiopticon:  the  second  ganglionic  swelling  of  the  optic  tract:  see  opticon. 

Epipharyngeal:  belonging  or  relating  to  the  epipharynx. 

Epipharyngeal  sclerites:  in  bees;  a  pair  of  strap-like  pieces  extending  back- 
ward from  the  two  sides  of  the  base  of  epipharynx :  see  hypopharyngeal 
sclerites. 

Epipharynx:  an  organ,  probably  of  taste,  attached  to  the  inner  surface  of 
the  labrum  and  supposed  to  correspond  to  the  palate  of  higher  animals : 
=  epiglossa  or  epiglottis. 

Epiphysis:  a  lappet-like  process  covering  an  excavation  on  the  fore  tibia  of 
many  Lepidoptera. 

Epipleura:  the  deflexed  or  inflexed  portions  of  the  elytra,  immediately  be- 
neath the  edge :  the  inflexed  portions  of  the  pronotum  are  sometimes  called 
prothoracic  epipleura :  as  generally  used,  the  term  is  incorrectly  applied  to 
the  entire  bent  under  margin  of  the  elytra. 

Epipleural  fold:  the  raised  lower  edge  of  the  epipleura:  see  hypomera. 

Epiploon:  see  caul. 

Epipygium:  the  dorsal  arch  of  the  last  abdominal  segment. 

Episternites:  the  upper  pair  of  corneous  appendages  forming  the  ovipositor 
in  grasshoppers. 


46  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Episternum:  the  anterior  and  larger  lateral  thoracic  sclerite  between  the 
sternum  and  notum. 

Epistoma -is:  the  lower  face  between  the  mouth  and  eyes:  that  sclerite 
immediately  behind  or  above  the  labrum,  whether  it  be  clypeus  or  an  in- 
termediate piece :  in  Diptera,  that  part  of  the  face  between  the  front  and 
the  labrum ;  the  oral  margin  and  an  indefinite  space  immediately  contiguous 
thereto  and  so  —  peristoma :  in  Odonata;  =  clypeus  :  =:hypostoma. 

Epithelium:  the  layer  of  cells  which  covers  a  surface  or  lines  a  cavity. 

Epizoa:  insects  that  infest  the  body  surface  of  animals. 

Epizootic:  living  or  parasitic  on  animals  from  the  outside  or  on  the  surface. 

Epomiae:  the  elevated  margin  of  an  oblique  furrow  in  the  propleurae  for  the 
reception  of  the  front  femora ;  Hymenoptera. 

Epupillate:  an  ocellate  spot  included  by  a  colored  ring,  but  destitute  of  a 
pupil  or  central  spot. 

Equal:  of  the  same  length,  size  or  shape:  the  superfices  when  they  are 
without  inequalities. 

Equitant:  laminated:  folding  one  upon  the  other. 

Erect:  standing  upright;  not  necessarily  perpendicular. 

Erectile:  capable  of  being  erected;  applied  to  an  appendage,  a  hair  or  other 
process,  or  to  any  tissue  which  may  be  distended  and  made  rigid. 

Erecto-patent:  the  wings  of  Hesperids  when  at  rest;  primaries  erect,  second- 
aries horizontal. 

Eremochaetus:  Diptera  in  which  there  is  a  general  absence  of  bristles. 

Ericeticolous:  living  in  poor,  sandy  or  gravelly  places. 

Ergatandrous:  applied  to  ants  with  worker-like  males. 

Ergatogynous:  applied  to  ants  with  worker-like  females. 

Ergatoid:  sexually  capable,  wingless  ants,  resembling  workers. 

Eroded -sus:  gnawed;  a  margin  with  irregular  teeth  and  emarginations. 

Eruca:  broadly  a  larva;  more  specifically  a  caterpillar. 

Eruciform:  like  a  caterpillar  in  form  or  appearance. 

Erucina:  the  caterpillar-like  larvae  of  sawflies  and  the  like. 

Erucivorous:  a  feeder  on  caterpillars;  said  of  parasites. 

Erythraeus:  red;  nearly  arterial  blood-red:  carmine,  a  little  diluted. 

Erythrinus:  deep  brick-red,  tending  to  blood-red  [vermilion  with  a  little 
Indian  red]. 

Escutcheon:  the  scutellum  in  Coleoptera. 

Essential  character:  see  specific  character. 

Ethology:  see  ecology. 

Eucephalous:  with  a  well-developed  head,  bearing  the  normal  appendages: 
applied  to  certain  dipterous  larvae. 

Eucone:  a  compound  eye  in  which  the  individual  ocelli  have  crystalline 
cones :  see  acone. 

Euorthoptera:  the  Orthoptera  excluding  the  Dermaptera. 

Euplexoptera:  with  beautifully  folded  wings:  an  ordinal  term  applied  to  the 
ear-wigs. 

Ecus  or  -eus:  as  a  suffix,  indicates  the  possession  of  the  quality  of  the  stem 
word :  e.  g.,  membraneous,  like  a  membrane  in  texture. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  47 

Eutracheata:  applied  to  articulates  which,  like  the  insects,  have  a  well- 
developed  tracheal  system. 

Evaginate:  extruded  by  eversion;  turned  inside  out  when  extruded. 

Evagination:  an  extrusion  formed  by  eversion  or  turning  inside  out. 

Evanescent:  disappearing;  becoming  gradually  less. 

Eversible:  capable  of  being  turned  inside  out. 

Evident:  easily  seen  or  recognized. 

Ex:  prefix  =  A  and  E  as  privatives :  also  means  from  or  out  of. 

Exarate-us:  sulcated:  sculptured. 

Exarticulate:  without  distinct  joints. 

Exasperate -us:  rough  with  irregular  elevations. 

Excalcarate:  without  spurs. 

Excaudate:  see  ecaudate. 

Excavate:  with  a  depression  that  is  not  the  segment  of  a  circle. 

Excentric:  not  in  the  centre;  revolving  or  arranged  about  a  point  that  is  not 
central. 

Excision:  with  a  deep  cut:  a  notch  or  other  cut-out  part. 

Excrementaceous -titious:  made  up  of  or  resembling  excrement. 

Excrescence:  an  outgrowth  or  elevation;  usually  abnormal. 

Excretion:  the  act  of  getting  rid  of  waste  products:  any  material  or  sub- 
stance produced  by  any  secretory  glands  or  structures  and  which  is  voided 
or  otherwise  sent  out  from  them. 

Excretory:  those  structures  concerned  in  ridding  the  body  of  waste  products. 

Excurrent:  attenuate,  narrowly  prolonged. 

Excurved:  curved  outwards. 

Ex  larva:  from  or  out  of  the  larva:  usually  applied  to  specimens  that  have 
been  bred  from  collected  larvae. 

Exochorion:  that  part  of  the  chorion  derived  from  the  ectoderm:  the  outer 
layer  of  the  chorion. 

Exochorium:  Heteroptera;  a  narrow  marginal  part  of  the  hemelytra. 

Exoderm:  the  outer  skin  or  crust. 

Exoloma:  the  apical  margin  of  the  wings. 

Exophytic:  relating  to  the  outside  of  plant  tissue. 

Exoskeleton:  the  entire  body  wall,  to  the  inner  side  of  which  muscles  are 
attached. 

Exotic :  not  a  native  of  the  place  where  found :  an  introduced  species :  also 
any  species  occurring  in  any  country  outside  of  the  limits  of  the  country 
whose  fauna  is  under  consideration. 

Exotoky:  is  applied  to  that  form  of  reproduction  where  the  eggs  are  devel- 
oped outside  of  the  body  of  the  insect  and  without  care  by  the  mother : 
see  endotoky. 

Ex  ova:  from  or  out  of  the  egg:  applied  to  specimens  that  have  been  bred 
from  the  egg  stage. 

Expanded:  spread  or  flattened  out:  applied  to  Lepidoptera  when  set  for  the 
cabinet. 

Expanse:  the  distance  between  the  apices  or  other  widest  point  of  the  wings 
when  fully  spread. 


48  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Expansio  alarum:  the  wing  stretch:  see  expanse. 

Expiratory:  relating  to  the  act  of  expiration,  when  the  abdomen  is  con- 
tracted and  the  air  contained  in  the  abdominal  tracheae  is  presumably 
forced  out  of  them. 

Explanate:  spread  out  and  flattened;  applied  to  a  margin. 

Explicate:  unfolded;  open;  without  folds  or  plica. 

Exsculptate -tus:  a  surface  with  irregular,  more  or  less  longitudinal  de- 
pressions, as  if  carved. 

Exscutellate:   having  no  scutel. 

Exserted:  protruded;  projecting  beyond  the  body  or  over  a  given  point. 

Exsertion:  a  protrusion:  an  extension  of  a  line  or  other  ornamentation 
beyond  its  ordinary  course. 

Extended:  spread  out:  not  lying  one  upon  the  other. 

Extensa :  extended :  expanded. 

Extension  plate:  a  structure  at  the  base  of  the  pulvillus  whose  function  it 
is  to  extend  it. 

Extension  sole:  the  pad-like  pulvillus  which  may  be  extended  by  the  ex- 
tension plate  through  the  pressure  plate. 

Extensor:  that  which  extends  or  straightens  out;  applied  to  muscles. 

Extenuate:  to  make  or  to  become  weak,  thin  or  slender. 

Exterior:  the  outside. 

Exterior  margin:  the  outer  margin;  sometimes  used  for  costal  margin. 

External:  belonging  to  or  on  the  outside. 

External  area:  Hymenoptera;  the  upper  of  the  three  cells  or  areas  of  the 
metanotum,  between  the  median  and  lateral  longitudinal  carinae :  =  first 
lateral  basal  area. 

External  median  area:  Hymenoptera;  the  median  of  the  three  cells  or  areas 
between  the  median  and  lateral  longitudinal  carinaa :  =  second  lateral  area. 

Externomedial  vein:  in  Hymenoptera  (Norton)  =  radius  (Comst.)  ;  in 
Orthoptera;  =  media  (Comst.). 

Externo-median  nerve:  the  humeral  and  discoidal  veins  together. 

Extra-ocular:  remote  from  or  beyond  the  eyes. 

Extremity:  the  point  most  remote  from  base. 

Extrorse  -urn:  toward  the  outside. 

Extrude:  to  turn  or  force  out. 

Exude:  to  ooze  or  flow  slowly  through  minute  openings. 

Exuvia-iae-ium:  the  cast  skin  of  a  larval  insect:  in  Diaspince  the  larval 
skin  when  cast  and  incorporated  in  the  scale. 

Exuviate:  to  cast  the  skin;  to  moult. 

Exuviation:  the  act  of  molting:  the  cast-off  skin  or  exuvium. 

Eyes:  the  organs  of  sight,  composed  of  numerous  facets,  situated,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  head :  the  term  is  properly  applied  to  compound  eyes  only ; 
but  is  sometimes  used  to  designate  also  the  simple  eyes  or  ocelli. 


Face  or  Facies:  the  upper  or  outer  surface  of  any  part  or  appendage:  the 
front  of  the  head  between  the  compound  eyes  above  the  mouth  to  the 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  49 

vertex ;  usually  applied  to  insects  in  which  the  head  is  vertical :  in  bees 
extends  between  the  eyes  to  the  base  of  the  antennae ;  in  the  Hymenoptera 
generally  the  area  between  antennae  and  clypeus  :  in  flies  the  area  between 
base  of  antennae,  the  oral  margin,  eyes  and  cheeks. 

Facet:  a  small  face  or  surface:  one  of  the  parts,  areas  or  lens-like  divisions 
of  the  compound  eye. 

Facial  angle:  the  angle  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  face  and  vertex. 

Facial  bristles:  Dipt  era;  a  series  on  either  side  of  the  middle  portion  of  the 
face,  above  the  vibrissae,  along  the  facialia. 

Facial  carinae:  applied  to  both  the  carinse  of  the  frontal  costa  and  the  ac- 
cessory (lateral)  carinae  of  the  face;  but  usually  restricted  to  the  accessory 
carinae,  in  Orthoptefa. 

Facial  depression:  =  antennal  fovea,  q.  v. 

Facialium -ia:  Dipt  era;  that  portion  of  the  face  between  the  lower  part  of 
the  frontal  fissure  and  the  antennal  foveae. 

Facial  quadrangle:  in  bees,  the  quadrangle  bounded  laterally  by  the  eyes, 
above  by  a  line  between  their  summits  and  below  by  a  similar  line  between 
their  lowest  points. 

Facial  ridges:  Dipt  era;  the  elevated  lateral  borders  of  antennal  grooves. 

Facial  tubercle:  Diptcra;  a  median  convexity  below  middle  of  face. 

Facies:  the  face:  the  general  appearance  or  impression. 

Falcate:  sickle-shaped;  convexly  curved:  a  wing  when  deeply  excavated  be- 
low the  apex  so  as  to  leave  the  latter  acute  and  a  little  curved. 

Falciform:  curved  like  a  sickle. 

False  legs:  =  spurious  legs;  =  prolegs ;  q.  v. 

Family:  a  division  of  classification  including  a  number  of  genera  agreeing 
in  one  or  a  set  of  characters  and  so  closely  related  that  they  are  apparently 
descended  from  one  stem :  opinionative  and  indicated  by  the  termination 
idee. 

Farctus:  fully  filled. 

Farinaceous:  mealy:  applied  to  powdery  looking  wings  and  surfaces. 

Farinose :  dotted  with  many  single,  flour-like  spots :  mealy. 

Fascia:  a  transverse  band  or  broad  line;  it  is  common  when  it  crosses  both 
wings  or  wing  covers. 

Fasciate:  banded  transversely. 

Fascicle -ulus:  a  bundle  of  .hair,  threads  or  fibres. 

Fasciculate:  bundled;  clustered  as  in  a  bundle;  tufted:  a  surface  when 
covered  with  bundles  of  long  hair. 

Fastigiate:  flat-topped  and  of  equal  height:  also  applied  to  elytra  that  extend 
a  little  beyond  the  abdomen. 

Fastigium:  Orthoptera;  the  extreme  point  or  front  of  vertex. 

Fat-body:  is  the  mass  of  oil  or  fat  cells  found,  especially  in  larvae,  sur- 
rounding the  alimentary  canal  and  some  other  internal  organs. 

Fatiscent:  with  cracks,  crevices  or  openings. 

Fauna:  the  assemblage  of  animals  inhabiting  a  region  or  country. 

Favose:  with  large  deep  holes,  like  the  cells  of  a  honeycomb. 

Favus:  a  cell  like  that  of  a  honeycomb. 

Fecula:  the  excrement  of  insects. 


50  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Fecundation:  the  making  fertile;  as  an  egg  by  a  spermatozoon. 

Feeler:  commonly  applied  to  antennae;  q.  v. 

Feelers:  tactile  organs:  the  term  is  usually  applied  to  the  antennae  but  some- 
times to  the  palpi,  as  mouth- feelers. 

Feet:  the  legs  or  organs  of  locomotion;  one  pair  attached  to  each  thoracic 
segment ;  composed  of  coxa,  trochanter,  femur,  tibia  and  tarsus  only ; 
plural  of  foot ;  q.  v. 

Female:  designated  by  "  ?,"  the  astronomical  sign  for  Venus:  that  sex  in 
which  the  ova  are  developed. 

Femina:  the  female,  or  belonging  to  that  sex. 

Femorate-us:  with  abnormal  or  unusually  developed  femora  or  thighs. 

Femoro-tibial:  pertaining  to  both  femur  and  tibia  or  to  the  articulation  be- 
tween them. 

Femur -ora:  the  thigh:  usually  the  stoutest  segment  of  the  leg,  articulated 
to  the  body  through  trochanter  and  coxa  and  bearing  the  tibia  at  its  distal 
end :  in  Coccidce  and  quite  commonly,  the  femur  and  trochanter  are  con- 
sidered as  one,  for  measuring  purposes. 

Fenestra:  a  window;  a  transparent  glassy  spot  or  mark;  a  pellucid  mark  in 
a  vein :  a  small,  pale,  membranous  area  at  the  base  of  the  antennae  in 
roaches. 

Fenestrate:  with  transparent  or  window-like  naked  spots  as  in  the  wings  of 
some  Lepidoptera. 

Fenestrate  membrane:  of  the  compound  eye  is  at  the  base  of  the  ommatidia, 
at  their  junction  with  the  optic  nerve :  see  retina. 

Ferreous -eus:  the  metallic  gray  of  polished  iron. 

Ferrugineous-ous, -eus, -osus:  rusty  red-brown  [Dragon's  blood,  but 
brighter]. 

Ferrugino-testaceous:  a  rusty  yellow-brown;  a  mixture  of  rusty  red  with 
dull  yellow-brown. 

Fertilization:  takes  place  when  a  spermatozoon  enters  through  the  micro- 
pyle  of  an  ovum  and  unites  with  the  cell  nucleus :  loosely  applied  like 
copulation  or  to  its  completion. 

Festivus:  variegated  with  bright  colors. 

Festooned:  arranged  in  loops  as  if  hung  from  nails. 

Fibre:  a  thread-like  structure  of  any  tissue. 

Fibrilla:  rod  or  sliver-like  nerve  elements,  often  grouped  like  a  bundle  of 
short  threads. 

Fibrin:  a  proteid  compound  making  up  a  large  part  of  the  muscular  tissue; 
also  found  in  blood  and  other  body  liquids. 

Fibrinogen:  a  proteid  substance  of  the  blood  and  other  body  fluids,  con- 
cerned in  the  production  of  fibrin. 

Fibroin:  a  chemical  compound  found  in  silk,  cobwebs  and  the  like. 

Fifth  longitudinal  vein:  Diptcra  (Will.)  ;  =  media  3  (Comst.). 

Filament:  a  thread:  a  long  slender  process  of  equal  diameter  throughout: 
an  elongated  appendage. 

Filariasis:  a  disease  caused  by  the  presence  of  minute  worms  or  Filaria, 
transmitted  by  mosquitoes. 

Filate:  Diptera;  antennae  that  are  simple,  without  lateral  hair  or  dilation: 
thread-like. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  51 

Filator:  the  silk  spinning  structure  of  caterpillars. 

File:    the  diagonal   ridged   vein  near  the  base  of   the  tegmina   in  crickets, 

used  in  stridulating :  in  general  any  structure  wherever  situated  that  serves 

the  same  purpose. 
Filicornia:    insects    with    thread-like    antennas;    e.    g.,    in    Colcoptcra,    the 

Carabida. 

Filiform:  thread-like:  slender  and  of  equal  diameter. 
Filippi's  glands:  a  pair  of  secondary  glands,  opening  into  the  silk  glands  of 

caterpillars  near  their  anterior  end. 

Fillet:  a  transverse,  raised  structure  between  the  antennae  in  Lepidoptera. 
Filose:  ending  in  a  thread-like  process. 

Fimbria:  thick,  ciliated  hair  at  the  termination  of  any  part:  fringes. 
Fimbriate:  a  margin  or  process  when  set  with  a  fringe  of  hair  closely  placed. 
Finger:  of  maxilla,  is  the  digitus,  q.  v. 
First  clypeus:  see  post  clypeus. 
First  inner  apical  nervure:   in  Hymenoptera   (Nort.)  ;   is  cubitus   1,   from 

media  4,  to  first  anal  (Comst.). 

First  lateral  suture:  Odonata;  starts  from  beneath  base  of  front  wing  be- 
hind humeral  suture  and  meets  it  behind  second  coxa. 
First  longitudinal  vein:  in  Dipt  era;  =  radius  1   (Comst.). 
First  submarginal  cross-nervure:  Hymenoptera;  part  of  the  media  and  the 

radio-medial  cross-vein   (Comst.). 
Fissate:  divided  or  split:  with  fissures  or  cracks. 
Fissile -is:   cleft  or  divided;  as  the  wings  in  plume-moths:  also  used  for 

lamellate. 
Fissiparous:  applied  to  that  form  of  asexual  generation  in  which  the  parent 

divides ;  each  part  becoming  a  new  individual. 
Fissure:  a  crevice:  a  narrow  longitudinal  opening:  a  slit. 
Fissus:  cleft:  longitudinally  divided  nearly  to  base. 
Fistula:  a  slender  tube:  specifically  applied  to  the  channel  formed  by  the 

union  of  the  two  parts  of  proboscis  in  Lepidoptera. 
Fistular:  like  a  slender,  cylindrical  tube. 
Flabellate:  with  long  flat  processes  folding  like  a  fan. 
Flabelliform:   fan-shaped. 
Flabellum:  a  fan:  a  leafed  structure:  the  transparent  lobe  at  the  end  of  the 

glossa  in  bees :  also  used  as  =  flagellum ;  q.  v. 
Flabs:  the  lobes  at  the  tip  of  the  dipterous  mouth;  =labella;  q.  v. 
Flaccid:   feeble:  limber:  lax. 
Flagelliform:  whip-like;  applied  to  a  process. 
Flagellum:  that  part  of  the  antenna  beyond  the  pedicel:  a  whip  or  whip-like 

process :  the  tail-like  process  of  a  spermatozoon. 
Flammate -eus:  flaming  or  fiery  red  [vermilion  intensified]. 
Flange:  a  projecting  rim  or  edge. 
Flank:  the  sides  of  the  thorax:  the  pleura. 
Flaring:  widening  out  like  the  mouth  of  a  trumpet. 
Flavescent:  somewhat  yellow. 
Flavid:  yellowed;  sulphur  yellow. 
Flavo-testaceous:   light  yellow-brown;   almost  luteous. 


52  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Flavous-us:  sulphur  yellow  [gamboge]. 

Flavo-virens:  green  verging  upon  yellow  [apple  green  +  chrome  yellow]. 

Flex:  to  bend:  to  curve  back. 

Flexible:  pliable;  with  elastic  properties. 

Flexile -is:  capable  of  being  bent  at  an  angle  without  breaking:  flexible. 

Flexuous -ose:  almost  zig-zag,  without  acute  angles  but  more  acute  at 
angles  than  undulating:  differs  from  sinuate  in  being  alternately  bent  and 
nearly  straight. 

Flexor:  that  which  bends;  applied  to  muscles. 

Flocculus -i:  a  hairy  or  bristly  appendage  on  the  posterior  coxa  of  some 
Hymenoptera. 

Floccus:  a  tuft  of  wool  or  wool-like  hair. 

Flosculiferous:  species  that  bear  a  flosculus. 

Flosculus:  a  small,  tubular,  lunulate  anal  organ  with  a  central  style,  in  cer- 
tain Fulgorids. 

Fluviatile:  inhabiting  the  margins  of  running  streams. 

Fly-blows:  eggs  or  young  maggots  of  flesh  flies:  meat  is  fly-blown  when 
such  eggs  or  larvae  have  been  deposited  on  it. 

Flying-hairs:  very  long  slender  surface  hairs  set  in  punctures. 

Foetid  glands:  glandular  structures  from  which  a  foul  smelling  liquid  may 
be  ejected. 

Foliaceous:  leaf -like,  or  resembling  a  leaf. 

Policies:  leaf -like  processes  from  a  margin  or  protuberance. 

Follicle:  =  cocoon,  q.  v. :  a  cellular  sac  or  tube,  as  of  a  gland  or  ovary. 

Folliculate:  enclosed  in  a  case,  cocoon  or  follicle. 

Food  reservoir:  Lepidoptera;  a  blind  sac  or  diverticulum  from  the  hind  part 
of  oesophagus  lying  in  abdomen  dorsal  to  the  stomach. 

Foot:  the  tarsus,  q.  v. ;  improperly  used  to  =  leg;  but  in  the  plural  form 
refers  to  legs  rather  than  tarsi :  see  feet. 

Foot-shield:  in  caterpillars,  the  chitinous  plate  on  outer  side  of  abdominal 
feet. 

Foot-stalk:  of  the  maxilla,  is  the  stipes. 

Foramen:  an  opening  in  the  body  wall  for  the  passage  of  a  vessel  or  nerve: 
any  opening  at  an  apex :  the  opening  of  a  cocoon. 

Foramen  magnum:  the  opening  on  the  posterior  surface  of  the  head  to  give 
passage  to  those  structures  that  extend  from  head  to  thorax :  =  occipital 
foramen. 

Foramina:  small  openings  in  the  body  wall:  in  Orthoptera;  the  auditory 
organs  on  the  anterior  tibiae. 

Forceps:  hook  or  pincer-like  processes  terminating  the  abdomen,  like  special- 
ized appendages  of  ear-wigs :  similar  processes  in  the  male,  used  as  clasp- 
ing organs  in  copulation. 

Forcipate:  bearing  forceps  or  similar  structures. 

Forcipiform:  having  the  form  of  forceps  or  pincers. 

Fore:  anterior. 

Foregut:  extends  from  the  mouth  to  the  end  of  gizzard;  its  epithelium 
being  formed  from  the  ectodermal  invagination  known  as  the  stomodaeum. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  53 

Forehead:  in  Mallophaga,  the  head  in  front  of  the  mandibles  and  antennae. 

Fore-intestine:  =  f oregut,  q.  v. 

Forficate:  =  forcipate,  q.  v. 

Forks:  Trichoptera;  forks  of  veins  in  apical  part  of  wing,  numbered  1,  2, 
3,  etc. 

Form:  applied  to  representatives  of  a  species  which  differ  from  the  normal 
or  type  in  some  uniform  character ;  it  is  seasonal  if  it  occurs  at  a  period 
different  from  the  type ;  dimorphic  if  there  is  an  alternation  of  generations 
or  two  color  patterns  occur ;  or  sexual  if  the  members  of  one  sex  differ 
uniformly  from  those  of  the  other. 

Formic:  of,  pertaining  to  or  derived  from  ants. 

Formicary:  an  ant's  nest  or  ant-hill. 

Fornicate:  arched  or  vaulted:  concave  within,  convex  without. 

Fossa -se:  =fossula;  q.  v. 

Fossoria:  burrowers :  in  Orthoptera,  the  mole  crickets  and  allies;  in  Hy- 
menoptera,  the  digging  wasps. 

Fossorial:   formed  for  or  with  the  habit  of  digging  or  burrowing. 

Fossula-ae:  a  deep  groove  or  sinus  with  sharp  edges:  specifically  applied  to 
grooves  on  the  head  or  sides  of  prothorax  in  which  the  antennae  are  con- 
cealed. 

Fossulate:  a  surface  with  oblong  impressions. 

Fossulet:  an  elongated,  shallow  groove. 

Fourth  longitudinal  vein:  Diptcra  (Will.),  =  media  2  (Comst.). 

Fovea,  Foveola-ae:  a  shallow  depression  with  well-marked  sides:  a  pit. 

Foveate:  with  foveaa  or  pit-like  depressions. 

Foveolate:  with  shallow  cavities  like  a  honey-comb. 

Fractus:  broken:  also  applied  to  a  geniculate  antenna. 

Fragile:  easily  breakable:  thin  and  brittle. 

Frass:  the  excrement;  usually  the  excreted  pellets  of  caterpillars. 

Free:  unrestricted  in  movement:  not  firmly  joined  with  or  united  to  any 
other  part :  said  of  pupse  when  all  the  parts  and  appendages  are  separately 
encased  as  in  Coleoptcra. 

Frenatae:  that  series  of  Lepidoptera  in  which  a  more  or  less  well-marked 
frenulum  occurs. 

Frenate:  having  a  frenulum. 

Frenulum:  the  spine,  simple  in  males,  compound  in  females,  arising  from  the 
base  of  secondaries  in  many  Lepidoptera,  whose  function  it  is  to  unite  the 
wings  in  flight :  in  Cicada  the  triangular  lateral  piece  on  the  mesonotum 
which  connects  with  the  trochlea :  the  anal  area  of  secondaries  and  thus 
=  tendo,  q.  v. 

Frenulum  hook:  in  the  males  of  frenate  Lepidoptera,  a  hook  or  fold  into 
which  the  frenulum  is  fitted. 

Frenum:  that  which  holds  things  together:  a  lunate  or  triangular  portion 
at  the  inner  and  hinder  base  of  the  wing  in  Odonata  and  Trichoptera: 
see  tendo. 

Fringe -es:  an  edging  of  hair,  scales  or  other  processes  extending  well 
beyond  the  margin  and  usually  of  even  length:  in  Lepidoptera,  fringes 


54  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

occur  on  the  outer  margins  of  all  wings  and  consist  of   scales  or  hair 

projecting  beyond  the  wing  membrane. 
Frog:  the  articular  pan;  q.  v. 
Frons:  =  front;  q.  v. 
Front:   the  anterior  portion  of  head  between  base  of  antennae  and  below 

ocelli :  in  Homoptera,  the  vertical  median  area  of  face. 
Frontal:  referring  to  the  front  of  head  or  anterior  aspect  of  any  part. 
Frontal  costa:  Orthop'tera;  a  prominent  vertical  ridge  of  head  which  may  be 

median  or  lateral :  see  median  carina  and  lateral  carina. 
Frontal  fastigium:  in  Orthoptera,  that  process  of  the  face  extending  dorsad 

between  the  antenna?  and  meeting  or  nearly  meeting  the  fastigium  of  the 

vertex  in  Tettigidce. 
Frontal  fissure:    Diptera;  the  impressed  line  extending   from  the   frontal 

lunule  to  the  border  of  the  mouth. 
Frontal  lobes:  in  Psyllida,  two  lobes  or  swellings  more  or  less  completely 

divided  by  a  suture  in  which  an  ocellus  is  situated. 

Frontal  lunule:  Diptera;  an  oval  or  crescentic  space  above  the  base  of  an- 
tennae in  Cydorrhapha,  bounded  by  the  frontal  suture. 
Frontal  processes:  Diptera;  =  antennal  process,  q.  v. 
Frontal  ridge:  in  Coleoptera;  a  sharp  ridge  on  the  dorsal  margin  of  the  eye, 

extending  forward. 

Frontal  stripe:  Diptera;  the  middle  of  the  front  when  membranous  or  dis- 
.  colored:  =  vitta  frontalis. 
Frontal  suture:  Diptera;  separates  the  frontal  lunule  from  that  part  of  the 

head  above  it:  in  Coleoptera;  =  clypeal  suture. 
Frontal  tubercles:  in  certain  Aphids,  are  raised  structures  upon  which  the 

antennae  are  placed. 
Frontal  triangle:  Diptera;  the  triangular  space  in  males,  between  the  eyes 

below,  limited  by  a  line  drawn  through  base  of  antennae. 
Frontal  vesicle:  in  Odonata;  that  elevated  area  on  the  vertex  upon  which 

the  ocelli  are  situated. 
Fronto-orbital  bristles:  in  Diptera;  are  placed  on  each  side  of  the  front, 

just  below  the  vertical  bristles. 
Fugitive:  soon  disappearing;  not  permanent. 

Fulcrant:  the  trochanter  when  continued  along  the  femur,  as  in  Carabids. 
Fulcrum:    the   chitinous   envelope   at   the   base   of    mouth    in   Diptera  and 

Hymenoptera,  covering  the  beginning  of  the  oesophagus :   any   structure 

that  serves  as  a  support  to  another. 
Fulgidus:  shining. 

Fuliginous  -osus:  sooty  or  smoky  brown  [Van  Dyke  brown  +  a  little  black]. 
Fulvo-eeneous:  brazen,  with  a  touch  of  brownish  yellow  [brown  pink]. 
Fulvous -us:   tawny;   light  brown  with  much  yellow;  nearly  orange   [pale 

cadmium  yellow  +  Indian  red]. 
Fumate-us:  smoky  gray  [gray]. 
Fumose:  smoky. 

Function:   the  work  or  duty  which  a  given  part  or  organ  normally  per- 
forms. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  55 

Fungicolous:  living  in  or  on  fungi. 

Funicle:  the  joints  between  the  scape  and  club  in  geniculate  antennae:  a 
small  cord :  a  slender  stalk. 

Funiculate:  whip-like:  long,  slender,  composed  of  many  flexible  joints. 

Funicule:  a  small,  cord-like  structure;  especially  when  sheathed. 

Funiculus:  the  main  tendon  of  abdomen:  in  Hymenoptera  a  slender  ligament 
connecting  the  propodeum  to  petiole  on  its  dorsal  aspect. 

Furca:  a  fork:  the  anal  appendage  used  for  leaping  in  Thysanura:  see 
furcula:  the  forked  ental  processes  of  the  sternum. 

Furcal  orifice:  see  sternal  orifice. 

Furcate:  forked;  divided  into  approximately  equal  divisions. 

Furcula:  a  forked  process:  an  osmaterium:  in  Collembola  the  spring  or  sal- 
tatory appendage  borne  by  the  fourth  abdominal  segment :  in  Orthoptera 
a  pair  of  backwardly  directed  appendages  which  overlie  in  a  more  or  less 
forked  position  the  base  of  the  supra-anal  plate. 

Furred:  covered  with  dense  hair  resembling  fur. 

Fuscescent:  becoming  brown;  with  a  brown  shading. 

Fusco-ferruginous:  brownish  rust  red. 

Fusco-piceous:  pitch  black  with  a  brown  tinge  or  admixture. 

Fusco-rufous:  red-brown,  approaching  liver  brown. 

Fusco-testaceous:  dull  reddish  brown   [brown  ocher]. 

Fuscous -us:  dark  brown,  approaching  black;  a  plain  mixture  of  black  and 
red  [crimson  lake  +  black]. 

Fused :  run  together :  applied  when  two  normally  separated  markings  become 
confluent  and  have  a  common  outline. 

Fusiform:  spindle-shaped:  tapering  gradually  to  each  end. 

Fusulus:  =  spinneret ;  q.  v. 


Galea:  the  outer  lobe  of  the  maxilla,  usually  two-jointed,  often  hood-like, 
subject  to  great  modifications  in  Hymenoptera  and  Diptera,  and  forms  the 
coiled  tongue  in  Lepidoptcra. 

Galeotheca:  that  part  of  the  pupal  case  that  covers  the  galea. 

Gall:  an  abnormal  swelling  or  excrescence  on  a  plant,  produced  by  an  insect: 
=  cecidium. 

Gallicolous:  dwellers  in  galls,  whether  as  producers  or  inquilines. 

Gallivorous:  feeding  upon  galls  or  gall  tissue. 

Gamogenesis:  reproduction  through  fertilization:  see  agamogenesis. 

Ganglion -ia:  a  nerve  centre  composed  of  a  cell  mass  and  fibres:  the  white 
disc-like  bodies  connected  by  a  double  cord,  lying  above  the  ventral  surface 
within  the  body  and  forming  the  centre  of  the  nervous  system. 

Gasterotheca:  that  part  of  the  pupa  case  that  covers  the  abdomen. 

Gastric:  of  or  belonging  to  the  belly  or  to  the  stomach. 

Gastric  caeca:  =  caecum;  q.  v. 

Gastro-coeli:  a  pair  of  usually  transverse  lateral  pits  near  the  base  of  the 
second  abdominal  tergite  in  some  Hymcnoplera. 

Gastro-ileal  folds:  occur  in  some  insects  at  the  junction  of  the  chylific  ven- 
tricle with  the  ileum  and  serve  as  a  valve. 


56  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Gastrula:  that  embryonic  stage  resembling  a  sac,  with  an  outer  layer  of  epi- 
blastic  cells  and  an  inner  layer  of  hypoblastic  cells. 

Gastrulation:  the  process  of  forming  a  gastrula. 

Gathering  hairs:  the  soft,  flattened,  often  hooked  hairs  on  the  tongue  of 
bees  and  other  Hymenoptera;  —  hooked  hairs. 

Gelatinous:  of  a  jelly-like  texture  or  consistency:  viscid. 

Geminate:  arranged  in  pairs  composed  of  two  similar  parts:  doubled. 

Gemmate -us :  marked  with  metallic  or  bright  colored  spots. 

Gemmiparous:  applied  to  that  form  of  asexual  reproduction  where  new  indi- 
viduals arise  as  buds  from  the  germ  body  of  the  parent. 

Gena-se:  the  cheeks;  includes  that  portion  of  the  head  on  each  side  below 
the  eyes,  and  extends  to  the  gular  suture :  in  Odonata  the  area  between  the 
eyes  and  clypeus  and  mouth  parts :  in  Diptcra  the  space  between  the  lower 
border  of  the  eye  and  oral  margin,  merging  into  face  at  front  and  limited 
by  the  occipital  margin  behind. 

Genal  bristles:  Diptera;  are  on  the  cheeks  near  lower  corner  of  eye. 

Generalized:  primitive:  containing  in  combination  characters  that  are  sepa- 
rated and  specialized  in  other  forms. 

Generation:  used  as  the  equivalent  of  brood;  q.  v. 

Genicular  arc:  Orthoptera;  a  curved  dark  marking  on  the  posterior  knee- 
joint. 

Geniculate:  knee  jointed:  abruptly  bent  in  an  obtuse  angle. 

Geniculum:  a  little  knee  or  bend. 

Genital  armature:  all  the  processes  concerned  in  copulation. 

Genital  hamule :  a  little  hook  or  plate  covering  the  anal  cavity  of  the  male  : 
the  supra-anal  or  genital  hook :  in  Lepidoptera,  the  uncus :  in  Odonata, 
in  the  plural,  one  or  two  pairs  of  lateral  processes  of  the  male  genitalia  on 
the  ventral  surface  of  the  second  abdominal  segment. 

Genital  hook:  =  genital  hamule. 

Genitalia:  the  external  organs  of  generation  with  all  appendages. 

Genital  lobes:  in  Odonata,  a  pair  of  backward  and  downwardly  directed 
processes  from  the  2d  abdominal  segment,  between  which  the  vesicle  of 
the  penis  lies. 

Genital  papilla:  in  some  Smynthurids,  a  tubercular  elevation  upon  which  the 
genital  aperture  opens. 

Genital  spike:  the  sheath  of  penis  which,  in  male  Diaspince,  takes  the  form 
of  a  long  mucronate  spike. 

Genital  tuft:  in  Lepidoptera;  an  expansible  tuft  of  fine  hair  believed  to  be 
scent-producing. 

Genital  valve:  Odonata;  a  chitinous  piece  on  each  side  of  the  ovipositor, 
derived  from  the  sternum  of  abdominal  segment  9 :  probably  —  outer  pair 
of  gonapophyses. 

Genoholotype:  the  species  on  which  a  genus  is  founded,  whether  unique  or 
one  of  a  series,  specifically  named  as  generic  type  by  the  author. 

Genolectotype:  the  one  species  of  a  series  selected  as  the  type  of  the  genus 
in  which  the  describer  of  the  genus  placed  it,  subsequent  to  the  description. 

Genosyntype:  one  of  a  series  of  species  upon  which  a  genus  is  founded,  no 
one  species  being  mentioned  as  type. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  57 

Genu:  knee;  the  joint  between  femur  and  tibia. 

Genus:  an  assemblage  of  species  agreeing  in  some  one  character  or  series  of 
characters ;  usually  considered  as  arbitrary  and  opinionative,  though  some 
consider  it  a  natural  assemblage. 

Geometrid:  larvae  which,  when  walking,  alternately  elevate  and  straighten 
the  middle  of  their  body:  opposed  to  rectigrade;  q.  v. 

Geodephagous:  =  adephagous ;  q.  v. 

Geodromica:  terrestrial  Hctcroptcra  in  which  the  antennae  are  not  concealed. 

Geophilous:  living  on  the  ground:  species  that  live  on  the  surface  or  come 
freely  into  contact  with  it. 

Germarium:  an  ovary:  that  portion  of  an  ovarian  tube  containing  the  cell 
elements. 

Germ-ball:  reproductive  cells  in  larvae  from  which,  exceptionally,  young  may 
develop  as  buds. 

Germ-band  or  Germinal  band:  that  portion  of  a  young  embryo  which  is  to 
become  the  future  insect,  when  it  is  in  the  form  of  a  band  or  strap  and 
may  or  may  not  show  the  division  into  the  future  segments. 

Gerontogeic:  belonging  to  the  old  world:  see  neogeic. 

Gibba:  a  rounded  protuberance  or  prominence. 

Gibbous:  hump-backed;  protuberant:  said  of  a  macula  when  it  resembles  a 
moon  more  than  half  full. 

Gibbus:  when  the  whole  surface  forms  a  hump  or  obtuse  cone. 

Gills:  respiratory  structures  which  function  in  water;  distinguished  as  true 
or  blood  gills  where  contained  blood  conveys  the  absorbed  oxygen  from 
the  gill  to  the  tissues,  and  as  tracheal  gills  when  this  conveyance  is  by 
contained  tracheae. 

Gilvus:  =  flavus  ;  q.  v. 

Ginglymus:  a  hinge  joint  that  permits  flexion  in  one  plane. 

Gizzard:  a  pouch-like  structure  between  the  crop  and  chylific  ventricle  fur- 
nished with  chitinous  teeth  or  plates,  in  which  the  food  is  prepared  for  the 
digestive  juices  by  grinding  or  merely  sifting  =  cardia. 

Glaber  -rous  smooth ;  free  from  all  vestiture. 

Gland:  a  cellular  sac  which  separates  or  secretes  from  the  blood  specific 
portions  to  produce  characteristic  products — e.  g.,  wax,  saliva,  silk,  etc. 

Gland-bearing  prominence:  in  Diaspina,  a  prominence  on  the  margin,  bear- 
ing a  gland  opening  on  the  dorsal  surface. 

Gland  orifice:  in  Coccida,  the  external  opening  through  which  a  gland  pours 
its  secretions. 

Gland  spines:  in  Coccidce,  spiny  appendages,  each  of  which  is  supplied  with 
a  single  gland  whose  opening  is  at  the  tip. 

Glandular:  having  the  character  or  function  of  a  gland:  used  as  descriptive 
of  specialized  hairs,  spines  or  other  processes. 

Glassy:  transparent;  glass-like  in  appearance. 

Glaucus:  shining  sea-green:  whitish  blue  inclining  to  gray  lavender. 

Globose:   formed  like  a  globe  or  sphere. 

Globulin:  an  albumenoid  protein  compound  formed  in  the  blood  of  insects. 

Glochis:  a  barbed  point. 


58  EXPLANATION  Ol;  TERMS 

Glomerate:   congregated  or  massed  together. 

Glossa:  the  inner  lobe  of  second  maxilla,  corresponding  to  the  lacina  of  first 

maxilla :  loosely  used  as  a  synonym  for  tongue :  especially  applied  to  the 

coiled  structure  of  the  Lepidoptcra:  see  also  ligula. 
Glossarium:  Diptera;  the  labrum-epipharynx ;  q.  v. 
Glossata:  a  Fabrician  term  for  Lepidoptcra. 
Glossate:  furnished  with  a  spiral  tongue. 
Glossotheca:  that  part  of  the  pupa  which  covers  the  tongue. 
Glutinose -ous:  slimy;  viscid. 
Gnathal:  relating  or  pertaining  to  the  jaws. 

Gnathite:  a  jaw  or  jaw-like  appendage;  in  the  plural,  the  mouth  parts. 
Gnathochilarium:  a  plate  formed  by  the  labial  structures. 
Gnathopoda:   the  arthropods:  the  first  pair  of   legs;   especially  applied  in 

crustaceans :  mouth  feet. 
Goffered:  a  surface  with  regular  impressions,  closely  set,  and  separated  by 

narrow  ridges :  reticulated. 
Gonapophyses:  three  pairs  of  processes  in  the  Orthoptera,  one  arising  from 

the  eighth  and  two  from  the  ninth  abdominal  segment  on  the  ventral  sur- 
face.    They  appear  to  =  the  rhabdites  composing  the  ovipositor  of  other 

insects. 
Gonyodon:  a  tooth-like  articulated  process  at  the  apex  of  the  femur  in  some 

Noctuida:. 

Gonytheca:  articulating  surface  of  femur  to  which  the  tibia  is  joined. 
Gorgeret:  the  barbed  sting  of  the  honey  bee. 
Gracile:  slender;  graceful. 
Gradate -im:  one  grade  or  step  at  a  time:  to  arrange  in  a  series:  to  blend 

so  as  to  merge  one  into  the  other — e.  g.,  colors. 

Gradate  veins:  a  transverse  series  of  veins,  each  before  or  beyond  the  next. 
Grammineus:   grass-green   [apple  green]. 
Granose:  like  a  string  of  beads;  moniliform. 
Granulated:  covered  with  small  grains. 
Granule:  a  little  grain  or  grain-like  elevation. 

Granulose:  roughened  with  granules  or  made  up  of  distinct  grains. 
Gregarious:  living  in  societies  or  communities;  but  not  social. 
Grege:  raw  silk,  including  the  gummy  outer  layer,  as  spun  by  a  caterpillar. 
Gres:  the  gummy  layer  surrounding  the  silk  thread  spun  by  a  caterpillar. 
Gressorious  -ial:  with  legs  fitted  for  walking:  in  Lepidoptera;  the  anterior 

legs  aborted,  the  others  fitted  for  walking. 
Griscent:  ashen  gray. 

Griseus:  light  gray;  a  mixture  of  white  and  black  [gray]. 
Group:   a  division  of  classification  used  indefinitely  for  a  series  of  allied 

species,  genera  or  larger  assemblages. 
Grouped  glands:  see  circumgenital  glands. 
Grub:  an  insect  larva:  a  term  loosely  applied,  but  more  specifically  to  larvae 

of  Coleoptera  and  Hymenoptera. 
Guanin:  a  white  amorphous  compound  which  occurs  in  the  transparent  areas 

of  some  wings,  giving  a  milky  tinge,  and  is  also  found  in  the  photogenic 

organs  of  Lampyrida:  an  excretory  substance,  composition  C5H5N5O  (von 

Furth). 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  59 

Guest:  applied  to  those  insects  that  live  in  nests  or  dwelling  places  of  other 

species,  not  necessarily  at  the  expense  of  the  host. 
Gula:    the  throat:   that   sclerite   forming  the  central   portion  of   the  head 

beneath,  extending  from  the  submentum  to  the  posterior  margin,  and  later- 
ally bounded  by  the  genae. 

Gular  peduncle:  in  Colcoptcra  =  submental  peduncle. 
Gular  suture:  the  line  of  division  between  the  gula  or  throat  and  the  gense 

or  cheeks. 

Gulf  strip:  see  semitropical  or  gulf  strip. 
Gullet:  —  oesophagus;  q.  v. 

Gulo-mental:  includes  the  region  covered  by  the  gula  and  mentum. 
Gustatory:  relating  to  the  sense  of  taste. 
Gutta:  a  light  spot  on  a  dark  ground. 
Guttate:  with  light  spots  or  drops  on  a  dark  ground. 
Gymnocerata:  insects  with  freely  movable,  conspicuous  antennae:  see  crypto- 

cerata. 
Gymnogastra:    Hymenoptera;   species   in  which  the  venter  is   visible:   see 

cryptogastra. 

Gymnoptera:  species  with  membranous  wings  not  covered  with  scales. 
Gynandromorphic:   when  an  individual  of  one  sex  exhibits  on  one  lateral 

half  the  organic  characters  of  the  other,  more  or  less  completely. 
Gyri-cerebrales:  lobes  of  the  cesophageal  ganglion  of  the  embryo,  connected 

with  the  primary  lobe :  =  stalked  bodies. 

H 

Habena:  a  fascia  on  the  thorax. 

Habit -us:   the  port  or  aspect:   used  to  express  a  resemblance  in  general 

appearance. 
Habitat;  abbreviated  Hab.:  the  region  or  place  which  an  insect  inhabits  or 

where  it  was  taken. 

Haemoglobin:  the  coloring  matter  of  blood  which  serves  to  carry  oxygen. 
Haemolymph:  the  watery  blood  or  lymph-like  nutritive  fluid  of  the  lower 

invertebrates. 
Hasmoxanthine :  a  dissolved  albuminoid  in  the  insect  blood,  which  has  both 

a  respiratory  and  nutritive   function. 
Hair:  a  slender,  flexible  filament  of  equal  diameter. 
Hairy:  covered  or  clothed  with  hair. 

Halophilous:  species  living  in  salt  marshes,  or  near  the  sea. 
Halterata:   the  Diptera. 
Halteres:   the  poisers  or  balancers:  capitate  movable  filaments  in  Diptera, 

situated  one  on  each  side  of  the  thorax  and  representing  rudimentary  hind 

wings. 

Halteriptera:  the  Diptera. 

Hamate -us:  furnished  with  hooks,  or  bent  like  a  hook. 
Hammock:  the  hammock-like  covering  of  the  caterpillars  of  certain  moths. 
Hamule:  a  little  hook. 


60  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Hamuli:  Odonata;  one  or  two  pairs  of  hooked  processes  projecting  from 
the  ventral  surface  of  the  2d  abdominal  segment  of  the  male;  usually 
termed  genital  hamules :  in  Hymcnoptcra;  minute  hooks  on  the  anterior 
margin  of  secondaries  used  to  unite  them  in  flight  with  the  inner  margin 
of  primaries:  in  tree  crickets,  hook-like  processes  of  the  male  genitalia. 

Hamus:  Lcpidoptera;  a  hook  or  loop  attached  to  the  under  side  of  costal 
margin  of  primaries  near  base,  to  receive  the  frenulum  of  male  moths. 

Harpago -ones:  the  inner  basal  lobes  of  the  clasping  organs  of  <$  culicids : 
also,  more  generally  =  harpes. 

Harpes:  the  lateral  pieces  of  the  male  genitalia  in  Lcpidoptera,  used  as 
clasping  organs  :  also  applied  to  the  corneous  hooks  often  borne  by  these 
lateral  pieces,  which  are  then  termed  valves :  see  clasper :  in  culicids  an 
articulated  process,  sometimes  jointed,  at  the  base  of  inner  side  of  side- 
piece,  below  and  exterior  to  the  harpagones. 

Hastate:  halbert-shaped :  excavated  at  base  and  sides  but  with  spreading 
lobes  or  angles. 

Hastiform:  =  hastate. 

Hatched:  closely  marked  with  numerous  short,  transverse  lines. 

Hatching  spines:  =  egg  burster;  q.  v. 

Haustellate:  formed  for  sucking:  applied  chiefly  to  mouth  structures. 

Haustellum:  a  sucker:  applied  to  that  portion  of  the  mouth  of  a  sucking 
insect  through  which  liquid  food  is  drawn  into  the  gullet. 

Head:  the  first  or  anterior  region  of  the  insect  body,  articulated  at  its  base 
to  the  thorax,  bearing  the  mouth  structures  and  antennae.  It  is  now 
believed  to  be  made  up  of  seven  primitive  segments,  named  in  order:  1, 
the  ocular  or  protocerebral ;  2,  the  antennal  or  deutocerebral ;  3,  second 
antennal  or  tritocerebral ;  4,  mandibular ;  5,  superlingual ;  6,  maxillary ; 
7,  labial  or  2d  maxillary. 

Head  vesicle:  in  Diptcra,  =  ptilinum;  q.  v. 

Heart:  the  dorsal  vessel  or  tubular  structure  divided  into  chambers,  lying 
just  beneath  the  dorsum,  which  serves  to  propel  the  blood  and  controls 
the  circulation. 

Heautotype:  =  autotype;  q.  v. 

Helcodermatus:  a  surface  with  ulcer-like  depressions:  applied  also  to  the 
boring  or  tearing  spines  of  pupae. 

Heliciform:  in  the  form  of  a  spiral  snail  shell:  applied  to  the  cases  of  some 
Trichoptera. 

Helocerous:  with  clavate  antennae. 

Helvolus:  tawny  or  dully  reddish  yellow. 

Helvus:  honey  yellow  [brown  pink  +  chrome  lemon]. 

Hemelytra:  a  modification  of  the  anterior  wings  oi'Heteroptera,  coriaceous 
at  base,  membranous  at  tip,  not  meeting  in  a  straight  line  at  the  middle : 
more  specifically  applied  to  the  corium ;  q.  v. :  also  used  for  the  tegmina 
of  Orthoptera. 

Hemi:  as  a  prefix,  means  half. 

Hemimeroptera:  an  obsolete  term  for  Hemiptera. 

Hemimetabolous:    manifesting    an    incomplete   metamorphosis,    but   with   a 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  61 

marked  difference  between  the  stages :  specifically  the  Ephemerida,  Odo- 

nata  and  Perlida. 
Hemiptera:   half -winged:  an  ordinal  term  applied  to  insects  in  which  the 

mouth  parts  consist  of  four  lancets  inclosed  in  a  jointed  beak  or  rostrum; 

metamorphosis    incomplete :    the    primaries    may   be    of    uniform    texture 

throughout  (Homoptera)  or  may  be  thickened  at  base,  membranous  at  tip 

(Hcteroptcra). 

Hemispheric:  like  the  half  of  a  globe  or  sphere. 
Hepaticolor:   liver-brown   [dragon's  blood]. 
Hepatic  pouches:  applied  to  crecal  pouches;  q.  v. 
Herbivorous:  feeding  upon  plant  tissue:  a  leaf  feeder. 
Heremetabola:  with  slight  or  incomplete  metamorphosis,  but  with  a  resting 

stage  at  the  end  of  the  nymph  life ;  specifically  the  Cicadidce. 
Hermaphrodite:   an  individual  in  which  the  characters  of  both  sexes  are 

combined. 

Hetero:  as  a  prefix,  unequal;  different  from. 
Heterocera:  Lepidoptera  in  which  the  antennae  are  of  any  form  other  than 

clubbed  at  tip :  opposed  to  Rhopalocera. 
Heterochrome:  of  different  color:  applied  to  species  in  which  there  are  two 

color  forms  of  one  sex,  one  of  which  is  like  (homoeochrome),  the  opposite 

sex,  as  in  certain  Odonata  and  Lepidoptera. 

Heterochrony:  an  irregular  development  in  point  of  time,  a  later  stage  be- 
coming evident  before  one  that  is  earlier  in  ordinary  course. 
Heterogamy:  applied  to  those  cases  in  which  two  sexual  or  a  sexual  and 

parthenogenetic  generation  alternate. 

Heterogeneous:  a  mixture  of  different  forms;  abnormal. 
Heterogeny:  the  alternation  of  sexual  and  parthenogenetic  generations. 
Heterogyna:  the  ants:  referring  to  the  different  kinds  of  females, — queens 

and  workers, — as  distinguished  from  males. 
Heteromera:  Coleoptera  in  which  the  anterior  and  middle  tarsi  are  5-jointed 

and  the  posterior  are  4- jointed. 

Heteromerous:  having  an  unequal  number  of  tarsal  joints  on  the  feet. 
Heterometabola:    differing   among   themselves   in  metamorphosis ;    but   not 

manifesting  abrupt  stages. 
Heteromorphous:  the  metamorphosis  complete,  in  abrupt  stages,  the  larva 

unlike  the  adult. 
Heteronomous:    if  two  parts,  compared  with  each  other,  are  of  different 

quality :  differing  in  development  or  function. 
Heteropalpi:  palpi  with  a  different  number  of  joints  in  male  and  female,  as 

in  some  Trichoptera. 
Heteroptera:  an  ordinal  term  applied  to  that  series  of  Hemiptera  in  which 

the  anterior  wings  differ  in  texture  from  the  posterior,  and  the  different 

regions  of  primaries  differ  in  texture. 

Heteropterous:  with  wings  of  different  texture  in  different  parts. 
Heterotypical:  a  genus,  described  from  more  than  one  species,  these  differ- 
ing in  structure. 
Hexachaetous:  Diptera  in  which  the  mouth  structures  have  six  piercing  setae. 


62  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Hexanephric:  with  six  kidneys,  or  structures  serving  as  such. 

Hexapoda:   tracheate  arthropods  with  head,  thorax  and  abdomen  distinct, 

and  only  six  legs  in  the  adult  stage:  the  true  insects. 
Hexapodal-ous:  provided  with  six  feet. 
Hians:  gaping. 
Hibernaculum:  a  tent  or  sheath  made  out  of  a  leaf  or  other  material  in 

which  a  larva  hides  or  hibernates. 
Hibernate:  to  pass  the  winter  in  a  dormant  condition. 
Hicks'  bottles:  flask-shaped  pits  or  depressions  in  the  antennae  of  bees  and 

ants ;  supposed  to  be  the  organs  of  hearing. 
Hind  angle:  in  primaries  of  Lepidoptera,  is  that  point  where  inner  and  outer 

margin  meet :  =  anal  angle  of  secondaries. 
Hind-body:  the  abdomen. 
Hind-gut:  the  intestinal  canal  from  the  end. of  chylific  ventricle  to  the  anus, 

including  the  malpighian  tubules  and  anal  glands. 

Hind-head:  Mallophaga;  that  part  of  head  behind  mandibles  and  antennae. 
Hind-intestine:  =  hind-gut. 
Hinge:   of  maxilla  =  cardo ;  q.  v. :  the  point  of  articulation  of  a  movable 

joint. 

Hips:  the  coxa;  q.  v. 

Hirsute:  clothed  with  long,  strong  hair;  shaggy. 
Hispid:  bristly:  sparsely  set  with  short,  stiff  hair. 
Histoblast:    the   morphological   unit   or   cell   characteristic   of   a   particular 

tissue. 

Histogenesis:  the  formation  and  development  of  tissue. 
Histolysis:  the  degeneration  and  dissolution  of  organic  tissue. 
Hoary:  covered  with  a  fine,  white,  silvery  pubescence:  pruinose. 
Holometabolous:  having  a  complete  transformation;  with  egg,  larval,  pupal 

and  adult  stages  distinctly  separated. 
Holopneustic:  having  many  pairs  of  open  stigmata. 
Holoptic:  Dipiera  in  which  the  eyes  of  male  are  contiguous  between  vertex 

and  antennae :  see  dichoptic. 

Holosericeus:  with  short,  dense,  silky  hair,  giving  a  satiny  lustre. 
Holotype:  the  unique  type:  =type;  q.  v. 
Homelytra:  elytra  of  similar  or  equal  substance. 
Homo:  prefix  =  the  same;  similar. 
Homochronous:  changes  in  an  organism  which  appear  in  the  offspring  at 

the  same  age  at  which  they  did  in  the  parent. 

Homochronic  heredity:  inheritance  at  corresponding  periods  of  life. 
Homodynamous:  serially  homologous:  homology  of  the  metameres. 
Homoeochromatism:  applied  when  over  a  given  region  many  butterflies  tend 

to  vary  similarly  as  regards  color. 
Homoeochrome:  of  the  same  color:  see  heterochrome. 

Homoeomerous:  all  feet  with  an  equal  number  of  tarsal  joints:  =  isomerous. 
Homoeonomous:  of  the  same  substance  or  texture. 
Homoetype:   =homotype;  q.  v. 

Homogeneous:  of  the  same  kind  or  nature;  similar  in  texture  or  parts. 
Homogenous:  similar  in  structure  due  to  a  community  of  descent. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  63 

Homologous:  implies  that  organs  are  identical  in  general  structure  and 
origin,  though  they  may  have  developed  in  different  ways  for  special  pur- 
poses :  see  analogous. 

Homomorpha:  insects  in  which  the  larvae  resemble  the  adults. 

Homonomous:  pertaining  to  homology  of  parts  arranged  on  a  transverse 
axis  :  similarly  developed  and  of  equal  function. 

Homonym:  a  name  similar  to  or  like  another  already  used  for  a  species  in 
the  same  genus,  or  for  a  genus  in  the  same  kingdom :  such  names  are  said 
to  be  preoccupied. 

Homonymous:   where  the  same  name  is  applied  to  different  conceptions. 

Homophonous:  words  differently  written  but  indistinguishable  in  sound,  ap- 
plied to  different  conceptions. 

Homoplastic:  implies  that  organs,  similar  in  situation  and  purpose,  are  not 
structurally  the  same,  or  have  not  the  same  origin. 

Homoptera:  an  ordinal  term  applied  to  those  Hemiptera  in  which  the  pri- 
maries are  of  the  same  consistence  throughout. 

Homotenous:  retaining  the  primitive  form:  applied  to  insects  without  or 
with  an  incomplete  metamorphosis. 

Homotype:  is  a  specimen  named  by  another  than  the  author  after  compari- 
son with  the  type. 

Honey  dew:  a  sweetish  excretion  produced  by  certain  insects,  notably  Aphids 
and  Coccids,  and  exuding  from  the  surface  of  some  galls. 

Honey  tubes:  small  tubes  or  tubercles  on  the  abdomen  of  plant  lice  and 
other  insects  through  which  a  sweetish  liquid  or  honey  dew  is  excreted : 
—  siphonets ;  siphuncles  ;  cornicles. 

Hood:  of  the  maxilla  is  the  galea;  q.  v. :  in  Tingitidce  the  elevated  portion 
of  the  prothorax,  often  covering  the  head. 

Hooked  hairs:  =  gathering  hairs;  q.  v. 

Horismology:  see  orismology. 

Horizontal:  said  of  wings  when  held  parallel  to  the  horizon. 

Horn:  a  pointed  chitinous  process  of  the  head:  in  the  plural  form  applied  to 
the  antennas ;  q.  v. 

Host:  the  individual  infested  by  or  upon  which  a  parasite  grows:  also  ap- 
plied to  the  maker  of  a  cell  or  other  structure  in  which  guest  flies  or  other 
insects  take  up  their  abode. 

Hudsonian  zone:  is  that  part  of  the  boreal  region  comprising  the  northern 
part  of  the  great  transcontinental  coniferous  forests.  In  the  eastern 
United  States  restricted  to  the  cold  summits  of  the  highest  mountains, 
from  northern  New  England  to  western  North  Carolina :  in  the  west  it 
covers  the  higher  slopes  of  the  Rocky  and  Sierra-Cascade  systems. 

Humeral:  relating  to  the  shoulder  or  humerus. 

Humeral  angle:  in  Lcpidoptcra,  that  angle  of  the  wings  at  the  base  of  costa, 
near  the  point  of  attachment  to  the  body :  in  Coleoptera,  the  outer  anterior 
angle  of  elytra :  in  Orthoptera,  the  obtusely  rounded  angle  formed  by  the 
deflection  of  the  sides  of  the  pronotum  from  the  dorsum. 

Humeral  bristles:  in  Diptera,  are  situated  on  the  humeral  callus. 

Humeral  callus:  in  Diptera,  is  a  rounded  callus  forming  the  anterior  supe- 
rior angle  of  the  mesothorax. 


64  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Humeral  carina:  in  Colcoptera,  an  elevated  ridge  or  keel  on  the  outer  ante- 
rior angle  of  elytra. 

Humeral  cross-vein:  (Comst.)  ;  extends  between  the  costa  and  sub-costa 
close  to  base. 

Humeralis:  Coleoptera;  when  the  elytra  has  an  angulated  projecting  margin 
at  base. 

Humeral  stripe:  in  Odonata,  covers  the  humeral  suture. 

Humeral  suture:  in  Odonata,  runs  from  just  in  front  the  base  of  the  fore- 
wing  to  the  edge  of  the  median  coxa,  separating  the  mesepisternum  from 
the  mesepimeron. 

Humeral  veins:  in  Lcpidoptcra,  secondary  veins  on  posterior  wings  of  Lasio- 
campids,  developed  to  strengthen  the  humeral  angle. 

Humerus:  the  shoulder:  in  Coleoptera;  the  basal  exterior  angle  of  elytra: 
in  Diptera,  the  anterior  superior  angles  of  the  mesothorax :  in  Orthoptera, 
the  femur  of  the  fore-leg :  in  Hymenoptcra,  applied  to  the  sub-costal  vein 
in  some  groups. 

Humid:  applied  to  regions  in  which  the  normal  rainfall  is  sufficient  to  pro- 
duce ordinary  farm  crops  without  irrigation :  see  arid. 

Hyacinthine:  the  purple  blue  of  the  hyacinth  [between  mauve  and  lilac]. 

Hyaline:  vitreous:  transparent  or  partially  so. 

Hyaloplasm:  the  clear,  semi-fluid  material  between  the  meshes  of  the  cell 
reticulum. 

Hybrid:  the  progeny  from  the  mating  of  two  species. 

Hydradephaga  -ous:  applied  to  aquatic,  predatory  pentamerous  beetles  with 
filiform  antennae :  see  adephagous. 

Hydro:  relating  to  water:  a  combining  form  used  as  a  prefix 

Hydrolysis:  the  chemical  decomposition  of  a  compound  by  water,  causing 
formation  of  a  new  compound. 

Hydrophilous:  applied  to  species  living  in  low,  damp  places. 

Hymen:  a  thin  plane  membrane  serving  as  a  partition. 

Hymenoptera:  membrane-winged:  an  ordinal  term  applied  to  insects  with 
four  membranous  wings  with  few  veins,  the  anterior  usually  larger  than 
the  posterior ;  mouth  mandibulate ;  head  free ;  thorax  agglutinate,  trans- 
formations complete. 

Hyoid:  having  the  form  of  the  Greek  upsilon,  T. 

Hypermetamorphosis:  when  an  insect  passes  through  more  than  the  normal 
number  of  stages ;  the  interpolated  stages  coming  usually  between  the  full- 
grown  larva  and  adult. 

Hyperparasite:  is  a  form  that  is  parasitic  upon  another  parasite. 

Hypertely:  beyond  the  bounds  of  the  useful:  those  forms  whose  resemblance 
to  other  objects  is  closer  than  needful,  or  without  apparent  object. 

Hypertrigonal  space:  =  supra-triangular  space;  q.  v. 

Hypertrophied:  abnormally  large  or  excessively  developed. 

Hypnody:  lethargy;  a  condition  similar  to  or  identical  with  hibernation. 

Hypertrophy:  any  abnormal  enlargement  or  excessive  development. 

Hypoblast:  =  entoderm. 

Hypocrateriform:   salver-shaped. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  65 

Hypodactyle:  the  so-called  labium  of  Hcmiptcra. 

Hypoderm -is:   the  cellular  layer  which  secretes  the  chitinous  cuticula  and 

in  this  sense  —  epidermis  :   specifically  applied  to  the  lining  membrane  of 

elytra  and  hemelytra. 

Hypodermatic:   of  or  concerning  the  hypodermis. 
Hypodermic:   under  the  skin. 

Hypoglossis:  the  under  surface  of  the  tongue  =  hypoglottis. 
Hypoglottis:  a  sclerite  inserted  between  mentum  and  labium  in  many  Colc- 

optcra. 
Hypognathous:    having   the   mouth   parts   directed   more   or   less   vertically 

ventrad. 

Hypographous:  shaded;  applied  to  a  fascia  that  becomes  gradually  darker. 
Hypomeron-a:  in  Colcoptcra;  the  inflexed  edge  of  the  pronotum  (pronotal 

hypomera)  ;   and  the  raised   lower   margin   of   the  epipleura    (elytral  hy- 

pomera)  :  see  epipleural  fold. 
Hypopharyngeal:  relating  to  the  hypopharynx. 
Hypopharyngeal   sclerites:    in  bees,  a  pair  of   strap-like  pieces  along  the 

hypopharynx  to  the  mentum :  see  also  epipharyngeal  sclerites. 
Hypopharynx:   a  sensitive  and  sensory  structure  on  the  upper  surface  of 

labium  that  serves  as  an  organ  of  taste,  or  true  tongue. 
Hypopleura:  in  Dipt  era,  the  space  over  the  middle  and  hind  coxa,  between 

the  metapleura  and  pteropleura :  the  side  of  the  metasternum :  the  epimeron 

of  the  mesothorax. 
Hypoptere:  =tegula;  q.  v. 

Hypopygium:  the  anus:  more  specifically  the  lower  plate  of  the  anal  open- 
ing :   in  Dipt  era,  the   male  sexual   organs   and  terminal   segments   of   ab- 
domen :  =  propygium. 
Hypostoma:  in  Diptcra;  that  portion  of  the  head  included  between  antennae, 

eyes  and  mouth :  in  Hemiptcra;  the  lower  part  of  face. 
Hypotenusis:  in  Odonata;  the  simple  or  broken  cross-vein  between  media  4 

and  cubitus  1,  forming  outer  boundary  of  triangle. 
Hypotypes:   includes  specimens  upon  which  supplementary  descriptions  are 

based :  =•  apotypes. 


Iceous  or  Icius:  suffix;  expresses  a  likeness  or  the  possession  of  a  character: 

see  aceus. 
Icotypes:   typical  specimens  which  serve  for  purposes  of  identification,  but 

have  not  been  used  in  literature. 
Idiotype:  a  specimen  named  by  the  author  after  comparison  with  the  type, 

but  not  also  a  topotype. 
Ignitus:  fire-red  [vermilion]. 
Ileo-colon:  the  anterior  portion  of  the  hind-gut,  extending  from  the  mid-gut 

to  the  rectum,  when  not  distinctly  differentiated  into  ileum  and  colon. 
Ileum:  the  small  intestine;  begins  at  end  of  chylific  ventricle  at  the  point 

where  malpighian  tubules  join,  and  extends  to  colon. 
Imaginal:  pertaining  to  the  adult  or  imago. 
Imaginal  buds,  cells,  or  discs:  in  forms  with  a  complete  metamorphosis  are 


66  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

those  embryonic  cells  around  and  from  which  the  organs  and  appendages 

of  the  future  imago  develop. 
Imago:  the  adult  or  sexually  developed  insect. 
Imbricate:  arranged  or  appearing  like  the  scales  on  a  fish  or  the  shingles  on 

a  roof. 

Immaculate:  destitute  of  spots  or  marks. 
Immarginate:  without  an  elevated  rim  or  margin. 
Immersed -us:   inserted,  imbedded  or  hidden  in. 
Imponderable:  that  which  cannot  be  weighed. 
Impregnate -ed:  to  make  or  made  fertile  or  pregnant:  fertilized. 
Impressed -us:  a  surface  with  shallow  depressed  areas  or  markings. 
Impubis:  without  hair. 
Inaequalis:  unequal. 

Inarticulate:  not  jointed  or  segmented. 
Inaurate-us:  golden  yellow   [pale  cadmium  yellow]. 
Incanus:   hoary. 
Inch:  the  English  and  American  standard  of  length  in  insect  measurement: 

it  is  —  12  lines  and,  roughly,  to  25  mm. ;  usually  expressed  in  units  and 

hundredths,  as   1.01. 
Incised:  notched  or  deeply  cut  into. 
Incision:  any  cut  into  a  margin  or  through  a  surface:  the  marginal  sl'its  or 

notches  in  Coccidce. 

Incisure:   an  impressed  line  marking  the  junction  of  two  segments:  an  in- 
cision. 

Inclinate -us:   leaning  or  inclining. 

Inclusus:  when  one  part  is  wholly  or  partially  hidden  in  another. 
Inconspicuous:  not  attracting  attention  or  quickly  noticeable. 
Incrassated:  thickened:  rather  suddenly  swollen  at  some  one  point,  especially 

near  tip. 

Incubate:  to  brood:  to  cause  to  develop;  as  an  egg. 
Incumbent:    lying   one   over   another:    wings   when   they   cover   the   dorsum 

horizontally. 

Incunabulum:  =  folliculus  and  cocoon;  q.  v. 
Incurved -ate:  bowed  or  curved  inwards. 
Independent:   in  Lepidoptera;  that  vein  of  the  wings  that  arises  from  the 

cross-vein  closing  the  cell,  and  does  not  branch  directly   from  any  vein 

reaching  the  base :  it  is  v.  5  of  the  numerical  series  in  both  wings  and  the 

media  of  Comstock. 
Indeterminate:  not  denned  nor  well  marked;  obscure:  of  no  constant  form 

or  shape. 

Indigote:  a  very  deep  indigo  blue. 
Indirect:  applied  to  metamorphosis  =  complete. 
Indumentum:  a  covering  of  hairs,  scales  or  tufts. 
Indurated:   hardened. 
Indusium:   the  case  made  by  an  insect  larva:   a  membranous  layer  of  the 

embryo  of  Locust  ids;  below  the  serosa. 

Inequal:  a  surface  with  irregular  elevations  and  depressions. 
Inermis:   unarmed:  without  spines  or  spurs. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  67 

Infericornia:  Hemiptera;  in  which  the  antennae  appear  to  be  inserted  well 

down  on  the  sides  of  head;  e.  g.,  Lygceidce. 
Inferior:  beneath,  below  or  behind:  a  term  of  position. 
Inferior  appendage -es:  in  male  Odonata  the  lower  one  or  two  of  the  ter- 
minal abdominal  parts  used  to  clasp  the  female  in  copulation. 
Inferior  wings:  =  hind  wings  or  secondaries;  q.  v. 
Infero-posterior:  below  and  behind:  refers  to  location. 
Inflated:   blown  up;  distended  bladder-like. 
Inflected:  bent  inward  at  an  angle. 
Inflexus:  =  inflected. 

Infra:  below  or  beneath:  opposed  to  supra. 
Infra-anal   lobe:    a  thick,   conical  fleshy   lobe,   often   ending   in   a  chitinous 

point,  situated  beneath  the  vent  in  caterpillars. 
Infra-cereal   plates:    in   Orthoptera;   generally   inconspicuous   paired   plates 

which  underlie   in   part  the  cerci   and  in  part  the  lateral  portion  of  the 

supra-anal  plate. 

Infra-clypeus:   =  ante-clypeus  and  rhinarium ;  q.  v. 
Infracted:  abruptly  bent  inward,  as  if  broken. 
Infra-genital:  below  the  genital  opening  or  process. 
Infra-marginal:  situated  below  or  behind  the  marginal  cell. 
Infra-median  vein:  in  Orthoptera;  =  ulnar  vein;  q.  v. 
Infra-ocular:  applied  to  the  region  below  and  between  the  eyes. 
Infra-oesophageal:  situated  below  oesophagus:  see  sub-cesophageal. 
Infra-stigmatal:   situated  below  the  stigmata  or  spiracles. 
Infringing:  encroaching  upon. 
Infumated:  clouded. 
Inf undibulif orm :    funnel-shaped. 

Infuscated:  smoky  gray-brown,  with  a  blackish  tinge  [Roman  sepia]. 
Ingens:  unusually  large  or  disproportionate  in  size. 
Ingluvies:  the  crop;  q.  v. 
Inner  lobe:  of  maxilla  =  lacinia ;  q.  v. 
Inner  margin:   the  line  extending  along  the  lower  or  interior  edge  of  the 

wing  from  the  base  to  the  hind  or  anal  angle. 
Innervate:  to  supply  with  nerves. 
Innotatus:  without  markings. 
Inocular:  inserted  in  the  inner  margin  of  and  partially  or  wholly  surrounded 

by  the  eye. 
Inquiline:  a  species  living  in  a  gall  or  other  structure  prepared  by  a  different 

species,  not  as  a  parasite  but  as  a  guest. 

Inquilinous:  living  as  guests  in  the  homes  of  others;  as  in  galls. 
Insect:  a  member  of  the  class  Insecta  strictly  limited. 
Insecta:  broadly  denned,  contains  all  articulates  that  are  also  tracheates  and 

have  the  head  free  from  the  thorax;  more  strictly  limited  to  those  forms 

that  have  only  three  pairs  of  thoracic  legs  in  the  adult  stage  and  a  limited 

number  of  segments. 

Insectary:  a  place  or  building  where  insects  are  bred  and  studied. 
Insectivorous:   feeding  upon  or  devouring  insects. 


68  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Insectologist:  a  student  of  insects:  :_  entomologist. 

Insectology:  the  science  of  insect  study:  —entomology. 

Insertion:  the  point  or  place  where  a  part  is  inserted:  a  part  that  is  in- 
serted: the  act  of  inserting. 

Insertus:  a  part  that  has  its  base  set  into  another. 

In  situ:  in  its  natural  place  or  normal  position. 

Instar:  the  period  or  stage  between  molts  in  the  larva,  numbered  to  desig- 
nate the  various  periods;  e.  g.,  the  first  instar  is  the  stage  between  the 
egg  and  first  molt,  etc. :  see  stadium. 

Institia:  striae  or  furrows  of  equal  width  throughout. 

Instrumenta  cibaria:  mouth  parts  of  a  mandibulate  insect  as  a  whole. 

Instrumenta  suctoria:  mouth  parts  of  a  haustellate  insect  as  a  whole. 

Integer:  entire:  applied  to  a  margin  without  incisions. 

Integument:  the  outer  covering  to  the  insect  body. 

Inter :  between ;  among. 

Inter-alar  space:  in  Odonata;  the  terga  of  meso-  and  meta-thorax. 

Interantennal:  between  the  basal  segments  of  antennae. 

Inter-articular:  the  membranous  tissue  between  joints  or  segments. 

Intercalary -ies:  additional  or  inserted  between  others;  as  a  vein:  plural; 
added  or  supplementary  longitudinal  wing  veins :  see  under  specific  head- 
ings ;  i.  e.,  anterior,  etc. :  in  Ephemerida,  certain  longitudinal  veins  between 
the  8th  (anal)  and  9th  (1st  axillary)  and  not  branches  of  either:  in 
Diptcra,  the  anterior  intercalary  (Loew)  —  the  discoidal,  and  the  posterior 
intercalary  =  the  cubitus  1  of  Comstock :  applied  to  an  evanescent  sclerite 
in  the  embryo  between  antenna  and  mandible ;  also  termed  premandibular. 

Intercostal:  between  veins  or  costse;  usually  in  the  narrow  grooves  between 
veins  in  the  costal  region  of  a  wing. 

Intercostula:  those  small,  vein-like  structures  between  the  normal  veins, 
visible  on  a  wing  margin  but  lost  toward  the  disc. 

Intercoxal  process:  in  Colcoptera;  a  median  protrusion  of  the  basal  segment 
of  abdomen  between  the  hind  coxae. 

Intermediate:  lying  between  others  in  position;  or  possessing  characters 
between  two  other  forms. 

Intermediate  field:  of  tegmina  is  =  discoidal  field;  q.  v. 

Internal  area:  in  Hymcnoptcra;  the  posterior  of  the  three  areas  between 
median  and  lateral  longitudinal  carina  on  the  metanotum :  =.  third  lateral 
area. 

Internal  cell:  in  Hymcnoptcra  (Pack.);  =2d  anal   (Comst.). 

Internal  triangle:   in  Odonata:  see  triangle. 

Internal  veins:  in  Lcpidofrtcra;  from  one  to  three  in  number,  run  free  from 
base  to  outer  margin  near  hind  angle;  never  branched;   la  to  Ic  in  the 
numerical  series;  =anal  veins   (Comst.). 
Interneural:  between  the  nerves  (or  veins)  of  wings. 
Interno-mandibular:  applied  to  one  of  the  pairs  of  salivary  glands  in  bees, 

situated  at  the  inner  side  of  base  of  mandible. 
Internomedian:  in  Orthoptcra;  —  cubitus  (Comst.)  ;  q.  v. 
Interocular:  between  the  eyes. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  69 

Interplical:  lying  between  folds;  specifically  applied  to  the  alternate  ridges 
and  grooves  in  anal  area  of  secondaries  of  Orthoptcra. 

Interposed  sectors:  in  Odonata;  the  shorter  longitudinal  veins  occurring  in 
the  wings  of  some  species  between  the  chief  veins ;  =  supplementary 
sectors. 

Interrupted:  broken  in  continuity,  but  with  the  tips  of  the  broken  parts  in  a 
right  line  with  each  other. 

Intersegmental:  =  interarticular;  q.  v. 

Interspace:  Coleoptera;  the  plane  surface  between  elytral  striae:  Lcpidop- 
tcra;  spaces  between  wing  veins  not  included  in  closed  cells. 

Interspaceal:  occurring  in  the  interspaces  between  two  wing  veins  or  two 
elytral  striae. 

Interstice -tium:  space  between  two  lines,  whether  striate  or  punctate. 

Interstitial  line:  the  elevated  ridge  between  two  striae  or  series  of  punctures. 

Interval:  the  space  or  time  between  two  structures,  sculptures  or  periods  of 
development. 

Interventricular:  the  inner  valve  between  the  chambers  of  the  heart. 

Interventricular  valvule:  of  heart,  lies  in  front  of  semilunar  valve. 

Intervenular:  in  the  space  between  two  veins. 

Intestinal  caecum:  that  point  of  the  large  intestine  in  front  of  the  junction 
with  the  small  intestine. 

Intestine:  that  part  of  the  alimentary  canal  through  which  the  food  passes 
from  the  stomach,  in  which  absorption  is  completed  and  the  excretions  are 
formed  for  expulsion. 

Intima:  the  lining  membrane  of  the  trachea:  see  endotrachea. 

Intorted:   turned  or  twisted  inwardly. 

Intra-:  within:  between. 

Intra-alar  bristles:  in  Diptcra;  a  row  of  two  or  three  between  the  supra- 
alar  and  dorso-central  groups. 

Intra-cellular:  occurring  within  the  cell  or  in  a  cell. 

Intra-humeral  bristles:  in  Diptcra  calyptrata;  occur  immediately  in  front  of 
the  thoracic  suture,  between  the  humeral  callus  and  the  presutural  de- 
pression. 

Intra-ocular:  situated  within  the  eye,  actually  or  apparently. 

Intra-pulmonary:  that  method  of  respiration  which  does  not  involve  move- 
ments of  the  outer  body  wall  and  is  confined  to  the  respiratory  organs. 

Intra-uterine:  applied  to  development,  when  the  young  hatch  within  the 
vagina  of  the  mother. 

Intricate:   irregular;  confused;  applied  to  markings  and  sculpture. 

Intromittent:  used  for  throwing  within. 

Intromittent  organ:  the  penis;  q.  v. 

Introse-um:  directed  inward,  toward  the  body. 

Intrusus:  seemingly  impressed  with  a  sharp  point. 

Intumescent:   enlarged;  swollen;  expanded. 

Invaginate:  when  a  tubular  or  vesicular  part  is  turned  inward  or  retracted 
within  the  body  wall. 

Invagination:  a  pouch  or  sac  formed  by  an  infolding  or  indrawing  of  the 
outer  surface. 

Investitus:  unclothed:  a  surface  without  scales  or  hair. 


70  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Involucrate:   =  involute. 

Involucrum  alarum:  in  Dermaptera  a  flap  of  the  metanotum. 

Involute:   spirally  rolled  inwardly. 

Involuti:  butterflies  whose  larvae  live  in  a  folded  leaf;  Hesperidce. 

Iridescent:  a  surface  which  reflects  the  prismatic  hues. 

Iridicolor:  any  color  so  broken  up  as  to  reflect  the  prismatic  hues. 

Iris:  the  circle  which,  in  an  ocellate  spot,  surrounds  the  pupil. 

Irised:  with  rainbow  colors. 

Iris-pigment:  =  iris  tapetum. 

Iris  tapetum:  the  pigment  layer  of  the  compound  eye  just  below  the  crys- 
talline cone. 

Irregular:  unequal,  curved,  bent  or  otherwise  twisted  or  modified  without 
order  or  symmetry,  e.  g.,  certain  antennae. 

Irrorate:  marked  with  minute  points;   freckled. 

Isabelline -us:  pale  yellow  with  some  red  and  brown  [chrome  lemon  with  a 
little  carmine  and  Roman  sepia]. 

Ischia:  =  pleura;  q.  v. 

Iso-:  equal. 

Isolate:  to  separate  out  from  others;  occurring  alone. 

Isomera:  that  series  of  Colcoptcra  in  which  the  tarsi  have  an  equal  number 
of  joints  on  all  feet. 

Isomerous:  with  equal  number  of  tarsal  joints  on  all  feet:  —  homceomerous. 

Isomorphous:  having  the  same  form,  appearance  or  construction. 

Isopalpi:  that  series  of  Trichoptera  in  which  the  palpi  of  both  sexes  have 
the  same  number  of  joints. 

Isoptera:  equal  winged:  an  ordinal  term  for  insects  with  four,  similar,  net- 
veined  wings;  mouth  mandibulate ;  thoracic  rings  similar,  loosely  jointed; 
metamorphosis  incomplete :  the  Termitidcc. 

Isotypical:  a  genus  described  from  more  than  one  species,  all  of  which  are 
congeneric. 

-itus:  — •  -atus  ;  q.  v. 

-ius:  suffix;  having  the  power  or  ability  to. 

J 

Jabot:  the  crop;  q.  v. 

Janthine:   violet  colored. 

Jaw-capsule:  contains  the  mouth  structures  in  those  dipterous  larvae  in 
which  the  head  is  differentiated. 

Johnston's  organ:  a  complex  nervous  structure  in  the  basal  joint  of  dip- 
terous antennae. 

Joint:  a  segment  or  part  between  two  incisures :  an  articulation. 

Jubate-us:   fringed  with  long  pendent  hairs. 

Juga:  the  lateral  anterior  lobes  of  the  head  of  a  Heteropteron ;  each  side  of 
the  tylo. 

Jugatae:  that  series  of  Lcf-idoptera  in  which  there  is  a  jugum  instead  of  a 
frenulum  to  unite  the  wings  in  flight. 

Jugular:  of  or  pertaining  to  the  throat. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  71 

Jugular  sclerites:  small  sclerites  in  the  membrane  connecting  the  head  with 

the  thorax :  see  cervical  sclerites. 
Jugulum:  that  sclerite  just  behind  the  sub-mentum ;  =  gula :  that  cavity  of 

the  posterior  part  of  the  head  to  which  the  neck  is  annexed :  the  lateral 

and  under  parts  of  the  prothorax. 
Jugum:  in  certain  Lepidoptera  and  Trichoptera,  a  lobe  or  process  at  the  base 

of    primaries,   overlapping   secondaries   and   holding   the   two   together    in 

flight. 

K 

Katabolic:  the  destructive  change  from  animal  tissue  to  waste  product:  see 
anabolic. 

Keel:  an  elevated  ridge  or  carina. 

Kermesinus:  dark  red,  with  much  blue  [purple  lake]. 

Key:  a  tabular  or  other  arrangement  of  species,  genera  or  other  classifica- 
tion according  to  characters  that  serve  to  identify  them. 

Kidney-shaped:  like  a  kidney  in  outline;  convex  on  one  long  side,  concave 
on  the  other,  the  ends  evenly  and  somewhat  obtusely  rounded :  bean-shaped. 

Knee:  the  point  of  junction  of  femur  and  tibia. 


Labellum-a:  the  sensitive  ridged  tip  of  the  mouth  structures  of  certain 
Dipt  era:  a  prolongation  of  the  labrum  covering  the  base  of  rostrum  in 
Colcoptcra  and  Hemiptera. 

Labial:  referring,  pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  labium. 

Labial  segment:  the  7th  segment  of  head  =  second  maxillary  segment. 

Labial  suture:  is  between  labium  and  mentum. 

Labiate:   lip-like  or  having  lip-like  sutures. 

Labipalp:  a  labial  palpus. 

Labis:  the  slender  abdominal  forceps  in  some  Lepidoptera. 

Labium:  the  lower  lip:  a  compound  structure  which  forms  the  floor  of  the 
mouth  in  mandibulate  insects,  behind  the  first  maxilla  and  opposed  to  the 
labrum;  formed  by  a  fusion  in  embryonic  life  of  separate  right  and  left 
maxilla-like  halves :  in  some  of  its  developments  referred  to  as  the  tongue. 

Labial:  belonging  or  referring  to  the  labium. 

Labral  suture:  is  between  labrum  and  clypeus. 

Labro-frontal  lobes:   of  brain,  =  trito-cerebrum ;  q.  v. 

Labrum:  the  upper  lip;  covers  the  base  of  the  mandible  and  forms  the  roof 
of  the  mouth. 

Labrum-epipharynx:  in  the  mouth  of  piercing  Diptcra  is  the  central  un- 
paired lancet. 

Lac:  a  mixture  of  resin,  wax  and  other  substances  produced  by  certain  scale 
insects  as  a  protective  covering. 

Lacer:  a  lappet;  applied  to  a  margin  with  irregular,  broad  and  deep  emargi- 
nations,  leaving  lappet-like  intervals. 

Lacerated:  ragged;  torn  in  appearance:  see  lacer. 


72  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Lacinia:  the  inner  lobe  of  first  maxilla,  articulated  to  the  stipes,  bearing 
brushes  of  hair  or  spines :  a  blade :  in  Dipt  era,  forms  a  flat  lancet-like 
piercing  structure  and  is  never  jointed. 

Lacinia  exteriores  and  interiores:  in  Apidce,  the  palpiger  and  paraglossa: 
often  used  for  the  galea  and  lacinia  of  maxilla. 

Laciniated:  jagged;  cut  into  irregular  fragments. 

Lacte:  milk-white. 

Lacteal:  relating  to  milk;  milky  in  appearance. 

Lactescent:   secreting  or  yielding  a  milky  fluid. 

Lacteous -eus:  white,  with  a  slight  bluish  tinge,  like  skim-milk. 

Lacunae:  irregular  impressions  or  cavities:  specifically  the  non- walled  cavi- 
ties of  the  body. 

Lacunose:  pitted;  the  surface  covered  with  small  cavities. 

Laemodipodiform:  like  a  laemodipod;  similar  to  the  larva  of  a  walking  stick. 

Laete:  bright. 

Laevis -igatus:  smooth,  shining  and  without  elevations:  said  of  a  surface. 

Lamella:  a  thin  plate  or  leaf -like  process. 

Lamellate:  antennae  with  the  club  formed  of  closely  opposed  leaf -like  sur- 
faces, the  concealed  surfaces  set  with  sensory  pits. 

Lamellicornia:  those  beetles  in  which  the  antennae  terminate  in  a  lamellate 
or  leaf-like  club. 

Lamelliform:  made  up  of  or  resembling  leaves,  blades  or  lamellae. 

Lamina  -ae:  a  chitinous  plate  or  plates. 

Lamina  externa:  the  paraglossa. 

Lamina  interna:  the  ligula. 

Lamina  subgenitalis:  the  sub-genital  plate;  q.  v. :  in  roaches  the  7th  ventral 
plate  of  females  and  9th  ventral  plate  of  males. 

Lamina  supra-analis:  =  supra-anal  plate. 

Laminate:   formed  of  thin,  flat  layers  or  leaves. 

Laminato-carinate:  with  an  elevated  ridge  or  keel,  formed  of  thin  plates. 

Laminiform:  layer-like:  having  the  appearance  or  made  up  of  lamina. 

Lana:  wool:  the  long  hair  on  the  abdomen  of  some  Lepidoptera. 

Lanate-atus:  woolly:  covered  with  dense,  fine,  long  hairs,  so  distinct  that 
they  may  be  separated. 

Lanceolate:  lance-  or  spear-shaped:  oblong  and  tapering  to  the  end. 

Lanceolate  cell:  in  Hymenoptcra  (Nort.)  ;  =  2d  anal  (Comst.). 

Lancet:  indiscriminately  applied  to  any  piercing  mouth  structure. 

Lanuginose -us:  with  long,  curled  hair  dispersed  over  the  surface:  see 
crinitus. 

Lanugo:   slender  single  hairs. 

Laparostict:  that  series  of  lamellicorn  beetles  in  which  the  abdominal  spi- 
racles are  situated  on  the  connecting  membrane  between  the  dorsal  and 
ventral  rings. 

Lapidicolous:  living  under  deeply  imbedded  stones. 

Larva:  the  second  stage  of  insect  development;  comes  from  the  egg  or 
ovum,  grows  and,  according  to  its  kind,  changes  to  a  pupa  or  chrysalis  or 
to  an  imago ;  bears  various  names  in  the  different  orders :  see  nymph ; 
caterpillar  ;  slug  ;  maggot ;  grub. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  73 

Larvarium:  a  tube  or  case  made  by  a  larva  as  a  shelter  or  retreat. 
Larvatae:  masked;  applied  to  coarctate  and  obtect  pupae. 
Larvina:  a  maggot:  a  dipterous  larva  without  distinct  head  or  legs. 
Larvule:   applied  to  early  stages  of  Ephemerid  larva  when  they  appear  to 

have  no  developed  respiratory,  circulatory  or  nervous  systems. 
Lashed:    eyes  that  have  a  more  or   less   complete   fringe  of   stiff   hairs   or 

bristles  at  the  orbits. 

Lasureus:  a  very  dark  blue  [French  blue  with  some  black]. 
Laterad:  toward  the  side  and  away  from  the  median  line. 
Lateral:  relating,  pertaining  or  attached  to  the  side. 
Lateral  areas:  in  Hymcnoptera;  on  the  metanotum,  the  three  spaces  between 

the  median  and  lateral  long  carinae ;  the  upper  is  the  external  or  first  lateral 

basal  area ;  the  second  is  the  external  or  central  lateral  area ;  the  third  is 

the  middle,  internal,  apical  or  third  lateral  area. 
Lateral  bristles:  in  Diptcra;  situated  at  or  near  the  lateral  margins  of  the 

abdominal  segments. 
Lateral  carinae:   in  Orthoptcra;  on^the  head,  extend  downward  from  the 

front  margin  of  the  eyes  :  on  prothorax  extend  along  each  lateral  margin 

of  the  dorsum. 
Lateral  foveolae:  in  Orthoptcra;  foveate  depressions  on  the  margins  of  the 

vertex  near  the  front  border  of  the  eye. 

Lateral  line:   in  caterpillars  is  at  the  margin  of  the  dorsum  between  sub- 
dorsal  and  supra-stigmatal  line. 
Lateral  lobe:  of  the  labium  in  Odonata,  corresponds  to  the  paraglossa  with 

palpiger  and  palpus   (Gerstaecker)   or,  more  probably,  to  the  palpus  alone 

(Butler). 
Lateral  lobes:   the  deflexed  portions  of  pronotum  that  cover  the  sides  of 

prothorax  in  many  Orthoptera:  in  certain  Hymenoptcra,  lie  on  each  side 

of  the  parapsidal  furrows  of  mesoscutum  and  =  scapulae. 
Lateral  longitudinal  area:   of  Hymcnoptera,  extends  between  the  median 

and  pleural  carinse  of  metanotum. 
Lateral  ridge:   in  slug  caterpillars,  extends  longitudinally  along  the  lateral 

series  of  abdominal  tubercles. 
Lateral  scale:   one  of  the  lateral  processes  of  the  ovipositor  in  Cynipida-, 

lying  within  and  below  the  anal  scale. 

Lateral  space:  in  slug  caterpillars  is  the  area  on  each  side  of  the  body  be- 
tween the  subdorsal  and  lateral  ridges. 
Lateral  sutures:    of  the  thorax  in  Odonata,  are  situated  on  the  sides  of 

thorax,  the  first  separating  the  metepisternum  from  the  mesepimeron ;  the 

second  separating  the  metepisternum  from  the  metepimeron  ;  the  first  more 

or  less  obsolete  in  the  Anisopterd. 
Lateral  tubercle:  lateral  on  thoracic  and  abdominal  segments  of  caterpillars: 

it  is  3  of  the  abdomen,  2a  of  thorax:  constant  (Dyar). 
Latericeous:   —  lateritius  ;  q.  v. 
Lateritius:   yellowish-red;   yellowish  brick  color    [pale  clay  yellow   with  a 

little  red]. 
Later  odor  sal:  the  point  of  junction  of  dorsum  and  pleurum. 


74  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Lateropharyngeal:  applied  to  the  4th  pair  of  salivary  glands  in  bees;  situ- 
ated on  each  side  of  the  pharynx. 

Laterostigmatal:  situated  on  the  side,  immediately  above  the  spiracle. 
Later oventral:  the  point  of  junction  of  sternum  and  pleurum. 
Latero-ventral  metathoracic   carina:    in   Odonata;   forms  the  dividing  line 

between  the  metepimera  and  the  metasternum. 
Latescent:   becoming  obscure  or  hidden. 
Latreille's  segment:  the  first  abdominal  segment  of  those  Hymenoptera  in 

which  it  is   fused  with  the  thorax ;   =  median   segment,   propodeon,   pro- 

podeum. 

Latticed:  —  cancellate  ;  q.  v. 
Latus:  the  side:  broad. 
Latuscula:  the  facets  of  the  compound  eye. 
Leathery:  having  the  appearance  or  texture  of  leather. 
Lectotype:  a  co-type  chosen,  subsequently  to  the  original  description,  to  take 

the  place  which  in  other  cases  a  holotype  occupies. 
Leg-s:   the  jointed  appendages  attached  to  the  thoracic  segments,  used  in 

walking:  the  organs  of  locomotion  other  than  wings:  unjointed  organs  of 

locomotion  are  pro-legs  or  false  legs  ;  q.  v. 
Legion:  a  group  of  genera,  subequal  to  a  tribe. 
Legnum:   the  margin  of  a  squama. 
Lemniscate:  ribbon-like:  in  the  form  of  an  8. 
Lenticular:  round,  doubly  convex;  like  a  lens  or  lentil. 
Lepidoptera:  scale-winged:  an  order  of  insects  with  spirally  coiled  haustel- 

late   mouth    structures;    head    free;    thorax    agglutinate;    transformations 

complete ;  four  scale-covered  wings. 

Lepidopteric  acid:  a  green  pigment  obtained  from  the  wing  scales  of  Lepi- 
doptera; a  derivative  of  uric  acid :  see  Lepidotic  acid. 
Lepidopteron:  a  butterfly  or  moth:  one  of  the  Lepidoptera. 
Lepidotic:   set  with  minute  scales. 
Lepidotic  acid:  a  yellow  pigment  obtained  from  certain  butterfly  scales;  a 

derivative  of  uric  acid :  see  Lepidopteric  acid. 
Lepis:  a  scale. 

Leprous:   with  loose,  irregular  scales. 
Leptiform:  —  compodeiform  ;  q.  v. 
Leptos:   small,  fine. 
Lethargic:  torpid  or  inactive. 
Leucine:  a  white  crystalline  compound,  the  product  of  animal  decomposition, 

found  in  the  malpighian  tubes  :  as  a  color,  cheesy  white. 
Leucocytes:  pale,  unicellular  bodies,  numerous  in  the  insect  blood. 
Levator:  a  muscle  that  raises  an  organ  or  a  part. 
Levigate -us:   with  a  smooth,  somewhat  shiny  surface. 
Liber:   free. 
Ligament:   a  band  or  sheet  of  tough,  fibrous  tissue  between  two  parts  or 

segments. 

Ligneous -eus:  wood  brown  [Vandyke  brown]. 
Lignivorous:   feeding  upon  wood  or  woody  tissues. 
Ligula:  the  central  sclerite  of  the  labium,  borne  upon  the  mentum,  usually 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  75 

single,  sometimes  paired:  often  used  as  synonymous  with  "  glossa  "  and 
"  tongue  "  :  corresponds  to  the  united  lacinise  of  right  and  left  maxillae : 
see  also  elytral  ligula. 

Ligulate:  strap-shaped;  linear,  much  longer  than  broad. 

Lilacinous:   lilac-colored   [lilac]. 

Limaciform:  having  the  form  of  a  Limax  or  slug;  said  of  larvae. 

Limb:  the  circumference:  the  area  surrounding  the  disc. 

Limbate:  when  a  disc  is  surrounded  by  a  margin  of  different  color. 

Limbus:  the  area  along  the  outer  and  posterior  margin  of  wing  beyond  the 
closed  cells  ;  Homoptcra,  Cicada. 

Limpid:  clear  and  transparent:  applied  to  wings  and  ornamentation. 

Line:  a  narrow  streak  or  stripe:  as  a  term  of  measurement,  one-twelfth  of 
an  inch ;  commonly  used  by  English  and  early  American  authors. 

Linea:  a  line  or  narrow  stripe. 

Linear:  straight;  in  the  form  of  a  right  line. 

Lineate:   marked  with  lines  or  streaks:   lined. 

Lineolet:  a  delicate  fine  line. 

Lingua:  the  tongue;  applied  in  Hymcnoptcra  to  the  ligula:  in  Lepidoptera 
and  Dipt  era,  to  maxillary  structures  :  has  also  been  used  for  the  hypo- 
pharynx,  and  that  use  might  be  adopted :  a  median  organ  of  the  hypo- 
pharynx  in  Apterygota. 

Lingua  spiralis:  the  spiral  tongue  of  Lepidoptera:  see  glossa. 

Linguiform:   tongue-shaped:   linear,  with  the  extremities  obtusely  rounded. 

Lingula:  in  Alcurodidcc,  a  more  or  less  slender  tongue  or  strap-shaped  organ, 
attached  cephalad  within  the  vasiform  orifice :  a  term  proposed  by  Leuckart 
for  the  ligula  of  the  bees. 

Lipochromus:   without  color. 

Lipoptera :  =  Mallophaga  ;  q.  v. 

Literate:  ornamented  with  characters  like  letters. 

Littoral:  living  along  the  sea-coast  or  in  the  shore  debris:  strictly,  between 
tide  marks. 

Littoralia:   Hcteroptcra  that  live  in  marshes. 

Litura:  an  indistinct  spot,  paler  at  its  margin. 

Livid:  yellowish  gray  with  a  violet  tinge:  greenish  gray. 

Lobate-us:  divided  by  deep,  undulating  and  successive  incisions. 

Lobe:  any  prominent  rounded  process  or  excrescence  on  a  margin:  specifi- 
cally, the  rounded,  tooth-like  processes  on  the  margin  of  the  pygidium  of 
the  Diaspincc:  also  applied  to  lateral  expansions  of  the  abdominal  seg- 
ments. 

Lobes:  of  the  maxilla;  see  galea  (outer)  and  lacinia  (inner)  :  of  the  mentum 
in  Coleoptera,  are  the  lateral  expansions  shielding  the  base  of  the  central 
organs. 

Lobes  of  pronotum:  in  Orthoptcra;  the  spaces  or  areas  formed  by  three 
transverse  impressions  on  the  pronotum :  that  which  borders  the  head  is 
the  anterior  lobe,  the  hindmost  is  the  posterior  lobe,  those  intervening  are 
the  middle  lobes. 

Lobiform:  shaped  like  a  lobe  or  rounded  process. 

Lobulate:  divided  into,  or  with  many  small  lobes  or  lobules. 

6 


76  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Lobule:  in  Coccidcc,  one  of  the  two  distinct  parts  of  which  a  lobe  is  some- 
times composed. 

Lobulus:  the  partly  separated  portion  of  the  wings  of  some  flies  and  of  sec- 
ondaries in  some  Hymenoptera :  also  used  as  =  alula ;  q.  v. 
Lobus:  of  maxilla  =  galea  ;  q.  v. 
Locomotion:  organs  of,  are  legs  and  wings. 

Longicorn-ia:   having  the  antennae  as  long  or  longer  than  the  body;  spe- 
cifically the  Cerambycid  beetles. 
Longitudinal:   in  the  direction  of  the  long  axis. 

Longitudinal   veins:    are   those   that   extend   lengthwise   through   the   wing 
either  directly  from  base  or  as  branches  of  one  that  does  start  there :  they 
are  named  or  numbered,  and  differently  in  the  different  orders. 
Loop:  applied  to  that  structure  at  base  of  inner  side  of  primaries  into  which 

the  f  renulum  of  male  moths  is  fitted :  see  retinaculum. 

Looper:  applied  to  geometrid  and  other  caterpillars  in  which  some  or  all  the 
middle  abdominal  legs  are  wanting  and  which  move  by  bringing  tail  to 
thorax  and  forming  a  loop  of  the  intervening  segments. 
Lora:  the  chitinous  bands  connecting  the  submentum  with  the  cardo  of 
maxilla  (Comst.)  :  the  submentum:  small  cords  upon  which  the  base  of 
the  proboscis  is  seated  (Say)  :  the  anterior  part  of  the  gense  at  the  edge 
of  the  mouth :  the  corneous  processes  to  which  the  muscles  flexing  the 
mouth  in  certain  Diptcra  are  attached,  and  in  that  sense  the  palpifer  of 
the  maxilla :  in  Homoptcra,  the  small  sclerite  at  side  of  clypeus  and  front, 
extending  laterally  to  the  gense. 

Lorum:  in  bees;  the  angular  piece  upon  which  the  submentum  rests. 
Lower  austral  zone:  occupies  southern  part  of  United  States  from  Chesa- 
peake Bay  to  the  great  interior  valley  of   California.     Is   interrupted  by 
the  continental  divide  in  eastern  Arizona  and  west  New  Mexico  and  divided 
according  to  conditions  of  humidity  into  an  eastern  or  A  us tro riparian  and 
western  or  low'er  Sonoran  area. 
Lower  field:  in  tegmina :  see  costal  field. 
Lower  fronto-orbital  bristles:   in  Dipt  era;  are  on  the  lower  part  of  front, 

above  the  antennae,  along  the  orbit. 
Lower  margin:  of  tegmina   (Thomas),  is  the  costal  or  anterior  margin  of 

other  authors. 

Lcwer  radial  vein:  in  Lcpidoptcra  (Holland)  ;  —  media  2  (Comst.). 
Lower  sector  of  triangle:  in  Odonata;  =  cubitus  2  (Comst.). 
Lower  Sonoran  faunal  area:    comprises  the  most  arid  deserts   of   North 
America,  beginning  west  of   lat.  98°   in  Texas:   sends  narrow  arms   into 
southern  New  Mexico,  is  interrupted  by  the  Continental  Divide;  covers  a 
large  part  of  w.  and  s.  Ariz.,  s.  w.  Nev.,  s.  w.  Calif.,  a  portion  of  central 
Calif.,  and  most  of  Lower  Calif.     These  areas  are  irregular  and  incapable 
of  brief  definition. 

Lubricate -ous:   covered  with  a  slippery  mucus. 
Lucid:   shining;  applied  to  luminous  insects. 

Lucif erase:  a  substance  in  the  nature  of  an  enzyme,  existing  in  the  luminous 
organs  of  light-giving  beetles. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  77 

Luciferine:  a  substance  in  the  blood  of  luminous  beetles  which,  when  brought 
into  contact  with  luciferase,  produces  light. 

Luciferous:  light  giving. 

Lucifugous:  fleeing  the  light:  applied  to  nocturnal  forms  or  those  that  live 
in  concealment. 

Lumen:  the  cavity  of  an  organ:  the  inner  surface  of  a  tube:  the  hollow 
portion  of  a  gland  or  vesicular  structure. 

Luminescence:  applied  to  the  light  of  fire-flies,  as  a  substitute  for  phos- 
phorescence. 

Lumper:  one  who,  in  describing  species  or  genera,  recognizes  only  prominent 
or  obvious  characters  to  the  exclusion  of  minor  color  or  variable  char- 
acters of  maculation  or  structure :  see  splitter. 

Lunaris  or  Lunate:  crescent-shaped:  formed  like  a  new  moon. 

Lunula:   a  small  lunule  or  crescent. 

Lunulas:  in  Hymenoptera,  crescent-shaped  marks  near  the  orbits. 

Lunulate:  a  line,  when  made  up  of  a  series  of  small  lunules. 

Lunule:  a  lunate  mark  or  crescent. 

Lurid -us:  dirty  brown  with  a  bluish  tinge  [pale  brown  +  a  little  French 
blue]  :  also  used  to  indicate  an  obscuring  of  bright  colors. 

Luteo-testaceous:    dark  clay  yellow. 

Luteous-eus:  clay  yellow   [pale  clay  yellow]. 

Lutescent:  becoming  or  appearing  to  be  clay  yellow. 

Lutose-us:   apparently  or  really  covered  with  dirt. 

Lymphatic:  producing,  carrying  or  relating  to  the  lymph. 

Lyrate:  lyre-shaped:  cut  into  several  transverse  segments,  and  gradually  en- 
larging towards  the  extremity. 

Lyre:  the  upper  wall  or  border  of  the  spinning  tube  of  caterpillars. 

M 

Macrochaetae:  the  long  bristles  occurring  singly  on  the  body  of  Diptera. 

Macropterous:  long  or  large  winged. 

Macrosomites:  the  primitive  regions  of  primitive  band  of  the  insect  embryo. 

Macula:  a  colored  mark  larger  than  a  spot;  of  indeterminate  figure. 

Maculate -ed:  spotted  or  marked  with  figures  of  any  shape,  of  a  color  dif- 
fering from  the  ground. 

Maculation:  the  ornamentation  or  pattern  of  marking. 

Maculose:  spotted;  with  many  marks  or  spots. 

Mcerianum:  "that  segment  of  the  post-pectus  situate  one  on  each  side  behind 
the  acetabulum  and  parapleurum ;  it  supports  the  posterior  feet " :  see 
meriaeum. 

Magenta :  pinkish  red ;  an  aniline  product. 

Magis:   more. 

Maggot:  applied  to  the  footless  larv?e  of  Diptera. 

Mala:  a  lobe:  a  ridged  or  grinding  surface. 

Mala  mandibularis:  the  grinding  surface  or  area  of  a  mandible. 

Mala  maxillae:  the  lobes  of  maxilla;  outer  or  galea,  inner  or  lacinia;  where 
only  one  is  present,  the  term  refers  to  that  one. 


78  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Malaxation:  a  kneading  or  softening;  applied  to  the  chewing  and  squeezing 
by  fossorial  wasps  of  insects  captured  as  food  for  their  larvae. 

Male:  that  sex  having  organs  for  the  production  of  spermatozoa:  desig- 
nated by  c?,  the  astronomical  sign  for  Mars. 

Mallophaga:  wool-eaters:  an  ordinal  term  applied  to  biting  lice:  wingless; 
mandibulate  ;  thoracic  segments  similar  ;  no  metamorphosis  :  =  Lipoptcra. 

Malpighian  tubules:  long,  slender  tubules,  varying  in  number,  serving  as 
excretory  organs,  entering  the  alimentary  canal  at  the  point  of  junction  of 
chylific  ventricle  and  ileum ;  said  to  be  analogous  with  kidneys  :  =  biliary 
vessels. 

Mammilate:   with  nipple-like  protuberances  or  processes. 

Mandible:  the  lateral  upper  jaws  of  a  biting  insect. 

Mandibular  scrobe:  a  broad  deep  groove  on  outer  side  of  mandible  in  some 
Coleoptcra. 

Mandibular  segment:  the  fourth  or  mandible-bearing  segment  of  head. 

Mandibulata:  that  series  of  insects  in  which  the  adults  have  functional 
mandibles  used  for  biting. 

Mandibulate:  with  jaws  or  mandibles. 

Manicate-us:  fur-like:  surface  clothed  with  irregular  depressed  hair. 

Manitrunk:  that  part  of  trunk  that  bears  the  anterior  legs:  =•  prothorax. 

Manometabola:  with  a  slight  or  gradual  metamorphosis  and  without  a  rest- 
ing stage;  e.  g.,  the  Orthoptcra. 

Manubrium:  in  Coleoptcra;  that  part  of  the  mesosternum  in  Elaterida; 
which  forms  the  process  for  fitting  into  the  cavity  of  the  prothorax :  in 
Collcmbola;  the  basal  part  of  the  furculum. 

Manus:  the  hand:  formerly  applied  to  the  anterior  tarsus. 

Marbled:  irregularly  mottled,  gray  and  white,  like  marble;  =  marmoratus. 

Marcescent:  shrivelling. 

Margaritaceous:  shining,  like  mother  of  pearl  =  nacreous  ;  q.  v. 

Margin:  that  portion  of  a  surface  within  the  edge,  bounded  on  the  inner 
side  by  the  sub-margin  and  consisting  of  a  more  or  less  dilated  imaginary 
line. 

Marginal:  of,  belonging  to,  or  near  the  margin. 

Marginal  area:  in  Orthoptcra;  see  mediastinal  area. 

Marginal  bristles:  in  Dipt  era;  are  inserted  on  the  posterior  margin  of  the 
abdominal  segment. 

Marginal  cell:  in  Diptcra  (Williston)  ;  =  subcostal  (Schiner)  ;  =rradial  1 
(Comst.)  :  in  Hymcnoptcra;  =  radial  1  and  2  (Comst.)  :  in  general  that 
cell  beyond  the  stigma. 

Marginal  field:  in  tegmina  =  costal  field;  q.  v. 

Marginal  nervure  or  vein:  in  Orthoptcra,  =  costa  (Comst.)  :  in  Hymcnop- 
tcra (Norton),  =•  radius  3  (Comst.):  in  general,  the  vein  forming  the 
marginal  cell. 

Margined -ated:  bounded  by  an  elevated  or  attenuated  margin:  when  the 
margin  is  edged  by  a  flat  border. 

Marmorate -us:  spots  and  lines  irregularly  disposed,  as  in  marble:  marbled. 

Mask:  in  the  nymphs  of  Odonata,  the  modified  labium  which,  when  at  rest, 
conceals  the  other  mouth  parts. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  79 

Masticate:  to  chew. 

Masticatory:  formed  for  chewing  or  grinding;  applied  to  the  mouth  parts 
and  to  the  grinding  structures  in  the  gizzard. 

Mastigium  -ia:  telescopic  anal  organs  in  certain  caterpillars,  serving  to 
repel  attacks  of  parasites. 

Matrix:  the  formative  substance  from  which  cells  and  other  structures  are 
derived. 

Maxilla:  without  any  qualifying  adjective,  the  second  pair  of  jaws  in  a 
mandibulate  insect ;  the  most  persistent  when  the  mouth  is  modified,  and 
represented  by  some  functional  part  in  all  insects  in  which  the  mouth 
structures  are  useful :  second  maxillae,  =  the  labium  or  third  pair  of  jaws 
in  a  mandibulate  insect. 

Maxillary:  attached  or  belonging  to  the  maxilla;  e.  g.,  palpi. 

Maxillary  palpi:  the  first  pair  of  palpi,  borne  on  the  maxilla. 

Maxillary  pleurites:  the  lateral  pieces,  epimera  and  episterna  of  the  maxil- 
lary segment. 

Maxillary  segment:  the  sixth  segment  of  the  head,  bearing  the  maxillae. 

Maxillary  tendons:  two  slender  rods  in  basal  third  of  the  muscid  proboscis; 
the  remnant  of  the  palpifer,  to  which  muscles  for  flexing  the  proboscis  are 
attached :  see  lora. 

Maxillary  tentacle:  in  female  Pronnba;  a  specialized  process  of  palpifer. 

Maxillulas:  a  pair  of  appendages  in  Thysanurids,  between  mandibles  and 
first  maxillae. 

Maxime:   very  much  or  very  large. 

Mealy:  with  a  flour-like  dusting:  ==  farinose. 

Mecaptera:  =Mccoptera;  q.  v. 

Meconium:  the  substance  excreted  by  certain  metabolic  insects  soon  after 
their  emergence  from  the  chrysalis  or  pupa. 

Mecoptera:  long-winged:  neuropterous  insects  with  similar,  large,  unfolded 
wings  ;  mouth  mandibulate,  prolonged  into  a  beak ;  head  free ;  thorax  ag- 
glutinated ;  transformations  complete :  the  scorpion  flies  or  Panorpidce. 

Medi-:   prefix,  =  middle. 

Media:  the  fourth  of  the  longitudinal  veins  extending  from  base  through 
approximately  the  middle  of  the  wing,  not  more  than  four  branched,  the 
branches  numbered  on  margin  from  1  nearest  apex  to  4  nearest  anal 
angle:  in  Orthoptera,  it  is  the  median  or  externomedian :  in  Lepidoptcra 
(Pack.),  is  cubitus  1  (Comst.). 

Mediad:  toward  the  median  plane  or  middle. 

Mediafurca:  a  process  extending  internally  from  the  mesosternum,  to  which 
the  muscles  are  attached. 

Medial:  referring  to,  or  at  the  middle. 

Medial  cells:  (Comst.),  are  anteriorly  bounded  by  the  media  or  its  branches: 
in  Hymenoptcra  (Nort.),  includes  median  and  cubital  (Comst.). 

Medial  cross-vein:   (Comst.)  is  between  media  2  and  3. 

Median  1:  in  Lepidoptcra   (Pack.),  =  media  2   (Comst.). 

Median  2:  in  Lepidoptcra  (Pack.),  =  media  3   (Comst). 

Median  4:  in  Lepidoptcra  (Pack.),  =  cubitus  2  (Comst.). 


80  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Median  area:  of  wings  in  Orthoptcra,  lies  between  the  radial  and  ulnar 
veins,  radius  and  media  (Comst.)  :  of  metathorax  of  Hymenoptera,  is  the 
middle  of  the  dorsum,  divided  into  three  spaces  or  cells  :  1st  or  basal  area, 
2d  or  upper  median  or  areola,  3d  or  apical  or  petiolar  area. 

Median  carina:  Orlhoptcra;  of  head,  is  usually  applied  to  a  median  dorsal 
carina,  but  has  been  also  used  for  that  which  extends  down  the  middle  of 
front  from  the  f astigium,  and  then  =  frontal  costa :  of  prothorax,  extends 
along  the  middle  of  pronotum. 

Median  cell:  in  Lcpidoptcra,  is  the  closed  area  formed  by  a  line  extending 
from  the  end  of  subcostal  to  the  end  of  the  median  veins,  =  radial 
(Comst.)  :  in  Hymenoptera,  1st  median  (Pack.),  =  medial  (Comst.)  ;  2d 
median  (Pack.),  =  medial  4  (Comst.);  3d  median  (Pack.),  =  medial  2 
(Comst.)  ;  4th  median  (Pack.),  =  medial  1  (Comst.). 

Median  cross-veins:  in  Odonata;  are  those  which  cross  median  space. 

Median  foveola:  in  Orthoptcra;  the  foveate  depression  of  the  vertex  be- 
tween the  eyes  :  =  central  foveola. 

Median  forks:  in  Ortlwptera,  refers  to  the  forks  of  the  median  vein. 

Median  furrow:  lies  between  radius  and  media:  in  some  Heteroptera,  sepa- 
rates the  embolium  from  the  remainder  of  the  corium. 

Median  lines:  on  the  primaries  of  many  moths;  the  first  or  t.  a.,  crosses 
about  one-third  from  base ;  the  second  or  t.  p.,  crosses  beyond  the  outer 
third  and  is  usually  sinuate. 

Median  lobe:  of  labium  in  Odonata,  is  the  partly  divided  glossa  or  ligula; 
probably  corresponds  to  united  glossa  and  paraglossse  (Butler). 

Median  longitudinal  caringe:  on  the  metanotum  of  Hymenoptera,  extend 
one  on  each  side  of  the  middle. 

Median  nervules:  in  Lcpidoptcra  (Holland)  ;  lst  =  cubitus  2  (Comst.)  ;  2d 
=  cubitus  1  (Comst.);  3d  =  media  3  (Comst.). 

Median  notch:  in  Coccida-,  a  notch  in  the  edge  of  the  pygidium,  at  the 
posterior  extremity  of  the  body. 

Median  plate:  in  Hymenoptera  sessiliventres,  is  the  dorsal  plate  connecting 
the  thorax  and  abdomen. 

Median  sector:  in  Odonata,  =  media  3  (Comst.). 

Median  segment:  applied  to  the  basal  segment  of  the  abdomen  when  it  forms 
part  of  the  metathorax :  see  propodeum. 

Median  shade  or  line:  in  Lcpidoptcra,  crosses  at  or  about  middle  of '  wings. 

Median  space:  in  Lcpidoptcra,  is  the  area  between  the  median  lines:  in 
Odonata,  the  cubital  cell  (Comst.)  ;  the  space  at  base  between  submedian 
(radius)  and  postcosta  (1st  anal)  ;  by  Selys  in  1896  and  later  used  in  the 
sense  of  medial  cell  of  Comst. 

Median  vein:  in  Odonata  and  Lcpidoptcra,  =  radius  (Comst.)  :  in  Lcpi-dop- 
tcra,  it  runs  from  base  to  about  middle,  nearly  through  centre,  and  is  four 
or  five  branched :  in  Hymenoptera,  it  is  the  3d  from  costal  margin. 

Mediastinal:  relating  to  the  longitudinal  median  line  or  area. 

Mediastinal  area:  in  Orthoptcra,  the  area  between  median  or  mediastinal 
vein  and  the  costal  or  front  margin:  =  marginal  area. 

Mediastinal  vein:  in  Orthoptcra  and  Diptera,  =  subcosta  (Comst.)  :  also,  in 
Diptcra,  =  auxiliary  vein  (Meigen). 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  81 

Medio-cubital  cross-vein:  between  media  4  and  cubitus  1,  connecting  the 
two  series  (Comst.). 

Medio-ventral  line:  in  caterpillars,  extends  along  middle  of  under  side. 

Medipectus:  the  under  side  of  mesothorax :  the  mesosternum. 

Mediproboscis:  the  middle  third  of  the  flexed  proboscis  of  muscid  flies. 

Medi-thorax:  =  mesothorax  ;  q.  v. 

Medius:  middle. 

Mega-  Megalo-:  large. 

Melanic:  with  a  blackish  suffusion. 

Melanism:  an  abnormal  or  unusual  darkening:  a  suffusion  with  blackish. 

Mellifera:  honey-makers:  applied  to  bees  as  a  whole. 

Melliferous:  honey-producing,  or  producers  of  honey. 

Mellisugous:  honey-sucking:  a  feeder  on  honey. 

Member:  any  one  of  the  external  appendages. 

Membranaceous:  thin,  skin-like,  semi-transparent,  like  parchment:  of  a  thin, 
pliable  texture. 

Membrana  retinens:  the  stretched  part  of  the  membrane  around  the  rectum 
of  butterfly  larvae,  used  in  the  change  to  the  chrysalis. 

Membrane -ana:  any  thin,  transparent,  flexible  body  tissue:  specifically  the 
wing  tissue  between  the  veins  :  in  Hctcroptcra,  the  thin  membranous  tip  of 
the  hemelytra. 

Membranous  or  eous:  composed  of  membrane  or  skin-like  tissue. 

Membranule:  the  small  opaque  expansion  at  base  of  wings  in  Odonata. 

Meniscoidal:  with  one  side  concave,  the  other  convex,  like  a  round  segment 
from  a  hollow  sphere. 

Menognatha:  insects  in  which  both  young  and  adults  feed  by  mandibles; 
e.  g.,  the  Orthoptera:  see  menorhyncha  and  metagnatha. 

Menorhyncha:  forms  in  which  both  young  and  adult  take  food  by  suction; 
e.  g.,  Hemiptera:  see  menognatha  and  metagnatha. 

Mental  suture:  in  Cole  opt  era,  the  line  between  mentum  and  gula. 

Mentigerous:  bearing  or  having  a  mentum. 

Mentum:  a  labial  sclerite  bearing  the  movable  parts;  attached  to  and  some- 
times fused  with  the  submentum;  corresponds  to  the  (united)  stipes  of 
maxillae :  in  Colcoptcra,  what  is  usually  called  mentum  is  really  submen- 
tum:  in  Diptcra,  the  term  is  applied  to  the  posterior  oral  margin:  in 
Hymenoptera,  is  part  of  "  tongue,"  the  second  joint  bearing  the  labial 
palpi,  paraglossae  and  ligula. 

Merdivorous:  feeding  upon  dung  or  excrement:  see  scatophagous. 

Meriaeum:  the  posterior  inflected  part  of  the  metasternum  in  Coleoptcra. 
Meroistic:  ovaries  that  secrete  yolk  or  vitellaginous  cells  as  well  as  ova. 
Mesad:  extending  or  directed  toward  the  median  plane. 
Mesal:  pertaining  to,  situated  on  or  iu  the  median  plane  of  the  body. 
Mesenchym:    that   portion   of   the   mesoderm  that   produces   the   connective 

tissues  of  the  body. 

Mesenteron:  the  mid-gut,  stomach  or  chylific  ventricle:  the  middle  portion 
of  the  primitive  intestinal  canal,  lined  with  entoderm. 


82  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Mesepimeron:    in  Odonata;  the  sclerite  between  humeral  and  first  lateral 

suture. 
Mesepisterna:  in  Odonata;  the  oblique  lateral  pieces  of  mesothorax,  meeting 

dorsally  in  a  ridge. 
Mesially:  at  or  to  the  middle. 
Mesinfraepisternum:  a  sclerite  formed  between  propleuron,  mesepisternum, 

mesepimeron  and  second  coxa. 

Meso:  middle:  as  prefix,  drops  the  o  when  stem  begins  with  a  vowel. 
Mesoblast:  the  middle  germ  layer  of  the  embryo:  —  mesoderm. 
Mesoderm:  =  mesoblast ;  gives  rise  to  muscular  and  circulatory  systems. 
Mesodont:  :=  amphiodont ;  q.  v. 

Mesomeros:  the  2d  to  5th  abdominal  segments  in  Lepidoptcra. 
Meson:  the  middle  plane  of  the  body. 

Mesonotum:  the  primitively  upper  surface  of  the  2d  or  middle  thoracic  ring. 
Mesophragma:    an   internal   prolongation  of   the  metaprsescutum,   affording 

attachment  to  some  of  the  wing  muscles. 
Mesopleura:  in  Diptcra,  the  space  before  the  root  of  the  wing  between  the 

dor  so-  and  sternopleural  sutures :   in  Hymcnoptera,  the  piece  below  the 

insertion  of  the  wings. 
Mesopleural  bristles:  in  Diptcra,  are  inserted  in  the  angle  formed  by  the 

dorsopleural  and  mesopleural  sutures. 
Mesopleural  suture:  in  Diptcra,  runs  from  the  root  of  the  wings  downward 

and  separates  the  mesopleura  from  the  pteropleura. 
Mesopleuron:  the  lateral  surface  of  the  mesothorax. 
Mesosternal  cavity:  in  Elatcridcc,  the  opening  into  which  the  prosternal 

spine  or  mucro  is  fitted. 
Mesosternal  epimera:  in  Cole  opt  era;  the  narrow  pieces  separating  the  meso- 

sternal  from  the  metasternal  episterna. 
Mesosternal  episterna:   Coleoptcra;  on  each  side  of  mesosternum  between 

anterior  border  and  epimera ;  generally  separated  by  a  distinct  suture. 
Mesosternal  lobes:  in  Orthoptcra;  =  mesosternellum ;  q.  v. 
Mesosternellum:  in  Orthoptcra,  two  median  lobes  of  the  mesosternum,  one 

on  each  side  of  the  deep  median  notch  :  in  general,  the  sternellum  of  the 

mesothorax. 

Mesosternum:  the  underside  or  breast  of  the  mesothorax. 
Mesostethidium:  =  mesothorax;  q.  v. 
Mesostethium:   the  middle  piece  of   the  underside  of   metathorax,  between 

the  middle  and  hind  legs. 

Mesostigma:  in  Odonata,  the  spiracles  of  second  thoracic  segment. 
Mesosulcus:  a  central  longitudinal  furrow  of  mesosternum  in  Hymcnoptera. 
Mesotarsus:  the  tarsus  of  the  middle  leg. 
Mesothoracotheca:  the  pupal  covering  of  the  mesothorax. 
Mesothorax:  the  second  or  middle  thoracic  ring;  bears  the  middle  legs  and 

the  anterior  wings. 
Mesotergum:  =mesonotum;  q.  v. 
Meta-:  posterior:  used  as  a  prefix  to  designate  the  third  thoracic  ring  and 

its  parts. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  83 

Metablastic:  relating  to  the  ecto-  or  metablast  or  ectoderm. 

Metabola:   insects  with  a  complete  metamorphosis  in  which  the  larva  does 

not  resemble  the  adult,  and  the  pupa  is  quiescent. 
Metabolism:   is  transformation:  the  whole  process  or  series  of  changes  of 

food  into  tissue  and  cell-substance  and  of  these  latter  into  waste  products  ; 

the  first  of  these  changes  being  anabolic,  the  second  katabolic. 
Metabolous:  undergoing  metamorphosis  or  transformation. 
Metacoxal  plate:  in  Coccinellida,  that  portion  of  the  first  ventral  segment 

included  above  the  ventral  lines  visible  on  that  segment. 
Metagnatha:  insects  which  feed  with  jaws  when  young  and  by  suction,  with 

tubular  mouths  when  mature ;  e.  g.,  the  Lepidoptera:  see  menognatha  and 

menorhyncha. 

Metagonia:  the  hind  or  anal  angle  of  a  wing. 

Metallic:  having  the  appearance  of  metal:  applied  to  a  surface  or  color. 
Metaloma:  the  sutural  or  inner  margin  of  primaries. 
Metamere:  a  segment,  somite  or  athromere. 
Metameric:  made  up  of  segments  or  metameres. 
Metamerism:  the  arrangement  in  metameres. 
Metameros:  in  Lepidoptera,  the  6th  to  8th  abdominal  segments. 
Metamorphosis:  is  that  series  of  changes  through  which  an  insect  passes  in 

its  growth  from  egg  through  larva  and  pupa  to  adult :  it  is  complete  when 

the  pupa  is  inactive  and  does  not  feed ;  incomplete  when  there  is  no  pupa 

or  when  the  pupa  is  active  and  feeds. 
Metamorphosis  dimidio:  an  incomplete  transformation. 
Metamorphosis  perfecta:  a  complete  transformation. 
Metanotum:  the  primitively  upper  surface  of  the  third  or  posterior  thoracic 

ring:   in  Diptera,  the  oval  arched  portion  behind,  beneath  the  scutellum ; 

best  developed  in  flies  with  long,  slender  abdomen :  e.  g.,  Tipulidcc. 
Metaphragma:   the  hindmost  internal  thoracic  septum. 
Metapleura:  in  Diptera,  a  swollen  space  at  the  outside  of  the  metanotum, 

between  it,  the  pteropleura  and  the  hypopleura ;  in  Hymcnoptera,  the  piece 

behind  and  below  the  insertion  of  the  hind  wings. 
Metapleural  bristles:  in  Diptera,  are  inserted  in  the  metapleura. 
Metapneustic:   larvse,  chiefly  dipterous,  in  which  the  spiracles  are  confined 

to  the  posterior  segment. 

Metapnystega:  that  circular  area  of  metanotum  behind  the  postscutellum. 
Metapodeon:  the  abdomen  behind  the  podeon  or  petiole  in  Hymcnoptera. 
Metasternal:  relating  or  attached  to  the  metasternum. 
Metasternal  epimera:    small  sclerites  separating  the  metasternal  episterna 

from  the  ventral  segments. 
Metasternal  episterna:   sclerites  situated  on  each  side  of  the  metasternum, 

immediately  behind  the  mesosternal  epimera. 
Metasternellum:  the  sternellum  of  the  metathorax. 
Metasternum:  the  underside  or  breast  of  the  metathorax. 

Metastethidium:  =  metathorax  ;  q.  v.  * 

Metastigma:  in  Odonata,  the  spiracles  of  third  thoracic  segment.          /v  / 

Metastoma:  in  Orthoptera;  -  -  hypopharynx ;  q.  v.  /c^    O^         O/\ 

O  \  _f. 

^- 


84  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Metatarsus:  applied  to  basal  joint  of  tarsus,  where  that  differs  greatly  in 
length  or  otherwise  from  the  other  joints:  see  sarothrum. 

Metatergum:  =metanotum;  q.  v. 

Metathoracotheca:  the  pupal  covering  of  the  metathorax. 

Metathorax:  the  third  thoracic  ring  or  segment;  bears  the  hind  legs  and 
second  pair  of  wings ;  variably  distinct ;  sometimes  closely  united  with  the 
mesothorax  and  sometimes  appearing  as  a  portion  of  the  abdomen. 

Metatype:  is  a  specimen  named  by  the  author  after  comparison  with  the 
type ;  according  to  some,  it  should  be  also  a  topotype. 

Metazona:  in  Orthoptcra,  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  prothorax  behind  the 
principal  sulcus. 

Metepimeron:  in  Odonata,  lies  behind  the  second  lateral  suture  and  extends 
ventrally  to  the  sternum. 

Metepisternum:  in  Odonata,  is  the  sclerite  between  the  first  and  second 
lateral  thoracic  sutures. 

Meter:  the  standard  of  length  in  the  metric  system  =  39. 37  inches:  see  centi- 
meter and  millimeter. 

Meticulose -us:  is  a  maculation  in  the  form  of  a  series  of  colored  flames. 

Metinfraepisternum:  in  Odonata;  the  sclerite  just  above  base  of  3d  coxa; 
below  metepisternum  and  before  metepimeron. 

Metochy:  the  relation  borne  to  ants  by  the  tolerated  guests  in  ant-hills; 
demanding  nothing  from  and  giving  nothing  to  the  ants  :  see  symphily  and 
synecthry. 

Metopidium:  the  anterior  declivous  surface  of  prothorax  in  MembracidcE. 

Micans:  shining:  also  a  surface  of  which  only  parts  are  shining. 

Microchaetae:  small  bristles,  as  opposed  to  macrochsetse,  in  Diptera. 

Microergates:  the  dwarf  workers  among  ants. 

Micron:  the  unit  of  microscopic  measurement  =  .001  mm.:  represented  by 
the  symbol  M :  the  symbol  MM  represents  .001  of  a  micron. 

Micropterous:  small  winged. 

Micropterism:  the  tendency  to  produce  small  wings;  applied  to  a  line  of 
variation. 

Micropyles:  minute  openings  in  the  egg,  through  which  spermatozoa  enter. 

Microsomites:  small  secondary  rings  or  somites  of  the  macrosomites  in  the 
embryo,  which  afterward  become  the  body  segments. 

Microthorax:  a  supposed  thoracic  ring  between  the  head  and  prothorax. 

Middle  apical  area:   =  internal  area;  q.  v. 

Middle  field:  =  discoidal  field;  q.  v. 

Middle  lobes:  of  pronotum  in  Orthoptcra:  see  lobes. 

Middle  pleural  area:  in  Hymenoptera;  the  median  of  the  three  areas  be- 
tween lateral  and  pleural  carinae :  =  2d  pleural  area. 

Mid-dorsal  thoracic  carina:  a  ridge  or  elevated  line  at  the  meeting  of  the 
mesepisterna  in  Odonata. 

Mid-gut:  the  chylific  ventricle  with  the  csecal  glands,  tubes  or  pouches. 

Mid-intestine:   =  mid-gut. 

Migrants:  applied  to  that  brood  of  plant  lice  which  flies  from  one  to  an 
alternate  food  plant :  any  forms  that  fly  from  the  place  where  they  were 
born  for  food  or  other  purposes. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  85 

MM.:  —  Millimeter:  .001  meter  —  .039  of  an  inch:  roughly  25  mm.  are 
counted  to  an  inch  in  measuring  insects. 

Mimetic:  when  a  species  mimics  or  resembles  another  or  some  other  object 
in  appearance ;  but  not  in  structure  and  other  characters. 

Mimicry:  strictly,  the  resemblance  of  one  animal  to  another  not  closely  re- 
lated animal,  living  in  the  same  locality ;  often  loosely  used  to  denote  also 
resemblance  to  plants  and  inanimate  objects:  Batesian  mimicry  is  where 
one  of  two  similar  species  is  distasteful  (so-called  model),  the  other  not 
distasteful  (so-called  mimic)  ;  Miillerian  mimicry  is  where  both  species 
are  distasteful. 

Mines:  applied  to  galleries  or  burrows  between  upper  and  under  surface  of 
leaf  tissue,  when  made  by  larvse :  they  are  linear,  when  they  are  narrow 
and  only  a  little  winding;  serpentine,  when  they  are  curved  or  coiled,  be- 
coming gradually  larger  to,  a  head-like  end ;  trumpet-mines,  when  they  start 
small  and  enlarge  rapidly  at  tip ;  blotcli  mines,  when  they  are  irregular 
blotches  ;  tcntiform,  when  the  blotch  mines  throw  the  leaf  into  a  fold  on 
one  side. 

Miniate -us:  of  the  color  of  red  lead  [vermilion  with  a  slight  admixture  of 
dragon's  blood]. 

Mirror:  in  Cicada:  see  specular  membrane. 

Mitosoma:  the  middle  piece  of  a  developing  spermatozoon. 

Mobile:   movable:  having  the  power  of  motion. 

Model:  see  mimicry. 

Modioliform:  globular,  truncated  at  both  ends;  like  the  hub  of  a  wheel. 

Mola  or  Molar:  the  ridged  or  roughened  grinding  surface  of  the  mandible: 
when  the  mandible  is  compound,  the  molar  corresponds  to  the  subgalea  of 
maxilla. 

Monarsenous:  that  kind  of  union  where  one  male  suffices  for  many  females. 

Moniliform:  beaded  like  a  necklace. 

Monochromatic:    of   one  color  throughout. 

Monodactyle:  with  a  single  movable  claw  which  closes  on  the  tip  of  the 
other  leg  structures  as  in  some  parasitica. 

Monodomous:  ants  in  which  each  colony  has  one  nest  only. 

Monoecious:  when  both  sexual  elements  or  glands  exist  in  one  individual. 

Monogamous:  a  union  where  a  female  is  fertilized  by  one  male  only. 

Monomeri:   insects  with  one-jointed  tarsi. 

Monomorphic:  species  of  which  only  one  sex  (female)  is  known  to  exist. 

Monophagous:  insects  feeding  upon  only  one  species  or  genus  of  plants. 

Monothelious:  a  union  where  one  female  is  fecundated  by  many  males. 

Monotrocha  -ous:  Hymcnoptera  in  which  the  trochanters  are  single:  having 
legs  in  which  the  trochanter  is  one- jointed. 

Monotypical:  a  genus  described  from  a  single  species,  no  other  being 
known ;  or  described  from  a  single  specified  species  with  which  are  asso- 
ciated others  believed  to  be  identical  in  structure :  see  isotypical  and  hetero- 
typical. 

Moult:  a  period  in  the  transformation  when  the  larva  changes  from  one 
instar  to  another :  the  cast  skin  of  a  larva  that  has  moulted. 

Mouth:  the  anterior  opening  into  the  alimentary  canal,  where  the  feeding 
structures  are  situated  and  in  which  the  food  is  prepared  for  ingestion. 


86  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Mouth-parts:  a  collective  name  including  labrum,  mandibles,  maxillae,  labium 
and  appendages  —  trophi. 

Mucoreus:  mouldy:  a  surface  covered  with  small,  fringe-like  processes. 

Mucro:  a  long,  straight  or  curved  process  terminating  in  a  point:  the  pro- 
sternal  process  in  Elatcrida:  the  terminal  spine  or  process  of  an  obtect 
pupa :  "  the  median  posterior  point  of  the  epigastrium  when  differentiated 
by  elevation." 

Mucronate:  terminated  in  a  sharp  point. 

Mucrones:  in  Collembola  the  two  small  end  pieces  of  the  furcula,  proceeding 
from  the  denies. 

Mullerian  association:  a  group  of  species  belonging  to  different  genera, 
often  different  families  or  even  orders,  having  similar  colors,  possessing 
more  or  less  distasteful  qualities  and  living  in  the  same  locality. 

Muller's  thread:  the  common  terminal  thread  o\  all  the  ovarian  tubes. 

Multangulate :  with  many  angles. 

Multi-:  many;  used  as  a  prefix,  often  without  the  i. 

Multiarticulate:  with  many  joints  or  segments! 

Multilocular:  with  many  large  cells,  spaces  or  cavities. 

Multipartite:  divided  into  many  parts. 

Multiplicate:  with  many  longitudinal  folds  or  lines  of  plication. 

Multispinose:  with  many  spines. 

Mumia:  the  pupa. 

Munite-us:  armed;  provided  with  an  armature. 

Muricate -us:  armed  with  sharp,  rigid  points. 

Murinus:  mouse  colored  [gray  with  some  yellow]. 

Mushroom  bodies:  two  stalked,  mushroom-like  bodies  arising  from  procere- 
bral  lobes ;  supposed  to  be  the  seat  of  insect  intelligence. 

Muscle:  the  fleshy  fibres  of  the  insect  body  that  serve  to  move  the  append- 
ages and  other  body  organs. 

Mute:  silent:  without  power  to  produce  audible  sound. 

Mutic-us:  unarmed:  lacking  processes  where  such  usually  occur. 

Mutici:  Acridiids  without  a  posternal  spine. 

Mutilate -us:  cut  off:  mutilated:  abbreviated:  not  complete. 

Mycetophagous:   feeding  upon  fungi. 

Myiasis:  disease  or  injury  caused  by  the  attack  of  dipterous  larvae. 

Myoblast:  a  cell  that  produces  muscular  tissue. 

Myrmecology:  that  branch  of  entomology  that  deals  with  ants. 

Myrmecophilous:  ant-loving:  applied  to  insects  that  live  in  ant  nests. 

Mystacine -us:  bearded:  with  a  hairy  fringe  above  mouth  or  on  clypeus. 

Mystax:  in  Dipt  era;  a  patch  of  hair  or  bristles  above  the  mouth,  on  the 
lower  part  of  the  hypostoma  above  the  vibrissse. 

Mytiliform:  shell-like;  as  the  middle  feet  in  some  aquatic  Hemiptera. 

N 

Nacreous:  pearly:  resembling  mother  of  pearl:  =  margaritaceous. 
Nail:  a  tarsal  claw:  specifically  the  stout  pointed  claws  in  predatory  Heter- 
optera  =  unguis. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  87 

Naked:  not  clothed:  lacking  vestiture:  a  pupa  when  not  inclosed  in  a  cocoon 

or  other  covering. 

Nasal  suture:  ==  clypeal  suture;  q.  v. 
Nasus:  anterior  termination  of  the  face  in  certain  Hymenoptera:  the  clypeus 

or   a  modification   of   it :    in   Odonata,  the   upper   portion   of   the   clypeus 

=  supraclypeus  =  postclypeus. 
Nasuti:  that  type  of  termite  soldiers  that  have  the  head  prolonged  into  a 

point. 

Natatorial -ious:  formed  for  swimming. 
Navicular :   boat-shaped  =  cymbiform. 
Neanic:  referring  to  the  pupal  stage. 

Nearctic:  temperate  and  arctic  North  America,  including  Greenland. 
Nebula:  a  cloud:  a  vague,  indefined,  dusky  shading. 
Nebulous -ose:  cloudy:  without  definite  form  or  outline. 
Neck:   the  slender  connecting  structure  between  head  and  thorax  of  such 

insects  as  have  the  head  free :  any  contraction  of  the  head  at  its  juncture 

with  the  thorax. 

Necrophagous:   living  in  or  on  carrion. 
Nectaries:  honey-tubes,  cornicles,  siphuncles ;  q.  v. 
Nematid:  thread-like. 
Nematocera:  =nemocera;  q.  v. 
Nematocerous:  with  long,  thread-like  antennae. 
Nemocera:  Dipt  era  with  long,  at  least  six-jointed  antennae. 
Nemoglossata:   bees  with  a  thread-like  tongue. 
Nemoricolous:  living  in  open,  sunny  woods. 
Neogeic:  belonging  to  the  Western  Hemisphere  or  New  World:  see  geron- 

togeic. 
Neolepidoptera :  all  haustellate  Lcpidoptcra,  except  the  generalized  Microp- 

tcrygidce ;  mandibles  not  functionally  present;  pupa  incomplete  or  obtect : 

see  paleolepidoptera  and  protolepidoptera. 
Neoteinic:    applied  to  complemental   females   in   Termites   because,   though 

reproductive,  they  retain  some  juvenile  characters. 
Neotropical:  that  part  of  the  earth's  surface  embraced  in  the  greater  part 

of  Mexico,  West  Indies  and  South  America. 
Neotype:  a  specimen  identified  with  a  species  already  described,  and  selected 

as  a  standard  of  reference  where  the  original  type  or  co-types  are  lost  or 

destroyed. 
Nephridia:  tubular  structures  functioning  as  kidneys  in  Annelids,  Mollusks, 

etc.,  and  incorrectly  used  as  =  malpighian  tubules ;  q.  v. 
Nepionic:  that  stage  of  development  immediately  succeeding  the  embryonic; 

proposed  as  a  substitute  for  larval. 

Nerinaeum:  a  ventral  thoracic  sclerite  between  the  metasternum  and  poste- 
rior coxa  in  some  Colcoptera. 

Nerve:  a  thread-like  structure,  composed  of  delicate  filaments  whose  func- 
tion it  is  to  transmit  sensations  or  stimuli  to  or  from  a  ganglion  or  from 

or  to  any  part  of  the  body  or  its  appendages. 
Nerves:  sometimes  used  to  =  veins,  in  wing  structures. 
Nervi:  belonging  or  referring  to  the  nerves. 


88  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Nervulation:  arrangement  of  the  nerves:  specifically  applied  to  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  chitinous  framework  of  wings  and  thus  =  venation ;  q.  v. 

Nervules  or  Nervures:  the  rod  or  vein-like  structures  supporting  the  mem- 
branes of  wings  and  =  veins  and  veinlets  ;  q.  v. 

Nervuration:  =nervulation  and  venation;  q.  v. 

Neural  canal:  an  incomplete  tunnel  on  the  floor  of  meso-  and  metathorax, 
formed  by  fusion  of  apodemes,  serving  for  the  reception  and  protection  of 
the  ventral  nerve  cord  and  for  the  attachment  of  muscles. 

Neural  groove:  is  that  furrow  in  the  primitive  layer  of  the  embryo  in  which 
the  nerve  cord  is  formed. 

Neuration:  =  venation  ;  q.  v. 

Neurilemma:  the  external  sheath  of  a  nerve  fibre. 

Neuroblast:  the  large  cell  in  the  early  embryo,  from  which  the  nervous 
system  develops. 

Neuromere:  that  part  of  a  body  segment  pertaining  to  the  nervous  system. 

Neuroptera:  nerve-winged:  an  ordinal  term  applied  to  insects  with  four  net- 
veined  wings  ;  mouth  mandibulate ;  head  free ;  thorax  loosely  agglutinated ; 
metamorphosis  complete :  in  its  older  use,  the  term  applied  to  all  net-veined 
insects  irrespective  of  metamorphosis  or  thoracic  structure. 

Neuropteroidea:  like  the  Neuroptera  in  the  wide  sense;  applied  to  those 
living  insects  included  by  Linnreus  in  his  Neuroptera;  also  to  those  extinct 
forms  which  have  a  general  resemblance  to  them. 

Neurospongium:  a  granular  matrix  in  the  periopticon  of  the  insect  eye. 

Neuter:  the  term  applied  to  workers  or  undeveloped  females  in  some  Hy- 
menoptcra:  indicated  by  9  or  g,  an  impertect  form  of  Venus  sign. 

Nidificate:  to  nest:  applied  when  eggs  are  placed  in  a  prepared  receptaculum. 

Niger:  black. 

Nigricans:   black,  tinged  with  gray. 

Nits:  the  eggs  of  sucking  lice;  specifically  when  attached  to  a  hair:  in 
general,  though  rarely,  applied  in  the  singular  to  an  egg. 

Nitidus:  shining:  applied  to  a  highly  polished,  smooth  surface. 

Niveous -eus:  snowy  white. 

Nocturnal:  species  that  fly  or  are  active  at  night. 

Nodal  furrow:  in  Odonata;  a  transverse  suture,  beginning  at  a  point  in 
costal  margin  corresponding  to  the  nodus,  and  extending  toward  inner 
margin. 

Nodal  sector:  in  Odonata;  =  media  2  (Comst.)  :  arises  from  upper  sector 
of  arculus  near  nodus  and  extends  to  outer  margin. 

Node:  a  knot  or  knob:  in  the  plural  refers  to  the  small  segment  or  segments 
between  thorax  and  main  portion  of  abdomen  in  ants. 

Nodiform:  in  the  form  of  a  knot  or  knob. 

Nodicorn:  with  antennae  that  have  the  apex  of  each  joint  swollen. 

Nodose -us:  knotted  or  with  knots;  a  body  with  one  or  more  knotted  parts; 
a  sculpture  with  almost  isolated  knots. 

Nodule:  a  little  knot,  lump  or  node. 

Nodulose -us -ate:  with  small  nodes  or  nodules:  a  surface  sculpture  of  knots 

or  links,  connected  by  an  undulating  line. 

Nodus:  in  Odonata;  a  stout,  oblique,  short  vein  at  the  place  where  the  an- 
terior margin  of  the  wings  is  sometimes  drawn  in. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  89 

Nopalry:  a  plantation  of  cacti  for  raising  cochineal  insects. 

Normal:  of  the  usual  form  or  type;  not  out  of  the  ordinary. 

Notate:  marked  by  spots:  with  a  series  of  depressed  marks  as  a  sculpture. 

Notched:   indented,  cut  or  nicked;  usually  a  margin. 

Notocephalon:   in  some  aquatic  Hcmiftcra,  that  part  of  the  head  which  is 

apparent  from  a  dorsal  aspect. 
Notodont:  with  toothed  backs:  applied  to  a  series  of  moths  whose  larvae  are 

more  or  less  conspicuously  humped  on  dorsal  surface. 
Notopleural  suture:  =  dorsopleural  suture;  q.  v. 
Nototheca:  that  part  of  the  pupa  covering  upper  surface  of  abdomen. 
Notum:  the  dorsal  or  upper  part  of  a'  segment:  =  tergum. 
Nucha:  the  upper  surface  of  the  neck  connecting  head  and  thorax. 
Nucleate:  with,  or  having  a  nucleus. 
Nucleolus:  the  small  portion  of  matter  in  the  nucleus  most  readily  affected 

by  staining  fluids. 
Nucleus:  a  well-defined,  differentiated,  round  or  oval  body  imbedded  in  the 

cell  contents. 

Nude -us:  naked:  a  surface  devoid  of  hair,  scales  or  other  vestiture. 
Nuditas:  =  nudity. 

Nudity:  the  state  of  being  naked  or  bare  of  vestiture. 
Nurses:   worker  ants   or  worker  bees  which  care  for  the  eggs,  larvse  and 

pupae,  but  do  not  forage,  the  latter  function  being  taken  up  later,  when 

nursing  is  given  up. 

Nutant:  nodding;  the  tip  bent  toward  the  horizon. 
Nutritive  chamber:  an  enlarged  section  of  ovarian  tube,  filled  with  granular 

nutritive  material  used  in  developing  the  egg  cells. 
Nymph:  the  larval  stage  of  insects  with  incomplete  metamorphosis:  applies 

also  to  their  pupal  stage,  and  sometimes  used  as  =  pupa. 
Nympha  inclusa:  =.  coarctate  pupa;  q.  v. 
Nymphipara:  applied  to  insects  that  bear  living  young  in  an  advanced  stage 

of  development :  see  also  pupipara. 


Ob-:  as  a  prefix,  means  inversely. 

Obconic:  conic,  with  the  apex  pointing  downward. 

Obcordate:    inversely  heart-shaped,  with  the  point  applied  to  the  base  of 

another  object  or  part. 

Obese -us:  unnaturally  distended:  usually  applied  to  the  abdomen. 
Oblate:  flattened;  applied  to  a  spheroid  of  which  the  diameter  is  shortened 

at  two  opposite  ends. 

Oblique:  any  direction  between  perpendicular  and  horizontal. 
Oblique  vein:  in  Odonata;  an  apparent  cross-vein  situated  between  M2  and 

Rs,  distad  to  the  level  of  the  nodus  and  inclined  obliquely,  from  its  front 

end,  backward  and  outward ;  in  reality  the  basal  part  of  Rs. 
Obliterate:  nearly  washed  out;  indistinct. 
Oblong:   longer  than  broad. 
Obovate :  inversely  egg-shaped ;  the  narrow  end  downward. 


90  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Obpyriform:   inversely  pear-shaped. 

Obscure:  not  readily  seen:  not  well  defined. 

Obsite-us:  a  surface  covered  with  equal  scales  or  other  bodies. 

Obsolete:  nearly  or  entirely  lost:  inconspicuous. 

Obtect:  wrapped  in  a  hard  covering. 

Obtected:  applied  to  pupse  when  they  are  covered  with  a  chitinous  case  which 

confines  and  conceals  all  appendages,  though  their  outlines  may  be  marked 

on  the  surface :  see  free,  and  coarctate. 

Obtuse :  not  pointed ;  an  angle  greater  than  a  right  angle :  opposed  to  acute. 
Obtuse-angulate:  two  markings  or  margins  meeting  so  as  to  form  an  obtuse 

angle. 
Obtusilingues:   short-tongued  bees  with  the  tip  obtuse  or  bifid:  see  acuti- 

lingues. 
Occipital  foramen:  the  opening  in  the  occiput,  opposed  to  a  similar  opening 

in  the  prothorax :  —  foramen  magnum. 

Occipital  margin:  in  Mallophaga,  the  posterior  margin  of  the  head. 
Occipito-orbital  bristles:  in  Diptcra;  situated  on  posterior  orbit  of  eye. 
Occiput:   that  part  of  the  head  behind  the  vertex:  in  Diptera,  the  whole 

posterior  surface  of  the  head  :  in  bees,  the  space  between  the  vertex  and 

the  neck. 

Occlusor:  applied  to  muscles  which  close  an  opening;  e.  g.,  spiracles. 
Occult -us:  hidden;  concealed  from  superficial  view. 
Ocellar  bristles:  in  Diptera,  are  situated  close  to  the  ocelli,  usually  directed 

forward ;  often  absent. 
Ocellar  ribband:  a  crescent-shaped,  smooth  thin  belt  across  the  eye  region  in 

butterfly  chrysalids. 
Ocellar  triangle:  a  triangle,  indicated  by  grooves  or  depressions,  on  which 

the  ocelli  are  situated;  Diptera. 

Ocellate:  eye-like  in  appearance:  in  Lcpidoptcra,  spots  on  the  wings,  bor- 
dered by  a  colored  iris  or  ring,  and  usually  with  a  pupil. 
Ocelli:  plural  of  ocellus;  q.  v. ;  =  stemmata. 
Ocelligerous:  supplied  with,  or  bearing,  ocelli. 
Ocellus:  a  simple  eye,  consisting  of  a  single  convex  or  bead-like  lens,  which 

conveys  an  image  to  a  retina.     Ocelli  occur  in  larvae  and,  singly  or  in 

small  groups,  in  adults :  the  compound  eyes  are  made  up  of  numerous 

ocelli. 
Ochraceous:  yellow  with  a  slight  tinge  of  brown  [pale  cadmium  yellow  and 

brown  ochre]. 

Ochraeus-eus:    =  ochraceous. 
Ochro-leucus:  dilute  ochraceous. 
Ocular  emargination:  in  Mallophaga,  a  lateral  emargination  of  the  head  in 

which  the  eye  is  received  posteriorly. 
Ocular  fleck:  in  Mallophdga,  a  small,  intensely  black  spot  of  pigment  in  the 

eyes. 
Ocular  fringe:   in  Mallophaga,  closely  set  small  hair  on  posterior  half  of 

ocular  emargination,  sometimes  extending  on  temporal  margin. 
Ocular  lobes:  of  brain  =  procerebrum ;  q.  v. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  91 

Ocular  sclerite:  the  first  or  protocerebral  segment  of  the  head. 

Ocular  tubercles:  in  Aphids,  are  a  group  of  prominent  facets  on  the  hinder 
part  of  each  eye. 

Oculi-us:  the  eyes:  an  eye:  refers  to  the  compound  eyes. 

Oculocephalic:  applied  to  that  pair  of  imaginal  buds  destined  to  produce  the 
cephalic  region  in  Hymcnoptera. 

Odona:  toothed:  applied  to  Odonata  by  Fabricius  because  of  the  long  teeth 
on  the  maxilla  and  labium. 

Odonata:  net-veined  insects  with  mandibulate  mouth;  head  free;  thorax  ag- 
glutinate ;  wings  similar,  elongate,  flat ;  metamorphosis  incomplete ;  copu- 
latory  organs  of  male  near  base  of  abdomen,  separate  from  the  testes. 

Odonate:  bearing  toothed  mouth  parts,  like  those  of  dragon  flies. 

Odoriferous:  diffusing  an  odor;  applied  to  glands  or  secreting  organs. 

(Ecology:  see  ecology. 

CEdagus:  the  penis. 

CEnocytes:  large  yellow  cells  arranged  segmentally  in  clusters,  in  each  side 
of  body  cavity;  associated  with  blood  and  fat  bodies. 

CEsophageal  bone:  a  plate  below  anterior  part  of  oesophagus  in  Psoddcc. 

CEsophageal  bulb:  =  subclypeal  pump;  q.  v. 

CEsophageal  diverticula:  —  food  reservoirs  (q.  v.)  ;  but  more  generally 
applied  also  to  any  sac-like  structure  connected  with  the  gullet. 

CEsophageal  lobes:  form  posterior  portion  of  brain  or  tritocerebrum. 

CEsophageal  valve:  a  funnel-like  folding  of  the  oesophagus,  extending  into 
the  chylific  ventricle  in  some  insects,  and  forming  a  valve  that  controls 
the  entrance  of  food  into  that  organ :  =  cardiac  valvule. 

(Esophagus:  the  gullet:  that  part  of  the  alimentary  canal  between  the  mouth 
and  the  crop. 

Olfactory:  pertaining  to  the  sense  of  smell:  those  lobes  of  the  deutocerebrum 
from  which  the  nerves  supplying  the  antennae  arise. 

Oligonephria:  applied  to  insects  with  few  urinary  (Malpighian)  tubes. 

Oligoneura:  having  few  wing  veins:  specifically  applied  in  Diptcra  to 
Cecidomyids. 

Olivaceous:  with  a  tinge  of  olive  green,  usually  as  a  shading  [olive  green]. 

Omaloptera:  the  pupiparous  flies. 

Omia:  the  shoulders:  the  lateral  anterior  angles  of  an  agglutinated  thorax, 
when  they  are  distinct:  =  see  umbone:  in  Coleoptera;  a  corneous  sclerite 
to  which  the  muscles  of  the  anterior  coxa  are  attached;  also  the  lateral 
margin  of  the  prothorax ;  also  the  lateral  margin  of  the  scutellum  in  Cara- 
bids  and  Dytiscids. 

Ommateum:  the  compound  eye. 

Ommatidium-ia:  one  of  the  elements  of  which  the  compound  eye  is  com- 
posed. 

Omnivorous:  a  general  feeder  upon  animal  or  vegetable  food,  or  both. 

Oncus-i:  a  welt:  applied  to  welt-like  ridges  on  caterpillars. 

Onisciform:  shaped  like  a  wood-louse,  Oniscus  sp. ;  applied  to  certain  Ly- 
caenid  and  other  caterpillars. 

Ontogenetic :  relating  to  the  development  of  the  individual. 
7 


92  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Ontogeny:  the  development  of  the  individual  as  distinguished  from  that  of 
the  species :  see  phylogeny. 

Onyches:  claws  of  tarsi. 

Onychium -ia:  small  processes  between  the  tarsal  claws  in  many  Diptcra: 
see  empodium :  a  more  or  less  retractile  process  on  the  feet  of  some 
beetles  :  in  Hymcnoptcra,  the  apical  tarsal  joint  bearing  the  claws:  see  also 
arolium  and  pulvillus. 

Ooblast:  the  primitive  germinal  nucleus  of  an  egg. 

Oogenesis:   the  process  of  egg-formation. 

Oolemma:  the  cell  wall  of  an  egg:  see  vitelline  membrane. 

Ootheca:  the  covering  or  case  over  an  egg  mass,  as  in  certain  Ortlwptera: 
see  egg  case. 

Opacus:  opaque;  a  surface  without  any  lustre. 

Opalescent:  with  a  bluish  white  lustre,  as  in  opals. 

Opalinus:   =  opalescent ;  q.  v. 

Opaque:  without  lustre:  not  transparent. 

Operaria:  the  workers  in  Hymcnoptcra. 

Operative:   in  working  order  or  actually  working. 

Opercula:  two  plates  covering  the  vocal  structure  of  Cicada,  beneath. 

Operculum:  a  lid  or  covering:  in  Diptcra,  the  chitinous  envelope  covering 
the  lower  part  of  the  muscid  mouth;  the  labrum-epipharynx  of  Dimmock  : 
the  scutes  covering  the  mesothoracic  stigmata:  in  Alcurodidfc,  the  lid-like 
structure  closing  the  vasif  orm  orifice ;  q.  v. 

Ophthalmic:   relating  to  the  eye. 

Ophthalmotheca:  that  part  of  the  pupa  that  covers  the  eyes. 

Opisthogoneate:  having  the  organs  of  generation  at  hind  end  of  body. 

Opisthogonia:  the  anal  angle  of  the  secondaries. 

Opposite:  placed  over  against,  or  opposed  to. 

Optic:  relating  to  the  organs  of  vision. 

Optic  ganglia:  are  at  the  sides  of  the  procerebrum  and  innervate  the  com- 
pound eyes. 

Optic  lobes:  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  procerebrum  in  which  are  centered  the 
nerves  supplying  the  organs  of  vision. 

Opticon:  the  first  of  a  series  of  three  ganglionic  swellings  in  the  optic  nerve: 
see  epiopticon  and  periopticon. 

Optic  segment:  =  procerebral  segment;  q.  v. 

Optic  tract:  is  the  perceptive  portion  of  the  compound  eye. 

Ora:  a  border:  specifically  in  some  Colcoptcra,  the  lateral  margin  of  pro- 
thorax. 

Ora  coleopterorum:  the  margin  of  the  elytra. 

Orad:  toward  the  mouth. 

Oral:   pertaining  to  the  mouth. 

Oral  cavity:  the  mouth;  =rbuccal  cavity. 

Oral  fossa:  in  Mallophaga,  a  furrow  lying  in  front  of  the  mandibles. 

Oral  segment:  that  ring  or  segment  which  bears  the  mouth. 

Orbicular:  round  and  flat,  the  diameters  of  the  plane  equal:  in  some  moths, 
a  round  or  oval  macula  in  the  median  cell. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  93 

Orbit:  an  imaginary  border  around  the  eye:  in  Diptera  the  orbits  are  divided 
into  vertical  or  superior ;  frontal  and  facial  or  anterior ;  of  the  cheek  or 
inferior ;  occipital  or  posterior. 

Orbital  sclerite:  a  narrow  sclerite  encircling  some  eyes. 

Order:  one  of  the  primary  divisions  of  the  Class  Insecta,  based  largely  on 
wing  structure  and  then  usually  ending  in  -ptera. 

Ordure:  excrement;  usually  applied  to  such  as  is  foul  or  offensive. 

Orichalceous:  =  aurichalceous ;  q.  v. 

Oriental:  in  geographical  zoology  as  used  by  Wallace,  that  part  of  the  earth's 
surface  including  Asia  east  of  the  Indus  River,  south  of  the  Himalayas 
and  the  Yangtse-kiang  watershed,  Ceylon,  Sumatra,  Java  and  the  Philip- 
pines. 

Orificium:  the  anal  or  genital  opening. 

Original  type:  is  the  actual  specimen  from  which  a  published  description  is 
prepared. 

Orismologia -y:  the  defining  of  scientific  or  technical  terms. 

Orthoptera:  straight  winged:  an  ordinal  term  applied  to  insects  in  which 
the  primaries  are  not  used  in  flight,  but  cover  the  longitudinally  folded 
secondaries ;  mouth  mandibulate ;  head  set  into  prothorax,  the  latter  free ; 
metamorphosis  incomplete. 

Orthorrhapha:  that  section  of  Diptera  in  which  the  pupa  escapes  from  larval 
skin  through  a  T-shaped  opening  on  back :  see  cyclorrhapha. 

Orthorrhaphous :   straight-seamed. 

Os:  the  mouth  of  insects,  in  general.  • 

Oscillation:  a  vibrating  or  swinging  from  side  to  side. 

Osculant:  intermediate  in  character  between  two  groups  or  series. 

Osmaterium -ia:  fleshy,  tubular,  eversible  processes  producing  a  penetrating 
odor,  capable  of  being  projected  through  a  slit  in  the  prothoracic  segment 
of  certain  Papilionid  caterpillars,  and  from  openings  elsewhere  in  the 
bodies  of  other  forms. 

Osmosis:  the  tendency  of  liquids  to  pass  or  diffuse  through  a  membrane  or 
septum. 

Osselet:  =  ossicle;  q.  v. 

Ossicle:  a  small  nodule  of  chitin  resembling  a  bone. 

Ossicula:  small  corneous  pieces  that  serve  in  the  articulation  of  the  wings 
to  the  thorax. 

Ostia:  the  slit-like  openings  of  the  heart. 

Ostiolar  canal:  a  marginal  furrow  leading  from  the  ostiole. 

Ostiole:  in  Hctcroptcra,  the  openings  at  the  sides  of  meso-  and  metathorax, 
through  which  an  odoriferous  fluid  is  excreted. 

Ostium:  singular  of  ostia;  q.  v. 

-osus:  an  affix,  signifying  saturation,  or  the  possession  of  the  quality  ex- 
pressed in  the  stem  word. 

Otocyst:  an  auditory  or  ear-like  vesicle. 

Otolith:  a  little  ear-bone:  granules  or  concretions  found  in  an  otocyst. 

Outer  lobe:  of  maxilla  =  galea ;  q.  v. 

Outer  margin:  the  outer  edge  of  wing,  between  apex  and  hind  angle. 

Ova,  Ovum :  the  eggs ;  an  egg. 


94  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Ova  glebata:  eggs  laid  or  concealed  in  lumps  of  dung. 

Ova  imposita:  eggs  laid  in  the  substance  that  is  to  serve  as  food  for  the 

larva. 

Oval:  egg-shaped,  with  both  ends  similar. 
Ova  pilosa:  eggs  that  are  covered  with  hair;  usually  from  the  abdomen  of 

the  female. 
Ovarian  tube:  a  tubular  structure  in  which  are  developed  the  cells  forming 

the  future  ova :  a  single  one  of  the  mass  which,  taken  together,  form  the 

ovaries. 
Ovaries:  a  mass  of  ovarian  tubes,  lying  one  on  each  side  of  the  body  cavity 

of  the  female,  in  each  of  which  tubes  eggs  or  ova  are  developed :  the  indi- 
vidual tubes  of  an  ovary  all  converge  to  one  oviduct. 
Ovariole:  an  ovarian  tube;  q.  v. 
Ovary:  singular  of  ovaries;  q.  v. 
Ovate:  in  outline,  egg-shaped  or  oval. 
Oviduct:   the  tube  through  which  the  egg  passes  from  ovarian  tubes  into 

vagina :  sometimes  used  in  the  sense  of  ovipositor ;  q.  v. 
Oviform:  egg-shaped. 

Oviparous:  where  reproduction  is  through  eggs  laid  by  the  female. 
Oviposition:  the  act  of  depositing  the  eggs. 
Ovipositor:  the  tubular  or  valved  structure  by  means  of  which  the  eggs  are 

placed ;  usually  concealed ;  but  sometimes  extended  far  beyond  the  end  of 

the  body. 

Oviscapt:  =  ovipositor;  q.  v. 
Ovivalvule:  in  Ephemeroptera;  is  an  appendage  of  the  female  reproductive 

organs. 
Ovoviviparous:  when  living  young  are  born  from  eggs  which  are  hatched 

in  the  body  of  the  parent. 


Pacific  coast  humid  area:  is  that  faunal  area  of  the  transition  zone  com- 
prising the  western  parts  of  Washington  and  Oregon  between  the  Coast 
Mountains  and  Cascade  range;  parts  of  northern  California  and  most  of 
the  coast  region  from  near  Cape  Mendocino  south  to  the  Santa  Barbara 
Mountains.  To  the  south  and  east  it  passes  into  the  arid  transition  and 
in  places  into  the  upper  Sonoran. 

Pad:  the  pulvillus,  or  that  part  of  it  which  is  capable  of  extension  and  re- 
traction in  some  Coleoptera. 

Paddle:  the  flattened  joints  of  posterior  tarsi  in  aquatic  Hemiptcra. 

Paedogenesis:  reproduction  in  the  sexually  immature  or  larval  stage. 

Paedogenetic:  reproducing  in  the  sexually  immature  or  larval  stage. 

Pagina:  the  surface  of  a  wing:  P.  superior,  is  the  upper  surface;  P.  inferior, 
the  lower  surface:  in  Orthoptcra,  the  external  flattened  surface  of  the 
caudal  femora. 

Pagiopoda:  Hcteroptcra,  in  which  the  posterior  coxae  are  not  globose  and 
the  articulation  is  a  hinge  joint:  see  trochalopoda. 

Pagiopodous:  those  Hctcroptera  which  have  the  coxae  of  the  hind  legs 
hinged  and  the  femora  grooved. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  95 

Pala:  the  shovel-shaped  tarsal  joints  in  many  aquatic  Heteroptcra. 

Palate :   =  hypopharynx ;  q.  v. 

Paleace:  chaff  or  chaffy:  =  paleaceous. 

Paleaceous:  chaffy  in  appearance. 

Palearctic:  relating  to  that  part  of  the  earth's  surface  including  Europe, 
Africa  north  of  Sahara,  and  Asia  as  far  south  as  the  southern  edge  of  the 
Yangtse-kiang  watershed  and  the  Himalayas,  and  west  to  the  Indus 
River. 

Paleodictyoptera:  an  ordinal  name  suggested  by  Scudder  for  Paleozoic  in- 
sect* which  cannot  be  assigned  to  existing  orders. 

Paleolepidoptera:  haustellate  Lcpidoptcra  in  which  the  mandibles  are  dis- 
tinct and  the  pupa  is  free :  includes  the  Micropterygidce  only :  see  proto- 
lepidoptera  and  neolepidoptera. 

Pallescent:  becoming  pale  or  light  in  color  or  tint. 

Pallette:  the  disc-like  structure  composed  of  three  tarsal  joints,  on  the 
anterior  feet  of  male  Dytiscida. 

Pallid:  pale  or  very  pale. 

Pallide-flavens:  pale  or  whitish  yellow. 

Pallidus:  of  a  pale,  cadaverous  hue  [a  very  dilute  brown  pink]. 

Pallium:  an  erectile  membrane  partially  closing  the  open  cavity  formed  by 
the  walls  of  the  subgenital  plate  in  Melanopli. 

Palma:  the  basal  segment  of  the  anterior  tarsus  when  it  is  broadened  or 
specifically  modified. 

Palmate:  like  the  palm  of  the  hand,  with  finger-like  processes. 

Palmula:  =pulvillus;  q.  v. 

Palp:  a  mouth  feeler  or  palpus. 

Palpal:  belonging,  relating  or  attached  to  the  palpi. 

Palparium:  in  some  Colcoptcra,  and  other  insects,  the  membranous  support 
to  which  the  labial  palpi  are  attached,  and  which  permits  an  amount  of 
extension  not  possible  when  they  are  fixed. 

Palpi:  plural  of  palpus;  q.  v. 

Palpicorne:   with  long,  slender,  antenna-like  palpi. 

Palpifer:  any  palpus-bearing  part:  specifically,  a  small  sclerite  bearing  the 
maxillary  palpus  and  itself  articulated  to  the  stipes. 

Palpiferous  or  -gerous:   bearing  a  palpus. 

Palpiger:  that  sclerite  of  the  labium  to  which  the  labial  palpus  is  attached: 
corresponds  to  the  palpifer  of  the  maxilla  and  has  been  used  in  the  same 
general  sense. 

Palpigerous  stipes:  in  Coleopterous  larvae,  =  palpifer;  q.  v. 

Palpuli:  the  maxillary  palpi  in  Lcpidoptcra,  when  visibly  developed. 

Palpus:    a   mouth    feeler:    tactile,   usually   jointed   structures    borne   by   the 

maxillae   (maxillary  palpi)   and  labium   (labial  palpi). 
Panduriform:  violin  shaped:  oblong,  with  rounded  ends,  medially  constricted. 

Panorpatas:  =Mecoplcra;  q.  v. 

Pantherine:   in  color,  almost  like  cervinus ;  q.  v. :  in  maculation,  like  those 

of  a  panther. 

Papilioform:  formed  like  a  butterfly  wing. 
Papilionaceous:   butterfly-like. 


96  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Papilla:   a  minute,  soft  projection:   specifically  the  modified  ligula  in  silk- 
spinning  caterpillars. 

Papillary:  with  nipple-like  processes  that  have  the  tips  rounded. 
Papillate -us:  a  surface  with  small  elevations  which  are  porous  at  tip. 
Papilliform:  like  a  wart  or  pimple. 

Papillose -us:  pimply;  a  surface  covered  with  raised  dots  or  pimples. 
Pappose:  downy:  made  up  or  clothed  with  pappus. 
Pappus:  a  fine  down. 
Para-:  next  to;  near  by;  at  the  side  of. 
Parabiosis:  see  symbiosis. 
Parabolic:   elongately  rounded. 
Paraclypeal  piece:  in  lepidopterous  pupae,  occurs  in  some  of  the  generalized 

families  on  each  side  of  the  maxillary  palpi. 

Paraclypeus:  in  caterpillars,  a  narrow  sclerite  bordering  clypeus  at  sides. 
Paraderm:  the  limiting  membrane  enclosing  the  pronymph  of  Muscidce. 
Paraglossa:  a  paired,  labial  structure,  lying  at  each  side  of  the  ligula;  often 

connected  with   it;    sometimes    free   and   two-jointed:    corresponds   to  the 

galea  of   maxilla. 

Parallel:  along  the  same  line  and  nearly  equidistant. 
Paranal:  at  the  side  of  or  next  to  the  anus  or  anal  structures. 
Paranal  forks:  two  lateral,  bristle-like  structures  in  some  caterpillars,  used 

to  throw  frass  pellets  to  a  distance. 
Paranal  lobes:  =  podical  plates;  q.  v. 
Paraphysis:  the  chitinized  thickenings  or  lateral  ingrowths,  usually  situated 

at  the  base  of  the  lobes  in  certain  Diaspid  genera. 
Parapleura:  the  sternal  side  pieces  in  beetles. 
Parapodia:  the  pro-  or  false  legs:  more  specifically  applied  to  the  jointed 

abdominal  processes  of  the  Symphyla. 
Parapsidas:   the  small  sclerites  on  each  side  of  the  scutellum  in  Chalcids, 

marked  by  the  parapsidal  grooves. 
Parapsidal  furrows:   longitudinal  grooves  on  each  side  of  the  mesoscutum 

of  Proctytrypldcc  separating  the  parapsides  from  the  middle  lobe. 
Parapsidal  grooves:   the  grooves  or  furrows  on  each  side  of  the  Chalcid 

scutellum,  defining  the  parapsidse. 
Parapsides:    lateral  pieces   of   the  mesoscutum,   separated   from  the  mesal 

portion  by  the  parapsidal  furrows. 
Parapteron-era:  small  sclerites,  articulated  to  the  dorsal  extremity  of  the 

episternum,  just  below  the  wings;  absent  on  prothorax :  =  the  tegulas  of 

Hymenoptera,  and  patagia  of  Lcpidoptcra:   have  been  homologized  with 

the  elytra  of  Colcoptera. 
Parasita:  =parasitica;  q.  v. 
Parasite:  a  species  that  lives  in  or  on  another  animal  or  insect,  and  depends 

upon  the  tissue  of  the  host  for  its  food  supply. 
Parasitic:  living  on  or  in  some  other  animal  or  insect  in  such  a  way  as  to 

derive  all  nourishment  from  the  tissues  of  the  host. 
Parasitica:  the  sucking  lice:  wingless;  without  metamorphosis;  mouth  with 

piercing  lancets ;  thoracic  segments  similar ;  habits  epizootic. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  97 

Parasitism:  a  form  of  symbiosis  in  which  one  party  lives  upon  or  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  other,  makes  no  return  and  destroys  its  host :  see  symbiosis  : 
commensalism. 

Parastigma:   =  pterostigma  ;  q.  v. 

Parastigmatic  glands:  small,  circular  glands,  which  secrete  a  waxy  powder, 
sometimes  present  around  the  spiracles  of  Coccidoe. 

Paratype:  is  every  specimen  of  the  series  from  which  the  type  was  selected: 
see  type  and  cotype. 

Parce:  sparse  or  sparsely. 

Parcidentate:  with  few  teeth. 

Parenchymatous:  composed  of  soft  cellular  and  connective  tissue. 

Parietes:  walls:  the  perpendicular  sides  of  elevated  bodies. 

Paronychium -ia:  one  or  more  bristle-like  appendages  of  onychia ;  q.  v. 

Parthenogenetic:  see  asexual. 

Parthenogenesis:  reproduction  by  direct  growth  of  germs  from  egg-cells 
without  fertilization  by  the  male  element ;  as  in  plant  lice,  gall  wasps,  etc. 

Particolored:  partly  of  one,  partly  of  another  color:  divided  into  two  or 
more  color  fields. 

Partite -us:  divided;  e.  g.,  the  eyes  of  Gyrinidcc. 

Parum:  not  much. 

Patagium-ia:  in  Lepidoptcra,  those  sclerites  that  cover  the  base  of  pri- 
maries :  often  used  as  synonymous  with  tegula  and  squamula,  q.  v. :  assigned 
by  some  writers  to  the  pro-,  by  others  to  the  mesothorax :  homologized 
with  the  paraptera  of  mesothorax. 

Patella -ge:  the  modified  joints  of  anterior  tarsi  in  Dytiscidcs ;  plate-like, 
horny  or  spongy  structures  on  the  undersides  of  the  tarsal  joints :  the  first 
coxal  joint. 

Patella r:   pertaining  to  the  knee-joint  or  cap. 

Patellariae:  in  Dytiscids,  the  unequal,  cup-like  impressions  on  the  underside 
of  the  patella. 

Patens,  Patentes:  open;  diverging;  spreading  apart. 

Patria:   home  or  country  of  origin. 

Patulous -ose:   open,  spreading. 

Paunch:  a  crop-like  accessory  pouch  in  some  Mallophaga:  any  pouch-like 
appendage  of  the  alimentary  canal. 

Paurometabolous:  metamorphosis  in  which  the  changes  of  form  are  gradual 
and  inconspicuous :  e.  g.,  Orthoptcra  and  most  Rhynchota. 

Pavillions:  the  sheds  or  cells  sometimes  built  by  ants  as  a  shelter  for  groups 
of  plant  lice. 

Paxilla:  a  small  stake  or  peg:  a  bundle  of  spicular  processes. 

Pearlaceous:  having  the  appearance  of  pearl. 

Pecten:  a  comb:  in  Hymcnoptcra,  rigid,  incurved  set«-e  on  the  basal  parts  of 
maxilla  and  labium :  the  rows  of  spines  on  the  feet  of  pollen-gathering 
bees :  any  series  of  bristles  arranged  like  a  comb :  in  mosquito  larvae  the 
comb-like  teeth  on  the  breathing  tube. 

Pectinate:  comb-shaped:  with  even  branches  like  the  teeth  of  a  comb. 

Pectinato-fimbriate:  having  pectinations  that  are  fringed  with  hair. 


98  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Pectoralis:  relating  to  the  breast. 

Pectoral  plate:  in  Coleoptera,  the  sternum. 

Pectunculate:  with  a  row  of  minute  appendages  like  the  teeth  of  a  comb; 

e.  g.,  some  maxillary  structures. 
Pectus:  the  ventral  portion  of  thorax:  variably  applied;  in  Coleoptera,  for 

the   entire   meso-   and   metathorax ;    also   the   pro-   and   mesosternum ;    in 

Diptera,  is  the  inferior  surface  of  the  thorax  between  the  legs. 
Pedal  line:  in  caterpillars;  extends  along  the  base  of  the  feet. 
Pedal  tubercle:  on  the  thoracic  and  abdominal  rings  of  caterpillars;  on  the 

anterior  side  of  leg-base  and,  correspondingly,  on  apodal  segments  :  is  VII 

of  the  abdomen  where  it  consists  of  three  setae ;  VI  of  the  thorax  where 

the  setae  are  not  numbered;  constant   (Dyar). 
Pedamina:  the  aborted  fore-legs  of  Nymphalid  butterflies. 
Pedate:  foot-bearing,  or  having  feet. 

Peddler:  applied  to  the  larvae  of  such  Cassid  beetles  as  carry  their  excre- 
ment and  cast  skins  on  an  anal  fork. 
Pedes:  the  feet,  or  really,  legs. 
Pedicellus  or  Pedicle:  the  third  joint  in  a  geniculate  antenna;  forming  the 

pivot  between  scape  and  funicle :  in  general,  a  stalk  or  stem. 
Pediculosis:  a  state  of  lousiness,  or  the  abnormal  condition  caused  by  the 

multiplication  of  lice  on  the  body :  see  phthiriasis. 
Pediculous:  lousy;  infested  with  lice. 
Pedigerous:   feet-bearing. 
Peduncle:  a  stalk  or  petiole:  the  basal  joint  of  the  antenna  in  Homoptera: 

the  smaller  of  the  two  stalks  supporting  the  mushroom  body ;  q.  v. 
Pedunculated:   set  on  a  stalk  or  peduncle:  attached  by  a  slender  stalk  or 

neck. 

Pelagic:  inhabiting  the  sea,  far  from  land. 
Pellicles:  the  exuviae  or  cast  larval  skins  of  many  insects:  in  Coccida  more 

especially  applied  to  the  hardened  larval  skin  attached  to  the  puparia  of 

Diaspina. 

Pellit:  covered  with  long,  drooping  hairs,  irregularly  placed. 
Pellucid:  colored,  but  transparent:  sometimes  applied  when  there  is  no  color. 
Pelotons:  the  balls  of  fine  tracheae  in  larva?,  developed  to  supply  the  adult 

organism. 

Pelottae:  =  arolia ;  q.  v. 
Peltate:  shield-  or  target-shaped. 
Penal   claspers:    in  Proctytripidcc:    lateral    fringed   processes   of   the  male 

genitalia. 

Penal  sheath:  the  horny  outer  covering  of  the  penis. 
Pencil:  a  little,  elongated  brush  of  hair:  in  Diptcra,  applied  to  a  group  of 

sensory  hairs  on  the  flagellum  of  the  antenna. 
Pendent:  hanging  down. 

Pendulous:  drooping;  hanging  free,  attached  to  one  end  only. 
Penes:  open,  slit-like  structures  of  the  seminal  vesicles  to  the  outer  surface 

in  Euplcctoptcra. 
Penicillate:  with  a  long,  flexible  brush  or  pencil  of  hair;  often  at  the  end 

of  a  thin  stalk. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  99 

Penicilli:   a  pair  of  small  style  or  cerci-like  pieces  on  the  tip  of  the  8th 

dorsal  segment  of  abdomen  of  various  male  Hymcnoptera. 
Penicilliform:   pencil-like  or  shaped. 
Penicillum:  a  pencil  or  brush  of  long  hair  attached  at  the  end  of  a  stalk  as 

long  as  the  brush,  and  folded  in  a  lateral  groove  in  some  male  moths. 
Penis:  the  flexible,  membranous,  intromittent  organ  of  the  male. 
Pennaceous:  =  pennate. 

Pennate:  feathered  or  bearing  feather-like  processes. 
Penniform:  feather-like  in  form. 

Pentagon -um:  a  five-sided  figure  with  five  equal  or  unequal  angles. 
Pentamera:   Coleoptera  with  5-jointed  tarsi. 
Pentamerous:   species  having  five-jointed  tarsi. 
Penultimate:  next  to  the  last. 
Peptone:  a  soluble  proteid  compound  produced  by  the  digestion  of  alba- 

menoid  food  substances. 

Per-:  as  a  prefix,  means  very;  extremely;  through. 
Percipient:   with  the  power  of  perceiving. 
Percurrent:  running  through  the  entire  length. 
Pereion:  the  prothorax. 
Pereipoda:  the  second  and  third  pair  of  thoracic  legs  of  larvae,  and  the  2d 

pair  in  adults. 
Perfoliate:   divided  into  leaf -like  plates:  applied  to  antennae  with  disc-like 

expansions  connected  by  a  stalk  passing  nearly  through  their  centres ;  also 

to  any  part  possessing  a  well-developed  leaf-like  or  plate-like  expansion. 
Pergamenous:  thin,  partly  transparent;  resembling  parchment. 
Peri-:   round  about. 
Periopticon:  a  complex  nerve  structure  back  of  the  basilar  membrane  of  the 

eye. 

Pericardia!. •  around,  or  belonging  to  the  heart. 
Pericardial  cavity:  the  space  between  the  diaphragm  and  dorsal  body  wall, 

which  contains  the  heart. 
Pericardial  cells:  specialized  cells,  which  lie  along  both  sides  of  the  heart, 

and  whose  function  it  is  to  purify  the  blood. 

Pericardial  chamber:  is  the  open  space  around  the  heart  or  dorsal  vessel. 
Pericardial  diaphragm:  a  delicate  membranous  tissue  attached  to  the  ventral 

surface  of  the  heart  and  laterally  to  the  body  wall:  =  dorsal  diaphragm; 

wings  of  the  heart. 

Peri-intestinal:  that  part  of  the  body  cavity  around  the  alimentary  canal. 
Peri-neural:  situated  around  a  nerve:  the  body  cavity  immediately  surround- 
ing the  nervous  system. 
Periodical:   recurring  at  regular  intervals. 

Periopticon:  third  ganglionic  swelling  of  optic  tract:  see  opticon. 
Peripheral:  referring  to  the  outer  margin. 
Peripheria:  the  entire  outline  of  the  body. 
Periphery:   the  circumference  or  outer  margin. 
Peripneustic:  larvae  which  have  the  spiracles  absent  on  middle  and  posterior 

thoracic  rings,  and  present  on  all  other  body  segments. 


100  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Peripodal  cavities:  pouches  in  the  embryo  in  which  the  rudiments  of  the 
future  legs  and  wings  are  developed. 

Peripodal  membrane:  the  cell  layer  surrounding  the  peripodal  cavities. 

Peristaltic:  that  periodic  motion  of  the  alimentary  canal  by  means  of  which 
the  food  is  forced  toward  the  anal  extremity. 

Peristethium:  the  mesosternum. 

Peristoma  -ium:  the  border  of  the  mouth  or  oral  margin  in  Diptcra;  some- 
times used  as  =  epistoma  ;  q.  v. 

Peristome:  a  membranous  tissue  surrounding  the  mouth  parts  at  base,  and 
forming  the  true  ventral  wall  of  the  head. 

Peritoneal:  applied  to  the  membrane  surrounding  the  viscera,  trachea,  and 
other  internal  structures. 

Peritracheal:   surrounding  the  trachea. 

Peritreme:  the  corneous  sclerite  surrounding  a  spiracle. 

Peritrophic  membrane:  a  funnel-like  extension  of  the  fore-gut,  extending 
back  tube-like,  through  the  chylifk  ventricle  in  some  insects. 

Perivisceral:  the  cavity  containing  the  alimentary  canal  and  its  appendages. 

Perlate :  beaded :  bearing  relieved,  rounded  points  in  series. 

Perpendicular:  upright:  at  right  angles  to  horizontal. 

Persicinus:  the  red  of  peach  blossoms. 

Persistent:    remaining   constantly;    always    present. 

Personate:  gaping;  wide  open;  masked;  disguised. 

Pes,  Pedes:  a  foot;  feet. 

Petiolar  area  or  Petiolarea:  on  the  metanotum  of  some  Hymenoptcra,  the 
apical  or  hindmost  of  the  three  median  cells  :  =  3d  median  area ;  apical 
area. 

Petiolata:  that  series  of  Hymcnoptera  in  which  there  is  a  slender  stalk  be- 
tween the  thorax  and  abdomen  :  =  apocrita. 

Petiolate:  supported  or  placed  on  a  stem  or  stalk;  usually  applied  in  de- 
scribing venation  and  the  method  of  attachment  of  abdomen  to  thorax. 

Petiole:  a  stem  or  stalk:  specifically  the  slender  segment  between  the  thorax 
and  abdomen  in  many  Hymenoptera,  and  some  Diptcra. 

Phaeism:  applied  to  a  duskiness  of  butterflies  occurring  in  a  limited  region. 

Phagocyte:  a  corpuscle  or  cell  that  devours  or  absorbs  noxious  organisms 
and  also  absorbs  the  organs  of  the  larval  stage  in  the  development  to  the 
adult  condition. 

Phagocytosis:  the  destruction  or  devouring  of  bacteria  or  other  micro- 
organisms by  phagocytes. 

Phalsenae:  a  Linnaean  term  embracing  most  of  the  heterocerous  Lcpidoptcra. 
more  specifically  applied  to  the  Gcometridce. 

Phalanx -ges:  a  joint  or  joints  of  the  tarsus:  a  division  of  classification  of 
uncertain  value ;  similar  to  tribe. 

Phalerated:  beaded. 

Phallus:  =  penis  ;  q.  v. 

Pharyngeal  pump:  =•  sucking  pump;  q.  v. 

Pharynx:  the  back  part  of  the  mouth  and  upper  part  of  the  throat:  a  slight 
enlargement  at  the  beginning  of  the  oesophagus  :  in  Diptera  is  sometimes 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  101 

restricted  to  the  space  between  the  hypopharynx  and  subclypeal  pump,  and 

is  then  =  subclypeal  tube. 

Phauloptera:  an  ordinal  term  for  the  scale  insects  (Laporte  1835). 
Phleboptera:  =  Hymenoptera;  q.  v. 

Phonetic:  sound  producing;  applied  to  stridulating  structures. 
Phosphorescent:  shining  or  glowing  in  the  dark,  like  phosphorus. 
Photogenic:  a  light  producing  structure;  producing  a  phosphorescent  glow. 
Phragma:    a   partition   or   dividing  membrane:    longitudinal,   thin   partitions 

passing  down  from  the  dorsum  of  meso-  and  metathorax :   the  partition 

formed  by  the  inflexed  hinder  edge  of  prothorax. 
Phragmocyttares:  social  wasps  in  which  the  combs  of  the  nest  are  wholly 

or  partly  supported  by  the  covering  envelope :   see  stelocyttares ;   pcecilo- 

cyttares. 

Phthiriasis:  a  diseased  condition  of  the  skin  caused  by  sucking  lice. 
Phyllophagous:   feeding  upon  leaf  tissue. 
Phylogenetic:   relating  to  tribal  or  stem  development. 

Phylogeny:  the  development  of  a  genus,  family,  tribe  or  class:  see  ontogeny. 
Phyloptera:    the  superordinal   term   proposed  to   include  all  the   net-veined 

orders,  the  Orthoptera  and  Dermatoptcra. 
Phylum:  a  stem  or  tribe:  used  in  classification  to  indicate  a  series  of  related 

organisms. 

Physopoda:  bladder-footed:  =  Thysanoptcra;  q.  v. 
Phytophaga:  plant-eaters:  beetles  in  which  the  4th  and  5th  tarsal  joints  are 

anchylosed  and  the  3d  is  lobed. 
Phytophagus:   feeding  upon  plants. 

Phytophilous:  plant  loving:  species  that  live  on  plants. 
Phytophthira:  plant  lice:  some  authors  include  also  scale  insects. 
Phytoscopic:    characters   of   light   or   conditions   of   illumination  that  affect 

colors  of  caterpillars. 
Piceous-eus:  pitchy  black. 
Picine:  black,  with  a  bluish  oily  lustre. 
Pick:  a  chitinous  maxillary  structure  in  Psocidcc. 
Pieza:  the  combined  biting  and  sucking  mouth  of  the  Hymenoptera. 
Piezata:  the  Fabrician  term  for  Hymenoptera, 

Pigment:  any  coloring  matter  or  material  that  gives  a  color  appearance. 
Pile:  a  hairy  or  fur-like  covering:  in  Diptera,  applied  to  thick,  fine,  short, 

erect  hair,  giving  a  surface  appearance  like  velvet. 
Pilifer  or  Piliger:  a  small  sclerite  at  each  side  of  the  clypeus  in  Lcpidoptera, 

resembling  a  rudimentary  mandible. 
Pilifer ous:   with  a  covering  of  fine  hair  or  pile. 
Pillared  eye:  in  Ephemerids,  that  type  which  is  placed  on  a  cylindrical  stalk 

or  process  :  =  turbinate  eye. 

Pilous  or  Pilose:  clothed  with  down,  or  dense  pile:  with  long,  sparse  hair. 
Pilosity:  a  covering  of  fine,  long  hair. 
Pincers:  the  anal  forceps. 
Pinna:  a  narrow  wing;  a  feather. 
Pinnae:   of  posterior  femur  in  jumping   Orthoptcra,  are  the  oblique  ridges 

running  to  the  median  line  and  somewhat  resembling  a  feather. 


102  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Pinnate:  feather-like;  cleft,  like  the  wings  of  Alucita:  with  markings  re- 
sembling a  feather :  with  stiff  hairs  or  thorny  processes  occupying  opposite 
sides  of  a  thin  shank. 

Pinnatifid:  divided  into  feathers,  as  when  wings  are  cleft  nearly  to  the  base. 

Pistazinus:  yellowish  green,  with  a  slight  brownish  tinge  [pale  green  with  a 
little  burnt  sienna]. 

Plaga:  a  spot,  stripe  or  streak  of  color;  a  longitudinal  spot  of  irregular 
form. 

Plaited:   longitudinally  folded  or  laid  in  pleats. 

Planate:  with  a  flattened  surface. 

Plane:  level,  flat;  applied  to  a  surface. 

Planipennia:  applied  to  Ncuroptcra  in  which  the  wings  are  large  and  laid 
flat  on  the  body  when  at  rest;  Sialida>,  Myrmeleomdcc,  etc. 

Planta-ae:  the  basal  ioint  of  the  posterior  tarsus  in  pollen-gathering  Hy- 
menoptera:  the  soles  of  the  posterior  tarsal  joints:  the  anal  clasping  legs 
of  caterpillars. 

Plantigrade:  species  that  walk  on  the  entire  foot,  not  on  the  claws  alone. 

Plantula:  a  lobe  of  the  divided  tarsal  pulvillus ;  one  of  the  soles  or  climbing 
cushions  of  the  foot :  see  arolium ;  pulvillus. 

Plaques:  the  small  leathery  hemelytra  in  some  Naucorids. 

Plasma:  the  liquid  portion  of  animal  fluids  and  cells. 

Plasticity:  the  capacity  for  being  formed,  moulded  or  developed. 

Plate:  any  broad  flattened  piece  or  sclerite:  =  squame,  in  Coccidce. 

Platelet:  a  little  plate  or  sclerite  of  chitin  in  a  membrane. 

Plates:  in  Coccida:,  the  squames ;  q.  v. :  in  male  Homoptcra,  a  pair  of  pieces 
following  the  last  full  ventral  segment ;  usually  preceded  by  a  short  piece — 
the  valve. 

Platyptera:  flat  and  broad-winged:  an  ordinal  term  applied  to  insects  with 
four  net-veined  wings,  secondaries  longitudinally  folded  beneath  primaries ; 
mouth  mandibulate ;  prothorax  free;  transformations  complete:  Psocida, 
Termitidtz,  Perlidcc  and  M-allopliaga. 

Plecoptera  or  Plectoptera:  plaited  winged:  an  ordinal  term  applied  to  net- 
veined  insects  in  which  the  secondaries  are  longitudinally  folded  beneath 
primaries;  mouth  mandibulate;  body  loosely  jointed;  prothorax  free;  meta- 
morphosis incomplete :  the  term  Plecoptera  was  used  by  Brauer  for  Per- 
lid(c ;  Plectoptera  by  Packard  for  the  Ephcmcrida;  there  has  been  some 
confusion  since,  and  both  have  been  used  in  the  Brauer  sense. 

Pleon:  =  abdomen  ;  q.  v. 

Pleopoda:  abdominal  legs  of  larvae:  posterior  legs  of  an  adult. 

Plesiobiosis:  see  symbiosis. 

Plesiotype:  any  specimen  identified  with  a  described  or  named  species  by  a 
person  other  than  the  describer. 

Pleura:  plural  of  pleuron  or  pleurum:  the  lateral  sclerites  between  the  dorsal 
and  sternal  portion  of  the  thorax :  in  general,  the  sides  of  the  body  between 
the  dorsum  and  sternum. 

Pleural  areas:  on  the  metanotum  of  some  Hymcnoptcra,  the  three  spaces 
between  the  lateral  and  pleural  carinse ;  the  1st  or  anterior  =.  spiracular 
area;  the  2d  or  central  =  middle  pleural;  the  3d  or  posterior  —  angular 
area. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  103 

Pleural  carinae:  in  Hymenoptera,  extend  along  the  exterior  margin  of  the 
metanotum. 

Pleural  pieces:  the  lateral  sclerites  of  the  thorax:  see  pleura. 

Pleurites:  the  sclerites  into  which  the  pleurum  is  divided. 

Pleuron:  the  side  of  the  thorax. 

Pleuropodia:  embryonic  or  temporary  bands  formed  by  the  modified  first 
pair  of  abdominal  legs  in  many  insects. 

Pleurostict:  lamellicorn  beetles  in  which  the  abdominal  spiracles  are  situated 
on  the  dorsal  portion  of  the  ventral  sclerites. 

Pleurum:   —  pleuron;  plural,  pleura;  q.  v. 

Plexus:  a  knot:  applied  to  a  knot-like  mass  of  nerves,  or  tracheae. 

Plica:  a  fold  or  wrinkle:  a  longitudinal  plait  of  a  wing. 

Plicate:  plaited;  folded  like  a  fan. 

Plications:  foldings;  applied  to  the  folds  on  the  hind  wings  of  Orthoptcra. 

Plicipenna:  =.Trichoptcra;  proposed  by  Latreille. 

Plumate:  like  a  feather. 

Plumbeus:  leaden  or  bluish  gray  [neutral]. 

Plumose:  feathered;  like  a  plume:  antenme  that  have  long  ciliated  processes 
on  each  side  of  each  joint :  see  cirrate. 

Plump:  with  full,  rounded  outlines;  not  obese. 

Plumules:  specialized  scales  of  the  androconia  of  £  Lcpidoptcra. 

Pluri-:  as  a  prefix,  means  many. 

Pluri-dentate:  with  many  teeth. 

Pluri-setose:  bearing  several  seta;  as  the  head  in  some  Carabids. 

Pluri-valve:  with  several  valves  or  valve-like  appendages. 

Pneumogastric:  the  ganglion  supplying  nerves  for  the  tracheal  and  digestive 
system:  also  used  as  =  vagus  ;  q.  v. 

Pneustocera:  breathing  horns:  the  prolongations  of  the  metathoracic  spira- 
cles in  Berytldcc,  etc. 

Pnystega:  in  Odonata,  applied  by  Charpentier  to  a  portion  of  mesonotum. 

Pobrachial:  a  longitudinal  vein  of  the  Ephemerid  wing  just  behind  praa- 
brachial ;  usually  simple :  number  7  of  some  systems. 

Podeon:  in  Hymenoptera,  the  petiole;  the  true  second  abdominal  segment. 

Podex:  the  upper  plate  of  the  anal  opening;  =  supra-anal  or  sur-anal  plate 
in  caterpillars. 

Podical  plates:  the  latero-ventral  plates  attached  to  the  10th  abdominal  seg- 
ment of  Orthoptcra;  the  two  pieces  on  each  side  of  the  vent,  thought  by 
Huxley  to  be  rudiments  of  an  llth  abdominal  ring;  united  they  form  the 
tergite  of  a  rudimentary  ring :  —  anal  valves ;  paranal  lobes. 

Pododunera:  apterous  insects'  with  biting  mouth  structures. 

Podotheca:  that  part  of  pupa  that  covers  the  legs  of  future  adult. 

Poecilocyttares:  social  wasps  that  build  their  combs  around  the  branch  or 
other  support  covered  by  the  envelope :  see  stelocyttares  and  phragmo- 
cyttares. 

Poisers:  =  halteres  and  balancers;  q.  v. 

Poison  glands:  sometimes  applied  to  the  salivary  glands  of  bugs  and  biting 
flies ;  more  usually  to  an  abdominal  gland  connected  with  the  sting  of  fe- 
male Hymenoptera. 


104  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Policate:  a  tibia  produced  inwardly  into  a  short,  bent  spine  or  thumb. 

Politus:  smooth,  shiny,  polished. 

Pollen:  a  dusty  or  pruinose  surface  covering  which  is  easily  rubbed  off;  used 

mostly  in  Dipt  era. 
Pollen-plate:  a  polished  area  margined  by  hair,  on  the  outer  face  of  the  tibia 

in  bees. 

Pollex:  a  thumb:  the  stout  fixed  spur  at  inside  of  tip  of  tibia. 
Pollicatus:  =  policate  ;  q.  v. 

Polliniferous:   formed  for  collecting  pollen;  pollen  bearing. 
Pollinigerous:   =  polliniferous  ;   q.  v. 
Pollinose:  covered  with  a  yellow,  pollen-like  dust. 
Poly-:   many,  much. 

Polyandry:  where  a  female  mates  with  more  than  one  male. 
Polychromatic:  many  colored. 

Polydomous:  applied  to  ants  when  one  colony  has  several  nests. 
Polyembryony:  the  production  of  several  embryos  from  a  single  egg,  as  in 

some  Chalcids. 

Polygamy:  where  a  male  mates  with  more  than  one  female. 
Polygonal:  with  many  angles. 

Polygoneutism:  the  power  to  produce  several  broods  in  one  season. 
Polymorpha:  the  claviform  and  serricorn  Colcoptcra,  as  a  whole. 
Polymorphic -ous:  occurring  in  several  forms;  differing  in  sex,  in  season,  in 

locality  or  without  apparent  reason :   undergoing  several  changes,  and  in 

this  sense  applied  to  insects  with  a  complete  metamorphosis. 
Polynephria:  applied  to  insects  with  many  urinary  (Malpighian)  tubes. 
Polyphagous:   eating  many  kinds  of  food. 

Polyphyletic:  derived  or  descended  from  several  stems  or  sources. 
Polypodous:  having  many  feet,  and  thus  specifically  applied  to  the  Myria- 

poda,  and  to  the  larvae  of  Lcpidoptcra  and  saw-flies,  in  contradistinction  to 

footless  and  hexapodous  larvae. 
Ponderable:  that  which  may  be  weighed. 
Pone:  behind   (the  middle). 
Ponticulus:  =frenulum;  q.  v. 
Porcate:   marked  with  raised  longitudinal  lines. 
Pore:   any  small,  round  opening  on  the  surface. 
Poriferous:  closely  set  with  deep  pittings  or  punctures. 
Porose-us:  with  little  round  openings  on  the  surface. 
Porrect:   stretched  out  forward:   straightly  prominent. 
Post-:  behind  or  after. 
Post-alar  callosities:   rounded  processes  at  the  posterior  lateral  margin  of 

the  dorsum,  in  Diptera. 
Post-alar  callus:   in  Diptera,  a  rounded  swelling  between  the  root  of  the 

wing  and  the  scutellum. 
Post-alar  membrane:  the  strip  of  membrane  connecting  the  squamae  with  the 

scutellum. 

Postal  vein:   in  Hymenoptera,  =  costa   (Comst.). 
Post-annellus:  in  Hymenoptera,  the  4th  joint  of  antenna  and  2d  of  flagellum. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  105 

Post-antennal  organs:  in  Cnllcnibola,  oblong  or  ellipsoidal  organs  situated 
just  caudad  of  the  bases  of  the  antennae. 

Post-brachial:  =  pobrachial ;  q.  v. 

Post-cerebral:  applied  to  that  pair  of  salivary  glands  in  bees,  situated  close 
to  the  posterior  wall  of  the  head. 

Post-clypeus:  in  Odonata,  the  upper  of  the  two  parts  into  which  the  clypeus 
is  divided :  in  Psocidcc,  a  peculiar  inflated  structure  behind  the  clypeus  :  in 
general,  the  posterior  or  upper  part  of  clypeus  when  any  line  of  demarca- 
tion exists  :  =  supra-clypeus  ;  nasus  ;  afternose  ;  paraclypeus  ;  first  clypeus  ; 
clypeus  posterior. 

Post-costa:  =rsub-costa  (Comst.)  :  in  Odonata  =  1st  anal  vein  (Comst.)  : 
in  Trichoptera  ='  anal. 

Post-costal  space:  Odonata;  the  cell  or  cells  lying  posterior  to  the  post- 
costa ;  =  anal  cell  (Comst.). 

Post-cubitals:  =  post-nodal  spaces;  q.  v. 

Post-dorsulum:  the  middle  piece  of  the  metanotum,  between  the  meso- 
phragma  and  post-scutellum. 

Post-embryonic-otic:  the  stage  after  the  insect  has  come  out  of  the  egg. 

Post-epistoma:  that  part  of  the  head  behind  the  clypeus  in  Hymcnoptera: 
see  also  post-clypeus. 

Posterior:  hinder  or  hindmost;  opposed  to  anterior:  in  Diptcra;  applied  to 
that  face  of  the  legs  which  is  not  visible  when  viewed  from  the  front,  the 
legs  being  laterally  extended. 

Posterior  angle:  of  thorax,  in  Colcoptcra,  is  the  lateral  angle  near  base  of 
elytra  :  of  the  wings  —  hind  angle ;  anal  angle  ;  q.  v. 

Posterior  cells:  in  Diptcra  (Will.)  :  1st  =  radial  5  (Comst.)  :  2d  —  medial  1 
(Comst.):  3d  =  2d  medial  2  (Comst.):  4th  =  medial  3  (Comst.):  5th 
=  cubitus  1  (Comst.). 

Posterior  cephalic  foramen:  in  Odonata,  the  opening  of  head  posteriorly 
through  which  the  cavities  of  head  and  thorax  communicate. 

Posterior  field:  of  tegmina,  =anal  field;  q.  v. 

Posterior  intercalary:  in  Diptcra,  is  one  of  the  anal  veins  (Comst.). 

Posterior  lateral  margins:  in  Orthoptcra,  extend  from  base  of  pronotum 
downward  to  the  posterior  angle  of  sides. 

Posterior  lobe:  of  the  pronotum  in  Orthoptcra,  see  lobe:  in  Diptera,  that 
part  of  wing  between  axillary  incision  and  base :  =  alar  appendage 
(Loew). 

Posterior  margin:   =  inner  margin;  q.  v. 

Posterior  pereion:  the  metanotum. 

Posterior  pleon:  the  terminal  segments  of  the  abdomen. 

Posterior  pleopoda:  the  anal  clasping  legs  of  caterpillars:  see  planta. 

Posterior  stigmatal  tubercle:  on  thoracic  and  abdominal  segments  of  cater- 
pillars ;  varies  in  position  from  substigmatal  to  stigmatal  posterior ;  some- 
times united  to  V :  it  is  IV  of  the  abdomen,  II  of  the  thorax  (Dyar). 

Posterior  trapezoidal  tubercle:  on  the  thoracic  and  abdominal  segments  of 
caterpillars  ;  subdorsal,  posterior,  always  present,  rarely  united  with  I  :  it 
is  II  of  the  abdomen,  Ib  of  the  thorax  (Dyar). 

Posterior  veins:  those  separating  the  posterior  cells. 


106  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Posterior  wings:  =  secondaries  ;  q.  v. 

Postero-dorsal:  Dipt  era;  applied  to  leg  bristles  at  the  meeting  of  the  dorsal 

and  posterior  face, 
Postero-ventral:    Dipt  era;   applied   to   leg  bristles   at   the   meeting   of   the 

ventral  and  posterior  face. 
Postfurca:  an  internal  process  of  metasternum  to  which  the  muscles  of  hind 

legs  are  attached. 

Post-gena:  the  sclerite  below  occiput  and  behind  gena  in  some  Orthofitera. 
Post-gula:  is  situated  at  the  extreme  base  of  the  underside  of  the  head  in 

Dcrmoptcra. 
Post-humeral  bristles:  in  Dipt  era,  are  usually  two,  inserted  above  the  dorso- 

pleural  suture  between  the  humeral  callus  and  root  of  wing,  on  the  bottom 

of  the  presutural  depression. 

Postical  vein:  in  Diptcra,  =  '5th  longitudinal  (Meig.)  ;  =  media  3  (Comst.). 
Posticus:  hinder. 
Post-media:    Ephcmerida;  an  apparently  distinct  vein  between  media  and 

cubitus   (Comst.). 

Post-medial  line:  in  Lepidoptera,  =  t.  p.  line;  q.  v. 

Post-median:  Diptera;  those  leg  bristles  situated  above  or  behind  the  middle. 
Post-nodal  cross- veins:  in  Odonata,  the  transverse  veins  between  costa  and 

radius  1,  and  radius  1  and  media  1,  from  nodus  to  stigma,  separating  the 

post-nodal  cells  or  spaces :  =  post-cubital  cross-veins. 
Post-nodal  costal  spaces:  in  Odonata,  the  cells  below  costal  margin  from 

nodus  to  stigma. 
Post-nodal  radial  spaces:  in  Odonata,  the  cells  between  radius  1  and  media 

1,  from  nodus  to  outer  margin. 
Post-nodal  sector:   in  Odonata,  a  longitudinal  vein  lying  between  media  1 

and  media  2  (Comst.)  :  =  ultra-nodal  sector. 

Post-oral:  behind  the  mouth;  those  segments  bearing  mouth  structures. 
Post-pectus:  the  under  surface  of  the  metathorax. 
Post-petiole:  in  Hymcnoptcra,  that  part  of  abdomen  behind  petiole. 
Post-retinal:  the  fibres  arising  from  the  facets  of  the  compound  eye  and  ex- 
tending into  the  ganglionic  plate. 
Post-scutellum:    the    fourth   and  posterior   sclerite   of   the  dorsum  of   the 

thoracic  rings. 
Post-scutum:  in  Trichoptcra,  the  little  plate  behind  the  scutellum  of  meso- 

thorax :   =  post-scutellum. 
Post-stigmatal:  that  portion  of  the  marginal  cell  beyond  the  stigma  in  bees: 

=  2d  radial  1   (Comst.). 

Post-stigmatal  primary  tubercle:  on  thoracic  segment  of  caterpillars;  sub- 
primary,  stigmatal,  posterior;  it  is  III  of  the  thorax  and  not  present  on 

abdomen   (Dyar). 

Post-subterminal:   following  the  s.  t.  line  in  Lepidoptera. 
Post-sutural  bristles:  in  Diptcra,  dorsal  bristles  behind  transverse  suture. 
Post-terga:  applied  to  the  posterior  scutes  of  the  segments  of  Coleopterous 

larvae. 
Post-triangular  cells:  =  discoidal  areolets ;  q.  v. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  107 

Post- vertical  cephalic  bristles:  in  Diptera,  are  in  the  middle  of  upper  part 

of  occiput. 

Pouch:  in  Trielwptcra,  a  depressed,  usually  longitudinal  area  in  a  wing. 
Pras-  or  Pre-:  anterior  to;  before. 
Praebrachial:  a  longitudinal  vein  in  middle  of  an  Ephemerid  wing;  usually 

forked :  no.  6  of  some  systems. 

Prascostal  spur:  a  false  vein  in  costal  angle  at  base  of  secondaries. 
Prae-dorsum:  =prophragma;  q.  v. 
Prse-labrum:   in  Diptera,  —  clypeus;  q.  v. 
Praeocular:  before  the  eyes. 
Prasputium:    the    external    membranous    covering    of    penis:    specifically    a 

spherical  muscular  mass  at  base  of  penis  in  some  Orthoptera. 
Prae-scutellum:    a   sclerite,    rarely    present,   between   the   meso-scutum   and 

meso-scutellum. 
Prae-scutum :  the  first  of  the  four  divisions  of  the  notum  of  the  thoracic 

rings. 

Prae-subterminal:  preceding  the  s.  t.  line  in  Lcpidoptcra. 
Pras-terga:  the  anterior  thoracic  scutes  in  coleopterous  larvae. 
Praa-tornal:  preceding  the  tornus   (q.  v.)  in  Lcpidoptcra. 
Prasinus:  grass-green  [apple  green]. 

Pratinicolous:  frequenting  or  living  in  grassy  meadows  or  bogs. 
Pre-alar  callus:   a  small  swelling  or  projection  before  the  root  of  wings, 

just  back  of  outer  ends  of  transverse  suture,  in  Diptera. 
Pre-anal:  above  or  before  the  anal  opening. 
Pre-anal  plate  or  lamina:  —  supra-anal  plate;  q.  v. 
Pre-antennal:  anterior  to  or  before  the  antenna. 
Pre-apical:  before  the  apex. 
Pre-balancer:  =  pre-halter  ;  q.  v. 
Pre-basilar:  before  the  base. 
Precocious  stages:  generally  applied  to  all  stages  of  development  from  the 

fertilized  egg  to  the  pupa. 

Precurrent:  continuous;  entire;  complete;  said  of  a  vein. 
Predaceous:  applied  to  insects  that  live  by  preying  upon  other  organisms. 
Predatory:  =  predaceous  ;  q.  v. 
Pre-eruciform:  before  the  caterpillar  stage:  specifically  applied  to  the  early 

larvae  of  some  Proctytrypida. 
Preformation:  the  doctrine  of  growth  or  development  from  already  existing 

rudiments ;  opposed  to  epigenesis ;  q.  v. 
Pre-furca:   "the  stem  vein  in  front  of  a  fork,  that  reaches  back  to  where 

itself  forks  from  another  vein  " ;  Diptera. 

Pregenicular:  in  Orthoptera,  that  portion  of  femur  proximad  the  knee. 
Pregenicular  annulus:  a  more  or  less  conspicuous  color  ring  on  the  caudal 

femora  proximad  the  knee  in  Orthoptera. 

Pre-halter:  a  membranous  scale  in  front  of  the  true  haltere  of  a  fly. 
Prehension:   structures  fitted  for  grasping  or  holding. 
Pre-mandibular:  situated  in  front  of  the  mandible:  applied  to  a  temporary 

segment  of  the  embryo :  =  intercalary  segment. 
8 


108  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Pre-media:    Ephcmcridce;   an   apparently   distinct   vein  between   radius   and 

media  (Comst.). 

Premorse:  as  if  bitten  off:  with  a  blunt  or  jagged  termination. 
Prensor:  the  genital  lateral  clasping  organ  of  male  Lcpidoptcra:  see  clasper. 
Pre-ocular:  see  prse-ocular. 
Pre-oral:  in  front  of  the  mouth:  the  embryonic  head  segments  before  those 

bearing  the  mouth  parts. 
Prepuce:  =prseputium;  q.  v. 

Pre-pupal:  that  stage  in  the  larva  just  preceding  the  change  to  pupa. 
Pre-scutellar  bristles:   in  Dipt  era,  are  in  a  transverse  row  in  front  of  the 

scutellum. 

Pre-scutellar  callus:   =  post-alar  callus;  q.  v. 
Pre-scutellar  rows:  in  Dipt  era,  short  rows  of  small  bristles  in  front  of  the 

scutellum. 

Press:  =  filator  ;  q.  v. 
Pressure  plate:  a  structure  at  base  of  pulvillus,  which  exerts  a  pressure  on 

the  sole  of  the  pad. 
Pre-sutural  bristles:   in  Dipt  era,  in  a  trigonate  depression  at  outer  ends  of 

transverse  suture,  near  dorso-pleural  suture. 

Pre-sutural  inter-alar  bristle:  the  single  bristle  of  the  interalar  series,  situ- 
ated before  the  transverse  suture. 
Primaries:  the  anterior  or  fore-wings. 

Primitive:  simple  in  character;  of  an  early  or  ancient  type. 
Principal  sector:  in  Odonata,  extends  from  its  point  of  separation  from  the 

median  sector  to  the  outer  margin,  at  or  just  below  the  apex:  =  media  1 

(Comst.). 
Principal  sulcus:   in  Orthoptcra,  a  transverse  impression  of  the  prothorax, 

at  or  behind  the  middle. 
Priodont:   applied  to  those  forms  of  male  Lucanids  that  have  the  smallest 

mandibles  :  see  teleodont,  mesodont,  amphiodont. 
Prismatic:   formed  like  a  prism:  a  play  of  colors  similar  to  that  produced 

through  a  prism. 
Pro-:  anterior:  used  as  a  prefix  to  designate  the  parts  of  the  first  thoracic 

segment. 

Proboscidea:  an  ordinal  term  for  the  Coccidcc. 

Proboscis:  generally  applied  to  any  extended  mouth  structure;  usually  ap- 
plied to  the  extensile  mouth  of  the  Diptera;   frequently  to  the  beak  of 

Hcmiptcra;  sometimes  to  the  tongue  of  Lcpidoptcra;  and  rarely,  to  the 

mouth  of  long-tongued  bees. 

Procephalic:   relating  or  belonging  to  the  procephalon. 
Procephalic  lobes:    in  the  embryo,   form  part  of  the  anterior,  overhanging 

portion  of  the  head. 
Procephalon:  that  segment  of  the  head  in  the  embryo  which  is  formed  by 

the  coalescence  of  the  first  three  primitive  segments. 
Procerebral:  that  segment  of  the  brain  containing  the  median  protocerebrum 

and  optic  ganglia ;   also  called  optic  segment. 
Procerebral  lobes:  the  central  portion  of  the  cerebrum,  made  up  of  the  fused 

median  lobes,  giving  rise  to  the  mushroom  bodies  ;  q.  v. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  109 

Procerebrum:  the  anterior  part  of  the  brain,  formed  by  the  ganglion  of  the 
first  primary  segment ;  also  termed  ocular  lobe,  from  the  part  it  innervates. 

Process:  a  prolongation  of  the  surface,  margin,  or  an  appendage:  any  promi- 
nent portion  of  the  body  not  otherwise  definable. 

Process  of  labrum:  in  bees  =  appendicle ;  q.  v. 

Procidentia:  the  narrow  projecting  tip  of  7th  dorsal  segment  in  Nematince. 

Proclinate:  directed  forward;  applied  to  hair  or  bristles. 

Proctodaeum:  the  invagination  of  epiblast  that  produces  the  anus  and  intes- 
tine as  far  forward  as  and  including  malpighian  tubes. 

Proculiform  or  Poculiform:  hollow,  cylindrical,  with  a  hemispherical  base, 
the  sides  at  top  straight :  goblet-shaped. 

Procumbent:  trailing;  prostrate;  lying  flat. 

Produced:   drawn  out;  prolonged;  extended  from. 

Proeminent:  said  of  the  head  when  it  is  horizontal  and  does  not  form  an 
angle  with  the  thorax. 

Profile:  the  outline  as  seen  from  the  side. 

Profound,  Profundus:   deep. 

Prognathus:    having  the  jaws  directed   forward. 

Progoneate:  with  the  genital  opening  on  an  anterior  body  segment. 

Progonia:  the  anterior  angle  of  the  secondaries. 

Proleg:  any  process  or  appendage  that  serves  the  purpose  of  a  leg:  specifi- 
cally the  fleshy  unjointed  abdominal  legs  of  caterpillars  and  certain  saw-fly 
larva :  =•  abdominal  feet :  false  legs. 

Proloma:  the  anterior  margin  of  the  secondaries. 

Prolonged:  extended  or  lengthened  beyond  ordinary  limits. 

Promeros:  the  first  abdominal  segment  in  Lepidoptera. 

Prominent:  raised  or  produced  beyond  the  level  or  margin:  standing  out  in 
relief  by  color  or  otherwise :  conspicuous. 

Promuscidate:  with  proboscis  or  extended  mouth  structure. 

Promuscis:  an  extended  mouth  structure:  has  been  applied  to  the  long  tongue 
of  bees  and  to  the  rostrate  structure  in  Hemiptera. 

Pronotal  carina:  in  Orthoptera,  the  main  or  median  carina  on  pronotum. 

Pronotum:  the  upper  or  dorsal  surface  of  the  prothorax. 

Pronucleus:  the  nucleus  of  male  and  female  elements,  spermatozoa  and  ova, 
the  union  of  which  forms  the  nucleus  of  a  fertilized  ovum. 

Pronymph:  is  that  stage  in  certain  metabolous  insects  in  which  the  larval 
tissues  are  completely  broken  down,  and  the  imaginal  tissues  are  just  be- 
ginning to  build  up. 

Proparaptera:  the  paraptera  of  the  prothorax;  the  term  is  erroneously  ap- 
plied in  this  connection. 

Propedes:  =  prolegs  ;  q.  v. 

Prophragma:  the  anterior  dividing  wall  of  meso-thorax,  which  is  horny  and, 
at  its  upper  edge,  bears  the  connecting  membrane  between  pro-  and  meso- 
thorax. 

Prop-leg:  =  pro-leg  ;  q.  v. 

Propleura:  the  lateral  portions  of  prothorax. 

Propleural  bristles:  in  Dipt  era,  are  situated  immediately  above  the  front 
coxa :  =  prothoracic  bristle ;  q.  v. 


110  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Propneustic:  larval  forms  in  which  only  the  most  anterior  spiracles  occur. 

Propodeon:  =  propodeum. 

Propodeum:  in  Hymcnoptcra,  that  part  of  thorax  just  above  insertion  of 
abdomen,  and  really  the  first  abdominal  segment :  see  median  segment. 

Propolis:  a  glue  or  resin-like  product  elaborated  by  bees  to  serve  as  a  cement 
in  cases  where  wax  is  not  sufficiently  tenacious. 

Propulsatory:  that  which  drives  onward  or  forward. 

Propupa:  a  semi-pupa;  q.  v. 

Propygidium:  the  dorsal  segment  or  tergite  in  front  of  the  pygidium,  some- 
times left  exposed  in  Coleoptera. 

Propygium:   =  hypopygium;   q.  v. 

Proscutum:  the  scutum  of  the  pronotum. 

Proscutellum:  the  scutellum  of  the  pronotum. 

Prostemmatic:  =  ante-ocular ;  q.  v. 

Prosternal:  belonging  to  the  prosternum. 

Prosternal  grooves:  occur  laterally  in  some  Coleoptera,  e.  g.,  Elaterida,  to 
receive  the  antennae. 

Prosternal  epimera:   the  epimera  of  prothorax. 

Prosternal  episterna:   the  episterna  of  prothorax. 

Prosternal  lobe:  in  some  Coleoptera,  an  anterior  prolongation  of  the  pro- 
sternum  which  more  or  less  conceals  the  mouth  from  below. 

Prosternal  spine:  the  curved  mucro  in  Elatcridce  which  extends  backward 
into  a  meso-sternal  cavity  :  the  cone  or  tubercle  between  fore-legs  in  some 
Orthoptera. 

Prosternal  suture:  that  suture  of  prothorax  which  separates  the  sternum 
from  the  pleural  pieces. 

Prosternellum:  the  sternellum  of  the  prothorax. 

Prosternum:  the  fore-breast:  the  sclerite  between  the  fore-legs. 

Prostheca:  a  mandibular  sclerite  set  with  hair,  articulated  to  the  basalis — 
q.  v. — and  equal  to  the  lacinia  of  the  maxilla. 

Protamphibion:  a  name  applied  by  P.  Mayer  to  the  hypothetical  common 
ancestor  of  the  Perlina,  Ephemerina  and  Odonata. 

Protandry:  the  appearance  of  males  earlier  in  the  season  than  females. 

Protarsus:  the  tarsus  of  the  anterior  leg. 

Proteiform:  having  many  forms  or  varieties:  protean. 

Protergum:  in  Odonata,  the  upper  surface  of  prothorax. 

Proterotypes:  primary  types,  including  all  the  material  upon  which  the 
original  description  is  based. 

Prothoracic  bristle:  in  Dipt  era,  a  strong  bristle  immediately  above  the  front 
coxa :  see  propleural  bristles. 

Prothoracic  glands:  occur  in  Orthoptera,  on  the  sides  of  prothorax  in  cer- 
tain Phasmid  genera. 

Prothoracic  shield:  =  cervical  shield;  q.  v. 

Prothoracotheca:  the  pupal  covering  of  prothorax. 

Prothorax:  the  first  thoracic  ring  or  segment;  bears  the  anterior  legs  but 
no  wings :  when  free,  as  in  Coleoptera,  is  usually  referred  to  as  "  thorax  " 
merely. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  Ill 

Protocerebral  segment:   —ocular  segment;  q.  v. 

Protocerebrum:  the  primitive  anterior  cerebral  vesicle. 

Protocosta:  the  thickened  costal  margin  of  Lepidopterous  wings. 

Protocranium:  the  posterior  part  of  the  epicranium :  sometimes  used  as 
=  occiput. 

Protogonia:   the  apical  angle  of  the  primaries. 

Protograph:  an  original  description  by  a  figure  or  picture  made  from  the 
original  type. 

Proto-lepidoptera:  proposed  for  those  forms  (Eriocephalidce')  in  which 
lacinia  and  mandibles  are  obvious  and  the  spiral  tongue  is  not  developed : 
see  neolepidoptera  and  paleolepidoptera. 

Protolog:   the  original  description  by  words. 

Protoloma:  the  anterior  margin  of  primaries. 

Protomesal:  applied  to  certain  areolets  in  Hymenoptcra,  situated  between 
costal  cells  and  apical  margin. 

Prototergite:  the  foremost  dorsal  segment  of  abdomen. 

Protothorax:   =  prothorax;  q.  v. 

Prototype:  a  primitive  form  to  which  later  forms  can  be  traced. 

Protractor:  that  which  extends  or  lengthens  out;  applied  to  muscles. 

Protuberance:   any  elevation  above  the  surface. 

Protuberant:  rising  or  produced  above  the  surface  or  general  level. 

Proventriculus:  the  posterior  portion  of  crop;  the  gizzard. 

Proximad:  toward  the  proximal  end. 

Proximal:  that  part  of  an  appendage  nearest  the  body:  see  distal. 

Prozona:  in  Orthoptcra,  the  upper  or  dorsal  surface  of  prothorax  in  front 
of  the  principal  sulcus. 

Pruinose:  hoary;  as  if  covered  with  a  fine  frost  or  dust. 

Pruinous-us:  deep  blue  with  a  reddish  tinge,  like  a  plum  [French  blue  + 
purple  lake]. 

Psammophilous:   living  in  sandy  places. 

Pselaphotheca:  that  part  of  the  pupa  which  covers  the  palpi. 

Pseudidolum:  =  nymph;  q.  v. 

Pseudimago:  =  sub-imago;  q.  v. 

Pseud-  or  Pseudo-:  as  a  prefix  means  false,  spurious,  or  merely  resembling. 

Pseudo-cellula:  =  accessory  cell;  q.  v. 

Pseudo-chrysalis:   the  semi-pupa. 

Pseudo-coel:  a  false  hollow;  a  hollow  which  does  not  form  a  tube. 

Pseudo-cone:  a  soft,  gelatinous  cone  in  the  compound  eye  of  some  insects, 
replacing  the  crystalline  cone  of  others. 

Pseudo-elytra:  the  aborted  anterior  wings  of  Strepsiptcra. 

Pseudogyna  fundatrix:  in  Aphids,  is  the  immediate  issue  of  a  fecundated 
egg :  a  stem-mother. 

Pseudogyna  gemmans:  in  Aphids,  are  wingless  descendants  of  the  stem- 
mother  (fundatrix)  or  of  the  winged  migrants  (migrans)  which  repro- 
duce asexually  through  a  number  of  generations. 

Pseudogyna  migrans:  in  Aphids,  the  winged  descendants  of  the  stem-mother 
(fundatrix)  through  which  the  species  is  spread. 


112  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Pseudogyna  pupifera:  in  Aphids,  the  last  generation  of  P.  gcmmans,  which 

produces  the  true  sexes. 

Pseudogyne:  a  female  that  reproduces  without  impregnation. 
Pseudo-halteres:  the  rudimentary  primaries  of  Stylops. 
Pseudo-neurium:  a  false  vein  formed  by  a  chitinous  thickening  of  a  wing 

fold. 

Pseudo-neuroptera:    those    net-winged    insects    with    incomplete    metamor- 
phosis :  includes  the  present  Ephemeroptera,  Odonata,  Plecoptcra,  Isoptera 

and  Corrodentia:  =Archiptera. 
Pseudonychium -ia:  =paronychia;  q.  v. 
Pseudo-nymph:   =  semi-pupa  ;  q.  v. 
Pseudopodia:  =parapodia;  q.  v. 

Pseudoptera:  an  ordinal  name  for  the  scale  insects  (Amyot,  1847). 
Pseudo-pupa:  the  inactive  larval  stage  preceding  the  formation  of  the  true 

pupa  in  some  insects;  e.  g.,  Meloidce:  =  semi-pupa;  q.  v. 
Pseudo-pupillae:  in  Odonata,  the  black  spots  seen  on  the  compound  eyes  of 

the  living  insects. 
Pseudosessile:    those   petiolate   Hymcnoptcra,  in   which   the  abdomen   is   so 

close  to  the  thorax  as  to  seem  sessile. 
Pseudo-trachea:  the  ringed  and  ridged  grooves  on  the  labella  of  Diptera,  by 

means  of  which  they  scrape  their  food. 
Pseudova:  egg-like  germ  cells  capable  of  development  without  fertilization; 

e.  g.,  in  certain  plant  lice. 

Pseudovary:  the  organ  or  mass  of  germ  cells  of  an  agamic  insect. 
Pseudo-vitellus:  a  cellular  organ  in  Aphidida,  supposed  to  replace  the  absent 

Malpighian  tubules. 
Psocoptera:  =  Corrodentia;  q.  v. 
Psychogenesis:  the  origin  and  development  of  social  and  other  instincts  and 

habits. 

Pterodicera:  with  wings  and  two  antennae. 
Pterogostia:  the  wing  veins. 
Pterogostic:    referring  to  the  wing  structure. 

Pteropega:  wing  sockets  or  cavities  into  which  the  wings  are  inserted. 
Pteropleura:   in  Diptcra,  are  situated  below  the  base  of  the  wings  behind 

the  mesopleural  suture :   =  the  posterior  lateral  plate  of  mesothorax  of 

Lowne;  the  episternum  of  mesothorax  of  Hammond. 
Pteropleural  bristles:  in  Diptcra,  are  inserted  on  the  pteropleura. 
Pterostigma:  a  thickened,  opaque  spot  on  the  costal  margin  of  a  wing,  near 

its  middle  or  at  end  of  the  radius :  =  bathmis,  and  see  stigma. 
Pterotheca:  that  part  of  the  pupa  that  covers  the  wings. 
Pterothorax:  the  wing-bearing  thoracic  segments  in  Thysanoptcra. 
Pterygium:  a  lateral  expansion  of  the  snout  of  some  Colcoptera. 
Pterygodes:  the  patagia  or  tegulae;  q.  v. 
Pterygogenea:  insects  that  are  winged  in  the  adult  stage  or  believed  to  be 

descended  from  winged  ancestors :  see  apterogogenea. 
Pterygostium:  a  wing  vein. 
Pterygote:  wing-bearing. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  113 

t 

Ptilinum:    in   Diptera   cyclorrhapha,    an    inflatable   organ   capable   of   being 

thrust  out  through  a  frontal  suture  just  above  the  root  of  antenna. 
Ptilota:   winged  insects. 

Pubes  or  Pubescence:  short,  fine,  soft,  erect  hair  or  down. 
Pubescent:  downy:  clothed  with  soft,  short,  fine,  closely  set  hair. 
Pubis:  the  lateral  region  of  the  prothorax. 
Pulmonarium :   the  membranous  connection  of  the  plates  or  scutes  of  the 

abdominal  rings  :  =  connexivum. 
Pulsatile:  having  the  power  of  pulsating  or  moving  in  a  rhythmic  manner: 

applied  to  special  organs  in  the  legs,  which  aid  in  circulating  the  blood  in 

these  appendages. 

Pulverulent:  powdery  or  dusty  in  appearance. 
Pulvilliform:  having  the  appearance  or  structure  of  a  pulvillus. 
Pulvillus-i:  soft,  pad-like  structures  between  tarsal  claws:  the  cushions  of 

short,  stiff  hair  or  other  clothing  on  the  underside  of  tarsal  joints ;  rarely 

fleshy  lobes :  see  arolium. 
Pulvinatus:  moderately  convex. 
Punctate:  set  with  impressed  points  or  punctures. 
Punctiformis:  shaped  like  a  point  or  dot. 
Punctulatus:  with  small  punctures. 
Puncture:  an  impression  like  that  made  by  a  needle. 
Punctured:   marked  with  small,  impressed  dots. 
Puniceus:   carmine  red   [carmine]. 
Pupa:  the  intermediate  stage  between  larva  and  adult;  loosely  applied  for  all 

orders,  properly  only  for  those  with  a  complete  metamorphosis :  a  pupa  is 

obtect,  when  inclosed  in  a  rigid  case  on  which  the  members  may  or  may 

not  be  outlined.     It  is  liber,  or  free  when  the  appendages  are  separately 

encased  and  there  is  no  covering  over  the  whole :  see  chrysalis. 
Puparium-ia:  in  Diptera,  the  thickened  larval  skin  within  which  the  pupa  is 

formed. 

Pupate,  Pupation:  to  become  a  pupa:  the  act  of  becoming  a  pupa. 
Pupiferous:  applied  to  that  generation  of  plant  lice  which  produces  sexed 

individuals. 

Pupigenous:  =  pupiparous  ;  q.  v. 
Pupigerous:  forming  a  larval  puparium :  coarctate :  said  of  dipterous  larvae 

that  contract  to  form  an  envelope  for  the  inclosed  pupa. 
Pupil:  the  central  mark  of  an  ocellate  spot. 
Pupillate:  spots  or  marks  that  have  an  eye-like  centre. 
Pupipara:  a  series  of  Diptera,  in  which  the  females  do  not  extrude  the  young 

until  they  have  reached  the  stage  ready  to  pupate. 
Pupiparous:  bringing  forth  young  ready  to  pupate. 
Pupivorous:  feeding  upon  pupae:  especially  applied  to  those  Hymcnoptcra 

that  are  parasitic  upon  insects  in  the  pupal  stage. 
Purpurascent:  becoming  purple  in  shade. 
Purpureous -eus:  purple  [mauve]. 
Pustula:  a  colored  point  of  moderate  circumference. 
Pustulated  hair:  in  Mallophaga  those  arising  from  unchitinized  spaces. 
8 


114  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Pygidium:  the  last  dorsal  segment  of  abdomen  left  exposed  by  the  elytra: 
in  Forficulidce,  the  last  dorsal  segment :  in  Diaspincc,  the  compound  termi- 
nal segment. 

Pygofer:  the  last  segment  of  the  abdomen  in  certain  Homoptera,  especially 
the  lateral  margins  which  appear  in  the  ventral  view ;  hence  sometimes 
used  in  the  plural— pygofers. 

Pygophore:  the  large  upper  piece  of  the  genitalia  in  Homoptera. 

Pygotheca:  the  parts  containing  the  genitalia  in  Homoptera. 

Pyloric:  referring  to  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  chylific  ventricle. 

Pyloric  valve:  the  specialized  posterior  portion  of  crop  where  there  is  no 
distinct  gizzard. 

Pyloric  valvule:  a  circular  projection  of  the  stomach  behind  which  is  an 
enlargement  of  the  intestine. 

Pylorus:  the  chylific  ventricle. 

Pyriform:  shaped  like  a  pear. 


Quadra -ri -ro:  as  a  prefix,  means  four. 

Quadrate:  square  or  nearly  so. 

Quadrifarium:   having  four  rows. 

Quadrilateral:  four-sided:  formed  or  bounded  by  four  lines:  in  Odonata, 
a  space  on  the  wings  of  Zygoptera  bounded  by  the  lower  sector  of  arculus, 
the  submedian  vein,  a  cross-vein  between  these  two,  and  the  lower  part 
of  arculus. 

Queen:  the  actively  reproducing  female  among  worker  insects. 

Quiescent:  not  active:  applied  to  the  pupse  in  forms  with  complete  meta- 
morphosis. 

Quiet:  subdued:  not  conspicuous  or  contrasting  in  color  or  maculation. 

R 

Race:  a  variety  of  a  species  possessing  constant  characters  which  yet  are  not 
specific;  usually  occurring  in  a  different  faunal  region  from  the  type  and 
may  thus  be  geographical :  nearly  synonymous  with  subspecies. 

Racemose:  like  a  bunch  of  grapes:  applied  to  ovaries  when  they  form 
bunches  or  sacs. 

Rachis:  a  ridge  or  keel  dividing  the  spinning  canal  at  base,  in  caterpillars; 
the  shank  of  an  antennal  joint  into  which  the  lateral  spines  or  other  proc- 
esses are  inserted. 

Radial:   pertaining  to  the  radius  or  radial  vein. 

Radial  area:  in  Orthoptera;  the  space  between  the  mediastinal  (subcosta) 
and  radial  veins :  see  scapular  area. 

Radial  cells:  the  wing  area  between  the  radius  and  media;  often  divided:  in 
the  plural  (Comst.),  are  those  cells  anteriorly  margined  by  the  radius  or 
its  branches. 

Radial  cross-vein:   (Comst.)  is  that  which  divides  cell,  radius  1. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  115 

Radial  sector:  in  general,  the  lower  of  the  two  primary  divisions  of  the 
radius  (Comst.)  :  in  Odonata,  an  indirect  branch  from  the  media,  just 
below  and  parallel  with  media  2. 

Radial  vein:  in  Homoptera,  the  first  important  vein  next  the  costa  between 
it  and  ulnar :  in  Orthoptcra,  =  radius  (Comst.)  :  in  Dipt  era,  =2d  longi- 
tudinal vein  (Meigen),  =  radius  2  (Comst.). 

Radiate  veins:  the  longitudinal  veins  spreading  fan-like  in  the  anal  field  of 
secondaries  :  =  anal  veins  ;  q.  v. 

Radiated:  marked  with  lines  proceeding  from  a  common  centre. 

Radicle  or  Radicula:  that  joint  of  the  antenna  that  is  articulated  to  the  head. 

Radio-medial  cross- vein:  connects  the  radial  and  medial  systems  and  usually 
closes  the  radial  cell  (Comst.). 

Radius:  (Comst.)  ;  the  third  of  the  longitudinal  veins  starting  from  base  and 
dividing  into  not  more  than  five  branches  before  reaching  the  margin  ; 
the  branches  are  numbered  1,  2,  3,  4,  and  5,  respectively,  beginning  at  the 
costal  margin  and  extending  outward  and  downward. 

Radix:  base  of  wings,  and  their  point  of  insertion:  see  pteropega. 

Rami-us:  branches;  a  branch. 

Ramification:  the  branching  out  in  every  direction. 

Ramify:  to  branch  out  in  every  direction. 

Rammel-kammer:   =  copulation  chamber;  q.  v. 

Ramose -ous:   branched,  or  having  long  branches. 

Rapacious:  predatory;  capturing  and  eating  prey. 

Raptatory:  ==  raptorial;  q.  v. 

Raptoria:  applied  to  that  series  of  Orthoptcra  in  which  the  anterior  legs  are 
fitted  for  grasping ;  Mantida:. 

Raptorial:  formed  for  seizing  prey. 

Rare:  seldom  seen  or  found. 

Rasorial:   formed  for  scratching;  applied  to  leg  structures. 

Ravenous:  greedy;  voracious;  hungrily. 

Receptaculum  seminis:  a  sac  or  pouch-like  appendage  at  the  junction  of  the 
oviducts  with  the  vagina ;  it  is  filled  during  copulation  and  the  eggs  are 
fertilized  from  it  as  they  are  extruded. 

Reclinate:  directed  backward;  e.  g.,  the  bristles  in  Diptcra. 

Reclinatus:  =reflexed;  q.  v. 

Reclivate:  curved  into  a  convex,  then  into  a  concave  line. 

Recondite:  the  sting  when  concealed  in  the  abdomen. 

Rectal  cauda:  the  terminal,  tubular  process  or  tail  terminating  the  abdomen 
of  some  <$  Hemiptera. 

Rectal  glands:  appendages  to  or  thickenings  of  the  rectum  secreting  a  lubri- 
cating material. 

Rectal  tracheal  gills:  lamelliform  structures  in  the  rectum  of  the  nymphs  of 
some  Odonata,  supplied  with  trachea  and  tracheoles  and  serving  as  respi- 
ratory organs. 

Rectangular:  in  the  form  of  a  right  or  rectangle. 

Rectangulate:  forming  or  meeting  in  a  right  angle. 

Rectigrade:  larvae  which,  having  sixteen  feet,  walk  with  a  rectilinear  body. 


116  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Rectilinear:  in  the  form  of  a  straight  line. 

Rectum:  a  chamber,  variable  in  size  and  form,  just  within  the  anus,  in  which 

the  excretions  are  formed  or  molded  for  expulsion  from  the  body :  =  cloaca. 
Rectus:  right  or  straight. 
Recumbent:  lying  down;  reclining. 

Recurrent:  running  backward:  applied  to  nerves  it  =  stomatogastric. 
Recurrent    nervure:    in    Hymenoptera    (Nort.),    is    the    medial    cross-vein 

(Comst.)   from  the  point  of  branching  to  the  junction. 
Recurrent  vein:   in  Hemerobndcc,  the  first  branch  of  the  subcosta  when  it 

recurves  toward  the  base  of  the  wing. 
Recurved:   bowed  backward. 
Reductus:   a  zig-zag  marking  or  corrugation. 
Reflected  or  Reflexed:  angularly  bent  backward. 
Refracted:  bent  back  as  if  broken. 

Region:  a  space  or  area  adjoining  a  specified  point:  a  part  of  the  body  com- 
posed of  a  number  of  segments,  as  the  head,  the  thorax,  or  the  abdomen. 
Rejuvenescence:  a  renewal  of  youth;  bringing  back  to  a  condition  of  youth. 
Remote:   further  removed  than  distant. 
Reniform:   kidney-shaped:  applied  to  a  macula  approximating  that  shape, 

found  at  the  end  of  median  cell  in  many  moths. 

Repand :  wavy ;  with  alternate  segments  of  circles  and  intervening  angles. 
Replicate:  wings  folded  back  upon  the  base;  like  the  secondaries  in  Cole- 

optera. 

Replicatile:  capable  of  being  folded  back. 
Repugnatorial:  serving  to  repel:  so  offensive  as  to  drive  away:  applied  to 

glands  that  secrete  an  offensive  material. 

Reservoir:  a  case  or  cavity  for  the  storage  of  any  fluid  or  secretion. 
Resilient:  elastic;  having  the  property  of  springing  back. 
Respiration:  breathing  or  taking  breath:  union  of  oxygen  with  tissues  and 

liberation  of  carbon  dioxide  from  same. 
Restricted:  held  back:  confined  to  a  limited  area. 
Resupinate:  upside  down;  horizontally  reversed. 
Rete:  the  fatty  mass  of  insects:  also  applied  generally  to  any  structureless 

membrane  or  layer. 
Reticulate:   like  net-work. 
Reticulum:  a  net-work;  as  of  a  cell. 

Retina:  that  portion  of  the  eye  upon  which  the  image  is  formed. 
Retinaculum:  in  Lcpidoptera,  the  loop  into  which  the  frenulum  of  the  male 

is  fitted ;  =  hamus,  q.  v. :  in  Hymenoptera,  horny,  movable  scales  serving 

to  move  the  sting  or  to  prevent  its  being  darted  out  too  far :  in  Coleoptera, 

the  middle,  tooth-like  process  of  the  larval  mandible. 
Retinal  pigment:   the  pigment  layer  of  the  compound  eye  just  above  the 

basilar  or  fenestrate  membrane. 
Retinophora:  =retinula;  q.  v. 
Retinula-se:  the  retina  of  a  single  ocellus:  the  nerve  fibres  or  cells  between 

pigment  cells  and  retina  of  the  compound  eye. 
Retracted :  drawn  back ;  opposed  to  prominent. 
Retractile:  capable  of  being  drawn  in  or  retracted. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  117 

t 

Retractor:  used  in  drawing  in  or  back;  as  a  muscle. 

Retroarcuate:   curved  backwards. 

Retrocession:  the  going  or  moving  backward. 

Retrose:    (sinuate)   pointing  backwards ;   (serrate)  inversely  serrated. 

Retuse:  ending  in  an  obtuse  sinus  or  broad,  shallow  notch,  terminated  by  an 

obtuse  hollow. 
Reversed:  turned  in  an  unusual  or  contrary  direction,  as  upside  down  or 

inside  out :  said  of  wings  when  they  are  deflexed,  the  margin  of  secondaries 

projecting  beyond  those  of  primaries. 

Reviviscence:  coming  back  to  life;  awakening  from  hibernation. 
Revolute:  spirally  rolled  backward. 
Rhabdites:   the  blade-like  elements  of  the  sting  and  ovipositor:  a  rod  or 

blade-like  process  projecting  from  the  epidermis. 
Rhabdom:  the  rod  lying  in  the  axis  of  the  retinula,  below  the  crystalline 

cone  of  an  eye. 

Rhabdomere:  the  rod-like  distal  portion  of  a  retinular  cell. 
Rhabdopoda:  clasping  organs  of  the  9th  abdominal  segment  of  male. 
Rhinarium:  a  nostril  piece  or  portion  of  the  nasus  ;  q.  v. :  in  Odonata,  the 

lower  portion  of  clypeus :  —  ante-clypeus ;  q.  v. 
Rhipiptera:  =Strepsiptera;  q.  v. 
Rhomboidal:   having  the  form  of  a  rhomb. 
Rhombus:  a  quadrangular  figure  having  its  four  sides  equal  and  its  opposite 

lines  parallel,  with  two  opposite  angles  acute  and  two  obtuse. 
Rhopalocera:  that  series  of  Lepidoptera  in  which  the  antennas  are  alike  in 

both  sexes  and  form  a  club  at  tip. 

Rhodoptera:  apterous  insects  with  sucking  mouth  structures. 
Rhophoteira:  an  ordinal  term  for  the  fleas  (Clairville). 
Rhynchophora:   that  section  of   Coleoptcra  in  which  the  head  is  produced 

into  a  snout,  at  the  end  of  which  the  mouth  structures  are  situated ;  gular 

sutures  confluent ;  prosternal  sutures  wanting :  the  weevils. 
Rhynchota:  =  Rhyngota;  q.  v. 
Rhynchus:  of  Fabricius,  =  promuscis  ;  q.  v. 
Rhyngota:   insects  in  which  the  mouth  parts  are  prolonged  into  a  beak  or 

rostrum  which  serves  as  a  protection  to  the  piercing  lancets :  =  Hemiptera 

in  the  broad  sense. 
Rhythmical:    occurring   at   regular   intervals   in  the  production   of   opposite 

conditions. 

Rigid:   inflexible:  holding  a  direct  course. 
Rima:  a  crack  or  longitudinal  opening  with  sharp  edges. 
Rimose:  full  of  cracks. 

Ring:  a  circle  or  annulus,  usually  margining  a  discolored  spot. 
Ringent:  gaping. 

Riparian:  along  the  river  or  along  shore. 
Ripicolous:   dwelling  on  river  banks:  riparian. 
Rorulentum:  dusty:  =  pulverulent ;  q.  v. 
Roseate -eous, -eus:  rose  colored;  pale  blood  red  [rose]. 
Rosette-shaped:  in  the  form  of  a  double  rose:  clustered  round  a  centre. 


118  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Rostellum:  a  small  beak;  applied  to  the  mouth  parts  of  sucking  lice:  also 

used  in  Hemiptcra,  as  =  rostrum ;  q.  v. 

Rostral:  pertaining  or  attached  to  a  rostrum;  specifically  of  Hcmiptera. 
Rostrate:  the  head,  when  it  has  a  long  protraction  bearing  the  mouth  parts. 
Rostriform:  produced  like  a  beak  or  snout. 
Rostrum:  a  snout-like  prolongation  of  the  head:  in  Colcoptera,  applied  to 

the  rigid  extension  in  the  snout  beetles:  in  Hemiptera,  is  the  jointed  beak 

covering  the  piercing  lancets ;  and  this  is  the  better  use  of  the  term. 
Rotate:  wheel-shaped. 

Rotator:  used  for  turning;  applied  to  muscles. 
Rotatory:  an  articulation  that  permits  a  rotating  motion,  e.  g.,  a  ball  and 

socket  joint. 
Rotula:    a  small  round  segment  sometimes   present  between  the  joints  of 

antennae  and  palpi :  =  torquillus. 
Rotule:  the  trochantine. 
Rotundate:  rounded:  in  the  form  of  a  circle  or  segment  of  a  circle:  without 

angles :  said  of  margins  when  they  pass  gradually  into  each  other  and  do 

not  form  an  angle  at  their  point  of  junction. 

Royal  jelly:  the  food  supplied  to  bee  larvae  that  develop  into  queens. 
Royal  pairs  or  Royalties:  the  sexually  active  males  and  females  of  social 

insects. 

Ruber:  red,  approaching  carmine  [alizar  crimson]. 
Rubescent:  reddish  or  becoming  red. 
Rubiginose:  a  rusty  red  [dragon's  blood,  but  brighter]. 
Rubinous:  ruby  red:  like  the  eye  of  a  house  fly. 

Rudiment  -ary:  the  beginning  of  any  structure  or  part  before  it  has  developed. 
Rufescent:  reddish. 

Rufous:  brick-red   [chrome  yellow  +  dragon's  blood]. 
Ruga,  Rugulae:  a  wrinkle;  small  wrinkles. 
Rugose -ous:  wrinkled;  with  irregular  waved  elevated  lines. 
Rugulose -ous:  minutely  wrinkled. 
Runcinate :  notched :  cut  into  several  transverse  acute  segments  which  point 

backward. 

Ruptor  ovi:  =  egg  burster;  q.  v. 
Rutilous:  a  shining  bronze  red. 


Sabulose:  sandy  or  gritty. 

Sac:  in  Cocclda;,  the  separate  cottony  envelope  secreted  by  many  species. 

Saccate:  gibbous  or  inflated  toward  one  end. 

Saccule:  a  little  sac  or  pouch. 

Saccus:  a  lobe  of  ventral  plate  of  9th  segment  in  ?  Lcpidoptcra. 

Saddle:  the  chitinous  plate  on  the  anal  siphon  of  Culicid  larvae. 

Sagitta:  arrow-like  spots  on  the  wings  of  Lepidoptera  and  other  insects. 

Sagittae:  the  inner  pair  of  forceps  in  male  genitalia  of  aculeate  Hymenop- 

tera:  see  stipites. 
Sagittal:  equivalent  to  longitudinal. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  119 

Sagittal  plane:  the  longitudinal  vertical  plane  which  divides  an  animal  into 

right  and  left  halves. 

Sagittate:  shaped  like  an  arrow  head:  elongate  triangular. 
Salient:  projecting;  jutting  out. 
Saliva:   the  secretion  of  the  salivary  glands  that  moistens  and  begins  the 

digestion  of  the  food. 
Salivary  glands:  glands  that  open  into  the  mouth  or  at  the  beginning  of  the 

alimentary  canal,  secreting  a  digestive,  irritant  or  viscid  material. 
Salivary  receptacle:  a  small  cavity  above  the  opening  of  the  salivary  duct, 

between  labium  and  hypopharynx. 
Salivary  pump:  applied  to  the  chitinous,  cup-like  structure  at  the  base  of  the 

labial  stylets  of  piercing  Diptcra;  e.  g.,  mosquitoes. 
Saltatoria:  that  series  of  Orthoptera  in  which  the  posterior  legs  are  formed 

for  jumping. 
Saltatorial  or  Saltatory:  formed  for  jumping  or  leaping:  a  posterior  femur 

when  much  enlarged  and  dilated. 
Saltatory  appendage:  in  Collembola  =  f urcula ;  q.  v. 
Sanguineous -eus:   red  like  arterial  blood   [crimson  lake]. 
Sanguinolent:  bloody;  in  color  or  appearance. 
Sapphyrinus:  sapphire  blue  [French  blue]. 

Sarcolemma:  the  elastic  covering  of  the  striated  muscular  fibres. 
Sarothrum:  the  basal  joint  of  posterior  tarsus  in  pollen  gatherers  :  see  meta- 
tarsus. 

Saturate :  deeply  or  strongly  marked ;  in  a  color,  means  intense. 
Saxicolous:  species  that  frequent  rocky  or  stony  areas. 
Saws:  the  ovipositors  of  the  saw  flies  or  Tenthredinidce. 
Scaber:  uneven,  rough. 

Scabriculous:   regularly  and  finely  wrinkled. 
Scabrose -ous:  rough  like  a  file,  with  small  raised  points. 
Scalariform:  ladder-like;  applied  to  venation  when  the  veinlets  between  two 

longitudinal  veins  are  regularly  arranged  like  the  rungs  of  a  ladder. 
Scale:  a  general  term  to  distinguish  Coccida:  specifically  the  puparium  of  a 

Diaspid,  comprising  exuvire  and  excreted  matter :  the  waxy  covering  of  a 

male  Lecaniid :  in  Diptera  =  alula ;  q.  v. 
Scales:   broad  flattened  hairs,  forming  the  wing  vestiture  of   Lepidoptera, 

and  present  in  various  other  insects. 

Scalloped:  an  edge  marked  by  segments  of  circles  without  intervening  angles. 
Scalpellus:  a  lancet-like  piercing  structure,  as  in  some  Diptcra. 
Scalpriform:    chisel-shaped. 

Scansorial:  said  of  feet,  when  formed  for  climbing  on  hair. 
Scape:  the  long  basal  joint  of  a  geniculate  antenna  in  Colcoptcra;  usually 

applied  to  the  three  basal  joints,  as  in  Hymenoptera. 
Scaphiform:  boat-shaped. 
Scaphium:  a  ventral  process  of  the  10th  abdominal  segment  in  <$  Lepidoptera 

below  the  uncus. 
Scapula:   in  Lepidoptera  the  shoulder  tippets,  patagia  or  axillae;  q.  v. :  in 

Hymenoptera,  the  side  pieces  of  the  mesonotum;  also,  a  trochanter  of  the 


120  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

fore-leg ;  in  Proctotrupidce  the  lateral  lobes  on  each  side  of  the  parapsidal 
furrow. 

Scapulae:  in  Hemiptera,  the  inferior  lateral  face  of  mesonotum. 

Scapular:  the  episternum;  q.  v. :  applied  to  the  scapula. 

Scapular  area:  in  a  wing,  is  that  portion  nearest  the  shoulder:  in  Orthoptera, 
=  radial  area. 

Scapularia:  a  meso-episternum :  see  scapula. 

Scapular  vein:  in  Orthoptera,  =  radius. 

Scapus:  =  scape. 

Scarabidoid:  applied  to  that  stage  of  a  meloid  larva  in  which  it  resembles  a 
white  grub  or  Scarabid  larva. 

Scarified:  a  surface  with  irregular  depressions,  as  if  clawed  or  scratched. 

Scariose -ous:  dry  and  scaly. 

Scatophagous:   feeding  upon  dung  or  excrement:  =  merdivorous. 

Scent  glands,  or  organs:  glandular  structures;  sometimes  eversible,  some- 
times in  the  form  of  hair  tufts  or  pencils  for  diffusing  odors  that  may  be 
repellant  or  attractive ;  most  frequently  found  in  males  as  a  secondary 
sexual  character. 

Scent  pores:  =  ostioles ;  q.  v. 

Sclerite:  any  piece  of  the  body  wall  bounded  by  sutures. 

Scopa:  a  brush:  a  covering  of  short,  stiff  hair  of  equal  length:  in  Hymen- 
opt  era,  the  thick  hair  covering  the  posterior  tibia  of  pollen-gathering  forms. 

Scopate:  furnished  with  a  scopa. 

Scopula:  a  small,  dense  tuft  of  hair:  the  bristles  or  stiff  hairs  covering  the 
inner  side  of  basal  joint  on  the  tarsi  of  pollen-gathering  Hymcnoptera. 

Scopulipedes:  bees  which  have  pollen-gathering  structures  on  the  feet. 

Scraper:  the  hardened  portion  of  the  inner  margin  of  the  tegmina  in  crickets; 
used  in  producing  the  song. 

Scriptus:  lettered  or  marked  with  characters  resembling  letters. 

Scrobes:  grooves  formed  for  the  reception  or  concealment  of  an  appendage: 
specifically,  in  Rhynchophora,  grooves  at  the  sides  of  the  rostrum  to  receive 
the  scape  of  antennae :  also  applied  to  grooves  on  the  sides  of  mandibles  :  in 
Hymcnoptera,  the  usually  circular  impressions  upon  the  frons,  in  which  the 
scapes  revolve :  in  Orthoptera,  the  pits  in  which  the  antennae  are  situate. 

Scrobiculated:  having  the  surface  covered  with  deep  round  pits. 

Scrotal  membrane:  the  envelope  covering  the  testes  in  some  insects. 

Scrotiform:  purse-shaped. 

Scrotum:   =  scrotal  membrane;  q.  v. 

Sculpture:  the  markings  or  pattern  of  impression  or  elevation  on  an  elytra 
or  other  body  surface. 

Sculptured:  a  surface,  when  marked  with  elevations  or  depressions  or  both, 
arranged  in  some  definite  manner. 

Scutate -if  orm:  shield-  or  buckler-shaped. 

Scutcheon:  =scutellum;  q.  v. :  also  used  by  some  authors  (Walker)  for  the 
pronotum  in  Homoptera. 

Scutel:   =scutellum;  q.  v. 

Scutellar  angle :  of  elytra  is  next  to  the  scutel  when  wing  is  expanded. 

Scutellar  bridge:  in  Dipt  era,  a  small  ridge  on  either  side  of  the  scutellum, 
connecting  it  with  the  mesonotum. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  121 

Scutellar  space:  in  Mantids,  an  area  between  antennae  and  clypeus. 

Scutellate:  dish-  or  platter-shaped. 

Scutellum:  the  third  dorsal  sclerite  of  the  meso-  and  metathorax:  in  Colc- 
optera,  the  triangular  piece  between  the  elytra  at  base  and  universally  re- 
ferred to  as  the  scutellum :  in  Hetcroptcra,  a  similar  sclerite  between  base 
of  hemelytra :  in  Diptcra,  a  subhemispherical  body  posteriorly  cut  off  by 
an  impressed  line  from  the  dorsum  of  the  mesothorax. 

Scutes:  the  chitinous  shields  or  plates  on  the  segments  of  larvae. 

Scutiform:  =  scutate;  q.  v. 

Scutum:  the  second  dorsal  sclerite  of  the  meso-  and  metathorax. 

Seal-brown:  a  brilliant  deep  red-brown;  almost  like,  but  darker  than,  cas- 
taneous  [between  dragon's  blood  and  Indian  red]. 

Sebaceous:  fatty  or  oily;  applied  to  glands  secreting  such  substances. 

Sebific:  oily;  sebaceous;  somewhat  sticky. 

Sebific  duct:  carries  the  excretions  of  the  colleterial  gland  to  the  bursa 
copulatrix. 

Second  antennal  segment:  the  third  or  tritocerebral  segment  of  head. 

Secondaries:  the  hind  wings;  always  attached  to  the  metathorax. 

Secondary  sexual  characters:  features  possessed  by  one  sex  but  not  the 
other,  other  than  the  differences  of  the  reproductive  organs  themselves  ; 
e.  g.,  color,  size,  shape,  etc. 

Second  clypeus:  see  anteclypeus. 

Second  costal  cell:  in  Hymenoptera  (Pack.),  is  the  stigma. 

Second  inner  apical:  in  Hymenoptera  (Nort.),  =  media  3  (Comst.),  to  the 
junction  of  medial  cross-vein;  also  called  submarginal  nervure  in  part. 

Second  lateral  thoracic  suture:  in  Odonata,  extends  from  base  of  second- 
aries to  the  rear  of  the  third  coxa. 

Second  longitudinal  vein:  in  Diptcra  (Will.),  =  radius  2  +  3  (Comst.). 

Second  maxilla:  the  labium;  q.  v. 

Second  maxillary  segment:  the  seventh  or  labial  segment  of  head. 

Second  median  area:  see  median  area;  areola. 

Second  submarginal  nervure:  Hymenoptera  (Nort.),  =  radius  5  (Comst.). 

Secretion:  any  matter  produced  by  a  gland:  in  Coccida,  specifically,  the 
waxy,  fibrous,  cottony  or  silky  substances  forming  the  "  scales." 

Secretionary  supplement:  that  part  of  a  Diaspid  scale  extending  beyond  or 
around  the  pellicles. 

Secretory:  concerned  in  the  process  of  secretion. 

Sectores  coronis:  the  tearing  or  cutting  structures  used  by  the  Lcpidoptcra 
in  working  out  of  a  cocoon. 

Sectors:  longitudinal  veins  in  Odonata,  which  strike  the  principal  veins  at 
an  angle,  and  usually  reach  the  apex  or  hind  margin :  they  are  radial,  sub- 
nodal,  principal,  nodal,  median,  short,  and  upper  and  lower  of  triangle : 
all  of  which  see. 

Secund:   pointing  one  way:  unilateral. 

Securiform:  triangular-compressed;  like  the  blade  of  a  hatchet. 

Sedentary:  not  active:  settled  or  remaining  in  one  place. 

Segment:  a  ring  or  division  bounded  by  incisions  or  sutures:  a  segment  of 


122  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

an  insect  or  of  any  articulate  is  a  transverse  portion  reaching  entirely 
across  the  body,  originally  separated  on  the  exterior  by  incisions  or  sutures 
from  the  preceding  and  the  succeeding  segments,  having  attached  to  it  not 
more  than  one  pair  of  ventral  appendages,  containing  internally  not  more 
than  one  pair  of  nerve  ganglia  which  supply  nerves  to  the  pair  of  append- 
ages ;  =•  somite,  arthromere :  fusion  of  segments  frequently  obscures,  as 
in  the  head :  externally  the  walls  of  one  segment  may  be  composed  of  a 
number  of  sclerites  separated  from  each  other  by  secondary  sutures. 

Segmentate:  made  up  of  rings  or  segments. 

Segmentation  of  egg:  the  division  of  the  originally  single-celled  egg  into  a 
number  of  coherent  cells  or  blastomeres ;  =  cleavage. 

Segregated:   detached  or  scattered  into  groups. 

Segregation:  a  separation  or  placing  apart. 

Sejunctus:  separated. 

Sellate:  saddle-shaped. 

Sematophore:  a  seminal  packet,  composed  of  the  seminal  fluid  mixed  with 
the  excretions  of  the  accessory  glands. 

Sembling:   =  assembling;  q.  v. 

Semen:  the  fluid  secreted  in  the  testes,  containing  the  spermatozoa. 

Semi-:  half. 

Semicircular:  like  the  half  of  a  circle. 

Semi-complete:  in  metamorphosis,  =  incomplete;  q.  v. 

Semicordate:  half  or  partly  heart-shaped. 

Semicoronate:  partly  surrounded  by  a  margin  of  spines,  hooks  or  the  like. 

Semicoronet:  a  margin  of  spines  or  hooks  partly  surrounding  a  structure  or 
process. 

Semi-cylindrical:  like  a  groove  or  half  a  cylinder. 

Semi-hyaline :  hyaline  in  part  only :  not  altogether  transparent. 

Semi-looper:  a  caterpillar  in  which  one  or  two  pairs  only  of  the  abdominal 
legs  are  wanting  and  where  in  progression  only  small  loops  are  formed  : 
see  looper. 

Semi-lunar:  in  the  form  of  half  a  crescent. 

Semi-lunar  valve:  guards  the  auriculo-ventricular  opening  of  the  heart. 

Seminal  ducts:  =  vasa  deferentia;  q.  v. 

Seminal  vesicles:  enlarged  tube,  or  pouch-like  structures  which  serve  to  store 
the  seminal  fluid  of  the  male,  and  in  which  the  later  stages  of  its  develop- 
ment may  take  place. 

Seminiferous:  semen-secreting. 

Semipupa:  that  stage  of  the  larva  just  preceding  pupation:  more  specifically 
the  interpolated  stage  between  the  active  larva  and  the  true  pupa,  in  hyper- 
metamorphosis. 

Semi-sagittate:  like  the  longitudinal  half  of  an  arrow  head. 

Semitropical  or  Gulf  strip:  is  the  southern  part  of  the  Austro-riparian  area; 
extends  from  Texas  to  Southern  Florida,  covers  a  narrow  strip  in  So. 
Georgia  and  probably  follows  the  coastal  lowlands  into  South  Carolina. 

Sensim:  gradually. 

Sensoria:  the  circular  openings  covered  by  membrane,  on  the  antennae  or 
legs  of  plant  lice. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  123 

Sensory:  relating  to  or  having  a  sense  function. 

Sensory  pittings:  deep  pits  or  punctures  through  the  surface,  which  may  or 

may  not  bear  pegs,  bristles  or  setae,  and  may  be  open  or  covered  by  a  mem- 
brane; serving  as  organs  of  perception  for  sounds  or  smells. 
Septa,  Septula:   in  Odonata,  the  triangular  area  of  the  mesonotum  before 

the  insertion  of  the  primaries  :  =  calli  axillary. 
Septum:  an  internal  division  of  a  body  cavity. 

Sequence:  the  order  in  which  things  follow;  e.  g.,  species  or  genera. 
Seriatim:  placed  in  longitudinal  rows. 
Sericeous:   silky :  clothed  with  very  dense  minute  hair  which  gives  a  silky 

lustre. 
Sericterium -ies:    the   silk-producing   gland   or   glands    in   caterpillars:    the 

spinning  structures. 
Series:  a  group  of  species,  genera  or  families,  arranged  to  show  agreement 

in  a  common  character  which  is  not  of  sufficient  importance  to  warrant  the 

next  higher  division. 
Serific  glands:  are  those  which  produce  a  thick,  mucous-like  secretion  which, 

on  hardening,  forms  silk. 
Serosa:  the  outer  membrane  that  envelops  the  forming  embryo,  the  amnion 

and  the  remainder  of  the  egg. 

Serpentinous:  a  dirty,  dark  green  [Hooker's  green]. 
Serra:  a  saw  or  saw-like  part. 
Serrate:  saw-toothed,  the  teeth  set  toward  one  end. 
Serrato-dentate:  toothed,  the  edges  themselves  saw-toothed. 
Serratulate:  with  little  teeth  or  serrations. 
Serricornia:  that  series  of  Colcoptera  in  which  the  antennae  are  serrate  or 

saw-toothed. 

Serriferous:  possessing  a  saw-like  ovipositor  in  the  female;  the  saw-flies. 
Serrulate:  with  numerous  little  saw-teeth. 

Serum:  the  fluid  in  which  the  blood  corpuscles  float  or  are  suspended. 
Sesquialter  or  Sesquiocellus:  a  large  ocellus  including  a  smaller  one. 
Sesquitertial:  occupying  a  fourth  part. 
Sessile:  closely  seated:  the  abdomen,  when  it  is  closely  attached  for  nearly 

or  quite  its  full  width  to  the  thorax. 

Sessiliventres:  Hymenoptera  in  which  the  abdomen  is  sessile. 
Seta-ae:  a  pointed  bristle  or  long  stiff  hair:  slender,  hair-like  appendages. 
Setaceous:  bristle-shaped:  slender,  gradually  tapering  to  a  tip. 
Setarious  aristate:  the  dipterous  antenna  when  the  arista  is  simple. 
Setiferous:  =  setigerous  ;  q.  v. 
Setiform:   in  the  form  of  a  bristle  or  seta:   when  a  slender  short  bristle 

arises  from  a  thicker  basal  joint. 

Setigenous:  the  hypodermal  cells  that  give  rise  to  setae. 
Setigerous:  bearing  setae  or  bristles;  e.  g.,  punctures. 
Setiparous:  producing  hair  or  setae. 
Setireme:  the  hairy,  oar-like  legs  of  aquatic  insects. 
Setose -ous:  bristly  or  set  with  bristles. 
Setula:  a  small  stiff  bristle  or  seta:  in  Dipt  era,  the  small  thorn  at  the  end 

of  the  subcosta. 
9 


124  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Setulose:  clothed  with  fine  setae  or  setulse. 

Sex:  as  a  number,  six:  the  physical  difference  between  male  and  female: 

usually  indicated  by  the  sign  of  Mars  (c?)   for  male,  and  Venus  ($)   for 

female ;  workers  or  undeveloped  females  have  the  sign  of  Venus  without 

the  cross  line  (  9  ),  or  a  combination  of  the  two  others   (  Q  ). 
Sexuparse:  that  generation  of  plant  lice  which  produces  the  true  sexes. 
Shade:  a  cloudy,  ill-defined  streak  or  band. 

Shagreened:  a  surface  roughened  with  minute  tooth-like  projections. 
Shank:  =  tibia;  q.  v. 
Shard:  a  chitinous  sheath  or  elytron. 
Sharp:  with  a  pointed  tip  or  thin  edge;  opposed  to  blunt. 
Sheath  of  penis:  in  Odonata,  a  median,  hood-like  piece  between  the  hamules, 

under  which  the  penis  is  folded  when  not  in  use. 
Shin:  =  tibia  ;  q.  v. 

Short  sector:  in  Odonata,  =  media  4  (Comst.). 
Shoulder:    loosely  applied  to  an  obtuse  angulation ;  more  generally  to  the 

humeral  angle  of  fore  wings  or  elytra :  the  anterior  angles  of  thorax  in 

Lcpidoptcra;  the  angles  of  prothorax  in  Heteroptera;  the  lateral  angles  of 

metazona  of  pronotum  in  Orthoptera. 
Sialisterium:  a  salivary  gland. 
Side:  the  lateral  margin  of  the  body. 
Side  piece:  in  genitalia  of  6  Culicids  the  main  lateral  part  of  the  clasping 

organ  or  basal  segment  of  clasp. 
Sides  of  thorax:  in  Odonata,  includes  the  pleura  of  meso-  and  metathorax, 

less  the  meso-episterna. 
Sienna:  a  brownish  orange  [brown  ochre]. 
Sigmoid:  shaped  like  the  Greek  letter  sigma,  or  English  S. 
Signate-us:  =  with  marks  or  spots:  see  notate. 
Signature:  a  colored  blotch  of  any  size  or  shape. 
Silaceous:   =  ochraceous. 
Silk:  the  hardened  salivary  secretion  of  certain  larvae,  mainly  of  Lepidoptera: 

similar  material  is  produced  by  anal  glands  of  some  larvae  in  Ncuroptera. 
Silk-glands:  a  pair  of  modified  salivary  glands  in  certain  larvae,  mostly  of 

Lcpidoptcra  that  secrete  a  viscid  fluid  which,  on  contact  with  the  air, 

hardens  into  a  silken  fibre. 
Silvicolous:  living  in  moist,  shady  woods. 

Simple,  Simplex:  without  process,  armature,  or  appendage  of  any  kind. 
Simple  eyes:  =  ocelli;  q.  v. 

Sinciput:  in  Colcoptera,  that  part  of  the  vertex  between  the  eyes. 
Sinistrad:  toward  the  left. 

Sinistral:  extending  to  or  at  the  left  from  the  median  line. 
Sinistro-caudad:  extending  obliquely  from  the  left  toward  the  tail. 
Sinistro-cephalad:  extending  obliquely  from  the  left  toward  the  head. 
Sinuate :  cut  into  sinuses ;  applied  to  lines  and  margins  with  an  in  and  out 

curve. 

Sinuated:  winding:  with  the  edge  scooped  into  sinuses. 
Sinuato-convex:  sinuate  and  convex. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  125 

Sinuato-lobate:  sinuate  and  lobed. 

Sinuato-truncate:  truncated,  with  the  margin  sinuate. 

Sinuous:  undulating;  curved  in  and  out. 

Simus:  a  curvilinear  indentation  more  or  less  profound:  an  excavation  as  if 
scooped  out :  a  curved  break  in  an  otherwise  straight  margin. 

Siphon :  a  tube-like  mouth  organ  in  certain  insects :  the  breathing  tube  of  a 
Culicid  larva :  any  tubular  external  process  or  structure. 

Siphonaptera:  an  ordinal  name  for  insects  which  are  wingless:  mouth 
formed  for  piercing  and  sucking ;  saltatorial ;  transformations  complete : 
the  fleas  :  =  Aphaniptera ;  q.  v. 

Siphonata:  =Homoptera  or,  more  specifically,  plant  lice  and  leaf  hoppers. 

Siphonets:  see  honey  tubes. 

Siphonophora:  =  Coccinellidae ;  the  term  is  preoccupied  in  the  Coelenterates. 

Siphunculata:  the  sucking  lice. 

Siphunculus:  the  suctorial  organ  of  a  louse,  contained  within  the  tubule: 
in  plant  lice  =  honey  tubes  ;  q.  v. 

Situ  (in) :  in  its  natural  place  or  position. 

Sixth  longitudinal  vein:  in  Diptera,  =  ist  anal  vein  (Comst.). 

Skeleton:  the  hard  chitinous  parts  which  externally  (exoskeleton)  or  in- 
ternally (endoskeleton)  form  a  protective  covering,  or  serve  as  points  of 
attachment,  to  muscles  and  other  soft  organs. 

Skippers:  a  popular  term  for  Hesperid  butterflies :  the  dipterous  larvae  some- 
times found  in  cheese  and  other  provisions. 

Slaty:  very  dark  blackish  gray  with  a  reddish  tinge  [neutral  with  a  little 
Indian  red]. 

Slug:  in  general,  any  larva  that  has  a  slimy  viscid  appearance,  and  the  body 
closely  applied  to  the  food  plant :  more  specifically,  the  larvae  of  certain 
saw-flies  and  of  some  Coleoptera. 

S.  M.  interspace:  submedian  interspace  in  the  primaries  of  Lepidoptera, 
includes  the  space  between  the  median  and  submedian  veins;  (cubitus  and 
1st  anal,  Comst.). 

Smaltinus:  a  dull  grayish  blue. 

Smaragdinus:  emerald  green  [pale  green]. 

Smooth:  a  surface  without  elevations  or  indentations. 

Snout:  the  prolongation  of  the  head  in  Rhynchophora  at  the  end  of  which 
the  mouth  parts  are  situated :  see  rostrum. 

Social:  living  in  communities:  more  especially  those  species  in  which  unde- 
veloped or  worker  forms  occur  and  where  the  colony  has  a  single  female 
head. 

Soldiers:  in  termites;  forms  sexually  undeveloped,  in  which  the  mandibles 
are  pincer-like  and  the  head  is  much  enlarged :  worker  majors  in  certain  ants. 

Solid:  applied  to  an  organ  usually  jointed,  when  these  joints  form  into  one 
mass ;  e.  g.,  the  capitulum  of  certain  clavate  antennae. 

Solitary -arius:  occurring  singly  or  in  pairs;  not  in  colonies. 

Somatic:  relating  to  the  body,  or  abdomen. 

Somatotheca:  that  part  of  pupa  covering  abdominal  rings:  =  gasterotheca. 

Somite:  =  arthromere. 


126  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Sonif action:  the  production  of  sound:  =  stridulation ;  q.  v. 

Sonoran  faunal  areas:  see  upper  and  loiver  Sonoran. 

Sonorific:  sound  producing:  applied  to  stridulating  organs. 

Sordid:  dirty;  dull. 

Spadiceous:  bay  brown   [dragon's  blood  +  brown  ochre]. 

Spado:  the  worker  or  neuter  in  bees  and  ants. 

Sparse:  scattered:  single  hairs,  scales  or  sculptures  set  well  apart. 

Spatha:  a  median  piece  in  male  genitalia  of  aculeate  Hymenoptera,  covering 
the  bases  of  the  sagittse. 

Spatula:  the  breast  bone  (q.  v.)   of  cecidomyid  larvae. 

Spatulate:  rounded  and  broad  at  top,  attenuate  at  base. 

Specialization:  the  adaptation  of  an  organ  to  a  definite  purpose,  or  of  an 
organism  to  fit  a  determinate  environment. 

Species:  an  aggregation  of  individuals  alike  in  appearance  and  structure, 
mating  freely  and  producing  young  that  themselves  mate  freely  and  bear 
fertile  offspring  resembling  each  other  and  their  parents :  a  species  in- 
cludes all  its  varieties  and  races. 

Specific  character:  a  feature  common  to  all  individuals  of  a  species,  by 
means  of  which  they  may  be  distinguished  from  all  other  individuals  of 
other  species  :  =  essential  character. 

Specular:  mirror-like;  transparent. 

Specular  membrane:  in  male  Cicada,  the  inner  or  posterior  mirror-like  mem- 
brane of  the  sound-organ :  =  mirror. 

Speculum:  a  transparent  area  or  spot  on  wings  of  some  Lepidoptera;  the 
glassy  areas  at  base  of  tegmina  in  male  Orthoptera  that  serve  as  sounding 
boards :  a  spot  on  the  neck  of  some  caterpillars. 

Sperm:  the  seminal  fluid:  in  plural  form  is  sometimes  used  as  =  sperma- 
tozoa ;  q.  v. 

Spermatheca:  =  spermatotheca  ;  q.  v. 

Spermatid:  the  final  cells  which  are  converted  without  further  division  into 
spermatozoa;  they  arise  by  division  of  the  second  spermatocytes  (Wilson). 

Spermatocytes:  the  cells  arising  from  the  spermatogonia.  The  primary 
spermatocyte  arises  by  growth  of  one  of  the  last  generation  of  spermato- 
gonia. By  its  division  are  formed  two  secondary  spermatocytes,  each  of 
which  give  rise  to  two  spermatids  (Wilson). 

Spermatogenesis:   the  development  of  spermatozoa. 

Spermatogonia:  the  descendants  of  the  primordial  germ  cells  in  the  male. 
Each  ultimate  spermatogonium  typically  gives  rise  to  four  spermatozoa. 

Spermatophora:  a  sac  or  case  containing  spermatozoa. 

Spermatotheca:  the  sac  or  reservoir  in  the  female  that  receives  the  sperm 
during  coition:  =  Spermatheca  and  receptaculum  seminis. 

Spermatozoon -zoa:  the  male  cell  or  cells  which,  by  uniting  with  the  ova, 
fertilize  them. 

Spherical:  in  the  form  of  a  sphere:  a  body  in  which  all  diameters  are  equal. 

Spherule:  a  minute  sphere  or  globule. 

Spicula:  a  slender  needle-like  process;  e.  g.,  the  sting  in  bees:  also  employed 
as  =  ovipositor ;  q.  v. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  127 

Spiculiform:   like  a  slender,  needle-like  process. 

Spiculum:  a  small  spicule  or  thin,  pointed  process. 

Spinate:  produced  into  an  acuminate  spine. 

Spindle-shaped:  cylindrical,  elongate,  thicker  in  the  middle,  tapering  to  each 
end :  fusiform. 

Spine:  a  sharp  process :  in  Coccidcc  there  are  two,  one  each  side  of  each  seg- 
ment of  the  pygidium. 

Spiniferous:  bearing,  or  clothed  with  spines. 

Spiniform:  in  the  form  or  shape  of  a  spine. 

Spinneret:  the  ligula  in  bombycid  and  some  other  larvae,  modified  for  silk 
spinning :  any  organ  consisting  of  an  internal  tube,  terminating  in  a  pore, 
spine  or  process,  producing  a  silky  or  waxy  fibre :  in  the  plural,  the  organs 
concerned  in  the  emission  of  the  silky  or  cottony  filaments  of  which  the 
scales  or  sacs  of  Coccidce  are  produced :  =  f usulus. 

Spinose -ous -ed:  set  with  acute  processes  or  spines. 

Spinous-radiate:  beset  with  spines  in  a  circle,  either  concatenate,  united  at 
their  bases,  or  setaceous,  like  bristles. 

Spinulse:  spinous  processes  at  the  apex  of  the  tibia:  also  called  spines,  spurs 
or  heels. 

Spinulate-ose:  set  with  little  spines  or  spinules. 

Spinules:  little  spines. 

Spira:  the  coiled  ovipositor  of  Cynipidce. 

Spiracle -cula:  a  breathing  pore;  q.  v. :  in  the  plural  the  lateral  openings  on 
the  segments  of  the  insect  body  through  which  air  enters  the  tracheae : 
=  stigmata. 

Spiracular  area:  the  anterior  of  the  three  areas  between  lateral  and  pleural 
carinae  on  the  metanotum  of  some  Hymenoptera:  =  first  pleural  area. 

Spiracular  line:  in  caterpillars  is  that  which  includes  the  spiracles:  =  stig- 
matal. 

Spiracular  sulcus:  on  the  metanotum  of  Hymenoptera,  is  a  grooved  line  or 
channel  extending  from  spiracle  to  apical  margin. 

Spiral:  rolled  up  like  a  watch  spring,  or  twisted  like  a  cork-screw. 

Spiral  fibre:  the  spiral  thickening  or  folding  of  the  chitinous  lining  of  a 
trachea,  which  gives  to  the  latter  its  characteristic  microscopic  appearance 
as  well  as  its  support  and  elasticity ;  =  taenidium. 

Spirignath:  —  spiritrompe. 

Spiritrompe:  the  spiral  tongue  in  Lepidoptera. 

Splanchnic:  applied  to  the  outer  embryonic  layer  of  the  rudiment  of  the  mid- 
intestine;  or  the  inner  layer  of  the  mesoderm  which,  becoming  applied  to 
the  walls  of  the  alimentary  canal,  develops  into  the  muscle  fibres  thereof. 

Splendens -ent:  shining:  with  a  metallic  glitter. 

Splitter:  one  who  splits  or  describes  species  or  genera  upon  minute  char- 
acters which  the  "lumper"  (q.  v.)  deems  insufficient  to  authorize  them. 

Spongioplasm:  the  net-like  structure  of  protoplasm  in  a  cell. 

Spongiose:  a  soft,  elastic  tissue  resembling  a  sponge. 

Spoon:  =bouton;  q.  v. 

Spring :  in  Collembola,  =  f urcula ;  q.  v. 


128  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Spur:  a  short,  stiff,  generally  blunt  process  and  usually  not  articulated  at  its 
base :  in  the  plural  refers  to  paired  spiniform  processes  at  or  near  the  end 
of  tibiae. 

Spur  formula:  a  numerical  expression  of  their  arrangement;  as  2-3-4;  2 
spurs  on  fore  tibia,  3  on  middle,  and  4  on  posterior ;  in  Trichoptera. 

Spurius:  false:  applied  to  aborted  anterior  legs  in  some  diurnal  Lepidoptera. 

Spurious  cell:  in  Diptera  (Pack.),  =  3d  anal  (Comst.). 

Spurious  veins:  certain  folds  or  thickenings  in  the  wing  surface  which  re- 
semble a  vein  so  nearly  as  to  be  readily  mistaken  and  sufficiently  constant 
to  be  useful  in  classification. 

Squama:  in  Odonata,  the  sclerite  that  bears  the  palpus  of  both  maxilla  and 
labium:  the  scale-like  first  abdominal  segment  of  some  ants:  a  scale-like 
appendage  covering  the  base  of  primaries  in  Lepidoptera,  and  so  =  pata- 
gium ;  q.  v. :  a  small  scale  above  the  halteres  in  Diptera:  in  this  order 
Packard  uses  squama  for  the  lobed  scale  and  restricts  alula  to  the  lobe- 
like  appendage :  Osten-Sacken  uses  squama  for  the  posterior  scale  alone 
and  antisquama  for  the  anterior. 

Squames:  the  flattened,  fimbriated  or  spine-like  marginal  processes  of  the 
pygidium  in  Diaspina;,  other  than  the  lobes  and  true  spines :  = "  plates," 
of  Comst. ;  or  "  scaly  hairs  "  of  Maskell. 

Squamiform:  having  a  scale-like  form. 

Squamose-ous:  scaly  or  covered  with  scales. 

Squamula:  a  small  corneous  scale  covering  the  base  of  primaries  in  some 
insects  :  =  tegula ;  q.  v. :  in  Diptera,  =  alula. 

Squarrous:  scurfy:  clothed  with  rough  scales  differing  in  direction,  standing 
upright,  or  not  parallel  to  the  surface. 

Stadium -ia:  the  interval  between  the  molts  of  larvae:  =  instar;  q.  v. :  any 
one  period  in  the  development  of  an  insect. 

Stage:  refers  to  the  period  of  development;  e.  g.,  larval,  pupal,  etc. 

Stalked  bodies:  =  gyri  cerebrales ;  q.  v. 

Stellate:  star-shaped;  with  four  or  five  radiating  lines. 

Stelocyttares:  social  wasps  in  which  the  comb  layers  of  the  nest  are  sup- 
ported by  pillars  and  not  connected  with  the  envelope :  see  poecilocyttares 
and  phragmocyttares. 

Stemapoda:  the  modified  filamentous  anal  legs  of  Centra  and  other  Noto- 
dontid  larvae. 

Stemmata:  simple  eyes  or  ocelli;  q.  v. 

Stem-mother:  in  plant  lice,  that  form  hatching  from  the  winter  egg,  which 
starts  a  series  of  agamic  summer  generations. 

Stenocephalous:   with  a  narrow,  elongate  head. 

Stenorhynchan:  narrow  beaked  or  snouted. 

Stenothorax:  a  supposed  ring  between  pro-  and  mesothorax. 

Stercoral:  relating  or  pertaining  to  excrement. 

Sterile:  not  capable  of  reproducing  its  kind. 

Sternal  orifice:  in  Perlids ;  a  peculiar  slit  on  each  side  of  the  sternum, 
extending  inward  and  ending  blindly :  —  f  urcal  orifice. 

Sternal  spatula:  =  breast-bone ;  q.  v. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  129 

Sternauli:  the  short  and  often  obsolete  furrows  on  either  side  of  the  meso- 
sternum  in  Hymenoptera. 

Sternellum:  the  second  sclerite  of  the  ventral  part  of  each  thoracic  segment ; 
frequently  divided  into  longitudinal  parts  which  may  be  widely  separated. 

Sternite:  the  ventral  piece  in  a  ring  or  segment. 

Sternopleura:  in  Dipt  era,  the  lower  part  of  the  pleura,  below  the  sterno- 
pleural  suture  and  above  the  front  coxa. 

Sternopleural  bristles:  in  Dipt  era,  are  situated  on  the  Sternopleura  below 
the  Sternopleural  suture. 

Sternopleural  suture:  in  Dipt  era,  is  below  and  nearly  parallel  with  dorso- 
pleural  suture,  separating  the  mesopleura  from  the  Sternopleura. 

Sterno-rhabdite:  a  sternal  rhabdite. 

Sternorhynchi:  that  series  of  Homoptera  in  which  the  beak  or  rostrum  ap- 
parently arises  from  the  sternum  between  the  anterior  coxse ;  e.  g.,  plant 
lice,  etc. 

Sternum -a:  the  breast:  the  middle  portion  of  the  under  surface  of  thorax, 
between  the  coxal  cavities. 

Stethidium:  the  trunk:  the  entire  thorax  with  all  its  appendages. 

Stigma:  a  spiracle  or  breathing  pore:  a  dense,  often  discolored  portion  of 
the  costal  margin  of  a  wing,  usually  at  the  end  of  the  radius ;  see  anasto- 
mosis:  in  Diptcra,  a  colored  wing  spot  near  the  tip  of  the  auxiliary  vein: 
in  Lepldoptera,  the  specialized  patch  of  black  scales  on  the  primaries  of 
Hesperidce. 

Stigmata:  the  spiracles:  also  applied  to  the  two  spots,  orbicular  and  reni- 
form,  in  the  cell  of  the  primaries  of  certain  moths. 

Stigmatal  line:  in  caterpillars,  =  spiracular ;  q.  v. 

Stigmatiferous:  applied  to  processes  or  structures  bearing  spiracles  or  stig- 
mata. 

Stimuli:  the  small  acute  spines  on  some  larvae,  especially  wood-borers. 

Sting:  the  modified  ovipositor  in  aculeate  Hymenoptera. 

Stipes:  the  foot-stalk  of  the  maxilla;  articulated  partly  to  the  head,  partly 
to  the  cardo,  and  bearing  the  movable  parts :  modified  into  a  piercing  struc- 
ture in  some  Diptcra  and  into  a  lever  for  flexing  the  proboscis  in  others. 

Stipitate:  supported  on  a  stalk  or  pedicle. 

Stipites:  the  outer  pair  of  forceps  in  male  genitalia  of  aculeate  Hymenop- 
tera; see  sagittse. 

S.  T.  line:  subterminal  line;  crosses  the  primaries  of  many  moths  just  before 
the  outer  margin. 

Stirps:  a  stock  or  stem:  a  division  of  classification  similar  to  super-family: 
not  used  at  present. 

Stoma-ata:  a  breathing  pore  or  pores:  =  stigma;  q.  v. 

Stomach:  that  portion  of  the  alimentary  canal,  immediately  following  the 
gizzard  and  preceding  the  ileum,  into  which  most  of  the  digestive  juices 
are  poured :  =  chylific  ventricle. 

Stomatodaeum:  that  invagination  of  the  ectoderm  that  forms  the  mouth, 
pharynx,  cesophagus,  crop  and  gizzard. 


130  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Stomatogastric:  that  system  of  nerves  and  ganglia,  lying  along  the  dorsal 
and  lateral  surfaces  of  gullet  and  crop. 

Stomatotheca:  that  part  of  the  pupa  covering  the  mouth  structures. 

Stramineous -eus:  straw  yellow  [pale  clay  yellow]. 

Strangulate:  constricted,  as  if  by  bands  or  cords. 

Stratified:  arranged  or  made  up  in  layers. 

Strepsiptera:  twisted-wing:  an  ordinal  term  proposed  for  the  parasitic 
Stylopidce,  now  ranged  as  a  family  of  Coleoptera  =  Rhipiptera. 

Stria:  in  Coleoptera,  a  longitudinal  depressed  line  or  furrow,  frequently 
punctured,  extending  from  base  to  apex  of  elytra :  in  Lepidoptera,  a  fine 
transverse  line :  in  general,  any  longitudinal  impressed  line. 

Striate-ed:  marked  with  parallel,  fine,  impressed  lines;  or,  in  Lepidoptera, 
with  numerous  fine  transverse  lines. 

Stridulate:  to  make  a  creaking  noise  by  rubbing  together  two  ridged  or 
roughened  surfaces. 

Stridulation:  a  creaking  sound  produced  by  rubbing  together  two  striated 
or  otherwise  roughened  surfaces :  the  act  of  stridulating  or  the  noise  pro- 
duced by  it. 

Striga:  a  narrow,  transverse  line  or  slender  streak,  either  surface  or  im- 
pressed. 

Strigate:  having  striga:  applied  to  a  surface  on  which  the  striga  are  im- 
pressed as  in  the  elytra  of  some  beetles,  or  to  an  ornamentation  composed 
of  fine,  short  lines. 

Strigile-is:  maculation  that  consists  of  parallel  longitudinal  lines:  a  deep 
sinus  near  base  of  first  joint  of  anterior  tarsus. 

Strigillate -ation:   —  stridulate -ation ;  q.  v. 

Strigose:  clothed  with  rigid  bristles  that  are  thickest  at  base:  rough,  with 
sharp  bristles  :  =  hispid. 

Strigula:  a  fine  short  transverse  mark  or  line. 

Strigulated:  with  numerous  strigulse. 

Striolate -us:  with  finely  impressed  parallel  lines. 

S.  T.  space:  the  area  between  the  t.  p.  line  and  s.  t.  line  in  moths. 

Stripe:  a  longitudinal  streak  of  color  different  from  the  ground. 

Style:  in  Aphids,  the  slender  tubular  process  at  the  end  of  the  abdomen: 
in  Coccids,  a  long  spine-like  appendage  at  the  end  of  the  abdomen  of  the 
male;  =  genital  spike:  in  Diptera,  the  ovipositor  (Loew)  ;  the  single  im- 
movable organ  immediately  below  the  forceps  in  male  Tipulidce  (O.-S.)  ;  a 
thickened  jointed  arista  at  or  near  the  tip  of  the  third  antennal  joint :  in 
the  plural  form  applied  to  small,  usually  pointed,  exarticulate  appendages, 
most  frequently  found  on  the  terminal  segments  of  abdomen. 

Stylet:  a  small  style  or  stiff  process:  one  of  the  piercing  mouth  structures 
in  Diptera  and  Hemiptera. 

Styliform:  in  the  shape  of  a  stylus:  terminating  in  a  long  slender  point,  like 
the  antennae  in  some  Diptera. 

Stylopized:  infested  by  a  member  of  the  Stylopida. 

Stylotrachealis:  with  a  long  tube  bearing  a  stigma,  from  the  head  case;  as 
the  pupae  of  some  Diptera. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  131 

Stylus:  a  small,  pointed,  non-articulated  process. 

Sub-:  as  a  prefix,  means  that  the  main  term  is  not  entirely  applicable,  but 

must  be  understood  as  modified  in  some  way ;  e.  g.,  sub-ovate,  may  be 

either  more  or  less  than  ovate  and  may  be  irregular  in  outline. 
Sub-aduncate:  somewhat  hooked  or  curved. 
Sub-anal  plate:  Orthoptcra;  =  sub-genital  lamina;  q.  v. 
Sub-apical  lobe:  of  c?  genitalia  in  Culicids  is  the  inner  sub-apical  lobe  of 

the  side  piece. 

Sub-apterous:   almost  wingless;  with  rudimentary  wings  only. 
Sub-clavate:  somewhat  thickened  toward  tip;  but  not  quite  club-shaped. 
Sub-coriaceous:  somewhat  leathery. 

Sub-cortical:  beneath  the  bark;  as  in  larval  borings,  etc. 
Subcosta:    (Comst.)  ;  that  longitudinal  vein  extending  parallel  to  the  costa 

and  reaching  the  outer  margin  before  the  apex ;  not  branched  as  a  rule : 

of  Packard,  in  Hymcnoptera,  =  radius   (Comst.). 
Subcostal  cell:  in  Diptera  (Schiner),  =  marginal  cell   (Loew),  =  radial  1 

(Comst.)  :  in  the  plural  (Comst.),  all  those  cells  anteriorly  margined  by 

the  subcosta :  first  s.  c.  cell  in  Hymcnoptera   (Pack.),  =  radial  and  first 

radial  1   (Comst.). 
Subcostal  cross-veins:  in  Odonata,  are  between  subcosta  and  media  on  the 

basal  side  of  the  first  antecubital. 

Subcostal  fold  or  furrow:  lies  between  costa  and  radius. 
Subcostal  nervule:  Lepidoptera,  on  secondaries  =  media  1  (Comst.)  :  s.  c.  1 

=  radius   1    (Comst.);   s.  c.  2  =  radius  2    (Comst.);   s.  c.   3  =  radius   3 

(Comst.)  ;  s.  c.  4  =  radius  4  (Comst.)  ;  s.  c.  5  =  radius  5  (Comst.). 
Subcostal  vein:    in  Diptera   (Schiner),  =  1st  longitudinal  vein    (Meigen) 

=  radius  1  (Comst.)  :  in  Lepidoptera,  runs  from  base,  parallel  to  costa,  to 

or  beyond  the  middle,  giving  rise  to  branches  which  extend  to  the  outer 

margin  and  thus  =  radius  (Comst.). 
Sub-cristate:    with  a  moderately  elevated  ridge   or  keel   on   pronotum,   in 

Orthoptera. 
Subcutaneous:  under  the  skin:  applied  to  larvae  that  feed  under  the  skin  of 

animals  or  within  the  substance  of  a  leaf. 
Sub-dorsal:  the  space  between  the  dorsum  and  the  stigmata. 
Sub-dorsal  line:  in  caterpillars  is  to  the  side  of  the  dorsal  and  between  it 

and  the  lateral  or,  if  there  is  an  addorsal  line,  between  that  and  the  lateral. 
Sub-dorsal  ridge:  in  slug  caterpillars,  extends  longitudinally  along  the  sub- 
dorsal  row  of  abdominal  tubercles. 

Sub-equal:  similar,  but  not  quite  equal  in  size,  form  or  other  characters. 
Sub-eroded:  wing  margins  when  somewhat,  but  irregularly,  indented. 
Sub-falcate:  when  a  wing  is  only  a  little  excavated  below  the  apex. 
Subfamily:  a  division  of  classification  containing  a  group  of  closely  allied 

genera ;  different  from  other  allied  groups,  yet  not  so  as  to  make  a  family 

series  :  opinionative,  and  ending  in  -ince. 

Sub-fossorial:  legs  used  in  digging;  yet  not  greatly  modified. 
Sub-frontal:  close  to  the  front;  immediately  behind  the  front  margin. 
Sub-fulcrum:  a  sclerite  between  mentum  and  palpiger;  rarely  present. 


132  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Sub-fusiform:   somewhat  spindle-shaped. 

Subgalea:  a  maxillary  sclerite  or  segment,  attached  to  the  stipes,  and  bearing 
the  galea  or  outer  lobe. 

Sub-geniculate:  applied  to  antennae  that  are  articulated  from  a  short,  thick 
scape. 

Subgenital  lamina  or  plates:  plates  underlying  the  genital  organs  in  Orthop- 
tcra. 

Subgenus:  a  division  within  a  genus,  based  upon  a  character  not  sufficient 
for  generic  separation ;  opinionative. 

Subglossa:  in  Odonata;  a  sclerite  between  the  two  halves  of  the  mentum 
(Graber)  :  is  really  the  true  mentum. 

Sub-imago:  sometimes  applied  as  =  nymph:  that  stage  in  Ephemerids  just 
after  emergence  from  the  pupa  and  before  the  final  molt  during  flight : 
that  stage  in  the  development  of  insects  with  free  pupa  when  the  insect  is 
fully  colored  but  yet  retains  its  pupal  position. 

Sub-labrum:  =  epipharynx ;  q.  v. 

Sublingual:  beneath  the  tongue;  applied  to  a  pair  of  salivary  glands  in  bees. 

Submargin -al:  an  imaginary  portion  of  a  surface  outside  of  the  disk  and 
within  the  margin :  a  line  is  submarginal  when  it  is  well  within  the  margin ; 
but  close  to  it. 

Submarginal  area:  of  secondaries,  lies  between  the  costal  margin  and  the 
1st  strong  vein. 

Submarginal  cells:  in  Hyincnoptera  (Norton)  =  radial  cells  (Comst.)  :  in 
Diptera  (Will.);  =  radial  3  (Comst.). 

Submarginal  nervure:  in  Hymenoptcra  (Nort.)  ;  the  irregular  line  of  veins 
extending  on  the  whole  parallel  with  the  outer  margin ;  composed  in  part 
of  media  1,  2,  3  and  4,  the  medial  cross-vein  and  cubitus  1  (Comst.). 

Submedian  cells:  in  Hyincnoptera  (Pack.);  1st  =  cubital  +  cubital  1 
(Comst.)  ;  2d  =  medial  3  (Comst.)  ;  3d  =  2d  medial  2  (Comst.). 

Submedian  vein:  in  Odonata,  =  cubitus  (Comst.);  in  Lepidoptera,  =  1st 
anal  (Comst.),  runs  from  base  of  primaries  to  the  hind  angle,  close  to  the 
inner  margin  and  is  v.  1  of  the  numerical  series. 

Submental:  pertaining  to  the  submentum. 

Submental  peduncle:  in  Coleoptera,  the  prolonged  portion  of  the  gula  sup- 
porting the  mentum. 

Submentum:  the  basal  sclerite  of  the  labium,  by  means  of  which  it  is  at- 
tached to  the  head. 

Subnodal  sector:  in  Odonata,  =  radial  sector   (Comst.). 

Sub-nymph:  applied  to  the  resting  or  pupal  stage  of  5  Coccida>;  also  to  a 
supernumerary  stage  before  the  formation  of  the  pupa,  and  thus  =  pseudo- 
pupa. 

Sub-ocellate:  an  ocellate  spot  that  is  blind  or  without  a  pupil. 

Sub-ocular:  beneath  or  below  the  eyes. 

Sub-03sophageal  ganglion:  situated  in  the  head  below  the  oesophagus, 
formed  by  a  union  of  the  posterior  three  primitive  head  ganglia. 

Sub-order:  a  division  of  an  order  higher  than  a  family,  based  on  a  character 
common  to  a  large  series  of  species ;  e.  g.,  the  Homoptera  and  Heteroptera 
in  the  order  of  Hemiptera. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  133 

Sub-pedunculate:    in   Colcoptera,  when  the  constriction  between   pro-  and 

mesothorax  is  so  great  as  to  give  the  appearance  of  a  narrow  waist. 
Subreniform:  a  rounded  spot  or  outline,  below  and  sometimes  attached  to 

the  reniform  spot  in  Catocala  and  some  allied  Noctuids. 
Sub-parallel:  nearly  parallel. 
Sub-primary  sub-ventral  tubercle:  on  the  thoracic  and  abdominal  segments 

of  caterpillars ;   sub-ventral,  posterior,  not  present  in  the  primitive  first 

stage ;  it  is  VI  of  the  abdomen,  V  of  the  thorax :  constant. 
Sub-sellate:  nearly  like  or  approaching  the  form  of  a  saddle. 
Sub-servate:  denticulate. 
Subspecies:   a  well-marked  form  of  a  species  differing   from  the  type  in 

some  character  of  color  or  maculation  which  is  recognizable  but  does  not 

prevent  a  fertile  union :  an  indefinite  and  opinionative  division. 
Subspiracular  line:  in  caterpillars,  margins  the  spiracles  inferiorly. 
Substigmatal:  that  portion  of  the  marginal  cell  below  the  stigma,  in  bees: 

=  1st  radial  1   (Comst.)  :  applied  to  a  line  in  caterpillars  =  subspiracular. 
Sub-teres:  nearly  but  not  quite  cylindrical. 
Subtile -is:  slightly;  feebly;  small;  pretty;  graceful. 
Subtriangular  space:   =  internal  triangle:  see  triangle. 
Subtus:  beneath;  at  the  under  surface. 
Subulate:  awl-shaped;  linear  at  base,  attenuate  at  tip. 
Subulicornia:  with  awl-shaped  antennae;  applied  to  a  combination  of  Odo- 

nata  and  Ephemerida. 

Subuliform:  formed  like  an  awl:  =  subulate. 
Sub-ventral  line:  in  caterpillars,  extends  along  the  sides  just  above  the  base 

of  the  feet  at  the  edge  between  lateral  and  ventral. 

Sub-ventral  ridge:  in  slug  caterpillars  extends  longitudinally  along  the  sub- 
ventral  series  of  abdominal  tubercles. 
Sub-ventral  space:  in  slug  caterpillars  is  the  area  on  each  side,  between  the 

lateral  ridge  and  the  lower  edge  of  the  body,  and  contains  the  spiracles. 
Succincti:  those  chrysalids  of  butterflies  which  are  held  in  place  by  a  silken 

cord  passing  around  the  body:  see  suspensi. 
Succineous:  resembling  amber  in  color  or  appearance. 
Sucking  pump:  in  sucking  insects,  a  thick-walled  muscular  enlargement  of  the 

oesophagus  that  serves  to  draw  up  the  liquid  food  =  pharyngeal  pump. 
Sucking  spears:  the  mandibles  and  maxillae  of  Hemerobiid  larvae,  used  for 

puncturing  prey  and  sucking  its  juices. 
Sucking  stomach:  a  thin-walled  muscular  pouch  connected  with  the  end  of 

the  oesophagus ;  serves  as  a  food  reservoir  and  is  not  commonly  present 

except  in  some  Lepidoptera. 
Suctoria:  an  ordinal  term  proposed  for  fleas. 
Suctorial:  adapted  for  sucking:  see  haustellate. 
Suctorial  vesicles:  bladder-like  structures  connected  with  the  oesophagus  in 

mosquitoes  supposed  to  assist  in  blood-sucking ;  but  this  is  disputed. 
Suffused:  clouded  or  obscured  by  a  darker  color. 
Suffusion:  a  clouding,  or  a  spreading  of  one  shade  over  another. 
Sulca:  grooves,  furrows  or  channels:  plural  of  sulcus. 


134  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Sulcated:  grooved;  furrowed  with  broad,  concave,  parallel  impressed  lines. 

Sulciform:  resembling  a  sulcus. 

Sulcus:  a  furrow  or  groove:  a  groove-like  excavation. 

Sulphureous -eus:  bright,  sulphur  yellow  [chrome  lemon]. 

Superans:  exceeding  in  size  and  length. 

Superciliary:  placed  above  the  eyes. 

Supercilium:  an  arched  line  over  an  ocellate  spot. 

Super-family:  a  division  of  classification  less  than  an  order,  including  a  series 
of  family  groups  more  closely  related  to  each  other  than  to  similar  groups 
within  the  order  :  opinionative  and  ending  in  oidea:  sometimes  hardly  differ- 
ent from  suborder ;  but  lower  than  suborder  when  both  terms  are  employed. 

Superficies:  the  upper  surface. 

Supericornia:  those  Hetcroptera  having  the  antennse  inserted  on  the  upper 
parts  of  the  sides  of  the  head;  e.  g.,  Coreida:  see  infericornia. 

Superior  wings:  the  primaries;  q.  v. 

Superlinguse:  the  lateral  pair  of  organs  of  hypo-pharynx  in  Thysanura. 

Superlingual  segment:   the  fifth  segment  of  head. 

Superne:  denotes  all  those  parts  belonging  to  the  upper  surface. 

Supernumerary:  additional  or  added  cells,  veins  or  other  structures. 

Supernumerary  segment:  in  Cecidomyidce,  between  the  head  and  first  tho- 
racic segment. 

Super-order:  a  group  of  allied  orders,  like  the  Linnsean  Neuroptera. 

Superposed:  placed  one  above  the  other,  as  the  frontal  tufts  in  some  moths. 

Supplementary  sectors:  interposed  sectors;  q.  v. 

Suppression:  the  non-development  of  a  part  normally  present. 

Supra-:  over;  above. 

Supra-alar  bristles:  in  Dipt  era,  are  situated,  one  on  the  post-alar  callus,  one 
on  the  alar  frenum,  the  third  on  the  edge  of  the  supra-alar  depression. 

Supra-alar  cavity:  =  supra-alar  groove. 

Supra-alar  depression:  in  Dipt  era  =  supra-alar  groove. 

Supra-alar  groove:  in  Hymenoptera,  a  groove  or  depression  just  above  the 
base  of  wings :  in  Diptera,  a  groove  on  the  mesothorax  just  above  the  root 
of  the  wings. 

Supra-anal:  situated  above  the  anus. 

Supra-anal  hook:  in  <$  of  most  Lepidoptera,  a  curved  hook  attached  to  the 
plate  covering  the  genital  cavity :  =  uncus. 

Supra-anal  plate:  a  triangular  sclerite  covering  the  anal  cavity  above; 
present  in  many  insects,  sometimes  in  one  sex  only,  often  in  both :  see 
anal  operculum. 

Supra-cerebral:  applied  to  that  pair  of  salivary  glands  situated  above  the 
brain  in  bees. 

Supra-clypeal  mark:  in  bees;  a  patch  of  light  color  above  the  clypeus. 

Supra-clypeus:  =  post-clypeus  ;  q.  v. :  —  nasus. 

Supra-cesophageal:  situated  above  the  oesophagus:  applied  to  two  large 
ovoid  ganglia  so  situated,  and  connected  by  a  short,  thick  commissure; — 
the  brain. 

Supra-orbital:   situated  above  the  eye. 

Supra-spinal:  above  the  spine  or  nerve  cord :  applied  to  a  cord  or  band  of  con- 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  135 

nective  tissue  lying  above  the  central  nervous  system  in  adult  Lcpidoptera; 

also  to  a  sinus  or  vessel  acting  as  a  ventral  heart. 

Supra-spiracular  line:  in  caterpillars,  margins  the  spiracles  superiorly. 
Supra-stigmatal  line:    —  supra-spiracular   lines. 

Supra-triangular  cross-veins:  in  Odonata,  cross  the  supra-triangular  space. 
Supra-triangular   space:    in   Anisoptcra,  an  area   just  above  the  triangle, 

occupying  nearly  the   same  position   as   the  quadrilateral  of   Zygoptcra: 

=  hyper-trigonal   space. 
Suranal:  =  supra-anal. 

Suranal  plate:  the  middle  dorsal  plate  attached  to  the  10th  abdominal  seg- 
ment of  the  c?  grasshoppers,  above  the  anal  opening :  a  supra-anal  tergite 

of  a  caterpillar. 
Sursum:  directed  upwardly. 
Suspensi:  the  chrysalids  of  butterflies  that  are  suspended  by  the  tail  only: 

see  succincti. 
Suspensoria:  are  those  muscles  or  ligaments  that  hold  the  viscera  and  other 

internal  structures  in  place. 

Sustentors:  the  two  posterior  projections  of  a  butterfly  chrysalis. 
Suture:  a  seam  or  impressed  line  indicating  the  division  of  distinct  parts  of 

body  wall :  the  line  of  junction  of  elytra  in  Coleoptera, 
Suturiform:  an  articulation  soldered  together  so  that  only  a  slight  impressed 

line  is  visible. 
Swarming:  the  concerted  departure  from  a  hive  of  a  large  number  of  worker 

bees,  accompanied  by  a  queen ;  this  forming  the  nucleus  of  a  new  colony. 
Swimmerets:    gill   or   plate-like   structures    in   the    aquatic    larva?   of    some 

Neuroptera,  serving  as  oars  or  organs  of  locomotion. 
Swimming  paddles:  terminal  appendages  of  mosquito  pupae. 
Swoked:  smoky,  suffused  with  gray  or  blackish. 
Sylvan:   species  inhabiting  forests  or  woodland  areas. 
Symbiogenesis:   the  method  of  origin  of  social  symbiotic  relation  among 

ants  and  other  insects. 
Symbiosis:  a  life  relationship  existing  between  different  kinds  of  animals  or 

plants,  or  between  animals  and  plants :  true  symbiosis  is  where  both  parties 

to  the  relation  benefit :  see  also  parasitism,  commensalism.    Among  the  ants 

social  symbiosis  exists  in  its  most  highly  developed  form  and  distinctive 

terms  have  been  proposed  for  the  various  types  of  relations : 

Calobiosis,  is  that  association  in  which  one  species,  often  only  the  female, 

lives  in  the  nest  of  and  at  the  expense  of  another  species,  either  for  a  time, 

=  temporary — or  altogether,  =  permanent  calacobiosis. 

Cleptobiosis,  is  where  one  species  of  ant  lives  in  or  near  the  nest  of 

another,  preying  upon  its  larvae  or  pupae  or  stealing  the  food  supply. 

Dulosis,  is  that  mingling  of  colonies  which  owes  its  origin  to  the  en- 
slavement of  one  species  by  another. 

Hamabiosis,  is  that  relation  where  two  species  of  any  insects,  one  of 

which  may  be  an  ant,  live  side  by  side  without  obvious  motive  or  known 

advantage  to  one  or  both. 

Lcstobiosis,  is  where  the  workers  of  one  ant  colony  "  hold  up  "  those  of 

another  species  and  rob  them  of  the  food  they  are  carrying  to  the  nest. 


136  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Parabiosis,  is  where  different  species  of  ants  form  colonies  with  inoscu- 
lating galleries,  and  have  their  households  strangely  intermingled,  but  not 
blended. 

Phylacobiosis,  is  the  relation  existing  between  ants  and  Termites,  the 
ants  living  in  the  doorways  of  the  Termites  and  functioning  as  guards. 

Synclcrobiosis,  is  an  association  of  two  species  of  ants  that  usually  in- 
habit independent  colonies,  for  purposes  that  are  not  clearly*  understood. 

Trophibiosis,  is  the  relationship  between  ants  on  the  one  hand  and  aphids, 
coccids  and  the  like  on  the  other ;  these  species  being  sought  and  attended 
by  the  ants  for  their  own  benefit :  see  myrmecophily. 

Xenobiosis,  is  where  one  species  of  ant  lives  as  a  guest  in  the  nest  of 
another,  maintaining  its  own  household,  and  mingling  freely  with  the  host 
species,  the  two  living  on  terms  of  mutual  toleration. 

Symbiotic:  species  that  live  together  in  a  state  of  symbiosis. 

Symmetrical:   evenly  developed  on  both  sides. 

Symmetry:  that  regular  arrangement  of  organs  or  parts  which  is  capable  of 
division  into  similar  halves  or  similar  radii. 

Sympathetic  nervous  system:  applied  to  the  nerves  and  ganglia  of  the  ali- 
mentary canal  and  some  other  viscera  which  they  innervate ;  =•  vagus ; 
visceral  nervous  system. 

Symphily:  the  relation  borne  to  ants  by  the  true  guests  which  inhabit  their 
nests  and  are  fed  and  tended ;  rendering  in  return  some  substance  or  service 
desired  by  the  ants :  see  metochy  and  synecthry. 

Symphyla:  a  group  name  for  apterous  species  resembling  myriapods  in  ap- 
pearance, with  functional  abdominal  legs  and  the  genital  openings  on  the 
last  abdominal  segment :  regarded  by  some  as  connecting  forms  between 
insects  and  myriapods ;  e.  g.,  Scolopcndrclla. 

Symphysis:  where  two  sclerites  are  joined  together  by  a  soft  membrane, 
permitting  a  slight  motion. 

Synaptera:  originally  wingless  insects  without  metamorphosis;  the  Thysa- 
nura. 

Synarthrosis:   an  articulation  without  motion. 

Syncerebrum:  the  compound  brain  of  insects. 

Synchronous:  happening  at  the  same  time. 

Synciput:  that  portion  of  the  vertex  lying  between  the  eyes. 

Syncitium:  masses  of  protoplasm  with  nuclei,  found  in  ovarian  tubes;  giving 
rise  to  ova,  nutritive  cells  or  both. 

Syndesis:  that  method  of  articulation  where  two  parts  are  connected  by  a 
membrane  which  permits  of  considerable  motion  between  them. 

Synecthry:  the  relation  borne  to  ants  by  insects  inhabiting  their  nests  in  spite 
of  the  efforts  of  the  ants  to  destroy  them :  see  symphily  and  metochy. 

Synista  or  Synistata:  those  Neuropterous  insects  in  which  the  mouth  struc- 
tures are  undeveloped,  forming  an  imperfect  tubular  structure :  see  elinguata. 

Synoecy:  the  relation  that  exists  between  ants  and  those  guests  that  are 
indifferent  to  and  tolerated  by  them:  =  metochy,  and  see  symphily  and 
synecthry. 

Synonym:  a  name  applied  to  a  species  or  genus  that  has  been  previously 
named  and  described. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  137 

Synonymous:  words  of  different  derivation  applied  to  the  same  conception. 
Synthlipsis:  the  basal  constriction  of  the  notocephalon  in  Notonectids. 
Syntype:  —co-type;  q.  v. 
Syringe:  in  Hcmiptera,  a  chamber  into  which  the  salivary  ducts  open  and  by 

means  of  which  the  secretion  is  forced  forward  between  the  seta  or  lancets. 
System:  an  order  of  arrangement. 

Systematic:  in  definite  order,  or  arranged  according  to  a  system. 
Systole :  that  regular  contraction  of  the  heart  that  sends  the  blood  outward : 

see  diastole. 

T 

T.  A.  line:  transverse  anterior  line;  crosses  the  primaries  of  certain  moths 

one-third  or  less  from  the  base :  =  antemedial  line. 
Tactile:  used  for  touching;  an  organ  that  has  the  sense  of  touch. 
Taenia:  a  broad  longitudinal  stripe. 
Taeniate-us:   with  broad  longitudinal  markings. 
Taenidium-ia:    the  band  or  chitinized  fibre  forming  a  part  of  the  spiral 

thread  in  the  trachea  of  insects. 
Tail:  an  elongated  terminal  segment  ,of  the  abdomen:  the  cauda  in  plant  lice: 

elongated  processes  on  the  secondaries,  in  some  Lepidoptera  and  Neuroptera. 
Tangential:   set  in  or  meeting  at  a  tangent;  applied  to  ornamentation  and 

processes. 

Tarsal:  relating  to  the  tarsi,  or  feet. 
Tarsal  lobes:   membranous  appendages  arising   from  the  underside  of  the 

tarsal  joints  in  some  Coleoptera. 
Tarsus -i:   the  foot;  the  jointed  appendage  attached  at  the  apex  of  tibia, 

bearing  the  claws  and  pulvilli. 
Taste  cups:  specialized  pits  or  cups,  with  or  without  a  peg  or  hair,  connected 

with  ganglionated  nerve  cells :  occur  on  the  mouth  structure  and  evidence 

the  sense  of  taste. 
Tawny:  a  brownish  yellow,  like  the  color  of  a  tanned  hide  [pale  cadmium 

yellow  +  Indian  red]. 

Taxonomical:   systematic:   relating  to  classification. 
Tectate:  covered;  concealed:  also  used  as  =  tectif orm. 
Tectiform:   roof -like,  sloping  from  a  median  ridge,  like  the  primaries  of 

Cicada. 
Tegmen:  a  covering:  sometimes  used  for  the  anterior  wings  in  Orthoptera 

and  Neuroptera. 

Tegmina:  the  thickened  primaries  serving  as  wing  covers  in  Orthoptera. 
Tegulae:  small,  more  or  less  cup-like  scales  at  the  base  of  primaries  in  many 

insects;    specifically   in  Hymenoptera:    in  Lepidoptera,   :=the  patagia   or 

shoulder  tippets ;  but  the  homology  is  disputed ;  also  applied  to  the  lappet- 
like  pieces  forming  the  collar:  in  Diptera,  the  alulse,  q.  v. :  the  latter  use  is 

unfortunate  and  should  be  abandoned;  the  first  definition  should  limit  the 

use  of  the  term :  see  aileron. 
Tegument:  a  covering  surface  or  skin. 
Teleodont:   applied  to  those   forms  of   male  Lucanids  bearing  the  largest 

mandibles :   see  mesodont,   amphiodont,   priodont. 


138  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Telescopic:  arranged  so  that  one  portion  of  an  organ  or  process  may  be 
drawn  into  another,  like  the  joints  of  a  telescope. 

Telson:  a  terminal  tubercle  bearing  the  anal  opening:  the  anal  segment  of 
the  insect  embryo. 

Telum:  a  spear,  or  spear-shaped  process. 

Temple:  the  posterior  part  of  the  gena ;  behind,  before  or  beneath  the  eye. 

Tempora:  the  temples. 

Temporal  margins:  in  Mallophaga,  the  lateral  margins  of  the  hind  head. 

Tenaculum:  in  Collcmbola,  a  small  organ  which  holds  the  furcula  in  position 
when  at  rest :  =  catch. 

Tenant  hair:  see  tenent  hair. 

Tendo:  the  anal  area  of  secondaries  when  it  forms  a  groove  for  the  ab- 
domen :  has  also  been  called  f renum  and  f renulum :  in  Trichoptcra,  a  small 
elliptical  space  at  base  of  hind  wings  near  base  of  anal  veins  and  behind 
the  trochlea. 

Tendon:  the  slender,  chitinous  plates,  bands,  strap-  or  cup-shaped  pieces,  to 
which  muscles  are  attached  for  moving  appendages :  see  apodeme. 

Tenent  hair:  specialized  hair  adapted  for  clinging  or  clasping. 

Teneral:  that  state  of  the  imago  just  after  its  exclusion  from  pupa  or 
nymph,  in  which  neither  coloring  nor  clothing  is  fully  developed. 

Tensor:  a  muscle  which  stretches  a  membrane. 

Tentacle:  a  flexible  sensory  or  tactile  process;  in  some  cases  retractile:  usu- 
ally prefixed  by  a  descriptive  term  indicating  the  structure  to  which  it  is 
attached. 

Tentacula -um:  retractile  processes  on  the  larvae  of  Lcpidoptera. 

Tentaculate:  a  margin  when  fringed  with  soft  tactile  processes. 

Tentiform:  shaped  like  a  tent:  see  mines. 

Tentoria:  Dipt  era;  two  hollow,  cylindrical  struts  which  pass  from  the  ven- 
tral border  of  the  occipital  foramen  to  the  cheeks. 

Tentorium:  a  chitinous  framework  within  the  head,  upon  which  the  brain 
rests. 

Tenuis:  thin,  slender;  long  drawn  out. 

Terebra:  a  borer  or  piercer:  an  ovipositor  fitted  for  boring  or  cutting  as  in 
saw-flies :  a  mandibular  sclerite  articulated  to  the  basalis ;  forms  the  point 
of  the  structure  and  =  the  galea  of  the  maxilla. 

Terebrant:  with  an  ovipositor  fitted  for  piercing  or  boring. 

Terebrantia:  Hymcnoptcra  with  sessile  abdomen  and  valved  ovipositors: 
Thripids  in  which  the  ovipositor  of  female  is  borer-like. 

Teres,  Terete:  cylindric  or  nearly  so. 

Tergal:  belonging  to  the  primitively  upper  surface:  see  dorsal. 

Tergal  suture:  the  Y-shaped  dorsal  suture  on  the  head  of  many  insect  larvae. 

Tergite:  the  primitively  dorsal  part  of  a  segment,  especially  when  that  part 
consists  of  a  single  sclerite ;  usually  applied  to  the  abdomen. 

Tergo-pleural:  the  upper  and  lateral  portion  of  a  segment. 

Tergo-rhabdites:  the  lower  pair  of  corneous  appendages  forming  the  ovi- 
positor in  grasshoppers :  plates  on  the  inner  dorsal  surface  of  the  abdominal 
wall. 

Tergum:  the  primitively  upper  or  dorsal  surface  whether  it  consists  of  one 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  139 

or  more  than  one  sclerite  and  specifically  of  the  abdomen  :  in  Odonata  and 

Orthoptcra,  applies  to  thorax  as  well. 

Termen:  the  outer  margin  of  a  wing,  between  apex  and  hind  or  anal  angle. 
Terminal:  situated  at  the  tip  or  extremity;  opposed  to  basal. 
Terminal  line:  in  Lcpidoptcra,  runs  along  the  outer  margin  of  the  wings. 
Terminal  space:  the  area  between  the  s.  t.  line  and  terminal  line  in  certain 

Lepidoptera. 

Terminology:  the  technical  nomenclature  of  any  science. 
Termitarium:  a  nest,  natural  or  artificial,  or  a  colony  of  Termites. 
Terrestrial:  living  on  or  in  the  land;  opposed  to  aquatic. 
Tessellated:  checkered;  more  or  less  like  a  chess-board. 
Test:  the  secretionary  covering  of  Coc cider,  and  especially  such  as  are  waxy, 

horny  or  glassy. 
Testaceous:  dull  yellow  brown;  tile  colored   [pale  cadmium  yellow  +  burnt 

sienna]. 
Testes:    the   tubular    structures    in   the   male,    in   which   the   production    of 

spermatogonia,  and  often  also  of  later  stages  in  the  development  of  the 

sperm  takes  place. 
Testicular  follicles:   in  the  larva,  are  those  structures   which  in  the  adult 

form  the  tubes  composing  the  testes  ;  in  the  adult  applied  also  to  the  tubes 

forming  the  testes. 

Testudinate -us:   resembling  the  shell  of  a  tortoise. 
Tetra-:   four:  a  combining  form. 
Tetrachaetas:  applied  to  those  Dipt  era  in  which  the  mouth  structures  consist 

of  four  longitudinal  blades  or  piercing  structures. 
Tetradactyle:  with  four  fingers  or  finger-like  processes. 
Tetragonal:  having  four  sides  or  angles:  quadrangular. 
Tetramera:   applied  to  Colcoptcra  with  four-jointed  tarsi. 
Tetramerous:  having  four-jointed  tarsi. 
Tetrapoda:    applied    to    those    butterflies    in    which    the    anterior    legs    are 

atrophied  in  whole  or  in  part. 
Tetraptera:   a  term  proposed  for  all  insects  with  four  naked,  membranous 

reticulated  wings. 

Thamnophilous:  applied  to  species  living  in  thickets  or  dense  shrubbery. 
Theca:  a  case  or  covering:  specifically  applied  to  the  fleshy  covering  of  the 

fly-mouth ;  to  the  cases  of  the  Trichopterous  larvre ;  to  the  lower  piece  of 

the  male  genitalia  in  Homoptcra;  and  to  the  outer  covering  of  the  pupa. 
Thelyotoky:  parthenogenetic  reproduction  when  the  progeny  are  all  females: 

see  Arrhenotoky   and   Deuterotoky. 
Thigh:  see  femur. 

Thigmotactic:  contact-loving:  applied  to  species  that  tend  to  live  close  to- 
gether or  in  touch,  one  with  the  other. 

Third  longitudinal  vein:  in  Diptcra  (Will.)  ;  -=  radius  5  (Comst.). 
Third  posterior  cell:  in  Diptcra,  =  2d  medial  2  (Comst.). 
Third   submarginal   cross-nervure:    in   Hymcnoptcra    (Nort.)  ;    ••-  radius   4 

(Comst.). 
Thoracic:  belonging  or  attached  to  the  thorax. 

10 


140  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Thoracic  dorsal  bristles:  in  Diptcra,  the  specialized  bristles  on  the  dorsum 
of  the  thorax. 

Thoracic  feet:  the  jointed  legs  on  the  thoracic  segments  of  larvae,  as  distin- 
guished from  abdominal  or  pro-legs. 

Thoracico-abdominal:  the  first  segment  of  the  abdomen  when  united  with 
the  thorax  so  as  to  form  part  of  it :  =  propodeum. 

Thoracic  pleural  bristles:  in  Dipt  era,  the  specialized  bristles  situated  on  the 
pleural  region  of  the  thorax. 

Thoracotheca:  =  cytotheca;  q.  v. 

Thorax:  the  second  or  intermediate  region  of  the  insect  body,  bearing  the 
true  legs  and  wings :  made  up  of  three  rings,  named  in  order,  pro-,  meso-, 
and  meta-thorax :  when  the  prothorax  is  free  as  in  Coleoptera,  Orthoptera, 
and  Hemiptera,  the  term  thorax  is  commonly  used  in  descriptive  work  for 
that  segment  only :  in  Odonata,  where  the  prothorax  is  small  and  not  fused 
with  the  larger  and  united  meso-  and  meta-thorax,  the  term  thorax  is 
commonly  used  for  these  latter  two  united,  excluding  the  prothorax. 

Thread-plate:  an  epithelial  plate  of  the  embryo  from  which  the  terminal 
threads  of  the  ovarian  tubes  originate. 

Thyridial  cell:  in  Trichoptera;  the  cell  formed  by  the  first  fork  of  median 
vein ;  the  cell  behind  Thyridium. 

Thyridiate:  applied  to  a  wing  vein  that  at  one  point  seems  broken  so  as  to 
permit  of  a  folding  or  bending ;  either  to  pack  into  a  small  compass  or  to 
enfold  the  body. 

Thyridium  -ii:  small,  whitish,  or  almost  transparent  spots  near  the  anasto- 
mosis of  the  disc  of  the  wings  in  some  Neuroptcra;  or  in  the  recurrent 
veins  in  the  cubital  cellule  in  some  Hymenoptera;  also  the  apical  margin 
of  the  gastrocoeli,  often  alone  visible :  in  Trichoptera,  specifically,  a  hyaline 
spot  on  second  fork  of  median  vein. 

Thyrsus:  a  cluster. 

Thysanoptera:  fringe-winged:  an  ordinal  term,  applied  to  species  with  four 
narrow,  similar  wings,  lengthily  fringed ;  mouth  parts  fitted  for  puncturing 
and  scraping ;  metamorphosis  incomplete :  the  Thripids. 

Thysanura:  fringe-tails:  wingless,  mandibulate  insects  without  metamor- 
phosis ;  with  anal  appendages ;  body  covered  with  scales ;  thoracic  seg- 
ments similar. 

Tiarate-us:  turban  or  tiara-like. 

Tibia  -3s:  the  shank:  that  part  of  the  leg  articulated  to  the  femur  basally 
and  which  bears  the  tarsus  at  the  distal  end. 

Tibial  epiphysis:  a  movable  process  attached  near  the  base  of  the  inner  side 
of  the  anterior  tibia  in  many  Lcpidoptcra. 

Tibial  membrane:  in  <$  Cicada,  the  drum-like  vibratory  membrane  that  pro- 
duces the  sound. 

Tip:  the  extremity;  the  part  furthest  removed  from  the  base. 

Titillator:  a  small  process  just  below  the  penis  in  some  Orthoptera. 

Tomentose:  covered  with  fine  hair,  so  matted  together  that  particular  hairs 
cannot  be  separated. 

Tomentum:  a  form  of  pubescence  composed  of  matted,  woolly  hair:  in 
Diptcra  applied  to  a  covering  of  short,  flattened,  more  or  less  recumbent, 
scale-like  hair  which  merges  gradually  into  dust  or  pollen. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  141 

Tongue:  an  indefinite  term,  applied  usually  to  the  coiled  mouth  structure  of 
Lepidoptera;  the  lapping  organ  of  flies;  the  ligula  of  bees  and  wasps,  and 
sometimes  also  to  the  hypopharynx  of  other  insects. 

Tooth:  an  acute  angulation :  a  short  pointed  process  from  an  appendage  or 
margin. 

Topomorph-ic:  a  geographic  form,  variety  or  subspecies  of  a  widely  dis- 
tributed species  :  developed  by  local  environment. 

Topotype:  is  a  specimen  collected  in  the  exact  locality  whence  the  original 
type  was  obtained. 

Tornal:  relating  to  or  concerning  the  tornus. 

Tornus:  in  Lepidoptera,  the  junction  of  the  termen  and  dorsum  of  wing: 
=  hind  or  anal  angle ;  q.  v. 

Torose:  swelling  into  knots  or  protuberances. 

Torpid:  lying  motionless  by  reason  of  cold  or  other  natural  conditions  that 
unfavorably  affect  the  organism. 

Torqueate:  with  a  ring  or  collar. 

Torquillus:  =  rotula. 

Tortilis:  twisted. 

Tortulose  -us:  hump-backed;  a  surface  with  a  few  large  elevations :  beaded; 
moniliform. 

Tortuose-us:   irregularly  curved  and  bent;  snake-like. 

Tortuous:  =  tortuose. 

Torulus:  the  basal  socket  joint  of  the  antenna  upon  which  the  organ  is  ar- 
ticulated for  movement  in  all  directions. 

Totidem:  in  all  parts;  entirely. 

T.  P.  line:  transverse  posterior  line;  crossing  the  primaries  of  certain  Lepi- 
doptera, two-thirds  or  more  from  base :  =  post-medial  line. 

Trabecula:  rounded,  lobular  masses  of  the  procerebrum,  from  which  arise 
the  stalks  bearing  the  mushroom  bodies :  a  paired  movable  appendage  in 
front  of  the  antennas  in  certain  bird-lice. 

Trachea -se:  the  spirally  ringed  breathing  tube  or  tubes  of  insects. 

Tracheal  gills:  the  flattened  or  hair-like  processes  in  aquatic  larvae  through 
which  oxygen  is  absorbed  from  the  water. 

Tracheary:  relating  to  or  composed  of  tracheae. 

Tracheate:  supplied  with  trachea:  a  general  term  applied  to  all  articulates 
that  breathe  by  means  of  spiracular  openings  into  a  system  of  tubular 
structures  that  extend  to  all  parts  of  the  body. 

Tracheation:  the  arrangement  or  system  of  distribution  of  tracheae. 

Tracheoles:  the  capillary  trachea  of  the  adult  as  they  develop  in  masses  in 
the  larva :  very  small,  slender  tracheae. 

Transection:  a  cut  across,  at  right  angles  to  the  body:  transverse  section. 

Transition  zone:  is  the  transcontinental  belt  in  which  the  austral  and  boreal 
elements  overlap:  it  is  divided  into  a  humid  or  Alleghanian  area;  a  western 
arid  area ;  and  a  Pacific  Coast  humid  area :  all  of  which  see. 

Transitory:  lasting  for  a  short  time  only. 

Translucent:   semi-transparent;  admitting  the  passage  of  light  but  not  o 
vision. 


142  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Translucid:  clear:  transparent  enough  to  be  seen  through. 

Transparent:  so  clear  as  not  to  obstruct  vision. 

Transverse:  when  the  longest  diameter  is  across  the  body. 

Transverse  incision:  =  transverse  sulci. 

Transverse  sulci:  the  transverse  grooves  of  pronotum  in  many  Orthoptera. 

Transverse  suture:  in  Diptera,  a  transverse  groove  extending  inward  from 
the  root  of  wing  and  obsolete  in  the  middle  of  dorsum. 

Trapeziform:  in  the  form  or  shape  of  a  trapezium. 

Trapezium:  a  four-sided  figure  in  which  no  two  sides  are  parallel. 

Trapezoid  -al:  a  four-sided  plane  of  which  two  sides  are  parallel  and  two 
are  not. 

Tri-:  three;  a  combining  form. 

Triangle:  in  Odonata,  a  small,  triangular  cell  at  the  junction  of  cubitus 
with  cubitus  1:  a  similar  cell  adjoining  it  basally  is  the  internal  triangle: 
=  discoidal  triangle;  cardinal  cell;  q.  v. 

Tri-articulate:  composed  of  three  joints  or  articles. 

Tribe:  a  term  of  classification  less  than  a  sub-family:  opinionative  and  end- 
ing in  ini;  but  this  is  not  universally  adhered  to. 

Tri-carinate:  with  three  keels  or  carinse. 

Trichogen:  a  hair-forming  hypodermal  cell  in  caterpillars,  etc. 

Trichoptera:  hairy-winged:  insects  with  hairy  primaries  with  many  longi- 
tudinal veins  and  cells,  covering  the  broader  secondaries  which  are  usually 
folded  lengthwise ;  mouth  mandibulate  but  rudimentary ;  head  free ;  thorax 
agglutinate ;  metamorphosis  complete. 

Trichostical  bristles:  in  Diptera,  a  fan-like  row,  situated  on  the  meta- 
pleura :  conspicuous  in  some  families. 

Trichotomous:  divided  by  threes. 

Trichroism:  the  condition  when  any  given  part  exhibits  three  different  colors 
in  different  individuals  of  the  same  species  ;  e.  g.,  in  Lep-idoptera,  the  hind 
wings  of  certain  Heliconids. 

Tricuspidate:  ending  in  three  points:  with  three  cusps  or  teeth. 

Tridactyle -ous:  having  three  toes  or  claws. 

Trifid:  cleft  into  three  parts  or  ends. 

Trigonal:  triangular:  an  area  bounded  by  a  triangle. 

Trigonate:   three-cornered;   approximately  triangular. 

Trigoneutism:  where  three  broods  occur  in  one  season. 

Trigonulum:  in  Odonata,  =  triangle. 

Trimera:  that  series  of  Cohoptera  in  which  there  are  only  three  tarsal 
joints  present. 

Trimerous:  species  which  have  the  tarsi  three-jointed. 

Trinomial:  that  method  of  nomenclature  in  which  a  varietal  or  subspecific 
name  follows  the  specific  term  without  an  intervening  mark  or  indication 
of  its  rank. 

Tripectinate:  when  an  antenna  has  three  branches  or  processes  to  each  joint. 

Triquetral:  =  triquetrous. 

Triquetrous:   with  three  flat  sides. 

Tri-region'al:   divided  into  three  distinct  parts  or  regions. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  143 

Trito-cerebral  segment:  see  second  antennal  segment. 

Trite-cerebrum:  the  posterior  portion  of  the  brain,  formed  by  the  ganglion 
of  the  third  primary  segment ;  also  termed  labro-f  rental  lobe. 

Tri-undulate:  with  three  waves  or  undulations. 

Triungulin:  the  first  larval  stage  of  a  meloid  beetle. 

Trivial:  applied  to  a  name,  means  specific  as  opposed  to  generic,  or  popular 
as  opposed  to  technical. 

Trivittate:  with  three  stripes  or  vitta. 

Trochalopoda:  Hetcroptera  in  which  the  posterior  coxae  are  nearly  globose 
and  the  articulation  is  a  ball  and  socket  joint:  see  pagiopoda. 

Trochanter:  a  sclerite,  sometimes  divided,  between  the  coxa  and  femur; 
sometimes  fused  with  the  femur. 

Trochanterellus:  see  apophysis. 

Trochantine:  the  basal  part  of  the  trochanter  when  it  is  two-jointed:  in 
Colcoptcra,  a  piece  often  present  on  the  outer  side  of  and  sometimes  mov- 
able on  the  coxa ;  also  the  small  sclerite  connecting  the  coxa  with  the 
sternum  in  Dyti-scldcc:  in  Neuroptera  and  Trichoptera  the  posterior  sepa- 
rated part  of  the  coxa :  in  Orthoptera,  a  narrow  longitudinal  sclerite  be- 
tween mandible  and  gena. 

Trochiformis:   cylindro-conic. 

Trochlea:  the  thickened  base  of  the  hind  wings  in  Cicada:  in  Trichoptera,  a 
small  elliptical  space  at  base  of  hind  wing  behind  origin  of  median  vein. 

Trochlearis:  pulley-shaped;  like  a  cylinder  contracted  medially. 

Trochus:   that  part  of  an  articulated  body  inserted  between  the  joints. 

Trophi:  the  mouth  parts  collectively,  including  the  labrum :  see  buccal  ap- 
pendages. 

Trophobiosis:   see  Symbiosis. 

Tropical:  is  that  faunal  region  which  covers  the  southern  part  of  the  penin- 
sula of  Florida,  the  greater  part  of  Central  America,  the  lowlands  of 
southern  Mexico  south  of  the  tableland,  and  a  narrow  strip  on  each  side 
of  Mexico  which  follows  the  coast  northward  into  the  United  States. 

Tropico-politan:   occurring  in  all  tropical  regions. 

Trumpets:  breathing  tubes  of  mosquito  pupae. 

Truncate:  cut  off  squarely  at  tip. 

Truncature:   the  truncation  or  point  squarely  cut  off. 

Truncus:  the  trunk  or  thorax. 

Trunk:  the  thorax  as  a  whole:  the  body. 

Tryptic:  acting  like  tripsin,  the  proteolytic  ferment  of  the  pancreatic  fluid. 

Tube:  a  slender,  hollow,  cylindrical  body:  specifically  applied  to  the  anal 
siphon  or  respiratory  tube  of  mosquito  larvae. 

Tubercle:  a  little  solid  pimple  or  small  chitinous  button;  really  a  ring, 
which  may  or  may  not  give  rise  to  a  seta. 

Tubercles:  on  the  thoracic  and  abdominal  segments  of  caterpillars  are:  an- 
terior trapezoidal ;  posterior  trapezoidal ;  lateral ;  posterior  stigmatal ;  an- 
terior stigmatal;  sub-primary  subventral ;  pedal  and  adventral ;  all  of 
which  see. 

Tubercula:  an  elevated  triangular  process  at  the  anterior  angle  of  the 
thorax;  specifically  in  Hymenoptera. 


144  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Tuberculate -ose:  formed  like  a  tubercle:  a  surface  covered  with  tubercles. 

Tubercule -ulum:  a  small  tubercle. 

Tuberculiform:  shaped  like  a  pimple  or  tubercle. 

Tuberculose -ous:  covered  or  set  with  tubercles. 

Tubulifera:  Hymcnoptcra,  in  which  the  terminal  segments  of  abdomen  are 
retracted,  but  may  be  extended,  tube-like :  Thysanoptera  in  which  there  is 
no  ovipositor  and  the  terminal  segments  of  abdomen  are  tubular. 

Tubulous-ose:  formed  like  a  tube:  fistulous. 

Tubulus:  the  slender,  flexible  abdominal  segments  forming  the  ovipositor  in 
Diptera. 

Tubus:  a  term  used  to  designate  the  corneous  base  of  a  ligula:  the  sheath 
of  the  tongue. 

Tumescence:  a  swelling  or  tumid  enlargement:  a  puffed-up  area. 

Tumescent:  a  little  swollen  or  puffed  up. 

Tumid:  swollen;  enlarged;  puffed  up. 

Tunica  intima:  the  inner  layer  of  the  silk  glands:  an  inner  lining  or  mem- 
brane. 

Tunica  propria:  a  layer  of  epithelial  cells  and  connective  tissue  lining  the 
interior  of  the  hind  gut :  the  outer  layer  of  the  silk  glands :  a  covering  or 
investing  membrane. 

Tunicate:  composed  of  concentric  layers,  enveloping  one  another:  said  of 
antennae  when  each  successive  joint  is  buried  in  the  preceding  funnel- 
shaped  one. 

Turbinate:  top-shaped;  nearly  conical:  differs  from  pyriform  in  being 
shorter  and  more  suddenly  attenuated  at  base :  applied  to  an  eye  =•  pillared 
eye;  q.  v. 

Turgid:  swollen. 

Turritus:  towering:  a  surface  rising  cone-like. 

Tylo:  =tylus ;  q.  v. 

Tylus:  the  anterior  central  lobe  of  the  head  in  Hemiptera. 

Tympana:  the  ears  in  Orthoptera. 

Tympanal:  applied  to  organs  covered  with  a  tympanum  or  stretched  mem- 
brane supposed  to  function  as  ears. 

Tympanic  spiracle:  in  Diptera,  the  thoracic  spiracle  at  base  of  wing. 

Tympanules:  small  openings  covered  by  a  membrane,  having  otoliths  and 
serving  as  ears. 

Tympanum:  any  membrane  stretched  like  the  head  of  a  drum:  specifically 
applied  to  the  membrane  covering  the  auditory  organs  in  Orthoptera. 

Type:  a  unique  or  single  specimen  selected  from  a  series  and  labelled  by  the 
describer  to  represent  his  name  and  description :  if  c?  or  $  be  added  to  the 
label,  the  specimen  typifies  that  sex,  and  in  case  of  an  erroneous  association 
the  male  type  stands  for  the  species  unless  the  author  has  specifically  des- 
ignated the  other  example  as  representing  the  name:  see  also  co-type; 
homotype;  metatype;  paratype;  topotype. 

Typical:  the  normal  or  usual  form  of  a  species  ;  agreeing  with  the  type  form. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  145 

U 

Uliginous:  muddy,  or  pertaining  to  mud. 

Ulnar:  in  Homoptera,  a  wing  vein  between  the  radial  vein  and  claval  suture; 

—  cubitus  :  in  Orthoptera,  =  cubitus  ;  q.  v. 
Ulnar  area:  in  Orthoptera,  =  median  area;  q.  v. 
Ulona:  the  thick,  fleshy  mouth  parts  of  Orthoptera. 
Ulonata:  a  Fabrician  term  for  Orthoptera,  based  on  the  character  of  the 

mouth  structures. 

Ultimate:  last  or  final:  that  larval  stage  just  before  pupation. 
Ultramarine:  an  intense  deep  blue  [cobalt  blue]. 
Ultra-nodal  sector:  in  Odonata,  runs  parallel  with  and  between  media  1  and 

2,  or  principal  and  nodal  sectors :  =  postnodal  sector. 
Umbilicate:  navel-shaped,  or  resembling  a  navel. 
Umbilicus:  a  navel,  or  navel-like  depression. 
Umbonate:  bossed;  with  an  elevated  knob  in  the  centre. 
Umbone:  an  embossed,  elevated  knob  situated  on  humeral  angle  of  elytra. 
Umbones:  two  movable  spines  on  the  sides  of  prothorax  in  some  Coleoptera. 
Umbrosa:  shaded  or  clouded:  a  cloud  or  shade. 
Unarmed:  without  spurs,  spines  or  armature  of  any  kind. 
Unarticulate:  not  jointed  nor  segmented. 

Unci:  thick,  hooked  processes,  forming  the  borders  of  the  anal  opening. 
Uncinnate:  hooked  at  the  end. 
Uncus:    in  Lcp-idoptera,  Diptera,  and  elsewhere,  the  curved  hook  directed 

downward  from  a  triangular  dorsal  plate  in  the  c?  and  shielding  the  penis : 

the  genital  hamule. 
Undate:  wavy  or  waved. 

Undulated:  obtusely  waved  in  segments  of  circles. 
Unequal:  unlike  in  size,  form,  development  or  other  characters. 
Ungues:  the  tarsal  claws. 

Unguiculate:  armed  with  a  hook,  nail  or  claw. 
Unguiculus:  a  small  terminal  claw  or  nail-like  process. 
Unguis:  one  of  the  claws  at  the  end  of  the  tarsus:  also  applied  to  a  short 

process  on  the  6th  antennal  joint  in  some  Aphids. 
Ungula:  a  hoof,  claw  or  talon. 
Ungulate:  shaped  like  a  hoof. 
Uni-:  one,  a  combining  form. 
Unicolorous:  of  one  color  throughout. 
Unidentate:  with  one  tooth  only. 
Uniplicate:  with  a  single  fold  or  line  of  folding. 
Unique :  one  only :  unlike  any  other. 
Unisexual :   of  one  sex  only :  applied  to  Aphids  and  Cynipids  where  only 

parthenogenic  females  are  known. 
Upper  austral  zone:   is  divided  into  an  eastern  humid  or  Carolinian  area, 

and  a  western  arid  or  upper  Sonoran  area,  which  pass  insensibly  into  each 

other  near  the  100th  meridian :  see  Carolinian  and  upper  Sonoran. 
Upper  field :  in  tegmina,  =•  anal  field ;  q.  v. 

10 


146  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Upper  margin:  of  tegmina  (Thomas),  corresponds  to  the  posterior  or  anal 

margin  of  most  authors. 
Upper  median  area:   see  areola. 
Upper  radial:   in  Lcpidoptcra,  --  media  1    (Comst),  and  is  vein  5,  or  the 

independent,  of  the  numerical  series. 

Upper  sector  of  triangle:  in  Odonata,  =  cubitus  1   (Comst.). 
Upper  Sonoran  faunal  area:  that  arid  part  of  upper  austral  west  of  100th 

meridian ;  covers  most  of  plains  in  eastern  Montana  and  Wyoming,  s.  w. 

South  Dakota,  west.  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Oklahoma  and  Texas,  and  east. 

Colorado  and  New  Mexico ;  covers  plains  of  Columbia,  Malheur  and  Har- 

ney  in  Oregon  and- Washington.     In  California  encircles  Sacramento  and 

San  Joaquin  Valleys  and  forms  a  narrow  belt  around  Colorado  and  Mohave 

deserts.     In   Utah   covers    Salt    Lake   and   Sevier   deserts.     In    Idaho   the 

Snake  plains.     In  Nevada  and  Arizona  irregular  areas  of  suitable  elevation. 
Uranidin:  a  yellow  coloring  matter  in  some  Coleoptera  and  Lepidoptera. 
Urceolate:   pitcher-shaped;  swelling  in  the  middle. 
Ureter:  the  stalk  connecting  the  malpighian  tubules,  when  they  form  large 

tufts,  with  the  intestine. 
Uric   acid:    the   characteristic  nitrogenous   excretion   of   the   malpighian   or 

urinary  tubules:   composition,   CsHUNiOs   (von  Fiirth). 
Urinary  vessels:  =  malpighian  tubules;  q.  v. :  has  also  been  applied  by  older 

authors,  to  anal  glands. 

Urite:  an  abdominal  segment  and,  specifically,  its  ventral  portion. 
Uromere:  any  of  the  abdominal  segments  of  an  arthropod. 
Uropoda:  any  of  the  abdominal  feet  of  arthropods. 
Uropygium:   the  ovipositor  when  it  is  a  mere  extension  of  the  abdominal 

segments. 

Urosome:  the  abdomen. 

Urosternite:  the  sternal  or  under  piece  of  the  uromeres. 
Urticating:  nettling;  applied  to  specialized  hairs  or  processes  on  the  bodies 

of  certain  caterpillars,  which  cause  a  stinging  or  burning  sensation  on  the 

skin. 
Ustulatus:    scorched:  applied  to  a  maculation  that  has  the  appearance  of 

having  been  burned  in. 
Uterus:  the  vaginal  portion  of  oviduct:  the  sometimes  enlarged  portion  of 

the  vagina  at  junction  of  the  oviducts:  =  calyx;  q.  v. 
Uterus  masculinus:    a   pouch   or   sac  into   which  the  ductus   ejaculatorius 

opens  in  the  Symphyla. 
Utriculi  breviores:  small  vesicular  sacs  connected  with  the  seminal  vesicles 

in  crickets  and  some  other  insects. 
Utriculi  majores:   large  vesicular  sacs  or  tubular  structures  connected  with 

the  seminal  vesicles  in  crickets  and  some  other  insects. 
Utriculus:  a  little  bag  or  hollow  vesicle. 

V 

Vacuolate:   with  vacuoles  or  small  cavities,  empty  or  filled  with  a  watery 

fluid. 
Vagina:   the  tubular  structure  formed  by  the  union  of  the  oviducts  in  the 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  147 

female,  opening  externally  to  admit  the  passage  of  the  egg  to  the  ovi- 
positor :  receives  the  penis  of  the  male  in  copulation  and  is  sometimes 
called  oviduct :  "  every  part,  the  office  of  which  is  to  cover,  protect  or 
defend  the  tongue " :  "  the  bivalve  coriaceous  sheath  or  cover  of  the 
spicula  "  :  generally,  a  sheath. 

Vaginata:  sheathed:  an  obsolete  ordinal  term  for  Coleoptera. 

Vaginate:   inclosed  in  a  bivalved  sheath. 

Vagus:   sympathetic  nervous  system;  q.  v. 

Valgate:  enlarged  at  bottom:  club-footed. 

Valve  or  Valvulae:  the  expanded  plate-like  galea  of  the  maxilla  in  many 
Hymcnoptcra. 

Valve:  a  small,  transverse  or  triangular  piece  behind  the  last  full  ventral 
segment,  at  base  of  plates  in  d  Jassidcu  and  allies. 

Valves:  in  Orthoptera,  the  corneous  pieces  of  the  ovipositor;  :—  corniculi : 
in  Lcpidoptera,  sometimes  used  to  =  harpes ;  q.  v. 

Valvula:  =•  vagina  in  its  application  to  Dipterous  mouth  parts. 

Valvulae:  in  Hymcnoptcra,  branches  of  the  genital  forceps  of  male. 

Valvular:  when  two  parts  join  so  as  to  form  a  valve  between  them. 

Valvular  process:  in  Odonata,  a  slender,  tmjointed  process  at  the  apex  of 
each  genital  valve. 

Valvule:  any  small,  valve-like  process. 

Variation:  a  departure  in  color  or  form,  from  the  normal:  the  sum  of  the 
departures  from  a  mean  type  of  any  species :  it  is  continuous  when  there 
is  no  break  between  the  extremes ;  discontinuous  when  there  are  gaps  with- 
out intermediate  forms. 

Variety:  any  departure  from  the  normal  type  of  a  species  which,  while  re- 
taining the  specific  characters,  is  yet  recognizably  different  because  of 
climatic,  seasonal  or  other  influences  ;  may  occur  with  the  type  form  or  as 
a  geographical  race. 

Variola:  a  deep,  rounded  impression  with  defined  edges. 

Variolate -ose:  with  large,  rounded  impressions  like  pock-marks. 

Vas  deferens:  =  vasa  deferentia ;  q.  v. 

Vasa  deferentia:  tubes  from  the  seminal  vesicles  or  testes  of  each  side, 
which  usually  unite  into  a  single  ductus  ejaculatorius ;  q.  v. 

Vasa  varicosa:  the  malpighian  tubules. 

Vascular:  relating  to  the  blood-vessels  or  circulatory  system. 

Vasiform  orifice:  in  Aleurodidce,  an  ovate,  triangular  or  semicircular  opeiv- 
ing  on  the  dorsum  of  the  last  abdominal  segment. 

Veinlets:  in  Orthoptera,  are  the  minute  transverse  ribs  or  ridges  between 
the  longitudinal  veins. 

Veins:  the  chitinous,  rod-like  structures  supporting  the  wings,  and  especially 
those  extending  longitudinally  from  base  to  the  outer  margin:  ==  nerves ; 
nervures  ;  nervules. 

Velum:  a  membranous  appendage  of  the  spurs  at  the  apex  of  anterior  tibia: 
in  bees  a  broad  process  at  inner  end  of  fore  tibia. 

Velum  penis:  the  thin  membranous  covering  of  the  male  intromittent  organ: 
also  applied  to  other  covering  or  shield-like  structures  of  the  penis. 


148  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Velutinous:  velvety:  clothed  with  dense,  soft,  short  hair,  like  velvet. 

Vena:  a  vein. 

Vena  dividens:  that  longitudinal  vein  of  secondaries  that  marks  the  begin- 
ning of  the  anal  area:  =  anal  1  (Comst.). 

Vena  plicata:  on  the  wings  of  Dcrmaptera,  the  vein  around  which  the  fold- 
ing occurs. 

Vena  spuria:  =  spurious  vein;  q.  v. 

Venation:  the  system  of  chitinous  framework  supporting  the  wings:  in 
Lepidoptera,  the  veins  are  usually  referred  to  by  numbers  which  are  as 
follows  :  on  primaries  :  1  =  anal ;  2  —  cubitus  2 ;  3  —  cubitus  1 ;  4  =  media 
3;  5  =  media  2;  6  =  media  1;  7  =  radius  5;  8  =  radius  4;  9  =  radius  3; 
10  =  radius  2 ;  11  =  radius  1 ;  12  =  subcosta :  on  secondaries  :  1,  la,  Ib  = 
anal ;  2  =•  cubitus  ;  3  —  cubitus  1  ;  4  =  media  3 ;  5  =  media  2 ;  6  =  media  1 ; 
7  =  radius  1;  8  =  subcosta.  See  plate  III  for  typical  venations  of  all 
orders. 

Venter:  the  belly:  under  surface  of  abdomen  as  a  whole  and  of  each  ring. 

Ventose:  inflated;  puffed  out. 

Ventrad:  extending  or  directed  toward  the  under  side. 

Ventral:  pertaining  to  the  under  surface  of  abdomen:  in  Dlptera,  that  face 
of  the  leg  which  is  inferior  when  laterally  extended. 

Ventral  chain:  refers  to  the  series  of  ganglia  of  the  nervous  system. 

Ventral  comb:  in  Trichoptera,  a  transverse  row  of  fine  teeth  on  venter. 

Ventral  diaphragm:  is  a  fine  membrane  covering  the  central  nerve  cords 
and  ganglia :  also  called  ventral  heart. 

Ventral  heart:  =  ventral  diaphragm;  q.  v. 

Ventral  plate:  a  thickening  of  the  blastoderm  of  an  egg  from  which  the 
embryo,  but  not  the  amnion  or  serosa,  is  formed. 

Ventral  scale:  in  Diaspince,  the  under  part  of  the  puparium,  interposed  be- 
tween the  insect  and  the  plant. 

Ventral  tube:  in  Collcmbola,  a  tube  or  tubercle  proceeding  from  the  ventral 
side  of  the  first  abdominal  segment. 

Ventricose:  with  a  big  belly:  distended;  inflated. 

Ventriculus:  the  true  stomach,  =  chylific  ventricle;  q.  v. 

Ventri-meson:  the  middle  line  of  the  ventral  surface  of  the  body. 

Ventro-cephalad:  toward  the  lower  side  and  anteriorly. 

Ventro-dorsad:  extending  from  belly  to  back. 

Venules:  the  branches  of  the  main  veins. 

Vermian:  worm-like. 

Vermicular:  worm-like,  tortuous:  resembling  the  tracks  of  a  worm. 

Vermiculate:  worm-like  in  form:  a  marking  with  worm-like  tracings. 

Vermiform:  worm-shaped. 

Vernal:  appearing  in  spring. 

Vernantia:  the  molting  or  shedding  of  the  skin. 

Verriculate:  with  thick-set  tufts  of  parallel  hairs. 

Verricule:  a  dense  tuft  of  upright  hairs. 

Verrucose:  having  little  hard  lumps  or  wart-like  elevations. 

Versatile:  moving  freely  in  every  direction. 

Versicolored:  with  several  colors,  indeterminately  restricted. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  149 

Vertex:  the  top  of  the  head  between  the  eyes,  front  and  occiput:  in  bees, 
that  part  of  the  head  adjacent  to  and  occupied  by  the  ocelli :  in  Noto- 
nectids,  "  the  imaginary  anterior  margin  of  the  notocephalon." 

Vertexal:  occurring  on  or  near  the  vertex,  or  directed  toward  it. 

Vertical  cephalic  bristles:  in  Diptcra,  are  two  pairs,  inner  and  outer,  in- 
serted more  or  less  behind  the  upper  and  inner  corner  of  the  eye ;  erect,  or 
the  inner  pair  convergent,  the  outer  pair  divergent. 

Vertical  margin:  in  Diptcra,  the  limit  between  front  and  occiput. 

Vertical  triangle:  in  <$  Diptcra,  the  small  triangle  upon  which  the  ocelli  are 
situated;  limited  behind  by  vertex,  in  front  by  eyes. 

Verticil:  one  of  the  whorls  of  long  fine  sensitive  hair  arranged  symmetrically 
on  the  joints  of  the  antennae  in  certain  Diptcra. 

Verticillate:  placed  in  whorls:  antennae  in  which  the  joints  have  a  circle  of 
long,  fine  hair  as  in  Cecidomyiids. 

Vesicant:  blistering:  able  to  produce  a  blister. 

Vesicle  of  penis:  in  Odonata,  a  sac  with  chitinous  walls,  attached  to  the 
sternum  behind  the  penis. 

Vesicles:  little  sacs,  bladders  or  cysts:  applied  to  extensible  organs  produc- 
ing odors  or  secretions,  as  in  some  beetles  and  caterpillars. 

Vesicular:  bladder-like;  beset  with  spherical  prominences. 

Vesicula  seminalis:  see  seminal  vesicles. 

Vestibule:  the  space  around  the  ovipositor  formed  by  the  projecting  margins 
of  the  surrounding  segments :  the  space  between  the  occluding  structure  of 
the  spiracle  and  the  valve  opening  into  the  trachea  itself. 

Vestigial:  small  or  degenerate:  only  a  trace  or  remnant  of  a  previously 
functional  organ. 

Vestiture:  the  surface  clothing,  whether  of  a  hairy  or  scaly  character. 

Vexhillum:  in  Hymcnoptcra,  an  expansion  on  the  tip  of  tarsi  of  certain 
fossorial  groups. 

Vibrant:  having  a  rapid  motion  to  and  fro. 

Vibratile:  formed  for  vibratory  motion:  used  to  express  the  almost  con- 
tinual movement  of  the  antennse  of  some  Hymenoptera,  and  the  wings 
of  some  Diptera. 

Vibrissas:  curved  bristles  or  hairs  in  some  Diptera,  situated  between  the 
mystax  and  the  antennse :  whiskers. 

Villi:  soft  hairs  or  papillate  processes:  plural  of  villus ;  q.  v. 

Villose-ous:  soft-haired  or  clothed  with  soft,  short  hair. 

Villus:  a  short,  hair-like  or  papillate  process  on  the  surface  of  certain  ab- 
sorbent and  sensory  organs. 

Vinous:  wine-color:  a  deep,  transparent  red-brown,  like  claret  [purple 
madder]. 

Violaceous:  violet  colored;  a  mixture  of  blue  and  red  [violet  carmine]. 

Virescent  or  Viridescent:  greenish  or  becoming  green. 

Viridis:  green,  like  verdigris  [French  blue  +  chrome  yellow  +  white]. 

Viscera:  the  internal  organs  of  the  body. 

Visceral:  relating  or  attached  to  the  viscera. 

Viscid:  sticky:  covered  with  a  shiny,  resinous  or  greasy  matter. 


150  EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 

Viscous:  thick,  sticky  or  semi-fluid. 

Vis  formatrix:  the  creative  or  formative  force. 

Vitelligenous:   producing  the  vitellus  or  yolk:   said  of  certain  cells  in  the 

ovaries,  believed  to  have  that  function. 

Vitelline  -us:  yellow,  with  a  slight  tinge  of  red,  like  yolk  of  an  egg. 
Vitelline  membrane:  the  delicate  tissue  surrounding  the  yolk  of  an  egg. 
Vitreous:  glassy;  transparent. 
Vitta:   a  longitudinal,  colored  line. 
Vitta  frontalis:  =  frontal  stripe;  q.  v. 
Vittate:   striped. 

Viviparous:  applied  to  insects  which  bear  living  young. 
Vocal   cords:    specialized   organs   on   the  thoracic   spiracles   of   Diptera,  by 

means  of  which  they  produce  a  humming  or  singing  sound. 
Volant:   flying  or  capable  of  flight. 
Vulgar:  common;  not  conspicuous:  obscure  in  appearance  and  abundant  in 

number. 

Vultus:  face:  that  part  of  head  below  front  and  between  the  eyes. 
Vulva:  the  orifice  of  the  vagina  in  the  female. 

Vulvar  lamina:  in  Odonata,  the  posterior  margin  of  sternum  of  segment  8. 
Vulvar  scale:  =  v.  lamina. 

W 

Wart:  a  spongy  excrescence,  more  or  less  cylindric,  with  a  nearly  truncated 
tip :  the  enlarged,  common  base  of  a  group  of  setae :  in  Trichoptera,  a 
pitted  elevation. 

Wax:  a  ductile  substance  excreted  by  bees  and  other  insects  from  glandular 
structures  in  various  parts  of  the  body,  used  in  building  cells  or  in  forming 
a  protective  covering. 

Wax-cutter:  the  pincer-like  structure  formed  by  the  hind  tibia  and  meta- 
tarsus in  social  bees. 

Wax-glands:  any  glands  in  any  part  of  the  body  which  secrete  a  waxy 
product  in  either  a  scale,  string  or  powder :  in  Coccidce,  the  circumgenital 
and  parastigmatic  glands ;  q.  v. 

Wax-pincer:  =  wax  cutter. 

Wax-scale:  one  of  the  scales  secreted  in  the  wax  pocket  or  gland  of  a 
worker  bee. 

Whitlows:   =  paronychia  ;  q.  v. 

Whorl:  a  ring  of  long  hair  arranged  around  a  centre,  like  the  spokes  around 
the  hub  of  a  wheel. 

Wing,  Wings:  membranous  reticulated  organs  of  flight;  one  pair,  the  pri- 
maries, attached  to  the  meso-thorax;  the  other,  the  secondaries,  attached 
to  the  meta-thorax. 

Wing  covers:  those  parts  of  the  chitinous  cuticle  of  larvae,  nymphs  or  pupae 
which  cover  the  rudiments  of  the  wings  of  the  imago :  the  f  orewings  of 
an  imago  when  they  are  thicker  than  the  hind  wings  and  cover  them  when 
at  rest :  see  elytra ;  tegmina. 

Wings  of  the  heart:  the  series  of  diagonal  and  other  muscular  fibres  above 
the  diaphragm  in  the  pericardial  cavity :  see  pericardial  diaphragm. 


USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  151 

Wing  cells:  areas  inclosed  by  veins:  reference  should  be  had  to  the  figures 
illustrating  venation  and  to  the  special  terms  applied  to  the  cells. 

Winglets:  small,  concavo-convex  scales,  generally  fringed  at  tip,  under  the 
base  of  the  elytra  in  Dytiscidee. 

Wing-pads:   undeveloped  wings  of  pupa  or  nymph. 

Wing-scale:   in  Hymcnoptcra,  =  tegula;  q.  v. 

Workers:  the  undeveloped  females  in  the  social  Hymcnoptera;  also  those 
sexually  undeveloped  Termites  that  are  not  soldiers. 

X 

Xanthophyll:  the  yellow  of  autumn  leaves;  one  of  the  substances  found  in 

the  blood  of  insects. 
Xenobiosis:  see  symbiosis. 

Xerophilous:  applied  to  species  living  in  dry  places. 
Xylophaga:  wood-eaters:  applied  in  several  orders. 
Xylophagous:    feeding  in  or  upon  woody  tissue. 
Xyphus:    a   spinous   or   triangular   process   of   the   meso-sternum   in   many 

Hemiptera,  and  some  other  insects. 


Yellow:  used  without  modification  is  sulphur  or  lemon  yellow. 
Yolk:  the  nutritive  matter  of  an  egg  as  distinguished  from  the  living,  for- 
mative material ;  =  deutoplasm. 


Zona:  a  belt  or  zone;  as  of  distribution. 

Zonite:  =  arthromere  or  somite;  q.  v. 

Zoonite  or  Zoonule:  =  zonite. 

Zygoptera:  those  Odonata,  having  the  fore  and  hind  wings  subequal  in  width, 

venation  comprising  a  quadrilateral,  not  a  triangle ;   nymphs  with  caudal 

tracheal  gills. 


ADDENDA. 

Calacobiosis:  see  symbiosis. 

Cleptobiosis:  see  symbiosis. 

Dulosis:  see  symbiosis. 

Coxal  file:  in  some  aquatic  Coleoptcra  a  series  of  striations  just  above  the 

hind  coxa  of  male  and,  perhaps,  a  stridulating  organ. 
Coxal  plates:  plate-like  expansions  or  dilations  of  the  coxa;  specifically  in 

aquatic  Coleoptcra  on  the  posterior  pair. 

Ecto-parasite:  one  that  is  attached  to  the  external  surface  of  the  host. 
Ento-parasite:  one  that  feeds  within  the  body  of  the  host. 
Embioptera:  an  ordinal  term  proposed  for  the  Neuropterous  family  Embidce. 
Hamabiosis:  see  symbiosis. 
Heliophobic:   loving  darkness:  applied  to  species  that  shun  the  light,  like, 

e.  g.,  Termites. 
Heliotactic:   light  loving:  applied  to  species  that  live  in  the  open  and  in 

daylight. 

Lestobiosis:  see  symbiosis. 
Meron:    in   Neuroptera,   a    sclerite    posterior   to   the   coxa   and  below   the 

epimeron :  corresponds  to  the  trochantine  in  Lepidoptera. 
Metasternal  wing:  in  some  aquatic  Coleoptera,  a  leaf -like  expansion  above 

the  coxal  plates. 
Myrmecophily:   is  the  relation  existing  between  ants  and  those  guests  that 

seek  their  company  primarily  for  their  own  individual  advantage. 
Phylacobiosis:  see  symbiosis. 
Prosternal  process:  in  aquatic  Coleoptera,  a  modification  of  the  prosternum 

used  in  the  differentiation  of  species. 
Sub-clypeal  pump:   in  some  Dipt  era,  the  enlarged,  more  or  less  bulb-like 

structure  at  the  anterior  entrance  of  the  oesophagus. 
Sub-clypeal  tube:  in  Dipt  era:  see  pharynx. 


152 


TERMS   USED  IN  ENTOMOLOGY.  153 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES. 
PLATE  I. 

Structures  of  the  External  Body  Wall. 

1.  Harpalus  caliginosus  showing  the  underside,  and  the  head  from  above,  to 

show  the  regions  and  the  position  of  the  sclerites. 

2.  Thorax  of  a  Dipteron  to  show  location  of  bristles. 

3.  Lateral  view  of  a  denuded  Lepidopteron  to  show  arrangement  of  sclerites. 

4.  Abdominal  segment  of  a  caterpillar  to  show  the  position  of  the  tubercles. 

5.  Lateral  view  of  a  dragon  fly  to  show  the  body  sclerites. 

All  the  abbreviations  used  in  this  plate  are  readily  understood. 

PLATE  II. 

Structures  of  Head,  Mouth,  Thorax  and  Genitalia. 

1.  Head  of  wasp  from  front. 

2.  honey  bee  with  mouth  parts  extended. 

3.  Locustid  from  front,  to  show  regions. 

4.  a  Lepidopteron  from  front. 

5.  a  cricket  from  front. 

6.  Labium  of  a  cricket  showing  all  usual  parts. 

7.  Maxilla  of  Harpalus  caliginosus,  with  all  sclerites  marked. 

8.  Mandible  of  Co/>m  Carolina  with  all  sclerites  defined. 

9.  Thorax  of  a  Hymenopteron  from  above. 

10.  Genitalia  of  a  male  mosquito  with  all  parts  named. 

11.  Genitalia  of  a  male  Noctuid  from  below;  the  parts  separated  out. 

PLATE  III. 
Venation  According  to  the  Comstock  System. 

1.  Wing  venation  of  a  Noctuid. 

2.  "  "    Hepialid. 

3.  "  "    Locustid. 

4.  "  "  "    Hymenopteron. 

5.  "  "     Dipteron. 

6.  "  of  an   Odonat. 

7.  "  of  a  Cicada. 
Abbreviations  are  as  follows : 

C.  Costa,  except  in  figure  1,  where  on  the  outer  margin  C  occurs  instead 

of  Cu.     In  the  cells  it  means  Costal. 

Sc.  Subcosta,  when  it  refers  to  a  vein  and  subcostal  in  a  cell. 
R.  Radius,  when  it  refers  to  a  vein  and  radial  when  in  a  cell. 
M.  Media,  when  it  refers  to  a  vein  and  median  in  a  cell. 


154  EXPLANATION  Ol:  TERMS 

CH.  Cubitus,  when  it  refers  to  a  vein  and  cubital  in  a  cell. 

A.  Anal  veins  or  cells. 

c-v.  cross-vein. 

m-cu.  medio-cubital  cross-vein. 

r-m.  radio-medial  cross-vein. 

m.  median  cross-vein. 

h.  humeral  cross-vein. 

st.  stigma. 

ar.  arculus. 

br.  bridge. 

n.  nodus. 

0.  oblique  vein. 
t.  triangle. 

1.  internal  triangle. 
al.  anal  loop. 

Antn-c-sp.  Antenodal  costal  spaces. 
Ptn-c-sp.  Postnodal  costal  spaces. 
Ptn-r-sp.  Postnodal  radial  spaces. 

All  cells  are  named  after  the  vein  that  bounds  them  anteriorly  and  are 
numbered,  if  more  than  one  from  base  outwardly,  as  2M3  =  second  median 
3,  etc. 

In  figure  1,  M,  in  the  outer  margin  between  Cl  and  M2,  should  be  M3: 
the  3  was  accidentally  cut  out  by  the  engraver. 

COLOR  PLATE. 

Nomenclature  of  Windsor  and  Newt  oil's  Water  Colors. 

1.  Vermilion.  21.  Brown  pink. 

2.  Carmine.  22.  Pale  clay  yellow. 

3.  Crimson  lake.  23.  Hooker's  green. 

4.  Alizar  crimson.  24.  Prussian  green. 

5.  Salmon.  25.  Olive  green. 

6.  Rose.  26.  Apple  green. 

7.  Purple  madder.  27.  Nile  green. 

8.  Mauve.  28.  Pale  green. 

9.  French  blue.  29.  Blue  green. 

10.  Purple  lake.  30.  Neutral. 

11.  Violet  carmine.  31.  Gray. 

12.  Lilac.  32.  Ultra  ash  gray. 

13.  Cobalt  blue.  33.  Indian  red. 

14.  Lavender.  34.  Dragon's  blood. 

15.  Blue  gray.  35.  Burnt  sienna. 

16.  Greenish  gray.  36.  Brown  ochre. 

17.  Chrome  lemon.  37.  Cologne  earth. 

18.  Gamboge.  38.  Roman  sepia. 

19.  •Chrome  orange.  39.  Van  Dyke  brown. 

20.  Pale  cadmium  yellow.  40.  Pale  brown. 

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PLATE  II. 


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PLATE  III.